m

JBRARY AGRIU. L

A HANDBOOK OF HARDY FRUITS

MORE COMMONLY GROWN

IN GREAT BRITAIN

FURTHER VOLUMES
IN PREPARATION

STONE FRUITS—

Cherries, Plums, Peaches and
Nectarines

BUSH FRUITS—

Currants, Raspberries, Nuts, &c.

A HANDBOOK OF

HARDY FRUITS

MORE COMMONLY GROWN IN
GREAT BRITAIN

APPLES AND PEARS

BY

EDWARD A. BUNYARD, F.L.S.

LONDON

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET
1920

35?

i^y W»e. ow"

PREFACE.

THE present work is designed to fill the place formerly
occupied by Dr. Hogg's Fruit Manual which has now
been out of print for some time, and as it is more than
thirty years since the last edition appeared, there
are a large number of fruits which have not yet been
described save in the weekly gardening Journals.
In preparing the present handbook, the author has
endeavoured to provide information in a popular form
without any loss of accuracy, and the references given
to the coloured plates in the standard Pomologies
will facilitate a study of the fuller descriptions in these
works.

The present volume will shortly be followed by a similar
one on Stone Fruits, Peaches, Nectarines, Plums and
Cherries, and completed by one containing the smaller
fruits, Gooseberries, Raspberries, Currants, Nuts, etc.
It was thought well to publish the Apples and Pears
at once rather than wait another year or eighteen months
before presenting the complete volume.

There are, of course, a large number of varieties
not included in the work, but the Author has thought
it unwise to include other than those which are more
generally cultivated. In Pears, for instance, the list
might easily have been quadrupled but without any
corresponding advantage to the general reader.

5

744192

The Author will be glad to receive from any readers
any historical facts respecting fruits and also any old
varieties which he has not included so that they may
appear in a second edition should such be needed.

He has to thank a large number of friends, too many
to mention individually, for their help in sending him
grafts of various kinds and in many other ways.

E. A. BUN YARD

Allington,

Maidstone.

September, 1920.

INTRODUCTION.

THE descriptions will be easily followed, but the follow-
ing points require explanation. Following the name
will be found a reference where possible to a coloured
plate of the variety described. Thus Adams Pear-
main is illustrated in the Herefordshire Pomona, Vol. I.t
plate 14, abbreviated as Her. Pom. I., 14, the volume
being given in Roman, and the number of the plate
in Arabic figures. For a complete list of the works
referred to, see below. Next follows the name in
French where it is different, abbreviation F., and in
German, abbreviation G. Next follow the synonyms
in brackets. The season, use and size of fruit is then
given, the latter being in inches, the breadth always
coming first, height second. A word of caution must
be given as to the very deceptive appearance of many
fruits. Thus Adams Pearmain is in appearance conical
but the measurements of height and breadth are
identical. It must also be noted that these dimensions
are only given from average specimens and are chiefly
of value in denoting the relation between height and
width.

The descriptions of fruits follow the accepted methods,
but those of leaves need some explanation. These
always refer to the spur leaf, not that of the shoot.

7

I have chosen this as on many older trees it is often
difficult to find a young shoot. After the size has been
given the pose is next considered. This is a very
valuable aid to recognition which has hardly received
the attention it demands. The leaf may be fiat or
the edges may be folded upwards (upfolded} giving
a V shape, it may be curved upwards as a spoon,
upcupped, or the reverse, downcupped, The edge of
the leaf may also be curved or undulating, or if much
so, twisted, thus an upfolded leaf may also have its
edges curved. The small teeth or serrations of the
leaf may be either serrate or with sharp angular teeth
like a saw, or they may be rounded without a point.
These are crenate. An intermediate type occurs which
is called curved serrate. In this the tooth is pointed,
but the edges are curved and not straight as the serrate
toothing.

This all refers to the pose taken by the leaf blade
and its edges. The leaf further be held on its petiole
in an erect position, held up, or if horizontally it is
outheld. If the petiole is weak, the whole leaf hangs
down it will be down-hanging or lax.

After the origin a general note is given of the value
of the fruit in my experience. It will, of course, often
be that a variety which is unsatisfactory with me
may do well on another soil.

TABLE OF THE
WORKS REFERRED TO.

ABBREVIATION :

Arbor. Beige. " Bulletin d' Arboriculture Beige/'

Bivort. " Album de Pomologie." A. Bivort,

4 Vols., 1847-51.

Decaisne. " Le Jardin Fruitier." J. Decaisne,

1858-75-

Deutsh. Obstb. " Deutsche Obstcabinet." L. E.
Langethal, 1855-8.

Fl. and Pom. " The Florist and Pomologist."
G. Mag. " Gardener's Magazine."

Garden. " The Garden " in publication.

Gard. Chron. " The Gardener's Chronicle " in

publication.

Her. Pom. " Herefordshire Pomona " by Hogg

and Bull, 2 Vols. London and
Hereford, 1876-1885.

///. Hort. " Illustration Horticole."

Jo urn. Pom. " The Journal of Pomology," a

periodical in publication .

Lanche. " Deutsche Pomolgie, ' 6 Vols.,

1882-3.

ABBREVIATION :
Lind. Pom. Brit.

Ned. Boom.
New York.
Rev. Hort.
Ronalds.
Svensk. Pom.
Trans. R.H.S.
Verger.

Pomologia Britannica." J. Lindley
3 Vols., 1828-30.

Nederlandsche Boomgard." Otto-
lander and others. 2 Vols., 1868.

The Apples of New York." S. A.
Beach, 2 Vols., 1905.

Revue Horticole." A periodical
in publication.

Pyrus Malus Brentfordiensis " by
Hugh Ronalds, London, 1831.

Svensk Pomona " by Olaf Eneroth,
1864-66.

The Transactions of the Royal
Horticultural Society, 1815-35."

Le Verger." Alphonse Mas., 8
Vols., 1865-74.

10

KEY TO APPLES DESCRIBED
IN THIS WORK.

IT is extremely difficult if not impossible to formulate;
a key or classification to apples. The differences of
colour, size, flavour, which result from varying external
conditions are perhaps greater in fruits than any other
garden plants.

I have, however, attempted to make a key to the
varieties described in the following pages in the hope
that it will be of some service to the pomological student.
Even a faulty classification is better than none and
this attempt must be regarded only as a ladder which
can be discarded when it has served its purpose. The
arrangement of the key is purposely made as simple
as possible and is based first on the external appearance
and secondly on season and form.

Each variety is placed as nearly as possible in the
middle of its season, thus a winter apple in season from
November to February will be found in December.
In shape the following rules have guided the grouping.
Flat apples are those which are wider than high, round
are those which are apparently equal in both dimen-
sions. Conical are those which are higher than wide
and which taper more or less to the eye ; oblong those
which are higher than broad but with an inclination
to flatness at eye and stem. Oval fruits are those
which taper equally to eye and stem, but are higher
than broad. Intermediate forms are placed as far as
possible in an intermediate position. In using the
key the greatest reliance must be placed upon season
next upon form.

Apples which are round and even in shape in
transverse section, such as Stirling Castle, are marked
with an asterisk.

II

There are certain apples of which the ground colour
turns quite white when fully ripe, e.g., Lord Grosvenor
in the Codlins and Emperor Alexander in the striped
group, these are marked with a dagger. Large fruits
are printed in the large type, and medium in medium,
and small in italics.

Other special marks will be found in the different
talks. Thus if a flat green apple is found, of which the
cross section is round, e.g., Ecklinville Seedling and the
r-eison is not known, it will only be necessary to glance
'down 'the column headed " Flat " and pick out those
marked with the asterisk. Similarly if the apple turns
white it will only be necessary to refer to those marked
with the dagger.

Table I. — Lord Derby Group. — This contains the green
skinned apples which are not striped and only rarely
flushed of which Lord Derb}^ may be considered a type.
In this come the Codlins and large cooking apples,
which are as a rule green when on the tree. They
are all such as would be classed as cooking apples.
There are, however, a tew which turn white on the tree
such as Lord Grosvenor, Domino, Venus Pippin. These
are marked with a dagger to show this typical character,
as described above.

Table II. — Lanes Group. — This contains those
smooth skinned apples which will also in most cases
be classed as " cookers " but which are distinctly
striped, the typical representative being Lanes Prince
Albert. A few here are a little sweet and are specially
designated by //.

Table III. — Peasgood Group. — This contains the
smooth skinned striped apples which are nearly all
of sufficient sweetness to be classed as dessert. In
cases where doubt might exist as to this quality, they
are also placed in Table II.

All these have the stripes distinctly marked and not
obscured by any extent of flush.

12

Table IV. — Golden Noble Group. — This contains
those apples which have a markedly golden skin, such
as Golden Noble and Golden Spire, and are occasionally
flushed, but not striped. A few of these turn white
when fully ripe and are so marked.

Table V. — Baumann Group. — This contains those
fruits which have a dark brown red flush covering
nearly the whole of the fruit and which are rarely
striped, or if so, the stripes are not prominent as in
Class III., but are largely obscured by the overlying
flush. This may be called the Baumann group.

In this group, flavour is not a special distinction,
but a few are notable for this and are so indicated.
They are distinguished from Class VI. by the absence
of Russet.

Table VI. — Cox's Group. — This contains the Reinettes
and includes a very large proportion of the best flavoured
fruits. The characteristic is a mixture of red and
russet as in Cox's Orange Pippin and Blenheim Orange,
coupled with a good or fairly good flavour. No acid
cooking varieties will be found in this group.

Table VII. — Russet Group. — This contains the russet
varieties which have no red flush or striping. The
Russet may be golden as in Egremont Russet, gray
as in White Nonpareil, or dark brown as in Golden
Knob.

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11

APPLES.

ADAM'S PEARMAIN. Her. Pom., I., 14. F.,
Rousse de Norfolk ; G., Adam's Parmane. (Hanging
Pearmain, Norfolk Pippin.) Dessert, December to
March, medium, 2j by 2 J, conical, colour, deep yellow,
red stripes and flush, with russet patches. Flesh, firm,
yellow, very aromatic. Eye open, tips reflexed in a
shallow plaited basin. Stem very short in a shallow
even russet cavity. Growth slender, fertile. Leaf,
medium, narrow oval, slightly up-cupped, boldly
serrate, grey green, nearly smooth below. Origin
probably English, brought to notice about 1826, and
it was named after the donor of the grafts to the Royal
Horticultural Society. This is one of the best late
dessert sorts ; it thrives in nearly all soils.

Akero : see Akero.

^

AKERO. Svensk Pom., 15. (Akera, Okera.)
Dessert, September to October, meolium, 2j by 2\,
conical. Colour, pale creamy yellow with crimson
peach-like flush and bloom. Flesh, white, firm, and
juicy. Growth, moderate, fertility moderate. Leaf,
rather large, upward folded, much twisted, coarsely
crenate. Origin, probably Swedish. This is now
rarely grown, but is of interest only from its remarkable
coloration.

Albermarle : see Newtown Pippin.

ALBURY PARK NONSUCH. Cooking, December
to March, medium, 3 by 2|, round coni9al, ribbed,

15

irregular. Colour, creamy yellow with faint stripes and
flush. Flesh, crisp juicy, slightly yellow, sub-acid, no
flavour. Growth, spreading. Leaf, medium, oval,
sharply pointed, held-up, much up-folded, much twisted,
coarsely serrate. Origin undiscovered. An award of
Merit was given to this variety in 1892 to Mr. Leach.
Not worthy of retention.

ALFRISTON. Ronalds p. 35. (Shepherds Pippin,
Shepherds Seedling), culinary, keeps till April, large,
3i by 2f, round, conical, flattened, irregular. Colour,
green to yellow russet veined. Flesh, crisp, pale yellow,
sub-acid. Growth, vigorous, fertile. Leaf, pea green,
flat undulating, broadly serrate. Origin, raised by a
Mr. Shepherd at Alfriston, Sussex, about the end of the
eighteenth century. This apple cooks a tender, golden
brown with a delicious pear-like flavour.

ALLENS EVERLASTING. Card. Chron. 1899,
p. 222. F., Eternelle d' Allen; G., Aliens Dauerapfel.
Dessert, April to May, z\ by if, flat, regular. Colour,
pale greenish-yellow, with brown red flush and russet
netting. Flesh, crisp and juicy, greenish, excellently
flavoured. Eye, large, open, in a wide angular basin.
Stem rather slender in a very wide and deep cavity.
Growth, dwarfish ; fertile. Leaf, small, oval, flat, finely
serrate. Origin, undiscovered ; said to be a seedling
from Sturmer Pippin. Known before 1870. One of the
best late dessert sorts.

American Mother : see Mother.

ALLINGTON PIPPIN. The Garden. 1906, 131.
(South Lincoln Pippin.) Dessert, October to December,
Medium, 2j by 2j, round, conical, regular. Colour,
lemon yellow slight red flush and faint stripes. Flesh,
crisp, juicy, pale yellow, sub-acid, pleasantly aromatic.
Eye, slightly open, very long, tips reflexed in a slightly
plaited, shallow basin. Stem medium in a moderately
deep, even cavity. Growth, vigorous ; very fertile.
Leaf, narrow oval, grey green, upfolded undulating,

16

coarsely rounded serrate, nearly crenate. Origin, raised
in South Lincolnshire and introduced by Messrs. G.
Bunyard & Co., Ltd., in 1896. A most valuable variety,
which is now in the front rank. Thrives in nearly all
soils. Its fault is in making rather too much lateral
growth as a pyramid.

American Plate : see Golden Pippin.
American Red : see Astrachan Red.
Anglesea Pippin : see Astrachan Red.
Anis : see Caraway Russet.

ANNIE ELIZABETH. Her. Pom. 52. Culinary,
December to June, medium to large, 3 by 2|, oblong
conical, irregular. Colour, pale yellow, flushed and
striped brilliant red. Flesh, crisp, white, acid. Eye,
closed in a rather broad and deep basin. Stem short
in a fairly deep cavity. Growth, vigorous, upright.
Fertility good when tree is developed. Leaf, large, long
oval, dark, upfolded and twisted, regularly serrate.
Origin, raised by Mr. Greatorex at Leicester about 1857,
and introduced by Messrs. Harrison of Leicester about
1868. A valuable fruit deserving of extended cultivation .
It can be recognised by the " hammered " appearance of
the skin, especially marked on the sunny side.

ANTONOWKA. Culinary, October, December,
3 by 2f, round conical, ribbed, five-sided, uneven.
Colour, pale, whitish yellow, with dots under the skin,
greasy. Flesh, white, loose grained, rather dry,
aromatic. Eye, closed, on a level basin surrounded by
knobs and beads. Stem, moderately long in a rather
narrow, russet lined cavity, the russet spreading out.
Growth, very vigorous, moderately fertile. Leaf, very
large, little upfolded, sharply serrate. Origin, a very
popular central Russian variety. This is hardly worthy
of retention and is best described as a late edition of
White Transparent.

17

API. Ronalds, 32. F., Api ; G., Kleine Api.
{Api rouge, Api petit, Lady.) Dessert, November
to April, very small, 2 by ij, flat, regular. Colour,
bright yellow, rich crimson flush. Flesh, tender,
aromatic. Eye, half open in a shallow wide basin.
Stem short in a rather wide cavity. Growth, upright,
very slender making a small close tree, fertile. Leaf,
small, oval, upfolded, shallow crenate. Origin, of great
antiquity ; possibly dating from Roman days. Known
in this country in the seventeenth century. It is
hardly worthy of cultivation except as a curiosity.

Api Petit : see Api.

Api Rouge : see Api.

Aporta : see Emperor Alexander.

Arbroath Pippin : see Oslin.

Aromatic Pippin : see Kerry Pippin.

ARD CAIRN RUSSET. Garden, 1911, 570. Des-
sert, January to February, medium, 2j by 2f, round
conical. Colour, dark red, nearly covered with pale
russet. Flesh, yellow, firm, good russet flavour. Eye,
closed in a moderate even basin. Stem, very long
and slender in a deep narrow cavity. Leaf, long
oval, upfolded, coarsely serrate. Growth, rather
upright, compact. Origin, an old Irish variety, intro-
duced to notice by Messrs. Hartland, of Ard Cairn,
Co. Cork.

ARMOREL. Card. Chron., 1893, March 4th.
Dessert, February to May, very small, 2j by if, oblong,
regular. Colour, yellow, covered with russet. Flesh,
crisp, of good flavour. Eye, closed in a deep and wide
basin. Stem, short, in a meolium sized cavity. Growth,
moderate, fertility moderate. Origin, raised by Mr.
Charles Ross, and introduced by Messrs. Cheal, in
1893. Now almost out of cultivation, as it is too small
for present day needs.

18

AROMATIC RUSSET. Her. Pom., p. 54. F.,
Rouge aromatisee. Dessert, December to February,
medium, 2| by 2, round, conical, irregular. Colour
entirely cinnamon russet, faint red showing through.
Flesh, firm, aromatic, greenish white. Eye, very small,
closed in a shallow basin. Stem, slender in a rather
deep even cavity. Growth, weak ; fertile. Leaf,
long, slightly upfolded, little undulating, coarsely
crenate. Origin unrecorded, came into notice about
1830. A nice winter fruit, of Nonpareil flavour. There
is some confusion about this fruit, it is probably the
Aromatic Russet of Hogg, but not of Ronalds or
Lindley. It is possibly the Petit Barbaric of Normandy.

Aromatic Russet : see Caraway Russet.

ARTHUR TURNER. Culinary, October to Novem-
ber, large, 4 by 3^, very even. Colour, yellow with
brown red flush. Flesh, white, slightly acid, baking
very well. Eye, open in a rather wide even basin.
Stem, medium in a wide cavity. Growth, moderate,
slightly upright ; fertility good. Leaf, narrow oval,
grey green, little up-cupped, shallow serrate or crenate.
Origin, introduced by Mr. Chas. Turner, in 1914, when
it gained an Award of Merit. A very handsome apple,
which deserves cultivation for an early winter cooking
variety.

ASHMEAD'S KERNEL. Ronalds, p. 32. F., Semis
d'Ashmead. G., Saemling von Ashmead. Dessert,
December to March, medium, 2j by 2j, round-square.
Colour, greenish-yellow, faint brown flush, covered
with russet. Flesh, firm, pale yellow, very aromatic.
Eye, closed in a fairly deep and wide basin, which is
slightly ribbed. Stem, variable in a deep wide cavity.
Growth, moderate, fertile. Leaf, rather large, oval,
up-folded, twisted, bi-serrate. Origin, raised by Dr.
Ashmead, of Gloucester, about 1720. A valuable
fruit for late use but a poor cropper. A larger form
exists known as Improved Ashmead's Kernel, q.v.

ASTRACHAN RED. Ronalds, p. V. (American
Red, Anglesea Pippin.) Dessert, early August, medium,
2i by 2j, flattened round, fairly regular. Colour,
deep crimson, unstriped. Flesh, crisp, white, sweet.
Eye, closed in a shallow basin. Stem, short in a scaly
russet cavity. Growth, moderate, fertility poor. Leaf,
long oval, pale green, held flat, crenate. Origin, pro-
bably from the country of its name. Introduced to
England in 1816. A most attractive fruit but too poor
a cropper for general use.

ATALANTA. Card. Chron., 1893. Culinary or
dessert, November to January, small, 2f by 2}, conical,
irregular. Colour, lemon yellow with red streaks.
Flesh, firm, flavour moderate. Growth, moderate,
very fertile. Origin, raised by Mr. Chas. Ross, from
Scarlet Nonpareil, and introduced by Messrs. Cheal
and Sons, in 1893. It has now dropped out of cultiva-
tion, presenting no marked advantages over other
varieties of the same season.

AUTUMN PEARMAIN. Ronalds, p. 22. (as
Royal Pearmain). F., Pearmain d'Ete. G., Sommer
Parmaene. [American Pearmain, Royal Pearmain (in
error).] Dessert or culinary, September to October
medium, 2,\ by 2, conical, fairly regular. Colour,
golden-yellow, partly covered with russet which is
netted, and slight flush. Flesh, firm, yellow, highly
flavoured. Eye, open in a very shallow, faintly ribbed
basin. Stem, slender in a moderate cavity, always
with a fleshy bump on one side, forcing the stem side-
ways. Growth, vigorous, upright, fertile. Leaf,
roundish, pale, upfolded, undulated, finely serrate.
Origin, an Old English variety mentioned by Parkinson,
in 1629. It is the Summer Pearmain, of Hogg, but
not of Continental Authors. It makes a fine standard
tree.

AUTUMN ROUGE. Culinary. September, med-
ium, 2j by 2j, round, conical, slightly flattened at eye.
Colour, bright yellow, flushed with dull red faint stripes.

20

Flesh, close, pale yellow, acid. Growth, moderate,
fertility moderate, makes a flat headed tree. Leaf,
rather small, pale, upfolded, very undulated, boldly
curved serrate. Origin, undiscovered. A worthless
fniit.

Backhouse's Lord Nelson : see Nelson Codlin.
Baddow Pippin : see D'Arcy Spice.
Balgone Pippin : see Golden Pippin.

BALLINORA. Culinary or dessert, December to
January, medium, 3 by 2j, nearly even. Colour,
golden-yellow, with bright red flush and very faint
stripings. Flesh, firm, pale yellow, fair flavour, of
Blenheim character. Eye, open in a shallow much
ribbed basin. Stem, very short in a wide shallow cavity.
Growth, vigorous, spreading. Leaf, large, flat, down
hanging, roundish, boldly serrate. Origin, unrecorded.
This apple may be called a Red Blenheim Orange,
but it is not quite so good in flavour or so fertile.

Baltimore : see Gloria Mundi.

BARCELONA PEARMAIN. Ronalds, p. 21. G.,
Kleiner Casseler Reinette. (Speckled Golden Reinette,
Speckled Pearmain.) Dessert, November to January,
smallish, 2j by 2j, roundish-oblong, regular, Colour,
pale yellow, flushed with red. Flesh, crisp, pale yellow,
aromatic. Growth, moderate ; fertile. Leaf, medium,
flat, oval, with a long point, broadly serrate. Origin,
continental ; country uncertain. It is now almost
out of cultivation.

BARCHARDS SEEDLING. Her Pom., p. 67.
Culinary or dessert, October to November, 2f by 2\,
medium, irregular. Colour, pale yellow, with dull
brown-red flush. Flesh, firm, yellowish, sub-acid.
Eye, open in a shallow broad basin. Stem, rather
long in a medium sized cavity. Growth, moderate ;

21

fertile. Leaf, rather small, much twisted, oval, shallow
serrate. Origin, raised in the garden of J. H. Barchard,
Putney, and introduced to notice in 1852. It is now
little cultivated.

Bardfield Defiance : see Waltham Abbey.

BARNACK BEAUTY. Card. Chron., 1900, p. 251.
Culinary or dessert, December to March, medium,
2 1 by 2 1, oval, regular. Colour, golden-yellow, dark
red flush and faint stripes. Flesh, crisp, fair flavour,
briskly acid, yellowish. Eye, large open in a shallow
even basin. Stem, moderate in a very narrow russet y
cavity. Growth, vigorous ; fertile. Leaf, rather small,
pale, slightly upfolded, very finely curved serrate.
Origin, raised by a cottager at Barnack, Northants.
Introduced by Messrs. Brown, of Stamford, about 1870.
A useful and handy sort which does well on chalky
sub-soils. Quite one of the most interesting fruits in
February, as it keeps its acid flavour later than many.

Baroveski : see Duchess of Oldenburg.
Baron Wolseley : see Dewdney's Seedling.

BAUMANN'S REINETTE. Fl. and Pom., 1879,
p. 121. F., Reinette Baumann. G., Baumann's Rein-
ette (Couronne des Dames, Reinette de Bolwyller).
Culinary or dessert, December to January, medium,
2j by 2j, round flattened, curving most to eye.
Colour, almost covered with brilliant crimson flush
with broad stripes. Flesh, white, crisp, juicy, slightly
aromatic. Eye, small, closed, in a rather deep slightly
plaited basin. Stem, rather thin, short, in a very
wide russet ed cavity. Growth, compact ; fertility
remarkable. Leaf, rather large, very dark, held out,
down cupped, finely curved serrate. Origin, raised
probably by Van Mons, and generally cultivated in
Germany in 1820. A remarkable cropper but of poor
quality.

22

BAXTER'S PEARMAIN. Dessert or culinary, Dec-
ember to February, medium, 2f by 2 J, roundish conical,
slightly flattened. Colour, pale yellow with red-brown
flush and stripes. Flesh, yellowish, tender, pleasantly
acid. Eye, open in a moderately deep and wide basin,
which is slightly plaited. Stem, short, rather slender
in an even basin. Growth, moderate ; very fertile.
Leaf, long, dark green, much upfolded, sharply serrate.
Origin, a Norfolk variety, introduced to notice by Mr.
G. Lindley, in 1821. It is rather too acid for some
palates.

Bayfordbury Pippin : see Golden Pippin.

BEACHAMWELL. Ronalds, p. 27. G., Samling
von Beachamwell. (Motteux's Seedling.) Dessert, Dec-
ember to March, small, 2j by 2, flattened oval, regular.
Colour, green-yellow, faint stripes with russet. Flesh,
crisp, pale yellow, sugary. Eye, open in a shallow
basin. Stem, medium in a narrow cavity. Growth,
medium ; fertile. Leaf, medium, ovate, faintly crenate.
Origin, raised at Beachamwell in Norfolk, probably
about the middle of the eighteenth century. It is
now almost out of cultivation.

BEAUTY OF BATH. Card. Chron., 1900, p. 145.
Dessert, early August, small to medium, 2j by if,
round, much flattened, even. Colour, pale yellow,
red flush and stripes, a little rough to touch. Flesh,
tender, yellowish, often stained with red, sweet and
pleasant. Eye, closed, tips of the segments reflexed,
in a round even, rather deep basin. Stem, stout, half
inch in a rather shallow and even cavity. Growth,
moderate ; very fertile. Leaf, round oval, dark green,
nearly flat, undulating, curved serrate. Origin, raised
at Bailbrook, Batheaston, near Bath, and brought to
notice by Messrs. Cooling, about 1864. This is a very
attractive fruit, which is now largely grown for market
purposes. Its chief fault is premature dropping which
leads many growers to place straw beneath the trees
to prevent injury.

23

BEAUTY OF BEDFORD. Dessert, September,
fairly large, 2j by 2|, round conical, flattened at eye.
Colour, pale yellow with brown-red flush and stripes.
Flesh, yellow, firm, juicy and sweet. Eye, closed, very
broad segments, in a shallow, ribbed basin. Stem,
unusually short, one-eighth inch set in a level or even
on a raised bump, a very unusual feature. Growth,
rather upright. Leaf, round, rather large, dark, up-
folded, undulated, deeply curved serrate. Origin,
raised by Messrs. Laxton, Lady Sudeley + Beauty
of Bath.

BEAUTY OF HANTS. Ft. and Pom., 1882, p. 89.
F., Seedling Offine. Dessert, December to March,
very large, 3 by 2|, roundish square, rather irregular.
Colour, dull yellow-green, brick red flush, russet patches.
Flesh, very crisp, yellowish, highly aromatic. Eye,
open in a broad even basin, which is rather deep. Stem,
short and stout in a rather shallow cavity which is
slightly russet. Growth, very strong, Leaf, up-
cupped, round oval, dark green, boldly curved serrate.
Origin, raised at Basset, Southampton, in Mrs. Eyre
Crabbes garden, and introduced to notice about 1880.
A fine form of Blenheim Orange. Barron places this
as a synonym of Blenheim, which is quite wrong as
is it perfectly distinct since the core of a Blenheim is
axile and the seeds are long and pointed, while the core
of Beauty of Hants is abaxile and the seeds are short
and plump.

BEAUTY OF KENT. Ronalds, p. 15. F., Beaute"
de Kent ; G., Schoner aus Kent. (Worling's Favourite,
Countess of Warwick.) Culinary, 3^ by 3, fairly large,
till March, round conical, flattened at base, irregular.
Colour, yellow green, bright red flush, broad dark stripes.
Flesh, tender, yellowish, slightly acid. Eye, closed
in a very wrinkled and knobbed basin. Stem, stout
and long in a wide, shallow, russeted cavity. Growth,
strong ; fertile. Leaf, rather large, dark, down held,
flat, very deeply curved serrate. Origin, unknown,
recorded first about 1800. A very valuable cooking
apple for late use.

24

BEAUTY OF STOKE. Culinary or dessert. Jan-
uary to March, medium to fairly large, 2\ by 2j, round
conical. Colour, pale greenish yellow, occasional faint
brown flush and slight russet. Flesh, firm, rather dry,
yellowish, pleasant flavour. Growth, vigorous, a little
spreading ; fertile. Leaf, narrow, oval, pea green,
little upfolded, boldly curved serrate, little downy
below, held out. Origin, raised by Mr. Doe, gardener
to Lord Saville, Rufford Abbey ; introduced by Messrs.
Veitch. A valuable late variety, resembling Diamond
Jubilee but distinct.

BEDFORDSHIRE FOUNDLING. Ronalds, p. 28.
F., Trouve dans le comte de Bedfordshire ; G., Fundling
aus Bedfordshire. (Cambridge Pippin.) Culinary,
January to March, 3j by 2|, large, square oval, slightly
irregular. Colour, pale yellow-green, faint red flush.
Flesh, tender, yellow, sub-acid. Eye, half open in a
shallow wrinkled basin. Stem, rather long and thin
in a wide and deep cavity, lined with faint russet.
Growth, spreading, vigorous ; moderately fertile. Leaf
very large, dark, long oval, upward folded and twisted,
sharply bi-serrate. Origin, uncertain. Probably arose
about 1800, in Bedfordshire. An excellent cooker of
the Blenheim style, but apt to canker.

BELLE DE BOSKOOP. Ned. Boom., 43. G.,
Schoener aus Boskoop. (Reinette Monstreuse, Reinette
von Montfort.) Culinary or dessert, December to
April, medium to rather large, 2| by 2j, roundish oval,
fairly regular. Colour, golden-yellow, brick red flush,
with much thin russet. Flesh, firm, yellowish, flavour
acid and aromatic. Eye, closed or slightly open in a
rather deep basin. Stem, medium in a deep cavity
lined with russet. Growth, moderate ; fertile. Leaf,
round, light, slightly upfolded, deeply curved serrate.
Originated at Boskoop in Holland in 1856. It must not
be confused with the Calville von Boskoop. Reinette
von Montfort is considered by some authorities to be
the correct name. A valuable fruit much grown for
market in Holland and Germany, and worthy of trial
for this purpose in England.

25

BELLE DE PONTOISE. G., Schoener von Pontoise.
Culinary, December to February, large, 3j by 2j, flat,
irregular. Colour, pale yellow-green, red flush, and
broad broken stripes. Flesh, tender, white, sweetish
and juicy. Eye, open in a rather deep and wide basin.
Stem, very long in an unusually wide and deep russet
cavity. Growth, vigorous ; very fertile. Leaf, very
large, undulating, very coarsely serrate. Origin,
raised at Pointoise, from a seed of Emperor Alexander,
by M. Remy, and introduced in 1879. A very useful
variety, keeping firm and acid, but rather tender and
best for garden use.

Belle de Rome : see Rome Beauty.
Belle des Vennes : see Wellington.
Belle du Bois : see Gloria Mundi.
Belle Fille : see Reinette Grise.
Bell's Scarlet: see Scarlet Pearmain.
Belmont : see Manks Codlin.
Bennet's Defiance : see Fearn's Pippin.

BENONI. Her. Pom., 47. Dessert, mid-Septem-
ber, small, 2j by 2j, oval, regular. Colour, pale
yellow, with crimson flush, and stripes. Flesh, tender,
yellow, aromatic. Eye, small, a little open in a fairly
deep even basin. Stem, short and rather slender
in a deep even cavity. Growth, moderate, makes a
roundish tree ; moderately fertile. Origin, raised at
Dedham, Mass., U.S.A., about the middle of the eigh-
teenth century. Introduced to England about 1870.
A very good early fruit.

BEN'S RED. Card. Chron., 1899. p. 261. Dessert,
September, medium, 2j by 2, flat, a little irregular.
Colour, pale yellow, almost entirely covered with darkest

26

crimson flush and stripes. Flesh, firm, pale yellow,
sweet, aromatic. Eye, closed in a wide shallow slightly
wrinkled basin. Stem, very short in a wide and djeep
slightly russeted cavity. Growth, dwarf ; fertility
remarkable. Leaf, long oval, dark green, flat, a little
down curved, neatly serrate. Origin, raised by Mr.
Benjamin Roberts, of Trannack, Penzance, about
1830. A very useful fruit, valuable for its great cropping
qualities.

^ BESS POOL. Ronalds, p. 23. (Black Blenheim,
Stadway Pippin, Walsgrove Blenheim.) Dessert or
culinary, November to March, medium, 2j by 2 J, round,
conical, irregular. Colour, greenish-yellow, nearly
covered with crimson flush, darker stripes and russet.
Flesh, tender, white sweet. Eye, nearly closed in a
shallow much ribbed basin, generally showing five
beads of flesh at the base. Stem, short in a shallow
cavity, always with a knob at the side. Growth,
vigorous, upward spreading, making a round headed
standard ; fertile when aged, Leaf, large, long, rather
pale, upfolded, shallow serrate. Origin, a seedling
found in a wood near Nottingham, and named after
the young girl who discovered it. A good old sort,
keeping firm and crisp to the last.

BETTY GEESON. Culinary, till March, medium,
2| by 2, flat, fairly regular. Colour, pea green to deep
yellow, greasy. Flesh, firm, greenish-white, sub-acid,
juicy. Eye, large, open in an unusually wide and deep
basin. Stem, rather slender and short in a very wide
and deep cavity. Growth, vigorous, slightly spreading,
compact ; fertile. Leaf, very broad, very coarsely
serrate, dark, held flat but slightly undulating. Origin,
said by Hogg to be a Worcestershire variety. Intro-
duced to notice about 1854. A useful late variety
now superseded by Bramley's Seedling and Newton
Wonder.

Bide's Walking Stick : see Burr Knot.

27 •

BIELA BORODOWKA. Dessert or culinary, August
to September, large 3^ by 3, round, oblong, flattened
both ends. Colour, pale milky yellow, pink flush with
broken red stripes. Flesh, soft, yellow, pleasantly acid.
Eye, closed, tips reflexed, in a boldly ribbed and deep
basin. Stem, short and stout. Growth, compact,
very upright ; extremely fertile. Leaf, very large,
oval, upward folded, down curved, coarsely curved
serrate. Origin, Russian. Of the style of Duchess of
Oldenburg, but not so attractive in appearance.

BIETIGHEIMER. F., Rouge de Stettin; G.,
Rother St ettiner . Synonyms number more than twenty-
five. Culinary, November to February, large, 3 by 2},
round flattened, regular. Colour, a rich crimson, with
a curious milky tinge in the lighter portions. Flesh,
firm, greenish- white, sweet but with no aroma.
Growth, spreading ; vigorous. Leaf, rather pale, flat,
finely and sharply serrate. Remarkable for its distinct
colouring. Not worthy of cultivation. The correct
name is Rother Stettiner.

BISMARK. Card. Chron., 1898, p. 257. Culinary,
November to February, large to very large, tapering
to eye and sides, flat, angular. Colour, pale yellow,
almost covered with dark crimson flush. Flesh, crisp,
juicy and sub-acid. Eye, closed, in a much ribbed and,
angular basin. Stem, short, in a wide russet lined
cavity. Growth, moderate, rather spreading. Leaf,
very long, soft grey-green, lax, edges very undulated,
shallow serrate or nearly crenate. Origin, raised at
the German settlement of Bismark, in Hobart, in Tas-
mania. Another account claims it to have been raised
by a Mr. Fricke, of Carisbrooke, Victoria, but the first
is I presume correct. It must not be confused with the
Bismark of Germany, which dates from 1877. A valu-
able fruit, cooking excellently.

Black Blenheim : see Bess Pool.

Black Blenheim : see Hambledon Deux Ans,
28

BLENHEIM ORANGE. Ronalds p. 31. F.,
Reinette de Blenheim ; G., Goldreinette von Blenheim.
(Kempster's Pippin, Northwick Pippin.) Culinary or
dessert, November to January, 3j by 2f, medium to
fairly large, flattened, round, regular, Colour, yellow,
flushed and striped dull red and fine russet. Flesh, crisp,
yellow, sub-acid, with a characteristic flavour. Eye,
large, open, in a broad even basin. Stem, medium in a
rather deep even cavity. Growth, vigorous, spreading ;
fertile when aged. Makes a large flat headed tree.
Leaf, large, broad, very dark, flat, sharply serrate.
Origin, raised at Woodstock, near Blenheim, by Mr.
Kempster. It came into notice about 1818, in the neigh-
bourhood of London. There are doubtless many seed-
lings now in cultivation which closely resemble this fine
variety, but are not quite identical. One of the best
all round apples grown, cooking excellently, and of fine
quality and texture for dessert.

BLUE PEARMAIN. New York, So. Culinary or
dessert, January to March, medium, 2} by 2j, round,
conical, regular. Colour, yellow entirely covered with
dull crimson flush and broad broken stripes, heavily
covered with bloom on the tree. Flesh, tender, yellow,
rather dry, highly aromatic and sweet. Eye, slightly
open in a moderately wide and deep basin. Stem,
rather short in a rather wide and deep cavity. Growth,
moderate, rather spreading ; fertile. Leaf, rather
large, greyish-green, upfolded, finely serrate. Origin,
American, date uncertain, known before 1800. A
hardy variety worthy of further trial. It does well in
Western Counties.

Blue Stone Pippin : see Hambledon Deux Ans.
Blumen Calville : see Gravenstein.
Bonne Rouge : see Hollandbury.

Borowinka : see Duchess of Oldenburg.
29

BORSDORFER. Her. Pom., 3. F., Borsdorfer ;
G., Edelborsdorfer. (King George III., Queen Char-
lotte's Apple, etc., etc.) Dessert, December to Feb-
ruary, small, 2 by if, round-square, regular. Colour,
milky yellow with dull red flush, slight russet veins.
Flesh, firm, juicy, pale yellow, poor flavour. Eye,
usually open in a shallow wide basin. Stem, slender,
in a moderately deep cavity, slightly russet ed. Growth,
compact ; fertile. Leaf, rather small, oval, held out
flat, curved serrate. Origin, German, where it has been
cultivated since the sixteenth century. Imported
into England for Queen Charlotte, wife of George III.
Recorded by Cordus in 1561. A worthless fruit in this
country, except in very warm seasons.

BOSBURY PIPPIN. Dessert, December to March,
small, 2^ by if, flat, fairly regular. Colour, golden
yellow, with crimson flush, nearly covering fruit. Flesh,
firm, pale yellow, sweet. Growth, moderate ; fertile.
Origin, unrecorded. Probably a West of England
variety. Of the Baumann's Reinette type ; it is not
worthy of cultivation.

BOSTON RUSSET. Her. Pom., 54. F., Reinette
Rousse de Boston. (Roxbury Russet, Putnam Russet.)
Dessert, January to March, medium, 2f by 2,
flattened roundish, slightly conical, slightly irregular.
Colour, entirely covered with dull brownish-green
russet. Flesh, firm, juicy, greenish, of excellent flavour
Eye, firmly closed in a wide plaited basin. Stem,
moderately long in a wide shallow cavity. Growth,
compact ; very fertile. Leaf, rather large, roundish,
dark, upfolded, curved serrate. Origin, supposed to
have originated at Roxbury, Mass., early in the seven-
teeth century. The correct name is Roxbury Russet.
A good late fruit. Reinette de Canada Grise is often
wrongly called Boston Russet.

BOW HILL PIPPIN. Dessert, November to Feb-
ruary, medium, 2f by 2f , flattened round, even. Colour,
golden-yellow, slight flush and broad broken stripes.

30

Flesh, firm, juicy, very yellow, good Blenheim flavour.
Eye, open in a deep, wide, and slightly plaited basin.
Stem, very long and thin, nearly one inch. Growth,
rather slender, little spreading ; moderately fertile.
Leaf, narrow, rather pale, nearly flat, finely serrate.
Origin, raised by Mr. A. S. White, of Bow Hill, near
Maidstone, and introduced by Messrs. Bunyard & Co.,
about 1893. A very good winter fruit of Blenheim
character.

BRABANT BELLEFLEUR. Ronalds, p. 31. F.,
Bellefleur de Brabant, ; G., Grosser Brabant er Belle
Fleur. (Glory of Flanders, Iron Apple, Winter Belle-
fleur.) Culinary, till April, 3 J by 3, fairly large, irreg-
ular. Colour, golden-yellow, orange red flush and
stripes. Flesh, crisp, yellow, acid, Eye, open in a
large wide basin. Stem, short in a deep russet cavity.
Growth, moderate ; fertile. Leaf, rather large, oval,
curved serrate or crenate, held flat. Origin, probably
Flemish. Brought to notice at the end of the eigh-
teenth century, and imported into England about
1830. It is not the Brabant Bellefleur of Holland and
Belgium, but is here known as the Westland Belle-
fleur. A useful late fruit.

BRADDICK'S NONPAREIL. Ronalds, p. 34.
F., Nonpareille de Braddick ; G., Braddicks Sonder-
gleichen. (Ditton Pippin, Lincolnshire Reinette.)
Dessert, November to April, 2\ by if, rather small,
round, flattened, regular. Colour, greenish-yellow,
flushed with brown red, with russet round eye especially.
Flesh, firm, yellow, aromatic. Eye small, nearly
closed in a wide shallow basin. Stem, short in a wide
even russet cavity. Growth, slender ; moderately
fertile. Leaf, long oval, flat, edges twisted, very deeply
and coarsely curved serrate. Origin, raised by Mr.
Braddick, of Thames Ditton, about 1800. An apple
of first class quality.

BRAMLEYS SEEDLING. Her. Pom., 73. Culin-
ary, November to March, large, 3j by 2f, flat, round,

irregular. Colour greenish-yellow, red flush with broad
broken stripes. Flesh firm, juicy, pale yellow, acid.
Eye, closed in a broad, deep, slightly wrinkled basin.
Stem, short, in a wide deep, slightly russet cavity.
Growth, extremely vigorous ; very regularly fertile
when the tree is developed. Leaf, very large, dark,
round, slightly upfolded, coarsely curved serrate.
Origin, raised by Mr. Bramley, a shoemaker, of South-
well, Notts. Introduced by Messrs. Merryweather,
in 1876. This is the most popular and profitable of
cooking apples ; ironclad in constitution, growing
wherever apples will grow. It makes a very large
spreading tree and should be planted at least thirty
feet apart in orchards.

Brandy Apple : see Golden Harvey.

BROWNLEES RUSSET. Her. Pom.. 54. F.,
Reinette grise Brownlees; G., Brownlees Graue Rein-
ette. Dessert, January to April, medium, 2j by 2,
flat, conical, irregular. Colour, entirely covered with
brownish-green russet, with faint brownish-red flush.
Flesh, tender, greenish, sub-acid, of Nonpareil flavour.
Eye, closed in a shallow uneven basin. Stem, short
cavity. Growth, compact, rather upright ; fertile.
Leaf, very narrow, dark, upfolded, down hanging,
coarsely crenate. Origin, introduced by Mr. Brownlees,
a nurseryman, in 1848. A valuable fruit for winter
use.

Brown's Queen Caroline : see Queen Caroline.

BUFF COAT. Culinary, December to March, large,
3i by 2i> flat> conical, irregular. Colour, dull yellow-
green, with large patches of thick russet. Flesh, firm,
juicy, yellowish, sweet. Growth, sturdy ; moderately
fertile. Origin, unrecorded. An old variety.
Resembles Alfriston, but is flatter.

Burlington : see Newtown Spitzenburg.
32

BURR KNOT. Ronalds, p. 39. (Hide's Walking
Stick.) Culinary, October to November, large, 3} by 3,
round, conical, irregular. Colour, golden-yellow, faint
red flush. Flesh tender, yellow, acid. Growth moder-
ate, compact ; fertile. Leaf, small, oval, broadly
serrate. Origin, uncertain. This name has been
applied to many different fruits on account of the knots
on branches, from which roots are easily emitted.
Now rarely met with, save in old orchards. This is
quite distinct from the Oslin, also called Burr Knot.

Burr Knot : see Oslin.

BUXTED FAVOURITE. Culinary, December to
February, medium, 2j by 2|, flattened round a little
conical, even. Colour, pale golden yellow, slight
brown red flush and stripes like a King of the Pippins ;
smooth. Flesh, yellow, crisp, rather acid, very little
flavour. Eye open in a deep and wide plaited basin.
Stem, short in a deep narrow russet cavity. A rather
poor fruit with me, certainly not more than a cooking
variety.

BYFORD WONDER. Culinary, November to Decem-
ber, very large, 3j by 2j, flattened round, nearly
regular. Colour, dull yellow with conspicuous russet
dots. Flesh, loose, yellowish, sub-acid. Eye, closed
in a rather deep basin which is a little puckered. Stem,
short and stout in a deep and very wide russeted cavity.
Growth, very vigorous ; fertile. Leaf, very large,
roundish, dark, little upfolded, sharply curved serrate.
Origin, unrecorded. Introduced by Messrs. Cranstons,
in 1894. A useful fruit often reaching enormous size
on young trees.

CaldwelTs Keeper ; see Rymer.

CALVILLE BLANCHE D'HIVER. Ronalds, p. 37.
G., Weisser Winter Calville. (Glace", Reinette a
cotes, White Calville, etc.) Culinary or dessert,
January to April, 3j by 3, medium, round — conical,
irregular. Colour, pale yellow. Flesh, melting, pale

33

yellow, aromatic. Eye, closed in a deep and much
ribbed basin. Stem, rather long in a deep cavity.
Growth, weak ; infertile. Leaf, rather large, roundish,
finely and regularly serrate. Origin, uncertain ;
recorded in 1600. Probably French. Of delicate
flavour and remarkably melting texture, but rarely
well-finished in this country. Should be grown under
glass or on a wall. Mr. Leake, of Wisbech, finds this
to do excellently in his soil, which is almost free from
lime.

CALVILLE MALINGRE. Her. Pom., 56. G.,
Braunroter Winter Calville. Culinary, December to
March, medium, 3 by 2j, round, a little flattened.
Colour, golden yellow, nearly covered with dark red
flush and stripes. Flesh, firm, white. Eye, closed in
a deep and ribbed basin. Stem, short and stout in
a deep cavity. Growth, compact ; remarkable fertile.
Leaf, long, narrow, upfolded and undulating, crenate.
Origin, doubtful. This apple has been always much
confused. The variety described above is that known
under this name in Britain. Of excellent flavour when
cooked, the flesh then being soft and pinkish-yellow.

CALVILLE ROUGE D'HIVER. Verger, IV., 76.
F., Calville Rouge; G., Roter Winter Calville.
(Passe Pomme d'Hiver.) Culinary, December to March,
medium, 2| by 2j, round, conical, irregular. Colour,
greenish-yellow, almost covered with dark crimson
flush. Flesh, crisp, white with occasional red touches,
juicy, sub-acid. Leaf, large, pale, upfolded, undula-
ting, variable, finely to coarsely serrate. Eye, usually
closed in a deep and wide basin. Stem, long and thin
in a very deep cavity. Growth, compact ; very fertile.
Origin, one of the oldest varieties. Known in France,
since 1600. Hardly worthy of cultivation nowadays.

CALVILLE DES FEMMES. G., Frauen Calville.
Culinary, till June, very large, 3| by 3j, round, conical,
uneven. Colour, green to pale yellow, often with a
brownish-red flush. Flesh, white in which greenish

34

veins are noticeable, acid, firm. Eye, large, closed or
open in a very large ribbed basin. Stem, usually very
short, in a wide, deep cavity. Growth, very vigorous,
making a roundish tree. Leaf, rather large, very dark,
upfolded, down hanging, sharply serrate. Origin,
uncertain, but very probably raised about 1850 in the
garden of the Horticultural Society of Angers, France.

Calville Rouge Precoce : see Reinette Rouge Etoilee.
Cambridge Pippin : see Bedfordshire Foundling.

CAMBUSNETHAN PIPPIN. Culinary or dessert,
October to December, medium, 3 by 2, flat, round,
regular. Colour, pale yellow with broad, broken red
stripes and flush. Flesh, soft, yellowish, fair flavour.
Eye, open in a very wide even basin. Stem, of medium
length in a fairly deep cavity. Growth, compact ;
fertile. Leaf, roundish, upfolded, undulating, regu-
larly crenate. Origin, raised by Mr. Paton, gardener
at Cambusnethan House, about 1750. It is much
appreciated in the North of England, but of no remark-
able merit in the South.

CARDINAL. F., Pierre le Grand. (Peter the
Great, Kiarolowski.) Dessert, mid- August-September,
medium to large, 3 by 2|, conical, regular. Colour,
pale, creamy white, pinkish flush with broad stripes.
Flesh, soft, white, juicy, remarkably sweet and aromatic.
Eye, closed in an even and shallow basin. Stem,
short and thick, in a narrow and deep cavity. Growth,
sturdy, upright ; fertile. Leaf, pale, upfolded, down
curved, very minutely serrate. Origin, a Russian
variety from Riga, called Kiarolkowski introduced to
England about 1880. It was also imported under the
name of Peter the Great. A most attractive early
fruit, worth growing if only for its beauty.

CARAWAY RUSSET. Her. Pom., p. 21. F.,
Fenouillet Gris ; G., Grauer Feucher Apfel. [Anis,
Fenouillet Anise, Aromatic Russet (of some) Spice
Apple, etc., etc.] Dessert, November to March,

35

small, 2 by ij, flat, regular, Colour, yellow to orange,
with russet ; generally warted. Flesh, firm, yellow,
aromatic. Eye, small, generally closed, in an even
and shallow basin. Stem, short and thin in a rather
small cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertility moderate.
Leaf, small, longish oval, upfolded, sharply and irre-
gularly serrate. Origin, French, dating from the
seventeenth century. The correct name is Fenouillet
Gris. Leroy considers this the Epice d'Hiver of Olivier
de Serres. A reliable sort still grown in old orchards.

CARLISLE CASTLE. Culinary, October to Nov-
ember, small, if by 2j, very flat, quite even. Colour,
pale yellow, nearly covered with bright scarlet flush
and stripes, smooth, greasy. Flesh, white, juicy, firm,
sub-acid. Eye, closed in a deepish, wide and even
basin. Stem, very short in a wide russet cavity. Of
no value. Resembles Thorle, but the closed eye and
deep basin serve at once to distinguish it.

CARLISLE CODLIN. Ronalds, p. 3. (Irish Codlin,
Musk.) Culinary, August to December, fairly large,
3 by 3, conical, regular. Colour, yellow with slight
red flush. Flesh, crisp, white and sweet. Eye, closed
in a narrow ribbed basin. Stem, medium in a rather
deep cavity. Growth, vigorous ; fertility great. Leaf,
large, sharply pointed, finely serrate. Origin, probably
originated near Carlisle, before 1830. Now superseded
by more modern sorts.

Carse O'Gowrie : see Tower of Glamis.

CATSHEAD. Her. Pom., L. F., Tete du Chat;
G., Schafsnase. (Katzenkopf, Catshead Greening.)
Culinary, October to January, large, 3$ by 3^, long
oblong, conical, irregular. Colour, pale yellowish-
green, faint brown flush. Flesh, tender, white, sub-acid.
Growth, strong ; fertile when aged. Leaf, large, round,
pale, flat, curved serrate. Origin, Old English sort,
known from seventeenth century. Not worthy of
cultivation. Superseded by others such as Lord Derby.

36

Catshead Beaufin : see Norfolk Beefing.
Catshead Greening : see Catshead.
Cayuga Red Streak : see Twenty Ounce.

CELLINI. (Phillips' Seedling.) Her. Pom., 12.
Culinary, October to November, medium, 3 by 2j,
round, slightly flattened, regular. Colour, pale yellow-
ish-green, strongly striped, and flushed brown red.
Flesh, tender white, sub-acid, with curious balsamic
flavour. Growth, stocky and a little spreading ;
extremely fertile. Leaf, rather pale green, upfolded
and twisted, boldly curved serrate. Origin, raised
by Mr. Leonard Phillips, nurseryman, Vauxhall, and
introduced about 1828. Regular cropping is its chief
recommendation, but the curious flavour appeals to
some.

Chalmer's Large : see Dutch Codlin.

CHARLES EYRE. Exhibition or culinary, October
to November, enormous, 4 by 3^, roundish oval, even.
Colour, pale greenish-yellow. Flesh, soft, greenish-
yellow, Growth, vigorous, short jointed, a little spread-
ing. Leaf, rather large, long pointed, oval, very
minutely crenate, stipules large and leafy. Origin,
raised by Mr. Charles Ross, and introduced to notice
about 1911. Will probably be one of the largest apples
grown. A larger Pott's Seedling.

CHARLES ROSS. Culinary or dessert, October to
December, large, 4 by 3, round even. Colour, very
pale yellow green, covered with a light red flush, and
bold broken stripes over the whole of the fruit when
fully exposed. Flesh, tender, short texture, fairly
juicy, quite sweet, pleasant flavour. Eye, open in a
shallow even basin. Stem, very short in a rather wide
shallow cavity, which usually retains a greenish tinge
when the fruit is ripe. Growth, upright, a little spread
ing ; fertile. Leaf, narrow, pea green, nearly flat,
finely shallow serrate. Origin, raised by Mr. Charles
Ross, and introduced in 1899. This apple is of the

37

Peasgoods style, but is quite distinct, not showing so
much bloom on the tree, the fruit being more upright
and the carpels flatter and less curved. It is becoming
a popular market apple and does extremely well on thin
soils on chalk.

CHATLEYS KERNEL. Culinary, January to May,
medium, 2f by 2, round,- flattened, regular. Colour,
yellowish-green, with brown red flush. Flesh, very
crisp, greenish, acid. Growth, moderate ; fertility,
moderate. Leaf, grey-green, rather large, flat undula-
ting, finely serrate. Origin, undiscovered. Hardly
worthy of cultivation.

CHELMSFORD WONDER. G. Mag., April nth,
1891. Culinary, November to March, large, 3j by 3,
round, very regular. Colour, deep yellow with crimson
flush and stripes. Flesh, crisp and breaking, flavour,
acid. Eye, closed in a shallow plaited basin. Stem,
short in a moderate very evenly rounded cavity.
Growth, sturdy, upright, spreading ; fertility, fair.
Leaf, much down folded. Origin, raised near
Chelmsford, and introduced by Mr. Saltmarsh in 1891.
A very useful fruit of the Wellington style in flesh ;
it keeps crisp to a very late season. The foliage is
remarkably distinct.

Oliver's Seedling : see Histon Favourite.

CHRISTMAS PEARMAIN. Dessert, November to
December, medium, 2j by 2, oval, conical, regular.
Colour, dull yellow with brownish-red flush, slight
russet and faint stripes. Flesh, firm, yellowish,
pleasantly flavoured. Eye, wide open in a shallow
even basin. Stem, short in a small round cavity.
Growth, compact ; extraordinarily fertile. Leaf,
rather pale, slightly upfolded, undulated, rather small,
finely serrate. Origin, a seedling raised by Mr.
Manser, and introduced by Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co.,
in 1895. This fruit is valuable for small gardens on
account of its tree cropping powers.

38

Citron D'Hiver : see London Pippin.

CLARK'S SEEDLING. (Royal George.) Culinary,
till March, fairly large, 3 by 2 J, round, slightly flattened
at each end, fairly regular. Colour, yellow, with brown-
ish red flush and faint stripes. Flesh, firm, juicy, pale,
yellow. Growth, vigorous ; fertility moderate. Leaf,
rather small, very dark, upfolded, undulating, finely
crenate or nearly serrate. Origin, raised by a Mr.
Clark, at East Bridgeford, Notts., about 1800. This
is considered an uncertain cropper in some districts
but it is likely to be useful in the South. It is not the
Clark's Pippin of Hogg. There is another apple called
Royal George of the Warner's type.

CLAYGATE PEARMAIN, Launche II., 72. R,
Pomme de Claygate, G. Claygate Parmane. (Ribston
Pearmain.) Dessert, December to February, medium,
2j by 2, roundish, flattened, regular. Colour, dull green,
faint red flush with thin russet. Flesh, crisp, greenish-
white, juicy and of excellent flavour. Eye, half open
in a wide, rather shallow basin. Stem, rather long,
thick in a wide cavity only slightly russet ed. Growth,
moderate ; fertile. Leaf, rather large, horizontal,
upfolded, sharply curved serrate. Origin, found in a
hedge, near Claygate, by Mr. John Braddick, of Thames
Ditton. This is one of the best late dessert apples
and is of the highest quality.

Clifton Nonsuch : see Fearn's Pippin.
Clissold's Seedling : see Lodgemore Nonpareil.
Coates : see Yorkshire Greening.

COBHAM. (Pope's Golden Ducat.) Dessert, Dec-
ember to February, medium, 3| by 2f , roundish-square,
uneven. Colour, golden-yellow with brown-red flush
and faint red stripes. Flesh, firm, yellow, juicy and of
good flavour. Eye closed in a shallow, uneven basin.
Stem, rather short in a wide russet cavity. Growth,
stout, moderate, very fertile. Leaf, rather large,

39

roundish, dark, flat, sharply curved serrate. Origin,
said to have been raised in Sittingbourne, by a Mr.
Pope, about 1790. Introduced to notice about 1828.
It is now little grown, and hardly equal to Blenheim
Orange, as stated by Dr. Hogg.

COCKLE'S PIPPIN. Ronalds, 23. G., Hahnen
Peppin. (Nutmeg Pippin (error), Pilot Russet.)
Dessert, December to March, smallish, 2\ by 2|, round,
conical, regular. Colour, greenish-yellow, with thin
cinnamon russet, which increases towards the base.
Flesh, crisp, yellow, moderate flavour. Eye, closed
in a shallow ribbed basin. Stem, stout and fleshy in
a shallow cavity. Growth, moderate, upright, the long
willowy shoots being very distinct ; fertile. Leaf,
long, rather pale, flat undulating, very markedly
doubly curved serrate. Origin, raised by a person
named Cockle, in Sussex, probably about 1800. Of
excellent flavour in warm seasons. Keeps well.
Distinct from Nutmeg Pippin, with which it is often
confused.

COCKINGTON CALVILLE. Dessert, January to
April, medium, 2j by 2j, round, conical. Colour,
pale yellow, almost covered with deep crimson flush.
Flesh, very firm, yellowish, sub-acid. Growth, moder-
ate ; fertility moderate. Leaf, large, long, very sharply
curved serrate, pea green, upfolded. Origin, uncertain.
Grown at Cockington, near Torquay. Of the Calville
Rouge type. Of no particular merit.

COLLOGET PIPPIN. (Lawry's Cornish Giant.)
Culinary, October to November, very large, 3i by 3
(often much larger), flat, conical, very irregular, Colour,
yellowish-green with red flush, and bold broken stripes.
Flesh, yellow, firm, acid, flavourless. Eye, a little open
in a rather deep and much ribbed basin. Stem,
short in a rather wide cavity. Growth, extra vigorous,
prolific. Leaf, undulating, flat, down hanging. Origin,
an old Cornish variety named after the place of its
origin. Of no particular merit.

40

COLONEL VAUGHAN. Her. Pom., 74. G., Rother
Kentische Peppin. (Kentish Pippin, Scarlet Incompara-
able.) Culinary or dessert, November to January,
medium, 2j by 2f, round oblong, Colour, golden-
yellow, almost entirely with broad broken stripes of
bright red and slight flush. Flesh, nearly white, firm,
very juicy and sweet, often stained with a little red.
Eye, closed or a little open in a shallow much ribbed
basin. Stem, short in a fairly deep even cavity into
which the coloured stripes run. Growth, moderate,
makes a nice compact tree ; extremely fertile. Leaf,
roundish, pea green, nearly flat, twisted, sharply curved
serrate. Origin, this has been grown in Kent from the
seventeenth century. It crops so well and is so useful
for small gardens that it seems a pity that it is almost
forgotten in these days.

Common Codlin : see English Codlin.
Copmansthorp Crab : see Dutch Mignonne.
Corby Seedling : see Hormead Pearmain.

CORNISH AROMATIC. Ronalds, p. 15. (as Aro-
matic Russet). Dessert, December to February,
medium, 3 by 3, round, conical, uneven. Colour,
golden-yellow with red flush and russet. Flesh, yellow,
crisp, aromatic. Eye, very small, closed in a shallow
ribbed basin. Stem, rather short in a wide russet
cavity. Growth, compact, twiggy ; moderately fertile.
Leaf, medium, rather long oval, crenate. Origin,
originated in Cornwall, perhaps in the seventeenth
century. This apple is of the highest quality, and
appearance.

CORNISH GILLYFLOWER. Her. Pom., p. 41.
F., Calville d'Angelterre ; G., Cornwalliser Nelken
(Regelans). Dessert, December to May, 2f by 3,
medium, round, conical, irregular. Colour, greenish-
yellow, streaked dull red with russet. Flesh, firm,
pale yellow, very richly flavoured. Eye, closed in a
deep ribbed basin. Stem, fairly long in a small cavity.

41

Growth, slender ; moderately fertile. Leaf, upward
held, upfolded. Origin, probably Cornish, introduced
to notice about 1813. Probably not the July flower of
Evelyn. Of delicious flavour ; requires good treat-
ment and a warm climate. Best as a standard or free
bush.

CORNISH PINE. (Red Ribbed Greening.) Culin-
ary, December to February, medium to large, 2\ by 2|,
oblong, conical, very irregular. Colour, golden-yellow,
with thick broken stripes. Flesh, firm, yellow, sweet,
aromatic. Moderately fertile. Leaf, large, long, dark,
upfolded, down held, finely serrate. 'Origin, raised at
Exminster, Devon, from a pip of Cornish Gillyflower.

CORONATION. Card. Chron., 1905, p. 28. Culin-
ary or dessert, October to December, 3 J by 2 J, medium,
round, flattened at top and bottom, slightly conical,
very regular. Colour, yellow, dusted with dark red
and thick blotchy stripes. Flesh, fairly firm, yellowish,
fair flavour. Eye, closed or a little open in a shallow
plaited basin. Stem, very long in an even russet
rather wide cavity. Growth, upright, vigorous and
fertile. Leaf, long oval, pale green, very regularly
curved serrate, upfolded, falls early. Origin, raised by
Mr. Prinsep, gardener at Buxted Park, Sussex. Intro-
duced by Mr. Pyne, of Topsham. Not of great merit,
but pleasantly flavoured in its earlier season but this
soon goes off leaving it mealy and tasteless.

Councillor : see Yorkshire Beauty.
Countess of Warwick ; see Beauty of Kent.
Couronne des Dames : see Baumann's Reinette.

COURT OF WICK. Ronalds, p. 12. (Fry's
Pippin, Golden Drop, Woods Huntingdon.) Dessert,
December to March, small, 2j by if, rounded, square,
regular. Colour, pale yellow, flushed with rich orange.
Flesh, crisp, yellow, richly flavoured, slightly acid.
Eye, open in a wide basin. Stem, short, in a shallow

43

russet cavity. Growth, medium, spreading ; fertility
good. Leaf, medium, long oval, sharply serrate.
Origin, raised near Yatton, Somerset, and introduced
to commence in 1790, by Messrs. Wood, of Huntingdon.
A good old sort, now little grown.

Court Pendu Blanc : see Orleans Reinette.

COURT PENDU PLAT. Ronalds, p. 12. G.,
Koeniglicher Kurzstiel. (de Bertin, Garnons, Wise
Apple, Court Queue, Wollaton Pippin, etc., etc.)
Dessert, till April, smallish, 2\ by if, flat, regular.
Colour, yellow covered with dull red flush and slight
russet. Flesh, yellow, firm, rich flavour. Eye, open
in a very deep even basin. Stem, very short in a deep
cavity. Growth, small ; fertility, good. The latest
of all to flower, hence its name, Wise Apple. Leaf,
rather small, much upward cupped, sharply serrate.
Origin, of great antiquity ; known in the sixteenth
century, and possibly dating from Roman days. A
valuable sort, its late flowering habit often enabling
it to escape early frosts. One of the best for a heavy
clay soil.

Court Queue : see Court Pendu Plat.

COX'S ORANGE. Her. Pom., 16. F., Orange de
Cox ; G., Cox's Orangen Reinette. Dessert, November
to March, medium, z\ by 2j, round, conical, regular.
Colour, golden yellow with brownish-red flush, and
russet and faint stripes. Flesh, tender, yellow, juicy
and of the highest flavour. Eye, half closed, segments
reflexed, in a very shallow slightly ribbed basin, often
russeted. Stem, moderately stout, in a wide shallow
cavity, always a little russeted. Growth, slender ;
fertility, moderate. Leaf, narrow, rather pale, undu-
lated, upfolded, crenate. Origin, raised in 1825, by
Mr. Cox, a retired brewer of Colnbrook Lawn, near
Slough, and introduced by Mr. Charles Turner, about
1850. Generally considered to be the richest flavoured
of English Apples.

43

COX'S POMONA. Her. Pom., 12. F., Pomona
de Cox. (Royal Portugee, Hill's Seedling.) Dessert
or culinary, October to December, medium, 3 by 2,
round, flattened, conical, irregular. Colour, yellow
flushed and striped with crimson. Flesh, tender,
white, sub-acid. Eye, open in a deep basin which has
five prominent knobs. Stem, rather short in a very
deep cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertile. Leaf,
medium, roundish, light green, nearly flat, broad
shallow serrate. Origin, raised by Mr. Cox, in 1825,
near Slough, Bucks., and sent out by Mr. Smale, Coin-
brook nursery. A very attractive fruit.

CRAWLEY BEAUTY. Culinary, December to
February, medium to large, 3j by 2f , flattened round,
even. Colour, pale creamy yellow, red flush and
broken stripes. Flesh, firm, greenish-white, acid, good
flavour when cooked. Eye, open in a deep and wide
basin. Stem, medium in a broad and rather deep
cavity. Growth, vigorous ; very fertile. Leaf, round-
oval, crenate or doubly serrate. Origin, raised in a
cottage garden, near Crawley, Sussex, and introduced
by Messrs. Cheal & Co. This promises to be a very
useful variety, flowering very late.

CRAWLEY REINETTE. Dessert or culinary,
December to March, medium, 3j by 3j, round oblong,
nearly regular. Colour, pale yellow, covered with
rich red flush and faint inconspicuous stripes ; general
colouring being like King of the Pippins. Flesh,
white, crisp, juicy, of fair flavour. Eye, open in a
moderately deep, slightly ribbed basin. Stem, rather
short in moderately deep, angular, russeted cavity.
Growth, vigorous, little spreading ; fertility said to be
very good. Leaf, long, held flat, coarsely crenate.
Origin, recent ; introduced by Messrs. Cheal.
This apple might be described as a later King of the
Pippins, but I have not grown it sufficiently long to
speak very definitely of its merits.

44

CRIMSON BRAMLEY. A form of Bramley's
Seedling, differing only in the possession of a rich red
colour all over the fruit. Originated as a bud sport
in an orchard in Southwell, Notts.

Croft-en-Reich : see Galloway Pippin.
Croft-St. Andrews : see Galloway Pippin.
Culver Russet : see Syke House Russet.
Cumberland Favourite : see Yorkshire Beauty.

CUTLER GRIEVE. Dessert, November to January,
medium, 2f by 2j, rounded, flattened, conical. Colour
golden-yellow, almost covered with brilliant scarlet
flush, under which are seen very broad stripes. Skin,
greasy. Flesh, white, firm, close grained, juicy, sweet,
but no particular flavour. Eye, closed in a medium,
much ribbed basin. Stem, slender in a fairly deep, wide,
cavity, which is often a little russeted. Growth,
vigorous, rather upright ; fertility, good. Leaf, round-
ish, finely curved serrate. Origin, raised by Mr. James
Grieve, and introduced by Mr. Storrie. The brilliant
appearance of this apple together with its season suggest
that it is the successor of Worcester Pearmain, for which
market growers have long been searching.

Dainty : see Hoary Morning.

D'ARCY SPICE. (Her. Pom., 25. (Baddow
Pippin, Essex Spice, Spice, Spring Ribston). Dessert,
November to April, medium, 2\ by 2j, square-rounded
irregular. Colour, green to yellow, with dull red flush,
covered with russet. Flesh, firm, greenish, highly
aromatic. Eye, slightly open in a deep wrinkled basin.
Stem, short rather, deeply inserted in a russet cavity.
Growth, weak ; fertility, moderate. Leaf, medium,
dark, upfolded, sharply serrate or curved serrate.
Origin, probably originated in Essex. Introduced
to general notice about 1850. Of the finest quality,
but not often found thriving out of East Anglia.

45

Dean's Codlin : see Pott's Seedling.
De Berlin : see Court Pendu Plat.

DELICIOUS. Card. Mag., 1914, p. 97. Dessert,
November to January, medium, 2| by 2 J, round, conical,
angular. Colour, golden-yellow with dark crimson
flush and stripes. Flesh, firm, yellow, juicy and highly
flavoured. Eye, slightly open in a rather deep ribbed
basin. Stem, medium in a fairly deep cavity. Growth,
compact ; fertile. Leaf, medium, long, oval, upfolded,
deeply curved serrate. Originated in the garden of Mr.
Jesse Hiatt, of Peru, Iowa, U.S.A., about 1880, and
introduced into England about 1912. Extremely
hardy in its native country, and likely to prove a valuable
fruit for Great Britain.

Deux Ans : see Hambledon Deux Ans.

DEVONSHIRE QUARRENDEN. Her. Pom., p. 3.
F., Quarrendon du Comte de Devon ; G., Englisher
Scharlach Peppin. (Sack, Quarrington (error).)
Dessert, end August-September, small to medium,
2^ by if, flat, irregular. Colour, covered with dark
crimson flush. Flesh, crisp, greenish, aromatic. Eye,
closed in a wide shallow basin. Stem, fairly long in a
deep cavity. Growth, moderate, rather spreading ;
fertility irregular. Leaf, upfolded, undulating. Origin,
this is mentioned by Worlidge, in his Vinetum Brit-
annicum in 1678, and probably takes its name from
Carentan, an apple district in Normandy. Of most
distinct and refreshing flavour ; rather subject to canker.

DEVONSHIRE QUEEN. Ronalds, p. 25. Culin-
ary, October, medium, 3| by 2}, flattened, round,
irregular. Colour, bright yellow, flushed and striped
with scarlet. Flesh, soft, yellowish-white, tinged with
red. Eye, closed in a shallow much ribbed basin.
Stem, medium, in a very deep cavity. Growth,
moderate ; fertile. Origin, probably from the county
of its name. Known in 1820. Not worthy ot
cultivation.

DEWDNEY'S SEEDLING. (Baron Wolseley.)
Culinary, December to January, large, 3 by 2j, flat,
conical, rather irregular. Colour, golden-yellow, with
brownish-red flush. Flesh, firm, pale yellow, juicy
and brisk. Eye, closed in a round, moderately deep
slightly ribbed basin. Stem, rather short, stout in
a wide cavity, nearly free from russet. Growth,
straggling, vigorous ; fertile. Leaf, moderate, dark,
nearly flat, undulating, curved serrate .Origin, raised
at Barrowby, near Grantham, by Mr. Dewdney, about
1850. A useful late cooking variety.

DIAMOND JUBILEE. Dessert or culinary, Jan-
uary to March, rather large, 2f by 2f , round, conical,
even. Colour, even grass green, changing to yellow.
Flesh, firm, white, flavour rather good. Eye, nearly
closed in a flat and shallow plaited basin, Stem,
short, and moderately stout, in a very small cavity.
Growth, rather upright, spreading, twiggy, making a
round tree. Leaf, rather large, narrow, flat, a little
twisted, undulating, curved serrate, held up. Origin,
raised at Rainham, Kent, and introduced in 1901. A
good late apple, which may be described as an earlier
Beauty of Stoke. Royal Late which is sometimes said
to be the same is quite distinct.

Diels Sommer Konig : see Gravenstein.
Ditton Pippin : see Braddick's Nonpareil.
Dr. Harvey : see Waltham Abbey.

DOCTOR HOGG. Culinary, September to Febru-
ary, fairly large, 3 by 3, oval, conical, regular. Colour,
yellow with pale flush. Eye, open in a deep irregular
basin. Stem, rather long in a wide cavity. Flesh,
tender, white, sweet. Growth, moderate ; fertile.
Leaf, horizontal, upfolded. Origin, a supposed seedling
from Calville Blanche. Raised by Mr. Ford, gardener
at Leonardslee, Horsham, and introduced by Messrs.
W. Paul & Son, about 1880. Now little grown, having
been superseded.

47

Dolgoi Squoznoi : see Sugar Loaf Pippin.

DOMINO. Culinary, September to October, medium,
2\ by 2f, oblong, rounded, irregular. Colour, pale
yellowish green with occasional faint flush. Flesh,
yellowish- white, crisp, acid. Eye, closed in a moder-
ately deep broad ribbed basin. Stem, short in a narrow
fairly deep cavity. Growth, upright, compact and
twiggy; very fertile. Leaf, pale, long oval, shallow
serrate, flat, twisted, falls early. Origin, unrecorded ;
much grown around London ; probably from the Mid-
land Counties. A useful fruit of the Codlin type.

D. T. Fish : see Warner's King.

DUCHESS' FAVOURITE. Her. Pom., 69. Dessert,
September to October, medium, 2 J by 2, round, flattened,
regular. Colour, pale yellow, almost entirely covered
with crimson red. Flesh, crisp, yellow, brisk and
pleasant, often tinged with red. Eye, open in a shallow
wrinkled basin. Stem, moderately long in a rather
deep evenly russeted cavity. Growth, upright ; very
fertile. Leaf, rather small, light green, upfolded,
finely crenate. Origin, raised by Mr. Cree, a nursery-
man of Addlestone, before 1823. This apple is attrac-
tive in appearance and largely grown for market use.

DUCHESS OF OLDENBURG. Ronalds, p. 6.
F., Borovitsky ; G., Charlamovski. (Baroveski,
Borowinka.) Culinary or dessert, August to Septem-
ber, medium, 3j by 2|, round, flattened, regular.
Colour, palest yellow, with strong red stripes. Flesh,
soft, white, sub-acid. Eye, closed in a deep even basin.
Stem, slender in a deep narrow cavity. Growth,
vigorous, upright ; fertility, good. Leaf, medium,
upfolded, undulating, nearly serrate. Origin, Russian.
Introduced into England in 1824. Of most attractive
appearance, and a refreshing summer fruit.

DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. Dessert, February to
March, small to medium, 2j by 2, round, conical, fairly
regular. Colour, dull golden-yellow, almost covered

with russet. Flesh, firm, pale greenish-yellow, good
flavour, rather dry. Eye, half open, almost on a level
with the fruit. Stem, very short and stout in a small
russet cavity. Growth, moderate, makes a fine stand-
ard ; very fertile. Leaf, slightly upward folding,
very boldly serrate, sometimes crenate. Origin, raised
at Holker Hall, Lanes., by Mr. Wilson, gardener to the
Duke of Devonshire, in 1835. It is quite indispensable
for late use. Remarkable for the variegation of fruit,
leaves and wood. This is best seen in young trees.
Makes a fine standard tree.

Duke of Wellington : see Wellington.

DUMMELOUS SEEDLING. Ronalds, P. 19. (Belle
des Vennes, Dumelow's Seedling, Duke of Welling-
ton, Normanton Wonder.) Culinary, till March,
medium, 3 by 2j, flattened round, regular. Colour,
creamy-yellow with scarlet flush. Flesh, crisp, white,
acid. Eye, open in a flat wrinkled basin. Stem,
very short in a very shallow cavity or almost on surface.
Growth, vigorous ; fertility fair. Leaf, fairly large,
rather pale, nearly flat, very coarsely serrate or crenate.
Origin, raised at Shakerstone, Leicester, by Mr. Dumme-
low, in the latter part of the nineteenth century. One
of the best of cooking apples for those who like a brisk
acidity. It is apt to canker.

Dummelow's Seedling : see Wellington.
Dunster Codlin : see Tower of Glamis.

DUTCH CODLIN. Ronalds, p. 36. G., Hollandische
Kuchen Apfel. (Chalmers Large, White Codlin,
Royal Codlin, Glory of the West (error).) Culinary,
till November, large, 4 by 3j, conical, oblong, very
irregular. Colour, greenish-yellow, with faint orange
flush. Flesh, firm, white, acid, Eye, closed in a very
deep basin. Stem, long, in a narrow cavity. Growth,
moderate ; not very fertile. Leaf, very large, roundish
oval, bi-serrate. Origin, probably Dutch. Brought
to notice about 1783. Hardly worthy of cultivation
nowadays.

49

DUTCH MIGNONNE. Ronalds, p. 26. F.,Reinette
de Caux ; G., Grosser Casseler Reinette. (Copmansthorp
Crab, Pomme de Laak, Stettin Pippin, Paternoster, etc.)
Culinary or dessert, till March, medium, 3 J by 3, flattened,
round, fairly regular. Colour, pale yellow, with bold red
stripes and flush. Flesh, firm, yellow, moderate flavour.
Eye, closed, in a moderate basin. Stem, rather long, in
a narrow russet cavity. Growth, vigorous ; very fertile.
Leaf, rather pale, slightly up-folded, boldly curved
serrate. Origin, probably German. Brought into England
about 1780. A most useful, fertile fruit. Considered
by many to be worthy of dessert use late in the season.
Grosser Casseler Reinette is the original name.

Dymond's Sugar Loaf : see Sugar Loaf Pippin.
Early Crofton : see Irish Peach.
Early Julien : see Early July an.

EARLY JULY AN. Her. Pom., 41. F., Julien
Precoce. (Early Julien, Fair Lady.) Culinary or
dessert, August, 2\ by 2, smallish, flattened, conical,
angular. Colour, pale golden-yellow, occasionally with
a slight flush. Flesh, crisp, yellow, acid. Eye, closed,
in a much ribbed basin. Stem, thick, very hairy, in
a deep cavity. Growth, rather dwarfish ; fertile.
Leaf, roundish oval, narrow, undulating, sharply bi-
serrate. Origin, uncertain. Known before 1800.
Formerly much grown for market.

Early May : see White Joaneting.

EARLY NONPAREIL. Her. Pom., 27. F., Non-

pareille hative ; G., Frueher Nonpareil. (Hick's
Fancy, Stagg's Nonpareil.) Dessert, October to Dec-
ember, small, 2j by if, round, conical, regular. Colour,
green to deep yellow, with russet. Flesh, tender,
greenish, aromatic. Eye, slightly open in a shallow
basin. Stem, rather long, in a small cavity. Growth,
moderate, upright ; fertile. Leaf, medium, round

50

oval, crenate. Origin, raised by a Mr. Stagg, of Caister
Great Yarmouth, about 1870, from a seed of Old Non-
pareil. A delicious fruit, seldom grown now.

Early Peach : see River's Early Peach.

Early Pippin : see Yellow Ingrestrie.

Early Red Calville : see Reinette Rouge Etoilee.

EARLY RED MARGARET. Dessert, early August,
medium, 2j by 2j, round, conical, tapering to eye.
Colour, pale greenish-yellow with dull brown-red flush,
not striped. Skin, smooth, greasy. Flesh, tender,
greenish white, flavour flat, not so good as Red Juneat-
ing. Eye, open in a narrow ribbed basin. Stem, stout,
quarter-inch, protruding. Growth, moderate, very
fertile.

Early Victoria : see Emneth Early.

EASTER ORANGE. Dessert, February to April,
medium, 2j by 2j, round, a little flattened, regular.
Colour, deep golden-yellow with flush and stripes of
dark-red brown and marked scaly russet around stem.
Flesh, firm, yellow, moderately juicy and of good
flavour. Eye, closed in a shallow much puckered
basin. Stem, medium, rather slender in a rather wide,
round cavity which has a good deal of scaly russet.
Growth, moderate ; fertile. Leaf, held flat, rather pale.
Origin, introduced by Messrs. Hillier, of Winchester.
A fruit of attractive appearance and good flavour for
late winter and spring use.

Easter Pippin : see French Crab.

ECKLINVILLE. Her. Pom., p. 17. G., Saem-
ling aus Ecklinville. (Glory of the West.) Culinary,
September to November, fairly large, 3j by 2j, round,
flattened, regular. Colour, pea green to yellow, with
occasional red flush. Flesh, tender, white, acid. Eye,

closed in a deep and wide basin. Stem, very short
in a rather deep cavity, which is veined with russet.
Growth, vigorous ; fertile. Leaf, rather narrow, light
green, flat, undulating, shallow serrate or crenate.
Origin, raised at Ecklinville, Ireland, about 1820, by
a gardener named Logan. A most excellent cooker.
Rather apt to canker in some soils.

Edmonton : see Kerry Pippin.

EDWARD VII. Garden, 1911, 523. Culinary, Dec-
ember to April, large, 3 J by 2 J, oblong, regular. Colour,
pale yellow with faint brownish-red flush. Flesh,
extremely firm, yellow, acid, juicy. Eye, open in a
wide rather deep basin which is slightly ribbed. Stem,
short in a fairly wide not deep cavity. Growth, vigor-
ous ; moderately fertile. Leaf, dark, held flat, undulat-
ing, roundish oval, crenate. Origin, said to be Blenheim
Orange x Golden Noble. Introduced by Messrs.
Rowe, of Worcester, about 1908. A valuable fruit,
which should be more widely cultivated. Cooks dark
red and transparent. It usually has a small raised
line down one side as in Keswick Codlin.

Egg : see Paradise White.

EGREMONT RUSSET. Dessert, October to Dec-
ember, medium, 2j by if, round, regular. Colour,
yellow, golden-brown flush almost covered with russet.
Flesh, firm, greenish yellow, of very distinct and good
flavour. Eye, wide open, in a shallow even basin.
Stem, very short in a very narrow cavity. Growth,
neat, upright, well spurred ; fertile. Leaf, rather small
very narrow, upfolded, undulated, finely serrate, often
curved serrate. Origin, unrecorded. Introduced to
notice about 1880. A delicious fruit, especially suited
for garden use.

ELLISONS ORANGE. Dessert, September to Oct-
ober, medium, 2 J by 2 J, round, slightly conical. Colour,
golden, yellow with crimson stripes and slight flush.

52

Flesh, tender, markedly yellow, of fair flavour. Eye,
nearly closed in a shallow basin. Stem, long and slender
in an even cavity. Growth, slender ; fertility, fair. Leaf,
long pointed, upfolded, undulated, very boldly crenate.
Origin, raised by Rev. C. C. Ellison, Bracebridge,
and Mr. Wipf, gardener at Hartshorne Hall (Cox x
Calville Blanche). Introduced by Messrs. Pennell
and Sons, 1911. Resembles Cox's Orange very closely
in appearance and is of good flavour for a short period.

Embersons : see Waltham Abbey.

EMNETH EARLY. (Early Victoria.) Culinary,
July to August, medium to large, 2\ by 2|, conical,
irregular. Colour, yellowish-green. Flesh, greenish-
white, rather soft, cooking frothily. Eye, closed in a
shallow knobbed basin. Stem, rather short in a rather
wide and deep cavity, which has no russet. Growth,
compact, upright, moderate. Leaf, rather large, pale,
twisted, broadly serrate. Origin introduced by Messrs.
Cross, Wisbech, in 1899. Said to be Lord Grosvenor
x Keswick Codlin. The best of the early codlins
for crop, vigour, and appearance.

EMPEROR ALEXANDER. Ronalds, p. 25. F.,
Grand Alexandre ; G., Kaiser Alexander. (Aporta,
English King.) Culinary or dessert, September to
November, large, 4 by 3, round, conical, flattened
on five sides. Colour, golden-yellow, with broad red
stripes and flush. Flesh, pale yellow, tender, sweet.
Eye, closed, in a rather deep and plaited basin, which
is topped by five angular ribs. Stem, rather long in
a deep and wide russet-lined cavity. Growth, vigor-
ous, spreading ; fertility moderate. Leaf, large,
roundish, pale grey-green, down hanging, nearly flat,
very coarsely crenate. Origin, Russian. Imported
into England in 1817. It has suffered often at the hands
of re-christeners. Valued chiefly on the exhibition
table. May be distinguished from Bismarck by the
short round seeds.

Emperor Napoleon : see Reynold's Peach.
53

ENCORE. Card. Chron., 1907, p. 2. Culinary,
till June, large, 3j by 2 J, much flattened, nearly regular,
oblong round. Colour, grass-green, changing to pale
yellow, with occasional brown flush and stripes. Flesh,
fairly soft, greenish-white, slightly acid. Eye, closed
or a little open, in a broad ribbed basin. Stem, very
short in a deep narrow, russet cavity. Growth, vigor-
ous ; fertile. Leaf, oval, pale, slightly upfolded,
undulating, finely serrate. Origin, raised by Mr.
Charles Ross (Warner's King x Northern Greening).
Introduced by Messrs. Cheal, in 1908. A very promis-
ing fruit, heavy and keeps with me later than either
Bramley's Seedling or Lane's Prince Albert.

ENDSLEIGH BEAUTY. Dessert or culinary, Oct-
ober to December, large, 2 J by 3, round, much flattened
each end. Colour, yellow with a faint brown-red flush
and pale stripes, dusted with a little fine russet. Flesh,
firm, pale yellow, of Blenheim style, without its flavour.
Eye, closed in a wide shallow basin, slightly plaited.
Stem, stout, knobbed at end, in a moderately wide
and deep cavity, faintly russet. Growth, upright,
spreading. Leaf, pea green, upfolded, sharply serrate.
Origin, undiscovered. A handsome fruit of Blenheim
style.

ENGLISH CODLIN. Her. Pom., 31. (Common
Codlin, Quodlin.) Culinary, August to September,
medium, 3j by 2j, conical, irregular. Colour, yellow
with red flush and slight russet. Flesh, tender, white,
acid, pleasant aroma. Eye, closed in a wide and deep
ribbed basin. Stem, fairly long in a wide and deep
cavity from which russet veining extends. Growth,
moderate ; fertility immense. Leaf, rather large,
round oval, sharply serrate. Origin, English and of
great antiquity ; known before the seventeenth century.
Very little grown nowadays. Much used in olden
times for espaliers, and propagated by rooted branches.

Englische Granat Reinette : see Ribston Pippin.
English King : see Emperor Alexander.
54

English Nonpareil : see Nonpareil.

English Spitzenberg : see Newtown Spitzenberg.

Essex Spice : see D'Arcy Spice.

EVAGIL. Dessert or culinary, September to Oct-
ober, medium, 2f by 2, flat, even. Colour, an even
golden-yellow. Flesh, pale yellow, rather hard and
dry. Eye, open in a shallow wide basin. Stem,
very short in a very narrow deep cavity. Growth,
moderate ; fertility, poor. Leaf, small, roundish,
sharply pointed, sharply curved serrate. Origin, found
at Thielt by Dr. Vander Espt, and introduced in 1863,
by Van Houtte & Sons. Not worthy of cultivation.

Eve : see Mank's Codlin.
Eve : see Paradise White.
Eve : see Red Joaneting.
Fair Lady : see Early July an.

FAMEUSE. Ronalds, p. I., F., De Neige. (Snow,
Royal Snow, Sanguineous.) Dessert, November to
January, small, 2j by 2j, round, flattened, regular.
Colour, brilliant red flush almost covering fruit. Flesh,
crisp, white, flavour poor. Eye, a little open in a shallow
ribbed basin. Stem, slender in a round even narrow
cavity. Growth, vigorous ; fertility, good. Leaf,
medium, narrow, held out, nearly flat, sharply serrate.

Origin, probably Canadian ; known before the
seventeenth century. Known in England about 1800.
Of no value in Britain. Notable for its white flesh.

FARMER'S SEEDLING. Culinary, till May, large,
round, slightly conical, fairly regular. Colour, yellowish-
green, with brick-red flush and faint stripes. Flesh,
greenish-white, firm, acid. Eye, closed, the long seg-
ment tips reflexed in a wide boldly ribbed basin. Stem,
fairly long, stout and woolly, in a deep russet cavity.

55

Leaf, large, long oval, boldly crenate, upward folded.
Origin, unknown. Not worthy of retention. The
appearance generally is that of a late Allington Pippin.

FEARN'S PIPPIN. Ronalds, p. 12. (Rennet's
Defiance, Clifton Nonsuch.) Dessert, November to
March, medium, 2j by 2, flat, regular. Colour, pale
yellow, with dark crimson flush, crisp, yellowish, aro-
matic. Eye, open in a very wide shallow ribbed basin.
Stem, short in a wide cavity. Growth, moderate ;
fertility good. Leaf, medium flat, edges down curved,
rather coarsely bi-serrate. Origin, raised at Fulham,
in the garden of Mr. Bagley, before 1780, according to
Rogers. An excellent old sort which keeps well.

FELTHAM BEAUTY. Card. Chron., 1908, p. 178.
Dessert, August to September, medium, 3 by 2f , oblong
conical, nearly regular. Colour, yellowish-green with
red stripes and flush. Flesh, yellowish, crisp and very
highly flavoured, sweet. Growth, slender, upright ;
fertile. Origin, raised and introduced by Messrs.
Veitch, from Cox's Orange x Gladstone. A very
promising fruit.

Fenn's Wonder : see Lord Stradbrook.
Fenouillet Anise : see Caraway Russet.
Five Crown Pippin : see London Pippin.

FLANDERS PIPPIN. Culinary, November to
January, moderately large, 3j by 2|, flat conical,
uneven. Colour, greenish-yellow with brick-red flush
and broad crimson stripes. Flesh, firm, greenish-
yellow, juicy and acid with balsamic flavour. Eye,
closed in a much ribbed basin. Stem, medium, in a
rather deep russet cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertile.
Leaf, rather large, roundish, pea green, nearly flat,
sharply serrate. Origin, unrecorded. Probably con-
tinental. Often confused with Mere de Menage from
which it is quite distinct.

56

FpRFAR PIPPIN. Dessert, till March, small to
medium, 2j by 2, roundish conical, regular. Colour,
pale green to yellow, with russet dots and veins. Flesh,
tender, greenish-yellow, sub-acid and pleasantly
flavoured. Eye, closed in a shallow, wrinkled basin.
Stem, fairly long, in a shallow cavity. Growth, com-
pact ; moderately fertile. Leaf, medium, oval,
upfolded, finely serrate. Origin, uncertain ; probably
from the county after which it is named. A very
excellent fruit, especially for those of riper years.

FORESTER. Culinary, December to January, large,
3l by 3, roundish, slightly flattened at each end, little
angular, but ribs well rounded. Colour, green, fading
to yellow with faint brown red flush, covered with
little tlu'n russet and large black dots. Eye, closed in
a wide slightly deep basin. Stem, medium, in a wide
shallow faintly russeted cavity. Flesh, greenish-
white, soft in grain, somewhat acid. Origin unknown.
A favourite in many parts of Shropshire and
Worcestershire.

Formosa Pippin : see Ribston Pippin.

FOSTER'S SEEDLING. Culinary, November to
March, medium, 2| by 2, flattened round, regular.
Colour, golden-yellow, with deep brown flush and faint
stripes. Flesh, tender, pale yellow, very juicy and
slightly acid. Eye, very large, wide open in a broad
deep basin . Stem, very short in a wide cavity. Growth,
dwarf ; fertility, extraordinary. Leaf, rather small,
pea green, upcupped, undulating, irregularly crenate
or serrate. Origin, a seedling raised at Maidstone,
and introduced by Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., about
1893. Resembles Cellini, but keeps longer.

FRAISE D' HOFINGER. G., Hofingers Himbeer
Apfel. Dessert, November to March, rather large,
2i by 3> round, slightly rounded to eye. Colour, pale
yellow, shaded nearly all over with rich carmine,
approaching Gascoynes Seedling in colour. Flesh,

57

greenish- white, slight musky flavour. Eye, closed, in
a very deep and slightly irregular basin. Stem, short
and stout, in a moderately deep cavity, rather irregular
in shape. Growth, compact, upright spreading. Leaf,
upheld and upfolded, regularly crenate. Origin, found
by Liegel in the Rev. Hofinger's garden, at St. Peters,
Brunau, before 1851. Of no merit except for its lovely
colour.

FRANKLYN'S GOLDEN PIPPIN. Ronalds, p. 18.
Dessert, October to December, small, 2j by 2, round,
flattened. Colour, golden-yellow, Flesh, crisp, yellow,
slightly acid. Eye open, in a wide shallow basin.
Stem, short in a small round cavity. Growth, strong ;
fertile. Leaf, roundish oval, slightly upfolded, sharply
serrate. Origin. I find the following note in my copy
of Brookshaw's Pomona Britannica : "It was not
Dr. Franklin, who introduced this apple but
Mr. Franklyn, a florist, whose son and grandson,
attended to Mr. Percival's tulips for many years.
The grandson now lives at Highbury (1853)." Now
almost out of cultivation.

FRENCH CRAB. Ronalds, p. 42. G., Gruener
Oster. (Easter Pippin, Ironstone Pippin, Iron King,
John Apple, Winter Greening (Hogg).) Culinary,
keeps a year or more, medium, 3j by 2j, round, fairly
regular. Colour, pea green. Flesh, greenish, crisp,
acid. Eye, closed in a shallow wrinkled basin with
five prominent ribs at top. Stem, rather short in a
russet cavity. Growth, vigorous ; fertile. Leaf,
large, round oval, upfolded, coarsely serrate. Origin
unknown. Probably imported into England at the
end of the eighteenth century. A valuable late season
fruit, cooking excellently. The desire of Hogg to
substitute the name Winter Greening has not been
adopted. I therefore retain the name by which it
is best known.

FROGMORE PROLIFIC. Culinary, September to
December, medium, 3 by 2}, round, conical, regular.

58

Colour, greenish-yellow, dusted with red and broad
broken stripes. Flesh, soft, white, sub-acid. Eye,
closed, in a shallow even basin. Stem, long, in a deepish
cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertile. Leaf, oval,
bluntly pointed, finely serrate. Origin, raised in the
Royal Gardens at Frogmore, by Mr. Ingram. Now
little grown.

Fry's Pippin : see Court of Wick.

GABALVA. Card. Chron., 1900, p. 165. Dessert
or culinary, December to January, large, 3 by 2j,
roundish, conical, irregular. Colour, dull yellow, with
shiny red flush, and often half covered with russet.
Flesh, soft, yellow, aromatic, rather dry ; of Blenheim
class. Eye, closed, in a shallow ribbed basin. Stem,
very short, in a deep russet cavity. Growth, spreading ;
not very fertile. Leaf, rather large, oval, pea green,
upfolded, undulated, very finely and doubly serrate.
Origin, introduced by Messrs. Treseder & Son, Cardiff,
1901. Not sufficiently good for retention.

GALLOWAY PIPPIN. FL and Pom., 1872, p. 193.
(Croft-en-Reich, Croft St. Andrews.) Culinary, till
February, large, 3 by 2 J, round, much flattened, regular.
Colour, pale yellow, with slight brownish flush. Flesh,
crisp, pale yellow, juicy. Eye, open, in a rather deep
basin. Stem, medium, in a deep cavity. Growth,
vigorous, and a regular cropper. Origin, supposed to
have originated by a Crofter at St. Andrews, near
Wigtown. Known in the South of England about
1872. Very valuable for the Northern counties.

Garnons : see Court Pendu Plat.

GASCOYNE'S SCARLET. Exhibition, September
to January, large, 2f by 2f, slightly flattened, oval,
very slightly ribbed. Colour, entirely covered with
brilliant scarlet, faintly striped, with a delicate bloom
giving a blue tinge. Flesh, loose, pale with red stainings ;
pleasant balsamic flavour. Eye, firmly closed in a deep

59

much ribbed basin. Stem, long, stout, in a deep
narrow cavity. Growth, vigorous, rather spreading
and uneven, best as a standard or bush ; fertility,
poor, hence it is now rarely grown, except for decora-
tive purposes. Leaf, large, pale, flat, lax, irregularly
curved serrate. Origin, raised by Mr. Gascoyne,
Bapchild Court, Sittingbourne, Kent, and introduced
by Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, in 1871.

German Nonpareil : see Wyken Pippin.

GIPSY KING. Her. Pom., 69. Dessert, November
to January, small, 2\ by 2, round flattened, even.
Colour, golden-yellow, with deep brown-red flush,
and stripes and generally nearly covered with russet
netting. Flesh, crisp, yellow, juicy, and pleasantly
sub-acid, but poor in flavour. Eye, open, in a shallow
wide basin. Stem, fairly long, in a deepish cavity.
Growth, slender ; fertile. Leaf, small, oval, dark,
nearly flat, flat crenate. Origin, unrecorded. A very
nice little fruit with a brisk acidity. Of the Ross
Nonpareil style.

Glace : see Calville Blanche D'Hiver.

GLADSTONE. F., Monsieur Gladstone. (Jack-
son's Seedling, Striped Quarrenden.) Dessert, July
to August, medium, 2j by 2, round conical, irregular.
Colour, greenish-yellow, almost covered with dark red,
occasionally with broken stripes. Flesh, soft, greenish-
white, pleasantly flavoured. Eye, closed, in a much
ribbed basin. Stem, medium in a shallow cavity.
Growth, moderate ; very regularly fertile. Leaf,
rather small, roundish, pea green, upfolded, undulating,
shallow serrate. Origin, found near Kidderminster,
by Mr. Jackson, of Blakedown Nursery, and introduced
by him in 1868. Much grown for market purposes,
and a valuable early sort.

GLORIA MUNDI. Ronalds, p. 7. (as Mammoth).
F., Josephine ; G., Gloria Mundi. (Baltimore, Belle du

60

Bois (error), Monstrous Pippin, Ox Apple, Grosse de
St. Clement.) Culinary, till January, immense, 4 by 3j,
square conical, angular. Colour, grass-green, changing
to straw-yellow. Flesh, tender, white, sub-acid. Eye
open, in a deep wide, boldly ribbed basin. Stem,
short, in a very wide and deep russet cavity. Growth,
vigorous, upright ; fertility very poor. Leaf, large,
upcupped, undulating, boldly serrate . Origin, American .
Introduced to England from America in 1817. There
is some disagreement as to the origin of this apple.
It was first recorded in America in 1804. Too uncertain
a cropper in most parts. It cooks a brown colour, but
is very sweet and rich.

Glory of Flanders : see Brabant Bellefleur.
Glory of the West : see Dutch Codlin.
Glory of the West : see EcklinviUle.
Goff : see Orange Gojff.
Golden Drop : see Court of Wick.
Golden Ducat : see Cobham.

GOLDEN HARVEY. RonaMs, p. 23. F., Harvey
dore. (Brandy Apple, Round Russet Harvey.)
Dessert, till May, small, 2 by if, flattened, round, even.
Colour, greenish-yellow with dull red flush, covered
with thin russet. Flesh, firm, yellow, very sweet and
rich. Eye, open in a shallow basin, Stem, moderately

Slong, in a small cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertile.
Leaf, rather small, nearly flat. Origin, English ;
known early in the seventeenth century. The original
tree was at the Royal Horticultural Show, at Chiswick,
in 1821. One of the good old sorts which have been
neglected.

GOLDEN KNOB. Ronalds, p. 32. (Old Maid,
Old Lady.) Dessert, till May, very small, 2j by if,
round, flattened, regular. Colour, orange-brown,

61

covered with russet. Flesh, firm, greenish-yellow,
sub-acid, good flavour. Eye, open in a small shallow
basin. Stem, very short in a very narrow cavity.
Growth, moderate ; fertile. Leaf, fairly large, very
dark, slightly upfolded, coarsely serrate. Origin,
probably English ; popular in markets in the early
nineteenth century. Still grown in Kentish orchards ;
of distinct flavour.

GOLDEN NOBLE. Her. Pom., 23. G., Gelber
Edel Apfel. (Lord Clyde, Lord Stanwick, John Peel,
Rutlandshire Foundling.) Culinary, September to
January, medium, 2f by 2j, round, slightly flattened,
regular. Colour, clear yellow, with slight russet.
Flesh, tender, yellow, acid. Eye, small, closed, in a
shallow plaited basin. Stem, very short in a rather
wide slightly russet cavity. Growth, vigorous ; fertile.
Cooks frothily and of golden colour. Leaf, rather large,
little upfolded, regularly crenate, pea green. Origin,
uncertain : brought to notice in 1820. According to
Boisbunel, this is the Drap d'Or of France (not of Hogg).
See Revue Horticole, 1883. One of the very best cooking
apples for colour and flavour. Can be distinguished
from Queen Caroline by its closed eye.

GOLDEN PIPPIN. Ronalds, p. 18. F., Pepin
d'Or ; G., Englischer Gold Pepping. (American
Plate, Balgone Pippin, Bayfordbury Pippin.) Dessert,
November to March, small, 2 by i}, oblong-round,
regular. Colour, golden-yellow, with slight russet.
Flesh, crisp, yellow, aromatic. Eye, usually closed in
a broad shallow slightly plaited basin. Stem, very
short, in a small narrow cavity. Growth, weak ;
fertility, moderate. Leaf, rather small, narrow, pale,
slightly upfolded, finely and sharply serrate. Origin,
English, probably dating from the early seventeenth
century. Imensely popular in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries, but now seldom grown. There
are many seedlings of this sort of doubtful distinctness.
Only in warm years and on light soils does it reach first-
class flavour.

62

GOLDEN RUSSET. Ronalds, p., 29. G., Ver-
goldeter Russet. Dessert, December to March, medium,
2f by 2|, roundish, flattened. Colour, entirely covered
with golden russet, with an occasional red flush. Flesh,
yellow, firm, sugary, aromatic, a little dry. Eye,
closed, or a little open, in a round even basin. Stem,
short, in a rather deep round cavity. Growth, moder-
ately vigorous, a little spreading ; fertility, moderate.
Origin, probably an old English variety of some 150
years or more. I have never been able to obtain this
apple true and the above description is borrowed from
Hogg and Ronalds. There has been much confusion
with this apple, the English Russet and the Roxbury
Russet.

GOLDEN SPIRE. Fl. and Pom., 1884, 185. Culin-
ary, September-December, medium, 2| by 3j, oblong-
rounded, irregular. Colour, of an even golden-yellow,
very occasionally flushed. Flesh, pale yellow, juicy, soft,
slightly flavoured. Eye, open in a fairly deep much
ribbed basin. Stem, short, rather slender in a small
russeted cavity. Growth, upright ; remarkably fertile.
Leaf, rather small, narrow, dark green, nearly flat,
held up, broadly serrate. Origin, uncertain ; probably
from Lancashire, where it was much grown in 1850.
Its regular cropping and neat habit make it a fruit
highly recommendable for small gardens.

GOLDEN REINETTE. Her. Pom., 49. F., Rein-

ette Doree. (Grosser Borsdorfer, Reinette Gielen,
Wyker Pippin.) Dessert, November to March, medium,
2i by 2j, flattened round, regular. Colour, golden-
yellow, bright red cheek, russeted. Flesh, very firm,
yellow, well flavoured. Eye, wide open, in a flat
shallow basin. Stem, long, yellowish, in a very even
cavity. Growth, vigorous ; fertile. Leaf, medium,
dark, nearly flat, curved serrate. Origin, an old variety,
which has been known in England for several hundred
years. It is widely grown on the Continent, and has over
fifty synonyms. A nice fruit, but hardly of first-class
quality now. It does well on clay soils. "

63

GOLD MEDAL. (Ryland Surprise.) Culinary, end
August to September, large, 4^ by 3j, flat conical.
Colour, yellowish-green. Flesh soit, white, slightly
acid. Eye, closed, segments reflexed, in a shallow
and ribbed basin. Stem, very short in a very wide
and deep cavity. Growth, sturdy and compact,
making twiggy snoots, which become tortuous when
tree ages ; fertile. Leaf, round, rather large, slightly
upfolded, undulated, serrate. Origin, raised by Mr.
Troughton, a nurseryman, at Preston, and introduced
about 1882. Originally called Ryland Surprise. Now
little grown, Grenadier having replaced it. It is
often confused with this apple owing to their having
been mixed when introduced ; see under Grenadier.

Gold Reinette : see Reinette du Canada.

GOOSEBERRY. Her. Pom., 43. Culinary, Novem-
ber to June, medium to large, 3 by 2f, square
round, irregular. Colour, pea green to pale yellow,
with occasional slight brown flush. Flesh, tender,
greenish, acid. Eye, half open, in a deep, wide much
plaited basin. Stem, stout, fairly long, in a rather
deep cavity from which russet veins spread out over
the base of fruit. Growth, vigorous ; fertile. Origin,
undiscovered. Known for over 100 years. Not to
be confused with the Gooseberry Apple of Ronalds.
This apple is still to be found in old orchards.

GOSPATRICK. Culinary, till March, medium,
2} by 2|, rounded-oblong, irregular. Colour, pale
greenish-yellow. Flesh, sweetish, firm, pale yellow,
of no particular merit. Growth, moderate ; fertility,
fair. Leaf, medium, long, narrow, pale, flat, doubly
serrate. Origin, raised by Mr. Charles Ross, in 1875,
from Golden Reinette, and introduced by Messrs.
Bunyard & Co., Maidstone. Not worthy of retention.

Gowrie : see Tower of Glamis.
Graf en Apfel : see Gravenstein.
Grand Sultan : see White Transparent.

GRANGE'S PEARMAIN. Culinary or dessert, till
May, rather large, 3j by 2f, round, a little flattened,
tapering to eye. Colour, grass-green, fading to yellow
with dull red flush and broken stripes. Flesh, pale
yellow, crisp, very juicy, with good flavour. Skin,
slightly rough. Eye, closed, in a round, moderately
shallow, slightly ribbed basin, which is generally a little
russet ed. Stem, moderately long, in a rather wide
russet cavity. Growth, rather upright ; fertility, good.
Leaf, dark, slightly upheld, upward cupped, undulated,
medium, oval, serrate. Origin, according to Hogg,
this was raised by a Mr. James Grange, of Kingsland,
Middlesex, probably early in the nineteenth century.
It was I think introduced by Messrs. Dickson, of
Chester. This is a much neglected fruit. There are
few apples which keep better and retain their crisp
juicy flesh in the spring and it is probably the nearest
approach we have to Newt own Pippin.

GRANTONIAN. Culinary, till March, medium,
3 by 2j, flat, conical, irregular. Colour, pale yellowish-
green with brownish flush. Flesh, firm, greenish-
white, sub-acid. Eye, closed, in a shallow ribbed
basin. Stem, short, stout, in a shallow cavity. Growth,
vigorous, upright ; fertile. Leaf, oval, long, upfolded,
lax, shallow crenate. Origin, introduced by Messrs.
Pearson & Son, Nottingham, Now little cultivated.

Grauer Rabau : see Reinette Grise.

GRAVENSTEIN. Her. Pom., 39. (Blumen Calvill,
Diel's Sommer Konig, Grafenapfel, Ohio Nonpareil,
Paradies.) Dessert or culinary, October to December,
medium, 3 by 2j, rounded square, irregular. Flesh,
crisp, yellowish-white, extremely juicy, of most distinct
flavour. Eye, closed in a deep ribbed basin. Stem,
short, thick in a large deep cavity. Growth, moderate ;
fertile. Leaf, medium, rather dark, upfolded, finely
serrate. Origin, said to have been found at the Castle
of Grafenstein, in Schleswig-Holstein. Introduced
about 1760. A good dessert apple. Its fragrant

65

aroma and digestible flesh make it deserving of wider
cultivation. A form also exists which is much redder
than the above and which arose as a bud sport. It
has the unusual quality of ripening on the tree and yet
keeping for several months. It very rarely sets any
seed.

Gray Apple : see Pomme Grise.

GRENADIER. Culinary, August to September,
large, round, conical, a little uneven. Colour, pale
green fading to light yellow, smooth. Eye, closed, in
a moderately deep basin which is rather puckered.
Stem, stout, knobbed at end, in a deep narrow cavity.
Growth, moderate ; fertility, excellent. Leaf, long,
strap shaped, little undulated, boldly crenate, pale
green. Origin, undiscovered, recorded about 1860.
This variety has often been confused with Gold Medal
and they are still mixed by some cultivators. They
can be easily recognised in winter by the large red
buds of Gold Medal. A very valuable cooking apple
for August, its free bearing qualities and large size
making it the most popular of market varieties. Cooks
to a froth.

Green Blenheim : see Hambledon Deux Ans.
Green Cossings : see Rymer.
Greenups Pippin : see Yorkshire Beauty.
Grosser Borsdorfer : see Golden Reinette.
Grosse de St. Clement : see Gloria Mundi.
Gruener Reinette : see Nonpareil.
Hallingsbu-ry : see Hollandbury.

HAMBLEDON DEUX ANS. Ronalds, p. 42.
G., Dauer Apfel von Hambledon. (Black Blenheim,
Green Blenheim, Stone Blenheim, Blue Stone Pippin,
Grahams, Deux Ans (and phonetic renderings), York-
shire Queen, etc., etc.) Culinary, January to August,
fairly large, 3 by 2| oval conical, slightly irregular.

66

Colour, yellow, nearly covered with brown-red flush
and faint stripes. Flesh, dry, hard, yellow, a little
sweet. Eye, firmly closed in a shallow ribbed and
knobbed basin. Stem, very short in a shallow russet
cavity, always showing a lump on one side. Growth,
moderate ; fertility, moderate. Leaf, dark, slightly
upfolded, very finely and regularly serrate. Origin,
at Hambledon, in Hampshire, about 1750. A good late
keeper.

HAMBLING'S SEEDLING. Card. Chron., 1893,
P- 535- Culinary, January to March, very large,
3i by 2f, round conical, fairly regular. Colour, even
pale yellow. Flesh, tender, pale yellow, sub-acid,
cooks frothily. Eye, open in a wide shallow basin,
often almost level with surface. Stem, very short,
in a wide russet cavity. Growth, sturdy, spreading,
well spurred ; fertile when mature. Leaf, rather large,
pea green, upcupped, evenly serrate. Origin, raised
by Colonel Hambling, Dunstable, and introduced by
Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., Maidstone, in 1894. A
valuable late cooker, of remarkably good flavour ;
making a good standard tree.

Hampshire Greening : see Newtown Pippin.
Hanging Pearmain : see Adam's Pearmain.

HANWELL SOURING. Ronalds, p. 30. (Land-
mere Russet, Lawrence's Seedling.) Culinary, till
April, medium, 3 by 2j, round, conical, irregular.
Colour, greenish -yellow with a red flush, large con-
spicuous grey dots. Flesh, firm, white, acid. Eye.
closed in a broad ribbed basin. Stem, short, in a deep
russeted cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertility, good,
Origin, probably at Han well, near Banbury. Came
into notice in 1820. A good late variety.

Haute Bonte : see Reinette Grise.
Hawley : see Hawthornden,

HAWTHORNDEN. Her. Pom., 6. (Hawley,
Lincolnshire Pippin, Old Hawthornden.) Culinary,
October to December, medium, 3 by 2^, round, slightly
flattened, irregular. Colour, creamy-yellow with faint
red flush. Flesh, tender, white, sub-acid. Eye, closed,
in a moderately deep and ribbed basin. Stem, short
and very stout in a rather deep cavity. Growth,
moderate ; fertility medium. Leaf, very pale, nearly
flat, rather large, shallow serrate. Origin, raised at
Hawthornden, Scotland before 1790. One of the best
cooking sorts, making a dwarfish flat. tree.

HECTOR MACDONALD. Culinary, October to
February, medium, to large, 3 by 2j, round slightly
conical, fairly regular. Colour, pale yellowish-green
with faint broken stripes. Flesh, very crisp, juicy,
greenish, acid, good cooker. Eye, closed in a rather
deep, wide and plaited basin. Stem, nearly always
very short in a wide rather deep cavity without russet.
Growth, very dwarf ; very fertile. Leaf, large, long,
dark, slightly upfolded and undulated, deeply curved
serrate. Origin, raised by Mr. Charles Ross and intro-
duced by Messrs. Pearson in 1906. Resembles Lane's
Prince Albert, but it proves to be rather too poor a
grower tor market use.

HERRING'S PIPPIN. Culinary or dessert, Nov-
ember, medium to large, 3 by 2f , round, conical, uneven.
Colour, pale greenish-yellow with a brown-red flush.
Flesh, pale yellow, tender, with a spicy aromatic flavour.
Eye, open in a deep and regular basin. Stem, short, not
protruding, stout, in a deep, round, slightly russet
cavity. Origin, undiscovered. I have not grown
this apple personally but the above description is taken
from fruits kindly sent me by Mr. Pearson who thinks
very highly of this variety.

HEUSGEN'S GOLDEN REINETTE. F., Reinette
dore"e de Heusgen; G., Peter Heusgen's Gold Reinette.
Dessert, March to April, medium, 2j by 2, round,
conical, often rather flat. Colour, golden-yellow with

68

bright crimson flush and faint stripes. Flesh, firm,
yellow, very juicy, nice flavour. Eye, closed, or
slightly open, in a shallow ribbed basin. Stem, very
stout in a wide, deep russet cavity. Growth, compact,
upright ; remarkably fertile. Leaf, rather narrow,
little upfolded, grey-green, broadly serrate. Origin,
raised by the Pastor Henzen, and named after the
pomologist Heusgen. Introduced about 1877. A
valuable addition to late dessert sorts.

Hick's Fancy : see Early Nonpareil.

HIGH CANONS. Card. Chron., 1907, p. 113.
Culinary, till April, medium, 3 by 2j, flat, conical,
irregular. Colour, pale yellow with faint red flush and
spots. Flesh, extremely crisp, pale yellow, acid.
Eye, closed, in a shallow wrinkled basin. Stem, short
and stout in a shallow, strongly russet cavity. Growth,
moderate ; moderately fertile. Origin, raised by Mr.
Thrower, of High Canons, Barnet, and introduced by
Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co., about 1887. A good apple
of the Wellington style, cooking well.

Hill's Seedling : see Cox's Pomona.

HISTON FAVOURITE. (Oliver's Seedling.)
Dessert or cooking, November to December, medium,
2i by 2j, round, slightly flattened, regular. Colour,
pale yellow with red flush and faint stripes. Flesh,
soft, pale yellow, juicy, slight aromatic flavour. Eye,
closed in a shallow wide basin. Stem, fairly long,
stout, in a wide and rather deep cavity, which always
has a lining of yellow feathery russet. Growth, vigor-
ous ; fertility moderate. Leaf, long oval, pale, slightly
upfolded, very bodily serrate. Origin, raised at Histon,
Cambs., by Mr. John Chivers early in the nineteenth
century. A nice fruit, but rather too small with me.

HITCHIN PIPPIN. Dessert, end-August-Septem-
ber, medium, 2\ by 2j, round, oblong, flattened, regular.
Colour, greenish-yellow with crimson flush and irregular
broken stripes. Flesh, moderately soft, pale yellow,

69

pleasantly flavoured, very juicy. Growth, moderate
compact, making a flat spreading tree ; very fertile.
Leaf, pea green, long, upfolded, very finely serrate.
Origin, undiscovered. A very nice fruit which may be
described as an early King of the Pippins.

HOARY MORNING. Ronalds, p. 28. F., Brouil-
lard ; G., Morgendust. (Dainty, Downy Apple, Sam
Rawlings.) Culinary, October to December, small,
to medium, 3} by 2\, flattened conical. Colour, pale
yellow with broad red stripes, entirely covering fruit,
and with a remarkable bloom. Flesh, crisp, pale yellow,
acid. Eye, closed, in a very shallow ribbed basin.
Stem, short and thick in a wide deep cavity. Growth,
moderate ; fertility, moderate. Leaf, roundish, rather
dark, down hanging, upfolded, undulating, serrate.
Origin, probably from Somersetshire. First recorded
about 1819. A favourite in the West of England ;
attractive in appearance, but of poor quality.

HOLLANDBURY. Ronalds, p. 40- F-, Beau
Rouge, G., Kirke's Schoener Rambour. (Bonne
Rouge, Hallingsbury, Kirke's Scarlet Admirable, Red
Flanders.) Culinary, November to December, large,
3l by 3}' round, conical, flattened, irregular. Colour,
clear yellow with scarlet flush. Flesh, tender, white,
acid. Eye, closed, in a large basin. Stem, medium,
in a wide and deep cavity. Growth, vigorous ; moder-
ately fertile, Leaf, held-up, upfolded, twisted, large,
roundish, sharply serrate. Origin, uncertain ; known
at the end of the eighteenth century. A striking fruit
but now superseded.

Holland Pippin : see Pott's Seedling.

HORMEAD PEARMAIN. (Corby Seedling.) Nov-
ember to March, a little above medium, size 3 by 3j,
round, conical, flattened at top. Colour, pale yellow-
green, occasional slight brown-red flush, many con-
spicuous large dots. Flesh, firm, short, yellowish-
white, especially under the skin. Eye, open, in a shallow

70

even basin. Stem, short in a shallow cavity. Growth,
vigorous ; extremely fertile. Leaf, rather large,
narrow, pale, nearly flat, widely and bluntly serrate.
Origin, this was received at the Royal Horticultural
Society's garden in 1826, and is supposed to have been
raised at Hormead, Herts. A very useful fruit ; a
smaller Hambling's Seedling.

HOUBLON. Card. Chron., 1902, p. n. Dessert,
December to January, small to medium, 2\ by if,
flattened, round, very regular. Colour, orange-yellow
with dark crimson stripes and russet veinings. Flesh,
firm, yellow, of good flavour. Eye, closed, in a very
shallow basin. Stem, long and thin in a moderately
russet cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertility moderate.
Leaf, roundish, rather dark, flat, a little undulating,
crenate or shallow serrate, variable. Origin, raised
by Mr. Charles Ross, and introduced in 1901. An
attractive fruit very nearly first-class in flavour.

HOUNSLOW WONDER. Culinary, December to
March, medium, 3 by 2j, flattened round, tapering to
eye. Colour, pale yellow with dark spots, brown-red
flush and broad broken stripes. Flesh, firm, crisp,
after Wellington style. Eye, small, closed, in a shallow
plaited basin. Stem, short in a narrow deep and russet
cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertility, good. Leaf,
moderate, oval, deeply curved serrate. Origin, this
new apple was introduced by Messrs. Spooner, of Houns-
low, who find it a valuable market variety.

HUBBARD'S PEARMAIN. Lind. Pom. Brit., 27.
Dessert, November to March, small, 2j by 2, conical,
regular. Colour, pale yellowish-green, occasionally
flushed with dull brownish-red, slightly russet. Flesh,
crisp, juicy, greenish, very richly flavoured. Eye,
open, in a shallow basin. Stem, rather short in an
even cavity. Growth, slender ; very fertile. Leaf,
small, oval, nearly flat, irregularly and finely serrate.
Origin, a Norfolk variety, known before 1800. An old
English variety deserving more recognition for late
use.

71

HUNTS EARLY. Dessert, mid-August, medium,
2j by if, flattened, round, slightly ribbed. Colour,
greenish-yellow, nearly covered with brown-red flush
and faint stripes. Flesh, soft, pale yellow, pleasant
flavour. Eye, closed in a wide, boldly ribbed basin.
Stem, rather long and slender in a narrow and deep
cavity, which has slight russet occasionally in marked
rings. Growth, moderate ; fertility good. Leaf
moderate, round, oval, blunt pointed, greyish-green,
slightly upfolded, shallow curved serrate, stipules,
large, leafy. Origin, undiscovered. A Mr. Hunt was
a raiser of many apples about 1800, and it is probably
one of his seedlings. Esteemed for market use in some
districts.

Hunt's Nonpareil : see Nonpareil.
Hutching's Seedling : see Sugar Loaf Pippin.

IMPROVED ASHMEAD'S KERNEL. Dessert,
February to March, medium to rather large, round
flattened, fairly regular, generally higher on one side.
Colour, golden yellow almost entirely covered with
reddish-brown russet with golden-brown flush. Flesh,
firm, pale yellow, of pleasant sub-acid flavour. Eye,
closed in a rather deep wide basin. Stem, short in a very
wide cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertility, moderate.
Leaf, roundish, pale, nearly flat, deeply curved serrate,
very large. Origin, undiscovered. Hogg considered
this identical with the original Ashmead's Kernel,
but it is certainly distinct and much larger.

Irish Codlin : see Carlisle Codlin.
Irish Codlin : see Mank's Codlin.

IRISH PEACH. Ronalds, p. 8. (as Early Crofton).
F., Peche de Irlande ; G., Irlandischer Pfirsich. (Early
Crofton.) Dessert, August, 2| by if, small, flat, conical,
irregular. Colour, pale yellow, washed and mottled
with milky red, darker stripes. Flesh, yellow, tender,

72

aromatic. Eye, closed in a deep ribbed basin. Stem,
short and stout in a fairly deep cavity. Growth,
slender ; moderately fertile. Leaf, medium, narrow,
shallow serrate or almost crenate, undulating, slightly
upcupped. Origin, an Irish variety, introduced to
England early in the nineteenth century. A delicious
early variety.

Iron Apple : see Brabant Bellefleur.
Iron King : see French Crab.
Ironstone Pippin : see French Crab.
Jackson's Seedling : see Gladstone.

JAMES GRIEVE. Deutsh. Obstb., 1910., 133.
Dessert, September to October, medium to large,
3 by 3, round, conical, slightly irregular. Colour, pale
creamy yellow, with crimson flush and stripes. Flesh,
tender, very juicy, yellow, of excellent flavour. Eye,
closed in a rather deep even basin, of which the sides
are a little plaited. Stem, moderately long, knobbed
at end, in a deep rather narrow cavity. Growth,
vigorous, rather upright ; very fertile. Leaf, rather
long, dark green, very finely crenate. Origin, a seedling
from Pott's Seedling, raised by Mr. James Grieve,
and introduced by Messrs. Dickson, of Edinburgh,
about 1890. A most excellent fruit quite the best of
its season ; its faults in the South are liability to rot
and to fall prematurely.

JAMES WELSH. Culinary, end-September, fairly
large, 3^ by 3, round, conical, irregular. Colour, pale
greenish yellow. Flesh, firm, crisp, white, acid. Cooks
white and frothy. Eye, small, closed in a moderately
deep narrow, much ribbed basin. Stem, rather short,
in a small not russet cavity. Growth, strong ; fertility,
very good. Leaf, rather large, oval, twisted, curved
serrate. Origin, raised by Mr. James Grieve from
Ecklinville. Very subject to rot on tree in the South
of England. The style of Lord Suffield.

73

JEANNE HARDY. Rev. Hort., 1890, 324. Culin-
ary or exhibition, November to February, very large,
4 by 3l> round, conical, much ribbed. Colour, pale
creamy-yellow with brilliant carmine flush and stripes.
Flesh, pale yellow, soft, juicy, sweet, no particular
flavour. Eye, open set in a deep wide basin which is
boldly ribbed. Stem, short in a very deep and unusually
wide cavity. Growth, strong and compact. Leaf,
very large, pale, crenate, upfolded, upheld, round-
oval. Origin, raised at the School of Horticulture, at
Versailles, in 1878, first fruited in 1882, and dedicated
to Mile. Jeanne Hardy. A very beautiful fruit, that
may be best described as a large Cox's Pomona with the
appearance of Emperor Alexander.

Jenetting : see White Joaneting.
John Apple : see French Crab.
John Apple : see Northern Greening.
John Peel : see Golden Noble.

JOLLY BEGGAR. Her. Pom.. 31. Culinary,
August to November, medium, 2f by 3, round, conical,
irregular. Colour, pale yellow with very slight orange
flush. Skin, very smooth. Flesh, tender, white, sub-
acid. Eye, closed, in a shallow basin, which has ten
knobs at the top. Stem, moderately long in a narrow
deep cavity, faintly streaked with russet. Growth,
moderate ; rather spreading ; very fertile. Leaf,
rather large, roundish, little up-cupped, boldly crenate.
Origin, raised by Dr. John Lyell, Newburgh, Fife,
and introduced about 1858. A useful variety ; now
little grown.

JUNEATING. Dessert, end July, small, flattened
round, even. Colour, pale greenish-yellow. Skin,
slightly greasy. Stem, small. Growth, rather upright,
moderate ; fertility, moderate. Leaf, small, irregu-
larly serrate, sometimes crenate, little upfolded. Origin,
a very old variety known from the seventeenth century.
Not to be confused with the Red Juneating.

74

KANDIL SINAP. Rev. Hort., 1892, 36. (Sari
Sinope.) F., Candile Sinope. Dessert or culinary,
till February, medium, 2\ by 3|, oblong, even. Colour,
pale yellow, almost entirely covered with deep red
flush and stripes. Flesh, white, crisp, tender, juicy,
and slight flavour. Eye, open in a broad ribbed basin.
Stem, short and slender in a deep narrow cavity.
Growth, moderate ; extremely fertile. This Russian
fruit is remarkable for its elongated barrel shape and
is occasionally met with. It is one of the most popular
market varieties in the Crimea.

Katzenkopf : see Catshead.

Kempster's Pippin : see Blenheim Orange.

KENTISH FILL BASKET. Ronalds, p. 9. G.,
Weisser Kentischer Pepping. (Lady de Grey's, Potter's
Large.) Culinary, November to January, very large,
4 by 34, flattened, round, angular. Colour, greenish-
yellow with distinct red stripes and flush. Flesh,
tender, greenish-white, acid. Eye, closed, in a very
deep and wide russeted basin. Stem, medium in a
wide deep cavity. Growth, vigorous ; fertility, good.
Leaf, roundish, nearly flat, dark, finely and sharply
serrate. Origin, unknown. An old and good apple,
now seldom grown.

Kentish Pippin : see Colonel Vaughan.

KERRY PIPPIN. Ronalds, p. 6. (Edmonton,
Aromatic Pippin.) Dessert, September, small to
medium, 2 by 2J, roundish oval, regular. Colour,
greenish-yellow with slight flush and red stripes. Flesh,
very crisp, yellow, aromatic, brisk and juicy. Eye,
closed, in a shallow basin. Stem, short in a very shallow
cavity, or often on level. Growth, medium ; fertility
moderate. Leaf, oval, slightly upfolded, coarsely
curved serrate. Origin, raised in Ireland and received
in England in 1819. A good fruit of the sub-acid type.

KESWICK CODLIN. Ronalds, p. 3. G., Kes-
wicker Kuchenapfel. Culinary, August to September,

75

medium, 2f by 2j, conical, regular. Colour, yellow
with faint red flush. Flesh, soft, palest yellow, acid.
Eye, closed, in a shallow basin which has five marked
knobs around the eye. Stem, short, in a rather narrow
even cavity, sometimes faintly russet with pearly spots
showing below the skin. Growth, medium, compact ;
fertility immense. Leaf, long oval, curved serrate,
greyish-green. Origin, at Gleastone Castle, Ulverstone,
about 1790. Introduced by Mr. John Sander, Keswick.
Much grown in North Britain. Still appreciated for
culinary use and its reliable cropping habits. Nearly
always shows a raised line on one side of the fruit.

Kiarolowski : see Cardinal.
Killick's Apple : see Stones.
Killick's Apple : see Warner's King.
King : see King of Tomkins County.

KING'S ACRE BOUNTIFUL. Card. Chron., 1905,
p. 341. Culinary, October to November, rather large,
2f by 2j, round, much flattened, fairly regular. Colour
pale yellowish-green, turning creamy-white, occasionally
faintly flushed. Flesh, firm, greenish- white. Eye,
closed in a rather deep, knobbed and ribbed basin.
Stem, short in a very shallow, wide cavity, slightly
russet. Growth, stout and compact ; very fertile.
Leaf, oval, tapering to point, little upfolded, sharply
serrate, undulating. Origin, introduced by the King's
Acre Nurseries. Not of any remarkable merit, save
free cropping.

KING'S ACRE PIPPIN. Dessert, till March,
medium, 2j by 2, round-conical, irregular. Colour,
yellow with brown-red flush netted with russet. Flesh,
crisp, juicy, pale yellow, highly aromatic. Eye, closed,
in a shallow cavity which is surrounded by five prom-
inent ribs. Stem, rather long in a moderately deep,
russet cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertility, moder-
ate. Leaf, medium, rich green, nearly flat, markedly

76

curved serrate. Origin, reputed Stunner Pippin x

Ribston. Introduced by King's Acre Nursery, in

1899. Quite one of the best late dessert sorts. It
is'said by some to be a variety some 100 years old .

King George III. : see Borsdorfer.

KING HARRY. Dessert, October to November,
medium, 2 \ by 2 j, oval, conical, flattened sides. Colour,
pale yellow, with russet dots and patches. Flesh,
firm, yellow, good flavour. Eye, open in a shallow
basin. Stem, medium, in a shallow russet cavity.
Growth, moderate, upright ; fertile. Leaf, pale,
nearly flat, sharply serrate, long oval. Origin, received
by the Royal Horticultural Society from R. Manning,
Esq., of London, who had it from the neighbourhood
of Woodstock, Blenheim. A distinct fruit of good
quality.

KING OF THE PIPPINS. Her. Pom., 14. F.,
Reinette d Oree ; G., Winter Gold Parmane. (Shrop-
shire Pippin.) Dessert, October to December,
medium, round, oblong, Colour, golden yellow, shaded
reddish-brown. Flesh, creamy-yellow, firm, juicy with
a distinct slightly bitter flavour. Eye, open, in a
shallow even basin. Stem, moderately long in an
even russet cavity. Growth, moderate, upright. Leaf,
rather small, slightly upfolded, finely serrate. Origin,
this apple is generally attributed to England, but the
history of this variety and the Reine des Reinettes of
France, is a tangle which I have not yet been able to
unravel. The name of King of the Pippins was given
by Kirke early in the nineteenth century. This is
the Golden Winter Pearmain of Hogg, the original
King being an earlier fruit. It cannot be the King
apple of Rea, as Hogg suggests as this ripens at the end
of June.

KING OF TOMKINS COUNTY. New York, 346.
(King, Winter King.) Dessert, till April, large, 3 \ by 3 J,
oval, conical, irregular. Colour, golden-yellow with

77

bright red flush and broad broken stripes. Flesh,
crisp, rather dry, tender, markedly yellow, sweet and
of excellent flavour, slightly fragrant. Eye, closed, in
a moderately ribbed basin, generally higher on one
side. Stem, slender, in a wide slightly russeted cavity.
Growth, vigorous, rather drooping ; moderately fertile.
Leaf, large, long-oval, upfolded, undulating, sharply
serrate, down-hanging. Originated in New Jersey
before 1800. Very delicious when well grown. This I
have seen equal to American samples from a Sandstone
soil.

Kirke's Scarlet Admirable : see Hollandbury.

Knight's Codlin : see Wormsley Pippin.

Lady : see Api.

Lady de Grey's : see Kentish Fillbasket.

Lady Derby : see Thorle.

Lady's Finger : see Paradise White.

LADY'S FINGER OF LANCASTER. Culinary,
November to January, medium, 3^ by 3f, conical,
uneven, flat -sided. Colour, pale yellow with very
faint red flush. Flesh, pale yellow, rather dry and
almost astringent. Eye, closed, in a shallow much
ribbed basin. Stem, short, in a narrow cavity. Growth,
vigorous ; very fertile. Origin, unknown. This apple
seems to be grown in many parts. I have seen trees
near Oxford, and have frequently received fruit from
Worcester.

LADY HENNIKER. Her. Pom., 67. Culinary,
November to January, large to very large, 3j by 2\,
roundish-oblong, irregular, Colour, golden-yellow with
bright red flush and a few broad broken stripes. Flesh,
tender, yellow, Blenheim flavour. Eye, closed in a wide,
deep and boldly ribbed basin. Stem, moderately
long in a deep, rather narrow russet cavity. Growth,
vigorous, upright ; fertile. Leaf, rather large, long,

78

flat, sharply serrate, very dark green. Origin, raised
by Lord Henniker, at Thornham Hill, Suffolk, about
1845. A good old sort still worth growing.

LADY SUDELEY. Dessert, August to September,
large, 2f by 2j, oblong-conical. Colour, bright golden-
yellow, heavily splashed with brilliant scarlet stripes
and flush. Flesh, yellow, tender, very juicy, of delicious
flavour. Eye, closed in a deep and boldly ribbed basin.
Stem, rather short in a deep russet cavity. Growth,
moderate, compact ; fertile. Leaf, medium, narrow,
down-curved, upfolded, undulating, bi-serrate. Origin,
raised by Mr. Jacobs, of Petworth. Introduced by
Messrs. George Bunyard & Co., in 1885. This variety
has sported since its introduction into a paler and
slightly russet form, which keeps quite distinct when
propagated.

Lady Suffield : see Lord Suffield.

LAMB ABBEY PEARMAIN. Ronalds, p. 21.
Dessert, January to April, very small, 2j by 2, oblong,
regular. Colour, clear yellow with dull red flush and
stripes. Flesh, firm, pale yellow, sugary and rich.
Eye, large and open in a wide basin. Stem, slender,
in a russet cavity. Growth, vigorous, rather upright ;
fertile. Leaf, round, oval, very boldly bi-serrate,
held flat. Origin, raised near Dartford, at the end of
the eighteenth century from a pip of a Newt own Pippin.
Of good quality but little grown now.

Lammas : see Red Joaneting.
Lancashire Crab : see Minchall Crab.
Landmere Russet : see Hanwell Souring.

LANDSBERGER REINETTE. Her. Pom., 49.
F., Reinette de Lansberg. Dessert, October to Jan-
uary, medium, 2| by 2j, round conical, irregular.
Colour, yellow with crimson flush. Flesh, tender,
white, sweet. Eye, open or closed, in a broad basin.
Stem, thin and long deeply inserted in a deep cavity.

79

Growth, strong ; fertility moderate. Leaf, large,
variable in shape, boldly crenate. Origin, German
Raised by Councillor Burchardt, at Lansberg. Now
little cultivated. It is said to be very firmly attached
to the tree, thus withstanding autumnal gales.

Lane's : see Lane's Prince Albert.

LANE'S PRINCE ALBERT. Her. Pom. 52. G.,
Prinz Albert. (Prince Albert, Lane's.) Culinary,
January to March, large, 3 J by 3, round conical. Colour,
yellowish-green with distinct red stripes and slight
pinkish flush. Skin, remarkably smooth. Flesh,
tender, greenish-white, acid. Eye, generally closed in
a deep wide slightly ribbed basin. Stem, short in a
wide deep, russet free cavity. Growth, dwarf, spreading ;
very fertile. Leaf, rather large, pale, lax, nearly flat,
very coarsely serrate. Origin, found in a garden at
Berkhampstead, and introduced by Messrs. Lane,
of that town in 1857. Perhaps the most reliable
cropper of all cooking apples.

LANGLEY PIPPIN. Card. Mag., September 3rd,
1898. Dessert, August to September, medium, 2 J by 2 J,
oblong-conical, fairly regular. Colour, yellow with
crimson flush and broad broken stripes. Flesh, yellow-
ish, soft ; flavour moderate. Eye, open in a rather
ribbed basin. Stem, long in a moderately deep cavity.
Leaf, rather small, light green, very twisted, finely
serrate. Origin, Cox's Orange x Mr. Gladstone.
Raised and introduced by Messrs. Veitch, Chelsea.
There are many better fruits of the same season.

Large American : see Mrs. Barron.
Lawrence's Seedling : see Hanwell Souring.
Lawry's Cornish Giant : see Colloget Pippin.
Leather Coat : see Royal Russet.
Leather Coat of Turic : see Pomme Grise.
Leder Apfel : see Reinette Grise.
80

LEMON PIPPIN. Ronalds, p. 10. G., Konigin
Sophiensapfel. (Winter Queen, Quince, Reinette von
Madeira.) Culinary, till March, medium, 2f by 2},
oval, regular. Colour, green changing to lemon-yellow.
Flesh, firm, greenish- white, acid. Eye, closed or a
little open, in an irregular basin. Stem, very short,
often enclosed by a fleshy protuberance, the cavity
then being almost nil. Growth, moderate ; fertility,
moderate. Leaf, long oval, upfolded, undulating,
serrate. Origin, probably before 1700. Named from
its resemblance to the lemon in shape and colour.
(This name has also been applied to other apples.)
An old sort, now little grown.

Lincolnshire Pippin : see Hawthornden.
Lincolnshire Reinette : see Braddick's Nonpareil.
Livesay's Imperial : see Lord Suffield.

LOAN'S PEARMAIN. Ronalds, p. 22. Dessert,
November to January, medium, 2j by 2j, round
oblong, regular. Colour, greenish yellow with red
flush and stripes and slight russet . Flesh, crisp, greenish,
sugary. Eye, open in a wide shallow basin. Stem,
medium in a shallow cavity. Growth, moderate ;
fertile. An old English sort, known in the seventeenth
century. Now almost out of cultivation.

Loddington : see Stones.

LODGEMORE NONPAREIL. Her. Pom., 21.
(Clissold's Seedling.) Dessert, till June, small, 2 by if,
flattened round, slightly conical. Colour, pale yellowish-
green, nearly covered with russet. Flesh, crisp, greenish,
sweet, juicy, and well flavoured. Eye, nearly closed
in a shallow basin. Stem, very short, in a narrow
cavity. Leaf, rather small, roundish, boldly curved
serrate. Origin ; raised by a Mr. Cook, at Lodgemore,
near Stroud, in 1808. An excellent old sort, now almost
out of cultivation.

London Major : see Lord Derby.
81

LONDON PIPPIN. Ronalds, p. 14. F., Pepin
de Londres ; G., London Peppin. [Citron d'Hiver,
Five Crown Pippin, Royal Somerset (error).] Culinary,
till March, medium, 3 by 2j, round conical, irregular.
Colour, yellowish-green with dull brown-red flush.
Flesh, crisp, white, acid. Eye, closed, in a shallow
basin which has five prominent ribs. Stem, slender,
rather short in a deep narrow cavity. Growth, vigor-
ous ; fertile. Keeps without shrivelling, Leaf, oval,
upfolded, undulating, held out, finely serrate. Origin,
dates probably from the sixteenth century. A valuable
late fruit little cultivated but much grown in Australia
and exported to this country.

Lord Burghleigh : see Lord Burghley.

LORD BURGHLEY. Her. Pom., 65. (Lord
Burghleigh.) Dessert, till May, small, 2j by if, flat-
tened, round-conical, irregular. Colour, pale greenish-
yellow with clear brown red flush. Flesh, firm, yellow,
juicy and sweet. Eye, nearly closed in a shallow
irregular basin. Stem, medium in a shallow cavity.
Growth, slender ; moderately fertile. Leaf, long oval,
slightly upfolded, slightly undulated, shallow serrate
or nearly crenate. Origin, raised in the garden of the
Marquis of Exeter, at Burghley, near Stamford.
Distributed in 1865, by Mr. Hase, of Peterborough.
One of the best late dessert varieties.

Lord Clyde : see Golden Noble.

LORD DERBY. Her. Pom., 73. (London Major.)
Culinary, November to December, large, 3j by 3^,
oblong-conical, irregular. Colour, pea green, changing
to lemon-yellow. Flesh, firm, pale yellow, sub-acid.
Cooks a deep golden red. Eye, closed, in a very deep,
wide and irregular basin. Stem, short, in a very wide
and shallow cavity quite without russet. Growth,
sturdy, upright ; extremely fertile. Leaf, long, rather
dark, little upfolded, undulating, oval, serrate. Origin,
raised by Mr. Witham, a nurseryman in Stockport,

82

about the middle of last century. One of the most
appreciated sorts for market purposes, as it is an almost
certain annual cropper.

LORD GROSVENOR. Culinary, August to Sep-
tember, medium, $| by 3j, conical, distinctly ribbed,
irregular. Colour, pale yellow, changing to white.
Flesh, white, juicy, acid, cooking excellently. Eye,
closed, in an unusually puckered and wrinkled basin.
Stem, medium much swollen at end, in a wide deep,
cavity. Growth, not very strong ; fertility, excellent.
Leaf, very pale green, large, upfolded, very lax. Origin,
unknown. One of the most prolific of all apples ;
it generally needs thinning to secure well shaped fruit ;
it does well on dry soil.

LORD HINDLIP. Gard. Chron., 1896, p. 115.
Dessert, till April, small to medium, 2j by 2j, conical,
regular. Colour, nearly covered with dark crimson
flush and stripes and netted russet patches. Flesh,
crisp, white, sub-acid, juicy, and pleasantly flavoured.
Eye, open in a shallow basin. Stem, long, in
a very even russet cavity. Growth, slender, upright,
spreading ; fertility, good. Leaf, very narrow, very
dark, slightly upfolded, shallow serrate. Origin,
a seedling raised in Worcestershire, and introduced by
Messrs. Watkins, of Hereford. Of very good quality
and a good cropper ; a likely candidate for the desired
late market dessert apple.

LORD LENNOX. Dessert, end-September, small
to medium, 2j by if, flat. Colour, dark brownish-red
over a pale yellow-green groundwork ; striping very
faint. Flesh, firm, slight green tinge. Eye, closed in a
rather broad shallow basin, which is slightly ribbed.
Stem, half-inch in a rather wide, fairly deep and even
cavity. Origin, this is the variety grown around
Northampton under this name, but does not agree
with Dr. Hogg's description.

Lord Stanwick : see Golden Noble.
83

LORD STRADBROOK. Card. Chron., 1905, p. 20.
(Fenn's Wonder.) Culinary, till February, large.
Colour, crimson on greenish ground. Growth, free ;
very fertile. Leaf, rather long, upfolded, shallow
crenate. Origin, a chance seedling found in Henham
Gardens, Wangford, about 1900. Certificated as Fenn's
Wonder.

LORD SUFFIELD. Her. Pom., p. 6. (Lady
Sufneld, Livesay's Imperial.) Culinary, August to
September, medium to large, 3j by 3, oval, conical,
irregular. Colour, pale lemon-yellow. Flesh, tender,
white, acid. Eye, small, closed, in a shallow plaited
basin. Stem, slender, in a rather narrow cavity.
Growth, moderate, making a compact twiggy tree ;
very fertile. Leaf, medium, oval, held out, slightly
upfolded, coarsely bi-serrate. Origin, raised by Thomas
Thorpe, Middleton, near Manchester, about 1820. It
cankers badly and is very apt to rot on the tree. Now
superseded by Early Victoria.

LUCOMBE'S PINE. Her. Pom., 47. (Pine Apple.)
Dessert, November to December, small, 2| by 2,
round-conical, regular. Colour, yellow with faint
orange flush. Flesh, tender, white, with pine apple
flavour. Eye, open in a shallow plaited basin. Stem,
fairly stout, in a shallow round cavity. Growth,
moderate ; fertility rather poor. Origin, raised by
Messrs. Lucombe Pince & Co., of Exeter, about 1800.
Now almost out of cultivation.

MABBOTT'S PEARMAIN. Her. Pom., 61. F.,
Pearmain de Mabbott ; G., Parmane von Mabbott.
Dessert, November to January, medium, 2j by 2j,
oval, regular. Colour, golden-yellow almost covered
with rich crimson flush. Flesh, tender, juicy, yellowish,
of good flavour. Eye, closed in a shallow ribbed basin.
Stem, slender in a narrow russet cavity. Growth,
compact ; fertile. Leaf, rather small, pea green, little
upfolded, curved serrate, sharply pointed. Origin,
uncertain ; known around Maidstone for many years.

MACKINTOSH RED. New York. II., 132. Culin-
ary or dessert, October to December, 2f by 2 J, medium,
round tapering to eye, even. Colour, pale yellow,
almost covered with rich crimson stripes and flush.
Skin smooth. Flesh, greenish white, firm, slightly
sweet, juicy. Eye, nearly closed in a medium ribbed
basin. Stem, medium, rather short in a large russet
cavity. Growth, vigorous, rather spreading ; fertility,
fair. Leaf, rather large, slightly upfolded shallow
serrate or crenate. Origin, a chance seedling of Ontario,
and named after Allan Mackintosh, the owner of the
estate, on which it was found. Another account says
it is at least 115 years old. This resembles Wealthy
in appearance and has not yet been sufficiently tested
at AQington to decide upon its value for this country.

MAIDSTONE FAVOURITE. Journ. Pom., Vol. I.,
No. i. Dessert, end- August-Sept ember, medium,
2 1 by 2, oblate, curving to eye. Colour, pale creamy
yellow covered with carmine stripes and flush. Flesh,
creamy white, fine grained, sweet and juicy, very firm.
Eye, closed or open, in a deep and wide even basin.
Stem, very short and stout, in a rather wide cavity.
Growth, moderately vigorous, rather spreading ; ferti-
lity very good. Leaf, oval, upfolded, little twisted,
held-out, shallow crenate. Origin, raised by Messrs.
George Bunyard & Co., from a seed of Emperor Alex-
ander. One of the most beautiful apples of Autumn,
a little lacking in flavour but very promising for market
culture as it fills the gap between Beauty of Bath and
Worcestershire Pearmain, and travels well.

MALTSTER. Culinary or dessert, October to Jan-
uary, large, 3 by 2j, round flattened and angular,
irregular. Colour, greenish yellow with slight flush
and few scattered broken stripes. Flesh, crisp to soft,
yellowish, of quite good flavour about November.
Eye, closed in a deep ribbed basin. Stem, medium
in a rather deep cavity. Growth, moderate, rather
spreading ; fertility good. Leaf, oval, upfolded, boldly
curved serrate. Origin, unrecorded. Known in 1830^

85

In warm seasons the flavour and texture approach
the Newtown Pippin, but usually it is only good enough
for culinary purposes. I think this will probably
be found to be of continental origin.

Mammoth : see Gloria Mundi.

MANK'S CODLIN. Ronalds, p. 3. F., Codlin
de Mank ; G., Manck's Kuchenapfel. (Belmont,
Eve, Irish Codlin, Pitcher.) Culinary, August to
November, medium, 2| by 2j, oval-conical, irregular,
five sided. Colour, yellow-green with slight red flush.
Flesh, firm, white, acid. Eye, very small, closed in a
ribbed basin. Stem, rather stout, in a fairly deep, wide
cavity. Growth, very compact and dwarfish ; fertility
great. Leaf, narrow-oval, broadly serrate. Origin,
this was raised by Mr. Kewley, of Ballanard, Isle of
Man, and first fruited in 1815. It is still much grown
in the North of England and is one of the best cooking
apples there.

MANNINGTON'S PEARMAIN. Her. Pom., p. 14.
F., Pomme de Mannington. Dessert, November to
March, medium, 2,\ by 2, flattened round, regular.
Colour, dull green-red with russet. Flesh, crisp, yellow,
fair flavour. Eye, nearly closed in a shallow basin.
Stem, fairly long in a rather deep cavity. Growth,
moderate, making a compact well-spurred tree. Leaf,
rather small, roundish, pea green, slightly upfolded,
undulating, very boldly curved serrate. Origin,
raised at Uckfield, Sussex, about 1770, and distributed
by Mr. Cameron of the same town, in 1849. The
flavour of this variety is only fair and as there are so
many better at this season I consider it not worth
growing.

MARCH PIPPIN. Dessert, till April, medium to
fairly large, 2^ by 2j, round flattened, fairly even.
Colour, rich golden-yellow with slight flush and a few
broad faint stripes. Flesh, very firm, yellow, of good
flavour. Eye, wide open in a very broad ribbed basin.

86

Stem, short in a deep russet cavity. Growth, vigorous,
upright ; fertility, poor. Leaf, round, light, flat,
down-hanging, bluntly serrate, almost crenate. Origin,
raised by Mr. Lane, of Kynaston, Ross, Hereford,
before 1900, and introduced by Messrs. George Bunyard
& Co., of Maidstone. A fine fruit of Newtown Pippin
style, but too poor a cropper to retain.

Margaret : see Red Joaneting.

MARGIL. Ronalds, p. 12. F., Reinette Musquee ;
G., Muskat Reinette. (Reinette d'Hiver Musquee,
Small Ribston.) Dessert, October to January, small,
2i by 2 J, rounded conical, angular. Colour, pale yellow
with dull brown-red flush and russet. Flesh, firm,
yellow, highly flavoured. Eye, very small, closed in
a ribbed basin. Stem, slender, in a narrow cavity.
Growth, very weak ; fertility, moderate. Leaf, very
narrow, much upfolded, dark, boldly crenate. Origin,
doubtless Continental (probably Norman). Of the
highest possible quality ; it makes a small tree and
should be given a trial in every garden. The name is
derived from Marg=marle=marrow, according to one
author.

MAY QUEEN. Dessert, till May, medium, z\ by 2j,
flat, fairly regular. Colour, golden-yellow with brown-
red flush and russet. Flesh, very crisp, yellow, juicy,
and of good flavour. Eye, open, in a broad shallow
basin. Stem, medium in a very deep russet cavity.
Growth, very dwarf ; fertility, extraordinary. Leaf,
rather dark, nearly flat, small, oval, rather boldly
serrate. Origin, raised by Mr. Haywood, of Worcester,
and introduced by Messrs. Penwill. A neglected fruit
of great excellence and as a fruit for small gardens as
cordons or bushes it can hardly be surpassed. It is
eatable in November and keeps excellently. Making
but few laterals pruning is reduced to a minimum.

MEDENHAM PIPPIN. Dessert, September to
October, medium, 2\ by 2j, round, slightly conical

87

and flattened. Colour, golden-yellow, flushed with
brownish-red and with broad, indistinct stripes.
Flesh, firm, yellow, juicy, of excellent flavour. Eye
closed in a wide, slightly ribbed basin. Stem, short,
in a very narrow deep russet cavity. Growth, moderate ;
fertile. Leaf, oval, sharply pointed, held stiffly up,
upfolded, twisted, bi-serrate, dark green. Origin,
this was distributed in error with grafts of Norfolk
Beauty, and is therefore occasionally confused with
that sort. Of no particular merit.

Mela Januria : see Reinette du Canada.

MELON. New York, I., 204. Dessert, December
to January, medium to large, 3 by 2f, round conical.
Colour, pale yellow with carmine flush and stripes.
Flesh, pale yellow, tender, juicy, somewhat aromatic.
Eye, open or closed, in a small basin. Stem, long and
slender, in a deep and narrow cavity. Growth, moder-
ate ; fertile. Leaf, light green, flat, undulating, coarsely
curved serrate. Origin, raised in East Bloomfield,
Ontario, in the orchard of Heman Chapin, and intro-
duced by Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry, in 1845 ; it was
introduced into England about 1850. A good useful
late fruit now seldom met with.

Melville Pippin : see Scarlet Pearmain.

MERE DE MENAGE. Culinary, till March, very
large, 3j by 2j, flat conical, very irregular. Colour,
yellowish-green almost covered with dull brown crimson
and darker broad stripes, and conspicuous white dots
widely spaced. Flesh, firm, greenish, acid. Eye,
closed in a broad much ribbed, and chanelled basin.
Stem, very short and stout, in a wide, irregular, much
russeted cavity. Growth vigorous, makes a large
spreading tree ; fertility moderate. Leaf, very large,
curved serrate, little undulating, flat, grey-green.
Origin, most probably Continental, but not the Mere de
Manage of France. It is grown in Belgium as Queen
Emma and under other names. Much grown in East
Anglia. A useful kitchen fruit, keeping well.

88

MIDDLE GREEN. Card. Chron., 1903, p. 291.
Dessert, December to February, medium, 2\ by 2,
flat, slightly conical, regular. Colour, yellow streaked
with red. Flesh, soft, yellowish, pleasantly sweet.
Eye, closed in a shallow, wide, ribbed basin. Stem,
fairly long, in a wide, shallow cavity, not russet ed.
Growth, moderate ; fertility moderate. Origin, raised
from Frogmore Prolific x Blenheim Orange, by Mr.
Seden, and introduced by Messrs. Veitch, of Chelsea.
Of no particular merit.

MILLER'S SEEDLING. Card. Chron., 1906, p. 239.
(The Shah.) Dessert, end August, medium, 2j by 2\,
round conical, nearly regular. Colour, creamy-yellow
striped and flushed with bright crimson on one side.
Flesh, crisp, juicy, pleasantly sweet. Eye, closed in a
shallow ribbed basin. Stem, moderately long, thin,
in a wide deep uneven cavity. Growth, rather compact,
spreading ; fertility remarkable. Leaf, grey-green,
nearly flat, round, sharply serrate, very large, little
twisted, held out. Origin, raised at Newbury, Berks.,
by Mr. James Miller, nurseryman, in 1848, and intro-
duced by him. A very sweet fruit, appreciated as a
market variety in some districts.

MINCHALL CRAB. Ronalds, p. 33. G., Englische
Rambour. (Lancashire Crab, Mincham's Crab, Minchull
Crab.) Culinary, till March, large, 3| by 2j,
flattened round, irregular. Colour, green to yellow
with slight red flush and stripes. Flesh, firm,
white, sharply acid. Eye, open in a very wide, ribbed
basin. Stem, medium, in a shallow cavity. Growth,
makes a low spreading tree ; fertile. Leaf, rather
large, oval, little upfolded, boldly curved serrate.
Origin, English ; named after Minchall, in Cheshire,
dating from the eighteenth century. A good old variety
of the Bramley type.

Mincham's Crab : see Minchall Crab.
Minshull Crab : see Minchall Crab.

MONARCH. Culinary, till April, large to very
large, 3j by 2j, flattened round. Colour, pale yellow
with bright red flush and fainter striping beneath.
Flesh, greenish-white, firm, moderately acid. Eye,
open in a wide, shallow basin, similar to Wellington.
Stem, fairly short in a moderately deep, slightly russet
cavity. Growth, vigorous, little spreading ; fertility,
excellent. Leaf, very large, round, very boldly doubly
crenate. Origin, said to be a cross. Peasgood's
Nonsuch and Wellington. Introduced by Messrs.
Seabrook. I have not yet grown this apple myself
but am indebted to the introducers for specimens from
which the above description is made.

Monstrous Pippin : see Gloria Mundi.

MOTHER. FL and Pom., 1883, 121. G., Mutter
Apfel. (So many apples have the name " Mother "
that Hogg distinguished this one by prefixing the
country of its origin : — American Mother.) Dessert.
October to November, medium, 2j by 2j, oval conical,
slightly ribbed. Colour, golden-yellow with dull
brownish-red flush and faint stripes. Flesh, soft and,
juicy, very sweet, yellow or slightly green of distinct
flavour, resembling Peardrops. Eye, very small, closed,
in a small fairly deep basin. Stem, rather short, slender
in a moderate cavity which is compressed on one side.
Growth, moderate ;" fertility rather irregular. Leaf,
rather large, pale, nearly flat, down-hanging, sharply
serrate. Origin, rather uncertain, but recorded in
America before 1848. A very choice dessert fruit,
which often keeps good till mid January.

Mother : see Oslin.

Motteux's Seedling : see Beachamwell.

MR. PROTHERO. Dessert, till June, medium to
fairly large, 3 by 2f, round, slightly flattened. Colour,
golden-yellow with medium red flush and broad stripes.
Flesh, pale yellow, good flavour, very firm. Eye,

90

closed in a shallow, slightly ribbed basin. Stem,
rather long, slender in a shallow russet cavity. Growth,
good ; fertility good. Leaf, large, round oblong,
little undulating, upfolded, boldly doubly crenate.
Origin, introduced by Messrs. Seabrook & Sons, in 1918.
I have not been able to test this apple sufficiently to pass
an opinion on it and am indebted to the introducers
for specimens from which this description is made.

MRS. BARRON. Fl. and Pom., 1884, 89. (Large
American.) Culinary, October to January, fairly
large, 2.\ by 2f, rounded, oblong, irregular. Colour,
clear golden-yellow. Flesh, tender, yellow, sub-acid.
Eye, large, open in a shallow ribbed basin. Stem,
very stout in a rather wide ribbed cavity. Growth,
vigorous, a little spreading ; fertility, moderate. Leaf,
very large, light pea green, long oval, very sharply
and doubly serrate, upfolded. Origin, brought to notice
at the Apple Conference of 1885, and there named
Mrs. Barren. Not remarkable for any special merit.

MRS. PHILLIMORE. Card. Chron., 1900, p. 249.
Dessert, till March, smallish, 2 j by 2, flattened conical,
irregular. Colour, pale yellow, covered with red flush
and broad broken faint stripes. Flesh, very tender,
greenish, remarkably sweet. Eye, open, tips reflexed.
in a rather deep, boldly ribbed basin. Stem, medium
in a very wide and deep russet lined cavity. Growth,
upright, spreading, spurs well, moderate ; fertile.
Leaf, undulating, little upcupped, long oval, deeply
serrate. Origin, raised by Mr. Charles Ross from Lord
Burghley and Gladstone, and introduced in 1900, by
Messrs. George Bunyard & Co. A nice apple worthy of
further trial ; it may be described as a smaller and
sweeter Cox's Pomona.

MURFITTS SEEDLING. Culinary, till March,
medium, 2| by 2f , round conical, fairly regular. Colour,
pale greenish-yellow, remarkably greasy, surface of
fruit hammered. Flesh, firm, greenish-yellow, rather
acid. Eye, closed in a very shallow basin with small

91 7

beads at base. Stem, stout and short, in a moderately
deep cavity. Growth, very spreading ; fertile. Leaf,
medium, round, coarsely serrate, pea green, flat,
undulating. Origin, brought to notice about 1884, and
said to be a Cambridgeshire variety.

Musk : see Carlisle Codlin.

NANCY JACKSON. Culinary, till March, medium,
2j by 2\, round conical, regular. Colour, dull yellow
with red flush and a few broad crimson stripes. Flesh,
tender, juicy, acid. Growth, moderate ; fertility,
moderate. Leaf, large, oval, held out flat, very coarsely
crenate, undulating, upward folded. Origin, unrecorded
according to Hogg it was much cultivated in Yorkshire.

NANNY. Dessert, December to February, medium,
flattened, round, slightly conical, fairly regular. Colour,
lemon yellow with red flush and broad broken stripes
of crimson. Flesh, tender, greenish yellow, a little
sweet, but of no remarkable flavour. Eye, open in a
rather deep and even basin. Stem, moderately long,
thin, in a narrow, deep cavity, which is strongly marked
with thick scaly russet spreading out in veins. Growth,
moderate ; fertile. Leaf, roundish, pea green, nearly
flat, boldly curved bi-serrate. Origin, a Sussex apple,
not often met with in other parts of the country.

NELSON CODLIN. Her. Pom., 10. (Backhouse's
Lord Nelson, Wilson's Codlin.) Culinary, till January,
fairly large, 3^ by 3^, oval conical, irregular. Colour,
green to yellow. Flesh, soft, white, sub-acid. Eye,
open in a deep ribbed basin. Stem, rather short in
an uneven cavity. Growth, vigorous; very fertile.
Leaf, medium, oval, sharply bi-serrate. Origin, named
after the Wesleyan preacher Nelson, Hardly required.
Remarkable for its magnificent flower.

NELSON'S GLORY. Culinary, November to Feb-
ruary, medium to rather large, 3 by 2j, irregular.
Colour, greenish-yellow with many dark spots. Flesh,

92

loose, yellowish- white, acid. Eye, half open in a wide
shallow basin. Stem, thick and fleshy in a rather
shallow russeted cavity. Growth, moderate ; very
regularly fertile. Leaf, oval, very finely serrate.
Origin. I am informed that this was originally known
as Stoke Lump Lemon and was introduced by Messrs.
Maule, of Bristol, as Nelson's Glory. This apple is
often confused with Warner's King, but it is quite
distinct from this variety. Grown in the Northern
Counties of England.

NEW BESS POOL. Her. Pom., 71. Culinary,
January to March, medium, 2f by 2j, round, slightly
flattened. Colour, greenish-yellow almost covered with
dull brown crimson flush and brown blotches of the same
colour. Flesh, crisp, juicy, greenish-white, sub-acid
Eye, open in a much ribbed basin. Stem, extremely
short and stout, in a shallow cavity. Growth, vigorous ;
fertile. Leaf, roundish, pale, nearly flat, very finely
serrate. Origin, raised by Mr. J. Stevens, of Stanton-
by-Dale, before 1850. A useful late keeper similar
to Cellini in appearance.

NEW HAWTHORNDEN. Culinary, October, large,
flat, evenly rounded to each extremity. Colour, pale
green, fading to yellow, with an occasional red flush.
Flesh, greenish-white, acid, moderately tender. Eye,
closed in a wide and rather deep basin. Stem, remark-
ably short in a wide and deep cavity. Growth, vigorous,
rather spreading. Leaf, rather large, pale, nearly
flat, undulating, boldly serrate. Origin, according to
Hogg this apple was introduced by Messrs. Rivers, in
1847. This fruit resembles a Warner's King, but
can of course easily be distinguished when the tree is
examined.

NEW NORTHERN GREENING. Her. Pom., 5.
Culinary, till March, medium, 3 by 2, round, flattened.
Colour, pale green with dull red flush and faint stripes
and russet spots. Flesh, greenish, firm, acid. Eye,
open in a large basin. Stem, generally short in a narrow

93

cavity. Growth, strong, upright ; fertile. Origin,
raised by Mr. J. Stevens, Stanton Grange, Derbyshire,
before 1850. Only second rate ; very subject to spot
and rot on the tree.

NEW ROCK PIPPIN. G., Neuer Stein Pepping.
Dessert, till April, small, 2j by if, round flattened,
regular. Colour, pale yellow with golden-brown flush
and almost covered with russet. Flesh, firm, juicy,
excellently flavoured. Eye, firmly closed almost on
level, slightly beaded and wrinkled. Stem, short in
a shallow cavity. Leaf, medium, oval, serrate. Origin,
raised by Mr. W. Pleasance, near Cambridge, and
introduced to notice about 1821. One of the best
late sorts.

NEWTON WONDER. Card. Chron., 1900, 45.
Culinary, till March, large, 3j by 2j, round flattened,
regular. Colour, bright yellow with slight scarlet
flush with broad, broken stripes. Flesh, crisp, juicy,
yellow, acid ; cooks excellently. Eye, open in a wide
rather ribbed basin. Stern, very short and stout in
a shallow almost level cavity. Growth, vigorous ;
fertile. Leaf, round, held stiffly out, undulating, very
thick, deeply and doubly curved serrate. Origin,
raised by a Mr. Taylor, of King's Newton, in Melbourne,
Derby, and introduced by Messrs. Pearson & Co.,
about 1887. One of the best half-dozen cooking
apples. Quite a welcome dessert fruit in March. Makes
a fine spreading standard.

NEWTOWN PIPPIN. New York, p. 146. G.,
Kostliche Reinette von Newtown. (Albermarle, Hamp-
shire Greening.) Dessert, till March, fairly large,
3i by 2J» flattened round, fairly regular. Colour,
straw yellow. Flesh, very crisp, yellowish-green, of
rich pineapple flavour. Eye, closed in a shallow basin.
Stem, slender, in a rather deep russet lined cavity.
Growth, moderate ; fertility, poor in England. Leaf,
large, flat, down-curved, coarsely bi-serrate. Originated
at Long Island, early in the eighteenth century, and

94

introduced to this country about 1760. This apple
does not attain to the same flavour in this country as
in America, even under the most favourable conditions.
There, is a green variety considered distinct, in which
the fruits do not have the rich yellow and faint orange
flush of this variety.

NEWTOWN SPITZENBERG. Ronalds, p. 10.
(Burlington, English Spitzenberg.) Dessert, till Jan-
uary, medium to large, 3 J by 2 J, round, regular. Colour,
clear yellowish-red with red flush and faint stripes.
Flesh, yellow, crisp, aromatic. Eye, open, in a shallow
basin. Stem, very short, in a deepish cavity. Growth,
moderate ; fertility moderate. Origin,, probably
introduced into England by William Cobbett. Very
little grown in England nowadays.

NONPAREIL. Her. Pom., 21. F., Nonpareille
ancienne ; G., Alter Nonpareil. (English Nonpareil,
Hunt's Nonpareil, Original Nonpareil.) Dessert, till
March, small, 2j by 2, round conical, regular. Colour,
yellowish-green with red-brown flush and covered
with russet, with some large conspicuous dots at base.
Flesh, tender, greenish, aromatic. Eye, open, in a very
shallow basin. Stem, fairly long in a moderate, even
cavity. Growth, moderate, upright spreading ; ferti-
lity, moderate; Leaf, medium, narrow, pea green,
held up, much upfolded, boldly curved serrate. Origin,
unrecorded ; known in England since about 1600.
This fruit is worthy of all commendation. The obovate
cells and conspicuous dots serve to distinguish it from
the White Nonpareil.

Nonpareille d'Angleterre : see Ribston Pippin.

NONSUCH. Ronalds, p. 37. Culinary, September,
round flattened, medium, regular. Colour, yellowish-
green with red flush and broad stripes. Flesh,
tender, white, sweet. Eye, closed in a rather deep
and regular basin. Stem, short, in a deepish cavity.
Growth, moderate ; fertile. Leaf, medium, oblong,

95

finely serrate. Origin, doubtful ; possibly French.
Not to be confused with the Nonsuch Paradise apple,
which is a reputed seedling from this variety. It is
now superseded.

NORFOLK BEAUTY. Gar A. Chron., 1902, p. 453.
Culinary, October to December, large, 3^ by 2\, round
flattened, regular. Colour, pale lemon yellow with
faint red flush. Flesh, loose, yellowish, cooks frothily.
Eye, closed, in a moderately deep plaited basin, which
has prominent knobs at the top. Stem, long and thin,
woody, in an even and narrow cavity, which is feathered
with russet. Growth, moderate ; fertility, medium.
Leaf, rather large, grey-green, little upfolded, undulated,
sharply curved serrate. Origin, raised by Mr. Allan,
gardener at Gunton Park, from Warner's King and
Waltham Abbey. Introduced to commerce in 1902.
A very excellent fruit worthy of extended cultivation,
cropping well when the tree is formed.

NORFOLK BEEFING. Ronalds, p. 33. G., Schoener
von Norfolk. (Catshead Beaufin, Red Beefing, Taliesin,
Winter Beefing.) Culinary, till April, medium, 3 by
2}, round flattened. Colour, green nearly covered
with dull brown crimson. Flesh, firm, greenish-yellow,
acid. Eye, open in a wide ribbed basin. Stem, very
short, in a deep slightly russet cavity. Growth, vigor-
ous, making a spreading open tree ; fertile. Leaf,
round, dark green, large, flat, coarsely curved serrate.
Origin, Norfolk ; brought into notice about 1800.
A useful late fruit, keeping plump till the end.

NORFOLK DUMPLING. Culinary, September to
October, large, 3 J by 3, round, tapering to eye. Colour,
pale green yellow ; smooth and slightly greasy. Flesh,
white, coarse grained, acid. Eye, closed in a ribbed
basin, which is rather small. Stem, extremely short,
in a flat cavity. Growth, good ; very fertile. Leaf
rather small, narrow, crenate or curved serrate, nearly
flat, dark green. Origin, undiscovered.

Norfolk Pippin : see Adam's Pearmain.
96

NORFOLK STONE PIPPIN. (White Pippin,
White Stone Pippin.) Dessert, or culinary, till June ;
medium, 2\ by 2, flat, angular, irregular. Colour,
pale yellow, more or less covered with cinnamon russet.
Flesh, very firm, pale yellow, sub-acid, aromatic and
very distinct in flavour. Eye, open, in a shallow basin.
Stem, slender in a medium, deep cavity. Growth,
vigorous ; very fertile. Origin, an old variety first
described by Lindley in his " Guide to the Fruit
Garden." A good old sort still grown in Norfolk.

NORMAN'S PIPPIN. Dessert, January to March,
medium, 2f by 2, round, regular. Colour, pale greenish-
yellow with russet markings and occasional faint flush.
Flesh, firm but soft, yellowish, of rich flavour. Eye,
open in a shallow even basin. Stem, very long and thin,
in a rather narrow, deep cavity. Growth, compact ;
fertile. Leaf, upfolded. Origin, unrecorded ; gener-
ally considered to be a monastic importation. An
excellent variety deserving of wider cultivation. The
very long stem and remarkable dots on fruit render
it easily distinguishable.

Normanton Wonder : see Wellington.

NORTHERN GREENING. Her. Pom., 43. F.,
Verte du Nord ; G., Gruener Englischer Pepping.
(John Apple, Walmer Court.) Culinary, till April,
medium, 2\ by 2j, oval, conical, regular. Colour,
pea green to pale yellow with red stripes and faint
brown flush. Flesh, tender, greenish, acid. Eye,
closed in a deep rather ribbed basin. Stem, fairly
long, in a deepish cavity, often with a swelling at one
side. Growth, vigorous, upright ; very fertile. Leaf,
long, dark green, boldly curved serrate, upheld and
upfolded. Origin, probably English. Known in the
seventeenth century. Still one of the best late cooking
apples.

NORTHERN SPY. Fl. and Pom., 1862, 8. G.,
Spaeher des Nordens. (Spy.) Dessert, till March,
medium, 2j by 2j, round conical, almost regular.

97

Colour, greenish-yellow, almost covered with faint
red stripes and flush. Flesh, loose, juicy, greenish-
yellow, of good flavour. Eye, very small, closed in a
shallow ribbed basin. Stem, very long, slender in a
very wide and deep cavity, faintly russet veined.
Growth, upright, compact ; only moderately fertile.
Leaf, oval, nearly flat, undulating. Origin, at the
orchard of Mr. R. Humphrey, East Bloomfield, New
York, soon after 1840. This apple only does well in
England in very favourable years.

Northwick Pippin : see Blenheim Orange.

NUTMEG PIPPIN. (Cockles Pippin (error).) Des-
sert, till March, small, 2 by 2, flattened conical, irregular.
Colour, pale yellow almost covered with cinnamon
russet, with faint brown red flush. Flesh, crisp, pale
yellow, juicy and pleasantly flavoured. Eye, open in
a shallow basin which has prominent knobs. Stem,
very short in a very narrow, shallow russet cavity.
Growth, slender ; fairly fertile. Origin, unrecorded.
Lindley considered this to be the same as Cockles
Pippin, but the fruit grown in Kent is quite distinct.
A nice little fruit in March.

Ohio Nonpareil : see Gravenstein.

Okera : see Akero.

Old Hawthornden : see Hawthornden.

Old Lady : see Golden Knob.

Old Maid : see Golden Knob.

ONTARIO. New York, L, 240. Culinary or
dessert, till April, medium, 2f by 2, flat, irregular.
Colour, pale yellow with bright red flush and faint
stripes. Flesh, crisp, juicy, pale yellow, sub-acid.
Eye, very small in a broad rather deep basin. Stem,
moderately long, rather slender in an extremely wide

98

ribbed cavity. Growth, vigorous and sturdy ; ferti-
lity remarkably regular. Leaf, rather large, rich green,
very long oval, upcupped, much undulating, coarsely
serrate. Origin, a cross between Wagener and Northern
Spy, made by Mr. Charles Arnold, in Ontario before
1874. An excellent late variety, worthy of extended
cultivation. It does not shrivel when kept long.

ORANGE GOFF. (Goff, Pork Apple.) Culinary,
till March, medium, 3 J by 2j, roundish, slightly flattened.
Colour, yellow with crimson flush and darker stripes.
Flesh, crisp, yellow, rather acid. Eye, open in a
shallow ribbed basin. Stem, short in a shallow or
hardly perceptible cavity. Growth, sturdy ; fertile.
Origin, known for many years in Kentish orchards.
A very old variety of excellent cooking qualities.

ORANGE PIPPIN. Ronalds, p. 16. Dessert, till
January, medium, 3 by 2, flattened round, regular.
Colour, orange-yellow, flushed with red. Flesh, tender,
yellow, of fair flavour. Eye, closed in a shallow basin.
Stem, slender in a fairly deep cavity. Growth, good ;
fertile. Origin, unknown. It has been grown in
England at least 200 years. It is now little culti-
vated. There seem to be two varieties under this name,
the above and a large fruit of the Blenheim style.

Original Nonpareil : see Nonpareil.
Original Pippin : see Oslin.

ORLEAN'S REINETTE. Lauche I. 40. (Reinette
Triumphant, Court Pendu Blanc.) Dessert, till Feb-
ruary, medium to fairly large, 2| by 2j, flattened,
very even. Colour, golden-yellow with slight red
flush. Skin, covered with patches of fine russet. Flesh,
yellow, very crisp, sweet, juicy and of the highest
flavour intermediate between Blenheim Orange and
Ribston Pippin. Eye, open in a wide, shallow, slightly
ribbed basin. Stem, short and stout, in a moderately
deep wide russeted cavity. Growth, strong, upright,

99

spreading ; fertility fair. Leaf, large, oval, dark green,
boldly curved serrate, held nearly flat . Origin, uncertain
but it was first described by Knoop in 1776. This
apple has been much confused with others and I first
received it mixed in with Blenheim Orange to which
it is very similar in some respects, but is quite distinct
the flavour being much better. It has received number-
less synonyms and I regret that my firm added one by
calling it Winter Ribston until the real name was
discovered. This magnificent fruit cannot be too
highly recommended.

OSLIN. Ronalds, p. 6. (Arbroath Pippin, Burr
Knot, Mother, Original Pippin, Summer Oslin.) Dessert,
August, medium, 2\ by 2, flattened round, regular.
Colour, pale yellow, thickly spotted. Flesh, crisp,
yellowish, sweet, aromatic. Eye, closed, in a shallow
basin. Stem, short in a narrow cavity. Growth,
good ; fertility, good. Leaf, medium, round, irregularly
serrate. Origin, Scotch ? (possibly French) probably
dating from the seventeenth century. Of no particular
merit.

Ox Apple : see Gloria Mundi.
Oxford Peach : see Scarlet Pearmain.
Paradies : see Gravenstein.

PARADISE. The name Paradise has been applied
to a large number of different varieties which are used
for stocks. None of them, however, possess any special
value from the culinary or dessert standpoint.

For description of the fruits see Journal R.H.S.,
Vol. XLIL, parts II. and III.

Paradise : see Thorle.

PARADISE WHITE. Ronalds, p. 2. (Egg, Eve,
Lady's Finger.) Dessert, October to November,
2j by 3j, medium, oval conical. Colour, red with faint

100

stripes. Flesh, tender, flavour fair. Eye, open in
a shallow basin, Stem, fairly long in a narrow round
cavity. Growth, free ; fertility, moderate. Leaf,
small, little upfolded, very finely serrate. Origin,
undiscovered. An old variety which is yet found grow-
ing in old orchards particularly in Ireland. Not worth
growing now. The synonyms of this apple are much
confused. Eve and Lady's Finger being also used for
distinct fruits.

PAROQUET. Culinary or dessert, till January,
medium, 2j by 2j, round conical. Colour^ eatji
covered with rich crimson red with russet marki

Flesh, tender, yellowish ; flavour, fair. Eye, wide,
open in a wide very shallow basin. Stem, short and
stout, in a small shallow cavity. Growth, compact ;
fertile. Leaf, roundish, light green, upcupped, undula-
ting, finely and deeply doubly curved serrate. Origin,
a chance seedling raised by Mr. Charles Ross, and intro-
duced by Messrs. Cheal, of Crawley. Attractive on
account of its rich colour, but its flavour is not good
enough as grown at Allington.

Passe Pomme d'ffiver : see CalvUle Rouge d'Hiver.
Paternoster : see Dutch Mignonne.

PAUL'S WINTER HAWTHORNDEN. Her. Pom.,
10. Culinary, till February, medium, 3 by 2 J, flattened
round, tapering markedly to eye, even. Colour, pale
green with faint red flush, smooth. Flesh, firm, pale
green, acid ; flavour nil. Eye, closed almost on surface
of fruit, basin a little ribbed and rounded. Stem,
moderately long in a very deep, wide cavity. Growth,
dense and compact ; fertility, good. Leaf, large,
round oval, flat, pale green, shallow serrate. Origin,
undiscovered. Makes a well spurred round headed
tree.

PEARSON'S PLATE, Her. Pom., 47. Dessert,
till March, very small, 2 by if, square-conical, regular.

101

Colour, greenish-yellow with brown-red flush and stripes
and russet. Flesh, crisp, yellow, rich. Eye, open in
a shallow ribbed basin. Stem, long in a moderately
even cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertile. Leaf,
rather small, oval, bi-serrate. Origin, unknown.
Robert Thompson considered de Hanovre to be identical
with this. Now very little grown.

PEASGOGD'S NONSUCH. Her. Pom., 61. F.,
SaiiSpardlle -de Peasgood. Culinary and exhibition,
September to November, large, 3! by 2 £, round flattened,
remarkably regular. Colour, golden-yellow with faint
flush arid a few broad broken stripes. Flesh, tender,
yellowish, of pleasant flavour and cooks frothily. Eye,
nearly closed in a deep round, even basin. Stem,
short in a very wide russet cavity. Growth, vigorous ;
fertile. Leaf, rather large, roundish, pea green, flat
lax, finely crenate, falls early, turns greenish-yellow.
Origin, raised by Mrs. Peasgood, of Stamford, in 1858,
from a seed of the Catshead Codlin. First fruited in
1872. The original tree is still growing at Stamford.
One of the most beautiful fruits grown ; first rate for
cooking. It makes a flat spreading tree. Rather
liable to canker.

Peter the Great : see Cardinal.
Phillip's Seedling : see Cellini.
Pilot Russet : see Cockle's Pippin.
Pine Apple : see Lucombe's Pine.

PINE APPLE RUSSET OF DEVON. Dessert,
September, fairly large, 2f by 2\, flat conical. Colour,
creamy-yellow, golden-red flush and thin russet patches
and veinings. Flesh, yellow, rather dry, rather hard,
pleasant flavour of pine. Growth, compact ; fertile.
Leaf, rather small, roundish, slightly upfolded, very
coarsely crenate, undulating. Origin, long grown in
Devonshire and Cornwall. A very distinct fruit.

102

The Devonshire variety Sops in Wine much resembles
this but is distinct and rather smaller. It must not be
confused with the Pine Apple Russet of Hogg.

PINE APPLE RUSSET. Dessert, October to Nov-
ember, medium, 2 by 2 J, oblong rounded, nearly even.
Colour, greenish-brown covered with fine russet. Flesh,
pale yellow, firm, a little dry. Eye, open in a shallow,
even basin, tips laid back. Stem, moderately long,
thin, in a small even cavity. Fertility, moderate.
Leaf, rather small, upfolded, boldly crenate. Origin,
found in a garden belonging to Mr. Hardingham, of
Norwich, in 1780, and first described by Lindley.
This is I presume Lindley's apple though he speaks
of its abundant juice (and Hogg copies him almost
verbatim), but as grown to-day, it is rather dry. The
apple of the same name from Devon is quite distinct
and I venture to add the name Devon to distinguish
that variety. The flavour distinctly recalls the Pine
Apple.

Pitcher : see Mank's Codlin.

PITMASTON GOLDEN PIPPIN. Dessert, till Jan-
uary, small, 2§ by 2|, round, flattened at top. Colour,
pale golden-yellow with russet and very faint brown-
red flush. Flesh, yellow, very crisp and juicy, nicely
flavoured. Eye, wide open in a very broad and shallow
basin. Stem, very slender and short in a very even
and narrow cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertile.
Origin, raised by Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston, about
1838, " probably from a seed of the Golden Pippin."
A very nice little fruit now seldom met.

Pitmaston : see Pitmaston Nonpareil.

PITMASTON NONPAREIL. Her. Pom., 33 (as
Pitmaston Russet). F., Nonpareille de Pitmaston.
(Pitmaston, Pitmaston Russet, Pitmaston Russet Non-
pareil.) Dessert, till January, medium, 2| by 2,
roundish, flat, regular. Colour, heavily covered with

103

bronze russet, occasionally with red flush. Flesh,
tender, pale yellow, russet flavour. Eye, open in a
shallow ribbed basin. Stem, rather short in a round,
even cavity. Growth, compact, upright ; fertile. Leaf,
little upfolded, long oval, deeply serrate. Origin,
raised by John Williams, of Pitmaston, near Worcester,
and introduced to notice in 1818. A very good fruit
of the flavour usually found in " russets " : now very
little grown.

PITMASTON PINE APPLE. Dessert, till December,
small, 2 by 2, oblong, conical, shape of Adam's Pear-
main. Colour, golden-yellow, almost covered with
very fine cinnamon russet. Flesh, yellow, firm,
juicy with a most deliciously scented and honeyed
flavour. Eye, closed, in a very shallow basin or level
with surface surrounded by many minute ribs. Stem,
rather stout, half-inch, in a narrow, shallow, very round
cavity. Origin, this was first shown at the Royal
Horticultural Show, in 1845, and the origin then given
was that it was raised from the Old Golden Pippin,
more than sixty years ago, by Mr. White, of Witley,
steward to Lord Foley. Hogg says it was raised by
Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston, but this is evidently wrong
as it was only sent to London by him. This is one of
the old fruits which have been neglected on account
of their small size, but its distinct and delicious flavour
should give it a place in the gardens of connoisseurs.

Pitmaston Russet : see Pitmaston Nonpareil.

Pitmaston Russet Nonpareil : see Pitmaston Non-
pareil.

Plumderity : see Venus Pippin.
Pomme de Cuir : see Pomme Grise.
Pomme de Laak : see Dutch Migonne.

POMME GRISE. Ronalds, 16. (Gray Apple,
Leather Coat of Turic, Pomme de Cuir.) Dessert,

104

till March, small, 2j by ij, flat, regular. Colour,
brown-gold russet with dark red flush. Flesh, crisp,
yellowish, aromatic. Eye, open in a shallow even basin.
Stem, moderately long in a shallow cavity. Growth,
weak ; fertile. Origin, probably Canadian. Intro-
duced to England in 1794. An excellent russet.

Pope's : see Cobham.

POPE'S SCARLET COSTARD. Culinary or dessert,
till March, medium, 2j by 2\, conical, fairly regular.
Colour, pale yellow, almost covered with dark brownish
crimson. Flesh, crisp, juicy, greenish, pleasantly
flavoured. Eye, closed, in a shallow ribbed basin,
much knobbed at top. Stem, short in a small very
russet cavity. Growth, vigorous ; fertility, moderate.
Leaf, roundish, flat, undulating, shallow serrate. Origin,
unrecorded. Not worthy of cultivation.

Pork Apple : see Orange Goff.
Portugal : see Reinette du Canada.
Potter's Large : see Kentish Fillbasket.

POTTS' SEEDLING. Her. Pom., 10. (Dean's
Codlin, Holland Pippin.) Culinary, October to Nov-
ember, large, 3 by 3, round, regular. Colour, light
green to chrome yellow ; skin very smooth. Flesh,
firm, white, acid. Eye, closed, in a wrinkled basin with
prominent knobs at top. Stem, short, stout, in a wide
and rather deep cavity. Growth, dwarf ; fertility,
remarkable. Leaf, pale, upfolded, undulating, rather
large, shallow crenate. Origin, named after its raiser,
who lived at Ashton-under-Lyme. Dates from 1849.
A useful kitchen fruit. Most valuable for small gardens.
Rather liable to canker.

Primiting : see White Joaneting.

Prince Albert : see Lane's Prince Albert.
105

PRINCE EDWARD. Culinary or dessert, till Feb-
ruary, medium, 2f by 2j, round conical, irregular.
Colour, golden-yellow, with red flush and broad broken
stripes. Flesh, tender, juicy, pale yellow, sub-acid.
Growth, compact ; fertile. Leaf, pale, medium, little
upcupped, boldly crenate. Origin, raised and intro-
duced by Messrs. Rivers. Of no particular merit.

Putnam Russet : see Boston Russet.
Quarrington : see Devonshire Quarrenden.

QUEEN. Her. Pom., 39. (Saltmarsh's Queen,
The Claimant.) Culinary, October to December, large,
3j by 2j, flat, irregular. Colour, pale lemon-yellow
with distinct red stripes and flush. Flesh, very tender,
white, sub-acid, excellent cooker. Eye, closed in a
deep, wide basin. Stem, short, in a very wide and deep
cavity, which has scaly russet. Growth, strong and
spreading ; fertile. Leaf, large, flat, coarsely serrate
or crenate. Origin, raised by Mr. W. Bull, a farmer
of Billericay, in 1858, and introduced by Mr. Saltmarsh,
of Chelmsford, in 1880. A useful fruit ; does well as
a standard, making a large flat headed tree.

QUEEN CAROLINE. (Spencer's Favourite,
Brown's Queen Caroline.) Culinary, till December,
fairly large, 3 by 2f , flattened round, regular. Colour,
pale greenish-yellow. Flesh, firm, juicy, yellow. Eye,
large, open in a wide even basin. Stem, medium, in
a rather deep cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertile.
Leaf, rather large, dark green, round oval, regularly
serrate, upfolded, undulating. Origin, raised by Mr.
T. Brown, a nurseryman of Measham, near Ashby-
de-la-Zouch, about 1820, and named after the much
discussed Queen. A good cooker, makes a good
standard and bears well thus.

Queen Charlotte's Apple : see Borsdorfer.
Quince : see Lemon Pippin.
Quodlin : see English Codlin.
106

RAMBOUR PAPALEU. Arbor. Beige, 1882, p. 33.
Culinary or dessert, till March, very large, 3j by 3,
oblong-conical. Colour, pale yellow, green with bold
red striping and flush. Flesh, pale yellow, crisp, juicy,
sweet. Eye, open, in a wide ribbed basin. Stem,
rather short, in a shallow cavity. Growth, very stout
and compact, upright ; fertility, excellent. Leaf,
large, dark, flat, regularly serrate. Origin, raised
by Col. Hartwiss, of Nitika, in the Crimea, about 1853,
and named after M. Papaleu, of Ghent.

Red Astrachan : see Astrachan Red.

Red Beefing : see Norfolk Beefing.

Red Flanders : see Hollandbury.

Red Hawthornden : see Yorkshire Beauty.

RED INGESTRIE. RonaUs, PL i. F., Ingestrie
Rouge ; G., Roter Pepping von Ingestrie. Dessert,
September to October, small, 2,\ by 2, square, regular.
Colour, golden-yellow with red flush and faint stripes.
Flesh, crisp, juicy, yellow ; flavour, good. Eye, open,
in a moderately deep basin. Stem, slender in a narrow
cavity. Growth, vigorous, spreading. Leaf, medium,
oval, regularly serrate. Origin, raised by T. A. Knight,
about 1800 (Orange x Golden Pippin). Now rarely
met with.

RED JOANETING. Ronalds, P. 6. F., Mar-
guerite ; G., Roter Morgareten. (Eve, Lammas,
Striped Quarrenden, Margaret.) Dessert, early August,
small, 2j by 2j, oval, slightly irregular. Colour,
greenish-yellow, nearly covered with red stripes and
flush. Flesh, soft, greenish- white, sub-acid. Eye,
open, in a shallow, slightly ribbed basin. Stem, short
and stout, in a wide, not russet cavity. Growth,
moderate, making a shapely upright spreading tree ;
fertility great. Leaf, large, roundish, pea green,
upheld and upcupped, deeply bluntly serrate or nearly

107

crenate. Origin, probably English, dating from the
seventeenth century. The second earliest of all apples.
The Red Margaret is I think a red sport from this apple
as it agrees in all respects save the colour is very much
deeper and unstripecl.

Red Margaret : see Red Joaneting.

Red Ribbed Greening : see Cornish Pine.

RED VICTORIA. Card. Chron., 1908, p. 297.
Culinary, September, large, 3j by 2f, flattened round,
a little irregular. Colour, rich crimson, red all over.
Flesh, pale, soft, sub-acid. Eye, open in a deep and
uneven basin. Stem, short and thick, in a deep and
wide cavity. Growth, moderate, Leaf, rather large,
long oval, nearly flat, undulated, doubly curved serrate.
Origin, a chance seedling which originated near Wisbech,
about 1884. Introduced by Messrs. Miller, Wisbech,
Remarkable for its high colour, which approaches
that of Gascoynes Scarlet.

Regelans : see Cornish Gillyflower.
Reinnette a Cote's : see Calville Blanche d'Hiver.
Reinette De Bolwyller : see Baumann's Reinette.
Reinette De Canada Grise : see Royal Russet.
Reinette D'Hiver Musquee : see M argil.

REINETTE DU CANADA. Ronalds, P. n. F.,
Reinette du Canada ; G., Pariser Rambour Reinette.
(Some forty-eight synonyms exist ; Gold Reinette,
Mela Januria, Portugal, Reinette Grandville.) Dessert,
till April, large, 3f by 3, round conical, slightly angular.
Colour, greenish-yellow with thin russet and slight
brown flush. Flesh, firm, pale yellow, of rich flavour.
Eye, open, very large, in a very wide ribbed basin.
Stem, short and thick, not protruding from a very wide
cavity. Growth, vigorous, rather spreading ; fertility,

108

moderate. Leaf, rather large, dark, upfolded, undulated,
oval, sharply pointed, very deeply curved serrate.
Origin, uncertain ; known in France before 1771.
Excellent in warm seasons. Very subject to canker.

Reinette Etoilee : see Reinette Rouge Etoilee.
Reinette Gielen : see Golden Reinette.
Reinette Grand ville : see Reinette du Canada.

REINETTE GRISE. Ronalds, P., 32. G., Grau
Franzosische Reinette. (Belle Fille, Grauer Rabau,
Haute Bont(§, Leder Apfel.) Dessert, till March,
medium, 2 by 2, oblong round, regular. Colour,
yellowish-green with dull red flush covered with russet.
Flesh, crisp, yellow, aromatic. Eye, closed, in a rather
deep basin. Stem, short in a very deep cavity . Growth,
vigorous ; fertile. Origin, of great antiquity ; recorded
in the sixteenth century in France, its country of
origin. An apple of excellent quality.

Reinette Monstreuse : see Belle de Boskoop.

REINETTE ROUGE ETOILEE. Fl. and Pom.,
1884, 169. F., Reinette Rouge Etoilee ; G., Roter
Stern Reinette. [Cal ville Rouge Pre*coce (error), Early
Red Calville, Reinette Etoile'e.] Dessert, October
to December, small, 2j by 2, flattened round, regular.
Colour, rich yellow, almost covered with carmine red
with broad broken stripes. Flesh, firm, juicy, pale
yellow with suffused red below skin, sub-acid, of slight
strawberry flavour. Eye, open, in a very even, regular
basin. Stem, very short, in a narrow russet cavity.
Growth, compact ; fertile. Leaf, rather dark, long
oval, held flat, tip down curved, very finely curved
serrate. Origin, it has been grown in Eastern Belgium
for some 100 years or more. It was introduced to
England probably about 1830. It is the Early Red
Calville of Hogg. Of fair quality and most attractive
in appearance.

109

REINETTE SUPERFINE. Culinary or dessert,
till March, medium, 2\ by 2j, round, markedly conical,
regular. Colour, pale yellow almost covered with red
flush and faint stripes. Flesh, pale yellow, firm, juicy,
of pleasant flavour. Leaf, long, greyish-green, down
hanging, boldly curved serrate. Origin, uncertain ;
introduced by Transon Freres, of Orleans, in 1866.
An attractive fruit of some merit.

Reinette Triomphant : see Orleans Reinette.
Reinette Von Madeira : see Lemon Pippin.
Reinette Von Montfort : see Belle de Boskoop.

RENOWN. Card. Chron., 1908, p. 292. Dessert
or culinary, October to November, fairly large, 3| by 2|,
broad conical, uneven. Colour, golden-yellow, almost
covered with red flush, Flesh, pale yellow, firm,
of pleasant flavour. Eye, closed, in a broad shallow
basin. Stem, short, in a round even russet cavity.
Growth, vigorous ; very fertile. Leaf, round oval,
medium, held up, flat, boldly curved serrate. Origin,
raised by Mr. Charles Ross from the same cross as pro-
duced the apple Charles Ross.

REYNOLDS PEACH. (Emperor Napoleon.) Cul-
inary or dessert, August, 2 J by 2j, flat, conical, irregular.
Colour, entirely covered with the brightest carmine
with heavy bloom. Flesh, loose, pale yellow, sub-acid.
Eye, closed, in a very ribbed irregular basin. Stem,
short and thick not protruding. Growth, dwarf ;
fertile. Leaf, rather large, pea green, upfolded, boldly
crenate. Origin, an old West Country apple much grown
in Devonshire orchards. Remarkable for its earliness
and unusual appearance on the tree, but of no value.

REV. W. WILKS. The Garden, 1910, 572. Culin-
ary, September to November, very large, 3| by 3,
flat conical, slightly irregular. Colour, pale creamy-
white with slight flush and stripes. Flesh, tender,

no

white, sub-acid, cooks frothily, pale yellow. Eye,
closed or slightly open, in a wide ribbed basin. Stem,,
short, in a deep, narrow, slightly russet cavity. Growth,
stout and dwarf ; fertility extraordinary. Leaf, large,
dark, lax, undulated, doubly curved serrate. Origin,
raised by Messrs. Veitch, from Peasgood Nonsuch
and Ribston. A very large and promising fruit, of
excellent cooking qualities.

RHODE ISLAND GREENING. New York., I.
282. F., Verte de Rhode Island. Dessert or culinary,
till April, medium to large, 3 by 2\, round, slightly
conical. Colour, pea green fading to pale yellow.
Flesh, crisp, very juicy, pale yellow, spicy flavour.
Eye, closed, in a medium basin. Stem, rather long,
in a narrow cavity. Growth, sturdy and compact ;
regularly fertile. Leaf, long oval, very dark green,
upfolded, very sharply curved serrate. Origin, Ameri-
can, probably over 150 years old. A useful late fruit
of the Newt own Pippin style. Quite good for dessert
in March and April when well ripened.

Ribston Pearmain : see Clay gate Pearmain.

RIBSTON PIPPIN. Ronalds, P. 27. F., Pepin
Ribston ; G., Englische Granat Reinette. (Formosa
Pippin, Nonpareille d'Angleterre, Travers Pippin.)
Dessert, till January, medium to fairly large, 3 by 2j,
round conical, irregular. Colour, yellow with dull
brownish-red flush and few stripes and russet. Flesh,
firm, yellow, highly aromatic . Eye, a little open, in a deep
uneven basin. Stem, rather long, in a narrow russet
cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertility, medium. Leaf,
very dark, and densely woolly below, upcupped, edges
twisted, shallow serrate. Origin, English. Raised at
Ribston Hall, Knaresborough, about 1709, from seeds
brought from Rouen. One of the richest flavoured
apples when well ripened.

RIVAL. Culinary or dessert, October to December,
fairly large, 3 by 2j, round flattened, regular. Colour,

in

pale yellowish-green with carmine flush and a few
broad stripes. Flesh, firm, juicy, white, flavour
pleasant. Eye, half open, in a very deep and wide
basin, which is a little plaited on the sides. Stem,
short, in a very deep, round and even cavity. Growth
vigorous ; fertility, moderate. Leaf, medium, flat
serrate, long oval, held flat, undulating, turns pale
yellow. Origin, raised by Mr. Charles Ross, from
Peasgood Nonsuch. Introduced by Messrs. Clibran,
Altrincham. A most attractive fruit of great promise.

River's Codlin : see Thomas Rivers.

RIVERS' EARLY PEACH. Dessert, mid-August,
medium, 3j by 2}, flat conical, falling away to eye in
flat sided angles. Colour, palest creamy-yellow with
sometimes a faint flush. Flesh, white, granular, sweet,
aromatic, apt to be a little dry. Eye, closed in a broad
slightly ribbed basin. Stem, very short in a wide
shallow cavity, a green tinge remains round stem when
fruit is ripe. Growth, distinctly upright. Leaf,
narrow, oval, down-hanging, flat, finely crenate, falling
early. Origin, raised by Mr. Rivers.

Roman Beauty : see Rome Beauty.
Rome : see Rome Beauty.

ROME BEAUTY. New York, I. p. 290. (Belle de
Rome, Roman Beauty, Rome.) Culinary or dessert,
till May, large, 3 by 2|, nearly round, even. Colour,
pale yellow, almost covered with bright red flush and
some broad broken stripes showing through. Flesh,
palest yellow, crisp, juicy, a little sweet, not any marked
flavour. Eye, closed, in a shallow, slightly ribbed
basin. Stem, always long, in a shallow russet cavity.
Growth, medium, at first upright, then slightly dropping.
Leaf, long oval. Origin, raised by Mr. Gillett, in
Lawrence, Ohio Co. Introduced in 1848. This
American variety is under trial and so far seems promis-
ing, and if it crops sufficiently well and is resistent to
canker it should be a valuable late market variety.

112

ROSEBERRY. Dessert, October and in the North
till December, medium, 2\ by 2j, round-conical, uneven.
Skin, smooth, a little greasy, Colour, almost entirely
covered with bright scarlet flush and bright stripes.
Flesh, pale yellow, very tender, sweet. Eye, medium,
firmly closed, set in a shallow ribbed basin. Stem,
variable, half to one inch, in a shallow, narrow, faintly
russet cavity. Fertility good. Origin, raised by Mr.
Storrie in his nursery, at Glencarse.

ROSEMARY RUSSET. Ronalds, P., 16. Dessert,
till February, small to medium, z\ by 2, round conical,
flattened at base, regular. Colour, yellowish-green
with slight red flush, covered with light russet. Flesh,
crisp, yellow, very rich and brisk. Eye, a little open,
in a small even basin. Stem, unusually long, in a wide
cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertility, moderate. Leaf,
rather large, light, held flat, boldly curved serrate.
Origin, unknown ; first recorded by Ronalds, in 1831.
Quite the best of late winter apples.

RpSS NONPAREIL. Her. Pom., 21. F., Non-
pareille de Ross. Dessert, till January, medium,
2\ by 2, round regular. Colour, greenish-yellow, with
crimson flush and stripes, covered with russet. Flesh,
tender, greenish, aromatic, strongly scented. Eye,
wide open like a clove in a shallow regular basin. Stem,
long and slender, in a narrow deep cavity. Growth,
slender, making a compact tree ; fertile. Leaf, rather
small, pea green, held up, flat, very irregularly serrate,
often nearly entire. Origin, Irish ; introduced to
England in 1820. A first rate garden fruit, as good in
flavour as it is attractive in appearance. Makes a nice
round headed standard.

Round Russet Harvey : see Golden Harvey.

ROUNDWAY MAGNUM BONUM. Dessert or
culinary, till March, large, 3 by 2j, flat, conical. Colour,
yellowish-green with dull brown flush and a few broad
broken stripes. Flesh, firm, greenish-yellow, rather dry,

flavour very sweet and pear like. Eye, a little open
in a broad irregular basin. Stem, stout in a wide
deep cavity. Growth, spreading ; fertility, moderate.
Leaf, large, dark, held out, slightly upcupped and
undulating, boldly curved serrate, very downy below.
Origin, raised at Roundway Park, Devizes, and brought
to notice about 1864. A fruit of remarkable flavour,
deserving wider cultivation.

ROUND WINTER NONSUCH. Her. Pom., 61.
Culinary, till February, large, 3 by 2j, round flattened,
fairly regular. Colour, pale greenish-yellow with slight
flush and broad broken stripes. Flesh, soft, greenish-
white, sweet. Eye, closed, on a level with the surface,
Basin a little wrinkled. Stem, short and stout, in a round,
moderately deep, very slightly russet cavity. Growth,
upright and free ; fertility, said to be good. Leaf,
large, upfolded, reflexed, irregularly serrate. Origin,
unrecorded ; known in 1842. A useful cooking variety,
but hardly needed.

Rousette Royale : see Royal Russet.
Roxbury Russet : see Boston Russet.
Royal Codlin : see Dutch Codlin.
Royal George : see Clark's Seedling.

ROYAL JUBILEE. Culinary, October to December,
medium, 2\ by 2|, oval, conical, very slightly ribbed.
Colour, pale lemon yellow occasionally with the faintest
orange flush. Flesh, firm, yellow, sub-acid : cooks
well. Eye, closed, in a narrow much ribbed basin.
Stem, short and stout, in a rather wide, slightly russet
cavity. Growth, very dwarf ; extremely fertile. Leaf,
medium, tapering to petiole, little down-folded, coarsely
crenate. Origin, raised by Mr. John Graham, of
Hounslow, was introduced by Messrs. G. Bunyard & Co.,
Maidstone, in 1893. Valuable for its late flowering
and regular cropping habits.

114

ROYAL LATE. Card. Chron., 1896, p. 114. Culin-
ary, till March, large, 3 by 2j, round conical, slightly
irregular. Colour, pale yellowish-green with russet
nettings. Flesh, soft, yeflow, juicy (almost Reinette
like), sub-acid. Eye, open, in a very shallow basin.
Stem, short and stout, in a shallow cavity. Growth,
strong, wide spreading ; fertility, fair. Origin, found
in the Royal Gardens, at Frogmore, and said to have
been raised by Mr. Powell. It has now been given up
as it is very liable to canker.

Royal Pearmain : see Autumn Pear main.
Royal Portugee : see Cox's Pomona.

ROYAL RUSSET. Ronalds, P. 29. F., Reinette
Grise Royale ; G., Koeniglicher Russet. (Leather
Coat (of some), Reinette de Canada Grise (an
error), Rousette Royale.) Culinary, till March,
fairly large, 3 J by 2 J, flattened round, irregular. Colour,
entirely green, covered with brown russet. Flesh,
tender, greenish-yellow, sweet. Eye, closed in a wide
and shallow basin. Stem, slender in a very wide
cavity. Growth, vigorous ; fertile. Leaf, long oval
very dark, upfolded and undulated, broadly curved
serrate. Origin, probably English. First recorded in
1597. One of the best of its class.

Royal Snow : see Fameuse.

Royal Somerset : see London Pippin.

RUDDY. Early September, medium, 2| by 2j,
round flattened, fairly regular. Colour, palest yellow-
green, almost covered with rich crimson flush, faintly
mottled. Flesh, of loose texture, white, fairly sweet
and slightly aromatic. Growth, compact ; fertility,
moderate. Leaf, long oval, undulating, curved serrate,
grey-green. Origin, raised by Mr. Charles Ross from
Ecidinville and Mere de Manage. It resembles Red
Astrachan but is of no particular merit.

Russian Ice Apple : see Astrachan White.
Rutlandshire Foundling : see Golden Noble.
Ryland Surprise : see Gold Medal.

RYMER. Ronalds, P. 41. (Caldwell's Keeper,
Green Cossings.) Culinary, till March, fairly large,
3j by 2f , flattened conical, slightly irregular. Colour,
covered with deep crimson red flush and faint stripes.
Flesh, tender, yellow, acid. Eye, closed, or a little
open, in a deep wide ribbed basin. Stem, extra short,
often only three-eights-of-an-inch, in a small, shallow
cavity, or often level with the surface, or often raised.
Growth, strong ; fertility moderate. Leaf, large, flat,
down curved, round oval, doubly shallow serrate.
Origin, named after its raiser, Mr. Rymer of Thirsk,
Yorkshire, about 1750. Now almost out of cultivation,
but a good fruit. This apple has probably the shortest
stem of any.

Sack : see Devonshire Quarrenden.

SACK AND SUGAR. Ronalds, P. i. Dessert or
culinary, September, medium, 2j by 2j, round, tapering
to eye, irregular, showing one rib more prominent
than the rest. Colour, pale yellowish-green, sprinkled
with prominent dark green dots. Flesh, pale yellow,
very tender, juicy, with pleasing aromatic flavour.
Eye, closed, segments reflexed, in a fairly deep rather
uneven basin, which is slightly ribbed. Stem, always
very short and stout, not protruding from cavity which
is moderately deep, rather narrow, free from russet.
Origin, a very old West country apple.

ST. EDMUNDS PIPPIN. (St. Edmunds Russet.)
Dessert, October to November, small, 2j and 2, flattened
conical, even. Colour, entirely covered with golden
russet. Flesh, pale yellow, very juicy and fine flavoured.
Eye, closed, in a small even basis. Stem, slender,
in a narrow cavity. Growth, medium, upright spreading,

116

making a good garden tree. Leaf, medium, narrow,
pale, upfolded, undulating, blunt serrate. Origin,
rrised at Bury St. Edmunds by a Mr. Harvey, about
1870. Quite the best early russet.

St. Edmunds Russet : see St. Edmunds Pippin.

ST. EVERARD. Dessert, September, medium,
2l by 2if round, regular. Colour, yellow, almost
covered with deep crimson, with faint stripes. Flesh,
crisp, yellow, juicy and of excellent flavour. Eye,
closed in a shallow or almost level basin with a few
radiating puckers. Stem, short and stout, protruding
from a wide shallow cavity. Growth, sturdy and
compact. Leaf, medium, dark, upcupped, coarsely
curved serrate. Origin, raised by a gardener at Pap-
worth Everard near Cambridge, supposedly from Cox's
Orange by Margil and introduced in 1910, by Messrs.
Veitch & Co. This apple is of great promise and should
be included in all collections.

ST. MARTINS. Dessert, till February, medium,
oval, tapering to eye, very even. Skin, smooth, faint
russet in patches. Colour, golden yellow almost
covered with brownish red and greyish general appear-
ance. Flesh, moderately firm, pale yellow, juicy,
remarkably sweet. Eye, closed in a rather shallow
basin. Stem, medium, rather thin, in a narrow cavity.
Leaf, long, narrow, regularly crenate, upfolded and
twisted. Origin, raised and introduced by Messrs.
Rivers. Perhaps the sweetest of all apples.

Salopian : see Warner's King.
Salt marsh's Queen : see Queen.
Sam Rawlings : see Hoary Morning.

SANDRINGHAM. Culinary, till February, large
2| by 2j, round conical, regular. Colour, yellow,
with occasional faint flush. Flesh, firm, but soft,

117

yellowish, sub-acid. Eye, closed in a rather deep
slightly ribbed basin. Stem, slender in a moderately
deep, very even slightly russet cavity. Growth, moder-
ate, rather upright ; fertile when adult. Leaf, rather
small, narrow, upfolded, undulated, minutely serrate.
Origin, raised by Mr. Perry, of Sandringham Gardens,
and introduced by Messrs. Veitch & Sons, in 1884.
A useful fruit which does well in the Western Counties.

Sanguineous : see Fameuse.

SANSPAREIL. The Garden, 1911, 523. Culinary
or dessert, till April, medium, 2f by 2j, round-conical,
irregular. Colour, orange-yellow with brilliant scarlet
flush and stripes. Flesh, crisp, yellow, sweet, juicy
and aromatic. Eye, half open, in a rather deep and
ribbed basin. Stem, slender in a narrow russet-free
cavity. Growth, compact ; very fertile. Leaf, oval,
rather pale, upfolded, undulated, held out, irregularly
and finely serrate. Origin, unknown. It has been
cultivated in this country for thirty years at least. A
most valuable late sort, keeping well without shrivelling
It deserves to be more widely known.

Sapsovine : see Sops in Wine.
Sapson : see Sops in Wine.
Sari Sinope : see Kandil Sinap.

SCARLET GOLDEN PIPPIN. Her. Pom., 37.
Dessert, till March, very small, if by ij, square round.
Colour, yellow, nearly covered with scarlet flush. Flesh,
crisp, yellow, aromatic. Eye, open, in a shallow basin.
Stem, rather long, and slender in a small cavity. Growth
moderate ; fertile. Origin, as a bud sport of Golden
Pippin in Scotland, about 1820. Now little grown
and of no remarkable merit.

Scarlet Incomparable : see Colonel Vaughan.
118

SCARLET NONPAREIL. Ronalds, P. 34. F.,
Nonpareil Ecarlate ; G., Scharlachroter Nonpareil.
Dessert, till March, small to medium, 2| by 2, round
conical, regular. Colour, yellow covered with dull
red and russet. Flesh, firm, pale, yellow, sweet, rather

food flavour. Eye, open in a shallow regular basin,
tem, rather long, in an even russet cavity. Growth,
slender, a little upright, compact ; fertile. Leaf,
very narrow, sharp pointed, held out flat, light green,
boldly crenate, nearly smooth below. Origin, probably
raised at Esher, Surrey, about 1773, from a seed of
the Old Nonpareil. A good old sort worthy of retention.

SCARLET PEARMAIN. Ronalds, P. 8. F., Pear-
main Ecarlate ; G., Scharlach rote Parmane. (Bell's
Scarlet, Melville Pippin, Oxford Peach.) Dessert,
September to November, medium, 2j by 2j, square-
conical, regular. Colour, crimson scarlet flush with faint
stripes. Flesh, tender, yellow, red tinged, of crab apple
flavour. Eye, open, in a deepish basin. Stem, medium,
in a narrow cavity. Growth, slender, rather spreading
making a close twiggy tree ; fertility good. Leaf,
long, narrow, upfolded, coarsely serrate. Origin,
introduced to notice about 1800, by Mr. Bell, Agent
to the Duke of Northumberland. A useful fruit of
distinct flavour, but should be eaten soon after gathering.

SCHOOLMASTER. Fl. and Pom., 1882, 169. Cul-
inary, October to January, fairly large, 3 by 2f , conical.
Colour, bright green with slight flush. Flesh, crisp,
white, slightly acid. Eye, closed, in a deep basin.
Stem, very short, in a small irregular cavity. Growth,
vigorous ; fertile. Origin, raised in 1855 from the seed
of a Canadian apple. The original tree grew in Old
Stamford Grammar School Garden. Introduced by
Messrs. Laxton, in 1882. Now little grown in the South.

SEATON HOUSE. Culinary, September to Jan-
uary, medium, 2\ by 2, flat. Colour, pale milky-yellow
with a faint flush and a few broken stripes. Flesh,
crisp, juicy, pale yellow, flavourless. Eye, small, closed,

119

in a very shallow basin, which is slightly plaited. Stem,
stout, in a wide and deepish cavity, slightly russet lined.
Growth, compact ; fertility remarkable. Leaf, medium,
long oval, pale, held flat, sharply serrate. Origin, raised at
Seaton House, Arbroath, Scotland . Of the Hawthornden
class, valuable only for its remarkable cropping powers,
rather tender skin. It often keeps till March.

SEPTEMBER BEAUTY. Dessert, September to
January, medium, 2j by 2, round flattened, slightly
irregular. Colour, lemon-yellow with very bright
crimson flush and broad broken stripes. Flesh, tender,
yellow, of no particular flavour. Growth, moderate,
makes a nice upright spreading tree. Leaf, long oval,
nearly flat, undulating. Origin, introduced by Messrs.
Laxton, about 1885. It is now superseded.

SHEPHERD'S PEARMAIN. Dessert or culinary,
till March, large, 3f by 3j, markedly conical, irregular.
Colour, golden-yellow with brown red flush and patches
of russet. Flesh, firm, rather dry, yellow, of good
flavour. Growth, moderate ; fertile. Leaf, rather
dark, nearly flat, little undulated, oval, finely shallow
serrate. Origin, an old sort still grown in the Eastern
counties.

Shepherd's Pippin : see Alfriston.
Shepherd's Seedling : see Alfriston.
Shropshire Pippin : see King of the Pippins.

SIGNE TILLISCH. Culinary, October to December,
fairly large, 2f by 3j, round conical, ribbed and angular
on sides. Colour, pale milky-yellow with faint brown-
red flush, very greasy. Flesh, white, moderately
firm, a little sweet. Eye, closed, in a deep and much
ribbed basin. Stem, short in a narrow and deep
cavity, free from russet. Growth, upright, spreading,
moderately vigorous. Leaf, rather large, upfolded,
twisted, sharply serrate. Origin unknown.

1 20

SIR JOHN THORNYCROFT. Dessert, October
to December, medium, 2| by 2j, round flattened.
Colour, rich yellow with pinkish red flush. Flesh,
crisp and juicy, yellowish ; flavour, pleasantly aromatic
Eye, closed, in a rather deep, slightly ribbed basin.
Stem, moderately long in a wide shallow russet cavity.
Growth, upright and free ; fertile. Leaf, oval, dark,
nearly flat, very finely crenate. Origin, raised by Mr.
Collister, gardener to Sir John Thorny croft, at Bern-
bridge, Isle of Wight, and introduced by Messrs. G.
Bunyard & Co., in 1913. An attractive fruit.

Small Ribston : see Margil.

SMALL'S ADMIRABLE. Her. Pom., 73. Culinary,
till February, round, rather flattened, medium, 2\ by 2 J,
Colour, pale yellow, greasy, dotted with large russet
dots. Flesh, firm, crisp, juicy, not very acid, nearly
white. Eye, small, fast closed, in a very shallow
basin which has a few beads at base. Stem, short, in
a rather wide cavity. Growth, dwarf and compact ;
very fertile. Leaf, large, long, little upfolded, twisted,
doubly crenate. Origin, raised about 1850, by Mr.
Small, a nurseryman, of Colnbrook, near Slough. I
think it doubtful if Hogg describes the right variety
as it keeps much later than he states.

SMART'S PRINCE ARTHUR. Card. Chron., 1899.
p. 123. Culinary, till March, large, 2| by 3j, remark-
ably conical, and contracted at the top of the fruit,
irregular. Colour, yellow, almost covered with red
flash and wide stripes. Flesh, firm, dry, very
yellow, rather flavourless. Eye, open in a deep much
ribbed basin. Stem, stout, rather long, in a narrow,
deep cavity. Growth, vigorous, weeping ; fertile.
Leaf, pea green, flat, undulating, long oval, curved
serrate. Origin, raised by Mr. Smart, near Sitting-
bourne. A heavy good keeping sort ; it stands rough
usage well.

Snow : see Fameuse.

121

SOPS IN WINE. Fl and Pom., 1882, 105. (Sapson,
Sapsovine.) Culinary, October to December, medium,
2| by 2, round, slightly flattened. Colour, greenish-
yellow almost covered with dark crimson flush. Flesh,
tender, white, much stained with red ; flavourless.
Eye, a little open in an even shallow basin. Stem,
medium in a very deep cavity. Growth, vigorous ;
fertile. There are many red fleshed apples to which
this name has been applied. This I believe to be the
Old English apple so called. It is of no particular
merit.

South Lincoln Pippin : see Allington Pippin.

Speckled Golden Reinette : see Barcelona Pearmain.

Speckled Pearmain : see Barcelona Pearmain.

Spencer's Favourite : see Queen Caroline.

Spice : see D'Arcy Spice.

Spice Apple : see Caraway Russet.

vSpring Ribston : see D'Arcy Spice.

Spy : see Northern Spy.

Stadway Pippin : see Bess Pool.

Stagg's Nonpareil : see Early Nonpareil.

STAR OF DEVON. Dessert, till February, small
to medium, 2j by if, round conical, regular. Colour,
golden-yellow, almost covered with red flush and
bright carmine stripes. Flesh, soft, nearly white,
of poor flavour. Eye, closed, in a shallow slightly
ribbed basin. Stem, often very long, in a narrow, deep
russet cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertility, moderate.
Leaf, upfolded. Origin, raised by J. Garland, Esq.,
Broad Clyst, Devon, and introduced to notice in 1905,
by Mr. George Pyne, Topsham. Up to the present
no particular merit has been discovered.

Stettin Pippin : see Dutch Mignonne.

122

STIRLING CASTLE. Her. Pom. 5. G., Schloss
Stirling. Culinary, September to October, fairly large,
3j by 2j, round flattened, regular. Colour, pale green.
Flesh, soft, white, acid. Eye, open, in a remarkably
wide and deep basin. Stem, slender in a deep cavity
which has russet veins. Growth, compact but spread-
ing ; extremely fertile. Leaf, long, pale, nearly flat,
shallow serrate. Origin, raised at Stirling, Scotland,
about 1830, and introduced by Messrs. Drummond,
of that town. A valuable fruit, remarkable for its
fertility, a little liable to canker.

Stone Blenheim : see Hambledon Deux Ans.

STONE'S. Her. Pom., 20. (Loddington, Killick's
Apple.) Culinary, till January, large, 3 by 2f, oblong
conical, slightly irregular. Colour, pale yellowish-green
with brown-red flush and broad broken stripes. Flesh,
crisp, white, very juicy, acid. Eye, large, closed in a
very deep ribbed basin. Stem, rather thin, in a very
deep cavity. Growth, vigorous ; very fertile. Leaf,
very large, dark, nearly flat, very boldly serrate.
Origin, raised at Loddington, near Maidstone, by Mr.
Stone. A useful fruit, but rather apt to canker and
now little planted.

STRIPED BEEFING. Her. Pom. 35. F., Beaufin
Strie* ; G., Gestreifter Beaufin. Culinary, till May,
fairly large, 3j by 3, round, conical, irregular.
Colour, pale green almost covered with wide red stripes.
Flesh, firm, greenish-yellow, sub-acid. Eye, nearly
closed, in a deep irregular basin. Stem, short, in a
medium cavity. Growth, vigorous ; fertile. Leaf,
large, roundish, dark, slightly upcupped, very boldly
curved serrate. Origin, probably English. Found in
Norfolk and introduced to general cultivation about
1850. A useful old sort.

Striped Quarrenden : see Gladstone.
Striped Quarrenden : see Red Joaneting.
Stubb's Seedling: see Winter Quarrenden.
123

STURMER PIPPIN. Her. Pom., 25. F., Pepin
de Sturmer ; G., Sturmer Pepping. Dessert, till
May, medium, 2| by 2, round conical, regular. Colour,
greenish-yellow with dull brown flush with slight russet.
Flesh, crisp, juicy, greenish, brisk and pleasantly
flavoured. Eye, closed, in a fairly deep ribbed basin.
Stem, rather long, in an even russet cavity. Growth,
slender ; fertile. Leaf, rich green, little upfolded,
very coarsely serrate. Origin, raised by Mr. Dillistone,
a nurseryman, at Sturmer, near Haverill, Suffolk ;
and introduced about 1843. An indispensable fruit
for late use. It should be left on the tree as late as
possible. It does well on either light or heavy soils.

SUGAR LOAF PIPPIN. F., Pain de Sucre ; G.,
Zuckerhut Apfel. (Dolgoi Squoznoi (original name)
Dymond's Sugar Loaf, Hutching's Seedling.) Culinary,
August, medium, 2j by 2f , tall, oblong, nearly regular.
Colour, pale whitish-yellow. Flesh, soft, very juicy,
greenish white, sweet. Eye, closed, in a deep, wide
and slightly ribbed basin. Stem, rather short, in an
even non russet cavity. Growth, spreading ; fertile.
Origin, probably Russian. Known in England since
the early part of last century. Of no particular value,
but very refreshing and sweet.

SUMMER GOLDEN PIPPIN. Lind. Pom. Brit.,
50. F., Pepin d'Or d'Ete* ; G., Sommergold Pepping.
Dessert, mid to end August, small, 2 by 2, round,
flattened each end, slightly conical. Colour, lemon-
yellow with slight orange flush. Flesh, yellow, crisp
juicy, pleasantly flavoured. Eye, open, in a very,
shallow, slightly ribbed basin. Stem, medium in a
shallow sloping russet cavity. Growth, moderate,
upright spreading ; fertility, moderate. Leaf, medium,
oval, curved serrate, held flat, Origin, probably
English, known before 1800. A delicious early fruit,
worthy of extended cultivation ; quite distinct from
Yellow Ingestrie.

Summer Golden Pippin : see Yellow Ingestrie.
124

SURPRISE. Culinary, October to November,
medium, 2,\ by 2f, round conical, tapering much to
eye. Colour, pale creamy-yellow with slight brown-
red flush ; skin smooth a little greasy. Flesh, soft,
juicy, slightly yellow, a little sweet. Eye, open, almost
on level with surface, basin a little wrinkled. Stem,
moderately long and stout, in a rather deep and wide
cavity which is faintly russet lined. Origin, undis-
covered. This is not the Surprise of Downing.

Sussex Ducks Bill : see Winter Queening.

SYKE HOUSE RUSSET. Ronalds, P. 38. F.,
Reinette de Syke House ; G., Engh'scher Spitals
Reinette. (Culver Russet.) Dessert, till February,
small, 2 1 by 2j, round flattened, regular. Colour,
yellow covered with russet. Flesh, firm, yellow, rich.
Eye, open, in a very shallow basin. Stem, medium, in
a rather shallow cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertile.
Leaf, rather small, oval, rather coarsely crenate or
serrate, upcupped, held up. Origin, English. Named
after a village in Yorkshire, and dating from 1780.
Possibly introduced by Messrs. Perfect, of Pontefract,
who sent it to Lee, of Hammersmith. A nice little
fruit.

Taliesin : see Norfolk Beefing.

TAMPLIN. Dessert, November, large, round
tapering to eye, slightly uneven. Skin, smooth, greasy.
Colour, deep crimson red all over with dark broken
stripes. Flesh, yellowish, very poor flavour. Eye,
closed, in a very shallow basin, which has beads at base.
Stem, short in a small round cavity. Origin, undis-
covered.

The Claimant : see Queen.

The Shah : see Miller's Seedling.

THOMAS RIVERS. (River's Codlin.) Culinary,
September to December, medium, 2j by 2j, round
conical, irregular. Colour, pale yellow with slight

125

brownish flush. Flesh, crisp, yellowish, acid, cooks
extremely well. Eye, open in a very small shallow
basin. Stem, slender, fairly long, in a moderately
deep cavity, which is free from russet. Growth,
vigorous ; very fertile. Origin, raised by Messrs.
Rivers, and introduced in 1894. This apple is most
valuable for its cooking qualities, having a distinct
pear flavour with an almost quince like acidity.

THORLE. Ronalds, P. 2. F., Thorle d'Ete" ; G.,
Wirtel Apfel. [Paradise (error), Watson's New Non-
such, Whorle, Lady Derby.] Dessert, August to
September, small, 2\ by 2 J, flat, regular. Colour, yellow
with crimson stripes all over. Flesh, crisp, juicy, yellow ;
flavour brisk. Eye, open in a very shallow russet
basin. Stem, short, in a wide cavity. Growth,
moderate ; fertility, moderate. Leaf, small, round
oval, irregularly serrate. Origin, Scotch. A very old
variety.

TIBBETTS PEARMAIN. Culinary, till March,
large, 3j by 2|, round, conical, tapering markedly
to eye. Colour, pale green to yellow with a very slight
flush and a few very broad stripes round entire fruit.
Flesh, greenish-white, tender, little sweet. Eye, very
small closed in a very small ribbed basin, almost on
surface. Stem, rather short, not protruding from
a very deep narrow cavity which is faintly russet.
Growth, vigorous, upright ; fertility, regular. Leaf,
large, bright green, upcupped, very undulated, crenate.
Origin, this is found in many old orchards but I have
not been able to find any account of its history.
This is quite a useful apple and cooks very well, but
the colour is rather brown. It requires little sugar.

Tom Potter : see Tom Putt.

TOM PUTT. Her. Pom. P. 6. (Tom Potter.)
Culinary, September to November, medium, 3 by 2j,
round conical, much ribbed around eye. Colour,
covered with red flush, broad blotches and stripes.

126

Flesh, crisp, acid, greenish white, cooking excellently.
Eye, closed, in a medium much ribbed basin. Stem,
short and stout, in a medium russet cavity. Growth,
robust ; fertility fair. Leaf, broad, round, upfolded,
sharply crenate or serrate, very large. Origin, raised
by the Rev. Tom Putt, Rector of Trent, Somerset,
at the end of the eighteenth century. A great favourite
in the Western counties. The fruit described by Hogg
is not, I think, the true variety.

TOWAR OF GLAMIS. Her. Pom., 10. F., Tour de
Glammis ; G., Schloss Glammis. (Carse o'Gowrie,
Dunster Codlin, Gowrie.) Culinary, till April, large,
3j by 3, round conical (variable), irregular. Colour,
dull green with brown-red flush. Flesh, crisp, white,
acid. Eye, closed in a rather deep basin. Stem,
fairly long, in a deep narrow cavity. Growth, vigorous,
spreading ; very fertile. Leaf, large, long oval, boldly
serrate. Origin, probably Scotch. Known before 1800.
A valuable apple, can be recognised by its unusual
heaviness.

Transparent : see Astrachan White.

TRANSPARENT DE CRONCELS. Culinary or
dessert, October to December, large, 3j by 3, round
oblong, flattened considerably at each end. Colour,
very pale milky-yellow with an occasional slight brown-
red flush ; no stripes. The dots show up as large and
red when flushed. Flesh, pale yellow, crisp, tender,
juicy, with a distinct flavour. Eye, open in a deep,
wide, much ribbed basin. Stem, short in a moderately
deep and very even cavity. Growth, strong, a
little spreading ; fertility, moderate. Leaf, large,
round, dark, flat, edges undulated, very coarsely
serrate, Origin, raised in 1869, ^Y M. Ernest Baltet,
and introduced by his firm. One of the few apples
in France which was quite uninjured by the great
frost of 1879.

Transparent de St. Leger : see White Transparent.
Travers Pippin : see Ribston Pippin.
127

TWENTY OUNCE. New York, V. 2., p. 228.
F., Dix-huit onces. G., Zwanzig Unzen. (Cayuga
Red Streak.) Exhibition, till January, large, 3 by 3,
round, slightly conical, nearly regular, with a curious
hammered appearance. Colour, pale yellow with slight
flush and broad broken stripes. Flesh, loose, pale
yellow, sub-acid, fairly juicy. Eye, a little open or
closed, in a shallow ribbed basin. Stem, rather short
and slender, in a deep narrow russet ed cavity. Growth,
moderately vigorous, makes a nice spreading tree ;
moderately fertile. Leaf, rather large, little upfolded,
undulating, curved serrate. Origin, raised in America,
early in the nineteenth century. Of value only for
exhibition and pot culture.

TYLER'S KERNEL. Culinary, till March, large,
2j by 3, markedly conical, slightly angular, very vari-
able in shape and size. Colour, soft, pale yellow,
sweetish. Eye, a little open, in a very deep basin.
Stem, generally extremely short, in a medium russet
cavity. Growth, robust ; fertility, moderate. Leaf,
large, roundish, very dark, flat, boldly and sharply
serrate. Origin, a Mr. Tyler, of Hereford, introduced
this fruit to notice in 1884. A useful late fruit rather
subject to canker.

UPTON PYNE. Exhibition, till March, large,
conical. Colour, golden-yellow, striped with pale pink.
Flesh, firm, white, juicy, of brisk pine flavour. Eye,
closed, in a shallow, much wrinkled basin. Stem,
short and stout, in a moderate, russet free cavity.
Growth, strong, rather upright ; fertile. Leaf, long,
pale, upfolded, held up, nearly serrate. Origin, raised
by Mr. Pyne, of Topsham, and introduced in 1910.
Of very distinct flavour and likely to become popular.

VENUS PIPPIN. Card. Chron., 1899, p. 261.
(Plumderity.) Dessert or culinary, September to Oct-
ober, medium, 2f by 2f , roundish oblong, fairly regular.
Colour, pale yellow-green. Flesh, tender, pale yellow,
juicy and refreshing flavour. Eye, closed, in a medium

128

basin. Stem, long and thin in a shallow cavity, which
is faintly russet. Growth, vigorous, rather upright ;
fertile. Leaf, rather large, greyish-green, nearly flat,
curved serrate. Origin, said to have been raised about
1800. Rather too soft for market use and hardly
worth retention.

WADHURST PIPPIN. Pom. Beige, 1856, 49. F.,
Reinette de Wadhurst. Dessert or culinary, till March,
medium to large, 2} by 2j, fairly regular, oblong-
conical. Colour, creamy-yellow with carmine flush
and faint irregular stripes. Eye, closed, in a deep
basin. Stem, medium stout, in a fairly deep cavity.
Growth, moderate ; fairly fertile. Origin, presum-
ably raised at Wadhurst in Sussex, before 1850. Of
no particular merit.

WAGENER. New York, I., 354. G., Wageners
Preis Apfel. (Waggoner (error).) Dessert or culinary,
till April, medium, 2f by 2, flat roundish, irregular.
Colour, golden-yellow, with bright pinkish carmine
flush and faint stripes. Flesh, firm, juicy, yellow,
pleasantly flavoured. Eye, closed, in a deep rather
broad ribbed basin. Stem, rather long, slender, in a
deep irregular, slightly russet cavity. Growth, com-
pact ; fertile. Leaf, long, pale, upfolded and twisted,
regularly curved serrate. Origin, raised in a garden
of Abraham Wagener, about 1796, at Dover, New York
State. One of the best late varieties, keeps well without
shrivelling.

Waggoner : see Wagener.
Walmer Court : see Northern Greening.
Walsgrove Blenheim : see Bess Pool.
Walsgrove Wonder : see Yorkshire Beauty.

WALTHAM ABBEY. Her. Pom. 17. F.,
Semis de 1'Abbaye de Waltham ; G., Saemling der
Abtei Waltham. (Bardfield Defiance, Dr. Harvey,

129

Embersons.) Culinary, September to December, fairly
large, 3j by 2f, round conical, irregular. Colour, pale
yellow, with faint red flush. Flesh, tender, yellow,
sweet. Eye, closed or nearly so, in a rather deep,
irregular basin, which is much ribbed. Stem, long
and slender, in a narrow and deep cavity, always rayed
with scaly russet. Growth, moderate ; fertility good
when old. Leaf, small, oval, finely serrate. Origin,
raised at Waltham Abbey, by Mr. J. Barnard, about
1810, from seed of Holland Pippin. This is an excellent
cooking fruit and can always be distinguished by its
plump, roundish, very light brown seeds.

WANSTALL PIPPIN. Dessert, till June, medium,
2 by 2j, round, tapering a little to eye. Skin, rough.
Colour, yellow partly covered with dark brown-red
flush and darker stripes and few patches and veinings
of russet. Flesh, yellow, firm, very richly flavoured.
Eye, closed, in a rather wide ribbed basin. Stem,
fairly long in a fairly deep and russet cavity. Leaf,
rather small, deep green, upfolded and undulated,
sharply curved serrate. Origin, said by Hogg to have
been raised by a tailor, named Wanstall, in Sitting-
bourne, in the early nineteenth century. A very useful
late dessert fruit which deserves to be better known.

WARNER'S KING. Her. Pom. 23. (D. T.
Fish, King, Killick's Apple, Salopian, Weavering.)
Culinary, till February, very large, 4 by 3, flat conical,
irregular. Colour, pale green to pale yellow. Flesh,
tender, white, acid, Eye, closed in a very broad
and deep basin. Stem, fairly long, in a very deep,
slightly russet cavity. Growth, vigorous ; fertility,
moderate. Leaf, large, very long oval, very dark,
very undulating, nearly flat, sharply serrate. Origin,
generally considered Kentish, but very uncertain.
Dating from the early nineteenth century. This
apple is rather liable to canker.

Warwickshire Pippin : see Wyken Pippin.
130

WASHINGTON. Culinary, October to December,
large, 3 by 2f , oval oblong, flattened at top. Colour,
pale yellow, only slightly greasy, dark red flush and
bold broken stripes. Flesh, tender, fairly juicy, sub-
acid, no flavour. Eye, closed, in a broad, deep basin.
Stem, rather short in a narrow, deep cavity. Growth,
makes a wide spreading tree. Leaf, large, long, very
dark, much upfolded, undulated, shallow serrate.
Origin, raised in Washington County, U.S.A., on the
farm of Job Whipple, and first exhibited in 1849.
Introduced from America, in 1812. This is known in
America as Washington Strawberry, there being other
varieties called Washington. It has hardly the dessert
quality attributed to it by Dr. Hogg and now figures
rarely except as an exhibition fruit.

Watson's New Nonsuch : see Thorle.

WEALTHY. Dessert, October to November, fairly
large, 3 by 2 J, round, a little flattened each end. Colour,
pale golden-yellow almost covered with brilliant
crimson flush and broad stripes which extend right
into the cavity. Flesh, white, often slightly stained
with red, loose grained, juicy, very sweet, with a
pleasant strawberry flavour. Eye, very small, closed,
in a deep and rather narrow, slightly ribbed basin.
Stem, very slender, rather long, in a remarkably narrow
and deep cavity. Growth, rather slender, vigorous,
little spreading ; fertility, excellent. Leaf, rather
dark, flat undulating, shallow serrate or almost crenate.
Origin, raised in Minnesota by a Mr. Peter Gideon,
about 1860. This apple is almost worth growing for
its appearance alone, and to those who like a tender
fleshed variety it will be acceptable ; it is rather too
soft for market use.

Weavering : see Warner's King.
Wellington : see Dummelous Seedling.

WERDER GOLDEN REINETTE. Lauche, 2, 95.
G., Werdersche Wachs Reinette. Dessert, till March,

medium, 2} by 2j, round, very regular, flat. Colour,
golden-yellow, striped with crimson. Flesh, firm,
yellowish, sweet and well flavoured. Eye, open,
sepals reflexed, in a flat, shallow basin. Stem, very
short and stout, in a wide fairly deep cavity. Growth,
vigorous ; fertile. Leaf, moderately large, little
upfolded, held up, crenate. Origin, raised at Werder,
near Potsdam, Germany. It is probably not the fruit
figured in the Fl. and Pom., 1882, 73. A nice little
fruit resembling a small Blenheim Orange.

WHEELER'S RUSSET. Her. Pom., 33. F.,
Reinette Grise de Wheeler. Dessert, till April, medium,
2 1 by 2 i, round conical, irregular. Colour, yellow with
reddish-brown flush, covered with russet. Flesh, firm,
greenish, sweet. Eye, closed in a shallow plaited
basin. Stem, medium, in a rather deep cavity.
Growth, moderate ; fertility, moderate. Origin, uncer-
tain. Known in 1717. English. Of no particular merit.

White Calville : see Calville Blanche d'Hiver.
White Codlin : see Dutch Codlin.

WHITE JOANETING. Ronalds, P. i. (Early
May, Jenetting, Primiting.) Dessert, mid- July, small,
2 by if, round slightly flattened, regular. Colour,
straw-yellow with occasional faint red flush. Flesh,
crisp, white, flavour fresh. Eye, a little open or closed,
in a shallow, even basin. Stem, long and slender, in
a shallow cavity. Growth, moderate, upright ; fer-
tility, fair. Leaf, small, irregularly serrate or crenate,
little upfolded. Origin, English ; before 1600. The
earliest apple of all.

WHITE MELROSE. Culinary, October to Decem-
ber, fairly large, 3 by 3, roundish, conical, ribbed.
Colour, palest yellow with an occasional reddish flush.
Flesh, pale yellow, juicy, slightly acid. Eye, closed,
in a deep ribbed basin. Stem, short in a deep russet
cavity. Growth, vigorous, upright ; very fertile.

132

Origin, according to Hogg, this is an old Scotch apple,
probably introduced by the monks of Melrose Abbey.
This is highly thought of in the North and Midlands,
but with me is of no special excellence compared with
the number of good fruits ripening at the same period.

WHITE NONPAREIL. Her. Pom. 21. F., Non-
pareille Blanche ; G., Weisser Nonpareil. Dessert,
till February, small, 2j by ij, flat, regular. Colour,
pale greenish-yellow with slight brown flush, covered
with russet. Flesh, tender, nearly white, aromatic.
Eye, closed, in a fairly deep, plaited basin. Stem,
slender, in a wide cavity. Growth, moderate ; fertile.
Leaf, oval, pointed, dark, upfolded, tip down-curved,
very boldly serrate. Origin, probably English. A
fruit of good flavour. The quite round cells distin-
guish it from the Old Nonpareil.

White Paradise : see under Paradise White.
White Pippin : see Norfolk Stone Pippin.
White Pippin : see Yellow Ingestrie.
White Stone Pippin : see Norfolk Stone Pippin.

WHITE TRANSPARENT. F., Transparente jaune.
(Grand Sultan, Transparent de St. Leger, Yellow Trans-
parent.) Culinary or dessert, early August, fairly
large, 3 by 2j, round, conical, irregular. Colour,
palest milky-yellow. Flesh, greenish-white, crisp,
acid. Eye, closed, in a moderately deep, plaited basin
with distinct knobs. Stem, medium, rather thin,
in a narrow, deep cavity, occasionally with light russet.
Growth, vigorous ; fertile. Leaf, very large, greyish-
green, lax, upfolded, undulated, finely serrate or crenate.
Origin, Russian. Introduced early in the nineteenth
century. A delicious summer fruit, brisk and digestible.

Whorle : see Thorle.

133

WILLIAM'S FAVOURITE. Dessert, August,
medium, 2\ by 2j, round to oblong, conical, irregular.
Colour, pale greenish-yellow, nearly covered with very
dark crimson flush and broad stripes. Flesh, sott,
greenish, aromatic. Eye, closed, segments reflexed
at tips, in a moderate basin, at the base of which are a
few round bead-like knobs. Stem, fairly long, much
knobbed each end, in a shallow cavity. Growth,
moderate, rather straggling, spurring well ; fertile.
Leaf, rather large, round, pale, down-hanging,
undulating, serrate. Origin, at Roxbury, U.S.A., about
1750. Probably introduced to England, about 1828.
One of the best early dessert apples and well worthy of
culture.

WILLIAM CRUMP. Card. Chron., 1909, p. 21.
Dessert, December to February, medium, 2j by if,
round conical, regular. Colour, greenish-yellow, almost
covered with dark brown-red and light russet. Flesh,
rather firm, greenish-yellow, of good flavour. Eye,
closed in a round even basin. Stem, short in a deep
and rather narrow cavity. Growth, moderate, upright.
Leaf, rather large, dark, horizontal upfolded, little
twisted, boldly serrate. Origin, raised by Mr. W.
Crump from Cox's Orange and Worcester Pearmain,
and introduced by Messrs. Rowe, of Worcester. A good
addition to the late dessert sorts. So far it is not very
fertile with me at Allington, but it crops well with its
raiser.

Wilson's Codlin : see Nelson Codlin.
Winter Beefing : see Norfolk Beefing.
Winter Bellefleur : see Brabant Bellefleur.

WINTER BANANA. Year Book Dept. Agr., U.S. A .,
1913, ii2. Dessert, till March, very large, 3 by 2j,
round, rather flattened, tapering to eye. Colour, pale
golden-yellow with slight red flush. Skin, very smooth.
Flesh, pale yellow, a little coarse grained, juicy, aromatic.
Eye, slightly open, in a broad, slightly ribbed basin.

134

Stem, rather slender, fairly long, in a wide deep cavity,
which is sometimes rather russet. Growth, vigorous.
Leaf, narrow, flat, pale, crenate. Originated about 1876,
with Mr. David Florey, near Adams Boro, Indiana.
Introduced in 1890. The very fine specimens of this
fruit sent from the States have led us to test this variety
but at present the quality and fertility which it will
attain in this country are somewhat doubtful.

Winter Greening : see French Crab.
Winter King : see King of Tomkins County.

WINTER MAJETIN. Culinary, till April, medium,
2f by 2 f , round, tapering a little to eye, uneven. Colour,
grass-green, fading to yellow with a strong brown flush.
Flesh, greenish-white, crisp, sub-acid. Eye, closed, in
a shallow much ribbed basin, around which five promi-
nent ribs stand up. Stem, rather slender, fairly long,
in a very deep, narrow, slightly russet cavity. Growth,
upright spreading, well spurred ; fertility, excellent.
Leaf, large, flat, down-curved at tip, bi-serrate. Origin,
this variety is supposed to have originated in Norfolk,
and has a reputation there of resisting American Blight,
and is used as a stock in Australia with this object.
For a free cropping late culinary variety, it deserves
to be better known though it is a little small for modern
standards.

WINTER PEACH. Fl. and Pom., 1883, 153. F.,
Peche d'Hiver. Culinary, till March, medium, 2f by 2,
round flattened, fairly regular. Colour, palest creamy-
yellow with faint scarlet blush. Flesh, crisp, yellowish,
juicy, slight spicy flavour. Eye, open, in a rather
deep basin. Stem, very short in a deep cavity.
Growth, moderate ; fertility, moderate. Leaf, pale,
little upfolded, large, very coarsely curved serrate.
Origin, an American variety of uncertain origin ; known
in England in 1853. This apple keeps well but it is
not of particularly good flavour, and being apt to canker
it is 'only second rate.

135

WINTER QUARRENDEN. (Stubb's Seedling.)
Dessert, November to December, medium, 2j by 2j,
flat, nearly even. Colour, bright crimson. Flesh,
pale greenish-yellow, crisp, poor flavour. Eye, a little
open in a shallow round basin, slightly wrinkled. Stem,
rather slender in a wide and deep cinnamon russeted
cavity. Growth, moderate, upright spreading ; not
very fertile. Leaf, long, narrow, upfolded, undulating,
shallow crenate. Origin, introduced by Messrs. Pearson,
of Nottingham. It has now been consigned to Limbo.

Winter Queen : see Lemon Pippin.

WINTER QUEENING. Her. Pom., p. 14. Dessert
or culinary, till March, medium, 2\ by 3, conical.
Colour, yellow, nearly covered with dull red stripes
and flush. Flesh, firm, yellow, sub-acid. Eye, open,
in a shallow, much wrinkled and lined basin. Stem,
moderate length, in a rather narrow wrinkled cavity.
Growth, vigorous ; fertile. Leaf, rather small, greyish,
upfolded, twisted, shallow serrate or crenate. Origin,
an old Sussex variety, probably of great antiquity.
I fancy the Sussex Duck's Bill, usually quoted as
synonymous with this variety is really distinct.

Winter Red Calville : see Calville Rouge d'Hiver.
Wise Apple : see Court Pendu Plat

WITHINGTON FILLBASKET. Culinary, October
to November, very large, 3f by 3, round, flattened on
sides. Colour, pale yellow ; skin a little rough. Flesh,
pale yellow, firm, rather dry. Eye, closed, in a deep
angular ribbed basin. Stem, very short, in a very
wide, deep russet cavity. Growth, vigorous, spreading ;
fertile. Leaf, very large, upfolded, very sharply serrate.
A large rather coarse fruit, hardly required in these
days.

Wood's Huntingdon : see Court of Wick.

N.
» 3
136

WOODSTOCK PIPPIN. Dessert or culinary, till
April, large, fairly large, 3 by 2j, round, flattened,

fairly regular. Colour, pale yellowish-green with rarely
a faint flush. Flesh, crisp, yellow, juicy, rather acid.
Eye, open, in a shallow, wide basin, slightly plaited.
Stem, short and thick in a moderately deep regular,
russeted cavity. Growth, strong, rather spreading ;
fertility, poor. Leaf, large, round, sharply pointed,
curved serrate, held down, flat. Origin, uncertain.
Generally considered by pomologists as identical with
Blenheim Orange, but is distinct from that in many
respects.

Woodstock Pippin (error) : see Blenheim Orange.
Woollaton Pippin : see Court Pendu Plat.

WORCESTER PEARMAIN. Her. Pom., P. 2.
Dessert, September to October, medium, 2j by 2j,
round conical, regular. Colour, bright crimson on
golden-yellow ground. Flesh, crisp, greenish, very
sweet, with a pleasant strawberry flavour. Eye,
closed, in a shallow ribbed basin. Stem, short, in a
rather narrow russeted cavity. Growth, moderate ;
very regularly fertile. Leaf, rather pale, oval, upfolded,
undulating, coarsely serrate. Originated at Swan Pool,
near Worcester, by a Mr. Hale, Introduced by Messrs.
Smith, of Worcester, in 1874. An esteemed market
variety, seldom failing to crop. The flavour of this
fruit is greatly underrated by many, as it is usually
gathered and eaten far before it is ripe. Makes a neat,
round-headed standard.

Worling's Favourite : see Beauty of Kent.

WORMSLEY PIPPIN. Ronalds, P. 3. (Knight's
Codlin.) Culinary, September to October, fairly large,
3j by 2|, flat conical, regular. Colour, yellow with
orange flush. Flesh, crisp, yellowish, sub-acid, Eye,
open, in a rather deep ribbed basin. Stem, short,
in a deep russet cavity. Growth, vigorous ; fertility,
fair. Leaf, large, oval, bi-serrate. Origin, raised by
Mr. T. A. Knight, and introduced in 1811. Seldom
grown now.

137

WYKEN PIPPIN. Ronalds, P. 41. F., Pepin
de Warwickshire. (Warwickshire Pippin, German
Nonpareil.) Dessert, till February, small, 3 by 2,
flattened - round, regular. Colour, greenish - yellow,
Flesh, tender, yellow, aromatic. Eye, open, in a wide,
shallow basin. Stem, very stout in a very narrow
cavity, which is often rather warted. Growth, moder-
ate, very upright when young ; fertility, good. Leaf,
very small, grey-green, upcupped, undulating, curved
serrate. Origin, introduced into England from Holland,
about 1720. It is not now recognised as any Contin-
ental variety.

Wyker Pippin : see Golden Reinette.

YELLOW INGESTRIE. Her. Pom. P. 2. F.,
Ingestrie jaune ; G., Gelber Peppin von Ingestrie.
(Early Pippin, Summer Golden Pippin (error), White
Pippin.) Dessert, end- August to September, small,
2 by if, square-rounded, regular. Colour, golden-
yellow. Flesh, firm, yellow, sweet. Eye, almost
closed, in a shallow wide basin. Stem, slender, in a
shallow, even cavity. Growth, slender ; fertile. Leaf,
rather small, roundish, oval, broadly serrate. Origin,
raised by Mr. T. A. Knight (Orange Pippin x Golden
Pippin), about 1800. Summer Golden Pippin is
distinct q.v.

Yellow Transparent : see White Transparent.

YORKSHIRE BEAUTY. Her. Pom., P. 20.
(Councillor, Cumberland Favourite, Red Hawthornden,
Walsgrove Wonder, Greenups Pippin.) Culinary,
September to December, large, 3j by 3, round conical,
irregular. Colour, pale yellow with scarlet flush and
russet. Flesh, tender, yellow, sub-acid. Eye, closed in
a deep ribbed basin. Stem, short, in a broad cavity.
Growth, moderate ; fertile. Origin, raised near Kes-
wick, at the end of the eighteenth century, by a shoe-
maker, named Greenup. Introduced by Messrs.
Clarke & Atkinson, of Keswick.

138

Yorkshire Cockpit : see Cockpit.

Yorkshire Goose Sauce : see Yorkshire Greening.

YORKSHIRE GREENING. Ronalds, P. n.
(Coates, Yorkshire Goose Sauce.) Culinary, till March,
large, 4 by 3, flattened, round, sides angular. Colour,
pea green to yellow with strong dark red stripes, and
slight flush. Flesh, greenish, firm, acid. Eye, closed,
in a deepish, wrinkled basin. Stem, moderate length,
in a wide open cavity, generally free from russet.
Growth, very dwarf and resembling Lane's Prince
Albert ; fertility, good. Leaf, pale green, shining,
upcupped, regularly crenate. Origin, unknown.
Recorded by Forsyth, in 1803.

Yorkshire Queen : see Hambledon deux Ans.
Young's Long Keeper : see French Crab.

139

PEARS.

DESCRIPTIONS OF PEARS.

THE terms used for describing Apples will apply in a
great measure to Pears. The only new term is that
applied to the stem, which, when it gradually swells
to the fruit at its point of insertion is called continued.
An example of this is Beurre Superfin.

The autumnal colour of the leaves is noted in many
cases, as this will be found to be of great value in deter-
mining the names of some varieties.

KEY TO CLASSIFICATION OF PEARS.

IN attempting to classify Pears, great difficulty has
always been found in that they are not so constant
in form and colour as Apples. I have therefore made
my main divisions here those of seasons, Summer —
July, August, September ; Autumn — October, Novem-
ber ; and Winter — December and onwards. It will
be evident that there will be some which do not exactly
fit in this grouping, but they are fortunately few,
and it is a little surprising how many Pears do fall
in three such groups. In any case where a variety is
at the end of any of these periods it will be well to
look also at the following group. The grouping other-
wise follows that of the Apples, each fruit being placed
as nearly as possible in the middle of its season. There
are sub-divisions; such as fruits having a bright red
flush, as Clapp's Favourite, fruits which are a smooth
green, as Glou Morceau ; and those which are
entirely covered with russet, such as Calebasse Bosc.
These are denoted by certain signs, which will enable
them to be picked out at once, without going through
the whole series of names. Thus a Summer Pear
of large size with a red flush of Calebasse form will be
either Marguerite Marillat or Souvenir de Congres,
taking, of course, those described in the following pages.

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PEARS.

ACHAN. (Black Achan, Red Achan.) Dessert,
October to November (till December in Scotland),
small, round conical, even. Skin, fairly smooth with
a little russet. Colour, pale yellow-green with brown
red flush. Flesh, pale yellow, juicy and sweet. Eye,
open, nearly on surface. Stem, f inch, moderately
stout. Growth, vigorous ; fertility, regular. Origin,
probably Scotch ; there are places of this name in
Sutherlandshire. An old variety, seldom seen south
of the Tweed, but valued in its own country.

ADMIRAL GERVAIS. Dessert, till February,
medium, 2| by 2f , round oval, uneven. Skin, a little
rough. Colour, dark green with russet dots and patches
fading to slight yellow. Flesh, pale yellow, with salmon
tinge, very juicy, melting and deliciously flavoured.
Stem, rather short and stout, in a narrow cavity.
Fertility, good. A very fine late pear.

Albertine : see Doyenne Bussoch.
Alexandre Helie : see Belle Julie.

ALEXANDRE LAMBRE. Bivort I., 31. Dessert,
October to November, medium, 2j by 3, short conical,
even. Skin, smooth with russet patches around stem
and large dots. Colour, pale yellow-green with cinna-
mon russet. Flesh, white, melting, not gritty. Eye,
large, a little open in a shallow rounded basin. Stem,
generally long and woody. Growth, moderate, makes
a good standard ; fertility, excellent. Leaf, rather

145

small, held nearly flat, finely serrate, turns dull brownish-
red. Origin, raised by Van Mons, and fruited by Bivort,
in 1844. This is a very valuable fruit and is in appear-
ance as a larger and earlier Josephine de Malines.

ALTHORP CRASANNE. Her. Pom. L, 4. Dessert,
October to November, medium, round, tapering to stem,
even. Skin, rough. Colour, greenish, yellow covered
with fine russet. Flesh, white, melting, juicy and
pleasantly flavoured. Eye, rather large, open, in a
shallow basin. Stem, moderate, curved, rather slender,
continued. Growth, vigorous ; fertility, regular.
Origin, raised by T. A. Knight, and first fruited in 1830.
This was considered by Knight to be one of the hardiest
of his seedlings and to succeed in soils unfavourable
to the majority of Pears.

ANDRE DESPORTES. Dessert, September, medium,
2i by 3j» conical, even. Colour, pale yellow green with
dull brown red flush. Skin, smooth with numerous
large white dots. Flesh, white, juicy, sweet, fair
flavour. Eye, small open in a shallow very even basin.
Stem, medium, |in. usually a little to one side. Growth,
moderate, erect ; fertility very great. Leaf, long
oval, a little twisted, upfolded, entire. Origin, raised
by Andre* Leroy at Angers in 1854. A nice early fruit
coming in just before Williams and of better flavour
than Dr. Jules Guyot.

ASPASIE AUCOURT. Dessert, end August, medium
2j by 2j, round, conical, even. Colour, straw yellow
with russet specks and dots. Skin, slightly rough.
Flesh, melting, whitish, very juicy and sweet. Eye,
small, nearly closed in an even medium basin. Stem,
stout, rather long at an angle. Growth, very weak ;
fertility moderate. Origin, raised by M. Rollet at
Villefranche, Rhone, France, and introduced in 1885.
A good pear, but so poor in growth as to be hardly
worth retention.

ASTON TOWN. Lind. Pom. Brit. III., 139.
Dessert, October to November, small, 2 by 2, quite

146

round, even. Colour, yellow green with russet dots
and markings. Flesh, pale yellow, melting, sweet,
highly perfumed. Eye, small, a little open. Stem, long
and woody. Growth, strong, makes long straggling
shoots ; fertility, very good. Leaf, small oval, little
upfolded, hold out, serrate at tip, entire at base. Origin,
raised at Aston in Cheshire and known early in the
i gth century. First described by Lindley in his " Guide
to the Fruit and Kitchen Garden."

Aurore : see Beurre Capiaumont.

Autumn Bergamotte : see English Bergamotte.

BARONNE DE MELLO (G. Baronin von Mello. His.
Phillipe Goes.) Dessert, October, small to medium,
2i by 3i> oval conical, even. Colour, golden brown,
russet covers the whole fruit. Flesh, greenish white,
very melting and deliciously perfumed. Eye, open in
a very shallow depression. Stem, medium, woody.
Growth, upright spreading ; fertility good. Leaf, long
oval, held out, little upfolded, shallow serrate, turning
yellow red, rather pale. Origin, raised by Van Mons.
It does well either on the Quince or Pear.

Bancrief : see Chalk.

BEACON. Dessert, mid to end August, medium,
long conical, Skin, fairly smooth, occasional patches
of russet. Colour, pale golden yellow with faint brick
red flush. Flesh, pale yellow, crisp, juicy, with a
pleasant aroma. Stem, very short, fleshy and unusually
lipped. Growth, stout, compact, very upright ; fertility
fair. Leaf, very long and narrow, upfolded, down
hanging, regularly serrate, almost crenate. Origin,
raised by Mr. Rivers from Grosse Calebasse. Is only
of ordinary merit and in its season is much surpassed
by Dr. Jules Guyot.

Bedminster Gratioli : see Jersey Gratioli.
Belle An ge vine : see Uvedales St. Germain.
147

BELLE DES ARBRES. Culinary, till June, very
large, 3 J by 5, irregular oval, flat sided and much bossed.
Skin, smooth. Colour, grass green with slight russet.
Flesh, breaking, firm, white, very juicy. Eye, closed or
open in an irregular basin. Stem, very long, generally
curved with always a fleshy ring at base. Growth,
vigorous ; fertility good. Origin, introduced by M.
Houdin of Chateandun, France, about 1880. This fruit
which resembles Uvedales St. Germain is a fine late
cooking fruit. As it always has the accent on the " e "
in French works I presume " Arbre*s " is a place name
and not as usually written " arbres " (trees).

Belle des Bois : see Flemish Beauty.
Belle de Flandres : see Flemish Beauty.

BELLE GUERANDAISE. Dessert, large, 3} by 4,
round oval, even. Colour, pale yellow almost covered
with brown smooth russet. Flesh, white, melting,
perfumed, of excellent quality. Eye, open in a shallow
depression or often on level. Stem, medium, stout, in
a slight uneven cavity. Growth, upright spreading ;
fertility, fair. Leaf, small, pointed oval, slightly up
upfolded, entire, turning very pale yellow, falling early.
Origin, raised by M. Dion near Guerande (Loire), from
a seed of Doyenne du Cornice and introduced by M.
Bruant of Poitiers in 1895. This is a large and fine
fruit and if sufficiently fertile in this country it should
be widely grown.

BELLE JULIE. Fl. and Pom. 1863,128. (Alexandre
Helie.) Dessert, October to November, medium,
2i by 3i, oval, even. Colour, entirely covered with
golden brown russet with a slight flush. Flesh, pale
yellow green, very melting and delicious. Eye, wide
open and clove like in a shallow depression. Stem,
stout, medium length, often oblique. Growth, moderate,
upright spreading ; fertility good, Leaf, rather small,
oval, regularly serrate, turns dull brown red, hangs late.
Origin, raised by Van Mons and named after his grand-
daughter Mile. Julie Van Mons. It first fruited in 1842.

A delicious fruit which deserves cultivation as it does
not go soft at the core as do so many of its season. It
can be distinguished from Baronne de Mello by its
clove like eye.

Belle Magnifique : see Beurre Did.

BELLISIME D'HIVER. Her. Pom. I., 15. G.
Schonster Winterbirn. Culinary, till March, large, 3 J by
4, oval to oval conical, even. Skin, smooth, shining.
Colour, green to palish yellow with red flush and marked
with conspicuous dots. Flesh, white, tender, free from
grit. Eye, open, rather large in an even shallow basin.
Stem, medium, slender, woody, in a slight cavity.
Growth, vigorous, upright, makes a well spurred tree ;
fertility very good. Leaf, narrow oval, slightly un-
dulating, shallow crenate, turns pale yellow red. Origin,
an old variety known in France since the lyth century.
Undoubtedly one of the very best culinary pears ;
it does not turn dark in cooking like Catillac but is
superior in every other respect : it does well as a
standard.

BERGAMOTTE D'AUTOMNE. Verger III., 41. G.
Roter Bergamotte. Dessert, October to December,
medium, 2f by 2, flattened round, even. Skin, a little
rough. Colour, yellowish green dotted and striped with
russet and a little red flush. Flesh, white, melting,
juicy, pleasantly flavoured. Eye, small, open in a
broad basin. Stem, slender in a small cavity. Growth,
very vigorous ; fertility, excellent. Leaf, long oval,
undulating, entire, down hanging. Origin, this is of
great antiquity going back to the middle ages and quite
possibly to Roman times and is probably the original
Bergamotte. This is now seldom met with in England
but can be easily distinguished from the English
Bergamotte by its later season.

BERGAMOTTE D'ESPEREN. Her. Pom. II., 70.
(Poire d'Esperen.) G. Esperen's Bergamotte. Dessert,
till March, medium, 3 by 3, round conical tapering

149

evenly to eye, a little uneven. Colour, dull green with
dusky russet in patches, changing to pale yellow.
Flesh, yellowish, tender, melting and deliciously per-
fumed. Eye, nearly closed in a slight, ribbed basin.
Stem, short, stout, woody, almost on surface. Growth,
vigorous, upright, spreading ; fertility moderate. Leaf,
long oval, little upfolded, down hanging, regularly
shallow serrate, turns pale yellow. Origin, raised by
Major Esperen at Malines about 1830. A valuable late
variety, deserving a wall. It is ready for use when it
turns yellow in March. It makes a largish tree.

BERGAMOTTE D'HEIMBOURG. Verger III., 159.
G. Heimbourg's Bergamotte. Dessert, October, small,
to medium, 2j by 3, conical, even. Skin, smooth.
Colour, yellowish green with a little russet especially
round eye. Flesh, white, melting, very juicy, very
sweet, delightfully perfumed. Eye large, open but very
irregular, almost on level. Stem, rather long and
slender in a slight cavity generally on one side of fruit.
Growth, medium ; fertility moderate. Leaf, oval, up-
folded, deeply serrate, down hanging. Origin, raised
by Vans Mons and first fruited in 1847, and was dedicated
by Bivort to M. Heimbourg, president of the Phil-
harmonic Society of Brussels. This fruit is quite of
first quality, but its cropping in this country leaves
something to be desired.

Bergamotte de Paques : see Easter Benrre.
Besi de Chaumontel : see Chaumontel.

BEURRE ALEXANDRE LUCAS. Rev. Hort. 1875,
150. Exhibition and Dessert, November to January,
large, 3^ by 4, round conical, even. Colour, pale green
changing to yellow, marked with distinct russet dots,
taking a red flush in favourable seasons. Flesh, white,
melting, very highly perfumed. Eye, small, open in a
slightly irregular basin. Stem, medium, stout in a
narrow russet cavity. Growth, vigorous, with long
arched shoots, fertility moderate. Leaf, upfolded, long

150

oval, down hanging, faintly serrate, turns dark red.
Origin, found in a wood in the Department of Loire
et Cher, France. Imported to England in 1892. It
grows well on the pear or quince. A fine fruit when
well ripened. It becomes strongly scented at maturity.

Beurre D'Arenberg : see Glou Morceau.

BEURRE BACHELIER. Her. Pom. I. 24. G.
Bachelier's Butterbirne. (Chevalier.) Dessert, November
to December, medium, 3 by 3j, round conical, flattened
at stem, even. Skin, smooth. Colour, green to pale
yellow green, with small russet dots. Flesh, yellowish,
fine, melting, juicy and pleasantly flavoured with a
slight acidity. Eye, large, nearly closed in a slight
basin. Stem, short, woody, often in a deepish cavity.
Growth, medium, upright spreading ; fertility good.
Leaf, small, round, flat or a little folded, finely serrate.
Origin, obtained by M. Bachelier of Capelle-Brouck in
the North of France, and first fruited in 1845. This is
a valuable fruit but suffers from being in at the same
season as Doyenne du Cornice. A little subject to
scab. It should be gathered a little before it is ready
to part from the tree.

BEURRE BALTET PERE. Arbor Beige. 1885, 353.
G. Baltet Senior. Dessert, October to November, large,
3 \ by 4, pyramidal, even. Skin, smooth. Colour, green
to greenish yellow, occasionally with a brown red flush.
Flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, melting, with a
good flavour. Eye, closed, woody in a broad even and
shallow basin. Stem, short and fleshy, generally at
an angle. Growth, strong, rather upright ; fertility
fair. Leaf, rather large, nearly flat, down curved, very
faintly serrate. Origin, raised and introduced by
Messrs. Baltet Freres of Troyes, France.

BEURRE D'AMANLIS. Her. Pom. I., 9. G. Amanlis
Butterbirne. (Hubard, Wilhelmine, Delbart.) Dessert
early to mid September, medium, 3^ by 3, round
pryiform, fairly even. Colour, pea green changing to

yellowish green with occasional red brown flush. Skin,
slightly rough with thin brown russet. Flesh, melting,
yellowish white, very juicy and pleasantly sweet.
Eye, open in a very slight basin. Stem, slender,
woody. Growth, vigorous and very straggling. Leaf,
rather large, oval pointed, sharply curved serrate, flat,
down hanging, turning yellow then black. Origin,
raised at Amanlis near Rennes, France, before 1800,
and introduced to notice in 1826. This pear does well
as a standard and in all forms. It thrives well in
Scotland and is in all ways a cosmopolitan fruit.

BEURRE D'ANJOU. F. Nee Plus Meuris. G.
Winter Meuris. Dessert, November to January, fairly
large, 4 by 3, round oval, very even. Skin, smooth with
a few feathery russet patches. Colour, pale yellow with
occasional slight brown flush. Flesh, white, melting,
flavour most delicious. Eye, open, laid back, almost
on level. Stem, short and stout, fleshy. Growth,
moderate ; fertility, fair. Leaf, narrow oval, upfolded,
down hanging, undulated, regularly serrate, light green
turning pale yellow, occasionally red. Origin, a seedling
of Van Mons ; the name Beurr£ d'Anjou, though wrong,
is now so firmly rooted in this country that it must
remain.

BEURRE D'ARENBERG. Her. Pom. II., 70.
G. Die Arenberg. (Orpheline d'Enghien, Colmar
Deschamps.) Dessert, November to January, 4 by 3 J or
larger, round conical, uneven, a little ribbed round eye
and generally bossed. Skin, fairly smooth. Colour,
yellow with small patches of russet all over and brown
red flush. Flesh, nearly white, juicy and sweet with
a characteristic aroma, sometimes a little gritty. Eye,
open. Stem, § in., very stout, woody, obliquely inserted
under a small protuberance. Growth, very stout,
moderate • fertility variable. Leaf, large, upfolded,
finely serrate. Origin, according to Van Mons this was
obtained at Enghien by Abbe Deschamps in a garden
of the Orphanage of this town. A good fruit doing
well on quince but it does not thrive in all soils.

152

Beurr£ Bosc : see Calebasse Bosc.

BEURRE BROWN. Her. Pom. II., 36. G. Graue
Herbst Butterbirne. (Beurre Gris, etc., etc.) Dessert,
October, medium, 3 by 4, round oval tapering to stem
even. Skin, smooth. Colour, greenish yellow with
golden russet and often a red flush, variable in this
respect. Flesh, greenish white, very buttery, juicy and
well flavoured, often a little gritty. Eye, open in a
shallow basin which is faintly ribbed. Stem, rather
long, stout, fleshy, continued. Growth, very spreading,
stout branches ; fertility moderate. Leaf, upfolded
down curved, markedly crenate. Origin, this is one
of our oldest pears. It was the first variety to be
called Beurre and was mentioned by Olivier de Serres
in 1608 as Isambart " now called Beurre." A fine fruit
but subject to scab. Its variable colour led several
to split the variety into grey, red and gold varieties,
but all such variations may often be observed on one
tree as de la Quintinye first pointed out. It has 58
synonyms.

BEURRE CAPIAUMONT. Her Pom. II., 59.
G. Die Capiaumont. (Aurore, Calebasse Vasse.)
Culinary or dessert, Sepember to October, small to
medium, 2j by 3j, oval conical, even. Skin, rough.
Colour, brownish red almost covered with fine russet
and a red flush. Flesh, pale yellow, melting with a
sweet and perfumed flavour. Eye, large, open in a
very shallow basin or on surface. Stem, quite short,
thick and fleshy, generally placed obliquely. Growth,
moderate ; fertility good. Leaf, large, long oval, up-
folded, sharply but shallow serrate, down hanging,
Origin, raised by M. Capiaumont a chemist at Mons,
Belgium, from a seed of Beurre Gris, and first fruited
in 1787. An excellent fruit in some seasons, and always
specially good when cooked. On dry soils it often
attains a wonderful colour and justifies its synonym
" Aurore." It must be carefully watched or it will
decay internally if left in the fruit room too late.

153 it

BEURRE CLAIRGEAU. Her. Pom. II., 32. G.
Clairgeaus Butterbirne. Culinary, November to Decem-
ber, large, 3j by 4|, long oval, even. Skin, rough.
Colour, golden brown, often red flushed. Flesh, firm,
not melting, white, faint musky flavour. Eye, large,
open in a narrow shallow basin which is often a little
ribbed. Stem, short, fleshy and thick, continued,
Growth, vigorous, extremely upright ; fertility good,
Leaf, round oval, flat or a little folded, finely serrate.
Origin, raised by Pierre Clairgeau, a gardener at Nantes,
France, in 1848. A vigorous healthy tree, the quality
of the fruit is variable but it is seldom better than
second class. It makes a good erect standard.

Beurre' D'Hiver : see Chaumontel.

BEURRE DIEL. Her. Pom. II., 66. G. Diel's
Butterbirne. (Belle Magnifique, Beurre* des Trois Tours.)
Dessert, October to December, large, round oval,
tapering to stem, even, always, however, showing a
certain flattening at the sides. Skin, rough, covered
with large russet dots and slight russet. Colour, dull
yellow with a slight red brown flush in favourable
seasons. Flesh, white, melting, a little gritty at core
with a delicious flavour when well ripened. Eye, open,
segments erect, in a small irregular basin. Stem, very
stout, | in., nearly always curved, in a very slight
depression. Growth, very vigorous ; fertility, great.
Leaf, large, round pointed, irregularly serrate, some-
times finely, sometimes very coarsely. Origin, found
by Meuris, Van Mons' gardener, about 1800, at the
Chateau of Perck near Vilvorde, which once belonged
to the painter, David Teniers. It was named after
Diel, the great German pomologist. A pear which is
still very largely grown despite many detractors. As
well finished in France it is delicious, but in a cold
season it is only fit for stewing.

Beurre* Drapiez : see Urbaniste.

BEURRE DUBUISSON. Arbor Beige. 1872. 271.
G. Dubuisson's Butterbirne. Dessert, December to

154

March, fairly large, 2.\ by 3|, long oval, even. Skin,
fairly smooth. Colour, pale yellow, almost covered
with fine golden russet and occasional flush. Flesh
nearly white, very melting, not gritty, deliciously sweet
and perfumed. Eye, closed in a shallow uneven basin.
Stem, medium, stout and woody, generally inserted at
an angle. Growth, very dwarf on quince, moderate on
pear ; fertility good. Leaf, upfolded, down curved,
finely serrate. Origin, raised by M. Isidore Dubuisson,
a nurseryman, at Jolain, near Tournai, Belgium, about
1829. First fruited in 1834. It *s valuable for keeping
several months in condition, the hard skin also keeps
it from damage.

BEURRE DUMONT. Pom. Belg. 1857. Dessert,
November to December, large, 3 by 3, round conical
tapering to stem where it is abruptly flattened, even
or a very little angular. Colour, cinnamon brown, the
russet being smooth and fine. Flesh, white, very fine
grained, very melting, deliciously sweet and perfumed
flavour. Eye, open in a deep even basin. Stem, very
short and stout in a deepish cavity. Growth, very
spreading, rather dwarfish on quince ; fertility moderate
Leaf, medium, narrow oval, nearly flat, almost entire,
turning faint red. Origin, a seedling found by M.
Joseph Dumont, gardener to the Baron de Joigny, a
Esquelines, near Pecq. First fruited in 1833. This
most delicious fruit keeps a few weeks longer than
Doyenne* du Cornice and is thus of great value.

Beurre d'Esperen : see Emile d'Heyst.

BEURRE FOUQUERAY. Rev. Hort. 1885, 444.
Dessert, October to November, very large, 3| by 4^,
oblong oval, a little uneven. Skin, smooth. Colour,
green with russet dots and occasional patches and often
slight flush. Flesh, white, fine grained, very juicy and
agreeably perfumed. Eye, large, a little open in a
shallow basin. Stem, very stout, rather short, generally
curved in a shallow cavity. Growth, very vigorous

155

and erect ; fertility, good. Leaf, large, oval, little
undulating, nearly entire. Origin, obtained by M.
Fouqueray-Gautron, a nurseryman at Sangey, France.
It first fruited in 1880. This is not often met with in
this country, but it is very good when well grown.

Beurre Gellert : see Beurre Hardy.

BEURRE GIFFARD. Her. Pom. I., 26. G. Giffard's
Butterbirne. Dessert, August, medium, pyriform taper-
ing much to stem, a little even. Colour, pale yellow
with brownish red flush, skin smooth. Flesh, white,
melting, very juicy, fair sweet flavour. Eye, open on
level. Stem, rather long and slender in a flat cavity
surrounded with russet. Growth, rather weak, very
straggling ; fertility good. Leaf, small pointed, oval,
upfolded, down hanging, margin entire or only faintly
serrate. Origin, found wild by M. Nicolas Giffard, near
Angers, France, in 1825. An excellent early fruit,
keeping better than most of its season. It is extremely
hardy and is successfully cultivated up to 1,200 metres
in Switzerland. It succeeds as a standard.

Beurre* Gris : see Beurre Brown.

Beurre d'Hardenpont : see Glou Morceau.

BEURRE HARDY. Her. Pom. I., 13. G. Gellert's
Butterbirne. (Hardy, Beurre* Gellert.) Dessert, mid
to end October, large round conical, uneven. Skin,
rough. Colour, russet bronze with faint red cheek.
Flesh, white, faint pink tinge, very tender, transparent
with a rose water flavour. Eye, open or nearly closed
in a shallow even basin. Stem, stout, fairly long, in a
very shallow cavity. Growth, very vigorous ; fertility
excellent. Leaf, large, round, much down curved,
upfolded, nearly entire, turns orange red. Origin,
raised by M. Bonnet, a friend of Van Mons at Boulogne,
about 1820. Named after M. Hardy, the director of
the Luxembourg gardens. Introduced about 1840.
Quite one of the best and hardiest pears, in season

156

just before Marie Louise. It should be gathered a
little before it parts readily from the tree to have it in
the best condition. Does well on quince or pear.

BEURRE DE JONGHE. Le Verger, I., 43. G.
Jonghes Butterbirne. Dessert, December to January,
medium, 2| by 2j, oval tapering most to stem, a little
uneven. Skin, a little rough. Colour, pale green fading
to pale yellow, covered with patches of dull brown russet.
Flesh, yellowish, melting, transparent, with pleasant
flavour rather like Marie Louise. Eye, open in a
shallow slightly ribbed basin. Stem, short, woody,
continued, often inserted under a fleshy lip. Growth
upright, a little spreading and rather weak ; fertility
good. Leaf, medium, oval, nearly flat, held out, nearly
entire. Origin, raised by M. Gambier, of Rhode St.
Gene'se, near Brussels, before 1865, and dedicated to
M. de Jonghe, the Belgian pomologist. It makes a
moderate tree on the quince. Dr. Hogg considered this
pear as " equal if not superior to Marie Louise," but
though good I hardly rate it so high.

BEURRE JEAN VAN GEERT. 111. Hort. 1864,
416. G. Van Geert's Butterbirn. Dessert and market,
October to November, medium, 2,\ by 3j, round conical
tapering slightly to stem, even. Skin, smooth. Colour,
golden yellow with brilliant scarlet flush. Flesh, white,
half melting, sweet with a brisk flavour, extremely
juicy. Eye, a little open in a rather deep basin. Stem,
rather short, woody, generally oblique. Growth, dwarf,
and compact, fertility remarkable. Leaf, long oval
nearly flat, regularly shallow, crenate, turns brilliant
crimson and hangs late in this state. Origin, raised by
M. Jean Van Geert, of Ghent, Belgium, and introduced
in 1864. This is considered to be of the first quality
by Leroy, but it is hardly that in my experience. A
most attractive fruit for selling, but connoisseurs would
probably sell.

Beurre de Merode : see Doyenne Bussoch.

BEURRE MORTILLET. Bull. d'Arb. 1891, 289.
Dessert, end of August, early September, large 3| by 3,
oval conical, Colour, creamy yellow with brick red
flush and faint broad stripes. Skin, smooth. Flesh,
firm, pale yellow, juicy and sweet but not of a remarkable
flavour. Eye, small, closed, in a shallow boldly ribbed
basin. Stem, very short and thick, obliquely inserted.
Growth, very upright. Leaf, long oval, rather large,
pea green, markedly upfolded, regularly shallow crenate,
turning pale yellow. Fertility remarkably good. Origin
raised by M. Fougere at St. Priest (Isere) France from
a seed of Bon Chretien, and named after the famous
French pomologist of Grenoble before 1875. This is
beginning to be noted by market growers and it is
certainly one of the best cropping varieties we have.

Beurre* Perrault : see Duchesse de Bordeaux.

BEURRE RANGE. Her. Pom. II., 68. (Hardenpont
de Printemps, Bon Chretien de Ranee, Beurre de Ranee.)
Culinary or dessert, December to March, large, 3 by
4, oval pyriform, ending squarely at stem, uneven.
Skin, a little rough. Colour, dark green fading to
yellowish green, covered with many dots of russet and
patches. Flesh, greenish white. Eye, medium, a little
open in a rather wide and deep basin. Stem, very long
and stout in a shallow cavity. Growth, dwarf, makes
a small stubby tree inclined to weep ; fertility good.
Leaf, flat, held up, entire, turns black. Origin, raised
by the Abbe Hardenpont of Mons, Belgium, about 1762.
In its young vigour the fruit has a slightly rancid taste,
but advancing years have corrected this fault. The
origin of the name from a village named Rans is incorrect.
For full details see Du Mortiers " Pomone Tournaisienne."
With good cultivation and a warm wall this variety is
quite first class. It is rather apt to blow off in an
exposed position.

BEURRE SIX. Decaisne III. G. Six Butterbirne.
Dessert, November to December, large, 3 by 3f , pyriform
tapering markedly to stem and eye, surface ribbed and

158

bossed, distinctly five sided, resembling a pear-shaped
quince. Skin, smooth with small dark dots. Colour,
grass green hardly turning yellow at all. Flesh, very
tender, melting pale yellow, not gritty, sweet and
deliciously flavoured. Eye, open, segments upright and
separate in a very shallow ribbed basin or often on surface
of fruit. Stem, long, continued, fleshy at base. Growth,
vigorous ; fertility, good. Leaf, small, round oval,
very faintly serrate or entire. Origin, raised by M. Six,
a nurseryman, at Courtrai, and first described by Bivort
in 1845. A very good fruit which deserves to be better
known. It crops regularly with me and is of very good
quality.

Beurre' Spence : see Flemish Beauty.

BEURRE STERCKMANS. Her. Pom. II., 62. G.

Sterckmans' Butterbirne. Dessert, November to
January, medium, flattened conical. Skin, rough.
Colour, pale green to yellow with a red flush. Flesh,
yellowish white, nearly transparent when ripe, very
juicy, sweet and highly perfumed. Eye, closed or
nearly so . Stem, rather long, woody, generally obliquely
inserted in a small ribbed cavity. Growth, upright,
rather spreading, fertility good. Leaf, long oval, nearly
flat, faintly serrate. Origin, raised by M. Sterckmans
at Louvain, and introduced to notice by Van Mons.

BEURRE SUPERFIN. Her. Pom. II., 22. Dessert,
October, medium, round conical, tapering to stem, a
little uneven on surface. Skin, a little rough. Colour,
yellow with many patches of fine russet. Flesh, pale
yellow, very melting, sweet and deliciously perfumed.
Eye, small, closed, or a little open, in a deep round basin.
Stem, short, very stout and fleshy, always with some
fleshy wrinkles at base. Growth, moderate ; fertility,
moderate to good. Leaf, oval, pale green, held nearly
flat, a little twisted, irregularly crenate. Origin, raised
by M. Goubalt at Mille Pieds, near Angers, France.
First fruited in 1844. One of the best half-dozen pears,
by some preferred to Doyenne du Cornice. Does well

159

on quince. Should be gathered before it parts readily
and carefully watched in the fruit room. Requires to
be eaten when the skin seems fairly firm as it begins
to ripen at the core.

Beurre* des Trois Tours : see Beurre Diel.

BISHOP'S THUMB. Her. Pom. II., 42. F. Pousse
de 1'Eveque. Dessert, October to November, variable
2f by 5, long calebasse form, even. Skin, a little rough.
Colour, pale yellow with bright scarlet flush. Flesh,
palest yellow, fine grained, a little melting, slightly
perfumed, very juicy. Eye, wide open almost on
level. Stem, long and woody, continued, generally at
angle the flesh growing higher up (the stem one side.
Growth, vigorous, makes a good standard ; fertility
good. Leaf, elliptical, nearly flat, finely serrate. Origin,
this has been known in England for many years and is
generally considered to be a native. First described
by Diel in 1804. An old variety often found in orchards
but of no special merit. The curious growth of flesh up
one side of the stem is, I suppose, the origin of its name.

Black Achan : see Achan.
Black Worcester.

BLACK WORCESTER. Her. Pom. II., 60. F. de
Livre G. Konigsgeschenk von Neaple. Culinary, till
April, large, 3j by 4. Shape round Bergamotte, uneven.
Skin, rough, entirely covered with dark coppery brown
russet. Flesh, pale yellow, crisp, flavourless and rather
gritty. Stem, i inch, very stout and woody. Growth
moderate. Fertility moderate. Eye nearly closed in
a deepish uneven basin. This has been known in
Worcester since the i6th century, where according to
legend Queen Elizabeth saw it at Whystone Farm. It
is, I think, almost certainly the Poire de Livre of Leroy,
which has been known in France for several centuries,
and which may even go back to Roman days. A
good cooking pear, but not equal to Catillac, Double
de Guerre and Belli ssime d'Hiver.

160

BLICKLING. Dessert, December to January, smallish
2j by 2, round, tapering most to stem, even. Skin,
smooth. Colour, pale greenish yellow with russet
round eye and prominent dots. Flesh, white, coarse
grained, extremely sweet and juicy, a little gritty.
Eye, closed in a round shallow even basin. Stem,
medium, woody, curved in a small narrow cavity.
Growth, moderate ; fertility good. Origin, this is said
to have been introduced from Belgium by a monastic
order. A delicious fruit, rather like a later Comte de
Lamy. It deserves a wall and careful thinning when a
good crop is set.

Bonne de Malines : see Winter Nelis.
Bonne Rouge : see Gansels Bergamotte.

BRITISH QUEEN. Fl. and Pom. 1863. 80. F.
Reine d'Angleterre. G. Britische Konigin. Dessert,
October, rather large, 4 by 3, round conical, even. Skin,
covered very smooth russet. Colour, pale brownish
yellow with occasional slight flush. Flesh, pale yellow,
very fine texture, flavour sweet and brisk. Eye, very
small, closed in an even rather deep basin. Stem, i inch,
stout, in a narrow cavity. Growth, vigorous ; fertility
moderate. Leaf, medium, eliptical, down hanging.
Origin, raised by M. Ingram of the Royal Gardens,
Windsor, and naturally considered by the Prince Consort
to be the best of all pears. This old variety is occasionally
met with.

Brocas Bergamotte : see Gansel's Bergamotte.

BROCKWORTH PARK. Her. Pom. II., 66. F.
Bonne d'Ezee. G. Gute von Ezee. Dessert, early
September, rather large, 3^ by 2j, long oval, flattened
at stem, even. Skin, rather thick, a little rough, covered
with russet dots. Colour, greenish yellow with very
faint flush and stripes. Flesh, yellowish white. Eye,
in a very shallow basin. Stem, very stout, fleshy, i inch,
obliquely inserted. Growth, upright spreading, making

161

a large tree. Leaf, medium, oval, regularly serrate.
Origin, discovered at Ezee near Loches, France, in 1838,
by M. Jamain, of Paris. A pear of quite good quality
and rather undeservedly in the background. The
British name is correctly a synonym.

BROOMPARK. Her.Pom.II.,$i. Dessert January
medium, 2 J by 2 J, Bergamotte shape, flattened, uneven.
Skin, rough. Colour, orange yellow, almost covered
with very fine golden russet. Flesh, pale yellow, slightly
transparent, half melting, extremely sweet with vinous
flavour. Eye, closed in a moderately deep basin. Stem,
rather long, woody, in a slight cavity. Growth, rather
staggling, moderate ; fertility, good. Leaf, large, oval
little upfolded, entire or irregularly serrate. Origin,
raised by Thos. Andrew Knight, first fruited in 1830,
and named after Broompark, near Canterbury. This
is now seldom grown as it is rather small for modern
tastes, but on a good soil it is excellent.

Caillot Rose : see Summer Rose.

CALEBASSE BOSC. Verger III., 138. Dessert,
September to October, large, 2f by 4 J, very long calebasse
form, uneven. Skin, smooth, with fine russet. Colour,
rich golden brown entirely covered with russet. Flesh,
yellowish, very tender, juicy, perfumed. Eye, wide
open like a clove. Stem, slender, rather long, woody.
Growth poor and straggling, not spurring well ; fertility
good. Leaf, rather large, round oval, almost entire,
little upfolded, turns dull crimson red. Origin, a seed-
ling found by Van Mons in the garden of M. Swates, at
Linkebeeke. An excellent fruit doing well as a standard,
but has the great fault of being too liable to scab. This
pear is often wrongly called Beurre* Bosc.

Calebasse Vasse : see Beurre Capiaumont.

CATILLAC. Her. Pom. I., 15. (Pound pear.) G.
Katzenkopf. Culinary, till April, 3j by 3j. Shape,
Bergamotte, nearly even. Skin smooth, colour dull

162

green, brown red flush. Stem, stout, moderately long
in a slight cavity. Eye open in a slight ribbed basin.
Growth, stout and vigorous ; fertility, good. Leaf large
round, downy, regularly serrate, turns clear yellow,
no red. Generally supposed to have been found near
Cadillac in the Gironde. It was first described under
this name by Bonnefond in the " Jardinier Francois,"
1665. One of the very best of all stewing pears, cooking
a deep red. Makes a fine large spreading standard.

CHALK. (Crawford, Bancrief.) Dessert, early
August, small, 2 by if, round conical, even. Skin,
nearly smooth, a little fine russet. Colour, very pale
green with the faintest red flush. Flesh, nearly white,
mealy, sweet and juicy, flavour nil. Eye open in a
shallow basin. Stem, J inch, stout, fleshy. Growth,
stout, weeping ; fertility remarkable. Leaf, broad, dark
green, very downy below. Origin, probably Scotch. It
is similar to Citron des Carmes but not identical. A
fruit much grown in Kent for London markets, and
greatly appreciated at Hampstead Heath on August
Bank Holiday.

CHARLES ERNEST. Rev. Hort. 1879,
Dessert, October to November, very large, oval pyriform,
flat at eye, a little uneven. Skin, smooth. Colour, pale
golden yellow generally wih a scarlet flush. Flesh,
white, tender, juicy, with a delicate aroma. Eye, nearly
closed. Stem, long and rather slender. Growth,
remarkably upright, makes a large tree ; fertility,
excellent. Leaf, large, round, flat, shallow serrate,
little down hanging, turns chocolate brown. Origin
raised by Mm. Baltet Fre"res of Troyes, France, and
introduced in 1879. ^ does we^ on quince or pear.

CHAUMONTEL. Her. Pom. II., 38. (Be"si de
Chaumontel, Beurre* d'Hiver.) Dessert, November
December, large, 3j by 4, oblong pyriform, uneven.
Skin, very rough. Colour, greenish yellow nearly
covered with curious purplish russet and red flush.
Flesh, white, fine, melting, little gritty, very sweet and

vinous flavour. Eye, open in a deep broad, uneven
basin. Stem, stout, rather long, generally inserted
straight. Growth, long and straggling ; fertility good.
Leaf, rather large, held flat, undulating, much twisted,
coarsely serrate, turns black. Origin, raised at Chau-
montel, France, about 1660. Du Hamel saw the original
tree in 1775, and it is said to have died in the cold winter
of 1789. It makes a rather large straggling tree, not
very much dwarfed by quince. This fruit is good when
thoroughly well ripened and grown. It is rather subject
to scab and does best on a wall.

Chevalier : see Beurre Bachelier.

Choix de 1'Amateur : see Nouveau Poiteau.

Citron : see Doyenne Blanc.

CITRON DES CARMES. Her. Pom. II., 44.
(Madeleine.) Dessert, end July, small, 2 by if, round
conical, even. Skin, smooth, thin. Colour, pea green
with occasional slight brown red flush. Flesh, tender,
greenish white, a little sweet, no flavour. Eye, wide
open on level. Stem, stout, i \ inches, obliquely inserted
level. Growth, rather small ; fertility good. Leaf,
oval pointed, flat, down held, coarsely serrate. This is
often met with in old orchards where it makes a good
standard. Rather similar to, but quite distinct from,
the Chalk or Crawford Pear of Kent. It should be eaten
before the green colour changes.

CLAPP'S FAVOURITE. Verger II., 102. Dessert,
early September, medium, 3^ by 2 J-, pyriform, tapering
to eye, fairly even. Skin, thin, smooth. Colour, pale
milky yellow with a bright scarlet flush and stripes.
Flesh, pale yellow, melting, very juicy with slight aroma.
Eye, open in a shallow basin. Stem, stout, I inch long,
slightly lipped. Growth, vigorous, upright ; fertility,
excellent. Leaf, moderate, oval, long, held out, finely
and regularly serrate, turns muddy brown yellow.

164

Origin, raised by Thaddeus Clapp, of Dorchester, Mass.,
U.S.A. A pear of fair quality, esteemed for market
growth, but rather too gritty and glassy in texture.

Colmar Deschamps : see Beurre d'Arenberg.

COLMAR D'ETE. Her. Pom. II., 44. G. Sommer
Colmar. Dessert, early September, small to medium,
2t by 2j, short conical, very even. Skin, smooth,
becoming a little greasy when ripe, covered with
conspicuous dots. Colour, pale greenish yellow with
occasional brown red flush. Flesh, yellowish white, very
melting, juicy and with a strong musky flavour. Eye,
open in a shallow basin. Stem, f inch, slender in a
shallow cavity. Growth, rather dwarf ; fertility
excellent. Leaf, large, upfolded, down hanging and
down curved, very faintly serrate, turns a fine " sang
de boeuf " red. Origin, raised by Van Mons at Lou vain
about 1825, and brought to notice principally by Louis
Vilmorin of Paris. It makes a good standard or
pyramid. Dr. Hogg's advice to eat it before it becomes
yellow is quite sound in a warm year, but in a cold
summer it turns yellow on the tree while still unripe.

Coloma : see Urbaniste.

COMTE DE LAMY. Her. Pom. II., 70. F. Beurre

Curtet, G. Curtet's Butterbirne. Dessert, October to
November, small, short conical or peg top, a little
uneven, generally lop-sided. Skin, smooth. Colour,
pale green changing to yellow and often a little russet
with many small russet dots . Flesh, white, very melting,
most delicious, quite first class. Eye, open in a wide
shallow basin often russet ed. Stem, J inch, woody,
usually inserted by a small bump on the surface. Growth,
moderate, low spreading tree ; fertility good. Leaf,
flat, edges undulated, irregularly serrate or entire, turns
orange yellow. Origin, raised by M. Bouvier, of
Joidoigne, in 1828, and dedicated to Curtet, professor
at Brussels. The correct name is Beurre Curtet. A

165

most delicious fruit which deserves wider culture and
which forms a worthy predecessor to Doyenne du
Cornice.

CONFERENCE. Dessert, October to November,
medium, long calebasse form, even. Skin, a little
rough. Colour, dark green fading to pale yellow with
much russet spotting. Flesh, pale yellow, slight pinkish
tinge, melting, very juicy, and sweet. Eye, open,
segments upright, in a shallow basin. Stem, long, woody,
little curved. Growth, moderate, not making a large
tree when on quince ; fertility very good. Leaf, rather
large, round oval, very irregularly serrate, down hanging,
little twisted, turns orange yellow and slight red, hanging
late. Origin, raised by Messrs. Rivers, and introduced
in 1894. This pear is now grown in enormous quantities
for market purposes, and is one of the most regular
cropping varieties we have, and though not quite first
class is indispensable.

Conseilleur de la Cour : see Marechal de la Cour.
Crawford : see Chalk.

DANAS' HOVEY. Her. Pom. 70. F. Hovey de
Danas. Dessert, October to November, small to
medium, 2j by 2|, round conical, even. Skin, a little
rough. Colour, golden yellow almost covered with
fine cinnamon russet which is thickest round eye.
Flesh, white, very melting, extremely sweet and musky.
Eye, medium, a little open almost on level. Stem,
rather long, Woody, with fleshy lip at base. Growth,
very upright, makes a moderate sized tree ; fertility
good. Leaf, a little upfolded, down curved, rather
boldly serrate, rather large, held out, turning a deep
claret. Origin, raised at Roxbury, U.S.A. by Mr.
Francis Danas, and named after Mr. C. M. Hovey a
well known American pomologist. Lovers of Sparkling
Muscatelle will appreciate this fruit.

Delbart : see Beurre d'Amanlis.
166

Des Eparonnais : see Duchesse d'Angouleme.

DIRECTEUR HARDY. Dessert, September to
November, medium, 3 by 4, oval pyriform, uneven.
Skin, a little rough. Colour, pale yellow almost covered
with fine russet and slight red flush. Flesh, yellowish
white, melting, extremely juicy, finely perfumed. Eye,
open, small, in a fairly deep basin. Stem, rather long,
and stout in a slight cavity. Growth, very upright,
moderate ; fertility, good. Leaf, long oval, undulating,
upfolded, shining, pea green, neatly serrate, upheld,
turns very pale yellow then black. Origin, raised by
M. Tourasse and introduced by Mm. Baltet Fre'res of
Troyes, in 1893. Makes a rather small tree either on
quince or pear.

DR. JULES GUYOT. Lauchell.tyi. Dessert, early
September, rather large, 3 J by 4^, oval pyriform, a little
uneven. Skin, a little rough. Colour, pale yellow with
russet patches and slight red flush. Flesh, pale yellow,
very juicy and melting, with slight musky flavour.
Eye, open, almost level. Stem, short, rather stout,
generally inserted obliquely . Growth, moderate, upright ;
fertility, very good. Leaf, medium, round oval, upfolded
and down curved, finely crenate, turns dull yellow
brown. Origin, raised by M. Ernest Baltet of Troyes,
in 1870. This much resembles Williams, but has less
of the musky flavour. It is grown in large quantities
for market but is only second class in flavour. It
should be gathered in good time and stored in a cool
place.

DOUBLE DE GUERRE. Trans. R.H.S., Series II.,
Vol. I., 328. Culinary, December to February, fairly
large, 3 by 4j, oval pyriform, even. Skin, rough.
Colour, yellow brown, nearly covered with a dark
purplish red flush. Flesh, yellow, firm, slightly acid.
Eye, open nearly on surface. Stem, short, stout,
generally obliquely inserted. Growth, very stout,
compact ; fertility, excellent. Leaf, large, pale green,
edges undulating, irregularly serrate, down hanging,

167

Origin, introduced to England from Mr. Stoeffels, of
Mechlin, about 1835. I have not been able to find it
in any foreign work. According to Thompson, the
Dutch name is Doppelte Krieges. This hardy and
excellent variety can be strongly recommended. It is
quite one of the best cooking pears we grow.

Downham Seedling : see H aeons Incomparable.
Doyenne : see Doyenne Blanc.

DOYENNE D'ALENCON. Her. Pom. II. 40. G.
Dechants Birne von Alencon. Dessert, December to
February, 3 by 3^, pyriform, very even. Skin, a little
rough. Colour, pale yellow with many russet dots and
patches, sometimes a little flushed. Flesh, white,
melting, juicy, very good flavour, with a little astrin-
gency. Eye, small, nearly closed in a wide, shallow
basin. Stem, I in., in a small cavity, often at an angle.
Growth, very slow ; fertility good. Leaf, long, oval,
down hanging, upfolded, crenate, turns pale yellow-
brown. Origin, generally considered to have been
discovered in a hedge by M. Thuillier of Alengon, and
introduced about 1839. There was, however, a pear of
the same name and season cited by Le Lectier in 1628.
A very valuable fruit, but a poor grower on hot soils.
It makes a large spreading tree, branches well spurred.

DOYENNE BLANC. Lind. Pom. Brit. II., 60.
G. Weisse Herbst Butterbirne. (Doyenne, St. Michel,
Citron, White Doyenne*, etc., etc.) Dessert, September
to October, large, 3^ by 3f , round, tapering a little to
stem, even. Skin, smooth. Colour, pale green fading
to pale yellow, with a little cinammon russet. Flesh,
white, very melting, juicy, not gritty, of delicious
flavour. Eye, half open, tips of sepals reflexed, in a
moderately deep basin. Stem, short, very stout, in a
rather deep cavity. Growth rather spreading ; fertility
good. Leaf, narrow oval, lanceolate, upfolded, down
curved, regularly serrate. Origin, an old variety which

168

is possibly Italian, but has been recorded in the seven-
teenth century by Merlet. It is now seldom grown, but
in good seasons it is quite first class.

DOYENNE BUSSOCH. Her. Pom., II., 42. G.
Doppelte Philipps Birne. (Doyenne de Merode, Alber-
tine, etc.) Dessert, September to October, large,
3} by 3, flattened round, even. Skin, a little rough.
Colour, bright yellow with russet patches and often a
brilliant red cheek. Flesh, white, a little coarse, poor
flavour. Eye, small, segments fleshy, upright in a
round even basin. Stem, short and stout in a rather
deep cavity. Growth, sturdy, makes a low spreading
tree ; fertility very good. Leaf, large, oval, down
curved, held nearly flat, irregularly serrate. Origin,
this is an old Belgian variety originally known as
Double Philippe. This name was changed by Van Mons
to B. Merode, in honour of Count Merode of Waterloo.
The origin of Bussoch is doubtful. This pear is grown
for market in some quantity, but is only third rate.

DOYENNE DU COMICE. Her. Pom., I., 13. G.
Vereins Dechants Birn. Dessert, November, large,
3j by 4, oval pyriform, nearly even. Skin, slightly
rough. Colour, pale yellow, with very fine russet over
most of fruit and occasional red flush. Flesh, pale
yellow, extremely melting and delicate, most deliciously
flavoured. Eye, closed in a deep round basin. Stem,
medium, stout, little fleshy, on level. Growth moderate,
upright spreading ; fertility irregular. Leaf, medium,
long oval, upfolded, down curved, regularly shallow
serrate. Origin, raised at Angers, France, by the
Hort. Soc. of Maine et Loire. First fruited in 1849.
Introduced into England by Sir Thomas Dyke Acland
in 1858. This delicious fruit can hardly be too highly
praised and should be grown in different forms and
positions so that its season may be extended. On rich
brick earth I have seen it doing well as a standard.

DOYENNE D'ETE. Her. Pom., I., 26. F. Doyenne
de Juillet. G. Juli Dechants Birn. (Summer Doyenne',

169

Jolimont Precoce, Poire de Juillet.) Dessert,
mid July to August, small i| by ij, round, conical,
tapering to stem, even. Skin, thin, smooth. Colour
pale yellow with brownish-red flush. Flesh, melting,
very juicy, white, sweet. Eye, closed almost on surface.
Stem, i in., thick, inserted straight on level. Growth,
weak, upright spreading ; fertility excellent. Leaf,
pointed oval, small, flat, down hanging, very coarsely
serrate. Origin, raised by the Capucin Monks at Mons
about 1700. Hogg attributes this wrongly. The words
" par nous " used by Van Mons are by no means always
applied to his own seedlings. Beurre Diel, for example
is thus noted, meaning that it was named by him.
For its earliness and fertility it should be included in
every garden. It does well as a standard, but is apt
to die out on the Quince on light soils, and is not too
vigorous on the Pear.

DOYENNE GEORGES BOUCHER. Rev. Hort.,
1906, 496. Dessert, till March, large, 4 by 4|, round
pyriform, a little uneven. Skin, slightly rough. Colour,
palest yellow covered with grey brown russet. Flesh,
nearly white, very juicy, good flavour. Eye, nearly
closed in a narrow, rather deep basin. Stem, rather
short, woody and stout in a slight cavity. Growth,
vigorous, upright ; fertility good. Leaf, long oval,
much undulating, broadly serrate. Origin, raised by
M. Pinguet-Guindon, and first fruited in 1894. Dedicated
to M. Georges Boucher, the Parisian horticulturist.
This fruit has received the highest awards in France,
and is considered to be a late Cornice. I have not
grown it long enough to confirm this opinion. It should
be noted that this fruit turns yellow some time before
it is ripe.

Doyenne d'Hiver : see Easter Beurre.
Doyenne* de Merode : see Doyenne Bussoch.

Duchess : see Duchess d'Angouleme.
170

DUCHESS D'ANGOULEME. Her. Pom., II., 66.
G. Herzogin d'Angouleme. (Des Eparonnais, Duchess.)
Dessert, October to December, large, often enormous,
4 by 4, round conical, uneven. Skin, rough. Colour,
yellowish green marked with conspicuous russet dots
and patches. Flesh, nearly white, very melting, juicy
fine aromatic aroma, extremely sweet. Eye, open in
a deep, uneven basin. Stem, very stout and fleshy in
a slight cavity or on level. Growth, moderate, up-
right, spreading ; fertility great. Leaf, small, oval,
entire or very shallowly and widely crenate. Origin,
a seedling found wild near Chateau Neuf, France, about
1808. It was introduced by M. Audusson, a nurseryman
of Angers, as Poire des Eparonnais, but renamed in 1819
in honour of the Duchess d'Angouleme, daughter of
Louis XVI. This fruit is rather uncertain in quality,
but when all conditions are favourable is often of the
highest merit. It makes a small, compact and upright
tree.

DUCHESSE DE BORDEAUX. Verger, L, 65.
F. Beure Perrault, G. Herzogin von Bordeaux. (Beurre
Perrault.) Dessert, January to March, medium, 2f by
2j, round, sometimes tapering a little to stem, even or
slightly uneven. Skin, rough. Colour, dull yellow,
almost entirely covered with rough brown red russet.
Flesh, pale yellow, melting, buttery, extremely juicy and
richly flavoured. Eye, small, half open, in a shallow
basin. Stem, short and stout, generally on level with
fruit, often curved. Growth, slow, upright, makes a
large tree ; fertility moderate. Leaf, long, narrow oval,
down hanging, little twisted, very shallow serrate,
turns black. Origin, raised from some seedlings sold
by M. Perrault of Montjean, France, to M. Secher about
1850. This fruit was first called Beurre* Perrault but
was later changed to Duchesse de Bordeaux. A very
valuable late fruit worthy of a place in every collection.

DUCHESSE D'ORLEANS. Her. Pom. II., 32.
F. Beurre St. Nicholas. G. Butterbirn von St. Nicholas.
Dessert, early to mid September, medium to large,

171

3j by 2j, long pyriform, tapering to eye, uneven.
Skin, fairly smooth. Colour, pale yellow green with
dull red flush and a little russet streaking. Flesh, white,
melting, very sweet and juicy. Eye, closed, on surface.
Stem, long and thin, rather fleshy and often lipped at
base. Growth, moderate ; fertility moderate. Origin,
a chance seedling found near Angers, France, in 1839.
Decribed and generally known in England as Duchesse
d'Orleans, but the French name is the correct one.

DURONDEAU. Her. Pom., II., 32. G. Birne von
Tongre. (De Tongre.) Dessert, October to November,
fairly large, 3j by 4j, long pyramidal, almost calebash,
uneven, much bossed. Skin, rough. Colour, golden
yellow, nearly covered with red gold russet with red
cheek. Flesh, white, melting, sweet, juicy, well flavoured .
Eye, open in a shallow basin generally a little ribbed.
Stem, short, fleshy, continued, often obliquely inserted.
Growth, moderate, compact ; fertility excellent. Leaf,
medium, oval, shallow crenate, remarkably upfolded,
turns dark brown red. Origin, raised by M. Durondeau
of Tongre, near Tournai, Belgium, in 1811. Grows well
on Quince unless the soil is very dry. It makes a good
standard. Largely grown for market, but if well manured
and watered is of good flavour.

EASTER BEURRE. Her. Pom., II., 70. F.
Doyenne d'Hiver, G. Winter Deschants Birne. (Berga-
motte de Paques, Poire de Pentecote, Doyenne d'Hiver.)
Dessert, February to April, medium, round oval, even.
Skin, rough. Colour, pea green fading to yellow green
with russet dots and patches. Flesh, white, melting,
with a rich sweet musky flavour. Eye, closed, fleshy
segments folded over each other. Stem, very short
and stout in a narrow cavity. Growth, strong, making
a wide spreading tree ; fertility, moderate. Leaf,
very small, oval, upfolded, very faintly crenate, held out,
turns yellow with faintest brown. Origin, raised by
M. Vilain, a solicitor of Mons, about 1804. One of the
best of late pears, often a little feeble on Quince and
rather subject to scab.

172

Emile : see Emile d'Heyst.

EMILE D'HEYST. Her. Pom., II., 32. G. Heysts

Zuckerbirne. (Emile, Beurre d'Esperen.) Dessert,
October to November, medium, 2| by 4^, long oval
even. Skin, a little rough. Colour, pale yellow marbled
with brown russet, especially around stem. Flesh,
yellowish green, melting, sub-acid and pleasantly
perfumed. Eye, very small, a little open in a slightly
ribbed shallow basin. Stem, rather long, slender,
woody, set on level. Growth, rather dwarf, becoming
weeping as a standard ; fertility, very good. Leaf,
long, pointed, very finely and regularly serrate, very
much upfolded, turns a distinct claret red, then vermilion.
Origin, raised by Major Esperen and named after M.
Emile d'Heyst, of Heyst-op-den-Berg. First fruited
in 1847. I* does weU on nearly all soils, in all forms,
and in Scotland. A most reliable variety which for
hardiness and regular crop cannot be bettered at its
season.

English Bergamotte.

ENGLISH CAILLOT ROSAT. (King's Pear.)
Dessert, August, medium, obtusely pyriform, even.
Skin, a little rough. Colour, yellowish green, sprinkled
with russet spots on shaded sides, dark brownish red,
interspersed with some grey specks on sunny side.
Flesh, yellowish white, juicy, rich, aromatic. Eye, open
in a shallow basin. Stem, long, woody, in a shallow
cavity. Growth, vigorous, makes a good standard ;
fertility good. Leaf, medium, oval, finely and sharply
serrate. I have been unable to find the origin of
this fruit, and many varieties bear this name. I give
above Thompson's description from the Gardener's
Assistant, as I have not been able to secure good specimens
of this fruit.

Epine d'Ete : see Monchallard.
Epine Rose : see Monchallard.
173

Epine Rose : see Summer Rose.

EYEWOOD BERGAMOTTE. Her. Pom., II., 51.
G. Augenwald. Dessert, October to November, medium,
2f by 2j, flattened round, even. Skin, rough. Colour,
yellowish green, largely covered with russet dots and
markings. Flesh, white, extremely juicy, sweet and
very aromatic. Eye, open, woody, and all united in
one piece, in a shallow even basin. Stem, very long and
slender in a shallow, small cavity. Growth, very
vigorous, spreading ; fertility good: Leaf, round
tapering sharply to point, very irregularly serrate, held
out, flat, turns clear yellow. Origin, raised by Thomas
Andrew Knight, and named after Eyewood, near
Kington, Hereford. It bears well as a standard, and
makes a good pyramid on Quince.

FERTILITY. Her. Pom., II., 64. Market and
dessert. October, small, 2 by 3, round conical. Skin,
rough. Colour, dull yellow, almost covered with brown
russet. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, poor or no
flavour. Eye, open on surface of fruit. Stem, woody,
moderately long, rather stout. Growth, moderate,
upright spreading ; fertility great. Leaf, very variable,
round to long oval, very sharply and finely serrate,
turns fine crimson red. Origin, raised by Mr. Rivers
about 1875, from a seed of Beurre Goubalt. A poor
fruit, but grown in large quantities for market. On
Quince it attains a medium size, but with no improve-
ment in quality. Dr. Hogg finds the flavour like
Williams " much subdued." Very much ! Makes a
spire-like tree.

FLEMISH BEAUTY. Her. Pom., I., 9. F. Belle
des Bois. G. Holzfarbige Butterbirne. (Belle des
Bois, Beurre Spence, Belle de Flandres, etc.) Dessert,
October to November, large, 3j by 3j, oval, a little
flattened each end, a little uneven. Skin, smooth.
Colour, dull greenish yellow with dull red brown flush,
russeted around eye. Flesh, white, juicy, a little gritty,
pleasantly flavoured. Eye, open or closed in a deep,

174

irregular basin. Stem, medium, stout, in a slight
cavity. Growth, strong, vigorous ; fertility great.
Origin, found by M. Chatillon, of Alost, Belgium, in a
wood, and introduced to notice by Van Mons about
1818. A hardy and vigorous variety making a good
standard. It must be gathered before it parts readily
from the tree.

FONDANTE D'AUTOMNE. Her. Pom., II., 34.
F. Bergamotte Lucrative. G. Esperen's Herrenbirn.
Dessert, September to October, medium, 2| by 2\.
Shape, Bergamotte, very even. Skin, green fading to
yellow, partly covered with brownish russet. Eye,
open, segments upright, claw-like. Stem, short and
stout on a slight cavity. Growth, rather dwarfish, a
little spreading ; fertility excellent. Leaf, narrow oval,
undulated at edge, irregularly shallow crenate,
sharply pointed, down curved, turns dull crimson red.
Origin, raised by M. Fievee at Maubeuge before 1825.
One of the most reliable of Autumn pears, doing well
in any form.

FONDANTE DE CUERNE. Her. Pom., II., 42.
Dessert, mid September, medium to large, 2f by 3j,
round conical, even. Skin, fairly smooth, thin. Colour,
greenish yellow, thin brown russet round eye, covered
with russet dots. Flesh, pale yellow, melting, sweet and
pleasantly flavoured. Eye, open in a rather deep,
irregular basin. Stem, long and stout, fleshy. Growth,
strong, making a large, spreading tree ; fertility
moderate. Leaf, medium, upfolded, very regularly and
finely serrate. Origin, found at Cuerne, near Courtrai,
by M. Rcynaert Bernard. First described by Bivort in
the Annales de Pomologie. An excellent fruit in warm
seasons. The variety described by Hogg is evidently
not the true variety.

FONDANTE DE THIRRIOTT. Bull, d' Arbor, 1883,
5. G. Schmelzende vonThirriott. Dessert, September
to October, large, 3j by 3j, round conical. Skin,
smooth. Colour, light yellow with brown-red flush and

175

prominent dots. Flesh, white, fine grained, melting,
sweet and of fair flavour. Eye, closed or a little open in
a deep regular basin. Stem, long, slender, a little
fleshy, often curved. Growth, vigorous, upright;
fertility remarkable. Leaf, medium, oval, pale green,
little upfolded, down curved, faintly serrate, dies off
pale yellow-red. Origin, raised by M. Thirriott, a
nurseryman of Ardennes, Charleville, France, in 1858.
First fruited in 1862. Remarkable for its fertility and
of quite good flavour in warm soils. The fruit is rather
apt to fall on standard trees.

FORELLE. Her. Pom., I., 9. F. Truitee. G.
Forellenbirne. (Trout Pear, Corail.) Dessert, November
to January, medium, shortened pyriform, even. Skin,
smooth. Colour, lemon yellow with brilliant scarlet
cheeks and many conspicuous large dots. Flesh, white,
melting, with a delicate and sweet taste. Eye, open in
a shallow basin. Stem, long, slender, in a shallow
cavity. Growth, vigorous, outward spreading ; fertility
moderate. Leaf, flat, much down curved, margin
nearly entire. Origin, known since 1670, and named
for its bold spots resembling those of the trout. Best
on Pear ; it is too much dwarfed on Quince.

GANSELL'S BERGAMOTTE. Her. Pom., II., 53.
G. Rote Dechantsbirne. (Brocas Bergamotte, Bonne
Rouge.) Dessert, November to December, fairly large,
2f by 2j, flattened round. Skin, a little rough. Colour,
pale yellowish-green with red-brown flush and russet
flecks. Flesh, white, melting, remarkably sweet and
richly flavoured ; a little gritty. Eye, open in a shallow
basin. Stem, medium, fleshy in a moderate deep
cavity. Growth, weak, straggling ; fertility moderate.
Leaf, round oval, entire, undulating. Origin, according
to Lindley this was raised by Lt.-Gen. Gansel at Don-
neland Hill, Colchester, from a seed of Autumn Berga-
motte, about 1768. A weak grower, doing best when
double grafted. It requires a wall to bring its fruits
to perfection.

GANSEL-SECKLE. Her.Pom.,ll.70. F.Secklede
Gansel. Dessert, November, small, flattened round,
even. Skin, a little rough. Colour, lemon yellow with
a red flush and dark brown russet, very much like
Seckle. Flesh, pale yellow, little gritty, very sweet.
Eye, closed in a fairly deep basin. Stem, rather short
and stout in a narrow cavity. Growth, medium ;
fertility, moderate. Origin, raised by Mr. Williams, of
Pitmaston, about 1820 (Seckle x Gansel's Bergamotte).

GENERAL TODLEBEN. Her. Pom., I., 24.
Dessert (in a warm season), November to January, very
large, long pyriform, uneven. Skin, slightly rough.
Colour greenish-yellow, with russet patches and faint
flush. Flesh, slightly rose tinted, melting, juicy,
perfumed. Eye, open, in a moderately deep basin.
Stem, moderate, stout, woody. Growth, moderate,
upright, a little spreading ; fertility good. Leaf, rather
large, oval, upfolded, very faintly serrate or entire,
turning pale orange-yellow. Origin, raised by M.
Fontaine de Gheling, of Mons, in 1839, and named after
the famous defender of Sebastopol. It makes a medium
sized tree. The fruits hang late and in a cool season
hardly mature.

GIROGILE. Her. Pom., II., 60. (Gilogil, Gilles-6-
Gilles, Girogile.) Culinary, flattened round, December
to February, large 3j by 3j. Skin a little rough, golden
yellow with some rough russet and brown-red flush.
Stem, rather short in a rather narrow cavity. Eye,
large, a little open, in a wide, even basin. Flesh,
white, a little breaking, cooking a rich red. Growth,
sturdy, making a large, spreading standard ; fertility
good. Leaf round, very large, down curved, boldly,
and irregularly serrate, hangs late, turning dull crimson
red. Origin, of great antiquity, has been grown for
four centuries. The curious name of this fruit has been
the subject of much discussion, but I think the most
reasonable origin is that suggested by M. Messager. He
points out that many places where the monasteries
of the order of St. Denis were established had the

177

termination " ogile." Thus altum-ogile became in French
Altogile, finally Auteuil ; Argent ogile-Argenteuil. In
the same way Girum-ogilium gave Girogile, which is the
oldest spelling of Gilogil, and which I, therefore, adopt.

Girofle* : see Rousselet de Rheims.

GLOU MORCEAU. Her. Pom., II., 55. F. Beurre"
d'Hardenpont. G. Hardenponts Winter Butterbirne.
(Beurre" d'Hardenpont, Beurre" d'Arenberg.) Dessert,
December to January, fairly large, oval pyriform, often
snout-like at eye, uneven. Skin, smooth. Colour, pea
green till it approaches ripeness, when it changes slowly
to a pale greenish yellow. Flesh, very smooth, very
melting, nearly white, flavour first rate. Eye, wide
open in a wide basin, which is a little uneven. Stem,
long, fairly stout, woody, generally inserted at an angle.
Growth, moderate, rather spreading; fertility good.
Leaf, flat and undulating, down curved, finely and
regularly crenate, turns dark brown. Origin, raised
by the Abbe Hardenpont in the eighteenth century.
It is known as Beurre* d'Hardenpont, or Beurre d'Aren-
berg in France ; our Beurr^ d'Arenberg being the
Orphelin d'Enghien of Belgium. It is regrettable
that the memory of the pioneer of Pear raising, 1'Abbe
Hardenpont, is not commemorated in this fruit. One
of the finest of winter pears, ripening successively and
lasting in good condition for some time. On a South
or West wall it crops regularly and ripens its fruits
splendidly. In France it is said to benefit by a shade
over the tree to protect it from spring frosts.

Gratioli of Jersey : see Jersey Gratioli.

GREGOIRE BOURDILLION. Dessert, August,
medium, 3 by 3j, round oval, tapering most to stem,
even. Skin rough. Colour, pale yellow, abundantly
marbled with brown russet and occasional flush. Flesh,
pale yellow, very tender and juicy, sweet, a little
gritty at the core, very agreeably flavoured. Eye, open
is a shallow basin. Stem, extremely short and thick,

and spreading ; fertility great. Leaf, rather small,
upfolded, curved, regularly and finely serrate. Origin,
raised by Andre Leroy from a seed of the Pear Graslin.
It first fruited in 1866. A very good early pear, con-
sidered by some authorities as equal to Williams.

GROSSE CALEBASSE. Verger III., 30. F. Van

Marum. Exhibition or dessert. October, enormous,
4i by 7, long calebasse, uneven. Skin, rough. Colour,
entirely covered with a fine dark brown russet with
an occasional red flush. Flesh, greenish, white melting,
of good flavour in a warm season, extremely juicy.
Eye, large, open, in a regular shallow basin. Stem,
moderately long, very stout and fleshy, continued.
Growth, moderate, rather upright ; fertility, fair.
Leaf, elliptical, little up-folded, twisted, shallow,
serrate. Origin, a seedling of the Van Mons and first
fruited at Louvain in 1820. Named after the chemist,
Van Marum. The name Grosse Calebasse is now so
firmly established in this country that it is probably
impossible to revert to its correct original name.

HACON'S INCOMPARABLE. Her. Pom., II., 38.
F. Poire d'Hacon. G. Hacon's Onvergleichliche.
(Downham Seedling.) Dessert, December to January,
medium, 2f by 2f , flattened round, tapering a little to
stem, even. Skin, nearly smooth. Colour, palest
yellow with flecks and dots of russet. Flesh, palest
yellow, melting and deliciously flavoured. Eye, wide
open in a shallow basin or on level. Stem, slender,
rather long in a marked cavity. Growth, very spreading,
moderately vigorous ; fertility moderate. Leaf, nearly
flat, long oval, regularly shallow serrate. Origin,
uncertain. One account attributes it to Mr. Hacon, of
Downham Market, Norfolk, as a seedling raised in 1815.
Another says it was raised in 1792 by a Mrs. Raynor
of the same town.

Hardenpont de Printemps : see Beurre Ranee.

Hardy : see Beurre Hardy.
179

HESSLE. Her. Pom., I., 28. (Hasel.) Market
October, small, round, conical, even. Skin, fairly
smooth, covered with small russet dots. Colour, pale
yellow-brown. Flesh, pale yellow, juicy, a little sweet.
Eye, open in a shallow basin. Stem, f in., stout,
obliquely inserted. Growth, good, upright spreading ;
fertility excellent. Leaf, long, oval, nearly flat, entire,
Origin, found at the village of Hessle, Yorks. A hardy
prolific variety, thriving in the North and making a
good standard but of very poor quality. Hogg speaks
of another variety of the same name, but I have never
seen this.

His : see Baronne de Mello.
Hubard : see Beurre d'Amanlis.

HUYSHE'S PRINCE CONSORT. Her. Pom., II., 68.
Dessert, December to January, large, 3 by 4^, long
pyriform, uneven. Skin, rough. Colour, pale yellow-
green, very much netted with thin russet. Flesh,
yellow, melting, with a delicious aroma and flavour.
Eye, small, open, in a deep wide basin. Stem, long,
very stout, generally obliquely inserted. Growth,
moderate ; fertility fair. Origin, raised by the Rev.
J. Huyshe, of Clyst Hydon (Beurre d'Arenberg x Passe
Colmar). First fruited in 1864. Quite distinct from
Prince Albert, a seedling of Van Mons. This is now
seldom met with, but is quite worthy of a place in
collections.

HUYSHE'S PRINCESS OF WALES. Fl. and Pom.,
1867, 93. Dessert, December, medium, 3! by 2j,
oblong conical or round oval, flattened at stem, even.
Colour, pale yellow covered with cinnamon russet.
Flesh, yellow, melting, juicy, very rich flavour. Eye
open in a slight depression or on level. Stem, very
short and stout in a deep cavity. Growth, very upright,
compact ; fertility moderate. Leaf, flat, down curved,
very faintly serrate or entire. Origin, raised by the
Rev. John Huyshe, of Clyst Hydon, Exeter, in 1830.
(Gansel's Bergamotte x Marie Louise.)

180

HUYSHE'S VICTORIA. Fl. and Pom., 1867, 237.
Dessert, December to January, medium or large,
pyriform, ribbed round eye. Skin, russet in veins and
patches. Colour, deep yellow with cinnamon russet.
Flesh, melting, little gritty, very rich and sweet flavour,
Eye, open in a very shallow basin. Stem, very short and
stout, obliquely inserted. Growth, rather dwarf,
upright, spreading ; fertility good. Leaf, much up-
folded, held upright, dies off scarlet-red. Origin, raised
by the Rev. John Huyshe, of Clyst Hydon, Exeter, in
1830. (Gansel's Bergamotte x Marie Louise.) A very
delicious pear, now seldom met with. It has many good
points ; its only bad one being its grittiness at the core.

IDAHO. (Lindsey.) Dessert, November to Decem-
ber, large, 3j by 3, flattened round, quite apple like,
uneven. Skin, rough. Colour, light yellow, largely
marked and marbled with rough russet. Flesh, fine
grained, juicy, sweet, with a curious flavour not very
attractive. Eye closed, twisted in a deep basin. Stem,
very stout in a deep cavity. Growth, very vigorous ;
fertility good. Origin, raised at Idaho, and introduced
in 1889.

Jackman's Melting : see King Edward.

JARGONELLE. Her. Pom., I., 26. F. Epargne.
G. Sparbirne. (Synonyms are very numerous ; it is
often known as English Jargonelle.) Dessert, August,
medium, very long conical, even. Skin, smooth. Colour,
greenish yellow, with a faint brownish-red flush. Flesh,
pale yellow, very tender and juicy, sweet with a touch
of musky flavour. Eye, open in a shallow basin. Stem,
long and slender. Growth, straggly, long spreading
branches ; fertility excellent. Leaf, large, pale green,
little upfolded, coarsely serrate, down hanging, turns
lemon yellow with very faint red. Origin, known in
France before 1600. The French Jargonelle is quite
distinct and must not be confused with this. A very
valuable early variety, doing well as a standard, but
rather too straggling to form a nice pyramid. Does well
on a North wall, and succeeds in Scotland.

181

JERSEY GRATIOLI. Her. Pom., II., 55. (Gratioli
of Jersey, Bedrninster Gratioli.) Dessert, September to
October, medium, 2| by 2\, round conical to short
pyriform, even. Skin, very rough. Colour, pale
yellow covered with greyish dots and russet patches.
Flesh, very fine, rr citing, very sweet and perfumed,
nearly first class. Eye, large, open in a rather deep even
basin. Stem, very short and stout, continued. Growth,
vigorous and compact ; fertility extra good. Leaf,
medium, oval, much upfolded, boldly serrate. Origin,
this has been known in England for some hundred years
and was originally from Jersey, where it was probably
raised. A hardy and very fertile variety, making a
good standard. It must be gathered rather early or
it will rot at the centre.

JOSEPHINE DE MALINES. Her. Pom., II., 70.
Dessert, December to January, rather small, short
conical. Skin, smooth. Colour, pale green, fading to
pale yellow, with a russet patch round stem. Flesh,
slightly pinkish, very melting, sweet and deliciously
perfumed. Eye, open in a slight basin, upright seg-
ments. Stem, rather short and woody. Growth,
moderate, rather weeping ; fertility good. Leaf,
small, very long petiole, very finely crenate, narrow
oval, sharply pointed, held flat, down hanging, turns
pale yellow. Origin, raised by Major Esperen in 1830,
and named after his wife. Quite the most reliable
fruit of its season, ripening successively in the fruit room.
If one winter pear only can be grown this should be
selected.

Jolimont Pr£coce : see Doyenne d'Ete.
King Pear : see English Caillot Rosa.

KING EDWARD. F. du Roi Edouard. G. Konig
Eduard. (Jackman's Melting.) Culinary, September to
October, enormous, long pyriform, uneven. Skin, a
little russset in dots and at base of fruit . Colour, greenish
yellow, with orange flush. Flesh, pale yellow, a little

182

melting, sweet, juicy. Eye, a little open in a very
shallow basin. Stem, very short, stout, fleshy, con-
tinued. Growth, strong upright, spreading, well spurred,
fertility moderate. Leaf, roundish, held up flat, very
shallow serrate. Origin, first mentioned by Thompson
in Catg. Hort. Soc., 1842. Origin undiscovered. An
immense fruit resembling Uvedales St. Germain, but
unlike that sort stewing very well.

LA FRANCE. Dessert, October to November, small,
2f by 2|, roundish, very uneven. Skin, rough. Colour,
greenish-yellow, much covered with grey russet and
often a little bronzed on the sunny side. Flesh, white,
melting, juicy ano very perfumed in flavour. Eye, open
in an uneven basin. Stem, short and thick in a deep
irregular cavity. Growth, weak and dwarfish ; fertility
good. Leaf, small, oval, petiole long, little upcupped,
held out, entire. Origin, raised about 1864, by M.
Claude Blanchet, a nurseryman at Vienne, France.
A delicious fruit, rather too weak on Quince, best
double grafted.

LAMMAS. Dessert. August, small to medium,
2j by 2, conical, even. Skin, smooth. Colour, pea
green to creamy yellow. Flesh, soft, rather mealy,
whitish-yellow, strong pear flavour. Eye, open, seg-
ments erect, in a deep basin. Stem, short, stout,
generally lipped. Growth, vigorous and hardy ; fer-
tility good. Origin, undiscovered. This is much
grown around London for market and makes a very
large tree.

LE BRUN. Dessert, October, large 3 by 4$, long
calebasse, uneven. Skin, smooth. Colour, greenish,
yellow, a faint russet patch here and there. Flesh,
yellowish-white, fine grained, half melting, a little sweet
and perfumed. Eye, half open in a regular and even
basin. Stem, short and stout, generally at an angle.
Growth, vigorous and upright ; fertility great. Leaf,
rather small, pointed oval, regularly and finely serrate,
turns dull yellow with slight red. Origin, raised at

Troyes in 1856, by M. Gueniot, a nurseryman of that
town. This has never been other than second rate
with me.

LE LECTIER. Dessert, December to January,
rather large, 3j by 4j, pyriform, fairly even. Skin,
smooth. Colour, green to pale yellow, a little russet
round stem and occasionally on sides. Flesh, white,
melting, deliciously perfumed. Eye, a little open.
Stem, rather long, often continued, fleshy. Growth,
very upright, strong ; fertility moderate. Origin,
raised by M. Auguste Leseur, of Orleans, about 1882,
from William's Bon Chretien x Bergamotte Fortune"e,
introduced by Messrs. Transons in 1888. It is named
after the famous Le Lectier, who collected no less than
260 varieties of pears in 1628. A valuable fruit, doing
well on all walls except the North, and also on most
soils.

Leon le Clerc : see Leon le Clerc de Laval.

LEON LE CLERC DE LAVAL. Her. Pom., II., 60-
(Leon le Clerc.) Culinary, January to June, very large,
3j by 4, long pyriform, uneven. Skin, rough. Colour,
greenish yellow with bold russet dots and patches,
especially round the stem, and occasionally flushed red.
Flesh, white, firm, juicy, breaking, does not turn red
in cooking. Eye, large, a little open, in a wide, shallow
basin. Stem, unusually long, woody, curved. Growth,
stout and compact ; fertility good and regular. Leaf,
upfolded, down hanging. Origin, raised by Van Mons
at Louvain in 1825, an(^ dedicated to his friend and
fellow pear raiser Le Clerc, of Laval.

Liart : see Napoleon.
Lindsey : see Idaho.

LOUISE BONNE OF JERSEY. Her. Pom., I., 9.
F. Louise Bonne d'Avranches. G. Gute Louise van
Avrauches. Dessert, October, medium, 2| by 4j, long

184

conical, oval, even. Skin, smooth. Colour, yellowish-
green, with red flush and prominent red spots. Flesh,
white, very melting, sweet and delicious. Eye, medium,
open, in an even, regular russeted basin. Stem,
fairly long, woody, in a slight cavity, or on level with
surface. Growth, upright, spreading ; fertility great.
Leaf, narrow, little upfolded, very boldly crenate, turns
very dark yellow-brown. Origin, raised by M. Longueval,
of Avranches, France, about 1780. There is another
Louise Bonne of older date than this. This is known
in France as Louise Bonne d' Avranches. It makes a
rather large, well-shaped tree, very highly to be recom-
mended for its quality and regular cropping habits.

MADAME LYE BALTET. Dessert, December to
January, medium, 3 by 3, round, uneven. Skin, a little
rough. Colour, green or slightly yellow, marbled with
greyish russet. Flesh, white, sweet, juicy, delicately
perfumed. Eye, open in a wide slightly ribbed basin.
Stem, long, curved, woody in an irregular cavity.
Growth, moderate ; fertility moderate. Leaf, medium,
undulated, markedly serrate. Origin, raised by M.
Ernest Baltet, of Troyes, France, and introduced in
1877. A very delicious fruit, but a little difficult to
grow. A warm corner and a rich soil are necessary to
perfect it.

MADAME TREYVE. Verger, II., 6. F. Souvenir
de Madame Treyve. Dessert, August to September,
large, 3 by 3^, oval pyriform, even. Skin, smooth.
Colour, pea green to pale yellow with red flush and
russet patches. Flesh, greenish white, very melting,
sweet and refreshing. Eye, small, nearly closed in a
wide uneven basin. Stem, rather long, woody, not
sunk. Growth, vigorous at first, then spurring closely,
rather upright ; fertility good. Leaf, roundish, upfolded
finely serrate. Origin, raised by M. Treyve, a nursery-
man of Trevoux, France. It first fruited in 1858. A
very delicious fruit, well worthy of cultivation. Its
flower buds are remarkable pink.

Madeleine : see Citron des Cannes.

185

MAGNATE. Dessert, October to November, large,
pyriform, even. Skin, rough. Colour, russet brown
on yellow ground, with russet dots. Flesh, yellow,
soft, somewhat gritty on some soils. Eye, half open
nearly on level. Stem, rather long and stout. Growth,
moderate, upright spreading, making a well spurred
tree ; fertility moderate. Leaf, remarkably long, oval,
slightly upfolded, very finely crenate, turns slight
brownish red. Origin, raised by Messrs. Rivers, and
introduced about 1888.

MARECHAL DE LA COUR. Her. Pom., II., 42.
G. Hofratsbirne. (Conseilleur de la Cour.) Dessert,
October to November, large, 3 by 4^, long pyriform,
distinctly waisted, even. Skin, slightly rough. Colour,
palest yellow, almost covered with a light brown russet.
Flesh, white, melting, a little gritty, exceedingly juicy,
vinous flavour. Eye, large, open, almost on level.
Stem, long and slender, generally curved. Growth,
very vigorous ; fertility good. Leaf, large, even, oval,
little upcupped, serrate, turns faint orange brown.
Origin, raised by Van Mons in 1841. It makes a rather
upright tree. The quality varies according to soil, a
warm one being best. It makes a good standard.

MARGUERITE MARRILAT. Rev. Hort., 1883, 348.
Dessert, September, enormous, 3 J by 5 or larger, long
calebasse form, uneven. Skin, a little rough. Colour,
golden yellow with brilliant vermilion flush and slight
russet. Flesh, pale yellow, extremely juicy. Eye,
small, open in a shallow uneven basin. Stem, medium
to short, very stout, inserted at an angle. Growth,
remarkably upright, stout shoots ; fertility great.
Leaf, large, round oval, shallow serrate, turns vermilion,
falls rather early. Origin, raised by M. Marrillat, a
nurseryman of Craponne, near Lyons. First exhibited
in 1872. A very fine fruit of second quality in flavour,
but a favourite for market use and a prodigious cropper.
It does not rot at the core as do so many autumnal
pears.

186

MARIE BENOIST. Her. Pom., II., 68. Dessert,
February, large, 3j by 4, round conical, uneven, usually
lop sided. Skin, a little rough. Colour, greenish
yellow marked with thick patches of dark russet. Flesh,
white, melting, a little gritty, very juicy, and of fair
flavour. Eye, small, open in a wide and deep basin.
Stem, stout and woody, usually inserted at an angle.
Growth, strong ; fertility fair. Leaf, down held,
nearly flat, entire or shallowly irregularly serrate, turns
medium red, hangs mid. Origin, raised by M. Auguste
Benoist, of Brissac, France, and dedicated to his daughter
Marie. It first fruited in 1863. As usually grown this
is rather a coarse fruit, but in France it is of good
quality. It probably requires a wall to bring out its
best qualities.

MARIE LOUISE. Her. Pom., II., 55. (Marie
Louise Delcourt, Princess de Parme.) Dessert, October
to November, medium, 3 by 4, long oval, a little uneven.
Skin, smooth. Colour, pale green to yellow, with thin
patches of fine russet, especially around the eye. Flesh,
very pale, juicy, a little gritty, of a distinct and refined
flavour. Eye, large, open, nearly on the surface of the
fruit. Stem, rather long, woody, generally a little
curved, often in a slight cavity. Growth, makes a
spreading, straggling tree ; fertility good. Leaf, narrow
oval, held open, nearly entire, turns black. Origin,
raised by the Abbe Duquesne of Mons in 1809, and named
after Napoleon's second wife, the Archduchess of
Austria. This is now one of the best known of the
pears. It does well as a standard on suitable soils.
On dry soils it comes rather more russeted and keeps
rather longer.

Marie Louise Delcourt : see Marie Louise.

MARIE LOUISE D'UCCLE. Her. Pom., II., 55.
G. Uccle's Marie Louise. Dessert, October, fairly large,
3j by 4, oval, pyriform. Skin, a little rough. Colour,
golden yellow, almost covered with fawn russet dots
and patches. Flesh, palest yellow, very juicy, deliciously

flavoured. Eye, medium, closed in a deep and
narrow basin. Stem, stout, woody, rather long, generally
at an angle. Growth, rather slender ; fertility very
good. Leaf, rather large, down curved, upfolded,
boldly serrate, turns dull yellow red to black. Origin,
raised by M. Gambier, of Rhode, near St. Genese, near
Brussels, from a seed of Marie Louise. A fine pear, not
quite justly appreciated. It is unfortunately very
subject to scab. It makes a compact tree, but with a
lot of whippy shoots.

Medaille : see Napoleon.

MICHAELMAS. (Michaelmas Nelis.) Dessert, mid
to end September, medium, 2\ by 2j, round, slightly
conical. Skin, slightly rough. Colour, yellowish green,
almost covered with cinnamon dots and nettings. Flesh,
melting, yellow, of excellent flavour, remarkably juicy
and sweet. Eye, open in a shallow, even basin. Stem,
stout, | in., in a deep cavity. Growth, upright spreading,
making a well spurred tree. Leaf, very down curved,
held nearly flat, serrate, turning a beautiful scarlet.
Origin, raised in a cottage garden near Gravesend from
a seed of Winter Nelis, and introduced by Messrs.
Bunyard & Co. in 1900. A most excellent fruit in best
condition before it turns yellow. This was originally
called Michaelmas Nelis.

Michaelmas Nelis : see Michaelmas.

MONARCH. Her. Pom., L, 4. F. Monarque de
Knight. Dessert, January to February, small to medium,
round conical, even. Skin, rough. Colour, yellow-
green, covered with brown russet. Flesh, yellow,
melting and delicious flavour. Eye, open in a shallow
basin. Stem, rather short, stout. Growth, rather
spreading, making a round headed tree ; fertility good.
Leaf, small, roundish, dark, a little upfolded, shallow
crenate, turns orange red. Origin, raised by T. A.
Knight, probably from a seed of the Autumn Berga-

188

motte in 1830, and named in honour of William IV.
It can be easily recognised in winter by its very large
oval buds, which stand out like those of a red currant.

MONCHALLARD. Decaisne, V., 17. (Epine d'Ete*,
Epine Rose.) Dessert, August to September, fairly
large, 2\ by 3^, pyriform, even. Skin, smooth.
Colour, bright yellow with slight flush and strewn with
numerous greenish dots. Flesh, very white, juicy,
melting, flavour very delicious. Eye, open in a shallow
basin. Stem, long, moderately stout, in a shallow
cavity. Growth, vigorous, upright ; fertility very
good. Leaf, long oval, upfolded, down hanging, shallow
serrate. Origin, found in a wood at Valeuil (Dordogne),
about 1810, by M. Monchallard. According to a
writer in the Revue Horticole (1863, 179), the fruit was
first named Monsallard. A very delicious early fruit,
now rather overlooked.

NAPOLEON. Her. Pom., II., 38. (Medaille, Liart,
etc.) Dessert, October to November, large 3 by 3j,
pyriform. Skin, smooth. Colour, yellowish-green with
numerous russet dots and russet patches around eye
and stem. Flesh, white, fine grained, a little gritty,
extraordinarily juicy, sweet, and briskly flavoured.
Eye, closed in a very deep narrow basin. Stem, short
and stout in a rather deep and irregular cavity.
Growth, moderate ; fertility good. Leaf, rather large,
little upfolded, down curved, turns orange red,
falls early. Origin, raised by M. Liart, a gardener at
Mons, in 1808. The tree was purchased by 1'Abbe
Duquesne for 33 francs, and by him named Napoleon.
There is a pear also named Napoleon III., equally
distinct as were the two Emperors. Its numerous
synonyms, such as Roi de Rome, Gloire de 1'Empereur and
Captif de St. Helene, tell their story of Imperial ambitions
and their result. A valuable fruit, hardly strong
enough on Quince for most soils.

NEC PLUS MEURIS. Her. Pom., II., 68. Dessert
February to March, small, 2 by 2, round oval, very

uneven. Skin, a little rough. Colour, greenish yellow
nearly covered with rough brown russet and
occasionally with a slight brown-red flush. Flesh, pale
yellow, melting and deliciously perfumed. Eye, large
open in a small basin. Stem, very short and stout,
continued. Growth, upright ; fertility excellent.
Origin, this pear is not the Nee Plus Meuris of France,
or Van Mons, which is our Beurre d'Anjou. The figure
in the Herefordshire Pomona is correct but the origin
given is wrong. I have not been able to find the correct
name of this variety, and it is very probably French or
Belgian.

NOUVEAU POITEAU. Her.Pom.,II.,s$. G.Neue
Poiteau. (Retour de Rome, Choix de rAmateur.)
Dessert, November, rather large, 3f by 4, oval pyriform,
uneven. Skin, rough. Colour, pale greenish yellow,
nearly covered with reddish russet and slight flush.
Flesh, white, slightly green under the skin, very
melting, sweet and quite first class. Eye, closed or
slightly open, rather small, in a large uneven basin.
Stem, stout, rather long, generally at an angle. Growth,
upright spreading, making an angle of 45 ° ; fertility
good. Leaf, rather large, slightly upfolded, regularly
and finely crenate. Origin, raised by Van Mons and
first fruited in 1843. It was dedicated to the great
pomologist Poiteau, but as there already existed a
variety bearing this name the adjective was added.

NOUVELLE FULVIE. Fl. and Pom., 1863, 64.
G. Neue Fulvie. (Fulvie Gregoire, Belle de Jarnac.)
Dessert, November to December, 2\ by 3j, pyriform, a
little uneven. Skin smooth, covered with fine
cinnamon russet. Colour, golden brown, Flesh, pale
yellow, very juicy, a little firm, moderately good flavour.
Eye, open in a wide, shallow, slightly ribbed basin.
Stem, rather long, generally at an angle, continued.
Growth, rather spreading, branches arching ; fertility
good. Leaf, small, narrow, upfolded, very finely
crenate, light green, turning bright orange, falling
rather early. Origin, raised by M. Gregoire Nelis, of

190

Joidoigne, Belgium, in 1854. A useful fruit, keeping
sometimes till January. It makes a good cordon, but
requires a wall in the North.

OIGNON. Culinary, October, medium, 3 by 3,
flattened round, inclining to Bergamotte shape. Skin,
rough. Colour, dull yellow, almost covered with patches
of rough russet . Flesh, coarse grained, breaking, suitable
only for cooking. Eye, large, open in a shallow basin.
Stem, long and woody in a deep cavity. Growth,
extremely vigorous ; fertility extraordinary. Leaf,
large, round, held flat, irregularly serrate. Origin,
uncertain. It is described by Andre Leroy only so
far as I have discovered. It may be, as he suggests, the
Oignon d'Ete de Bretagne, mentioned by Le Lectier
in 1628. This is grown for market purposes around
Maidstone, and is perhaps the most fertile pear grown,
branches breaking down through the weight of the
fruit. In growth and leaf it is very distinct.

OLIVIER DE SERRES. Her. Pom., II., 40.
Dessert, February to April, medium, 2f by 2j, round
much flattened, apple-like, uneven. Skin, rough.
Colour, olive green, covered with rough russet. Flesh,
white, half melting, with a brisk musky flavour. Eye,
a little open in a deep basin. Stem, medium, stout,
woody, in a deep cavity. Growth, rather weak and
dwarf ; fertility irregular. Leaf, long, narrow, much
upfolded, neatly and markedly serrate, turns yellow-
brown, occasionally a little red. Origin, raised by
M. Boisbunel of Rouen from a seed of Forunee d'Angers,
first fruited in 1861. It was named after Olivier de
Serres the great French Agronome whose " Theatre
d' Agriculture " was first published in 1600 and to whose
birthplace Arthur Young made a pious pilgrimage.
One of the best of late varieties deserving a wall to bring
it to perfection. The illustration in the Herefordshire
Pomona shows the fruit too yellow in colour. It is
more greenish brown in reality.

Orpheline d'Enghien : see Beurre d'Arenberg.
191

PASSE COLMAR. Verger I., 59. G., Regentin.
Dessert, medium, 2j by 3 J, pyriform, nearly even. Pale
green, smooth, changing to pale yellow, often with thin
russet patches and dots. Flesh, yellowish-white,
melting, sweet and perfumed, extremely juicy. Eye,
open in a fairly deep basin. Stem, medium, stiff and
woody, inserted on level or in a slight cavity. Growth,
moderate, a little spreading, leaves small, oval, held out
on a long pedicel, regularly serrate. Origin, raised by
the Abbe Hardenpont at Mons about 1760. There
are several Pears named Passe Colmar, with and with-
out a distinguishing adjective, Santa Claus being one
(q.v.). This, however, is the variety described by
Leroy and long known under this name in England.

PASSE CRASANNE. Verger, I., 38. G. Edel
Crasanne. Dessert, March to April, large 3 by 3j, round
oval, uneven and bossed on surface . Skin, rough . Colour,
dull yellow brown, almost covered with rough russet
Flesh, pale yellow-white, fine grained, very sweet and
juicy, nearly first class. Eye, large closed, in a wide
uneven basin. Stem, medium, stout and woody, in
a narrow cavity. Growth, compact and bushy ;
fertility fair. Leaf, large, elliptical, tapering equally
to each end, upfolded, undulating, hanging very
late, almost entire, turning pale yellow. Origin,
raised by M. Boisbunel, of Rouen, and first fruited in
1855- Makes a dense bushy tree, well spurred. A very
fine fruit when well grown and ripened. A good wall
with plenty of water during the growing season are
desirable.

PETITE MARGUERITE. Lauche, IT., 87. G.

Kleine Margarethe. Dessert, end August, 2j by 2,
flat conical, uneven. Skin, fairly smooth. Colour,
greenish yellow brown, red flush and broad stripes.
Flesh, soft, a little mealy, pale, flavour very good,
extremely juicy. Eye, nearly closed in a shallow basin.
Stem, short and stout in a slight cavity. Growth,
moderate, rather upright ; fertility remarkable. Leaf,
rather large, long oval, finely but irregularly serrate,

192

turning orange red. Origin, raised by Andre* Leroy at
Angers about 1862. A very valuable early fruit, making
an excellent standard and ripening just before Williams.

Phillipe Goes : see Baronne de Mello.
Piquery : see Urbaniste.

PITMASTON DUCHESS. Her. Pom.. I., 13. F.
Williams' Duchess. G. Pitmaston's Herzogin. Exhi-
bition or dessert, October to November, very large,
3j by 4j, long pyriform. Skin, slightly rough. Colour,
pale yellow, marbled with brown russet, especially
around the stem. Flesh, pale yellow melting, very
juicy and pleasantly flavoured in a good season. Eye,
open in a rather deep basin. Stem, long and woody,
generally at an angle. Growth, upright spreading,
very strong, making a good open tree ; fertility good.
Leaf, very large, round oval, dark, held nearly flat,
irregularly serrate, turns dark red. Origin, raised by
Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston about 1865, from Duchess
d'Angouleme x Glou Morceau. A very popular fruit
though decried by some, but of good quality when
well finished. The figure referred to is rather smaller
than the average.

Poire d'Esperen : see BergamoUe d'Esperen.
Poire de Juillet : see Doyenne d'Ete.
Poire de Pentecote : see Easter Beurre.

PRESIDENT BARABE. Dessert, till March, rather
small, 2| by 3, round conical, uneven. Skin, rough.
Colour, dull greenish yellow russet. Flesh, white, half
melting, little acid with a delicious flavour. Eye, open
almost on level. Stem, rather stout, fleshy, in a
slight cavity. Growth, upright, but weak and apt
to weep when older ; fertility moderate. Leaf, rather
small, narrow oval, sharply pointed, undulating, finely
serrate or entire, turns duU brown, falls early. Origin,

193

raised by M. Sannier, of Rouen, from a seed of Berga-
motte Esperen ; first fruited in 1870. Introduced in
1877. This is a useful late variety, the flavour being
more refreshing than most pears of its season.

PRESIDENT D'OSMONVILLE. Dessert, October,
medium, oval tapering to stem, much bossed. Skin,
rough. Colour, yellow, with russet veins expecially
round stem. Flesh, white, melting, a little gritty,
flavour very good, slightly musky. Eye, closed in a
shallow wrinkled basin. Stem, rather long and thin.
Growth, very strong, rather straggling ; fertility
moderate. Leaf, very large, round, little undulating,
very boldly curved serrate, turns yellow brown, falls
early. Origin, obtained in 1834 by Leon Leclerc, at
Laval, and named after the President of the
Horticultural Society of Mayenne.

PRESIDENT DROUARD. Bull d'Arb, 1886, 11.
Dessert, till March, medium, 3j by 4j, oblong pyriform,
uneven. Skin, rough. Colour, palest yellow green,
thickly covered with russet dots. Flesh, fine
grained, white, very melting, sweet, richly perfumed.
Eye, open in a rather deep even basin. Stem, rather
short, stout, and woody in a slight irregular cavity.
Growth, vigorous, upright ; fertility good. Leaf, oval,
upfolded, sharply serrate. Origin, raised by M. Olivier-
Perroquet, from a seed of B. Napoleon in" 1885. This
pear is grown for market in France. Its chief fault is
a slight tendency to scab.

PRINCESS. Dessert, November to December,
medium, 2j by 4, long conical, even. Skin,
smooth, pale yellow with red brown flush, much like
Louise Bonne, Flesh, melting and juicy sweet and
refreshing. Leaf, almost exactly like Louise Bonne.
Growth, upright, pyramidal. Raised by Messrs. Rivers
from a seed of Louise Bonne. A good and free cropping
pear.

Princess de Parme : see Marie Louise.
194

RAMILIES. Culinary, December to February, large,
3 by 3i» oval pyriform, uneven. Skin, rough. Colour,
yellow green with conspicuous russet dots and patches.
Flesh, white, very firm, dry in texture. Eye, open in
a small uneven basin. Stem, stout and fleshy at the
end of the fruit. Growth, vigorous, straggling ; fer-
tility good. Leaf, rather large, held flat, little undulating,
finely serrate. Origin, I have been unable to find the
origin of this pear. It has a most unpleasant flavour
when cooked and quite unworthy of cultivation.

Red Achan : see Achan.

Retour de Rome : see Nouveau Poiteau.

ROOSEVELT. Exhibition and dessert, October to
November, very large, 3f by 4, oval, even. Skin, very
smooth. Colour, pale creamy yellow, with brilliant
red flush and conspicuous dots. Flesh, white, little
breaking, juicy, flavour moderately good to good
according to season. Eye, open in a shallow, slightly
uneven basin. Stem, stout, rather long, fleshy in a
slightly uneven cavity. Growth, stout and compact,
upright ; fertility very good. Leaf, medium, long,
oval, sharply serrate. Origin, introduced by Messrs.
Baltet, of Troyes, France, about 1906. This is one of
the largest pears grown, and though I have not found
the fruit of more than fair quality, I am told that in
some districts it is considered better than this.

ROUSE LENCH. Her. Pom., II., 51. (Rousse
Lench.) Dessert, January to February, rather large,
2I by 3i> l°ng oval, uneven. Skin, a little rough.
Colour, pale yellow green with thin russet nearly covering
fruit, but ground colour shows through in patches.
Flesh, pale yellow, a little firm, juicy, of fair flavour.
Eye, open in a shallow basin, around which are several
bosses. Stem, very long, woody, generally curved and
inserted without depression. Growth, moderate,
rather drooping when aged ; fertility extreme. Leaf,
medium, oval, upfolded, down hanging, deeply serrate.

195

Origin, raised by T. A. Knight, and named after the
estate of Rouse Lench, near Evesham, then occupied
by Sir W. Rouse Broughton, his son-in-law. It first
fruited in 1820. A fruit of moderate merit, not coming
up to Hogg's description in my experience.

Rousse Lench : see Rouse Lench.

ROUSSELET DE RHEIMS. Verger, II., 64.
G. Rousselet von Rheims. (Girofle'.) Culinary or
dessert, September, small, 2 by 2j, oval conical, even.
Skin, smooth. Colour, greenish yellow with brown red
flush and conspicuous dots. Flesh, yellowish white,
half melting, juicy with distinct flavour, common
to the Rousselets. Eye, large, open on level. Stem,
long and slender, woody, inserted at apex of fruit.
Growth, good, making a good standard : fertility
excellent. Origin, a very old variety which was mentioned
by Le Lectier in 1628. It is occasionally found in old
orchards in this country. The Gros Rousselet is often
grown also under the name " de Rheims," but is quite
a distinct variety. An excellent cooking pear and
quite acceptable for dessert uses.

ST. GERMAIN. Decaisne, IV., 4. Culinary, Decem-
ber to January, medium, 4 by 3, long conical or calebasse,
uneven, one side rather swollen. Skin, smooth. Colour,
grass green changing to pale greenish yellow, covered
with minute russet dots and a little russet round stem
Flesh, whitish, fairly fine grained, extra juicy, very
richly perfumed. Eye, open in a very shallow basin.
Stem, ; i in., woody, generally at an angle, on surface.
Growth, vigorous, hardy ; fertility moderate. Leaf,
long oval, a little upfolded, finely serrate, held up.
Origin, this was found growing wild in the banks ot the
river Fare at St. Germain-d'Arca, and was known, to
writers in the seventeenth century. This pear has been
somewhat abused, but when grown on light soil it is of
good quality and still worth trying.

St. Michel : see Doyenne Blanc.

ST. SWITHIN. Dessert, July to August, medium,
pyriform. Skin, smooth, pale green, almost covered
with fine russet and fairly red on one side. Flesh,
greenish white, melting, sweet and refreshing. Eye,
closed in a very shallow basin. Stem, stout, one inch
long. A nice fruit, valued for its earliness, but there are
better at this season. Raised by Messrs. Rivers from
a seed of Calebasse Tougard, and introduced before 1884.

SANGUINOLE. Her. Pom.. II., 34. (De Sauge,
Grenarde.) Culinary, August to September, small,
2 by if, round conical, even. Skin, rough. Colour,
bronzed russet with slight red cheek. Flesh, firm, wine
red, gritty, slightly sweet. Eye, wide open on a level.
Stem, very long, slender, in a slight cavity. Growth,
vigorous, little spreading ; fertility great. Leaf, long
oval, finely serrate, held nearly flat, undulating. Origin,
this has been known for several centuries and is still
occasionally met with in orchards of cider fruit. There
are several varieties of pears with this curious beetroot
coloured flesh, of which drawings may be seen in
Decaisne's " Jar din Fruitier" vol. VI., plates 13 and 14.

SANTA CLAUS. Dessert, December, medium,
conical, slightly pyriform, fairly even. Skin, slightly
rough. Colour, dull brown red, practically covered
with russet. Flesh, pale yellowish, melting, and
deliciously flavoured. Eye, a little open in an even
basin. Stem, long and slender, i in. to I j in. Growth,
vigorous, upright ; fertility moderate. Leaf, large,
broad oval, upfolded, down hanging, irregularly shallow
serrate, turning rich claret red. Origin, this was intro-
duced from France by Col. Brymer, of Dorchester, and
is probably the French Passe Colmar, but not the
Passe Colmar of Hardenpont. A very delicious fruit,
which deserves the attention of all pear lovers.

SECKLE. Her. Pom., I., 28. G. Seckle's Birne.
Dessert, October to November, small, round oval, even.
Skin, rough, Colour, dark brown red with conspicuous
white dots. Flesh, yellow, tender, remarkably sweet and

197

rich. Eye, open on a level. Stem, short and stout.
Growth, rather upright, rather weak ; fertility good.
Leaf, medium, round, oval, sharply pointed, boldly
curved serrate, turns crimson brown. Origin, found in
a wood near Philadelphia by a trapper called Dutch
Jacob, and named after Mr. Seckle, a later cultivator
of the land on which it stood. Introduced to England
in 1819. A most delicious fruit of the sweetmeat
order and the favourite pear of Walt Whitman. It does
best on Pear stock as it is a little too dwarfed on
Quince.

SOLDAT LABOUREUR. Her. Pom., I., 24. G.
Blumenbach's Butterbirne. Dessert, November to Dec-
ember, medium, 3 by 3^, round pyriform, uneven.
Colour, pale yellow, nearly covered with cinnamon
russet in patches and dots. Flesh, pale yellow slightly
melting, very juicy and vinous, a little gritty. Eye,
open on a level. Stem, short and stout in a very slight
uneven cavity. Growth, strong, inclined to be upright ;
fertility excellent. Leaf, long oval, upfolded, widely
serrate. Origin, the first seedling raised by Major
Esperen (about 1820) and named by him in reference to
his career. An excellent fruit much cultivated on the
Continent, deserving more attention in this country.

SOUVENIR DE CONGRES. Her. Pom., I., 28.
Dessert, September, large, calebasse form much flattened
at eye, rather uneven. Colour, bright yellow, with
scarlet cheek and cinnamon striped russet. Flesh,
yellowish, tender, very sweet, musky flavour. Eye,
open in a rather deep uneven basin. Stem, rather long,
stout. Growth, upright spreading, spurring well, rather
compact ; fertility good. Leaf, large, roundish oval,
dark green, upfolded, neatly and regularly crenate,
turns fine crimson red. Origin, raised by M. Morel,
a nurseryman of Lyon-Vaise, France, and first fruited
in 1863. A very valuable fruit for autumnal use. The
figure in the Herefordshire Pomona is rather too small.

SUCREE DE MONTLUCON. Decaisne, VI., 27.
G. Susse von Montlugon. (Sucree Vert.) Dessert,

198

October, medium, 3 by 3f , oval conical, uneven. Skin,
smooth. Colour, lemon yellow, very rarely russet ed
in patches. Flesh, palest yellow, transparent, extremly
juicy and well flavoured. Eye, large and closed in a
narrow shallow basin. Stem, medium, rather stout and
woody. Growth, vigorous and hardy ; fertility
good. Leaf, rather large, upfolded, very neatly
serrate. Origin, found in a hedge at Montlucon, France
about 1812, by M. Rochet. A very delicious fruit,
worthy of cultivation.

Sucre*e Vert : see Sucree de Montlucon.

SUMMER BEURRE D'ARENBERG. Her. Pom.,
I., 26. F. Beurre d'Arenberg d'Ete". Dessert, Septem-
ber, rather small, 2 by 2j, short conical, even. Skin,
rough. Colour, pale green with thin russet. Flesh,
yellow, very melting and juicy, richly flavoured. Eye,
open in a rather deep basin. Stem, long, rather slender,
inserted obliquely, curved. Growth, upright spread-
ing ; fertility good. Leaf, flat, roundish, finely serrate.
Origin, raised by Mr. Rivers and first fruited in 1863.
It makes a weak tree on Quince, and should be on pear
or double grafted.

Summer Doyenne : see Doyenne d'Ete.

SUMMER ROSE. Lind. Pom. Brit., III., 102.
F. Caillot Rosa. G. Duhamel's Rosenbirne. (Caillot
Rosat, Epine Rose.y Dessert, August, small to
medium, z\ by 2, flattened round quite apple-like,
even. Skin, a little rough. Colour, pale yellow,
nearly covered with a strong red flush and large con-
spicuous dots. Flesh, white, crisp, juicy and sweet,
always rather gritty. Eye, open in a shallow basin.
Stem, long and woody in a deep and uneven cavity.
Growth, very strong ; fertility great. Leaf, oval,
nearly flat, coarsely shallow serrate. Origin, a very
old fruit, quite possibly the " Cailleau " mentioned in
the "Roman de la Rose" of Jehan de Meung (1310).

199

The name Cailleau is said to be derived from (a) the
stony concretions of the fruit, (b) the quail-like
spottings of the fruit. This is the Caillot Rosat of
France, but our English variety is quite distinct.

SWAN'S EGG. Her. Pom., II., 34. F. Oeuf de
Cygne. G. Schwaner Eierbirne. Dessert, October,
small, 2j by 2\, round, a little conical. Skin, rough.
Colour, greenish yellow almost covered with thick brown
russet, occasionally with dull brown flush. Flesh, white,
rather firm, fairly juicy and a little musky. Eye, open
almost on surface. Stem, very long ana slender,
woody. Growth, slender, very upright ; fertility great.
Leaf, fairly large, oval, almost entire. Origin, this has
been known for some years, and was first described by
Batty Langley in 1729.

THOMPSON'S. Her. Pom., II., 34. G. Die Thomp-
sons. (Van Mons, Vlesembeek.) Dessert, October to
November, fairly large, 3^ by 4, oval pyriform, very
uneven and bossed. Skin, rough. Colour, pale golden
yellow with much russet marbling. Flesh, white, very
melting and buttery, very delicious. Eye, open in a
fairly deep basin. vStem, short, and stout, generally
with a fleshy fold at insertion. Growth, upright spread-
ing ; fertility moderate. Leaf, narrow oval, little
undulating, sharply serrate, turns pale claret red.
Origin, raised by Van Mons and sent to England about
1820 without a name. Sabine, then secretary of the
Royal Horticultural Society, named it after Robert
Thompson, then fruit foreman at Chiswick . This delicious
fruit should be in all collections and worthily com-
memorates the name of our greatest pomologist. It
does best on the pear stock.

De Tongre : see Durondeau.

TRIOMPHE DE JODOIGNEi Her. Pom., I., 22.
Dessert, December to January, large, 3| by 4, oval
pyriform, tapering markedly to stem, uneven. Skin,

200

smooth. Colour, clear green changing to lemon yellow,
marbled with russet. Flesh, white, half melting, very
juicy and sweet, sometimes a little astringent. Eye,
small, open, in a shallow bossed basin. Stem, long,
stout and woody, on level. Growth, vigorous, straggling ;
fertility good. Leaf, large, oval, nearly flat, undulating,
almost entire. Origin, raised by Simon Bouvier, of
Joidoigne, in 1830, first fruited in 1843. Rather a
variable fruit ; in some soils it is quite good.

TRIOMPHE DE VIENNE. Dessert, September,
medium, 3| by 2j, pyriform oval, uneven. Skin,
smooth. Flesh, nearly white, melting, very juicy and
of delicate flavour. Eye, open in a shallow basin.
Stem, ij in., surrounded by stronger russet. Growth,
moderate on Quince ; fertility very good. Leaf, medium
rounded oval, entire or faintly crenate, turns brilliant
crirrson red. Origin, raised by M. Collaud, gardener
at Montagnon, in 1864, and put into commerce by M.
Claude Blanchet, of Vienne, France. A valuable fruit
which will be appreciated by those who find Williams
too strongly scented. A little gritty ; it is rather weak
on Quince, and does best on pear for most soils.

URBANISTE. Her. Pom., II., 48. F. des Urbanistes.
G. Colomas Herbst Butterbirne. (Rquery, Beurre*
Drapiez, Coloma, etc.) Dessert, October, medium, 2| by
3j, roundish oval, variable, even. Skin, smooth, almost
greasy. Colour, bright, yellow, dotted and marbled
with greyish russet. Flesh, white, fine grained, very
melting and buttery, very juicy and of an agreeable
sub-acid perfumed flavour. Eye, open in a shallow
basin. Stem, short and stout, often fleshy. Growth,
moderate at first, later becoming quite vigorous ;
fertility good. Leaf, oval, upfolded, nearly entire.
Origin, unknown. An excellent fruit not much grown
now. It has submitted as Leroy says, to many " sur-
prenant bapt ernes," and has a long list of syonyms.
It does well on Quince, Urbaniste Seedling is a distinct
variety.

201

UVEDALES ST. GERMAIN. Her. Pom., L, 15.
F. Belle Angevine. (Belle Angevine.) Culinary, till
March, enormous, 3 J by 5 J, very long, pyriform or cale-
basse, uneven. Skin, smooth. Colour, grass green
changing to pale yellow, covered with sharp black
dots and a ring of russet around eye. Flesh, white
firm, gritty. Eye, closed, much twisted, surrounded by
uneven bosses. Stem, very long and stout, fleshy,
inserted at end of fruit with a few uneven bosses around
it. Growth, extra vigorous ; fertility moderate. Leaf,
large, pointed oval, upfolded, pale, regularly and finely
serrate, turns deep crimson. Origin, uncertain. It was
named Belle Angevine by M. Audusson, a nurseryman
at Angers, about 1820, but it is probably much older.
It was named after Dr.Uvedale, who lived at Enfield about
1690. Belle Angevine is therefore a later name. Too
gritty for stewing and quite valueless for any purpose
except to " epater les bourgeois." As Leroy says,
" elle paie de mine, voila tout ! "

Van Mons : see Thompson's.

VAN MONS LEON LE CLERC. Fl. and Pom.,
1866, 89. G. Van Mons Butterbirne. Dessert, end
October to November, large, 3j by 4j, oval, slightly
pyriform, even. Skin, smooth, becoming almost greasy
when ripe. Colour, straw yellow, with many touches
of grey russet specially marked around stem. Flesh,
greenish white, fine melting, very juicy, with delicious
Bergamot flavour. Eye, small open almost on level.
Stem, medium, fairly stout, level with surface. Growth,
upright, slightly spreading ; fertility moderate. Leaf,
long oval, pale, nearly flat, turns pinkish orange. Origin,
raised at Laval before 1828, by M. Leon le Clerc, and
dedicated to Van Mons. It is rather delicate on Quince,
and is best double grafted. It often keeps till nearly
Christmas in colder situations, but should be gathered
fairly early and very carefully handled.

VERULAM. (Black Beum*.) Culinary, till March,
fairly large, 3 by 3j, round conical, uneven, Skin,

202

rough, entirely covered with yellowish brown russet.
Flesh, greenish white, coarse, and slightly sweet, turning
a fine red when cooked. Stem, stout and woody, I in.
long. Eye, open, almost on level with surface.
Fertility good. Leaf fairly large, oval and faintly
serrate. Origin, there are so many conflicting accounts,
of the origin of this fruit that I cannot feel sure of the
exact history. A rather inferior fruit, seldom better
than cooking quality.

VICAR OF WINKFIELD. Her. Pom., II., 66. F.
Cure. G. Pastorenbirn. Culinary, December to Janu-
ary, very large, 3 j by 4j, long calebasse, uneven. Skin,
smooth. Colour, grass green fading to pale yellow.
Flesh, pale yellow, rather firm, dry and woolly. Eye,
large and clove like, wide open in a shallow narrow
basin. Stem, long and woody, generally inserted at
an angle. Growth, very vigorous ; fertility good.
Leaf, round, sharply pointed, a little uncupped, held
out, regularly and finely serrate. Origin, discovered
in a wood near Villiers-en-Brenne, France, about 1760,
by M. Leroy, cure of the parish. It was introduced to
England by the Rev. W. L. Rham, of Winkfield, Berk-
shire, to which circumstance it owes its English name.
This variety grows very vigorously and makes a good
standard or pyramid. Some authors have stated that
in a warm year it attains dessert quality but I have
not found this so.

Vlesembeek : see Thompson's.
White Doyenne* : see Doyenne Blanc.
Wiehelmine : see Beurre d'Amanlis.

WILLIAMS BON CHRETIEN. Her. Pom., L, 9.
G. Williams Christ birn. (Bartlett.) Dessert, September,
fairly large, 3^ by 4}, oval pyriform, uneven. Skin,
nearly smooth. Colour, golden yellow with russet dots
and marbling and faint red stripes. Flesh, white,
transparent, very juicy and sweet, with a strong musky

203

flavour. Eye, open, in shallow irregular basin. Stem,
short, rather stout, generally at an angle. Growth,
moderate ; fertility good. Leaf, medium, round, finely
and regularly serrate, hangs late, turns rich crimson
red. Origin, raised by a schoolmaster named Stair, of
Aldermaston, about 1770. In that county it is still
called " Stair's Pear." It took its name " Williams "
from its distributor, a nurseryman of Turnham Green ;
on its introduction to America it was again named after
its importer, Mr. Bartlett. This is quite the best of
early Pears, and should be gathered when still green
and ripened in the fruit-room. The musky flavour is
less pronounced when grown on a North wall. It makes
a good standard.

WINDSOR. F.Madame. G. Windsor Birn. (Halle-
mine.) Dessert, August, meoium, 2\ by 3j, oval pyri-
form. Skin, very smooth, Colour, palest lemon
yellow. Flesh, crisp, white, slightly acid, no particular
flavour. Eye, open on level with prominent ribs around.
Stem, long, fairly stout, inserted without depression.
Growth, vigorous ; fertility good. Leaf, large, round,
held flat, sharply serrate. Origin, according to Leroy
this was raised by an amateur in Holland from a seed
of the Bonne Chretien d'Ete, not far from the village
of Hallemine. First described by Knoop in 1771, under
the name Hallum Bonne. This is often called Cuisse
Madame in England, but in error. It makes a large,
upright standard, but keeps for so short a period that
it is not worth growing.

Winter Achan : see Achan.

WINTER NELIS. Her. Pom., II., 38. F. Nelis
d'Hiver. G. Coloma d'Hiver. (Bonne de Malines.)
Dessert, November to January, medium, 2\ by 2 J, round
conical, a little uneven. Skin, rough. Colour, greenish
yellow nearly covered with thin dark brown russet,
increasing round eye. Flesh, greenish white, trans-
parent, very juicy and sweet, delicately perfumed.
Eye, open in a shallow even basin. Stem, rather long,

204

woody in a narrow uneven cavity. Growth, weak ;
fertility good. Leaf, rather small, narrow oval, held
flat, shallow serrate or entire. Origin, raised at Malines
by Jean Charles Nelis, and imported into this country
in 1818. This is one of the most valuable winter pears.
It ripens slowly and successively, but is ready to be
eaten before the green has changed much. It is best
grafted on pear, and makes a nice standard.

WINTER WINDSOR. Culinary, November, medium
2 J by 3, conical pyriform, even. Skin, smooth. Colour,
greenish yellow with light red brown flush . Flesh, white,
firm, tasteless. Eye, open in a very wide shallow basin.
Stem, i in., fleshy at insertion, continued. Growth,
vigorous ; fertility very good. Leaf, long oval, held
down, nearly flat, shallow serrate. Origin, an old English
variety mentioned by Parkinson. Hogg gives Petworth
as a synonym, but Parkinson enumerates this separately.
Quite worthless, as it rapioly rots at the core in November.

ZEPHIRIN GREGOIRE. Her. Pom.. II., 38.
G. Zephirin Butterbirn. Dessert, November to January,
small, 2| by 2|, round conical. Skin smooth. Colour,
green fading to pale yellow green with irregular patches
of fine cinnamon russet and numerous small dots.
Flesh, pale yellow, very tender, flavour very sweet and
highly perfumed. Eye, rather small, open in a shallow
even basin. Stem, rather short, very stout and \\oody,
on level. Growth, very dwarf ; fertility good. Leaf,
rather small, round oval, upfolded, undulated, generally
entire, turns dark claret red. Origin, raised by M.
Gregoire at Joidoigne, supposedly from seeds of Passe
Colmar. First fruited in 1843. This valuable fruit
shares with Josephine de Malines the quality of keeping
over a long season in the fruit room and is one of the
most reliable of its season. It should be worked on
pear.

Vh'ish & Baker, Printer!, Maidstone.

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