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‘BEING ACA 


AND FISHES, SHOWING WHAT SPECIES ARE OR HAVE, WITHIN 
HISTORICAL PERIODS, BEEN FOUND IN THE COUNTY. 


BY 


WM. EAGLE CLARKE, 


tee 
MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, 


AND 


WM. DENISON ROEBUCK: 


THE SECRETARIES OF THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION. 


LONDON : 


LEEDS: RICHARD JACKSON, COMMERCIAL STREET. 
1881. 


TALOGUE OF BRITISH MAMMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS, 


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TO 


Sir JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart, M.P., 


D.C.L., LL.D., F.RS., &€¢., 


AS 


PRESIDENT OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION, 
ON THE OCCASION OF 
o “Its MEETING IN nae CITY AND Cee OF ITS ORIGIN, 
TO CELEBRATE THE COMPLETION OF 
THE First FIFTy YEARS OF ITS EXISTENCE, 
THIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE NATURAL HIsTCRY OF THE COUNTY 


IS DEDICATED. 


PRERODUCT ICN. 


HE object of the present work is the enumeration of the 
vertebrated animals which are or have been found in 
Yorkshire, and the careful definition of their faunistic position and 
geographical distribution within the county, in language as terse 
and as accurate as it is possible to employ. Such a work has never 
been undertaken for the county, nor indeed has there been pub- 
lished a list either of the vertebrata as a whole, or of any of the 
classes into which the sub-kingdom is divided. In this respect 
Yorkshire affords a marked contrast with the neighbouring counties 
of Norfolk and of Northumberland and Durham, whose avifaunas 
especially have been written—and more than once—by competent 
and able ornithologists. 

The number of British vertebrata which have not occurred in 
Yorkshire being comparatively small, it seemed desirable to make 
the work not only a county handbook, but a complete nominal 
catalogue of the British species. Such a catalogue is in itself a 
desideratum, especially if brought up to the standard of present 
knowledge, and will be of use both as furnishing a ready means 


of comparison and as facilitating the registering of additions to 


the Yorkshire fauna. Careful attention has been paid to the 
classification and nomenclature, both being based upon the works 
of the most recent and reliable authorities. 


Mammalia.—tThe list of British mammalia here given is 


substantially that of the second edition of Bell’s History of 


British Quadrupeds (1874), with such slight modifications as to 
classification and nomenclature as are necessary to bring it down 
to the present time. The list of Bats is entirely based upon 
Dr. G. E. Dobson’s British Museum Catalogue of Chiroptera, 


— SS 


viii INTRODUCTION. 


published in 1878, and the classification of Seals and Cetaceans 
is that of Prof. Flower, as given in Bell’s work, and in Mr. 
Southwell’s recently published ‘Seals and Whales of the British 
Seas’; while papers by Mr. St. George Mivart on the Insecti- 
vora, Mr. E. R. Alston on the Rodentia, and Prof. Flower on the 
Carnivora, have been consulted as to the arrangement of those 
respective groups. Two species given by Bell are omitted from 
the present list, and one is added. The latter, a bat— Vespertilio 
dasycneme—is included on the authority of Dr. Dobson’s mono- 
graph. The species omitted are the Beech Marten and the 
Greenland Right-Whale. Mr. E. R. Alston has demonstrated 
that there is but one British species of Marten, the true Beech 
Marten never having occurred (P.Z.S., 1879, p. 468 ; Zool., 1879, 
p- 441). The Greenland Right-Whale (Balena mysticetus L.) 
has hitherto been included in the British fauna upon evidence so 
unsatisfactory that modern faunists invariably express grave 
doubts as to the validity of its claims. It has therefore been 
deemed the wiser plan to omit it altogether, the strong probability 
being that all Right-Whales killed in British seas have been refer- 
able to B. dbiscayensis, a species whose differentiation as such dates 
subsequently to all the records of British occurrences. 

As to the extinct British mammalia, it having been considered 
desirable to include notices of animals which had ceased to exist 
in Yorkshire within historical periods, the species—five in number 
—of which Mr. J. E. Harting treats in his work on ‘ Extinct 
British Animals,’ have been inserted in the list in their correct 
zoological sequence. Their names, and that of the Great Auk, 
are, however, printed in old English characters, and left un- 
numbered, as not being now entitled to rank as true members of 
the British fauna. 


Birds. — When considering what system of classification 
should be adopted for the arrangement of this class, difficulty was 
experienced in coming to a decision, and it was only after some 
hesitation that one was finally arrived at. Had Professor 


INTRODUCTION. ix 


Newton’s admirable edition of Yarrell’s ‘ British Birds’ been 
complete—or nearly so—it would undoubtedly have been 
adopted as a guide by virtue of the position which it admittedly 
holds as the standard work on British Ornithology. In such an 
event practical convenience would—and rightly so—have over- 
ruled all other considerations... But this unfortunately not being 
the case, it became necessary to consider the present state of 
ornithological opinion as to the classification of Birds. This has 
been admirably summarised in the Ibis for 1880, by Dr. P. L. 
Sclater, in a paper entitled ‘ Remarks on the present state of the 
Systema Avium.’ The arrangement therein promulgated—or 
some modification of it—seems likely to meet with acceptance 
more or less general at the hands of ornithologists, and has 
already been adopted by Mr. H. E. Dresser in his recently-com- 
pleted great work on the Birds of Europe. The arrangement and 
nomenclature of Mr. Dresser’s work have therefore been followed. 

It is not within the province of a work of this character to 
decide whether certain birds ought or ought not to be included 
in the list, and consequently all admitted as British by Mr. 
Dresser, or included by Mr. Wharton in his excellent little cata- 
logue, have, with trifling exceptions, been here included. There 
are, however, certain species which have been reported as occur- 
ring in Yorkshire on evidence which is regarded by authors as 
more or less insufficient for their admission into the British fauna. 
These are inserted in their zoological position, but—in order 
that it may be quite clear that their claims are not fully accepted 
—no numbers are prefixed. Nor are they prefixed to Cygnus olor 
and Alca zmpennis—the first a domesticated bird and the second 
admittedly extinct. 


Reptiles and Amphibians.— The lists of reptiles and 
amphibians are founded upon Bell’s British Reptiles and the 
writings of Dr. Giinther and Mr. St. George Mivart. An amphi- 
bian, however, which has been described in the works of Bell and 
Cooke— Ommatotriton vittatus or Gray’s Banded Newt, a Syrian 


SS —— _— 


x INTRODUCTION. 


form—is here omitted, as it has been shown to have no claim to 
a place in the British list, into which it had been introduced on 
the strength of museum specimens. 


Fishes.—It is fortunate—so far as the classification and 
nomenclature are concerned—that the list of British Fishes can be 
based upon reliable and satisfactory authority. The classification 
adopted is that promulgated by Dr. Giinther in his recently pub- 
lished ‘ Introduction to the Study of Fishes’; while his well-known 
‘Catalogue of Fishes’ furnishes a safe guide to the nomenclature. 
Dr. Day’s papers in the Linnean Society’s Journal, and more 
particularly his comprehensive work on the ‘Fishes of Great 
Britain and Ireland,’ have also served as a guide to some of the 
conclusions arrived at. 

The British Fishes here enumerated are substantially those of 
the third edition of Yarrell’s ‘ History of British Fishes’ (1859), — 
modified by the assistance of the writings of the two distinguished 
ichthyologists just referred to. Some few, however, of the species 
included by Yarrell, and a considerable number of those added 
by Couch, have—since the date of their writings—proved to be 
either monstrosities, varietal or immature forms of other species, 
or to have been admitted into the British fauna on insufficient 
evidence. Their omission consequently requires no further 
explanation. 

In attempting to define the faunistic position of fish, not only’ 
is there found a deficiency of the requisite information for the 
Yorkshire coast, but considerable dissatisfaction is the usual 
result of a reference to the works of Yarrell and Couch. 
Admirable as they are in certain respects, the vagueness of 
some of the statements made, and the want of system in the 
arrangement ef the subject-matter, often renders it extremely 
difficult to ascertain the geographical range of a species, still more 
so to learn its true position in the British fauna.’ This remark 
applies even in the case of some of the commonest forms. It is 
true that the habits of fishes are very obscure and their natural 


INTRODUCTION. xi 


history but imperfectly ascertained, but in the case of common 
“species this unsatisfactory nature of the literature is unjustifiable. 
It is, however, a matter of sincere gratification to find that the 
important want complained of is to a great extent supplied, and 
that a systematic arrangement of the subject-matter is adopted in 
Dr. Day’s new work, one which is destined to be of great service 
to the British Ichthyologist. 


The Faunistic Position of Species.—The most impor- 
tant requirements in the compilation of a local fauna are a careful 
definition of the true faunistic position occupied by each species, 
and of its distribution and relative numbers within the area 
treated of, together with some notice of its migratory movements. 
To these should be added—in the case of the rare species—lists 
of all the occurrences, with dates, localities, authorities, and such 
other details as are likely to be of service. 


For the purpose of defining the faunistic position of the York- 
shire Vertebrata the following terms are employed :— 


RESIDENTS 


} = ANNUAL BREEDERS, 
SUMMER VISITANTS 


WINTER VISITANTS  .{ = REGULAR VISITORS. 
PERIODICAL VISITANTS. 


CASUAL VISITANTS. . 
ACCIDENTAL ean tie Sai Rc aeaianecantt 

These terms are more easily applicable to the birds than to other 
classes of the vertebrata, from the greater facility with which 
their movements can be observed and noted. In the case of the 
marine fishes and cetaceans the terms would be quite as appro- 
priate, were it not for the veil of obscurity which invests their 
habits, and in a lesser degree the small attention which they 
receive at the hands of local naturalists. Owing to this considera- 
tion, it is advisable in defining—and more especially in illustrating 
—the terms, to speak of them as applied to birds. 


xii INTRODUCTION. 


RESIDENTS are species which are found in some district or 
other of the county throughout the year, and therein breed 
annually. 


SUMMER VISITANTS are species which appear annually in 
the spring, remain through the summer for the purpose of rearing 
their young, and afterwards depart in the autumn. 


WINTER VISITANTS are species which appear annually in the 
autumn, and remain in more or less numbers throughout the 


winter, departing in the spring for their breeding haunts. 


PERIODICAL VISITANTS are species which are observed in the 
county only on their annual passage to and from their breeding 
haunts in spring or autumn or both. 


CasuAL VISITANTS are species whose appearance in the 
county is uncertain, but whose occurrence—they being resident in, 
or more or less regular visitants to, other parts of the British Isles 
—is not improbable, even though their visit may be very few 
and far between. 


ACCIDENTAL VISITANTS are mere waifs and strays—species 
whose geographical range renders their occurrence in Britain quite 
exceptional and more or less remarkable. 


These definitions have been carefully framed, and will, it is 
believed, be found applicable to all cases. A few general remarks 
upon them, illustrated by characteristic examples, desirable in 
order to make their meaning perfectly unmistakable, will be given 
in proceeding to analyse the Yorkshire fauna. 


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YORKSHIRE: 


Its PHYSICAL ASPECT and VERTEBRATE FAUNA. 


ORKSHIRE, the largest county of the British Isles, con- 
taining an area of 3,936,242 statute acres, or 6150 square 

miles, and situate between 53° 18’ and 54° 40’ N. latitude and 
about 9’ E. and 2° 36’ W. longitude of the meridian of Greenwich, 


is also one of the most compact in form, the most varied in 


geological structure, soil, climate, and physical aspect. 

The lands of Yorkshire rise in masses from S.E. to N.W., in a 
direction which corresponds with that of the age of the underlying 
rocks, the oldest or palzeozoic formations constituting the high 
mountains of the north-west, whilst the newest or tertiary 
deposits of Holderness occupy the opposite or south-east angle. 
Thus a line drawn from the beach at Spurn to the highest summit 
of Yorkshire—Mickle Fell, 2596 feet—marks not only the general 
slope of the high lands but their succession in geological time, 
and is moreover the longest line (120 miles) that it is possible to 
draw within the county. 

Broadly speaking the most salient features of its physical con- 
figuration are the great central depression and the flanking masses 
of hills to the east and west. 


The North-Western Fells is a wild and picturesque tract 
of mountainous country, ascending to 2596 feet at the extreme 
north-western angle of the county, and nowhere descending to a 
lower elevation than about four hundred feet. A district of lofty 
hills, thirty-six of which attain an altitude of two thousand feet or 
more, of extensive stretches of heathery moorlands, of grassy 
slopes and grey limestone scars, diversified by waterfalls, caves, 


xvi YORKSHIRE: ITS PHYSICAL ASPECT. 


clear and sparkling streams, and beautiful and romantic dales, 
this elevated region includes the main watershed of the North of 
England, and within its limits and upon Yorkshire soil rise all the 
great rivers of the north—Tyne and Wear alone excepted. The 
steep western slopes are drained into the Irish Sea by the Eden, 
the Lune, the Ribble, and their tributary streams; while down 

the broader valleys and more gentle inclines of the eastern slopes 
flow the Aire, the Wharfe, the Nidd, the Ure, the Swale, and the 
Tees, into the North Sea. 

The gritstone summits and limestone scars of this region are 
the last refuge in Yorkshire of the buzzard, and amongst the last 
of the raven and the peregrine; the high moors are inhabited by 
the red grouse, ring ouzel, merlin, twite, curlew, dunlin, snipe 
and golden plover, while the dipper, grey wagtail, and sandpiper 
are abundant on the mountain becks. The rivers and streams of 
the district are inhabited by little else than trout, and such salmon 
and sea-trout as are able to pass the dams and weirs which for the 
most part bar their ascent of the Yorkshire streams. 

Of the very few natural sheets of water in Yorkshire this dis- 
trict possesses three of the most important, Malham Tarn, Semer- 
water, and Birkdale Tarn, besides a few others of smaller size. 
Malham Tarn, 153 acres in extent and 1,250 feet above the level 
of the sea, together with the limestone plateau on which it is 
situate, is of special interest as illustrating the altitude to which 
certain species will ascend, and its fauna has therefore been made 
a special feature in the list. Here the wood-wren, redshank, teal, 
coot, and dabchick nest annually, and it is the only locality in 
Yorkshire where the tufted duck has been known to breed ; 
while ichthyologically its fauna is remarkable for the malformation 
of the trout, in all probability the result of isolation. 

Of the mammalian fauna which formerly inhabited this wild 
and secluded mountain district but little is known. The dense 
woods of the ‘ forests’ of Upper Teesdale, Richmondshire, and 
Wensleydale, are known to have been the haunt of the wolf, red 
deer, and other beasts of chase, of whose extinction little is 
known, the actual records of their former presence being very 
scanty. The wild cat, bear, and wild boar no doubt also existed 


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YORKSHIRE: ITS PHYSICAL ASPECT. xvii 


there, but of them no record remains. The marten possibly still 
survives, as within quite recent years examples have been killed 
at Buckden and Azerley ; and probably the last remnant of the 
ancient fauna is to be found in the small herd of red deer which 
are still preserved in the Deer Park at Bolton—doubtless the 
lineal descendants of those. which roamed in vast herds over the 
whole district in days gone by. 


The Craven Pasture-lands.—Immediately below the 
North Western Fells, which are abruptly terminated to the south 
by the steep and occasionally precipitous descents of the Craven 
and Pennine faults, succeeds a comparatively low region, under 
600 feet in elevation, with an undulating grassy surface and low 
rounded hills, in places rising into fells which reproduce on a 
smaller scale the leading physical characteristics of those of the 
north-west. Through the green pastures of this uninteresting 
country, of which the peewit is the characteristic bird, the Ribble 
and the Hodder cut their way in the form of narrow, well- 
wooded, sheltered, and productive ravines, which give some 
charm to this otherwise monotonous country. 

Formerly constituting the famous forest of Bowland, this dis- 
trict is chiefly of interest as the last part of the county in which 
the wild white oxen survived. A herd was for a long time per- 
petuated at Gisburn Park, but the last was killed in 1859, on 
account of the degeneration of the race, resulting from many 
centuries of interbreeding and isolation. In this district also are 
the only localities for the natterjack toad, which here occurs 
sparingly, and for the whiskered bat, of which a single specimen 
was taken—the only one known for Yorkshire. 


The South-Western Moorlands. — The summit ridge, 
broken and uregular among the fells of the north-west, and inter- 
rupted by comparatively low ground south of them, begins again 
near Keighley and Ilkley, and is carried southward by a broad and 
continuous band of elevated and monotonous rolling heatherland, 
which extends along the county boundary as far as Derbyshire, and 
attains its greatest elevation—1859 feet—at Holme Moss. These 
unbroken stretches of dreary moorlands — unrelieved save by 

b 


xvii YORKSHIRE—PHYSICAL ASPECT. 


deep and narrow ‘cloughs’ or ravines, are, in comparison with the 
Fells of the north-west, of but slight interest to the naturalist. 
Homogeneous in their geological structure, and presenting no 
other soils than the barren and unproductive peat-laden and 
heather-covered millstone grit, they afford little variety in their 
fauna. The high moors are inhabited by grouse—more strictly 
preserved here than elsewhere—and by occasional pairs of curlew, 
golden plover, snipe, black grouse, ring ouzel, and less frequent 
still an odd pair of dunlin; the streams are the haunt of the 
dipper, the grey wagtail, and sandpiper, while the lower parts 
of the valleys are inhabited by such birds and animals as are able 
to maintain their ground against man and his works. For the 
south-western moorlands are situate between the two great coal- 
fields and manufacturing districts of Yorkshire and Lancashire, 
and are not only of easy access to a vast population, but within 
the direct influence of the clouds of smoke which accompany the 
manufacture of cotton upon the one side, and woollens and 
worsteds upon the other. 


The Manufacturing District.—At the foot of the south- 
western moorlands, and to the east of them, the great Yorkshire 
coalfield stretches from Leeds and Bradford to Halifax, Hudders- 
field, Wakefield, Barnsley, and Sheffield. Within this compara- 
tively limited area is congregated the great mass of the population 
of Yorkshire, for here the presence of coal and ironstone has 
determined the location of some of the world’s greatest industries ; 


and the coal-mining districts of the West Riding afford one of the 


clearest demonstrations of the transforming influence of human 
agencies upon the surface of a country. The air is laden with 
smoke above, the rivers run black and polluted below, vegetation 
is checked and stunted, animal life is scarcely able to maintain its 
ground, and fish have long been banished from rivers whose foul- 
ness and inky blackness can only be paralleled by that of the 
streams of the neighbouring county palatine of Lancaster. 
Naturally well-wooded, the district still retains that charac- 
teristic in parts, more especially in the southern portion, where 
the noble Chase of Wharncliffe, overlooking an extensive prospect 


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Vea a Te Eee ey 


YORKSHIRE—PHYSICAL ASPECT. xix 


~ in the Don valley, and the fine parks about Barnsley and Wake- 


field, still afford a shelter to woodland species of birds, some of 
considerable interest—such as the nightingale and the pied fly- 
catcher—though the inimical influence of smoke has long told 
upon the trees. The district is also interesting as within it is 
situated Walton Park—the sylvan domain wherein for many years 
Charles Waterton extended complete protection to living things of 
all kinds. Here flourished a famous heronry, which after the 
death of Mr. Waterton was disturbed, and finally dispersed. But 
the continued presence of so dense a population and the ever- 
increasing demands of modern commerce are gradually breaking 
up and destroying what suitable habitats the district still 
possesses, hastening the process of extinction which is continually 
going on, and thus diminishing a fauna which was never at any 
time a very rich one. 


The Central Plain, including under this name not only 
the entire vale of York, but also the lowlands of Cleveland and 
the Tees valley, is a broad fertile tract of agricultural land, for 
the most part below 300 feet in elevation, traversed by the middle 
and lower portions of most of the Yorkshire rivers, and stretching 
from the banks of the Tees to the borders of Nottinghamshire. 


Its light and sandy soils support ordinary lowland and woodland 


types of vegetation, the fauna partaking of the same character. 

In former times much of the surface was frequented by the 
large wild animals, now classed amongst the extinct forms, and in 
particular the famous forest of Galtres, which stretched for many 
miles in extent from beneath the very walls of York, was inhabited 
by various beasts of chase, as wolves and red deer, and particu- 
larly famed as a harbour of wild boars. Parts of the district still 
remain to some extent in their pristine condition ; and such places 
as Pilmoor, and Strensall and Riccall Commons—the breeding 
places of the redshank, teal, snipe, blackheaded gull, &c, 
and some of them formerly of the ruff and other birds—with 
some boggy carrs and wet heaths of the North and East Ridings, 
and Askham Bog, still display their primitive characteristics. In 
the north-west the sylvan recesses of Hackfall still harbour the 


XX YORKSHIRE—PHYSICAL ASPECT. 


badger, and at Hornby Castle near Catterick is to be found the 
only decoy now existing in the county. There is no lack of 
woodland, especially towards the south, where at Edlington Wood 
one of the last Yorkshire nests of the kite was taken, while that 
of the hobby has been found at Rossington and in the woods at 
Cawood, and in the latter, which were the largest in the county, 
the raven and buzzard reared their young till within compara- 
tively recent times. 

In the extreme south the flat marsh-lands which lie between 
the present and the old channels of the river Don, including the — 
carrs near Doncaster, and the famed levels of Hatfield Chase and 
Thorne Waste, once ornithologically rich, even now present an — 
avifauna of considerable interest. Formerly the three harriers, 
the black-tailed godwit, and the ruff were among the species 
breeding annually, and an island at the mouth of the Trent 
afforded the last British nest and eggs of the avocet. On Thorne 
Waste was also the site of a small decoy fairly productive of 
mallard, wigeon and teal, especially the latter. This decoy, of 
which no record is to be found, possessed three tubes, according 
to Mr. H. W. T. Ellis, of Crowle, who has seen it in operation, 
and states that it ceased to exist about forty years ago. At the 
present time Thorne Waste, which is about 6,000 acres in extent, 
is the breeding haunt of the mallard, teal, redshank, black- 
headed gull, and occasionally of the short eared owl and the 
curlew. On the intersecting drains the reed-warbler and species 
of minor interest nest abundantly. 


The Cleveland Hills, occupying the north-eastern portion 
of the county, though inferior to the North-Western Fells in 
extent and in elevation—reaching only to 1485 feet at Burton 
Head—are no less picturesque and interesting. Like them also 
it is a region of high moorlands—frequented by red grouse and 
twite, and in the spring and early summer by curlew and golden 
plover, with, occasionally, a pair of stone-curlews, which here 
find the northern limit of their breeding range in Britain—and 
intersected by the ramified, well-wooded, and beautiful dales 
drained by the Esk and by numerous branches of the Derwent. 


YORKSHIRE—PHYSICAL ASPECT. xxi 


The high lands of Cleveland present bold escarpments towards 
the Tees valley and the central plain, and a lofty line of cliffs 
towards the sea, reaching 680 feet in elevation at Boulby. The 
Howardian hills, below 520 feet in elevation, which separate the 
vale 6f Pickering from the central plain, must be considered as 
a southern spur or continuation of the Hambleton hills, as the 
western escarpment of the Cleveland range is called. 

The Cleveland fauna is highly interesting. The badger is 
more frequent here than elsewhere in the county, breeding in 
several localities; there is reason to believe that the marten still 
exists in small numbers in Eskdale, and the last Yorkshire wild 
cat is known to have been killed on the Hambleton moors about 
forty years ago. The forest of Pickering once harboured the roe 
deer, this district being the only part of Yorkshire in which this 
animal is actually known to have existed ina wild state. The raven 
was formerly common in the district, and a pair are even now 
observed in the vicinity of the coast. This region was also the 
resort of the hen harrier until 1850, to which date a few pairs 
nested annually. The short-eared owl has also on several occa- 
sions bred on the moors, and until quite recently a pair of pere- 
grines nested annually. On the moors the twite breeds sparingly, 
and the curlew and golden plover not uncommonly. The district 
has on various occasions been visited by rare stragglers, such as 
the pine grosbeak and Lapland bunting; while Tengmalm’s owl 
has occurred no less than three times. 


Vale of Pickering.—South of the Cleveland hills is a small 
tract of low-lying cultivated land, below a hundred feet in eleva- 
tion, possessing a rich soil, and including a considerable extent of 
carrs and low marsh-land. ‘This district, drained by the Derwent 
and Rye, is shut in on all sides by high lands, and was, in all pro- 
bability, formerly a lake, the outlet for its drainage even now being 
at times inadequate, and in rainy seasons the lower portions are 
liable to be flooded for miles in extent. The chief zoological 
interest of this small district is in the rich and varied fish-fauna 
inhabiting the streams which converge at Malton—the barbel 
being probably the only one deficient. The Rye is famed for its 
grayling and trout. 


it 


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xxii YORKSHIRE—PHYSICAL ASPECT, - 


undulating chalk hills commences near the Humber at Ferriby, 
and sweeping first in a northerly and then in an easterly direction, 
terminates in a line of stupendous sea-cliffs at Flamborough 
Head. Culminating at its north-west corner in Wilton Beacon, 
at an altitude of 805 feet, they present a bold front to the central 
plain on the west and to the vale of Pickering on the north, 
while by more gentle inclines their south-eastern or inner aspect 
merges into the low country of Holderness. 

Originally a desolate, grassy, and stony sheepwalk — over 
which a horseman might ride for thirty miles at a stretch without 
meeting with a fence or other obstruction, and the resort of the 
great bustard and the stone-curlew—this district is now ranked 
amongst the best and most highly-farmed agricultural land of Eng- 
land. The deeply excavated hollows in the Wolds are remarkable 
for the absence of streams, the only rivulets to which they give 
rise being the variable and intermittent ones called ‘gypseys.’ 
This deficiency of permanent streams decidedly affects the verte- 
brate fauna, probably accounting for the absence of such birds as 
the dipper, the sandpiper, and the grey wagtail, which occur and 
breed at corresponding altitudes amongst the hills of the north 
and west. ‘The characteristic fauna of the Wolds must now be 
regarded as a thing of the past. The great bustard, which here 
found its northern limit in Britain, has long been driven out by 
cultivation, and the badger and the stone-curlew are on the 
verge of extinction, the chief bird now to be noted being the lap- 
wing, which occurs in great abundance. 


| The Chalk Wolds.—A semi-circular range of rounded 


Holderness—a flat low-lying district of triangular outline 
interposed between the North Sea and the Humber, and separated 
from the rest of Yorkshire by the green Wold hills—is under an 
elevation of one hundred feet, with the exception of Dimlington 
Height, which is but one hundred and fifty-nine; and of all 
districts in the county is probably the one which has undergone the 
most decided physical transformation. ‘There can be little doubt 
that the aboriginal condition of the district, now rich and fertile 
corn-land, was that of a vast fen or swamp—the haunt of the 


YORKSHIRE—PHYSICAL ASPECT. xxiii. 


bittern, the ‘sholarde,’ the crane, and the ruff, and possibly of the 
beaver. That it was originally fen is shown by the fact that in or 
before Haworth’s time it was inhabited by characteristic marsh- 
loving insects, and even the swallow-tailed butterfly ( Papzlzo 
machaon) is recorded as having formerly occurred. ‘This is not 
improbable, for though the insect is now confined exclusively to 


_the fens of Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, there is evidence to show 


that formerly it had a much more extensive range over England, 
even as far west as Shropshire, and southward to Dorsetshire and 
Hampshire. The sheets of water which formerly diversified the 
surface were made use of for the establishment of decoys for the 
capture of wild duck, and consequently we find that the greater 
number—four out of seven—of the decoys known to have existed 
in Yorkshire were here,at Home, Meaux, Watton, and Scorborough. 

The impetus given to agriculture about the close of the last 
century, and the rapid development of high farming, proved fatal 
to much of the ornithological wealth of Holderness. ‘The decoys 
were destroyed by the Holderness (1762) and the Beverley and 
Barmston (1800) drainage schemes; and many haunts were broken 
up by the general revival of agriculture. 

Among the animals which once inhabited the district the herd 
of wild white cattle, which survived at Burton Constable till about 
the close of the last century, deserves mention. 

Holderness, even now, is a rich ornithological district, the 
turtle dove and the quail being regular summer visitants, and_ 
the hawfinch breeds annually in some abundance. On Hornsea 
Mere—the largest natural sheet of water in Yorkshire—the reed 
warbler, the pochard, and the great crested grebe breed regularly ; 
and it has produced some of the rarest Yorkshire visitants, such 
as the great white heron, the broad-billed sandpiper and others. 
The mere is inhabited by pike, which attain to enormous size, and 
are exceedingly destructive to the birds which frequent the water, 
especially the young ones, a circumstance probably explaining the 
absence of the little grebe. 


The Yorkshire Coast-line—commencing at the mouth 
of the Tees, and extending 117 miles in length to Spurn Point— 


xxiv YORKSHIRE—PHYSICAL ASPECT. 


is one of the most diversified possessed by any English county. 

The estuary of the Tees—though by no means comparable in 
size or attractiveness to that of the Humber—is yet of considerable 
extent. It includes vast stretches of sands, which afforded the 
last breeding haunt of the seal in Yorkshire (one sandbank 
indeed bearing the name of ‘Seal Sand’); also a series of low 
salt marshes bordered by sandhills, and intersected by pools and 
saltwater ditches—formerly the habitat of shore fishes, and an 
attractive resort for such migratory birds as the waders, ducks and 
geese. But, as so often has happened in the north of England, 
the development of trade has here sadly interfered with the 
natural productiveness of the district. The discovery of Cleve- 
land ironstone—and consequent rapid rise of Middlesborough as 
a manufacturing and sea-port town—has involved a train of con- 
sequences which have done much to render the zoological riches 
of the Tees mouth almost a tale of the past. The navigation 
has been improved, foreshores embanked and reclaimed, docks 
and harbours built, breakwaters projected, and blast furnaces 
erected along the Coatham Marsh. 

One of these furnaces, built within five hundred yards of the 


site of a decoy, caused—and no wonder—its discontinuance, . 
about 1872. Formerly this decoy was fairly productive, and on 


one occasion yielded a haul estimated at five hundred. At any 
rate, so great was the number enclosed in the net, that it broke, 
and most of the ducks escaped, only ninety and nine being 
actually secured. Ducks are now but seldom seen on the Coatham 
Marsh, though the sheldrake nested on the sandhills as late as 
the year 1880, and may still continue to do so. 

The Coatham Marshes and the adjoining Redcar coast possess 
an interest to the ichthyologist as the scene of the labours of 
Rudd and Ferguson, two of the most energetic observers that 
have worked at the fishes of the Yorkshire coast, and the results 
of whose researches are summarised in the lists appended to 
‘The Natural History of Redcar.’ Many rare fishes have here 
been noted, including Ray’s sea-bream (of which the first 
recorded or known specimen occurred here exactly 200 years ago, 
and was described by Ray and Willughby), the argentine or 
pearlside, the blackfish, and the Hebridal argentine. 


ee 
{ 


ee 


YORKSHIRE— PHYSICAL ASPECT. Xx¥ 


The first ten or twelve miles of the Yorkshire coast, com- 
mencing from the mouth of the Tees, is low and fronted by a reach 
of firm sandy beach, but at Marske and Saltburn begins to rise. 
Here the Cleveland hills begin to present towards the sea a line 
of liassic and oolitic cliffs extending for forty-four miles, and ter- 
minating at the Castle Hill of Scarborough. These Cleveland 
sea-cliffs—amongst the loftiest in England, and attaining their 
maximum height of 680 feet at Boulby—afford several breeding 
stations for the cormorant and the herring gull, whilst along 
their range the raven formerly bred in scattered pairs in suit- 
able stations. It is indeed probable that a single pair still lingers 
at a locality which it would hardly be politic further to indicate. 
The birds are there often seen, and as the species is not of a 
roving disposition, the probabilities are that they still nest. The 
Scarborough Castle Hill—the outlying mass of rock which marks 
the southward termination of the Cleveland cliffs, was also in 
former times a breeding-station of this bird, and it is recorded to 
have nested there for the last time about 1850. 

The coast—now the eastern termination of the Vale of 
Pickering—is comparatively low from Scarborough southward, 
and mostly composed of soft rocks which offer but slight resistance 
to the destructive action of the waves, save where the hard sand- 
stone reef of Filey Brigg projects into the sea. The shores are 
here composed of sandy beaches. On the diluvial cliffs near 
Filey a few herring gulls breed annually. 

Some distance S.S.E. of Filey the chalk deposits of England 
reach their northern termination in a lofty range of tide-washed 
mural precipices, the well-known cliffs of Speeton, Buckton, 
Bempton, and Flamborough, the most extensive and densely 
inhabited breeding resort of sea-fowl in England. Here guille- 
mots, puffins, razorbills, and kittiwakes breed in countless 
multitudes, the guillemots being by far the most numerous; and 
there are also a pair or two of herring gulls, and a few cormo- 
rants. In a cave in Buckton cliff called ‘The Cote’ the rock 
dove breeds in great numbers, and its congener the stock dove 
is particularly numerous, breeding in the cliffs south of the North 
Landing at Flamborough. The house martins have their nests 


XXV1 YORKSHIRE—PHYSICAL ASPECT. 


under the ledges of the cliffs, and a few swifts.in the crevices, 
whilst on the broken ground at the summit the rock pipit breeds 
somewhat commonly. Mingled with the sea-fowl breed innumer- 
able starlings and jackdaws, and a pair or two of carrion crows 
nest annually, the sable hues of this bird, and of its congener the 
jackdaw, forming a striking contrast to the delicate plumage of 
the kittiwakes. The hooded crow has also occasionally remained 
to nest; and the highest portions of the cliffs are frequented 
by the peregrine, but, although the birds are always present in 
the season, it is uncertain whether they succeed in breeding 
annually, as one of them usually falls a victim to the gun. 

The immense abundance of sea-fowl on these cliffs, and the 
ease with which they can be approached by means of boats, 
formerly led to their merciless slaughter for so-called sport and to 
supply the exigencies of fashion, and for years the locality was 
the scene of so much destruction that some of the species were 
at last utterly driven away, and others greatly diminished in 
number. This wanton cruelty was—as a matter of fact—the 
direct cause of tlie passing of the Sea Bird Preservation Act of 
1869. The effects of that salutary measure have been most 
marked. The kittiwakes, which had become extremely scarce, are 
now quite numerous, and the cormorant, which had been entirely 
banished, has now again taken up its old breeding quarters, though 
as yet only to the extent of a pair or two. Among the species 
which formerly bred at Flamborough may be mentioned the shag 
and the raven, the former of which some few years prior 
to 1844 used to nest annually on the rocks, but now it breeds 
no nearer than the Farne Islands, and there only singly and 
irregularly. 

The chalk cliffs attain their highest elevation of 436 feet at 
Buckton cliffs, declining thence eastward to 250 feet at the 
point of the headland, where the lighthouse is situated. 

From its favourable geographical situation and bold physical 
aspect, the headland of Flamborough is famed as.affording in the 
autumn a resting-place for many uncommon birds—such as the 
long-tailed duck, common, pomerine, and Richardson’s skuas, the 
shearwaters, grebes, and petrels occurring annually. 


———— 


YORKSHIRE—PHYSICAL ASPECT. xxvii 


But the famous headland and the great chalk cliffs with their 
ornithological wealth are not the only attractions which Flam- 
borough possesses, for the base of the cliffs abounds with rock- 
pools, which, though as yet almost uninvestigated, will doubtless 
yield a varied and interesting fish-fauna. 

The chalk terminates below Sewerby Hall, and is succeeded 
by the low diluvial cliffs and sandy beach of Bridlington Bay, 
stretching for forty-two miles in a bold concave sweep, which 
terminates in the marram-covered sandhills of Spurn. This line 
of coast, the eastern border of Holderness, composed of soft 
strata which are being steadily wasted away by the action of the 
sea, is comparatively uninteresting, and its vertebrate zoology 
offers but little that is worthy of special note until Spurn is 
reached. Spurn Point, the southern termination of the Yorkshire 

coast, is connected with the mainland of Holderness by a narrow 
neck of sandhills overgrown with marram-grass, a few yards in 
width, and preserved intact only by constant supervision, and at 
considerable expense. Were these intermitted the sea would 
speedily break through the isthmus and join the Humber, as it 
has done before now. Spurn is ornithologically rch. Birds 
migrating along the coast, or arriving from the east, find many 
temptations to linger. The miles of mudflats left bare on the 
Humber side of the isthmus by every receding tide offer great 
attractions and a never failing supply of food to various shore 
birds, and in the spring and autumn are frequented by great num- 
bers of birds of this class. Many of these winter here—such as the 
bartailed godwit, grey plover, knot, turnstone, sanderling, and others. 
It is fortunate that Spurn is very strictly preserved, and equally 
so that this part of the coast is unsuitable for ‘punting.’ In 
winter thousands of duck and many brent geese are to be noted 
on the Humber; while woodcocks are sometimes observed in 
very great numbers on their arrival in the latter days of October. 


The Geographical Position of Yorkshire, viewed 
from a faunistic standpoint, must be regarded as singularly favour- 
able, as it presents a combination of advantages seldom equalled, 
both as regards the actual geographical range of the breeding 
species and the arrival of migrants and stragglers. 


xxvili YORKSHIRE—PHYSICAL ASPECT. 


Situate about midway on the eastern seaboard of the British 
Isles, and directly opposite the European continent, Yorkshire 
is sufficiently far south to include species whose distribution is of 
the southern type—such as the noctule, the nuthatch, and the 
nightingale, which find in it the northern limit of their range, 
while it is sufficiently far north to admit of the inclusion of such 
species as the curlew, dunlin, &c., which here meet with their 
southern breeding limits. 

As regards the influx of migratory birds, a glance at the map 
of Europe will at once show the advantageous position of the 
county. Not only does its coast lie opposite that of the continent, 
but Flamborough is on the same parallel of latitude as Heligoland, 
the island which is so renowned for the myriads of migrants which 
pass and repass it every spring and autumn, ‘The observations 
made there for many years by Mr. Gatke show that all the birds 
passing over Heligoland do so in a direction due E. and W. 
Such a line of flight, if sustained, would land the stream of immi- 
grants upon the Yorkshire coast, and especially upon the promi- 
nent headland of Flamborough, which as a locality productive of 
rare birds has few equals. 

The configuration of the coast materially increases the advan- 
tage of the position, which is still more enhanced by the posses- 
sion of two such points as Flamborough and Spurn. From the 
Tees mouth the coast-line trends in a gracefully convex sweep in 
a south-easterly direction to the headland of Flamborough—a 
promontory which stands boldly out in the North Sea forty-three 
miles in advance of the Tees mouth, and full fifty miles E. of 
the mean longitude of the coast of Durham. South of Flam- 
borough the coast-line recedes, and after the concave sweep of 
Bridlington Bay, again advances, terminating in the long narrow 
spit of Spurn, which—projecting sixty-two miles E. of the Tees 
mouth—overlaps to a considerable extent the coast of Lincoln- 
shire. Those birds—mostly waders and marine species—which 
pursue a north and south course in their migrations, are in the 
habit of following coast-lines, even though the latter keep well 
out to sea. Such species making their way down the east coast 
would probably pass the shores of Northumberland and Durham, 


YORKSHIRE—PHYSICAL ASPECT. xxix 


meeting with no obstruction till their progress is arrested by the 
promontory of Flamborough, where they are observed—and too 
often shot. On leaving Flamborough they cross Bridlington Bay, 
and are either seen at Spurn, or, skirting Lincolnshire, pass on 
for the north coast of Norfolk—a well situated and rich ornitho- 
logical county. 

Flamborough and Spurn are by far the most favourable points 
for observing the arrivals of immigrants; and Spurn is considered 
far to surpass any portion of the Lincolnshire coast. The tall 
cliffs of Cleveland probably offer attractions from their height and 
the secluded nature of the coast, but have never been systemati- 
cally investigated by resident naturalists. The winds which bring 
immigrant birds in the greatest numbers in the autumn are those 
not favourable to their passage. When worn out by a long and 
adverse journey against contrary winds they drop on the first shore 
they reach, and the presence of woodcocks at Spurn and else- 
where on the coast depends on the prevalence of the strong N. 
or N.E. winds during their passage, which tire them out, and after 
which they are to be found on the point in great numbers. On 
the contrary should the winds be light and favourable they simply 
pass on, dispersing themselves over the country in suitable situa- 
tions, and very few would be observed on the coast. On the 
Yorkshire coast the line of migration of all birds in the autumn 
is, as a rule, from E. to W., with sometimes a decided trend from 
points south of E., snow buntings and bramblings coming more 
from points north of E. In the spring the warblers, swallows, &c., 
come from the S. and S.E., the line of migration of the cuckoo 
being from S.E. to N.W. 

On theoretical grounds the geographical position of Norfolk, 
projecting as it does so prominently beyond the general coast-line 
of England, has usually been considered superior to that of any 
other county; but if the number of species be taken as a criterion, 
a comparison of the lists would show that practically Yorkshire 
is quite equal. From the well-known fact that birds when 
migrating make for the most prominent and first-seen land, it is 
argued that the main stream would be attracted to the coast of 
Norfolk; but that coast being comparatively low, the probabilities 


XXX YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. 


are that the tall cliffs of Flamborough and Cleveland would com- 
pensate Yorkshire for any disadvantage caused by the less promi- 
nent outline of the county, and that the high lights of Whitby 
and Flamborough would be amongst the first seen by immigrants 
coming from the east. 

The presence of rare American ducks and waders on the 
eastern shores of Britain has been accounted for by the supposi- 
tion that they cross the Atlantic at high latitudes, and striking 


Norway follow the general trend of its coast-line. Reaching its 


southern termination they would endeavour to cross the sea in 
the same general direction—one which lands them in Norfolk or 
Yorkshire. 


MAMMALIA. 


An analysis of the list shows that of the seventy-two recog- 
nised British species forty-nine are recorded as occurring now or 
formerly in Yorkshire, including fourteen. marine and thirty-five 
terrestrial forms. 

Of the terrestrial species, three—the Wild Cat, the Roe Deer, 
and Wild White Cattle—are now extinct, though surviving in 
other parts of Britain. Four others—the Marten, Polecat, Badger, 
and Black Rat—which were formerly very abundant, have greatly 
decreased in number, and the first-named may be considered 
practically extinct. The Black Rat survives only in sea-port 
towns, where its numbers are to some extent.-kept up by importa- 
tions. The Badger may—and probably will—long continue to 
linger in small numbers in the secluded dells among the oolitic 
rocks on the southern slopes of the Cleveland hills, where—though 
very local—it is not uncommon. 

Three Bats—the Hairy-armed, Reddish-grey, and Whiskered 
—are reported from single localities only, and in the case of the 
two former upwards of forty years have elapsed since they were 
recorded. 

The Fallow Deer is included in the list, but can hardly be 
considered as entitled to a place in the Yorkshire fauna, as it is 
known only in parks, and there is no evidence to show that it was 


YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. XXxi 


ever truly wild. The Red Deer also is now only in parks, but its 
claim to be considered indigenous is valid, for there can be little 
doubt that those at Bolton and Wharncliffe are descended from 
the aboriginal wild stock once frequenting those districts. 

The remainder of the terrestrial species do not call for much 
remark, save that the Noctule or Great Bat—and perhaps one or 
two other bats—find in Yorkshire the northern limit of their range 
in Britain. In stating the faunistic position of terrestrial mammalia, 
it has not been considered necessary to use the word ‘resident,’ 
inasmuch as all the species perforce come under that category. 

Of the fourteen marine forms two are Seals, the remainder ceta- 
ceans. Both the Seals are now very rare casual visitants, although 
it is not a great number of years since one of them, the Common 
Seal, was quite an abundant resident at the Tees mouth. Of the 
twelve cetaceans the Porpoise only can be considered abundant, 
although the Grampus and possibly the Lesser Rorqual are of 
not uncommon occurrence; the other species having occurred 
as stragglers only. No doubt other whales than those recorded 
visit the Yorkshire seas, but in the absence of evidence of their 
being examined by competent authorities the numerous ‘finners,’ 
‘srampuses,’ and ‘ bottle-noses’ reported in the newspapers from 
time to time must remain in obscurity. 

The twenty-three British species which have not been found in 
Yorkshire include but one terrestrial form, the Varying or Moun- 
tain Hare, an animal which does not occur in Britain south of the 
Scottish highlands. ‘The remainder are bats, seals, and cetaceans. 
Of the nine bats—a group which receives very scant attention 
and offers a wide field for research—there can be little doubt that 
other species remain to be discovered in Yorkshire. This is 
demonstrated by the fact that the present work is the means of 
adding an hitherto unrecorded form—the Whiskered Bat — 
to the Yorkshire fauna. Daubenton’s Bat — which has indeed 
been reported, though not as yet fully proved to occur—is 
one which may be confidently expected as an addition; and 
it is also quite within the bounds of possibility that one of the 
horse-shoe bats, which are considered by good authorities to per- 
form an annual north and south migration, may yet turn up as a 


XXxil YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. 


summer visitant. The four Seals are all species which from their 
rarity in England cannot be expected to occur; and most of the 
nine cetaceans can only be looked for as rare stragglers. But it 
is somewhat surprising that the Common Dolphin, which inhabits 
the south coast of England in more or less numbers, should not 
have been recorded as visiting the Yorkshire seas. 

Comparisons of the mammalian fauna of Yorkshire with those 
of other districts for which lists have been published, show that 
the chief differences are in the bats and the marine forms. The 
terrestrial species, being nearly all of universal range in Britain, 
are present in all the lists. As the value of comparisons lies in 
their bearing upon questions of geographical distribution, it is 
interesting to find that the Dormouse is absent from the Norfolk 
fauna, and that, although present in Yorkshire and in Northum- 
berland, its range does not extend into Scotland. That of four 
of the Yorkshire bats also—the Noctule, the Hairy-armed, Reddish- 
grey, and Whiskered Bats—falls short of Scotland, although the 
two latter are found in Northumberland and Durham. It is but 
of little use to pursue the comparison so far as regards the Seals 
and cetaceans, which usually rank as stragglers in all lists. 

Regarding the extinct species, little need be said. The forms 
included in Mr. Harting’s work on ‘ Extinct British Animals’ are — 
ali that it is desirable to enumerate in such a work as this, being 
the only species which have survived in Britain to within the 
historic period, and whose former existence can be proved by 
other than paleontological evidence. Of these the Reindeer has 
never in historic times occurred south of Caithness: the evidence 
of the Beaver’s existence in Yorkshire is entirely etymological, and 
that of the Brown Bear as entirely paleontological; while the 
former presence of the Wild Boar and the Wolf is attested by 
strong, reliable, and concurrent testimony. 

The chief work which remains to be done for the Yorkshire 
_terrestrial mammalia is to ascertain more completely the distribu- 
tion—and especially the altitudinal range—of the smaller species, 
notably the Shrews, Mice, and Voles. The Lesser Shrew, 
Harvest Mouse, and Red Field-Vole, though all recorded, are 
scarcely known, and much overlooked. 


YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. XXXiii 


BIRDS. 


The avifauna of Yorkshire, compared with that of other 
counties, stands unrivalled, not only in its numerical extent, but 
also-—a circumstance of much greater significance—in the inherent 
richness which is shown by the number of species breeding 
annually within its limits. 

Excluding eleven species, which have been recorded on the 
strength of evidence more or less insufficient to establish their 
claims, the total number of birds on the Yorkshire list is 307. 
The Norfolk list given in the first volume of Stevenson’s 
‘Birds of Norfolk’ includes 291 species—to which must be added 
seven which have occurred in the county since that work was 
published, for the names of which we are indebted to Mr. Thos. 
Southwell, of Norwich, making a total of 298. The list given in 
Hancock’s ‘ Birds of Northumberland and Durham,’ published 
in 1874, comprises 268 species. But applying the same rules as 
are employed for the exclusion of doubtful species from the 
Yorkshire list, these totals are reduced to 290 for Norfolk, and 
266 for Northumberland and Durham. 

The species thus excluded from the Norfolk list are—the Pine- 
Grosbeak, Two-barred Crossbill, Mottled Owl, Red-breasted 
Goose, Harlequin Duck, King Eider, Hooded Merganser, all 
admitted on insufficient evidence, and the variety Sadznz of the 
Double Snipe, to which Mr. Stevenson gives specific rank. Those 
omitted from the Northumberland and Durham catalogue are— 
the Purple Gallinule, probably an escape, and the Virginian 
Colin, an introduced bird. The species excluded from the 
Yorkshire list include one Casual and ten Accidental Visitants, 
whose names will be given when treating of those classes of 
birds. 

The seven species which have been added to the Norfolk 
fauna during the past fifteen years are—White’s Thrush, the Wall 
Creeper, the Lesser Grey Shrike, the Ortolan Bunting, the Golden 
Eagle, the Green-backed Gallinule, and the European Coal- 
titmouse. 


XXXIV YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. 


A comparison of the three avifaunas—based upon a careful 
analysis in accordance with the faunistic definitions given on 
page xi—yields the following results :— 


North- 

umber- | York- 

land and| shire Norfolk 
Durham 


RESIDENTS) =)! -") 4..| 0/83 88 76 
SUMMER VISITANTS- -| 39 32 31 
113 120 107. |= ANNUAL BREEDERS. 
WINTER VISITANTS- -| 43 47 50 
PEKIODICAL VISITANTS-| 12 ¥7 26 
CASUAL VISITANTS - -| 61 58 47 
ACCIDENTAL VISITANTS| 37 65 60 
266 307 290 |= TOTAL AVIFAUNA. 


This decided superiority of the avifauna of Yorkshire over those 
of the two maritime districts with which alone it is fair to institute 
comparisons, is to be accounted for by a combination of advan- 
tages. In Yorkshire the favourable geographical position of 
Norfolk is associated with its physical advantages and those of 
Northumberland and Durham, and when it is further considered 
that Yorkshire possesses in addition a much greater diversity of 
surface, soil, and climate than either, there remains little reason 
for surprise at the numerical excellence of its fauna. The 
superiority is not merely one of numerical extent. Casual 
and accidental visitants cannot be regarded as true members 
of any fauna, and the ornithological richness or poverty of a 
district can only be gauged by a comparison of the number of 
its residents and regular visitants, and more especially of that 
of the species which breed annually. In this respect too—as the 
table shows—the superiority of Yorkshire is well-marked, demon- 
strating still more forcibly the advantages possessed by the county 
which contains the greatest diversity of surface, a diversity 
ranging in this case from the low carr lands of the E.S.E. to 
the mountains of the W.N.W., with a coast-line affording both 
lofty and rugged cliffs and sandy flats, thus presenting every kind 


YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. XXXV 


of habitat necessary for the presence of almost every type of bird 
which breeds in the British Isles. 

The EIGHTY-EIGHT RESIDENT Birps include the following 
species which deserve special mention. 

The Nuthatch, Hawfinch, Wood-Lark, Lesser Spotted Wood- 
pecker, Pochard, and Great Crested Grebe find in the county the 
northern limit of their distribution in Britain during the breeding 
season ; though one or two of them have been known to nest 
occasionally or singly in districts still further north, The Curlew 
and Dunlin on the other hand find in it in like manner the limit 
of their southern range. 

The Raven, Buzzard, and Peregrine Falcon, all formerly 
resident in some abundance, are now restricted to a few pairs of 
each species still breeding annually, the Buzzard, once so com- 
mon among the crags of the Yorkshire fells, being now the rarest 
of the three. The elegant little Goldfinch, too, is fast diminishing, 
and although widely distributed in the county is extremely local 
and nowhere numerous. The Sheldrake is one of the most local 
birds which nest in Yorkshire, only two breeding-haunts being 
known. 

Yorkshire Heronries have greatly decreased during the present 
century. Formerly they existed in the following places, the date at 
which they ceased to do so where known being given in parenthesis: 
—Scorborough (1862 or 1864); Watton Abbey; Stork Hill, near 
Beverley; Hotham (1819); Swanland, near Hull; Sutton Wood, 
Sutton-on-Derwent, where in 1860 there were said to be a hundred 
nests; Hemsworth; Walton Park (1865); Scarthingwell; Bolton 


Woods; and Flasby, near Gargrave (1866). Those now in 


existence are enumerated at page 49. 

The nesting of the Rock-Dove on inland cliffs, although given 
on good authority, is, it must be confessed, not perfectly satisfac- 
tory, as the bird so reported may possibly prove to be the Stock- 
Dove, a species which breeds not uncommonly in such situations. 

Of THE THIRTY-TWO SUMMER VISITANTS the Nightingale, 
Reed-Warbler, Wryneck, Turtle-Dove, and Stone-Curlew reach 
in Yorkshire the northern limit of their annual distribution during 
the nesting-season. The Wryneck and Turtle-Dove have, however, 


eee eee ee ee_rlee ee ee eee 


XXXVI YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. 


been known in isolated instances to rear their young in localities 
further north. 

That local and interesting bird the Pied Flycatcher is probably 
more abundant than in any other British county; its breeding- 
haunts being numerous and widely diffused. 

The Lesser Tern has a single breeding-station, but it is a 
matter for regret that the species, fast decreasing in numbers, 
owing to persecution, bids fair to be classed among the extinct 
birds at no very distant period. It is somewhat singular that 
Yorkshire, having this species and the Ringed Plover in abundance, 
should not be able to include among its breeding birds the larger 
species of Terns and the Oyster-catcher ; nor can it be ascertained 
that these birds ever did frequent its shores for such a purpose. 

THE THIRTY-SEVEN WINTER VISITANTS do not include many 
species which merit special mention, but the following are uncom- 
mon birds of annual occurrence :—The Great Grey Shrike, Shore- 
Lark, and Rough-legged Buzzard. The last-named and some 
other birds of this class, as the Redwing, Hooded Crow, Crossbill, 
Short-eared Owl, and Tufted Duck, have in isolated instances been 
known to breed in the county. | 

None of THE SEVENTEEN PERIODICAL VISITANTS admit of 
much comment. The Pygmy Curlew, Common and Pomerine 
Skuas, are amongst the least numerous; while the Dotterel still 
visits the county annually as of old, but in gradually decreasing 
numbers. Its periodical visits are alluded to in the Northumberland 
Household Book, wherein (in 1512) it is set forth that ‘at principal 
feestes . . .  Dotterells to be bought for my Lord when 
thay ar in season and to be at jd. a pece.’ Formerly the Osprey - 
was of this class, and occurred regularly in the county every 
spring and autumn on its passage to and from its Scottish breed- 
ing-haunts, where it is now almost unknown. 

Of THE FIFTY-EIGHT CASUAL VISITANTS the Dartford Warbler 
finds just within the extreme southern boundary of the county 
the most advanced of its northern outposts—at a locality in which 
on one occasion its nest and eggs were found. 

The Bearded Reedling, Crested Titmouse, Ortolan Bunting, 
Chough, and Golden Eagle are noticeable as of exceptionally 
rare occurrence. ; 


ee ee ee ee Ft 


a at a 


YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. XXXVili 


In addition to the fifty-eight, Richard’s Pipit has been 
reported to occur, but upon evidence which cannot be admitted, 
from the lack of details necessary to substantiate its claim, 
although the species is one quite likely to occur. 

In addition to the Srxty-FIvE ACCIDENTAL VISITANTS in- 
cluded in the table at p. xxxiv, there are ten—the Purple Martin, 
Great Black Woodpecker, Hairy Woodpecker, Little Owl, Acadian 
Owl, Harlequin Duck, Passenger Pigeon (escape), Virginian Colin 
(introduction into Britain), Sooty Tern, and Laughing Gull— 
whose claims to a place in the Yorkshire fauna must be 
regarded as inadequate, though it is quite possible that further 
investigation may show some of them to have been genuine 
occurrences. : 

Four species which have occurred in Yorkshire—the Mottled 
Owl, Lesser Kestrel, Cuneate-tailed Gull, and Bulwer’s Petrel— 
have not been known to visit any other British locality, and the 


one last named has not even occurred elsewhere in Europe. 


As to the occurrence of the Mottled Owl, there is no reason 
to doubt its validity, for Dr. Hobson thoroughly sifted the 
evidence at the time. 

Regarding the Lesser Kestrel—another species whose occur- 
rence has been challenged—the writers are perfectly convinced, 
from their personal acquaintance with the gentleman who obtained 
it, that it was a genuine one. Mr. Harrison shot the bird solely on 
account of its diminutive size, and after he had observed it about 
his residence for some days. It has been suggested that Graham, 
of York, to whom the specimen was taken for preservation, sub- . 
stituted for it a foreign skin; but Mr. Harrison, whose attention 
was particularly impressed by the bird, and who is, moreover, a 
good ornithologist, could’ hardly have been imposed upon in such 
a manner. ‘The geographical range of the species would not 
preclude its visiting Britain, and it has been known to occur at 
Heligoland, immediately opposite the Yorkshire coast. The time 
of year has also been urged as an argument against the validity 
of the occurrence, but it may be pointed out that the Hobby— 
usually regarded as a summer visitant—has on several occasions 
been taken in Yorkshire in mid-winter. 


XXXViii YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. 


The Cuneate-tailed Gull—of which not half-a-dozen specimens 
are known to exist—is specially interesting from its extreme rarity ; 
and although there is a discrepancy of dates in the two versions 
published at the time of the occurrence, there is no ground for 
doubting its genuineness. 

Amongst the species which have occurred in Yorkshire of 
which very few British examples are known, may be cited the 
Rock-Thrush, Orphean Warbler, White-spotted Bluethroat, Tawny 
Pipit, Pine-Grosbeak, White-winged Crossbill, Red-winged Starling, 
Eagle Owl, Greenland and Iceland Falcons, Swallow-tailed Kite, 
American Bittern, Red-breasted Goose, Polish Swan, Ruddy 
Sheldrake, Buffel-headed Duck, King Eider, Steller’s Duck, 
Barbary Partridge, Andalusian Hemipode, Yellowshank, Broad- 
billed Sandpiper, Gull-billed Tern, and White-winged Black Tern. 

Treating of Yorkshire birds generally, it may be remarked that 
many resident birds are to a greater or less extent migratory, 
shifting their quarters from one locality to another according to 
the season, as for example the Curlew, which breeds on the high 
moors in the summer and retires to the shores during the winter, 
while the Thrush and Pied Wagtail remain through that season in 
much reduced numbers. With some species, as the Long-eared 
Owl, Kestrel, and Reed-Bunting, it is very possible that the 
individuals found in summer migrate southwards for the winter, 
and are replaced by others from localities still further north. 
Such a circumstance, however, would not in the least militate 
against the claim of the species to be considered as resident. 

On the other hand, there are species—true winter visitants, 
though ranked in some county lists as residents—of which a few are 
found in the district throughout the year, but they cannot be 
regarded as ‘residents’ in the true sense of the term, for the 
individuals remaining through the summer are immature and non- 
breeding birds. These remarks are applicable to (amongst other 
species) the Turnstone (of which about a score remain at Spurn 
throughout the summer), the Dunlin, Common Scoter, Common 
and Lesser Black-backed Gulls, and Red-throated Diver, all of 
which are to be found in more or less numbers on or off the 
coast at all seasons. The fact of individuals remaining in this 


YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. XXXiX 


way is but an exceptional one, not affecting the faunistic location 
of the species. 

In addition to the species at the present time regularly breed- 
ing in the county, others must be mentioned as having formerly 
nested annually, but which are now entirely banished in con- 
sequence of persecution, or of the great changes wrought in their 
former haunts ; and instead of being claimable as members of the 
two classes which furnish the breeding species, they can now 
only be ranked as Casual or as Accidental Visitants, of more 
or less rare occurrence. 

Such species include the Kite, which there can be no doubt 
was once very abundant, but of whose breeding the information 
is so meagre that only two actual instances can be cited. The 
three Harriers, though local, were once fairly abundant, the 
Hen-Harrier, perhaps, being the least so, though it is now the 
most frequent as a casual visitant. The Marsh-Harrier, on the 
' contrary, is now one of the rarest, whilst Montagu’s Harrier was 
the most widely distributed and the last to linger on the Yorkshire 
heaths. ‘The Hobby, earlier in the present century, was regarded 
as far from uncommon in South Yorkshire, but it is now seldom 
seen, and only three instances of its breeding in the county can 
be cited. Although the Bittern was formerly abundant, and 
doubtless bred in the county, there is no positive record in 
existence of a nest or eggs having been found. Regarding the 
Bustard, which formerly had its most northern residence in Britain 
on the wolds of Eastern Yorkshire, all the information obtainable 
has been amassed. In this case, a justifiable departure from the 
general plan of the work has been made, in order to place on 
record—ere it is lost for ever—all the information which it is 
possible to obtain of its former existence. The Shag, though 
now quite unknown even as a casual breeder, once nested in 
some abundance on the cliffs at Flamborough. It is satisfactory 
to have information so interesting on the high authority of Mr. 
Arthur Strickland. The former breeding of such birds as the 
Grey-lag Goose, Avocet, Ruff, Black-tailed Godwit, and Black 
Tern, is mentioned under the head of the respective species 
in the catalogue. 


xl YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. 


Such are the principal losses which Yorkshire has sustained in 
breeding-birds, the result chiefly of the changes which have taken 
place in the physical aspect of the county. 

To all rules there are, of course, exceptions; and it is 
therefore not surprising to find that winter visitants, like the 
Short-eared Owl, Hooded Crow, Redwing, Tufted Duck, and 
Rough-legged Buzzard ; casual visitants, as the Dartford Warbler, 
Bearded Reedling, Siskin, Crossbill, Cirl Bunting, and Redbacked 
Shrike; and even accidental visitants, as the Orphean Warbler, 
have occasionally and in isolated instances remained to breed. 

With respect to migratory species, the dates of arrival and 
departure quoted in the catalogue are those observed on the 
coast, as more likely to be reliable than observations made in 
inland localities. 


It is of interest to note that in addition to the Mottled Owl, 


Lesser Kestrel, Cuneate-tailed Gull, and Bulwer’s Petrel—which 
are unique as British specimens—there are several other species 
whose first occurrence in Britain was in this county. Amongst 
these are the Waxwing (1681), Red-breasted Goose (1766, one 
also occurring near London about the same time), Scops Owl 
(1805), Red-legged Falcon (April, 1830), and Orphean Warbler 
(1849); and probably also the Eagle Owl, mentioned by Pennant 
in 1768 as having once been shot in Yorkshire. 

The species recorded in the present work for the first time as 
Yorkshire birds are the Lapland Bunting, Dartford Warbler, 
Ruddy Sheldrake, Broad-billed Sandpiper, Black-winged Stilt, and 
Wilson’s Petrel. It may also be remarked of Tengmalm’s Owl, 
that out of the seventeen known British specimens no less than 
five have occurred in this county, and three of these Mr. Clarke 
has had the personal pleasure of adding on the most unquestion- 
able authority. In addition to this, numerous occurrences of rare 
species—which have hitherto remained unpublished—now appear 
for the first time in print. 


\ 


YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. xli 


REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS. 


The British lists given include nine reptiles and seven 
amphibians, six of each class being recorded as occurring in 
Yorkshire. The three British reptiles not hitherto found in 
the county are the Smooth Snake, a species found only in 
the New Forest, the Green Lizard, a questionable native of 
Britain, and the Sand-Lizard, a species not unlikely to inhabit 
Yorkshire, for which indeed it has been reported, but not 
sufficiently authoritatively to warrant its being accepted. It is 
notable that both the Turtles—which are however but accidental 
stragglers from tropical seas—have occurred off the Yorkshire 
coast. 

Of the amphibians all the species occur in Yorkshire except 
the Edible Frog, only admissible as British on the strength of 
examples introduced within living memory, and successfully 
naturalised in the Cambridgeshire and Norfolk fens. The most 
interesting of the Yorkshire amphibians is the Natterjack Toad, 
which the present work is the means of adding to the fauna. The 
distribution of the Newts being imperfectly worked out requires 
further investigation, when no doubt the range of the Palmated 
Newt will be found more general than at present appears to be 
the case. 

Compared with other county-lists, very little difference is 
observable. Norfolk possesses the Edible Frog, and Northumber- 
land and Durham the Sand-Lizard, while both are deficient in the 
two Turtles. 


BIS ES. 


This group has been but imperfectly investigated in Yorkshire, 
very -few naturalists having devoted attention to the study of 
the marine species; consequently there are but scanty materials 
for ascertaining the faunistic position, or even the relative abun- 
dance or scarcity of most of the species. Nevertheless the 
knowledge already acquired justifies the opinion that Yorkshire 
possesses a rich and varied pisci-fauna, accounted for by the 


ia YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. 


diversity which exists in the sea-bed, and partly also by the 
proximity of the ‘Dogger Bank,’ that famous nursery of the 
North Sea. 

Of the 249 British species of fishes, 155 are recorded as 
having occurred in Yorkshire. The claims of seven—the Basking 
Shark, Large-spotted Dogfish, Starry Ray, Northern Chimera, 
Sparus or Dentex, Four-horned Bullhead, and Atherine—are 
however insufficient, until confirmed by further research, to entitle 
them to admission into the county fauna. 

Of the 148 species thus recognised 32 are inhabitants of fresh 
and 4 of estuarine or brackish waters, the remainder being 
marine. | | 

Of the fresh-water fishes none call for remark save the Grayling, 
a form interesting on account of the irregularity of its distribution 
in Britain, which is probably more widely diffused and abundant 
than in other counties. 

Of the marine forms several species are worthy of note. The 
Argentine, Ray’s Sea-Bream, and Banks’ Oarfish appear to have 
occurred more frequently than elsewhere in Britain. The Eagle 
Ray and the Hebridal Argentine, of which very few British 
examples are known, have occurred singly in Yorkshire. Other 
rarities noted are the Fox Shark, Greenland Shark, Spinous 
Shark, Black Sea-Bream, Bergylt, Maigre, Blackfish, Spanish 


Mackerel, Tunny, Red Bandfish, Jago’s Goldsinny, Tadpole Hake, 


Sea-horse or Hippocampus, Sunfish and Lancelet. 

Several species have been first described or recorded as British 
from specimens taken in the county, such as Banks’ Oarfish, Ray’s 
Sea-Bream, and the Short-headed Salmon, while Yorkshire speci- 
mens of other species have been figured by Yarrell, or represent 
them in the British Museum collections. 

The present work is the means of adding the following species 
to the county fauna—the Sharp-nosed Ray, Long-nosed Skate, 
Striped Surmullet, Black Sea-Bream, Red Bandfish, Striped 
Wrasse, Goldsinny, Poor or Power-Cod, Rough Dab or Sand- 
sucker, Sailfluke, Smear Dab, and Dwarf Sole—twelve in number. 

Dr. Lowe’s useful list of the Fishes of Norfolk, published in 
1873, includes 124 of the species here admitted as British, besides 


s ey as 


= 


YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. xiii 


other forms not allowed to be such. Eight of the Norfolk fishes 
have not occurred in this county, and 33 Yorkshire fishes not in 
Norfolk. 

The Fisheries of the Yorkshire coast are important, and pro- 
duce most of the British food-fishes, the Gadide being probably 
the most valuable. The coast itself, with its rough rocky ground, 
is unfavourable for trawling inshore, that method of fishing being 
mostly carried on in the North Sea and on the Dogger Bank, 
whilst what is termed the long-line fishing is conducted about ten 
or twenty miles from the coast. Formerly stake-nets were worked 
in Bridlington Bay, which produced Salmon, Salmon-trout and 
Sturgeon, and sometimes rarities. like the Swordfish were taken; 
but these have now been discontinued. 

The only previous enumeration of Yorkshire fishes as a whole 
was that which Mr. Meynell read in 1844 to the British Associa- 
tion, a brief abstract only of which was printed in the report. 
This list—which was stated to contain 140 species—does not 
appear to have ever been published, and our endeavours to trace 
the existence of the manuscript have been unsuccessful. This is 
to be regretted, as there can be little doubt that much information 
has thus been lost. 

There yet remains much work to be done in the study of the 
marine fishes of the Yorkshire coast, chiefly the ascertainment of 


their faunistic position, migratory movements, and relative abun- 


dance. Particular attention should be directed to the collection 
of littoral and rock-pool species, such as the blennies, gobies, 
pipe-fish, and other small forms. The crab and lobster ‘ pots’ are 
attractive to many such, which may be thus easily obtained. The 
varieties of the Common Stickleback also require investiga- 
tion, and also the various species of Grey Mullets which have 
been differentiated within recent years. 

To increase the usefulness of the fish-list, a departure has been 
made from the general plan of the work, by the inclusion of 
the various local names used, so far as we are able to give them. 


xliv YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. 


A General Summary of the Vertebrate Fauna of York- 


shire and of the British Isles, may thus be expressed :— 


: British 
Yorkshire. Isles. 


MAMMALIA : 
TERRESTRIAL - - 32 45 
VARI WE, Oh See tte 14 27 
BRS ee Pe ie ee ee 307 380 
REPTILES: 
TERRESTRIAL - - 4 7 
MARINE Ser fon 2 2 
AMPHIBIA «02 po etusewewe 7 
FISHES: 
FRESHWATER - - 32 53 
IVER REIN ES) gi oF. 116 196 
| omy 


Few words are needed in concluding the introductory obser- 
vations. The plan of the work, as defined in the opening 
paragraph of the introduction, has been rigidly adhered to, the 
necessary information as to the faunistic position, migrations, and 
geographical range of the various species being expressed with 
studied brevity, irrelevant matter carefully excluded, and literary 
style invariably subordinated to scientific accuracy. The only 
deviation from the rule of brevity is in the case of species like 
the Great Bustard and Common Seal, which have become extinct 
so recently as to impose upon naturalists the moral obligation to 
search out all the traditions while they are fresh in the memories 
of men, and to rescue from oblivion every possible scrap of 
evidence. 

In the case of rare species in the public museums of the 
county, and also in a few of the instances of their being in 
private collections, it is deemed useful to indicate where they are 
now preserved. 


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YORKSHIRE—VERTEBRATE FAUNA. xlv 


The authors offer no apology for undertaking the task, for 
none is necessary. A Yorkshire list had never been published, 
and it was within their power to supply the desideratum, partly 
because for some years they had systematically investigated the 
literature of the subject, and partly on account of the advantage 
they possessed in being in communication with the leading 
naturalists of the county. On another page they have endeavoured 
to express—even though inadequately—their sense of obligation 
to those who have contributed towards the materials upon which 
this work is founded. That such a work as the present was 
required is amply proved by the large amount of interesting 
matter now published for the first time. The voluminous nature 
of the evidence upon which the work is founded is shown by the 
list of contributors given at the end ; and the separate authorship 
of each section of the list is sufficiently indicated by the flysheets 
inserted. 

It cannot of course be expected that error has been entirely 
avoided, especially in the case of a work which in the essential 
part of its design has no predecessor but Mr. J. E. Harting’s 
excellent and indispensable ‘Handbook of British Birds’; but 
—so far as an exhaustive examination of the literature of the 
subject, together with the unanimous and generous assistance 
received from the naturalists of the county, and the exercise of 
scrupulous care in judging evidence, are concerned—it is believed 


that the chances of error have been reduced to a minimum. 


EXTRACTS FROM ANCIENT RECORDS. 


LTHOUGH Yorkshire does not possess evidence so definite or so 
complete as that which exists for some other counties, there are records 
extant which in some degree serve to throw light on the fauna which once 
inhabited the district. A brief summary of the animals mentioned in three 
of the principal documents will not be devoid of interest. 


In 1466, as Leland writes in his ‘ Collectanea,’ a great feast was given in 
the archiepiscopal palace at Cawood, on the occasion of the ‘intronization’ 
of ‘George Nevell, Archbishop of York, and Chauncelour of Englande, in 
the vj. yere of the raigne of Kyng Edwarde the fourth’; the goodly provision 
made for which included . 

‘sano. Wylde Bullés, ¥}.3.4> -- 3 %..9waimes,:COCC.; Geege ainie 

Plovers, iili.C.; Quayles, C. dosen.; Of the fowles called Rees, CC. 
dosen.;. In Peacockes, Ciiii.; Mallardes and Teales, iiii.M.; In Cranes, 
CCiuit >. Pigeons, “imi. M.-; ‘Conyes, init, Me Tn Bittors/ team 
Heronshawes, i11.C.; Fessauntes, CC.; Partriges, v.C.; Woodcockes, iiii.C. ; 
Curlewes, C.; Egrittes, M.; Stagges, Buckes, and Roes, v.C. and mo.; Pykes 
and Breames, vi.C. and viii.; Porposes and Seales, xii.’ 

The fish dinners included ‘ Red Herrynges ; Salt fysch; Luce salt; Salt ele; 
Kelyng, Codlyng and Hadocke . ...; (Phirlepoole ~~ >>" Eykeam 
Harblet; Eles baked; Samon chynes . .; Freshe Salmon jowles; 
Salt Sturgion; Whytynges; Pylchers; . . Makerels; Places xe 
Barbelles; Conger, .°'..3 Troute;. Lamprey -. 23. Brett 
Roches; Lynge:.. +3 Tench .«:.. ;-.freshe Sturciom; iGnesp eee 

. Cheuens; Breames; Rudes; Lamprones; Small Perches . «3 
Smeltes . . 3; Small Menewes ;’ besides ‘crabbes’ and ‘Jopster.’ 


The document next in point of age dates 1512 and is entitled ‘The 
Regulations and Establishment of the Household of Henry Algernon Percy, 
the Fifth Earl of Northumberland, at his castles of Wresill and Lekin- 
field in Yorkshire. Begun Anno domini M.D.XII.’ This valuable book, 
usually called the ‘Northumberland Household Book,’ well shows the almost 
regal state maintained by the Percys, and no doubt other great nobles, in the 
time of Henry the Eighth. 

Therein we find that while ‘ chekyns’ cost a halfpenny each and ‘hennys’ 
2d. each, it was ‘thought good that no pluvers be bought at noo Season bot 


is 
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YORKSHIRE—ANCIENT RECORDS. xlvii 


oonely in Chrystynmas and princypall Feestes and my Lorde to be servyde 
therewith and his Boordend and non other and to be boght for jd. a pece or 
jd. ob. at moste.’ Then it was thought good that ‘my Lordes Swannys’ be 
taken and none bought ‘ seynge that my Lorde hathe Swannys inew of hys 
owne.’ Other birds were to be bought for ‘my Lordes owne Mees’ and the 
prices are duly set forth. ‘Cranys’ were to be at ‘xvjd. a pece,’ ‘ Hearon- 
sewys’ at ‘ xijd.,’ ‘Mallardes’ at ‘ijd.’ ‘ Teylles’ at ‘jd.’ ‘bot if so be that other 
Wyldefowll cannot be gottyn,’ ‘ Woodcokes’ at ‘jd. a pece or jd. ob. at moste,’ 
*“Wypes’ at ‘jd.,’ ‘Seegulles’ ‘so they be good and in season and at jd. a pece or 
jd. ob. at the moste,’ ‘Styntes’ ‘so they be after vj a j@.,” ‘Quaylles’ at ‘ijd.,’ 
‘ Snypes ’ ‘after iii a jd.,’ ‘ Pertryges’ at ‘ijd. a pece yff they be goode,’ ‘ Rede- 
shankes’ after ‘jd. ob. the pece,’ ‘ Bytters’ at ‘xijd. a pece so they be good,’ 
“Fesauntes’ at ‘ xijd.,’ ‘Reys’ at ‘ijd.,’ ‘Sholardes’ at ‘ vjd.,’ ‘Kyrlewes’ at 
*xijd.’ ‘Pacokes’ at ‘xijd. a pece and noo Payhennys to be bought,’ ‘ See- 
pyes’ have no price allotted, ‘ Wegions were to be at ‘jd. ob.,’ ‘ Knottes’ at 
‘jd.,’ * Dottrells ’ ‘when thay ar in Season and to be at jd. a pece,’ ‘ Bustardes’ 
with no price affixed, ‘ Ternes’ ‘ after iiij a jd’ ‘Great Byrdes after iiij a jd,’ 
* Smale Byrdes’ ‘after xij a jd.,’ and ‘ Larkys’ ‘after xij for ijd.’ There is an 
interesting memorandum that ‘it is thought good that all manner of Wyld- 
fewyll be bought at the fyrst hand where they be gotten and a Cator to be 
apoynted for the same For it is thought that the pulters of Hemmyngburghe 
and Clyf hathe great advantage of my Lorde Yerely of Sellynge of Cunys and 
Wyldefewyll.’ As to fish it is provided ‘ that a Direccion be taken at Lekyngfeld 
with the Cator of the See what he shall have for every seam of Fysch thorowt 
the Yere to serve my Lordes hous’ also ‘that a Direccion be taken with 
my Lordes Tenauntes of Hergham and to’be at. a serteyn with theme that they 
shall serve my Lordes hous thrugheowt the Yere of all manar of Fresh Water 
Fysche.’ Copies of warrants too long to be quoted are given, one for ‘Twentie 
Signettes To be takenne of the breide of my Swannys within my Carre of 
Arromme within my Lordeschip of Lekinfeld’ for the Christmas feast of 1514. 

It is ofginterest to find ‘An Account of all the Deer in the Parks and 
Forests in the North belonging to the Earl of Northumberland, taken in the 
4th Year of Henry VIII. Anno 1512’ by which it seems that there were 

‘In Yorkshire. 
Topcliff Great Park .... Fallow-Deer soe 012558 


Topcliff Little Park... Ditto Wish H2OK 
Spofforth Park ... ee Ditto i. . 586 
Spofforth Wood whe Ditto see 43 
: Red Deer, 42 
Wresill Park... ws. { Sateen 3 Le F36 
Wressel Litle Park ...... Fallow... ss 377 
Newsham Park ... al PIHIO™ 5 ces re 
Leckinfield Park i: Bit": eee gsm ks BAO 


Catton Park ane me Dita. <0: at 79.” 


xlviii YORKSHIRE—ANCIENT RECORDS. 


In the year 1526 another member of the great family of the Neviles, Sir 
John Nevile of Chevet near Wakefield, High Sheriff of Yorkshire, gave a 
banquet to celebrate his daughter’s marriage. Some of the charges are 
thus given:—‘two roes, Ios., and for servants going, 155.; swans, 155.5 
nine cranes, 1/. 10s.; twelve peacocks, 165.; six great pike, for flesh dinner, 
10s.; 21 dozen conies, 5/. 5s.; three venison, red deer hinds, and fetching them, 
Ios.; twelve fallow deer, does, . . .3 thirty dozen mallards and teal, 
3/. 115.8¢.; two dozen heron-sewes, 1/. 4s.; twelve bitterns, 165.; eighteen 
pheasants, 17. 45.; forty partridges, 6s. 8¢.; eighteen curlews, 1/. 4s.; three 
dozen plovers, 5s.; five dozen stints, 9s.; sturgeon on goile, 5s.; one seal, 
13s.4d.; one porpoise, 135. 4d.’ 

‘In 1530, another daughter was married, and the expenses are returned 
pretty much as before. The prices were, for swans, 6s. each; cranes, 35. 4d. 
each; heronsews, 12¢.; bytters, 14¢.; and conies, every couple 5d. 

In 1528, Sir John acted as Sheriff, and returned his charges as follows :— 

‘Item, two barrells of herrings, 1/.5s.6¢.; Item, two barrells of Salmon, 
3/. 15.3... +» Item, in great pike, and pickering, received of Rither 
6 score, 8/.; Item, 12 great pike from Ramsay, 2/.; Item, in pickerings from 
Holderness, iiiicc., 37.; Item, received of the said Rither 20 great breames, I/.; 
Item, received of the said Rither 12 great tenches, 16s.; Item, received of the 
said Rither, 12 great eells and one hundred and six jowling eels, and 200 
brewitt eels, and twenty great rudds, 2/.; Item, in great fresh salmon, 28, 
3/7. 16s. 8d.; Item, a barrell of sturgeon, 2/.65.8¢.; Item, a firkin of seal, 
Ios. 82.3 .. » -« Item, three bretts, 125.: .... Jtem;sa drome 
fish, 2 great pikes and 200 breams, 7/7. 6d. 8d.’ Such was the fare provided 
at the Lent Assizes. At the Lammas Assizes in the same year flesh was 
provided at about the same prices as above cited for the wedding feasts, with 
the addition of ‘12 shovelards, 125.; item, 10 bytters, 13s. 4d.; item, 80 part- 
ridges, 1/7. 6s. 8d.; item, 12 ffesants, 17.; item, 20 curlews, 14, 65. 8d.; 
item, curlew knaves, 32, 1/. 125.; 6 dozen plovers, 12s.; item, 30 dozen 
pigeons, 7s. 6d.,’ &c., showing a slight advance on the prices of 1526. At the 
same Lammas assizes the fish was charged as follows :—‘ First three couple 
of great ling, 12s.; Item, 70 couples of heberdines, 2/.; Item, salt salmon, 
1/.; Item, fresh salmon and great, 37. 6s. 8d.; Item, 6 great pikes, 12s.; 
Item, 80 pickerings, 4/.; Item, 300 great breams, 15/.; Item, 40 tenches, 
12. 6s. 8d.; Item, 80 jowling eels, and brevet eels, and 15 rudds, 1/. 125.; 
Item, a firkin of sturgeon, 16s,; Item, in fresh seals, 1 35. 4@.; Item, Eight Seam 
of fresh fish, 4/7.; Item, 2 bretts, 8s. 

The accounts of the Cliffords, of Skipton Castle, as given in Whitaker's 
Craven, afford evidence of the existence nearly three centuries ago of the same 
fish in Malham Tarn as now inhabit it. In’1606 there is an entry of 2s. 6d. 
‘P’d to H. H. being at Mawater, watching the well-head for stealing the trouts 
coming unto this Ritt Time,’ and in 1609 was paid ‘ For getting 33 pearch and 
troot from Mawater for my lo. and judge, iis. vid.’ 


: 
5 
; 


imine 


MAMMALIA. 


WM. DENISON ROEBUCK. 


Class1. MAMMALIA. 


Sub-class JJONODELPHIA. 


Order CHIROPTERA. 


Sub-order MJCROCHIROPTERA. 
Family RHINOLOPHIDZ. 


1. Rhinolophus hipposideros (Sechs¢.). Lesser Horse- 
shoe Bat. 


2. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum (Scired.). Greater Horse- 
shoe Bat. 


The occurrence of either of the Horse-shoe Bats in York- 
shire has never yet been authenticated, although both have 
been occasionally reported: such specimens as I have 
been able to examine have proved to be of some other 
and commoner species. 


Fam. VESPERTILIONIDE. 
5: Synotus barbastellus (Scired.). Barbastelle. 


4. Plecotus auritus (Z.). Long-eared Bat. 


Generally distributed, common. In some localities is more 
numerous than the pipistrelle. 


. Vesperugo serotinus (Scired.). Serotine. 


Ov Ww 


. Vesperugo discolor (Natterer). Particoloured Bat. 


7, Vesperugo noctula (Scired.). Noctule. 


Widely distributed and not uncommon, becoming less 
numerous in the north and west. Found at 700 feet 
elevation at Carperby in Wensleydale. Its range in 
Britain does not appear to extend further north than 
Yorkshire. 


14. 
We. 


TO; 


17. 


MAMMALIA. 


. Vesperugo leisleri (Awz/). Hairy-armed Bat. 


Only one occurrence. Three specimens were obtained by 
Mr. F. Bond about 40 years ago, which had been taken 
from an old factory chimney-shaft at Hunslet, near Leeds; 
one of them, a male, is still in his collection (Bond, MS.). 


. Vesperugo pipistrellus (Scived.). Pipistrelle. 


Generally distributed, abundant. 


. Vespertilio dasycneme Boze. 
. Vespertilio daubentonii Zecs/er. Daubenton’s Bat. 
. Vespertilio nattereri Av//. Reddish-grey Bat. 


Only once recorded. A pair were taken alive in June, 1840, 
out of an old tree in Oakwell Wood, Birstal (Denny, Ann. 
and Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug. 1840, p. 385). 


. Vespertilio bechsteinii Zezs7. Bechstein’s Bat. 


Vespertilio murinus Schveb. Mouse-coloured Bat. 


Vespertilio mystacinus Zezs?. Whiskered Bat. 

Reported from Great Mytton only. I have the satisfaction 
of adding this bat to the Yorkshire fauna, Mr. F. S. 
Mitchell, of Clitheroe, having sent me for determination a 
specimen taken in the church at Great Mytton, a village 
close to the confluence of the Ribble and Hodder. 


Order INSECTIVORA. 


Fam. ERINACEIDA. 


Erinaceus Europeeus Z. Hedgehog. 


Universally distributed and abundant, ascending to 1300 
feet or more. 


Fam. TALPIDZ. 


Talpa europza Z. Mole. 


Universally distributed and very abundant; ascends to the 
summits of the highest mountains, such as Whernside and 
Ingleborough. 

White and cream-coloured varieties, though of rare occur- 
rence, have been reported from various localities; and at 
Stillingfleet, near York, white moles appear to be of some- 
what persistent occurrence. 


: MAMMALIA. 5 


Fam. SORICIDA. 


18. Sorex tetragonurus Herman. Cammon Shrew. 
Generally distributed, abundant. Ascends to 1300 feet. 


19. Sorex minutus Z. Lesser Shrew. 


Reported from widely separated localities, and probably not 
uncommon, but is seldom distinguished from the Common 
Shrew. 


2c. Crossopus fodiens (Pailas). Water Shrew. 


Generally distributed but not very numerous ; commoner in 
some districts than others. 


Order CARNIVORA. 
Sub-order FJSSTPEDIA. 
Section AALUROIDEA. 


Fam. FELIDZ. 


21. Felis catus Z. Wild Cat. 


Extinct, the Hambleton Hills having been its final refuge in 
Yorkshire. The last specimen there was trapped by my 
friend Mr. John Harrison, on his farm at Murton, near 
Hawnby, in the winter, about 1840. Other testimony con- 
firms the opinion that the Hambleton Hills were the wild 
cat’s latest haunt. There is no proof that it ever inhabited 
the Fells of the north-west, though in all probability it 
once existed there. The evidence of its former existence 
in South Yorkshire is confined to entries in the church- 
wardens’ accounts at Ecclesfield, of sums paid in 1589 and 
1626 for the destruction of ‘wylde catts’; and to a legend 
of doubtful origin, of an encounter—fatal to both—between 
a wild cat and a man of the family of Cresacre, at Barn- 
borough. 


Section CYNOIDEA. 
Fam. CANIDZ. 
Canis lupus Z. Wolf. 


Extinct, formerly abundant. There is conclusive evidence 
of various kinds to show, not only that this animal 
occurred, but that in former times it was abundant in the 


6 MAMMALIA. 


county; and there is good reason to believe that it lingered 
longer in Yorkshire than elsewhere in England, and as 
late as the reign of Henry VII. There is documentary 
evidence of the existence of wolves at Flixton-on-the- 
Wolds in the time of Athelstan, at Roche Abbey in 1186, 
at Bolton in Wharfedale in 1306, and at Whitby in 1369. 
Evidence less precise but equally credible proves that 
they inhabited Knaresborough and Galtres Forests; Lang- 
with, near York; Marske, in Swaledale; and various places 
in South Yorkshire, as Woolley, Dodworth, Silkstone, 
Aughton, Ulley, and Slade Hooton. Local legends in 
which the wolf plays a prominent part are related for 
Sittenham, in the Forest of Galtres ; for John o’ Gaunt’s 
Inn, near: Rothwell; and for Howley Hall, near Batley. 
Bones have been found in caves at Kirkdale and Dowka- 
bottom, as well as in river deposits. 


22. Canis vulpes Z. Fox. 


Generally distributed and abundant, though less numerous 
on the western or hilly side of the county. Religiously 
preserved for purposes of sport, numerous packs of hounds, 
some of them dating back for centuries, being maintained. 


Section ARCTOIDEA. 


Fam. MUSTELIDZ. 


23. Martes sylvestris /V/ss. Marten. 


Extremely scarce, and restricted to one or two localities ; 
formerly abundant, and generally distributed. The 
decrease in its numbers appears to have been compara- 
tively rapid; the evidence in my possession concurs in 
showing that about the commencement of the present 
century the marten was common in many districts; while 
during the past thirty years its occurrence has been quite 
exceptional and unlooked for. The only instances in 
which it has occurred of late are :—Lees Head, near 
Whitby, one, fifteen or twenty years ago (Stephenson, MS.), 
and another in 1877 (Land and Water, p. 224); Cannon 
Hall Park, Barnsley, about 1878 (T. Lister, MS.); and 
Buckden, Wharfedale, winter of 1880 (Bishop, MS.). 

[Martes foina (Z7x/.). The Pine Marten has been removed 
from the British list by the late Mr. E. R. Alston, who con- 
sidered that all British-killed martens are referable to AZ. 
sylvestris. | 


24. 


25. 


26. 


27. 


28. 


MAMMALIA. . 


Mustela vulgaris Z7x7. Common Weasel. 
Universally distributed, abundant everywhere. 


Mustela erminea Z. Stoat. Ermine. 


Universally distributed, but not so numerous a species as 
the weasel. In the north-western fells this animal is 
known as the ‘ Polecat.’ 


Mustela putoria Z. Polecat. Foumart. 


Irregularly distributed, extremely rare, and fast becoming 
extinct. Half a century ago this species was generally 
abundant. Escaped ferrets are not unfrequently mistaken 
for this animal. 


Lutra vulgaris Z£7rx/7. Otter. 


Occurs in limited numbers in all the rivers, with the excep- 
tion of the polluted streams of the manufacturing districts. 
Apparently absent also from Holderness. 


Meles taxus (Schrved.). Badger. 


Very local, and extremely limited in numbers. Its present 
haunts seem to be restricted to calcareous formations, 
which afford it suitable habitats. In Cleveland it still 
breeds near Pickering, near Kirby Moorside, at Hoving- 
ham, and at Hackness. On the Wolds it appears only to 
occur at Sledmere and Hunmanby, where, however, it is 
now all but extinct. On the western side of Yorkshire its 
habitats are confined to the narrow belt of magnesian 
limestone, on which it breeds regularly at Hackfall, near 
Ripon, and is reported as of rare occurrence at Marr, 
Conisborough, Watchley Crags, and Brockerdale; in the 
last-named localities it has been extinct, and the habitats 
restocked by specimens being turned down. As a straggler 
it has been found in various localities throughout the 
county, but many of these have been escaped or introduced 
specimens. Formerly.it inhabited numerous localities in 
which it has now been for many years unknown. 


Fam. URSIDE. 


Wrsus arctos Z. Drown Pear. 


There is no evidence whatever to show that the bear inhabit- 
ed Yorkshire, beyond the fact that bones were found at 
Richmond, in a refuse-heap, which Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins 


MAMMALIA. 
considers to be of the date of the Roman occupation. The 


statements of the historians of Galtres Forest, that it was 


a famous harbour for bears, are open to very considerable 
doubt. | 


Sub-order PIV NIPEDIA. 


Fam. TRICHECHIDZA. 


29. Trichechus rosmarus Z. Walrus. 


Fam. PHOCIDZ. 


30. Phoca vitulina Z. Common Seal. 


ot 
B2, 
J0- 


34 


Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence along the coast and 
in the Humber. In the early years of the present century 
seals bred in great numbers at the mouth of the Tees, and 
in 1802, as appears from a document, a copy of which Mr. 
T. H. Nelson has sent me, they interfered to such an ex- 
tent with the salmon fishery that determined measures were 
proposed for their extirpation. There is no evidence to 
show that the extermination was so effected, but it is hardly 
probable that they would long survive the rapid rise of the 
Cleveland iron trade and the shipping industries of Middles- 
borough, and in all likelihood the decade 1830 to 1840 
would be that of the final extinction of the seal as a perma- 
nent resident in Yorkshire, though solitary individuals have 
been observed to within the last twenty years. 


Phoca hispida Schreb. Ringed or Marbled Seal. 
Phoca greenlandica 72s. Greenland or Harp Seal. 


Halichcerus gryphus (fad.). Grey Seal. 


In 1808 Graves, in his list of Cleveland animals, included 
not only the Common Seal but the ‘Great Seal or Sea 
Calf’ of Pennant’s Zoology, 36. 

Mr. R. M. Middleton, jun., informs me that in 1871 one was 
found alive at Seaton Snook, on the Durham shore of the 
Tees mouth. 


Cystophora cristata (Zrx/.). Hooded Seal. 


Ei. 


"1 


35: 


36. 


37: 


38. 


39: 
4o. 


4I. 


MAMMALIA. 9 


Order CETACEA. 
Sub-order MYSTACOCETI. 


Fam. BALZNIDE. 
Balzna biscayensis Zschricht. Atlantic Right-whale. 


Fam. BALANOPTERIDZ, 


Megaptera longimana (fudolphi). Hump-backed 
Whale. 

Balznoptera musculus (Z.). Common Rorqual. 

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence. A young one caught at 
Bridlington, April 5th, 1880, 16 feet long, is recorded by 
the name of Lalenoptera boops Flem., or northern rorqual 
(E. Howarth, Nat., 1880, p. 26). Probably some of the 
whales described as ‘rorquals,’ ‘finners,’ &c., caught or seen, 
may be of this species, but specimens are seldom examined. 

Balzenoptera sibbaldii (Gray). Sibbald’s Rorqual. 

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. One, a young 
one, about 50 feet long, the skeleton of which is in the 
Hull Museum, was taken in the Humber, and described by 
Dr. Gray. 


Balznoptera borealis Zess. Rudolphi’s Rorqual. 


Balzenoptera rostrata (fad.). Lesser Rorqual. 

Casual visitant, probably not unfrequent. 

Dogger-bank, one 17 feet long, described by John Hunter, 
Phil. Trans., 1787. (Gray, Cat. of Seals and Whales, 2nd 


Ed., p. 193). 
Hull, one, young, taken in the Victoria Dock Basin, Sep. 9, 
1869, skeleton in Hull Museum. 


Sewerby, near Bridlington, one, 16 or 17 feet long, stranded, 
spring of 1859 (Rev. Yarburgh Lloyd Greame, MS.). 


Sub-order ODONTOCETTIT. 
Fam. PHYSETERIDZ. 
Sub-fam. PHYSE TERINA. 


Physeter macrocephalus Z. Sperm Whale. 

Only one occurrence. An adult male, 56 feet long, was cast 
ashore at -Tunstall, in Holderness, in 1825 ; the skeleton, 
47 feet 7 inches, is preserved at Burton Constable. 


42. 


43. 


44. 
. Mesoplodon sowerbiensis (Slainville). Sowerby’s 


46. 


Aq. 


48. 


49. 
50. 


Bi 


MAMMALIA. 


Sub-fam. ZJPH//NA. 


ep oden rostratum (Chemnitz). Common Beaked- 

ale. 

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence. A female was stranded in 
the Humber, close to Hull, in 1837, the skeleton of which 
is now in the Hull Museum (Gray, Cat. of Seals and 
Whales, 1866, p..333: ‘cf. Zool., 1849, pp: 2400;,23 ae 
Another specimen, stranded in Patrington Haven, was seen 
by Dr. Foster, by whom the skeleton was articulated. 
(Howarth, Nat., 1880, vol. vi. p. 26). 


Hyperoodon latifrons Gray. Broad-fronted Beaked- 
Whale 


A skull, dredged up by a smack on the Great Fisher Bank, 
on March 15, 1881, from a depth of 36 fathoms, is now 
in the Norwich Museum (Southwell, Zool., June 1881, 
Pp. 253): 

Ziphius cavirostris Cuv. Cuvier’s Whale. 


Whale. 


Fam. DELPHINID. 
Sub-fam. BELUGINA. 


Monodon monoceros Z. Narwhal. | 

Very doubtful. Mr. Thos. Waller, of Scarborough, informs 
me that one was stranded on the rocks at Flamborough in 
1806, and that the horn passed into the possession of Mr. 
Arthur Strickland. 


Delphinapterus leucas (Pa//.). White Whale. 
Sub-fam. DELPHININ. 


Orca gladiator (Zacég.). Killer. Grampus. 

Casual visitant, of frequent but irregular occurrence; ascends 
the Humber, even as high as Goole, in pursuit of salmon, 
and is often stranded. 


Grampus griseus (G. Cuv.). Risso’s Grampus. 


Globicephalus melas (Z7az/). Pilot Whale. 

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence. In June, 1862, a shoal 
of forty or fifty were stranded on the Whitton Sands, in 
the Humber, nearly opposite the mouth of the Trent; and 
a similar shoal went ashore at Cleethorpes, on the Lincoln- 
shire shore of the Humber mouth (G. Norman, Zool., 
1862, p. 3087). 


MAMMALIA. II 


51. Phoceesna communis /. Cuv. Porpoise. 


Resident off the coast, very abundant. Great numbers 
follow the salmon up the Humber; sometimes ascends the 
Ouse and Wharfe as far as Cawood and Kirkby Wharfe. 


52. Delphinus delphis Z. Common Dolphin. 


53- Delphinus tursio ad. Bottle-nosed Dolphin. 


Two caught at Spurn Point, in September, 1879, were seen 
_ by Mr. E. Howarth, and described by him in the Naturalist 
(Sept. 1880, vi. 26). 


54. Delphinus acutus Gray. White-sided Dolphin. 


55. Delphinus albirostris Gray. White-beaked Dolphin. 


A young female, caught off Great Grimsby, in September, 
1875, was figured and described by Dr. Cunningham 
(P.Z.S., 1876, pp. 679 to 686, and plate). The skeleton is 
in Edinburgh University Museum. 


Order UNGULATA. 
Sub-order ARTIODACTYLA. 
Fam. SUIDE. 


Sus serofa Zz. Wild oar. 


Extinct, formerly frequented the forests of Yorkshire in large 
numbers, especially that of Galtres, in the vale of York. 
Its tusks are very frequently found there and in the alluvial 
deposits of Holderness. The direct testimony as to the 
existence of wild boars is weaker and less voluminous than 
in the case of the wolf, but the great mass of evidence of 
other kinds—etymological and legendary—suffices to war- 
rant us in regarding it as formerly common in the county. 


Fam. CERVIDZ. 


Aangier tarandus LZ. Reindeer. 


56. Cervus elaphus Z. Red Deer. 


Semi-domesticated, only in parks, Formerly wild, ranging 
over the whole county. Have been for centuries kept in 
Wharncliffe Chase and in Bolton Deer Park; and in these 
localities are, in all probability, the lineal descendants of 


12 MAMMALIA. 


the wild stock which formerly inhabited the surrounding 
districts. A deed of agreement between the Countess 
dowager of Pembroke and the Countess of Cork, dated 
May 20, 1654, shows the probable date at which the deer 
of Wharfedalé were walled in at Barden and Bolton. 


57. Cervus dama Z. Fallow Deer. 


Domesticated, only in parks. 


58. Capreolus caprzea Gray. Roe Deer. 


Domesticated, in a few parks only. Formerly inhabited the 
county in a wild state. In the time of Edward III. they 
were numerous in the forest of Pickering, and in 1340 
were the subject of a prosecution instituted by the Crown 
against Henry de Percy, lord of the adjacent manor of 
Semere. 

Bones have occurred in the Raygill cave, but only in very few 
instances anywhere. 


Fam. BOVIDA. 
59. Bos taurus Z. Wild White Cattle. 


Extinct. Two herds existed in Yorkshire till within recent 
years—at Gisburn in Craven, and at Burton Constable in 
Holderness, but in a state of semi-domestication. The 
latter herd perished of distemper shortly before the close 
of the last century. That at Gisburn Park continued to 
exist till 1859, when the last bull was killed, the breed 
having so degenerated from constant inter-breeding that it 
was impossible to keep them longer. 


Order RODENTIA. 
Sub-order SIUMPLICIDENTATA. 
Section SCIUROMORPHA. 


Fam. SCIURIDZ. 


60. Sciurus vulgaris Z. Squirrel. 
Generally distributed, and common in woods and plantations. 


MAMMALIA. 13 


Fam. CASTORIDZ. 


Castor fiber z Guropean Peaber. 


Gr. 


62. 


63. 


64. 


65. 


The only grounds we possess for surmising that the beaver 
ever inhabited Yorkshire are afforded by place-names. 
Beverley is supposed to have derived its name from this 
animal; while Beaverholes and Beaverdike in the Forest 
of Knaresborough, and Beevor Hall or Beverhole, near 
Barnsley, have their derivation also ascribed to this source. 
The places so named appear to have been suitable to the 
habits of this animal. 


Section MYOMORPHA. 
Fam. MYOXIDE. 


Muscardinus avellanarius (Z.). Dormouse. 


Generally but very thinly distributed over the county ; more 
abundant in densely wooded districts. No doubt it is 
much overlooked from its retiring habits. 


Fam. MURIDZ. 
Sub-fam. WURINA. 


Mus minutus fad. Harvest Mouse. 
Very irregularly and thinly distributed, and scarce. 


‘Mus sylvaticus Z. Long-tailed Field Mouse. 


Generally distributed and abundant. 


Mus musculus Z. Common House Mouse. 


Universally distributed and abundant wherever there are 
human habitations. 


Mus rattus Z. Black Rat. 


Extremely local, appearing to occur only at Stockton-on-Tees, 
where it is not unfrequent in one or two old buildings. 
Is reported as having been taken in various other places 
scattered irregularly over the county, but in the rural dis- 
tricts it is probable that the black variety of the Water 
Vole has been mistaken for it; and those reported for the 
manufacturing and seaport towns are importations. 


66. 


OY: 


68. 


69. 


70. 


ips 
[2 


MAMMALIA. 


Mus decumanus fa//7. Brown Rat. 


Universally distributed about human habitations, and very 
abundant. 


Sub-fam. 4RV7COLINA. 


Arvicola amphibia (Z.). Water Vole. 


Generally distributed, common. The Black variety occurs 
in a few localities, and there is reason to believe that some 
at least of the ‘Black Rats’ reported are of this variety of 
the Water Vole. 


Arvicola agrestis De Selys. Common Field Vole. 
Generally distributed, abundant. 


Arvicola glareolus (Schreb.). Red Field Vole. 


Reported from a few localities scattered irregularly over the 
whole county; probably more general, but not usually 
distinguished from the Common Field Vole. 


Sub-order DUPLICIDENTATA. 
Fam. LEPORIDE. 


Lepus europzeus Pall. Common Hare. 


Generally distributed, common. Attains to a great size on 
the high wolds. White and pied varieties are not unfre- 
quently reported. 


Lepus variabilis 7a/Z Varying Hare. 


Lepus cuniculus Z. Rabbit. 


Generally distributed, very abundant. Introduced on Peny- 
ghent and other places. Black and silver-grey varieties 
are of not unfrequent occurrence. 


> id 


Class 2. AVES. 


Sub-class AVES CARINATA. 
Series ASGITHOGNATH2. 


Order 1. PASSERES. 
Sub-order OSCINES. 
Section 1 OSCINES DENTIROSTRES. 
Family TURDIDZ. 


Sub-family TUR DINE. 


I. Turdus viscivorus Z. Missel-Thrush. 


Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Its numbers 
are annually increased in early autumn by arrivals from 
the north, which on the advent of winter move further 
south. 


2. Turdus musicus Z. Song-Thrush. 


Resident, generally distributed, common; much less numer- 
ous in the winter, on the approach of which many migrate. 
Immigrants appear from the north annually on the coast, 
in the early autumn departing further south. 


3. Turdus iliacus Z. Redwing. 


Winter visitant, arriving usually in small parties in October 
and November, and departing in April. Is recorded as 
having nested at Kildale in 1840 (Zool. 1845, p. 1056), 
at Glaisdale in 1872, when the nest, eggs, and parent bird 
were obtained (Zool. 1873, p. 3411), and supposedly near 
York in 1879 (Zool. 1879, p. 460). 


4. Turdus pilaris Z. Fieldfare. 


Winter visitant, usually arriving in flocks in October and 
November, often remaining in the spring until the first or 
second week of May. 

. Cc 


18 


Io. 


BIRDS. 


. Turdus varius fal/7. White’s Thrush. 


Accidental visitant from Eastern Asia, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


Huddersfield, one (Beaumont, Hudd. Nat., 1864, p. 217). 

Danby-in-Cleveland, one seen, spring of 1870 (Atkinson, 
Zool., May, 1870, p. 2142). 

Whitby, one, November 1878 (Simpson, Zool., 1880, p. 68); 
now in the Whitby Museum. 


. Turdus atrigularis Zemm. Black-throated Thrush. 
. Turdus merula Z. Blackbird. 


Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Immigrants from 
Northern Europe arrive annually on the coast in October 
and November, and sometimes later in the’ winter; old 
males appearing later than the young ones. 


. Turdus torquatus Z. Ring-Ouzel. 


Summer visitant, nesting commonly on all the high moors of 
Cleveland, and the western moorlands from Sheffield 
‘northwards ; also occurring in limited numbers on the coast 
in late autumn, as an immigrant from the Continent, on 
its way further south. In the winter of 1855-6 single 
birds were observed at Holmfirth and at Keighley. Has 
nested in solitary instances on Thorne Moor and near 
Beverley, both low-lying localities, only a few feet above 
sea-level. 


. Monticola saxatilis (Z.). Rock-Thrush. 


Accidental visitant from Central and Southern Europe, of 
extremely rare occurrence. 


Near Robin Hood’s Bay, one, June 1852 (Bedlington, 
Morris’ Nat., 1856, p. 21). Probably an adult male. 


Sub-fam. C/VCLINA. 


Cinclus aquaticus Zechst Common Dipper. 


Resident, nesting commonly in the hilly districts of the 
north-east and of the west from Sheffield northwards. 
In extremely severe winters descends from the higher 
localities, and is then occasionally observed on the pol- 
luted streams of the manufacturing districts. Has never 
yet been reported as having occurred in the East Riding. 


it. 


I2. 


13. 
14. 


15. 


16. 


¥}. 


BIRDS. | 19 


Cinclus melanogaster C. Z. Brehm. -Black-bellied 
Dipper. 
Accidental visitant from Scandinavia, of rare occurrence ; 
in Eastern Yorkshire only. 


Welwick, one, Oct. 24, 1874, in the collection of Mr. P. W. 
Lawton, of Easington. 

Beverley, one, Oct. 29, 1875 (Boyes, Zool. 1876, p. 4871). 

Flotmanby, near Filey, Dec. 8, 1875 (Tuck, Field, Jan. 1876, 
pe 22). 

Bridlington, one in the collection of Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun. 

It is highly probable that the Dipper, recorded by the Rev. 

F. O. Morris (Nat. 1856, p. 186) as shot at Nunburn- 
holme, was of this species, but the specimen not being 
now in existence, the question must remain an open one. 


Sub-fam. SAXJCOLINA. 


Saxicola cenanthe (Z.). Common Wheatear. 

Summer visitant, local, being confined to uncultivated lands, 
but common where found. Arrives during March and 
April, departing in September and October, the young 
preceding the old birds in the autumn. 


Saxicola albicollis Vez/7Z, Black-eared Chat. 


Pratincola rubetra (Z.). Whin-Chat. 
Summer visitant, generally distributed, common. Arrives in 
mid-April, and departs in October. 


Pratincola rubicola (Z.). Stone-Chat. 

Resident, extremely local, and eccentric in its distribution. 
In the autumn the majority migrate, only a few remaining 
through the winter, and these more particularly near the 
coast. During the breeding season this species seems to 
affect waste lands at low or moderate elevations. 


Ruticilla phoenicurus (Z.). Redstart. 

Summer visitant, generally but somewhat locally and thinly 
distributed. Arrives in April, and departs in August and 
September, the young birds leaving before the old ones. 


Ruticilla titys (Scog.). Black Redstart. 

Casual visitant, of uncommon ‘occurrence on the coast, in 
spring, autumn, and winter. Mr. M. Bailey, of Flam- 
borough, has frequently observed these birds in spring on 


20 


18. 


19. 


20. 


21. 


BIRDS. 


their arrival on the headland, and has known them killed 


by flying against the light in thick, foggy weather, with the 
wind E.N.E. He has also seen them on their departure 
in September, and has noticed several in October and 
November. Inland, it is extremely rare, being recorded as 
observed near Leeds (several times, two or three in 1843), 
and once near Bingley. 


Sub-fam. SYZVIINA. 


Cyanecula wolfi C. Z. Brehm. White-spotted Blue- 
throat. 
Accidental visitant from Central and Western Europe, of 
extremely rare occurrence. 


Near Scarborough, a female picked up dead beneath the 
telegraph wires, about the 9th of April, 1876 (Tuck, Zool., 
1876, p. 4956). 


Cyanecula suecica (Z.). Red-spotted Bluethroat. 


Erithacus rubecula (Z.). Redbreast. 


Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Immigrants are 
observed on the coast in the autumn, often in large num- 
bers, returning early in March. 


Daulias luscinia (Z.). Nightingale. 


Summer visitant, of regular occurrence in very limited num- 
bers in the neighbourhood of Barnsley, Wakefield, York, 
Beverley, Patrington, Brough, Selby, and Doncaster, 
arriving early in May. West and north of the frontier 
formed by these towns it is only of exceptional occurrence, 
and a line drawn from Huddersfield, through Bradford, 
Otley, and Ripon, to Baldersby, Bagby, and Sessay, near 
Thirsk, and thence to Flamborough Head, will include all 
the localities for which there is satisfactory evidence of its 
ever having occurred or bred, and also defines the extreme 
northern limit of its distribution in Britain. 


The Hon. F. H. Dawnay informs me that a pair passed 
the summer of 1868 at Baldersby Park, in 1876 it occurred 
at Sessay, and this year (1881) I am told by Mr. Robert 
Lee that it has appeared at Bagby—all near Thirsk. In 
1876 it nested at Little Thorp, near Bridlington, an egg 
being sent for my inspection by Mr. W. F. Foster. There 
is also reliable evidence of its occurrence in other localities, 


22. 


23. 


24. 


25. 


26. 


5 
28. 


BIRDS. 21 


not, however, quite so far north, and it seems well estab- 
lished that the nightingale is gradually extending its range 
up the vale of York and along the coast. 

Early in the present century Doncaster was regarded by all 
writers as the most northerly locality which it visited annu- 
ally, until in 1844 Mr. Thomas Allis showed that it occurred 
regularly much further north, and in two exceptional in- 
stances to as high a latitude as five miles north of York. 
Baldersby and Bagby, which must now be regarded as its 
northern outposts, are 21 miles N.W. of York, or 15 and 
20 miles respectively north of the latitude of that city. 


Sylvia rufa (Bodd.). Whitethroat. 
Summer visitant, generally distributed, abundant. Arrives 
late in April, departing in August and September. 


Sylvia curruca (Z.). Lesser Whitethroat. 


Summer visitant, generally distributed, though in varying 
numbers, and not nearly so abundant as S. rufa. Arrives 
during the last week of April, and departs in August and 
September. 


Sylvia orphea Zzmm. Orphean Warbler. 
Accidental visitant from Central and Southern Europe and 
Northern Africa, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Wetherby, male seen, female shot, July 6, 1848 (Milner, 
Zool., 1849, p. 2588). 

Notton Wood, near Wakefield, a nest with four eggs taken, 
June, 1864 (Harting, Field, April 22, 1871, p. 321). 

Sylvia atricapilla (Z.). Blackcap. 

Summer visitant, somewhat irregularly distributed over the 


county, but not very numerous. Has in several instances 
occurred in mid-winter. Arrives late in April 


Sylvia salicaria (Z.). Garden Warbler. 


Summer visitant, generally distributed, common. Arrives 
early in May, leaving in September. 


Sylvia nisoria Behst Barred Warbler. 


Melizophilus undatus (Bodd.). Dartford Warbler. 

Casual visitant, observed in one locality only—the Rivelin 
Valley—in the extreme south. Here Mr. Charles Dixon, 
who is well acquainted with the bird, has several times seen 


22 BIRDS. 


it in the gorse coverts, and in one solitary instance he found 
a nest with five eggs, observing the sitting bird from a 
distance of only a few feet. Hitherto Melbourne in Derby- 
shire has been considered the most northerly locality in 
which it has occurred. 


Sub-fam. PH YLLOSCOPINE. 


29. Regulus cristatus Koch. Golden-crested Wren. 
Resident, generally distributed in suitable localities, but not 
very numerous ; is also a winter visitant, arriving regularly 
on the coast about the middle of October, sometimes in 
immense flocks. 


30. Regulus ignicapillus (C. Z. Brehm). Fire-crested \ 
Wren. 
Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence in the winter. 


Whixley, one, Dec. 3rd, 1849 (Garth, Zool., 1849, p. 2699). 

Huddersfield, one said to have occurred at Armitage Bridge, 
Sept. 3rd, 1874 (Varley, Nat., 1875, p. 24). 

Whitby, one in the local collection at the Museum 
(Stephenson, MS.). 


Is also said to have occurred at Woodend, near Thirsk (Allis, 
1844). There are other records, but the species is much 
confounded with old males of 2. crastatus. 


31. Phylloscopus superciliosus (Gm.). Yellow-browed 
Warbler. : 


32. Phylloscopus collybita (Vze//.). Chiffchaff. 


Summer visitant, generally distributed, and common through- 
out the woodland districts of central and eastern York- 
shire, ranging there from north to south; much less 
numerous in the south-west, while in the north-western 
dales it is of very rare and exceptional occurrence. 


33. Phylloscopus trochilus (Z.). Willow-Wren. 
Summer visitant, generally distributed, very abundant. 
Arrives in the middle of April, and leaves late in Septem- 
ber or early in October. 


ee eee ae 


34. Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechst.). Wood-Wren. 
Summer visitant, local, but not uncommon in woodland dis- 
tricts where the trees are of considerable growth. Occurs 
as high as 1350 feet in the woods above Malham ‘Tarn. 
Arrives after the middle of April. 


i 
; 


35: 
36. 
37: 


38. 
39: 


40. 


ql. 


42. 


43- 


44. 


45- 


46. 


BIRDS. 23 
Sub-fam. ACROCEPHALINE.. 


Hypolais icterina (Ved/.). Icterine Warbler. 
Aedon galactodes (Zemm.). Rufous Warbler. 


Acrocephalus streperus (Vied//.). Reed-Warbler. 

Summer visitant, very locally distributed ; numerous where 
it occurs. Breeds regularly at Hornsea Mere; also near 
Hull and other localities in Holderness; at Swinefleet ; 
near Leeds; at Knaresborough; and formerly at Scar- 
borough Mere. In numerous other localities in the 
county it has bred eccasionally. 


Acrocephalus palustris (Becist.). Marsh-Warbler. 

Acrocephalus arundinaceus (Z.). Great Reed- 
Warbler. 

Acrocephalus aquaticus (Gw.). Aquatic Warbler. 


Acrocephalus schcenobenus (Z.). Sedge-Warbler. 

Summer visitant, generally distributed, very common. Arrives 
in the beginning of May, departs at the end of September 
or early in October. 

Locustella nzvia (Bedd.). Grasshopper Warbler. 

Summer visitant, locally and thinly distributed, and in some 
localities uncertain in its appearance. 


Locustella luscinioides (Sazvz). Savi’s Warbler. 


Fam. ACCENTORIDZ. 


Accentor collaris (Scos.). Alpine Accentor. 

Accidental visitant from Central and Southern Europe, of 
extremely rare occurrence. 

Scarborough, female, winter of 1862-3 (Boulton, Zool. 1863, 
p. 8766). 

Accentor modularis (Z.). Hedge-Sparrow. 


Resident, generally distributed, common ; a regular autumn 
immigrant on the Holderness coast. 


Fam. PANURIDZ. 


Panurus biarmicus (Z.). Bearded Reedling. 
Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. 


47. 


48. 


49. 


50. 
isi 


53: 


54- 


eee Me i 1 
» 


BIRDS. 


Walton Hall, Wakefield, a pair once bred by the side of the 
lake (More, fide Waterton, Ibis, 1865). 

Sheffield, a pair seen, Dec., 1878 (Dixon, MS.). 

Also reported to have occurred at Scarthingwell (Chaloner, 
MS.), and at Kirkleatham (Zool., 1845, p. 1135). 


Fam. PARIDE. 


Acredula rosea (L/yth). Long-tailed Titmouse. 


Resident, generally distributed, fairly common. Most fre- 
quently seen in autumn and winter. 


Acredula caudata (Z.). Continental Long-tailed 
Titmouse. 


Parus major Z. Great Titmouse. 


Resident, generally distributed, common. Sometimes there 
are considerable arrivals of immigrants on the coast in 
autumn. 


Parus ater Z. European Coal Titmouse. 


Parus britannicus Sharpe and Dresser. English Coal 
Titmouse. 

Resident, common, generally distributed; but in some 
localities in south-west Yorkshire it is of rare occurrence 
in summer, being most frequently observed as a winter 
visitant. In Holderness, additions to its numbers by 
immigration are observed in the autumn. 


. Parus palustris Z. Marsh-Titmouse. 


Resident, generally distributed, but in varying abundance. 


Parus czruleus Z. Blue Titmouse. 


Resident, generally distributed, abundant; also observed as 
an autumn immigrant. 


Lophophanes cristatus (Z.). Crested Titmouse. 

Casual visitant, of very rare occurrence. 

Yorkshire, said to have occurred in the county by Lewin 
(British Birds, vol. 5, p. 46). 

Thorne, one seen (Allis, 1844). 


Thornton Moor, near Bradford, March, 1870 (Butterfield, 
MS.). 


55: 


56. 


57: 


58. 


59: 


Bins. =. er 


Whitby, one, March, 1872 (Simpson, Zool., 1872, p. 3021). 

Mr. Thomas Stephenson states that the specimen in the local 
collection at the Whitby Museum was obtained on the 
Newton House estate, which abounds with larch planta- 
tions ; and he has it on the authority of Parker, formerly 
keeper there, that the bird was never lost sight of either in 
winter or summer, and he (Parker) had no doubt they 
bred there. 

Thirsk, one shot, preserved by Mr. Robert Lee (Lee, MS.). 


Fam. SITTIDZ. 


Sitta cesia Wolf Common Nuthatch. 

Resident, local, and far from numerous. Chiefly confined to 
the older parks, such as Castle Howard, Hovingham, Swin- 
ton, Hackfall, Walton, Stainborough, and Wharncliffe. 
Entirely absent from the East Riding. 


Fam. CERTHIIDZ. 


Certhia familiaris Z. Creeper. 
Resident, generally distributed in wooded districts, but far 
from numerous. 


Fam. TROGLODYTIDA. 


Troglodytes parvulus Koch. Wren. 
Resident, generally distributed, common ; annually observed 
on the coast as an autumn immigrant. 


Fam. MOTACILLIDA. 


Motacilla alba Z. White Wagtail. 

Casual visitant, of rare occurrence in summer; probably much 
overlooked, the following being all the instances in which 
it has been noted :—York, one, July 13, 1848 (Webb, 
Zool., 1848, p. 2229) ; Wakefield, several occurrences, has 
once nested there (Talbot, Birds of Wakefield, 1876) ; 
Bolton Abbey, one, April 12, 1879 (Clarke, Zool., 1880, p. 
355); Gisburn, one, April 18, 1881. 


Motacilla lugubris Zemm. Pied Wagtail. 

Resident, generally distributed, abundant in summer, com- 
paratively few in the winter, for in the autumn the majority 
depart south, returning in early spring. 


~ 26 


60. 


61. 


62. 


Gz 


64. 


65. 


66. 


67. 
68. 


BIRDS. 


Motacilla melanope fad. Grey Wagtail. 


Resident, generally distributed in the winter, in summer con- 
fined to the high lands of the west, from Sheffield north- 
wards, and of Cleveland. 


Motacilla flava Z. Blue-headed Wagitail. 


Motacilla raii Boxap. Yellow Wagtail. 


Summer visitant, fairly general in its distribution, but in vary- 
ing numbers, most abundant in agricultural and pastoral 
districts; in some few localities only observed occa- 
sionally. Arrives in mid-April, departing in considerable 
flocks in September. 


Anthus pratensis (Z.). Meadow-Pipit. 


Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Considerable 
flocks move southwards in September, returning early in 
March; those observed in the winter, when it is much less 
numerous, are probably immigrants from more northern 
districts. 


Anthus trivialis (Z.). Tree-Pipit. 


Summer visitant, generally distributed, numerous in wooded 
districts. Arrives during the second week of April, leaves 
in small flocks in September. 


Anthus campestris (Z.). Tawny Pipit. 


Accidental visitant from Continental Europe and Northern 
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Near Bridlington, a male shot, Nov. 20, 1869, by Mr. Thos. 
Boynton, and now in his possession (Zool., 1870, pp. 2021, 
2068, 2101). 


Anthus richardi Vze/7. Richard’s Pipit. 

Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. One is said, on 
the authority of the late David Graham, to have occurred 
on the coast, in 1849 (Zool. 1849, p. 2569). 


Anthus spipoletta (Z.). Water-Pipit. 


Anthus obscurus (Za¢/.). Rock-Pipit. 


Resident on the coast, breeding abundantly at Flamborough, 
and no doubt also near Whitby, where it is observed all the 
year round ; generally distributed on the coast in autumn 
and winter. 


69. 


70. 


71. 


72. 
73: 


BIRDS. a 


Fam. PYCNONOTIDE. 
Pycnonotus capensis (Z.). Gold-vented Bulbul. 


Fam. ORIOLIDZ. 
Oriolus galbula Z. Golden Oriole. 


Casual visitant, of very rare occurrence as a straggler during 
the spring and autumn migrations. 


Spurn, female, spring of 1834 (Allis, 1844); now in York 
Museum. 

Wakefield, one shot at Bottom Boat, beginning of August, 
1856 (Talbot, MS.). 

Hunmanby, adult male shot, May, 1859 (Roberts, Zool., 
1859, p. 6561). 

Doncaster, male seen April 28, 1870, by Rev. J. W. Chaloner 
(MS.). 

Grimston Park, Tadcaster, one seen by the keeper, April, 
1870 (Chaloner, MS.). 

Swinton Park, Masham, one seen about May, 1870 (Carter, 
MS.). 

Bingley, one observed, early autumn, 1875 (Butterfield, MS.). 

Specimens are also said to have been obtained near Hull, 
Scarborough, and other localities on the coast. 


Fam. LANIIDA. 
Lanius excubitor Z. Great Grey Shrike. 


Winter visitant, occurring annually, in limited numbers, and 
most numerous in the vicinity of the coast on its arrival late 
in October, a few remaining through the winter, leaving in 
the early spring. 


Lanius minor Gme/. Lesser Grey Shrike. 


Lanius collurio Z. Red-backed Shrike. 


Casual visitant, of rare occurrence during the spring and 
autumn migrations. Has nested near Barnsley (1826), 
Richmond, Halifax, Huddersfield, Sheffield (1868), Sils- 
den, and Beverley (1876). It appears to be much less 
frequent than formerly, when to certain localities it was 
regarded as almost an annual visitant. 


oe! ‘ 
i 


28 BIRDS. 


74. Lanius auriculatus JZ. Woodchat Shrike. 


Accidental visitant from Central and Southern Europe and 
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence. 


| Yorkshire, mentioned as having occurred (Yarrell, British 
| Birds, 1843, fide Leadbeater). 


/ Scarborough, two young birds obtained by Mr. A. S. Bell, 
| 1860 or 1861 (Clarke, Birds of Yorkshire, p. 61). 
| 


Fam. AMPELIDZ, 


75. Ampelis garrulus Z. Waxwing. 


Casual visitant, appearing at irregular intervals during the 
| winter months, entirely absent most years, while others are 
| noticeable for their irruption in great flights. First 
| recorded as British from a specimen obtained at York in 
. Jan. 1681, by the celebrated Dr. Martin Lister, F.R-S. 
| The years 1686, 1787, 1849-50, 1863-4, and 1866—7 were 
| remarkable for the immense numbers in which it visited 
| the county. 


Fam. MUSCICAPIDZ. 


| 76. Muscicapa grisola Z. Spotted Flycatcher. 


Summer visitant, generally distributed, common. Arrives in 
May, leaves in September. 


77. Muscicapa atricapilla Z. Pied Flycatcher. 


Summer visitant, very local in its distribution, fairly numerous 
where it occurs. Breeds annually at Castle Howard, 
Duncombe Park, Hovingham, Masham, Hackfall, Bolton 
Woods, in woods near Pateley Bridge, Stainborough and 
Cannon Hall Parks, near Barnsley, and occasionally in 
other localities in the West and North Ridings. In the 
East Riding it is observed only during migration in sprin 
and autumn. . 


78. Muscicapa parva Bechst. Red-breasted Flycatcher. 


79: 


80. 


81. 


82. 


83. 


84. 


BIRDS. | 29 


Section 2, OSCINES LATIROSTRES. 


Fam. HIRUNDINID. 


Hirundo rustica Z. Swallow. 

Summer visitant, generally distributed, abundant. Arrives 
in the middle of April, leaving at the end of September, 
stragglers remaining till late in October. 

Chelidon urbica (Z.). Martin. 


Summer visitant, generally distributed, abundant. Arrives 
late in April, leaves in September, stragglers late in 
October. Breeds under the cliff-ledges at Malham Cove 
and at Flamborough. 

Cotile riparia (Z.). Sand-Martin. 

Summer visitant, abundant in suitable localities throughout 
the county. Has once bred in haystacks at Knapton Hall, 
near Malton. 

Progne purpurea (Z.). Purple Martin. 


Accidental visitant from North America, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


Huddersfield, one shot at Colne Bridge, 1854 (Hobkirk’s 
Hudd., 1859, p. 144). Requires investigation. 


Section 3. OSCINES CONIROSTRES. 
Fam. FRINGILLIDZ. 


Sub-fam. FRINGILLINA. 
Carduelis elegans Steph. Goldfinch. 


Resident, very local, far from numerous, much less abundant 
than formerly, having now disappeared from many of its 
old haunts. In some localities observed as an occasional 
autumn and winter visitant. 


Chrysomitris spinus (Z.). Siskin. 


Winter visitant, rather uncertain in its appearance, and vary- 
ing in its numbers. Has nested at Walton Hall, near 
Wakefield (More, 77d@e Waterton, Ibis, 1865). 


: 


SSS ST TIT a 


30 


85. 
86. 


387. 


88. 


89. 


go. 


Qt. 


92. 


BIRDS. 
Serinus hortulanus Xoch. Serin Finch. 


Ligurinus chloris (Z.). Greenfinch. 


Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Large arrivals of 
young and females are observed on the coast in autumn, 
returning late in April and May in ‘considerable flocks, 
which then contain many old males. 


Coccothraustes vulgaris Pad. Hawfinch. 


Resident, local, breeding regularly in many localities; more 
generally distributed in winter, when large flocks have 
occasionally been observed. ‘Though not a numerous 
species, it is much more so than it was a few years ago, 
and now nests in some numbers in the neighbourhood of 
Beverley. 


Passer domesticus (Z.). Common Sparrow. 
Resident, generally distributed, extremely abundant. 


Passer montanus (Z.). Tree Sparrow. 


Resident, local, but not uncommon in Eastern and Central 
Yorkshire; rarer in the west, where it appears to be 
unknown in many districts. Commoner in the autumn 
and winter, immense flocks occasionally arriving on the 
coast from the north in October. 


Fringilla coelebs Z. Chaffinch. 


Resident, generally distributed, abundant; partially migra- 
tory, flocks consisting of females and young arriving on 
the coast in autumn. 


Fringilla montifringilla Z. Brambling. 


Winter visitant, occurring annually in varying numbers, but 
in some inland districts is only occasionally observed. 
Females and young of the year arrive first, old males 
later in separate flocks. Is sazd to have nested in 
Baldersby Park, near Thirsk, in 1864 (Atkinson, Zool., 


1864, p. 9210). 


Linota cannabina (Z.). Linnet. 


Resident, generally distributed, abundant in suitable localities, 
Immense flocks are observed near the coast in autumn, on 
their passage south. 


93. 


94. 


95: 
96. 


OT: 
98. 


99- 


BIRDS. 31 


Linota linaria (Z.). Mealy Redpoll. 


Winter visitant, of extremely irregular occurrence. Some- 
times appears in large flocks, as in 1855, 1861, 1876, 


Linota rufescens (Viez//.). Lesser Redpoll. 


Resident, generally distributed and common; immigrants, 
probably from more northern British localities, arrive in 
autumn, at which season and throughout the winter it is 
usually observed in flocks. 


Linota hornemanni 40%. Greenland Redpoll. 


Linota flavirostris (Z.). Twite. 


Resident, sparingly scattered over the southern, western, and 
northern moorlands (including those of Cleveland) during 
the breeding season; much more generally distributed 
in autumn and winter. Said by Mr. Allis (1844) to breed on 
Thorne Moor, a low-lying heath on the borders of Lincoln- 
shire. In the autumn it occurs at Spurn, often in large 
flocks. In very severe winters moves further south, return- 
ing in the middle of March. 


Sub-fam. LOXZINZ. 
Carpodacus erythrinus (/a/Z.). Scarlet Grosbeak. 


Pyrrhula europza Vze//. Bullfinch. 


Resident, somewhat local, and not abundant ; observed to be 
more general in autumn and winter. Immigrants occa- 
sionally arrive in autumn, large numbers having been 
observed on the coast in 1880. 


Pinicola enucleator (Z.). Pine-Grosbeak. 


Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, Asia, and America, 
of extremely rare occurrence. 


Doncaster and Sheffield: In the sale catalogue (Dec. 28, 
1866) of Mr. Sealy, of Cambridge, lot 59 is described as 
‘Pine Grosbeaks, three in a case, one shot at Doncaster 
and one at Sheffield’ (J. H. Gurney, jun., Zool., 1877, p. 
249). 

Near Whitby, one shot by Mr. Kitching, about 1861, in the 
winter, now in the local collection at the Whitby Museum 
(Stephenson, MS.). 


32 BIRDS. 


100. Loxia pityopsittacus echst. Parrot Crossbill. 
Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, of rare occurrence. 


Flamborough, female shot by Mr. Bailey, Aug. 4, 1866 
(Boulton, Zool., 1867, p. 543): 


1o1. Loxia curvirostra Z. Common Crossbill. 


Winter visitant, irregular both in appearance and numbers, 
sometimes appearing in immense flights. Occasionally 
solitary pairs remain to breed. Has nested at Boynton 
near Bridlington in 1829, and at Bramham, where several 
nests were found in 1840 (Allis). At Plumpton, near 
Harrogate, in July, 1876, I saw two old birds accompanied 
by four young ones. Young birds just from the nest 
have been observed by the keeper at Gilling-in-Ryedale 
(Brigham; MS.). 


102. Loxia leucoptera Gmel. White-winged Crossbill. 


Accidental visitant from North America, of rare occurrence. 


Cowick, near Snaith, a flock seen, from which two males and 
two females were obtained, Dec. 27, 1845 (Milner, Zool., 


1847, p- 1694). 
103. Loxia bifasciata (C. Z. Brehm). Two-barred Cross- 


bill. 
Sub-fam. EMBERIZINA. 
104. Emberiza melanocephala _  Svof. Black-headed 
Bunting. 


105. Emberiza miliaria Z. Common Bunting. 


Resident, rather locally distributed, but common. Consider- 
able arrivals occur in the autumn. I have observed that 
the species is most abundant in the immediate vicinity of 
the coast. 


106. Emberiza citrinella Z. Yellow Bunting. 


Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Large arrivals are 
observed in autumn, migrating north again in spring, often 
in very large flocks. 


107.-Emberiza cirlus Z. Cirl Bunting. 
Casual visitant, of rare occurrence. 


Campsall, Doncaster, female, April 25, 1837 (Allis). 
Near York, one, Dec., 1&40 (Allis). 


. 
. 
: 


BIRDS. , - a 


Richmond, one at St. Agatha’s Abbey, Feb., 1840 (Strang- 
wayes, Zool, 1851, p. 3056). 

Askew Moor, Bedale, two males, Dec. 29, 1850 (Id.). 

The Leases, Bedale, male, Feb. 5, 1851 (Id.). 

Woodsome, near Huddersfield, a pair said to have nested in 
1856 (Hobkirk, Hudd. Cat., 1859). 

Bolton-on-Dearne, one shot, another seen, Jan. 12, 1881 (T. 
Lister, Nat., 1881, vi. 124). 


108. Emberiza hortulana Z. Ortolan Bunting. 


Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Guisborough Moors, Cleveland, a female, or young bird of 
the year, seen Aug. 16, 1863 (Atkinson, Zool., 1863, p. 
8768). 

‘The specimen which served for Mr. Bewick’s figure was 
caught at sea on the Yorkshire Coast’ (Jardine, B. Birds, 
ia 211). 


tog. Emberiza rustica fal. Rustic Bunting. 


110. Emberiza pusilla Pai. Little Bunting. 


111. Emberiza schoeniclus Z. Reed-Bunting. 


Resident, generally distributed, but not very numerous, and 
less so in winter. Migrates in autumn, being replaced by 
arrivals from the north ; returning again early in April. 


112. Plectrophanes lapponicus (i). Lapland Bunting. 


Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, Asia, and America, 
of rare occurrence. 


Whitby, one shot in the spring, about 1870, now in the Whitby 
Museum (Stephenson, MS.). 


113. Plectrophanes nivalis (Z.). SGnow-Bunting. 


Winter visitant to the coast, in flocks mainly composed of 
females and young of the year, with comparatively few old 
males ; arriving during the latter part of October. Inland 
its appearance is much more irregular, and most frequent 
in severe seasons. 

D 


34 BIRDS. 


Section 4. OSCINES SCUTELLIPLANTARES. 
Fam. ALAUDIDE. 


114. Galerita cristata (Z.). Crested Lark. 


115. Alauda arvensis Z. Sky-Lark. 


Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Immense flocks 
of immigrants from the continent arrive on the coast in 
autumn, departing further south on the advent of winter. 


116. Alauda arborea Z. Wood-Lark. 


Resident, extremely limited both in numbers and distribu- 
tion. Breeds at Brandsby, Duncombe Park, and Hack- 
ness near Scarborough, and occasionally at Maltby and 
Doncaster. Has occurred—chiefly in the winter—near 
Whitby, Bridlington, Leeds, Wakefield, Barnsley, and | 
Halifax. 


117. Calandrella brachydactyla (Zezs/.). Short-toed Lark. 
118. Melanocorypha sibirica (G.). White-winged Lark. 


119. Otocorys alpestris (Z.). Shore-Lark. 


Winter visitant, entirely confined to the coast, and irregular 
both in appearance and numbers. Abundant in the 
winter of 1879-80, when they arrived on Dec. 22nd and 
departed about the zoth of March. 


Section 5. OSCINES CULTRIROSTRES. 


Fam. STURNIDE. 


120. Agelzeus pheeniceus (Z.). Red-winged Starling. 
Accidental visitant from the American continent, of extremely 
rare occurrence. 


Adwick-le-Street, a male found, probably killed by the tele- 
graph wire, March 31st, 1877 (S. L. Mosley, Zool., 1877, 


p. 257; Nat., 1877, p. 53). 


BIRDS. —. 


121. Sturnus vulgaris Z. Common Starling. 


Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Immense flocks 
arrive in autumn—young in July and August, old in 
September and October; departing northward in spring. 


122. Pastor roseus (Z.). Rose-coloured Starling. 


Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence in autumn. Has 
been observed many times in East Yorkshire and near the 
coast, chiefly in August; less frequently inland. Occur- 
rences are too numerous to mention. 


Fam. CORVIDE. 
123. Pyrrhocorax graculus (Z.). Red-billed Chough. 


Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. 

Hatfield, one killed by Mr. R. Glossop’s keeper, and stuffed 
by Hugh Reid (Allis, 1844). 

Sheffield: ‘has, to my knowledge, been once observed’ (C. 
Dixon, MS.). 


124. Nucifraga caryocatactes (Z.). Nutcracker. 
Accidental visitant from Northern and Central Europe, of 
extremely rare occurrence. 
Campsall, one said to have occurred, on the authority of Mr. 
Neville Wood (Lankester’s Askern, 1842, p. 70). 


Wakefield, one, autumn of 1865, in Mr. Harting’s collection, 
(Harting, Handbook of B. Birds, p. 119). 


125. Garrulus glandarius (Z.). Common Jay. 

Resident, not uncommon in wooded districts; occasionally 
observed as an autumn immigrant. In the manufacturing 
districts this species is fast decreasing in numbers, and 
extremely local. 


126. Pica rustica (Scof.). Magpie. 


Resident, generally distributed, and fairly abundant in spite 
of much persecution. 


127. Corvus monedula Z. Jackdaw. 
Resident, generally distributed, common. Immigrants often 
arrive with the rooks in the autumn, but never in separate 
flocks. Breeds in immense numbers in the coast cliffs. 


36 BIRDS. 


128. Corvus corone LZ. Carrion-Crow. 
Resident, generally but thinly distributed. Local and scarce 
in the manufacturing districts. A few breed in the cliffs of 
the coast, 


129. Corvus cornix Z. Hooded Crow. 

Winter visitant, most abundant on and near the coast, where 
it arrives in October and N ovember, leaving in March and 
April. In many inland districts it is only of occasional 
occurrence, whilst to others it is an annual visitor. Has 
occasionally remained to breed, there being authentic 
evidence of its having done so on the Hornby estate, near 
Catterick (Nat., 1865, p. 101). At Hackness, near Scar- 
borough, a female paired for three successive seasons with 
a male C. corone—-the young resembling one or the other 
parent (W. C. Williamson, P.Z.S., 1836, p. 76). There are 
also several instances of its breeding at Flamborough, and 
possibly in other localities where it has been observed 
throughout the summer. 


130. Corvus frugilegus Z. Rook. 

Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Immigrants in 
large numbers come in from the continent in October and 
November. In 1846 two pairs bred on chimneys in the 
town of Hull. 


131. Corvus corax LZ. Raven. 

Resident, now restricted to a very few pairs in the North- 
Western Fells, and possibly a pair may also still exist in 
Cleveland. At the commencement of the present century 
it was fairly general in its distribution, breeding in woods, 
fells, and sea-cliffs, and even on the mausoleum at Castle 
Howard. Owing to the persecution to which this species 
has been subjected, its extermination as a Yorkshire bird 
is now only a question of a few years. 


Order 22 MACROCHIRES. 
Fam. CYPSELIDZ. 


132. Cypselus apus (Z.). Common Swift. 

Summer visitant, generally distributed and common, except 
in the manufacturing districts, where it is more or less 
scarce. Arrives in the first week of May, occasionally 
remaining as late as the second week of October. A few 
nest in the cliffs at Flamborough. 


BIRDS. 39 


133. Cypselus melba (Z.). White-bellied Swift. 
Accidental visitant from Central and Southern Europe, of 
rare occurrence. 


Ripponden, near Halifax, one caught by the late Mr. 
Priestley, in the autumn of 1872, is now in his widow's 


possession (Rawson, MS.). 


Scarborough, one, first seen on the r7th of April, 1880, 
remaining for a fortnight (West, Zool., 1880, p. 407). In 
a letter to me, Mr. West so accurately describes the bird 
as to leave no doubt as to its identification. 


Hornsea Mere, one seen by Mr. F. Boyes. 


134. Acanthyllis caudacuta (Zath.). Needle-tailed Swift. 


Fam. CAPRIMULGIDZE. 


135. Caprimulgus europezus ZL. Common Nightjar. 


Summer visitant, decidedly local in its distribution, and not 
numerous, affecting the woodland, moorland, and fell 


districts. | 
136. Caprimulgus ruficollis Zzmm. Russet-necked Night- 
Jar. 


Order 3. PICI. 
Fam. PICIDZ. 


Sub-fam. PZCJNA. 


137- Dryocopus martius (Z.). Great Black Woodpecker. 


Doubtful ; if it occurs at all is an accidental visitant from 
Continental Europe, of extremely rare occurrence. Is 
said to have occurred in the following instances :— 


Yorkshire, once in (Fothergill, Ornith. Brit, 1799, p. 3). 
Yorkshire, one shot (Yarrell, 1843, 1. 128). 


Yarm, two seen (Hogg, Zool., 1845, p. 1107). 
Ripley, one killed, March 1846 (Garth, Zool., 1846, p. 1298). 


38 BIRDS. 


138. Picus major Z. Great Spotted Woodpecker. 


Resident, local, thinly though more generally distributed 
than the other species in Yorkshire; also observed on the 
coast as an autumn immigrant. 


139. Picus minor Z. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker. 


Resident, extremely local, confined to deeply wooded 
localities, in which it appears to occur in very limited 
numbers. Seems to be entirely absent from the East 
Riding, and also from the valleys of the north-west ; occurs 
as far north as Thirsk and Slingsby. 


Picus villosus Z. Hairy Woodpecker. 


Doubtful, a native of Eastern North America. 


Kirklees Hall, near Brighouse, a pair shot, which passed into 
the collection of the Duchess of Portland (Latham, Gen. 
Syn., i. 578). 

Whitby, one early in 1849 (Higgins, Zool., 1849, p. 2496; 
Bird, tom. cit., 25275 Newman, op. cit. 1351; (p) 200m 
Bird, tom. cit., p. 3034). 


140. Gecinus viridis (Z.). Green Woodpecker. 


Resident, local, but fairly numerous where it occurs. 


Sub-fam. 7 YVGINA. 


141. lynx torquilla Z. Wryneck. 


Summer visitant, extremely local, being confined in the 
breeding season to the south-eastern portion of the West 
Riding and the adjacent portion of the East Riding, 
where it is very sparsely distributed. During the spring 
and autumn migrations it is occasionally observed on and 
near the coast. Has been shot at Danby-in-Cleveland 
during the breeding season. Appears to be now much 
less frequent than formerly; Mr. H. Denny, in 1840, 
describing it as formerly tolerably frequent in the neigh- 
bourhood of Leeds; and Mr. John Hogg, in 1845, wrote 
of it as not uncommon in north-west Cleveland and south- 
east Durham. 


BIRDS. 39 


Series DESMOGNATHZ. 
Order 1. COCCYGES. 
Sub-order COCCYGES ANISODACTYLI. 


Fam. ALCEDINIDZ. 


142. Alcedo ispida Z. Common Kingfisher. 

Resident, generally though sparingly distributed. Almost 
banished from its former haunts in the manufacturing 
districts by the pollution of streams and by persecution ; 
here, however, it is observed as a straggler in winter. Early 
in August and during September it often appears in some 
numbers on the Holderness drains. 


Fam. CORACIIDZA. 


143. Coracias garrulus Z. Common Roller. 

Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence in summer. ‘The 
localities for which it has been recorded are :—Fixby, in the 
winter of 1824; Seamer, 1832; Scarborough, June, 1833 ; 
off the coast, May, 1843; Hatfield (Allis, 1844) ; Skelton 
Castle, near Redcar, a pair, July, 1847; Whitby, 1852; 
Bridlington, 1868 ; Bingley, 1872; Grosmont, June, 1874: 
Marske Hall, Richmond ; and Thirsk, June 5, 1880. 


Fam. MEROPIDE. 


144. Merops apiaster Z. Common Bee-eater. 
Accidental visitant from Southern Europe and Northern 
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Sheffield, one, about 1849 (Morris, B. Birds, i. 313). 


Filey, a male picked up exhausted, June 9, 1880 (R. 
Richardson, MS.). 


Fam. UPUPIDZ. 
145. Upupa epops Z. Hoopoe. 


Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence as a straggler 
during the spring and autumn migrations, principally cn 
the coast, but now less frequently than formerly. The 
occurrences are too numerous to mention. 


=% 


— 


40 BIRDS. 


Sub-order COCCYGES ZYGODACTYLL 


Fam. CUCULIDZE. 


146. Cuculus canorus Z. Cuckoo. 


Summer visitant, generally distributed, common. Arrives 
in the third week of April, departing early in August. 
Young birds linger to the end of September, and even into 
October. 


147. Coccystes glandarius (Z.). -Great Spotted Cuckoo. 
148. Coccyzus americanus (Z.). Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 


149. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus Rieke Black-billed 
Cuckoo. | 


Order 2. ACCIPITRES. 
Sub-order STRIGES. 


Fam. STRIGIDZ. 


150. Strix flammea Z. Barn-Owl. 


Resident, generally distributed, fairly common; most 
numerous in South Yorkshire. In the latter months of the 
year there are instances of this species sometimes occurring 
in unusual numbers inland, and it is also occasionally 
observed on the coast as an autumn immigrant. 


Fam. BUBONID. 


151. Asio otus (Z.). Long-eared Owl. 


Resident in woodland districts, where it is local in its distri- 
bution but common where found. Is observed annually 
on the coast as an immigrant in late autumn, accompany- 
ing A. accipitrinus, and in the winter; and it is question- 
able if these immigrants do not replace the local birds, 
which appear to leave in the winter and return in early 


spring. 


BIRDS. cy) a 


152. Asio accipitrinus (7a//.). Short-eared Owl. 


Winter visitant, generally distributed, common, arrives from 
the north in October and November. Occasionally it 
remains to breed, having nested in several localities in 
Cleveland, near Scarborough, on Thorne Waste, and once 
near Otley. 


153. Syrnium aluco (L.). Tawny Owl. 


Resident, generally distributed, and fairly numerous in well- 
wooded localities, excepting those of the manufacturing 
districts, where it is local. —The commonest Yorkshire owl. 


154. Nyctea scandiaca (Z.). Snowy Owl. 


Accidental visitant from Northern Europe and America, of 
extremely rare occurrence. 


Barlow Moor, near Selby, one shot, Feb. 13, 1837, and 
exhibited at the Zoological Society in the same year 
(Clapham, MS.). Mr. Clapham tells me that the state- 
ment in Morris’ British Birds (i. 195)—that this bird was 
accompanied by another of the same species—is incorrect. 
The specimen is now in the Leeds Museum. 

There is evidence to show that this species has probably 
occurred on three other occasions in the county—at Scar- 
borough and Filey about thirty years ago, at Flamborough 
in October, 1865, and again at Scarborough in Dec., 1879 
(See Birds of Yorkshire, pp. 55, 56). 


155. Surnia ulula Z. Hawk Owl. 


156. Surnia funerea Z. American Hawk Owl. 


157. Nyctala tengmalmi (G.). Tengmalm’s Owl. 


Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


Sleights, near Whitby, one about 1840, formerly in the Whitby 
Museum (Stephenson, MS.). 

Hunmanby, one shot about 1847 (B. R. Morris, Zool., 1849. 
p- 2649). 

Flamborough, one caught October 1, 1863 (Boulton, Zool., 
1864, p. 9020); in the collection of Mr. John Stevenson, 
of Beverley. 


DE re Eas a SS Fe 


42 


158. 


159. 


BIRDS. 


Egton, near Whitby, one shot Nov. 19, 1872 is in the col- 
lection of Mr. W. Lister, of Glaisdale (Birds of Yorksh., 
Pp. 44). 

Normanby, near Whitby, one shot Dec. 30, 1880, in the 
collection of Mr. J. H. Wilson, of Whitby, who kindly sent 
it for my inspection. 


Nyctala acadica (Gme/.). Acadian Owl. 
Doubtful, a native of North America. 


Beverley, one (Milner, Zool., 1860, p. 7104). 


Scops giu (Scop.). Scops Owl. 

Accidental visitant from Southern Europe and Northern 
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence. First recorded as 
British from Yorkshire specimens. 


Wetherby, one shot, spring of 1805, in the possession of Mr. 
Charles Fothergill, of York (Mont. Orn. Dict. Supp.). 


Yorkshire, one in the possession of Mr. Foljambe, believed 
by him to have been shot in the county (Id.). 


Womersley (Allis, de Morris, 1844). 

Ripley, near Harrogate, a pair of old and two young birds 
(Allis, fade Morris, 1844). 

Eshton Hall, near Gargrave, one shot (Allis, 1844). 


Boynton, near Bridlington, one shot, July, 1832 (Allis, jade 
Strickland). 


Driffield, one shot about 1839 (Allis). 
Sandhutton, one seen (Allis, 1844). 


Egton Bridge, near Whitby, one shot, 1865 (Birds of York- 
shire, p. 52). 


Scops asio (Z.). Mottled Owl. 
Accidental visitant from North America, of extremely rare 


OC€CULFENGE: 


Leeds, one shot in Hawksworth Wood, summer of 1852 
(Hobson, Nat., 1855, p. 169 and plate). This I believe to 
be a genuine occurrence. 


Bubo ignavus forst. Eagle Owl. 


Accidental visitant from Continental Europe, of extremely 
rare occurrence. | 


BIRDS. , 


Yorkshire, one (Pennant, B. Zool., 1768, i. 157). 

Horton, near Bradford, one, about 1824 (Denny, Leeds Cat.). 

Harrogate, one taken alive in the summer of 1832 (Allis). 
Probably an escape. 

Off Flamborough Head, one captured alive (Hawkridge, 
Wood’s Nat., 1838, p. 155). 

Greetland, near Halifax, one seen, Nov. 1845 (Birds of York- 
shire, p. 50). 

Ilkley, one captured on Rombalds Moor, July, 1876 (Birds 
of Yorkshire, p. 51). Probably an escape. 

Scarborough, one seen Oct. 30, 1879 (Clarke, Zool., 1880, p. 
358). 

The specimen recorded by Morris (B. Birds, 1851, i. 181) as 
shot at Clifton Castle, near Bedale, proves on investigation 
to be an escape from Hornby Castle. 


160. Athene noctua (fezz.). Little Owl. 


Accidental visitant, from Continental Europe, of extremely 
rare occurrence. Has been recorded as a Yorkshire bird 
by Pennant (1768), by Berkenhout (1778), by Fothergill 

: (1799), by Yarrell (1843), and by subsequent writers, and 
as late as Prof. Newton’s edition of Yarrell (1871), but 
with an entire absence of particulars as to localities and 
dates. It is supposed to have occurred near Halifax 
(Leyland, 1828). 


Sub-order ACCIPITRES. 


Fam. VULTURIDZ. 
161. Gyps fulvus (Gme/.). Griffon Vulture. 


162. Neophron percnopterus (Z.). Egyptian Vulture. 


Fam. FALCONIDE. 


163. Circus zruginosus (Z.). Marsh-Harrier. 


Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence; formerly nested 
in one or two localities. At the commencement of the 
present century this species bred commonly in the ‘carrs’ 
round Doncaster and Hatfield, and occasionally in the 


44 BIRDS. 


whin-beds near Bridlington. During the past thirty years, 
however, it has only occurred in four instances, viz. :—A 
female trapped at Cudworth, in April, 1869 ; a young male 
shot at Beverley, Oct. 13, 1871; an almost black specimen 
shot at Wassand, early in 1872; and one said to have been 
shot near Pocklington, in September, 1877. 


164. Circus cineraceus (dZonz.). Montagu’s Harrier. 


Casual visitant, of rare occurrence, chiefly as an autumn 
migrant. Formerly resident, and more widely distributed 
than either C. @ruginosus or C. cyaneus. breeding in several 
localities, as on Thorne Waste, at Hackness near Scar- 
borough, near Whitby, on Barden Moor in Wharfedale in 
1860, and near Bridlington, as late as 1871. 


165. Circus cyaneus (Z.). Hen-Harrier. 


Casual visitant, of very occasional occurrence, chiefly in 
autumn, but also in winter and spring. Formerly bred 
annually on the moorlands of North-eastern Yorkshire and 
the carrs near Doncaster, the last nest being found on the 
Danby Moors, about 1850. 


166. Buteo vulgaris Leach. Common Buzzard. 


Resident, but almost extinct, restricted to one—or at most two 
—pairs, nesting in the North-western Fells; observed rarely 
as an autumn or winter visitant. Formerly this bird was 
an abundant resident, especially amongst the crags of the 
North-western Fells, and also in the larger woods. 


167. Archibuteo lagopus (Gm.). Rough-legged Buzzard. 


Winter visitant, occurring annually, but in varying numbers, 
being scarce some years, whilst in others great flights arrive. 
Most frequent in the vicinity of the coast. These autumn 
immigrants are almost entirely immature birds, there being 
indeed only one instance on record of the occurrence of an 
adult. A pair bred for several years on the ground, amongst 
heather, near Hackness, Scarborough (More, Ibis, 1865). 


168. Aquila clanga fal Larger Spotted Eagle. 
169. Aquila chrysaetus (Z.). Golden Eagle. 
Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Stockeld Park, near Wetherby, one shot Nov. 29, 1804 
(Denny, Leeds Cat.). 


BIRDS. 45 


Beningborough Park, near York, one trapped, Jan. 1838 
(Wood’s Nat., 1838, iii. p. 214). 

Hunmanby, one shot July 24, 1844, now in the Scarborough 
Museum (Birds of Yorkshire, p. 2). 


East Riding: ‘Arthur Strickland reports that one has been 
killed’ (Allis, 1844). 

Kildale, one shot on Court Moor, Christmas, 1851, now in 
the collection of Capt. Turton, of Upsall Castle (Birds of 
Yorkshire, p. 2). 

Skerne, near Driffield, a female in first year’s plumage, shot 
Dec. 1861, now in the Norwich Museum (Cordeaux, Birds 
of Humber, p. 1). 

Thornton, near Pickering, one shot in 1864 (Birds of York- 
shire, p. 3). 


ae ee Oke 


170. Haliaetus albicilla (Z.). Sea-Eagle. 


Casual visitant, of rare occurrence, most frequent in the 
winter and on the coast, but not confined to it. All the 
specimens known to have occurred were in immature 
plumage, but a bird shot at Castle Howard in 1841 had 
only two or three feathers of the tail tipped with black, 

: having only these to lose in order to attain to mature 
plumage ; it is now in the Leeds Museum. 


171. Astur palumbarius (Z.). Goshawk. 


Casual visitant, of rare occurrence, in spring and autumn ; 
has been observed once or twice in winter, and is most 
frequent on the coast arid its vicinity. 


172. Accipiter nisus (Z.). Sparrow-Hawk. 


Resident, generally distributed, fairly numerous; observed 
on the coast as a regular autumn immigrant. 


173. Milvus ictinus Savigny. Kite. 


Casual visitant, of very rare occurrence; formerly resident, 
and probably numerous, but there is positive evidence ofits 
nesting in two instances only. These are Edlington 
Wood, where a pair were taken from the nest by Hugh 

aS: Reid, about 1824; and Murton Wood, near Hawnby, 
where, early in the present century, Mr. Charles Harrison 
shot the female off the nest, also obtaining the male. 


46 


BIRDS. 


174. Milvus migrans (Sodd@.). Black Kite. 


175. 


176. 


177. 


178. 


179. 


Nauclerus furcatus (Z.). Swallow-tailed Kite. 


Accidental visitant from America, of extremely rare occur- 
rence. 


Hardraw Scarr, near Hawes, one captured alive, Sept. 6, 
1805 (Newton’s Yarrell, i. p. 104-5). 

Other specimens are said to have been obtained near 
Helmsley, May 25, 1859; and in Bolton Woods, forty or 
fifty years ago (cf. Birds of Yorkshire, pp. 28, 29). 


Elanus ceruleus (Desf) Black-winged Kite. 


Pernis apivorus (Z.). Honey-Buzzard. 

Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence in spring and 
autumn, most frequent near the coast, and at the latter 
season. 


Falco candicans Gm. Greenland Falcon. 


Accidental visitant from Iceland, Greenland, Arctic North 
America, and Northern Asia, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Sutton-on-Derwent, adult, Feb. 5, 1837 (Allis, Wood's Nat., 
1837, P- 53). 

Robin Hood’s Bay, mature female, Nov. 25, 1854 (Roberts, 
Zool., 1855, p- 4588) ; now in the Scarborough Museum. 


Falco islandus Gme. Iceland Falcon. 


Accidental visitant from Iceland and Southern Greenland, 
of extremely rare occurrence. 


Guisborough, a young bird shot on the moors, March 1837 
(Hogg, Zool., 1845, p. 1052). 

Marston Moor, one in the collection of Mr. C. C. Oxley, said 
to have been obtained in December, 1826 or 1836 (Birds 
of Yorkshire, p. 10). 


Upper Poppleton, near York, a young female shot Noy. 1860 
(Graham, Zool., 1861, p. 7312). Now in the Leeds 
Museum. 


Filey Brigg, a pair, one shot, Oct. 4, 1864 (Birds of Yorkshire, 
p- Io). 

Whitby, a bird, probably of this species, found nailed up with 
‘other vermin’ at Newton House in 1865 (Birds of York- 
shire, p. 11). 


BIRDS. 47 


180. Falco peregrinus Zuastail. Peregrine Falcon. 


Resident, now restricted to a pair—or perhaps two—breed- 
ing annually among the Fells of the North-West, and 
another on the cliffs of the coast, with an occasional pair in 
Cleveland ; formerly it nested not uncommonly in suitable 
localities. In autumn and winter immature birds are not 
unfrequent on the coast, also occurring inland. 


181. Falco subbuteo Z. Hobby. 


Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence in summer, but has 
also been obtained several times in winter. As far as can 
be ascertained it has nested in the county on three occa- 
sions, at Rossington, near Doncaster (More, 1865), at 
Bishop Wood, near Selby, in 1869 (W. E. C.), and at 
Everingham Park, near Market Weighton (Boyes, 1875). 
Fifty years ago this species is mentioned as being far from 
uncommon in South Yorkshire. 


182. Falco zesalon Zuznstall. Merlin. 


Resident, confined to the high western and north-eastern 
moorlands, over which it is thinly scattered during the 
breeding season. More generally distributed during the 
autumn and winter. 


183. Falco vespertinus Z. Red-legged Falcon. 


Accidental visitant from Southern and Eastern Europe, of 
extremely rare occurrence. 


Doncaster, a male shot in April, 1830; the first occurrence 
in Britain (Linn. Trans., xvii., p. 533). 

Sheffield, one in the Museum, said to have been obtained in 
the district (Heppenstall, Zool., 1843, p. 247). 

Easingwold, female (Allis, 1844). 

Rossington, female (Allis, #de F. O. Morris, 1844). 

Selby, female shot in Stainer Wood, May, 1844 (Zool., 1844, 
p. 654). 

Humber mouth, female, Nov. 1864 (Boulton, Zool., 1865, 
P. 9415). 

Bempton Cliffs, mature female, shot July 6th, 1865, now in 
the collection of Mr. J. Whitaker, of Rainworth (MS.). 


Bempton, male, shot June 18, 1869 (Cordeaux, Birds of 
Humber, p. 5). 


48 BIRDS. 


Egton Bridge, Whitby, 1876 or 1877 (Birds of Yorkshire, 
p. 17). 

Scarborough, Mr. Roberts has preserved three specimens 
obtained there. 


184. Falco tinnunculus Z. Common Kestrel. 
Resident, generally distributed, the commonest of the Fal- 
conide. <A regular autumn immigrant. 


185. Falco cenchris Vauwm. Lesser Kestrel. 
Accidental visitant from Southern Europe, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


Wilstrop, near York, mature male, shot by Mr. John Harrison, 
of Wilstrop Hall, in the middle of November, 1867, now 
in the York Museum (Birds of Yorkshire, p. 21). 


186. Pandion haliaetus (Z.). Osprey. 

Casual visitant, of very rare occurrence; formerly regularly 
observed as a periodical visitant in spring and autumn, on 
its way to and from its northern breeding-haunts. More 
frequently observed in Eastern Yorkshire than elsewhere. 


Order 3. STEGANOPODES. 


Fam. PELECANIDZ. 


187. Phalacrocorax carbo (L.). Cormorant. 

Resident, breeding on the cliffs at Arncliffe near Saltburn, 
Runswick Bay, and those north and south of Robin 
Hood’s Bay, also in limited numbers at Flamborough. At 
the latter station they formerly bred in some abundance, 
but were for some years banished, owing to constant 
persecution; a few have during the past two or three 
years returned to their former haunt—the result of the 
_protection afforded by the Sea-birds Preservation Act. 
Not uncommon on the coast at other scasonsy and 
occasionally observed inland. 


188. Phalacrocorax graculus (Z.). Shag. 
Periodical visitant to the coast, occurring in small numbers in 
spring and autumn, when on their way to and from their 
breeding stations; most numerous at the latter. season, 


BIRDS. 49 


when immature birds are not unfrequent at Flamborough. 
Mr. A. Strickland informed Mr. Allis in 1844 that some 
few years before it used to breed in considerable numbers 
on the rocks off Flamborough Head. 


189. Sula bassana (Z.). Gannet. 


Periodical visitant, common off the coast, and especially at 
Flamborough, in the herring season. Has occurred as a 
straggler very far inland, but the examples so observed have 
been in immature plumage. 


Order 4. HERODII. 


Fam. ARDEIDZ. 


190. Ardea cinerea Z. Common Heron. 


Resident, local, but common. Yorkshire heronries have 
greatly decreased in number. ‘Those now in existence are 
at Kildale-in-Cleveland, Newton Hall near Malton, Hare- 
wood Park near Leeds, Eshton Hall near Gargrave, and 
Browsholme Hall near Clitheroe. It nests singly and 
irregularly in many parts of the county. 

It is not uncommon on the coast in the autumn, when 
immigrants arrive from the continent, and throughout the 
winter. 


191. Ardea purpurea Z. Purple Heron. 


Accidental visitant from Southern Europe and Africa, of very 


rare occurrence, 


Flamborough, young bird shot in 1833 (Allis). 


Lowthorpe, near Driffield, one, spring of 1847 (Morris, Zool., 

1849, p. 2591). 

Temple Thorp, near Leeds, male, May 24, 1850 (Morris, B. 
Birds, 1855, iv. 108). 


Ruswarp, near Whitby, one, mature, shot, summer of 1850, 


in the Whitby Museum (Stephenson, MS.). 


Hornsea Mere, one, July, 1863, in the collection of Sir H. 
S. Boynton (T. Boynton, MS.). 
E 


50 BIRDS. 


192. Ardea alba Z. Great White Egret. 


Accidental visitant from South-eastern Europe and Africa, of 
extremely rare occurrence. 


Hornsea Mere, one, winter of 1821 (A. Strickland, Rep. 
Brit. Ass., 1838, p. 106). 

Barnsley, one at New Hall, 1821, in the possession of Sir 
Joseph Radcliffe (Allis). 

Scorborough, near Beverley, one about 1834 (Strickland, op. 
cit.); now in York Museum. 


193. Ardea garzetta Z. Lesser Egret. 


Accidental visitant from Southern Europe and Africa, of 
extremely rare occurrence. 


Hayburn Wyke, near Scarborough, one, Jan. 4, 1881 (Harper, 
ZO01:j-1881,: px213). 


194. Ardea bubulcus Audouin. Buff-backed Heron. 


195. Ardea ralloides Scop. Squacco Heron. 


Accidental visitant from: Southern Europe and Africa, of 
extremely rare occurrence. 


Askern, one, in the collection of Arthur Strickland (Allis, 
1844). 


196. Ardetta minuta (Z.). Little Bittern. 


Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence, chiefly in summer. 
The foliowing are the instances :—At Birdsall, near Malton, 
about 1842; at Thorp, near Bridlington, and at Doncaster 
prior to 1844; at Redcar, Sep. 20, 1852; at Hunslet, near 
Leeds ; at Harewood; at Cottingham, near Beverley; at 
Cold Hiendley Reservoir, near Wakefield, Aug. 26, 1872; 
at Scarborough, Aug., 1873; Easington, near Spurn, May 
25, 1874; at Ruswarp, near Whitby, May, 1877; a female 
at Scalby Beck, near Scarborough, Feb. 25, 1879; and at 
Filey Brigg in the winter of 1879. 


197. Nycticorax griseus (Z.). Night-Heron. 


Accidental visitant from Southern and Eastern Europe and 
Africa, of very rare occurrence. 


199. 


200. 


= 


BIRDS. bog 


Cottingham, Hull, one, immature, 1837, in the collection of 
Sir H. S. Boynton (T. Boynton, MS.). 


Birdsall, near Malton, one, May 21st, 1855 (D. Graham). 
Whitby, one, autumn of 1861, in the collection of Mr. E. 
Corner (Stephenson, MS.). 


Kirkby Misperton, near Malton, one, May, 1870, in the 
collection of Mr. E. Tindall (Tindall, MS.). 


. Botaurus stellaris (Z.). Bittern. 
Casual visitant, in winter, of uncommon occurrence, being 


particularly numerous in severe seasons. In 1831 upwards 
of 60 specimens were obtained in the county. Doubtless 
it formerly nested in the carrs round Doncaster, and in 
Holderness. 


Botaurus lentiginosus (JZozz.). American Bittern. 
Accidental visitant from North America, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


Slingsby, one shot at Kell’s Springs, Dec. 4, 1871, in the 
collection of Sir John Crewe (Brigham, MS.). 


Fam. CICONIIDZ. 


Ciconia alba Bechst. White Stork. 


Casual visitant, of rare occurrence. 


Howden, one, winter, 1798 (Fothergill, Orn. Brit., p. 7). 

Bawtry, one about 1825 (Allis). 

Bretton Park, Barnsley, one, March, 1831 (Allis). 

Skipsea, one, in the collection of Arthur Strickland (Allis, 
1844). 

Wansford, near Driffield, one seen, spring of 1846 (Morris, 
Zool., 1846, p. 1501). 

Riccall, male, May 18, 1848 (Milner, Zool., 1848, p. 2891). 

ce near Bridlington, one, Sept. 18, 1856 (Roberts, 

Withernsea, one, mature, Sept., 1869, in the collection of Mr. 
P; ates of Easington (Cordeaux, Birds of Humber, 
p- 106). 


52 


201. 


202. 


203. 


BIRDS. 


Ciconia nigra (Z.). Black Stork. 
Accidental visitant from Continental Europe, of extremely 
rare occurrence. 


Market Weighton Common, one, Oct. 29, 1852 (B. R. Morris, 
Nat. 111. 19) ; now in the York Museum. 


Fam. PLATALEIDZ. 


Platalea leucorodia Z. Spoonbill. 


Casual visitant, of rare occurrence. 
> 


Staincross, one, July, 1833 (Allis). 

Masham, one (Allis, 1844). 

Tees Marshes, one killed some years ago (Hogg, Zool., 1845, 
p11 72): 

aay near Wakefield, one, 1850 = albot, Birds of Wake- 


Wilberfoss, near Pocklington, one, Aug. 2, 1851 (Milner, 
JOO, LO5T, p. 3270): 

Hornby Decoy, near Catterick, one, 1865; now in York 
Museum. — 


Richmond, one (Clark-Kennedy, Zool., 1868, p. 1135). 

South Ferriby, one, spring, 1873 (Cordeaux, MS.). 

Masham, one, 1877, in collection of Mr. C. C. Oxley (Oxley, 
MS.). : 


Fam. IBID. 


Plegadis falcinellus (Z.). Glossy Ibis. a 


Accidental visitant from Central and Southern Europe and 
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Easington, near Spurn, one, autumn of 1850, in the collection 
of the late Mr. Cuthbert Watson (Lawton, MS.). 

Selby, a mature bird, at Brayton Bridge, last week of May 
1874, in the collection of Mr. J. Jackson (Cordeaux, MS.; 
Matthewman, MS.). 


Se ns es Pe See M 


wy OV ee es) 


BIRDS. “i 53 


Order 5. ANSERES. 


Fam. ANATIDZ. 


204. Chenalopex egyptiaca (Gm.). Egyptian Goose. 


Has occasionally been observed, but is so frequently kept 
in a state of semi-domestication that it is now impossible 
to distinguish escapes from visitants. 


205. Anser cinereus Jéeyer. Grey-lag Goose. 


Casual visitant, of rare occurrence, in very small parties in 
the winter; has long ceased to breed in the Yorkshire 
carrs, where it was formerly abundant and resident. 


206. Anser segetum (Gm.). Bean-Goose. 


Winter visitant to the coast, but rare. Appears in late 
September or early October. Formerly immense flocks 
visited the Wolds during the day-time, returning to the 
coast at dusk. 


207. Anser brachyrhynchus Sad. Pink-footed Goose. 


Winter visitant, most abundant in eastern Yorkshire. The 
common wild goose of the county. 


208. Anser albifrons (Scog.). White-fronted Goose. 


Casual visitant in winter, and, although decidedly uncommon, 
is most frequent in severe seasons, on the coast and its 
vicinity, and has been occasionally observed far inland. 


209. Bernicla brenta (7a//.). Brent Goose. 


Winter visitant, common off the coast in most seasons, but 
especially so in severe ones, remaining sometimes until the 
beginning of April. Very occasional far inland, being a 
strictly marine species. 


2to. Bernicla leucopsis (Bechst.). Bernacle Goose. 


Casual visitant, of rare and irregular occurrence on the coast. 
Three were seen at Spurn at Christmas, 1876. Has been 
observed far inland. Often confounded with B. brenta. 


54 BIRDS. 


211. Bernicla canadensis (Z.). Canada Goose. 


Has occasionally been observed and shot, but is now so 
common in a semi-domesticated state on ornamental 
waters, that it is impossible to discriminate between 
escapes and visitants. 


212. Bernicla ruficollis (7a//.). Red-breasted Goose. 
Accidental visitant from Northern Asia, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 
Wycliffe, one, winter of 1766 (Bewick, B. Birds, ii. 280). 


Tees, two “seen of late years by the Tees.” One of these 
was afterwards shot on the Durham side, in Cowpen 
Marsh (Hogg, Zool., 1845, p. 1178). 


213. Chen albatus (Cassiz). Cassin’s Snow-Goose. 


Cygnus olor (Gm.). Mute Swan. 
Domesticated. 


214. Cygnus immutabilis Yarvr. Polish Swan. 


Accidental visitant (habitat unknown) of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


Off Bridlington Pier, a flock seen in 1844 by Mr. Arthur 
Strickland, one of which was optaimed (Allis). 


Wilstrop, one shot by Mr. John Harrison, out of a party of 
two or three, late autumn, about 1860 (Harrison, MS.). 


215. Cygnus musicus Bechst. Whooper Swan. 


Winter visitant, occurring almost annually on the coast, in 
numbers varying with the season, much less frequent 
inland. In severe winters large flocks are observed. 


216. Cygnus bewicki Yarr. ‘ Bewick’s Swan. 


Winter visitant, less frequent and numerous than C. musicus, 
but still not uncommon in severe winters, when it is chiefly 
observed in the estuary .of the Humber. Much rarer 
inland. Mr. Cordeaux remarks on the scarcity of imma- 
ture birds (Birds of Humber, p. 158). 


BIRDS. 55 


217. Tadorna cornuta (Gm.). Common Sheldrake. 
Resident in extremely limited numbers, its breeding stations 


being confined to the sandhills bordering the estuaries of 
the Humber and Tees. In autumn and winter it is more 
common, being sometimes observed in large flocks, and 
stragglers are occasionally seen on inland waters. 


218. Tadorna casarca (Z.). Ruddy Sheldrake. 
Accidental visitant from South and East Europe and North 


Africa, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Cottingham, one killed some years ago, seen by H. B. 


Hewetson (MS.). 


219. Anas boscas Z. Mallard. | 
Resident, local but fairly abundant. In winter large numbers 


arrive from the north, usually in November, the species 
then becoming very generally distributed, and much more 
numerous. Formerly six decoys existed in the county, 
but the only one now worked is that at Hornby near 
Catterick, on the estate of the Duke of Leeds. In 1800 
the decoys of Watton and Scorborough were destroyed by 
the Beverley and Barmston Drainage Scheme ; the former 
had an area of about rooo acres of water, and has been 
known to yield nearly 400 ducks in one day. The two 
other Holderness decoys—Home and Meaux—ceased to 
exist about the same time. One on Coatham Marsh at 
the Tees mouth was in existence as late as 1872. 


220. Chaulelasmus streperus (Z.). Gadwall. 
Casual visitant of very rare occurrence in winter. The 


following are the occasions :—At Swillington, prior to 1840; 
Stockton-on-Tees, one, Feb. 18, 1843 ; at Doncaster, a pair 
in the spring of 1844; on the Humber, a pair, March, 1851; 
at Hornby, one in the decoy, season of 1856-7 ; at Selby, 
in 1858; at Skerne near Beverley, a male, Jan. 31, 1871; 
Hempholme in Holderness, in 1876; and near York, four 
females seen, one shot, Dec. 15, 1880. 


221. Spatula clypeata (Z.). Shoveller. 
Winter visitant, but not numerous, most frequent in Holder- 


ness and in the vicinity of the Humber; of rare occurrence 
inland. Hewitson (Eggs of B. Birds, 1856, vol. 2, p. 400) 
says:—‘Mr. Henry Milner tells me that it breeds on 
Hornsea Mere,’ and I am informed by Mr. F. Boyes that 
the keeper told him he once found a nest, and that he has 
himself observed the bird there in the breeding season on 
more than one occasior. 


56 BIRDS. 


222 Querquedula crecca (Z.). Common Teal. 


Resident, very local, breeding regularly on Strensall and 
Riccall Commons, and at Malham Tarn, and occasionally 
in other localities in the county. As a winter visitant, 
common, arriving sometimes as early as the middle of 
August. 


| 223. Querquedula circia (Z.). Garganey Teal. 

a Casual visitant in spring and autumn, more especially at the 
former season ; is most frequent in eastern Yorkshire, being 
a rare straggler far inland. Two in the collection of Mr. 
J. H. Gurney, jun., were obtained at Bridlington on the 1st 

| and 2nd of June, 1868. Mr. M. Bailey possesses three 

| which were obtained in autumn at Flamborough. 


224. Dafila acuta (Z.). Pintail. 


| : Winter visitant, not uncommon on the Humber during 
4 severe seasons, but is rare far inland. Mr. Cordeaux teils 
me that mature males are scarce. 


225. Mareca penelope (Z.). Wigeon. 


| Winter visitant, common on the Humber and many inland 

| waters. It has been noted that inland this bird is most 

oO abundant in mild seasons. Old females are comparatively 
rare. 

Mr. Stephenson, of Whitby, informs me that a pair or two 
breed annually on the Fen Bog near that place, and that a 
female has been shot off the nest. 


226. Fuligula ferina (Z.). Pochard. 


Resident, extremely local; breeds annually in some num- 
bers on Hornsea Mere, and formerly on the Mere at 
Scarborough ; has bred at Cold Hiendley Reservoir in 
1865, and also in Craven. As a winter visitant Is not 
uncommon. 


227. Fuligula rufina (7a//.). Red-crested Pochard. 


228. Fuligula marila (Z.). Scaup. 
Winter visitant, abundant on the Humber and coast, and 
not uncommon on many large inland waters. Arrives 
about the first week in November, leaving late in spring. 


BIRDS. 57 


229. Fuligula cristata (Zeach). Tufted Duck. 


Winter visitant, common on the Humber and coast; less so 
on inland waters. One instance of its breeding at Malham 
Tarn in 1849 has been recorded (Cooke, Zool., 1849, 
p- 2879). It has also been observed to remain occasionally 
through the summer at Hornsea Mere, Sir W. Milner 
(Zool., 1854, p. 4441) surmising that it possibly bred there. 


230. Nyroca ferruginea (Gm.). White-eyed Duck. 


Casual visitant, of very rare occurrence. 


Coatham Marsh Decoy, one taken Jan. 17, 1850 (Rudd, 
Zool., 1850, p. 2773). 

Dalton, near Huddersfield, Dec., 1858 (Hobkirk’s Nat. Hist. 
of Hudd., 1859, p. 145). ' 

Coatham Marsh, pair seen, female shot, Oct. 3, 1878 (Rev. 
H. Smith, MS.). 


231. Clangula albeola (Z.). Buffel-headed Duck. 


Accidental visitant from Northern America, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


Bessingby Beck, Bridlington, adult male, winter, 1864-5, in 
the collection of Mr. J. Whitaker (Whitaker, MS. ; 
Cordeaux, Birds of Humber, p. 176). 


232. Clangula glaucion (Z.). Goldeneye. 


Winter visitant, immature birds being not uncommon on the 
coast and in the Humber in severe seasons ; old males are 
always rare. Inland it is frequently observed on extensive 
waters, and, as on the coast, is most abundant in severe 
winters. 


233. Cosmonetta histrionica (Z.). Harlequin Duck. . 


Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, Asia, and 
America, of extremely rare occurrence. Out of twenty-two 
British occurrences Mr. Dresser is of opinion that two 
only are referable to this species. 


River Don, above Doncaster, a female shot; in the collec- 
tion of H. E. Strickland (Allis, 1844). 


58 


234. 


235. 


226, 


238. 


BIRDS. 


Filey, young male, autumn, 1862; in the collection of Mr. 
Whitaker, of Rainworth (Roberts, MS.). 

Hornby Decoy, male captured about 1860; in the collection 
of the late Mr. Geo. Savage, Keeper, Hornby Castle, 
Bedale. Has been seen by Mr. James Carter (Carter, MS). 


Harelda glacialis (Z.). Long-tailed Duck. 

Winter visitant, immature birds being not uncommon off the 
coast, particularly at Flamborough Head and Bridlington 
Bay. The old birds only approach the shore in extremely 
severe weather. Rarely straggles inland, but has occurred 
as far west as York. 


Somateria mollissima (Z.). Eider Duck. 

Casual visitant, observed off the coast in autumn and winter 
in limited numbers, chiefly immature birds. Its occurrence 
in the Humber is quite exceptional, and inland it has 
never been seen. 


Somateria spectabilis (Z.). King Eider. 


Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, Asia, and America, 
of extremely rare occurrence. 


One shot at Bridlington Quay early in August, 1850; was 
first recorded for Bedlington, in Northumberland, by Mr. 
Duff (Zool., 1851, p. 3036), and corrected by Mr. Hancock 
(B. of Northumberland and Durham, p. 159) on the 
authority of a letter received by him from Mr. Duff. 


. Somateria stelleri (7a//.). Steller’s Duck. 


Accidental visitant from Northern Europe se Asia, of ex- 
tremely rare occurrence. 


Filey (misprinted ‘Filby’), male, assuming winter plumage, 
shot Aug. 15, 1845, by Mr. Curzon, and submitted to Mr. 
Yarrell for inspection (Bell, Zool., 1846, p. 1249); now in 
the collection of Mr. Thos. Boynton, of Ulrome Grange. 


CEdemia fusca (Z.). Velvet Scoter. 


Winter visitant off the coast, rarely approaching the shore. 
Two instances are recorded of its occurring far inland: a 
mature male was shot at Clapham in Feb., 1841, and an 
example at Bentley near Doncaster prior to 1844. The 
‘Velvet Ducks’ often reported inland are generally refer- 
able to &. nigra. 


BIRDS. 59 


239. CEdemia nigra (Z.). Common Scoter. 


Winter visitant, common on the coast and in the Humber, 

occasionally visiting inland waters. Arrives in immense 
flocks in the autumn, and a few are found off the coast all 
. the year round. Mr. Cordeaux is of opinion that those 
remaining during the summer are young of the preceding 
year, not going north to breed. Occasionally large migra- 
tory flocks are observed far inland in spring. 


240. CEdemia perspicillata (Z.). Surf-Scoter. 


241. Mergus merganser Z. Goosander. 


Winter visitant to the coast and its vicinity, in varying num- 
bers, but not uncommon, especially in severe seasons, when 
it 1s occasionally observed far inland on rivers and lakes. 
Immature birds are most frequent, adults being considered 
scarce. 


242. Mergus serrator Z. Red-breasted Merganser. 


Casual visitant in winter, of rare occurrence, both on the 
coast and inland; the recorded instances are, however, 
somewhat too numerous to mention. 


243. Mergus cucullatus Z. Hooded Merganser. 


Accidental visitant from North America, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


Leeds, a pair obtained, in the collection of Mr. W. Christy 
Horsfall (Gould, Birds of G. Britain, Part to, 1866). These 
specimens I have been unable to trace. 


244. Mergus albellus Z. Smew. 


Winter visitant, not uncommon on the coast in severe seasons, 
scarce inland. Old males are very rare, females and young 
of the year predominating. Less frequent than formerly. 


60 BIRDS. 


Series SCHIZOGNATH, 


Order 1. COLUMBZ. 


Fam. COLUMBIDA.. 


245. Columba palumbus ZL. Ring-Dove. 


Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Flocks of immi- 
grants appear in October and November, their numbers 
being dependent on the severity, or otherwise, of the 
season. 


246. Columba livia Aoxnat. Rock-Dove. 


Resident, very local, but numerous where it occurs. Breeds 
in considerable numbers in the Flamborough range of 
cliffs. They are also reported to breed in several inland 
localities, as near Sheffield, where they are entirely absent 
in winter, near Masham, near Pateley Bridge, and near 
Richmond. 


| 
| 


247. Columba cenas Z. Stock-Dove. 


Resident, local, but common in most localities where it 
occurs. This species is steadily increasing in numbers, 
and gradually diffusing itself over the county, being now 
frequent in localities where even ten years ago it was un- 
known. Mr. Allis (1844) stated that the only Yorkshire 
specimen he had seen was one in the York Museum, and 
that the only locality in which it was known to occur at 
that date was Sheffield, where they were reported as not 
unfrequent. Now the stock-dove breeds in all parts of the 
county, in localities too numerous to mention, but 1s least 
frequent in the north-west. At Flamborough it breeds 
plentifully in the sea-cliffs. | 


248. Turtur communis Sedy. Turtle Dove. — 


Summer visitant, extremely local, and in very limited num- 
bers. Breeds annually in Holderness and near Sheffield. 
A few are observed in Eastern Yorkshire during the — 
autumnal migration. It is less frequent in the spring, but 
| on April 15, 1878, fifteen were observed at Flamborough. 
In Western Yorkshire it is quite of exceptional occurrence. 


ee.’ 


a 


BIRDS. 61 


249. Ectopistes migratorius (Z.). Passenger Pigeon. 


Accidental visitant from North America, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


Mulgrave, near Whitby, female shot, Oct. 12, 1876 (Hancock, 
mae ist. lrans. North. & Durh., yol. v. p. 337 ; Zool., 
1877, p. 180). Doubtless an escape. 


Fam. PTEROCLIDZ. 


250. Syrrhaptes paradoxus (/fa//.).  Pallas’s Sand- 
Grouse. 


Accidental visitant from the Asiatic Steppes, of extremely 
rare occurrence. 


A careful computation of the numbers which visited this 
county during the memorable irruption of the summer of 
1863, shows that no less than 80 birds were observed in 
different localities, and that 24 of them were obtained. It 
is probable that, from the roving disposition of this 
species, identical birds would be recorded for more than 
one locality. 


Order 2. GALLINZA. 
Fam. PHASIANIDE. 


251. Phasianus colchicus Z. Pheasant. 
Semi-domesticated, resident, generally distributed, abundant. 


252. Caccabis rufa (Z.). Red-legged Partridge. 


Resident in various parts of the county, but in extremely 
limited numbers, and only very occasionally shot. Mr. A. 
G. More (Ibis, 1865) mentions this bird as breeding ‘ very 
rarely’ in West Yorkshire. There is no evidence that I 
am aware of to show that this species has been introduced 
into the county. 


253. Caccabis petrosa (Gm.). Barbary Partridge. 


Accidental visitant from Northern Africa, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


62 BIRDS. 


Beverley, one about 1869, seen in the flesh by Mr. W. W. 
Boulton (Cordeaux, Birds of Humber, p. 81). 


254. Perdix cinerea Zak. Partridge. 


Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Mentioned as 
scarce at Halifax and in Upper Ribblesdale. 


255. Coturnix communis Zonxnat. Common Quail. 


Summer visitant, breeding regularly in limited numbers, in 
Holderness and at Boston Spa, and irregularly in many 
other localities in the county. Has occurred occasionally 
in midwinter. Many records show that this species was 
formerly much more frequent, and Mr. A. Strickland in- 
formed Mr. Allis (1844) that they used to be taken in nets 
near Bridlington. 


256. Ortyx virginianus (Z.). Virginian Colin. 


Accidental visitant from Eastern North America, of extremely 
rare occurrence. 


Cottingham, male, ‘a few years since,’ in the collection of Mr. 
Boulton (Cordeaux, Birds of Humber, 1872, p. 83), 


Fam. TETRAONIDZ. 


257. Lagopus mutus Leach. Common Ptarmigan. 


258. Lagopus scoticus (Za¢z.). Red Grouse. 


Resident, abundant on all the high moors, and in severe 
winters sometimes occurs as a straggler in the most unlikely 
localities. The Rev. H. H. Slater informs me—on the 
authority of his uncle, Mr. T. Horrocks, of Eden Brows, 
Carlisle—that towards the end of October every year there 
is a migration of packs of grouse from the Duke of Cleve- 
land’s moors, near High Force, in Upper Teesdale, to Mr. 

- Horrocks’ moors, at Alston, in Cumberland (a distance of 
twenty miles), where they remain until the end of the season, 
and then return to their own county. A large proportion 
of these migrants are hens, and they are different in size 
and plumage and readily discriminated from the Alston 
birds, being only two-thirds their size and eas and their 
plumage more speckled and yellow. 


BIRDS. 63 


259. Tetrao tetrix Z. Black Grouse. 


Resident, local, occurring chiefly near Sheffield, sparingly 
near Huddersfield, occasionally on the moors of Wensley- 
dale and Nidderdale, and near Richmond. At Lartington, 
in upper Teesdale, they have been introduced, and are now 
fairly numerous. 


260. Tetrao urogallus Z. Capercaillie. 


Fam. TURNICIDZ. 


261. Turnix sylvatica (Desf). Andalusian Hemipode. 


Accidental visitant from Southern Europe and Northern 
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Huddersfield, one near Fartown, April 7, 1865 (Gould, P.Z.S., 
1866, p. 210). 


Order 3. GRALLZ., 


Fam. RALLIDE. 


262. Rallus aquaticus Z. Water-Rail. 


Resident, local, far from numerous. Doubtlessly breeds 
annually in suitable localities in the county, but from the 
secluded nature of its habitats, and the skulking habits of 
the bird, its nest is very seldom found, young birds being 
more frequently met with. Winter visitant, immigrants 
arriving in September and October; the species is then 
more common, particularly so in severe seasons. 


263. Porzana maruetta (Leach). Spotted Crake. 


Resident, extremely local in its distribution and limited in 
its numbers; as a winter visitant very local but not un- 
common. A few pairs breed annually on the sedgy banks 
of the river Hull, at Beverley ; and it has been known to 
breed occasionally near York and Doncaster, 


Qe ea 


64 BIRDS. 


264. Porzana bailloni (Vez). Baillon’s Crake. 


Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Wensley, one on the banks of the Ure, April, 1807 (Fothergill 
in Whitaker's Richmondshire, 1823, i. 416); recorded as 
Rallus pusillus Pall., it is probably referable to this species. 
Mr. Dresser (Birds of Europe) cites this occurrence under 
P. parva, and gives the date as May 6th, 1807. 

Huddersfield, one at Kirkheaton, May 29, 1874 (Palmer, 
Zool., 1874, p. 4159). | 

Goole, one killed a few years since is in the possession of Mr. 
Gunnee, of Thorne (Bunker, MS.). 


265. Porzana carolina (Z.). Carolina Crake. 


266. Porzana parva (Scop.). Little Crake. 


Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Scarborough, one killed (W. C. Williamson, P.Z.S., 1836,.- 
P- 77). | 

Cantley, near Doncaster, one taken alive (Allis, 1844). 

Aldwarke Bridge, above York, one flew into a coal-boat ; ~ 
now in the possession of Mr. Johnson, of Masham (Jno. 
Harrison, MS.). 


267. Crex pratensis Bechst. Land-Rail. 


Summer visitant, generally distributed and common, except 
in the manufacturing districts. Some seasons have been 
remarkable for its scarcity. Arrives early in May, depart- 
ing in September. 


268. Gallinula chloropus (Z.). Moorhen. 
Resident, generally distributed, common. 


269. Fulica atra Z. Common Coot. 
Resident, generally distributed, and common, except in the 
manufacturing districts and the Western Fells, where it 1s 
local and not numerous. Breeds at Malham Tarn, 1250 
feet above sea level. | 


BIRDS. 65 


Fam. GRUIDZ. 


270. Grus communis Bechst. Common Crane. 


Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


York, one shot in 1797 (Fothergill, Orn. Brit., 1799, p. 7). 


271. Grus virgo (Z.). Demoiselle Crane. 


Order 4. LIMICOLZ. 


Fam. OTIDA. 


272. Otis tarda Z. Great Bustard. 


Accidental visitant from Continental Europe, of ex- 
tremely rare occurrence; formerly resident in great 
numbers on the Wolds of Eastern Yorkshire, when in 
their virgin state as undulating barren sheepwalks. 


The precise date of extinction is uncertain, but there is 
reason to believe that the last bird was killed at Reighton . 
near Hunmanby, about the year 1830, 


It is much to be regretted that the whole of the records 
of the existence in Yorkshire of so fine and conspicuous 
a bird should date subsequently to its extinction, and it 
is somewhat remarkable that no allusion to its presence in 
the county should be made by Pennant or other contem- 
porary writers; probably this may be explained by the 
very abundance of the species. Even the records that exist 
are derived from memory, or based upon hearsay state- 
ments. 


The materials available for treating of the past history 
of Yorkshire Bustards consist of—Mr. Arthur Strickland’s 
account given in Allis’s report on Yorkshire Birds, in 1844 ; 
notes by Mr. Henry Woodall, of North Dalton, and Mr. E. 
H. Hebden, of Scarborough, contributed to Morris’ British 
Birds, in 1854; articlesin the Zoologist for 1870 (pp. 
2063, 2102, 2103); a letter from Sir Charles Anderson, of 
Lea, to Mr. John Cordeaux, dated Dec. 14, 1874; and 
letters to myself from Mr. Thos. Boynton, of Ulrome, Sir 

F 


66 


BIRDS. 


C. W. Strickland, of Hildenley, and Mr. J. W. Woodall, 
of Scarborough. From such of these materials as have 
been published, the numerous statements given in books 
have been compiled. 


At the northern extremity of the Wolds, the chief 
and last haunt of the Great Bustard seems to have 
been about Flixton, Hunmanby, and Reighton. It 
was here—as she informed Mr. Boynton—that the 
late Miss Charlotte Rickaby, of Bridlington Quay, when 
a girl, counted fifteen Great Bustards in a field while 
riding with her father from Bridlington Quay to Flam- 
borough, early in the present century; and Sm (ie 
Strickland informs me that his grandfather, Sir William 
Strickland, used to say that he could remember a flock of 
them on the Wolds between Reighton and Bridlington, 
of about five-and-twenty, and that the last of them was 
eaten at Boynton. A farmer living at Reighton in 1830 
told Sir Charles Anderson that when he was a boy flocks 
of eight and ten together were found all over the district. 
Mr. Hebden states that to the best of his recollection it 
would be about 1811 that he first saw the five large Bus- 


tards on Flixton Wold, that number continuing there at 


least two years, when two were shot; the remaining three 
still continued on the same wold for at least one year, 
when two disappeared, leaving the solitary bird, which, 
after a length of time, was severely wounded by Sir Wm. 
Strickland’s keeper, and found some days afterwards in a 
turnip field near Hunmanby, by the huntsman of the 
Scarborough Harriers, and secured. Mr. A. S. Bell adds 
that this bird was brought to Scarborough, and cooked at 
a supper given by the hunt (Zool., 1870, p. 2063). This, 
however, would hardly be the last Bustard, unless indeed 
the solitary individual survived its former companions for 
no less than fifteen years. Mr. J. W. Woodall informs me 
that about 1825 one was run over and killed between 
Folkton and Hunmanby. Sir Charles Anderson has a 
stuffed specimen, shot in 1825 at Hunmanby,.and in 1828, 
while shooting on Mr. Osbaldeston’s property at that place 
he saw a fine cock. This would, no doubt, be the identical 
bird seen in Grindale Field by Mr. John Milner, of Middle- 
dale, Kilham, he thinks about the year 1828, for—as he 
informed Mr. Boynton—it was some time after he left 
school in 1825, and at the time he was riding with his 
father, who died in 1830. Mr. Boynton was also told by 
the late Mrs. Metcalfe, of Bridlington Quay, that she and 


i 
4 
i 


———— 


= aes ee Se Se 


BIRDS. Sete 


her husband (who was vicar of Reighton, and died in 
1834) were invited to dine at Boynton Hall with Sir Wm. 


Strickland, the principal dish being a Great Bustard, which 


Sir William in his note of invitation described as probably 
the ‘last of his race.’ Sir Charles Anderson believes the 
existence of the Great Bustard in Yorkshire ceased in 
1832 or 1833, when the last hen bird was trapped on Sir 
W. Strickland’s estate at Boynton, near Bridlington. 


Mr. Arthur Strickland, in the account which he furnished 
to Mr. Allis in 1844, said that it used to be a constant 
resident on the extensive wolds in the East Riding, but that 
from the extension of tillage and the numerous enclosures 
which had taken place during the half century, and from the 
introduction of artificial crops, particularly saintfoin and 
clover—which from being early cut often led to their 
destruction—they rapidly decreased, and had then been for 
some years quite extinct. About thirty years before [z.2., 
1814], when he first knew the district, the flock frequent- 
ing the part of the Wolds near Bridlington was reduced to 
five or six, and appeared to remain at that standing for 
some time, and he not unfrequently met with it when 
riding about. It, however, soon became reduced, and it 
was about fifteen years before [z.¢., 1829] that the last was 
killed at Reighton, since which none had been seen in the 
neighbourhood. He believed those frequenting the Wolds 
south of Driffield remained in existence some years longer, 
but were then—at the time of his writing—totally extermi- 
nated. 


In this last and somewhat off-hand statement, which he 
does not substantiate, I am of opinion that Mr. Strickland 
was mistaken, for, judging from the evidence which I am 
able to quote, the birds on the north Wolds certainly 
existed a few years later than those in the south. 


The last Bustards which frequented the southern portion 
of the Wolds were in the vicinity of North and South 
Dalton. There is an egg—the only Yorkshire one known 
to exist—in the Scarborough Museum, the note attached 
to which states that it was found by Mr. James Dowker, at 
North Dalton, in the East Riding, in 1810. This was pre- 
sented to the Museum in March, 1840, by Dr. John Bury 
(Fielden, Zool., 1870, p. 2063). Mr. John Wolley, the 
eminent oologist, who saw the egg in 1843 and in 1850, 
noted in his egg-book that it had been ‘boiled with the 
notion of preserving it’ and was of ‘bad colour’ (Fielden, 


—e = SU !DLUlUCC OO he 


68 


ie A Al 6 


BIRDS. 


tom. cit. 2102). Mr. H. Woodall informed Mr. Morris 
that in 1816 or 1817 Mr. James Dowker, of North Dalton, 
killed two near that place with a right and left shot, and 
saw a third, Mr. Woodall believed, at the same time; a 
nest that had been forsaken was also found with one egg 
in it, which is the one now in the Scarborough Museum. 
One of the birds shot was presented to George the Fourth, 
then Prince Regent. Mr. A.S. Bell (Zool., 1870, p. 2103) 
adds that the other was cooked by Mr. Dowker, and that 
in the previous year—which he states as 1809—five 
Bustards were seen on the same moor, but were very wild, 
and none shot. ‘These dates disagree, but it is more than 
probable that that of the label on the egg is the correct 
one. Sir Charles Anderson also states that the Bustard 
bred at Haywold [evidently the Hawold of the Ordnance 
Map, situate above North Dalton] about 1810. In 1865 
Mr. W. W. Boulton saw at Scorborough, the seat of Mr. 
James Hall, two specimens which had been captured in 
the East Riding—one, a female, was evidently a bird of 
the year ; it was taken alive in the neighbourhood of Scor- 
borough, about forty years before [z.e., about 1825], and Mr. 
Hall had it tethered on his lawn ; the other, an old male, 
Mr. Hall had forgotten the history of, but thought it was 
taken not far from Doncaster, and certainly in Yorkshire. 
(Zool., 1865, p. 9446). After Mr. Hall’s death, his collec- 
tion was sold, the male Bustard passing into the possession 
of Mr. Thos. Boynton, and the female into that of Mr. 
John Stephenson, of Beverley. 


A pair—male and female—are preserved in the Black- 
more Museum, at Salisbury, which were killed near 
Malton, in 1825 (Thos. Norwood, of Salisbury, ‘ Country,’ 
Jan. 10, ko7 7. wiliees@). 

The fine pair in the Scarborough Museum were purchased 
from Mr. Reid, of Doncaster, and presented by Dr. 
Murray, many years ago. 


Since the date of its final extinction as a resident, the 
Great Bustard—now become an accidental visitant—has 
twice occurred in Yorkshire. A female was shot on 
Rufforth Moor, near York, on the 22nd of Feb., 1861 
(Allis, Zool., 1861, p. 7507), and is now in the York 
Museum; and another female, just dead but still warm, 
was picked up in the sea, near Bridlington Quay, on the 
11th Nov., 1864 (Boulton, Zool., 1865, p. 9442). 


BIRDS. 69 


273. Otis tetrax Z. Little Bustard. 


Casual visitant in winter, of rare occurrence. The localities 
from which it has been reported are :—Flamborough, two 
in the winter of 1814-15 ; Boythorpe, one early in 1839; 
Bolton Wood, near Bradford, about 1839; near Beverley, 
and one on the Wolds prior to 1844 (Allis) ; Goodman- 
ham, a female, Jan. 19, 1854; Leven, near Beverley, 
mature female, Jan. 31, 1862; Allerston Marishes, near 
Scarborough, a pair, Oct. 1866 ; near Scarborough, one, a 
few years ago ; and North Burton, in 1868. 


274. Otis macqueeni 7 Z. Gray. Macqueen’s Bustard. 


Fam. &@DICNEMIDZ. 


275. CEdicnemus scolopax (Gm.). Stone Curlew. 


Summer visitant to Eastern Yorkshire, where it is not only 
local in distribution, but very limited and fast decreasing in 
numbers. On the Wolds, where before their enclosure the 
bird was most numerous, it is now confined to a few locali- 
ties in the north. From the Southern Wolds it is now all 
but banished, though only a very few years ago it was fairly 
abundant. Has bred occasionally on Levisham Moor, 
near Pickering ; on the Hambleton Hills, and near Scar- 
borough. In 1844, Mr. Allis stated that it bred near 
Rossington, and other places in the vicinity of Doncaster. 
In Western Yorkshire it has been very rarely observed, and 
only as a straggler. 


Fam. GLAREOLIDA. 


276. Glareola pratincola Z. Common Pratincole. 


Accidental visitant from Central and Southern Europe, 
Africa, and Western Asia, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Staxton Wold, near Scarborough, one, May, 1844 (Milner, 
Zool., 1848, p. 2023). 


Bridlington, one in the winter of 1849-50 (Duff, Zool., 1850, 
p- 2771; and Hancock, Birds of Northumberland and 
Durham, 1874, p. 96). Mr. Duff originally recorded this 
specimen for ‘ Bedlington, in Northumberland ;’ but in a 
letter to Mr. Hancock, informed him that the statement 


eet ae 


70 BIRDS. 


in the Zoologist was a mistake, as the specimen was iy 
warded to him from Bridlington, in Yorkshire. 


Whitby, one, Oct. 19, 1871 (Simpson, Zool., a: p» 2870); 
now in the Museum, 


Fam. CHARADRIIDA. 


277. Cursorius gallicus (Gm.). Cream - coloured 
Courser. 


Accidental visitant from the sandy plains of Northern Africa 
and Western Asia, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Wetherby, one, April, 1816 (Atkinson, Comp. B. Orn., p. 
165). 


One killed in 1825 by Lord Harewood’s keeper (Allis; Gould, 
Birds of G. Britain). 


Holme, near Market Weighton, one killed in 1828, by Hon. 
Chas. Stourton’s keeper (Allis, #de Strickland). 


278. Charadrius pluvialis Z. Golden Plover. 


Resident, breeding commonly on the moors of Cleveland and 
the North-Western Fells ; in the South-Western Moorlands 
it is much less common, a few pairs breeding annually near 
Halifax, Penistone, and Sheffield. As a winter visitant it 
is more general in its distribution, and is then observed in 
flocks. Arrives late in October and in November, but a few 
old birds are sometimes observed early in August in summer 
plumage. Occasionally remains as late as the second week , 
in May. 


279. Squatarola helvetica (Z.). Grey Plover. 


Winter visitant, observed abundantly in the spring and autumn 
—chiefly on the coast—on its passage to and from its 
breeding haunts in far North-east Europe. Appears in the 
autumn as early as August—the young birds arriving before 
the old—but the majority arrive later, passing further south, 
a few only remaining through the winter. In May, it occurs 
in flocks on the Holderness Coast, in all stages of plumage, - 
and leaves towards the middle and end of the month. 
Inland it is but of occasional occurrence. 


BIRDS. cha, 


280. A-gialitis cantiana (Zaz/.). Kentish Plover. 
Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Ulrome, male and female shot by Mr. Thos. Boynton, May 
25 and 28, 1869 (Boynton, Zool., 1869, pp. 1843-4.) 

Flamborough: Mr. M. Bailey knows ‘ of one being shot here 
about 1857’ (MS.). 


281. AEgialitis curonica (Gm.). Lesser Ringed Plover. 
Accidental visitant from Continental Europe, Asia, and 
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Whixley, male, July 30, 1850 (Garth, Zool., 1850, p. 2953). 
Others reported to me I believe to be referable to 4. 
hiaticula. 


282. AEgialitis hiaticula (Z.). Ringed Plover. 


Resident on the coast, breeding more or less commonly on 
sandy beaches, and also in arable fields near to the shore. 
At Whitby is only observed as a winter visitant. Inland it 
is only occasionally seen, but there is reason to believe 
that it nests, for I have seen several on the shingly shore 
of one of our inland reservoirs late in May. Large migra- 
tory flocks, consisting of young birds, arrive on the coast 
about the first week of August. The variety zuzermedius 
is occasionally observed in May in small flocks, 


283. Eudromias morinellus (Z.). Dotterel. 

Periodical visitant, occurring in spring and autumn while 
passing to and from its breeding-stations ; most frequent 
on the coast, where it arrives regularly in the first week of 
May, sojourning for about a fortnight before taking its 
departure north. At this date it is also occasionally 
observed on the higher lands of the county. Much less 
frequently noticed in the autumn. Now occurs in much 
smaller numbers than formerly. 


284. Vanellus vulgaris Bechst. Lapwing. 


Resident, generally distributed, abundant. Less general in 
winter, when it frequents in flocks the lowlands and the 
coast. There are large arrivals of immigrants in autumn. 


285. Strepsilas interpres (Z.). Turnstone. 
- Winter visitant, on the coast. Arrives in considerable num- 
bers during September, a few in August, the great majority 


72 


BIRDS. 


departing further south later in the autumn. The few re- 
maining to pass the winter are joined in May by large flocks 
from the south, and leave along with them before the end_ 
of the month. For the last two yeafs I have noted that 
about a score of non-breeding birds remain at Spurn 
throughout the summer. 


286. Heematopus ostralegus Z. Oystercatcher. 


Winter visitant to the coast, local; common in some locali- 
ties, scarce in others. Occasionally frequents inland reser- 
voirs. Sometimes observed on the coast as early as July, 
remaining till spring. 


Fam. SCOLOPACIDZ. 


287. Recurvirostra avocetta Z. Avocet. 


Accidental visitant from continental Europe, of extremely 
rare occurrence. 


Skipwith Common, two killed about 1824; one of them in 
the York Museum (Allis). 


Spurn Point: Mr. Arthur Strickland informed Mr. Allis, in 
1844, that he had known several to occur near the Spurn 
Lighthouse in spring some years before, but that he had 
heard of no recent occurrence. 


Tees mouth, one shot in the winter of 1827-8 near the Tees 
(Hogg, Zool., 1845, p. 1172), a locality from which Mr. 
J. H. Gurney, jun. (Zool, 1876; p. 4765), records gaa 
having occurred twice or three times. 


The last instance in which the Avocet is known to have 
nested in Britain, was at the mouth of the Trent, about the 
year 1840. Mr. Hugh Reid, of Doncaster, informed Mr. 
A. G. More, in a letter dated June tst, 1861, that eggs 
were taken on a sand island at the mouth of the river 
Trent about twenty years before. ‘There was at the time 
a spring tide, which nearly covered the island, and the 
eggs were floating on the water. The man who took them 
shot one of the parent birds at the same time, and brought 
the eggs to Mr. Reid. The island had patches of grass 
growing on it, and there was always mud and warp about 
it—a likely place for the bird to feed on. The county 
boundary being at this place drawn in the centre of the 


BIRDS. 73 


river Trent, Yorkshire will share with Lincolnshire the 
honour of possessing the last British breeding-station of 
the Avocet. 


288. Himantopus candidus ZBoznat. Black-winged Stilt. 


Accidental visitant from Southern and South-eastern Europe 
and Africa, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Aike Carrs, near Beverley, two, old and young, shot by the 
keeper ; formerly in the collection of the late Mr. Hall, of 
Scorborough, now in that of Mr. John Stephenson, of 
Beverley, who informs me that a woman living at Aike well 
remembers their being shot and shown to her. 


289. Phalaropus hyperboreus (Z.). Red-necked Phala- 
rope. 

Casual visitant in autumn and winter, of very rare 
occurrence. A specimen shot in Yorkshire, in the 
possession of Mr. Johnson, of Brign&ll, one of Ray’s 
correspondents, was described and figured by Edwards 
(Nat. His. Birds, 1743?) as a ‘Cock Coot-footed Tringa.’ 
One was shot in the autumn of 1812, on Swinton Lake; 
one at Redcar, Nov. 22nd, 1851; one, mature, at Scar- 
borough, in Dec., 1853 ; one at York, in summer plumage, 
in May, 1854; another at Scarborough, in Nov., 1854; 
and an immature male at Bridlington, Oct. 14, 1872. In 
1844, Mr. Arthur Strickland informed Mr. Allis that it was 
occasionally met with on the Bridlington coast. 


a 


290. Phalaropus fulicarius (Z.). Grey Phalarope. 


Casual visitant in autumn and winter, of uncommon occur- 
rence. Judging from the records, it appears to have been 
observed as frequently inland as on the coast. 


291. Scolopax rusticola Z. Woodcock. 


Resident, known to breed annually in limited numbers in 
many woods in the county. Much better known as a 
winter visitant, arriving on the coast in October and 
November, sometimes in immense numbers, at others only 
a few being observed. Returns to the coast, for departure, 
during the first week of March. 


a 292. Gallinago major (Gm.). Double Snipe. 


‘g Casual visitant, in autumn and winter, of uncommon occur- 
ia rence. 


74 


293. 


294. 


295: 


296. 


298. 


BIRDS. 


The melanic variety, sabini, has been recorded as occurring 
twice in Wharfedale in August, 1820; one specimen at 
Otley on the 14th, and a second on the 17th at Denton 
Park (T. G{arnett], Loudon’s Mag., 1835, p. 614). 


Gallinago ccelestis (venze/). Common Snipe. 

Resident, local, breeds in more or less numbers in all suitable 
localities. Immigrants arrive, often in immense numbers, 
late in October or early in November; and during the 
winter it is much more generally distributed, but very 
variable in its movements. 


Gallinago gallinula (Z.). Jack Snipe. 


Winter visitant, common in suitable localities throughout 
the county. Usually arrives in October, departing in 
April ; an exceptionally early occurrence has been recorded 
for the 2oth of August. 


Limicola platyrhyncha (Zemm.). Broad-billed 
Sandpiper. 
Accidental visitant from Northern Europe, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


Hornsea Mere, one shot by T. Ellotson, April, 1863, now in 
the collection of Sir H. S. Boynton (T. Boynton, MS.). 


Tringa maculata Vie/Z Pectoral Sandpiper. 


Accidental visitant from North America, of ros rare 
occurrence. 


Filey, one (Morris, B. Birds, 1854, iv. 316). 

Teesmouth, one, Aug., 1853 (Rudd, Morris’ Nat., 1853, 
P2738 wn 

Coatham, Redcar, one, Oct. 17, 1853 (Id.). 


. Tringa fuscicollis Vze//. Bonaparte’s Sandpiper. 


Tringa alpina Z. Dunlin. 

Resident, confined entirely to the high moorlands of the 
western border from north to south, over which it is 
scattered irregularly in most extremely limited numbers. 
Mr. Arthur Strickland informed Mr. Allis in 1844 that he 
had many years before taken both eggs and young on 
Stockton Common, near York. Occurs in vast numbers 


=. 
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off 
— 
— 
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ie 


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7 - 
i 
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2 
a 

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.- 


BIRDS. 75 


as a winter visitant on the coast and the Humber, 
especially the latter, where it arrives in August, and departs 
in April and May. Occasionally occurs in limited num- 
bers inland. A few remain on the coast during the 
summer ; these are probably young of the preceding year, 
not nesting. 

Mr. Cordeaux informs me that the small race of dunlin 
(Tringa schinzii rehm) occurs occasionally on the 
Humber flats in May. 


299. Tringa minuta Ze7s/. Little Stint. 


Casual visitant, of uncommon occurrence on the coast in 
spring and autumn, most frequent at the latter season. 
Specimens have been obtained in May in full summer 
plumage. Has once or twice occurred inland. 


300. Tringa temmincki ZezsZ, Temminck’s Stint. 
Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Scarborough, ‘has been killed’ (W. C. Williamson, P.Z.S., 


1836, p. 77). 
Bridlington Quay, ‘Mr. Boulton . . . once examined a 
specimen shot . . . near Bridlington Quay’ (Cor- 


deaux, Birds of Humber, 1872, p. 137). 
301. Tringa minutilla Vze/7. American Stint. 


302. Tringa subarquata (Gii/d.). Pygmy Curlew. 


Periodical visitant in spring and autumn, uncommon on the 

- coast in August and September; still less common in spring. 
A large and unusual flight appeared on the Humber on 
August 30 and Sept. 1, 1873. <A rare straggler inland. 


303. Tringa striata Z. Purple Sandpiper. 


Winter visitant, not uncommon on the coast, especially the 
rocky portions. The young arrive early in September, old 
birds in October. Has been observed late in April. 


304. Tringa canutus Z. Knot. 


Winter visitant, abundant on the coast, and especially on the 
Humber, arriving usually in autumn; the young in late 
August or in September, followed by immense flocks of 
old birds late in October or in November. Many of these 


Ra en a 


"6 BIRDS. 


retire south on the approach of winter. Immigrants on 
their way north occur on the coast in April and May, 
many in summer plumage. Has occasionally appeared far 
inland. 


305. Machetes pugnax (Z.). Ruff. 


Periodical visitant, in extremely limited numbers, observed 
chiefly in Holderness and on the Humber, especially about 
Paull, on their spring passage in May, and in autumn in 
August and September. A very rare straggler inland. 


Until about the commencement of the present century 
this species was abundant, and bred in the carrs of East 
Yorkshire, on Skipwith Common near Selby, and also on 
Hatfield Chase and. the carrs about Doncaster, where Mr. 
Hugh Reid—as he informed Mr. More —remembered 
their breeding quite plentifully. Mr. Arthur Strickland 
informed Mr. Allis, in 1844, that before the drainage of the 
carrs they used to be taken in considerable numbers in the 
breeding season, but that he should doubt ~ any had bred 
in the county within the half. century. 


306. Calidris arenaria (Z.). Sanderling. 


Winter. visitant, common on the coast, arriving in July and 
August, and leaving in May. Of shore birds this is the last 
to leave in spring and the first to arrive in autumn. Far 
inland it is rarely observed as a straggler. 


307. Tryngites rufescens (Vzeil/.). Buff-breasted Sand- 
piper. 


308. Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.). Bartram’s Sand- 
piper. 


309. Totanus hypoleucus Guay Common Sandpiper. 


Summer visitant, breeding in more or less abundance on the 
streams and reservoirs in the north-eastern, western, and 
west-central portions of the county, but not in the low- 
lands. Arrives in mid-April, leaving in August and 
September. In East Yorkshire it is observed during 
migration, but it is probable that they may breed on the 
streams about Driffield, Mr. F. Boyes informing me that 
he has never failed to observe the birds there in the 
summer months. 


BIRDS. 77 


310. Totanus macularius (Z.). Spotted Sandpiper. 


: An accidental visitant from North America, of extremely rare 
, occurrence. 

r Tees, one shot, in the collection of Mr. John Grey (Hogg, 
‘ Zool... 1645, p. 1173). 

is Bridlington, one said to have been seen, March 2nd, 1848 


(Higgins, Zool., 1848, p. 2147). 
Whitby, one, March 29, 1849 (Milner; Higgins; Zool., 
1849, p. 2455-6). 


311. Totanus ochropus (Z.). Green Sandpiper. 


Periodical visitant, in spring and autumn, when it is not 
uncommon in the Holderness drains; in a few instances 
has remained through both winter and summer, but there 
is no reliable evidence of its ever being bred. Most 


numerous in the autumn, arriving early in August. 
312. Totanus glareola (Z.). Wood-Sandpiper. 


< Casual visitant, of rare occurrence. 


Campsall, near Doncaster, one in the possession of H. Reid 
(Allis, 1844). 
Beverley, three on the river, Aug. 4, 1878 (Boyes, MS.). 


Kilnsea, Holderness, immature male shot, Sept. 7, 1878 
(Clarke, Nat., 1879, p. 179). Another was seen by me the 
same day. 


313. Totanus flavipes (Gm.). Yellowshank. 


Accidental visitant from North and South America, of 
extremely rare occurrence. 


Tadcaster, one, Oct. 1858 (Milner, Zool., 1858, p. 5958; 
Graham, Nat., 1858, p. 291). 


314. Totanus calidris (Z.).§ Common Redshank. 


Resident, very local, breeds in limited numbers on Strensall 

Common, near Beverley, Pilmoor, Thorne Waste, and on 

Malham Tarn Moss (1250 feet); up to last year they also 

| bred in some numbers on Riccall Common near Selby, 

f° which has since been drained and enclosed. In winter, a 

common shore bird on the Humber and Tees estuaries, 
large migratory flocks arriving in the early autumn. 


— “+ =< “= ~ 


78 BIRDS. 


315. Totanus fuscus (Z.). Spotted Redshank. 
Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Braithwell Grange, near Doncaster, about 1828 (Allis). 

Tees-mouth, one in the collection of W. Backhouse (Zool., 
1846, p. 1261). 

Kilnsea, near Spurn, immature male, shot Aug. 23rd, 1869 
(Boyes, Field, Oct. 30, 1869). 

Spurn, immature female shot Sept. 6th, 1876 (Cordeaux, MS.). 


316. Totanus canescens (Gm.). Greenshank. 
Periodical visitant, in spring and autumn, most frequent at 
the latter season, when immature birds are chiefly observed. 
A few are also occasionally noticed during the winter. 
~ Much rarer inland than on the coast and its vicinity. 


317. Totanus solitarius (Wis.). Solitary Sandpiper. 


318. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gvz..). Red-breasted 
Snipe. | 


319. Limosa lapponica (Z.). Bar-tailed Godwit. 


Winter visitant, in limited numbers, on the coast. Common 


in autumn, returning from its breeding stations in Septem- 
ber and October, gradually decreasing in numbers as 
winter advances, only a few remaining throughout that 
season. Arrives punctually on the coast about the 12th 
of May, when birds are to be seen in full summer plumage. 
Also occurs rarely far inland. 


320. Limosa egocephala (Z.). Black-tailed Godwit. 
Casual visitant of very rare occurrence, in autumn and 
winter, chiefly on the Humber muds. Formerly resident. 
‘The late Mr. H. Reid, of Doncaster, has frequently told 
me that the Black-tailed Godwit used, within his recollec- 
tion, to breed on Hatfield Moor, in which locality he once 
found the young birds himself’ (More, Ibis, 1865). 


321. Numenius borealis (/orst.). Esquimaux Curlew. 


322. Numenius phezopus (Z.). Whimbrel. 


Periodical visitant in spring and autumn, when it is common 
on most portions of the coast. Leaves for more northern 
breeding-haunts in May, returning in July and August. A 


BIRDS. “9 


pair or more have occasionally remained at Spurn through 

the summer. Sometimes observed inland. The account 

of its nesting in Yorkshire furnished to Mr. More by Mr. 
: Thomas Gough is simply incredible. 


, 323. Numenius arquata (Z.). Common Curlew. 
Resident, local, but breeding in more or less abundance on 
all the high moorlands, least numerous in the south. It 
retires from its breeding-haunts in August for the coast, 
where it remains during the winter, returning in April. A 
few are observed on the Humber muds all through the 
summer. 


Order 5. GAVIZ. 
Fam. LARIDZ. 
Sub-fam. STE RNIN. 


324. Sterna macrura JVaum. Arctic Tern. 

Periodical visitant on the coast, in spring and autumn, on its 
way to and from its breeding-stations, and much the most 
numerous at the latter season. Of very rare occurrence 
inland. 


325. Sterna fluviatilis Mauwm. Common Tern. 


Periodical visitant on the coast in spring and autumn, passing 

, to and from its breeding haunts, and, like S. macrura, most 

. common in autumn, but occurs much more frequently 
inland. 


326. Sterna dougalli dont. Roseate Tern. 


Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. In 1844, Mr. 
Allis stated that Mr. H. Reid had shot it at Scarborough 
and Hornsea. ‘Argus,’ writing in the ‘Field’ (Jan. 13, 
1877, p. 44), records five in the Tees bay from the 1st to 
11th August, 1876. 


327. Sterna minuta Z. Little Tern. 
| Summer visitant, breeding in yearly-decreasing numbers at 
e Spurn; arriving in May, leaving in September. On the 
reservoirs near Wakefield, these birds appear every spring 
and autumn. 


need eee 


80 


328. 


579: 


Sys tke 


332. 


BIRDS. 
Sterna bergi Lichtenstein. Ruppell’s Tern. 


Sterna caspia fad. Caspian Tern. 

Accidental visitant from the shores of Continental Europe 
and Africa, of extremely rare occurrence. 

Filey, one, early in September, 1874 (Willis, Field, Nov. 15, 
1879, p. 684). 


. Sterna anglica dZont. Gull-billed Tern. 


Accidental visitant from Southern Europe and Northern 
Africa, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Leeds, a mature bird, which had been shot at and wounded 
on a mill reservoir, was brought alive to Mr. H. Denny 
in the last week of July, 1843 (Denny, Ann. & Mag. N.H., 


1843, Pp. 297). 


Sterna cantiaca Gm. Sandwich Tern. 


Periodical visitant, not uncommon off the coast in autumn, 
on its passage south. One was shot at Filey on the 15th 
of December, 1875, an unusual date. 


Sterna fuliginosa Gw. Sooty Tern. 


~ Accidental visitant from Northern and Central America, of 


Soo: 


as 


339% 


extremely Tare OCCurrence. 


Scarborough, one in the collection of Mr. Edward Tindall, 
shot at Scalby in 1863 (Tindall, MS.). 


Sterna anezstheta Scop. Smaller Sooty Tern. 


-Hydrochelidon hybrida (fad//.). Whiskered Tern. 


Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Schinz). White-winged 
Black Tern. 
Accidental visitant from Southern Europe, of extremely rare 
Occurrence. 


Scarborough, one shot in 1860 is now in the collection of 
Mr. Edward Tindall (Tindall, MS.). 

Flamborough, a single mature bird was seen for some days in 
the spring of 1867, but not procured (Cordeaux, Birds of 
Humber, p. 197). 


336. 


337: 


338. 


539- 


340. 


BIRDS. 81 


Hydrochelidon nigra (Z.). Black Tern. 

Periodical visitant to the coast and Humber, in spring and 
autumn, and not uncommon. During the present year 
(1881) a few have been noted at Spurn as late as the 
middle of June. Mr. Arthur Strickland informed Mr. 
Allis, in 1844, that it used to breed on some of the streams 
near Driffield, though it had ceased to do so some years 
before. 


Anous stolidus (Z.). Noddy Tern. 


Sub-fam. ZARINA. 


Xema sabinii (Sabine). Sabine’s Gull. 


Accidental visitant from Arctic Asia and America, of rare 
occurrence. 


— female, Sept. 5, 1866 (Boulton, Zool., 1867, p. 

543): 

Bridlington, in full summer plumage, Aug. ro, 1872 (Gurney, 
jun., Zool., 1872, p. 3316). 

Flamborough, one, Oct. 15, 1873, in the collection of Mr. 
J. H. Gurney, jun. 

Bridlington, one, Oct. 14, 1875, in the collection of Mr. J. 
Whitaker (Whitaker, MS.). 

Scarborough, one, immature, Nov. 7, 1878 (Roberts, Zool., 
1878, p. 455): 

Scarborough, one, immature, Nov. 1879, in the collection of 
Mr. Edward Tindall (Tindall, MS.), 


Rhodostethia rosea (J/acgi//.). Cuneate-tailed Gull. 


Accidental visitant from Arctic America, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


One killed near Tadcaster, Dec. 22nd, 1846 (Milner, Zool., 
1847, p. 1694), but also described as shot at Milford-cum- 
Kirby [near Tadcaster] in Feb., 1847 (Charlesworth, Proc. 
Yorks. Phil. Soc, 1847, p. 33). Mr. Howard Saunders, 
who has seen the specimen, pronounced it to be in winter 
plumage (Field, Feb. 1875, p. 196). 


Pagophila eburnea (P/7ffs). Ivory Gull. 
Accidental visitant from high northern latitudes of Europe, 
Asia, and America, of extremely rare occurrence. 
G 


82 BIRDS. 


Scarborough, one shot ‘ many years ago’ by Mr. C. Watson, 
of York (Allis, 1844). 


Filey, adult male, Aug. 1875 (Tuck, Zool., 1875, p. 4689). 
Redcar, one shot, Nov., 1879 (Mussell, Field, Feb. 14, 1880). 


Filey, adult male, autumn, 1880 (Backhouse, Friends’ Nat. 
Hist. Journal, 1881, p. 39). 


. Larus atricilla Z. Laughing Gull. 


2 he visitant from the eastern coast of North America, 
of extremely rare occurrence. 


. Filey, adult male, March, 1876 (Tuck, Zool., 1876, p. 4960). 


342. Larus ridibundus L. Black-headed Gull. 


Resident, extremely local in the breeding season. Common 
on the coast in early spring, late summer, and autumn ; 
less numerous in winter. Though formerly breeding in 
several localities, its stations are now reduced to two—a 
large colony on Thorne Waste, and a few pairs which have 
this year (1881) revisited Strensall Common—a former 
resort. Up to last year this bird bred plentifully on 
Riccall Common—now enclosed, broken up, and drained. 
Mr. F. S. Mitchell informs me that in 1860 a colony 
appeared on the shores of a tarn on Newton Fell, and 
deposited a large number of eggs, but these being all 
taken, the gulls left the place and never returned. 


343. Larus melanocephalus JVa¢7. Adriatic Gull. 
344. Larus ichthyaetus fad. Great Black-headed Gull. 


345. Larus minutus /a//. Little Gull. 


Periodical visitant to the coast, in very limited numbers, in 
autumn and winter, most frequent at the former season. 
A female was obtained at Flamborough on the 13th of 
July, 1868, in full summer plumage, but birds of the year 
and old ones in winter dress are most frequent. In 
February, 1870, after a terrific gale from the East, no less 
than twenty-nine were obtained at Bridlington, nineteen | 
old and ten young birds. . 


346. Larus philadelphia Ov¢@ Bonaparte’s Gull. 


ae 
* 


a ee es ae 
a. vo ( 
an 
i - 
» 
¢ é 
1 


BIRDS. 83 


347. Larus canus Z. Common Gull. 


Winter visitant, common on the coast throughout the 
autumn, winter, and early spring. A few immature birds 
frequent the Humber throughout the summer. 


348. Larus argentatus Gm. Herring Gull. 


Resident, common, having breeding-stations near Filey, 
Whitby, and Saltburn ; a few pairs also nest at Bempton. 


349. Larus fuscus Z. Lesser Black-backed Gull. 


Winter visitant, common on the coast during the autumn, 
winter, and spring months ; a few immature birds remain- 
ing through the summer. 


350. Larus marinus Z. Greater Black-backed Gull. - 


Winter visitant, common, arriving on the coast in July, 
departing in spring for its more northern nesting-stations. 


351. Larus glaucus fadr. Glaucous Gull. 


Winter visitant to the coast, immature birds being but of 
uncommon occurrence. Mature birds are rare, but in the 
severe winter of 1830 considerable numbers occurred, and 
several have appeared at Flamborough since 1872. 


352. Larus leucopterus fader. Iceland Gull. 


Casual visitant to the coast in winter, when immature birds 
have been very rarely observed, but is possibly much 
overlooked. The adult bird has only once occurred in the 
county, as recorded by Yarrell in 1843; particulars are 
not now attainable. 


Redcar, an immature bird, winter of 1854-5 (Rudd, Nat., 
1855, Pp. 144) 

Scarborough, immature bird, Jan. 15, 1867 (Knight, Zool., 
1867, p. 637). 

Flamborough, young bird, Oct. 12, 1867 (Cordeaux, Zool., 
1867, p. 1010). 

Bridlington, immature male, Dec. 15, 1870 (Boynton, Zool., 
1871, p. 2488). 

Whitby, one in the local collection at the Museum (Stephen- 
son, MS.). 


84 BIRDS. 


353. Rissa tridactyla (Z.). Kittiwake. 


Resident, breeding abundantly in the Flamborough range of 
cliffs. Many retire south in autumn, though the species 
is common on the coast in winter. 


Sub-fam. STERCORARIINA. 


354. Stercorarius catarrhactes (Z.). Common Skua. 


Periodical visitant, occurring off the coast in autumn, and — 
most frequently off Flamborough Head; comparatively 
rare elsewhere. There is one record of its occurrence in 
the spring, at Flamborough, on the 1st of March, 1868. 
Has once been obtained inland, at York, 8th Oct., 1879. 


355. Stercorarius pomatorhinus (Zmm.). Pomatorhine 
Skua. 7 


Periodical visitant, occurring off the coast in autumn. In 
most years only one or two—in immature plumage—are 
observed, principally at Flamborough. In October, 1879, 
an irruption of considerable extent took place, both adults 
and immature birds being extremely numerous on the 
coast, and some were shot very far inland. Before the 
date of this irruption, adult birds had been almost unknown 
in the county. 


356. Stercorarius crepidatus (azks). Richardson’s 
Skua. 


Periodical visitant to the coast, in autumn, when it is numerous 
off Flamborough, chiefly immature, old birds being un- 
common. ‘This species was extremely abundant with its 
congeners in the great flight of 1879. Has occasionally 
occurred as a straggler inland. 


357. Stercorarius parasiticus (Z.). Buffon’s Skua. 


Casual visitant in autumn, very much less frequent than S. 
pomatorhinus and S. crepidatus, and although many— 
mature and immature—were obtained during the memor- 
able irruption of 1879, it was much less numerous than 
they, and until then immature specimens only had been 
obtained. Inland, one occurred at Strensall Common on 
the 8th of October, 1879. 


BIRDS. 85 


Order 6. TUBINARES. 


Fam. PROCELLARIIDZ, 


358. Procellaria pelagica Z. Storm-Petrel. 


Winter visitant, not uncommon on the coast during severe 
weather, which drives them in from the open sea, and after 
gales of unusual severity they are often picked up dead or 
exhausted on the shores and in far inland localities. 


359. Procellaria leucorrhoa Viei/7. Leach’s Petrel. 


Casual visitant in winter, of rare occurrence. In the winter 
of 1831-2 many examples occurred far inland; four were 
picked up near York, one or two near Hull, one at Thirsk, 
and three or four near Halifax. Since then they have 
appeared several times, also far inland; one at Doncaster 
in 1837, one at Kirkhammerton in 1850-1, and one at 
Beverley in the autumn of 1854. 


360. Oceanites oceanicus (Xwf/). Wilson’s Petrel. 
Accidental visitant from the Atlantic, of extremely rare 


occulrence. 


Halifax, one shot at Southowram, late in Nov., 1874; nowin 
the collection of Mr. Christopher Ward, to whom it was 
brought in the flesh (Ward, MS.). 


361. Puffinus anglorum (Zémm.). Manx Shearwater. 


Periodical visitant, in spring and autumn, especially the latter 
season, when it is not uncommon off the coast, particularly 
at Flamborough. 


362. Puffinus griseus (Gm.). Sooty Shearwater. 


Casual visitant, of rare occurrence, in the winter. Mr. 
Dresser (Birds of Europe, parts 61 and 62, Aug., 1877) 
remarks on this species that it ‘is difficult to discriminate 
the records of its occurrence in Great Britain, as it has so 
very generally been confused with P. major, from which it 
is clearly distinct.’ Gould (Birds of Europe) and Yarrell 
both figured the present species as the Great Shearwater, 
and the former remarks (B. of G. Brit.,vol. 5) ‘that out of fifty 


86 BIRDS. 


or eighty specimens which had come under his notice, not | 
more than three or four were’ of ‘the present species, all the 
rest being Great Shearwaters, which shows that, asa rule, it is 
much less numerous on our coasts than P. major—though on 
the east coast the reverse would appear to be the case, at 
least off the Yorkshire coast, for Mr. Cordeaux, who 
believed the present species to be the young of P. major,” 
says ‘that most of the large Shearwaters which occur there 
are referable to this species, and Mr. Boulton obtained 
three near Flamborough in the autumn of 1866.’ 


363. Puffinus major Fader. Great Shearwater. 


Casual visitant, of rare occurrence, in autumn and winter. 
Mr. M. Bailey, of Flamborough, informs me that he shot a 
fine adult on the roth Jan., 1874. 

After what Mr. Dresser has said, as quoted under P. griseus, 
great difficulty arises in giving instances of the occurrence 
of that and the present species, the records being inextri- 
cably entangled, and it would be an impossibility, without 
examining the specimens, to assign them to either form. 


364. Fulmarus glacialis (Z.). Fulmar. 
Casual visitant to the coast, in autumn and winter, of rare 
occurrence. Often seen in large numbers at sea off the 
coast. 


365. CEstrelata hesitata (Awh/). Capped Petrel. 


366. Bulweria columbina (J/og.-Zand.). Bulwer’s Petrel. 


Accidental visitant from the Atlantic, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


Tanfield, one picked up dead on the banks of the Ure, May 
8, 1837; in the collection of Colonel Dalton (Yarrell, 1843, 
ill. 514). 

Scarborough, one, in the spring of 1849 (Higgins, fide 
Graham, Zool., 1849, p. 2569). This record is eminently 
unsatisfactory, from the absence of details necessary to 
substantiate the occurrence of so rare a bird. 

These appear to be the only recorded occurrences for the 
British Isles and the European Continent, Madeira and 
the Canaries being its only known localities. 


BIRDS, 87 


Order 7. ALCE., 
Fam. ALCIDZ. 


367. Alca torda Z. Razorbill. 


Resident, breeding in considerable numbers on the Flam- 
borough cliffs. It arrives at the breeding stations early in 
the year, departing with its young late in July. After 
continued rough weather in winter, I have observed great 
numbers washed ashore dead on the coast of Holderness. 


Alew impennis Z. Garefowl. 


368. Lomvia troile (Z.). Common Guillemot. 


Resident, breeding in vast numbers on the Flamborough 
cliffs, beginning to arrive there in May and June, leaving 
its breeding haunts in the middle of August. Remains off 
the coast through the winter. 


369. Lomvia bruennichi (Saééne). Brunnich’s Guillemot. 


370. Uria grylle (Z.). Black Guillemot. 


Casual visitant, occasionally seen off the coast in spring, 
autumn, and winter, more frequently off Flamborough 
Head than elsewhere. Mr. Arthur Strickland, in 1844, 
informed Mr. Allis that thirty years before he had killed 
a specimen in summer plumage out of a small flock at 
Flamborough, in the height of the breeding season; 
whether they were breeding he could not say. 


371. Mergulus alle (Z.). Little Auk. 


Winter visitant, not uncommon off the coast, occasionally 
driven in shore and far inland by stress of weather. 


372. Fratercula arctica (Z.). Puffin. 


Resident, nesting in May and June, in immense numbers, on 
the Flamborough Cliffs, retiring far out to sea in the 
winter, at which season only a few are found off the coast. 
Of the Flamborough sea-fowl, this is the last to arrive at its 
breeding-station, which it leaves in mid-August. 


88 BIRDS. 


Order 8. PYGOPODES. 
Fam. COLYMBIDZ. 


373. Colymbus glacialis Z. Great Northern Diver. 


Winter visitant, not uncommon, but still not numerous. 
Most frequent on the coast, but also occurs inland, 
though rarely. Arrives in September, leaves early in 
spring. 


374. Colymbus arcticus Z. Black-throated Diver. 


Winter visitant, of uncommon occurrence, on the coast and 
inland. Appears to be rather more frequently observed 
inland than C. glactalzs, whilst it is much the rarer of the 
two on the coast. 


375. Colymbus septentrionalis Z. Red-throated Diver. 


Winter visitant, common on the coast, and regularly appears 
at that season on many inland waters, but not numerously. 
May be found off the coast all the year round—probably 
young of the previous year not breeding. 


Fam. PODICIPITIDZ. 


376. Podiceps cristatus (Z.). Great Crested Grebe. 


Resident, about half-a-dozen -pairs breeding regularly at 
Hornsea Mere; the late Mr. Hugh Reid informed Mr. 
More in 1865 that it occasionally bred in the West Riding. 
Those nesting at Hornsea retire to the sea and Humber on 
the approach of severe weather. Also a winter visitant, 
observed both inland and on the coast, but far from 
commonly. 


377. Podiceps griseigena (Bodd.). Red-necked Grena 


Winter visitant, uncommon, but not unfrequent in “severe 
seasons, when it occurs both on the coast and inland, from 
September to March. Examples have a in almost 
full summer plumage. 


BIRDS. 89 


378. Podiceps auritus (Z.). Sclavonian Grebe. 


Winter visitant, not uncommon on the coast and inland, from 
October to sometimes as late as the end of April. With 
the exception of the Dabchick (P. fluviatilis) Mr. Cordeaux 
considers this to be the most numerous of the Grebes 
visiting the Humber. An adult female, in full summer 
plumage, was shot at Flamborough on the 29th of October, 


1874. 


379. Podiceps nigricollis (C. Z. Brehm). Eared Grebe. 
Casual visitant, of very rare occurrence. 


_Huggate, one, Dec. 8th, 1849 (Graham, Zool., 1850, p. 
2747). 
Scarborough, one, Feb., 1855 (Roberts, Zool., 1855, p. 4660). 
Bubwith, adult male, 1854 (Boynton, MS.). 


Wakefield, one at Thornes, Feb., 1861 (Talbot, Birds of 
Wakefield, p. 31). 

Hull, a female, Feb. 20, 1864 (Boulton, Zool., 1864, p. 
9048). 

Ripon, one, in the possession of Mr. Parkin, was shot close 
to the city (Slater, MS.). 


380. Podiceps fluviatilis (Zuzszal/). Little Grebe. 


Resident, generally though thinly distributed. Decidedly less 
frequent on the higher lands of the county, though a pair 
or so breed at as high an elevation as Malham Tarn—1250 
feet above sea level. Also a winter visitant, arriving in 
October. 


a a =e 


REPLIES 


AND = 


AMPHIBIANS. 3 


WM. DENISON ROEBUCK. 


REPTILES. 93 


Crse se Ne ELLA. 


Sub-class SQUAMATA. 


Order OPHIDIA. 


Family COLUBRID. 


. Tropidonotus natrix (Z.). Common Snake. : 


Generally distributed in the lowland districts, but decidedly 
local, being numerous in some localities, scarce in others. 


. Coronella levis Zacés. Smooth Snake. 


Fam. VIPERIDZ. 


. Vipera berus Z. Viper. Adder. 


Generally distributed, and common on moorlands and low- 
land heaths, also found in some woods and on waste lands. 


Order LACERTILIA. 
Fam. LACERTIDZ. 


. Lacerta vivipara Jacg. Common Lizard. 


Generally distributed, numerous on dry sandy heaths and 
moors, also on commons and waste places. 


. Lacerta agilis Z. Sand Lizard. 


. Lacerta viridis Z. Green Lizard. 


Fam. SCINCIDA, 


. Anguis fragilis Z. Slow-worm. Blindworm. 


Generally distributed, not uncommon in old quarries, heaths, 
and dry sandy places generally. 


94 REPTILES. 


Sub-class CA TAPHRACTA. 


Order CHELONTA. 
Fam. CHELONIDZ. 


8. Dermatochelys coriacea (Z.). Leathery Turtle. 


Accidental visitant from the tropical and sub-tropical portions 
of the Atlantic and Mediterranean seas, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


Pennant, in his British Zoology, speaks of a ‘ Tortoise’ that 
was taken off the coast of Scarborough in 1748 or 1749 5 
this is quoted by Bell (British Reptiles, 1839, p. 15) in 
connection with the present species, though the evidence 
of specific identity appears to be entirely wanting. 


A more satisfactory record is that of one in Bridlington Bay, 
where it was caught in the herring-nets on the evening of | 
October 25, 1871. It measured eight feet in length, and 
the same between the tips of the flappers, and was 
estimated to weigh upwards of 1000 lbs. (Alwin S. Bell, 
ZOOL, 1872,.). 2007). 


9. Chelone imbricata (Schwezg oa Hawk’s-bill Turtle. 
Accidental visitant from tropical seas, of extremely rare occur- 
rence. 


Off Redcar, a large specimen was found floating dead on the 
sea in the summer of 1849 (Rudd, Zool., 1850, p. 2707). 


AMPHIBIANS. 95 


Class 4. AMPHIBIA. 


Order BATRACHIA URODELA., 
Fam. SALAMANDRIDZ. 


1. Triton cristatus Zaurv. Great Crested Newt. 


Generally distributed, but more local and less numerous than 
the common Smooth Newt. 


2. Triton teeniatus (Schnerd.). Smooth Newt. 
Generally distributed and very abundant. 


3. Triton palmipes (Zaz). Palmated Newt. 


Found near Clitheroe, Huddersfield, Barnsley, Leeds, Ilkley, 
Topcliffe, and Whitby. No doubt occurs also in other 
localities, but it is not usually distinguished from 7: 
tentatus. 


Order BATRACHIA ANURA. 
Fam. BUFONIDZ. 


4. Bufo vulgaris Zavr. Common Toad. 
Generally distributed and abundant. 


5. Bufo calamita Zaur. Natterjack Toad. 


Only known in one locality—Mytton, on the Lancashire 
border. It has there been noticed by Mr. Thos. Altham 
for thirty years, but is not common, and is known by 
the name of ‘harrow-toad.’ This species I have the plea- 
sure of adding to the Yorkshire fauna on the authority of 
Mr. F. S. Mitchell. 


OE ee a 
AMPHIBIANS. 
Fam. RANIDZ. 


6. Rana temporaria Z. Common Frog. 


Universally distributed and extremely abundant. 


7. Rana esculenta Z. Edible Frog. 


m FISHES. 


WM. EAGLE CLARKE; 


WM. DENISON ROEBUCK. 


: = 
[weal Seen 


Brace © PISCES. 


Sub-class 1. PALMICHTHYVES. 


Order 1. CHONDROPTERYGII. 
Sub-order PLAGIOSTOMATA. 
Division SELACHOIDEI. 
Family CARCHARIIDZ. 


1. Carcharias glaucus (Z.). Blue Shark. 


Has frequently been caught off Whitby, and occasionally off 
other parts of the coast. 


2 Galeus canis Boxap. Common Tope. 


This species is reported to us as migrating from the shore to 
the open sea. It is common at Scarborough and in Brid- 
lington Bay, but is not reported from other localities. 


3. Zygeena malleus (L2sso). Hammer-headed Shark. 


4. Mustelus vulgaris J@i//. & Henle. Smooth Hound. 


Common in Bridlington Bay and off Scarborough. Not 
reported elsewhere. 


Fam. LAMNIDZ. 


5. Lamna cornubica (Gm.). Porbeagle. 


Occasional visitant, has been caught off Scarborough and 
Whitby. This species is described by some authors under 
the name of ‘ Beaumaris Shark.’ 


100 


6. 


Io. 


1 Re 6 


2. 


FISHES. 


Alopecias vulpes (Gm.). Fox Shark. Thrasher. 


Accidental visitant from the Atlantic and the Mediterranean 
Sea, of rare occurrence. 


Scarborough, one seen, Sept. 1854 (Briggs, Zool., 1854, p. 
4513). 

Bridlington, one, Oct. 15, 1868, 12 feet long ; now in the 
Leeds Museum. 

Whitby, one caught some years ago (Stephenson, MS.). 

Redcar, one washed ashore near the Tees mouth in Oct. 1879, 
five feet in length (Nelson, MS.). 


. Selache maxima (Gunner). Basking Shark. 


Supposed to have occurred near Scarborough on two occa- 
sions, but the evidence as to identification is insufficient. 


Fam. NOTIDANIDZ. 


. Notidanus griseus (Gm.).- Grey Notidanus. 


Fam. SCYLLIIDZ. 


. Scyllium canicula (Z.). Small-spotted Dogfish. 


Resident, not uncommon along the coast. This species is 
the ‘ Nurse-Hound’ of Couch. At Redcar it is known as 
‘ Sea-Nurse.’ 

Scyllium stellare (Z.). Large-spotted Dogfish. 


The only authority for including this species is its enumera- 
tion in Dr. Murray’s Scarborough list (1832). 


Pristiurus melanostomus Sozap. Black-mouthed 
Dogfish. 


Fam. SPINACIDA. _ 


Acanthias vulgaris isso. Picked Dogfish. 


Resident, abundant. The common dogfish of the Yorkshire 
coast. At Redcar this is called ‘Sea-Dog.’ 


13. 


14. 


15. 


FISHES. IOI 


Lzemargus borealis (Scoresby). Greenland Shark. 
Accidental visitant from Arctic seas and the North Atlantic, 
of rare occurrence. 


Dogger Bank, two in Feb., 1866 (Cordeaux, Zool, 1866, 
Pp. 230). 

Scarborough, two specimens brought in two years ago, and 
sent to the Oxford Museum (Woodall, MS.). 


Whitby (nine miles off), one, March 4th, 1880; now in 
Whitby Museum (Stephenson, MS.). 


Whitby (seven miles off ), one captured Ap. 6, 1881 (Stephen- 
son, MS.). 


Echinorhinus spinosus (Gm.). Spinous Shark. 

Accidental visitant from the Atlantic Ocean and Mediter- 
ranean Sea, of rare occurrence. 

Filey Bay, one in the summer of 1830, figured by Yarrell 
(Yarrell, B. Fishes). 


Bridlington Bay, one on the rith August, 1838 (Arthur 
Strickland, Rep. Brit. Ass., 1838, p. 107; Yarrell, B. 
Fishes, third edition, vol. 2, p. 530). 


Scarborough, one, June, 1853 (Murray, Morris’s Nat., 1853, 
P. 277): 


Fam. RHINIDZ. 
Rhina squatina (Z.). Angel-Fish. Monk. 


Occasionally captured off the Yorkshire coast. Is common 
on the Dogger Bank. 


Div. BATOIDEI. 


Fam. TORPEDINIDZ. 


16. Torpedo hebetans Zowe. Cramp-Ray. Torpedo. 


Fam. RAJIDE. 


17. Raja clavata Z. Thornback Ray. 


Resident, abundant. 


102 


18. 


19. 


2'O. 


2I. 


22. 


om 


24. 


25. 


FISHES. 
Raja maculata Z. Homelyn Ray. 


Raja radiata Donov. Starry Ray. 


The only evidence for the inclusion of this species in the 
Yorkshire fauna is its enumeration by Meynell in his list as 
one of the rarest of the Rajidz occurring on the coast 
(Rep. Brit. Ass., 1844). 


Raja circularis Couch. Sandy Ray. 


Resident, only reported from three localities. Mentioned as 
abundant in Bridlington Bay, frequently met with at 
Scarborough, and once at Whitby. 


Raja batis Z. Common Skate. 


Resident, abundant. Mr. Bailey considers that off Flam- 
borough they have decreased in number. One mentioned 
by Mr. Cordeaux, measuring seven feet two inches in length 
and five feet eight inches across, weighed fifteen stones. 


The variety intermedia, or Flapper Skate, has once 
or twice occurred at Whitby (Stephenson, MS.). 


Raja marginata Zacés. Bordered Ray. 


Raja lintea “7s. Sharp-nosed Ray. 


Resident, taken not uncommonly off Whitby and in the 
North Sea. 


Raja fullonica Z. Shagreen Ray. 


Resident, but only occasionally caught. Pennant’s record of 
the occurrence of one at Scarborough has been copied by 
most subsequent writers, and also his statement that the 
fishermen there call it ‘Whitehause.’? Was formerly taken 
in the stake-nets near Bridlington ; and has of late years 
been caught at Whitby, where it is known as the ‘ French 
Ray,’ a name also in vogue at Grimsby. 


Raja vomer /7ies. Long-nosed Skate. 


Resident, occasionally met with near Scarborough, and has 
been caught at Whitby. In the stake-nets near Bridlington, 
two were caught some years ago. Reported as common in 
the North Sea. 


- ~~ 
4 a. 
; .e 


FISHES. 103 


Fam. TRYGONIDZ. 


26. Trygon pastinaca (Z.). Sting Ray. 


Resident, occasionally caught off Whitby and in Bridlington 
Bay. 


Fam. MYLIOBATIDZ. 


27. Myliobatis aquila (Z.). Eagle Ray. 


Visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. Was first recorded 
as British by Pennant, who states that one was caught off 
Scarborough, and the tail brought to Mr. Travis, of that 
place, by the fisherman who caught it. 


28. Dicerobatis giornz (Zacés.). Horned Ray. Ox Ray. 


Sub-order HOLOCEPHALA. 


Fam. CHIMARIDZ. 


29. Chimera monstrosa Z. Northern Chimera. 


_ Occasionally taken in the North Sea by the Grimsby smacks, 


and in all probability occurs within the latitude of the 
Yorkshire coast. 


Order 2. GANOIDEI. 
Sub-order CHONDROSTEI. 


Fam. ACIPENSERIDZ. 


30. Acipenser sturio Z. Sturgeon. 


Not uncommon off the coast, also at the mouth of the Tees, 
in the Humber, and in the tidal reaches of its tributary 
rivers, which it ascends about June, its upward progress 
being, however, barred by the first dam or weir. Formerly 
—before the erection of these obstructions—it has been 
known to ascend the Ouse as far as Boroughbridge, and 
the Wharfe to Boston Spa and Arthington. Near Bridling- 
ton, it has been several times caught in the stake-nets. 


: 


104 


BI. 


C2. 


33: 


34 
35: 
36. 


37: 


FISHES. 


Sub-class 2. ZELEOSTELI. 


Order 1. ACANTHOPTERYGII. 
Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII PERCIFORMES. 


Fam. PERCIDZ. 


Perca fluviatilis Z. Perch. 

Freshwater resident, common, generally distributed in the 
middle and lower waters of the rivers, but not found in 
them at a greater elevation than 600 feet ; entirely absent 
from the Cleveland streams. In ponds and canals through- 
out the county—introduced. Occurs in Malham Tarn, at 
an elevation of 1250 feet, where Dr. Whitaker (History of 
Craven) says they become blind and black. We are, how- 
ever, informed by Mr. Walter Morrison that as regards 
their being black, such is not the case, though they are 
sometimes caught blind. 


Labrax lupus (Zacé.). Basse. 


Occasionally taken during the summer months off Whitby 
and Scarborough. 


Acerina cernua (Z.). Ruffe. Pope. 


Freshwater resident, not uncommon; irregularly distributed 
in the rivers of the lowland districts, and has also been 
introduced into canals and reservoirs. Formerly in the 
Calder and Lower Aire, and in some canals, but now 
exterminated by pollution. Generally known as ‘Tommy- 
barr.’ 


Serranus cabrilla (Z.). Smooth Serranus. 
Serranus gigas (Brinnich). Dusky Serranus. 
Polyprion cernium Va/. Stone Basse. 
Dentex vulgaris C.& V. Sparus. Dentex. 


Doubtful. Said to have occurred at Scarborough (Murray, 
1832). 


FISHES. 105 


Fam. MULLIDZ. 


38. Mullus barbatus Z. Red Mullet. 
The variety surmuletus Z., or Striped Surmullet, is a 


casual visitant, occurring in summer at Redcar, Whitby, 
and in Bridlington Bay. 
Fam. SPARIDZ. 
Group CANTHARINA. 


39. Cantharus lineatus (JZa7z). Black Sea-Bream. 


Occasionally captured in Bridlington Bay, and also off 
Flamborough. Mr. Cordeaux saw one or two examples 
taken in the autumn about ten years ago, on long lines— 
baited with mussels—on rocky ground off Speeton Cliffs : 
the fishermen called it ‘Old Wife.’ 


40. Box vulgaris C.& VY. Bogue. 


Group PAGRINA. 
41. Pagrus vulgaris C.& V. Braize. Becker. 
42. Pagrus auratus (Z.). Gilthead. 
43. Pagellus centrodontus (De la Roche). Common Sea- 
Bream. 


Resident, caught not uncommonly along the coast during the 
summer months. Known at Redcar as the ‘Sea-hen.’ 


44. Pagellus bogaraveo (Sriinn.). Spanish Bream. 
45. Pagellus owenii Ginth. Axillary Bream. 
46. Pagellus acarne (Cuz.). 


47. Pagellus erythrinus (Z.). 


Fam. SCORPANIDE. 


48. Sebastes norwegicus (J7i//.). Bergylt. Norway 
Haddock. 

Has occurred frequently off the coast, at great depths. Was 

first mentioned by Pennant (B. Zool., 1770) as taken near 
Scarborough. 


106 


FISHES. 


Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII SCIANIFORMES. 


Fam. SCILZNIDA. 


a 


49. Scizena aquila (Zacég.). Maigre. 


50. 


Accidental visitant from the Mediterranean Sea, of extremely 
rare occurrence. 


Redcar, a fine specimen, measuring five feet one inch in 
length, was found on the coast between Redcar and the 
Tees mouth, Dec. 24th, 1849 (Rudd, Zool., 1850, p. 2709). 

Flamborough (about seven miles off), one taken Aug. 25, 1873 
(Boynton, MS.). 


Umbrina cirrhosa (Z.). Umbrina. 


Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII XIPHITFORMES. 


Fam. XIPHIIDA. 


51. Xiphias gladius Z. Swordfish. 


Casual visitant, of extremely rare occurrence. 


Filey, one, Sept., 1808, eleven feet long, twenty-three stones 
weight (Murray, 1832). 

Coatham, Redcar, one stranded in the winter, about 1874 
(Nelson, MS.). 

vee formerly caught in the stake-nets wee (Boynton, 
MS.). 

Bridlington Quay, occasionally (Boynton, MS.). : 

Believed to have occurred also at Whitby and te 
(Meynell, 1844). 


Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII TRICHIURIFORMES. 


Fam. TRICHIURIDA. 


52. Lepidopus caudatus (Zzuphr.). Scabbard Fish. 


53. Trichiurus lepturus Z. Hairtail. 


54 


55: 
56. 


57: 


58. 


59. 
60. 


61. 


FISHES. 107 


Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII COTTO-SCOMBRIFORMES. 


Fam. CARANGIDEA. 


Caranx trachurus (Z.). Horse Mackerel. Scad. 


Resident, common off the whole coast in summer, retiring to 
deeper water in winter. 


Naucrates ductor (Z.). Pilot-Fish. 
Lichia glauca (Z.). Derbio. 


Capros aper (Z.). Boar-Fish. 


Accidental visitant from more southern seas, of extremely 
rare occurrence. 


Redcar (Ferguson, Nat. Hist. of R., 1860). 
Humber Mouth, one in 1877 (Cordeaux, Zool., 1879, p. 342). 


Fam. CYTTIDZ. 


Zeus faber Z. Doree. John Doree. 


Casual visitant, occasionally taken at various places along the 
coast. 


Fam. STROMATEIDZ. 
Centrolophus britannicus Gizth. 


Centrolophus pompilus (Z.). Black-Fish. 


Accidental visitant from southern seas, of extremely rare 
occurrence. 


Redcar, one, Feb. 1852 (Rudd, Zool., 1852, p. 3504). 


Fam. CORYPHZNIDZ. 


Brama raii 42. Ray’s Sea-Bream. 


Frequently cast ashore at Redcar during severe weather in 
the months of October, November, and December. 


q 


- —-~ 


108 


62. 


D3. 


FISHES. 


The species was originally described by Willughby and Ray 
from a specimen which had been left dead by the receding 
tide in Middlesburgh Marsh, at the mouth of the Tees, ~ 
September 18th, 1681. 


One was found in 1821 at Stockton-on-Tees (Yarrell and Day, 
fide Hogg). 

Its appearance at Redcar—according to the observations of 
Messrs. T. S. Rudd and D. Ferguson, made from 1844 to 
1852—1is irregular, some years having been remarkable for 
their total absence, and others for their abundance; as 
many as twelve have been recorded as having occurred in 
one single morning. 


At Bridlington Quay one was taken on the 1st of October, 
1850, one on the 5th of November of the same year, and 
another on September 4th, 1851 (Boynton, MS.). 


Lampris luna (Gm.). Opah. King-fish. 


Casual visitant, of rare occurrence. 


Filey Bay, one about 1767 (Pennant). 


Whitby, one in 1807 (Hinderwell’s History of Scarborough, 
2nd -ed., 182), 


Bridlington, one at the entrance to the harbour, 1809 (Id.). 
Dogger Bank, one in 1838 (Yarrell). 


Bridlington, one in 1842, weighing four stones and one pound 
(Meynell). 

Bridlington, one, Sept., 1847 (Boynton, MS.). 

Flamborough Head, one, Feb., 1849 (Norman, Zool., 1849, 
P- 2397). 

Redcar, one, Nov., 1850 (Rudd, Zool., 1851, p. 3010). 

Flamborough, one shot by Mr. M. Bailey, Oct., 1857 
(Bailey, MS.). 

Bridlington, one, Dec. 12, 1862 (Boynton, MS.). 

Bridlington, one, Sept. 15, 1867 (Boynton, MS.). 


Whitby, one caught in 1869, now in the Whitby Museum 
(Stephenson, MS.). 


Luvarus imperialis aj. 


FISHES. 109 


Fam. SCOMBRIDZ. 


64. Scomber scomber Z. Mackerel. 


Appears off the Yorkshire coast from July to October, 
immense shoals in August and September. 


65 Scomber colias Z. Spanish Mackerel. 
Accidental visitant from the Mediterranean Sea, of extremely 
rare occurrence. 


Bridlington, one Caught in 1861 by M. Walkington (T° 
Boynton, MS.). 


66. Orcynus thynnus (Z.). Tunny. 


Accidental visitant from more southern seas, of extremely 
° rare occurrence. 


Bridlington, one, seven or eight feet long, ‘a few years ago’ 
(Meynell, 1844). 

Tees mouth, one stranded, Sept., 1853, or October, 1854, said 
to be about 480 pounds weight (Hogg, Ann. & Mag. Nat. 
Hist., 1855, p. 213: Zool., 1855, p. 4594-6). 


67. Orcynus germo (Lacép.). Germon. 

68. Thynnus pelamys C.& V. Bonito. 

69. Pelamys sarda (42). Belted Bonito. Pelamid. 
jo. Auxis rochei (27ssc). Plain Bonito. 


71. Echeneis remora Z. Remora. 


Fam. TRACHINIDZ. 


72. Trachinus draco Z. Great Weever. 
Resident along the coast, but not very numerous. Known 
as ‘Stingbull’ or ‘Cat-fish.’ 
73. Trachinus vipera C. & V% Lesser Weever. 


Resident, abundant everywhere inshore. At Whitby it is 
called ‘ Natter,’ and known on the Yorkshire coast gene- 
rally as ‘Sting-fish.’ 


IIo 


74: 


75: 


76. 


77: 


79: 


80. 


SI. 


FISHES. 
Fam. PEDICULATI. 


Lophius piscatorius Z. Angler. 


Resident, common along the coast. Sometimes attains to a 
very large size, specimens having been taken upwards of 
five feet in length. 


Locally known on the coast as ‘Devil,’ ‘ Devil-fish, or 
‘Pocket-fish’; small specimens are called ‘ Toad-fish.’ 


Fam. COTTIDZ.* 


Cottus gobio Z. River Bullhead. 

Freshwater resident, generally distributed in streams below 
goo feet altitude. Also in Malham Tarn, at an elevation 
of 1250 feet. . 

On the Lancashire border, near Clitheroe, this fish is known 
as ‘Clot-head’; and about Dent it is called ‘ Bully-frog,’ or 
more shortly ‘ Bully.’ 


Cottus scorpius Z. Short-spined Sea-Bullhead. 
Resident, abundant along the coast. 


Cottus bubalis Zughrasen. Long-spined Sea-Bull- 
head. Father-lasher. 


Resident, abundant along the coast. 


. Cottus quadricornis Z. Four-horned Bullhead. 


Has been reported to us as common in rock pools at Scar- 
borough—a statement as to the correctness of which we 
entertain grave doubts. 


Trigla cuculus Z. Red Gurnard. 
Resident along the coast, but not very common. 


Trigla lineata Gmw. Streaked Gurnard. 


Reported to us as common at Scarborough, and occasional in 
Bridlington Bay. | 


Trigla hirundo Z. Sapphirine Gurnard. Tubfish. 


Occasionally taken off the Yorkshire coast. Appears to 
frequent deep water at a considerable distance from the 
shore, being usually brought in by fishing boats. Has once 
been stranded at the mouth of the Ouse below Swinefleet. 


\: 82. 
_ Resident, abundant along the coast. The Redcar fishermen 


FISHES. ; III 


Trigla gurnardus Z. Grey Gurnard. 


call it ‘Groan.” 


. Trigla lyra Z. Piper. 


~ Casual visitant, occasionally observed at Redcar, Whitby, and 


Scarborough. Locally known at Redcar as ‘Tom-piper.’ 


. Trigla obscura Z. Shining Gurnard. 


Fam. CATAPHRACTL, 


, peonus Vang aeecide (Z.). Pogge. Armed Bull- 
ead. 


Resident, common along the coast. Specimens have been 
sent to us from Spurn, where they are commonly taken in 
lobster-pots, under the name of ‘ Rough-noses.’ 


. Peristethus cataphractus (Z.). Mailed Gurnard. 


Div. ACANTHOPTERYGI GOBIIFORMES. 


Fam. DISCOBOLI. 


. Cyclopterus lumpus Z. Lumpsucker. 


Resident, common along the coast. Very frequently stranded 
in boisterous weather. Known to the Flamborough fisher- 
men as ‘Redweens.’ 


. Liparis vulgaris 7vem. Unctuous Sucker. Sea- 


Snail. 
Common, doubtless along the whole coast, though as yet 
only reported from Redcar, Scarborough, and Bridlington, 
at which places it is occasionally taken. 


. Liparis montagui (Donov.). Montagu’s Sucker. 


Fam. GOBIIDZ. 


. Gobius niger Z. Black Goby. Rock Goby. 


Resident in rock pools along the coast, common at Redcar 
and Scarborough; probably equally so elsewhere, though 
not recorded, 


112 
QI. 
92. 
93: 


94. 


95: 
96. 


FISHES. 


Gobius rhodopterus Ginth. Speckled Goby. 
Gobius paganellus Z. 


Gobius minutus Gm. Spotted Goby. Little Goby. 

Is taken at Scarborough. In 1844, Mr. Rudd recorded it as 
being abundant in the pools on West Coatham Marshes, 
at the Tees mouth (Zool., 1844, p. 395). 


Gobius ruthensparri Zuéir. Two-spotted Goby. 

Resident, common in rock pools from Redcar to Flam- 
borough. 2s 

Gobius gracilis /exyzs. Slender Goby. 


Two specimens from the stomach of a cod taken at Redcar 
agreed closely with this species (Rudd, Zool., 1844, p. 395). 
Dr. Giinther, however, in his Catalogue of Fishes, expresses 
some doubt as to the validity of the species. 


Latrunculus albus (2arnel). White Goby. 


Callionymus lyra Z. Dragonet. Skulpin. 


Occasionally taken off the coast in deep water, but not 
common. Dr. Gunther unites the ‘gemmeous’ (¢) and 
the ‘sordid’ ( ¢ ) dragonets as the two sexes of this species. 


Div. ACANTHOPTERYGIH BLENNIIFORMES. 


Fam. CEPOLIDE. 


97. Cepola rubescens Z. Red Band-fish. 


Mr. Cordeaux informs us that this species has been thrown 
on the shore after storms. 


Fam. BLENNIIDA. 


98. Anarrhichas lupus Z. Wolf-fish. 


Resident, common along the coast. Called ‘Wauffs’ at 
Redcar, ‘Wuffs’ at Whitby. The Yorkshire fishermen 
esteem it highly as an article of diet, describing it as ‘the 
best fish that swims.’ 


FISHES. 113 
99. Blennius gattorugine 2/7. Gattoruginous Blenny. 


7 1oo. Blennius ocellaris Z. Ocellated Blenny. Butter- 
. fly-fish. 


1o1. Blennius galerita Z. Montagu’s Blenny. 


102. Blennius pholis Z. Shanny. 
Resident, common in rock-pools from Redcar to Flamborough. 


103. Blenniops ascanii (Wal.). Crested Blenny. 


Resident, extremely rare. Has been included in the Scar- 
borough list by Dr. Murray (1832) under the name of 
* Blenntus galerita, Crested Blenny.’ In the 2nd Edition 
of Yarrell’s British Fishes, one is recorded as having 
been taken at Redcar in September, 1835, by Mr. T. P. 
Teale; it was a very fine specimen, measuring 6? inches 
in length. 

This species is also described by authors under the name of 
‘Yarrell’s Blenny.’ 


104. Centronotus gunellus (Z.). Butterfish. Spotted 
Gunnel. 
Resident, not uncommon, probably distributed along the 


whole coast, though as yet reported only from Redcar, 
Whitby and Scarborough. 


105. Zoarces viviparus Z. Viviparous Blenny. 


Resident, common along the whole coast. This species is 
known as ‘ Burbot-Eel,’ as we have ascertained by the 
examination of specimens sent to us from Spurn under 
that name. 


Div. ACANTHOPTERYGII MUGILIFORMES. 


Fam. ATHERINIDZ. 


106. Atherina presbyter Cuv. Sand-Smelt. Atherine. 


Reported by Meynell in 1844 as taken in Bridlington Bay. 
It will be interesting to ascertain whether this species really 
I 


114 


107. 


108. 


T0Q. 


FISHES. 


is taken on the Yorkshire coast, as from the researches of 
Montagu and Yarrell it is apparently absent from the east 
coast of England, its place being taken by the true Smelt 
(Osmerus eperlanus), which, in its turn, is absent from the 
south coast, where the Atherine is abundant. 


Atherina boyeri 7sso. Boyer’s Atherine. 


Fam. MUGILIDZ. 


Mugil octoradiatus Ginth. Eight-rayed Mullet. 


Mugil capito Cuv. Grey Mullet. 


Resident, local, not abundant, except at Spurn Point, where 
Mr. Winson reports it as common in July. The ‘Grey 
Mullet’ is included in the lists for Scarborough (Murray, 
1832) and for Redcar (Ferguson, 1860). It is occasionally 
caught in summer at Whitby; and has been taken at 
Skinningrove, near Saltburn. 


The distribution on the Yorkshire coast of the various species 
of Grey Mullets as described by Dr. Giinther—since the 
publication of the last edition of Yarrell’s B. Fishes— 
requires investigation. Dr. Gunther informs us that he is 
of opinion that all the species may possibly occur on the 
east coast. 


110. Mugil auratus &7sso. Long-finned Grey Mullet. 


11. Mugil septentrionalis Ginxth. Lesser Grey Mullet. 


The only authority for including this species in the Yorkshire 
list is the statement by Meynell (1844) that the two species 


of Grey Mullet (JZ chelo and JZ. capito) are occasionally | 


taken on the Yorkshire coast. 


Div. ACANTHOPTERYGI GASTROSTEIFORMES. 


Fam. GASTROSTEIDZ. 


112. Gastrosteus aculeatus Z. Three-spined Stickle- 


back. 
Resident, inhabiting fresh, salt, and brackish water indis 
criminately, abundant and generally distributed. In fresh 


FISHES. 115 


waters it inhabits canals, ditches, and sluggish streams, 
and also Malham Tarn at a height of 1250 feet above sea 
level. Known as ‘Pricky’ about Northallerton. The 
varieties, three of which may be expected to occur, have 
not been discriminated from the type, except by Mr. Thos. 
Boynton, of Ulrome, who finds the Smooth-tailed Stickle- 
back (var. gymnurus Cuv.) and the Rough-tailed Stickle- 
back (var. trachurus C. & V.) equally common. 


113. Gastrosteus brachycentrus C & /% Short-spined 
Stickleback. 


114. Gastrosteus spinulosus /ez. Four-spined Stickle- 
back. 


115. Gastrosteus pungitius Z. Ten-spined Stickleback. 


Freshwater resident, locally distributed. Has been found 
near Leeds, Doncaster, Ulleskelfe, Thirsk, Slingsby, 
Redcar, and Ulrome. 

This species is also known by the name of ‘ Tinker.’ 


116. Gastrosteus spinachia Z. Fifteen-spined Stickle- 
back. 
Resident, not uncommon along the coast. Messrs. Cordeaux 
and Stephenson note that it frequents the ‘mouths of 
harbours and docks.’ 


Div. ACANTHOPTERYGIIT CENTRISCIFORMES. 


Fam. CENTRISCIDZ. 


117. Centriscus scolopax Z. Trumpet-fish. Sea-Snipe. 


Div. ACANTHOPTERYGIT GOBIESOCIFORMES. 
Fam. GOBIESOCIDZ. 


118. Lepadogaster gouanii ZacéZ. Cornish Sucker. 
t19. Lepadogaster candollii Azsso. Connemara Sucker. 


120. Lepadogaster bimaculatus(fezz.). Network Sucker. 
Bimaculated Sucker. 


116 FISHES. 
Wie Div. ACANTHOPTERYVGIT TZ4NIIFORMES. 


Fam. TRACHYPTERIDZ. 


1. Trachypterus arcticus (Brizn.). Deal-fish. Vaag- 
maer. 


uf 


N 


122. Regalecus banksii (C.& V.). Ribbon-fish. Banks’ 
Oar-fish. 


| An abyssal form, rarely cast ashore on the Yorkshire 
. coast. To the five known Yorkshire instances, we are 
i enabled, through the instrumentality of Mr. Thomas 
Hy Stephenson, to add two which have hitherto remained 
unrecorded. 


Fishes, ill. 310). This appears to be the first recorded 
British specimen. 


. 
| < 
| 
| Whitby, one, 114 feet long, Jan. 22, 1759 (Giinther, Cat. 
| Filey, one, 13 feet long, March 18, 1796 (Gunther, de Banks, 
‘| Loe. cin). 
| 


Yorkshire, 1845(?), one, 24(?) feet long (Gunther, loc. cit.). 


Redcar,..one, 12 feet long, 1850 (Gray, PAS eee 
P: 52). 

Whitby, one, to feet long, cast on the West sands, April 23, 
1866 ; now in the Whitby Museum (Stephenson, MS.). 


Whitby, one, 11 feet long, cast up on the beach east of the 
town, Oct. 2nd, 1870; now in the Whitby Museum 
(Stephenson, MS.). 


Staithes, one, 16 feet long, end of January, 1880 (C. W. 
Elliott, Field, Feb. 7, 1880; E. W. H. Holdsworth, Field, 
Feb. 21, 1880). This example was left among the rocks 
by a retiring tide, and in its struggles to escape broke itself 
into three parts. 


123. Regalecus grillii (Zar). Sild-Kung. 


FISHES. 117 


Ord. 3 
ACANTHOPTERYGII PHARYNGOGNATHI. 


Fam. LABRIDZ. 


124. Labrus maculatus 2/7 Ballan Wrasse. 


Resident, abundant, frequenting the rocky coast from Redcar 
to Flamborough. In 1769, Pennant recorded it as appear- 
ing during summer in great shoals off Filey Brigg—a 
statement which has been copied by many subsequent 
writers. Donovan, in 1808, added that the Scarborough 
fishermen call it ‘Old Wife.’ Other names are given to it 
on the coast, it being known to the Flamborough fishermen 
as ‘Old Ewe,’ and at Redcar as ‘Servellan wrasse’ or 
‘ Sweet-lips.’ 


125. Labrus mixtus Z. Striped Wrasse. Cook Wrasse. 


Mr. Cordeaux remembers seeing an example some years ago. 
on the Yorkshire coast, he believes at Flamborough (MS.). 


126. Crenilabrus melops (Z.). Goldsinny. Corkwing. 


Mr. Cordeaux informs us that he thinks he has several times 
seen it in rock pools at Flamborough, though he never 
succeeded in capturing one. 


127. Ctenolabrus rupestris (Z.). Jago’s Goldsinny. 


Extremely rare ; has only occurred at Redcar, where but four 
specimens have been taken (Meynell, 1844). From one 
of these—sent by Mr. T. S. Rudd to Mr. Yarrell—the 
woodcut at p. 509 of the first volume of the 3rd Edition 
of the British Fishes was engraved. 


128. Acantholabrus palloni (/7sso). 


129. Centrolabrus exoletus  (Z.). Small-mouthed 
Wrasse. 


130. Coris julis (Z.). Rainbow Wrasse. 


131. Coris giofredi (22sso). 


118 FISHES. 


Ord. 3. ANACANTHINTI. 
Div. 1. ANACANTHINI GADOIDEL 


Fam. LYCODIDA. 


132. Gymnelis imberbis (Z.). Beardless Ophidium. 


Fam. GADIDZ. 


133. Gadus morrhua Z. Common Cod. 


Resident, extremely abundant off the coast. Codlings are 
taken plentifully inshore, and ascend the estuary of the 
Humber as far as Goole. 


134. Gadus eglefinus Z. Haddock. 
Resident, very abundant off the coast. 


135. Gadus merlangus Z. Whiting. 


Resident, very abundant. Several young were netted in a 
warping-drain which communicates with the Ouse, at Goole, 
on the 30th of April, 1881, as Mr. Bunker informs us. 


136. Gadus minutus Z. Poor, or Power-Cod. 


Reported as occurring on the rocky shores at Flamborough. 


137. Gadus luscus Z. Bib. Pout. 


Resident, not uncommon off the coast. Yarrell gives this 
species the name of ‘Whiting-pout.’ Known to the 
Scarborough fish-dealers as ‘John Doree’; and at Whitby 
it is another of the species called ‘Old Wife.’ Yarrell 
gives ‘Kleg’ as a name also in vogue at Scarborough. 


138. Gadus poutassou isso. Couch’s Whiting. 
139. Gadus pollachius ve Pollack. 


Resident, common along the coast. Called ‘ Laits’ at Whitby, 
‘Leets’ at Scarborough. 


FISHES. 119 


a 


140. Gadus virens Z. Coal-fish. 

Resident, abundant along the coast. This species, at various 
stages of growth, receives divers names. ‘The small fry, to 
about nine inches in length, are called ‘Pennocks,’ and 
afterwards become ‘ Billets’ or ‘ Billards.’ Other names in 
use are ‘Sillocks,’ and at Spurn, ‘ Blue-backs.’ 


141. Merluccius vulgaris 7vem. Hake. 


Resident, seldom caught near the Yorkshire coast, but is 
occasionally taken on the Dogger Bank, and becomes 
more plentiful towards the coast of Holland. 


142. Phycis blennioides (Briinn.). Great Forked Beard. 


143. Lota vulgaris Cuv. Burbot. Eelpout. 


Freshwater resident, local, occurring in sluggish rivers, but is 
far from being a numerous species. Is reported as com- 
paratively common in the river Hull, the Lower Derwent, 
the Wiske, the Foss, the Ouse below Naburn, and in dykes 
about Selby ; and as scarce in the Seven, Pickering beck, 
and other tributaries of the Upper Derwent, the Codbeck, 
the Nidd, and the Wharfe. 


144. Molva vulgaris fem. Ling. 


Resident, abundant off the coast. Mr. Yarrell states that in 
Yorkshire the young are known as ‘ Drizzles.’ 


145. Motella mustela (Z.). Five-bearded Rockling. 
Resident, common on rocky shores from Redcar to Flam- 
_ borough. , 


146. Motella tricirrata (47). Three-bearded Rockling. 


Resident, common on rocky shores from Redcar to Flam- 
borough. 


[The ‘Mackerel Midges’—as the young of the various species 
of Rocklings are called—are abundant in rock pools. | 
147. Motella maculata (f2sso). Spotted Rockling. 
148. Motella cimbria (Z.). Four-bearded Rockling. 


149. Motella macrophthalma Giénther. 


* 


120 
o 


FISHES. 


150. Raniceps trifurcus (Wal.). Tadpole Hake. 


251. 


152. 
£53: 


154. 


155. 


156. 


157. 


Extremely rare, has only occurred at Redcar. In 1844, 
Meynell stated that it was taken there; and in 1852, one 
was observed by Mr. Rudd, in February or March (Zool., 
1852, Pp. 3504): 

This is the Lesser Forked Beard, or Trifurcated Hake of 
various authors. 


Brosmius brosme (J@i//.). Torsk. Tusk. 


This species is included in Ferguson’s Redcar list (1860) ; 
has been caught off Whitby during the present season ; 
and Mr. H. Mudd, smack-owner, of Great Grimsby, informs 
us that ‘the Torsk is frequently caught near the coast.’ 


Fam. OPHIDIIDZ. 
Ophidium broussonetii A7Zi//. 
Fierasfer dentatus Cuv. Drummond’s Fierasfer. 


Ammodytes lanceolatus Zesauv. Greater Sand- 
Launce. 
Resident, common, but somewhat local, affecting sandy 
shores. This species is also known as Greater Sand-Eel, 
and is the Ammodytes tobianus of Yarrell. 


Ammodytes tobianus Z. Lesser Sand-Launce. 


Resident, abundant everywhere on sandy shores. Also 
known as Lesser Sand-Eel. 


Ammodytes siculus Szwazzs. 


Div. 2. ANACANTHINI PLEURONECTOIDEL 


Fam. PLEURONECTIDZ, 


Hippoglossus vulgaris lem. Holibut. 


Resident off the coast in moderate abundance. Seldom 
caught now at Flamborough, where thirty or forty years ago 
they were very common. Large specimens are reported to 
us by some of our correspondents, one of which measured 
fully six feet in length. | 


——eEO 


FISHES. 121 


158. Hippoglossoides limandoides (2/2). Rough Dab. 


Sandsucker. 


Inhabits deep water in the North Sea, and is. occasionally 
taken at Whitby. 


159. Rhombus maximus (Z.). Turbot. 


160. 


161. 


162. 


163. 


164. 


165. 


166. 


167. 


Resident off the coast in moderate abundance. 


Rhombus levis (Z.). Brill. 
Resident off the coast, not uncommon. 


Rhombus megastoma (Dozov.). Sail-Fluke. Whiff. 
Resident in moderate numbers. 


Rhombus norwegicus Gixth. Ekstrom’s Topknot. 


Rhombus punctatus 22. Muller’s Topknot. 

Of very rare occurrence. 

Redcar, several specimens were found on the beach in 1836, 
none since (Meynell, 1844). 

Redcar, two in February, 1852 (Rudd, Zool., 1852, p. 3504). 

Redcar, one in April, 1852 (Ferguson, Nat., 1852, p. 134). 

Bridlington, one taken May 27, 1881 (Boynton, MS.). 


eee ombus unimaculatus (sso). Bloch’s Top- 
not. 


Is said to have occurred at Redcar, and is included in 
Ferguson’s list for that place (1860). 


Arnoglossus laterna (Wal.). Scaldfish. Megrim. 


Pleuronectes platessa Z. Plaice. 


Resident, very common, but Mr. H. Mudd informs us that it 
is becoming more scarce, and that it is found in greatest 
numbers on or near the Dogger Bank. 


Pleuronectes limanda Z. Common Dab. 
Resident, very abundant. Known as ‘Sand-dab’ at Redcar. 


122 FISHES. 


168. Pleuronectes microcephalus Donov. Smear Dab. 
Resident, common. 


This is the ‘Smooth Dab’ or ‘Lemon Dab’ of Yarrell. 
169. Pleuronectes cynoglossus Z. Craig-Fluke. Pole. 
170. Pleuronectes elongatus (Varre//). Long Flounder. 


17% Pleuronectes flesus Z. Flounder. 

Resident, abundant along the coast and in rivers within and 
even beyond the influence of the tide. The distance to 
which it now attains commonly in the rivers is consider- 
ably curtailed by the comparatively recent erection of 
numerous dams and weirs. <A few, however, small in size, 
are found in the Nidd at Wilstrop and Kirk Hammerton. 
Ascends the river Ribble as far as Mytton every year, in 
May or June, leaving again in September. 


172. Solea vulgaris Quensel. Sole. 


Resident, common off the coast. Has once occurred at 
: Goole, in the estuary of the Humber, near the mouth of - 
| the Ouse. 


i 173. Solea aurantiaca Giinth. Lemon Sole. 
| Resident, not uncommon. 


174. Solea variegata (Donov.). Wariegated Sole. 


175. Solea minuta (Parne/). Dwarf Sole. 
| Reported as having been taken at Whitby. 


This species is also called ‘Solenette’ or ‘Little Sole’ by 
authors. 


| Order 4. PHYSOSTOMI. 


Fam. CYPRINIDZ. 


Sub-fam. CYPRININA. 


176. Cyprinus carpio Z. Common Carp. 
Introduced. Occurs in the Swale, Codbeck, and Grimescar 
Beck, and also in artificial waters throughout the county. 


FISHES. 123 


177. Carassius vulgaris /Vi/ss. Crucian Carp. 


This species and its variety, C. gibelio 27, or Prussian 
Carp, have been introduced into numerous ponds. 


178. Carassius auratus (Z.). Gold Carp. 
Introduced into ponds and reservoirs. 


179. Barbus vulgaris F/em. Barbel. 


_ Freshwater resident, locally distributed in the rivers of the 
central plain, except the Derwent and the polluted waters 
of the Aire, Calder, Dearne, and Don. 


180. Gobio fluviatilis 7vem. Gudgeon. 


Freshwater resident, common and generally distributed in 
rivers and ponds. 


Sub-fam. LE UCISCINA. 


181. Leuciscus rutilus (Z.). Roach. 


Freshwater resident, abundant and generally distributed, 
except in the North-western Fell district and the polluted 
rivers, from which it is absent. Has been introduced into 
canals, reservoirs, and ponds. 


182. Leuciscus cephalus (Z.). Chub. 


Freshwater resident, abundant and generally distributed. 
Absent from the rivers of the north-west, and from the 
polluted portions of those of the manufacturing districts. 


183. Leuciscus vulgaris /lem. Dace. 


Freshwater resident, generally distributed and common, being 
absent only from polluted rivers and hill-streams. 


184. Leuciscus erythrophthalmus (Z.). Rudd. 


Freshwater resident, abundant in Holderness, where it occurs 
in ponds. Reported as in Lake Semerwater, and ponds 
in other parts of the county, and also in the Codbeck. A 
few have been caught in the Ouse at York. 


124 ‘FISHES. 


185. Leuciscus phoxinus (Z.) Minnow. 
Freshwater resident, generally distributed and very abundant. 
Occurs in the streams of the Fell district up to an eleva- 
tion of 1000 feet, and in Malham Tarn at 1250 feet. 


186. Tinca vulgaris Cuv. Tench. 


Freshwater resident, introduced into numerous ponds, reser- 
voirs and canals throughout the county, and into some 
sluggish streams. 


Sub-fam. 4BRAMIDINA. 


187. Abramis brama (Z.). Bream. 

Freshwater resident, local, found only in the foe reaches 
of the Don, Wharfe, Ure, Codbeck, Derwent, and Hull, 
and in canals: The commonest fish of Lake Semerwater, 
where it has probably been introduced. 


188. Abramis blicca (47). White Bream. Breamflat. 


Freshwater resident, very local. Is common about Goole, 
and in the Foss and Ouse near York, and is occasionally 
taken in Holderness. 


189. Alburnus lucidus Heck. & Kner. Bleak. 


Freshwater resident, occurring commonly in the lower 
waters of the Tees, Leven, and of the rivers of the Central 
Plain, and also in the Hull. 


Sub-fam. COBIT/DINA. 


190. Nemachilus barbatulus (Z.). Loach. 

Freshwater resident, generally distributed and abundant in 
shallow waters. Found in the streams of the North- 
western Fells up to goo feet, and also in Malham Tarn 
(1250 feet). Absent from the Goole district. 


191. Cobitis tenia Z. Spinous Loach. 


Fam. SCOMBRESOCIDZ. 


192. Belone vulgaris //em. Gar-fish. 


Resident off the coast; not uncommon; approaching the 
shore in summer; in autumn it has been cast ashore in 
considerable numbers during heavy gales. Known at 
Redcar as ‘ Long-nose.’ 


FISHES. 125 


193. Scombresox saurus (Wal.). Saury. Skipper. 
Occasionally taken in harbours and shallow water. Reported 
from Scarborough only. 


2 194. Exoccetus evolans Z. Flying-fish. 


7 195. Exoccetus volitans Z. Greater Flying-fish. 


Fam. ESOCIDZ. 


196. Esox lucius Z. Pike. 

Freshwater resident, abundant in the ‘deeps’ of the middle 
and lower reaches of all the rivers except the polluted ones ; 
also in ponds, canals, and reservoirs, into which it has been 
introduced. — 


Fam. STERNOPTYCHIDA. 


197. Maurolicus borealis (JViss.). Argentine. Pearlside. 

Of rare occurrence at Redcar, where it has been found from 

January to May. Mr. T. S. Rudd first met with it there 

in May, 1841; in 1843, he took thirteen specimens; in 

Feb., 1851, four; and in February and March, 1852, forty. 

Elsewhere in the British Isles it appears only to have 

occurred singly. The species is represented in the British 
Museum by Yorkshire specimens sent by Mr. Rudd. 


a am. SALMONIDZ. 


198. Salmo salar Z. Salmon. 

Freshwater resident, periodically descending to the sea, 
abounding in all the Yorkshire rivers except the Aire, from 
which it is excluded by pollution, and the Hull, Don, 
Wiske, and Codbeck, which are too sluggish. Into the 
Esk it was introduced some twelve years ago. The 
spawning season in the Yorkshire rivers is in November 

* and December, immediately after which, in January and 
February, the kelts or spent-fish descend to the sea. The 
date of their return, as fresh-run fish, varies greatly, and is 
dependent upon the state of the rivers—if either July, 


2 
. 


126 FISHES. 


August, or September are wet, the Salmon commence. 
running from the sea—if otherwise, their ascent is delayed 
until the autumn rains set in. 


The eggs are usually deposited in November and 
December, and take from ninety to one hundred and 
thirty days to hatch, but this is greatly dependent on 
the temperature of the water and other conditions. It 
was formerly a prevalent belief that the fry, or ‘parr’ as 
they are termed, migrated during the first year, a theory 
not now entertained. The young fish, hatched say in 
March, remain in the river until April or May of the year 
following, that is for thirteen or fifteen months after leaving 
the ova. They have by that time assumed the migratory 
dress, thus becoming ‘smolts,’ and are carried down to 
the sea with the first floods of May. Mr. Phillips con- 
siders that the weight of evidence favours the opinion that 
smolts do not return the same year in which they enter the 
sea, but that they remain there about fifteen months, and 
ascend the river as ‘grilse’ along with the Salmon about 
the month of August in the second season. 


For much interesting information on Yorkshire Salmon 
we are indebted to Mr. John H. Phillips, Secretary to the 
Yorkshire Salmon Fishery Board, to Mr. Samuel Wilkin- 
son, Secretary to the Esk Salmon Fishery Board, and to 
Mr. H. T. Gardiner, of Goole. 


199. Salmo trutta Flem. Salmon-Trout. Sea-Trout. 


Freshwater resident, periodically descending to the sea, 
present in all the rivers frequented by S. Sadar, especially 
in those flowing into the North Sea, and is particularly 
abundant in the Esk and Tees, where it is known both as 5 
‘salmon-trout’ and ‘bull-trout.’ Very abundant along the ’ 
coast, and was taken in numbers in the stake nets which 
formerly existed in Bridlington Bay. The dates for this 
species are substantially the same as those for the Salmon, 
the spawning season (as given for the Esk) being in 
November and December, the kelts descending during the 
months of March, April, and May, and re-ascending in 
June, the smolts descending in April and May. 


The ‘Bull-Trout’—thoroughly and generally believed 
in as a distinct species in Yorkshire—is very abundant in 
the Esk and the Tees. Dr. Ginther, however, states that 
all specimens of the so-called ‘ Bull-Trout’ that he has 
examined have been referable to S. ¢vutta (Salmon-trout), , 


FISHES. 127 


S. cambricus (Sewin), or S. farto (Common Trout). An 
example of S. ¢rutta from the Ouse is in the British 
Museum, and Dr. Giinther has had specimens submitted 
to him from the Esk. 


- 200. Salmo cambricus Donov. Sewin. 


zor. Salmo fario Z. Common Trout. 


Freshwater resident, generally distributed and abundant 
above an elevation of about 250 feet. Below this its 
numbers decrease, and the species becomes local, being 
found in sharp-running streams. As to the quality of 
Yorkshire trout there is considerable variation, even in 
those of contiguous streams presenting no marked physical 
differences. ‘This is exemplified in the case of the rivers 
Aire, Wharfe, and Ribble, which rise in the same district, 
and all of which receive the drainage of the limestone 
plateau on which Malham Tarn is situate. The Tarn 
trout are reputed to be the best in flavour, and only in- 
ferior to the trout of Loch Leven. The Aire trout are 
almost as good, the Ribble trout being ranked next, 
while those of the Wharfe are considered inferior to them 
—the cause of the variation in quality being obscure, 
for there does not seem to be any marked difference in the 
nature of the river-beds. The Malham ova are much in 
request for stocking and improving other streams, and have 
been introduced into the Thames and the Wharfe, but with 
what effect has not been fully ascertained. 


Remarkable malformations are observed in the trout of 

Malham Tarn, and of a beck on the western side of Peny- 

ghent. This is manifested in the former by the deficiency 

: of the gill-cover in about one in every fifteen fish caught— 
. a calculation based upon a statement with which Mr. 

; Walter Morrison has furnished us of the total number 
caught from 1865 to 1880. In the case of the ‘ground 

trout’ of Penyghent, as they are called, Mr. John Foster 
informs us that the malformation consists of a singular 
projection of the under jaw beyond the upper. These 
aberrations are considered to be the result of interbreeding, 
due to an extreme degree of isolation. The isolation of 
Malham Tarn is complete; it has no feeders of sufficient 
size for the introduction of new blood, while the overflow 
is absorbed by fissures in the limestone, after being 
swallowed up by which the water re-appears—as the river 


128 FISHES. 


Aire—after a subterranean course of two miles, The beck 
at Penyghent is exceedingly small, and after a short half- 
mile course disappears in a similar manner. 


In Malham Tarn there are two varieties of trout, the 
‘silver trout’ and the ‘yellow trout,’ both of which are 
subject to the malformation before spoken of. The yellow 
trout were by Mr. Couch erroneously considered to be 
small examples of the Great Lake Trout (Salmo ferox), 
but on specimens of both forms being submitted to Dr. 
Giinther they were pronounced to be of the same species. 


202. Salmo argenteus (C. & 7%). Silvery Salmon. 


203. Salmo brachypoma Gixk. Short-headed Salmon. 


This species—one of the most easily recognisable of the 
salmonoids—was described by Dr. Gunther from speci- 
mens from the Yorkshire Ouse, and from the Tweed and 
Forth, and is a migratory form. The Ouse specimens in 
the British Museum were presented in 1865 by Mr. 
J. H. Phillips, of the ‘ Yorkshire Salmon Fishery Preserva- 
tion Society, Beadlam Grange, Nawton.’ 


204. Salmo gallivensis Génth Galway Sea-Trout. 
zo5. Salmo orcadensis Génth. Loch-Stennis Trout. 
206. Salmo ferox /Jard. & Selby. Great Lake-Trout. 
207. Salmo stomachicus Gézth. Gillaroo Trout. 
208. Salmo nigripinnis Géxth. Black-finned Trout. 
209. Salmo levenensis Walk. Loch-Leven Trout. 
210. Salmo alpinus Z. Alpine Charr. 

211. Salmo killinensis Gznth. Loch-Killin Charr. 


212. Salmo willughbii Gath. Windermere Charr. 


213. Salmo perisii Gééxth. Torgoch. Welsh Charr. 


FISHES. 129 


214. Salmo grayi Ginth. Gray’s Charr. 
215. Salmo colii Génth. Cole’s Charr. 


216. Osmerus eperlanus (Z.). Smelt. 

Resident and common in the estuaries of the Tees and 
Humber. It abounds in the Ouse and the Humber from 
Naburn Lock to Spurn Point, and occurs a considerable 
distance up the Tees. Yarrell states that Col. Meynell, of 
Yarm, kept Smelts for four years in a freshwater pond 
having no communication with the sea, where they con- 
tinued to thrive and propagated abundantly. When the 
pond was drawn, the fishermen of the Tees considered 
that they had never seen a finer lot of Smelts; there being 
no loss of flavour or quality. 


217. Coregonus clupeoides Zacés. Gwyniad. Powan. 
218. Coregonus vandesius Rich. Wendace. 
219. Coregonus pollan Zzomp. Pollan. 


220. Thymallus vulgaris V/ss. Grayling. 

Freshwater resident, found in varying abundanee in the 
middle waters of the Wharfe, Washburn, Nidd, Ure, and 
Swale, also in the Cover, Wiske, and Codbeck, the Rye 
and other tributaries of the Upper Derwent, and in the 
Scalby Beck near Scarborough. In the Tees it is very 
limited in its numbers, and it has been introduced into the 
Esk. Formerly abundant in the Ribble and Hodder, 
their extreme scarcity—if not extinction—being ascribed 
to the great increase of Salmon. It was also formerly 
abundant in the Aire about Bingley, but in 1824 all were 
destroyed by the bursting of a peat bog; subsequent 
attempts at re-introduction have as yet proved ineffectual. 


221. Argentina silus (Ascanzus). 


222. Argentina sphyrzna Z. Hebridal Argentine. 
Extremely rare, there being only one record for the county. 


Redcar, one found February 5, 1852, and submitted to Mr. 
Yarrell (Rudd, Zool., 1852, p. 3504). 


Fam. CLUPEIDZ. 


223. Engraulis encrasicholus (Z.). Anchovy. 
K 


130 FISHES. 


224. Clupea harengus Z. Herring. 

Periodical visitant, occurring annually in shoals on the York- 
shire coast from July to November. The Bay Fishery— 
as it is called at Bridlington and Flamborough—continues - 
up to Christmas. 


At Redcar a single example of the variety Zeachzi of Yarrell 
was found on the beach in April, 1843 (Rudd, Zool., 


1844, p. 395). 


225. Clupea sprattus Z. Sprat. 
Abundant on the coast ; occasionally enters the Humber. 


226. Clupea alosa Z. Allis Shad. 


Resident, not uncommon on the coast and in the Humber ; 
is occasionally taken in the Ouse at Naburn. 


227. Clupea finta Cuz. Twaite Shad. 
Resident, not uncommon at Whitby and Bridlington. 


This and the preceding species appear to be much con- 
founded with each other. 


228. Clupea pilchardus Wald. Pilchard. 


Casual visitant in summer, occasionally in some numbers. 
Fam. MURANIDZ. 
229. Anguilla vulgaris 7/em. Sharp-nosed Eel. 


Freshwater resident, universally distributed and very abun- 
dant ; periodically descending to the sea. 


The range of this species is more extensive than that of any ; 
other fish; it is found in every part of Yorkshire, and : 
occurs at an altitude of 1300 feet or more. 


230. Anguilla latirostris Azssc. Broad-nosed Eel. 
Freshwater and marine resident, generally distributed and 
abundant, but not equally so with A. acutirostris, and appears 
to be confined to the deeper and lower parts of the rivers. 
This species is also known as ‘Grig.’ 


231. Conger vulgaris Cuv. Conger. 
Resident, abundant along the coast. Has occasionally been 
found washed ashore after severe gales. The young are 
occasionally netted at Goole. 


FISHES. 131 


Leptocephalus Morrisii Gm., Anglesea Morris,—a 
specimen of which has been recorded as occurring at 
Redcar (Rudd, Zool., 1852, p. 3504)—is considered by 
Dr. Gunther to be a larval form, and probably of the 
conger. 


232. Murzena helena Z. Murry. 


Order 55 LOPHOBRANCHII. 


Fam. SYNGNATHIDZ. 


233. Siphonostoma typhle (Z.). Deep-nosed Pipe-fish. 
Reported by Mr. J. W. Woodall as having occurred at Scar- 
borough. 
This species is the Broad-nosed Pipe-fish of Couch. 


234. Syngnathus acus Z. Great Pipe-fish. Tangle-fish. 
Needle-fish. 


Resident, common along the coast. 


235. Syngnathus brevicaudatus Cornish. Blunt-tailed 
Pipe-fish. 


236. Nerophis zquoreus (Z.). A= quoreal Pipe-fish. 


One is recorded by Yarrell as having occurred at Scarborough, 
and a specimen in the Whitby Museum is believed by Mr. 
Martin Simpson to have been taken near that place. 


This species is the ‘Ocean Pipe-fish’ of Couch. 


237. Nerophis ophidion (Z.). Straight-nosed Pipe-fish. 
At Whitby in 1880 a specimen was taken in a lobster-pot 
(Stephenson, MS.). It has a place in Dr. Murray’s Scar- 
borough list (1832), and in Ferguson’s Redcar list (1860). 


This species is the ‘Snake Pipe-fish’ of Couch. 


238. Nerophis lumbriciformis (Z.). Little Pipe-fish. 
Worm Pipe-fish. 


239. Hippocampus antiquorum Zeach. Sea-Horse. 
Accidental visitant of rare occurrence. A southern pelagic 
form, which has occurred three times at Whitby, and once 
at Bridlington. 


132 


240. 


241. 


242. 


243. 


FISHES. 


Order 6. PLECTOGNATHI. 
Fam. SCLERODERMI, 


Balistes maculatus Gm. 


Balistes capriscus Gm. Pig-faced Trigger-fish. 
File-fish. 


Fam. GYMNODONTES. 


Tetrodon lagocephalus JZ. Crop-fish, or Pen- 
nant’s Globe-fish. 


Orthagoriscus mola (Z.). Short Sun-fish. 

Casual visitant of rare occurrence. 

Scarborough, an adult cast ashore weighing 120 lbs., now in 
the Museum, figured by Yarrell (Ed. 3, vol. 1, p. 432). 

Redcar, one (Meynell, 1844). 

Bridlington, two or three (Meynell, 1844). 

Bridlington, one, Sept. 5th, 1840 (Boynton, MS.). 

Bridlington, one, Sept., 1855 (Boynton, MS.). 

Bridlington Bay, one caught, August, 1880 (Boynton, MS.). 


244. Orthagoriscus truncatus (fezz.). Oblong Sun-fish. 


Sub-class 3. CYCLOSTOMATA. 


Fam. PETROMYZONTIDZ. 


245. Petromyzon marinus Z. Sea-Lamprey. 


Resident, not uncommon on the coast; has been caught in 
the Ouse. 


246. Petromyzon fluviatilis Z. Lampern. River-Lam- 


rey. 

Sh a resident, generally distributed and abundant. 
Some of our correspondents allude to this species as being 
migratory, and in one or two instances give dates of 
arrival and departure. ‘The Dutch fishermen have for more 
than a century visited the Ouse for the purpose of pur- 
chasing these fish for bait. 


FISHES. | 


. ey branchialis Z. Pride. Sandpiper. 
Small Lamprey. 


~ Freshwater resident, common in various localities. Probably 
more generally distributed, but much overlooked, being 
often confounded with the Lampern. 


Fam. MYXINIDE. 
i 2 248. 8. Myxine glutinosa Z.- Glutinous Hag. Borer. 
ray 


Resident, abundant off the whole coast from Redcar to 
Flamborough. 


Sub-class 4. LEPTOCARDII. 


Fam. CIRROSTOMI. 


249. Branchiostoma lanceolata (Pa//). Lancelet. 


Redcar (Yarrell, ed. iii., 1859, vol. i, p. 4). 


$% 


APPENDIX, 


Since the Catalogue was printed, the following additional 


information has been received :-— 


MAMMALIA. 


23. Martes sylvestris /Viéss. Marten (p. 6). 


One shot in the woods, Azerley, near Ripon; now in the 
possession of Col. Crompton (Joseph Lucas, MS.). 


One seen by Mr. J. Lucas, in 1870, on High Ash Head 
Moor, above Masham (MS.). 


30. Phoca vitulina Z. Common Seal (p. §). 


Respecting the date of extinction, information received from 
Mr. H. G. Faber, of Stockton-on-Tees, and Mr. H. T. 
Mennell, shows that the animal survived much later than 
is stated at p. 8. 

The latter has furnished a copy of his and Mr. Perkins’ 
list of the mammalia of Northumberland and Durham, 
published in 1863, wherein is stated that between 1820 and 
1830 about a thousand seals frequented the mouth of the 
Tees, of which as many as thirty might often be counted 
at one time; but that in 1862 the number was reduced to 
three individuals. The seals exhibited great dread of the 
steamboats, which had greatly increased in number on the 
river during the preceding few years ; and to this and the 
enormous increase of population in the neighbourhood, 
was attributed their rapid decrease. 

Mr. Faber remembers the seals being numerous at the 
Tees mouth, and has seen them lying on the sands as 
many as a dozen together. He recollects disturbing one 
about twenty years ago on Seaton Snook, which was very 
tame, swimming about within twenty yards, and could only 


136 APPENDIX. 


be driven away by throwing stones at it. He adds that 
the last ‘native seal’ was killed about ten years ago, when 
it was shot from the Fifth Buoy Light. A small seal got 
about a year ago was but a mere casual visitant. It will 
thus be seen that the animal survived a good deal later 
than the evidence available at the time of writing the list 
would lead one to suppose. 


BIRDS. 


73. Lanius collurio Z. Red-backed Shrike (p. 27). 
Nested at Swillington, near Leeds, in 1881 (J. Tennant, MS.). 


133. Cypselus melba (Z.). White-bellied Swift (p. 37). 


The date of the Hornsea occurrence is June znd, 1870 


‘Wresill and Lekinfield in Yorkshire’ included among the 
’ articles for principal feasts ‘Item Bustardes for my Lords 
owne Meas at Principall Feists Ande noon outher tyme 
Except my Lords comaundement be otherwis;’ but no 
h price is attached as in the case of other birds mentioned. 
Prof. Newton, of Magdalen College, Cambridge, kindly 
| 


(Boyes, MS.). 
203. Plegadis falcinellus (Z.). Glossy Ibis (p. 52). 
Filey, an immature specimen obtained in 1863 (Roberts’ 
Scarborough list). 
272. Otis tarda Z. Great Bustard (p. 6s). 

The only reference of early date to this bird is that the Earl 
of Northumberland’s regulations in 1512 for his castles of 
| 
| 


communicates the following additional evidence :— 
‘Rather more than a year ago the Master of Trinity 
College, Dr. W. H. Thompson, told me that when he was 
? about six or seven years old he was living at York with his 
grandfather, to whom a Bustard was sent as a present. 
Dr. Thompson remembered going into the servants’ hall 
or the kitchen to look at it, and some one was holding it 
up by the legs. He thought it weighed about eight or 
nine pounds, and it would therefore be a hen bird. He 
supposed it had been shot on the Yorkshire Wolds. where. 


ae Sve 7.) ee? 


APPENDIX. 137 


he had heard Bustards once existed, and that it was eaten 
in the house, but he had no recollection of having tasted 
it, or indeed anything more about it. Dr. Thompson 
graduated B.A. in 1832, and supposing him to have been 
then twenty-two years of age, the event must have happened 
about 1816 or 1817. 

‘In October, 1854, Mr. Barnard Henry Foord, of Foxholes, 
near Scarborough, then aged twenty-five, told me he remem- 
bered having seen Bustards—the last was at Foxholes 
about nineteen years before (7.e., 1835). His father once 
saw eleven together. He had heard his uncle speak of 
running Bustards with greyhounds, as if he had been 
present at the time. 

‘This Mr. Foord is, I believe, now dead. I was very 
much struck at the time by the nature of his evidence, for 
I had believed that the bird was extinct in Yorkshire 
before 1835—-and I remember pressing him particularly 
with questions on this point ; but he persisted in the truth 
of his statement. I confess I was not, nor am I now, 
satisfied with it, though I am unable to suggest any 
explanation of the difficulty—for even if he had been a 
year or two older than he said (and he could not have been 
more), it would still remain.’ 


288. Himantopus candidus Zonnat. Black-winged Stilt 
(p. 73). 

Miss Hall, of Scorborough, has informed Mr. Stephenson 
that the specimens now in his possession were shot about 
thirty years ago in Aike Carr, by Lord Hotham’s keeper 
(John Stephenson, MS.). 


289. Phalaropus hyperboreus (Z.). Red-necked Phala- 
rope (p. 73). 
Tees mouth, four in 1854 (Rev. H. Smith, MS.). 


ERRATUM. 
Page 6, line 4 from the bottom, For ‘PINE’ read ‘BEECH.’ 
On pages xxxiili and 74, the melanic variety sabini has, 


through pure inadvertence, been ascribed to the Double 
Snipe instead of to the Common Snipe. 


| a en ree 


AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 


Of Published Records the authors believe that compara- 
tively little has escaped their notice, all available sources of infor- 
mation, whether natural history journals and publications, or the 
appendices to topographical works, having been carefully 
examined. 

The PRINCIPAL DISTRICT-LISTS which have been contributed 
to the natural history periodicals include Leyland’s list of Halifax 
birds (Loudon’s Mag. N.H., 1828), Williamson’s note on Scar- 
borough birds (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1836), Denny’s list of animals 
occurring near Leeds (Ann. & Mag. N.H., 1840), abstracts of 
Allis’s report on the birds, and Meynell’s on the fishes of York- 
shire (Rep. Brit. Ass., 1844), Hogg’s ‘ Catalogue of Birds observed 
in South-eastern Durham and in North-western Cleveland’ (Zool., 
1845), and Talbot’s Birds of Wakefield (Nat., 1876). 

The chief lists which have appeared in or as appendices 
to topographical works are to be found in Miller’s History 
of Doncaster (1804), Graves’ History of Cleveland (1808), 
Young’s History of Whitby (1817), Whitaker’s History of Rich- 
mondshire (1823), Hinderwell’s History of Scarborough (1832), 
Lankester’s Account of Askern (1842), Barker's Three Days of 
Wensleydale (1854), Hobkirk’s History and Natural History of 
Huddersfield (1859, second edition in 1868), Ferguson’s Natural 
History of Redcar (1860), Theakston’s Scarborough Guide (1863 
and subsequent editions), and Hobson’s Life of Charles Waterton 
(1866). : 

In addition to these lists, there are innumerable records in the 
periodicals and in natural history and topographical works gene- 
rally, chiefly in the pages of that well-known repertory of infor- 
mation, the ‘ Zoologist,’ and also in the Ibis, the Field, Land 
and Water, Loudon’s Magazine of Natural History, the 


140 AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 


various publications bearing the name of ‘Naturalist’ which 
have appeared under the editorship of Messrs. Wood, Morris, 
Hobkirk, Porritt, and others, and in the earlier volumes of the 
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, and of the Proceedings 
of the Zoological Society. 

The most important and probably the only separate work 
devoted to any part of the Yorkshire vertebrate fauna is Mr. 
Cordeaux’s Birds of the Humber District (1872), a valuable con- 
tribution—not only to the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire fauna— 
but to British ornithology generally, and abounding in original 


observations on the important subject of migration. For the 


whole district—the Yorkshire half of which is equivalent to 
Holderness and the Wolds—z8o species are enumerated. 


Of Manuscript information, the authors have had (through 
the kindness of his son-in-law, Mr. W. Pumphrey) the advantage 
of consulting the original MS. of Mr. Thomas Allis’s Report on the 
Birds of Yorkshire (1844). This list, which includes 258 species, 


‘has been of much assistance from the evidence it contains as to the 


faunistic position of various species at that and earlier dates, 
besides the numerous records of occurrences. 


Manuscript lists have been furnished by numerous 
naturalists of the county. Of these the following have contributed 
lists of the mammalia, reptiles, and freshwater fishes of their 
respective districts (those marked * having also contributed lists 
of birds) :— 

Messrs. *G. Abbey, jun. (Grinkle Park, near Whitby); *H. Andrews 
(Aldborough); W. Ingram Baynes (Ulleskelf); Geo. Bishop (Skipton); 
*Fred Boyes (Holderness) ; *Thomas Boynton (Bridlington); *James Brigham 


(Slingsby); W. B. Brigham (Driffield); C. J. E. Broughton (Wharncliffe); 
Thomas Bunker (Goole); Jno. Braim and R. Clarke (Pickering); John T. 


Calvert (Keighley); *James Carter (Masham); J. H. Carter (Spurn); J. W. ~ 


Carter (Bradford); *T. R. Clapham (Austwick); Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A. 
(Wetwang and Wolds); *John Cordeaux (Humber and Coast); *Capt. Wade- 
Dalton (Hawxwell) ; J. S. Davidson (Dent); H. W. T. Ellis (Thorne Waste); 
*John Emmet (Boston Spa); *John Foster (Upper Ribblesdale); Matthew 
Foster (Sancton); *John Grange (Harrogate); Rev. Geo. Hales (Barningham, 
Wycliffe, &c.); C. C. Hanson (Elland and Greetland); *John Harrison 
(Wilstrop); John T. Hausell (Thirsk); W. H. Hay (Scarcroft); *James 
Ingleby (Eavestone); Thomas Lister (Barnsley); William Lister (Glaisdale) ; 


oe nny D ee 


* 
—Ss Se 


‘ 

5 

E 

L 

L 

d 
s 
4 
“— 


AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 14I 


R. Lofthouse (Middlesborough); R. Morton Middleton, jun., F.L.S. (North- 
allerton, &c.); J. E. Miller (Middleham); *W. J. Milligan (Wetherby) ; 
*F. S. Mitchell (Mitton and Lower Ribblesdale); Walter Morrison (Malham 
Tarn); T.H. Nelson (Redcar and Teesmouth); George Page (Guisborough) ; 
F. Parkinson (Market Weighton); J. Petyt (Bolton Abbey); G. T. Porritt, 
F L.S. (Huddersfield); Walter Raine (Ryther, Leeds, &c.); F. G. S. Rawson 
(Halifax); Lord Ribblesdale (Gisburn); *J. H. Salter (Ackworth and Scar- 
_ borough); William Scoby (Kirby Moorside); *Rev. H. H. Slater, B.A., F.Z.S. 
(Ripon); *Walter Stamper (Nunnington); *Thos. Stephenson (Whitby); 
*John Tennant (Wilstrop and Skewkirk); Richard G. Tuke (Castle Howard) ; 
J. A. Wheldon (Northallerton); and J. E. Clark. B.A.,B.Sc.,F.G.S., R. M. 
Christy, E. J. Gibbins, C. Helstrip, Wilson, and Woods (York). 


Other contributors of bird-lists, in addition to those marked 
above with the asterisk, are :— 

Messrs. Matthew Bailey (Flamborough); W. W. Boulton (Beverley) ; 
E. P. P. Butterfield (Wilsden); Rev. J. W. Chaloner (Newton Kyme); R. B. 
Cragg (Skipton); Charles Dixon (Sheffield); Alfred Jackson, M.D. (Market 
Weighton) ; Major Lawson (Bridlington); Robert Lee (Thirsk); R. Richardson 
(Beverley); Alfred Roberts (Scarborough); Rev. Henry Smith (Redcar) ; 
Edward Tindall (Knapton); Capt. E. H. Turton (Upsall Castle); J. W. Davis 
(Halifax); and James Varley (Huddersfield). 


Lists of marine fishes have been contributed by the 
following :— 

Messrs. Matthew Bailey (Flamborough); Thomas Boynton (Bridlington 
Bay); John Cordeaux (Holderness Coast); T. H. Nelson (Redcar); Thomas 


Stephenson (Whitby); T. Winson (Spurn Point); and J. W. Woodall 
(Scarborough). 


To all these contributors of local lists the best thanks of the 
authors are due, for it is they who—by furnishing the full and 
indispensable details—have made it possible to give with an 
approximation to accuracy the actual geographical range of the 
various species. Hence it will be seen that the few words allotted 
to each species are founded upon a broad and substantial sub- 
stratum of facts contributed by numerous observers, and that it is 
only in the few instances where records are vouched for by single 
observers that the citation of authorities has been possible in 
the text. 

But the contributors of lists are not the only persons to whom 
the authors are indebted for assistance. Acknowledgment is due 
to Professor Alfred Newton, M.A., F.RS., Dr. Giinther, F.R.S., 


ae 


142 AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 


Mr. A. G. More, F.L.S., Dr. G. E. Dobson, F:.0S., Mr. HOE. 
Dresser, F.L.S., Mr. J. E. Harting, F.L.S., and above all to Mr. 
John Cordeaux and Mr. Thomas Stephenson, for the very kind 
manner in which numerous queries were replied to, while for 
scattered facts and information upon special points the 

Rey. J..C. Atkinson, B.A:; Mr. F. Bond, F.Z.S.; Mr. J. D. Buttereng 
Rev. H. C. Casson; Hon. Payan Dawnay; Hon. F. H. Dawnay; Mr. N. F. 
Dobrée; Mr. George Edson; Mr. H. G. Faber; Dr. Francis M. Foster; 
Mr. John Grassham; Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun., F.Z.S.; Rev. F. W. Hayden ; 
Mr. H. B. Hewetson; Mr. Francis Hoare; Mr. Henry Kerr; Mr. P. W.. 
Lawton; Mr. H. T. Mennell, F.L.S.; Mr. Thomas Machen; Prof. L. C. 


Miall, F.G.S.; Mr. C. C. Oxley; Rev. G. E. Park ; Mr. Thomas Southwell, 
F.Z.S.; Mr.John Stephenson; Mr.W.H. Taylor; and Mr. J. Whitaker, F.Z.S., 


besides some of the contributors of lists, have placed the authors 
under obligation. 

Although the limited space which can be allotted to the sub- 
ject in the present work precludes a fuller use of the mass of 
valuable information which the courtesy of correspondents has 
placed at their disposal, the authors hope to have the pleasure of 
utilising it in future publications, and for such purpose would be 
glad to receive additional notes. Mr. Roebuck would be pleased 
to receive records of the occurrence of the mammalia and reptiles, 
more particularly of the smaller and more obscure species, and 
references to historical and other evidence of the former existence 
of the extinct forms; while Mr. Clarke would like to receive 
additional information on the birds, with evidence as to the 
existence of the Great Bustard and other species which once bred. 
in the county, and specimens and information of the occurrence) 
of marine fishes. 


oe 
Duke of Devonshire, X.G., 7.R.S., 
Bolton Abbey (two copies). 
Earl Fitzwilliam, A.G., 
Wentworth Woodhouse (two copies). 
Earl of Wharncliffe, Wortley Hall. — 
Viscount Halifax, G.C.2., Hickleton. 
Lord Clifton, 17. 2.0.T7., 
” Cobham Hall, Gravesend. 
Lord Lilford, Pres. B.O.U., 
te: Lilford Hall, Northants. 
Lord Walsingham, J7.4., 
Merton Hall, Thetford. 


Rey. Thos. Adams, 47.4., Vork. 

_ C.M. Adamson, Mewcastle-on- Tyne. 
_ S&S. A. Adamson, 7.G.S., Leeds. 

ss Wm. Aldam, /.P., D.L., 


fen frickley Fall. 
rye _ Tempest Anderson, 4Z.D., B.Sc., 
a York. 


a ti 
_——-—s*J«. J. Armistead, Dalbeattie, N.B. 


2. Edward Atkinson, 7.Z.S., Leeds. 
William Atkinson, Zeeds. 


James Backhouse, jun., York. 
Matthew Bailey, Flamborough. 
___—S. D. Bairstow, F.L.S., 

et Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony. 


C.M.Z.S., Birkin, Ferrybridge. 
W. I. Barratt, Coniston, Lancashire. 
_ W. Ingram Baynes, Ulleskelf. 
Wz. E. Beckwith, Zvon Bridge, Salop. 
Py _ James Bedford, Leeds. 

9 John T. Beer, Leeds. 


i 


Rev. H. F. Barnes-Lawrence, J/.4., | 


——_— To PS Ym Fl 


LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 


_ §1r Joun Lussock, Bart., MP., President of the British Association. 


Thos. W. Belcher, Whztby. 

Thos. Benn, Leeds. 

W. S. Bingley, Leeds (two copies). 

Thos. Birks, jun., Goole. 

C. Blenkhorn, Knaresborough. 

Fred. Bond, 7.Z.S., Staines, Middlesex. 

Thos. Boynton, U/rome Grange. 

Arthur Briggs, Rawden, Leeds. 

James Brigham, Stngsdy. 

James Brodie, Leeds. 

Charles Bromley, Goole. 

Geo. Brook, ter., 7.L.S., Huddersfield. 

C. J. E. Broughton, Wortley, Sheffield. 

George Brunton, Leeds. 

TeBebnekley,5.4.,7.2.S5.,47.5.0.C,, 
Strathcarron, N.B. 

Walter Buckton, Leeds. 

Thomas Bunker, Goo/e. 

J. Darker Butterell, Beverley. 

J. A. Butterfield, W2lsden. 


C. A. Carroll, Boston Spa. 
Godfrey Carter, Leeds. 

James Carter, Masham. 

John Henry Carter, Zasington. 
John Henry Carter, jun., Leeds. 
John Wm. Carter, Bradford. 
Thos. S. Carter, //k/ey. 

William Cash, 7.G.S., Halifax. 
Wm. Cheetham, Forsforth. 

T. R. Clapham, Austwick Hall. 
{2E. Clark, 4.A., B.Sc.,; £.G.S.,, York. 
BP. E. Clarke, Leds. 

William Clarke, Leeds. 

T. F, Clayton, Harrogate. 


: 


most 


144 - LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 


Frederick Coates, Farnley, Leeds, 
G. J. Cockburn, Headingley, Leeds. 
George Colby, A/alton. 
R. B. Cook, York. 
James Cooper, Leeds. 
John Cordeaux, JZ.8.0.U., 
Great Cotes, Lincolnshire. 
R. B. Cragg, Skipton. 
Henry Crossley, Wetherby. 
G. H. Crowther, Wakefield. 


RD. Darbishire, £54., 7. Gis... 


Manchester. 


William Davidson, Plymouth. 

J. W. Davis, 7.S.A., Haiifax, 

Thomas Dawson, Leeds. 

Francis Day, 7.Z.8., Cheltenham. 

Alfred Denny, Leeds. 

Charles Dixon, Lozdon. 

Hisk. Dresser, //.5., ui, 5.0.0: 
London. 

W.S. M. D’ Urban, 7.Z.S., Exeter. 


J. Percy Eddison, Vottingham. 


J. Ray Eddy, 7.G.S., Carlton, Skipton. 


H. W. T. Ellis, Crowle, Lincolnshire. 
Thos. W. Embleton, AWeth/ey. 

John Emmet, Boston Spa. 

W. Hill Evans, IZ.D., Bradford. 


Thos. Fairley, Fovr-S.2.,, Leas. 

M. T. Farrer, /ugleborough. 

I G. Featherstone, Stamford Bridge. 

John Firth, Bradford. 

William Foggitt, Zzzrsk. 

W. A. Forbes, B.A-,2-2.S., 17. B07, 
London. 

J. Rawlinson Ford, Leeds (two copies). 

John Foster, Lawkland, Clapham. 

Rev. Wm. Fowler, AZ.A., Liversedge. 


W. Hodgson Gill, Hunslet, Leeds. 
Thos. Gough, Big PAG cSt OF es 
John Grange, Harrogate. 


John Grassham, Leeds. 
Rev. Y. Lloyd Greame, 7.P., 
Sewerby Hall. 
William Gregson, Baldersby, Thirsk. 
A. C. L. G. Giinther, P4.D., Fee 
British Museum, London. 
J. H. Gurney, jun., #.2.S., Morthrepps. 


Frederick Haigh, Leeds. 
George Hainsworth, Leeds. 
John Hancock, Weybridge, Surrey. 
John Harrison, Witstrop Hall. 
W. H. Hay, Leeds. 
Rhodes Hebblethwaite, Leeds. 
H. Bendelack Hewetson, Leeds. 
William Hewett, York. 
Rev. W. C. Hey, J7.4., York. 
J. E. Hill, London. 
J. Audus Hirst, Adel, Leeds. 
C. P. Hobkirk, /:Z.S., Huddersfield. 
Benj. Holgate, #.G.S., Hunslet, Leeds, 
T. Wainman, Holmes, Bazldon. 
John Hopkinson, 7.Z.5S., 
Watford, Herts. 
H. Knight Horsfield, Zeeds, 
C. Houfton, Garforth. 
Joseph S. Hurst, Cost Hewick Hall. 


James Ingleby, Zavestone, Ripon. 
John Jones, “227, 


Arthur R. Kell, Barusley. 

Henry Kerr, Stacksteads, Manchester. 
». H. Kerr, PAD. AA Orge 
John King, Leeds. 

Charles Kirkby, Headingley, Leeds. 


Philip W. Lawton, Zasington, Hull. 
F. Arnold Lees, 7.L.S., Wetherby. 
Arthur R. Linsley, Leeds. 

C.E. Lister, Shibden Hall, Halifax. 
William Lobley, Zeeds. = 
J. Lucas, #.G.S., Tooting, Graveney. . 


ee ee 


| Hea Lupton, Chapel Allerton, Leeds. 


P Fotin McLandsborough, #.2.4.5., 
; Bradford. 
_ Jj. C. Mansell-Pleydell, “.Z.S., 
Blandford, Dorsetshire. 
John J. Marsh, Leeds. 
John Marshall, Sowerby Bridge. 
Robert Mason, Glasgow. 
H. T. Mennell, 7.Z.S., Croydon. 
R. Morton Middleton, jun,, /-Z.S., 
Castle Eden, co. Durham. 
R. Milne-Redhead, 7. Z.S., 
Bolton by Bolland. 
F. s. Mitchell, 12.B.0.U., Clitheroe. 
E. A. Moore, Vew Wortley, Leeds. 
A. G. More, 7.Z.S., 1.B.0.U., 
Dublin. 
J. W. Morkill, Kidlingdeck, Leeds. 


A. S. Myrtle, 12.D., Harrogate. 


W. Naylor, Whalley, Lancashire. 

T. H. Nelson, Bishop Auckland. 

F. Nicholson, £.2.S., 12.B.0.U., 
Altrincham. 
John Norcliffe, Heckmondzwike. 


George Page, Guisborough. 

iia a4. Parke, /.Z.S., 

Furness Abbey, Lancashire. 
I. Patchett, B.Sc., #.C.S., Birstal. 

R. Lloyd Patterson, Belfast. 
Jonathan Peel, Knowlmere, Clitheroe. 
Lister Petty, Leeds. 


Thomas Pratt, Ripon. 
_ Edward E. Prince, Leeds. 
George A. Prince, jun., Leeds. 


Rey. A. Rawson, Bromley, Kent. 
F. G.S. Rawson, Zhorpe, Halifax. 


Walter Morrison, 7.P., Malham Tarn. 


Geo. T. Porritt, .Z.S., Huddersfield. 


Mrs, Annie C. Pulleine, Clifton Castle. 


Frank Ramsden, Hexthorpe, Doncaster. 


Ti es i = = 


LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Oe 


Mrs. Rawson, Halifax. 
Wm. Eagle Reeves, London. 
E. G. Reuss, Sheffield. 
Richard Reynolds, #.C.S., Leeds. 
Richard Richardson, Beverley. 
Walter W. Richardson, Zeeds. 
Mrs. Richardson, Headingley, Leeds. 
Richard Ridehalgh, 
kipponden, Halifax. 

Alfred Roberts, Scarborough. 
George Roberts, Lofthouse, Wakefield, 
Richard Roberts, Richmond. 
TD. I. Roebuck, Leeds. 
Walter Rowley, /.G.S., Leeds. 
James H. Rowntree, Scarborough. 
John H. Rowntree, 

Lord Mayor of York. 
W.B. Russell, ZZ.2., Leeds. 


John H. Salter, Zzsburn, Lreland. 

Thomas Scattergood, Leeds. 

Robert Scharff, Zdzazburgh. 

Joseph Scott, Leeds. 

T. Kershaw Skipwith, Leeds. 

Rey;, 0... Slater; B.A.) F.Z.S., 
Sharow, Ripon (two copies). 

Rey. Henry Smith, Redcar. 

William Smith, Morley. 

H. T. Soppitt, Bradford. 

H. Clifton Sorby, ZZ.D., 7.2.S., 

Sheffield. 

Thomas Southwell, 7.2.S., Morwich. 

J. W. Speck, Headingley, Leeds. 

John Stephenson, everley. 

Thomas Stephenson, W/ztby. 

John Sykes, AZ.D., Doncaster. 

Walter Stamper, AZzddlesborough. 

Johnson C, Swailes, Beverley. 


John Tennant, Zeeds. 
Hhos, We. Tew, /:/.; 

Carlton, Pontefract. 
J. Campbell Thompson, /777//. 
Thomas Thorpe, Pateley Bridge. 


146 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 


John Thrippleton, Burley, Leeds. 
George Tindall, Doncaster. 
Edward Tindall, 


Knapton Hall (two copies). 


Thos. Turnbull, 7.P., Whitby. 
W. Barwell Turner, 7.C.S., Leeds. 
Edmund H. Turton, 


Upsall Castle, Thirsk. 


Miss Harriet Upton, Leeds. 
James Varley, Huddersfield. 


C. Staniland Wake, Hu//. 

G. G. Walmsley, Zzverpool. 

Georse Ward, 7./.C5 #: Cai, Leeds! 
J. Welburn, Driffield. 

F. W. T. Vernon Wentworth, 


Wentworth Castle, Barnsley. 


William West, Bradford. 
John Whitaker, /Z.5S., 
Rainworth, Notts. 
C. T. Whitmell, 17.4.,B.Sc., Sheffield. 
Joseph Wilcock, Wakefield. 
John H. Wilson, Whztby. 
T. Winson, Spurn Point. 
A.J. H. Wood, Galphay, Ripon. 


John Wood, B.A., Boston Spa. 

Basil T. Woodd, 7. ?., Knaresborough. 
Fairfax Wooler, Farnley, Leeds. 

C. A. Wright, 7.Z.S., ALB. 0.U., Kew. 


British Association (two copies, per the 
local secretaries, York, 1881). 
Barnsley Naturalists’ Society. 
Bradford Naturalists’ Society. 
Elland-cum-Greetland Naturalists’ 
Society. 
Giggleswick School Library. 
Heckmondwike Naturalists’ Society. 
The Leeds Library. 
Leeds Mechanics’ Institution. 
Leeds Naturalists’ Club. 
Leeds Philosophical and Literary 
Society. 
Leeds Public Library (two copies). 
Liversedge Naturalists’ Society. 
Chetham Library, Manchester. 
Manchester Free Library. 
Radcliffe Library, University Museum, 
Oxford. 
Scarborough Philosophical Society. 
The Yorkshire College, Leeds. 
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. 


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i. ae 4 PAGE 
 Accentor 23 
— Angel-fish IOI 
_ Angler: .. 110 

_ Argentine 125 

fig ~~ , hebridal 129 

4 a 113 
tak . 87 
Avocet 72 
Badger 7 
Band-fish 112 
Basse 104 
Barbel 123 

Ba 3,4 
Bean 7 
Beaver “a3 
Bee-eater 39 

- Bergylt 105 
Bik Ps a 5. 

_ Bitterns 50, 51 

- Blackbird 18 

- Blackcap 21 

_ Black-fish 107 
Bleak 124 

- Blennies.. 113 

4 econ 93 
__ Bluethroat 20 
Boar II 
_ Boar-fish 107 
E _ Brambling 30 
= Breams ... 124 
abril. . 121 
_ Bullfinch 31 
IIO 


f : ~Bullheads 


PN. DEX 


PRINCIPAL ENGLISH 


PAGE 
Buntings... $3 35 
Burbot ... a0) PS 


Bustards... 65, 69, 136 
Butter-fish hear RES 
Buzzards Pe 


Buzzard, Honey 46 


Cars |... 122, 123 
Cat, wild - ae 5 
Cattle, wild aes Ee 
Chaffinch sseteee 
Chatsi<. “2... Sat SRO 
Chiffchaff Rae se 
Chimera ee eS 
Chough ... eso BE 
Chay) x. sxe eS 
Coal-fish ie COG 
Cons. = DTS 
Colin... Say NGS 


€@onger ... eat ZO 
Coet.. <..2 agen 04 
Cormorant eeleas 
COMTSEr ... ater OS 


Crakes. ... 63, 64 
Grane. %.. myn 8 


Greener. aniPes 
Crossbill sini ye 
Grows: .+.: 25814: 36 


Cuckoo ... oer) 
Curlew ... sane 99 
» Pygmy... 75 


Babs” si. 25) 122 
ace «+s a aes 


NAMES. 


Deer 
Dippers ... 
Divers 
Dog-fish ... 
Dolphins 
Doree 
Dormouse 
Dotterel ... 
Doves 
Dragonet 
Ducks 
Dunlin 


Eagles 
Eels 
Egrets 
Eiders 
Ermine ... 


Falcons ... 
Fieldfare 
Firecrest... 
Flounder 
Flycatchers 
Fox 

Frogs 
Fulmar ... 


Gadwall... 
Gannet ... 
Garfish ... 
Garganey 
Gobies 

Godwits ... 


55 
49 
124 
56 
III, 112 
78 


148 


Goldcrest 
Goldeneye 
Goldfinch 
Goldsinnies 
Goosander 
Goose 
Goshawk 
Grampus 
Grayling 
Grebes 
Greenfinch 
Greenshank 


Grosbeak, pine . 


Grouse 
Gudgeon... 
Guillemots 
Gulls 
Gunnel ... 
Gurnards... 


Haddock 


Hag, glutinous ... 


Hake 
Hare 
Harriers ... 
Hawfinch 
Hedgehog 


' Hedge-sparrow ... 


Hemipode 
Herons ... 
Herring ... 
Hippocampus 
Hobby 
Holibut ... 
Hoopoe ... 


Hound, smooth... 


Ibis 
Jackdaw... 
Jay 


Kestrels ... 
Kingfisher 


113 


LIO ET 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Kites 45. 46 
Kittiwake 84 
Knot 75 
Lampreys 132 
Lancelet 133 
Lapwing... 7 
Larks 34 
Ling 119 
Linnet 31 
Lizards ... 93 
Loach 124 
Lumpsucker Lis 
Mackerel 109 
, horse 107 

midge 119 
Magpie . 35 
Maigre 106 
Mallard ... jePMSS 
Marten ... 6, 135 
Martins ... 29 
Mergansers 59 
Merlin 47 
Minnow ... 124 
Mole 4 
Moorhen.:. (~ \ ax.) 264 
Morris, Anglesea 131 
Mouse 13 
fullet, grey 114 
-, red 105 
Myxine -... 33 
Narwhal... 10 
Natterjack 95 
Newts 95 
Nightingale 20 
Nightjar... 37 
Nutcracker 35 
Nuthatch 25 
Oar-fish ... 116 
Opah 108 
Oriole 27 


Osprey ... 
Otter 

Owls 
Oystercatcher 


Partridges 
Perch 
Petrels 


_ Phalaropes 


Pheasant 
Pigeons ... 
Pike 
Pilchard ... 
Pintail 
Pipe-fish ... 
Piper 
Pipits 
Plaice 
Plovers ... 
Pochard ... 
Pogge 
Polecat. «.: 
Pollack <i 
Porbeagle 
Porpoise... 
Pout 
Pratincole 
Puffin 


Quail 


Rabbit 
Rails 
Rats 
Raven 
Rays 
Razorbill 


“Redbreast 


Redpolls 
Redshanks 
Redstarts 
Redwing... 


61 
104 
85, 86 


73, 137 
61 


IOI—103 
87 
20 
31 


Tia 


19 
ons hie 


Reedling, bearded 23 
116 


Ribbon-fish 


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PAGE 

-ouzel 18 

Re . 123 
Rocklings 119 
Roller. 39 

me. 36 

quals 9 

atl 123 

76 

104. 

~ Salmon ec) BER, B28 
"Salmon. PeOUk: ... 126 

— Sanderling 76 
Sit -grouse 61 
nd-launces ... 120 

ndpipers  _74—78 

iS eyes 

107 

56 

58. 59 

- Sea-breams 107, 108 
Sea-horse ee 
‘Seal 8, 135 

_ Shad 130 

— ‘Sh 48 
+, _ Shanny ae 113 
“a ne IeearKS ..- 99, 100 
7 St 85, 86 
_ Sheldrakes 55 
pee —_— 55 
ee a  Shrews an = 5 
een _ Shrikes ... 27, 28, 136 
Pee ciskin °... 30 
‘Skates... 102 


INDEX. 


Skuas ... aa 
Smelt. ... : 
Smew ... fee 
Snake ... san Os 


Snipe 73, 74 
Soles 122 
Sparrows ee 5330 
Sparrow-hawk ... 45 
Sparus 2201) BOA, 
Spoonbill an Ge 
Sprat 130 
Squirrel ... Neen ¢ 
Starlings... 34, 35 
Sticklebacks 114, 115 
Stilt oe to 
Stints ... i sgeny = 
See 2 an 7 
Stone-curlew ... 69 
Storks Sie 52 
Sturgeon © 103 
Suckers ... III 
Sunfish ... 132 
- Swallow... a) 
Swans... ote Se 
Swifts «+ 365°37, 836 
Swordfish 106 
Tadpole hake 120 
(heat S. css eat ea 
Tench 124 
Terns 79—81 
Thrushes 17, 18 
Titmice ... fod se (Oe 


OAS 2) sea O5 


Tope 
Topknots 
Torsk 
Trout 
Tunny 
Turbot 
Turnstone 
Turtles ... 
Tusk 
Twite 


Viper 
Voles 


Wagtails... 
Warblers 
Waxwing 
Weasel ... 
Weevers ... 
Whales ... 
Wheatear 
Whimbrel 
Whitethroats 
Whiting ... 
Widgeon... 
Woodcock 
Woodpeckers 
Wolf. 
Wolf-fish 
Wrasses ... 
Wren 
Wryneck 


Yellowshank 


149 
PAGE 
99 
121 
120 
127 
109 
121 


120 


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