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HAND-BOOK

JQ OF THE

aera
."

SULPHUR sCURE,

AS APPLICABLE TO THE

VINE DISEASE IN AMERICA,

AND DISEASES OF

APPLE AND OTHER FRUIT TREES.

By WILLIAM J. FLAGG,

AUTHOR OF ‘‘ THREE SEASONS IN EUROPEAN VINEYARDS.”

NEHW YORE:
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
FRANKLIN SQUARE.

18,70.

C~

*

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by
HARPER & BROTHERS,

In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States for the
Southern District of New York.

ee

PREFACE.

AC the request of many vine-growers* who had
become acquainted with my completely suc-
cessful treatment of “mildew” by the sulphur-cure
as learned in Europe, I undertook to set down a few
brief precepts and rules for the guidance of such
persons as might be disposed to follow my example.
The work has grown into something like a treatise,
and become much larger than I at first proposed
to make it; and yet a good deal is omitted that
might, perhaps, profitably be included, because I
have thought it prudent to wait and observe for
one or two seasons more, and also collect the obser-
vations and opinions of others, whose co-operation I
now solicit, before attempting to write a work that
shall cover the whole ground. And I here give no-
tice that I write as a learner rather than a teacher,
and reserve the right to confess my errors as often as
I shall become aware of them.

ty. PREFACE.

Thus premising, I venture to affirm that the need
for this little work is most urgent. So far as I have,
with diligent inquiry, been able to learn, the meth-
ods for sulphuring diseased vines at present known
to the grape-growers of America (except only as em-
bodied in my lately published work on European
Vineyards) are wholly insufficient, and can, in our cli-
mate, lead to nothing but failure and discourage-
ment. The reasons for this will be developed in the -
pages which follow.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
Introductory.—The Disease at length believed in.—Not so the Rem-
COW is saesdeseneseanesee Pe cusea ves seeicaksmee ce ron Aacead velalncies acesme nan se Page 7
CHAPTER II.

The Oidium; the Science of it.—History and Description of it.—Its
Effect on different Parts of the Vine.—Its fundamental Character-
isLICH.— ab ysepue thie truce Name, ic...ssccecsescevocsesrsacecwstavsisenst i

CHAPTER III. .

The Mildew.—Doubts of its Identity with the Oidium.—Supposed
Points of Difference.—The Erysephe of the Vine known in Amer-
ica before heard of in Europe.—Points of Resemblance.—Gray
hot,—-Calf's. Kye,—Black, Rot. sc. cisscesss~avonsecesasceesenescasseeues 17

CHAPTER IV.

Description of the Black Rot.—Its Effects. —Conditions which pre-
dispose to it.—Causes which bring it on.—Well known in Europe.
—Also in Ancient Greece.—Consequences of confounding it with
Rottenness from Mildew.—The Fungus that accompanies it a Con-
sequence, and not a Cause.—Drainage and Ventilation its only
GUTS h sav soewenssevecde tote tatols optanseyduataptescaeges tauswadeucnnutuaahaa teh 24

CHAPTER V.

Reasons why the Sulphur-cure is not practiced in America.—Appa-
rent and real Failures of Experiments accounted for.—Improper —
Tools and Material.—Ignorance of Rules.—Delusive Hopes in new
Warietien ang, NAW: DOUS:.. ccacrncenceeaeeetauns seneaceer «vaaeagne se toes 32

CHAPTER VI.

Effects of Sulphur on Foliage in certain Cases.—Destruction of In-
Sects: A. Precantion Sus cestedect. <cucscsuccsssconescs cassceneunesneeees 40

vi ContTENTS.

CHAPTER VII.

Effects of Sulphur on the Wine.—Bad Taste from it, how corrected.—
ROO EMICCIAIs sispit'cncs dasza esse ceasass snaneemen gestion ater edaawecees Page 45

CHAPTER VIII.

Different Preparations and Mixtures of Sulphur.—Flour of Sulphur.
—Ground Sulphur.— Mode of testing their Quality.— Hobson’s
Choice in home-made Sulphurs.—To detect the Flour from the
Ground.—Various Mixtures with other Substances. —Experiments
with such Mixtures in France, and Report of Results.—Nineteen
Wietys G0 Cure WGI, 5, «ssvinekaveasensanauenetandcesndanateeeeesnsseeee 48

CHAPTER IX.

Implements proper to use.—The Vergnes Bellows.—Canvas Bag.—
Dredge-box—with a Tuft.—Little Brush.—Faults of other Bellows

CHAN NG WV EL OM eee. cacs assess one tates aces esccvadeakwesthencspucneencenss 61
CHAPTER X.
Weather suitable for Sulphuring.—Proper Temperature.—Effect of

ETE Re aeons fea 0) aH a mm eee fear pS, Ae Ale PIE hat 67

CHAPTER XI. :

How to conduct the Work.— Handling the Bellows and Dredge-box.
—Test of good Work.—Proper Charge for a Bellows.—Equipment
OE VWVOUKINGH Fins saceoevecee nndiedecnwnconendaahaamsescesenstunpansnenwega cies 69

CHAPTER XII.

Of the proper Times for Sulphuring.—How to recognize the Presence
of Mildew.—How to know of its Approach.—Signal Vines, and
where to look for them.—The Four Rules.—The Three Periods.—
First Period. —Second.—Third.—Mildew-proof Foliage of Amer-
ican Vines.—Sulphuring only the Fruit in certain Cases.—Partial
SSTUMPIEININ G0 sicioseises'es ves lnesniceaonbocvenmumenene aut tedaledenseash stensadetes 73

CHAPTER XIII.

Miscellaneous. — Cost of Sulphuring. — Cultivation. — Drainage.—
Vines peculiarly susceptible to Disease. —The Norton’s Virginia
Seedling.—Sulphuring Apple and other Fruit Trees..............: 88

HAND-BOOK

OF

THE SULPHUR-CURE

SIR 5 Vl eal WN Sg Soe

an my volume entitled “ TurEE Srasons in Evro-—
PEAN VINEYARDS,” published in the spring of 1869,
I strove to arouse my fellow-grape-growers to a sense
of their danger from the spread of the vine disease,
and to encourage them to adopt the remedy which
had proved so efficacious in other countries, and try
it, as | myself was resolved to try it, thoroughly, faith-
fully, hopefully. But my words had little effect.
Since then, events have come to my aid. A season
of pestilence far more fatal than ever known before
has dispelled those illusions of safety so fondly cher-
ished, and blighted all those fanciful, various, and oft-
en conflicting theories invented to prove that certain
soils or situations, or certain new varieties of vine,
must forever remain safe and invulnerable.

8 Tue SuLtepHuR-CURE.

He who would persuade a sick man to take medi-
cine finds he has gained an important point when the
patient is induced to admit that he really is ill. I
think that to-day there are few who will deny there
are sick vines—very sick ones—on the hills of the
Ohio, on the bluffs of the Missouri, on the shores and
islands of the Lake—sick Concords, disordered Dela-
wares, suffering Ives’s, diseased Nortons, and dead Ca-
tawbas.

But how shall I go about it to establish the next
point, namely, that there is a remedy at hand perfect-
ly efficient to arrest the plague, and turn back our
afflicted industry from the very gates of death ?

I can point to the fact that, the disease being a
fungus, sulphur is scientifically known to destroy all
kinds of fungi. I can refer to numerous instances,
well known and often published, wherein the same
disease, appearing in greenhouses, has been unfail-
ingly cured by means of sulphur sprinkled on the hot
pipes. I can relate how, during -that same sickly
season of 1869, I treated with sulphur my own vine-
yard of twelve year old Catawbas, in that doomed dis-
trict, the Ohio Valley, and which had for the four
preceding years been ravaged by the pest, and how I
succeeded completely, as I knew I should, after what

Thad learned in Europe. Or I might cite other cases,

pe a tase Pete ce om

INTRODUCTORY. 9

where, though success was somewhat less complete,
| yet sufficient was obtained to prove that sulphur has
a marked specific power over the disease. But these
cases, even if admitted and believed, are unfortunate-
ly met by others in which the same remedy has been
tried and failed—that is to say, sulphur has been
sprinkled, and yet the grapes have decayed.

I might appeal to the experience of European coun-
tries, where, during fourteen years, the sulphur-cure
has been their sole and yet sufticient reliance against
the terrible oidium, which, during the three or four
years of its first irruption, swept every thing before
it; but men will not easily believe in facts that are
remote, and are averse to stretch their belief across
an ocean. I am myself an example, for it was not
until I had traveled through those countries that I
really comprehended and believed what I had, nev-
ertheless, often enough, through books, journals, and
word of mouth, been credibly informed was true.
And even there—even in France, before the panic-
stricken cultivators could be induced to try the sim-
ple remedy, Marés, De la Vergne, and others were
obliged to conduct experiments on a large scale, and
through a series of years, in many different districts,
under goverhmental auspices; and the latter had to

publish, besides numerous articles in the journals, as
A2

10 Tue SuLtPpHuR-CURE.

many as thirteen separate pamphlet treatises, and,
furthermore, to go about from commune to com-
mune, and from one department to another, deliver-
ing lectures and holding discussions.

Wherefore, and aware of the difficulties of the situ-
ation, in now asking for a new hearing and a better
heeding, I invoke the aid of all willing vine-dressers,
and the prayers of all good Christians.

Tue OIDIUM. Tt

4 (a Y VEZ
i ZA IL
Wea

ANS) _ a8

CHAPTER Tf
THE OIDIUM.

HE vine disease, as they know it in Europe, is a
little mushroom, a vegetable parasite, which fast-
ens to and grows upon the surfaces of the different
parts of the grape-vine. It is scientifically termed
“Erysephe? more properly than “ Oidiuwm,” and is
classified as a eryptogam of the family of Mucedines.
To the naked eye it appears only as a fine whitish
dust, covering portions of the leaves, buds, stalks,
fruit, or fruit-stems. Its existence was first discov-
ered in the year 1845 on the vines of a greenhouse
in Margate, England, whence it soon found its way
- across the Channel into France, and thence spread rap-

12 THE SuLPHUR-CURE.

idly over all Europe, carrying swift destruction wher-
ever it went, and exciting the utmost dismay. In the
Memoir of Mr. Marés it is described as follows:
“The essential characteristics of the disease of the
vine are every where the same, whether observed at
Margate, where it first appeared, or at Madeira, or in
‘the South of France. At the same time, the appear-
ance, the exterior aspect of the diseased vine, its “‘/a-
cies,” in a word, vary with the variety of vine attack-
ed, its force, its development; it varies also accord-

ing as the attack is recent or remote—the case one .

of a few days’ standing, or one several weeks -old.
Finally, the disease affects certain particular forms,
which seem to change its nature (the red-leaf or
rougeau, for instance), and which give it a special
malignity. It is all these causes united which have,
without doubt, called forth so many different hypoth-
eses relating to this disease.

“Tf, in summer-time, we examine a vine that has
been some few days diseased, we shall find it to have
a languishing aspect. The color of its foliage has
lost its liveliness and shine, and turned to a livid yel-
low. The green parts (the product of the year) are
covered here and there, over all their surface, with a
sort of whitish dust, but slightly adhesive, from which
continually exhales a musty odor su generzs. This

Tur Oipivu™M. be

dust is, in fact, a species of mould. It is formed by
the different parts of a little cryptogam parasite of
the family of Mucedines. This it is that has been
named by Mr. Berkley Oidiwm Tucker.

“In measure as the divers characteristics just men-
tioned are developed, the vine appears attacked with
a species of leprosy, which devours at the same time
its stalks, leaves, and fruit. The old wood and the
roots are not the seat of any alteration.

“The light patches of white dust with which the
young shoots are covered, take, at the end of a few
days, a gray color; they form, in the places they oc-
cupy, brown spots [De la Vergne, another writer, de-
scribes them as brown, black, or violet], which remain
separate or run together, according to their nearness
or to the persistence of the malady.

“This effect shows itself over the whole circumfer-
ence of the shoot, but is more marked and more
quickly produced on the upper side, where it is the
most exposed to the sun’s rays. These shoots grow
but little. From the axils of their leaves issue nu-
merous secondary branches of a particularly sickly
aspect. This abnormal growth of stalk is a charac-
teristic trait, and indicates a profound disturbance in
the vegetation of the vine. It is local—that is to say,
it will only be observed on those shoots that have

14 THES DULPHUR-CURE.

been invaded by the white dust, and later by the
brown spots.

“The youngest leaves at the ends of the branches
are generally crisped; they curl more or less, the un-
der side within. Their upper sides are sprinkled with
light white dust, in patches more or less irregular ; it
is the same with their under sides; it is always these
which are the first and the most seriously attacked.
When the leaf is covered with down, the cryptogamic
vegetation forms on it a peculiar sort of felt easily
recognizable. When the disease reappears on a vine
(that has been attacked before), the first symptoms
commence, almost always, by manifesting themselves
on the under side of the young leaves by these patch-
es of felt. ‘The leaf-stem becomes covered with black
spots,* like the stalk of the shoot from which it grows.
The grapes attacked by the disease become likewise
covered with white dust, but much more abundantly
than the shoots and leaves; sometimes they are com-
pletely covered, sometimes invaded only here and
there, on a single grain in a bunch, or even a portion
of a grain. The more recent the disease, the more
white the dust remains, and the more “ greasy” to the

* Before described as brown. I suppose that, as is true of spots
produced by the vine-disease in this country, these are black to the

naked eye, but brown when magnified. 4

a a

THE OUpDIUM. 15

touch; if it is brushed off by rubbing the surface of
the grain, no traces of it will remain on the skin; that
will remain still intact. At the end of several days,
however, the dust will turn gray; then, if rubbed off,
little black spots will appear scattered over the place
it occupied.”

After remarking that these spots never go deeper
than the outer skin either of the fruit or other green
parts, and that the same spots slightly roughen the
surface, and are the seat of disorganizations whose
consequences are ruinous, hardening the skin (so
much more delicate in the European grapes than in
ours), so that, as the berries’ swell in growing, they
crack open to the centre, often showing their pits.
The same author goes on to say—

“The loss is much more rapid when the attack
comes just after blossoming. The small size of the
berries renders the disorganization of their whole sur-
faces easy; then they cegse growing and dry up.
When the attack finds the grape approaching matu-
rity, it resists better. It seems to accomplish regular-
ly the divers stages of its development; but, at the
moment of ripening, the grain wilts, and considerable
loss ensues, especially if the crop is not immediately
gathered. ” Again he says:

“The vine may be attacked at any age and at all

16 Tur SuLtepHuR-CURE.’

epochs of vegetation, from the moment when the bud
breaks out of its envelope down to the time when the
leaves fall. It is easy to comprehend that between
these two extremes there is a crowd of intermediate
degrees, but at bottom the characteristics of the dis-
ease are always the same:

“Whitish dust (exhaling a musty odor) spread over
the surfaces of the green parts to the exclusion of the
old wood; disorganizations caused by this dust, which
is composed of microscopic mushrooms (oidiwm T'uck-
ert) ; evident trouble in the vegetation of the branch-
es whose fruit, leaves, or stalks are invaded.”

M. de la Vergne agrees that, though the fungus in
question has obtained the name of ovdiwm, it should
properly be called an erysephe ; while the author be-
fore quoted speaks of it as “the ovdium, or erysephe
of the vine.’ In common words, it is a fungus—a
mushroom. De la Vergne claims to have discovered,
as early as 1863, three different varieties of oidium,
which have successively followed the first, each one
being less malignant than the one that came before
it, and all of them less malignant than the original.

In treating of the vine disease as known in Amer-
ica, I will call it neither oidium, cryptogam, erysephe,
nor mucedine, but give it the name it commonly OCs
by, which is medew. °

Tur MILpeEw. a by

Cit AEE Rabie

THE MILDEW.

| GOON after the oidium got abroad in Europe, it
became known that the vines of this country were
being affected by a disease so nearly resembling it, to
say the least, that, by most persons concerned, the two
were supposed to be one and the same. Afterward,
however, this came to be disputed, and, on very re-
spectable authority, it was asserted that the fungus or
mushroom, whose presence and growth on the vines
produced, or rather constituted, the disease termed in
Europe oidium, was not the same as that which con-
stituted the disease termed in America mildew, but
was another*and different one.

Practically this distinction does not make any dif-
ference, yet I regret it has been made; for, although it
is conceded that sulphur destroys one fungus as well
as another, and is the well-known specific for diseases
from fungus parasites, yet the mere fact that such a

* distinction has been made has seriously impeded the

tBe y TuE SvuLPHUR-CURE.

progress in this country of that faith in the sulphur-
cure which the triumphant success following its adop-
tion on the other side of the water was otherwise cal-
culated to promote. Therefore it is proper this mat- |
ter, microscopic as it is in every respect, should be de-
cided one way or the other, and I agree it is time it
should be done. And here it may seem strange that
one should write on the subject of mildew without
having an opinion on the point. If Iam without one,
however, it is only because I rested firmly in the be-
lief that oidium and mildew were one and the same,
and not two and different, until the opportunity had
passed for making a thorough microscopic examima-
tion. Before next September comes, I hope to resolve
my own doubts at least. Meanwhile I may be al-
lowed to doubt when, after seeking the opinions of |
distinguished chemists as well as others who have in-
vestigated the subject, I find myself unable to recon-
cile their conflicting judgments.

Here are some of the points of difference that
are claimed to exist between what is called oidium
in Europe and what is called mildew in this coun-
try.

First, Though the effects on the fruit of the earlier
attacks, which find it young and barely formed, are
the same there as here, yet those forms of decay which

Tue MILpeEw. 19

follow the latér attacks are generally different. In
Europe we hear mostly of the fruit cracking open,
while in America we notice chiefly the gray rot. I
have observed, however, that the Nortons do crack,
even to showing their seed ; and if our grapes of the
Fox family, which comprises nearly all we cultivate
besides the Nortons and Herbemont, had not such
thick skins, I fancy they would crack too; but they
being defended, after reaching a gertain size, by a
kind of armor too tough for the clamps of the little
fungus to pierce, its ravages are confined to the
more tender fruit-stems, and, those stems being
blighted, the fruit dies, and gray rot, etc., are only
the rottenness that follows death.

Secondly, The effect of our mildew on the leaves is
far less serious than what the oidium is reported to
. produce. But this may be because our leaves are
thicker and tougher, and much more covered with
down than those of the vine abroad. The compara-
tively delicate foliage of the Delaware certainly gives
way very readily before a serious attack, while the
leathery clothing of the Concord seems able to bear
unhurt an indefinite amount of gnawing, if indeed
the fungus is able to fasten on it at all. It is here
to be noted, however, that while oidium attacks both
sides of the leaf, I have never seen or been able to

20 THe SuLPHUR-CURE.

learn of any case where our mildew has invaded the
upper side. Let me also note that M. Marés express-
es the opinion that neither the hardness or softness
of the fruit, nor the thickness or thinness of their
skin, nor the lightness or heaviness of the down coy-
ering the foliage of the different varieties seem to
make any difference with it.

Thirdly, and more to the point. A representation of
the mildew as seen by the microscope shows a fun-
gus somewhat different in shape from the oidium as
shown in engravings in European treatises. I myself
can not say, nor will it be easy, I think, for any one
to prove, that the differences thus shown are any
greater than may well exist between two erysephes,
or than distinguish the three varieties discovered by
De la Vergne. It is pretty well agreed now that the
European thing miscalled oidium is-an erysephe. Is.
our thing an erysephe? Yes; years before the “ oidi-
um” appeared in Europe, a German botanist named
“Schwienitz,’ who lived many years in America, dis-
covered here an erysephe which preyed on the grape-
vines of the Labrusca family. Montagne, the distin-
guished French mycologist, who made the vine dis-
ease a special study, referring to this discovery of the
German, gives it as his opinion that it was either the
same as the Huropean erysephe, or else a very near

THe MILDEW. 21

neighbor. Now, if M. Montagne can not tell us the
difference between them, it can hardly be of any
practical importance to know it, and would certainly
be little worth our while to look for it. And we may
dismiss the subject with the reflection that, after all,
the distinguished, pestiferous parasite mayyhave had
its birth in our own country, and, though unnoticed,
had a hand in much of the destruction that came
upon our earliest vineyards before oidium was heard
of any where, and which destruction was all of it un-
justly attributed to “ the rot.” ,

But, in whatever respects they may differ, the oidi-
um and mildew are alike in this: that each comes in
the form of a fine whitish dust, which afterward turns
grayish, and then brown or black—each appears at the
same epochs and returns after the same intervals—
each acts in the same manner on the young berries—
each flourishes best in the same state of weather,
namely, a season of heat following a season of wet,
while a long dry term is equally unpropitious to
the progress of each. Finally, each is effectually de-
stroyed by sulphur, which is the only practical point
in my story, and, if the reader doubts it, this book is
written to teach him how to make researches and ex-
periments which will satisfy his doubts, and to help
him test for himself the question whether or not the

22 Tee SvuLPHUR-CURE.

- vine shall live and flourish in the land, or perish and
die.

Some confusion, both of words and ideas, has come
from the habit we have fallen into of calling many
of the consequences of mildew by the common name
of vot: Mildew works its mischief by attaching itself
to the surfaces of the leaf, the stalk, the stem, or the
berry, and, as it grows, penetrating with its clamps,
or grapples their outer skins, which it thereby dis-
organizes. The result of the disorganization thus ef-
fected is, sooner or later, the decay in some form of
the parts attacked. Such decay, as noticed in the
fruit, is commonly known as gray (or brown) rot,
characterized by a mottled appearance under the sur-
face, or as “calf’s eye,” so called from its circular
shadings of dull brown hue, like the eye of a dead
calf, and which mostly begins on the side of the berry,
while “gray rot” begins at the base, where the stem
joins, or takes the form of a falling of the fruit as it
ripens, through general debility of the whole plant.
These are merely different symptoms of a disease—the
only disease properly so called which the vine knows.
Separate from. these symptoms, and independent of
their cause, is an affection to which most American
vines are extremely subject, and which is the only af-
fection properly called rot. It is the “black rot,”

Tur MILDEW. 93

whose characteristics, origin, and history I will here
endeavor to set forth, both to enable the reader the
better to understand mildew and its cure, and to
teach him, so far as I may pretend to teach, how to
manage the rot itself.

24. Tue SULPHURB-CURE.

CHAPTER IV.

THE BLACK ROT.

ie is an affliction of sufficiently serious nature,

resulting from bad drainage or bad ventilation,
or both, in connection with peculiar conditions of the
weather. It comes suddenly, with but few hours’
warning at most. It appears at first in light brown
spots, within which are often seen what looks like the
gnawings of insects. These spots soon turn black—
intense blue-black to the eye, but, seen through a
magnifier, dark brown. ‘They are generally round in
form except on the leaves, where they are mostly an-
gular and irregular. Spots of gray (or brown) rot
begin at the base of the berry where the stem joins
it, but spots of black rot are scattered indiscriminate-
ly over the whole surface. <A single one of them
will often cover half the berry, causing it to cave in.
Black rot is prone to seize upon the fruit-stem, into
which it will eat, leaving hollows like pits of smallpox.
The result of such destruction of the substance of the

;

Tur Brace Ror 25

stem, where severe enough, is the subsequent decay of
the one or more berries depending from and nourished
by it, with much the appearance of gray rot (which
last rot I attribute to the workings of mildew on the
same stems). This result will be quick or slow, ac-
cording to the degree to which the stem is injured.
Spots of black rot, be they large or small, usually be-
come dotted with little raised pimples of blacker hue
than the rest of their surface, visible to the naked eye,
and easily felt with the finger. As decay progresses
it causes the discolored parts to cave in, and takes va-
rious aspects like decay from any other cause.

On the leaf black rot works quite slowly, and so it
does on the stalk, but on the fruit or fruit-stems its
ravages are rapidly accomplished. With a favorable
change of weather it will go as quickly as it comes.
This is seen where the state of weather that has
brought it on is followed by a clear, bright atmos-
phere and fair sky. Then the spots take a brighter
color, and seem to dry away, leaving harmless traces
of rust-like appearance, sometimes covering the in-
dented surface of scars more or less deep, whose aft-
er-effects will depend on their extent and the state of
the atmosphere. The spots sometimes run together,
or, rather, encroach upon each other, but otherwise

they are apt to preserve their rounded and distinct
B

26 i Tur SuLtPpuuR-Cure.

shape. Sometimes they are bordered at the edges
with a lighter shade of color. Black rot affects cer-
tain varieties more than others, and, equally spotted
with it, some grapes resist its action better than oth-
ers, notably the Concords, owing to their thick skins
and tough leaves. Its consequences are immediate,
as when the berries are directly attacked; or conse-
quential, as when they rot or atrophy through destruc-
tion of the fruit-stems or loss of vigor to the whole
plant from ravages on the stalks or leaves. In short,
black rot, like mildew, has many and divers manifest-
ations and consequences, but is itself unmistakable,
its characteristic features being the round or round-
ish and distinctly defined spots, their color black or
blue-black to the naked eye, and dark brown when
magnified, and the little black pimples which rough-
en their surfaces, though these last—almost invaria-
bly present on the berry—are frequently wanting on
the other parts, in the earlier stages at least. But it
is not a disease as mildew is, and medicine will not
cure it.

Black rot is worst on soils that are compact or
damp, and not well drained and in badly-aired sitna-
tions. Fogs, frequent rains, and heavy dews are the
active causes which produce it. A long and wet
spring will predispose to it vines as well as other

THe Briacx Ror. 27

plants, so as to insure a fresh attack with each recur-
ring rain, or fog, or dew, followed by a hot sun. It
is of the same nature with, or, rather, it is the same
thing as, those mould spots which similar conditions
cause to appear on apples, pears, and other fruit, and
the blackness which dyes the silk of corn in wet sea-
sons. Itis carbon. In France they name it carbon,
“Charbon,” and, more scientifically, “ Anthracnose,”
which means “Black sickness,” for they have long
known it in France, and know no good of it either.

The ancient Greeks, too, were acquainted with it;
and Theophrastus, who lived three hundred years be-
fore Christ, has left us an account of it, which, though
brief, enables us easily to recognize it. He described
it as resembling rust in wheat, as causing a shrivel-
ing of the fruit, as coming “in damp weather, when,
after an abundant dew, the sun darts down his pow-
erful rays.” He called it “Crambos.” M. Mares,
who resides in the South of France, thinks the Greek
Crambos identical with the French “ Charbon,”
which last he describes thus:

“It makes its appearance after a prolonged dura-
tion of dampness, when the weather is at the same
time hot, heavy, and foggy, or after copious dews,
and when, through an atmosphere burdened with
vapor, the sun darts his ardent beams. But the al-

28 THe SuLtepHuR-CuRE.

terations of heat and damp are never so serious in re-
sults as when they follow a prolonged term of rainy
weather.”

So much for the causes which produce it. For the
effects of “ Charbon,” the same writer informs us that
it makes irregular patches of black, sometimes bor-
dered with yellow, to appear on the leaves, which
cause them to curl downward, crisp, and fall [we
must remember French grape-leaves are much more
delicate than ours]; that it injures the young stem so
the fruit below the affected part will shrivel and fall
off; that it appears on the fruit only after it has at-
tained some size, and in the shape of black spots,
which harden and prevent its development.

He also adds that “ Charbon” attacks the vines all
of a sudden, and the injury is done all at once; that,
when very recent, the injuries appear like brown
spots or excoriations, as from insect bites; that usual-
ly several attacks occur in the course of one season ;
that as often as the fog or dew are abruptly succeed-
ed by sunshine, the attacks are renewed, and can
readily be counted; that the same kind of weather
which brings rust to wheat, and spots pears and other
fruit with black, causes “ Charbon” on grapes.

Many persons in this country, confounding black
rot with the symptoms and effects of the fungus we

eat

—

Tur Buacx Ror 29

call meldew, and searching in this rot for the causes
of mildew with a view to its cure, and haying dis-
covered beneath the skin of the afflicted part a fungus
of quite another sort than that of the mildew devel-
oped there, and which, growing beneath the skin, is,
of course, inaccessible to sulphur, have thence infer-
red that sulphur could not cure mildew.

Now this subcutaneous fungus is of no sort of con-
sequence either in relation to the curability of the
black rot itself or to the curability of the mildew.
Marés tells us that whatever fruit is affected by
“ Charbon,” whether it be a mulberry, a pear, or an
apple, there is a fungus present, concerning which, he
further tells us, that it begins its life early enough to
exist in those excoriations like the gnawings of in-
sects which have been described, though it does not
develop until several days later; that it is not the
cause of the disease, but its effect ; that it ts very
small, conical, and grows beneath the skin.

I think all who have observed the progress of black
rot will recognize it easily in the above description of
the “ Crambos” of old Greece and the “Charbon” of
modern France, and unite in thanks to M. Mares for
shedding so clear-a light on a dark subject. I hope,
too, those who have suffered from this evil agent will

take courage when they consider how, from imme-

30 Tur SuLtpHur-Cure.

morial time, those countries have endured its pres-
ence, and their grape culture survived its attacks.
And such as have been careful to distinguish be-
tween the two will bear me witness that, as compared
with.mildew, black rot is not so very serious a thing
but that our culture can survive it. Nor is itso very
trifling a thing either but that we should seek out and
apply the proper means to prevent it. ‘Those means
are drainage and ventilation, as is well known in the
South of France. There they are careful also to
plant in situations hard to drain, or where the air cir-
culates badly, such varieties of vine only as are known
to be least subject to the “Charbon.” By such pre-
cautions they are able to keep the evil within reason-
able bounds. My own vineyard being at the top of
one of the 600 feet Scioto County hills, and 200 feet
above the usual range of Ohio River fogs, and thus
exceptionally well situated, I was able, by draining it,
to keep the black rot so effectually in check during
the season of 1869 that its ravages were barely no-
ticeable, except in an undrained corner close to a
thick wood. And in that year of 1869 that rot rioted
throughout that valley, let me tell you. The corn-
silk turned black as if dipped in ink, and every hay-
stack looked as if covered with a pall. Apples and
pears were discolored and distorted by it, and, as a

Tan Buiacx* Ror. al

rule, only those grapes escaped the black destruction
which the more swiftly-consuming mildew “ate to
save them.” ut all sites and soils are not so favor-
able for being drained and aired, nor so free from
fogs, as the high and dry hill where my vines grow.
And, from what I saw in less favorable situations, I
can well believe that for certain varieties there are
vineyards in which, during seasons like that of 1869,
the evil would be too inveterate to resist.

I am aware many persons have supposed gray (or
brown) rot to be as distinct from mildew as black rot
is, but observation will teach them that gray rot is
only a consequence of attacks of mildew which come
after the berry is more than half grown, and is the
principal, and often the only form of injury which
follows those attacks. They will also find, as I did,
that sulphur prevents it, except where it (or some-
thing like it) results from the gnawings of black rot
on the fruit-stems.

Lan SULPHUR Re

Co
bo

CHAPTER ¥:

REASONS WHY THE SULPHUR-CURE IS NOT PRACTICED
IN AMERICA.

eee OF Exprrrments.— Many experiments
“have been thought to fail because those who
made them did not clearly know the distinction be-
tween black rot on the one hand, and the gray rot,
and other decay consequent on attacks of mildew, on
the other hand. Some have thought mildew was one
disease, gray rot another, and black rot another, while
others haye confounded all three in one general idea
of “rot.” And the observations in the last chapter
on black rot, though sufficiently important in them-
selves, have been partly introduced to explain how
experiments which may have well enough cured the
particular attack of mildew against which they were
directed, have, by those who conducted them, been
considered failures merely because they did not also
prevent black rot. Such persons may have applied
sulphur enough to their vines, and yet their fruit has

Not PRACTICED IN. AMERICA, Sa

rotted; and seeing this, they have abandoned the field
in despair, whereas, had they persevered and closely
observed, they would have learned in the end, as I
did, that though, despite their efforts, black rot con-
tinued to work, even on grapes covered with sulphur-
dust, yet that nothing else injurious had occurred ;
and would have found, when the season closed, that,
although they had lost more or less of their crop from
the “black sickness,” yet that the far more terrible
white one—the fungus of evil, the dire eryptogam of
the accursed family of Mucedines—had not dared
show his head.

ATTENUATIONS OF SULPHUR, or compounds in which
the power of that drug has been weakened by mixing
it with other inefficacious substances either dry or in
solution, have again caused failures. Such mixtures,
tried at certain times and on certain varieties of vine,
have, even in our warmer grape districts, sometimes
succeeded. The same mixtures, however, under other
and less favorable conditions, have failed, and, by con-
sequence, the remedy has fallen into disrepute and
been abandoned. Mixtures which weaken the medi-
cine do very well in the colder vine-regions of France
and Germany, and, with certain varieties and in sea-
- sons when the disease is mild, do very well, too, in
warmer districts, like the South of France; but ex-

B2

834 Pun SuLtPpour-OvreE,

periments made in the last-named district establish
. the fact that under a warm sun, adulterated sulphur,
even when applied by skillful hands, can by no means
be absolutely relied on: ar less could it be relied
on in the hands of new beginners, making their first
experiments in this hot climate of ours, so much near-
er resembling that of Southern France than that of
Germany. It was because of this similarity of the
climate of most of our grape region to that of the
Mediterranean shore that I studied the sulphur-cure
there rather than on the Rhine.

Bap Toors will not do good work. The walle
hitherto relied on by the few who have attempted to
combat mildew in America seem to have been made
as complicated and expensive as could be contrived,
whereas the best sulphur-bellows is the simplest and
cheapest. An agricultural laborer who is asked to
introduce into his accustomed routine of work a new
series of operations, requiring care and attention to
learn, and exactitude and fidelity to practice, ought
not to be burdened at the outset with a clumsy,
troublesome, inefticient implement; yet such have
been all sulphur-bellows of American make I have
yet been able to find. So great a disgust can they
inspire, that a German who worked his own vineyard,
and who tried sulphur on his vines, reported that it

a em ease aaa aaa al

Ja

Not PRACTICED IN AMERICA. 3D

cured them, but vowed he would never’try it again—
“it was too much trouble,” he said. So I put down
bad bellows for another cause of failure.

IGNORANCE OF THE Rutzs to follow in the practice
of the sulphur-cure has been, after all, the chief cause
of our failures. So far as, after much inquiry, I can
learn, the translation of Marés’s “ Manual,” which I
embodied in my work on European Vineyards pub-
lished last year, is the only manual of the cure yet
printed in America; and what little knowledge on
the subject we have picked up has been adapted to
cold climates, where the noxious erysephe makes com-
paratively rare visits and has but a feeble growth, and
not from climates analogous to our own. The prin-
ciples to be followed are by no means difficult to learn
or to follow, but they must be learned and followed,
or there will be no success. If any American vine-
dresser, who shall read the directions given in this lit-
tle manual for sulphuring timely, appropriately, thor-
oughly diseased vines, will afterward say he has fol-
lowed those directions and yet has failed, then his
failure may be set to the account of the cure itself;
otherwise to the account of his, and my, and our ig-
norance.

BeEvieFr THAT THE AMERICAN MiILpEw WAS A DIFFER-
ENT DisEASE FROM THE EvROPEAN OipiuM has largely

36 THe SuULPHUR-CURE

operated against our adopting in this country the
remedy which has been so incontestably successful
in others. All that bears on the question of the iden-
tity of the two diseases I have tried to give in Chap-
ters II and III. But practically it is of no conse-
quence whether they are different or are the same.
Each is a fungus, and all fungi are cured with sul-
phur. For the use of this remedy was not the result
of chance, but of scientific deduction, and the same
indications which pointed it out as the true, reliable,
and scientific cure of oidium, points to it now as an
equally suitable cure of mildew.

Detustve Hopes 1x new Sos anp New VaARIE-
Tins have led our later enlisted and more enterpri-
sing grape-growers to treat all information relating to
vine disease as concerning not them, but only the un-
fortunate owners of vineyards of Catawba in the
older vine districts. And these, in turn, made de-
spondent by the clamor in favor of lake-shore vine-
yards and Concord vines, have abandoned hope and
ceased to strive against the fate, as they deem it,
which dooms them and their property to remediless
ruin. The “lazy Spaniards” and “enervate Italians”
have learned what Americans have refused to know,
and done what Americans have refused to do. They
have léarned what was good for oidium, and they

|

——— al

Not PractTicep In AMERICA. 37

have saved their grapes. Newly-planted vines and
new varieties will, for a limited time, do well any
where, and notwithstanding neglect and ill usage.
Hence we from time to time hear of the wonderful
productiveness of freshly-discovered grape districts,
and especially of their immunity from disease. And
doubtless the glowing accounts which come from one
and another of the new fields of operation are to
some degree founded in reason. We shall, for a long
time, I hope, continue to hear cf discoveries of more
propitious soils and more valuable grape plants. But
whoever hopes, by traveling ever so far, or hybridiz-
ing ever so industriously, to escape from the ordinary
conditions of labor and vigilance to which all kinds
of cultivation of the products of the earth are sub-
jected by universal law, will find himself mistaken.
Undrained soils will sooner or later breed the black
rot, greedy pruning will sooner or later exhaust the
best vineyards, and the spores of mildew, ever present
in the atmosphere, will in their own good time find
out the vines they so much love to afflict. In 1868 I
visited some vineyards in a county into which grape-
culture had but lately been introduced, and where
hardly any thing but the Concord was known. Pass-
ing from one beautiful field where perfect health pre-
vailed, and the assurance of an eight-hundred-gallon

38 Tur SuLPHUR-CURE.

crop to the acre gladdened the eye, for all was pur-
pling for vintage time, and entering another adjoin-
ing it, I found disease to be playing havoc there.
“ Why is this?” inquired the owner ; “ the soil and ex-
posure of both fields are the same, and the vines in
both are Concords.” “ How old is the healthy field ?”
I asked. “Four years.” “And the sickly one?’
“Five.” “Very well,” says I; “see how your four-
year olds do when they get to be five-year olds.” The
next year there came bad news from that county.
And the same year, 1869, came also bad news from
the new vine district of Crooked Lake, which had
theretofore been esteemed so healthy. Now a safer
place of refuge than the borders of Crooked Lake can
hardly be imagined. The coldness of the climate is
unpropitious to the development of mildew, and the
decomposed shale* in the soil seems to have a posi-
tive preventive power, owing to the sulphur it con-
tains; and seems, besides, to have other elements
which give strength, and strength resists all diseases.

* Black shale, containing sulphur and various other ingredients
beneficial to the grape, abounds not only in New York, where it first
took the name of Hamilton Shale, but also in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and
several other states. Many persons think its value is only beginning
to be found out. It borders the eastern end of the shore of Lake

Erie, and has a most marked development in the Valley of the Ohio
below the mouth of the Scioto. It is not a coal shale.

or — — =

Nor PRACTICED IN AMERICA. 39

If such a region has had to succumb, it will be hard
to find one that will long remain exempt.

Taking the Catawba as a sample, the most rosy
reports we have yet heard from any of the new dis-
tricts are fully equaled by those published by Mr.
Longworth and others in the earlier days of their
success in the Ohio Valley. Yet what is the case
to-day? Let all illusions be abandoned ; let us look
our foe closely in the face, feel his pulse, learn his
symptoms, search out his causes and consequences,
select the remedy, and faithfully administer aes

40 THE SULPHUR-CURE

Cit APT dg. WA:

SOMETHING ABOUT THE EFF&CTS OF SULPHUR ON
FOLIAGE.

T is not for the purpose of meeting any objection

that may be abroad that sulphur hurts foliage, for
I know of none, but because all facts bearing on the

subject in hand should be noted, and as a caution it
is prudent to give, that I here state a few facts of my
own observing.

Resolved to leave nothing to chance, and do all in
the most thorough manner, I gave directions, which I
saw well carried out, to spare neither material nor la-
bor; to give the disease enough of it. As a conse-
quence of such heroic treatment, my Norton’s Seed-
lings suffered severely in their leaves. The more
sickly of my Catawbas too, after having endured and
flourished under five superabundant powderings, each
one twice or thrice too large, were evidently injured
by the sixth, though but few leaves fell off, and the
fruit ripened well, and though the healthy vines of

Erructs: or SULPHUR (ON FotraGeE. 41

the same variety, and the few Concords in the vine-
yard, showed no signs of harm. Some Ives Seedlings
in the neighborhood also suffered in their leaves, but
only temporarily. I have also heard of an instance
where some Herbemonts acted very much as did my
Nortons. And, though unaware of any other cases
like the above, I am prepared to learn that such have
occurred, proving that eertain of our vines are ex-
ceptionally sensitive to the action of sulphur, if given
in unusually large quantities.

In Europe the effect on foliage of the drug in ques-
tion is recognized as being so unqualifiedly beneficial,
that they estimate the gain in productiveness obtain-
ed by its use quite compensates for the cost of both
material and labor; and I feel sure, from what I have
observed, that the same will prove true in this coun-
try. I noticed,in my own vineyard, what all I had
read and heard on the subject taught me to expect,
that within ten days from the dusting on of the sul-
phur the leaves grew deeper in hue, and showed a
lively shining surface, as’ if they had been varnished,
while the shoots sprouted upward with fresh vigor
and spirit. The effect on the slight incrustation, or-
ganic and mineral, which will more or less cover and
clog the pores of the leaf, as perspiration or dirt will
clog the pores of the human skin, seems to be to

49 THe SULPHUR-CURE.

loosen it, so that the rains wash the surface cleaner
than otherwise they would, thus giving a better access
of air, and enabling those “lungs of the vine,” as
leaves are called, to breathe freer.

I also demonstrated the power of sulphur to de-
‘stroy or chase away insects. Though appearing in
considerable numbers on many of the vines just be-
fore the first sulphuring in July, they suddenly disap-
peared immediately after it, and, from that time on,
hardly one sign of animal life could be seen through-
out the field. But this complete extermination must
be credited to the uncommonly strong doses given.
Ordinarly less complete, yet still very valuable results
in this respect are to be looked for.

So evident and well-known in France is the stimu-
lating power of sulphur on the vegetation, that at first
serious fears were felt lest the vines should be injured
by over-stimulation; but such fears have long since
vanished. In that country, the only effect of sulphur
analogous to that I have noticed as produced on the
foliage of certain varieties in this, is a “scalding” of
the fruit, which in the South of France sometimes re-
sults from a sulphuring given during very hot weath-
er, and on bunches exposed to the sun’s direct rays.
As a means to avoid this result, when feared, Marés
recommends mixing the sulphur with lime, plaster,

EFFECTS OF SULPHUR ON FOLIAGE. 48

etc., to weaken its power. And, should we in prac-
tice find, what I greatly doubt, that a proper use of
sulphur injures any of our vine-leaves, we have here
a hint of the proper precaution to take. Of course
it would be possible to use, with as good effect, very
fine sulphur by itself, if we had implements to dis-
tribute it thinly enough, which I think we might con-
trive.

I am sure that, in my anxiety to thoroughly test
the value of treating mildew with sulphur, I put on
more than twice what was needed, and twice as often
as was needed. There is hardly any medicine that
will not do harm if the doses are too large or too fre-
quent. But I thought less of my vines than of the
mildew I was dealing with. As I have before, and
on another occasion said, “ He who kills his first rat-
tlesnake does not count the blows he gives.” I think,
too, the coarse flour of sulphur used held an excess
of sulphuric acid, which injures foliage.

Again, the only vines observed to be seriously hurt
by sulphur were Herbemonts and Norton’s Virginia
Seedlings, both of which are known to take mildew
very lightly when they take it at all, and would there-
fore, it is probable, need but light treatment for their
cure. There are several varieties of vine in the South
of France which resist oidium much better than oth-

44. Tue SuptpHvuR-CurReE.

ers, and such are found to be easily curable with the
attenuations of sulphur before mentioned. It would
be so, no doubt, with the two American vines just —
named. Both of these, it should-be observed, belong
to the family of Vetis wstavilis, while it was the other
family, V2tds labrusca, that Mr. Schweinitz discovered
the erysephe to be fond of preying upon. Very like-
ly my Nortons would have escaped disease complete-
ly, even had they received no sulphur at all, as they
had always done down to the time when I dosed them
so rudely.

I dwell thus much on what relates to the Norton
and the Herbemont, because I think them both of in-
estimable value, not merely for their remarkable ex-
emption from disease, but also for the excellence of
their products as wine grapes, and quite agree with
Mr. Sanders that it is to the juicy and delicate family
of V. Astavilis we should chiefly look for our supply
of wine rather than to the thick-skinned and hard-
pulped musky generation of “ Foxes,” albeit the Ca-
tawba and Delaware, neither of which should by any
means be despised, have come out of it.

=—_

EFFECTS OF SULPHUR IN THE Wine. 49

CHAPTER VIE

EFFECTS OF SULPHUR IN THE WINE.

A BAD flavor is sometimes communicated to wine
from the remains of sulphur on the grapes, and
serious objections to the use of the remedy were at
one time raised on this account. This taste it has,
however, been found easy to get rid of by drawing
off. If one operation does not suffice, a second in the
manner prescribed below will be sure to succeed.
Rinse carefully your empty cask, first with cold»
and then with warm water, then again with cold; for
every forty gallons it will hold, pour in a quart of
clean water, and leave it there. Burn within the
cask, for every forty gallons it will hold, one square
inch of rag or wick incrusted with sulphur by being
dipped in it while melted ; close the bung tightly, and
roll and shake the cask to let the water within it ab-
sorb well the vapors of sulphurous acid produced by

‘the burning. Into the cask thus prepared draw your

wine, doing this by means of buckets, and not by any

AG Tore SuLtPpHuR-CURE.

of the modes contrived to exclude the air, since con-
tact with it helps to disinfect the wine.

But be careful to leave all lees behind; therefore
do not tip the cask. The thicker wine remaining
with the lees must be settled by putting it in a small-
er vessel, and then drawnig off by itself in the same
way as the other. Any portion of lees carried into
the fresh cas under the influence of a slight subse-
quent fermentation will again form sulphureted hy-
drogen, which constitutes the bad taste in question.

The above is from De la Vergne’s “Practical In-
structions.”

This sulphureted hydrogen decomposes when
brought in contact with the sulphurous acid pro-
duced by burning the sulphur-coated rag or wick,
and thus the objectionable flavor passes off. But it
will be slight enough to go away in the ordinary
drawing off which must necessarily be performed for
other purposes, unless sulphur has been applied to
the vines late in the season, and in needlessly large
quantities, and no heavy rain has come to wash it off,
nor sufficient heat intervened to vaporize it away.

But the slight inconvenience of this sulphur flavor,
so easily got rid of, is an inconsiderable evil compared
with what results when, in absence of the proper rem- —
edy, the mildew, or its remains, passes into the wine.

EFFECTS OF SULPHUR IN THE WINE. 47

For which reason it is always well to sulphur vines
whenever any considerable attack of the disease oc-
curs late in the season, even though it come too late
to injure the fruit; for by fastening on such parts of
the fruit-stems as yet remain green, it can maintain a
-foothold until vintage, and so find entrance into the
press or vat.

M. Marés thinks the small quantity of sulphureted
gas that will ordinarily be found in the new wine is
valuable to preserve it, and thinks, too, the wine made
of sulphured grapes is more even in quality, has a
brighter color—very important in red wine—and
keeps better than other wine; while De la Vergne
says the time will soon come when those who buy
wine of the producer will be glad to hear him say,
“My vines were thoroughly sulphured ;” and we all
know that in commerce it has long been used to fu-
migate wine-casks, without complaint being made of
any bad effect resulting. )

48 Toe SuLPpHUR-CURE.

CHAPTER VIIL.

DIFFERENT PREPARATIONS AND MIXTURES OF SULPHUR.

OWDERED sulphur is made in two forms, one
by sublimation and the other by grinding. Sub-
limated sulphur, commonly known as flour of sulphur,
is usually finer than the other, and adheres better to
surfaces against which it is flung. On the other hand,
it contains six or eight times more impurity in form
of sulphuric acid than the other, and costs considera-
bly more. A good deal of inferior flour is made that
is no finer than the ordinary qualities of ground.
The value of powdered sulphur in curing the vine-
disease depends on its fineness, other things being
equal, since it is by the number of its orains its power
must be estimated, and not by their size or weight;
and, moreover, the finer the grains are, the better they
adhere. The comparative fineness of two given sam-
ples can be pretty well ascertained by first weighing
and then measuring them. The larger the bulk, the
finer will be the quality; and the less the bulk, the
coarser will be the quality.

PREPARATIONS AND Mixtures. 49

But such a test, though sufficient for practical ex-
actness where all the qualities to be judged are either
flour of sulphur or else all ground sulphur, would fail
to give a true idea of the comparative value of the
two kinds in question, because the form of the grains
of the flour is such that with equal fineness they ad-
here better to surfaces than those of the other kind,
and because the ground is more movable—more dust-
like than the other, and flies more readily out of the
bellows or dredge-box; so that, fineness being equal,
a pound of the flour will go farther than a pound of
the ground. Care must be taken, when making the
measurement, to pack the mass as little as possible,
since but slight pressure would be required to pack
the finer article within smaller space than the coarser
occupied.

For a more scientifically correct test, M. Chancel,
of Montpellier, in France, has invented the following
method :

Weigh five “grammes,” for instance, of the sul-
phur to be tested, and put it in a cylindrical tube of
glass, divided off by a scale into a hundred equal por-
tions. Jor five grammes the capacity of the tube
should be twenty-five cubic “ centimétres,” so each di-
vision or degree of the scale will represent about one

C

5O Tus SuLPpHuR-CURE.

fourth of a “centimétre.”* That the mouth of the
tube may be easily closed with the finger, its diame-
ter should be about three fourths of an inch. In such
a tube the sulphur will of course pack itself unequal-—
ly. To correct the inequality, pour in gradually sul-
phurie ether, and shake until all the sulphur has en-
tered into suspension; then fill up with more of the
ether; shake again; set the tube aside and allow the
contents to settle. The powder will pack itself regu-
larly, and occupy within the vessel a space proportion-
ate to its lightness—that is, its fineness. At the end
of five minutes, if the experiment be with flour of
sulphur, it will have settled entirely, and the result
can be read on the scale. The better the sulphur, _
the higher will be the degree to which it reaches.

Exact as this test is for ascertaining fineness where
applied to ground sulphur alone or flour of sulphur
alone, it is only approximately so when the one kind
is compared with the other, as the difference in the
shape of their grains causes them to pack differently
in the glass. [Experiments made in the above mode
by M. Marés gave the following results:

“Good flours occupied in the tube from 50 to 70
divisions of the 100.

* A ‘““gramme” is about twenty-three grains, and one hundred lineal

centimetres measure about thirty-nine inches.

PREPARATIONS AND Mixtures. 51

“Flours of superior quality, very fine and homo-
geneous, filled from 75 to 90 divisions, and some were
found, though rarely, which went up to 95 and even
100.

“Inferior flours were found which did not rise
higher than from 35 to 40. Such hardly merit the
name of flour of sulphur. They reveal to the touch
much grési, as little balls of sulphur are called in
which the coarser qualities are apt to abound, and are’
very heavy.

“When the experiment is made with ground sul-
phur, a good deal more than five minutes must be al-
lowed for the mass to settle, which is because this
kind mixes with the ether differently from the other,
forming a kind of paste.

“The greater part of the ground see of com-
merce, made from rolls, measured in the tube from
35 to 40. The finest and purest I could obtain went
up to 60 and 70. Common qualities of ground, of
the fineness indicated by 36 of the scale, after being
passed through a sieve of silk, indicated 43; this last,
pounded in a mortar of agate, showed 60.”

Ground sulphur seems to be as yet unknown in the
American market. It may, however, be found that
it will be economical for us to employ it on our vines
if we can obtain a very fine quality of it, and very

59 Ture SuLPpHuR-CURE.

cheap as compared with the other kind; and I have
taken means to import a specimen of what is now
commonly used in Italy, with a view of comparing it
with the flour of sulphur made in America. It will
follow, from what has just been quoted, that the ques-
tion is a complex one of cost and quality.

Both kinds will cure the disease if brought in con-
tact with it, and though in Europe disputes as to which
‘is most economical still continue, both ‘continue to be
used. As the result of his own experience, M. Marés
says: “I have tried ground sulphur on a large scale,
and have obtained with it good results. Many others
have done the same, and with like success. We must,
therefore, admit its efficacy against the disease. Still
I must say that the effects of the flour have been the
most marked, and have determined me to give it the
preference.

“Employing in my experiments flour of sulphur of
55 to 60 degrees of fineness according to the above
scale, and ground sulphur of 35 to 40 degrees, I had
to use on a given number of vines 75 per cent. more
of the latter than of the former; that is to say, 100
pounds of the flour went as far as 175 pounds of the
ground.”

M. de la Vergne is even more positive than M.
Marés in preferring the sublimated article. And yet

PREPARATIONS AND. MixtTuREs. 53

I think it is worth our while to look into the question
for ourselves, not merely for the reasons I have above
suggested, but because our present tariff puts so high
a duty on flour of sulphur that none of it is imported,
and we are forced to obtain what we may need from
two or three large manufactories which enjoy the
monopoly of the business. Thus, while in France se-
lections can be made from the products of a large
number of rival manufacturers, here we are reduced
almost to Hobson’s choice. Another unpleasant ef-
fect is that we are obliged to pay in gold for our sul-
phur twice what Frenchmen pay; and what is curi-
ous too is that, while the government compels us to
pay this large price, not a cent of it goes into the gov-
ernment treasury.

Our manufacturers probably can make as fine sub-
limated sulphur as any in Europe. ‘The question is,
Will they find it profitable to do so? And to help
them to a decision of this last question, we, who are
likely to be such large consumers, may as well in time
cast about us for a resort in case of need.

It costs four or five times as much to sublimate
(distill) sulphur as it does to grind it. Grinding it
could be well-done, I should think, in a plaster-mill ;
but the process is dangerous, and, unless it be care-
fully managed, the mill will take fire. To-refine the

*

54 Tur SuLPHUR-CURE.

crude article, all needed is to melt and run it into
box-wood moulds, and there suddenly cool it, which
converts it into what are known as “ rolls.”

Flour of sulphur is known from the other by its
much brighter color and by being softer when rubbed
between the fingers. Grains of the flour, when seen
in the microscope, appear as round balls, while those
of the other are of irregular and broken shapes.

VARIOUS MIXTURES OF SULPHUR with other substan-
ces in powder, such as lime, plaster, etc., have been
recommended, and are used to a considerable extent.
As the value of such attenuations is somewhat under
discussion in this country, it may be well to give in
this place the conclusions to which a committee of
the Agricultural Society of the Gironde, in France,
came, after a series of experiments conducted by
them in the year 1861, which, for thoroughness, I
would gladly see emulated in this country. The re-
port of the committee sums up as follows:

“These experiments prove that oidium is cured by
powdered sulphur, no matter what be the shape of its
particles, nor whether it be used by itself, or mixed
with twice its weight of plaster, for the ground sul-
phur, as well as the mixture of plaster and sulphur,
has repressed the oidium at each application your
committee made with these two powders. But the

PREPARATIONS AND MixtuReEs. 55

same experiments also prove that the curative action
of sulphur is more durable when applied in the form
of good flour of sulphur. They prove, moreover, that
a given quantity of well-made flour of sulphur has
more virtue than double the quantity of ground sul-
phur, or three times the quantity of sulphur and plas-
ter ; so that, to perform the same duty, it is necessary
to repeat the operation of sulphuring oftener with the
two last powders than ‘with the first, and, in point of
view of economy of material and labor, the advant-
age, according to these experiments, remains with the
good flour of sulphur. [The report states that all
these powders were of the best quality and fineness. |

“Moreover, practice concurs with theory to prove
the inferiority of all mixtures of sulphur with other
kinds of dust.

“Experience proves that dust from the road, ashes,
lime, charcoal, mineral coal, plaster, and other sub-
stances, in a pulverized state, have not by themselves
any power in curing the disease.

“In mixing any one or more of these inert dusts
with sulphur, you impart no virtue to it, any more
than you increase the strength of a good wine by di-
luting it with water.

“On the other hand, although but a very small
yuantity of sulphur is needed in contact with the oidi-

56 Tur SuLPHUR-CURE.

um to destroy it, yet there must be a minimum, less
than which would fail of that end.

“That limited quantity, fixed by experience, is such
quantity as, if well scattered, is sufficient to powder
with sulphur all the green parts of the vine, so that a
branch, or a leaf, or a bunch, looked at against the
light, shows the grains very close together on all points
of its surface.

“Tf great intervals existed ‘between the grains of
sulphur and the oidium, whose organs are so extraor-
dinarily loose, could it not maintain its place in cer-
tain cases and continue to develop itself ?

“ Now the quantity of sulphur indispensable to pen-
etrate and envelop thus with a light cloud of dust the
green parts of a vine could not be properly spread, if
it were mixed with a double or triple quantity of in-
ert matter.

“ Supposing the mixture perfect, each grain of sul-
phur must be separated from another grain by two or
three grains of the other material.

“But the mixture is never perfect. Do what you
will, the magnifying-glass will always show the pure
sulphur resting in masses, more or less large, by the
side of masses, more or less large also, of the material
put with it.

“Jt is, then, evident, that if you spread on the sur-

PRBPARBATIONS AND MixtvuReEs. 5%

face of the plant a quantity of the mixture only equal
to the quantity of sulphur needed to preserve that
plant, you will not obtain the effect desired.

“But if you must employ, to do the work that one
pound of pure sulphur would do, three pounds of a
mixture whereof one third is sulphur and the other
two thirds inert matter, why not, by means of well-
made instruments, spread upon the vines to be cured
the one pound of sulphur by itself, and save the cost
of the other useless ingredients, as well as the labor
of handling them ?

“It appears, besides, that those useless ingredients
diminish, to a certain degree, the action of the useful
one, since the pure flour of sulphur employed by our
committee produced a more durable effect than a
triple quantity of the mixture, one third of which
was sulphur.

“ Again, that which our experiments have enabled
us to affirm concerning a mixture of two parts of
plaster with one of sulphur only confirms the result
arrived at by trials made in the Gironde since 1859
by many different persons, as well with the above
compound as with others, which the minutes of a
great number of your sessions will attest.”

A LIQUID PREPARATION OF SULPHUR AND Lime is oft-
en recommended. It is prepared by mixing together

C2

58 THe SuLtpuHurR-CuRR @&

equal quantities by weight of sulphur and newly-
slacked lime, and boiling them in eight times their
weight of water, during ten minutes, in an iron ves-
sel. After settling, the liquid is drawn off clear, put
in bottles, and well corked. For use, one gallon of
this is mixed with a hundred gallons of water, and
with the mixture thus prepared the vines are syr-
inged. Thorough experiments made in different parts
of France have resulted in the abandonment of this
“sulphur of calchium,” as they there call it. It costs
little, but must be frequently renewed on the vines.
Its liquid form is objectionable, and, after all, it is
thought the only virtue it possesses rests in the sul-
phur. Those who might feel disposed to try this
preparation should not attempt to vary the propor-
tions of the ingredients, for a given weight of sulphur
will combine with the same weight of lime, and with
no more.

To save the trouble of inventing and trying other
methods for curing the vine-disease, I will here men-
tion a few that have been fairly tried in France and
found to be failures :

1. Painting the old wood, after stripping off the
loose bark, with a solution of sulphate of copper, four
pounds of the sulphate to one hundred pounds of
water.

PREPARATIONS AND Mixtures. 59

2. Painting with an alkaline, soapy liquid, envelop-
ing as active agent either arsenious acid, or a salt of
arsenic, or sulphuret of soda.

3. Coal tar, smeared on the old wood after strip-
ping off the bark.

4, Whitewash.

5. Washing the fruit with soap-suds.

6. Fumigating under a cover with burning sulphur.

7. Quicklime, ashes, plaster, and other kinds of dust.

8. Scorching or singing the vines after winter prun-
ing by means of torches.

9. Scalding with hot water, at the above epoch.

10. Brushing the surface of the fruit.

11. Burying the vine.

12. Pruning early.

13. Pruning late.

14. Pinching the buds.

"15. Layering the entire vine.

16. Layering the branches only.

17. Grafting.

18. Different kinds of manures.

19. Painting with potato-glue mixed with sulphur.

Many of the above, it should be remarked, had a
measurable success, but none were found fit to adopt
in practice. Layering the whole vine, I am led to
think, might succeed with some varieties, and in fa-

60 THe SULPHUR-CURE.

vorable soils and situations. I found the people of
Burgundy and Champagne thinking favorably of it,
and disposed to attribute their exemption from the
disease to their mode of cultivation, which involves
layering; but those are cold vine-districts.

IMPLEMENTS PROPER TO USE 61

CHAPTER, 1X.

IMPLEMENTS PROPER TO USE.

QhuE Be ttows, of simple construction, invented by

M. Vergnes, is the most approved implement yet

discovered. It has been improved upon by M. de la
Vergne, and the improvements patented.

Its dimensions are those of a common kitchen bel-

lows. The boards are of poplar, two fifths of an inch
thick, and well seasoned. There is no metal about it,
except the tin pipe (or nozzle), and the tacks which
fasten on the leather. It is thus seen to be very light,
a most important consideration.

In the middle of the upper board is a round hole
one inch and a half in diameter, to which is fitted a
stopper attached by a cord to the bellows.

62 Tin SULPHUB-CURER.

The pipe is in one piece, regularly curved, or in
several pieces jointed with solder to form the proper
turn. The outside end, or mouth, is covered with a
wire-gauze sieve of tinned wire, whose meshes are a
twelfth of an inch square, giving 144 of them to the
square inch. Round this sieve is a trumpet-shaped
addition, with openings in the sides, forming around
the sieve a sort of little railing to protect it against
-any dampness which may be upon the vines.

Of M. de la Vergne’s improvements, the most im-
portant is that which protects the leather from de-
struction through corrosion by the sulphur or other
material used. Another regulates the quantity of the
charge, and another still the volume of the discharge.

A canvas Baa, fitted with a tin discharge-pipe, and
large enough to hold four or five pounds of sulphur,
is hung round the neck, and carries the supply with
which to renew the charge of the bellows as often as
that is exhausted.

IMPLEMENTS PROPER TO Usk. 63

If, however, two or three are engaged in the work,
it is greatly expedited by adding to them a boy,
whose duty shall be that of “powder-monkey.” THe
will be kept busy by giving him three spare bellows
to charge with sulphur from a stationary supply, and
carry them to the men, receiving in return their
empty ones again to be filled. In such case no bag
is needed. |

Tur DrepGe-Box is made of tin, in different forms,
two of which are represented below. The smaller
end, into which the sulphur is introduced, closes with
a snugly-fitting cap or cover. The large end has a
double bottom of tin pierced with very fine holes,
through which the sulphur is to be shaken out; and
there are also a few cross-pieces of iron wire fixed
about an inch above the upper one of the two plates

64. Tuan SULPHUR-CURT

forming the double bottom, and which serve to break
up the lumps. I have seen very good dredge-boxes
of American make, with bottoms of fine brass-wire
gauze. I thought these too fine, and removed one of
them; but it might be well to retain the double sieve,
though making the upper one coarser than the other.
The meshes of the one should measure about one
twelfth of an inch across, and of the other about one
twenty-fourth. The length of such boxes is from
eight to ten inches, and the diameters from three to
four inches.

The dredge-box is common in most of the vine-
countries of Europe, and, though a good deal more
wasteful of sulphur than the bellows, is useful for
many purposes where the latter would not work
well; as, for instance, to sulphur in May, when the
young shoots are quite small, or late in summer,
when, as sometimes happens, only the fruit-bunches
need the operation, or to use for branches of un-
staked vines which droop on the ground.

TuE TUFTED DrepcGe-zox is the same just described,
except that it has the addition of a tuft made of wool-
en yarn, four inches long, fastened to the larger end,
which tuft receives the sulphur as it issues from the
box, and sifts and disperses it in finer dust than would
be shaken out but for its interposition. Marés con-

IMPLEMENTS PROPER To Usk. 65

siders the tufted box an improvement on the other,
of which he has a poor opinion; while De la Vergne
thinks it good for little or nothing, and praises the
other. Both kinds are used in Europe, and both
should be tried here. ,

A urrtLte Brusu, formed of a bunch of coarse bris-
tles tied together, should be carried with the bellows,
to keep the sieve at its mouth free and open.

Other implements have been invented besides those
I have described, especially bellows mounted with dif-
ferent sorts of tin boxes and funnels, which, after be-
ing tried and condemned elsewhere, have come across
the water to plague the few of us who have had en-
terprise enough to try the sulphur-cure, and have
helped such to make failures. I have tried many of
them, and read and heard of others. Their faults are:
Sieves, often double ones, quite too fine; mouths too
contracted ; valves to draw in the air, which, always
coming in by one way and going out by another, inev-
itably packs the dust against the meshes of the sieve,
instead of which the machine should breathe in and
blow out through the same hole, thereby continually
cleansing the meshes as the Vergnes does; compli-
cated construction, with its easily imagined difficul-
ties; heaviness; weak construction, which, in connec-
tion with the tendency to clog, involving the need of

(

66 THE SuLPpuHuR-CURE.

frequent shakings, makes them soon shake to pieces ;
prices twice or thrice equal to that of the simpler and
better article. In short, they are well adapted not
to do the work, but to wear the muscles, tear the
nerves, and exhaust the patience of him who handles
them. Until some genius shall invent precisely the
right thing, the Vergnes bellows and the dredge-box
are the only implements to use.

WEATHER FOR SULPHURING. 67

CHAPTER, X.

WEATHER SUITABLE FOR SULPHURING.

© aes in the greatest emergency would it do to
sulphur vines while it rained. I know it has
been recommended, and is even practiced in the cold-
er grape regions of Europe, to perform the operation
early in the day, in order that the dew on the lower
side of the leaves shall cause the powder to stick
there; but such is by no means the practice in those
hotter countries where the disease is strong. The sul-
phur, being insoluble in water, acts on the disease only
in the form of vapor, and it will not turn to vapor ex-
cept in a heat equal to about 68° Fahrenheit. There
is no use in putting it on unless the thermometer
shows that temperature to exist in the vineyard at the
time it is put on, or afterward and before it is blown
or washed away by wind or rain. Fortunately, a
greater heat is required to bring the mildew into life
than to produce the vapor which destroys it. As
much as two or three hours at least of the right tem-

68 THore SuLtepHuR-CURE.

perature are needed to make the remedy take effect ;
and, if a considerable rain should fall before such
time has elapsed, the work must be done over again
within two or three days afterward. After the leaves
have grown large enough to shelter the fruit, and to
some extent each. other, as in late June, such a re-
newal becomes less important.

How to Conpuct THE WoRK. 69

CHAPTER XI.

HOW TO CONDUCT THE WORK.

Ee dredge-box is of course worked by shaking

the sulphur out of it. Care should be taken not
to overload it, nor to dredge too much powder on a
given surface, the liability to an extravagant expendi-
ture of material being the chief objection to this im-
plement. In other respects, the rules given below for
using the bellows sufficiently instruct in the use of
the dredge-box.

The proprietor must first learn how to blow the
bellows,.and then teach his assistants. The motions
of the handles must be short and quick, and not long
and slow; they must also be regular, and, so far as
can be, uninterrupted. When operating on a vine
from the top downward, the cessation of motion as
the bettom is reached is apt to clog the pipe. This
is corrected by briskly shaking the instrument on re-
commencing. In whatever position it is held, it need
not get clogged if, while changing direction, the quick,

70 THe SuLPpHUR-CURE.

short motions are uninterruptedly continued. The ob-
ject to be kept in view is to put a little of the sulphur
every where, but not a great deal any where. “Zhe
work vs well done,” says Marés, “when, on taking a
leaf or fruit bunch, and holding it against the light,
numerous grains of sulphur, no matter how small,
are seen to cover all pots of the surface. The work
as Ul done, on the contrary, when the vine or the soil
at rts foot show lumps or patches of the material.”

De la Vergne says: “A workman who handles his
bellows well disperses the sulphur every where equal-
ly, and the vines he has gone over are perfectly well
covered, while, at the same time, one who looked at
them in passing would not discover, except by the
smell, they had been sulphured at all.”

It is best always to begin by blowing from the bot-
tom of the vine upward to the top, all the while throw-
ing the sulphur under the leaves and toward the centre,
and then proceeding from top to bottom, all the while
throwing the sulphur on the upper sides of the leaves,
and so all round the plant. The workman should
walk entirely around each vine as he dusts it; or if,
it being on a trellis, he can not do this, he should pass
down the line, sulphuring on one side as he goes, and
then pass up again, doing the same on the opposite
side. The motions for each plant should be the same,

genes BP

How to Conpuct THE WoRK. Ta:

so that, after a time, a habit of regularity and exacti-
tude may be acquired that will insure thoroughness
and avoid omissions. The negligence of workmen is
the frequent cause of partial sulphurings being need-
ed to cure particular vines on which the disease was .
imperfectly cured, so that, in a few days, it breaks out
afresh.

The workman should keep his eye on the clouds of
dust he blows from his bellows, to see how they drift
and where they lodge, and go manage with regard to,
distance, and position, and the course of the wind, as
that they shall go where they are wanted.

It is a great fault to overcharge the bellows. A
pound is the most that should go in at one time. He
must also acquire the habit of knowing when all has
been expended and the time has come to load again.

If, as sometimes happens, sulphur-dust is found to
hurt the eyes of the workmen, they must be furnished
with goggles, such as stone-cutters often wear. Out-
side shirts or blouses of close cotton or linen stuff
should also be supplied them, to protect their clothes.
Care should be taken to so instruct and encourage
them at the outset that they do not take an early dis-
gust, which will make them either quit the work or
do it negligently. Properly equipped, and taught,
and encouraged, they will soon find the work to be

72 Tur SuLPHUR-CUBE.

not at all unpleasant; whereas, if clumsy, heavy im-
plements are put in their hands, to weigh down their
arms, to worry them by frequently becoming obstruct-
ed or getting out of repair, or with holes in them
through which the dust blows out backward, or if left
to find out for themselves how to meet all the little
difficulties which are apt to beset every new begin-
ning, they will be like to leave you suddenly in the
most pressing exigency that can come upon a vine-
. grower.

ProrpeER TimeEs FoR SuptpuHuerine. 73

CPA Teh xd ©

OF THE PROPER TIMES FOR SULPHURING.

| Sele calaat ase the true principle is to sulphur

the vines as early as the disease appears, and
again as often as it reappears. But, in order to do
this, we must be able to recognize the appearance of
the disease, and, furthermore, to know of its approach
a little while before it invades the whole vineyard,
for it works quickly. And although, in the beginning
of our experience, few of us will be able to discern in
season the signs of warning, and must rely on sulphur-
ing at stated times—the rules for which I will pres-
ently give—yet it is proper we should at once begin
to learn how to recognize the presence of the disease,
and how to get warning of its approach.

How To RECOGNIZE THE PRESENCE OF THE MILDEW.
—It is only with the first stage of the disease that we
have to do, for all which comes afterward is but the
decay in different forms, by wilting, cracking, rotting,
etc., which results from the first stage, and it is only

D

74. Toe SuLtPpHuR-CURE.

in that stage sulphur or any other remedy can do
good. On the leaves, stalks, and fruit-bunches there
will come spots of what appears to the naked eye as
only a fine white powder, but which, examined under
a microscope, prove to be hosts of little fungi (mush-
rooms). At first they may be brushed off with the
finger, without leaving on the surface where they
rested any injury or appearance of injury; but, if al-
lowed to remain long enough, will throw down little
claws, which will pierce and grapple to the outer skin,
and, by thus wounding it, cause all the decay which
renders mildew such an affliction to the vine. Most
American vines are so covered with down in every
part, there is some risk an unpracticed observer may
sometimes mistake it for the powder which reveals
the presence of the little innumerable mushrooms in
question. Where the mass of them is considerable,
as I have found it on one of the new hybrids, the
musty odor exhaled, and which French writers all
mention as being peculiar to the oidium, can be easily
recognized, though not so easily forgotten. Some-
times, too, we may be deceived by fine cobwebs fresh- ,
ly woven, or even by spots of dust splashed upon the
lower leaves by rain.
To cet WarnInG or THE APPROACH OF OipruM, it
is the custom in Europe to establish in each vineyard

ProrpeR Times FoR StuLPpuHuRING. 7%

several “Ceps moniteurs,” as they are called, or ség-
nal vines, as we will term them; for, whenever a gen-
eral attack impends, certain individual vines will be
observed to catch the disease a few days in advance
of the great body of their own variety; and as differ-
ent varieties take the disease at different times and in
different ways, therefore each variety must have its
own signal vines. We should look for such in de-
pressed_places—on the borders of alleys, under the
shade of trees, or where cold and damp exhalations
come from some adjoining woods or swampy ground.
When discovered and well tested, they should be
marked so as to be easily found.

Having established proper signal vines, the ap-
proach of danger can always afterward be known by
simply watching them, without the need of going over
the whole vineyard. As soon as any of them give
warning, all the vines of their variety should be sul.
phured without delay. But first the signal vines
themselves should receive a thorough operation, in
order that another and false alarm do not too early
follow in consequence of their not being radically
cured; and for the same reason, in scrious cases,
they may need a second operation a few days later.

Until we shall have learned well how to recognize
the presence of the mildew, and have established our

76 Tur SuLPHUB-COURE

signal vines, we shall be obliged to rely on sulphur-
ing at certain fixed times, as at first they were obliged
to do in France, and as new beginners there are still
advised to do. In such case the recommendation of
Mr. Marés is to sulphur regularly once in every twen-
ty days, beginning as soon as the young shoots are
two wnches long, and continuing until the changes of
color in August tell that the ripening process has be-
gun in the frurt, which saves it from farther danger.
This is the simple rule I followed during the season
of 1869, and which effectually saved my crop.

M. De la Vergne recommends novices such as we
to sulphur, jirst, just as blossoming is about to begin ;
secondly, as soon as blossoming has ended—two epochs
which in his district occur, the first between May 20th
and June 10th, and the second between June 20th
and July 10th—and therdly, toward the end of July,
when the August growth begins, terminating at the
same epoch with the rule Marés gives, for a sulphur-
ing late in July will ordinarily save the fruit until
ripening time. These three operations, he thinks, will
generally prove sufficient. It will be seen they are
separated one from another by ¢hirty days, or there-
about.

Mr. Du Brieuil, in his able work on vineyard cul-

ture—which no American vine-grower should be with-

ProreR TIMES FOR SULPHURING. “VJ

out— gives a third rule, not intended, however, like
the two just given, to suit the case of new beginners
in the practice of the cure, but which is still worth
quoting here. It is this: Sulphur once when the
young shoots are only six inches long; @ second time
during blossoming; @ third time when the fruit has
grown to one third its full size ; and as often besides
as the signal vines give warning of disease.

Another rule, not a rule of stated times, like those
of Marés and De la Vergne, but, like the one last
given, intended for persons experienced in the sul-
phur-cure, is prescribed by another very respectable
authority. It is this: Give one sulphuring fifteen
days before blossoming; @ second during its continu-
ance; and a thord fifteen days after its close; besides
others as often between times or afterward as the sig-
nal vines show the disease to be at hand.

It will be perceived each of these four rules makes
blossom-time the governing epoch—the point from
which to count, and thus each is based not merely on
the time (24 days) the oidium requires to reproduce
itself, but also on certain stages in the growth of the
vine itself which seem favorable to develop that fun-
gus. As regards our mildew, it also seems very much
influenced in its comings and goings by the stage of
- growth of the vine, as all who have observed it will

78 THE SuLPHUR-CURE.

admit. How apt it is, for instance, to appear about
the time when the berries are just formed, and again
when they have reached one third or half their full
size.

Thus we have, to aid us in watching our vineyards
and in studying the nature of our enemy, a knowl-
edge, first, of the time needed for the fungus to repro-
duce itself; and, secondly, of the times when the state
of the vine invites its attacks. We also know the
kind of weather most suited to its development, name-
ly, hot and dry succeeding to terms of rain. And now
let us survey the field of our operations with a view
to discovering the rules to follow with our own some-
what peculiar vines. From the first putting forth of
the young shoots in spring down to the end of vint-
age and the time of leaf. fall, grape-vines are liable to
attacks of mildew. This period let us divide into
three—the first extending from the awakening of veg-
etation until blossom-time ; the second reaching from
then until the time when the fruit, beginning its
changes of color, shows ripening-time to have come;
and the third lasting from then till the end of the
season.

First Prrtop.—In Europe, owing to the delicate
nature of their vine-foliage, every considerable devel-
opment of oidium on leaf or stalk requires attention

ProrperR Times FOR SULPHURING. %9

and recourse to the remedy almost as urgently as if
the fruit itself were attacked. With American vines
it is quite different. Excepting, perhaps, the Dela-
ware, the leaves and stalks of our leading varieties
seem nearly invulnerable to mildew. I have known
it to fasten on the foliage of a vineyard of Catawbas,
Ives, and Concords, and work there undisturbed for
six or seven weeks without seriously hurting its
growth or impairing its usefulness, if, indeed, leaves
could be said to have any use when the fruit they
were intended to nourish and ripen was rapidly rot-
ting away. A week of such work on European vines
would pretty surely have turned them yellow or
stripped them bare. This peculiar hardiness of ours
is due, possibly, to the toughness of the leaves, and
the down which so thickly covers and protects both
stalks and leaves. !

The American grape-grower, then, being relieved
of any fear lest a great and sudden calamity surprise
him during the period now being considered, there
can be no good reason for beginning: operations un-
der the twenty-day rule of Marés until blossoming
time. But, whichever rule we follow, a good look-out
should be kept, and, if signs of mildew actually ap-
pear, a sulphuring should be given to the infected
vines at least.

80 THe SULPHUR-CURE

The approach of blossom time brings us toward the
close of the first period, and to the moment when it
will be necessary to decide between the two rules first
above given, namely, the ¢wenty-day rule of Marés,
which, modified as above, prescribes one of the sul-
phurings to be given at blossom time, and the others
to come every twenty days thereafter, and the therty-
day rule of De la Vergne, who tells us to begin just
before blossom time, to repeat just after it has ended,
and repeat again about the end of July. One says,
“Sulphur your vines while the blossoms are open,
whether any disease be present or not; it will aid in
the process and increase the product.” The other
tells us, “‘ Do no such thing unless there is disease to
be cured.” Which authority ought we to follow?
Evidently neither exclusively until the method of
each has been tried, carefully, observantly, and fre-
quently.

Following the thirty-day rule, and supposing no
actual invasion of mildew to have happened, we give
our first sulphuring at that stage of growth of the
fruit-buds which shows the blossoms are about to
open. As to the necessity or utility of beginning
thus early, we are as yet too ignorant of the mildew’s
doings during this first period to know. The wise
principle, however, which tells us to check all disease

Proper TIMES FOR SULPHURING. 81

in its earliest attacks, is by Du Brieuil, expressly ap-
plied to the case of oidium; and I well remember a
neighbor who sulphured a part only of his vines be-
fore blossoming, and then sulphured all of them aft-
erward, told me those which received but one opera-
tion did not so completely escape as those which got
two.

TuE Srconp Periop begins with the opening of the
blossoms — the time, according to Marés’s rule, for
giving the first stated sulphuring. It should be done
while blossoming is at the height, and certainly be-
fore any of the more precocious vines have got
through and begun to form their fruit. The first
stated sulphuring, whether performed before blos-
soms open, as De la Vergne directs, or after they are
open, as Marés directs, should be a complete one,
covering the whole vine except old wood, regardless
of the presence or absence of mildew, and should be
performed with a bellows. In the case of Norton’s
Seedlings, or other varieties peculiarly sensitive to sul-
phur, some of the mixtures before mentioned might
be used, or, what might do better and be equally safe,
very fine sulphur, thinly but thoroughly spread, as has
been said before.

All other sulphurings might be confined to the
fruit-bunches alone, unless other parts be actually

D2

82 THe SuLPHUR-CURE.

mildewed, or the signal vines show them to be on the
point of being attacked, in either of which two last
cases the whole vine, in all its parts, should receive a
sulphuring. Whenever-the fruit-bunches alone are
sulphured, it should be done with a dredge-box.

The practice of sulphuring the fruit-buds without
the rest of the vine, although not sanctioned by any
thing I have read in Marés-or De la Vergne, is never-
theless distinctly authorized by Mr. Du Brieuil, who
recommends us to do the last sulphnring upon the
fruit-bunches only, and with a dredge-box.

There will be cases in this country where the mal-
ady, leaving the fruit-bunches untouched, will attack
only the leaves, or the stalks, or both. In such cases, »
if we sulphur at all, we should operate on all parts,
the fruit-bunches as well as the others, for while we
are about it we may as well include the whole vine.
But must we always sulphur in such cases? That is
a question we can not answer to-day; nevertheless,
let us consider it.

Considering, then, how the toughness and downy
coating peculiar to our American vines seems to sep-
arate the fate of their leaves and stalks from that of
their fruit, so that the fruit may be attacked and the
body of the vine escape, or the body be attacked and
the fruit escape, the question is whether, while faith-

Proper Times For SuLtPpuvursing. 83

fully watching for and promptly attending to all at-
tacks upon the fruit-bunches, we may in any measure
neglect attacks which confine themselves to other
parts, and, if so, in what measure may we so neglect
them ?

On the one hand, we know that attacks of mildew
will often pass away of themselves without any treat-
ment, which are cases of spontaneous cure, as they are
called in France. And in this country we may ex-
pect, for the reasons above given, that such attacks, if
confined to the stalks and leaves, may continue for
several days, and, unlike what happens in France, pass
off without having inflicted any serious injury upon
those parts, and without hurting the fruit at all. On
the other hand, we know disease breeds disease, and
that, if mildew is allowed to range unchecked over
the foliage, there may be danger of its falling sud-
denly upon the fruit between one sulphuring of the
latter and another. We know, too, that every consid-
erable injury sustained by the body of the vine must
in some measure affect every member of it. But,
though it would look like bad husbandry to tolerate
in any degree the presence of the pest, yet economy
must not be forgotten, and if time and practice prove
it safe to spare any considerable portion of the cost
and trouble of sulphuring, then time and practice will
have borne valuable fruit.

84 Tut SuLPHUR-CURE.

The completion of the blossoming process and the
formation of the young berries bring us to the point
of time when De la Vergne’s second stated sulphur-
ing must be given. To help to understand what he
means by designating for the first operation “the mo-
ment when blossoming is about to begin,” and for
the second that “when it has just finished,” bear in
mind that he places these two moments thirty days
apart. This will, in the climate where he writes (the
neighborhood of Bordeaux), bring his second sulphur-
ing to the Ist of July as an average date; and he
sets his third sulphuring for about the 1st of August.
In our own grape region, the epochs he indicates will
generally be separated by the same interval of thirty
days. Now, however reasonable it may seem thus to
base our operations as to time upon the approach of
those stages in the vine’s growth which seem to favor
the development of the disease, and however our own
experience thus far seems to confirm the opinion that
those stages are the same with our vines, and their
mildew as with foreign vines and their oidium, yet
we should not forget there is a law of growth con-
trolling the reproduction of the fungus—in Europe
at least—by which it is able to reappear in twenty-
four days after being suppressed. So it would seem ;
prudent in such as adopt the thirty-day rule to look

Proper TIMES FOR SULPHURING. 85

out well during the last six days of the time, and
be prepared, if disease appear, to meet it with the
remedy.

In following the twenty-day rule it would be eco-
_ nomical to begin as late during blossom time as safety
permitted, and also to prolong the intervals to about
twenty-four days, in order that the third operation
should come late enough in July for its effects to ex-
tend to ripening time, and thus one sulphuring be
saved. But weather is uncertain. Delays are dan-
gerous. If we undertake to follow a rule, it is better
to go through with it. JI well remember the only
sign of mildew I found on any of my vines during
the season of 1869 was on some of them which the
intervention of two holidays and two days of rain
compelled me to defer sulphuring till the twenty-sixth
day; therefore the beginner would do well to allow
of no postponement that could be avoided.

If, after reading the above, any one shall ask why
it is I counsel for trial a method which extends the
intervals between sulphurings to thirty days, I an-
swer that I rely much on the epochs of the vine’s
growth which De la Vergne chooses for his sulphur-
ings. They seem to come opportunely to meet the
disease at its chosen times for appearing, and so to be
capable of a more complete effect than if given be-

86 THE SuLPHUR-CURE.

fore or after such times. M. Marés himself counts
much on the opportuneness of the sulphuring, as well
that of blossom time as that of the last of July, and
only recommends the twenty-day practice to those in
the condition in which we of this country now find
ourselves, and who wish to secure certainty of result.

Thus we reach the close of our second period and
the safe end of our summer with three stated sulphur-
ings, or at the most four, according to the plan adopt-.
ed. It is my belief that, in most seasons and with
most varieties, two of these sulphurings may be safe-
ly confined to the fruit-branches alone, and be done
with a dredge-box, and one only be needed that shall
include the whole vine and require a bellows; name-
ly, the one at or about blossom time. Moreover, once
we shall be provided with proper signals, vineyards
in districts as favorably situated in respect to disease
as those of Médoc in France may usually escape, as
happens there, with but two stated sulphurings, and
perhaps one or two partial ones. What is here meant
by partial will be explained farther on.

Tuirp Prriop.—After the grapes begin to change
color, though no fungus can hurt them, yet, if the
vines have been allowed to suffer frem neglected at-
tacks of mildew, the fruit will begin to rot and fall
just as it is becoming fully ripe—a trouble nothing

PROPER LIMES ror SULPHURING.: 8%

will help except a premature gathering to press.
Again, the as yet green fruit-stems may become
coated’ with mildew, which, though unable to injure
the ripening fruit, may nevertheless pass into the
wine, and do much injury there; and accumulations
of fungus on the leaves, even late in the season, will,
to say the least, do no good. Therefore it will some-
times happen that a sulphuring will be proper even
in the third period; though, if the vines have been
kept healthy and sound down to the end of July, it
will be very rare that any subsequent trouble can
come to them.

PartiaL Sutpuvrine.— Negligent workmen, bad
sulphur, or insufficient tools will often cause individ-
ual vines to fail of a cure. The fungus will perhaps
die down to the roots, but these will in a few days
sprout up with a new growth. Within four or five
days, therefore, after each general sulphuring of mil-
dewed vines, it will be proper to carefully search
through the vineyard for such cases, and renew the
operation. If the case be very serious, it would be
well to renew once more within five days after, or cut
the affected branches off and fling them away.

88 THE SuLPHUR-CURE

CHAPTERYAITT.

MISCELLANEOUS.

HE Oosr or Sunpaurme.—The luxuriant vines

of Southern France require, in an average year,
from eighty to one hundred pounds of flour of sul-
phur to the acre, and from four to six days’ labor to
put it on. The small, though closely-set vines of the
neighborhood of Bordeaux require, in an average
year, only about fifty pounds, but need the same
amount of labor. In this country the quantity need-
ed would be midway between the two, and the labor
would be about the same. In France sulphur costs
2+ to 24 cents a pound for the finest and best; in
this country it costs over twice as much. With these
data, any one may easily compute the probable ex-
pense of saving his vines from destruction; he will
not find it very dear. The finer the sulphur, the far-
ther it will go. Should we be able to obtain, in this
country, as fine an article as the best they use abroad,
the sieves of the bellows and dredge-boxes might be

reduced in size, to economize its expenditure.

MIscELLANEOUS. 89

Cunrrvation.—Whatever tends to keep vines in
strong health helps them resist the disease, therefore
cultivation should be thorough and frequent enough
to secure such a condition. But manuring has a de-
cidedly bad effect when the substance used is not
well rotted. In every case freshly - manured vines
should not only be well cultivated, but also sulphured .
with extra care. New earth spread about the roots
has a most excellent effect in helping to resist disease.
Where a vineyard is conveniently near a forest, leaf
mould should be preferred to every other kind of ma- —
nure; but where this is obtained from damp places,
it should, like swamp muck, be allowed to remain a
year in heaps, or properly treated with lime, before
being hauled on.

Drawacr.—Infinite loss and discouragement have
come to American vine-growers from neglecting to
drain. In Europe it has been the custom, from time
immemorial, to drain in some form all vineyard soils
not naturally dry, or made so by being walled up in
terraces. In the beginning we were led to think
drainage unnecessary because we trenched our ground
very deep, which so loosened up even the toughest
clay that, for a while, it did very well; but in time it
relapsed to its former condition, and was as bad as

before. No clayey soil can, in the long, grow healthy

90 Ture SuLtpPpHuR-CURE.

vines unless properly drained—wnless very thorough-
ly and carefully drained ; and, as most of our vine-
yards are of such soil, their owners had better aban-
don them if not prepared to make the needed expend-
iture. As a safeguard against black rot it is quite
indispensable, being, as before stated, the chief pre-
ventive to that affliction.

REsTORING DECAYED VinEyARDS.—Many vineyards ©
have become so exhausted by neglect, disease, and
want of drainage that something more must be done
for them than merely giving medicine. Proper means
should be taken to restore such, which means, however,
it is not the purpose of this little work to describe.
Most valuable directions will be found in M. Du
Brieuil’s work on “Vineyard Culture,” in Chapter
XIL, on “Maintenance and Renewal of the Plants.”
T have myself tried layering somewhat on the plan he
there advises, and like the result. Besides, layering,
though perhaps not reliable as a cure for mildew, cer-
tainly acts against the disease, and will materially as-
sist the sulphur in working its effect.

PrcuLiARLy SuscEPTisLE.— Beyond question some
varieties will take the disease, as some will take the
black rot, much more readily than others. The Ca-
tawba has hitherto been the worst sufferer, and the
Isabella has escaped the best. But the Catawba is

MIScELLANEOUWS. — "OF

worth saving, and the other is not. The Catawba has
got a worse name than it deserves. It has had the
misfortune to be the victim of all the mistakes of
new beginners in vine husbandry, and has been aban-
doned to the ravages of both mildew and rot till they
have gained a certain foothold on it. And yet it
seems to me it is very easily cured of mildew, how-
ever it may be with black rot. In France they have
established six categories of vines, arranged in order
of their susceptibility to the oldium. The Catawba
appears in the das¢ category, as being, with the Isa-
bella, the least susceptible of all. From this it can
be imagined how much more fortunate we are than
vine-growers in that country, who, nevertheless, in
practice have little difficulty in combating the dis-
ease; and from this we may infer, too, that if any of
our varieties have to be abandoned as incurable, it
will not be the Catawba, the King of the Cobblers.
If I may be allowed to predict, the varieties we shall
first be disposed to cast away are some of those now
counted among the indestructibles, honestly puffed
and believed in as such, because not old enough to
have come under the control of disease.

‘If, again, I should name the vine which I think
best able to resist disease, and which, even if attack-
ed, is most worthy of rescuing from its clutches, I

92 - Tor SuLPHUR-CURE.

would name the Norton’s Virginia Seedling, whose
crystal-clear and garnet -red juice, full-bodied and
rich—whose “ vinosity,” “neat” flavor, and delicate
aroma merited and received at the hands of the jury
of the Paris Exhibition of 1867 the highest mark ac-
corded to any of the ninety samples of American
wine which I had the honor to present for their tast-
ing. As this vine puts forth at least ten days later,
and ripens at least ten days earlier than the Catawba,
and has, at the same time, a surplus of sugar, it is
adapted to a wide belt of our vine region, and is wor-
thy of trial in even our most northern districts. Wher-
ever planted, however, its fruit should be fully fer-
mented on the skin to make a red and not a pink
wine.
SULPHURING APPLE AND OTHER [| rRuit-TREEs.—
About the time of the appearance of the oidium in
Europe, there came a crowd of other cryptogams,
which alighted on apple, peach, quince, and apricot
trees, as well as on clover, sainfoin, violets, roses, and
many other plants. They all made themselves known
by a whitish dust, the same to the naked eye as the
oidium, and worked similar evil effects; but none of
them were identical with it, and it was found, on eX-
amination, that each species of plant had its own va-
riety of cryptogam, and, upon attempts being made

MISCELLANEOUS. 93

to communicate that which fed on the vine to other
plants, however near to it in kind, the attempts all
failed. Nevertheless, each variety of cryptogam
yielded readily to sulphur, and it was applied with
great success to the fruit-trees especially. Doubtless
“this is what’s the matter” with much of our fruit.
In fact, careful observers have, for some time past,
called attention to “ mildew” as afflicting our peaches
and apples; and that disease, with black rot, which
has spoiled the shape and quality of half the apples
we are eating at this present writing, in connection
with negligent cultivation, are reason enough for all
the prevailing lamentations over the decay of our or-
chards.

I thought I greatly improved the yield and quality
of my apples last year by sulphuring the trees while
in blossom. I hope others will try the remedy—as I
also will, and more seriously the next time—and ob-
serve and report the results. One application would
not, of course, test the full value of the system; and
though, on the more robust fruit of the tree, destruc-
tion by disease will be less marked and less rapid than
on that of the vine, it would be no more than prudent
to sulphur once at blossom time, and as often after-
ward as signs of disease should appear; or else to sul-
phur, without regard to signs of disease, three times,

94 Tue SuLtPpHUR-CURE.

somewhat following De la Vergne’s thirty-day rule as
applied to the vine. My trees being young, I found
no difficulty in blowing on the sulphur with bellows _
of ordinary size and shape; but, for large’ trees, the
nozzle should be elongated by one or more joints of
tin pipe, which was the expedient resorted to in
France.
Try it!

—.. <7

INDE X.

. AG
Page
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Weaier tayoraple to-produeer tes. ccisns cw sauiodceaccee seoueasasctasns 26
MES CCR sb tian en vacmcdsitsaeeden os Sr aor Adare ereedac Rephisseennus - 26
OL, CUELADLS Walbih SUIPNUT... cue scccukGonson cheat vasekee wetsete Wacssse 20
modes of preventing it..... sildeemeanacnaars ptemars ak Oe acts we mtaralaien washes . 80
long known in Europe.......... ecaatecesaaeenedte Gast desita dre marcel same eal
BIACKe SICKMEGS io was cicece anianteinene- SoGeeesebose seabe Janoceee ane Gone toeomnes 27
Blossoming-time, sulphuring in........ venues na ibaaienerubienstes oan 77, 80, 84

Brown rot (see gray rot). °
Brush for cleaning sieve of implements............sseeesssseses pe eee a al
: C. |
Clay Pais SPADES ctreseeter een a4 3 ones cane awaie,sie eee MOE es seceae nthiis 38, 90
POPS MONILCUES tes vee act chk ome cnen es ences PBs an. Sct eee Perey 75
CO TAUIIOIE Sc Se Pats te Ui eates oottnwa dina <osiebielaaieneias age ea pamanien wotweknces ss eeeenaie

96 INDEX.

Page
CORCOnU GRAPE aioe asneisecne- sane eaeteadacs Gelso daiveceectealexwinnantachedaeyes 37
Cracking of grapes affected by distase.........seescececseeceesesveeseees 19
SOAAITIIOS? ciacec chisciaust «iets apple saa state ues aabidet dais sees varyssteesieehmenanare 27
@rooked Lake Grape: Cistrret mam. snwciceaasaerwecee sca aciesns canons seeders 38
Cultivation of vines as affecting disease.......... ans Naidisaieaeateaseoun ent 89

1D;
Wrage, WMpPOrbANCe wll). conn avewdceseacee be ven san iae set ade sue ese meas 89
as a preventive to black rOt.......cccscessecescccscecsersctecserevones 30
Dredge-box. for apphyine sulphur 0322.2 iiocc.s connstecatasecnneess snares 63
tuipedi ow .Gosecenesces jadpaled saoens obcacsbeateg cyoconera tact eotaterennecaaDe
HOW COWS. vonocrasisecsesunetevessoress seeaenrens seouemaseneentteaasneietts 69

E.
Erysephe the true name of the vine fungus............cseceesseesceeeees 1g
discovered lone: agO am AMMETICA.. oiiie Sec. ecscerncesnsesecce cased ® 20

F.
Failure of experiments with sulphur, causes Of..........scecessseeeeees 32
Falling Off Of Grapes .....2505iccec..secccececesenssenrees costecgouroesoccseses 22
Hhour of Sulphur:s 22; cc.tesiv-oste= occ enewse one 'e Sh oe bp eee aeseeey ato 48, 52
how to distinguish ground sulphur from.........c..eseeseeeeeeee eee 54
Foliage, how affected by mildew. ........ccscssecse ceecesessscresscerences 19
how affected by overdoses of sulphur........:s.ssscccceeseesseeeetes 40

G.
GEBY \LOU. ccs sapiusencevelnveucnnsddlwcacssiessserarcbleseinanses dns 19, 22, 25, 31
AM/GHeCE OF MIMS W a..2lsccescecsone serocecasevesnecmncuci’s <cveenasapions 31
Ground salphur. . v.stsc-c..ce 0x sake Colas abhieotatns pea sence emer tens acetone 48, 51
how it may be Made.........ccereccescocssarssancsceraccscsesccesecoes 53
how distinguished from flour of sulphur..........sccseceeesecseceee OF
important experiments with, in France........sserseesersereeres . 54

I.
Implements to use in sulphuring VineS............ccsseseeeesenseeeeeeeees 61

Insects destroyed by sulphur.......csssessereerecesceserserecesecseenecens 42

INDEX. oe

L.
Page
Layering as & Preventives <.....6..066esececers qidbeitaeietewetes quciiveleduthdab es 59
Lime and sulphur mixed, experiments wWith.............ccccseesceseeees 54
Inq uid: Pre par atlon’-Of,. «3 ...0is<5ses sane enenchenaeehaemen Rasen eertees. 57

M. :

PTA ac ncirs sia ses andeencteaanecdunesteseus casaccaeuhsntatte case eee : 89
DOO Wistes taac's shcetiegiendcaGule ss woalencleabwaih deumaniuaee en dee Reade teat nae 17
attacks only the under surfaces of the leaves..............ss2s00 Lg
attacks: of, late: 1m: She SCaSON, 2% in secassce<acusmemelecesbesecereeeees 47
calf's. eve one Of the eietis: Of jcc: caacecsneceu deste emeewenesscese ee 22
doubts of its identity with oldiam. .. co. ic.2.50hGeccc.csoccecncocue 1
elieets of con £0 AR) siic0:5'. sncisendis ac Taste eet oneeh artes Sano ORR
effects modified by peculiarities in the vine.......... 18, 19, 79,82
falling off of grapes one. of its Ef eCts... ..ccaccsdeasssesedvegesee ss ~ 22
gray (or brown) rot one of its effects..............cc08c008 19, 22, 31
how to recognize its presence.............. sia Seubeisiataa ie ote Same apiee s . 73
how to get, warning.of its, approachiss..isc.s..wasesveeeavseceeecedes . 74
in what respects it seems to differ from oidium................ als
in what respects resembling Oidium.............c...ceseceescseees Zk
TUSEY OG OE OF; 60.c0.00'c secansnewmvapneree Simos nen ceceteng ena aue somes ave 1
no soil or variety can be called safe from it................008. were OO
fime in: which it-can reproduce itself 2s. set. esti ck deste aw
weather favorable to its development.............s.scsscessesecees « 78
Mixtures of sulphur with lime and other dusts..................02e008 . 33
EXPOTAMeNis With, ta BLAMES, 5.50. conectenenvaetncre sp medunaeapcoselles 54
Wi. nqid fOri secs .2e. ee seceesdeuspas Bomceeeitn tte caeeeniee seeiscens oars 57

N.
Norton’s Virginia Seedling Grapes, cracking Of.............sessese0 ... 40
VALUE: Of. ae sais nateeereeen Seewaeatene besdieasietawmoagesetenklgee sae eaeeats s 92

O.
Ohio Valley, early success of the grape in the..............006 scree . 38
COT DMT 56h soe cia ates aaa os since 6 5n.0 9 one cio tee Ais dice ay sistote tvatnde Ree 11
attacks theJesaf oni both: sides. oc. 025: «eens paeottes asses svcd~ cssenoget egies
doubts of its identity with mildew.................066. Seen eer as ef

E

98 INDEX.

8

Oidium, in what respects mildew differs from. ...........6.sceeeeeees 3 ts
in what respects mildew resembles................ RA sepa ot
bhree New Varieties /Ol. 5. Secuseee eect arse sic pec cae deees dente tben sie 16
time required for its TeprodmetiOn. Tec. <.2 2055. ).. 026. scrne ons 77, 84
various remedies for it in Europe........ BPH St) Sh Uae ee 58

: P.

Period firsts. eve tres. ek wcceseweeses sraloc atie’ce Gall aula tanetee e eatels lene inviaatos eealtes 78
SECO cue comerctsateneres Suid/aleiid Get oldies aSotsien aiewinae acaues cenisiontaamecen ier 81
tN eee, eee sAchicoe ROGER CHA UP pans nhe ae sccod eeocerprosy ia schol o

R.

Rain closely following, a sulphuring, >. tics. 150-5. sees eee aneececeecawer 68

Redleaf. OF VOUSEAM=:. 02, 00k. cseeess rae tnsaes svaneensecene csc mee ramedate . 12

Rot (see black rot and gray, or brown rot).

8.

Scale for testing sulphur...............0066. iiisuibasadeacivrncrasnne wnapuees 49

Shale, sulphurous, of the Ohio Valley........ J ssodts anise tah verte eaten . 38

Sieves Ofbellows i issseeeseak sanwccusthevedes pices hechaccacuemeer ter tactes 62, 65

Signal vines...... Waeys Paty aie dere Se AE eS AO Mende sed ct stnahte T5

Sulphur a cure for the vine disease...............0.00 saneavaatousnn sens PEAT.
effects of an overdose of; on foliage;.2... .).02.. secs. cceaceedaveneone AQ

upon, the Vesetabion ‘Of VIMESL.ise.c 25h. ek cote sae ls cacetee easenen 4]

UPON WSCC ss. .wniresce ve eeeee Jalehathosadets meron: oceeedeeneeans 42

ANUS WANES Same tyne sauce tends Sosceanncaeauthoenn ea camaeteecade . Ady

on the eyes of workmen........... Wsdisadaavsuacn dengan owen 71
different preparations. and: mixtures'Of,;..00s05 ésscnecscneevseencee 48
HOUND led sas vas eemio odes vaedeenet Vesa seed some tee uae seen sues eRe 48
PVOONGI es eccsccsios Bias tke decdubencececeshained sowed douh edenecor aaacenee . 48
test of quality of........ sicbplonailieinaid seals mndenshape sacle se wane ene See eee 49
of calchium, or sulphur, lime, and water.............sscceescesveece Bit
experiments with various mixtures Of...........sessccsosecsecsseees 54
GULY ON; . 055 snc ccsivbe aotcaecetedeceasmets cages <uestawoniornriahasnoee cena 53
of American manufacture, Ripe eeek ces isc cab oescakomeneeeneee . 58
how refined for grinding y,...ccateasctenksss. .vansaanendescaaeseeneeeees 53
proper charge of,-in a‘bellowsts(i.5.0..... 0020 .dawidcseusnuesoes a (|

Sulphur-clire amy Harope:..:cjcecverseter eine tovas vee tee tueeageeemnaeeeneen 9

INDEX. 99

Sulphur-cure, reasons why not practiced in America..............04 "32

failure of experiments with, reasons fOF........sc0cneseareceses «os . 2
“its discovery a result of science, not chance..............s+es0+ . 36

Sulphurie-acid- in flour of, sulphur, .siesssvstecetvevsnotsioderesteadehansenc 48
injurious to foliage. ...........6005 en rales, CAL Sept 40

Sulphuringe vines at DlOSsOM: MEV s.sice cece seasnpsadecontenguensrateersa 77
Proper times fOr2,... 50.00 <iwncctexdecnssowecewhep at saaeensieeaemenevanes 73
Mareés’s twenty-day rule fori... 0. ptsceccsen-acuce sone te amemunnneee 76
Deka. V ergnes’s Tule! fOr v.25 ws cqsecusessevee canees ante dred usar seme 76
Du. Brienil's role for... ois: ass ce ccossssanecaduseveccecentsnacerpvas aa
BNoUber Tule COE. ieee nienacessSonecsaubseeanad eons ted Sab veeicsety cae itl
weather suigaple fOF, os. 1534 2 4...cuneanepsieak as ons gnamtensase simaatement 67
We OL RTA OU Se nae ak ok stro ease nseCastesiesahins (aaah Aateaeec aes aetna 69
how known to be: well done pecavee ozsascesiensseesewcbcuse trecoondsave 70
COSUOL. .dcccavusnoe Mantatoen «a ageleni devecwoan«esedueisesdueNsanneer ase cuee 88
fruit-bunChes ‘Only. cs. sc.0 veces conve Shset seven oueeees veermanecicencre =», OF

PLOPTEL YOM. soe wd ncweadocseinen soe wat svess euameewern page: states 82
RP SPAMUIAN, eis ids nbc cbwas vests ag atdoimaleen neciaeehladetiamen cs uneeneen keeles 87
apples and other fruit trees.......... onaelemiens Sp aeaneaeaeeaceome ats Be Fe
x
Hemperature-at, which: sulphur: vaporives::. «cases .csens-tehoe octane. ve 67
Test of fineness of flour of sulphur and ground sulphur............... 48
Vi.

Vines, American, peculiarities of, in taking disease............... 18, 79
CUP VAHORY O85... cccavodpuwerdakaeetets notnie tuesvone scam atte: aecoenteices 89
PATTI OF, eign cline bans barca sex csie doen dew enaltena seat aaeaeceeny seaties 89

Woneyards, restorin= Geeayed 0. ./cscevogaescascnesusstnass'pnvsueascemeen . 90

Witie Abstaviligtis ces. Seene sheata el ee rs Pee seaaie A

Wahis WoabrisGays..0.ccesssesesteus seas easing oialssieaaieleay Saipc cas eemmaaaseeetas 44
B We *

Weather: suitable forsalphiiring. vines. 4c. genset sty sieves net's Uedos 67

Wine, effect of sulphurvon taste 0f......: «ia eauacnsgnaseccexainas never . 45

Workmen in vineyards, iow instructed... decease sspusesccessneeve = 69

Tur Enp.

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