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CONTENTS OF REEL 230

1) Pennsylvania Dept. of Agriculture

Handbook of Pennsylvania standards for grading and marketing

fruits and vegetables
MNS# PSt SNPaAg230.1

2) Morfit, Campbell

Manures, their composition, preparation, and action upon soils

MNS# PSt SNPaAg230.2

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The horse
MNS# PSt SNPaAg230.3

CONTENTS OF REEL 230 (CONTINUED)

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War rations for Pennsylvanians
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5) Pacic, Chiarles Lathrop
The war garden victorious
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Author: Pennsylvania Dept. of Agriculture

Title: Handbook of Pennsylvania standards for grading
and marketing fruits and vegetables

Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.?

Copyright Date: 1944

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Handbook of

PennsylTania Standards

for

GRADING AND MARKETING
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

B(^

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lauMMABx axotmuo

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

MILES HORST, SECRETARY

1944

®-

THE PENNSYLVANIA

STATE COLLEGE

LIBRARY

l^i

M

M

S.

Handbook of

Pennsylvania Standards

for

GRADING AND MARKETING
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

Commonweahh of Pennsylvania

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

MILES HORST, SECRETARY

1944

FOREWORD

THE accompanying standard grades for fresh
fruits and vegetables and raw cannery products
have been estabhshed and promulgated by the
Department of Agriculture of the Commonwealth
of Pcnnsvlvania in accordance with the provisions
of the Act of July 28, 1941, P. L. 525, and laws
amendatory thereof, relating to the standards for
the grade or other classifications of farm products.

These official grades sxipcrsede all grades for the
above products which have been previously estab-
lished in Pennsylvania and will remain in effect
until amended or superseded by the grades here-
after established. The grades for Maple Syrup
are included in this booklet for those who are
desirous of using these standards.

These standard grades are voluntar>' and their
use is optional. Persons who pack, consign for
sale or sell products marked with a designated
grade which do not meet the minimum require-
ments of the grade, are subject to fines ranging
from twenty-five dollars to five hundred dollars.

Pennsylvania Standards for

GRADING AND MARKETING

Fruits and Vegetables

8T.\NDARI) GR.ADES FOR .\PPLE8

(RevUed October. 1939)
V. 8. Fancy shall consist of apples of one variety
which are mature (!)• but not overripe (2), carefully
handpicked (3), clean (4). fairly well formed (5).
free from decay, internal browning, internal break-
down, scald, freezing injury, broken skins, and bruises
(except those Incident to proper handling and pack-
ing), and visible watercore. The apples shall also be
free from damage (7) caused by russetlng (7a), sun-
burn (7b). sprayburn (7b). llmbrubs (7c), hall (7d),
drought spot (7d) scars (7d). disease (7e), insects
(7f), or mechanical or other means (7). Each apple
of this grade shall have the amount of color specified
hereinafter for the variety.

U. 8. No. 1, The requirements for this grade are
the same as U. S. Fancy except that less color is
required for all varieties except yellow and green
varieties for which the requirements for both grades
are the same. Apples of this grade shall be of one
variety, mature (1) but not overripe (2), carefully
handpicked (3). clean (4), fairly well formed (5). free
from decay, internal browning, internal breakdown,
scald, freezing Injury, broken skins and bruises (ex-
cept those Incident to proper handling and packing),
and visible watercore. The apples shall also be free
from damage (7) caused by russetlng (7a), sunburn
(7b). sprayburn (7b), limbrubs (7c), hail (7d).
drought spot (7d), scars (7d), disease (7e), Insects
(7f). or mechanical or other means (7). Each apple
of this grade shall have the amount of color specified
hereinafter for the variety.

r. S. Commercial shall consist of apples of one
variety which meet the requirements of I'. S. No. 1
except as to color. This grade is provided for apples
which are mature but which do not have sufBcient
color to meet the specifications of U. S. No. 1.

r. 8. No. 1 Early shall consist of apples of one
variety which meet the requirements of U. S. No. 1
except as to color and maturity. Apples of this grade
may have no red color and need not be mature. This

•See "Definitions of Terms.

2740 aT

grade is provided for early varieties only, such as
Oldenburg (Duchess of Oldenburg), Gravenstein, Low-
land, Raspberry (Liveland Raspberry), Red June, Sum-
mer Hagloe, Twenty Ounce, Wealthy, Williams, Bailey
Sweet, Bietigheimer and other varieties which ripen at
the same period and which are often used for cooking
rather than for eating out of hand.

r. 8. Utility shall consist of apples of one variety
which are mature (1) but not overripe (2), carefully
handpicked (3), not seriously deformed (6) ; free
from decay, internal browning, internal breakdown,
scald, freezing injury. The apples shall also be free
from serious damage (8) caused by dirt or other
foreign matter, broken skins, bruises, russeting (8a),
sunburn (8b), sprayburn (8b), limbrubs (8c), bail
(8d), drought spot (8d), scars (8d), visible watercore
(8e), disease (8f), insects (8g), or mechahical or
other means (8).

V. 8. Itility Early shall consist of apples of one
variety which meet the requirements of U. S. Utility
except as to maturity. Aples of this grade need not
be mature. This grade is provided for early varieties
only, such as Oldenburg (Duchess of Oldenburg), Gra-
venstein. Lowland Raspberry (Liveland Raspberry),
Red June, Summer Hagloe, Twenty Ounce. Wealthy,
Williams. Bailey Sweet, Bietigheimer and other va-
rieties which ripen at the same period and which are
often used for cooking rather than for eating out
of hand.

Combination CiradeH. Combinations of the al>ove
grades may also be used as follows :

Combination U. S. Fancy and U. S. No. 1.

Combination U. S. No. 1 and U. S. Commercial.

Combination U. S. No. 1 and U. S. Utility.

Combinations other than these are not provided for
in connection with the United States apple grades.
When combination grades are packed, at least 50 per
cent of the apples in any container shall meet the
requirements of the higher grade in the combination.

r. 8. Hall Oracle shall consist of apples which meet
the requirements of U. S. No. 1 except that hail marks
where the skin has not been broken and well healed
hail marks where the skin has been broken shall be
permitted ; provided the apples are fairly well formed.

Vnclaniiifled shall consist of apples which are not
graded in conformity with any of the foregoing grades.

Color

In addition to the foregoing requirements for U S
Fancy and U. S. No. 1, each apple of these grades must
have the percentage of color shown in the table below.

For the solid red varieties the percentage stated
refers to the area of the surface which must be covered
with a good shade of solid red characteristic of the
variety, except that an apple having color of a lighter
shade of solid red or striped red than that considered
as good shade of red characteristic of the variety may
be admitted to a grade provided it has sufficient addi-
tional area covered so that the apple has as good an
appearance as one with the minimum percentage of
good red characteristic of the variety required for the
grade.

For the striped red varieties the percentage stated
refers to the area of the surface in which the stripes
of good shade of red characteristic of the variety shall
predominate over the stripes of lighter red, green or
yellow. However, an apple having color of a lighter
shade than that considered as good shade of red
characteristic of the variety may be admitted to a
grade provided it has sufficient additional area covered
so that the apple has as good an appearance as one
with the minimum percentage of stripes of good red
characteristic of the variety required for the grade
Faded brown stripes shall not be considered as color
except in the case of the Gray Baldwin variety.

U. S. Fancy U. S. No. 1
Percent Percent

Variety
8ulld Red:

Aiken red

Arkansas Black

Black Ben

Detroit Red

Esopus Spitzenburg . . .

Gano

King David

Lowry

Opalescent

Virginia Beauty

Wlnesap

Other similar varieties

Striped or Partl&aly Red:

Jonathan

Kinnard

Mcintosh

50
50
50
50
50
60
50
50
60
50
50
60

50
50
60

2S
28
t6

26^

25

25

25

25

25

25

25
25

Variety

Missouri Pippin

Other similar varieties . .
Arkansas (Mammoth Black

Twig)

Delicious

Baldwin

Gray Baldwin

Ben Davis

Bonum

Fameuse

Limbertwig

Xero

Northern Spy

Ontario

Paragon

Ralls (Geneton)

Rainer

Rome Beauty

Salome

Slayman Winesap

Sutton

Tompkins King

Wagener

Wealthy

WiUowlwig

York Imperial

Other similar varieties . . .
Stark

Ktri|>tHl or Partially Re<i:

Hubbardston

Other similar varieties . .

Red June

Williams

Other similar varieties . . .

Gravenstein

Jeffries

Oldenburg (Duchess of Old-
enburg)

Red Astrachan

Shiawassee

Smokehouse

Summer Rambo

Twenty Ounce

Other similar varieties . .

Red Cheeked or fUunhed:

Hyde King

Maiden Blush

U. S. Fancy

Percent

50

50

33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
25

25
25
33
33
33
25
25

25
25
25
25
25
25

(1)
(1 )

U. S. No. 1

Percent

25

25

16
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
10

10
10
Tinge of color

None

7

l^- S. Fancy U. S. No. 1
„ ^^""'^^y Percent Percent

Monmouth (Red Cheeked

Pippin) (1)

Winter Banana (d

Other red cheeked or

blushed varieties (i) •<

Yellow or irreen varieties .. (2) (2)

(1) Blushed cheek. (2) Characteristic color.

Color RequlrementN for Some Varieties of Apples
Not IJNted in V. S. Grades
Solid Red Variety, U. S. Fancy 50 per cent, and
U. S. No. 1. 25 per cent: Black Oxford.
Striped or Partially Red VarletieH:

1. U. S. Fancy 50 per cent and V. S. Xo. 1, 25
per cent: Champion. Cortland. Crimson Beauty, Dela-
ware Red (Lawver). Fancy. Gilliflower (Black), Gllli-
flower, Mother, Snow (Fameuse).

2. U. S. Fancy 33 per cent and IT. s. Xo. 1, 15
per cent: Alexander. Apple of Commerce (Beach).
Banks (Red Gravenstein) (Beach), Blue Pearmain!
Buckingham, Canada Red, Chenango, Cooper Market
Doctor, Domlne. Ingram. Jeffries. Kaighn. Spitzenburg!
Lankford, Nlckjack, Oliver. Seek-no-further, Sheriff,
Smith Cider, Vandevere, Wolf River.

3. U. S. Fancy 33 per cent and U. S. No. 1 10
per cent : Shackleford.

4. U. S. Fancy 33 per cent and U. S. Xo. 1.
Tinge: Benonl. Early Mcintosh. Early Strawberry.
Sops of Wine.

5. U. S. Fancy 25 and U. S. No. 1. 10 per cent :
Bismarck. Rambo.

6. U. S. Fancy 25 and U. S. No. 1. Tinge: Bentley.
Bietigheimer. Blenheim, Boskoop. Fallawater (Tulpe-
hocken). Hagloe. July. Liveland Raspberry. Lowland
Raspberry. Milwaukee (.Mass.). Mlnkler. Pewaukee.

Red Cheek or Blushed VarletieH: U. S. Fancy.
"Blushed Cheek" and I'. S. No. 1. "none"; Batchelors
Blush. Ewalt. Gideon, Lady.

Yellow or Green Varieties: with both U. S. Fancy
and U. s. .\o. 1 requiring "Characteristic Color":
Belleflower (Yellow). Early Harvest. Early Ripe. Fall
Pippin. (Jloria Mundi. Golden Russet. Green Sweet.
Grimes Golden. Huntsman, Mann, Northwestern Green-
ing. Orange. Ortley. Primate, Rhode Island Greening.
Roxbury. Russet, Starr, Swaar, Sweet Bough, Tolman
Sweet Transparent (Yellow), White Pearmain.

Deflnitiona of Term*

As used in these grades :

1. "Mature" means having reached the stage of
maturity which will insure the proper completion of
the ripening process.

Before a mature apple becomes overripe it will show
varying degrees of firmness depending upon the stage
of the ripening process. The following terms are used
for describing these different stages of maturity of
apples.

"Hard" means apples with tenacious flesh and
starchy flavor. Apples at this stage are suitable for
storage and long-distance shipment.

"Firm" means apples with tenacious flesh but be-
coming crisp with a slight starchy flavor except the
Delicious variety. Apples at this stage are also suit-
able for storage and long-distance shipment.

"Firm ripe" means with crisp flesh except that In
apples of the Gano, Ben Davis and Rome Beauty
varieties, the flesh may be slightly mealy. Apples at
this stage may be shipped long distances but should
be moved into consumption within a short period of
time.

"Ripe" means mealy and soon to become soft for
the variety. Apples at this stage should be moved im-
mediately into consumption.

2. "Overripe" means dead ripe, very mealy or soft,
past commercial utility.

3. "Carefully bandpicked" means that the apples
do not show evidence of rough handling or of having
been on the ground.

4. "Clean" means free from excessive dirt, dust,
spray residue or other foreign material.

5. "Fairly well formed" means that the apples may
be slightly abnormal in shape but not to an extent
which detracts materially from the appearance of the
fruit.

6. "Seriously deformed" means so badly misshapen
that the appearance is severely affected.

7. "Damage" means any injury or defect which
materially detracts from the appearance or keeping
quality of the apples.

(a) Russet I ng which exceeds the following shall
be considered as damage :

Kusseting which Is excessively rough on Roxbury
Russet and other similar varieties.

Russeting on other varieties which covers a total
area of more than 25 i>er cent of the surface In the
aggregate except that —

(1) Snaooth solid russeting which cover, an area
of more than 10 per cent of the surface in LZ

lieria^s. "or^" "yxlr;'irw\i:r ''-' '" '''
tinnni 1^ . tavity, in which case an addi-

Ll^L. ''*" '''"" *'" P^'-'"'"-d provided that

the total area covered shall not exceed 25 per cent In
the aggregate. "*

(2) Slightly rough russeting which covers an area
0 more than 15 per cent of the surface If confined to
the stem basin or calyx cavity or continuous there"
with, or such russeting which covers an area of more

with T '' Ir^' " '*""^^" •' '^ '» -^ contmuou"
with the russeting m the stem basin or calyx cavity
shall be considered as damage. ^'

«f«lf ^ ^°"^\ russeting which Is well within the

luT^H H ? '""^ *' ""' '■^''"^ *PP"«"^ »hall be per-
mitted but any other rough russeting which exceeds
one-quarter Inch In diameter shall be considered a
damage.

tlon thereof, the seriousness of which exceeds the maxl-
mum allowed for any one defect, shall be considered as
damage :

(b) Sunburn or sprayburn which has caused blis-
tering or cracking of the skin or when the discolored
area does not blend into the normal color of the fruit
unless the injury can be classed as russeting (7a)

(c) Dark brown or black limbrubs which affect
a total area of more than one-half Inch in diameter
or light brown limbrubs which affect a total area of
more than one lach In diameter.

(d) Hall marks, drought spots or other similar
depressions or scars which are not superficial or where
the Injury affects more than one-half Inch of the sur-
face In the aggregate.

(e) Disease. Scab spots which are not corked over
or corked over scab spots which affect a total area of
more than one-fourth inch in diameter.

Cedar-rust Infection which exceeds In the aggregate
an area of one-quarter Inch In diameter

Sooty blotch or fly speck which Is thinly scattered
over more than one-tenth of the surface, or dark heav-
ily concentrated spots which affect an area of more
than one-half Inch in diameter.

(f) Insects. More than two healed insect stings
or any healed Insect sting which is over one-eighth
Inch in diameter exclusive of any encircling discolored

19

Worm holes.

8. "Serious damage" means any injury or defect
which seriously detracts from the appearance or keep-
ing quality of the apples.

(a) Russeting which exceeds the following shall be
considered as serious damage :

Smooth solid russeting which affects more than one-
half of the surface In the aggregate, including any
russeting in the stem basin, or rough or bark-like
russeting which detracts from the appearance of the
fruit to a greater extent than the smooth solid russet-
ing permitted provided that any amount of russeting
shall be permitted on Roxbury Russet and similar
varieties.

Any one of the following defects or any combination
thereof, the seriousness of which exceeds the maximum
allowed for any one defect shall be considered as
serious damage.

(b) Sunburn or sprayburn which seriously detracts
from the appearance of the fruit.

(c) Llmbrubs which afTect more than one-tenth
of the surface In the aggregate :

(d) Hail marks, drought spots or scars If they
materially deform or disfigure the fruit or If such
defects affect more than one-tenth of the surface In
the aggregate, provided that no hail marks which are
unhealed shall be permitted and not more than an
aggregate area of one-half inch shall be allowed for
well healed hail marks where the skin has been

broken.

(e) Visible watercore which affects an area of
more than one-half inch In diameter.

(f) Disease. Scab spots which are not corked
over or corked-over scab spots which affect a total
area of more than three-fourths Inch In diameter.

Cedar-rust Infection which exceeds in the aggregate
an area of three-fourths inch in diameter.

Sooty blotch or fly speck which affects more than
one-third of the surface.

(g) Insects. More than five healed Insect stings.
Worm holes.

Tolerancet* for Preceding Grades
In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than a total of 10 per
cent of the apples in any container may be below the
requirements of the grade, provided that not more
than 5 per cent shall be seriously damaged by insects
and not more than one-fifth of this amount or 1 per
cent shall be allowed for decay or internal breakdown.

11

When applying the foregoing tolerances to the com-
bmation grades no part of any tolerance shall be a"

le^ „ ° ^T""' J"' '"" '"^ ^« ^ ^''^''' '^^ 50 per
cent of apples of the higher grade required in the
comb inat.on. but individual containers may not have
less than 40 per cent of the higher grade

The tolerances for the standards are on a container
basis. However. Individual packages in any "t ^
77/?" ^^ specified tolerances as stated below pro-
vided the averages for the entire lot. based on sample
inspection, are within the tolerances specified

For a tolerance of 10 per cent or more, individual
packages m any lot may contain not more than one
and one-half times the tolerance specified, except that
when the package contains 15 specimens or less in-
dividual packages may contain not more than double
the tolerance specified.

For a tolerance of less than 10 per cent, individual
packages in any lot may contain not more than double
the tolerance specified, provided at least one specimen
which does not meet the requirements shall be allowed
in any one package.

Condition ASter Storage or TranHit

Decay, scald or other deterioration which may have
developed on apples after they have been in storage or
transit shall be considered as affecting condition and
not the grade.

Slie Requirements

The numerical count, or the minimum size, of the
apples packed In a closed container shall be indicated
on the package.

When the numerical count Is marked on the con-
tainer the apples shall not vary more than one-fourth
Inch In their transverse diameter.

WTien the numerical count is not shown the minimum
size shall be plainly stamped, stenciled or otherwise
marked on the container in terms of whole Inches
whole and half inches, whole and quarter inches or
whole and eighth inches, as 2K inches minimum ' 2'!
inches minimum, or 2'^ inches minimum in accord-
ance with the facts. It Is suggested that both minimum
and marimum sizes be marked on the container as
2':J to 2^4 inches or 214 to 2% Inches, as such mark-
ing is especially desirable for apples marketed in the
export trade.

"Size" means the transverse diameter of the apple
taken at right angles to a line running from the stem
to the blossom end.

In order to allow for variation incident to proper
sismg. not more than 5 per cent of the apples In

M

any container may not meet the size requirements pro-
vided that when the maximum and minimum sizes are
both stated an addition 10 per cent tolerance is pro-
vided for apples which are larger than the maximum
size stated.

In measuring apples for minimum size marked on
the package use the measurement of the greatest diam-
eter at right angles to the line from stem to blossom
end. In measuring for maximum size use the measure-
ment of the shortest diameter at right angles to the
line from stem to blossom end. An observation of
machine sizing reveals that this is the manner In
which machines work which size by diameter.

Packing Requirements

Each package shall be packed so that the apples In
the shown face shall be reasonably representative in
size, color and quality of the contents of the package.

Boxes — ^Apples packed In the Standard Northwestern
apple boxes shall be arranged in the containers ac-
cording to the approved and recognized methods with
the stems pointing towards the ends of the boxes ex-
cept when jumbled and all packages shall be well
filled but the contents shall not show excessive or un-
necessary bruising because of overfilled packages.
Apples packed in the Standard Northwestern apple
boxes shall show a total bulge (top and bottom) of
not less than three-fourths inch. Each wrapped apple
shall be completely enclosed by Its Individual wrapper.

Baskets — Apples packed In round stave bushel bas-
kets or tubs shall be ring faced and tightly packed
with sufficient bulge to prevent any appreciable move-
ment of the apples within the containers when lidded.

Barrels — Apples in barrels shall be tightly packed.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
packing not more than 5 per cent of the containers In
any lot may not meet these requirements.

Marklnr

In order to conserve space, abbreviation may be used
for marking the United States grade names on con-
tainers. The following abbreviations are suggested
where It is not desired to use the full grade name:

1. U. S. Fey. for U. 8. Fancy.

2. U. S. No. 1 for U. S. Number 1

3. U. S. Com. for U. S. Commercial.

4. U. 8. Util. for U. S. Utility.

5. Combination grades may be designated by ab-
breviations of the grades preceded by the abbreviation
"Comb." as "Comb. U. S. Fey.— U. S. No. 1."

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19

STANDARD GRADES FOR CANNERY APPI.ES

(RoviHfd July 23, 1930)

II. S. No. 1 shall consist of apples of one variety
which are not overripe ; which are free from decay,
worm holes, freezing injury, internal breakdown, and
from any defect which cannot be removed during the
usual commercial preparation for use without causing
a loss of over 5%, by weight, of the apple In excess of
that which would occur If the apple were perfect.
(See minimum size.)

U. 8. No. 2 shall consist of apples of one variety
which are not overripe; which are free from freezing
injury, internal breakdown, and from any defect whlcb
cannot be removed during the usual commercial prep-
aration for use without causing a loss of over 25%, by
weight, of the apple in excess of that which would
occur if the apple were perfect. (See minimum size.)

Cidrrs shall consist of apples which do not meet
the requirements of either of the foregoing grades.

Mlnimiun Size
The minimum size may be fixed by agreement be-
tween buyer and seller. Apples below this specified
minimum size shall be classed as cidera.

STANDARDS FOR ASPARACilS (FRESH)

(Reviited February 15, 1941)
The tolerances for the standards are on a container
basis. However, individual packages In any lot may
vary from the specified tolerances as stated below,
provided the averages for the entire lot, based on
sample inspection, are within the tolerances specified.

For a tolerance of 10 per cent., or more, individual
packages in any lot may contain not more than one
and one-half times the tolerance specified.

For a tolerance of less than 10 per cent., individual
packages in any lot may contain not more than double
the tolerance specified.

Grades

r. 8. No. 1 shall consist of stalks of asparagus
which are fresh, well trimmed, and fairly straight ;
which are free from decay and from damage caused
by spreading or broken tips, dirt, disease, insecta or
mechanical or other means.

I'nieHM otherwlNe Hperlfled each stalk shall have a
diameter of not less than one-half inch, and not less

than two-thirds of the stalk length shall be of a
green color. Any lot may be otherwise classified as to
diameter and amount of green color. (See Diameter
Clas^fication, Amo^mt of Green Color and Stalk
Length.)

Tolerance for Defects. In order to allow for varia-
tions, other than diameter, length, and trimming, in-
cident to proper grading and handling, not more than
10 per cent., by count, of the stalks in any container
may be below the requiremets of the grade, but not
more than one-half of this tolerance, or 5 per cent.,
shall be allowed for defects causing serious damage,
and not more than one-fifth of this amount, or 1
per cent., shall be allowed for decay. In addition, not
more than 10 per cent., by count, of the stalks In any
container may be not well trimmed.

Tolerance for Diameter and Length. In order to
allow for variations in diameter and length incident
to proper sizing, not more than a total of 10 per cent.,
by count, of the stalks in any container may be below
the prescribed minimum diameter for the grade or
any other specified minimum diameter or any specified
minimum length.

U. 8. No. 2 shall consist of stalks of asparagus
which are fresh, fairly well trimmed, and not badly
misshapen ; which are free from decay and from
serious damage caused by spreading or broken tips,
dirt, disease, insects, or mechanical or other means.

Unless otherwise specified each stalk shall have a
diameter of not less than five-sixteenths Inch, and not
less than one-half of the stalk length shall be of a
green color. Any lot may be otherwise classified as to
diameter and amount of green color. (See Diameter
Classification, Amount of Green Color and Stalk
Length.)

Tolerance for Defectn. In order to allow for varia-
tions, other than diameter, length, and trimming, In-
cident to proper grading and handling, not more than
10 per cent., by count, of the stalks In any container
may be below the requirements of the grade, but not
more than one-tenth of this tolerance, or 1 per cent.,
shall be allowed for decay. In addition, not more than
10 per cent, by count, of the stalks In any container
may be not fairly well trimmed.

Tolerance for Diameter and Length. In order to
allow for variations in diameter and length Incident
to proper sizing, not more than a total of 10 per cent.,
by count, of the stalks In any container may be below

the prescribed minimum diameter for the grade or
any other specified minimum diameter or any specified
minimum length. »j'etinea

wh^J^h't' *'**^ 'k'" '°"'''' °' «'^"^« °' asparagus
which have not been classified in accordance with any
of the foregoing grades. The term "Unclassified" is

but is provided as a designation to show that no
definite grade has been applied to the lot.

Diameter Clasfeiflcstion

The following terms are provided for describing the
diameters of any lot :

Very Small Less than 5/16-Inch

^'°*" 5/16-inch to less than 8/16-inch

,^*'**"'° 8/16-lnch to less than 11/16-inch

h*'"^®, n/16-inch to less than 14/16-inch

Very Large 14/16-inch and up

Amount of Green Color

When the asparagus has less or more green color

han Is specified in the grade it may be described as

A green. % green, etc.. in accordance with the facts.

Stalk Length

There is no minimum stalk length specified In the
grades but the minimum stalk length should be stated
In terms of whole or whole and half Inches in con-
nectlon with the grade designation as U S No 1—
8 V^ -inch minimum. IT. S. No. 1 Large— 7-inch mini-
mum. U. S. No. 1 Large— 10 »/,. Inch minimum, etc
In accordance with the facts.

The reason no definite minimum length is specified
is due to the wide variation In minimum stalk length
as packed In the various producing districts This
variation in stalk length ranges from 5 to 7 in some
districts to 8% to 10% Inches In others.

Deflnitions of Terms

As used In these standards:

1. "Fresh" means that the stalk Is not limp or
flabby.

2 "Well trimmed" means that at least two-thirds
of the butt of the stalk is smoothly trimmed In a plane
approximately parallel to the bottom of the container
and that the butt is not stringy or frayed.

3. "Damage" means any Injury or defect which
°uam ""^cts the appearance, edible or shipping

n

4. "Diameter" means the greatest thickness of the
stalk measured at a point approximately 1 inch from
the butt.

5. "Fairly well trimmed" means that at least one-
third of the butt of the stalk Is smoothly trimmed in
a plane approximately parallel to the bottom of the
container and that the butt Is not badly stringy or-
frayed.

6. "Badly misshapen" means that the stalk Is so
badly flattened, crooked, or otherwise so badly de-
formed that Its appearance is seriously affected.

7. "Serious damage" means any injury or defect
which seriously affects the appearance, edible or ship-
ping quality.

STANDARD GRADES FOR SNAP BEANS FOR
CANNING OR FREEZING
(Revised March 1. 1940)
U. 8. No. 1 shall consist of snap beans of similar
varietal characteristics (1) which are fresh (2). firm
(3), tender (4), fairly well formed (5), free from
foreign material, vines (6), decay, anthracnose, and
from injury (7), caused by rust, scars, insects, dis-
ease, mechanical or other means.

For ROUND VARIETIES, unless otherwise specl-
lled, the maximum diameter (8) of beans allowed in
this grade shall be not greater than 24/64 of an inch
(commonly known as 4-8ieve size and smaller). Beans
24/64 of an Inch in diameter (8) and smaller shall
in all cases be classed as U. S. No. 1 provided they
meet the other requirements for this grade. (See
"Slie Classification.")

For FLAT or SEMI-ROUND VARIETIES the maxi-
mum diameter (8) of beans allowed in this grade
may be fixed by agreement between buyer and seller.
(See "Size Classification.")

U. S. No. 2 shall consist of snap beans of similar
color, which are not extremely different in shape of
cross section (9) and which are fairly fresh (10).
firm (3), not tough or overmature (11). not seriously
misshapen (12). free from vines (C). foreign material,
decay, anthracnose, and from damage (13), caused by
rust, scars. Insects, disease, mechanical or other means.
There shall be no size requirement of IJ. S. No. 2
grade.

CuUs »nd Cull Material shall consist of beans which
do not meet the requirements of either of the fore-
going grades, and shall include foreign material and
vines (6).

Definition of Tnrms

As used in these standards :

1. "Similar varietal characteristics" means that the
beans are of the same general type and color.

2. "Fresh" means that the pod is not materially
wilted.

3. "Firm" means that the walls of the bean are
reasonably solid, not puffy or spongy.

4. "Tender" means that the pod is succulent and
practically free from fibre or strings.

5. "Fairly well formed" means that the bean is not
more than moderately curved, crooked, twisted or
taj)ered.

6. "Vines" means any part of the bean plant ex-
cepting pods and the short stems or petioles on which
the pods are borne. In making grade determinations
all vines attached to the beans shall be removed and
placed with the culls.

7. "Injury" means any defect which affects the
canning or freezing quality.

8. "Diameter" means thickness as determined by
the width of the smallest slot through which the bean
may be passed, without forcing, in any one or com-
bination of positions.

9. "Extremely different in shape of cross section"
means that distinctly round type and distinctly flat
type beans are mixed in the same container. Beans
which are a mixture of round and semi-round types
or are a mixture of flat and semi-round types are
not considered extremely different and shall be allowed
in V. S. No. 2 grade.

10. "Fairly fresh" means that the jiod is not ma-
terially wrinkled.

11. "Tough or overmature" means that the pod
is tough, leathery or fibrous from any cause.

12. "Serious misshapen" means that the bean is
badly curved, crooked, twisted or tapered.

13. "Damage" means any defect which materially
affects the canning or freezing quality.

Site Classlflcationi*

Subject to agreement between buyer and seller
other size specifications may be used in connection
with U. S. No. 1 grade in order to permit larger size
beans In this grade and/or to allow for sub-division
of the grade on the basis of size; provided, however
that round beans which are 24/64 inch In diameter
(8) and smaller shall In no case be excluded from
U. S. No. 1 grade on account of size.

2S

When special size specifications are used. It is rec-
ommended that they be baaed upon one or more of
the following generally recognized size classifications:

No. 1 sieve size beans

14.5 of an Inch

(i4 smaller
No. 2 Over 14.5 to 18.5 of an Inch

64 64 Inclusive

No. 3 Over 18.5 to 21 of an inch

64 64 Inclusive

No. 4 " " " Over 21 to 24 of an inch

64 64 inclusive

No. 5 " " " Over 24 to 27 ot an inch

64 64 Inclusive

No. 6 Over 27 of an Inch

64

STANDARD liKADKS FOR TOPPED BEETS
(Effeitive May 1. 1934)

The tolerance for the standards are placed on a
container basis. However, for a tolerance of 10 per
cent.. Individual packages in any lot may contain not
more than one and one-half times the tolerance speci-
fied, and for one of less than 10 per cent., individual
packages in any lot may contain not more than
double the tolerance specified, provided that at least
one specimen which does not meet the requirements
shall be allowed In any one package and that the
average for the entire lot. based on sample Inspection
shall average within the tolerances specified.

Gradeii

U. S. No. 1 shall consist of beets of similar varietal
characteristics which are firm, fairly smooth, fairly
well shaped, well trimmed and free from soft rot and
from damage caused by freezing, growth cracks, cuts,
dirt, disease, insects, rodents or mechanical or other
means. Unless otherwise specified, the minimum diam-
eter of the beets shall be not less than 2 inches.
(See Size.)

In order to allow for variations other than size Inci-
dent to proper grading and handling, not more than 10

24

rnclHNHlfled shall ,.„„sis, „, beo.K whi.h a
graded m conformity with the foregoing grade.

re not

Size

inclusive: l.rg, „ean. over 3./,T„ch'a ' "■

..;:/r •:.:"°:.„%' ;:rr„": Lrt:ur :,t:

m., b, above a., .pecm«, n,.ZlmlL ' ""•

UeflnitionM of Terms

As used in these grades:

shivZr" """""" '"'' ''^ ""''' '» "o^ «>". flabby, or
hJ; ."^''''''^ smooth- means that the appearance of the

o^tl! .r ^'*°'*'"'°''' «™^'°« conditions or roughness
of the crowns caused by the shedding of a coT
siderable number of dead leaves sntht * ^^°°-

3 "Fairly well shaped" means that the beet in „«.

.o'a„:r,r'.rr:rr? r^t r.rarr

unattractive aecond.ry rootlet, have S removei
oeet or the general appearance of the beets in ,^1

«:p.^/='?e-^i— -iivs

taken at right angles to the longitudinal axis.

ts

STANDARD GRADES FOR CABBAGE

(Revised December 20, 1939)

The tolerances for the standards are on a container
basis. However, Individual packages in any lot may
vary from the specified tolerances as stated below,
provided the averages for the entire lot, based on
sample inspection, are within the tolerances specified.

For a tolerance of 10 per cent, or more, Individual
packages in any lot may contain not more than one
and one-half times the tolerance specified, except that
when the package contains 15 specimens or less, indi-
vidual packages may contain not more than double the
tolerance specified.

For a tolerance of less than 10 per cent., individual
packages in any lot may contain not more than double
the tolerances specified, provided at least one speci-
men which does not meet the requirements shall be
allowed in any one package.

Grades

U. S. No. 1 shall consist of heads of cabbage which
are of one type, and of reasonable solidity ; which are
not withered, puffy or burst and which are free from
soft rot, seed stems and from damage caused by dis-
coloration, freezing, disease, insects, or mechanical or
other means.

Unless otherwise specified, each bead shall be well
trimmed. However, cabbage may be specified as "U. S.
No. 1 Green" when the cabbage in each container
generally has fairly good green color. When specified
as "U. S. No. 1 Green", each head may have not more
than 7 leaves which do not enfold the head fairly
tightly more than two-thirds the distance from the
base to the top.

In order to allow for variations, other than excess
number of outer leaves on "U. S. No. 1 Green" cab-
bage. Incident to proper grading and handling, not
more than a total of 10 per cent., by weight, of the
heads In any container may not meet the require-
ments of this grade, but not more than one-fifth of
this amount, or 2 per cent., may be allowed for soft
decay. In addition, when a lot of cabbage is specified
as "V. S. No. 1 Green", not more than 10 per cent,
may not meet the requirements as to number of outer
leaves.

V. S. Commercial shall consist of heads of cabbage
which meet the requirements of U. S. No. 1 grade
except for the Increased tolerance for defects specified
below.

26

Unless otherwise specified, each head shall be well
trimmed. However, cabbage may be specified as "U. S.
Commercial Green" when the cabbage in each con-
tainer generally has fairly good green color. When
specified as "U. S. Commercial Green", each head may
have not more than 7 leaves which do not enfold the
head fairly tightly more than two-thirds the distance
from the base to the top.

In order to allow for variations, other than excess
number of outer leaves on "U. S. Commercial Green"
cabbage, incident to proper grading and handling, not
more than a total of 25 per cent., by weight, of the
heads in any container may not meet the require-
ments of this grade, but not more than two-fifths of
this amount or a total of 10 per cent., shall be allowed
for defects causing serious damage, but not more than
2 per cent, may be allowed for soft decay. In addition
when a lot of cabbage is 8i)ecified as "U. S. Com-
mercial Green" not more than 15 per cent, may not
meet the requirements as to number of outer leaves.

I'nolaHMifled shall consist of cabbage which has
not been classified in accordance with the foregoing
grades. The term "unclassified" is not a grade within
the meaning of these standards but is provided as a
designation to show that no definite grade has been
applied to the lot

Size

The minimum size or minimum and maximum sizes
may be specified in connection with the grades as
"U. S. No. 1, 1 pound min", or "U. S. No. 1, 2 to 4
pounds", or any lot may be classified as Small, Medium.
Large, Small to Medium, or Medium to Large, in ac-
cordance with the facts.

Pointed under
Domestic under
Danish under

SMALL

1 Vj lbs.

2 lbs.

3 lbs.

M EDI I'M

1 Vi to .S lbs.

2 to 5 lbs.

3 to 6 lbs.

LARGE
Over 3 lbs.
Over 5 lbs.
Over 6 lbs.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
sizing not more than a total of 15 per cent., by weight,
of the heads in any container may vary from the size
specifications but not more than 10 per cent, may be
either above or below the size specified. This toler-
ance is in addition to the tolerance for grade defects.

Dettnitiun of Teriiiii

As used In these Standards:

1. "One type" means that all the lot Is Pointed. Dan-
ish, Domestic, Savoy, or Red as the case may be.

21

Pointed type includes such varieties as Early Jersey
Wakefield, Charleston Wakefield, Early York, Wln-
ningstadt, and others which normally develop oblong,
conical or pointed shaped heads. Danish type in-
cludes such late maturing varieties as Danish Ball-
head or Hollander, Danish Roundhead, etc., and such
early maturing varieties aa Cannonball, Danish Sum-
mer Ballhead, etc., which normally develop hard,
tightleaved, compactly formed heads. A head of any
such variety even after trimming will appear tight
and smooth leaved around the basal portion and when
viewed from the stem end, circular and regular In
outline. Domestic type includes such varieties as Suc-
cession, All Head Early, Flat Dutch, and others that
are commonly termed Domestic and which normally
develop heads flat in shape and less compactly formed
than those of the Danish type. The term also in-
cludes such varieties as Copenhagen, Glory of Enhuizen
and others that develop heads roundish In shape but
which In solidity of head and storage qualities are
similar to the Flat Domestic type.

2. "Reasonable solidity" means fairly firm for point-
ed type cabbage and Southern Domestic type cabbage.
Northern Domestic type cabbage shall be firm and
Danish or Hollander type fairly hard. "Reasonable
solidity" as applied to Savoy cabbage means not soft
or puffy ; Savoy type cabbage Is characteristically
loosely formed and rather light in weight.

3. "Puffy" means that the heads are very light In
weight in comparison to size and have air spaces In
the central portion. They normally feel firm at time
of harvesting but soften quickly. They are known as
"Balloon Heads" In certain sections.

4. "Seed Stems" means those heads which have seed
stalks showing or in which the formation of seed
stalks has plainly begun.

5. "Damage" means any defect or injury which ma-
terially affects the appearance, or the edible or shlp-
Ing quality. Worm injury on the outer head leaves
or wrapper leaves which materially affects the ap-
pearance of the head, or worm holes which extend
deeply into the compart portion of the head shall be
considered as damage.

6. "Serious damage" means any defect or injury
which seriously affects the appearance, or the edible or
shipping quality. Cabbage which is affected by soft rot
or which is serlouly puffy, badly burst, or seriously
Injured by seed stems, discoloration, freezing, disease,
insects, mechanical or other means shall be consid-

28

ered as seriously damaged. Worm injury on the outer
head leaves or wrapper leaves which seriously affect
the appearance of the heads, or worm holes which
seriously affect the compact portion of the head shall
be regarded as serious damage.

7. "Well trimmed" means that the heads shall have
not more than four leaves which do not enfold the
head fairly tightly more than two-thirds the distance
from the base to the top, and that the stems do not
extend more than one-half inch beyond the point of
attachment of the outermost leaves.

8T.\NDAKD8 FOR CAJiKOTS FOR PROCESSING

(Revised December 24, 1943)
Grades

U. S. No. 1 shall consist of carrots of similar varietal
characteristics (1) which are firm (2), fairly well
colored (3), fairly well formed (4), fairly smooth
(5), and not woody (6) ; free from soft rot. cull ma-
terial (7), and free from damage (8), caused by
growth cracks, sunburn, green cores, pithy cores,
watercore, internal discoloration, oil spray, freezing.
dry rot, other diseases. Insects, mechanical or other
means. (See Topping Requirements and Size.)

U. 8. No. 2 shall consist of carrots of similar varietal
characteristics (1) which are firm (2), fairly well
colored (3). not badly misshapen (9), excessively
rough (10). or woody (6). free from soft rot, cull
material (7), and free from serious damage (11). by
any cause. (See Topping Requirements and Size.)

Culls shall consist of carrots which fail to meet
the requirements of either of the foregoing grades and
size specifications.

Cull material. (See definition No. 7.)

Topping Requirements

I'nless otherwise specified, tops or sprouts shall be
out, snapped, or twisted off to within three-fourths
Inch of the crown of the root. In making grade de-
terminations, all portions of leafstems or sprouts over
three-fourths Inch long, or any other specified length.
shall be removed from the roots and scored as cull
material.

SlM

Unless otherwise specified, the minimum length
shall be not less than 3 inches.

The minimum and maximum diameters for U. S.
No. 1 and U. S. No. 2 grades may be fixed by agree-

29

ment between the buyer and the seller. "Diameter"
means the greatest dimension of the root taken at
right angles to the longitudinal axis. Roots which
fail to meet the size specifications shall be considered
as "Culls".

Tolerances
In the application of these standards, it is assumed
that in most instances sellers will not sort their car-
rots Into separate lots of U. S. No. 1 and U. S. No. 2
grades before delivery to the buyer. In such cnea,
there is no need for tolerances. If the contract be-
tween the buyer and the seller calls for the delivery
of lots containing only one grade, such as U. S. No. 1
or U. S. No. 2, then unless otherwise specified, a toler-
ance of 10 per cent, shall be allowed for carrots
which fall to meet the requirements of the grade,
other than for size and cull material, but not more
than three-tenths of this amount, or 3 per cent.,
shall be allowed for carrots affected by soft rot, but
not more than one-third of this amount, or 1 per
cent., shall be allowed for carrots which are seriously
damaged by soft rot. In addition, not more than 2
per cent., by weight, shall be allowed for cull material.
An additional tolerance of 10 per cent, shall be allowed
for carrots which fail to meet the specified size re-
quirements, but not more than one-half of this amount,
or 5 per cent., shall be allowed for carrots which are
below the specified minimum diameter or length.

Definitions of Terms

As used In these standards :

1. "Similar varietal characteristics" means that the
carrots are of the same general type.

2. "Firm" means that the carrot is not soft, flabby
or shriveled.

3. "Fairly well colored" means that the outside and
Inside color of the carrot is orange, orange red. or
orange scarlet, but not a pale orange or distinct yellow

color.

4. "Fairly well formed" means that the carrot Is
not forked, or materially crooked, or otherwise mis-
shapen, to the extent that, in the ordinary process
of trimming, a loss of over 5 per cent., by weight, of
the root is incurred in excess of that which would
occur If the root were perfect.

5. "Fairly smooth" means that the carrot is not
rough, ridged, or covered with secondary rootlets, to
the extent that. In the ordinary process of trimming.

30

vz'JTLiryz^ 'IT""- "' "" ™°' "

rooe were perfect '■°"''' °'""'- " ""

.oi :^r p„T,r':, ".r.er:::.,-!;/"""- —

e«ce„ „, the specmed length ,<>„sedr. .HI, •'"■»"" J"

.on.ef .rr.-'us^. ',x,r .s-;;.?"" -:

against U. S. Xo. 1 or U s vA o ? ^'^°''^''

-^"..:r.,:i;re:f.r-;,"„r;.,^' -°°-'

....'er',.';rX.."'X' p'r '"'"■■' '"• ■"""• '""«"
9. "Badly misshapen" means thit »k

::^^ro--,z;-rerpei™"'-^^

rprT,re;r';:Je'p"er;r" »' '"" ^"'^^-'^'^

.m.'. 'feiri/Tr r°:,r:r '"'-" " ""«'

which rann^f K *^"^ ^°*' Processing quality; or

^^rtsizz'" °' ""• -'- -^-^ -"" '"-

NTANI,.AKI> OKAIIKS F,»K TOIMKI) CARROTS

(KfTectlve October ii, 1»28)
Gradrs

c.L:;e^;,:r:Li7rrr::rr„i:,"'^;-7r;

SI

rnleHM otherwise Hperifled, the diameter of each car-
rot, shall be not less than IV^ inches nor more than 3
inches, and the length shall be not less than 3 inches.

In order to allow for variations Incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than 10 per cent., by
weight, of any lot may be larger than the specified
maximum diameter and not more than a total of
5 per cent., by weight, may be smaller than the speci-
fied minimum diameter and minimum length. In addi-
tion, not more than a total of 10 per cent., by weight,
may be below the remaining requirements of this
grade but not to exceed 5 per cent, shall be allowed for
defects causing serious damage and not more than 3
per cent, shall be for carrots affected by soft rot not
more than 1/3 of this amount or 1 per cent, shall be
allowed for carrots which are seriously affected by
soft roL

rnclHNHified shall consist of carrots which are not
graded in conformity with the foregoing grade.

Definitions of TerniM

As used in these grades :

1. "Well trimmed" means that the tops shall be cut
back to not more than one-half inch in length.

2. "Firm" means that the carrots are not soft, flabby
or shriveled.

3. "Badly misshapen" means that the carrots are so
forlced or so misshapen as to cause an appreciable
waste in the ordinary preparation for use.

4. "Damage" means any injury which materially
affects the appearance of the lot or causes appreciable
waste in the ordinary preparation for use. Unhealed
growth cracks are considered as damage but healed
over growth cracks which are smooth and shallow
shall not be considered as damage. The superficial
green color frequently noticed encircling the stem end
of the carrots shall not be considered as damage. Car-
rots caked with excessive dirt are damaged.

5. "Serious damage" means any damage from the
causes mentioned which seriously affects the ai)pear-
ance or which cannot be removed in the ordinary
process of preparation for use without a waste of 2<t
per cent, or more of the total weight.

C. "Diameter" means the greatest dimension of
the root taken at right angles to the longitudinal axis.

8S

STAND.\KI> GKADKS FOR KOI Gil CELERY

(Revised January 10, 1938)

The tolerances for the standards are on a container
basis. However, individual packages in any lot may
vary from the specified tolerances as stated below
provided the averages for the entire lot, based on
sample inspection, are within the tolerances specified

For a tolerance of 10 per cent, or more, individual
packages in any lot may contain not more than one
and one-half times the tolerance specified, except
that when the package contains 15 specimens or less
individual packages may contain not more than double
the tolerance specified.

For a tolerance of less than 10 per cent., individual
packages in any lot may contain not more than double
the tolerance specified, provided at least one specimen
which does not meet the requirements shall be allowed
in any one package.

Numbers and letters In parentheses following grade
terms Indicate where such terms are defined under
Definitions of Terms.

Grades
V. 8. Fancy shall consist of stalks (1) of celery
of similar varietal characteristics (2) which are fairly
well developed (3) and have fairly good heart forma-
tion (4), which are clean (5). well balanced (6) well
trimmed (7). not badly spread, and are free ' from
black-heart, brown stem, decay, doubles and from
damage (8) caused by wilting (8), cut worms (8a)
freezing <S). growth cracks (8b). hollow crown (8)'
pithy branches (8c), seed-stems (8d). disease (8)'
Insects or mechanical or other means (8).

The average midrib length (9) of the outer whorl
of branches on stalks in this grade shall be not less
than 6 Inches. The stalk length may be stated in
terms of the nearest even inch as 20 inches. 22 inches
24 inches, etc.. In accordance with the facts but when
tops have not been generally clipped back the length
of stalks (10) shall be not less than 18 Inches.

When the tops have been generally clipped back
this fact and the resulting stalk length shall be stated
following the grade designation as, for example. "U. S
Fancy — clipped to Ifi inches."

In order to allow for variations, other than lengths
incident to proper grading and handling, not more
than 10 per cent., by count, of the stalks In any con-
tainer may be below the requirements of this grade
but not more than one-fifth of this amount, or 2 per
cent., shall be allowed for decay. In addition, not

33

more than 5 per cent., by count, of the stalks in any
container may not meet the requirements relating to
stalk length, and not more than 5 per cent, shall be
allowed for stalks having an average midrib length
shorter than that specified.

U. 8. No. 1 shall consist of stalks (1) of celery of
similar varietal characteristics (2) which are fairly
well developed (3) and have fairly good heart forma-
tion (4) ; which are well trimmed (7), which are not
badly spread and are free from blackheart, decay, and
from damage (8) caused by brown stem (8), wilting
(8). cut worms (8a), freezing (8), growth cracks
(8b), hollow crown (8), pithy branches (8c), seed-
stems (8d), dirt (8e), doubles (8f), disease (8). in-
sects or mechanical or other means (8). Unless other-
wise specified, stalks shall be fairly well blanched
(11). However, any lot of celery which meets all the
requirements of this grade except as to blanching may
be designated as "U. S. No. 1 Mixed Blanch", pro-
vided that any lot of celery which has a dark green
appearance shall be designated as "V. S. No. 1 Green".

Unless otherwise specified, the average midrib length
(9) of the outer whorl of branches on stalks In this
grade shall not be less than 5 Inches.

Stalk length may be stated In terms of the nearest
even Inch as 20 Inches, 22 inches, 24 Inches, etc.. In
accordance with the facts, but unless otherwise speci-
fied when tops have not been generally clipped back
the length of stalks (10) shall be not less than 18
Inches.

When the tops have been generally clipped back,
this fact and the resulting stalk length, shall be stated
following the grade designation as, for example, ''U. S.
No. 1 — clipped to 16 Inches."

In order to allow for variations, other than lengths.
Incident to proper grading and handling, not more
than a total of 15 per cent, by count, of the stalks in
any container may be below the requirements of this
grade, provided that not more than two-thirds of this
amount, or 10 per cent., shall be allowed for defects
other than pith, but not more than 2 per cent, shall be
allowed for decay. In addition, not more than 5 per
cent., by count, of the stalks in any container may
not meet the requirements relating to stalk length, and
not more than 5 per cent., shall be allowed for stalks
having an average midrib length shorter than that
specified.

U. 8. Combination <iraile. Any lot of celery may
be designated "U. S. Combination" when not less than

34

60 per cent., by count, of the stalks in each container
meet the requirements of IT. s. No. 1 grade and the
remainder U. S. No. 2 grade.

In order to allow for variations other than lengths
incident to proper grading and handling, not more
than 5 per cent., by count, of the stalks in any con-
tainer may be below the requirements of U. S. No. 2
grade, but not more than two-fifths of this amount,
or 2 per cent., shall be allowed for decay. In addition,
not more than 5 per cent., by count, of the stalks in
any container may not meet the requirements relating
to stalk length and not more than 5 per cent, shall be
allowed for stalks having an average midrib length
shorter than that specified. No part of any tolerance
shall be allowed to reduce, for the lot as a whole, the
percentage of U. S. No. 1 required In the combination,
but individual containers may have not more than
10 per cent, less than the percentage of U. S. No. 1
stalks required.

U. 8. No. 2 grade shall consist of stalks (1) of
celery of similar varietal characteristics (2) which are
fairly well developed (3). have fairly good heart
formation (4). which are well trimmed (7) and free
from blackheart, decay, and from serious damage (12)
caused by brown stem (12), wilting (12), cut worms
(12a), freezing (12), growth cracks (12b). hollow
crown (12), pithy branches (12c). seed-stems (12d),
dirt (12e), doubles (12f). disease. Insects or me-
chanical or other means (12). Unless otherwise specl-
fled stalks shall be fairly well blanched. However, any
lot of celery which meets all the requirements of this
grade except as to blanching may be designated as
"U. S. No. 2 Mixed Blanch", provided that any lot of
celery which has a dark green appearance shall be
designated as "U. S. No. 2 Green."

Unless otherwise specified, the average midrib length
(0) of the outer whorl of branches on stalks In this
grade shall be not less than 4 inches.

Stalk length may be stated in terms of the nearest
even inch as 20 Inches, 22 inches. 24 inches, etc.. In
accordance with the facts, but unless otherwise speci-
fied when tops have not been generally clipped back
the length of stalk." shall be not less than 18 inches.

When the tops have been generally clipped back
this fact and the resulting stalk length, shall be stated
following the grade designation as. for example. "IT. S.
No. 2 — clipped to 16 Inches."

In order to allow for variations other than lengths
incident to proper grading and handling, not more

85

than 10 per cent., by count, of the stalks In any con-
tainer may be below the requirements of this grade,
but not more than one-lifth of this amount, or 2 per
cent., shall be allowed for decay. In addition, not
more than 5 per cent., by count, of the stalks in any
container may not meet the requirements relating to
stalk length and not more than 5 per cent, shall be
allowed for stalks having an average midrib length
shorter than that specified.

UnclaHsifled shall consist of stalks of celery which
have not been classified in accordance with any of the
foregoing grades. The term "unclassified" is not a
grade within the meaning of these standards, but is
provided as a designation to show that no definite
grade has been applied to the lot.

Requirements as to Count

The number of stalks in the container shall be speci-
fied by numerical count or in terms of dozens or half
dozens. Variations from the number specified shall
be allowed as follows :

Less than 50 stalks — 3 stalk variation.

50 to 70 stalks, incl. — 4 stalk variation.

More than 70 stalks — 5 stalk variation.

DeflnitlonH of Terms

As used In these standards :

1. "Stalk" means an individual plant.

2. "Similiar varietal characteristics" means that
the stalks in any container have the .same color and
character of growth. For example, celery of Giant
Pascal and Golden Self Blanching types must not be
mixed.

3. "Fairly well developed" means that the outer
branches are not spindly or abnormally short and
thin.

4. "Fairly good heart formation" means that the
Inner heart branches are of reasonable number, length
and stockiness.

5. "Clean" means that the stalk Is practically free
from dirt or other foreign materials. All celery which
Is washed may not be suflSciently free from dirt or
other foreign materials to be considered clean, while
other lots which have not been washed may meet this
requirement.

6. "Well blanched" means that the midrib portions
of the branches on the stalks are generally of a creamy
White color.

36

7. "Well trimmed" means that the outside eoarse
and damaged branches have been removed and the root
or roots have been so trimmed that the remaininK
portion of the root or roots do not extend a distance
of more than :i inches below the point of attachment
of the outer branches. The actual length of the root
or roots shall not be measured, but the distance
through which they extend below the base of the
branches shall be measured when the stalk is resting
in an upright position on a solid surface.

8. "Damage" means any injury or defect which
materially affects the appearance, or the edible or ship-
ping quality. Any one of the following defects, or any
combination of defects, the seriousness of which ex-
ceeds the maximum allowed for any one defect, shall
be considered as damage :

(a) Cut worms — when the worms are present, or
when worm injury occurs on the heart branches, or
when occurring on the midrib jjortion of more than
two branches, or when aggregating more than two-
thirds of a square Inch on the midrib portion of the
branch or branches.

(b) Growth cracks, when the stalk has more than
two branches affected by growth cracks, each of which
is more than V.. inch long. Growth cracks of any
length affecting not more than two branches shall be
permitted.

(c) Pithy branches, when the stalk has more than
two branches which are pithy. Pithy branches means
those which have a distinctly open texture with air
spaces in the central jtortion. When judging stalks
for damage by pithiness the branches should be exam-
ined at about the center of the midrib length.

(d) Seed-stems, when the stalk has a seed-stem the
length of which is more than one and one-half times
the greatest diameter of the stalk. The greatest
diameter of the stalk shall be measured at a point
2 Inches above the point of attachment of the outer
branches to the root. The length of the seed-stem shall
be measured from the point of attachment of the outer
branches at the base of the seed-stem to the top of the
actual seed-stem exclusive of any leaves or leaf-stems
attachd to the top of the seed-stem.

(e) Dirt, when the stalk is caked with dirt.

(f) Doubles when not separated and the appearance
is seriously affected, or if separated and either of the
stalks is badly curved, or when the heart branches
are not fairly well protected.

37

9. "Midrib length" of a branch means the distance
between the point of attachment to the root and the
first node.

10. "Length of stalk" means the distance from
where the main root is cut off to ^i i)oint which repre-
sents the average length of the longest branches and
leaves.

11. "Fairly well blanched" means that the midrib
portion of the branches on the stalks are generally ot
a light greenish to creamy white color.

12. "Serious damage" means any injury or defect
which severely affects the appearance, or the edible or
shipping quality. Any one of the following defects, or
any combination of defects, the seriousness of which
exceeds the maximum allowed for any one defect, shall
be considered as damage :

(a) Cut worms — when the worms are present or
when worm Injury occurs on the heart branches, or
when occurring on the midrib portion of more than
three branches, or when aggregating more than one
square inch on the midrib portion of the branch or
branches.

(b) Growth cracks, when the stalk has more than
four branches affected by growth cracks each of which
is more than ^ inch long.

(c) Pithy branches, when the stalk has more than
four branches which are pithy, or when more than one-
half of the outer branches (other than heart branches)
are pithy. Pithy branches means those which have a
distinctly open texture with air spaces in the central
portion. When judging stalks for serious damage by
pithiness the branches should be examined at about
the center of the midrib length.

(d) Seed-stems, "when the stalk has a seed-stem the
length of which is more than twice the greatest
diameter of the stalk. The greatest diameter of the
stalk shall be measured at a point 2 inches above the
point of attachment of the outer branches to the root.
The length of the seed-stems shall be measured from
the point of attachment of the outer branches at the
base of the seed-stem to the top of the actual seed-stem
exclusive of any leaves or leaf-stems attached to the
top of the seed-stem.

(e) Dirt, when the stalk is badly caked with dirt.

(f) Doubles, when the heart branches are not fairly
well protected.

M

STANDARD GRADES FOR SWEET CHERRIES

(KflTective June 2, 1927)
Grades

U. S. No. 1 shall consist of frt-sh cherries of one
variety which are well formed, mature, but not soft,
overripe, or shriveled, and which are free from decay
and from damage caused by dirt or other foreign mat-
ter, skin breaks, cracks, scars, limbrubs, bruises,
scald, hail, birds, russeting, disease. Insects or me-
chanical or other means.

In order to allow for variations Incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than 10 per cent., by
count, of the cherries in any lot, may be below the
requirements of this grade, but not to exceed one-half
of this tolerance, or 5 per cent., shall be allowed for
defects causing serious damage, and not more than
one-fifth of this amount, or 1 per cent., shall be al-
loved for cherries affected by decay.

I'nclattHifled shall consist of fresh cherries which
are not graded in conformity with the foregoing grade.

Size
In addition to the statement of grade, the size of
the cherries in any lot may be specified in terms of
minimum diameter or according to the number of
cherries to the pound.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
packing, not more than 10 per cent., by count, of the
cherries, in any lot, may vary from the size specified.

Definitions of Terms

As used in these grades :

1. "Well formed" means having the shape charac-
teristic of the variety. Mature doubles shall be con-
sidered well formed cherries when each of the halves
are evenly formed.

2. "Mature" means having reached the stage of ma-
turity which will insure a proper completion of the
ripening process.

STANDARD GRADES FOR RED SOIR CHERRIES
FOR M.ANIFACTI RE

(Revised April 20, 1941)

r. 8. No, 1 shall consist of sour cherries which are

fairly well colored (1), free from decay, worms, pulled

pita (2). attached stems (3), and free from damage

(4) caused by bird pecks, hail marks, limbrubs, wlnd-

•

whips and other scars, sunscale, shriveling, foreign
material, disease, insects, mechanical or other means.

Unless otherwise specified, each cherry shall have
a diameter (5) of not less than % inch.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
handling, not more than a total of 7 per cent, by
weight, of any lot of cherries may fail to meet the
requirements of this grade, but not more than flve-
sevenths of this amount, or 5 per cent., may fail to
meet the grade requirements other than for attached
stems, and no part of this tolerance shall be allowed
for cherries which are affected by worms.

U. 8. No. 2 shall consist of sour cherries which
meet all of the requirements of U. S. No. 1 grade,
except that a total tolerance of 12 per cent., by weight,
of any lot of cherries shall be permitted for grade de-
fects, but no more than five-sixths of this amount, or
10 per cent., may fall to meet the grade requirements
other than for attached stems, and no part of this
tolerance shall be allowed for cherries which are af-
fected by worms.

Unclassified shall consist of cherries which do not
meet the requirements of either of the foregoing
grades. The term "unclassified" is not a grade within
the meaning of these standards, but is provided as a
designation to show that no definite grade has been
applied to the lot.

Definitions of Terms

As used In these standards :

1. "Fairly well colored" means that the individual
cherry has a decidedly pink or light red color pre-
dominating over the yellow on most of its surface.

2. "Pulled pits" means cherries from which the
pits have been removed in the process of harvesting.

3. "Attached stems" means cherries with stems re-
maining attached.

4. "Damage" means any injury or defect which
materially affects the appearance or processing quality
of the cherry. Light colored scars or scars which do
not materially discolor the fle.sh beneath the skin shall
not be considered as damage.

5. "Diameter" means the greatest dimension of the
cherry measured at right angles to a line running from
the stem end to the blossom end.

STANDARD GRADES FOR SWEET (IIKKRIES
FOR SILPHIR BRIMNO OR PROCESSING

(Revised May 28, 1941)

V. 8. No. 1 shall consist of sweet cherries of one
variety which are well formed, mature, firm, free
from decay, worms, pulled pits, doubles, and free from
damage caused by bruises, bird pecks, skin breaks, hail
marks, windwhips, llmbrubs, rus.seting, sunscald, scars,
shriveling, foreign material, disease, mechanical or
other means.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than 10 per cent., by
count, of the cherries in any lot may be below the
requirements of this grade, but not to exceed one-half
of this amount, or 5 per cent., shall be allowed for
defects, causing serious damage, and not more than
one-fifth of this amount, or 1 per cent,, shall be
allowed for cherries affected by decay.

Size

In addition to the statement of grade, the size of
the cherries in any lot may be specified In terms of
minimum diameter (6).

In order to allow for variations Incident to proper
sizing, not more than 10 per cent., by count, of the
cherries in any lot may be below the size specifled.

Deflnitionn of TerniH

As used In these standards :

1. "Well formed" means that the cherry has the
shape characteristic of the variety.

2. "Mature" means that the cherries have reached
the stage of maturity at which the pit will separate
readily from the flesh.

3. "Doubles" means cherries which have the ap-
pearance of attached twin cherries.

4. "Damage" means any defect or injury which ma-
terially affects the quality of the fruit for brining.
The following shall be considered as damage:

(a) Bruises, except slight bruises at the stem end.

(b) Rain cracks and other skin breaks which ex-
ceed 14 Inch in length, except a very thin line en-
circling the »tem end of the fruit.

(c) Superficial scars, windwhips. liinbrubs. russet-
Ing. and similar scars when light-colored and covering
more than l.'i per cent, of the surface of the cherry;
or when dark coloreil and affecting an area of more
than Vfe Inch in diameter.

41

5. "Serious damage" means any defect or injury
which seriously affects the quality of the fruit for
brining. The following shall be considered as serious
damage :

(a) Cherries affected by worms.

(b) Kain cracks and other .skin breaks which ex-
ceed % inch in length.

(c) Any injury which seriously affects or causes
discoloration of the flesh.

6. "Diameter" means the greatest dimension, meas-
ured through the center of the cherry, at right angles
to a line running from the stem to the blossom end

STANDARD GRADES FOR GREEN CORN

(Effective January 80, 1927)
Gradett

r. 8. No. 1 shall consist of ears of green corn of
similar varietal characteristics which are well trimmed
well formed, and free from damage caused by smut or
other disease. Insects, mechanical or other means Cobs
shall be well filled with plump and milky kernels and
well covered with fresh, green husks.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than 10 per cent by
count, of any lot may be below the requirements of
this grade.

l'. 8. Fancy shall consist of ears of green corn which
meet all the requirements of U. S. No. 1 grade except
that the ears shall be free from Insect injury instead
of free from damage caused by insect injury.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than 10 per cent, by
count, of any lot may be below the requirements of
this grade.

LncUssifled shall consist of green corn which
is not graded in conformity with either of the fore-
going grades.

Definitions of Terms

As used in these grades :

1. "Similar varietal characteristics" means that the
ears in any container are of similar color and char-
acter of growth. Ears of field and sweet corn or white
and yellow corn shall not be mixed in the same con-
tainer.

2. "Well trimmed" means that the ears are prac-
tically free from loose husks and that the shank shall

M

not extend more than 1 inch beyond the point of
attachement of the outside husk.

3. "Well formed" means that the ears are not stunt-
ed. Nubbins are not well formed cars.

4. "Damage" means injury from any cause which
materially affects the appearance or edible quality of
the ear. Ears showing worm Injury extending not more
than IMt inches from the tip of the cob shall not be
regarded as damaged, but worm injury affecting ker-
nels on other parts of the cob shall be considered as
damaged.

5. "Well filled" means that the rows of kernels
show fairly uniform development, and that the appear-
ance and quantity of the edible portion of the ear are
not materially affected by poorly developed rows.

6. "Plump and milky" means that the kernels are
well developed, but not over mature or shriveled.

7. "Fresh" means that the husks are not badly
wilted, dried, or turning yellow or brown.

STANDARD GR.VDES FOR SW££T CORN
FOR CANNING

(Revised February 21, 1»35)
U. 8. No. 1 shall consist of ears of sweet corn which
have similar color characteristics (1) and which are
free from freezing Injury and from serious damage by
cross-pollination (2) and smut (3).

Unless otherwise specified, each cob shall have not
less than 3 inches of its length practically filled with
uninjured kernels or the equivalent of this amount,
which can be salvaged in the ordinary process of com-
mercial trimming (4).

Kernels shall be sufficiently mature but not over-
mature for canning purposes and shall not be appre-
ciably dented from over-maturity.

V. 8. No. 2 shall consist of ears of sweet corn
which meet the requirements of U. S. No. 1 grade
except that they are appreciably dented from over-
maturity.

Maturity Clasaiflcatlons of Husked U. S. No. 1 and
V. 8. No. 2 ]!:ars
ClaaR A shall consist of ears of sweet corn, the
kernels of which are tender (5) and milky.

ClaHfi B shall consist of ears of sweet corn, the
kernels of which do not meet Class A requirements

for tenderness or which have developed beyond the
stage at which the kernels are milky and the exudate
is of a heavy consistency, but the kernels are not
appreciably dented from over-maturity.

Class C shall consist of ears of sweet corn which
are appreciably dented from over-maturity.

Definitions of Termit

As used In these standards :

1. "Similar color characteristics" means that the
ears of corn In any lot are of the same general color.

2. "Serious damage by cross-pollination." An ear
shall be considered as seriously damaged by cross-
pollination when it has more than 10 per cent, of
kernels of a color which is materially different from
that of the majority of kernels on the ear.

3. "Serious damage by smut." An ear shall be con-
sidered as seriously damaged by smut when a gall
is broken, or will probably become broken in the
ordinary process of machine husking.

4. "Uninjured kernels which can be salvaged In
the ordinary process of commercial trimming." In the
ordinary process of commercial trimming It Is often
necessary to trim away some uninjured kernels with
the injured ones. As these uninjured kernels consti-
tute a loss In commercial trimming they are considered
as waste when determining the percentage of unin-
jured kernels which can be salvaged from a cob.

5. "Tender" means that the kernels break with
only moderate pressure from the thumbnail.

STANDARDS FOR AMERICAN (EASTERN TYPE)

BUNCH GRAPES

(Revised June 16. 194S)

The tolerances for the standards are on a con-
tainer basis. However, Individual packages in any
lot may vary from the specified tolerances as stated
below provided the averages for the entire lot. based
on sample Inspecfion. are within the tolerances speci-
fied.

For a tolerance of 10 per cent, or more, individual
packages In any lot may contain not more than one
and one-half times the tolerance specifled.

For a tolerance of less than 10 per cent.. Individual
packages In any lot may contain not more than double
the tolerance specified.

44

Grades

U. 8. Fancy Table iirapeN shall consist of grapes
of one variety which are well colored, mature, firmly
attached to capstems, not shattered, split, crushed,
dried, wet or soft; which are free from mold, decay,
mildew, berry moth, russeting, hail, and from damage
caused by freezing, disease, insects, or other means.
Not less than 50 per cent, of the bunches In any con-
tainer shall be compact and the remainder shall be
fairly compact. Bunches shall not be excessively small,
excepting that compact portions of bunches consisting
of no less than five berries may be used to fill open
spaces between whole bunches.

Berries of the Concord, Wordon, Champion and other
varieties of similar size shall have a minimum diam-
eter of not less than nine-sixteenths of an inch, meas-
ured through the widest portion of the cross section.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than a total of 10
per cent., by weight, of the berries in any container
may fail to meet the requirements of this grade, but
not more than 5 per cent, shall be allowed for berries
which are seriously damaged. Of this tolerance for
serious damage, not more than one-fifth, or 1 per cent,
shall be allowed for berries affected by mold or decay,
and not over two-fifths, or 2 per cent., shall be allowed
for dried berries or those affected by berry moth. In
addition, not more than 5 per cent., by weight, of
the bunches In any container may be straggly, and
not more than one-tenth, by weight, of the bunches
In any container may have more than 10 per cent, of
berries which do not meet the size requirement.

U. 8. >'o. 1 Table GrapeH shall consist of grapes
of one variety which are fairly well colored, mature,
firmly attached to capstems, not shattered, split,
crushed, dried, wet or soft, which are free from mold,
decay, berry moth, and from damage caused by mildew,
russeting, hall, freezing, disease. Insects or other
means. Not less than S.^j per cent, of the bunches in
in any container shall be fairly compact.

Berries of the Concord, Wordon, Champion and other
varieties of similar size shall have a minimum diam-
eter of not less than nine-sixteenths of an inch
measured through the widest portion of the cross
section.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than a total of 10
per cent., by weight, of the berries in any container
may fall to meet the requirements of this grade, but

45

not more than 5 per cent, shall be allowed for berries
which are seriously damaged. Of this tolerance for
serious damage not more than two-fifths, or 2 per
cent., shall be allowed for berries affected by mold
or decay, and not more than two-fifths, or 2 per cent.,
shall be allowed for dried berries or those affected
by berry moth. In addition, not more than one-tenth,
by weight, of the bunches in any container may have
more than 10 per cent, of berries which do not meet
the size requirements.

U. 8. No, 1 Juice Grapes shall consist of grapes
of one variety which are fairly well colored, mature,
firmly attached to capstems, not shattered, split,
crushed, dried, wet or soft, which are free from mold,
decay, berry moth, and from serious damage caused
by mildew, russeting, hail, freezing, disease, insects
or other means. Not less than 60 per cent, of the
bunches In any container shall be fairly compact.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than a total of 15
per cent., by weight, of the berries In any container
may fall to meet the requirements of this grade, but
not more than 6 per cent., shall be allowed for berries
which are seriously damaged. Of this tolerance for
serious damage not more than one-half, or 3 per
cent., shall be allowed for berries affected by mold
or decay, and not more than one-third, or 2 per cent.,
shall be allowed for dried berries or those affected by
berry moth.

Any lot of grapes consisting of more than one va-
riety which meets all other requirements of "U. S
Fancy Table", "U. S. No. 1 Table" or "T. S. No. 1
Juice" may be designated as U. 8. Fancy Table Mixed.
U. 8. No. 1 Table Mixed or U. 8. No. 1 Juice Mixed.

rnrlasNifled shall consist of grapes which have not
been classified in accordance with any of the foregoing
grades. Th term "Unclassified" Is not a grade within
the meaning of these standards but is provided as a
designation to show that no definite grade has been
applied to the lot.

Deflnitiona of Terms

As used In these standards :

1. "Mature" means that the grapes are juicy, pal-
atable, and have reached that stage of development
at which the skin of the berry easily separates from
the pulp. Frozen, or slightly frosted stock should not
be confused with mature stock.

M

2. "Well colored" means that the berries shall
show full color characteristic of the variety.

3. "Fairly well colored" means that not less than
75 per cent., by weight, shall show full color char-
acteristic of the variety. Twenty-five per cent, may
show partially or poorly colored berries which are
not characteristic of immature berries.

4. "Shattered Berries" means berries which have
separated from the bunch.

5. "Compact bunches" means well-fllled bunches,
with no open spaces.

6. "Fairly compact" means that the bunches are
well filled but that the berries are not closely spaced
as in "compact bunches".

7. "Damage" means any injury which materially
affects the appearance or the edible or shipping
quality. Mildew which affects the appearance of the
berries shall be considered as damage, but berries shall
not be regarded as damaged by mildew which are
firmly attached to the stems and which have only
slight traces of mildew on the inside of the bunch
where It does not affect the appearance of the berries.

8. "Serious damage" means that the defects taken
singly or collectively seriously affect the market
quality.

9. "Straggly" means :x decidedly open bunch with
large open spaces and v.ry few berries. Small, im-
mature, shotberrles characteristic of the Wordon va-
riety, should be disregarded unless they are excessive
in number and detract materially from the appearance
of the lot.

8T.\XD.\RDS FOR ,\MERIC.\X (E.\STERX TYPE)

BUNCH GRAPES FOR PROCESSING

AND FREEZING

(Effective July 6. 1943)

U. 8. No. 1 shall consist of grapes of one variety
which are well colored (1). mature (2), not crushed,
dried or soft ; which are free from mold, decay, berry
moth injury, and from serious damage (3), caused
by russetlng, hall, freezing, mildew, other disease,
insects or other means.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than a total of ]r>
per cent., by weight, of the berries may fail to meet
the requirements of this gr.ide, but not more than 6
per cent, shall be allowed for berries which are serl-

47

ously damaged. Of this tolerance for serious damage
not more than one-half, or 3 per cent., shall be allowed
for berries affected by mold or decay, and not more
than one-third, or 2 per cent., .shall be allowed for
dried berries or those aftVcud by berry moth.

V. S. No. 2 shall consist of grapes which meet the
requirements and toleranc.s of U. S. No. 1 grade ex-
cept that they need be only fairly well colored (4)
and except that not more than 3 per cent, tolerance
shall be allowed for dried berries or those affected by
berry moth.

Unclassified shall consist of grapes which fail to
meet the requirements of either of the foregoing
grades. The term "umlassifled" is not a grade within
the meaning of these standards but Is provided as a
designation to show that no definite grade has been
applied to the lot.

Definitions of Terms

As used in these standards :

1. "Mature" means that the grapes are juicy,
palatable, and have reached the stage of development
at which the skin of the berry easily separates from
the pulp. Frozen or slightly frosted stock should not
be confused with mature stock.

2. "Well colored" means that not less than 90 per
cent., by weight, of the berries show full color char-
acteristic of the variety. Ten per cent, may show
partially or poorly colored berries which are not char-
acteristic of Immature berries.

3. "Serious damage" means any Injury or defect
which seriously affects the processing or freezing
quality.

4. "Fairly well colored" means that not less than
75 per cent., by weight, of the berries show full color
characteristic of the variety. Twenty-five per cent,
may show partially or poorly colored berries which are
not characteristic of immature berries.

STANDARD GRADES FOR MAPLE SIRIP FOR

REPROCE.SSING

(Effective February l.», 1940)

Numbers in parentheses following grade terms Indi-
cate where such terms are defined under Definitions
of Terms.

These standards are applicable to sirup which is
packed In drums or other large containers for further
processing. It Is not Intended that they shall apply

48

to sirup packed in containers for table use. Another
set of standards entitled "U. S. Standards for Table
Maple Sirup" has been issued for this purpose.

CirndeH

I'. S. Urade A A (Fancy) Maple Sirup for Re-
proceHHinff shall consist of maple sirup (1) which
meets the following requirements :

The color shall not be darker than light amber as
represented by the color standards of the United States
Department of Agriculture.

The weight shall be not less than 11 pounds per
gallon of 231 cubic Inches at 68 degrees F. corre-
sponding to 65.46 degrees Brlx or 35.27 degrees
Baume (Bureau of Standards Baume scale for sugar
solutions, modulus 145).

The sirup shall possess a characteristic maple flavor,
shall be free from fermentation and free from damage
(2) caused by scorching, buddiness, any objectionable
foreign flavor or odor or other means.

U. 8. Grade A Maple Sirup for Reprocesslnr shall
consist of maple sirup (1) which meets the require-
ments of U. S. Grade AA (Fancy) Maple Sirup for
Reprocessing except for color.

The color shall be darker than light amber but shall
not be darker than medium amber as represented by
the color standards of the United States Department
of Agriculture.

I'. 8. Grade B Maple Sirup for ReproceAslns shall
consist of maple sirup (1) which meets the require-
ments of U. S. Grade AA (Fancy) Maple Sirup for
Reprocessing except for color.

The color shall be darker than medium amber but
shall not be darker than dark amber as represented
by the color standards of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

U. 8. Grade C Maple Sirup for Reprocessing shall
consist of maple sirup (1) which meets the require-
ments of U. S. Grade AA (Fancy) Maple Sirup for
Reprocessing except for color.

The color shall be darker than dark amber repre-
sented by the color standards of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture.

InclanHifled Maple Sirup for Reprore«iiiintr shall
consist of maple sirup which has not been classified
in accordance with the foregoing grades. The term
"Unclassified" Is not a grade within the meaning of
these standards, but is provided as a designation to
show that no definite grade has been applied to the lot.

Definitions of Terms

As used in these standards:

1. "Maple Sirup" means sirup made by the evap-
oration of maple sap or by the solution of maple con-
crete (maple sugar) and contains not more than 35
per cent, of water, and weighs not less than 11 pounds
to the gallon (231 cubic inches).

2. "Damage" means any defect that materially
affects the appearance or the edibility or shipping
quality of the sirup.

STANDARD GRAD£8 FOR PEACHES

(Revised April 22, 1933)
U. 8. Fancy shall consist of peaches of one variety
which are mature (1)«. but not soft or overripe, well
formed (2) ; free from decay, bacterial spot, cuts
which are not healed, growth cracks, hail Injury, scab,
scale, split pits, worms, worm holes, leaf or limb rub
injury (3) ; and from damage (4) caused by bruises,
dirt or other foreign materials, other disease, insects
or mechanical or other means (4).

Each peach shall meet Its varietal color require-
ment as follows, which is expressed in terms of per-
centage of the fruit surface showing red color char-
acteristic of the variety.

50 per cent, or more:

Carmen, Early Crawford, Early Rose, Hiley, May-
flower, Red Bird (Early Wheeler), St. John, Triumph,
Tuscan Cling, other similar varieties.

2fi per cent, or more:

Belle of Georgia, Cumberland, Elberta, J. H. Hale,
Jubilee, Late Crawford, Orange Cling, Paloro, Stump.
Uneeda, other similar varieties.

13 per Gfnt. or more:

Bllyeau, Champion, Eclipse. Greensboro. Levy, Phil-
lips, Cling, Salwey, Slappy. Smock, other similar
varieties.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling not more than 10 per cent., by
count, of the peaches in any package may be below
the requirements of this grade other than for color
but not more than one-half of this tolerance, or 5 per
cent., shall be allowed for defects causing serious dam-
age (5) and not more than one-fifth of this amount.

• See "Definitions of Terms.'

50

or 1 per cent., shall be allowed for decay at shipping
point. An additional tolerance of 2 per cent, shall be
allowed for soft or overripe peaches or decay en route
or at destination. In addition, not more than 10 pt-r
cent., by count, of the fruit in any package may be
below the si)ecilied color requirement.

U. S. JSxtra Ko. 1. Any lot may be designated "U. S.
Extra No. 1" when the poaches meet the requirements
of U. S. No. 1 'grade provided that not less than 50
per cent., by count, of the peaches in any lot also
meets the color requirements of U. S. Fancy Grade.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than 10 per cent., by
count, of the peaches in any package t may be below
the requirements of the No. 1 grade, but not more than
one-half of this tolerance, or 5 per cent., shall be al-
lowed for defects causing serious damage (5) and not
more than one-fifth of this amount, or 1 per cent., shall
be allowed for decay at shipping point. An addlUonal
tolerance of 2 per cent, shall be allowed for soft or
overripe peaches or decay en route or at destination.
No part of any tolerance shall be used to reduce the
percentage of peaches with U. S. Fancy color required
for the lot as a whole, but individual packages may
have not less than 40 per cent, which meet the color
requirements of U. S. Fancy grade provided that the
entire lot averages not less than 50 per cent. However,
the 3 per cent, total tolerance for decay en route or at
destination may be used to reduce this percentage pro-
vided there is no evidence that the decayed fruit did
not meet the color requirements of U. S. Fancy at
time of packing.

U. S. So. 1 shall consist of peaches of one variety
which are mature (1> but not soft or overripe, well
formed (.2), free from decay, growth cracks, cuts
which are not healed, worms, worm holes, and from
damage (4) caused by bruises, dirt or other foreign

tAPPLICATION OF TOLERANCE. The tolerances
specified for the various grades are placed on a pack-
age basis. However, any lot of peaches shall be con-
sidered as Ineeting the requirements of a specified
grade if the entire lot averages within the tolerances
specified, provided that the defects in any package
based on sample inspection do not exceed the follow-
ing amounts :

For a specified tolerance of 10 per cent, not more
than one and one-half times the tolerance shall be
allowed for any one package.

For specified tolerances of 5 per cent, or less, not
more than double the tolerance shall be allowed for
any one package.

•1

materials, bacterial spot (4a), scab {4b), scale (4c).
hail injury (4d), leaf or limbrubs (4e), split pits
(4f), other disease, insects or mechanical or other
means (4).

In order to allow for variations Incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than 10 per cent., by
count, of the peaches in any package may be below
the requirements of this grade, but not more than one-
half of this tolerance, or 5 per cent., shall be allowed
for defects causing serious damage (5) and not more
than one-fifth of this amount, or 1 per cent., shall be
allowed for decay at shipping point. An additional
tolerance of 2 per cent, shall be allowed for soft or
overripe peaches or decay en route or at destination.

V. 8. No. 2 shall consist of peaches of one variety
which are mature (1) but not soft or overripe, not
badly misshapen (6), free from decay, outs which are
not healed, worms, worm holes, and from serious dam-
age (5) caused by bruises, dirt or other foreign ma-
terials, bacterial spot (5a), scab (5b), scale (5c),
growth cracks (5d). hall Injury (5e). leaf or limb-
rubs (5f), split pits (5g), other diseases. Insects, or
mechanical or other means (5).

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling not more than 10 per cent., by
count, of the peaches in any package may be below
the requirements of this grade, but not more than
one-tenth of this tolerance, or 1 per cent., shall be al-
lowed for decay at shipping point. .\n additional toler-
ance of 2 per cent., shall be allowed for soft or over-
ripe peaches or decay en route or at destination.

Unclassified shall consist of peaches which are not
graded In conformity with any of the foregoing grades.

Marking Requirements for Sice
The minimum size, numerical count, or description
of pack of the peaches in any package shall be plainly
stenciled, labeled, or otherwise indicated on the pack-
age. Minimum size refers to the "diameter" (as here-
inafter defined) of the smallest peach and shall be
stated in terms of whole inches, whole and half inches,
whole and quarter Inches, or whole and eighth Inches,
as 2 Inches minimum. 2»4 inches minimum, 1% Inches
minimum, etc., in accordance with the facts.

"Diameter" means the shortest distance measured
through the center of the peach at right angles to a
line running from the stem to the blossom end.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
sizing, not more than 10 per cent., by count, of the

peaches In any package may be below the specified
minimum size.

Description of pack refers especially to peaches
packed in six-basket carriers. When used it shall in-
clude the arrangement of the peaches in each layer in
the baskets and also the total number of layers in the
carrier and shall be indicated as follows : 2-1, 6 lay-
ers; 2-2, 6 layers; 3-2, 6 layers. In accordance with
the facts.

Standard Pack

Each package shall be packed so that the peaches
in the shown face shall be reasonably representative
In size, color and quality of the contents of the pack-
age.

Baskets — Peaches packed in bushel or half-bushel
round bottom baskets and tub baskets shall be ring
faced and tightly packed with sufflcient bulge to pre-
vent any appreciable movement of the peaches within
the packages when lidded.

Boxes— Peaches packed in the standard western
boxes shall be reasonably uniform in size and ar-
ranged in the packages according to the approved and
recognized methods. Each wrapped peach shall be
fairly well enclosed by its individual wrapper. All
packages shall be well filled and tightly packed, but the
contents shall not show excessive or unnecessary bruis-
ing because of over-fllled packages. The number of
peaches in the box shall not vary more than 4 from
the number Indicated on the box.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
packing, not more than 10 per cent, of the packages in
any lot may not meet these requirements.

Definitions uf Terms

As used in these grades :

1. "Mature" means that the peach has reached
the stage of growth which will Insure a proper com-
pletion of the ripening process.

2. "Well formed" means that the peach has the
shape characteristic of the variety.

3. "Leaf or limbrub injury" means that the scar-
ring is not smooth, not light colored, or aggregates
more than % inch in diameter.

4. "Damage" means any injury or defect which
materially affects the appearance, edible or shipping
quality of the peach. Any one of the following de-
fects, or any combination thereof, the seriousness of
which exceeds the maximum allowed for any one de-
fect, shall be considered as damage :

(a) Bacterial spot when cracked, or when aggre-
gating more than % inch in diameter.

(b) Scab spots when cracked, or when aggregating
more than % Inch in diameter.

(c) Scale when concentrated or when scattered
and aggregating more than % inch In diameter.

(d) Hail injury which is unhealed, or deep, or
when aggregating more than % inch in diameter.

(e) Leaf or limbrubs when not smooth, or when
not light colored, or when aggregating more than
Vj inch In diameter.

(f) Split pit when causing any unhealed crack, or
when causing any crack which is readily apparent, or
when affecting shape to the extent that fruit Is not
well formed.

5. "Serious damage" means any injury or defect,
which seriously affects the appearance, edible or ship-
ping quality cf the peach. Any one of the following
defects, or any combination thereof, the seriousness of
which exceeds the maximum allowed for any one de-
fect shall be considered as serious damage :

(a) Bacterial spot when any cracks are not well
healed, or when aggregating more than % Inch In
diameter.

(b) Scab spots when cracked, or when healed and
aggregating more than one inch in diameter.

(c) Scale when aggregating more than Vj Inch In
diameter.

(d) Growth cracks when unhealed, or more than
Vj inch in length.

(e) Hail injury when unhealed, or shallow hall
Injury when aggregating more than % Inch In diam-
eter, or deep hail injury which seriously deforms the
fruit or which aggregates more than i/j Inch in
diameter.

(f) Leaf or limbrubs when smooth and light col-
ored and aggregating more than 1 >4 Inches In diam-
eter, or dark or slightly rough and barklike scars ag-
gregating more than % inch In diameter.

(g) Split pit when causing any unhealed crack, or
when healed and aggregating more than ^ Inch in
length Including any part of the crack which may
be covered by the stem.

(h) Soft or overripe peaches.

(I) W^ormy fruit or worm boles.

6. "Badly misshapen" means that the peach is so
decidedly deformed that its appearance is seriously
affected.

54

STANDARDS FOR FREESTONE PEACHES

FOR CANNING OR FREEZING

(Effective Jane 4, 1942)

All percentages shall be calculated on the basis of
weight.

Grades

V. S. No. 1 shall consist of peaches of one variety
which are well formed (1), firm (2) or ripe (3). but
not hard or overripe; free from decay, worms, worm
holes, and from damage (4) by any cause. Ground
color shall be not greener than the stage of turning
from green to yellow, or white. (See Minimum Size.)

U. 8. No. 2 shall consist of peaches of one variety
which are firm (2) or ripe (3), but not hard or over-
ripe; free from decay, worms, worm holes, and from
serious damage (5) by any cause. (See Minimum
Size.)

Inclassifled shall consist of peaches which have
not been classified In accordance with the foregoing
grades. The term "unclassified" is not a grade within
the meaning of these standards but is provided as a
designation to show that no definite grade has been
applied to the lot.

Minimum Size

The minimum sizes for U. S. No. 1 and U. S. No. 2
grades may be fixed by agreement between buyer and
seller. Size shall be stated in terms of diameter, which
means the shortest distance measured through the
center of the peach at right angles to a line running
from the stem to the blossom end. Peaches below any
specified minimum size shall be designated as "Un-
classified."

Tolerances

In the application of these standards It is con-
templated that in most instances sellers will not sort
their peaches into separate lots of U. S. No. 1 and
U. S. No 2 grades before delivery to the buyer, and
that the buyer will pay on the basis of the amount
of each grade in the lot as determined by inspection.
In such cases, there Is no need for a tolerance. If
the contract between buyer and seller calls for the
delivery of lots containing only one grade such as
U. S. No. 1, or U. S. No. 2. then, unless otherwise
specified, a 10 per cent, tolerance shall be allowed for
peaches which fail to meet the requirements of the
grade upon which the contract is based and an addi-
tional 10 per cent, shall be allowed for peaches which
fall to meet the specified minimum size.

65

Deflnitionti of Terms

As used in these standards :

1. "Well formed" means that the peach is of such
shape that it will yield two reasonably well shaped
halves.

2. "Firm" means that the peach is fairly solid and
yields slightly to moderate pressure.

3. "Ripe" means that the peach yields readily to
slight pressure, and is at the most desirable stage of
maturity for immediate processing.

4. "Damage" means any injury or defect which
materially affects the processing quality of the peach,
or causes waste to the extent that the fruit, after
trimming, will not yield two reasonably well shaped
halves.

5. "Serious damage" means any injury or defect
which seriously affects the processing quality of the
peach, or causes waste of more than 20 per cent., by
weight, of the flesh in excess of that which would occur
if the peach were not defective.

ST.%ADARD GRADES FOR CANNING FE.AS

(Effective June 15, 1936)

The ofQcial Pennsylvania standards for the classi-
fication of garden peas (Pisum Sativum) for canning,
are as follows :

Pennsylvania Fancy shall consist of peas of similar
varietal characteristics which are very succulent and
tender, (1) free from starchiness, tough sliins, scald,
shriveling and from embryonic development. Raw peas
of this grade when properly processed should produce
canned peas of U. S. Grade A or (Fancy).

Pennsylvania Extra Standard shall consist of peas
of similar varietal characteristics which are fairly
succulent and tender (2), fairly free from starchiness,
tough skins, scald, shriveling and from embryonic
development. Raw peas of this grade when properly
processed should produce canned peas of U. S. Grade
D or (Extra Standard).

Pennsylvania Standard shall consist of peas of
similar varietal characteristics which are slightly
succulent and tender (3), free from scald, shriveling
and from excessive embryonic development. Raw peas
of this grade when properly processed should produce
canned peas of U. S. Grade C or (Standard).

mettVh*.**"*'"!"'* ^'"''' '°"''«' °' P^" '^hlch do not
meet the requirements of any of the foregoing grades

4oJ^^\r.n'""'r!f"'^ ''^"'^^ "^'^^ ^'^""Id float m a
4U% brine solution.

in 'f'50^'"X'"". ''''•■' ^'^'"'''^ ""'^^ «»>»""' float
lu a ou% brine solution.

finlf V Pennsylvania Standard peas should float in a
60% brine solution.

STAND.4RD ORADKS FOR SIMMER AND FALL

PEARS

Such an Bartlett Hardy, and other Similar Varieties
(l!.irectlve June 27, 1940)

Numbers and letter in parentheses following grade

DeTnitirrrmT ^"" ''^ "^ ^ ^

When the numerical count is marked on the con-

counT '"''''''''''' ^'^^'^ »>« -'-'ated on the basis of

When the minimum diameter or minimum and
maximum diameters are marked on the In^ainer
percentages shall be calculated on the basis of w^ g^ .'

The tolerances for the standards are on a con-
tainer bas.s. However. Individual packages In any lot
may vary from the specified tolerances as stated Selow
provided the averages for the entire lot. based on sam:
Pie inspection, are within the tolerances specified

For a tolerance of 10 per cent, or more, individual
packages In any lot may contain not more than one
and one-half times the tolerance specified, except that
When the package contains 15 specimens or less ,ndl
Vidua! packages may contain not more than double
the tolerance specified.

For a tolerance of less than 10 per cent., individual
packages in any lot may contain not more than
double the tolerance specified, provided at least one

br':rw°/."'' '°^^ "°^ ™^^^ '''^ requirements Shan
be allowed in any one package.

Grade*

r. 8. No. 1 shall consist of pears of one variety
which are mature (1). but not overripe (2) carefully
handpicked (3). clean (4). fairly well formed (s'
free from decay, internal breakdown, scald, freezing
injury, worm holes, black end ,6,. and from damage

Skins .r ' 'r' '"' *'"^' '"-"'^^^ '^^^- broken
Bkins (9c). russeting (9d). llmbrubs (9e). hall (9f)

scars (9f>. drought spot (9h). sunburn (91). sprays

61

burn (91). stings or other Insect Injury (9j). dl-sease
(9k), or mechanical or other means (9). (See Toler
ances and Condition After Storage or Transit. )

U. 8. No. 2 shall consist of pears of one variety
which are mature (l), but not overripe (2). carefully
handpicked (.). clean (4), not seriously misshapen
(10) free from decay, internal breakdown, scald
freezing Injury, worm holes, black end (6). and from

skTnfro l'^' '""'"' ^^ ""^'^ ^"^^ (9^). or broken
d«l , J ''*'"' '^"" ^'^° be free from serious

damage (11) caused by bruises, russeting (lid)
llmbrubs (lie), hail (llf). scars (llf). drought spot
nih) sunburn (llj). sprayburn (111), stings or
other Insect Injury (llj). disease (Ilk), or mechani-
cal or other means (11). (See Tolerances and Condi-
tlon After Storage or Transit.)

U. 8. Combination Grade. A combination of U S
No. 1 and V. S. Xo. 2 may be packed. When such a
combination is packed, at leas* 50 per cent, of the
pears in any container shall meet the requirements
or U. S. No. 1 (See Tolerances and Condition After
Storage or Transit.)

rncla««lfled shall consist of pears which have not
been classified in accordance with any of the fore-
going grades. The term "Unclassified" is not a grade
within the meaning of these standards, but is pro-
vided as a designation to show that no definite grade
has been applied to the lot.

DeflnltionH of TermH
As used in these standards :

1. "Mature" means that the pear has reached the
stage of maturity which will Insure the proper com-
pletion of the ripening process.

Before a mature pear becomes overripe It will show
varying degrees of firmness depending upon the state
of the ripening process, -herefore, a statement of
firmness should be given in order to indicate the stage
of the ripening process. A description of the ground
color should also be given.

The following terms should be used for describing
the ground color: "Green," "Light Green." "Yellowish
Green." and "Yellow."

The following terms should be used for describing
the firmness of pears :

"Hard" means that the flesh of the pear Is solid
and does not yield appreciably even to considerable
pressure. Such pears are in suitable condition for
long storage period for the variety.

58

"Firm" means that the flesh of the pear is fairly
solid but yields somewhat to moderate pressure. The
ripening process in firm pears is further advanced
than in hard pears and they cannot be held In storage
as long.

"Firm Ripe" means that the flesh of the pear yields
readily to moderate pressure. Such a pear is ap-
proaching the stage at which it is in prime eating
condition but may be held for a brief period.

"Ripe" means that the pear is at the state where
It is in its most desirable condition for eating.

2. "Overripe" means dead ripe, very mealy or
soft, past commercial utility.

3. "Carefully handpicked" means that the pears
do not show evidence of rough handling or of having
been on the ground.

4. "Clean" means free from excessive dirt, dust,
spray residue or other foreign material.

6. "Black end" is evidenced by an abnormally
deep green color around the calyx, or black spots
usually occurring on the one-third of the surface near-
est to the calyx, or by an abnormally shallow calyx
cavity.

8. "Fairly well formed" means that the pear may
be slightly abnormal In shape but not to an extent
which detracts materially from the appearance of
the fruit.

9. "Damage" means any injury or defect which
materially affects the appearance, edible or shipping
quality.

(9a) Hard end, if the pear shows a distinctly con-
stricted protrusion at the blossom end, or an abnor-
mally yellow color at the blossom end, or an abnor-
mally smooth rounded base with little or no depres-
sion at the calyx, or if the flesh near the calyx is
abnormally dry and tough or woody.

(9b) Slight handling bruises and package bruises
such as are incident to good commercial handling in
the preparation of a tight pack shall not be consid-
ered damage.

(9c) Any i»»':ir with one skin break larger than
3/16 Inch In diameter or depth, or with more than
oue skin break '., Inch or larger in diameter or depth,
shall be considered damaged, and scored against the
grade tolerance.

Small inconspicuous skin breaks, less than >A inch
in diameter or depth, shall not be considered damage.
In addition, not more than 15 per cent, of the pears

■ 59

in any container may have not more than one skin
break from % inch to 3/16 inch, inclusive, in diameter
or depth.

(9d) Russeting which exceeds the following shall
be considered as damage :

On all varieties excessively rough russeting (rus-
seting which shows "frogging" or slight cracking)
when the aggregate area exceeds % inch in diameter.
On Bartlett and other smooth-skinned varieties
slightly rough russeting, or thick russeting such as
is characteristic of frost injury, when the aggregate
area exceeds % inch In diameter.

On Bartlett and other smooth-skinned varieties,
smooth solid or smooth nctlike russeting when the
a<igregate area exceeds 15 per cent, of the surface.

On Hardy, Sand and other similar varieties, rough
or thick russeting such as is characteristic of frost
injury, when the aggregate area exceeds % inch in
diameter. On any of these varieties any amount of
characteristi'j russeting is permitted whether due to
natural causes such as weather or stimulated by ar-
tlflcial means ; leaf whips or light limbrubs which re-
semble and blend into russeted areas shall be con-
sidered as russet.

Any of the following defects or any combination
thereof, the seriousness of which exceeds the maximum
allowed for any one defect shall be considered as
damage :

(9e) Any limbrubs which are cracked, softened, or
more than slightly depressed.

Black discoloration caused by limbrubs which ex-
ceeds an aggregate area of •% inch in diameter.

Dark brown discoloration or excessive roughness
caused by limbrubs which exceeds an aggregate area
of '/2 inch in diameter.

Slightly rough, light colored discoloration caused
by limbrubs which exceeds an aggregate area of %
inch in diameter.

Smooth, light colored discoloration caused by limb-
rubs which exceeds an aggregate area of 1 Inch in
diameter.

(9f) Hall marks or other similar depressions or
scars which are not shallow or superflcial, or where
the injury affects an aggregate area of more than
% inch in diameter.

(9h) Drought si>ot when more than one in num-
ber, or when the external injury exceeds an aggregate
area of % inch in diameter, or when the appearance
of the flesh is materially .affected by corky tissue or
brownish discoloration.

no •

(91) Sunburu or sprayburn where the skin Is blis-
tered, cracked, or shows any light tan or brownish
color, or the shape of the pear is appreciably flattened,
or the flesh is appreciably softened or changed in
color, except that sprayburn of a russet character
shall be considered under the definition of russeting
(9d).

(9j) Insects.

More than two healed codling moth stings, or any
insect sting which is over 3/32 of an inch in diameter,
or other insect stings affecting the appearance to an
equal extent.

Blister mite or canker worm injury which Is not
shallow or superficial, or where the injury affects an
aggregate area of more than % inch in diameter.

(9k) Disease.

Scab spots which are black and which cover an
aggregate area of more than % inch in diameter
except that scab spots of a russet character shall be
considered under the definition of russeting (9d).

Sooty blotch which is thinly scattered over more
than 5 per cent, of the surface, or dark, heavily con-
centrated spots which affect an area of more than
% Inch in diameter.

10. "Seriously misshapen" means that the pear is
excessively flattened or elongated for the variety, or
is constricted or deformed so it will not cut three
fairly uniform good quarters, or is so badly misshapen
that the appearance is seriously affected.

11. "Serious damage" means any injury or defect
which seriously affects the appearance, edible or ship-
ping quality.

(lid) Russeting which in the aggregate exceeds
the following shall be considered as serious damage :

On all varieties, excessively rough russeting (russet-
ing which shows "frogging" or slight cracking) when
the aggregate area exceeds % inch in diameter.

On all varieties thick russeting such as is charac-
teristic of frost injury, 15 per cent, of the surface.

Any one of the following defects or combination
thereof, the seriousness of which exceeds the minimum
allowed for any one defect shall be considered as
serious damage :

(lie) Limbrubs which are more than slightly
cracked, or excessively rough limbrubs or dark brown
or black discoloration caused by limbrubs which ex-
ceeds an aggregate area of % Inch in diameter

Other limbrubs which affect an aggregate area of
more than one-tenth of the surface.

•1

(llf) Hall marks or other similar depressions or
scars which affect an aggregate area of more than
% inch in diameter, or which materially deform or
disfigure the fruit.

(llh) Drought spot when more than two in num-
ber, or where the external injury affects an aggregate
area of more than % Inch in diameter, or when the
^ appearance of the flesh Is seriously afl'ected by corky
tissue or brownish discoloration.

(Ill) Sunburn or sprayburn where the skin is
blistered, cracked or shows any brownish color, or
where the shape of the pear is materially flattened,
or the flesh is softened or materially changed in
color, except that sprayburn of a russet character
shall be considered under the definition of russeting
(lid).

(llj) Insects.
Worm holes.

More than three healed codling moth stings, of
which not more than two may be over .3/32 inch in
diameter, or other insect stings affecting the appear-
ance to an equal extent.

Blister mite or canker worm injury which affects
an aggregate area of more than % inch In diameter
or which materially deforms or disfigures the fruit.

(Ilk) Scab spots which are black and which cover
an aggregate area of more than one-fourth inch In
diameter, except that scab spots of a russet character
shall be considered under the definition of russeting
(lid).

Sooty blotch which is thinly scattered over more
than l.l per cent, of the surface, or dark, heavily con-
centrated spots which affect an area of more than
% inch In diameter.

Tolerances for Precedinc Grades

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than a total of 10
per cent, of the pears in any container may be below
the requirements of grade, provided that not more
than 5 per cent, shall be seriously damaged by insects,
and not more than 1 per cent, shall be allowed for
decay or Internal breakdown.

When applying the foregoing tolerances to the com-
bination grade no part of any tolerance shall be used
to reduce the percentage of l'. S. No. 1 pears required
in the combination, but individual containers may
have not more than 10 per cent, less than the per-

centage of U. S. No. 1 required, provided that the
entire lot averages within the percentages specified.

Coodition After Sturaye or Transit

Decay, scald or other deterioration which may have
developed on pears after they have been in storage or
transit shall be considered as affecting condition and
not the grade.

Standard Pack
Sizing

The numerical count, or the minimum size of the
pears packed in closed containers shall be indicated
on the package. The number of pears in the box shall
not vary more than 3 from the number indicated on
the box.

When the numerical count Is marked on western
standard or special pear boxes the pears shall not
vary more than % Inch In their transverse diameter
for counts 120 or less ; % inch for counts 135 to 180
Inclusive; and 3/16 inch for counts 193 or more.

When the numerical count is marked on western
standard half boxes or special half boxes packed three
tiers dee^i the pears shall not vary more than % inch
for counts 90 or less, and 3/16 inch for counU 100
or more.

When the numerical count Is marked on western
standard half boxes or special half boxes packed two
tiers deep, the pears shall not vary more than % inch
for counts of 50 or less ; 14 Inch for counts 55 to 60
Inclusive; and 3/16 Inch for counts 65 or more.

When the numerical count is not shown, the mini-
mum size shall be plainly stamped, stenciled <»r other-
wise marked on the container in terms of whole
Inches, whole and half inches, whole and quarter
Inches, or whole and eighth Inches, as 2\!, Inches
minimum, 2»4 Inches minimum, or 2% inches mini-
mum, in accordance with the facts. It is suggested
that both minimum and maximum sizes be marked on
the container, as 2V4 to 2% inches, 2»{. to 2% inches,
as such marking is especially desirable for pears mar-
keted in the export trade.

"Size" means the greatest transverse diameter of
the pear taken at right angles to a line running from
the stem to the blossom end.

Packing

Each package shall be packed so that the pears In
the shown face shall be reasonably representative in
si;e and quality of the contents of the package.

Pears packed In any container shall be tightly
packed. All packages shall be well filled but the
contents shall not show excessive or unnecessary bruis-
ing because of overfilled packages.

Pears packed in boxes shall be arranged in con-
tainers according to the approved and recognized
methods with the pears packed lengthwise. A bridge
shall not be allowed in any standard pack. When
wrapped each pear shall be fairly well enclosed by its
individual wrapper.

Pears packed in round stave bushel baskets, tubs
or in barrels shall be ring faced.

TnleranceH for Standard Pack

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
sizing, not more than 5 per cent, of the pears in any
container may not meet the size requirements pro-
vided that, when the maximum and minimum sizes
are both stated, an additional 10 per cent, tolerance
shall be allowed for pears which are larger than the
maximum size stated.

In order to allow for variations Incident to proper
packing, not more than 10 per cent, of the containers
in any lot may not meet these requirements, but no
part of this tolerance shall be allowed for bridge
packs, or for packs with different sizes and arrange-
ments such as layers of 195 size and arrangement
and layers of 180 size and arrangement packed in the
same box.

8TAND.4RD GK.XneS FOR WINTER PEARS

Such an .\njoii. liosr. Winter Xelis, romice
and other Himilar varieticN '

(Effective July 8, 1940)

I

Numbers and letters in parentheses following grade
terms indicate where such terms are defined under
Definitions of Terms.

When the numerical count is marked on the con-
tainer, percentages shall be calculated on the basis
of count.

When the minimum diameter or minimum and
maximum diameters are marked on the container
penentag.s shall be calculated on the basis of weight.

When the pears are in bulk, percentages shall be
lalculattd on the basis of weight.

The tolerances for the standards are on a con-
tainer basis. However, individual packages, in any
lot may vary from the specified tolerances as stated
below, provided the averages for the entire lot. based

on sample inspection, are within the tolerances speci-
fied.

For a tolerance of 10 per cent, or more, individual
packages in any lot may contain not more than one
and one-half times the tolerance specified, except that
when the package contains 15 specimens or less, indi-
vidual ))ackaKes may contain not more than double the
tolerance specified.

For a tolerance of less than 10 per cent.. Indi-
vidual packages in any lot may contain not more
than double the tolerance specified, provided at least
one specimen which does not meet the requirements
shall be allowed in any one package.

Grades
r. 8. Extra No. 1 shall consist of pears of one
variety which are mature fll, but not overripe (2),
carefully handpicked (."?), clean (4), well formed (5),
free from decay, internal breakdown, scald, freezing
injury, worm holes, black end (6), hard end. drought
spot, and free from Injury (7) caused by russeting
(7d), limbrubs (7e). hall (7f), scars (7f>, cork spot
(7g), sunburn (71). sprayburn (71), stings or other
Insect Injury (7j) or mechanical or other means (7).
except that they shall be free from damage (9)
caused by bruises (9b). broken skins (9c). or disease
(9k). (See Tolerances and Condition After Storage or
Transit, page 71.)

r. 8. No. 1 shall consist of pears of one variety
which are mature (1). but not overripe (2). carefully
handpicked (3). clean (4), fairly well formed (8). free
from decay, internal breakdown, scald, freezing Injury,
worm holes, black end (fi), and from damage (9)
caused by hard end (9a). bruises (9b). broken skins
(9c), russeting (9d). limbrubs (9e). hail (9f), scars
(9f). cork spot (9g). drought spot (9h), sunburn (91).
sprayburn (9i), stings or other insect Injury (9j),
disease (9k). or mechanical or other means (9). (See
Tolerances and Condition After Storage or Transit,
page 71.)

r. 8. No. « shall consist of pears of one variety
which are mature (1), but not overripe (2). carefully
handpicked (H). clean (4). not seriously misshapen
(10). free from decay. Internal breakdown, scald freez-
ing Injury, worm hoU-s. bla<k end ((ii. ami from
damage (9) caused by hard end (9a), or broken skint.
(9c). The pears shall also be free from serious dam-
age (11). caused by bruises, russeting (lid), limb-
rubs (lie), hail (llf). scars (llf). cork spot (llg).

drought spot (llh), sunburn (Hi), sprayburn (Hi),
stings or other insect injury (llj). disease (Ilk), or
mechanical or other means (11). (See Tolerances
and Condition After Storage or Transit, page 71.)

U. 8. Combination Grade. A Combination of U. S.
No. 1 and U. S. No. 2 may be packed. When such a
combination Is packed, at least 50 per cent, of the
pears in any container shall meet the requirements
of U. S. No. 1. (See Tolerances and Condition After
Storage or Transit, page 71.)

IJnclassifled shall consist of pears which have not
been classified in accordance with any of the fore-
going grades. The term "unclassified" is not a grade
within the meaning of these standards, but is pro-
vided as a designation to show that no definite grade
has been applied to the lot.

Definitions of Terms

As used in these standards :

1. "Mature" means that the pear has reached the
stage of maturity which will insure the proper com-
pletion of the ripening process.

Before a mature pear becomes overripe It will show
varying degrees of firmness depending upon the stage
of the ripening process. Therefore, a statement of
firmness should be given In order to Indicate the
stage of the ripening process. A description of the
ground color should also be given.

The following terms should be used for describing
the ground color : "Green," "Light Green," or "Yellow-
ish Green," and "Yellow."

The following terms should be used for describing
the firmness of pears :

"Hard" means that the flesh of the pear Is solid
and does not yield appreciably even to considerable
pressure. Such pears are in suitable condition for
long storage period for the variety.

"Firm" means that the flesh of the pear is fairly
solid but yields somewhat to moderate pressure. The
ripening process In firm pears Is further advanced than
In hard pears and they cannot be held In storage as
long. Winter varieties at the firm stage may be held
longer than the early varieties.

"Firm Ripe" means that the flesh of the pear yields
readily to moderate pressure. Such a pear is ap-
proaching the stage at which it is in prime eating
condition but may be held for a brief period although
winter varieties can be held longer than the early
varieties.

66

"Ulpe" means that the pear is at the stage where
jt is in its most desirable condition for eating.

2. "Overripe" means dead ripe, very mealy or
soft, past commercial utility.

3. "Carefully handpicked" means that the pears do
not show evidence of rough handling or of having been
on the ground.

4. "Clean" means free from excessive dirt, dust,
spray residue or other foreign material.

5. "Well formed" means having the shape char-
acteristic of the variety. Slight Irregularities of shape
from type which do not appreciably detract from the
general appearance of the fruit shall be considered
well formed.

6. "Black end" is evidenced by an abnormally deep
green color around the calyx, or black spots usually
occurring on the one-third of the surface nearest to
the calyx, or by an abnormally shallow calyx cavity.

7. "Injury" means any blemish or defect that
more than slightly affects the appearance, edible or
shipping quality. The following shall be considered
as injury :

(7d) Russeting which exceeds the following shall
be considered as injury :

On all varieties any excessively rough russeting
(russeting which shows "frogging" or slight crack-
ing).

On Cornice, and on Anjou and other smooth-skinned
varieties, slightly rough russeting, or thick russeting
such as is characteristic of frost injury, when the
aggregate area exceeds % inch in diameter.

On Anjou and other smooth-skinned varieties,
smooth solid russeting when the aggregate area ex-
ceeds Vi inch in diameter and smooth netlike russeting
- hen the aggregate area exceeds 15 per cent, of the
surface, and on Comice, smooth solid or smooth netlikc
russeting when the aggregate area exceeds one-third
of the surface, except that, in addition, on these and
similar varieties, any amount of characteristic smooth
russeting shall be permitted on that portion of the
calyx end not visible for more than V, inch along
the contour of the pear, when it is placed calyx end
down on a flat surface.

On any of the following and other similar varieties,
rough or thick russeting such as is characteristic of
frost injury when the aggregate area exceeds Mi inch
in diameter. On any of these varieties any amount
of characteristic russeting is permitted whether due
to natural causes such as weather or simulated by

87

artificial means; leaf whips or light limbrubs which
resemble and blend into russeted areas shall be con-
sidered as russet :

Bosc

Clairgeau
Easter Beurre
Kiefter
P. Barry

Pound
Seckel
Sheldon

Winter Nells, and other
similar varieties

Any one of the following defects or any combination
thereof, the seriousness of which exceeds the maxi-
mum allowed for any one defect, shall be considered
an injury :

(7e) Limbrubs which are cracked, softened, more
than very slightly depressed, not light in color, or
exceeding an aggregate area of % inch In diameter.

(7f) Hail marks or other similar depressions or
scars which are not very shallow or superficial, or
which affect an aggregate area of more than % inch
In diameter.

(7g) Cork spot when a pear shows depressions or
other external evidence of the disease.

(71) Sunburn or sprayburn If the normal color of
the fruit has been materially changed, or if the skin
is blistered or cracked, or the flesh softened or dis-
colored.

(7j) More than two healed slight stings or de-
pressions, or any stings which materially affect the
general appearance of the fruit.

Blister mite or canker worm injury which is not
very shallow and superficial or where the injury af-
fects an aggregate area of more than % inch.

8. "Fairly well formed" means that the pear may
be slightly abnormal in shape but not to an extent
which detracts materially from the appearance of
the fruit. Winter Nells pears with characteristic slight
sutures or with slight flattening on one side and/or
other slight irregularities which do not materially
detract from the general appearance of the pear shall
be considered fairly well formed.

9. "Damage" means any injury or defect which
materially affects the appearance, edible or shipping
quality.

(9a) Hard end. If the pear shows an abnormally
yellow color at the blossom end, or an abnormally
smooth rounded base with little or no depression at
the calyx, or If the flesh near the calyx Is abnormally
dry and tough or woody.

(9b) Slight handling bruises and package bruises
such as are incident to good commercial handling in

the preparation of a tight pack shall not be considered
damage.

(9c) Any pear with one skin break larger than
3/16 inch in diameter or depth, or with more than
one skin break J/s inch or larger in diameter or
depth, shall be considered damaged, and scored against
the grade tolerance.

Small inconspicuous skin breaks, less than % inch
in diameter or depth, shall not be considered damage.
In addition, not more than 15 per cent, of the pears
in any container may have not more than one skin
break from V^ inch to 3/16 Inch, inclusive, in diameter
or depth.

(9d) Russeting which exceeds the following shall
be considered as damage :

On all varieties excessively rough russeting (rus-
seting which shows -froggiug" or slight cracking)
when the aggregate area exceeds \(j inch In diameter.

On Anjou and other smooth-skinned varieties,
slightly rough russeting, or thick russeting such as
is characteristic of frost injury, when the aggregate
area exceeds % inch in diameter.

On Anjou, smooth solid or smooth netlike russeting
when the aggregate area exceeds one-third of the
surface, and on other smooth-skinned varieties. 15 per
cent, of the surface, except that, in addition, on Anjou
and other smooth-skinned varieties, any amount of
characteristic smooth russeting shall be permitted on
that portion of the calyx end not visible for more
than Vj inch along the contour of the pear, when it is
placed calyx end down on a flat surface.

On any of the following and other similar varieties,
rough or thick russeting such as is characteristic of
frost injury, when the aggregate area exceeds % Inch
in diameter. On any of these varieties any amount of
characteristic russeting is permitted whether due to
natural causes such as weather or stimulated by ar-
tificial means; leaf whips or light limbrubs which
resemble and blend into russeted areas shall be con-
sidered as russet :

Bosc Pound

Clairgeau Seckel

Comice Shelden

Easter Beurre Winter Nells, and other

Kleffer similar varieties

P. Barry

Any one of the following defects or any combination
thereof, the seriousness of which exceeds the maxi-

mum allowed for any one defect shall be considered
as damage :

(9e) Any limbrubs which are cracked, softened
or more than slightly depressed.

Black discoloration caused by limbrubs which ex-
ceeds an aggregate area of % inch in diameter.

Dark brown discoloration or excessive roughness
caused by limbrubs which exceeds an aggregate area
of % Inch in diameter.

Slightly rough, light colored discoloration caused by
limbrubs which exceeds an aggregate area of % inch
in diameter.

Smooth, light colored discoloration caused by limb-
rubs which exceeds an aggregate area of 1 inch in
diameter.

(9f) Hail marks or other similar depressions or

scars which are not shallow or superficial, or where

the injury affects an aggregate area of more than %
Inch in diameter.

(9g) Cork spots, when more than one in number
visible externally, or when the visible external injury
affects an area of more than % inch in diameter.

(9h) Drought spot when more than one in number,
or when the external injury exceeds an aggregate area
of % inch in diameter, or when the appearance of
the flesh is materially affected by corky tissue or
brownish discoloration.

(9i) Sunburn or sprayburn where the skin is blis-
tered, cracked, or shows any light tan or brownish
color, or the shape of the pear is appreciably flattened,
or the flesh is appreciably softened or changed in
color, except that sprayburn of a russet character
shall be considered under the definition of russeting
(9d).

(9j) Insects.

More than two healed codling moth stings, or any
Insect sting which is over 3/32 of an inch in diameter,
or other insect stings affecting the appearance to an
equal extent.

Blister mite or canker worm injury which is not
shallow or superficial, or where the injury affects an
aggregate area of more than % Inch in diameter.

(9k) Disease.

Scab spots which are black and which cover an
aggregate area or more than v^ inch in diameter,
except that scab spots of a russet character shall be
considered under the definition of russeting (9d).

Sooty blotch which is thinly scattered over more than
5 per cent, of the surface, or dark, heavily concentrated

n

10. "Seriously misshapen" means that the pear is
excessively flattened or elongated for the variety or
us constricted or deformed .o it will not cut tiir^e

tnl't th? "■''" ^""'* """"■'""• °'" '' «° '^^'I'y misshapen
tnat the appearance is seriously aflfect.d.

11^ "Serious damage" means any Injury or def.ct

pinr.::my"^'^ ^"^^^ ''- --^--^' «<^'^'« - -*-

thiV?/ ."""«!"°» ^hich in the aggregate exceeds
the following shall be considered as serious damage-

««Hn.^"Kri"'"''' ^^^^««'v«>y rough russeting (rus-
when th'' ''°^' "frogging" or slight cracking)

when the aggregate area exceeds % inch in diameter

On all varieties, thick russetlng such as is charac-
terlst.c Of frost injury. 15 per cent, of the surface

when the aggregate area exceeds two-thirds of the sur

erlstic smooth russeting shall be permitted on that
port on o the calyx end not visible for more tha^
/.inch long the contour of the pear, when It is
placed calyx end down on a flat surface.

the?eof°r °'/''' '°""^'"« ^'''''' °^ combination
lllowpH ^"'•'°"«"*'«« «^ ^-hich exceeds the maximum

allowed for any one defect shall be considered as serl-
ous damage :

cracVpH ^""'"•"^^ ^^^'^ ^--^ more than slightly

orhl'u^' ''r^''"^ '°"^^ '""^^"^« «'• <J"k brown
or black discoloration caused by limbrubs which ex-
ceeds an aggregate area of % inch in diameter

mo^e^Ih.n"'"'"*'' :"''' ^"''' "" aggregate area of
more than one-tenth of the surface.

scarV whic^'^"?"' °" "'*'" ''""" d-P'-^««'ons or
linch n nf '° aggregate area of more than

% inch in diameter, or which materially deform or
disflgure the fruit. uciurm or

vuli?*^ ^""'^ ""'*• '"''*'" ""« ^''«" '^° m number
vis.be externally, or when the visible external Injury

dUmeter." ''"■'""' "'' °' "°^« '^-" ^ '-»> '"

(lib) Drought spot when more than two in num-
ber, or where the external injury affects an aggregate
area of more than % inch in diameter, or when tie
appearance of the flesh is seriously effected by corky
tissue or brownish discoloration.

71

(111) Sunburn or sprayburn where the skin Is
bl'stered, cracked or shows any brownish color, or
where the shape of the pear Is materially flattened,
or the flesh is softened or materially changed In
color, except that sprayburn of a russet character
shall be considered under the definition of russetlng
(lid).

(llj) Insects.
Worm boles.

More than three healed codling moth stings, of
which not more than two may be over 3/S2 inch in
diameter, or other insect stings affecting the appear-
ance to an equal extent.

Blister mite or canker worm injury which affects
an aggregate area of more than % Inch in diameter
or which materially deforms or disfigures the fruit.

(Ilk) Disease.

Scab spots which are black, and which cover an
aggregate area of more than ''» inch in diameter,
except that scab spots of a russet character shall be
considered under the definition of russetlng (lid).

Sooty blotch which Is thinly scattered over more
than 15 per cent, of the surface, or dark heavily
concentrated spots which affect an area of more than
% Inch In diameter.

ToleranceH for PrecedInK tirades

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than a total of 10
per cent, of the pears in any'containers may be below
the requirements of grade, provided that not more
than 5 per cent, shall be seriously damaged by insects,
and not more than 1 per cent, shall be allowed for
decay or Internal breakdown.

When applying the foregoing tolerances to the com-
bination grade no part of any tolerance shall be used
to reduce the percentage of U. S. No. 1 pears required
In the combination, but Individual containers may have
not more than 10 per cent, less than the percentage
of U. S. No. 1 required, provided that the entire lot
averages within the percentage specified.

Condition .Ikfter Storage or Transit

Decay, scald, or other deterioration which may have
developed on pears after they have been in storage or
transit shall be considered as affecting condition and
not the grade.

8tttn(lard Pack
Sizinic

The numerical count, or the minimum size of the
pears packed in closed containers shall be indicated
on the package. The number of pears In the box
shall not vary more than 3 from the number indi-
cated on the box.

When the numerical count is marked on western
standard or special pear boxes the pears shall not
vary more than % inch in their transverse diameter
for counts 120 or less; % inch for counts 135 to 180,
inclusive; and 3/16 inch for counts 193 or more.

When the numerical count is marked on western
standard half boxes or special half boxes three tiers
deep, the pears shall not vary more than Vi inch for
counts 90 or less and 3/16 inch for counts 100 or
more.

When the numerical count is marked on western
standard half boxes or special half boxes packed two
tiers deep, the pears shall not vary more than % inch
for counts 50 or less ; 14 inch for counts 55 to 60,
inclusive; and 3/16 Inch for counts 65 or more.

When the numerical count is not shown, the mini-
mum size shall be plainly stamped, stenciled or other-
wise marked on the container In terms of whole inches,
whole and half inches, whole and quarter inches, or
whole and eighth inches, as 2';. inches minimum,
2'4 inches minimum, or 2% Inches minimum, in ac-
cordance with the facts. It is suggested that both
minimum and maximum sizes be marked on the con-
tainer, as 2V4 to 2% inches, 2>a to 2% inches, as
such marking is especially desirable for pears mar-
keted in the export trade.

"Size" means the greatest transverse diameter of
the pear taktn at right angles to a line running from
the stem to the blossom end.
I'aekInK

Each package shall be parked .so that the pears in
the shown face shall be reasonably representative in
size and quality of the contents of the package.

Pears packed in any container shall be tightly
packed. All i)ackage8 shall be well tilled but the
contents shall not show excessive or unnecessary bruis-
ing because of overfilled packages.

Pears paced In boxes shall be arranged in con-
lainern according to the approved and recognized
methods with the pears packed lengthwise. A bridge
shall not be allowed in any standard pack. When
wrappfd each i)ear shall be fairly well enclosed by
its individual wrapper.

73

Pears packed in round stave bushel baskets, tubs or
in barrels shall be ring faced.

Tuleranceit fur Standard Park

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
sizing, not more than 5 per cent, of the pears in any
container may not meet the size requirements provided
that, when the maximum and minimum sizes are both
stated, an additional 10 per cent, tolerance shall be
allowed for pears which are larger than the maximum
size stated.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
packing not more than 10 per cent, of the containers
In any lot may not meet these requirements, but no
part of this tolerance shall be allowed for bridge packs,
or for packs with different sizes and arrangements
such as layers of 195 size and arrangement, and lay-
ers 180 size and arrangement packed in the same box.

STANn.\RD GR.IDES FOR PLUMS A>'D PRUNES

(FRKSH)

(Revised June 3, 1937)

The tolerances for the standards are on a container
basis. However, Individual packages in any lot may
vary from the specified tolerances as stated below,
provided the averages for the entire lot, based on
sample inspection, are within the tolerances specified.

F'or a tolerance of 10 per cent, or more, individual
packages in any lot may contain not more than one
and one-half times the tolerance specified, except that
when the package contains 15 specimens or less, indi-
vidual packages may contain not more than double
the tolerance specified.

For a tolerance of less than 10 per cent., individual
packages in any lot may contain not more than double
the tolerance specified, provided at least one specimen
which does not meet the requirements shall be allowed
in any one package.

Grades
r. 8. Fancy shall consist of plums or prunes of
one variety which are well formed ; mature but not
soft, overripe, or shriveled ; which are free from decay,
bail marks, sunburn, split pits, unhealed broken skins
(except those caused by pulled stems where the skin is
not torn beyond the stem basin), and from damage
caused by dirt or other foreign material, growth
cracks, drought, russetlng, scars, disease, Insects or
mechanical or other met-s. Italian type prunes shall

94

be well colored and, UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECI-
FIED, the minimum size of such prunes shall be not
less than 1% inches in diameter.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than a total of lo
per cent., by count, of the plums or prunes in any
container may not meet the requirements of this
grade lor detects other than color and size of Italian
type prunes but not more than 5 per cent., by count,
may be allowed for defects causing serious damage
and not more than 1 per cent, may be allowed for
decay. In addition, not more than 10 per cent., by
count, of the Italian type prunes in any container may
not meet the color requirements, and not more than
10 per cent., by count, may not meet the size specifica-
tions, but the combined tolerance for all defects shall
not exceed 15 per cent,

U. 8. No. 1 shall consist of plums or prunes of one
variety which are well formed ; mature but not soft,
overripe, or shriveled; which are free from decay, un-
healed broken skins lexcept those caused by pulled
stems where the skin is not torn beyond the stem
basin) and from damage caused by dirt or other for-
eign material, growth cracks, sunburn, split pits, bail,
drought, russeting, scars, disease, insects, or mechani-
cal or other means. Italian type prunes shall be fairly
well colored and, UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED,
the minimum size of such prunes shall be not less than
1 '/s inches in diameter.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than a total of 10
per cent., by count, of the plums or prunes in any
container may not meet the requirements of this grade
for defects other than color and size of Italian type
prunes but not more than 5 per cent., by count, may
be allowed for defects causing serious damage and
not more than 1 per cent, may be allowed for decay.
In addition, not more than 10 per cent., by count,
of the Italian type prunes in any container may not
meet the color requirements and not more than 10
per cent., by count, may not meet the size specifications,
but the combined tolerance for all defects shall not
exceed 15 per cent.

I'. 8. No. 2 shall consist of plums or prunes of one
variety which are mature but not soft, overripe, or
shriveled, which are free from decay and from serious
damage by any means.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than 10 per cent., by

75

count, of the plums or prunes In any container may
be below the requirements of this grade.

Unclassified shall consist of plums or prunes which
have not been classified in accordance with any of the
foregoing grades. The term "unclassified" is not a
grade within the meaning of these standards but is
provided as a designation to show that no definite
grade has been applied to the lot.

Standard Pack

The plums or prunes shall be fairly uniform in size
and tightly packed according to the approved and
recognized methods. The fruits in the top layer shall
not be noticeably superior in quality or size to those
in remainder of the package.

The size of plums or prunes packed in 4-basket
crates shall be indicated as follows : 4 x 4, 4-3 x 5.
4 X 5, ij?4 X 5, 5 X 5, etc., in accordance with the
arrangement In the top layer of the basket. These
packs shall not be more than 3 layers deep.

The arrangement of the bottom layer shall be one
row less one way. and may be one row less each way,
than the arrangement of the top layer. The arrange-
ment of the middle layer may be the same as the
top layer, or may be one row less one way than the
arrangement of the top layer. Straight, offset and
diagonal packs in the layers are permitted. For exam-
ple a pack with 5 x 5 in the top layer may have 5x5
in the middle layer and shall have 4 x 5 or 4-3 x 5
In the middle layer, and shall have 4x5, 4-3 x 5, or
4 z 4 in the bottom layer.

In layer packed California peach or lug boxes the
count in the entire container shall be marked on the
package.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
packing, not more than 10 per cent, by count, of the
containers in any lot may not meet the requirements
for the Standard Pack.

Definitions of Terms

As used in these standards:

1. "Well formed" means that the plums or prunes
have the shape characteristic of the variety.

2. "Mature" means that the plums or prunes have
reached the stage of maturity which wUI insure a
proper completion of the ripening process.

3. "Damage" means any injury or defect which
materially affects the appearance or keeping quality of
the fruit. Any one of the following defects, or any

7«

combination of defects, the seriousness of which ex-
ceeds the maximum allowed for any one defect, shall
be considered as damage :

(a) Hail marks, when the injury is more than
euperflcial, or superficial hail marks which exceed %
inch In the aggregate, or when the skin has been
broken.

(b) Growth cracks, when deep or not well healed,
or well healed and shallow growth cracks when more
than one in number or when more than '/i inch in
length.

(c) Sunburn, when the normal color of the plum
or prune is materially changed, or the skin ia blistered
or cracked.

(d) Split pits which injure the shipping quality or
which materially injure the appearance of the Indi-
vidual fruits.

(e) Russeting, when aggregating more than 10 per
cent, of the fruit surface.

(f) Thorn and limb scratches, when not well healed.
or when aggregating more than Vi inch in length.

4. "Serious damage" means any Injury or defect
which seriously detracts from the appearance or keep-
ing quality of the fruit. Plums or prunes with pulled
stems whore the skin has been torn beyond the stem
basin, and all other unhealed cuts and skin breaks
shall be considered as serious damage.

5. "Well colored" as applied to Italian type prunes
means that 95 per cent, of the surface of the prune is
covered with purple color except that portion which
Is permitted to be affected by russeting.

6 "Fairly well colored" as applied to Italian type
prunes means that not less than three-fourths of the
surface of the prune shows purple color.

7. "Size" means the smallest diameter measured
through the center of the plum or prune at right
angles to the straight line running from the stems to
blossom end.

8. "Fa'rly uniform in size" means that the fruits
in each packed container shall not show a variation
of more than one-fourth of an inch in diameter.

8T.4ND.\RD GKADKS FOK POT.4TOK8

(EflTectlTe June 1. 1943)

Numbers and letters in parentheses following grade
terms indicate where such terms are defined under
Definition of Terms.

All percentages shall be calculated on the basis of
weight.

n

The tolerances for the standards are on a container
basis. However, If the averages for the entire lot,
based on sample inspection, are within the tolerances
specified in the standards, the contents of Individual
packages in the lot may vary from the specified toler-
ances subject to the following limitations :

When the tolerance specified is 10 per cent, or more,
not over one-tenth of the individual packages in the
lot may contain more than one and one-half times
the tolerance except that at least one defective speci-
men shall be permitted in a package.

When the tolerance specified is less than 10 per cent.,
not over one-tenth of the individual packages in any
lot may contain more than double the tolerance speci-
fied, but no package may contain more than four
times the tolerance for soft rot or wet breakdown
except that at least one defective specimen shall be
permitted In a package.

Grades

U. 8. Fanry shall consist of potatoes of one variety
or similar varietal characteristics which are firm,
mature (1). bright (2). well shaped (3). free from
freestng injury, blackheart, blight, shriveling, sprout-
ing, wireworm injury, soft rot or wet breakdown (4),
hollow heart, and Internal discoloration (.5). and free
from injury (6) caused by dirt or other foreign matter,
sunburn, second growth, growth cracks, air cracks,
cuts. scab, dry rot, rhizoctonia, other disease, other
insects or mechanical or other means (6)

The diameter (7) of each potato shall be not less
than 2 inches.

For long varieties such as Burbank, Russet Bur-
bank, Early Ohio. Pride of Wisconsin, or other similar
varieties, not less than 40 per cent, of the potatoes in
any lot shall be 6 ounces or more In weight.

For round or intermediate shaped varieties such as
Irish Cobbler. Bliss Triumph, Green Mountain, or other
similar varieties, not less than 60 per cent, of the
potatoes in any lot shall be 2^i inches or larger in
diameter.

The size of the potatoes may be stated in terms of
minimum diameter or minimum weight, or of range
in diameter or weight, or of a certain percentage over
a certain size, following the grade name, but in no
case shall the potatoes be below sizes specified for
this grade. (See Tolerance for Size.)

Tolerance for defect*. In order to allow for varia-
tions other than size incident to proper grading and

78

handling, not more than 6 per cent of the potatoes in
any container may be below the requirements of the
grade, but not to exceed one-sixth of this amount, or
1 per cent., shall be allowed for potatoes affected by
soft rot or wet breakdown.

U. S. Extra No. 1 shall consist of potatoes of one
variety or similar varietal characteristics which are
fairly well shaped (8), fairly clean (9). free from
freezing injury, blackheart, blight, and soft rot or
wet breakdown (4) and from damage (10) caused by
sunburn, second growth (10a). growth cracks (10a)
air cracks (10b), hollow heart, internal discoloration
(5 and 10). cuts, shriveling (10c). sprouting (lOd)
scab (lOe and f). dry rot. rhizoctonia (lOg) other
disease (10). wireworms (lOh), other Insects or me-
chanical or other means (10).

Unless otherwise specified, size of potatoes (see Size
Classification and Tolerance for Size) shall be as
follows :

The diameter (7) of each potato shall be not less
than 1% inches.

For long varieties such as Burbank. Russet Bur-
bank, Early Ohio. Pride of Wisconsin, or other similar
varieties, not less than 60 per cent, of the potatoes in
the lot shall be 6 ounces or larger, of which not less
than one-half, or 30 per cent., shall be 10 ounces or
more In weight.

For round or Intermediate shaped varieties such as
Irish Cobbler. Bliss Triumph. Green Mountain, or other
similar varieties, not less than 60 per cent, of the
potatoes In the lot shall be 214 Inches or larger, of
which not less than one-half, or 30 per cent., shall be
2% inches or larger in diameter.

Tolerance for defects. In order to allow for varia-
tions other than size incident to proper grading and
handling, not more than 6 per cent, of the potatoes
in any container may be below the requirements of
the grade, but not to exceed one-sixth of this amount,
or 1 per cent., shall be allowed for potatoes affected
by soft rot or wet breakdown. In addition, not more
than 5 per cent, may be damaged by hollow heart, and
Internal discoloration.

V. 8. No. 1 shall consist of potatoes of one variety
or similar varietal characteristics which are fairly
well shaped (8). free from freezing injury, blackheart,
blight, and soft rot or wet breakdown (4), and from
damage (10) caused by dirt (101) or other foreign
matter (101). sunburn, second growth (10a). growth
cracks (10a), air cracks (10b). hollow heart, internal

79

discoloration (5 and 10), cuts, shriveling (10c), sprout-
ing vlOd). scab (lOe and f), dry rot, rhizoctonia
(lOg), other disease (10). wireworms (lOh). other
insects or mechanical or other means (10).

Unless otherwise specified the diameter (7) of each
potato shall be not less than lys inches. (See Size
Classification and Tolerance for Size.)

Tolerance for defects. In order to allow for varia-
tions other than size incident to proper grading and
handling, not more than 6 per cent, of the potatoes
in any container may be below the requirements of
the grade but not to exceed one-sixth of this amount,
or 1 per cent., shall be allowed for potatoes affected
by soft rot or wet breakdown. In addition, not more
than 5 per cent, may be damaged by hollow heart and
internal discoloration.

v. S. Conunerclal shall consist of potatoes which
meet the requirements of U. S. No. 1 grade except
that they shall be free from serious damage by dirt
(11a) and except for the Increased tolerance for defects
specified below.

Unless otherwise specified, the diameter (7) of each
potato shall be not less than l^g inches. (See Size
Classification and Tolerance for Size.)

Tolerance for defects. In order to allow for varia-
tions other than size and sprouting incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than a total of 20 per
cent, of the potatoes in any container may be below
the requirements of this grade, but not more than
5 per cent, may be seriously damaged by hollow heart
and internal discoloration and not over 6 per cent,
may be below the remaining requirements of U. S. No.
2 grade, provided that not more than one-sixth of this
amount, or 1 per cent., shall be allowed for potatoes
affected by soft rot or wet breakdown. In addition,
not more than 10 per cent, of the potatoes may have
sprouts over % inch long, but which are not seriously
damaged by shriveling, provided, that if all of the 20
per cent, tolerance is not used for other defects, the
unused part of the tolerance may also be used for
potatoes having sprouts over % inch long but which
are not seriously damaged by shriveling.

U. S. No. 2 shall consist of potatoes one variety or
similar varietal characteristics which are free from
freezing injury, blackheart. and soft rot or wet break-
down (4) and from serious damage (11) caused by
dirt (11a) or other foreign matter, sunburn, second
growth, growth cracks, air cracks, hollow heart. In-
ternal discoloration (5 and 11), cuts (lib), scab (lid

HO

and e). blight, dry rot, other diBease, wlreworm (llf),
other insects, or mechanical or other means (11).

Unless otherwise specirted the diameter (7) of each
potato shall be not less than 1 '/j inches. (See Size
Classification and Tolerance for Size.)

Tolerance for defet-lN. In order to allow for varia-
tions other than size incident to proper gradins and
handling, not more than 6 per cent, of the potatoes in
any container may be below the requirements of the
grade, but not to exceed oue-sixth of this amount, or
1 per cent., shall be allowed for potatoes affected by
soft rot or wet breakdown. In addition, not more
than 5 per cent, may be seriously damaged by hollow
heart and internal discoloration.

UnclaHHifled shall consist of potatoes which have not
been classified in accordance with any of the foregoing
grades. The term "unclassified" is not a grade within
the meaning of these standards but is provided as a
designation to show that no definite grade has been
applied to the lot.

Hli« Clattitittcation for All OradeH of Potatue«
Except V. 8. Fancy

When the potatoes are designated as "U. S No. 1",
"U. S. Commercial", or "V. S. No. 2" without specify-
ing a size classification. It is understood that the po-
tatoes meet the minimum size specified in the grade
but that no definite percentage of the imiatoes is re-
quired to be larger than this minimum size.

When potatoes meet the requirements of either size
A or size B as described below, the size classiflcation
may be specified in connection with any of the U. S.
grades except Fancy, as: "U. S. No. 1, Size A";
"I'. S. Extra No. 1, Size A"; "U. S. Commercial. Size
H"; "U. S. No. 1. Size B" ; "U. S. No. 2. Size A";
or "U. S. No. 2, Size B" ; In accordance with the
facts. When size A or size B is used in connection
with the grade, it is not permissible to specify any
smaller sizes than those specified under these desig-
nations.

8l«e A. For long varieties such as Burbank, Russet
Burbank, Early Ohio, Pride of Wisconsin, or other
similar varieties, the diameter of each potato shall be
not less than 1% inches and not less than 40 per cent,
of the potatoes In the lot shall be 6 ounces or more in
weight.

For round or intermediate shaped varieties such
as Irish Cobbler, Bliss Triumph. Green Mountain, or

81

other similar varieties, the diameter of each potato
shall be not less than 1% inches and not less than
•.0 per cent, of the potatoes in the lot shall be 2%
Inches or larger in diameter.

Slie B. For all varieties the size shall be from 1 "/^
inches to not more than two inches in diameter.

Other Sues. When either of the above size desig-
nations is not used in connection with U. S. Extra No.
1. TI. S. No. 1, U. S. Commercial, or U. S. No 2
grades, it is permissible to specify any other minimum
size such as "II4, inches minimum". "2 inches mini-
mum"; or both a minimum and a maximum size as
"IYh inches to 3 Inches". "C to 10 ounces'; or to
specify a certain percentage over a certain size as
"25 per cent, or more 21^ Inches and larger", "50 per
cent, or more 6 ounces and larger."

Tolerance for size. In order to allow for variations
Incident to proper sizing, not more than 3 per cent,
of the potatoes In any container may be below the
specified minimum size except that a tolerance of 5
per cent, shall be allowed for potatoes packed to meet
a minimum size of 2^4 inches or more In diameter,
or 6 ounces or larger in weight. In addition, not
more than 15 per cent, may be above any specified
maximum size.

When a percentage of the potatoes is specified to
be of a certain size and larger, no part of any toler-
ance shall be used to reduce such a percentage for
the lot as a whole, but individual containers may have
not more than 15 per cent, less than the percentage
required or specified provided that the entire lot aver-
ages within the percentage specified. For example, a
lot spcified as 25 per cent 2>i inches and larger may
have containers with not less than 10 per cent. 2Vi
inches and larger provided the lot as a whole averages
25 per cent. 2Vi inches and larger.

DeBnItlons of Terms

As used In these standards:

1. "Mature"' means that the outer skin (epidermis)
does not loosen or "feather" readily during the or-
dinary methods of handling.

2. "Bright" means practically free from dirt or
other foreign matter and that the outer skin (epi-
dermis) has the attractive color normal for the va-
riety.

3. "Well shaped" means the normal shape for the
variety and that the potato Is not pointed, dumbbell
shaped, excessively elongated, or otherwise Ill-formed.

4. "Soft rot or wet breakdown" means any soft
mushy, or leaky condition of the tissue such as slimy
soft rot, leak, or wet breakdown following freezing
injury or sunsoald.

5 "Internal discoloration" means discoloration such
as is caused by net necrosis or any other type of
necrosis, stem-end browning, internal brown spot, or
other similar types of discoloration not visible ex-
ternally, except blackheart.

6. "Injury" means any defect which more than
slightly affects the shipping quality or the appearance
of the individual potato or the general appearance of
the potatoes in the container, or which cannot be re-
moved without a loss of more than 2 per cent, of the
total weight of the potato Including peel covering
defective area.

7. "Diameter" means the greatest dimensions at
right angles to the longitudinal axis. The long axis
shall be used without regard to the position of the
stem (Rhizome).

8. "Fairly well shaped" means that the appear-
ance of the Individual potato or the general appear-
ance of the potatoes in the container is not materially
Injured by pointed, dumbbell-shaped or otherwise in-
formed potatoes.

9. "Fairly clean" means that from the viewpoint
of general appearance the potatoes in the container
are reasonably free from dirt or other foreign matter
and that Individual potatoes are not materially caked
with dirt or materially stained.

10. "Damage" means any injury or defect which
materially injures the shipping quality or the appear-
ance of the individual potato or the general appear-
ance of the potatoes in the container, or which cannot
be removed without a loss of more than 5 per cent,
of the total weight of the potato including peel cover-
ing defective area. Loss of outer skin (epidermis)
shall not be considered as damage unless the skinned
surface is materially affected by very dark discolora-
tion. Any one of the following defects or any com-
bination of defects the seriousness of which exceeds
the maximum allowed for any one defect shall be
considered as damage.

(a) Second growth or growth cracks which have
developed to such an extent as to materially injure
the appearance of the individual potato or the general
appearance of the potatoes In the container.

13

(b) Air cracks which are deep, or shallow air
cracks which materially injure the appearance of
the individual potato or the general appearance of
the potatoes in the container.

(c) Shriveling when the potato is more than mod-
erately shriveled, spongy or flabby.

(d) Sprouting when more than 10 per cent, of the
potatoes have sprouts over three-fourths of an Inch
long.

(e) Surface scab which covers an area of more
than 5 per cent, of the surface of the potato in the
aggregate.

(f) Pitted scab which affects the appearance of
the potato to a greater extent than the amount of
surface scab permitted or causes a loss of more than
5 per cent, of the total weight of the potato. Including
peel covering defective area.

(g) Rhizoctonia when the general appearance of
the potatoes in the container is materially injured or
when Individual potatoes are badly Infected.

(h) Wireworm, grass root or similar Injury when
any hole, on potatoes ranging in size from 6 to 8
ounces, is longer than % inch or when the aggregate
length of all holes Is more than I'A inches. Smaller
potatoes shall have lesser amounts, provided larger
potatoes may have greater amounts, provided that the
removal of the injury by proper trimming does not
cause the appearance of such potatoes to be Injured
to a greater extent than that caused by the proper
trimming of such Injury permitted on a 6 to 8 ounce
potato.

(1) Dirt when the general appearance of the po-
tatoes In the container Is more than slightly dirty or
stained, or when individual potatoes are badly caked
with dirt or badly stained; or other foreign matter
which materially affects the appearance of the potatoes.

11. "Serious damage" means any injury or defect
which seriously injures the appearance of the indi-
vidual potato or the general appearance of the potatoes
In the container, or which cannot be removed without
a loss of more than 10 per cent, of the total weight of
the potato. Including peel covering defective area. ALy
one of the following defects or any combination of
defects the seriousness of which exceeds the maximum
allowed for any one defect shall be considered as
serious damage :

(a) Dirt when the general appearance of the po-
tatoes in the container is seriously affected by tul)«ra

84

badly caked with dirt; or other foreign matter which
seriously affects the appearance of the potatoes.

(b) Fairly smooth cuts such as are made by the
digger or by a knife to remove injury when both ends
are clipped, or when more than an estimated one-
fourth of the potato is cut away, or, in the case of
long varieties, when the remaining portion of the
clipped potato weighs less than 6 ounces.

Irregular types of cuts which seriously affect the
appearance of the Individual potato, or which cannot
be removed without a loss of more than 10 per cent,
of the total weight of the potato including peel cover-
ing defective area.

(c) Shriveling when the potato is excessively shriv-
eled, spongy, or flabby.

(d) Surface scab which covers an area of more
than 50 per cent, of the surface of the potato In the
aggregate.

(e) Pitted scab which affects the appearance of
the potato to a greater extent than the amount of
surface scab permitted or causes a loss of more than
10 per cent, of the total weight of the potato including
peel covering defective area.

(f) Wireworm. grass root or similar Injury when
any hole, on potatoes ranging In size from 6 to 8
ounces, is longer than 1% Inches or when the aggre-
gate length of all holes is more than 2 inches. Smaller
potatoes shall have lesser amounts and larger potatoes
may have greater amounts, provided that the removal
of the injury by proper trimming, does not cause the
appearance of such potatoes to be injured to a greater
extent than that caused by the proper trimming of
such Injury permitted on a 6 to 8 ounce potato.

8TAND.\RD GR.\DES FOR R.\8PBERRIE8

(Effective May 29. 1931)

Orsdea

IT. 8. No. 1 shall consist of raspberries of one va-
riety which are well colored, well developed and not
BOft, overripe or broken ; which are free from cores,
sunscald, mold and decay, and from damage caused by
dirt or other foreign matter, shriveling, moisture, dis-
ease, insects, mechanical or other means.

In order to allow for variations Incident to proper
grading and handling not more than 10 per cent., by
volume, of the raspberries in any container may be

85

below the requirements of this grade, but not to exceed
one-half of this tolerance or 5 per cent., shall be
allowed for defects causing serious damage and not
more than one-fifth of this amount or 1 per cent, may
be affected by mold or decay.

U. 8. No. 2 shall consist of raspberries of one va-
riety which are not graded in conformity with the
foregoing grade and which do not contain more 'han
10 per cent., by volume, of raspberries that have been
seriously damaged from any cause, but not more than
one-fifth of this amount, or 2 per cent., may be af-
fected by mold or decay.

rnrlasslfled shall consist of raspberries which arc
not graded In conformity with either of the foregoing
grades.

Deflnitinns of Terms

As used in these grades :

1. "Well colored" means that the whole surface of
the berry shows a color characteristic of a mature
berry.

2. "Well developed" means that the berries shall
not be misshapen owing to anthracnose injury, frost In-
jury, lack of i>ollinatlon. Insect Injury, or other causes.

3."Overrlpe" means dead ripe or soft, necessitating
Immediate consumption.

4. "Damage" means any injury or defect which ma-
terially affects the appearance, edible or shipping
quality.

5. "Serious damage" means berries which are badly
deformed, crushed, leaky, moldy, decayed or otherwise
seriously injured. Berries which have poor color char-
acteristic of immature berries or berries from which
the core has not been removed shall be considered as
seriously damaged.

8T.4NDARI)S FOR 8TR.VWBERRIE8

(Revised March 33, 1942, as amended)

The tolerances for the standards are on a con-
tainer (cup) basis. However, Individual containers in
any lot may vary from the specified tolerances as stated
below, provided the averages for the entire lot, based
on sample Inspection, are within the tolerances speci-
fied.

For a tolerance of 10 per cent, or more. Individual
containers in any lot may have not more than one
and one-half times the tolerance specified, except that

8«

when the container has 15 specimens or less, individual
containers may have not more than double the toler-
ance specified.

For a tolerance of less than 10 per cent., indi-
vidual containers in any lot may have not more than
double the tolerance specified, provided at least one
specimen which does not meet the requirements shall
be allowed in any one container.

Grades

I'. 8. No. 1 shall consist of strawberries of one va-
riety, or similar varietal characteri.stics, with the cap
(calyx) attached, which are firm, not overripe or
undeveloped, and which are free from mold or decay
and from damage caused by dirt, moisture. foreiRn
matter, disease, Insects or mechanical or other means.
Each strawberry shall have not less than three-fourths
of its surface showing a pink or red color. I'niess
otherwise specified, the minimum size shall be not
less than three-quarters of an inch in diameter.

In order to allow for variations other than size,
incident to proper grading and handling, not more
than a total of 10 per cent., by volume, of the straw-
berries in any container may be below the requirements
of this grade, but not more than 5 per cent, shall be
allowed for defects causing serious damage, and not
more than two-fifths of this amount, or 2 per cent.,
shall be allowed for strawberries affected by decay.

In addition, not more than 5 per cent., by volume,
of the strawberries in any container may be below the
specified minimum size.

V. 8. No. 2 shall consist of strawberries which are
free from decay and from serious damage caused by
dirt, disease, insects, mechanical or other means. Each
strawberry shall have not less than one-half of its
surface showing a pink or red color. Unless otherwise
specified, the minimum size shall be not less than
five-eighths of an Inch in diameter.

In order to allow for variations other than size,
incident to proper grading and handling, not more than
a total of 10 per cent., by volume, of the strawberries
in any container shall be allowed for defects causing
serious damage, but not more than 3 per cent, shall be
allowed for strawberries affected by decay.

In addition, not more than 5 per cent., by volume,
of the strawberries in any container may be below the
specified minimum size.

U. 8. Combination. Any lot of strawberries may be
designated "U. S. Combination" when not less than 80

•V

per cent., by volume, of the strawberries in each con-
tainer meet the requirements of U. S. No. 1 grade and
the remainder meet the requirements of U. S. No. 2
grade, except for size. Unless otherwise specified the
minimum size shall be not les.s than •>, of an inch
in diameter.

in order to allow for variations other than size
incident to proper grading and handling, not more
than a total of 10 per cent., by volume, of the straw-
berries in any container shall be allowed for defects
causing serious damage, provided that not more than
one-fifth of this amount, or 2 per cent., shall be
allowed for strawberries affected by decay. No part
of any tolerance shall be allowed to reduce for the
lot as a whole, the percentage of U. S. No. 1 straw-
berries required in the combination, but individual
containers may have not less than 65 per cent, of
U. S. .\o. 1 strawberries, provided the entire lot aver-
ages within the percentage required.

In addition, not more than 5 per cent., by volume,
of the strawberries in any container may be below the
specified minimum size.

rnt-laHHifled shall consist of strawberries which have
not been classified in accordance with the foregoing
grades. The term "unclassified" is not a grade within
the meaning of these standards, but is provided as a
designation to show that no definite grade has been
applied to the lot.

Definitions of Terms

As used in these standards :

1. "Overripe" means dead ripe, becoming soft, a con-
dition unlit for shipment and necessitating immediate
consumption.

2. "Undeveloped" means that the berry has not at-
tained a normal shape and development due to frost
injury, lack of pollination. Insect injury, or other
causes. "Button" berries are the most common type
of this condition.

3. "Damage" means any injury or defect which ma-
terially affects the appearance or the edible or ship-
ping quality.

4. "Serious damage" means any injury or defect
which seriously afffcts the appearance or the edible or
shipping quality. Soft, badly deformed, badly bruised,
decayed or leaky strawberries, or strawberries which
are caked with dirt or which have less than one-half
of the suface showing pink or red color shall be con-
sidered as seriously damaged.

Hit

5. "Diameter" means the greatest dimension meas-
ured at right angles to a straight line running from
the stem to the apex.

STANI>.\KI> GK\I>KS F<>K (iKOWKKH' STOCK
STKAWKEKKIES FOR MANUFACTLRE

(Effective June 1, 1935)

Grades

I'. 8. No. 1 shall consist of strawberries of one
variety which are well colored, free from mold and
decay and from soft, badly crushed or split, dried or
undeveloped berries and from damage caused by dirt
or other foreign matter, hail, sunscald, birds, disease,
Insects, mechanical or other means. Unless other-
wise Hpecifled, the minimum size shall be not less than
% inch in diameter and the caps shall be entirely
removed.

In order to allow for variations incident to proper
handling, not more than 5 per cent., by weight, of the
strawberries in any lot may be below the require-
ments of this grade.

U. 8. No. 8 shall consist of strawberries which meet
all the requirements of U. S. No. 1 grade except that
a tolerance of 10 per cent., by weight, of the straw-
berries in any lot shall be permitted for grade de-
fects.

U. 8. No. 3 shall consist of strawberries which meet
all the requirements of U. S. No. 1 grade except that
a tolerance of 15 per cent., by weight, of the straw-
berries in any lot shall be permitted for grade defects.

r. 8. No. 4 shall consist of strawberries which meet
all the requirements of U. S. No. 1 grade except that
a tolerance of 20 per cent., by weight, of the straw-
berries in any lot shall be permitted for grade de-
fects.

rnclassifled shall consist of strawberries which do
not meet the requirements of any of the foregoing
grades.

Definitions of Terms

As used in these standards :

1. "Well covered" means that at least four-fifths of
the surface of the berry is covered with red or pinic
color.

2. "Soft" means that more than one-third of the
volume of the whole berry is mushy or will be re-
moved in the ordinary process of washing.

80

3. "Dried" means appreciably lacking in juice. Dried
berries are excessively seedy and often shriveled.

4. "Undeveloped" means lack of development due to
frost or insect injury, lack of pollination or other
means which causes the berry to be badly misshapen.

5. "Damage" means any injury or defect which ma-
terially affects the appearance or edible quality of the
berry for manufacturing purposes.

6. "Damage by dirt" means that the berry shows
dirt which will not wash off in the ordinary process of
washing.

7. "Diameter" means the greatest dimension meas-
ured at right angles to a straight line running from
the stem to the apex.

8TANDAKI> GRADES FOR WA.MIEi> AM>

SORTED STRAWBERRIES FOR FREEZING

(Effective June 1, 1935)

These standards are intended for use only for straw-
berries which have been washed and sorted Just prior
to being placed in containers for freezing. Samples
for the purpose of determining quality shall be taken
Immediately after washing and grading and before
any other factory operations have taken place.

Offered as companion grades to the U. 8. Standards
for Growers' Stock Strawberries for Manufacture, the
U. S. Standards for Washed and Sorted Strawberries
for Freezing may be used at a grading station either
alone or In conjunction with the other grades.

There are several quality factors pertaining to Irozen
strawberries which may be most satisfactorily deter-
mined through inspection of samples of the fruit imme-
diately after washing and grading. For this reason, the
standards may be used to advantage as a basis for buy-
ing and selling of the finished product even though they
are applied to the fruit before it is frozen, but obvi-
ously the standards do not apply to the finished
product.

Grades
U. 8. No. 1 shall consist of strawberries of one va-
riety which are properly wa.shed. well colored, free
from mold and decay, and from soft, badly crushed or
spilt, dried or undeveloped berries and from damage
caused by foreign matter, hall, sun.scald. birds, dis-
ease, insects, mechanical or other means. Taps shall
be entirely removed. I nIeHM otlierwise specified, the

90

TLZ"'. "'" """' '»' "" "- ".«» % inch ,„

weigh,, ot,hes,™„b^;rt° ,r.„„ f" ° "" ""'■■ ■"
requirement, „t tllV grade „/ hV.""' "' '"""' ""
. .- ee„,. a.an be': JC .n'To^ r.'"' •"'"

Deflnitloiis of Termn

As used in these standards :
1. "Properly washed" means th«t tu u .
been washed with fresh olZT ^ ^^"^^"^ ^«^«^

■"»vea by ,.,J,„° ^ ', " ""'""' »■■ "«> been re-
■". .ban no, be ZX.^T^lZ^ """"^ "" ""•

.e;.„;^r:=r^^^^^^^^

mean, wblob „.„1 X'bV ^'..Itl,',"''''? " """■'•

-L;;''xr;,bTr/"-"'-°"-'^^^^^^^^
be;r..j;„r.™„';a:,:r;r;;:;,.-">" '""" - -

7. Diameter" means the ereafe«» hi™„„ i
iired af rio-K. . Kreatest dimension mean-

r.irt'he^-at: " ^ ^'-'^^^ '*- --.„« from

STANDVRD ORADKS FOR TO.MATOKS

(ReviHed September 3, 1934)

vaLf; cbr^'ier,'.:"/:: rir;, '°'""'°" "' """"■■

Jury, and from damaKe (5). caused by dlr, brui
<"ut8 (5a) Biinu,.Qi,i .. ^ "• bruises.

'-.. growth crack • fi'n "' """"''"' ^'^^'^^ '^'^^'--

mechanicaTor her Tans 7;r:rr, '"^^'" ''^" ''^
.iiseases at shippi„; po,„" '' "' """ '^°™ ^'^'^'^

n

In order to allow for variations Incident to proper
grading and handling, not more than 10 per cent by
lount. of the tomatoes in any container may be below
the requirements of this grade but not more than one-
half ot this tolerance, or 5 per cent., shall be allowed
for defects causing serious damage (7). and not more
than one-fifth of this amount, or one per cent., may be
allowed for soft ripe tomatoes or tomatoes affected by
decay at shipping point or for soft ripe tomatoes or
tomatoes affected by decay in shipments from Mexico
when inspected at points of entry into the United
States. In addition a total tolerance of not more than
o per cent, shall be allowed for soft ripe tomatoes and
not more than a total of 5 per cent, shall be allowed
for tomatoes affected by decay en route or at destina-

l'. 8. >o. 2 shall consist of tomatoes of similar
varietal characteristics (1) which are mature (2) but
not overripe or soft; not badly misshapen (6) 'free
from decay, unhealed cuts, freezing injury, and' from
senous damage (7) caused by bruises, sunscald. sun-
burn, pufflness (7d), catfaces. growth cracks, scars
diseases, insects (7e). hail or mechanical or other
means (7).

In order to allow for variations incident to proi)er
grading and handling, not more than 10 per cent by
count, of the tomatoes in any container may be below
the requirements of this grade, but not more than
one-tenth of this tolerance, or one per cent, may be
allowed for soft ripe tomatoes or tomatoes affected by
decay at shipping point or for soft ripe tomatoes or
tomatoes affected by decay in shipments from Mexico
when inspected at points of entry into the United
States. In addition a total tolerance of not more than
5 per cent, shall be allowed for soft ripe tomatoes
and not more than a total of 5 per cent, shall be al-
lowed for tomatoes affected by decay en route or at
destination.

InclaHslfled shall con.sist of tomatoes which are not
graded in conformity with either of the foregoing
grades.

.MarkinK for 8lce

The minimum size, total count, or description of
the arrangement of the tomatoes In the top layer in
any package should be plainly stenciled or otherwise
marked on the package.

"Minimum size" means the greatest diameter of
the smallest fruit measured at right angles to a line
running from th«- stem to the blossom end. It should

be stated In terms of whole and quarter inches as
2" minimum. 2J4" minimum. 2 Ms" minimum, and so on
in accordance with the facts.

In order to allow for variations Incident to proper
.sizinK. not more than 5 per cent., by count, of the to-
matoes in any container may vary from the minimum
diameter or the total count si)ecified. (The tolerance
for packs is given under "U. S. Standard Packs.")

U. 8. Standard Packs
"V. 8. Standard Packti" apply particularly to pack-
ing in lugs and should be designated according to the
number of rows in the top layer in a lug, as 5x5. 5xG,
«x(j, and so on in accordance with the facts. The to-
matoes in all layers shall show a uniform type of ar-
rangement, e. g.. square, offset, or diagonal. The fol-
lowing terms shall be u.sed to describe V. S. Standard
Packs in lugs:

"U. S. Straight Pack." When specified as "U. S.
Straight Pack" the tomatoes shall be fairly uniform
in size and fairly tightly packed, and all layers in any
lug shall have the same number of tomatoes provided
that when a diagonal arrangement of tomatoes is used,
a variation of not more than one tomato shall be per-
mitted in different layers. For example, in a 5x5 pack
the tomatoes shall be packed 5 rows wide and 5 rows
long in each layer, or in an 8x8 pack the tomatoes
shall be packed 8 rows wide and 8 rows long in each
layer, or in a 4-5x!> diagonal pack the tomatoes shall
be packed alternately 4 and 5 to the row the short
way of lug with 9 such rows in the layer and with
either 4o or 41 tomatoes in each layer. InleHtt other-
wlHe Npecittfd. the net weight of the tomatoes in the
lug shall be not less than lio pounds. Not more than
one tomato shall be placed in a wrapper.

"V. H. Kvtra Kow Pack," When specified as "U. S.
Extra Row Pack" the tomatoes shall be fairly uniform
In size and fairly tightly packed, and the lower layers
shall not contain more than one additional row one
way of ihe lug, for example, in a 5x5 pack, the to-
raaiots in the lower layers may be packed 5x6. but
not «xG or 5x7. or in a 7x7 pack, the tomatoes In the
lower layers may be packed 7x8 but not 8x8. i:nl«>MH
ntherwifte Npecitlrd. the net weight of the tomatoes
in the lug shall be not less than 30 pounds. Not more
than one tomato shall be placed in a wrapper.

"V. 8. Kridxe Pack." When specified as 'U. S.
Bridge Pa'k ' the tomatoes shall be fairly uniform
In size and fairly tightly packed, and a part of one

»3

additional layer of tomatoes shall be packed in the lug
and the remaining tomatoes in the lower layers shall
not contain more than one additional row one way
or the lug than is contained in the top layer Unless
..therwUe BpeelHed. the net weight of the tomatoes
lu the lug shall be not less than 30 pounds. Not more
than one tomato shall be placed in a wrapper.

...r^'o **;. """'*'•' "™" '***"'•" '^'»>«» specified as
US. Double Wrap Pack" the tomatoes shall be
fairly uniform in size and fairly tightly packed, and
the tomatoes in the top layer shall be packed with
not more than one tomato in a wrapper and the lower
layer or layers shall be packed with not more than
two tomatoes iu a wrapper. Lnless otherwise speci-
fied, the net weight of the tomatoes in the lug shall be
not less than 30 pounds.

In order to allow for variations Incident to proper
packing, not more than 10 per cent., by count of the
containers in any lot may not meet the requirements
for any described pack.

"Irregular Pack." Lugs of tomatoes which are not
packed in accordance with any of the foregoing meth-
ods of packing may be designated as "Irregular
Pack".

Deflnitiuns of Terms

As used in these grades :

1. "Similar varietal characteristics" means that the
tomatoes are alike as to firmness of flesh and shade
of color. 1. e., that soft-fleshed early maturing varieties
are not mixed with firm-fleshed mid-season or late
varieties, or bright red varieties mixed with varieties
having a purplish tinge.

2. ".Mature" means that the contents of the seed
cavities have begun to develop a Jelly or glue-like con-
sistency and the seeds are well developed.

3. "Fairly well formed" means that the tomato Is
not decidedly kidney shaped, lopsided, elongated, angu-
lar, or otherwise deformed.

4. "Fairly smooth" means that the tomato is not
conspicuously ridged or rough.

5. "Damage" means any injury which materially
affects the appearance or the edible or shipping quality.
The following shall be considered as damage:

(a) Cuts which are not shallow, not well healed or
more than '.J inch in length.

(b) Puffy tomatoes. These tomatoes are usually
angular and flat sided. They are damaged if open

94

space in one or more locules materially affects the
appearance when the tomato is cut through the center
at right angles to a line running from the stem to
the blossom end.

(c) Catfaces. These are irregular, dark, leathery
scars at the blossoqi end of fru4t. Such scars damage
the tomato when they are fairly smooth and greater
In area than a circle % inch in diameter, or when
rough or deep, or when channels extend deeply Into
the fruit.

(d) Growth cracks. These are ruptures or cracks
radiating from the stem scar, or cracks concentric to
the stem scar. They damage the tomato when not well
healed, or when more than Vii inch in length ; except,
that very narrow well healed cracks concentric to the
stem scar shall not be considered as damage unless
they are so numerous as to damage the appearance
of the fruit.

(e) Scars (except catfaces) when aggregating more
than % inch in diameter.

6. "Badly misshapen" means that the tomato is
so badly deformed that its appearance is seriously
affected.

7. "Serious damage" means any Injury which seri-
ously affects the appearance, edible or shipping quality.
The following shall be considered as serious damage :

(a) Soft ripe tomatoes or tomatoes affected by
decay.

(b) Fresh holes, or cuts through the tomato wall.

(c) Tomatoes showing any effects of freezing.

(d) Fufflness which causes the tomato to be dis-
tinctly light in weight.

(e) Fruit actually infested With worms.

8. "Fairly uniform in size" means that not more
than 10 per cent., by count, of the tomatoes in any
container may vary more than one-half inch in
diameter. "Diameter" means the greatest dimension
taken at right angles to a line running from the stem
to the blossom end.

STANDARD GRADES FOR C.4XMXO TOMATOES
(Revised December 31, 19S8)

Ontdes

I'. S. No. 1 shall consist of tomatoes which are firm,
ripe, well colored, well formed ; free from molds and
decay and from damage caused by growth cracks.

95

worm holes, catfaces, sunscald, freezing, injury, or
mechanical or other means. (See minimum size.)'

U. 8. No. i shall consist of tomatoes which do not
meet the requirements of the foregoing grade but
which are ripe and fairly well colored and which are
free from serious damage from any cause. (See
minimum size.)

Culls are tomatoes which do not meet the require-
ments of either of the foregoing grades.

Minimum Size

The minimum size may be fixed by agreement be-
tween buyer and seller. Tomatoes below this specified
minimum size shall be classed as Culls.

Definitions of Terms

As used in these standards :

1. "Firm" neans that the tomato is not soft, puffy,
shriveled or water soaked.

2. "Well colored" means that at least 90 per cent of
the flesh of the tomato has cood red color, provided
that a tomato having flesh of a lighter shade of red
shall be considered as •well colored" if enough addi-
tional area of the flesh has a shade of red color so that
the tomato has a sufficient amount of red to be
equivalent in color to that of a tomato which has
DO per cent, good red color.

3. "Fairly well colored" means that at least two-
thirds of the flesh of the tomato has coed red color,
provided that a tomato having flesh of a lighter shade
of red shall be considered as "fairly well colored" if
enough additional area of the flesh has a shade of
red color so that the tomato has a sufficient amount
of red to be equivalent in color to that of a tomato
which has two-thirds food red color.

4. "Well formed" means that the tomato shall not
be extremely flat or otherwise badly misshapen.

5. "Damage" means any injurv which cannot be re-
moved in the ordinary process of trimming and peel-
ing without a loss of more than 10 per cent, (by
weight) of the tomato in excess of that which would
occur if the tomato were »»erfecl.

6. "Serious damage" means any injury which cannot
be removed iu the ordinary process of trimming and
peeling without a loss of more than 20 per cent. ( by
weight) of the tomato in excess of that which would
occur if the tomato were perfect.

STANDARD GRADES FOR TOMATOES FOR
MAM'FACTIRE OF STRAINED PRODICTS

(RevlRed March 1, 1933)

U S. No. 1 shall consist of tomatoes which are fairly
firm ripe, well colored, and free from stems and from
damage caused by badly discolored cracks, shriveling,
molds, decay, sunburn, sunscald. freezing or other
means.

U 8 No. 2 shall consist of tomatoes which do not
meet the requirements of the foregoing grade but
which are ripe and fairly well colored and which are
free from serious damage from any cause.

CulU are tomatoes which do not meet the require-
menta of either of the foregoing grades.

Deflnitions of Terms

As used in these grades:

1. "Fairly flrm" means that the tomato is not water
soaked.

2 "Well colored" means that at least 90 per cent,
of the flesh of the tomato has Rood red color, provided
that a tomato having flesh of a lighter shade of red
shall be considered as "well colored" If enough addi-
tional area of the flesh has a shade of red color so
that the tomato has a sufficient amount of ^^f '^° J"^
equivalent in color to that of a tomato which has
90 per cent, good red color.

.-? "Fairlv well colored" means that at least two-
thirds of the flesh of the tomato has good red color,
provided that a tomato having flesh of a lighter shade
of red shall be considered as "fairly well colored If
enough additional area of the flesh has a shade of red
color so that the tomato has a sufficient amount of red
to be equivalent in color to that of a tomato which
has two-thirds »ood red color.

4 "Damage" means any injury which appreciably
affects the quality of the tomato for pulping. Any one
of the following defects or any combination of de-
fects which exceeds the maximum allowed for any one
defect shall be considered as damage:

(a> Molds or decay, except that molds or very slight
decay which can be removed In the ordinary pro.ess
of washing without hand trimming shall not be con-
sidered as damage.

(b) sunburn or sunscald which cannot be removed
in the ordinary process of trimming without a loss

Vt

of more than in per cent., by weight, of the tomato

111 exct ss of that which would occur if the tomato
were perfect.

(c) Tomatoes wliicli sliow an appreciable amount
of shriveling.

f). "Serious damage" means any injury which se-
verely affects the quality of the tomato for pulping.
Any one of the following defects or any combination of
defects which exceeds the maximum allowed for any
one defect shall be considered as serious damage:

(a) Decay which has caused the tomato to become
sour, or decay or disease, such as Anthracnose spots.
Blossom-end Rot, Soil Rot. or any other decay or dis-
ease which cannot be rtnioved in the ordinary process
of trimming without a loss of more than 2<) per cent.,
by weight, of the tomato in excess of that which
would occur if the tomato were perfect.

( b) Sunburn or sunscald which cannot be removed
in the ordinary process of irimming without a loss of
more than 20 per cent., by weight, of the tomato in
excess of that which would occur if the tomato were
perfect.

(c) Shriveling when the flesh of the tomato Is tough
and rubbery.

OTHER STAXDARI>S

Official standard grades for the following products
may be secured by writing to the Itureau of Markets,
De|>artment of Agriculture, Harrlsburg, Pennsylvania :

Poultry Flocks
Hatcheries
Baby Chicks

Hatching Eggs
Dressed Turkeys
Eggs

In order to make available a supply of home grown
seed and plants of superior quality, rules and regula-
tion for the inspection of Seed Potatoes. Seed Wheat,
Oats and Barley, Tomato Seed, Pepper Seed, Bramble
Bushes (Raspberries and Blackberries), and fruit and
other nursery slock, have been adopted by the Bureau
of Plant Industry, and are applied in all cases where
application is made for certiftcation. Standard Grades
for Seed Potatoes have been adopted in order to fa-
cilitate the marketing of products resulting from this
certification work. These rules and regulations may
be secured by writing to the Bureau of Plant Indus-
try, Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsyl-
vania.

BUREAU OF MARKETS LAW

(A«t of April 4. 192«, P. L. 144)

Prt'KcribinK the powers and dutlos of the Department
of Asrieulture with regard to farm products; pro-
vidiiiK for cooperation with the Department of In-
ternal Affairs to establish standard receptacles for
farm products ; authorizing the Department of Agri-
culture to establish and promulgate standards for
the grade and other classification of farm products,
and to promulgate regulations for the enforcement
thereof ; defining farm products to Include agri-
cultural, horticultural, vegetable, fruit, and florl-
cultural products of the soil, live stock and meats,
wool, hides, poultry, eggs, dairy products, nuts,
mushrooms, and honey; and providing penalties.

Section 1. That In order to promote efBclent and
economical methods of marketing farm products, the
Department of Agriculture, under the direction of the
Secretary of Agriculture, may, after investigation and
public hearing, from time to time, as far as practi-
cable, establish and promulgate standards for the grade
and other classification of farm products, and, in co-
operation with the Department of Internal Affairs, may
establish and promulgate standards for receptacles
for farm products, by which their quality, value or
quantity, may be determined; and may make regula-
tions governing the marks, brands, and labels, which
may be required upon receptacles for farm products,
for the purpose of showing the name and address of
the producer or packer or distributor, the quantity,
nature, and quality of the product, or any of them,
and for the purpose of preventing deception with ref-
erence thereto. The provisions of this paragraph shall
not apply to canned farm products.

Any standard for any farm product, or any standard
for any receptacle for farm products, or any require-
ment for marking receptacles for farm products, now
or hereafter made mandatory under authority of the
Congress of the United States, shall forthwith, as far
as applicable, be established or prescribed and promul-
gated by the Department as the official standard or
requirement in this Commonwealth.

No standard established, or requirement for mark-
ing prescribed, under this section, shall become ef-
fective until the expiration of not less than three
months after It shall have been promulgated.

Section 2. Whenever any standard for the grade or
other classification of any farm product becomes ef-

fective under this act, it shall be unlawful for any
person thereafter to pack for sale, offer for sale, con-
sign for sale, or sell, any such farm product, grown,
manufactured, or prepared, withiu this Commonwealth,
under .such standard grade or classification so estab-
lished, or in Imitation thereof, unless it conforms to
such standards, subject to such variations therefrom
as may be allowed in the rules and regulations made
under this act. except that any such farm product
may be packed, offered or consigned for sale, or sold,
without conforming to the standard for the grade or
other classification applicable thereto, if the product
or the package containing it is not described, marked,
or labeled In such a way as to Indicate or to appear
upon ordinary observation that the product conforms
to the standard.

The department is authorized to make such rules
and regulations, under this act, as may be deemed
necessary to prevent deception with reference to any
standards made effective under the act, except as It
applies to standard receptacles for farm products.

Whenever any standard for a receptacle for a farm
product becomes effective under this act, it shall be
unlawful for any person thereafter to manufacture
for sale or shipment, pack for sale, offer for sale,
consign for sale, or sell, or ship, any receptacle, either
filled or unfilled, to which the standard is applicable,
unless the receptacle conform to the standard, subject
to such variations therefrom as may be allowed in the
regulations made under this act. The Department of
Agriculture, and the Department of Internal Affairs,
by their joint action, are authorized to make such
rules and regulations, under this act, as may be
deemed necessary to enforce the provisions of this sec-
tion relating to standard receptacles for farm products.

Whenever any requirement for the marking, brand-
ing, or labeling of a receptacle for a farm product
becomes effective under this act, it shall be unlawful
for any person thereafter to pack for sale, offer for
sale, consign for sale, or sell, and deliver, any such
farm product in a receptacle to which such require-
ment is applicable, unless the receptacle be marked,
branded or labeled according to such requirement, or
unless such product be brought from outside the Com-
monwealth and offered for sale, consigned for sale, or
sold in the original package.

The department is authorized, at any time, through
Its agents, to cause such Investigations, classifications.
and tests to be made, and such certificates to be issued.

and. upon payment or tender of payment of the market
value thereof, to cause such samples to be taken, as
may be deemed necessary to enforce the provisions
of this section.

Section 3. The department may designate any com-
petent employe or agent of the department and. upon
satisfactory evidence of competency, may license any
other person to make, upon request. Investigations
and classifications of farm products. When any such
Investigation and classification Is made, the employe
or agent shall issue a certificate of the grade or other
classification of the farm product involved.

The department is authorized to fix. assess, and
collect, or cause to be collected, fees for such services,
when they are performed by employes or agents of the
said department. Licensed agents may charge and
collect as compensation for such services only such
fees as may be approved by the department.

The department may suspend or revoke any license
whenever, after opportunity for a hearing has been
aflorded to the licensee, the department shall deter-
mine that such licensee is incompetent or has know-
ingly or carelessly failed to classify any farm product
correctly, or has violated any provision of this act or
of the regulations made hereunder. Pending Investi-
gation, the department may suspend a license tempo-
rarily without a hearing.

Section 4. Any Interested party, within a reason-
able time to be prescribed in the regulations made
under this act, may appeal to the department from
the classification of any farm product authorized under
this act. and the department shall thereupon cause
such Investigation to be made and such tests to be
applied as it may deem necessary to determine the
true classification, and shall Issue a finding of the
grade or other classification thereof. Whenever an
appeal shall be taken to the Department of Agriculture
under this act. the department shall charge and assess
and collect, or cause to be collected, a reasonable fee.
to be fixed by said department which shall be refunded
if the appeal is sustained.

Section 5. A certificate, when not superseded by a
finding of the grade or other classification of any farm
product issued under this act. and a certificate issued
by the United States Department of Agriculture, inde-
,.cndentlv or In cooperation with a cooperating
agency, as to grade or other classification of any farm
product when certified by the authorized agent of that
department, shall be accepted in any court of this

101

Commonwealth as prima facie evidence of the truth
of the statements therein contained, including the true
grade or other classification ol such farm product at
the time of its classification. — (As amended by Act of
July 28, 1941, P. L. 525.)

Section 6. All fees and other moneys collected under
this act by the dei)artment and by Its employes or
agents in their official capacities shall be covered into
the State Treasury.

Section 7. It shall be the duty of any person In
this Commonwealth, engaged in marketing farm prod-
ucts, to prepare and submit to the department, upon
request, at such regular intervals and in such form as
may be prescribed, reports of the quantity and condi-
tion of any farm product held by or for such person
in commercial or other storage In this Commonwealth.

Any person in this Commonwealth engaged In mar-
keting farm products shall furnish the department,
upon request, on such date or dates and In such form
as may be prescribed, reports, orally or in writing,
concerning the demand for and the supply, consump-
tion, cost, value, price, sale, payment, grade, condi-
tion, period of the holding, of any farm product in
storage, and any other information regarding the mar-
keting of farm products.

The department Is authorized to verify the accuracy
of the reports provided for in this section, and to make
the results of such investigations public.

Section 8. In carrying out the provisions of this
act, the department, its employes or agents, are au-
thorized to enter, on any business day during the usual
hours of business, any storehouse, warehouse, cold-
storage plant, packing house, stockyard, railroad yard,
railroad car, or any other building or place, where
farm products are marketed.

Section 9. In carrying out the provisions of this
act, the department, or its employes or agents desig-
nated for the purpose, may require the attendance
before it, or any of them, of any person from whom
reports have been requested, or any employe of such
person, may administer oaths to and take testimony
of any such person or his employe, and may require
the production by such persons or their employes of
any books, records, and other documentary evidence
relating to the farm product about which reports have
been requested.

Section 10. The department is authorized to make
and promulgate such regulations as may be necessary
to carry out the provisions of this act.

wz

^ .■ 11 Anv person violating, or falling or re-
Section 11. ^"y Pf "° „£ ibe provisions of this

fusing to comply with, any °^ J^ " ^^ falsely

act. or with *n...a to d..e.ve - -^J ^^ ,,,, ,,,.
in response to any ol '»^*^ ' department or Us

or Who wi.funy inter ere ^^^/^ „„ ,,,,,„, «,
employes or agents in " '^'^ prescribed in this

the execution of h.s or the r ^"^'^^ proceeding

act. shall be »"--"^^'^^ '',,;;,;" o Justice of the

'''''' oTthe^^P^^r^ltTor^otnty" anV upon being
peace, of the P^oi'f" J ' punished for the first offense
convicted thereof, shall ^« P""'^ ^^e dollars, and

,, a «-.«;^ -;,,Xs cond o«ens'e by a fine of not
upon conviction of the secouu

,1 than twenty-five ^^^"-f^^f^^^/.Vthtrd and each
dred dollars, and upon conviction of the thlr ^^^

subseauent offense ^^^^ f-„ t/Undred dollars. In
dred dollars nor ^°'\'l^^\^' \^, ^^ aforesaid, any
default of the Paymejt °' any fine ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^

r:r iu^TtroP "c:;:ty for each dollar of the
•^"LTtloUUons Of the P-'s.ons of t.l. act reUtlns
to standard receptacles for '-'^^[1^'''^^'^ ^, prose-
be established as herein P'-^'^J'^.^'/^^y alderman.

-^^^ -; r^stlLTr'^ea'e't- proper city
magistrate, or Justice oi t f ^ measures

j,:^::"„"-.iiu:..' par,:™... .»»c,.uo„., .^d o«r-

poratlons. ^^^ ^jeans

The word "department . as usea in

porting. «"'°^' "°',1.r„g <o °.le. »u"ng, ».!«.<-
rr^r-lgir o^r v.„l o„ co„.>gno.™.^

one thousand ">"« ^""^^ ,„^. entitled "An act pre-
LaWB. eight »»-«i"\*"/,;^'J'orthe Bureau of Mar-
scrlblng the powers and ^ut^B o^ providing for

.ets in the ^^P^^/^r au 'o siandards of the De-
rrSrofCrn" l-alr- to establish standard re-

103

ceptacles for farm products and to promulgate regula-
tions for enforcement thereof ; and prescribing penal-
ties for violations of the provisions of this act", and
its amendments, is hereby repealed.

All acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith also
are repealed.

It any clause, sentence, paragraph, or part of this
act, shall for any reason be adjudged by any court
of competent jurisdiction to be Inval.d, such judg-
ment shall not affect, impair or Invalidate the re-
mainder thereof, but shall be confined in its operation
to the clause, sentence, paragraph, or part thereof,
directly involved in the controversy in which such
judgment shall have been rendered.

FARM PRODICE DEALERS' LICENSING ACT

(Act of May 27, 1937, P. L. »01)

For the protection of producers of farm produce;
providing for the licensing, the bonding or holding
collateral of and the regulation of certain dealers
in farm produce, as herein defined, within this Com-
monwealth ; conferring powers, and imposing duties
on the Department of Agriculture; providing for
appeals and injunctions; and prescribing penalties

(The amending Act of May 7, 1943, P. L. 204.

eliminated need for a bond which waa required by
the original Act.)

SectloD 1. The following words or phases, unless
the context clearly indicates otherwise, shall have the
meanings ascribed to them In this section :

(a) "Dealer In farm produce" means any person,
association, copartnership or corporation engaged In
the business of buying, receiving, selling, exchanging,
negotiating, or soliciting the sale, resale, exchange or
transfer of any farm produce from the producer on
consignment or on a net return basis.

(b) "Department" means the Department of Agri-
culture of this Commonwealth.

(c) "Farm produce" Includes all agricultural, hor-
ticultural, vegetable, fruit and floriculture products
of the soil; poultry, eggs, nuts, flowers, and honey,
but shall not include timber products, tea. coffee,
live stock, wool, milk or milk products.

(d) "Net return basis" means a purchase for sale
of farm produce from a producer at an unfixed or
unstated price at the time the produce is shipped

104

from the point of origin, and it shall Include all
from tne won. ^.,rUt.t nricc " and on similar

purchases made "at the market price, a
terms, which indicate that the buyer is the hna.
arbiter of the price to be paid.

,e) "On consignment" means a sending, trans er
or delivery of farm produce by a producer to a dealer
in ?arm produce, for the purpose of sale upon a com-
mission basis.

(f) "Producer" means any producer of farm pro-
duie in this commonwealth. (As amended by Act of
May 7, 1943, P. L. 204.)

section 2. The provisions of this act shall not apply

(a) The sale of farm produce for cash, cash to
mean settlement in full on or before de .very :

(b) Farmers who sell farm produce ''aised by them
selves or who. at the time of such sale, sell farm pro-
duce ;alsed by their neighbors on behalf of such neigh-

bors ;

(c) Seeds sold at retail ;

(d) Agricultural cooperative associations which
market farm produce for their members.

section 3. On and after December ^blrty-flrs . o„e
thousand nine hundred and ih.rty-seven. it shall be
unlawful for any dealer in farm produce to engage .
b^ less in this commonwealth, unless he or It shall
holi a license issued by the department as provided

in this act. ^ , ,

section 4. Every dealer In farm produce deslrng to
transact business within this Commonwealth, shall an-
nually on or before December first, tile an app cat on
?or ucb license with the department. The appl cation
shall be on a form furnished by the d'""-;™-^;^ ^J;
together with such other information as the depart
menl shall require, shall state—

(a) The kind or kinds of farm produce which the
applicant proposes to handle; „^ .f ,hP

(b) The full name or title of the applicant, or If the
applicant be an association or copartnership, the name
of each member of such association or copartnership,
or if the applicant be a corporation, the name of each
officer of the corporation;

(c) The names of the local agent or agents of the

applicant. If any ; .

(d) The cities, boroughs, towns, and townships with-
in which places of business of the applicant will be lo-
catld. together with the street or mailing address of
each.

> i

105

Section 5. Unless the department refuses the appli-
cation on one or more of the grounds hereinafter pro-
vided, It shall Issue to such applicant, upon the pay-
ment of proper fees, a license entitling the applicant
to conduct business as a dealer in farm produce at each
place named in the application. Such license shall be in
force from the date issued until and including the
thirty-tirst day of December of the same year. The fee
for such license shall be five dollars ($5.00) for each
place of busineess which the applicant conducts or
names in the application. (As amended by Act of
May 7, 1943. P. L. 204.)

Section 6. Repealed by Act of May 7, 1943, P. L.
204.)

Section 7. Every dealer in farm produce shall, i . on
the receipt of farm produce for which payment Is not
made on delivery, and as he handles and disposes of
the same, make and preserve for at least two years a
record thereof, specifying the name and address of
the producer consigning or shipping such farm pro-
duce, the date of receipt, the kind and quality of such
produce, the amount of goods sold, the name and ad-
dress of the purchaser, except that where sales total
less than five dollars ($5.00) In value, such sales may
be made to order of 'cash", the selling price thereof,
and the items of expenses connected therewith. An
"account sales", together with payment In settlement
for said shipment, shall be mailed to the producer
within forty-eight hours after the sale of such farm
produce, unless otherwise agreed in writing. <As
amended by Act of May 7, 1943, P. L. 204.)

Section 8. The department shall have power to in-
vestigate upon complaint. In such form as it may re-
quire, of an Interested person or upon its own initia-
tive, the record of any applicant or licensee, or any
transaction Involving the solicitation, receipt, sale or
attempted sale of farm produce, the failure to make
proper and true accounts and settlements at prompt
and regular Intervals, the making of false statements
as to condition, quality or quantity of goods received
or while in storage, the making of false statements as
to market conditions with intent to deceive, or the
failure to make payment for goods received, or other
alleged injurious transactions. For such purposes the
department may examine, at the place or places of
business of the applicant or licensee, his ledgers, books
of accounts, memoranda, and other documents which
relate to the transaction involved, and may take testi-
mony thereon under oath.

106

Section 9. The department may decline to grant a
license or may suspend or revoke a license already
Kranted if it is satisticd that the applicant or licensee
has either — -

(1) SulTored a money judRnient to be entered against
him upon which ox«cuiion has been returned unsatis-
fied ; or

(2) Made false charges for handling or services
rendered ; or

(3) Failed to account promptly and properly, or to
make settlements with any producer; or

(4) Made any false statement or statements as to
condition, quality or quantity of goods received or held
for sale when he could have ascertained the true con-
dition, quality or quantity by reasonable inspection ; or

(5) Make any false or misleading statement or
statements as to market conditions or service ren-
dered ; or

(6) Been guilty of a fraud in the application for
or the procurement or the renewal of a license; or

(7) Directly or indirectly purchased farm produce
received on consignment or on a net return basis for
his own account, without prior authority, from the pro-
ducer, consigning the same, or without notifying such
producer. (As amended by Act of May 7, 1943 p l
204.) ' ■ ■

Section 10. Before the department shall refuse, sus-
pend or revoke any license It shall give ten days-
notice, by registered mail, to the applicant or licensee
of a time and place of hearing. At such hearing the
applicant or licensee shall be privileged to appear in
person or by or with counsel and to produce witnesses.
If the department shall find the applicant or licensee
shall have been guilty of any of the acts provided In
•ection nine of this act. the department may refuse,
suspend or revoke such license, and shall give Imme-
diate notice of Its action to the applicant or licensee.

Section 11. Any applicant or licensee aggrieved by
any decision of the department, shall have the right of
appeal therefrom, within thirty days from the date ot
notice, to the court of common pleas of Dauphin
County.

From a decision of the court of common pleas of
Dauphin County an appeal may be taken by either
party to the Superior or Supreme Court of Pennsyl-
vania, as in other cases.

No appeal shall act as a supersedeas, but pending
final disposition of an appeal under this section, the
department may. for special cause shown, grant. In
writing, temporary permission, revocable at any time

1«7

and subject to such terms and conditions as the depart-
ment may prescribe, to transact business as a dealer
in farm produce, but unless such permission be granted,
any applicant to whom a licen.se has been refused, and
any licensee whose license has been revoked by the
department, who shall do business a.s a dealer in
farm produce, shall be liable therefor to the same
extent as if no application had been filed.

Section 12. Any dealer in farm j)roduce violating
the provisions of section three of this act. or inter-
fering with an agent of the department in the enforce-
ment of this act. shall for the first offense, upon con-
viction In a summary proceeding, be sentenced to pay
a fine of not less than fifty dollars ($50.00) nor more
than three hundred dollars ($300.00) and costs of
prosecution, and in default of payment of such fine
and costs, shall be sentenced to undergo imprisonment
in the county jail for a period not exceeding sixty
(60) days, and for a second or subsequent offense
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall, upon
conviction thereof, be sentenced to pay a fine of not
less than five hundred dollars ($500.00) nor more
than one thousand dollars ($1,000). or to undergo Im-
prisonment not exceeding one year, or both, In the
discretion of the court. — (As amended by Act of May
7. 1943. P. L. 204.)

Section 13. The Attorney General, at the request of
the department, may. In the name of the Common-
wealth, institute 'proceedings in equity In the court of
common pleas of Dauphin County for the purpose of
enjoining the conduct of business in this Common-
wealth contrary to the provisions of this act. and for
such purpose Jurisdiction Is hereby conferred upon said
court. Id such case the Attorney General shall not be
required to give bond.

Section 14. The department shall enforce and shall
adopt, rules, and regulations deemed necessary to
carry out the provisions of this act.

Section 15. All moneys received from license fees
and fines shall be Immediately paid by the department
into the State Treasury, through the Department of
Revenue, and credited to the General Fund.

Section 16. The provisions of this act shall be sever-
able, and If any of its provisions shall be held to be
unconstitutional, the decision of the court shall not
affect the validity of the remaining provisions of this
act. It is hereby declared as the legislative intent that
this act would have been adopted had such unconsti-
tutional provision not been Included therein.

LEGAL BUSHEL WEIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL
COMMODITIES IN PEXXSVLVAMA

*''"'*■ Pounds

por Dushel
Apples

Apples, dried or

Cherries, with stems kq

Cherries, stemmed

Cranberries

Currants

^ 4(1

Gooseberries

Grapes ." *°

"^ AQ

Peaches

4g

Peaches, dried (peeled) ' " 33

Peaches, dried (unpeeled) ,,•

Pears "*'*

Plums ^^

Quinces ^*

40

Raspberries

Strawberries

4s

Vegetables

Beans, dried

Beans, castor (shelled) . ...

Beets ■*'^

Cabbage .'.*.".' ^^

Carrots ^'^

'• ntj

Cucumbers ' '

Horseradish ^

Onions r

Onion sets "^

p"«°ip« '''■'•'.'.'.''.'.''.'.:'.:::::: so

Peas, green (unshelled) " oa

Peas, dried ^"

Potatoes *•"

Potatoes, sweet

Rutabagas ~Z

Spinach ,

Tomatoes

Turnips '.'.'.".".'.*.'."■.'. It

00

Grains and Grain Feeds

Barley

Bran .......[.... *^

Buckwheat ^^

Corn, shelled •.........[... tl

Corn, ear (husked) 70

Corn meal

Hominy ^^

60

1 t

^ I

) «

f

Malt

Oats

Rice, rough

Kye

Rye meal .
Shorts ....

Spelt

Wheat

Alfalfa seed

109

Pounds
per Bushel

.38

GraNHeii, Forage, etc.

:{2
45

56
."50
20
40
60

60

Blue grass seed j^

Broom corn seed

Clover seed

Flax seed

Htmp seed

Herd's grass

Hungarian grass seed

Kaffir corn

Lentils

Linseed

Millet ....[[[.....

Orchard grass seed J4

Rape seed ^q

Redtop grass seed J4

Sorghum seed

50
60
56
44
45
50
56
60
56
50

50

Timothy grass seed 45

NlltH

Chestnuts, hulled 50

Hickory nuts gy

Peanuts ' 22

Walnuts, common qq

PEXXSYLVAMA QIALITY LABEL

The label reproduced on the cover of this booklet
is designed for the use of producers in ideniilying
their products as being packed in accordance with
official standards. It may be used In the form of
printed labels or stenciled on sacks lor potatoes and
other products.

It is not intended to super-sede any private brands
or labels, and is to be used alone or in conjunction
with such private marks as producers may have
adopted.

Application may be made to the Bureau of Markets
for its use as indicated as follows:

no

Agreonient for L'se of Pennsylvania Quality
Farm ProdiiviN Isabel

Tills AKrocinoiit, made this day of

l»y tlie Bureau

of Maikfls, I'cnn.sylvaniii Dt-partnieni of AKriculturo,

lu'relnafter ealle«l (lit- Huroau, and

of Penn-
sylvania, a grower or paclter of Pennsylvania farm
products, hereinafter called the Paclter, witnesseth:

1. The Packer hereby applies to the Bureau for
permission to use the Pennsylvania Quality Farm
I'roducts Label, containing the trademark registered
by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, on
Pennsylvania grown farm products packed by him and
makes application for an official registry number.

2. The Packer agrees that he will use this label
only on farm products which comply with the stand-
ards for the official grade designated on the label and
further agrees not to use the label on any packages of
farm products, the contents of which are of lower
grade than the standards specified for the grade
designated on said label.

3. The Packer agrees that he will use the Pennsyl-
vania Quality Farm Products Label with his registry
number thereon, only on farm products exclusively
packed by him.

4. The Packer further agrees that all orders for
the Pennsylvania Quality Farm Products Label shall
be submitted to and approved by the Bureau before
such orders are placed with the printer.

5. The Bureau agrees to give to the Packer ade-
quate Instructions In the grading of farm products
and shall advise as to the proper use of the label.

6. The Bureau agrees to maintain Inspection of
the products sold under the quality label at terminal
markets by examining samples of such products
periodically.

7. The Bureau further agrees to give all possible
publicity to the Pennsylvania Quality Farm Products
Label by means of articles Issued by newspapers and
periodicals.

8. The Packer agrees that in the event that he
fails to abide with the provisions of this Agreement,
to forfeit to the Bureau, all unused labels In his
possession and hereby gives to the Bureau the right
of entry to his premises for the purpose of confl«ca-
tion of all such unused labels.

Ill

9. It is mutually agreed that in event of a breach
of this Agreement by the Packer, that the Bureau
shall cancel and revoke his registry number and it is
further agreed, that if the Packer wilfully parks in-
ferior grades of products under the label, in violation
of Section 2 of this Agreement, the Bureau shall
bring proceedings against the Packer before an alder-
man or justice of the peace as authorized under Sec-
lion 11 of Act 148, approved April 4, 1929, for mis-
branding or false labeling.

In Witness Whereof, the parties have hereunto
signed their names and affixed their seals, in dupli-
cate, this day of

A. 1). 19

Bureau of Markets,
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture,

Director

(SEAL) Packer

AJ*PEAL 1NSI'KCTU»> AM> ISSIANCE OF

APPK.AL, IN>>l'EtTION CEKTIFICATES

AT SHlPPlNtJ POINTS

An appeal inspection, in case such should occur,
shall be known as one made after the first certificate
on the lot has been issut d and where the first certifi-
cate has been found to hv an incorrect report of the
conditions pertaining to the product at the time the
first Inspection was made. In such cases another cer-
tificate will be issued to the applicant without charge.
However, If the difference In the two reports is the
result of changed conditions pertaining to the product,
since the first inspection was made, or when the
product fails to meet the grade Intended at the time
the first inspection is made, then the second inspection
shall not be deemed an appeal inspection and a second
fee shall be due from the applicant, that Is, where
either a loaded car has remained on the track over-
night and the contents have been subjected to freezing
or a lot has been prepared contrary to the grade
desired.

.\PPE.4.L INSPECTIONS AT RECEIVING
.>I.\KKETS

When a car of produce which has been inspected
at shipping point and certified as to grade is rejected
in a terminal market, the following pointy should be
borne in mind :

112

i^'xriV^ ^°J"' "'^'^ *"*^ ^^'*"^' certificate is PRIMA
PA( IL evidence in all courts of the United States of
the truth therein contained.

2. The burden of proof that the stock is not of
receiver ' '"■'*""" '° "' ""*"' °' ''''^'" '''''' *»'»> the

3. Rules and Regulations governing the Food Prod-
ucts Inspection Law provide that whenever any flnan-
cally interested party is dissatisfied with the findings
of the ong.nal inspection he may. by complying with
certain provisions, request an appeal inspection.

4 When such appeal inspection reverses the orig-
inal inspection certificate no charge is made the ap-
plicant for the services. If, however, the appeal in-
spection confirms the original Inspection, a fee of
double the regular fee is charged.

5 An inspection for condition only may be made
at the receiving point, since decay, freezing injury or
other change may take place between point of origin
and the receiving market. Such an inspection is not
an appeal inspection and in no way affects the stand-
ing of the original certificate. Inspections for condi-
tion are desirable for the purpose of checking the
responsibility for any damage occurring in transit
showing the state of maturity, or any factors affecting
the condition rather than grade.

6 Where any cars are reported arriving in "bad
condition", 'badly decayed", etc., and doubt exists
as to the receiver's contention, the shipper should
wire the "Food Products Inspection Service" in the
market in question, requesting inspection for "Condi-
tion" only. For this service a $2.50 fee will be
charged. Always state in your wire whether car was
Inspected or not at shipping point, giving the certifi-
cate number If known.

The federal Inspection service maintains ofllces and
inspectors in the important markets listed below
while an additional large number of smaller markets
are reached when the time permits the Inspector to
leave his headquarters.

7. All wires and correspondence should be addressed
tc "The Food Products Inspection Service", followed
by the market and address given below

i <

> C

I

lis

RECEIVING-POINT INSPECTION OFFICES

Albany, N. Y.— Dept. of Agriculture & Markets, State
Office Bldg.

Alexandria. La.— 1018 Second St.

Atlanta 3. Ga.— 101 Marietta St.. Room 819

Baltimore 2, Md.— 801 Appraisers' Stores Bldg

Baton Rouge, La.— 2401 State Capitol Bldg

Boston 10, Mass.— 408 Atlantic Ave.. Room 725

^""^IM f- ^•~^** ^'^'""^ ^^^e- <="ner Swan
and Oak Sts.

Chicago 8. 111.— 1421 South Aberdeen St.. Room 307
Cincinnati. Ohio-505 U. S. Post Office and Court
xiouse.

Cleveland 15. Ohio-Northern Ohio Food Terminal.

Unit 1. Room 10. 4000 Orange Ave
Columbia, S. C— 420 Calhoun State Office Bldg
Columbus 15. Ohio— 36 Old Federal Bldg
Denver 2. Colo.-547 Custom House. 20th and Call-

fornla Sts.

Detroit 9, Mich.— 25 Union Produce Terminal
Duluth, Minn.— 308 Builders Exchange
Fargo. N. D.— State College Station.
Fort Worth, Texas-511-513 U. S. Court House.
rrB^g!. 'c^^r^^ °^ ^-'^^- ^31. south Of-

"anrHlghTsT'^' ^^^"^' ^'''■' ^°^°" ^^"-'^
Houston, Texas— 305-6 Federal Office Bldg
indl^ajupolis 4. Ind.-108 E. Washington St.. Rooms

Jacksonville 1. Fla.— 204 St. James Bldg

Jackson. Mis8.-State Dept. of Agriculture and Com-
merce. Old Capitol Bldg.

Kansas City 6. Mo.-317 U. S. Court House.

Los Angeles 21. Calif._284 Wholesale Terminal Bldg.

Memphis 1. Tenn.— 212 Custom House Bldg

Miami 35. Fla.— 2511 S. W. Sixth St

Milwaukee 2, Wis.— 637 Federal Bldg.. 517 E Wis-
consin Ave.

Minneapolis 3, Minn— 302 Gorham Bldg
Newark 2. N. J._i03 Federal Bldg.. Federal Square
New Orleans 12. La.-612 Cotton Exchange Bldg
Norfolk 10. Va.— 288 Broker's Exchange Bldg 264
New York 14. N. Y.-641 Washington St.. Ro;m 820
Oklahoma City 5. Okla.— 100 State Capitol Bldg
Philadelphia 6, Pa.-604-A U. S. Custom House.' 2nd

and Chestnut Sts.
Phoenix. Ariz.— 610 Security Bldg.

"^ *^^*»*-'^-*«---*«fc*j»;*KH\:*:W

114

Providence, R. ,._„ t„„,|„„ „,

Of AgricuUu^e"r ' ^^••'-""-' l''«l«.. State Dept.

Richmond, Va.-l030 State Office Bld^
Rochester 4, N Y —^nn t , ^^

Sacramento iV Calif M.Tn.!,' ''''^- "' ^''^^'^ St.
10th St. Calif.-Mull Bldg.. Room 237. 1125

iL^Tu' *^°-'»42 Boatmen's Bank Bide

s'n ^z '^•cTi:'' T' ^-'-'"

E St. Cal.f.-Navy Provisions Pier. Foot of

San Francisco 5 Calif •> o. .

Seattle 4 Wash -MR T-f ' Agriculture Bldg.

Shrevepo t La r^lf. p"'""' «"^^ ^'O^-
Tam«. r,, ^3—2135 Greeuwood Rd.

Vallejo. Ckn^:42 ran^ljrr.fr^"'^^ ^^"^ ^''^-
^rSuV^' ^- ^-^^^^^ ^"-'^ B'^- Bept. of

INSPECTORS LICENSE

n..u:dr.Tsue'^:;k3:rar°'; -^ ^^-^'-'- ■« --

tJ^e grade of farm products .^'" certificates covering
have been offlciaTlv ^MnJ . '" """'' '^'''^ P'-°<Jucts
by law and on yb/a "''*'• *'"'^''' ^« P'-°^'«l-<>
censed and designat'e d arT^staTr^T'' ''"^"'^''' ''-
State Department of Agr'ulture '"'"^" '^ ^''^

I

115

INDEX

(iraileH

Page

Apples *. 3

Apples. Cannery 18

Asparagus (Fresh) 18

Beans, Snap, for Canning or Freezing 21

Beets. Topped 23

Cabbage 25

Carrots, for Processing 28

Carrots, Topped 30

Celery. Rough 32

Cherries. Red Sour, for Manufacture 38

Cherries. Sweet 38

Cherries, Sweet, for Sulphur Brining or Processing 40

Corn, Green 41

Corn, Sweet, for Canning 42

Grapes, Bunch ( Kastcrn Type) 43

Grapes, Bunch, for Processing and Freezing (East-
ern Type) *6

Maple Sirup, for Reprocessing 47

Peaches 49

Peaches, Freestone, for Canning or Freezing .... 54

Pears, Summer and Fall 56

Pears. Winter 63

Peas, Canning 55

Plums and Prunes ( Fresih) 73

Potatoes 76

Raspberries 84

Strawberries 85

Strawberries, Growers' Stoik for Manufacture . . 88

Strawberries. Washed and Sorteil for Freezing ... S'J

Tomatoes 90

Tomatoes, Canning 94

Tomatoes, for Manufacture of Strained Products.. 96

Geniral

Appeal Inspections HI

Label, Pennsylvania Quality 109

Law, Bureau of Markets 98

License, Inspectors 114

Licensing Act. Farm Produce Dealers' 103

Other Standards — Poultry Flocks. Hatcheries.
Baby Chicks, Hatching Eggs. Dressed Turkeys,

Eggs: Certification of Seeds and Plants 97

Receiving-Point Inspection Offices 113

Weights, Legal Bushel in Pennsylvania 108

^'ir

5C

ADDDDDt,3T'^DE3

CIRCULATES

P3.8W

s^Andards -for aradin^

^.