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| <uHAND- BOOK. 2 HORA OF CEYLON, om
ae EA ND BOOK
RO} geELE
meee OKA OF CEYLON
CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE SPECIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS INDIGENOUS TO THE ISLAND,
AND
NOTES ON THEIR HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION, AND USES.
bY
mee NR TRIM EN, M.B. (Lonp.), FR.S.
DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, CEYLON. CONTINUED BY
Silke do bs HOOKER. G:C.S-L C.B. FERS.
With an Atlas of Plates ILLUSTRATING SOME OF THE MORE INTERESTING SPECIES.
Parke: ERIOCAULONEA—GRAMINEZ-. WITH MAPS I. & I1., AND INDEXES.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF CEYLON.
LONDON : DULAU & CO., 37 SoHo Square, W;
1900.
a ey ie: fad 4 | { fof gs 2 1 ® > \ LONDON:
PRINTED BY STRANGEWAYS & SONS, Tower Street, Cambridge Circas, W.C.
CXLVII—ERIOCAULONE®, GARDE!
SCAPIGEROUS, annual or perennial herbs, rarely aquatic; 1. narrow, base sheathing, venation parallel; infl. a solitary globose or hemispheric head of densely packed, minute, usually white, unisexual fl., terminating a ped. with a tubular basal sheath; heads androgynous, rarely unisexual, involucrate by short scarious or chartaceous bracts; fl. often more or less hoary with short white hairs, densely crowded on a flat, convex, hemispheric or conical, glabrous or villous receptacle, solitary in the axil of a cuneiform bracteole which is as long as or longer than the flower and dorsally hoary at the top; male fl. stipitate, sep. 2-3, free or connate, hyaline, deciduous, rarely 2 or O; corolla stipitate, funnel-shaped, 3-lobed, lobes minute, one sometimes much longer than the others; stam. 6 or fewer, inserted at the base of the corolla, fil. short, often unequal, anth. didymous, 2-celled, usually black, pistillode 0; fem. fl. sessile or stipitate, sep. 3, rarely 2, I, or 0, unequal, usually concave, deciduous; corolla sessile on the calyx or stipitate, pet. 3, unequal, broad or narrow, persistent, with often a black spot on the limb; ov. superior, sessile or stipitate, globose, 3-lobed, 3-celled, cells with 1 pendulous ovule; style rather short, stigmas 3, erect, filiform; fr. a very small, membranous, 3-celled, loculicidal capsule; seeds very minute, oblong or ellipsoid, smooth, striate, or ribbed, endosperm floury, embryo minute.
ERIOCAULON, Z. For characters, see Order.—Sp. about 150; 43 in F/. B. Ind.
Submerged aquatics, with capillary 1. Bracts and bracteoles glabrous . : . I. E. SETACEUM. Bracts and bracteoles pubescent. ; . 2, E. CAPILLUS-NAIADIS. ‘Terrestrial (or E. fuviatile aquatic). _One pet. of male fl. protruded beyond the bracteoles. Bracteoles acute or obtuse. Heads 3-3 in. diam. : : . 3. E. CAULESCENS. Heads 4-4 in. diam. . s é . 4. E. ZEYLANICUM. Bracteoles cuspidate. Cusps of bracteoles long [om Daa Cusps of bracteoles short 6. A
LONGICUSPIS. . AT PART V. B
2 Erivcaulonee. [Eriocaulon.
Pet. of male fl. not exceeding the bracteoles. Seeds with (usually papillose) ridges. Pet. of fem. fl. filiform. bearing a pencil of long hairs.
Scapes 6-18 in., heads 7 Bey in. 7. E. SEXANGULARE. Scapes 2-6 in., heads 2 4-{ in. 8. E. THWAITESII. Pet. of fem. fl. flat, ciliate. Recept. villous, with long hairs. Stout, perennial . : : . 9. E. BROWNIANUM. Annual : . Io, E. LUZULAEFOLIUM. Recept. glabrous, or nearly 50. Heads 4-3 in.diam. ., . . 11. E. TRUNCATUM. Heads 34-3 in. diam. . 5 . 12. E, TRIMENI. Seeds not ridged. Recept. villous with long hairs. Male pet. all very small. L. 6-14 in., scapes 6-12 in. . . 13. E. WIGHTIANUM. L. 1-4 in. Scapes 6-8 in. . : : . 14. E. WALKERI. Scapes I-4 in. . 15. E. QUINQUANGULARE.
Male pet. well developed, « one largest 16. E. COLLINUM. Recept. glabrous, or nearly so.
Annual, terrestrial, 1. 1-2 in. . . 17. E. SIEBOLDIANUM.
Perennial, aquatic, |. 8-Ioin. . . 18. E. FLUVIATILE.
1. EB. setaceum, Z. Sp. P/. 87 (1753). PKRenda, 5S.
Herm. Mus. 8. Burm. Thes. tog. Fl. Zeyl. n. 50. Moon, Cat. 9. Thw. Enum. 341. C. P. 791 (in part).
Fl. B. Ind: vi. 572. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 68.
A submerged aquatic; stem 2-3 ft., stout or slender, simple or rarely branched, flexuous, densely crinite throughout with capillary flexuous I-veined |. 14-2 in. long, tips of stem or of branches HOB IEING | scapes very many, 13-3 in. long, slender, > -ribbed, sheath ?—1 in., tip truncate, aernioeavncit heads about 4 in. diam., neers black: bracts short, cuneate- obovate, coria- ceous, elabrous: recept. hemispheric, villous: bracteoles cunei- form or cymbiform, acuminate, glabrous; male fl.:—sep. 3, linear-oblong, obtuse, concave, glabrous, cor.-lobes minute, stam. 6; fem. fl. very shortly stipitate, sep. 3, cymbiform, acute, glabrous or nearly so, cor. shortly stipitate, pet. 3, very narrowly spathulate, ciliate towards the tips, with or without a black spot; seeds +5 in. long, oblong, quite smooth, dark brown.
In rather deep water, in the moist low country below tooo ft.; rare. Fl. Dec.-March. Also in Malabar.
2. B. Capillus-naiadis, Hook. f Fil. Brit. Ind. vi. 572 (1893). C. P. 791 (in part).
Habit and foliage of £. se¢acewm ; heads globose, } in. diam.; white, bracts short, cuneate-obovate, thinly coriaceous, pale ;
Evriocautlon.| Ertocaulonce. 3
recept. hemispheric, sparsely hairy, bracteoles cuneiform, tips rounded, cuspidate, dorsally villous with white hairs above the middle, male and fem. fl. shortly stipitate; male sep. 3, obovate- oblong, concave, dorsally villous above the middle with white hairs; fem. sep. cymbiform, cor. with ov. very shortly stipitate, pet. narrowly spathulate, ciliate towards the tip; ov. subsessile; seeds ;'5 in. long, oblong, smooth, dark brown.
Deep water, in the moist low country below 2000 ft.; Pelaiwatte, Hewesse, Pasdun Korale. FI. Dec.—March.
Also in the Concan, Bengal, Burma, and Cochin China.
In the Peradenya Herbarium this occurs mixed with Z. setaceum, of which it was probably considered (possibly correctly) a form, by Thwaites and Trimen. The colour of the heads, due to the copious white hairs of the fl. bracts, distinguishes it at a glance. The receptacle is less hairy than in the Continental specimens, and the seeds are smaller.
3. E. caulescens, Zi. 7. and Th. in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 572 (1893). £. atratum, var. major, Thw. Enum. 341. C. P. 131.
Stem in young plants simple, 3-4 in. long, as thick as the thumb, in old, ofter copiously branched, with branches 6-10 in. long, and leafy throughout, rooting along the elongate base; roots stout, flexuous; |. 2-6 by ?-4 in., narrowed from the base to the obtuse tip, rigidly coriaceous, quite opaque, veins very many, close-set, faint; scape subsolitary from the stem or branches, 6-18 in., stout or slender, sheath I-6 in., tip obtuse or acute, coriaceous or membranous towards the side; heads 4-2 in. diam., bracts sub 3-seriate, coriaceous, oblong, outer obtuse, inner acute, almost black, shining; recept. flat, covered with very long straight hairs, bracteoles oblanceolate, acute, dark, dorsally shortly bearded; sep. and pet. of both sexes villously bearded, male fl. with 1 pet. much exceeding the bracteoles, obovate, villous all over; fem. fl. with 2 sep. concave, I flat, cor. stipitate, pet. very unequal, spots large, stipes of cor. and of ov. villous; seeds not seen.
Upper montane zone, alt. 5000-8000 ft.; very rare. Adam’s Peak, pees Horton Plains, swamp on Pidurutalagala, 8000 ft. (Pearson).
. rev.
Endemic. Our largest and most handsome species, semi-shrubby when old.
4. E. zeylanicum, Korn. in Linnza, xxvii. (1854), 667 (ceylanicum). £. subcaulescens, Hk. f. in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 573 (1893). £. atratum, Thw. Enum. 341 (part). C. P. 61 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 585 (ceylanicum).
Stem 3-4 in. as thick as the little finger or less, simple, densely leafy; |. 2-3 by 4in., erect, linear, acute or mucronate, thick, opaque, many-veined, sheath slightly woolly at the base within ; scapes 1-3, 6-12 in., slender, strongly 7-ribbed, sheath
4 Eriocaulonee. [Eriocaulon.
I-3 in., tip membranous; heads ee in. diam., depressed- aereceal pale or snow-white; bracts broadly obovate or oblong, scarious, glabrous, at length ‘reflexed, straw-col’d.; receptacle small, hemispheric, densely villous with long pale hairs; bracteoles cuneately oblanceolate, acute, bearded at the tip, membranous; male fl. shortly stipitate, sep. spathulate, 2 concave, I flat, one pet. much the longest, obovate, exceeding the bracteole, villous all over, stam. 6; fem. fl. subsessile, sep. of male, corolla subsessile, pet. narrowly oblanceolate, very unequal, villous, disk with a black spot.; seeds subglobose 2 5 in. diam., papillose.
Upper montane zone; rare. Nuwara Eliya (Gardner); Pidurutalagala
(Thwaites) ; Horton Plains, alt. 7200 ft. (Pearson). Fl. April. Endemic.
5. B. longicuspis, 2k. 7. 2x Fl. B. Ind. vi. 573 (1893). EF. cristatum, var., Thw. Enum. 341. C. P. 789.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 573. ’. Stem short, as thick as a swan’s quill; 1. 2-24 in., linear- subulate, acuminate, flat, many-veined, opaque, coriaceous Sheath obscurely villous at the base within; scapes I or 2, 18-20 in., very slender, weak, flexuous, tip of sheath mem- branous; heads 4 in. diam., the black cusps of the bracteoles contrasting with the small white fl.; bracts very small, ¢cuneately obovate, scarious, blackish; recept. hemispheric, clothed with long hairs; bracteoles cuneiform, tips rounded, toothed, and with a long black cusp, glabrous or the inner dorsally villous; male and fem. fl. stipitate, male sep. 3, narrow, concave, tips hairy, one lobe of cor. much exceeding the bracteoles, villous, spathulate, stam. 6; fem. sep. 3, linear- oblong, stipitate, pet. narrowly spathulate, ciliate, each with a black spot; seeds not seen.
Lower montane zone; very rare. Ramboda (Gardner). Fl. Jan. Endemic.
6. E. atratum, Korn. in Linnea, xxvii. 610 (1854).
Thw. Enum. 241. C. P. 61 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 574.
Stem 1-4 in. densely tufted, erect or decumbent, and sometimes branched, as thick as a swan’s quill at the base or more slender; 1. 4-6 by 74-75 in., narrowly linear, obtuse or acute, erect or spreading from an erect base, thick in texture, veins very many and close-set, sheath more or less woolly at the base within; scape solitary, 6-12 in., tip of sheath mem- branous; head 4-} in. diam., hemispheric; bracts cuneately obovate, incurved, rigid, convex, black, grey, or yellowish, shining, glabrous, inner acute; recept. hemispheric, densely
Eviocaulou.| Eriocaulonee. 5
villous with long hairs; bracteoles orbicular-ovate, black, dorsally shortly bearded above the middle, outer very shortly cuspidate, inner acute, male fl. stipitate, sep. 3, obovate, dorsally densely villous, one lobe of corolla much the longest, much exceeding the bracteoles, obovate, villous all over, stam. 6; fem. fl. subsessile, 2 sep. concave, I narrower, flat, cor. sessile or stipitate, pet. 3, oblanceolate, villous, 2 or all with a black spot; seeds not seen.
- Montane zone; rather common. Galagama (Gardner); Maskeliya: Moist places in Central Province, alt. 6000-8000 ft. (Pearson). FI, Feb., March.
’ Endemic.
Gardner’s number for this was 932, not 972 as in Herb. Kew. Mr. Pearson has collected specimens with the invol. bracts varying as described above.
7. &. sexangulare, /. SA. P/. 87 (1753). Mokmota, S.
EteGnam Vitisn 7 ae burm hes: 1 1Os.0. Hb leZevle mea.) 22, Wal- dichianum, Mart.; Thw. Enum. 341; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 99. C. P. 220. Sul estnd svi. "580, “Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 249.
Stem as thick as the little finger or less, short, rarely elongate; |. 4-12 by 4~-# in. broad at the base, narrowed from the base to the subacute or acuminate tip, thin, many-veined, opaque, striate, drying brown; scapes many, tall, up to 18 in. high, slender, stiff, stoutly 5-ribbed, sheath Se —6in., herbaceous, tip ending in a long g green point; heads 1 a3 in. diam. 4 slobose, hemispheric or conical, sometimes viviparous, hard, hoary, base truncate, at length intruded; bracts short, subquadrate or orbicular, spreading, rigidly coriaceous, closely appressed to the fi, elabrous, yellow, shining; recept. globose, hemi- spheric or columnar, sparsely hairy; bracteoles densely im- bricate, broadly cuneate-spathulate, cuspidate, rigid, tip dark, hoary with snow- -white powdery pubescence ; male fl. quite flat, sep. free or connate, flabelliform, crenate - toothed, glabrous, cor.-lobes minute, triangular, Sliakee. Stam. O5 fem,, fi. strongly compressed, subsessile, sep. 3, 2 very large, dolabri- form. and cymbiform, acute, incurved, dorsally broadly winged, third small, linear, flat, pet. filiform, terminated by a pencil of long hairs; seeds oblong or subglobose, 7g in. diam., red- brown, ribbed, ribs papillose. is
Wet places in moist low country; very common. Abundant in oe cinnamon gardens, Colombo. Fl. Dec., March, July.) - | 79 -. In Tropical Asia generally ; Madagascar.
- According to Continental Indian specimens the anil fl. vary ry greatly, sometimes approaching the fem. in the form of the sepals, or are, with them, very much reduced. ’
6 Evriocaulonee. [Erzocaulon.
8. E. Thwaitesii, Kirn. ix Linnea, xxvii. 627 (1854). L£. Neesz- anum, Korn. |. c. 628.
E. truncatum, Thw. Enum. 341 (part). C. P. 790 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 583.
Stem very short, stout, sometimes as thick as the little finger; |. 2-10 by 33 in. broad in the middle, subulate, linear, or ensiform, acute or acuminate, opaque, 3—5-veined; scapes many, 2-6 in., slender, flexuous, 5-ribbed, tip of sheath acuminate, herbaceous; heads 4} in. diam., hemispheric or obconic, hoary, base at length intruded; bracts obovate-oblong or nearly orbicular, spreading and incurved, glabrous, coria- ceous, shining, pale straw-col’d.; recept. convex, densely villous with long hairs; bracteoles cuneately oblanceolate or spathulate, acute or obtuse, greyish, scarious, dorsally hoary above the middle; male fl. stipitate, stipes crinite with long hairs; male sep. 2, obovate-oblong, concave, dorsally rounded or almost keeled, glabrous or nearly so, cor.-lobes very minute, disk with black spots, stam. 3-6; fem. fl. sessile or stipitate, sep. 2, cymbiform, acute, dorsally rounded, sometimes with a thickened keel, cor. sessile or stipitate, pet. filiform, very short, terminated by a pencil of long hairs; seeds about #5 in. long, oblong, with papillose ridges, dark red-brown.
Moist region, up to about 4ooo ft.; rather rare. Ramboda (Gardner) ;
Ambagamuwa (Thwaites); Kitulgala. Fl. Jan—March. Also in Nilgiri Mountains.
9. &. Brownianum, J7art. zn Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 25 (1832).
Thw. Enum. 341. C. P. 377 and 378 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 576. Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 248.
Stem I-3 in., from a stout copiously rooting rootstock up to 1 in. diam.; 1. 6-18 by ~4-1 in. broad, narrowly linear to ensiform, acuminate, glabrous or sparsely hairy; scape solitary, 1-2 ft., stout or slender, 7-ribbed and deeply grooved, glabrous or sparsely hairy, and sheaths up to 4 in. long, tip acuminate, green; head 4-4 in. diam., globose or hemispheric, snow-white, bracts }-} in., as long as the fl, obovate-oblong or cuneiform, spreading, at length reflexed, glabrous, pubescent or villous, pale or dark grey; recept. flat or convex, covered with long straight hairs; outer bracteoles broadly cuneiform, inner spathulate, obtuse, all densely villous above the middle with white hairs; male fl. long-stipitate, stipes hairy, sep. broadly spathulate, free or connate, tips dorsally bearded, cor.-lobes subequal, minute, fimbriate, stam. 6; fem. fl. very shortly stipitate, sep. cymbi- form, acute or cuspidate, dorsally hirsute, cor. with ov. shortly stipitate; pet. linear or narrowly oblong, villous with long
Eriocaulon.] Erwocaulonee. U]
straight hairs and with a black spot on the disk; seeds #5 in. diam., oblong or subglobose, ribbed, ribs papillose.
Montane zone, chiefly in higher region; rather common. Adam’s Peak (Gardner); Ambagamuwa; N. Eliya; Rangala; Knuckles Moun- tain; &c. Swampy places in the Central Province, alt. 5500-7200 ft. (Pearson). Fl. March, Sept., Oct.
Also in Khasia and the Nilgiri Mountains.
Very variable, the leaves often much broader than in Wallich’s figure.
Io. EB. luzulaefolium, J7art. in Wall. Pi. As. Rar. iii. 28 (1832).
Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 582. Schniz!. Icon. t. 46, f. 2, 5.
Perennial (?); stem stout or slender, sometimes as thick as a swan’s quill, densely fibrous; |. 1-3 in., broadly subulate, narrowed from the base to the acuminate tip, many-veined, Opaque or translucent; scapes many, 3-12 in., slender, 5-7-ribbed, flexuous, sheath obtuse; heads small, hemi- spheric, 4 in. diam., pale greyish, pubescent, base truncate, intruded; bracts erect or spreading, outer broadly cuneiform, subcoriaceous, shining, glabrous; recept. conical or columnar, villous with long hairs; bracteoles cuneately oblanceolate, obtuse or subacute, dorsally shortly hairy; male fl. stipitate, sep. 3, free or 2-connate, tips ciliate, cor.-lobes minute, obtuse, stam. 6; fem. fl. stipes slender, sep. 3, narrow, concave, dorsally tipped with bristles, cor. with ov. stipitate or sub- sessile, linear-lanceoldte, ciliate; seeds oblong, yellow, faintly ribbed, and most closely transversely ridged, appearing echinulate.
Ceylon (Gardner).
Throughout Continental India. Closely resembles forms of &. quinguangulare, from which the seeds distinguish it.
se &. truncatum, Ham. ex Mart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 29 1632). . ae Enum. 341 (part). C. P. 793.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 578.
A tufted annual; |. 1-2} by }$-+ in., linear or subulate, acuminate, few or many-veined ; scapes many, I-—5 in., rather stout, 5-ribbed, sheath coriaceous, tip green or narrowly mem- branous ; heads 4-3 in. diam., globose or hemispheric, base truncate, at length intruded ; bracts spreading, oblong-cunei- form, shining, glabrous, membranous, pale grey; recept. conical, nearly glabrous ; bracteoles incurved, obovoid-spathu- late, membranous, glabrous, tip truncately rounded with event margins; male fl stipitate, sep. 3, all free, or 2-connat: cuneately oblong, glabrous; cor.-lobes minute, ciliate, stam. 6 or fewer; fem. “f. long-stipitate, sep. 2-3, narrowly linear,
8 Evriocaulonee. [Eriocaulon.
concave or I broader, flat, pet. 3, filiform or narrowly oblan-
ceolate, glabrous or sparsely ciliate, ov. stipitate; seeds
oblong, zz in. long, yellow, strongly ribbed, ribs papillose. Low country; very common. Swampy places in the Central Pro-
vince, all 4000-5500 ft. (Pearson). Thwaites sunk his number 793 under 790.
12. B. Trimeni, Hook, f x. sp.
A small, slender annual; 1. $-1 in, narrowly linear or subulate, acuminate, I-veined above the middle, scapes 1 or few, 14-2 in. long, slender, sheath inflated, acuminate; heads qo-¢ in. diam.; bracts erect, obovate-oblong, hyaline, glisten- ing, tips rounded, quite glabrous; recepts. very small, glabrous; bracteoles cuneately oblong or obovate, obtuse, concave, hyaline; fl. all perfectly glabrous, male stipitate, sep. 3, linear- oblong, obtuse, concave, 2 connate; cor.-lobes minute, obtuse, stam. 1; fem. fl. sessile or shortly stipitate, sep. 3, linear, obtuse, concave, cor. and ov. shortly stipitate, pet. narrowly oblanceolate; seeds ¢5 in. long, oblong - ovoid, acutely 8—10-ribbed, yellow, shining.
Montane zone. Dambulla Rock (7yviémen). FI. Dec.
Referred by Dr. Trimen to &. ¢rumcatum, but a much smaller plant, with perfectly glabrous heads, bracts, bracteoles, and flowers, and shining yellow seeds that are not papillose. It most nearly resembles £.
Szeboldianum, which differs in the columnar receptacle, form of the bracteoles, absence of pet. in the fem. fl., and smooth seeds.
13. BE. Wightianum, Jar?. in Wall. Pl. As. Rai iii. 28 (1832).
Thw. Enum. 341. C. P. 3382, 378 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 576.
Stem short or elongate, often as thick as the thumb; l. 6-14 by }-#1n., broadly linear or ensiform, obtuse, thin, glabrous or sparsely hairy, many-veined; scapes many, 6-12 in., stout, many-ribbed, and deeply grooved, glabrous or sparsely hairy, sheath with a long green tip; heads }—; in. diam., pale grey and hoary or snow-white from the tip of the fem. pet. projecting beyond the bracteoles; bracts short, broadly obovate-oblong or cuneiform, pale yellowish, pubes- cent or woolly, coriaceous, tips rounded or truncate; recept. convex, villous with long straight hairs; bracteoles cuneately spathulate, tips cuspidate, scarious, densely hoary or shortly pubescent above and densely villous with long hairs below; male fl. stipitate, stipes hairy at the base, sep. 3, cuneately obovate, 2 often connate, tips pubescent, pet. minute, sub- equal, stam. 6; fem. fl. sessile or shortly stipitate, sep. 3, linear, concave, all bearded towards the tip, or 1 naked, cor.
Eriocaulon.| Firiocaulonze. 9
shortly stipitate, pet. spathulate or oblanceolate, dorsally villous with very long hairs, disk with a black spot, ov. sessile; seeds globosely oblong or ellipsoid, 45-5 in. long, dark red- brown, smooth, very minutely papillose.
Montane zone; rather common. Ambagamuwa; Ramboda; N. Eliya;
Wattakelle. Fl. Feb. ' Also in Burma and S. India.
14. B. Walkeri, 2. f. zx Fl. B. Ind. vi. 583 (1893).
E. gquinguangulare, var. argenteum, Thw. Enum. 341. C. P. 3562.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 533.
Annual, densely tufted; |. much shorter than the scapes, narrowly subulate, obtuse, few-veined, opaque, glistening ; scapes many, 6-8 in., very slender, 7-ribbed, tip of sheath broadly membranous; head globose, or very shortly oblong, --i in. diam., snow-white, base at length intruded; bracts much shorter than the head, spreading, scarious, pale, outer obovate-oblong or cuneiform, glabrous, inner oblong, tips bearded; recept. hemispheric to columnar, densely clothed with long white hairs, bracteoles oblanceolate, acute or cuspi- dately acuminate, membranous, dorsally bearded above the middle or lower with snow-white hairs; male fl. with a short crinite stipes, sep. 3, broadly spathulate, dorsally long bearded, 2 connate, cor.-lobes ovate, subequal, or one longer, all bearded, and with a black gland on the disk, stam. 6; fem. fl. on a short crinite stipes, sep. narrowly obovate or oblong, obtuse, dorsally bearded, cor. sessile or shortly stipitate, pet. oblanceolate, dorsally bearded with long jointed hairs, and tipped with short obtuse white ones, disk of each with a black gland; seeds ;5 in. long, oblong or ellipsoid, orange-yellow, smooth, shining, chalaza very large.
_ Low country; apparently very rare. CKalutara; Batticaloa. Fl.
March. Endemic.
15. &. quinquangulare, Z. S/. P/. 87 (1753). Hin-kokmota, S.
Herm. Mus. 20. Burm. Thes. 109. FI. Zeyl. n. 48. Moon, Cat. 9. Thw. Enum. 341. C. P. 792. : Beruiob. Ind vi soz. Pluk: Phytcer. taz21, f 7-
Stems very short, tufted on a short rootstock; |. 1-4 by 4-14 in. subulate, linear, or ensiform, acuminate, usually narrowed uniformly from base to tip, often bright red-brown when dry; scapes many, 1-4 in., rather stout, flexuous, sheath short, tip membranous, obtuse, or rounded; heads globose, 4_1 in. diam., grey to snow-white, bracts very short, linear- oblong to broadly oblong or cuneate, scarious, glistening, at length reflexed and concealed under the head; recept.
10 Erwocaulonec. [Eriocaulon.
globose or columnar, sparsely villous, bracteoles oblanceolate or spathulate, acuminate or cuspidate, hyaline, dorsally villous with flexuous hairs; male fl.:—sep. 3, 2 ovate, connate, tips villously penicillate, cor.-lobes minute, stam. 6; fem. ff. stipitate, sep. 3, narrow, 2 concave, dorsally villous, one flat; cor. sessile or stipitate, pet. 3, very unequal, oblanceolate, one much the longest, villous all over, two shorter and much narrower, all usually with a black spot on the disk; seeds very minute, oblong or subglobose, pale yellow, quite smooth, shining.
Low country, in damp places, in both regions, and up to 4ooo0 ft.; very common. Fl. Oct., Feb., July.
Throughout India.
A very pretty little species, with very white heads. Often so abundant as to make the ground look as if covered with snow. The leaves usually pink in colour when dry.
16. E. collinum, /72. 7. 7x F/. B. Ind. vi. 584 (1893).
E. luzulefolium, Thw. Enum. 341 (non Mart.). C. P. 796 (1000).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 584.
Annual (?); stems densely tufted; 1. 1-3} in. by 74-4 in, narrowly linear or subulate, obtuse, I1-9-veined, opaque or translucent; scapes many, 3-12 in., slender, rigid, flexuous, 7-ribbed, sheath stout, sometimes as long as the 1., tip obtuse, broadly membranous; heads globose, } in. diam., dark grey, base at length intruded; bracts small, outer very short, orbicular or cuneate-obovate, scarious, pale, dorsally hoary, or the outer glabrous, at length reflexed; recept. hemispheric or columnar, densely villous with long hairs; bracteoles cuneately spathulate or obovate, cuspidately acuminate, membranous, dorsally hoary with short white hairs; male fl. stipitate, sep. 3, linear-oblong, concave, cor.-lobes 3, one much the longest, exserted beyond the sep. but not beyond the bracteoles, stam. 6; fem. fl. stipitate, sep. 3, two cymbi- form, one flat, cor. sessile or shortly stipitate, pet. narrowly oblanceolate, ciliate, ov. sessile; seeds 5 in. long, oblong, smooth, pale yellow-brown, closely minutely papillose.
Montane zone; rare. Ramboda; Ambagamuwa; Horton Plains. FI. Dec.—March.
Also in the Nilgiri Mountains.
eon Sieboldianum, Seb. and Zucc. ex Stend. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 272 (1855). k EB ee ees Burm. FI. Zeyl. 31; Moon, Cat. 9; Thw. Enum. 341; Trim. Syst. Cat. 99 (non L.). C. P. 795.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 577. Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 9, f. 4.
Annual, tufted, stemless; |. 1-2 in., subulate or setaceous, 3-5-veined, glabrous, opaque or translucent, sheath very short,
Eriocaulon.] Eriocaulonee. II
scapes many, 3-4 in., slender, 5-ribbed, sheath 3 in., obtuse, broadly membranous; heads small, ¢ in. diam., globose or -ovoid, white or purplish; bracts much shorter than the head, ~outer broadly oblong, obtuse, tip rounded, inner narrower, all scarious, spreading or ascending, glabrous, pale; recept. small, columnar, glabrous, or sparsely hairy; bracteoles linear- oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, closely im- ‘bricating, hyaline, glabrous, shining, with usually a_ broad, often purplish, central band of colour; fl. all glabrous, male and fem. stipitate, male sep. 3, free or connate, obovate- oblong, cor.-lobes minute, stam. 1-6; fem. sep. I or 2, filiform -or O, pet. 0, stipes of ov. with a node at the position of the pet.; seeds very minute, about 100 in. long, oblong, quite smooth, pale red- or yellow-brown, shining.
Moist region up to 3000 ft.; common. FI. Oct., Feb.
Throughout India and in China, Philippines and Japan.
Burman seems to have been the first to refer &. sexangulare, L., to -this, and so misled subsequent writers.
18. E. fluviatile, 772m. 7m Journ. Bot. xxiii. 270 (1885). C. P. 057: ; on B. Ind. vi. 585. :
A perennial, submerged aquatic, with emersed heads; stems 2-3 in., very slender, interlaced, flexuous, copiously rooting; 1. 8-10 in, about =; in. broad, almost filiform, -concave above, dorsally convex, flaccid, sheath dilated, membranous, 7-veined, base cottony within; scape solitary, rather shorter than the 1|., slender, 7-ribbed, sheath cylindric, tip with a long green point; head floating, depressed-globose, din. diam.; bracts dark, glabrous, outer orbicular, inner ‘broadly oval or oblong, subscariously coriaceous; recept. hemispheric, glabrous; bracteoles obovate or cuneately oblong, membranous, tips rounded, villous; male fl.:—sep. 3, spathu- late, dorsally villous beyond the middle, cor.-lobes rather large, villous, disk with a black spot; fem. fl. subsessile, sep. and subsessile pet. narrow, spathulate, ciliate, the pet. -with a black spot; seeds about 5 in., oblong, sinooth, pale ‘brown.
In deep running water, in moist low country; very rare. Streams now - supplying the great reservoir at Labugama, first noticed by Ferguson in 1882; near Hewesse, Pasdun Korale. Fl. Jan., Feb. Endemic. The habit is that of Z. Dadze/iz, but the flowers are very different.
12 Cyperacec.
CXLVIII.—CY PERACE A,
PERENNIAL, rarely annual herbs, with the habit of grasses; roots fibrous; stem terete or 3-angled, rarely branched; 1.
grass-like (rarely 0), 3-ranked, mostly crowded at the base of. the stem, upper fewer, with tubular sheaths, which are more or less closed, or the lower split to the base, ligule 0, or a short prolongation of the mouth of the sheath opposite the blade; infl. of solitary, fascicled, panicled, or spicate spikelets,
composed of small imbricating distichous, or spirally imbri- cating scales (glumes); fl. minute, uni- or bisexual, in the axils of the glumes; perianth o, or of 6 or more hypog ynous bristles or scales (ovary enclosed in a utricle in Carex) ; stam.
1-3, fil. flattened, anth. basifixed, linear; ov. i-celled, style short or long, stigmas 2-3, ovule 1, basal, erect, anatropous; fr. a compressed or trigonous nut; seed erect, free, embryo minute, within the base of the floury endosperm.
In using the following key and the generic characters given of the Ceylon Cyferacee, it is absolutely necessary, for their proper understand- ing, to bear in mind that the so-called spikelets of the tribe Cyfeve@ are not homologous with those of the other tribes. In the Cyperee@, each flowering glume of the spikelet bears one bisexual fl., and any scales or bristles placed around or below the stamens are considered to be organs of that fl. (disk or perianth). In the other tribes, what appear to be the glumes of a spikelet are considered to be bracts of a spike, each of which bracts bears in its axil a spikelet (homologous with that of Cyferee), reduced to a sessile ovary, accompanied or surrounded with scale-like glumes, which are not arranged upon a rhachilla, but are arranged around the ovary in a certain order, which can only be ascertained by very care- fulexamination. In Ayfolytree, two of the scales are always external to the others, placed right and left of the ov., are monandrous, concave, ‘strongly laterally compressed and keeled, the keel ciliate, the other scales, one or more of which are monandrous, are flat and variously placed. In Sclertee, where also what appear to be the glumes of a spikelet are considered to be the bracts of a spike, the true spikelet also consisting of scales, like glumes, and the male glumes are‘usually on a separate spike. There is no trace in Sclerze@ of the two right and left glumes of //yfolytree. Lastly, in Caricee the true spikelet is represented in the male spike by stamens only, and in the fem. by an ov. enclosed in a utricle, which latter i is the homologue of the two right and left scales of | Hy polytree.
From the above it may be concluded that it is very difficult to apply to the infl. of Cy~eracee a nomenciature at once scientific, practical, and _ intelligible to the student without much circumlocution; I have there- fore followed the simplest course of using, throughout the Order, the term spikelet for both spikes and spikelets, and of scales for the glumes- of the true spikelets of Hypolytree and Scleriee.—J. D. H
Cyperacee.
Nut not enclosed in a utricle (see Lifocarpiha). _ FI. bisexual, solitary in the glumes of a simple spikelet (Cyperee). Glumes all distichous (see also Actinoschenus and some sp. of Fzméristylis. Rhachilla of spikelet persistent . ; Rhachilla of spikelet disarticulating above the second glume. Spikelets many-fid . Spikelets few-fid. Glumes all spirally imbricated, or the lower only distichous. Spikelets many-fld. (except Wedsteria). Hypogynous scales or bristles 0 (see also sp. of Sczrfus and Eleocharis). Style- base swollen, disarticulating from the nut. Glumes separable from the rhachilla Glumes persistent on the rhachilla . Style-base persistent on the nut . Hypogynous scales or bristles present. Nut with hypogynous bristles (o in some sp. of Scirpus and LE/eo- charts). Spikelets many-fid. Style-base swollen Style-base not swollen . Spikelets 1-fld. 3 : Nut with hypogynous scales. Scales 3, stipitate, flat. Scales 2, hyaline, wrapped round the MUETS Spikelets few-fld. (see also Websteria) (Rhynchosporee). Spikelets compressed, capitate Spikelets not compressed. Stigmas 2 Stigmas 3 Spikelets panicled Spikelets fastigiate in an ovoid head F]. unisexual; glumes containing many slender scales, some with a single stamen, others empty, and one central naked pistil. Spikelets uniform (HyZolytree). Spikelet solitary, unilateral . Spikelets many. Spikelets in terminal panicles . Spikelets capitate on axillary scapes. Nut globose, smooth : Nut deeply 6-10 grooved Spikelets dimorphic, male narrow, fem. broader (Sclertee). Glumes entire, with one median vein . Glumes trifid, with 5-7 strong veins . Nut enclosed in a compressed utricle
iP)
Our
\O cont
. CYPERUS.
. MARISCUS. . KYLLINGA.
. FIMBRISTYLIS. . ECHINOLYTRUM. . BULBOSTYLIS.
. ELEOCHARIS. . SCIRPUS.
. WEBSTERIA. . FUIRENA.
. LIPOCARPHA.
. ACTINOSCHENUS. . RHYNCHOSPORA.
. CLADIUM. . REMIREA.
. LEPIRONIA. . HYPOLYTRUM. . MAPANIA.
. SCIRPODENDRON.
. SCLERIA. . DIPLACRUM. . CAREX.
14 Cyperacee. [ Cyperus.
1. CYPERUS, J.
Perennial, rarely annual, glabrous herbs, with a creeping rootstock or oO; |. all towards the base of the stem, with some- times a few cauline, in a few sp. reduced to sheaths; infl. of solitary or umbelled heads or spikes of spikelets; invol. bracts one or more, foliaceous, with bracteoles under the secondary divisions of the infl.; spikelets linear or oblong, rhachilla persistent, not disarticulating towards the base, with some- times membranous wings (the persistent bases of the glumes) ; glumes distichous, 2 lowest empty, the succeeding bisexual, all nearly equal, deciduous in ascending order, uppermost 1-3, empty or sterile; hypogynous scales or bristles 0; stam. 3, rarely I or 2, anth. linear or oblong; ov. compressed, style long, short, or 0, stigma 2 or 3, long or short; nut trigonous, triquetrous, or plano-convex.—Sp. about 350; 80 in /V. B. Ind.
A satisfactory classification of the species of CyZerus in linear sequence is, Owing to their cross affinities, and their variability in habit and in the development of the infl., perhaps unattainable. For this work (in which dichotomy is the rule adopted by Dr. Trimen for the construction of the keys), I have chosen for the principal subclivisions of the genus characters which, though in great measure artificial, will, I think, be serviceable to the student in his endeavour to identify the Ceylon species. This I have followed with an account of the arrangement adopted by Mr. Clarke in the Flora of British India, which is partly natural and partly artificial ;—wholly artificial in retaining /wacel/us as a genus, and natural in adopting Pycreus. With regard to the latter genus, though not adopted by Dr. Trimen in the list of Cyperacee, which he drew up for description in this work, it is well distinguished from Cyfervus by the laterally com- pressed nut, and is, as Mr. Clarke informs me, only distinguishable from Kyllinga by habit and the inarticulate rhachilla of the spikelets. For valuable observations on the inflorescence, &c., of Cyferacez, see that author’s Pre.idential Address to the Linnean Society, published in the “ Proceedings” of that body for 1895-6, p. 22.—J. H. D.
Style long, filiform, stigmas 2-3, minute . » (1. Gy CEPHALORES: Style very short or 0, stigmas 3, short . font, (Cy ERD: Style long, stigmas 2-3, long. Stigmas 2-3, nut dorsally compressed (see also 39, C. alopecuroides) . : . 3. C. PYGMAUS. Stigmas 2, nut laterally compressed. Spikelets all or most in a solitary terminal head; annuals. Rhachilla not winged.
Spikelets loosely capitate . 4. C. STRAMINEUS. Spikelets compactly capitate 5. C. PUMILUS. Rhachilla winged . 3 6. C. HYALINUS (Vahl).
Spikelets umbelled. Style as long as the nut. Nut broadly obovoid A : . 7. C. SANGUINOLENTUS, Nut narrow, truncate. : é . 8. C. POLYSTACHYUS. Style shorter than the nut.
Cyperus. Cyperacee.
Nut obcordate Nut broadly obovoid . Stigmas 3. Spikelets all or most in a single terminal head. Rhachilla winged . Rhachilla not, or hardly, winged. Stem tall Stem short. Perennial, heads large . Annual, heads small ‘ Spikelets in umbelled heads or spikes. Spikelets in globose compact heads, or digitately or stellately clustered on the rays of a simple or compound umbel. (See also 31 compressus.) Nut long-beaked, margins corky Nut not, or minutely, beaked, margins not corky. Spikelets in globose compact heads Spikelets digitately or stellately clustered. Annual, glumes with long re- curved cusps. Nut narrowly oblong, Hee late . Nut obovoid, smooth Perennial, except C. flavidus. L. ¢ in. ‘broad, or less. Glumes orbicular. Spikelets 4-3 in. long Spikelets Bib in. long Glumes oblong . ¥-3 in. broad : Spikelets spicate, spikes terminating the rays or raylets of a usually com- pound umbel. Spikelets usually long, and loosely
spicate. Bracts o, or very short; I. 0, or short. Nut oblong, half as long as the glume . Nut elliptic, not ‘half. as long as the glume
Bracts leafy, one or more very ‘long. Nut narrow, half as long as the glume, or more. L. 1-2, oro L. many.
Spikes and spikelets suberect \ Spikes and spikelets Sree, ing Nut broad, half as long as the
glume, or shorter.
o ils - 12.
Hues a ae
» TiS
16.
23) 5 onl
5 ls, 26. 5 2s
ANAA
(oX@)
Aa CO OO
ele)
- PUNCTICULATUS. . GLOBOSUS.
- BULBOSUS. . CONGLOMERATUS..
- ARENARIUS. - ARISTATUS.
. PLATYSTYLIS.
. DIFFORMIS.
. CASTANEUS. . CUSPIDATUS.
. HASPAN.
. FLAVIDUS.
. PULCHERRIMUS., . DIFFUSUS.
. ARTICULATUS.
C. CORYMBOSUS.
C. DEHISCENS.
C. DISTANS.
C. NUTANS.
16 Cyperacee. [Crperus..
Rhachis of spikes hispidulous 28. C. PILOSUS. Rhachis of spikes glabrous. Glumes with a green cusp. Spikelets #5 in. broad =. 29, C. EXALTATUS. Spikelets 4-4 in. broad. Spikelets turgid . . 30. C. TUBEROSUS. Spikelets compressed . 31. C. COMPRESSUS. Glumes without a greencusp. Stem tall, triquetrous.
Tip of glumes rounded 32. C. PROCERUS. Tip of glumes acute or subacute : - 33- G. ZOLLINGERL Stem trigonous. Annual P : . 34. C. ROTUNDUS. Perennial . C. STOLONIFERUS.
Spikelets very short, densely crowded in cylindric spikes. Styles 3. Spikes and spikelets spreading.
Spikes 1-13 in., red-brown . 36. C. DIGITATUS. Spikes $-1I in., green. . 37. C. ELEUSINOIDES. Spikes and spikelets suberect . 38. C. PLATYPHYLLUS. Styles 2. ; ; : : . 39. C. ALOPECUROIDES.
The following is the arrangement followed by Clarke in FI. B. Ind., with the numbers in brackets as they are arranged in this work :—
Gen. Pycreus. Nut laterally compressed, stigmas 2. 1, stramineus (Cyp. 4); 2, sanguinolentus (Cyp. 7); 3, nitens (5. C. pumilus); 4, pumilus (6. C. hyalinus) ; 5, capillaris (10. C. globosus) ; 6, polystachyus (Cyp. 8); 7, puncticulatus (Cyp. 9).
Gen. Juncellus. Nut plano-convex, dorsally compressed, stigmas 2. 1, alopecuroides (Cyp. 39); 2, pygmzeus (Cyp. 3).
Gen. Cyperus. Nut trigonous or triquetrous, rarely dorsally com- pressed, stigmas 3, rarely 2. -
Subgen. I. Anosporum. Style entire, or with 3 minute stigmas. 1. C. Cephalotes (1).
Subgen. II. Pycnostachys. Style compressed, stigmas capillary.
Sect. 1. /Vatantes. 2 C. platystylis (15).
Sect. 2. Amuadiles. Slender annuals, spikelets small, glumes mucronate; 3 castaneus (17); 4, cuspidatus (18).
Sect. 3. Difformes. Small, or middle-sized, annuals or biennials, rootstock o, or creeping in C. Hasfan, |. and bracts moderately long, narrow, weak; infl. umbellate, rarely capitate; spikelets small, numerous; glumes scarcely cuspidate; 5, difformis (16) ; 6, pulcherrimus (21); 7, Haspan (19); 8, flavidus (20).
Sect. 4. Conglomeratz. Rootstock woody, creeping, root-fibres thick, often woolly; infl. umbelled or of one head; 9, arenarius (13); 10, conglomeratus (12); 11, pachyrhizus (12: conglome- ratus #).
Sect. 5. Dzffusz. Tall, or middle-sized perennials, 1. green, somewhat broad, often 3-veined; umbels compound, generally decompound; 12, diffusus (22); 13, pubisquama (12 diffusus 6B pubisquama).
Subgen, III. Choristachys. Infl. umbellate, spikes often more or
i
Cyperus.| Cyperacee. 17
less corymbed, spikelets sometimes very shortly spicate, stigmas
capillary.
A. Rhachilla of spikelets not much winged; I. and bracts long. Sect. 1. Compressz. Annuals or biennials; 14, compressus
(31); I5, aristatus (14); 16, Iria (2).
Sect. 2. Rootstock becoming woody, stolons frequent (large or middle-sized) ; 17, distans (26); 18, nutans (27); 19, eleu- sinoides (37); 20, pilosus (28); 21, procerus (32).
B. Rhachilla of spikelets usually conspicuously winged.
Sect. 3. &zlbosz. Stolons slender, soon disappearing, termi- nating in tunicated bulbils ; 22, bulbosus (11).
Sect. 4. Srevtfoliatz. Tall; stolons long, hardening into creeping rootstocks; 1. short, rarely half the length of stem; glumes approximate, closely imbricate; 23, articulatus (23); 24, corymbosus (24).
Sect. 5. Swbimbricatiz. Tall; rootstock very short, woody, stolons o ; glumes scarcely imbricating in frt. ; 25, C. tegetum, (25 C. dehiscens) ; 26, Zollingeri (32).
Sect. 6. Aotundi. Tall or medium plants, stoloniferous or rootstock woody; I. and bracts long ; rhachilla of spikelets
- winged; glumes closely imbricated ; 27, C. rotundus (34) ; 28, C. stoloniferus (35) ; 29, C. tuberosus (30).
Sect. 7. xaltatz. Tall, stolons 0; 1. and bracts long ; umbel large, compound, spikes and spikelets many, rhachilla con- spicuously winged; anth. apiculate, sometimes crested; style and stigmas small; nut small, ashy black; 30, C. exaltatus (29); 31, C. digitatus (36); 32, C. platyphyllus (38).
1. ©. Cephalotes, Vah/, Enum. 11. 311 (1806). C. Hookerianus, Thw. Enum. 342. C. P. 3221. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 597. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 53.
An annual (?) marsh herb, with slender stolons; stem rather stiff, 6-10 in., trigonous; |. longer or shorter than the stem, narrowly linear, acuminate, striate, erect, } in. broad, rather coriaceous, I-veined; head globose, $ in. diam., of many small sessile spikelets; bracts 3-4, leaf-like, striate, widely spreading, base a little dilated; spikelets ovate, 4-4 by ¢ in., flat, 20-30-fld., rhachilla stout, not winged; glumes ovate- oblong, cuspidate, cymbiform, closely imbricate, coriaceous, -chestnut-brown, many and closely veined, keel suberulous, margin and tip narrowly hyaline; stam. 2-3, fil. broadly ‘linear, anth. linear, =4 in.; nut oblong, narrowed into a subu- late beak half as long as itself or more, obscurely trigonous, -ventrally concave, dorsally convex, pale and corky in the lower half, brown above it, style jointed on the beak of the nut, capillary, entire or 2—3-toothed.
Moist region, very rare. Galle, Kornagalle, Lunugala, Uva. Fl > Sept., &c.
Also in India, Burma, China, Malaya, Australia.
Resembles Kyllinga monocephala.
PART YV. C
18 Cyperacee. [ Cyperus.
2. ©. Iria,* LZ. Sp. Pl. 67 (1753). Wel-hiri, S.
C. Santonict, Rottb. Moon, Cat. 6. . Thw. Enum. 344. C. P. 811.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 606. Rottb. lc. t. 9. f. 1 (C. Santonicz). Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 56.
A glabrous tufted annual; stem 4-20 in., triquetrous; |. as long as the stem or shorter, $-} in. broad, finely acuminate flaccid, I1-veined; umbel decompound, of many primary rays 1-5 in. long, bearing irregularly fascicled secondary umbels formed of narrow interrupted spikes of 5-20 small few-fid. spikelets; spikelets ~,-} by 75 in., linear-oblong, obtuse, greenish-brown, rhachilla very slender, not winged ; glumes loosely imbricate, orbicular-obovate, hyaline, 3-5-veined, keeled toward the rounded or retuse apiculate tip, dorsally mottled with brown, 2 lowest much smaller, ovate, acuminate, empty; stam. 2 or 3, fil. often connate below, anth. very minute, oblong, tip conical ; nut obovoid, trigonous, about as long as the glume, black, style very short oro, stigmas 3, much shorter than the nut, linear.
In paddy fields and other wet places, very common. FI. all the year. Tropics of old world.
3. C. pygmeeus, Rotts. Descr. et Ic. 20 (1773). Moon, Cat. 6. Trim. Syst. Cat. 99. C. P. 3947. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 596 (/uncellus). Rottb. l.c. t. 14, ff. 4, 5.
Annual, dwarf, densely tufted ; stems I-Io in. erect or spreading ; l. as long as the stem, or shorter, narrow, acumi- nate, flaccid ; spikelets innumerable, sessile, densely packed in an entire or lobed terminal head 4-3 in. diam., ovate, 5 in. long, 8—20-fld., greenish, often curved or twisted, at length brown, rhachilla very slender, not winged; bracts 2-4, I-6 in. long, flaccid, base broadly dilated ; glumes closely imbricate, ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into a long straight or recurved green cusp, 5-7-veined, keel not prominent; stam. 1, rarely 2, anth. linear-oblong, muticous; nut 7 as long as the glume, stipitate, narrowly linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, plano-convex, trigonous or terete, acute, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 2, rarely 3.
Low country, rather rare. Colombo (Ferguson); Puttalam; Anurad- hapura. FI. all the year.
All warm countries.
Very difficult to distinguish from the Oriental Sczrpus Michelianus, L., and by many botanists the two are united. According to Clarke (Fl. B. Ind. 1. c.), it may be distinguished by the scars of the rhachilla being distichous, and not spirally arranged.
* [ra is Rheede’s name in Hort. Mal. xii. 105.
Cyperus. | C YPevacee. 19
4. ©. stramineus, /Vees ix Wight, Contrib. 74 (1834).
Thw. Enum. 432. C. P. 3776.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 589 (Pycrezs).
Annual, stems densely tufted, 6-12 in. high, very slender, base thickened ; 1. suberect, as long as the stem or shorter, very narrow, #5 in. broad, acuminate, I-veined, sheath short; infl. a loose head of 5-20 suberect, sessile or subspicate spikelets; bracts 2-3, filiform, erect or spreading, longest 2-3 in.; spikelets linear, pale, 4-3 by yp in, 15-70 fid., rhachilla stout, tetragonous, angles membranous, hardly winged, at length deeply pitted with square lacune; glumes closely imbricate, broadly triangular-ovate, obtuse or cuspi- date, turgid, dorsally rounded and 3-5-veined, hardly keeled, sides veinless; anth. narrowly linear, muticous ; nut $ as long as the glume, suborbicular, laterally somewhat compressed, turgidly biconvex, dark brown, granular, surface cells oblong, style much longer than the nut, stigmas 2, capillary.
Low country; veryrare. Kurunegala. Fl. Sept.
Also in India and Burma. Roots described as being aromatic.
5. C. pumilus, Z. SZ. Pl. ed. 2 (1762). Go-hiri, S. : ed Cat. 6. C. pulvinatus, Nees et Mey.; Thw. Enum. 342. C. P. O00.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 591 (Pycreus nitens). Pluk. Phyt.t. 191, f. 8. Gaertn. Bryuct. t-2,-f. 2.
Annual, dwarf; stems densely tufted, 1-6 in. capillary; 1. longer and shorter than the stem, very slender 35 in. broad, I-veined, flaccid, sheath short; head of spikelets globose, 4-4 in. diam., entire or lobed, sometimes broken up into peduncled spikes or clusters of spikelets or into rays of an umbel; bracts 3-4, leaf-like, up to 4 in. long, base not dilated; spikelets linear or linear-oblong, 1-4 by } in., 20-50-fld., pale or dusky straw-col’d., rhachilla stout, tetragonous, not winged; glumes rather loosely imbricate, broadly ovate, cymbiform, _ spreading, strongly cuspidate below the bifid tip, dorsally rounded and 3-veined, green, sides hyaline, veinless ; stam. 1, rarely 2, anth. small; nut small, not half the length of the glume, substipitate, broadly obovoid, laterally compressed, biconvex, apiculate, granulate, dark brown, style much longer than the nut, stigmas 2, capillary.
Low country in wet sandy places; common. FI. Dec., &c.
India, and all hot countries of the Old World.
6. GC. hyalinus, Vahl, Exum. ii. 329 (1806).
C. pumilus, Nees; Thw. Enum. 432. Trim. Syst. Cat. 99. C. P. 3787. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 591 (Pycreus pumilus) (not given for Ceylon).
20 C: yperacee. [Cyperus.
Annual, dwarf, leafy, stems tufted, 1-4 in.; capillary; 1. as long as the stem or longer, narrowly linear, acuminate, } in. broad, flat, flaccid, 1-veined ; sheath short ; head of sessile or very shortly spicate clusters of sessile rather broad few-fid. spikelets, or of a few short rays with 3-6 distichous spikelets ; bracts 3-4, up to 3 in. long, leaf-like ; spikelets ovate-oblong, 1-1 by 75 in., 6-10 fld. yellow-green strongly compressed, rhachilla stout, wings lanceolate; glumes loosely imbricate, spreading, ovate, long and stoutly cuspidate below the obtuse tip, sides broadly hyaline with two strong veins, keel 3-veined ; stam. 3, anth. linear, muticous; nut large, $ as long as the
“glume, broadly obovate-oblong, truncate or retuse, laterally ‘flattened, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 2, long, capillary. Low country in the dry region; rather rare. Kurunegala District
‘(Thwaites) ; Anuradhapura, abundant ; USetal eee. iD ec: Also in S. India and Timor.
7. ©. sanguinolentus, Vahl, Enum. i. 351 (1806). Thw. Enum. 342. C. Eragrostis, Vahl; Trim. Syst. Cat. 99. C. P. 802.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 590 (Pycreus). Rottb. 1. c. t. ix. f. 4 (C. pumzlus).
Rootstock creeping, as thick as a crow-quill; stem 4-20 in., rather stout, soft, trigonous above, sometimes leafless : IE few, "many or O, as long as the stem or shorter, 7-4 in. broad, acuminate, I-veined; umbel small, simple, rays 2-5, stout, terminated by very short spikes of 3-6 spreading spikelets, sometimes the infl. is contracted into a SB head ; bracts 3-5, up to 5 in. long, foliaceous; spikelets 4-4 by ¢ in. , shortly spicate, flat, linear or oblong, 6-24 fid., red- brown, rhachilla rather stout, not winged ; glumes loosely imbricate, ‘orbicular, tip rounded, dorsally convex, not keeled, 3-veined, margins broadly hyaline, mottled with brown ; anth. linear, muticous; nut broadly obovoid about half as long as the glume, laterally compressed, turgidly biconvex, ashy brown, style as long as the nut, stigmas 2, capillary.
Moist low country; rather common; frequent at Peradeniya. FI.
Oct. India and all other hot countries of the Old World.
8. C. polystachyus, fottb. Descr. et Ic. 39 (1773).
Thw. Enum. 342. C. P. 800.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 592 (Pycreus). Rottb. l.c. t. 11, f. 1.
Perennial, tufted; stems slender, 12-30 in.; trigonous, thickened at the base; 1. shorter than the stem, } in. broad, flaccid, sheath short; umbel simple, of 2—7 slender rays $—2 in. long, each terminated by short ternate spikes of 4-8 narrow spikelets; bracts 3-6, spreading, up to 6 in. long, foliaceous; spikelets close together, 3-3 in. by 4 in. broad, linear,
Cyperus.] Cyperacee. Die
acuminate, flat, red-brown, 20-50-fld., rhachilla rather stout naked or narrowly winged; glumes closely imbricate, subovate, oblong, obtuse with a mucro, thin, obscurely 3-veined, sides yellow streaked with brown, margins very narrowly hyaline; stam. usually 2, anth. small, oblong; nut half as long as the glume, narrowly oblong or obovate-oblong, apiculate, laterally compressed, biconvex, black, granulate, style as long as the nut, stigmas 2, rarely 3, capillary.
Low country; very common. On the patanas of the Central Pro- vince, alt. 5600 ft. (Pearson). Fl. March, &c.
In all hot countries. One form has usually the spikelets lax and open, and is var. /axzflorus, Benth.
g. ©. puncticulatus, Vahl, Exum. ii. 348 (1806).
Thw. Enum. 342. C. P. 3751 and 4o18.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 593 (Pycreus).
Annual; stem robust, subsolitary, 1-2 ft., erect from a thickened base, trigonous or triquetrous above, angles smooth ; ]. as long as the stem or shorter, 4-4 in. broad, rather thick, I-veined, pale beneath, margin smooth, sheath long; umbel simple or compound, rays many, very slender, up to 6in. long, terminated by few or many slender spikes of widely spreading pale or dark red-brown spikelets; bracts 3-4, foliaceous, longest 6 in. or more; spikelets distant on the slender rhachis, ¢-2 in. long, by + in. broad, linear or linear-oblong, compressed, soft, many-fld.; rhachilla slender, angular, undulate, hardly winged; glumes closely imbricate, thin, orbicular, cymbiform, tip rounded and margins broadiy hyaline, dorsally 5-veined, mottled with brown, sides pale; stam. 3, anth. nearly as long as the glume, narrow, muticous; nut 3 as long as the glume, obcordate, strongly laterally compressed, granulate, pale or dark brown, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 2, capillary.
Low country ; rather rare. Trincomalie; Seven Korales; Kurunegala. Fl. Mar., July. Sept.
Also in Peninsular India and China.
C. P. 4o18 has much smaller umbels, with short rays and small crowded spikes of pale oblong spikelets nearly 35 in. long.
1o. ©. globosus, A/ioni, Fl. Pedem. i. 49 (1785). 3 C. flavescens, Thw. Enum. 342 (non L.); Trim. Syst. Cat. 99. C. P.
ol. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 591 (Pycreus capillaris).
. Rootstock small, roots fibrous, stems tufted, 4-24 in., very slender, trigonous, l. 4-12 by 4 in., very slender, almost fili-' form, 3'5 in. broad; umbel simple, or spikes capitate, rays 3-5, I-1}$ in. long, very slender, terminated by solitary or few spikes of 5 or more short spreading spikelets; bracts 2-3, foliaceous, 1 or 2 longer than the infl.; spikelets crowded,
22 C tae [ Cyperus.
ne ae ao brown ; rachilla rather stout, SEARO, not winged, spotted with red ; glumes erecto-patent, closely imbricate, ovate, obtuse, rather coriaceous, faintly 3-veined, keel green, sides brown, margins hardly hyaline; stam. 2; nut small, + as long as the glume, broadly or narrowly obovoid, tip rounded and beaked, laterally compressed, biconvex, dark chestnut, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 2, capillary.
Moist region, extending up to over 6000 ft.; very common. FI. Oct., Nov., &c.
Throughout the temperate and hot countries of Old World.
A very variable plant. The common Ceylon form is C. zdlagiricus, Hochst. in Steud., distinguished by Clarke (in Fl. B. Ind.) by narrower spikelets. Nuwara Eliya specimens have broader spikelets and smooth nuts. A Kurunegala specimen has short pale green spikelets. In Mt.
Lavunia ones, growing in shade, the stems are filiform, bearing solitary heads of 5-8 spikelets.—J. D. H.
11. ©. bulbosus, Vahl, Enum. Pi. ii. 342 (1806). Chilanti arichi, 7. [PLATE XCVI.].
C. jeminicus, Retz. Obs. Bot. iv. 11; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 175 (non Rottb.). C. gem¢natus, Moon, Cat. 6 (non Schrad.), Wight, Contrib: 80. C. hexastachyus, var. B, pendulus, Wight, Contrib. 82 (non Rottb.). C. rotundus, Kunth; Thw. Enum. 343 (part). Trimen in Journ. Bot. xxii. 358; Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109.
FL. B. Ind. vi. 611. Clarke in Journ. Bot. xxviii. 19 (bulbils).
Stem 4-10 in., slender, trigonous, base stoloniferous,. clothed with black coriaceous scales, stolons $—-24 in. long, filiform, bearing conico-ovoid bulbils coated with a thick black coriaceous at length bipartite integument; |. many, fascicled towards the middle of the stem, and longer than it, spreading and recurved, up to 75 in. broad, I -veined, tip fili- form, elongate, sheath very long, membranous, white ; head of creveioells about I in. diam., formed of slender alternate peduncled spikes, each bearing 3-20 spikelets, the lower distant from the upper; bracts 3, alternate, longer than the ee very unequal, filiform, strict, longest 3-4 in.; spikelets 3-3 by +z in., shortly pedicelled, linear, acute, 8—26-fid., chestnut-brown; rhachilla with persistent elliptic wings; glumes ;5 in, oblong, obtuse, cymbiform, membranous, dorsally rounded, 7-11-veined; stam. 3, anth. very long (#5 in.), linear, muticous; nut (not seen in Ceylon specimen), not half as long as the glume, obovoid, obtuse, triquetrous, black, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, rather long, capillary.
Sandy sea-coast in the dry region. Jaffna, Mannar, Chilaw, &c. FI. Nov., Dec.
Dry and desert districts of Tropics of Old World.
' Very unlike in habit to the other Sinhalese species.
Cyperus.) Cyperacee. 22
12. ©. conglomeratus, fotib., Descr. et Ic, 21 (1773). Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 808. HESS. Inds visioo2, . Rottb: Wet 15.f. 7.
Rootstock short or long, woody, creeping, }—} in. diam., roots of stout woolly fibres; stems 18-24 in., stout, terete below, trigonous above, base thickened and clothed with dark chestnut-brown ovate acuminate scales ; 1. as long as the stem or shorter, 4-4 in. broad, coriaceous, margins involute when dry, dorsally rounded, not keeled, veins obscure; heads globose, 1—I4 in. diam., of densely crowded spreading spikelets; bracts 3-4, very long, spreading and deflexed, narrower than the l., longest up to 10 in.; spikelets ovate-oblong, 4 by + in. long, 1o-20-fld., rhachilla stout, scarred, not winged; glumes broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, cymbiform, cuspidate below the obtuse erose tip; dorsally rounded, not keeled, many- veined, sides hyaline, veinless; stam. 3, anth. very long, marrow, muticous; nut 4 the length of the glume, broadly obovoid, compressed, obscurely trigonous, dark brown, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Var. B, pachyrhizus, 77777. MSS.
C. pachyrhizus, Nees ex Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 545. Trim. Cat. 200. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 603.
More slender, |. narrower, head 2 in. diam., rays } in., spikelets smaller and narrower, about 7 by 7: in., glumes muticous. A
Sandy sea-coast, in dry region; very rare. Aripo (Gardner). Var. 8,
Kalpitiya on W. Coast. Fl. March, Aug. Also in N. Africa, Arabia, and Sind, and Var. 6 in Laccadive Is.
C. jeminicus, Rottb. (non Retz.) is referred to this by Clarke in FI. B. Ind., who also refers the plant of Thw. Enum. to C. pachyrhizus, and I have done so in Syst. Cat. 100; but it seems closer to the type.—Z7zmen.
13. ©. arenarius, fez. Obs. Bot. iv. 9 (1786). Mudu-kalan- duru, 5S.
Moon, Cat. 6. Thw. Enum. 342. C. P. 798.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 602. Plukenet, Phytogr. t. 300, f. 7.
Rootstock elongate, striate, rigid, creeping, dichotomously branched, sheathed at the nodes with chestnut scales an inch long, roots fibrous, filiform, glabrous; stem solitary, 4-22 in., rather stout, rigid, terete, clothed below with long withered sheaths; 1. longer or shorter than the stem, 7,-% in. broad, spreading and recurved, rigidly coriaceous, terete and grooved above, or broader with complicate sides, veinless, not keeled; head globose, 4-14 in. diam., of many sessile radiating spikelets; bracts 2-3, foliaceous, rigid, lowest 2-4 in, simulating a continuation of the stem; spikelets 4-4 by ¢ in., linear-oblong, 8-16-fld., straw-col’d., finally brown, rachilla
24 Cyperacee. [ Cyperus.
stout, not winged; glumes broadly ovate, cymbiform, obtuse, minutely cuspidate, dorsally rounded, streaked with brown, strongly many-veined up to the hyaline margin; stam. 3, anth. narrowly linear, muticous; nut + the length of the glume, obovoid, obtuse, dorsally compressed, trigonous, concavo-convex, tipped by the hardened base of the style, dusky-black, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, long, capillary.
Sandy seashore all round the island. FI. all the year.
Also in India, Persia, and Arabia.
Bobartia indica, L. Sp. 54 (Fl. Zeyl. n. 41), is erroneously referred by Lamarck (Ill. i. t. 40) to Cyferus, and he is followed by Bentham (Gen. Pl. ii. 698, 1015) and Clarke (Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. t11, and in FI. B. . Ind.). Schumacher, however, long ago (Act. Soc. Nat. Sc. Hafn. iii. 8) showed that Hermann’s specimens were Morea spathacea, Willd., and from the Cape, not from Ceylon, and I have corroborated his identifica- tion in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 135.—7Z7cmen.
14. ©. aristatus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 23 (1773).
Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 966.
ISB. indiwvil'Go6:) Rottbhs lye. ta 6; te 1
A small, glabrous, tufted annual, 3-6 in. high; stems tufted, stout or slender, trigonous; 1. usually shorter than the
filiform, flaccid, 1-veined, sheath membranous; heads solitary or 2~3, globose or oblong, up to 4 in. long or broad, simple or lobed, sessile or peduncled, of densely packed squarrose: spikelets sessile on a stout rhachis; bracts 3 or 4, I or 2 longer than the infl.; spikelets minute, ~.-4 in. oblong or linear, 6-10-fld., rhachilla not winged; glumes oblong, tapering to a recurved beak as long as the limb, 7—I1-veined up to near the margin, pale or dark brown, keel strong, ending in a mucro; stam. I, anth. small, oblong; nut 4 the length of the glume, oblong or narrowly obovoid, trigonous, pale brown, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
In damp sandy places, especially in the dry region; common. FI. Dec.—March.
Throughout the Tropics.
15. ©. platystylis, Sr. Prod. 214 (1810).
C. pallidus, Heyne, Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 3559.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 598.
A tall, stout, marsh or water herb; stem 2-3 ft., as thick as the little finger at the base, triquetrous above, angles smooth or scaberulous, root-fibres very stout ; 1. as long as the stem or shorter, up to 4 in. broad, coriaceous, closely striate, midrib slender, margins and keel scabrid, sheath acutely keeled ; umbel short, broad, hemispheric, up to 10 in. diam. ;.
Cyperus.) Cyperacee. 25
rayS 10-30, superposed, slender, spreading, terminated by 6-8 short spreading secondary rays, each bearing 3-5 spreading spikelets ; bracts 8-18 in., very unequal, longest up to 2 ft. by # in. broad, margins and keel scabrid ; spikelets 3-y by yo-s in., linear-lanceolate, acute, rather tumid, few or -many-fid., chestnut-brown, rhachilla scarcely winged, persistent; glumes closely imbricate, broadly ovate, cymbiform, tip rounded strongly cuspidate, or lower muticous, dorsally rounded except towards the tip, faintly 3-veined, sides veinless ; stam. 3, fil. broadly linear, anth. small, linear, tipped with short hairs ; nut 3 the length of the glume or longer, ellipsoid, beaked, unequally trigonous, base and sides broadly corky, straw-col’d.; style shorter than the nut, flattened, papillose, stigmas 3, short, revolute.
Wet places in the low country; rare. Batticaloa; Kurunegala; Colombo Lake. Fl. March, Sept.
Also in Bengal, Burma, Malaya, Australia.
Erroneously described in Fl. B. Ind. as having long stolons, and as having anth. crested with a linear lanceolate red mucro. The style is that of a Fimobristylzs.
16. ©. difformis, Liz. Cent. Plant. ii. 6 (1755).
Trim. Syst. Cat. 344. C. P. 3042.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 599. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t. 9, fi. 2.
A glabrous annual; stems 4-20 in., tufted, weak, tri- quetrous towards the top; |. few, as long as the stem or shorter, 4-4 in broad, sometimes all reduced to sheaths with a short limb, linear, acuminate, flaccid, veins faint, sheath of upper long ; umbel simple, of 4-6 slender rays 4—$ in. long, termin- ated by globose heads of minute spikes, rarely rays short and heads all clustered, heads $-3 in. diam., ebracteolate, green, sometimes lobed ; bracts 3, 2-10 in., lowest often suberect, flaccid ; spikelets minute, most densely crowded, 4-35 in. long, rather turgid, 10-30 fld., rhachilla not winged ; glumes closely imbricate, almost orbicular, obtuse or apiculate, dorsally rounded and 3-veined, sides broadly membranous ; stam. I-2, anth. small, oblong, muticous; nut very minute, nearly as long as the glume, suborbicular, apiculate, obtusely trigonous, pale or yellowish-brown, style much shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, short, capillary.
Wet places; common. Fl. March.
Throughout the warm regions of the Old World.
17. ©. castaneus, Wild. Sp. Pl. i. 278 (1797). Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 803 (part). FI. B. Ind. vi. 598 (excl. syn. C. sguarrosus).
A very slender, tufted annual; stems 1-6 in., almost filiform ; |. aslong as the stem or shorter, from almost filiform
26 Cyperacee. [ Cyperus.
to ;4; in. broad ; umbel simple, consisting of a terminal head and few or many unequal filiform spreading rays 4-14 in. long, terminated by heads of 3-20 stellately spreading spike- lets; bracts 3 or 4, setaceous, flexuous, spreading, one or more longer than the rays ; spikelets 4-1 in. by so-ze in., very,, unequal, linear, compressed, pale or dark chestnut, Ts or more-fld. ; rhachilla slender, very narrowly winged; glumes broadly oblong, 3-veined, strongly keeled, keel produced beyond the rounded hyaline tip into a stout, green, recurved cusp half as long as the limb ; stam. 1-2, anth. short ; nut about half as long as the glume, linear-oblong, obtusely trigonous, minutely oranulate, very dark red, style much shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, filiform.
Gravelly places in the low country; rather common. Peradeniya; Bite yale ane
Also in India, Cochin China, Australia.
The quotation of C. sguarrosus, Trim. Cat., in Fl. B. Ind., is an error; a specimen of AZariscus sguarrosus, Clarke, was taken for it, these two plants being remarkably alike.
18. G. cuspidatus, 4. #2. and K. Nov. Gen. and Sp. i. 204 (1815).
rim Syste Cat Ceyls Plamoon Clarke sen 0on Cpa coon (nati).
Fle B. Ind. vi. 598. ;
A very slender, tufted annual; stems 2-4 in. erect; l. shorter or longer than the stem, filiforin, flexuous; umbel simple, of a terminal head, and few or many filiform, spreading, unequal rays 4-1 in., each terminated by a head of stellately spreading spikelets; bracts 3-5, filiform flexuous, much longer than the rays; spikelets 5-12 in a cluster, +-2 by 2 ze in., linear, spreading, 12— 20-fld. , pale green to red-brown; rhachilla slender, very narrowly winged; glumes hyaline, broadly oblong, 3-veined, strongly keeled, keel produced from below the apex into a recurved green cusp as long as limb, sides streaked with brown; stam. I--2, anth. very shortly oblong; nut not half as long as the glume, obovoid, trigonous, smooth, dark _ brown, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Wet sandy ground in low country; common. FI. (?).
In all hot countries.
Thwaites did not distinguish this from C. castanews. There are only two specimens in Herb. Peraden., without locality or date, and no Ceylon ones in Herb. Kew.
19. ©. Haspan,* Z. Sf. P/. 45 (1753). Halpan, S.
Herm. Mus.23. Burm. Thes. 108. Fl. Zeyl.n. 37. Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 799, 965.
HEB nds vi.600:, “RotthyDesemmct Gy tio. 2srandit nl meus (Scirpus autumnalts).
* A misprint for ‘Halpan,’ Hermann’s S. name for this; Linnzus copied from Burmann. (See also Fimbristylis globulosa, p. 57-)
Cyperus.) Cyperacee. 27
Perennial; rootstock creeping, covered with ovate tri- angular scales, giving off solitary or tufted, stout or slender trigonous or triquetrous, often compressed stems 6-24 in. high; ‘|. shorter than the stem, 7 in. broad, biconvex, acute, erect, sometimes very short and subulate; umbel simple or com- pound, of 4-12 slender spreading very unequal rays up to 3 in. long, secondary rays bearing 6-60 or more slender stellately spreading spikelets; bracts 2-3, very variable. narrow and much shorter than the rays, or broader than the ]. and 3 in. long; spikelets linear, acute, $-3 by about 34 in., flat, 10-40-fld., pale or chestnut-brown, rhachilla narrow, winged; glumes closely or loosely imbricate, ovate, obtuse or mucronate by the excurrent midrib, dorsally rounded, obscurely veined; stam. 2-3, anth. linear-oblong, tip minutely bristly; nut minute, } the length of the glume, on a globose stipes, globosely obovoid, trigonous, smooth or scaberulous, pale brown (imperfect white globose nuts occur), style longer ‘than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary. ¢ Wet places, especially paddy fields; very common. FI]. Dec.—April,
Cc. . All hot countries. C. P. 965 is a very tall form, with compound umbels and large
spikelets. This species and C. favidus are remarkable for the globose stipes of the nut.
20. ©. flavidus, fez. Obs. v. 13 (1789).
iim Syst.) Cat. Ceyl) Pl) roo; °C! -P. 805.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 600. Rottb. Ic. t. 6, f. 2 (C. Haspan).
Annual; stems tufted, 6-18 in., stout or slender, trigonous, soft ; 1. shorter than the stem, erect, narrowly linear, ;,—4 in. broad, flat, 1-veined; umbel compound or decompound, rays many, spreading, primary I—3 in., secondary 4-1 in., bearing heads of stellately spreading minute spikelets; bracts 2-3, one or two up to 6 in. long, bracteoles 0; spikelets ,;4-% by go in., lanceolate, 8—30-fld., greenish-brown, rhachilla stout, not winged ; glumes loosely imbricate, orbicular, hyaline with _a broad, green, triangular, obscurely 3-veined central area ; _stam. I, rarely 2, anth. linear, muticous; nut minute, not 4 the length of the glume, shortly stoutly stipitate, globosely - obovoid, trigonous, white or marbled with white, style as long _as the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
In paddy fields, &c., in the low country ; very common. Throughout warm regions of the Old World. Not distinguished from C. Hasfan by Thwaites.
21. ©. pulcherrimus, Willd. in Kunth, Enum. ii. 35 (1837). C. silletensis, Thw. Enum. 343 (non Nees). C. P. 3558. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 600. :
28 Cype Vacee, [Cyperus..
Perennial ; rootstock short, creeping, root-fibres slender; stem 12-18 in., rather slender, trigonous; |. as long as the- stem or longer, narrowly linear, 7-4 in. broad, flaccid, 1- veined ; umbel compound, contracted, rays very many, bearing crowded umbellules, whose subglobose heads of innumerable spikelets conceal the secondary rays; bracts 3-5, foliaceous, longest up to 6 in.; spikelets 7;—4 by 7 in., densely crowded, oblong-lanceolate, 12-20-fld.; rhachilla rather stout, not. winged ; glumes loosely imbricate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, in- curved (from base to tip), hyaline with 2 broad red-brown bands; stam. I-2, anth. linear; nut minute, half as long as the- glume, shortly stoutly stipitate, globosely trigonous, acute at both ends, granulate, style nearly as long as the nut, stigmas. 3, capillary.
Dry country in wet places; very rare. Batticaloa. Fl. March.
Also in Bengal, Assam, Malaya.
22. C. diffusus, Vah/, Enum. ii. 321 (1806).
C. nigro-viridis, Thw. Enum. 344. C. elegans, Clarke, in Journ. Linn. - Soc. xxi. 125; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. PI. too (non I..). C. P. 2879.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 603.
Perennial ; rootstock short, root-fibres strong, wiry; stems. 1-24 ft., rather slender, trigonous; l. very many, all subradical,. nearly as long as the stem, linear, $-} in. broad, acuminate, flat, membranous, flaccid, 3-veined, tip setaceous, margins scaberulous, sheath short ; umbel decompound, short, broad, 4-8 in. diam., rays many, up to 3 in. long, slender, secondary filiform, bearing 2-4 short sessile spreading spikelets ; bracts 4-10, one or more up to 2 ft. long, bracteoles very short, ovate, acuminate or setaceous ; spikelets 4-} by 75 in., linear-oblong, . acute, 8—20-fld., rhachilla stout, with narrow persistent wings ;. glumes loosely imbricate, orbicular, stoutly cuspidate, dorsally very strongly 3-5-veined, veins meeting in the green cusp. margins broadly hyaline, streaked and dotted with red-brown; stam. 2-3, anth. small, tipped with a subulate appendage; nut nearly as long as the glume, broadly ellipsoid or obovoid,. acute, trigonous, dark brown, faces concave, minutely granu- late, style very short, stigmas 3, very long, capillary.
Var. pubisquama, C. pudisguama, Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arch. il. 62 (1854).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 604. C. adifusus, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 127. Trim. Syst. Cat. 100 (non Vahl). C. P. 3931.
Habit of C. diffusus, but taller, 2-3 ft. high, stouter, 1. less. flaccid, umbel more compound, glumes more closely imbricate, . nuts more strongly granulate.
Cyperus. Cyperacez. 29
Very rare. I have only the C. P. specimens from Kurunegala, col- ‘lected in 1853 by Thwaites. Var. Audisguama, intermediate region, Kurunegala, Monankande, W. Matale.
In all warm countries. Var. 8, Assam, Burma, Malaya, &c.
The thin, broad, flaccid leaves are a conspicuous character. Both Mr. Clarke (FI. B. Ind.) and Dr. Trimen suggest C. pubisguama being a variety of affusus. I can find no pubescence on the glumes of Ceylon “Specimens.
23. ©. articulatus, Lizz. Sp. P/. 66 (1753).
Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 3561.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 611.
Perennial; rootstock stout, woody, stoloniferous, stolons stout, +4 in. diam., clothed with ovate-lanceolate striate dark
2.
brown scales 3 in long; stem terete 3-6 ft., often # in. diam. at the base, and 3-4 in. diam. and obscurely trigonous at the top, pseudo-septate when dry; |. o or sheaths elongate, loose, with a short sometimes foliaceous limb; umbel compound, narrow, rays up to 10, erect, 2-6 in. long, very slender and secondaries terminating in corymbs of very many long slender spikelets, pale reddish-brown ; bracts 1-3, very short, ovate or lanceolate, acute, bracteoles o, or 3 ovate, acute, or setaceous ; spikelets 5-15, linear, 14-14 by )-'s in., 12—-5o-fld., rhachilla slender, with hyaline at length deciduous wings; glumes suberect, loosely imbricate, oblong, obtuse, concave, dorsally rounded, 3—-5-veined, not keeled, sides broadly membranous, stam. 3, anth. linear; nut half as long as the glume, oblong, trigonous, acute at both ends, dark brown, smooth, style very short, stigmas 3, very long, capillary.
In water in the low country ; very common. FI. March.
Throughout the Tropics.
24. ©. corymbosus, fot/>. Descr. et Ic. 42 (1773). Gal=éhi, 5S.
Thw. Enum, 344. C. P. 809.
Fl. Ind. vi. 612. Rottb. 1. c.t. 7, f. 4 (infl. only).
Perennial ; rootstock stout, creeping, root-fibres stout ; stem 2-3 ft., as thick as a goose-quill, spongy, appearing pseudo-septate when dry, terete below, subtrigonous above; l. 0, or a short blade, rarely 6 in. long, terminating a long loose membranous sheath; umbel compound, narrow, rays 0-8, erect or suberect, very unequal, longest 4 in., bearing ‘secondary rays terminated by spikes or corymbs of 4-8 very slender spikelets; bracts 3, very short, rarely as long as the umbel, keeled, green, margins recurved when dry, bracteoles setaceous; spikelets very variable in length, 4-1 in., linear, very Slender, 3, in. diam., subterete, pale red, rhachilla narrowly winged; glumes erect, rather distant but appressed, oblong, obtuse, rather membranous, dorsally rounded and 3-veined,
30 Cyperacee. [Cyperus.
sides pale, veinless; stam. 3, anth. linear, muticous; nut minute, not half the length of the glume, ellipsoid, trigonous,. style about as long as the nut, stigmas 3, very long, capillary. Moist region; in wet places up to 3000 ft.; rather common. FI. Dec.—Feb. Tropics generally.
This is considered to be the best sedge for mat-making here, and is occasionally cultivated for the purpose.
25. ©. dehiscens, (Vees in Linnea, ix. 286 (1835). HWewan- pan, S.
Cc. eT Thw. Enum. 344 (non Rottb.). Trim. Syst. Cat. 100. Cy Pros:
Fl. Bp Ind. vi. 613. (C. zegetum, Rottb.).
Perennial; rootstock stout, horizontal, woody, root-fibres. wiry, clothed with branched root-hairs; stem 3-6 ft., stout, triquetrous, angles quite smooth; 1. 0, or reduced to long loose sheaths, the uppermost of which has sometimes a short blade, at others a limb up to 8 in. by } in, rarely 16 by 4 in, acuminate, flat 1-3-veined, pale beneath, margins nearly smooth; umbel large, compound or decompound, 4-12 in. diam., rays many, I-—3 in., bearing corymbs of pedicelled spikes, each with 4-10 very slender spikelets on a filiform rhachis; bracts 3-4, one or more longer than the umbel, longest up to 15 in., keel and margins scabrid; spikelets rather distant, 4-1 by zo in., linear, 10-30-fld., pale or dark chestnut-brown, wings of rhachilla ovate, acute, caducous; glumes suberect, loosely imbricate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, dorsally 3-5-veined, not keeled, sides red-brown, veinless, margins narrowly scarious; stam. 3, anth. narrow, muticous; nut 4 the length of the glume, linear-oblong, obtuse, trigonous, style short, stigmas 3, filiform.
In rivers and streams in the low country; common. Fl. Dec.—March.
Also in Peninsular India.
Very abundant in the Mahaweli River in Dumbara, where it is largely collected for making the mats called after that district.
I follow Trimen in regarding this as distinct from Roxburgh’s C.
zegetum, though failing to find any valid characters by which to sepa- rate it.
26. ©. distans, Z. f Suppl. P/. 103 (1781.) Thw. Enum. 344. C. P. 81o. PLB: Ind. vi..607:. Jacq. le. Rar. t. 299, Roxb: Ih et: 10, (€ eerus):
Perennial ; rootstock stout, short or elongate, creeping, stoloniferous, stolons up to 2 ft. long, clothed with dark brown
* Pangorei is, according to Kcenig (?), the name given by the natives of Tranquebar to this or an allied sedge.
Cyperus.) Cyperacec. or
elliptic scales ; stem 1-3 ft., slender, trigonous below, trique- trous above, angles smooth; |. shorter than the stem, linear, hardly 4 in. broad, keeled, margins smooth or scaberulous; umbel subsimple or compound, 8-12 in. diam., rays 6-10, triquetrous, bearing spikes 4-2 in. long of very slender horizontally spreading spikelets on a filiform rhachis; bracts 3-6, much longer than the leaves, longest up to 16 in.,and up to 4 in. broad, keel and margins scaberulous; spikelets 4 by 4 in., very narrowly linear, 10-20-fld., red-brown; wings of slender wavy rhachilla oblong, internodes $ as long as the glumes; glumes distant, suberect, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, dorsally 7-9- veined, margins broad or narrow, pale, keel prominent; nut from } to nearly as long as the glume, narrowly oblong or ellipsoid, trigonous, dusky black, style about as long as the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Margins of ponds, &c., in low country ; very common. FI. Dec., &c.
All hot countries, extending to S. Europe.
27. ©. nutans, Vahl, Enum. ii. 363 (1806). C. distans, var. major, Thw. Enum. 432. C. P. 3844, and 3966, in arts. : Fl. B. Ind. vi. 607.
Perennial ; rootstock tuberous, thicker than the thumb in old plants, creeping, root-fibres densely matted ; stem 2-34 ft, stout, trigonous, angles smooth; |. as long as the stem, linear, 4-4 broad, coriaceous in old plants, 1I-veined, keel and margins smooth; umbel very large, decompound, primary rays up to Io in., slender, trigonous, bearing short bracteate um- bellules of very slender secondaries 1—2 in. long, each secondary terminated by many, erect, unequal simple or panicled loose spikes 1-14in. long, of small very slender spikelets, spikes form- ing tassel-like clusters, rhachis capillary; bracts 4-8, longest up to 1 ft. by $ in. broad, margins and keel smooth, spikelets erect, 4-4 by +; in. broad, very slender, 6-10-fld., pale red- brown, rhachilla capillary, internodes 4 as long as the glumes or longer, wings broadly lanceolate, caducous; glumes distant, erect, ovate-oblong, tip rounded, sometimes apiculate, dorsally rounded, obscurely veined, sides involute, margins and tip very narrowly hyaline; stam. 3, anth. linear-oblong, obscurely crested ; nut # as long as the glume, linear-oblong, trigonous, narrowed at both ends, beaked, dark brown or grey-black, style + shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, short, capillary.
Tanks and other wet places in the dry country; rather common. Fl. Dec., &c.
Also in Peninsular India. Difficult to distinguish some forms of this from C. dstans, though
32 Cyperacec. [Cyperus.
generally recognisable by the tassel-like clusters of spikes, and very small short few-fld. spikelets.
28. ©. pilosus, Vahl, Enum. Pi. ii. 354 (1806).
Thw. Enum. 344. C. P. 797.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 609.
Perennial; rootstock small, stoloniferous, stolons slender, internodes long, scaly; stem 3 ft., stout, subsolitary, tri- quetrous above, angles smooth; |. nearly as long as the stem, or shorter, linear, 4 in. broad, finely acuminate, margins scaberulous; umbels compound, up to 16 in. diam., primary rays 2-10, all short, or one or more up to 2 or 3 in., bearing crowded pedicelled spikes of divaricate spikelets, rhachis of spikes angular, hispidulous, not pitted; bracts 3-5, longest 3-5 in., margins scaberulous; spikelets closely imbricate, 4-1 by ;% in., linear or linear-lanceolate, compressed, 10-20- fld., reddish-brown, rhachilla naked or obscurely winged ; glumes rather loosely imbricate, broadly ovate, obtuse, muticous, dorsally green, hardly keeled, 3-7-veined, sides red-brown, margins and tip hyaline; stam. 3, anth. small, linear, muticous; nut half as long as the glume, globosely trigonous, narrowed at both ends, apiculate, black, style rather shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Wet places up to 5600 ft.; common. FI. July.
Throughout Tropics of Old World.
The hispidulous rhachis of the spikes, bearing the spikelets, is almost
peculiar to this amongst Ceylon species; but there is an approach to it in the closely allied C. procerus.
29. ©. exaltatus, AeZ/z. Obs. Bot. v. 11 (1789). Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 3040.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 617. Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 8. f. 2 (C. odoratus).
Perennial (?); stem 3-6 ft., stout, obtusely trigonous, sides concave, base thickened, stolons 0, root-fibres stout; |. few, longer or shorter than the stem, linear, }-4 in. broad, thick, tips filiform, 1-veined, margins scaberulous; umbel compound, rays 5-10, some up to 6 in., slender, spreading, bearing spikes 4-2 in. long, of 20-40 rather distant horizontally spreading short spikelets, rhachis of spikes smooth, very slender; bracts 3 or.4, one or two as long as the umbel or longer, margins nearly smooth; spikelets linear or linear-oblong, anth. ¢-4 by about 7; in., much compressed, chestnut-brown; wings of rhachilla very narrow; glumes closely imbricate, broadly ovate, subacute or cuspidate, dorsally keeled, obscurely 3-veined, margins broad, not hyaline; nut about }as long as the glume, broadly ellipsoid, narrowed at both ends, trigonous, ashy black, style longer than the nut, stigmas 3, short.
Cyperus. Cyperacee. 23
Var. B, amoenus, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 187 (1886). C. amoenus, Ken. vss. C. venustus, Thw. Enum. 432. C. P. 3788.
Umbels more compound, rays more numerous, up to 7 in. long, spikes with more crowded suberect spikelets, rhachilla not, or obscurely, winged.
Sides of ponds and standing water; common. FI. Dec., &c.
All tropical and warm countries.
Mr. Clarke informs me that the var. amenus was not taken up in Fl. B. Ind., because he found it to be inseparable from ordinary forms of exaltatus. Dr. Trimen has, however, retained it in his list prepared for this work, and I therefore enter it here, whilst so far agreeing with Mr. Clarke in his opinion, that I think it hardly deserves recognition.
30. G. tuberosus, fottb. Descr. et Ic. 28 (1773).
C. Retziz, Nees; Thw. Enum. 343. C. rvotundus, var. procerula. Clarke in Journ. Linn@Soc. xxi. 172. Trim. Syst. Cat. 100. C. P. 3750.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 616. Rottb. 1c. t. 7, f. 1 (not good).
Perennial; rootstock creeping, woody, stoloniferous, stolons not tuberiferous, root-fibres filiform, covered with branching root-hairs; stem 2-4 ft., slender, trigonous, base tuberous; 1. mostly radical, shorter than the stem, slender, up to ¢ in. broad, margins smooth; umbel compound, 4-8 in. diam., rays few or many, slender, spreading, up to 6 in. long, and secondary rays terminating in 6-8 approximate, spreading, pale spikelets; bracts 3-4, longest 1-2 ft., margins smooth; spikelets sessile, 4-2 by 7p in. linear, acuminate, compressed but rather turgid along the middle line, 16-24-fld., shining, pale red-brown; glumes large, loosely imbricate, suberect, {—§ in. long, ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, keeled, hyaline with a narrow tri- angular sub-3-veined centre; rhachilla slender, wings oblong ; stam. 3, anth. very narrow, muticous; nut 4 the length of the glume, broadly obovoid, trigonous, umbonate, greyish-black; style much longer than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Wet places in the low country; rare. ‘Central Prov.’ (Thwaites). Var. 8, in the dry region. Dimbula; near Hambantota. FI. Dec.— March.
Also in India, Mauritius, Australia.
Trimen has var. (, zezuzflorus (C. tenuiflorus) Rottb., Trim. Cat. roo) of which he says, ‘1 should feel inclined to consider var. 8 a distinct species, but it is not reckoned even a variety in Fl. B, Ind.’ According to the very poor specimens of this in Herb. Peraden., I am inclined to refer it to C. rotundus.
31. ©. compressus, JL. Sf. P/. 68 (1753).
Thw. Enum. 342. C. P. 812. BiB ind. vi.605. Rottb: Deser. et Ic. t: 9, f. 3: A tufted annual, stems 4-16 in. erect, slender, trigonous, angles rounded, smooth; |. longer or shorter than the stem, PART V. D
34 Cyperacee. (Cyperus.
slender, ~5-% in. broad, finely acuminate, 1-veined; umbel
simple, rays 3-6, up to 3 in. long, bearing 4-6 terminal spikes of spreading pale spikelets, or spikes very short and spikelets crowded in a solitary terminal head; bracts 3—5, finely acumi- nate, longest up to 4 in., margins smooth; spikelets 4-14 by z-¢ in., oblong or linear, 20-60-fld., reddish-green, rhachilla stout, angular, closely scarred, wings oblong; glumes 3 in. long, closely imbricate, ovate, obtuse, dorsally keeled and cuspidate from above the middle, coriaceous, sides membranous, 3-5-veined, cusp green, laterally compressed; stam. 3, anth. linear, muticous; nut 4 the length of the glume, globosely obovoid, obtusely trigonous, greyish-black, style as long as the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Damp grassy places in the low country; very common. FI. Feb., &c.
All warm countries (except Australia).
This species rather belongs to the division with stellately spreading spikelets.
32. ©. procerus, forth. Descr. et Ic. 29 (1773). Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 3752. FL B. Ind. vi. 610. Rottb. lc, t. 5, f. 3.
Perennial; rootstock short, stout, stoloniferous, stolons elongate, clothed with elongate acuminate scales, bulbil- liferous; stem 3-4 ft., deeply triquetrous or 3-winged, angles scaberulous ; l. very long, triquetrous, 4-4 in. broad, acuminate, thickly coriaceous or spongy, flattened towards the base, margin scabrid, sheath broad, compressed, mem- branous ; umbel 3-6 in. diam., compound, primary rays 3-7, 3-5 in. long, stout, and secondary bearing loosely corymbose spikes of 5-10 long spreading compressed spikelets, rhachis of spikes rather stout, flexuous, angular, glabrous or angles puberulous; bracts 2-5, longest up to 12 in., much thinner than the |., margins almost smooth ; spikelets distant, divari- cate, 1-1} by §-4 in., linear or linear-oblong, acute, 10—50-fld., straw-col’d. or red, shining, rhachilla striate, tetragonous, minutely notched, winged here and there; glumes rather loosely imbricate, orbicular, cymbiform, muticous, dorsally 5 or more veined, mottled with red-brown, sides pale, margins hyaline; stam. 3, anth. large, oblong, muticous; nut half as long as the glume, broadly obovoid, mucronate, trigonous, almost black, style nearly as long as the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Wet places, especially in the dry region. Colombo; Anuradhapura; Batticaloa. Fl. Oct.-March.
India, Cochin China, Malaya.
Closely allied to C. pzlosus, differing in the more open infl., larger spikelets, and nearly or wholly glabrous rhachilla of the spike.
Cyperus. | C Yperacee. 35
33. ©. Zollingeri, Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 62 (1854).
C. compressus, var., Thw. Enum. 342. C. denuiculmzs, Boeck. in Linnza, xxxvi. 286. C. /ucidulus, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 99; Trim. Syst. Cat. 1oo (non Klein). C. P. 807.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 613.
Perennial; rootstock short, stout, root- fibres strong; stems solitary or 2—3-nate, 1-3 ft., slender, triquetrous, faces hollow, angles smooth; |. shorter than the stem, very narrow, about 4 in. broad, 1-veined, margins smooth; umbel simple or compound, rays 3-6, very slender, 3-6 in. long, bearing 3-5 spikelets, sometimes crowded and very short when the spike- Jets form a confused fascicle or head; bracts 2 or 3, short, and one as long as the umbel or longer; spikelets sessile or pedicelled, $—nearly 1 by 4 in. broad, linear, acute, not strongly compressed, about 20-fld., rhachilla slender, flexuous, inter- nodes 4 of the glume in length, wings large, oblong, caducous; glumes suberect, loosely imbricate, broadly ovate, subacute, cymbiform, dorsally 5—7-veined, keeled, green, sides coria- ceous, brown, margins very narrowly hyaline ; stam. 3, anth. linear-oblong, muticous; nut half as long as the glume, shortly obovoid, obtuse, trigonous, black, style as long as the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Wet places in low country; apparently rare. Peradeniya; near Tissa Tank, S. Prov. Patanas of Uva and of the Central Province, alt. 3000-5600 ft. (Pearson). Fl. Oct.—Dec.
Throughout Tropics of Old World.
34. ©. rotundus, Z. S/. Pi. 45 (1753). BMalanduru, S. Korai, 7.
Herm. Mus. 2. Burm. Thes. 107. Fl. Zeyl. n. 36. Moon, Cat. 6. Thw. Enum. 343 (part). C. P. 804 and 3966 (partim).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 614. Rottb. 1. c. t. 14, f. 2 (C. hexastachyos).
Perennial; rootstock small, tuberous, stoloniferous, stolons elongate, slender, bearing ovoid, hard, tunicate, black, fragrant tubers $-I in. diam., root-fibres wiry, covered with flexuous root-hairs ; stems subsolitary, 6-24 in., slender, trigonous below, triquetrous above, base sometimes tuberous; |. sub- radical, shorter or longer than the stem, narrowly linear, §—-4 in. broad, finely acuminate, or narrowed from the middle to both ends, flat, flaccid, 1-veined; umbel simple or compound, primary rays 2—8, unequal, very slender, bearing short spikes of 4-10 slender spreading red-brown spikelets (infl, sometimes contracted into a head) ; bracts 3, longest up to 7 in.; spike- lets 4-14, by +; in., linear, acute, slightly compressed, 10-20- fld., pale or dark red-brown ; rhachilla very slender, wings elliptic ; glumes about 7;-75 in., closely or loosely imbricate, suberect, ovate, obtuse, dorsally green, hardly keeled, streaked
26 Cyperacee. (Cyperus.
with red-brown, 5-7-veined, sides broadly membranous, margins and tip narrowly scarious; stam. 3, anth. long, narrow, muticous; nut 3 the length of the glume, obovoid or oblong, obtuse, trigonous, black, opaque, granulate, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Cultivated ground in the low country; a very common and a trouble- some weed. FI. all the year (?).
All hot countries.
A pestilent weed in many countries. The tubers yield a perfume, and are astringent and diuretic. It is difficult to distinguish from states of C. ¢uberosus in the absence of the tubers of the latter. The long flaccid I. and slender habit distinguish it from C. stolonzferus.
35. ©. stoloniferus, Rez. Obs. iv. 10 (1786).
Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 173. C. P. 3005 in part.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 615.
Perennial; rootstock of elongate, stout, woody, creeping, branching stolons, clothed with hard acute scales, and bearing ovoid persistent leafing and eventually flowering tubers; stems 4-8 in., distant on the rootstock, slender or rather stout, rigid, base tuberous, obtusely trigonous, angles smooth; |. as long as the stem or shorter, erect or recurved, rigid, very variable in breadth, often subulate and squarrosely recurved, sometimes flat or complicate, margins scabrid above; umbel simple, rays from almost 0 to I in., rather stout, bearing 3-8 subterminal spreading pale spikelets; bracts 3, leaf-like, longest up to 3 in.; spikelets 4~} in., linear or linear-oblong, acute, not strongly compressed, 12—20-fld., more or less red, rha- chilla stout, narrowly winged; glumes ¢ in. long, closely imbricate, very persistent, broadly or orbicularly ovate, obtuse, membranous with broad hyaline margins, dorsally rounded, 5-7-veined, speckled with red-brown; stam. 3, anth. nearly as long as the glume, subacute; nut half as long as the glume or more, obovoid, strongly dorsally compressed, obtusely tri- gonous, top rounded, often apiculate by the style-base, dark brown, polished, style stout, rather shorter than the nut, stigmas long, rather stout, capillary.
Sandy seashores; Galle (Gardner), Calpentyra(Trimen). FI. Jan., &c.
Shores of the Indianand Malayan Peninsulas, Mauritius, China, Malaya, Australia.
Probably a common littoral sand-loving plant, but overlooked. I have seen only two Ceylon specimens, a very small one from Galle (without stolons), and a larger from Trimen with imperfect leaves. The spikelets are commonly described as terete in Fl. B. Ind. I am doubtful of this being the C. stoloniferus of Retz., which may be C. votundus from the meagre description.—J. D. H.
36. C. digitatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 205 (1832).
C. auricomus, Clarke, |.c. 188; Trim. Syst. Cat. r00. C. P. 3940.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 678.
Cyperus. | C: yperacee. oy
Perennial; rootstock stout, woody, creeping, stolons 0; root-fibres stout; stem 1-4 ft., as thick as the thumb at the bases, above trigonous, angles smooth; |. longer or shorter than the stem, 3-2 in. broad, flat, coriaceous, veins faint, margins and keel scaberulous; umbel very large, broad, up to 8 in. diam., subsimple, rays 4-10, up to 2-6 in., long, trigonous, terminated by stellately spreading sessile cylindric spikes of unequal length, loosely set all round with innumerable spreading yellow-brown spikelets; bracts 3-6, leaf-like, longest a foot long, bracteoles very slender; spikes 1-14 in., by 3-3 in. diam., sessile or a few pedicelled; spikelets spirally inserted round the slender angular rhachis, 7-} by so in. diameter, terete, acute, 12-20-fld., spreading horizontally, wings of rhachilla lanceolate, acuminate ; glumes minute, ;; in., broadly oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, tip rounded, cuspidate, dorsally rounded, 3-veined, sides hyaline, centre chestnut, brown; stam. 3, anth. linear-oblong, scarcely crested; nut 4 as long as the glume, small or obovoid, ovoid-oblong or trigonous, acute at both ends, straight or curved, grey, opaque, style half as long as the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Var. 6, Hookeri, Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 618. C. Hookeri, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 308. C. Neesii, 7iw. Enum. 344 (? Kunth). C. P. 3043.
Spikes more numerous, larger, up to 34 in., with close-set more-spreading golden brown shining spikelets, glumes more strongly cuspidate.
Wet places in the dry region. Trincomalie (Glenie). Var. 8 in the moist region up to 3000 ft.; rather common. FI. Jan.—Sept. Also in India and Malaya, Australia.
A very handsome species, especially var. 8, of which the type appears rather as a depauperate form.—J. D. H.
37. ©. eleusinoides, Kunth, Enum. Pl. ii. 39 (1837).
C. xanthopus, Steud.; Thw. Enum. 344. C. P. 3044.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 608.
Perennial ; rootstock woody, with short HeekE shoots, but no true stolons, root-fibres stout; stem tall, 4. ft, Stout; triquetrous, angles smooth; 1. long, up to tj in. ee flat, midrib stout, margins and keel scaberulous, sheath long; umbel erect, compound, 6-8 in. long, contracted, rays 4-8 in., rather stout, trigonous; spikes sessile and peduncled, 3-1 in. by 1-4 in. diam., green, bracteolate; bracts 3 or 4, one or two longer than the umbel, leaf-like, bracteoles filiform or subulate, rhachis of spikes sometimes winged, more or less clothed with empty glumes; spikelets most densely im- bricating, ~—% in. long, or longer, erect, linear or oblong, flat, few or many-fid., green, rhachilla winged; glumes closely
3 8 Cype Vacee. [ Cyperus.
imbricate, ;'; in. long, ovate, obtuse, dorsally rounded and faintly veined, margins hyaline; stam. 3, anth. very small, oblong, obtuse; nut from 4 shorter to nearly as long as the glume, shortly stipitate, ellipsoid oblong or subobovoid, trigonous, beaked, sometimes curved, pale, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, filiform.
In water; very rare. Haragama. FI. July. India, Asia generally, Africa, Australia.
38. ©. platyphyllus, Roem. and Sch. Syst. ii. 876 (1817).
C. Roxburghit, Nees; Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 3041.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 618. |
Perennial; rootstock woody, as thick as the thumb, stolons 0, root-fibres stout ; stem 6-20 ft., stout, triquetrous,. base thickened, angles scabrid, cutting; 1. as long as the stem, up to I in. broad, flat, 3-veined, keel and margins serrulate, whitish beneath when dry; umbel decompound, 3-4 in. diam., rays 8-10, stout, erect, 4-10 in. long, trigonous towards the top, bearing large brush-like fascicles of 6-20 long, stout, narrow cylindric spikes; bracts 4-6, longest up to 20 in., bracteoles. shorter than the spikes; spikes 1-3 in. by 4 in. diam., of innumerable small spirally arranged spikelets; spikelets sub- erect, 4-} in. long, subterete, acute, 10-14-fld., golden-brown,. shining, wings of rhachilla broadly lanceolate, acuminate, deciduous; glumes very closely imbricate, broadly ovate,. obtuse, cymbiform, apiculate, dorsally rounded, 3-veined, sides broadly hyaline; stam. 3, anth. narrow, tipped with a scabrid appendage about half as long as the cells; nut 4-3 as long as the glume, ellipsoid, trigonous, narrowed at the top, style shorter than the nut, stigmas 3, capillary.
Ponds in the moist low country; rather rare. Kukul Korale, Matara. F]. Dec.—Feb.
Also on Coromandel coast.
Our largest species.
39. ©. alopecuroides, fotth. Descr. et Lc. 38 (1773).
Thw. Enum. 342. C. P. 3560.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 595 (/zmcel/us). Rottb. I. c. t. 8, f. 2.
Perennial ; rootstock short, stout, stolons 0, root-fibres very stout and slender mixed ; stem 2-3 ft., stout, I in. and more in diam. towards the base, trigonous, leafy, angles smooth ; ]. many, as long as the stem or shorter, 4-} in. broad, coriaceous, acute, 3-veined, white beneath, keel and margins scaberulous towards the tip, umbel large, compound, primary rays 4-6, up to 4 in. long, slender, secondary up to I in., bearing clusters of oblong, cylindric, sessile and peduncled spikes 2-1} in. by 4-4 in. diam., densely covered with small
Mariscus.) Cyperacee. 39
spikelets, rhachis of spike stout; bracts up to 18 in. long by 4 in. broad at the base, bracteoles 0; spikelets about 1 in., linear to ovate-oblong, subtetragonous, acute, straw-col’d., rhachilla subtetragonous, not winged; glumes membranous, loosely imbricate, 7; in. long, broadly ovate-oblong, or nearly orbicular, cuspidate or mucronulate, dorsally rounded, not keeled, streaked with pale brown, veins obscure, margins broadly hyaline; stam. 3, anth. linear, muticous; nut about 4+ the length of the glume, ellipsoid, dorsally compressed, plano-convex or biconvex, top umbonate, ashy black, young straw-col’d., style as long as the nut, stigmas 2, capillary.
In tanks in the dry country; rather common. Batticaloa; Mineri; Tissumabarama, &c.; abundant. Fl. March—Sept.
Also in India, N. and Trop. Africa, and Australia.
Strongly resembles Mariscus albescens. Described as annual in FI. B. Ind., but by Boissier as having a stout rootstock.
2. MARISCUS, Vail.
Characters of Cyperus, but rhachilla of spikelets disarti- culating above the 2 lowest glumes; lowest glume broadly ovate, many-veined, persistent on the rhachilla, next above shorter, broader, also many-veined, often deciduous with the spikelet; upper glumes I or more, much longer, 3-veined on the keel; nut trigonous, stigmas 3, capillary.—Sp. about 70; 13in Fl. B. Lnd.
In Cyperus eleusinoides there is a tendency to disarticulation of the rhachilla of the spikelet. Sp. 4, 5, 6 are with difficulty separable.
Spikelets turgid, 4-6-fld.
Spikelets in a globose head . ; : . I, M. DREGEANUS. Spikelets in umbelled spikes . , : . 2. M. ALBESCENS. Spikelets narrow. Spikelets in umbelled, globose heads 3. M. MICROCEPHALUS. Spikelets spicate. Stem rather stout, |. }—{ in. broad. Stolons tuberiferous : 4. M. PANICEUS. Stolons o. Spikelets erect or spreading 5. M. CYPERINUS. Spikelets spreading or reflexed 6. M. SIEBERIANUS, Stem and |. narrow or filiform 7. M. TENUIFOLIUS.
I. M. Dregeanus, Awnth, Enum. P/. ii. 120 (1837).
Cyperus dubius, Thw. Enum. 344; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. tor (non otto). C.P. 855, 2042.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 620.
Annual; stem 3-16 in., densely tufted, stout, trigonous, often curved, base tuberous, root-fibres capillary, stolons 0; l. as long as the stem or shorter, narrow, up to } in. broad, flaccid, 1-veined, sheath usually long; bracts 3-5, leaf-like;
40 Cyperacee. [AWariscus.
spikes sessile, densely crowded in a globose head 2 in. diam. or less, rhachis very short, stout, concealed after the fall of the spikelets by the persistent lowest glumes; spikelets 4-1 in., ovate-oblong, turgid, 4-6-fld., rhachilla very short, winged ; glumes closely imbricate, orbicular-ovate, deeply cymbiform, subacute or apiculate, many-veined, dorsally rounded, not keeled, greenish, speckled with red-brown, margins hyaline; stam. 3, anth. very small, oblong; nut shortly stipitate, 4 to 4 the length of the glume, obovoid or oblong, trigonous, cuspi- date, black, style shorter than the nut.
' Damp ground in the low country; rather rare. Galle (Gardner); Kurunegala; Lunugala, Uva. Western Province on the seashore (Pearson). Fl. all the year.
Also in India, Malaya, and S. Africa.
2. IM. albescens, Gawd. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 415 (1826). Ramba, S. TIrampai, 7.
Cyperus pennatus, Lam.; Thw. Enum. 343. C. P. 678.
F]. B. Ind. vi. 623. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 55.
Perennial; rootstock tuberous, woody, stoloniferous, root- fibres very stout; stem 2-3 ft., stout, trigonous, smooth; 1. many; longer than the stem, up to 6 ft. by 4 in. or more broad, coriaceous, I-veined, margins and keel scaberulous; umbel compound, 4-8 in. diam., rays 4-8, rather stout, bearing short ternate secondary rays with spreading cylindric sessile spikes 4-1 in. long, covered with stout horizontally spreading spikelets; rhachis of spike rather stout, loosely clothed with the persistent scarious lower glumes; bracts 4-6, leaf-like, up to 16 in. long; spikelets + in. long, ovoid or lanceolate, acuminate, almost terete, 3—-5-fld., pale brown or straw-col’d. ; rhachilla with very short winged internodes; glumes closely imbricate, rather thin, broadly ovate or almost orbicular, obtuse, dorsally rounded, not keeled, striolate with brown, veins many very slender, margin narrowly hyaline; stam. 3, anth. very small oblong; nut not stipitate, as long as the glume, broadly oval, trigonous, cuspidate, narrowed at the base, black, style about as long as the nut.
Tanks, &c.. in the low country, especially in the dry region; common. Fl. Sept.—March.
Tropics of the Old World generally.
The leaves of this species are described in Fl]. B. Ind. as being trans-
versely lineolate, which character does not hold good for the Ceylon specimens.
3. MZ. microcephalus, Pves/, Rel. Haenk. i. 182 (1830). Cyperus ailutus, Vahl; Thw. Enum. 344. C. P. 815. Fl]. B. Ind. vi. 624.
Mariscus.| C VPerv ace. 41
Perennial ; rootstock short; stem. 1-5 ft. stout, obtusely trigonous, smooth; |. as long as the stem or longer, up to $ in. broad, 3-veined, coriaceous or spongy, margins and keel sca- berulous; umbel very large, decompound, rays many, tri- gonous, up to 6 in. long, simple or bearing secondary or tertiary umbels, the ultimate rays terminated by globose heads (contracted spikes) #-14 in. diam. of innumerable,
~~ Narrow, stellately spreading spikelets; bracts very many, long
_.and broad in large specimens, few and narrow in small, leaf- like; rhachis of spike 75 in. long, persistent glumes minute ; spikelets 4-4 in., very slender, striate, terete, few- to 14-fld., red-brown, shining, rhachilla very slender, internodes 4 as long as the glumes, with oblong persistent wings; glumes loosely imbricate, erect, straight, oblong, obtuse, dorsally rounded, hardly keeled, veins obscure, margins not hyaline; stam. 3, anth. nearly as long the glume, very slender, obtuse; nut about % shorter than the glume, stipitate, oblanceolate, trigonous, acuminate, beaked, pale brown, style shorter than the nut, stigmas long, capillary.
Apparently very rare. I have seen only the the C. P. specimens collected by Gardner at Kurunegala in 1847. FI. July.
Also in India, China, Malaya, Mauritius.
4. MZ. paniceus, Vak/, “num. 11. 373 (1806).
Cyperus umbellatus, Benth.; Thw. Enum. 345; Trim. Syst. Cat. 1or (part). C. umbellatus var. paniceus, Clarke, in Journ. Linn. Soc xxi. 201.
C. P. 814 (part) 2878. FI. B. Ind. vi. 620. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t. 4, f. 1 (Kyllinga panicea).
Perennial; rootstock small, horizontal, stoloniferous ; stolons slender, rigid, bearing scattered pisiform tubers; stem _4—12 in., very slender, trigonous, smooth ; |. long, very narrow, 72-¢ in. broad, 1-veined, filiform in small states ; umbel simple, rays 4-1 in., or spikes all sessile in the top of the stem; spikes 4-4 by $4 in. diam., cylindric, rhachis short, stout, densely -covered with the persistent hyaline lower glumesof the spikelets; bracts up to 4 in. long, leaf-like; spikelets subulate, } in. long, terete, green, usually 1-fld., rhachilla broadly winged above ‘the articulation; glumes 2 above the articulation, lower larger, convolute wrapped round the upper and nut, ovate- -oblong, subacute, terete, coriaceous, dorsally rounded, hardly keeled, margins narrowly hyaline, upper glume narrower, membranous, obtusely acuminate, strongly keeled; anth. long, very slender, tip subulate; nut 4 or less shorter than the glume, narrowly oblong, acute, beaked, trigonous, pale -or dark brown, style shorter than the nut.
Var. 8, Roxburghiana, Clarke iz Fl. B. Ind.\. c. Herm. Mus. 7. iF 1. Zeyl. n. 38. Scirpus echinatus, L. Sp. Pl. 50.
42 Cyperacec. [Mariscus..
Stem up to 2 ft., rays of umbel up to 2 in., bracts 5-7, rhachilla terminated by a rudimentary glume. Grassy places, at low elevations ; both varieties verycommon. FI. all the year. Also in Peninsular India and Mauritius. Hermann gives the S. name for this ‘ Umkiri,
5. MZ. cyperinus, Vahl, Enum. ii. 377 (1806).
Cyperus umbellatus, Thw. Enum. 345 (part). C. d¢elumis, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 199. Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 101. C. P. 816.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 621.
Perennial ; rootstock stout, stolons 0, root-fibres wiry ; stem I-2 ft., rather stout, trigonous, smooth ; |. as long as the stem or shorter, up to } in. broad, keel and margins scabrid ; umbel of 5-10 very short, stout, trigonous rays, bearing many - cylindric spikes of densely crowded spreading subulate spike- lets, or spikes sessile in a compact head terminating the stem; rhachis of spike densely clothed with the hyaline lower glumes . of the aplasia | bracts many, leaf-like, longest 6-8 in. ; spikelets $-{ in., terete, rigid, usually 2—3- -fid. , thachilla broadly winged ; “pitas 2-3 ‘above the articulation, oblong-ovate, . obtuse, dorsally rounded, coriaceous, obscurely veined, hardly keeled, green streaked and speckled with brown, margins very narrowly hyaline, uppermost subulate, BLOG | anth. linear, . very narrow, tip subulate; nut stipitate, 4-3 as long as the- glume, linear-oblong or oblanceolate, trigonous, pale, style shorter then the nut, stigmas short.
Low country; very common. FI. all the year.
Throughout the warmer regions of Asia and Polynesia.
Indian forms with more compound umbels may be expected to be- found in Ceylon.
6. MZ. Sieberianus, Vees zm Linnea, ix. 286 (1834).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 622.
Perennial; rootstock short, stolons 0; stem 1-2 ft., trigonous, | smooth ; |. as long as the stem or shorter, up to % in. broad, . flat, keel and margins smooth, umbel 1-5 in. diam.; spikes 5-12, . sessile or peduncled, usually 1-14 in. long, cylindric, of many horizontally spreading and deflexed slender spikelets, ped. up to 4 in. long; bracts many, leaf-like, longest up to 6 in.; spikelets 4-4 in., slender, linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-3-fld., usually shining ; rhachilla broadly winged; glumes as in MM. cyperinus; nut oblong or linear-oblong, $—-? as long as - the glume, trigonous, pale brown, style shorter than the nut, . stigmas short.
Trincomalie and Kandy (Herb. Mus. Brit). Warm regions of the Old World.
Kyllinga.] Cyperacec. 43
Two specimens in the British Museum, without collector’s name, dated 1820, are recognised by Mr. Clarke as the only Ceylon specimens known of this common Indian plant. It is so closely allied to cyperinus, that it is difficult to distinguish it by description. In its ordinary state it is a less robust plant, with more cylindric spikes of widely spreading or reflexed often almost golden-yellow spikelets.
7. ME. tenuifolius, Schrad. in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. 1, 46 (1842).
Cyperus umbellatus, Benth.; Thw. Enum. 345 (part). C. umbellatus, laxata, Clarke; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. tor. C. P. 814 (part), 817.
Fl. B. Ind. i. 622.
Stem 12-14 in, filiform, ascending from a creeping stoloniferous rootstock; 1. as long as the stem or longer, very narrow, 35 in. broad or less, flat, 1-veined; umbel of 3-5, filiform rays 4-2 in. long, bearing very short ebracteolate spikes of 5-10 subulate spikelets, or spikes sessile on the top of the stem, bracts 3, leaf-like, flexuous, up to 5 in., long; rhachis of spikes } in. or less, slender; spikelets suberect, 4-3 in. long, lanceolate, acuminate, terete, 3-4-fld., green and purplish, rhachilla winged; glumes rather thin, broadly ovate- oblong, obtuse, or tip rounded, dorsally rounded, 3-veined, hardly keeled, streaked with red, margins hyaline; anth. linear; nut 3-4 shorter than the glume, dimidiate-oval, tri- gonous, acute at both ends, gibbous dorsally and slightly curved, dark brown, style shorter than the nut, stigmas long.
Low country; probably common. Peradeniya; Maturata. FI. Nov.
Also in Peninsular India, Behar, and Malacca.
M. squarrosus, Clarke, is given in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 623, as a Ceylon plant, but erroneously; aspecimen of Cyperus cusfidatus, which it strongly resembles, was taken for it. It is a native of Bengal and Burma.
3. KYLLINGA, foiid.
Perennial herbs, tufted or with a creeping rootstock; stem trigonous; |. narrow, chiefly radical; infl. of solitary or ternate, involucrate, short, sessile, oblong or globose spikes densely covered with minute spikelets, rhachis short, naked after the fall of the spikelets, or squarrosely covered with the more or less persistent lowest glumes; bracts leaf-like; spikelets green, strongly laterally compressed, 1-2-fld.,rhachilla hardly any, disarticulating above the two lowest glumes; glumes 4, distichous: I. hyaline, lanceolate; II. orbicular or lanceolate, much shorter than III. variously veined; III. and IV. much the largest, often green and speckled with brown, subequal, or upper longest, unequal-sided, keeled, keel rarely winged, apiculate or strongly cuspidate; stam. I-3,
Ade Cyperacece. [Kyllinga.
anth. long or short; style long or short, base not swollen, stigmas 2, capillary; nut strongly laterally compressed, smooth, sometimes apiculate by the style-base.—Sp. 33; 6in #Z. L. Lnd,
Nut orbicular, style hardly any . ; ; 2) ake. CYLINDRICA: Nut oblong or obovate, style long. Keel of 2 upper glumes winged above . . 2. K. MONOCEPHALA. Keel of glumes not winged. Rootstock short . : 5 : : Deere dA TRICEPS. Rootstock long, creeping. Ripe nut yellow-brown . » : . 4. K. BREVIFOLIA. Ripe nut black . : ; ; 5. K. MELANOSPERMA. K. cylindrica, WVees zn Wight, Contrib. 91 (1834).
Thw. Enum. 345. C. P. 3754.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 588 (not given for Ceylon).
Glabrous or sparsely hairy, rootstock very short; stems tufted, 4-12 in., slender, base not swollen; |. usually shorter than the stem, }-} in. broad; heads of usually three spikes, median 3-2 in. long, oblong or cylindric, lateral much smaller hemispheric or globose, rhachis squarrose with the persistent lowest glumes ; bracts 3-4, up to 3 in. long; spikelets about qz in.; glumes: I. lanceolate, 1-veined, II. orbicular, hyaline, 2-3-veined on each side, III. and IV. very broadly ovate, with short thickened recurved tips, green speckled with brown, many-veined, keels not winged, 1V. rather the longest, with fewer veins; anth. small; nut orbicular or very broadly obovoid, red-brown, style very short.
Moist low country; rare. The C. P. specimens are all I have seen; from Haldummulla in the Central Province (Trimen). FI. April.
Also in India, Singapore, Africa, Australia. The very short style is characteristic of this species.
2. K. monocephala, ott. Descr. e¢ Ic. 13 (1773). Mottu= tana, 5S.
Moon, Cat. 7. Thw. Enum. 345. C. P. 3753.
IDI 184, Iievale Wil, Sites | INGORE, is INE I HE,
Sparsely hairy; stems 2-12 in, usually solitary, erect from a creeping rootstock ; 1. shorter than the stem, 75-¢ in. broad; spikes solitary or 3, the lateral very small, median 1-1 in. diam., rhachis naked or pitted after the fall of the spikelets, the lowest glumes being for the most part deci- duous; bracts long, narrow; spikelets 75 in., 1-fld.; glumes: I. lanceolate, very variable in length and venation, acuminate, with sometimes a capillary point; II. broadly ovate, tip rounded, veins few; III. and IV. green, sparingly speckled with brown, cuspidately acuminate, keel dorsally winged - about the middle, wings spinulose, veins 6-8 in. each, upper longest, more or less falcately incurved; anth. small; nut
Kyllinga.| Cyperacee. VAS
obovoid or oblong, apiculate, pale red-brown, style longer or shorter than the nut.
In grassy places; very common. FI. all the year.
Throughout the hotter regions of the Old World.
The wings of the two upper glumes sometimes undeveloped, but the keel is always spinulose, and the species may always be recognised by their glumes having their tips gradually narrowed into long cusps.
3. K. triceps, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 14 (1773).
Moon, Cat. 7. Thw. Enum. 345. C. P. 3234.
BE Beind--vi.587.. Rottb. Lc. t4. f. &
Rootstock very short or 0; stems 6-8 in., densely tufted, thickened at the base; |. as long as the stem or shorter, ems in. broad ; spikes 3, rarely solitary, median ovoid-oblong 4-} in. diam., ‘lateral shorter, rhachis clothed after the fall of the spikelets with the persistent lower glumes; bracts 3 or 4, up to 3 in. long; spikelets about ;4 in. 1-fld.; glume I. lanceolate, acuminate, IJ. orbicular, 4-veined, III. and IV. membranous, green, not speckled with brown, obtusely apiculate, III. obovate-oblong, 7-veined, IV. rather longer, spathulate-oblong, obtuse, 5-veined; nut oblong or obovate apiculate, chestnut- brown, style rather shorter than the nut.
Low country, chiefly in the dry region; rather common. Colombo;
Puttalam. Fl. June, August. Also in India, Burma, China, Africa, Australia.
4. K. brevifolia, Rottl. Descr. et Ic. 13 (1773).
Moon, Cat. 7. Thw. Enum. 345. C. P. 3755.
iB. inadewi. 533: Rottb. Lc trivak 3.
Stems short or long, up to 2 ft., solitary or tufted ona creeping arching rootstock; |. half as long as the stem or shorter, rarely songs very narrow; spikes 3, rarely solitary, elobose or ovoid, 4-3 in. diam., rhachis naked after the fall of the spikelets; bracts 3-4, up to 4 in. long; spikelets 75 in. long, I- rarely 2-fld.; glume: I. iemecolare. acuminate, II. nearly orbicular “3-veined on: each side, TI. "and TV") ereen, sparingly speckled with brown, keels sparingly spinulose, strongly abruptly cuspidate, III. ovate-oblong 5-veined, IV. 4 longer, broader, 3-veined ; nut obovate, top rounded or retuse, apiculate, yellow-brown, style about as long as the nut.
Low country, rather rare (?). Galle., Central and Uva Provinces, 2000-5600 ft. (Pearson). Fl. Sept.
India and all warm countries. Some very long slender states are K. zutermedia, Br.
5. KH. melanosperma, /Vees ix Wight, Contrib. 91 (1834). Thw. Enum. 345. C. P. 2980 and 818. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 588.
Stem short or long, up to 20 in., rather stout, solitary on a
46 C Ypevacee. [Fimbristylis.
creeping rootstock; 1. shorter than the stem, linear, 14 in. broad, acuminate; spike solitary, globose or ovoid, about 4 in. diam., rhachis naked after the fall of the spikelets; bracts leaf- like, up to 4 in. long; spikelets 4 in. long, 1-2-fld.; glumes 5, I. lanceolate, acuminate, 2~-3-veined, II. suborbicular, 4—6-veined, III. and IV. green, speckled with yellow-brown, strongly cuspidate, keels sometimes aculeolate, III. very broad, many-veined, IV. + longer, oblong, obtuse, 5-veined, V. much smaller, narrowly oblong, hyaline, 3-veined; anth. long, linear, with a long subulate tip; nut obovoid-oblong, black, top narrowed into a truncate beak, style as long as the nut.
Montane zone, 4—6o00 ft.; common.
Also in Nilgiri Mts., Malaya, S. Africa, Madagascar.
I have not seen ripe nuts in Ceylon specimens.—J. D. H.
4. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vai.
Annual or perennial herbs; 1. towards the base of the stem, rarely reduced to sheaths, narrowly linear or filiform; infl- terminal, of umbelled or capitate, bracteate, spikelets, bracts long or short; spikelets terete angular or compressed, many-fld.; glumes imbricate all round the rhachilla, or the lower distichous, very rarely all distichous (7. /ulvescens), glabrous, very rarely pubescent, deciduous, lower 1-3 and sometimes the upper empty; fl. bisexual, bristles 0; stam. 1-3, fil. flat., anth. linear, obtuse, acute, or tipped with a subulate process; nut obovoid, biconvex or trigonous, very rarely cylindric (/. ¢etragona), style long, flattened or slender, glabrous, pubescent or villous, deciduous with its dilated base leaving no scar on the nut, stigmas 2 in the biconvex nuts, 3 in the trigonous, usually filiform and elongate.—Sp. about W7Os Soin 2/5. ads
The wings of the rhachilla of the spikelets in /7bristylis are here (as in Cyferus) portions of the base of the glumes. Each glume in most
cases provides two such wings, one from each side of the midrib, from which they often separate by a clean semicircular line of dehiscence.
Stigmas 2. Spikelets solitary, terminating the stem, rarely 2 or 3 in folytrichoides (see also exceptional specimens in other groups). Lleocharoides. Leaves o, or very short. See also fer- rugined. Nut cylindric . , . é . I, F. TETRAGONA.
Fimbristylis.] Cyperacec. 47
Nut orbicular or obovoid.
Nut orbicular 2. F. ACUMINATA. Nut obovoid. 3. F. NUTANS. Leaves like the stem. Nut sessile . : i : 2 . 4. F. POLYTRICHOIDES. Nut stipitate : : . 5. F. SCHGENOIDES. Spikelets umbelled or capitate. Dichelo- stylis. Annuals. 7 Spikelets umbelled. Nut 6-9-ribbed : ; . . 6. F. DICHOTOMA. Nut smooth. Nut obovate, compressed 7. F. ZSTIVALIS. Nut subglobose, turgid 8. F. TRIMENI. Spikelets capitate é g. F. ARGENTEA. Perennials (aiphylla sometimes annual). Spikelets glabrous. L. 0, or very short . ‘ : . Io. F, FERRUGINEA. L. many. Glumes mucronate : iL. FF. DIPHYLLA. Glumes with a rounded hyaline tip 12. F. SPATHACEA. Spikelets pubescent d ; 13. F. COMPRESSA. Stigmas 3. Spikelets terete or polygonal (none of the glumes distichous). TZ7zchelostylis. Annuals. Style hairy . E : : : . 14. F. QUINQUANGULARIS. Style glabrous. : a: : . 15. F. MILIACEA. Perennial. L.o, or minute . : : : . 16, F. GLOBULOSA. L. many, elongate. Spikelets $-1 in... : ; . 17. F. INSIGNIS. Spikelets under 3 in. Umbel contracted : : . 18. F. LEPTOCLADA. Umbel effuse ‘ . 19. F. ASPERRIMA.
Spikelets compressed or trigonous, all or lower glumes only distichous (bracts in all short). Adzldgaardia. Spikelets 1-3. Spikelets 2-3, #-1 in. me s : . 20. F. TRISTACHYA. 21. F. MONOSTACHYA.
Spikelets many, umbelled c or subcapitate.
Stem leafless ‘ s p : . 22. F. PENTAPTERA. Stem leafy. L. filiform (see also 7. Kraussiz). Umbel rays 2-4 . : 3 . 23. F. MONTICOLA. Umbel rays many : : . 24. F. CINNAMOMETORUM. L. flat.
Spikelets flat, glumes all distichous 25. F. FULVESCENS. Spikelets subtrigonous, lower glumes only distichous. Style glabrous. Glumes cuspidate . : . 26. F. NIGRO-BRUNNEA. Glumes mucronate or mu- ticous.
48 Cyperacee. [Fimbristylis.
Umbel effuse 7. F. COMPLANATA. 8.
Umbel contracted F. KRAUSSIANA. Style pubescent g. F. JUNCIFORMIS.
1. F. tetragona, 47. Prod. Fl. Nov. Holl 226 (1810). F.. Arnottiz, Thw. Enum. 348. C. P. 830.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 631.
Perennial, glabrous; stems 6-24 in., slender, 4-angled and ribbed, root-fibres stout; 1. 0, or upper with an erect, lanceo- late, acuminate limb, the margins of which are Seg aus and brown, sheaths chestnut-brown; spikelet solitary, {4 in., erect, conico-ovoid, obtuse, terete, dense-fld., lowest glume ‘some- times hardly bracteiform, at others half as long as the spikelet, coriaceous, deciduous, rhachilla elongate - conical, thickly studded with deep tetragonous pits with raised borders ; glumes closely imbricate, lowest 2-3 empty, + in. long, broadly oblong or obovate-oblong, concave, tip rounded, scarious with a broad Somagenns central band; anth. narrowly linear, muticous; nut zs in. long, stipitate, narrowly linear-oblong, narrowed down- wards, trabeculate with slender parallel ribs, and minute cross bars, nearly white, style as long as the nut, flattened, pubes- cent, base pyriform, stigmas 2, short.
Wet places in moist low country; rather common. FI. all the year. Also in Peninsular India and Trop. Asia and Australia.
Nn hd
2. EF. acuminata, Vah/, Enum. PI. ii. 285 (1806).
Thw. Enum. 348. Nees in Wigitts Contrib. 96:5 Cs P2747.
FL. B. Ind. vi. 632.
Perennial (?) densely tufted; stem 4-10 in., very slender, erect or curved, obtusely trigonous, root-fibres slender; l. very - small or 0, sheath green, 4-1 in., with a short, erect, ovate or lanceolate, acute limb often margined with brown ; spikelet solitary + to nearly $ in,, erect, rarely inclined, narrowly ovoid, acute, few- fid., pale, shining lowest glume usually broadest, with a strong ereen midrib, ‘deciduous, “thachilla stout, angular, with broad raised concave Feces between the glumes; glumes rather loosely imbricate, $—§ in. long, broadly ovate or obovate- oblong, obtuse, apiculate, concave, scarious with a broad coriaceous centre; stam. 3; nue orbicular or oblate, strongly dorsally compressed, about 7; in. in transverse diam., sessile, crossed transversely of 5-6 strong waved ridges, white, opaque, style long, broad, pubescent above the middle, base hardly dilated, truncate, stigmas 2, short.
Moist hot region; common. FI. all the year.
Eee Trop. Asia and in Australia.
EF. nutans, Vahl, Enum. Pl. ii. 285 (1806). Nee in Wight, Contrib. 96. Thw. Enum. 348. C. P. 832. FI. B. Ind. vi. 632
Fimbristylis.] Cyperacee. AQ
Rootstock creeping, with many stout fibrous roots; stem 10-18 in.; very slender, subtrigonous, deeply grooved, I. 0, or ovate, erect, limb bordered with brown, sheath short; spikelet solitary, 1-4 in., erect or inclined, ovoid, subacute, terete, dark brown, many-fid., lowest glume bracteiform, orbicular, coria- ceous, persistent, rhachilla stout, angular, with large pits between the glumes; glumes closely imbricate, 2 in., orbicular or very broadly ovate, concave, tip rounded, apiculate, scarious with a broad coriaceous centre, lower 2-3 shorter, empty; stam. 3, anth. slender, acuminate; nut 35 in. long, broadly obovoid, biconvex, transversely crossed by 5-6 wavy, broad, nodulose ridges, white, style very broad, pubescent, base truncate, not dilated, stigmas 2.
Moist low country; common in wet places. FI. all the year.
Also in Burma, Nicobar Is., Borneo, China, Australia.
Differs from /. acuminata in the often inclined, more obtuse, many- fid. spikelets, persistent bracteiform lowest glume, and smaller more obovoid nuts.
4. EF. polytrichoides, Vai/, Enum. P/. ii. 248 (1806).
Scirpus polytrichoides, Retz. Obs. iv. 11; Moon, Cat. 6. Thw. Enum. 348, 433. _C. P. 3786.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 632. Rumph. Herb. Amb. vi. t. 7, f. 1.
Perennial (?) very densely tufted, root-fibres filiform; stems 4-12 in., filiform, leafy at the base, trigonous, grooved; |. half as long as the stem or more, as slender, wiry, acute, terete or trigonous, striate, sheaths with hyaline margins, glabrous or puberulous; spikelet solitary, 4-4 in., erect, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, terete, many-fld., lowest glumes some- times subulate, green, as long as the spikelets and persistent, sometimes deciduous like the other glumes but shorter, broader, and empty, rhachilla stout, terete, deeply pitted ; glumes % in., linear-oblong, subacute or obtuse, apiculate, scarious or membranous, I-veined, lower 2—3 shorter, broader, and empty; stam. 2-3, anth. slender, acuminate; nut obovoid or obcordate, sg in. long, much compressed, biconvex with rather acute margins, minutely striolate and trabeculate, pale, at length iron grey and dotted white with marcescent outer cells, style slender, sparsely hairy, base hardly dilated, stigmas 2, rather long.
Sandy seashores; common, especially in the dry region. Fl. all the -year (?).
Tropics of the Old World.
5. E. schoenoides, Vahl, Enum. PI. ii. 286 (1806). Thw. Enum. 348. C. P. 833. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 634.
Perennial, densely tufted, root-fibres slender; stem 6-18 PART V. E
50 C VPer alee. _[Fimbristylis.
in., almost filiform, obtusely angled, grooved ; |. shorter but hardly broader than the stem, s5 in. broad or less, coriaceous, striate above, dotted with the superficial cells beneath, margins recurved, spinulose, sheaths glabrous with membranous margins; spikelets solitary or 2-5 in an irregular umbel, sessile on very slender pedicels, 4-3 in. long, ovoid, obtuse, terete, pale; glumes all deciduous, or the lower sometimes longer and produced into a green elongation of the stem, rhachilla slender, deeply closely pitted, squarrose with the persistent brown ovate acute lips of the pits; glumes loosely imbricate, orbicular, ;j,-$ in. broad, tip rounded, apiculate or cuspidate, very concave, membranous, with 5-7 very slender central veins; stam. 3, anth. acute; nut stipitate, obovate, zo in. long, compressed, biconvex, smooth, snow-white or discoloured, style about twice as long as the nut, dilated and villous above the middle, base subglobose, stigmas 2, short.
Var. 8, bispicata, 7rzmen. F. bispicata, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 97 (partim). Scirpus distachyus, Herb. Rottl.
“Rootstock stout, creeping, stem slender, 6-8 in., deeply grooved, base thickened, sometimes pyriform; spikelets one or two, sessile, with the stem produced beyond them; glumes. coriaceous, brown, glaucous (as if puberulous), style villous throughout, nut immature.
Sandy places in dry and intermediate regions; rather rare. Kurune- gala; Trincomalie (Ferguson). Var. 6, Kalpitiya (Trimen, Aug. 1833). Fl. July—Dec.
Also in India, Trop. Asia generally, and N. Australia.
The specimens of var. 8 are in too imperfect a state for satisfactory determination. Its reference to F. disficata is by Dr. Trimen. Clarke, in Fl. B. Ind., refers dzsfzcata as a synonym to schenotdes. The descrip- tion is from Trimen’s specimens.
6. FE. dichotoma, Vahl, Enum. ii. 287 (1806).
Scirpus adichotomus, L., var., Retz. Obs. iv. 12. F. pallescens, Nees;. hw. Enum g4G,, Mnrim-vovst.CaruCeyile tor Canes 7/50.
FI. B. Ind! vi. 635. “Rottb. Deser and Ie.t. 13, f 1 CSezzpus):
Annual, root-fibres capillary ; stems 2-10 in., densely tufted,,. filiform, grooved, smooth; 1. shorter than the stems, very narrow, 7o in., tapering to a fine point, quite smooth, sheath puberulous or pilose; umbel laxly compound or decompound, I—2 in. diam., rays few or many, up to I in., suberect ; bracts filiform, shorter or longer than the umbels; spikelets }-4 in., solitary on the rays, ovoid, subangular, many-fid., pedicels 4-4 in., rarely more, erect or spreading, lowest glume more or less bracteiform, glabrous or puberulous, rhachilla stout, angular, covered with large pits; glumes loosely imbricate, all, or all but the lowest, fertile, lower 7; in., broadly ovate,
Fimbristyl¢s. | C perv acee. 5E
upper 75 in., oblong-ovate, all shortly cuspidate, red-brown, strongly keeled, keel 1I-3-veined, green; stam. I-3, anth. small, obtuse; nut 4 in. broadly obovate or subcordate, minutely stipitate, compressed, biconvex, with 6-9 low broad trabeculate ribs, pale straw-col’d., style twice as long, copiously villous above the middle, base wilh a small globose bulb, stigmas 2.
Low country; apparently rather rare. Dumbara; Uva Prov. Throughout warm regions of Old World. Often confused with /. dphylla, which is normally perennial.
7. &. ewestivalis, Vahl, Enum. i. 288 (1806). :
Scirpus @stivalis, Retz. Obs. iv. 12. Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 1o1 (excl. syn.). C. P. 3943 (in part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 637 (in part).
A dwarf, densely tufted annual, root-fibres capillary; stem 2-6 in., filiform, grooved, smooth; 1. shorter than the stem, almost filiform, > in. broad or less, sparsely hairy, sheath pubescent, open; umbel compound or decompound, 1-1} in. broad, rays many, spreading, short, filiform; bracts short, rarely exceeding the umbel, glabrous or pubescent ; spikelets @-4 in., rather crowded, linear-oblong, 7; in. diam., dark brown, subsquarrose, I or 2 lowest glumes longest, with an hispidulous keel, rhachilla slender, prominently scarred; glumes laxly imbricate, all, even the lowest fertile, 4, in. long, recurved, oblong, cuspidate, cusp 4-1 the length of the glume, I-veined, keeled ; stam. I, anth. very small; nut #4, in. long, obovate, smooth, much compressed, biconvex, base subacute, margins acute, pale straw-col’d., style twice as long as the nut, nearly glabrous, bulbous base naked, stigmas 2.
Ceylon (Koenig in Herb. Mus. Brit.). Also collected at Colombo, first by Ferguson in 1867, but, doubtless, occurs elsewhere. FI. April (?).
Southern India (?).
Clarke considers this as identical with a very widely distributed Indian, Malayan, and Australian plant, which is Wallich’s 3516A and 3517 B,D,E. I, on the other hand, regard it as a distinct and local plant, first found in Ceylon by Kcenig, and of which there are, as Mr. Rendle informs me, specimens in the British Museum. It is certainly the /. @stivalis of Wight’s Catalogue, No. 1880, where Wallich’s 35164 and 3517 € are erroneously cited as conspecific. The latter, a widely dis- tributed Indian, Malayan, and Australian species, not hitherto found in Ceylon, is a taller, more slender plant, with looser umbels, smaller spikes, shorter cusps of the glumes, which have never a squarrose appearance, and a short tip of the nut. It more nearly resembles F- Triment, and is F. trichotdes, Miquel, F]. Ind. Bat. iil. 319, and F. Griffithtana, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 110, both published in 1855. /. Grafithiz, Boeck. in Flora, xliii. 241 (1860). There is no habitat given with Wight’s specimen, which, like a good many others of his unlocalised plants, is probably from Ceylon.—J. D. H.
52 Cyperacee. [Fimbristylis.
8. F. Trimeni, ook. /. F. estivalis, var. major, Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 101. C. P. 3943 (in
part).
A dwarf, densely tufted annual, root-fibres capillary ; stem 3-6 in., filiform, grooved; |. shorter than the stem, very narrow, flat, 3;-z'5 in. broad, sheath short, open, glabrous or pubescent; umbel simple or compound, I-14 in. broad, rays few or many, 4-7? in. long, filiform, spreading, bearing few remote pedicelled spikelets; bracts capillary, much shorter than the rays; spikelets, loosely corymbose, 7-3 in. long, narrowly ovoid or oblong, acute, terete or obscurely angled, many-fid., pale brown, lowest glumes narrower, longer, cuspidate, often bracteiform, keel hispidulous, rhachilla slender, pitted; glumes closely imbricate, 7-3/5 in., nearly straight, oblong, 1-veined, cuspidate, cusp not % the length of the glume, green, sides hyaline; stam. 1-2, with rather short anth.; nut 35 in., stoutly stipitate, orbicular, obovoid or sub- globose, turgidly biconvex, margins rounded, smooth, pale straw-col’d., style rather longer than the nut, hairy, base bulbous, hispid, stigmas 2, short.
Colombo (Ferguson 1 ; i i ‘vall. Gee a ae , April 1867) Growing with -. estivalis
Closely allied to /. eszzvalzs, but umbels larger, laxer, spikelets 4 in. long, narrowly ovoid, not at all squarrose, glumes nearly straight, 75 in., ovate-oblong ; nut larger, almost globose, 7p in. diam., style hairy above and with a large hispid bulb.
9. F. argentea, Vah/, Enum. ii. 294 (1806). Thw. Enum. 348. C. P. 2877. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 640. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t.17, f. 6 (Scerfus argenteus),
and t. 14, f. 3 (S. monander).
A densely tufted glabrous annual, root-fibres filiform; stems 4-8 in., filiform, trigonous, striated; 1. shorter and more slender than the stem, almost capillary, flexuous, smooth sheath short, quite glabrous; spikelets 3-20, quite sessile, in ji terminal globose head, ovoid-oblong or cylindric, obtuse, 3-1 in. long, 7 in. diam., glabrous, greyish green, rhachilla stout, scarred; bracts 3-4, filiform, 2 or more much longer than the head, up to 3 in., flexuous; glumes closely imbricate zs in. long, broadly ovate, acute, not cuspidate, membra- nous, with a strong green keel from above the middle to the tip, sides hyaline and red-brown; stam. 1, anth. obtuse; nut gs in., orbicular, shortly stipitate, much compressed, biconvex, margins acute, quite smooth, style twice as long as the nut very minutely hairy above the middle, base conical, truncate, glabrous, stigmas 2.
Fimbristyls.| C yperacee. 53
Damp places in the low country, mostly in the dry region; rather common. FI. most of the year. Also in Peninsular India, Bengal, Malaya, and the Mauritius.
10. EB. ferruginea, Vah/, Enzz. ii. 291 (1806). ; Thw. Enum. 348. C. P. 848. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 638.
A densely tufted perennial; rootstock short, root-fibres stout and slender; stem 1-24 ft., rather stout, subtrigonous, grooved, smooth; I. o, or few, short, very narrow, glabrous or hairy, lower sheaths coriaceous, split, upper scarious, truncate ; umbels simple or subcompound, rays few, usually very short, rarely 4 in. long, stout, spreading; bracts very short, striate, slender; spikelets few, 1-4 in., oblong-ovoid, terete, somewhat hoary, pale red-brown, rarely bracteolate by a small ovate or lanceolate persistent lowest glume; rhachilla stout, angular, with large pits; glumes laxly imbricate, + in. long, orbicular- ovate, cymbiform, minutely cuspidate, chartaceous, recurved, pale brown, keel green; stam. 2-3, anth. very long, 75 in., obtuse; nut stipitate, 4, in. long, broadly obovate or almost obcordate, much compressed, biconvex, quite smooth, yellowish or pale brown, style twice as long as the nut, villous to the slightly dilated truncate base, stigmas 2.
Var. (?) tenuissima, Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 639.
‘Stem. 16 in., very slender, slightly flattened, |. 1-6, very slender, bracts $ in., spikelets 1-3, pale, } in. long, glumes nearly glabrous, furnished with obscure round and red glands, nut as in /. ferruginea.—This looks like a distinct species, but only known from one sheet of specimens.’—C/Zarke, /. c.
Wet places in the low country, especially in brackish water at mouth of rivers; common. Var. 6, Trincomalie (Mrs. Marriott in Herb. Delessert). Fl. most seasons.
All hot countries.
I have not seen specimens of var. 8.—J. D. H.
i1. EF. diphylla, Vah/, Enum. ii. 289 (1806).
Herm. Mus. 26. Fl. Zeyl. n. 40. Sczrfus dichotomus, L. Sp. 50. Thw. Enum. 348. C. P. 839, 840.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 636.
Rootstock hardly any, or up to tin. long, stout, root- fibres rather stout; stem 1-2 ft. slender, angled, grooved, quite smooth; |. as long as the stem or shorter, 74-1} in. broad, linear, coriaceous, rather rigid, serrulate towards the acute tip, margins scaberulous, striate above, obscurely 2-veined beneath, sheath short, glabrous or pubescent; umbel simple or com- pound (or spikelets in a compact head), rays not many, very
54 C. VWPeracce. [ Limbristylise
unequal, up to 2 in. long; bracts filiform, long or short; spikelets scattered or clustered, 171 in. long, ovoid, acute, terete, lowest glumes rarely bractlike, usually small, deciduous, rhachilla stout, scarred and pitted; glumes ¢-4 in, loosely imbricate, broadly ovate, cymbiform, acute, chartaceous, keel obtuse, 3-veined, green, midrib reaching the tip, sides chestnut brown; stam. I-3, anth. long, tip conical; nut s'; in., broadly or orbicularly obovoid, stipitate, many-ribbed, interstices punctate, pale straw-col’d. or dark brown, style twice as long as the nut, very broad, villous with long spreading or reflexed hairs down to and on the dilated truncate base, stigmas 2 s Var. 8, major, 7hw. Enum. 433. F. rigidula, Thw..1. c. 348, 433 (non Nees). C. P. 3232.
Stem taller, leaves long, very narrow, spikelets larger up to 4 in., ovoid- oblong.
Var. y, ovalis, 7. ovalis, Nees in Wight, Contrib. too. Thw. 1. c. Viol Oni het ]ei
Annual or perenatal leaves shorter, more flaccid, hairy, spikelets ae variable, 4- nearly 4 in., glumes cuspidate, nut larger up to sp in. long.
In all parts i the island; very common. FI. most of the year.
All warm countries.
A very variable plant. The varieties are quite inconstant. ‘ Hermann’s S. dichotomus is certainly this.’— 772mer.
12. F. spathacea, Roth, Nov. Sp. Pl. 24 (1821).
F. Wighttana, Nees; Thw. Enum. 349. C P. 3759.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 640.
Rootstock very short, or elongate, stout, woody, root-fibres both stout and slender, black; stem densely leafy below, $-14ft., stout, obtusely trigonous, crooved ; l. very many, fenecly crowded on the rootstock, | much shorter’ than the stem, spreading and recurved, narrowly linear, obtuse or acute, up to go in. broad, rigidly coriaceous, margins recurved, scaberu- lous, sheaths short, imbricating, open, coriaceous; umbel simple or compound, open or with the spikelets more or less crowded, sometimes into a globose head, but always pedi- celled; bracts very short, rigid, erect, base dilated, coriaceous; spikelets 75-$ in., ovoid, obtuse, terete, pale brown, lowest glumes usually lanceolate, bracteiform, subpersistent, rhachilla stout, squarrose, pits large: glumes ‘rather laxly imbricate,
in. long, broadly ovate or orbicular, cymbiform, tip mem- tee obtuse or rounded, all hyaline except for a triangular red-brown area extending from some distance below the tip to the base, keel indistinctly 3-5-veined; stam. 2-3, anth.
Fimbristylis. | Cyperac Ce. 55
obtusely apiculate; nut very variable, 7o-s5 in. minutely stipitate, obovate or obcordate, compressed, biconvex, surface slightly uneven, pale, at length nearly black, style shorter or as long as the nut, quite naked, base bulbous or not, stigmas 2, longer than the style.
Sands of the seashore, common round the coast. FI. probably all the year.
India, Malaya, &c.
The spikelets are very frequently densely approximated, and form a rounded head; it is then var. congesta, Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 102, but is connected with the type by intermediates.— 77 zen.
13. BE. compressa, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvili. 558 (1874).
- Fl. B. Ind. vi. 639.
Densely tufted, root-fibres slender ; stems 12-18 in., very slender, trigonous, grooved; |. few, much shorter than the stem, almost filiform, obtuse, sheaths 2-3 in., tips subulate, margins scarious ; umbel compound, of few spreading slender rays I in. long, or shorter, carrying few scattered small uni- formly dark brown pubescent spikelets; bracts filiform, one about as long as the umbel; spikelets 4-3 in., ovoid, subacute, terete, pubescent, lowest two glumes long-cuspidate, empty, rhachilla slender, deeply closely pitted, not winged ; glumes closely imbricate, 75 in. long, broadly ovate, cymbiform, acute, apiculate, I-veined, uniformly covered with dark brown points and thickly puberulous, keel slender; stam. 1, anth. rather short, obtuse; nut 34 in., obcordate, strongly compressed, biconvex, quite smooth, straw-col’d., at length brown, style not longer than the nut, slender, glabrous, base swollen, stigmas 2, short.
Periakulam, near Trincomalie (W. Ferguson, 1885). Fl. Dec.
Madras, Burma.
The only Ceylon species with all the glumes pubescent.
14. F. quinquangularis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 229 (1837).
Thw. Enum. 349. C. P. 838.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 644.
Annual, tufted, glabrous, leafy, root-fibres slender; stem 4-2 ft., slender, obtusely angled, deeply grooved ; |. longer or shorter than the stem, very slender, 34, in. broad or less, linear, finely acuminate, flaccid, margins and keel scaberulous, sheaths long, subdistichous, green, coriaceous; umbel decompound, rays very many, suberect, filiform, much branched, bearing innumerable very small pedicelled spikelets, whole infl. ap- pearing like one oblong panicle; bracts filiform, usually shorter than the umbel; spikelets 4-4 in., ovoid, terete, pale brown, thachilla winged; glumes rather laxly imbricate, ;; in. long, orbicular-ovate, cymbiform, membranous, mucronate by the
5 6 g VPeracee. [Pimbristylis..
excurrent 3-veined keel, sides hyalines; stam. 3, anth. obtuse; nut shortly stipitate, 75 in. long, obovoid, obtusely trigonous, tubercled, pale, style as long as the nut, more or less villous, stigmas 3, longer than the style.
Low country in grass; common. Peradeniya. Fl. most seasons.
Also in India, China, Malaya, Australia.
A very variable plant in India, in stature, foliage, and inf. The description is taken from Ceylon specimens (C. P. 838). Clarke, who retains it in Fl. B. Ind. as a species, cites Arnott’s authority for its being hardly separable from /. mzlzacea. Of Clarke’s var. crassa (F1. B. Ind. vi. 644), differing in its slender habit, woody rootstock, and rather larger ellipsoid spikelets, I find no Ceylon specimen in Herb. Peraden., Brit. Mus., or Kew, nor can Mr. Clarke refer me to any. Itis the F. g/lobulosa, var. aphylla of Miquel, and may possibly be that plant.—J. D. H
15. FE. miliacea, Vail, Enum. ii. 287 (1806). Mudu-halpan, S.
Scirpus miliaceus, Burm.; Moon, Cat. 6. Tvrichelostylis miliacea, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 103. Thw. Enum. 348. C. P. 836.
i B. Indy vic 644, Burm: Fl. Ind. t. 9) f. 2. Rottb: Deser. et Ie: B Ep te &
Annual, tufted, glabrous, leafy, root-fibres slender ; stem 6-24 in., slender, below obtusely angled, triquetrous above; ]. shorter than the stem, very slender, 75 in. broad or less, linear, tapering to a firm point, margins nearly smooth, sheaths sub- distichous, margins scarious; umbel decompound, rays suberect or spreading, filiform, bearing very many scattered very small pedicelled spikelets; bracts filiform or capillary, much shorter than the umbels; spikelets 75-4 in., ovoid or globose, terete, obtuse, pale or.dark brown, rhachilla ss0r naked, pitted ; elumes not numerous, closely imbricate, 5 in. long, orbicular- ovate, cymbiform, obtuse: membranous, keel obscurely veined, reaching the tip, but not excurrent ; stam. I-3, anth. obtuse ; nut minutely stipitate, 7 in. long, obovoid, obtusely trigonous, white pale or brownish, tubercled, style about as long as the nut, glabrous, base globose, stigmas 3, about as. long as the style.
Var. congesta, 7777. MSS.
Stems 3-6 in. stout, triquetrous throughout, umbels. reduced to globose entire or lobed terminal heads of sessile compacted spikelets, with rarely a ray terminated by another smaller head.
In the water of paddy fields, &c.; common. Var. congesta, Peradeniya... FI. all the year.
All hot countries.
Very closely allied to /. guinguangularis, having similar |. and spikelets, but the glumes are not mucronate, are less keeled, the rachilla js not winged, and the style is quite glabrous.
Fimbristylis. | C Vperacee. 57
16. EF. globulosa, Kunth, “num. ii. 231 ({837). Hal-pan,* 5S.
Scirpus globosus, Moon, Cat ibs 117 vichelostylis globulosa, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 105. Thw. Enum. 349; CUP SsAz:
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 644.
Rootstock short, stout, horizontal, root-fibres stout ; stem 6-18 in., rather stout, terete or compressed below, trigonous or 4-5-angled above, angles smooth; |. 0, sheaths 1-6 in., obtuse, appressed, with narrow scarious brown margins, rarely bearing a short limb, mouth very obliquely truncate ; umbels. small, simple or compound, rays few, rather stout, $—-2$ in., erect or spreading, bearing few distant long- and short-pedi- celled spikelets; bracts very short, subulate; spikelets 4—} in., ovoid and obtuse, or globose, terete, pale brown, lowest empty glumes very small, narrow, persistent or deciduous, rhachilla stout, squarrose; glumes closely imbricate, 7; in. long, oblong, cymbiform, broadly hyaline all round, dorsally convex, keel obscurely 3-veined, vanishing far below une rounded tip; stam. 2-3, anth. rather stout, obtuse; nut 35 in., globosely obovoid, obtusely trigonous, obscurely striate and subtu- bercled, pale brown, style as long as the nut, glabrous, base subpyramidal, stigmas 3.
In water, moist low country; common. Fl. most seasons.
India, Malaya, Polynesia.
17. EF. insignis, 7iw. Enum. 349 (1864).
Thw. Enum. 433. &. Thwazteszz, Boeck. in Linnea, xxvii. 34. C. P.
iN < a B. Ind. vi. 645.
Rootstock very short, with wiry root-fibres; stems 8-24 in., slender, subtrigonous, deeply grooved, smooth ; |. crowded on the rootstock, much shorter than the stem, 3-7 by 4 in. or narrower, flat, rigid, tip rounded denticulate, margin very narrowly recurved, smooth or scaberulous, opaque on both surfaces, midrib beneath flat, sheath very short, coriaceous, open; umbel subsimple, of 3-5 trigonous Sula rays 1-3 in. long, each bearing 1- 3 large spikelets ; bracts 4-4 in., subulate, erect; spikelets 3-1 in. by 2 = iho Cutehory, oblons-lanceolate, acute at both ends, terete, Seon lowest 2 ‘glumes “small, long- cuspidate, empty, rhachilla stout, clothed with imbricating wings ; glumes closely imbricate, } in. long, oblong, subacute, cymbiform, cuspidate, coriaceous, keel slender, veins 0; stam. 3, anth. very long, slender, tip conical; nut hardly stipitate, 5*; in. long, broadly obcordate, trigonous, subtubercled, faces concave, pale, style three times as long as the nut, slender, sparsely villous, thickened base elongate, stigmas 3, rather short.
* See also Cyperus Haspan, p. 26.
538 C. ypervracee. [Fimbristylis.
Moist low country; rather rare. Near Colombo; Pasdun Korale; between Negombo and Kurunegala (Thwaites). There are specimens in Herb. Mus. Brit. from Moon, collected near Kalutara. Fl. Feb., Aug.
Borneo, China.
18. EF. leptoclada, Lenth. Fl. Hongk. 393 (1861).
F. retusa, Thw. Enum. 349. C. P. 3760.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 647.
Rootstock small, many-leaved, root-fibres capillary; stems 6-24 in., densely tufted, very slender, almost filiform, angular, erooved; |. shorter than the stem, 3-12 in., very narrow, 7s in. broad or less, obtuse, flat, margins smooth, sheath 2-4 in., upper ending in leaves, margins not scarious; umbel sub- compound, contracted, subcapitate, 4-3 in. diam., of few, short rays, bearing dense clusters of smali sessile dark brown spikelets; bracts rarely longer than the umbel; spikelets 4-+ in., shortly oblong or ovoid, obtuse, terete, many-fid., sub- pruinose, 2 lowest glumes like the upper, but empty, rhachilla slender, deeply pitted, wings caducous; glumes closely im- bricate, 7; in. long, broadly oblong, tip broad, rounded, hyaline, emarginate or 2-lobed, deeply keeled, sides appressed, punc- tate, keel not reaching the tip, veins obscure; stam. 1, anth. rather short, apiculate; nut s> in. long, obovoid, trigonous, verrucose, pale, at length dark grey, style as long as the nut, stout, glabrous, base tumid, stigmas 3, longer than the style.
Moist low country; rather common. Galle; Colombo; Pasdun and Reigam Korales, &c. FI.
Also Malacca, Borneo, S. China. 19. EF. asperrima, Soeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 40 (1871). F. chetorrhiza, Thw. Enum. 349 (part). C. P. 837 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 643.
Rootstock stout, horizontal, woody, root-fibres stout; stem 14-3 ft., slender, trigonous or plano-convex, smooth or angles scabrous towards the top, deeply grooved; |. many, radical, 6 in. to 2 ft. long, 75-4 in. broad, acute, flat, coriaceous, margins scabrid, sheaths short, open, brown, margins of upper scarious; umbel effuse, compound, loosely umbellulate, primary rays up to 3 in. long, spreading, secondary bearing many small pedicelled spikelets; bracts very long, up to Io in.; spikelets scattered, $-; in. long, oblong or ovoid, angular, obtuse or acute, pale brown, few-fld., lowest glume not bracteiform, rhachilla winged; glumes 74 in. long, broadly ovate, cymbi- form, acute, mucronate by the green excurrent, 3—5-veined keel, margins broadly hyaline, in a mature state the red-brown basal portions on each side of the midrib separate, and are deciduous or adhere to the rhachilla, the glume then presents a lunate base on each side of the keel; stam. 3, anth. witha
Fimbristylis.] Cyperacee. 59
‘short conical tip; nut = in. long, obovoid, narrowed towards the top, obtusely trigonous, coarsely tubercled, pale, style rather longer than the nut, nearly glabrous, base conical, stigmas 3, slender.
Low country in grass; very common.
Also in Malaya generally.
Resembles /. junciformis (of which a specimen is included in the sheet of asferrima in Herb. Perad.) in size and colour of spikelets, but ‘the great bracts at once distinguish it, as do the absence of distichous glumes, the crossly tubercled nut, and long, smooth style.
20. B. tristachya, 7hw. Enzi. 434 (1864).
Schenus cyperoides, Retz. Obs. Bot. iv. 8. Adb¢ldgaardia tristachya, Vahl; Thw. Enum. 347. C. P. 852.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 649.
Rootstock stout, woody, many-leaved, root-fibres very stout; stem 12-24 in., rather stout, obtusely angled and deeply grooved; |. crowded at the base of the stem, much shorter and more slender than this, 6-12 in., erect and curved, --rigid, concave above, acute, margins smooth or scaberu- lous, sheaths very short, rigid, margins scarious; umbel of 2-3 spikelets, one sessile and one or two on rigid pedicels 1-14 in. long, compressed; bracts 4-4 in., suberect, strict ; spikelets 4-1 in., subcompressed, ovoid, acute, pale yellowish, lower glumes distichous, lowest small, subulate, empty, upper subspirally twisted, rhachilla slender, wings caducous, glumes 4-4 in. long, broadly ovate, cuspidate, faintly many-veined -towards the centre, dorsally rounded with an acute keel, margins not hyaline ; stam. 3, anth. slender, subacute; nut 4 in. long, globosely trigonous, suddenly narrowed into a stout -cylindric stipes, 3-ribbed, tuberculate, pale, at length dark brown, style twice as long as the nut, flattened, pubescent, base slightly dilated, stigmas 3, short.
Damp ground near the sea in the dry region; rather common. _Jaffna; Chilaw; Kalpitiya; Trincomalie.
Also in Peninsular India and Africa.
First collected by Kcenig.
21. EF. monostachya, /Hassk. P/. Jav. Rar. 61 (1848). A bildgaardia monostachya, Vahl; Thw. Enum. 347 and 434. C. P. 3231. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 649. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t. 13, f£ 3 (Cyperus mono- . Stachyus). Annual (?) densely tufted and leafy, root-fibres slender; stems 6-12 in., very slender or filiform, striate ; 1. crowded on the swollen base of the stem, filiform or nearly so, but flat, -:acute or acuminate, sheath short, margins scarious ; spikelets solitary on the stem, very rarely 2, variable in size, 4-4 in. by -4-1 broad, compressed, ovate, shining, pale straw-col’d., 2
60 C ‘yperacee. [Fimbristylis..
lowest glumes longer, cuspidate, empty, rhachilla slender, wings persistent; glumes loosely imbricate, subdistichous,. coriaceous, triangular-ovate, acute, cuspidate, keel slender, margins not hyaline ; stam. 3, anth. long, subacute; nut 74 in., globosely pyriform, narrowed intoa stout stipes, trigonous, 3-ribbed, tubercled, straw-col’d., style not twice as long as the nut, stout, pubescent, down to and on the bulbous base,. stigmas 3, short.
In grass in the low country; common. FI. in most months. In all hot countries.
22. EF. pentaptera, Kuwzth, Enum. ii. 229 (1837).
Trichelostylis pentaptera, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 105. 7. Salbundia,. Thw. Enum. 349 (non Kunth). C. P. 823, 843.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 645.
Rootstock shortly creeping, woody, root-fibres stout; stems. 2-5 ft., slender, triquetrous, deeply grooved, leafless, glabrous or pilose; |. 0, or in separate shoots, or in young plants very slender, pilose sheaths of the flg. stems 2-6 in. long, mouth and sides broadly scarious, sometimes produced into a scarious flaccid limb; umbels small, compound, 1-3 in. long and broad, . open, rays 3-10, slender, with many solitary, pedicelled, dark brown spikelets; bracts very small, subulate; spikelets 7; in., compressed, trigonous, oblong or ovate- oblong, few-fld. ; ‘lowest empty glumes ~cuspidate, rhachilla stout, wings persistent glumes ‘distichous on one face of the spikelet, 4—+ in. long, broadly ovate, subacute, keel reaching the tip but hardly excurrent, margins USEy narrowly hyaline: stam. 2-3, anth. long, narrow; nut so-1s in., stipitate, globose or globosely obovoid, pale or dark brown, surface uneven, style rather longer than the nut, glabrous, base conical, stigmas as long as the style.
Patanas of the montane zone, 4-7000 ft.; common.
Also in S. India.
There are in Herb. Peraden., in the cover with F. cénnamometorum, specimens of this, or of a closely allied species, with smaller spikelets, mucronate glumes, a nut only = in. long, and 2 occasionally bipartite,
filiform stigmas.
23. EB. monticola, Sfeud. Syn. Cyp. 111 (1855).
F. tenutfolia, Thw. Enum. 434. C. P. 3780, 851 (in part).
FI. B. Ind. vi. 642.
Very slender, leafy, densely tufted, root-fibres filiform ; stems 6-12 in., erect, filiform, obtusely trigonous, striate, flexuous; |. many at the base of the stem, shorter or nearly as long as the stem and as slender or more so, acute, concave,. dorsally rounded, strongly ribbed, margins distantly scabrid,
Fimbristylis.] Cyperacee. 61
-sheath short, membranous; umbel subsimple, or subcompound, ‘rays 2-4, with 1 or 2 spikelets on each, }-} in., filiform, spreading or recurved; bracts very short, setiform; spikelets j-3 in., ovoid or oblong-ovoid, obtuse or acute, flattened, dark brown, lowest glumes very small, deciduous, rhachilla squar- rose, pits large with hyaline margins; glumes laxly sub- distichously imbricate, ;'5 in. long, orbicular-ovate, apiculate, coriaceous with broad hyaline margins, keel 3-veined, dark brown, percurrent; stam. 3, anth. with an Bees tip ; nut _ -stipitate, globosely obovoid, obtusely trigonous, ;'; in. long, minutely tubercled and sometimes echinulate here and there, style rather longer than the nut, more or less villous to the swollen base, stigmas 3.
Lower montane zone; rare. UNDE NNEUEENS Kelebokka.
Also in hills of S. India.
Clarke (Fl. B. Ind. 1. c.) describes the nut as acutely trigonous, with the outermost cells in 12-13 irregular vertical series, and places the species in section 77zchelostylis ; but the lower glumes of the spikelets are clearly distichous in the Ceylon plant.
24. EF. cinnamometorum, Kuwzth, Enum. ii. 229 (1837).
Scirpus cinnamometorum, Vahl, Enum. 11. 278. Moon, Cat. 6. Abildgaardia cinnamometorum, Thw. Enum. 347. £. cyperoides, Br.; Trim. east Caters) COPN2Z752.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 650 (F. cyperoddes, var.).
Densely tufted, rootstock small, hard, root-fibres filiform ; stem 6-24 in., very slender, leafy, subterete, striate; 1. many at the base of the stem, filiform, flexuous, mostly shorter than the stem, and even more slender, flexuous, grooved along the middle, sheath coriaceous with scarious margins; umbel de- compound, I-3 in. broad, very lax and open, rays few, capillary, spreading, bearing many distant spreading pedicelled small brown spikelets; bracts much shorter than the umbel, one filiform, the rest subulate; spikelets {-1 in., oblong or linear-oblong, much compressed, few-fld., lower glumes dis- tichous, 3 lowest smaller, empty, rhachilla not winged, nodes angular; glumes oblong-ovate, 4-7 in., obtuse, membra- nous, sides scabrid, margins pale, keel slender, vanishing below the tip, veins 0; stam. 3, anth. very slender, tip seta- ceous ; nut 34 in., minutely stipitate, narrowly obovoid, trigo- nous, striate, pale, style 3-4 times as long as the nut, very slender, glabrous, base conical, stigmas 3, short.
Wet places, as paddy fields, in the low country; rather common. Kalutara; Ratnapura; Hewaheta; Ramboda; Henantagola; patanas of Uva and the Central Provinces, up to 5000 ft. (Pearson).
Also in Burma and China.
Clarke, following Bentham and others, regards /. cinnamometorum as a variety of the F. cyperozdes, Br. of Australia and the Philippines,
62 C Vperacee. [Fimobristylis.
and I can find no other difference between the two species than that the Ceylon plant is an annual, whereas the Australian is a perennial, with a creeping rootstock. Both are conspicuous by the scabrid glumes, which scabridity Clarke describes as glandular. I follow Trimen, who, how- ever, in keeping up cézmamometorum in the list of species prepared for this work, observes that it may be a variety of cyferozdes.
25. &. fulvescens, 7/iw. Enum. 434 (1864).
Abildgaardia fulvescens, Thw. Enum. 347. &. fusca, Trim. Syst. Cat. io (@INIGES) SG 2s y/o),
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 650.
Annual; densely tufted and leafy, root-fibres stout and slender, black; stem 6-18 in., slender, deeply grooved; |. very many, crowded, much shorter than the stem, erect and re- curved, linear, obtuse, flat, in. broad or narrower, coriaceous, tip triangular, acute, margins scabrid, sheaths very short, open, coriaceous; umbel 1-2 in. diam., subsimple, rays 3-5,. #-1 in., slender, each with 1-3 long-pedicelled brown spikelets; bracts very short, stiff, subulate, scabrid; spikelets 14-4 in., flattened, ovate or oblong, acute, glabrous or puberulous, lowest 2 glumes narrowest, cuspidate, empty, rhachilia slender, wings caducous; glumes all distichous, +-+ in., coriaceous, broadly triangular-ovate, acute, apiculate, ciliolate, keel nearly straight, slender, scaberulous, margins not hyaline; stam. 3, anth. very narrow, acute; nut minutely stipitate, sy in. long, globosely obovoid, trigonous, sub- tubercled, style very long, slender, glabrous, base bulbous, stigmas 3, short. - Low country; rather rare. Reigam Korale (Thwaites); Hantane; Matale; Doluwa Kande.
Endemic.
Very near /. fusca, Nees, of Burma and Malaya, differing in the
broader spikelets with longer pedicels and glabrous glumes, which are as distichous as those of a Cyferus.
26. EB. nigrobrumnea, 7/iw. Enum. 434 (1864).
Cees 2770:
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 648.
Rootstock short, hard, densely leafy, root-fibres wiry; stem 6-24 in., slender, trigonous and deeply grooved, smooth or subscaberulous; |. very many, much shorter than the stem, 3-18 in. long , by i i in. broad or narrower, erect and recurved, coriaceous, Vinear, tip rounded or trianeular and acute, margins smooth, sheaths open, coriaceous, lower dark brown, shining: umbel simple or compound, rays 3-6, 4-2 in, slender, ‘bearing few or many rather distant brown, glabrous spikelets: bracts very short, rigid, erect; spikelets 4-4 in., compressed, ovoid or oblong, few- or many-fld., lower glumes
rs OF zmbristylzs. | Cype VACEE. 63
distichous, upper not; rhachilla slender, wings caducous; glumes 4-3 in., coriaceous, triangular-ovate, cuspidate, keel slender, margins not hyaline; stam. 3, anth. long, slender, tip
subulate; nut s+ in. long, turgidly obovoid, trigonous, faintly
warted, angles rounded, pale yellow-brown, style not twice as long as the nut, base bulbous, stigmas 3, very slender.
Low country; rather rare. Lagalla (Brodie); Hewesse and Hini- duma, abundant (Thwaites); Ratnapura. Marshes in the Western and Central Province, up to 5600 ft., and dry patanas in Uva, 2500-4400 ft. (Pearson). Fl. Aug., Sept.
Eastern and Southern India, Cambodia.
27. EF. complanata, Linzk, Hort. Berol. i. 292 (1827).
Thw. Enum. 349, 433. C. P. 3220.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 646.
Rootstock small, hard, creeping, leafy, root-fibres wiry; stem 2-3 ft., flattened, 2-edged, 4 in. broad or. less, deeply furrowed and rlbbed, quite smooth; |. very many, crowded round the base of the stem, and shorter than it, erect, linear, up to 1 in. broad, coriaceous, tip obliquely narrowed, obtuse or subacute, margins scaberulous, sheath coriaceous, margins scarious; umbel decompound, effuse, 1-3 in. broad, rays few or many, flattened, loosely corymbosely branched, branches bearing many small, shortly pedicelled, brown spikelets; bracts one-half as long as the umbel, one leaf-like, erect, the rest subulate; spikelets 4-} in., oblong or ovoid- oblong, few-fid., lower glumes more or less distichous, lowest narrower, subulate or cuspidate, empty, rhachilla short, wings deciduous; glumes +4 in. oblong, obtuse, mucronate, sides appressed together, dark brown with a deep acute pale keel, margins not hyaline; stam. 3, anth. very long, obtuse; nut 34 in. long, stipitate, turgidly obovoid, 3-gonous, minutely warted, pale, style twice as long as the nut, slender, glabrous, base conical, stigmas 3, long (in one specimen the nut very com- pressed and stigmas 2.)
Moist low country; common. Maturata; N. Eliya; Kelebokka. In all hot countries.
28. F. Kraussiana, Hochst. in Flora, xxviii. 757 (1845). - F. connectens, Thw. Enum. 349 and 433. C. P. 2967. fF’, complanata, var. Kraussiana, Clarke in F1. B. Ind. vi. 646.
Rootstock woody, creeping, root-fibres stout, wiry; stem 8-18 in., many-leaved at the base, slender, trigonous, com- pressed, striate ; |. shorter than the stem, from almost filiform to + in. broad, erect, acute, striated and 1-veined beneath, margins obscurely scaberulous, incurved, sheaths with scarious
64 Cyperacee. [Fimbristylis.
margins; umbels small, subsimple, 1-2 in. broad, rays few, j-1} in., bearing terminal fascicles of 3-8, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, small, dark brown, opaque spikelets; bracts several, erect, one linear very rarely longer than the umbel, the rest very short, subulate; spikelets +-+ in., oblong or linear-oblong, compressed, red-brown, lower on one face dis- tichous, lowest 2 small, empty, cuspidate, rhachilla short, wings caducous; glumes + in., broadly oblong, tip rounded, not mucronate, keel obtuse, smooth or scaberulous, vanishing beneath the tip, margins subhyaline; stam. 3, arfth, slender, subacute; nut =; in. long, trigonously obovoid, 3-ribbed, very obscurely warted or quite smooth, pale straw-col’d., style slender, longer than the nut, glabrous, base conical, stigmas 3, slender,
Montane zone above 4000 ft. Maturata and Nuwara Eliya. Mansa jena Kelebokka (Ferguson). Horton Plains, 7200 ft. (Pearson). FI.
ug.
cna Malaya, Africa.
Differs from /. complanata, in the rounded tips of the flowering glumes .which are not mucronate, and the trigonous stem. Clarke
perhaps rightly reduces it to a var. of complanata. ‘Thwaites regarded it as distinct. Trimen, from a note, appeared to be doubtful.
29. EF. juneciformis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 239 (1837).
fF, chetorrhiza, Kunth, Thw. Enum, 349 (part). C. P. 970, 837 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 647.
Rootstock stout, woody, short or creeping, many-leaved, root-fibres stout, wiry ; stem 4-18 in., tufted, rigid, 4-5 angled or compressed, deeply grooved; |. crowded round the base of the stem, short, 2-4 in., spreading and recurved, linear, z3—-% In. broad, flat, coriaceous, tip triangular, acute, margins scaberulous, sheath very short, coriaceous ; umbel compound, rays few, 1-3 in. long, very slender, bearing distant or clustered small chestnut-brown spikelets; bracts 2-4, much shorter than the umbel, erect, rigid; spikelets 4-} in., solitary or clustered, oblong or ovoid, few-fld., red-brown, 2 lowest glumes distichous, lowest empty, rhachilla rather stout, wings caducous ; glumes 74 in., triangular-ovate, subacute, mucronate, rather membranous, keel slender, margins pale, hyaline ; stam. 3, anth. Jong, acuminate; nut minutely stipitate, 35 in. long, obovoid, trigonous, 3-ribbed, verruculose, white, style larger than the nut, stout, pubescent above, base bulbous,’ stigmas 3, short.
In grassy places; apparently very common.
Throughout India, Madagascar, Philippine Is.
Clarke (Fl. B. Ind.) has two varieties, natives of S. India and Ceylon, var. abbreviata (F. abbreviata, Boeck.; F. chetorhiza, 7/w.), with mostly
Echinolytrum. | Cyperacee. 65
solitary spikelets, and var. /atzfolia (F. latifolia, and torta, Kwz¢th), with short, flat, curved, and twisted 1.
Very closely allied to / asperrima, which is a taller plant, with much larger and broader |., and a large umbel with very long foliaceous bracts. The spikelets of the two are very similar, but none of the glumes of asperrima are distichous, and the nut is much larger. A specimen of junciformis in Herb. Peraden. is placed under asperrima (C. P. 83).—
Pel vil.
5. ECHINOLYTRUM, Desv.
A small, densely tufted, glabrous annual, with capillary root-fibres ; 1. shorter than the stem, capillary, sheath glabrous; spikelets globose or ovoid, in simple or compound umbels with filiform spreading rays, green; bracts capillary; glumes minute, densely imbricating, squarrosely spreading, oblong, membranous, with a stout midrib, ending in a long stout scaberulcus recurved awn as long as itself, very persistent ; stam. I or 2, anth. linear, subacute ; nut linear-oblong, bicon- vex, straight or slightly incurved, faces quite smooth, sides furnished with a series of few or many stoutly stipitate capitate glands, very rarely naked; style about as long as the nut, filiform, glabrous, base slightly swollen, usually falling away with the style, but sometimes persistent, stigmas 2, capillary. —Monotypic.
E. dipsaceum, Desv. Journ. Bot. i. 21 (1808).
Lsolepis dipsacea, R. et S.; Thw. Enum. 350. /7mdbristylis dipsacea, Benth. ex Clarke in FI. B. Ind. vi. 635. C. P. 668.
Pied lac, “Desve lic. fot.) Rott: Mescmcet.ley tz.) fx (Scirpus dipsaceus).
Stem, 3-6 in., striate, green ; 1. I-3 in., quite smooth, tip acute ; sheath short, not scarious or membranous, umbel 1-2 in. broad, rays few or many, up to 1 in. long, spreading ; bee longer or shorter than the umbel; spikelets globose and 7-; in. diam., or shortly oblong and up to 4 in. long by 2 $ diam., ue, sclageeu ey bracteolate ; glumes with the
glands 8-10 on each ae rarely fewer, very rarely 0, each consisting of a spherical head formed of vesicular cells, terminating in a stout tubular stipes; seed loose in the thin coriaceous pericarp.
Damp sandy ground in the low country, especially in the dry region; rather common.
Trop. Asia and Africa.
Very different in habit from any Finbristylis; remarkable for the large stipitate capitate glands of the nut.—J. D. H.
PART V. F
66 C yperacee. [ Bulbostylis.
6. BULBOSTYLIS, Awuth.
Annual; stems very slender, leafy at the base only; 1. very narrow, filiform or capillary; spikelets small, crowded in a terminal head, or umbellate; bracts short; glumes few or many, imbricate all round the rhachilla, 1-2 lowest and often the uppermost empty; hypogynous bristles 0; stam. I-3, anth. linear, obtuse or apiculate; nut obovoid, obtuse, tri- gonous, smooth, crowned with the style-base; style slender, glabrous, stigmas 3.—Sp. about 70; 4 in. FZ. B. Ind.
Mr. Clarke observes that this genus, which has been referred to Fimbristylis by Bentham and to Scirpus by Boeckeler, is nearer to Eleocharis, and may be recognised by its very slender leaves, needle-like hairs, and the peculiar button-like ultimately deciduous style- base crowning the nut.
Glumes cuspidate or mucronate.
L.-sheaths hairy, mouth sparingly bearded 1. PUB UIA L.-sheaths glabrous, mouth copiously bearded . 2, Be BARBATA. Glumes muticous, tip rounded, membranous. 3 3. Bi CAPIECARIS,
1. B. puberula, Kunth, Enum. ii. 213 (see 205) (1837).
Isolepis gracilis, Nees; Thw. Enum. 350. /2mbristylis gracilis, Trim. Syst@at) Ceyl 102. 1. Pesan
BL B: Ind? vi. (653:
A densely tufted annual, nearly glabrous or pubescent, root-fibres capillary; stem 4 to 20 in., filiform, strongly ribbed, glabrous or sparsely pilose with spreading hairs; 1. much shorter than the stem, erect, capillary, acuminate, glabrous or puberulous, margins scaberulous, sheaths membrsanous, HELIS mouth scantily bearded with flexuous hairs; spikelets }—+ in., red-brown, densely fascicled in terminal or pseudo- terminal heads, or contracted into small simple or compound umbels with very short rays; heads 4—2 in. diam., sometimes reduced to 2 or 3 spikelets; bracts setiform; rhachilla slender; glumes qz in., laxly imbricated, ovate, cymbiform, keel broad, green, often scaberulous, ending in a recurved cusp, sides membra- nous, puberulous; stam. 1, anth. linear, half as long as the glume; nut broadly obovoid, 5, in. long, pale, trigonous, angles prominent, sides transversely wrinkled, crowned with the minute base of the slender style, stigmas 3.
Low country; common. FI. Dec., Jan.
Also in India, Malaya, and Trop. Africa.
2. B. barbata, Kunth, Enum. i1. 208 (1837). Uru-hiri, S.
Herm. Mus. 45. Burm. Thes, 108. Fl. Zeyl. n. 39. Scirpus capil- laris, L., Sp. Pl. 49 (part); Moon, Cat. 6. Isolepis barbata, Br.; Wight,
Contrib. 109; Thw. Enum. 350. /zmbristylis barbata, Benth. : ; Trim. Syst. Cat. 102. C. P. 829.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 651. Burm. Thes. t. 47, f. 2.
Bulbostylis. | C ypervacee. 67
A densely tufted annual, root-fibres capillarv; stem 6-18 in., filiform, glabrous, grooved; |. much shorter than the stem, I-2 in. long, capillary, acuminate, margins involute, scaberulous upwards, sheaths short, membranous, glabrous, with long-bearded mouths; spikelets 4-1 in., red-brown, densely crowded in a solitary terminal head {—2in. diam., few- fid., rhachilla stout; bracts rarely exceeding the spikelets; glumes 75 in. long, loosely imbricate, ovate, laterally com- pressed, cymbiform, acute or with the stout acute keel ending in a mucro or cusp, sides thin, puberulous; stam. 1, anth. linear, subacute; nut => in. globosely obovoid, trigonous, crowned with the minute base of the style, smooth, angles rounded, style slender, stigmas 3.
Var. pulchella, Clarke, 1\.c. JSsolepis pulchella, Thw. Enum. 350. Scirpus Thwaitesiz, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvill. 330. C. P. 3761.
Stems stouter, bracts longer, up to 14 in., capillary, flexuous, base often bearded; spikelets shorter, stouter, very pubescent, keel and cusp very stout; lowest glume nearly flat, hyaline, margins often ciliate.
Sandy ground, especially near the sea-coast; very common round the Island. Var. pulchella, Kollapituya, Colombo, 1881 (Ferguson). Fl. Feb., May.
Trop. Asia and Africa. Var. 6 confined to Ceylon and Coromandel.
3. B. capillaris, Aw7zh, var. trifida, Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 652.
Isolepis trifida, Nees; Thw. Enum. 350. fimbristylis trifida, Trim. Syst Gat. Geyl) 102. C. P. 351 (in part).
A densely tufted, glabrous annual, with capillary root- fibres; stem 4—-10 in., filiform, strongly ribbed; 1. much shorter than the stem, capillary, flexuous, margins involute, quite smooth, sheaths very short, scarious, glabrous or bearded at the mouth; spikelets 74—-+ in., subsolitary, distant on the few short capillary rays of a simple or subcompound umbel, ovate, compressed, red-brown, lowest glumes cuspidate, empty, rhachilla slender; bracts minute, subulate; glumes few, loosely imbricate, ;; in. long, broadly ovate, cymbiform, obtuse, quite glabrous, keel broad, green, vanishing below the rounded tip, margins pale, membranous; stam. I or 2, anth. short, tip setaceous; nut 3; in., broadly obovoid or obcordate, tipped with the small black style-base, white, at length greyish brown, minutely striolate and granulate, style about as long as the nut, slender, stigmas 3.
Montane zone; rather common; ascending to 7200 ft. Upper Hewaheta; Ramboda: N. Eliya. FI. Sept.
Throughout warm regions of Old World.
This var. ¢vzfida is the Old World representative of the tropical
68 G Vperacee. [ Eleocharts.
American &. cafillaris, which differs in having usually rather larger spikelets, puberulous glumes, and larger nuts. The American or type form does not occur in the Old World.
7, ELECCHARIS, 2. 27.
Glabrous herbs; stems tufted, simple, erect, embraced below by one or more cylindric, membranous, truncate sheaths; |. 0, rarely a herbaceous or membranous limb on the sheath; infl. a solitary, terminal, ovoid or cylindric, many-fild. spikelet; glumes imbricate all round the rhachilla, membranous or coriaceous, lowest usually empty, bractlike, but not exceeding the spikelet, uppermost empty, the rest bisexual ; hypogynous bristles 8, or fewer, rarely 0, re- trorsely scabrous or spinulose; stam. 3-1, anth. linear or linear-oblong, not crested, muticous or with an acicular tip; nut plano-convex or trigonous, style-base much swollen, pyri- form, conical or depressed, persistent, stigmas 2 or 3, filiform or flattened.—Sp. 130 (reputed); 16 in FZ. B. Lund.
Stems usually stout, stoloniferous, or with a creeping rootstock, glumes. usually coriaceous. Stem septate within.
Stem robust . : . : > . I. E, PLANTAGINEA. Stem slender ? ; 5 b ‘ . 2, E. EQUISETINA. Stem not septate within. Bristles as long as the nut. Stem subterete . 3. E. VARIEGATA. Stem triquetrous above 4. E. FISTULOSA. Bristles much shorter than the nut 5. E. SPIRALIS. Stems slender, glumes usually membranous. Nut cancellate, 3-ribbed . 6. E. CHATARIA,. Nut smooth or striate. Annuals. Spikelets ovoid ; 3 : : . 7. E. ATROPURPUREA. Spikelets globose . : : é : 2) 6. EO CAPIDATA: Perennials. Style-base small . ; : : é + 9: EE. ICONGESTA, Style-base very large . : : ‘ . Io. E. TETRAQUETRA.
I. &. plantaginea, Sr. Prod. 224 (i810). Boru-pun, S. Scirpus plantagineus, Retz.; Moon, Cat.6. Thw. Enum. 352. C. P.. 3046. :
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 625. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t. 16, f. 2 (Sccrpus plantaginoides)..
Stem 1-3 ft., densely tufted, stoloniferous, about as thick as a goose-quill, appearing septate when dry, sheath 2-5 in.,. excessively thin, with a membranous elongate limb, bright red-brown, shining ; spikelet 1-14 in., pale brown or dirty srereeolal, rather narrower than the stem, rhachilla stout, angled, with irregular, broad, concave facets between the
Eleocharis.| Cyperacee. 69
insertions of the glumes; glumes closely imbricate, 4 in. long, quadrately ovate, truncately rounded at the top, coriaceous, persistent, I-veined, 1 or 2 lower bracteiform, broadly ovate; bristles 7, equalling or exceeding the nut, retrorsely scabrid, yellow ; stam. 3, anth. narrowly linear, tip long, setaceous ;
mut very small, 7; in. long, orbicular-obovoid, rather com- pressed, quite smooth, yellowish, style very long , flattened, base triangular, stigmas ee
In water, moist low country; rather common. FI. Dec., &c.
Tropics of Old World generally.
2. ©. equisetina, Pres/, Rel. Haenk. i. 195 (1830).
Scirpus plantagineus, var. B, Thw. Enum. 434. C. P. 3777.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 626.
Stem 12-20 in., tufted, stoloniferous, as thick as a crow- quill or less, deeply grooved, appearing septate when dry, upper sheath 2-3 in. long, with an ovate, acute, appressed limb ; spikelet 1-13 a scereeale, rather broader than the stem ; glumes many, 4_} in. long, ‘narrowly obovate-oblong, coriaceous, persistent, margins broadly hyaline, mid-vein in- distinct ; bristles longer than the nut, retrorsely spinulose ; anth. with a short conical tip; nut obovoid, somewhat nar- rowed at the triangular top, style very long, stigmas 3.
Low country; very rare. Kurunegala. Fl. Sept., &c.
Also in Philippine Is. and New Caledonia.
There are no ripe nuts in the Ceylon examples. Two stigmas occur in Indian specimens.
3. E. variegata, Kunth, Enum. PI. ii. 153 (1837), var. laxiflora, <. B. Cl. in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 626.
Scirpus laxiflorus, Thw. Enum. 435. C. P. 3762.
ENE lnds1.\c.
Rootstock stout, creeping, root-fibres very stout ; stems 1-2 ft., densely tufted, about as thick as a crow-quill, terete or ‘slightly flattened on one side, striate, not septate, upper sheath 2-4 in., with an obliquely truncate acute or rounded dis- coloured mouth; spikelet 1 in., thicker than the stem, lowest glume bracteiform, rounded, green with a hyaline margin, rhachilla angular with broad concave facets between the glumes; glumes closely imbricate till fruiting, | in. long, ‘oblong, obtuse, coriaceous with hyaline tip and margins above, I-veined, dorsally green, sometimes margined with brown, ‘persistent ; bristles 7, longer than the nut, retrorsely scabrid, yellow; tip of anth. short, conical; nut 7g in., nearly orbicular compressed, oval in transverse section, many-ribbed, inter- stices minutely pitted, yellowish or pale brown, style rather long, base conical, two-thirds as broad as the nut, stigmas 2
or 3.
7O Cypera Cee. | Eleocharis.
Moist region up to 4000 ft.; rather rare. Colombo; Ratnapura ; Ambagamuwa; Dikoya. FI. April, Sept.
Also in Assam, Malaya, China, Polynesia.
A remarkable plant in Herb. Peraden., from Colombo, with very slender filiform submerged stems, 12-18 in. long, is doubtfully referred to this by Thwaites. It has no flower or fruit, and in foliage resembles. a very long-leaved form of C. Ch@/faria.
4. EB. fistulosa, Schu/tes in R. et S. Syst. ii., Mant. 89 (1824).
hw. Eoumessbiy Ca Paono2:
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 626.
Stem 2-3 ft., tufted, stoloniferous, rather stout or slender, zo-z In. broad, triquetrous above, compressed, straight, deeply concave on one face, margins of two of the edges waved in stout specimens, sheaths obliquely truncate, delicately mem- branous, loose, ending in an ovate acute rarely lanceolate hyaline limb; spikelet 4-14 in., as broad as the stem or broader, greenish; lowest glumes bracteiform, orbicular, very coriaceous, with membranous margins, rhachilla slender, angular, with broad concave facets between the glumes; glumes +-; in. long, laxly imbricate, broadly oblong, coria- ceous, with a broad hyaline border, 1I-veined, persistent; bristles 6, as long as the nut or shorter, retrorsely scabrid; anth. long, slender, cells with black tips; nut obovoid or orbicular-obovoid, biconvex, 75 in. broad, faintly striate and transversely striolate, pale or dark brown, style long, dilated base three-fourths of the nut in breadth, stigmas 2 or 3.
In water, in the low country; rather common. FI. Nov., Dec. General in the Tropics.
5. &. spiralis, 2. 47. Prod. 224 (1810).
Scirpus spiralis, Rottb.; Moon, Cat. 6. Lzmnochloa media, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 114. Thw. Enum. 352. C. P. 853.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 627. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t. 15, f. 1 (Sczrpus).
Stems densely tufted, stoloniferous, 1-2 ft., as thick asa crow-quill, trigonous or biconvex below, triquetrous above, upper sheath with a broad ovate-oblong appressed limb, sometimes 4 in. long; spikelet 3-1 in. thicker than the stem, cylindric, obtuse, pale, lowest glume like the others, but more coriaceous, rhachilla rather stout, terete, very deeply regularly pitted; glumes very many, closely spirally imbricate,. quadrate, 75 in. long and broad, membranous, with a clearly defined hyaline upper border, veinless, punctate; bristles. much shorter than the nut, scabrid; anth. narrow, cells with discoloured tips; nut globosely obovoid, biconvex, zo in. diam., margins thickened, faintly striate, dark brown, shining, style long, base dilated, as broad as two-thirds of the nut or more, stigmas 2 or 3.
Eleocharis. | C. Vperacee. 7.
In water, low country; rather common. Kalutara (Macrae); Trin- comalie (Glenie). FJ. March. Also in India, Burma, and (?) Mauritius.
6. BE. Cheetaria,* Roem. ef Schultes Syst. i. 154 (1817).
Chetocyperus Limnocharis, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 96. C. setaceus, Nees; Thw. Enum. 351. Scirpus Chetaria, Thw. Enum. 435. C. P. 247.
EP). Ind: vi. 620:
Annual, densely tufted; stem 1-6 in., filiform or capillary, straight or curved ; 1. 0, sheaths short, membranous; spikelet qzo-s in., oval, obtuse, terete or compressed, few-fld., lowest glume # in., more than half as long as the spikelet, with three green veins, rhachilla short, internodes narrowly winged; glumes 6-8, subdistichous, looseiy imbricate, 75 in. long, oblong, obtuse, membranous, easily detached, faintly I-veined; bristles as long as the nut or shorter, stout, retrorsely scabrid, sometimes 0; anth. short, linear, obtuse; nut obovoid, 35 in. long, trigonous, cancellate, angles smooth, thickened, pro- duced into short prominences or shoulders below the convex top, pale, opaque, style rather short, base conical, nut con- tracted at its insertion, stigmas 3, very long.
Moist region, extending rarely into the montane zone; very common.
Fl. all the year (?). Tropics generally.
7. &. atropurpurea, Auwzth, Eni. Pl. ii. 151 (1837).
Fleleocharis multicaul¢s, Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 1o1 (non Sm.).
HSB ind: vi.-627:
Annual, densely tufted; stems 2-12 in., very slender, sometimes filiform, straight or curved; |. 0, sheath very short; spikelet 4-1 in., ovoid, obtuse or acute, much broader than the stem, lowest glumes bracteiform, sometimes half as long _as the spikelet, green, with a broad hyaline border, rhachilla slender, with oblong pits; glumes not very numerous, easily detached, loosely imbricate, 7; in. long, membranous, linear- oblong, obtuse, veins 0, red or purplish-brown, with a green centre; bristles slender, scabrid, longer than the nut, white; anth. small, apiculate; nut 55 in. long, broadly ovate or obovoid, contracted at the base and apex, trigonous or biconvex, pale, smooth, style short, base conic or subglobose, truncate, much narrower than the nut, to which it is attached by a mere point, stigmas 2 or 3.
Intermediate region; rare. Kurunegala(?) (Thwaites); Ella, Uva.
Tropics generally, also in Europe.
Thwaites gave no C. P. number to his specimens. which he referred
————
* A genus of grasses, a synonym of A77stzda, to some species of which this plant bears a resemblance.
2 Cyperacee. [ Eleocharis.
to Z. gracilis,R Br. The spikelet is sometimes viviparous, with lateral stems an inch long, proceeding from the axils of the lower glumes. Hypogynous bristles sometimes short or o in Indian and other specimens.
8. BE. capitata, 2. Br. Prod. 225 (1810).
Scirpus capitatus, L.; Moon, Cat.6. Thw. Enum. 351. C. P. 3039.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 627. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t. 15, f. 3 (Scirpus caribeus).
Annual; stems densely tufted, 12-14 in., slender, trigonous, sheaths very short, mouth oblique, acute; 1. 0; spikelet to in., globosely ovoid, top rounded, pale, lowest glume bracteiform, orbicular, green, with a hyaline border; glumes membranous, tightly imbricate, easily detached, orbicular, zo in. diam., concave, veins 0, rhachilla terete, pitted; bristles as long as the nut or longer, retrorsely scabrid, pale brown; anth. small, linear, obtuse; nut 7j-s'5 in., obovoid or almost obcordate, biconvex, smooth, dark brown, shining, style short, base pyriform, much narrower than the nut, stigmas 2 or 3.
Low country; common, especially on the sea-coast. Fl. Oct., Dec.
Hot countries generally.
9. E. congesta, LD. Don, Prod. Fl. Nep. 41 (1825).
£. ovata, Thw. Enum. 351 (non Br.). C. P. 2635.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 630.
Stems densely tufted, 8-18 in., slender, subtrigonous, many-grooved, sheaths short, mouth of upper obliquely truncate, with sometimes a small tooth on one side; spikelet 4-4 in., narrowly ovoid, obtuse, many-fld., lowest glume bracteiform, orbicular; glumes 5 in. long, closely imbricate, membranous, obovate-oblong, obtuse, broadly 1-veined, red- brown, with a broad hyaline green border; bristles much longer than the nut, slender, pale, retrorsely scabrid; anth. obtusely apiculate; nut 35 in. long, obovoid, obtusely trigo- nous, smooth, pale brown, top contracted, forming a short beak, which is narrower than the truncate base of the short pyriform style-base, style short, stigmas 3, long.
Montane zone; rather common. Ambagamuwa; Dimbula._ FI. Feb.-April.
Also in the mountains of India.
Spikelet often viviparous, as in £. atropurpurea, the lower glumes bearing peduncled imperfect spikelets.
Io. BE. tetraquetra, WVees in Wight, Contrib. 113 (1834). Ghwa Enum 350-5 GPs 2307.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 630.
Rootstock elongate, stoloniferous; stems densely tufted, 1-23 feet, slender, about ; in. diam., tetraquetrous, deeply grooved, sheaths long, red-brown, upper truncate, with a small tooth-like limb; spikelet 44 in., ovoid, acute, many-fid., lowest glume bracteiform, orbicular-oblong, with 3 green veins
Scirpus.] Cyperacee. vies
down the middle, rhachilla slender, prominently scarred; glumes loosely imbricate, 4 in. long, oblong or narrowly oblong, obtuse, rather coriaceous, easily detached, tip hyaline; bristles 6, much longer than the nut, stout, densely retrorsely spinulose, red-brown; anth. obtusely apiculate; nut 74 in. long, shortly obovoid, trigonous, base narrowed, smooth, yellowish, style very short, base obpyriform, nearly as broad as the nut, to which it is attached by a point, stigmas 3, long.
Montane zone, at about 4ooo ft.; rare. Ramboda; Uva. FI. Dec., ae in the Indian mountains, E. Asia, and Australia. 8. SCIRPUS, J. Glabrous herbs of various habit, often very tall, leafless or leafy at the base only (all along the stem in S. fluztans); stem _terete, trigonous, or triquetrous; infl. terminal or lateral, of clusters or umbels of oblong or ovoid, many-fid., terete, ses- sile, or pedicelled spikelets (spikelets solitary in S. fluztans); glumes spirally imbricating round a stout or slender rhachilla, lowest two and a few uppermost empty, hypogynous bristles o, or 2—7, retrorsely scabrid, or (S. /z¢toralis) plumose; stam. I-3, anth. linear; nut obovoid, trigonous, or biconvex, smooth or nearly so; style slender, base not broadly dilated, leaving no button on the nut; stigmas 2 or 3, slender——Sp. about 125; 26 in FL. B. Ind.
Stem leafy throughout. spikelets solitary : Pe On LEW ANS: Stem leafy at the base only or leafless. Spikelets sessile, fascicled. Annuals.
Glumes squarrosely recurved 2. S. SQUARROSUS. Glumes not squarrose. Nut wrinkled 3. S. SUPINUS. Nut smooth 4. S. ERECTUS. Perennials. Stem septate within 5. S. ARTICULATUS. Stem not septate. Spikelets in lateral clusters 6. S. MUCRONATUS. Spikelets in terminal clusters . 7. S. SUBCAPITATUS. Spikelets in corymbiform umbels. Umbels terminal, bracteate 8. S. GROSSUS. Umbels lateral, ebracteate OF Ss LIMORALIS:
1. S. fluitans, Z. Sp. P/. 48 (1753).
Moon, Cat. 6. JSsolepis flucians, Br.; Thw. Enum. 350. Lvleogiton .curvulus, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 110. C. P. 835
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 653. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 298 (excl. nut).
_ A slender, annual, glabrous aquatic, often forming large floating masses, root-fibres slender; stems 6~—18 in., tufted,
74 Cyperacee. [ Scirpus.
much branched, leafy throughout, often curved, rooting at the internodes and base; |. alternate, 1-2 in. long, very narrowly linear, ., in. broad or less, acuminate, straight or curved, I-veined, green, sheaths short, open; peduncles axillary and terminal, filiform, rather longer than the |., compressed, striate; spikelet solitary, terminal) 4-1 in. long, ovoid, green or brown, 4-8-fld.; glumes 74 in. long, broadly oblong or ovate- oblong, obtuse, tip rounded, membranous, I -veined, sides hyaline, lowest longest and narrowest; hypogynous bristles O; stam. 3, anth., small linear, obtuse; nut go in. long, obovoid or sub- obcordate, biconvex, shortly beaked, pale, style as long as the nut, capillary, glabrous, stigmas 2, capillary.
In shallow water; common, especially in the hills. Fl. Feb., May. Nearly cosmopolitan; occurs in England commonly.
2. S. squarrosus, L. Jaz. 11. 181 (1771).
Moon, Cat. 6. Jsolefis squarrosa, R. et S.; Thw. Enum. 350. C. P. 854.
PIS. Indvin 663. Rotth: Deseret le, t 17, £5:
A slender, tufted, glabrous annual, root-fibres capillary; stems 3-6 in., filiform, terete, striate; 1. as long or shorter than the stem, capillary, acuminate, erect, margins involute, smooth, sheath short, open; spikelets solitary or 2-4 in a cluster, sessile, 4—4 in. long, from globose to oblong, obtuse, green, very many-fld., rhachilla naked ; bracts 1-3, capillary, one or two sometimes I in. long ; glumes 3 2o In. long, most densely imbricate, squarrosely spreading and recurved, trapeziform, sides acutely angled, top narrowed into a recurved cusp as long as or longer than the blade, stoutly 1-veined ; hypo- gynous bristles 0; stam. I or 2, anth. very minute, oblong, apiculate, pale yellow; nut 5 in. long, obovoid-oblong,. trigonous, black, style very short or 0, stigmas 3, minute, recurved.
Damp, sandy pastures in the dry country; rather common. Jaffna;
Chilaw; Nilgala. Rare in the moist districts, Colombo. Fl. Jan., May. Also in India, China, Java, and Trop. Africa.
3. S. supinus, L. SA. P/. 49 (1753).
Moon, Cat. 6. Jsolepis supina, Br.; Thw. Enum. 350. CP33233:
BiB ind swi.,65)5.. ekeichb: lic. bl "Germ. t. 302.
A densely tufted, glabrous annual, with capillary and thickened root-fibres; stems 6-18 in., slender, obtusely tri- gonous, striate, flowering above the middle; |. 0, sheaths short, . or long, mouth oblique, rarely produced into a very short, erect, acute limb; spikelets 3-8 in a cluster, 2-6 in. below the top of the stem, 4-1 in. long, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, terete, . green, all sessile or I-or 2 on a very short peduncle (rarely
Scirpus.| Cyperacec. 75
umbelled), rhachilla slender, naked; bract 0, or setaceous, short, striate; glumes membranous, closely imbricate, nearly orbicular, cymbiform, keel ending in a recurved cusp; hypog. bristles 0; stam. 3, anth. oblong, apiculate; nut 35 in., obovoid or nearly orbicular, trigonous, black, sides strongly closely - transversely rugose, style siender, as long as the nut, stigmas 3.
Low country, especially in dry region; common. FI. March, April. Throughout warm parts of Old World.
4. S. erectus, Poir. Enc. Méth. vi. 761 (1804).
(?) S. lateralis, Retz. Obs. ii. 12 (1786). Moon, Cat. 6. 5S. juncodes, Roxb.; Thw. Enum. 351. S. dedz/zs, Pursh; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 102. CrP S50.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 656.
A densely tufted, glabrous annual, with filiform and thickened root-fibres; stems 1-2 ft., slender, trigonous, ribbed and striate, flowering towards the top, sheaths short, mouth obliquely truncate, with rarely a short membranous limb; spikelets 3-4 in a cluster, 4-6 in. below the top of the stem, sessile, +-? in. long, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, obtuse, terete, pale brown, rhachilla slender, naked; bract o but the strict acute top of the stem produced beyond the spikelet ; glumes closely imbricate, nearly orbicular, $ in. diam., coria- ceous, tumid, hardly keeled, mid vein ending in a mucro, pale, speckled with brown; hypogynous bristles 6, or fewer, or 0, shorter than the nut, retrorsely scabrid ; stam. 3, anth. linear, subacute; nut broadly obovoid or obcordate, broader than long, 7; in. diam., biconvex or subtrigonous, abruptly shortly beaked, smooth, red-brown, shining, style short, stigmas 2 or 3.
Moist low country; common. FI]. March, Sept., Nov.
Extends into temp. Asia, Australia, and America.
I think that there can be little doubt but that this is the S. lateralis, Retz., from Ceylon; but neither Trimen nor Clarke consider the evidence sufficient to warrant the adoption of this much earlier name.—J. D. H.
5. S. articulatus, Z. S/. P/. 47 (1753). Maha-geta-pan, 5.
Moon, Cat. 6. Jsolepis articulata, Nees; Thw. Enum. 350. C. P. 846.
Fl. B. Ind.'vi. 656. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 71.
Stems 2-4 ft., densely tufted on a stoloniferous rootstock with slender root-fibres, as thick as a goose-quill, spongy and transversely septate within (visible externally), terete, striate, flowering nearer the base than the top; 1. 0, or sheaths with a membranous, acute, erect tip, sometimes I in. long; spikelets 4 to nearly 1 in., oblong-ovoid, terete or obscurely angled, sessile in a single lateral stellately spreading cluster of 20-60 sometimes 14 in. diam., pale brown, rhachilla never exposed ; bracts o but the continuation of the stem; glumes closely
76 Cyperacee. [ Scirpus.
imbricate, persistent and marcescent on the rhachilla, membra- nous, about 4 in. long, broadly ovate, subacute, mucronate, not keeled, mid vein slender, margins broadly hyaline; hypogynous bristles 0; stam. 3, anth. linear, obtuse; nut {; in., trigonously obovoid, black, opaque, angles rather acute, faces convex, smooth, tip with a minute cone, style slender, stigmas 3.
Wet places, especially in the dry region; common.
Also in India, Philippine Is., Australia, Africa.
Roxburgh (FI. Ind. i. 215) describes the glumes as broadly cordate, and the styles as slightly 2-cleft. I find the stigmas to be sometimes as long as the style.
6. S. mucronatus, LZ. 54. P/. 50 (1753).
S. triangulatus, Roxb.; Nees in Wight, Contrib. 111. Thw. Enum. 25ike Ga Pdi.
Fl B. Ind: 'vi.657. _ Reichb. le. Fl. Germ. t. 303.
Stems 1-2 ft., tufted on a small rootstock with rather stout root-fibres, as stout as a goose-quill, triquetrous or almost 3-winged, spongy, striate, flowering near the top; 1. 0, sheaths membranous with a very oblique mouth obtuse at the tip; spikelets 4 to nearly 3 in., ovoid or oblong-ovoid, terete, sessile in a single lateral cluster 4-1 in. diam., pale with brown or purple margins of the glumes, rhachilla never exposed; bracts o but the short top of the stem; glumes ? in. long, closely imbricate, persistent and marcescent on the rhachilla, membranous, broadly ovate, apiculate, veins 0, or one very slender, not keeled, margins opaque; hypogynous bristles 5 or 6, unequal, retrorsely scabrid; stam. 3» anth. linear-oblong; nut broadly obovate or nearly orbicular, 2 zz in. diam., biconvex, minutely beaked, dark brown, polished, margins obtuse, style slender, stigmas 3.
Margins er ponds, &c., throughout the island; common. FI. Dec.,
Jan., March. Also in Europe, Asia, Australia, Madagascar.
7. S. subcapitatus, 7/w. Enum. 351 (1864).
(Oo IPs Zhelsy
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 661.
Stems 8-18 in., densely crowded on a short creepinz root- stock with very’ stout root-fibres, as thick as a sparrow’s quill, terete, striate; 1.0, sheaths elongate, coriaceous, striate, mouth obliquely truncate, Bouts, wth scarious brown margins and cuspidate tip; spikelets 4-4 in., 3-6 in a terminal subspicate cluster, ovate-oblong, erect, pale brown, rhachilla rather stout, scarred : bract 0, or much shorter than the spikelets ; clumes loosely imbricate, thin, % in. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, keel 3-veined, not prominent, green, sides membranous, pale, speckled with brown, tips papillose; hypogynous bristles 6,
Scirpus.] Cyperacee. 77
much longer than the nut, very slender; stam. 3, anth. linear- oblong, very persistent; nut elongate-obovate, or ellipsoid, zs in. long, plano-convex, beaked, smooth, dark brown, style slender, stigmas 3.
In streams, montane zone, 4—7000 ft.; rather rare. Nuwara Eliya;. Maskeliya; Wattakelle. Fl. Jan., March, April. Also in Nilgiris, Sumatra, and China.
8. S. grossus, LZ. f Suppl. Pl. 104 (1781). aihiwe Enum 351°C) P9847: Fl. B. Ind. vi. 659.
Rootstock stout, with thick root-fibres, stoloniferous or not ; stem 6-10 ft., as thick as the little finger, triquetrous, spongy, angles smooth, sides concave; 1. few, radical, 2-3 ft. long by 4 in. broad, triquetrous, finely acuminate, coriaceous, margins smooth or scaberulous, sheath long, open; spikelets 4-1 in., globose or globosely ovoid, dark brown, in large corymbiform decompound terminal open or contracted umbels. 3-8 in. diam., rays rigid, erect or spreading, up to 5 in. long;. rhachilla slender; bracts very large, up to 3 ft. by 4-2 in. broad at the base, flat, leaf-like, margins scaberulous; glumes rather loosely imbricate, membranous, orbicular, ;; in. diam.,. concave, almost hemispheric, slenderly keeled above the middle, tip rounded; hypogynous bristles 6, or fewer, unequal, retrorsely scabrid ; stam. 3, anth. linear, subacute; nut ;% in., obovoid, trigonous, dark brown or black, shining, tip conical, style slender, stigmas 3.
Low country; rather rare. Anuradhapura (Gardner); Galle; Reigam
Korale. FI. July. Also in India, Malaya, Philippine Is.
9. S. littoralis, Schrad. Fl. Germ. 1. 142 (1806).
S. pectinatus, Roxb.; Thw. Enum. 351. C. P. 831.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 659.
Rootstock stout, hard, with matted fibrillose root-fibres ; stem 3-4 ft., as thick as the thumb at the soft base, and as a crow-quill above, trigonous above, spongy, striate, smooth, flowering near the top; |. 6-24 in. by } in. or less broad, finely acuminate, membranous, mid vein obscure, margins nearly smooth, sheaths long, soft, open; spikelets 4-4 in., oblong, obtuse, terete, subsolitary, pedicelled, in lax terminal irre- gular subcorymbose or panicled umbels, with drooping rays I-2 in. long, pale brown, rhachilla slender; bracts minute; glumes closely imbricate, membranous, 3 in. long, orbicular- oblong, concave, tip notched, keel slender, produced into a short cusp ; hypogynous bristles 2-7, unequal, linear, plumose with moniliform hairs; stam. 2 or 3, fil. very broad, anth. slender, tipped with a red appendage; nut variable, biconvex,
78 Cyperacee. [ Websteria.
beaked, dull brown, smooth, rather shining, either broadly . . “Ft 1 . obovoid, turgid, 7e6-tz im. long, or larger, longer, more flattened, and nearly 7; in. long, style slender, stigmas 2. Tidal mouths of rivers, in brackish water; rather rare. Kalutara;
old mouth of Kelani, Colombo. FI. Dec., April. Also in Europe, W. Asia, Africa, Australia.
9. WEBSTERIA,* S.A. Wright.
A submerged leafless aquatic, with filiform umbellately branched stems, bearing pseudo-whorled fascicles of capillary leaves at the nodes; spikelets solitary, on filiform peduncles from amongst the leafing nodes; glumes 2, elongate-lanceo- late, lower empty, upper with one bisexual fl.; hypogynous bristles 6-10, retrorsely spinulose; stam. 2-3, exserted at the top of the glume, fil. flattened, anth. linear, very slender, tip apiculate; ov. obovoid, flattened, style very slender, base conical, stigmas 2 or 3, filiform; nut broadly obovoid, long- beaked by the persistent style-base, biconvex, sides rounded, smooth, pale-——Monotypic. .
W. limnophila, S.A. Wright in Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 135 (1887). Scirpus submersus, Sauvalle, Fl. Cub. 175. Rhynchospora ruppioides, Benth: in Hook le: Pip xiv. 30. Tnm. Syst) Cat Ceyl 103 9G Ps 3086:
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 653 (Sczrpus submersus). Hook. Ic. t. 1344.
Whole plant flaccid, tassel-like when lifted out of the water; stems 12 in. long and upwards, rooting in the mud; lower internodes elongate, terete, smooth, upper shorter; fascicles of 1. at the nodes, with minute hyaline bracts at the base; |. very numerous, 1-4 in. long, ultra-capillary, tubular, sheaths short, hyaline; ped. 4-10 in. long, filiform, smooth, 4-fistular, base often rooting, enclosed in a hyaline sheath; spikelets 4-} in.; glumes erect, membranous, with hyaline margins, green, tips narrowed, lower 3-veined, upper rather longer, 1I-veined; bristles longer or shorter than the nut, yellow; nut, with its long beak }-+ in., tip of beak black where the true style has rotted away, pericarp thick.
In deep ditches. Cinnamon Gardens, Colombo (Ferguson). FI. Feb. to June.
Java, Madagascar, Trop. America.
Clarke describes (Fl. Brit. Ind.) an upper male or empty glume as sometimes present. The description in Hook. Ic. Plant. is inaccurate, and does not accord with the accompanying figure.
* Commemorates Mr. G. W. Webster, of Florida, who first found the plant in fruit in America.
Fuirena. | Cyperacee. 79
Io. FUIRENA, Loito. Annual or perennial, leafy herbs, glabrous or pubescent; |. linear-lanceolate, sheaths entire, with an annular membrane at the mouth; spikelets many-fid., sessile in dense, axillary, peduncled, and terminal clusters; glumes imbricate all round the rhachilla, orbicular or obovate-oblong, membranous, with a stout 3-veined keel, ending in a cusp or stout scabrid awn; hypogynous bristles 3, minute, or 0; hypog.-scales 3, enclos- ing the nut, stipitate, quadrate, strongly 3-veined, glabrous or ciliate; stam. 2-3; nut trapezoid, trigonous, narrowed into a stipes below, and into a long or short cusp or beak above, angles acute, sides smooth, pale; style slender, finally decidu- ous, stigmas 3.—Sp. 26; 6 in FZ. B. [nd Annual, 1. seine Spikelets 2 4} in., rhachilla slender
Spikelets ;',-+ in, rhachilla obsolete Perennial. 1. glabrous
F. GLOMERATA. F. UNCINATA. F. UMBELLATA.
vo N 4
F. glomerata, Lam. ///. 1.150 aot
Thw. Bnumes472 (EC P2 2708:
F]. B. Ind. vi. 666. Rottb. Descr. et Ic. t. 17, f. 1 (Scérpus ciliaris).
Annual; stem ee slender, erect, leafy, sparsely hairy above, glabrous below; |. 2-5 by 2 11 in, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5-veined, more or less hairy, sheaths long, closed; spikelets 4-4 in. long, sessile, in terminal and pe- duncled axillary clusters, $-1 in. diam., ovoid or oblong, obtuse, dark brown, rhachilla slender, lowest glumes longest, empty; bracts o but the leaf under each cluster of spikelets ; glumes closely squarrosely imbricate, at length deciduous, 7z-10 in. long, membranous, obovate-oblong, obtuse, 3-veined, keel ending in a stout hairy awn half as long as the glume, tip ciliolate; scales stipitate, quadrate, 3-lobed, 3-veined, glabrous, lobes obtuse or shortly produced, median longest, base lunate on each side of the stipes; nut 34 in., trapezoidly trigonous, cuspidate, smooth, pale, angles acute.
Wet places, especially paddy fields; common. Fl. May, &c.
Throughout Tropics of Old World.
2. F. uncinata, Kunth, Enum. ii. 184 (1837).
FE ciliaris, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 93; Thw. Enum. 347 (non Roxb.). See s303 0:
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 666.
Annual; stem 4-12 in., rather stout, leafy, glabrous below, pubescent above; ]. 2-6 by 4-4 in., linear- lanceolate, acumi- nate, membranous, 3-5-veined, laxly bay on both surfaces ; sheaths long, closed, hairy; spikelets, 75-3 in., densely crowded
80 Cyperacee. [Lipocarpha.
in capa, axillary, sessile or peduncled, simple or lobed clusters 1-4 in. diam., pale brown, lowest glumes larger, empty,. with a rea membranous blade and longer awn, rhachilla hardly any; bracts at the base of the clusters like large glumes, within which are a few very short broad hyaline ciliate scales unlike either the bracts or glumes; glumes few, persistent on the rhachilla, at length hardened, 75 in. long, obovate,. cymbiform, hispidly hairy, stoutly 5-veined, keel of 2 very strong veins meeting in a straight or recurved scabrid cusp half as long as the glume; hypogynous scales quadrate, upper margin thickened, ciliate, retuse with a scabrid awn; nut go-go in. long, stipitate, trapezoidly trigonous, beaked, angles. acute, smooth, pale, style longer than the nut.
Paddy fields and wet places; very common. FI. Dec., July.
Southern India.
Differs remarkably from /. e7omerata in the very short spikelets, with the glumes persistent on the hardly distinguishable rhachilla.
3. EF. umbellata, (ot/b. Descr. et Ic. 70 (1773). fF. pentagona, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 93. /. uncinata, Thw. Enum. 347 ate Kunth). €. P. 3229, 3330. . B. Ind. vi. 666. Rottb. 1. c. t. 19, f. 3.
ee rootstock hard, stoloniferous or shortly creeping with filiform root-fibres; stem 1-4 ft., stout or slender, ribbed, nearly glabrous, except at the tomentose infil. ; ; l. very variable, 6-12 in., up to } in. broad, linear-lanceolate, ‘obtusely acumi- nate, 3-5-veined, glabrous or ciliate towards the base, margins. smooth or nearly so, sheaths long, closed, mouth with a ciliolate brown ligule; spikelets 4-4 in., ovoid or oblong, sessile, crowded in simple or compound axillary peduncled and terminal, sometimes subpanicled clusters $-1 in. diam., dark brown, ped. tomentose or villous, rhachilla slender ; bracts under the clusters short, cuspidate; glumes closely imbricate, at length deciduous, } in. long, membranous, broadly obovoid, retuse or 2-lobed, glabrous or puberulous and ciliate, keel stout, of 3 veins meeting in a scabrid stout cusp half as long as the glume; scales obovate-quadrate,. upper margin Ubiickened, cuspidate; stam. 3, anth. rather stout, apiculate; nut 74-7, in., stipitate, trapezoidly trigonous, long-beaked, angles acute, obscurely 3 3- aie’ dorsally, smooth, pale, style as long as the nut.
Wet places and paddy fields; common. FI. Sept., Feb., March. All hot, moist countries.
11. LIPOCARPHA, 35r. Glabrous, erect herbs; stem slender, leafy towards the base only; I. very narrow, gradually passing into the open sheath,
Lipocarpha.\ Cyperacee. 81
‘spikelets short, terete, sessile in small terminal heads of 3-7, with long slender bracts; glumes very many, minute, densely imbricate, cuneately spathulate, glabrous, I-veined, not keeled, at length deciduous, rhachilla stout, terete, naked; hypogynous bristles 0, scales 2, oblong, membranous, strongly veined, white, hyaline, convolute, completely enveloping the nut; stam. I, anth. small; nut narrowly oblong, trigonous, apicu- late or with a terminal conical top; style short, stigmas 3.— Sets; 2an PL b. Szd.
‘Spikelets silvery white . ; : : : I. L. ARGENTEA. SpikeletS purplish brown. : 2a eERECHRS:
1. L. argentea, Ly. 7x ei Ti ee wee 459 (1818).
L. levigata, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 92. Thw. Enum. 347. C. P. 819, 3557-
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 667.
Perennial (?); rootstock small, root-fibres stout; stem 6-8 in., slender, subtrigonous, grooved, or stout in dwarf speci- mens; |. much shorter than the stem, very slender, gradually marrowed from the sheath to the obtuse tip, coriaceous, margins involute, smooth, lower often shorter, stouter, re- curved, sheath green, open; spikelets 3—7 in., sessile in a dense terminal head, 4-4 in. long, shortly ovoid, terete, top rounded, silvery grey, rhachilla stout, closely covered with orbicular scars; bracts 3-5, slender, 1-2 much the longest, up to 4 in. long, horizontally spreading; glumes very numerous and closely imbricate, ;';-75 in. long, membranous, broadly obovate- oblong, or cuneately spathulate, acute or obtuse, concave, midrib not keeled, scales longer than the nut, oblong, hyaline, 3-veined ; nut =4 in., linear-oblong or narrowly obovate-oblong, obtusely trigonous, straight or slightly curved, mucronate, grey-brown, style shorter than the nut.
Moist places up to 5600 ft.; common. FI. March, July. Throughout warmer regions of Old World.
2. G. triceps, /Vees 7x Wight, Contrib. 92 (1834).
L. sphacelata, Kunth, Enum. ii. 267 (1837). Thw. Enum. 347. Aype- lyptum ceylanicum, Nees i in Linnea, ix. 288. C. P. 3756.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 667. Lam. Ill. t. 38, £2 (Ayllinga triceps).
Perennial (?); rootstock small, hard, with slender root- fibres; stem 4-14 in., leafy at the base, slender, subtrigonous, striate; 1. much shorter than the stem, narrowed from the sheath to the obtuse tip, or widening up to 2 in. broad in the middle, flat, margins smooth, sheath Open, ereen; spikelets 3-5, sessile, in a small terminal head, 4 4+ in. long, subglobose -or ovoid, terete, tip rounded, purplish brown ; rhachilla stout,
PART V. G
82 C VPevacee. [ Rhynchospora.
covered closely with orbicular scars; bracts 3-5, slender, 1-z much the longest (up 3 in.), horizontally spreading ; glumes. very numerous and tightly imbricate, ;; in. long, cuneately oblong, with a broad triangular obtuse or acute incurved top,. I-veined; scales oblong, strongly 5-veined; anth. short, apicu- late; nut sy in. long, oblong, obtusely trigonous, stipes very broad, tip with a stout conical beak, style and 3 stigmas very much shorter than the nut.
Low country; rare. Dumbala Dist. (Thwaites); Kurunegala. Throughout India, also in Trop. Africa and America.
12, ACTINOSCHGNUWS, (enth.
Glabrous herbs; stems crowded on a creeping rootstock with rather short matted root-fibres, erect, filiform, triquetrous,, smooth, base sheathed; spikelets small, linear, sessile, stel- lately crowded together, forming a solitary globose terminal bracteate head; outer bracts few, linear-subulate, concealed under the head; glumes 6-8, distichous, lowest minute, broadly ovate, obtuse, hyaline, 3 or 4 succeeding short, broadly ovate with a long recurved cusp, 2 (rarely 3), upper- most much longer, convolute, 3—-5-veined, tip 2-fid with an erect or recurved cusp, both bisexual; hypogynous bristles 0; stam. 3, anth, long, slender, subacute; nut globosely obovoid,. triquetrous, obscurely papillose, white, style capillary, glabrous, base conical, calyptriform, at length deciduous, stigmas 2 or 3, capillary.—Sp. 7; 1 in FZ. B. Lnd.
A. filiformis, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Plant. xiv. 33 (1881).
Arthrostylis filiformis, Thw. Enum. 352. C. P. 3469.
Fimbristylis Actinoschenus, Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 650.
BIS Be ind se) Hook le] Pistins46:
Stems I-3-ft., sheaths very short, with sometimes a subu- late blade; heads 4-4 in.; spikelets 7-§ in., green; anth. nearly as long as the upper glume; nut 3% in.’ long, margin of calyptriform base of the style lacerate.
Moist region up to 4000 ft.; rather rare. Ambagamuwa; Karawita;. Ruanwelle; Labugama; Rangala Ridge, abundant. FI. all the year. Also in the Malay Peninsula, and at Hong Kong (a variety).
13. RH YNCHOSPORA, Vah/ (Rynchospora). Usually tall herbs, of various habits; stem simple, leafy throughout, rarely at the base only, stout or slender; 1. narrow, often filiform; spikelets small, ovoid, capitate, corym-
Rhynchospora. | Cyperacee. 83
bose, subumbellate, or panicled, with 1 or 2 bisexual f1; bracts various; glumes imbricate all round the rhachilla, membranous or coriaceous, I-veined, 3 or 4 lower shorter empty, the following 1 or 2 fruiting, uppermost empty; hypo- gynous bristles o, or 6, rarely fewer, scabrid, the teeth pointing upwards; stam. 1-3, anth. linear; style slender, glabrous, base conical, stigmas 2; nut ovoid or subglobose, turgidly biconvex, smooth or transversely waved, crowned by the conical greatly enlarged often very long and stout per- sistent base of the style, stigmas 2-3.—Sp. 188; 14 in FV. L. Ind.
Stem leafy towards the base only . é : . I. R. WALLICHIANA. Stem leafy throughout. Style short, stigmas short. Spikelets very many, clustered 2 2. ReVAUREAS Spikelets scattered, ternate . : : fue ERTIBEORA: Style long, stigmas long. Spikelets few, distant, solitary ! . 4. R. GRACILLIMA. Spikelets clustered . : : 5. R. GLAUCA.
I. R. Wallichiana, Kunth, Enum. ii. ae (1837).
Thw. Enum. 352. C. P. 2476.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 668.
Stems 1-2 ft., tufted, slender, striate, leafy at the base only, root-fibres stout, soft; 1. shorter than the stem, narrowly linear, up to } in. broad, flat or complicate, narrowed from the sheath to the tip, acute, serrulate, margins nearly smooth, sheath continuous with the blade, lower open, upper closed to near the top; spikelets about 4 in. long, sessile, densely clustered in a terminal, globose, chestnut-brown, shining head $—} in. diam., mixed with minute ovate hyaline scales; bracts very narrow, spreading, bases ciliate, broad, outer 2-3 in. long; glumes glabrous, lower 3-4 short, ovate- lanceolate, empty, upper flowering, linear-lanceolate, acumi- nate; hypogynous bristles, if present, as long as the nut or shorter, scabrid with suberect teeth; stam. 2—3, anth. linear- oblong, tip acute; nut 34-75 in. long, obovoid, turgidly bi- convex, with a broad, conical, puberulous, terminal button, nearly black, hispidulous towards the top, style very slender, stigmas 2, very long.
Open places in the moist region up to 4000 ft.; rather common. Fl. all the year,
Tropics of Old World generally.
2. R. aurea, Vahl, Enum. ii. 229 (1806). Moon, Cat.6. Thw. Enum. 252. C. P. 199. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 670. Rottb. lL. c. t. 21, f. 1 (Schenus surinamensis).
84 Cyperacee. [Rhynchospora. _, Stem 2-3 ft., stout, trigonous, leafy JRC NO TS angles nearly smooth, root-fibres stout; |. 1-2 ft. by 4-1 in., contracted at the sheath, then narrowed up to the acute suberulous tip, flat, margins and slender keel scabrid, sheaths of upper closed, with an annular brown membrane at the mouth, of lower open, continuous with the blade; spikelets very many, clustered or spicate at the ends of the branches of large, corymbiform, decompound, terminal, and axillary umbels 3-5 in. broad; bracts foliaceous, up to 6 in. long, bracteoles at the bases of the rays subulate, those at the bases of the clusters .acicular; spikelets about 1 in., narrowly ovoid, acuminate; glumes 6-7, 3-4 lower empty, ovate, lowest mucronate or awned, the following one longer, ovate, cymbi- form, mucronate, bisexual, upper male or empty; hypogynous bristles 6 or fewer, very slender, scaberulous; stam. 3, anth. linear, obtuse; nut 4 in., dull brown, obovoid, truncate, com- pressed, sides rounded, faces slightly transversely undulate, beak conical, longer than the nut and as broad at the base, broadly channelled down the centre, style short, slender, stigmas 2, very short.
Moist low country in paddy fields and wet places; common. FI. Nov.,
Feb., &c. * -Throughout the Tropics.
3. R. triflora, Vahl, Enum. ii. 232 (1806).
_ Cephalosthenus zeylanicus, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 115. &. zeylanica, Kunth, Enum. ii. 294; Thw. Enum. 352. C. P. 3036. - FL B. Ind. vi. 670.
Rootstock short, woody, with very stout root-fibres, often stoloniferous ; stem 3-4 ft. leafy throughout, robust below, slender upwards, trigonous, striate, angles smooth; |. 12-18 by 4 in. or less, narrowly linear, not contracted at: the ligule, narrowed up to the obtuse tip, coriaceous, margins and keel scabrid, or margins thickened and quite smooth; sheaths of lower open, of upper closed, with a very short membrane at the sinus; spikelets small, usually ternate, in lax, terminal, and axillary, open, compound corymbs, rays few, very slender, up to 3 in. long; bracts slender, much shorter than the corymbs, bracteoles acicular, sheathing at the base; spikelets } in. long, very narrowly ovoid, acuminate, brown, rather shining; glumes about 6, lowest ovate, awned, second and third broadly oblong, rounded at the tip and awned, fig. longer, oblong- ovate, cymbiform, acute, cuspidate; hypogynous bristles 6 or fewer, very slender, unequal, scaberulous; stam. 3, anth. very long, slender, acuminate; nut with its beak 4 in. long, narrowly obovoid, compressed, red-brown, shining, sides rounded, faces
Rhynchospora.| C VPev ace. 8 5
minutely transversely undulate, beak longer than the nut, subulate, scaberulous, style short, stigmas 2, very short. , Moist low country, below 1000 ft. Bentota; Ratnapura. Fl. March,
Dec. Also in Trop. America.
4. R. gracillima, 7hiw. Enum. 435 (1864).
GP. 3618.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 671.
Stems 2-3 ft., densely tufted, filiform, rooting at the lower nodes, leafy at the base and upward, root-fibres slender; |. shorter than the stem, up to a foot long, filiform, flexuous, margins involute, tip flat, obtuse; sheath slender, with scarious margins above, closed below; spikelets }in., in very lax, long- peduncled, axillary, loose, irregular, subcorymbiform panicles, narrowly ovoid, acute, terete, brown, branches of panicles I—2 in., pedicels $-1 in., both capillary; bracts acicular; glumes membranous, 3-5 lower ovate, cuspidate, empty, 2-3 upper much longer, broader, convolute, flg.; bristles 0; stam. 2, anth. long, linear, obtuse; nut globose, obovoid, or subcubical, deeply irregularly ridged transversely, white, at length black, beak broad, short, conical, style long, very slender, stigmas 2; long.
Moist low country in wet places; very rare. Hewesse and neigh-
bourhood (Thwaites). Fl. Aug., Sept., &c. Also in Nicobar Is., Khasia Hills, Hong Kong.
5. R. glauca, Vahl, Fnum. ii. 233 (1806).
R. laxa, var. 8, minor, Thw. Enum. 352. C. P. 2396.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 672.
Rootstock small, hard, with stout root-fibres; stem 1-24 ft., slender or rather stout, trigonous, striate, leafy throvehont: lower |. as long as the stem, upper shorter, very narrow, 7 in. broad or less, coriaceous, flat, not keeled, narrowed from the sheath (where not contracted) to the obtuse tip, margins almost smooth, sheaths coriaceous, open; spikelets 4-4 in.; ovoid, dull brown, clustered in small, loose, terminal, and axillary corymbs, ‘about 1 in. long Soe Joa pedicelled, the terminal corymb most compound, £ —} in. diam.; glumes 6-7, lower smaller, ovate, cuspidate, empty, upper I or 2 broader, convolute, membranous, apiculate, filg., terminal narrow, empty; bristles shorter than the nut, scabrid; stam. I or 2, anth. linear, obtuse; nut broadly obovoid, compressed, biconvex, margins acute, pale brown, crowned with the long or short, greatly enlarged, conical or subulate, pubescent style- base, which is sometimes as long as the nut, faces finely, closely, transversely wrinkled, stigmas 2.
86 Cyperacee. [Cladium.
Var. 8, chinensis, Clarke. R. laxa, Thw. Enum. 352 (non Vahl). GPs 077:
Spikelets longer, beak short or long.
Grassy places in the montane zone, alt. 4-6000 ft.; common. Var. 8 in the moist low country; common. FI. Aug., Sept., Dec.
Throughout the warm regions of the world.
The much larger spikelets of var. 8 look very different, but I can find no other distinguishing character. The beak of the nut varies greatly in both, and is sometimes even larger than the nut.
14. CLADIUM, P. Br.
Tall, usually stout sedges; rootstock creeping, with stout root-fibres; stem leafy throughout, or towards the base only; l. various; spikelets small, variously panicled, often clustered in sheaths at the angles of zigzag branches; glumes few, imbricate all round the rhachilla, coriaceous, lower 1-3 empty, then 1-3 flg., terminal empty; hypogynous bristles 6; stam. 3, anth. long, narrow; style slender, deciduous, base dilated, stigmas 3; nut obovoid or oblong, trigonous, beaked, crowned with the greatly enlarged rca 28; 5 in FV. B. Lnd. Nut with a long subulate beak . p : . I. C. UNDULATUM. Nut with a dome-shaped pubescent crown : 2G KCRASSUIE
1. ©. undulatum, 7hw. Enum. 353 (1864).
Lepidosperma zeylanicum, Boeck. in Linnzea, xxxvill. 232. T77zcostu- laria zeylanica, Benth. F1. Austral. vii, 384 (in note). CoPN 3226:
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 674.
Stem 1-3 ft., slender, trigonous, striate, smooth, leafy towards the base only; 1. longer or shorter than the stem, very slender, ;'5 in. broad or less, rigidly coriaceous, narrowed from the sheath to the very slender obtuse tip, margins revolute, scaberulous, midrib broad, flat, sheaths short, coria- ceous, red brown, open, margins scarious; panicles 4—6 in., terminal, rather narrow, branches zigzag; spikelets narrow, ¢ in. long, in clusters of 2 or more in a bracteole at the angles of the branches, I-fld.; glumes 4, 2 lower smaller, ovate, cus- pidate, empty, third much longer, ovate, obtuse, 1-veined, fourth rather longer than third, with a perfect fl.; bristles 6, very short; stam. 3, anth. very long, with long acicular tips; nut = in. long, broadly obovoid, subtrigonous, beaked by the elongate, conical, broad base of the style, smooth, nearly black, style long, slender, stigmas 3, long.
Sandy ground near the coast in the moist region; rather common. pe Bentota; Kalutara (Moon); Madampe, near Negombo. FI.
ay.
‘Algo in Malaya and Australia.
Remirea.| _ Cyperacee. 87
2. ©, riparium, Zenth. Fl. Austral. vii. 405 (1878), var. crassum, ‘Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 675 (1894). Baumea crassa, Thw. Enum. 353. C. P. 845.
iby Ind.1 ec.
Rootstock short, with stout, black root-fibres; stem 3-4 ft., stout, as thick as the thumb at the base, flattened, spongy, striate, green, margins rounded, smooth; |. 2-3 ft., linear, acuminate, pungent, very variable in breadth, up to nearly 4 in., spongy, laterally flattened, biconvex, with rounded, smooth margins, striate, sheaths long, distichous, open, very thick, shining, margins scarious; panicles 6-12 in., narrow, rhachis stout, branches erect, with small, sheathing, leaf-like bracts at the base, rigid, compressed, scaberulous; spikelets 4-} in., oblong, fascicled in shortly pedicelled sheaths, brown; glumes 4-6, coriaceous, lowest I or 2 small, ovate, then a large, broadly ovate, acute, ciliate, keeled glume, with stamens only, followed by a smaller with a perfect fl., terminal glume marrow, empty; stam. 3, anth. long, tip cuspidate; nut oblong, +in. long, obscurely trigonous, yellow- or red-brown, polished, capped by the dome-shaped, pubescent style-base, style short, rather rough, stigmas 3, very long.
Moist region; very rare. Ambagamuwa Dist.; Wattawalla. First
collected by Gardner. Fl. Jan., May, &c. Also in Bengal and the Khasia Hills (the type in W. Australia).
1s, REMIREA, 4ui/.
A low, creeping, branching, rigid, glabrous perennial; stem several feet long, extensively creeping and rooting, loosely sheathed, giving off short, erect, densely leafy flg. branches, internodes 1-2 in. long, sheaths scarious, acuminate, fig. branches clothed below with long, imbricating, scarious ‘sheaths ; 1. very many, I—2 in. long, rigid, spreading and re- curved, pungent, sheaths very short, open, closely imbricating ; spikelets small, short, 1-fld., crowded in a terminal, ovoid, lobed head; glumes 4, 3 lower empty, second and third larger, orbicular, concave, upper very thick, corky, 1-fld.; hypogynous scales or bristles 0; stam. 3, anth. linear, acute; nut closely embraced by the 2 upper glumes, linear-oblong, obtusely trigonous, beaked, style very short, base thickened, stigmas 3, short.—Monotypic.
R. maritima, 4u0/. P/. Guian. i. 45 (1775).
R. pedunculata, Br.; Thw. Enum. 345. C. P. 3227. Fi. B. Ind. vi. 677. Beauv. Fl. Owar. t. 73.
88 C Vperacee. | Lepironia-
Stem as thick as a crow-quill or less, curved, hard, terete, internodes 2 in. long, sheaths rather longer than the inter- nodes, tips long, acute; branches erect or ascending, 3-5 in. long, slender, simple, sheathed for two-thirds of their length, leafy above; |. subulate, concave or with infolded sides, dor- sally rounded, I-veined; head of spikelets about { in. long and broad, sessile or shortly peduncled; bracts like the upper leaves but shorter; spikelets sessile, about § in. long and broad; lowest glume small, next 2 above orbicular, concave, many- veined, coriaceous, margins scarious; flg. glume oblong, nearly as long as the outer glumes, but much narrower, obtuse, dor- sally rounded, smooth, shining, very thick, at length corky, with narrow margins which embrace the nut; nut 75 in. long; brown, straight or slightly curved.
Sandy sea-shore all round the island. Fl. April, October, &c.
All Tropical shores.
I have described this widely diffused plant after the Ceylon specimens in Herb. Peraden. It appears to vary in habit in other localities.—J. D. H.
: 16. LEPIRONIA, L. C. Rich.
Rootstock stout, woody, creeping, root-fibres vermiform ; stems densely tufted, tall, cylindric, transversely septate within, smooth, striate, sheathed below; |. 0; spikelets solitary, lateral near the top of the stem, ellipsoid, obtuse, brown;. bract 0, except the produced top of the stem; glumes many, closely spirally imbricate round the rhachilla, coria- ceous, at length deciduous, all but a few lowest fig.; scales. $-II or more, scarious, brown, 2 outer placed right and left,. linear-oblong, obtuse, concave, keeled, keel ciliate, the rest. linear-lanceolate, acute, flat, 3 uppermost quasi-whorled; stam.. 8 or more, one in the axil of each of the keeled scales, others: solitary in the axils of some of the inner scales, uppermost. scales empty, fil. long, slender, anth. 3, linear, mucronate;. ov. central amongst the scales, flat, sessile, style short, stigmas. 2; nut broadly obovoid, compressed, plano-convex, strongly beaked, sides obscurely undulate, margins acute—Monotypic..
GL. mucronata, Ach. in Pers. Syn. i. 70 (1805). Etapan, aoe
Thw. Enum 346. C. P. 3228.
F]. B. Ind. vi. 684. Mig. Ill. Fl. Arch. Ind. t. 20.
Rootstock clothed with short brown scales; stems 2-3 ft, as thick as a small goose-quill at the base, tapering upwards to the acicular stiff tip, green, rigid, septa close together, 3-6
Hypolytrum.] Cyperacee. | 89
or more in an inch, sheaths up to 8 in. long, coriaceous, shining, closed up to an inch or so of the obtuse apiculate tip; spikelets {2 in. long by 4-3 in. diam.; rhachilla stout, elongate- conical, covered with minute orbicular scars; glumes about 4 in. long, broadly obovate-oblong, all but the two lower without veins or keels; scales as long as the nut, pale brown; nut (with the beak) 4 in. long, sometimes hispidulous towards the top, margins acute.
Moist low country under Iooo ft., generally on the coast. About = abundant; Kalutara; Negombo Canal; Hewesse. FI. Dec.-
eb. Also in Madagascar, Malaya, Queensland, Fiji Is.
17, HYPOLYTRUM, /. C. Rich.
Stout, perennial herbs, with a woody rootstock and very stout root-fibres ; stem erect, trigonous, leafy; 1. long, narrow, linear or ensiform, coriaceous, broadest about the middle, 3-veined; spikelets small, ovoid or subglobose, in broad sub- umbelliform panicles, with stout, spreading, bracteolate ‘branches, or the panicle contracted into a more or. less compact lobed head; bracts leaf-like, bracteoles coriaceous; glumes many, closely imbricate in fl., spreading in fr., per- sistent, lower 2-4 empty; hypogynous scales 2 (rarely more), placed right and left, narrow, keeled, bristles 0; stam. 2-3, fil. long; ov. flattened, turbinate, beaked, style articulate on the beak, very early deciduous, stigmas 2-3, filiform; nut rounded or obtusely angled, endocarp hard, thick, beaked or not.—Sp. about 25; 7 in F7. B. Ind.
Glumes obtuse, nuts 75-3 in. . : : : . I. H. LATIFOLIUM. Glumes acute, nuts 35 in. g ; : . 2. H. LONGIROSTRE.
1. H. latifolium, 27ch. 27 Pers. Syn. i. 70 (1805).
Schenus nemorum, Vahl; Moon, Cat. 6. AH. giganteum, Wall; Nees in Wight, Contrib. 93. Thw. Enum. 346. C. P. 219.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 678. Bot. Mag. t. 6282 (grown from Ceylon seed).
Stem 2-4 ft., stout, angles acute, smooth; |. much longer than the stem, up to 3 ft. by 14 in. broad, narrowly lanceolate or ensiform, with straight acuminate points, coriaceous, 3-veined above, margins and keel smooth below, scaberulous above, lower sheaths short, pale; panicle depressed, 2-5 in. broad, branches subwhorled, up to 2 in. long, stiff, spread- ing, bracteolate at the base, sometimes very short, the infl. becoming capitate; bracts 2-4 in. long; spikelets 4-3 in., sessile or more or less pedicelled, oblong, cylindric or
90 CG yperacee. | Wapania.
globose; glumes 75-4 in. long, oblong, obtuse, or apiculate, I-veined, thinly coriaceous, brown; scales 2, obtuse, scarious, keel scabrid; stam. 2-3, fil. long, slender; anth. linear-oblong ; ov. as long as the scales, turbinate, with a broad swollen beaked top; style short, stigmas 2 or 3; nut subglobosely trigonous or somewhat compressed, ;4- in., very shortly beaked, yellowish or dark brown, epicarp thin, fleshy, endo- carp thick, crustaceous, black.
Var. 6, minus, 7hwaztesl.c. C. P. 3467.
Much more slender, |. narrower, branches of panicle very slender, spikelets + in., pedicels 4-4 in.
Var. y, turgidum, ook, f. HA. latifolium, Thw.1.c. in part. 4. turgidum, Clarke in F1. B. Ind. vi. 679. C. P. 3.
Habit and infl. of the type, but scales 3, the third flat, muticous, not keeled or scabrid, nut rather larger.
Shady places in the moist region up to 3000 ft.; common. Var. 7,
moist region, apparently rare, at about 3000 ft. Dikoya (Ambagamuwa Dist.) (Thwaites). Fl. Feb., March.
Also in Travancore, Assam, Nicobar and Andaman Is., Malaya and ‘eastward.
There are Ceylon specimens in Brit. Mus. from Koenig and from Jonville (1800). 1 cannot distinguish A. turgzdum as a species, the nut is So variable in size or shape. Thwaites’ var. snus is rather a reduced form than a distinct variety.—J. D. H.
2. H. longirostre, 7iw. Enum. 346 (1864).
C. P. 3468.
Pies lads vi670:
Rootstock small, stem 12-18 in., rather slender ; 1. longer than the stem, up to 2 ft. by 4 in., narrowly ensiform, acu- minate, tips straight, coriaceous, 3-veined above, margins and keel smooth in the lower part, scabrid above, lower sheaths short, pale; panicle 2-3 in. long and broad, irre- gularly branched, branches 4-2 in., slender, stiff, divaricate, bracteolate; bracts leafy; spikelets shortly pedicelled, }-4 in. long, oblong or ellipsoid, straw-col’d.; glumes + in. long, oblong or obovate-oblong, acute; scales 2, concave, acute, keel scaberulous (with sometimes I or 2 additional flat scales) ; nut minute, #5 in. diam., broadly obovoid or subglobose, sub- compressed, rugose, brown, shining, beak much longer than the nut, conical, acuminate, white.
Moist low country; very rare. I have seen only the C. P. specimens collected at Hiniduma in 1855 by Thwaites. FI. May.
Endemic.
18. MAPANIA, 4ui/. Stemless, scapigerous, coarse herbs; rootstock elongate,
stout, erect or creeping, root-fibres vermiform; |. very long,
Mapania.| Cyperacec. gl
narrow, sheaths subequitant; scapes axillary, much shorter than the |., bearing a single large bracteate capitate spikelet ; glumes large, persistent, coriaceous, spirally imbricating, all but the lower fig.; scales 8 or 10, all of about the same length, two outer placed right and left, concave, acute, keeled, keel -Ciliate, with sometimes a third dorsal, narrow, flat, inner flat or slightly concave; stam. I in the axil of each keeled scale, with sometimes a third in the axil of the third scale, fil. slender, anth. linear-oblong; ov. solitary, central amongst the scales, compressed, gradually narrowed into the long persistent slender style, stigmas 3, not long; nut obovoid, pyriform, or globose, beaked by the style—Sp. 33; 11 in FZ B. Ind.
M. zeylanica, Senth. ex Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 682 (1894).
Pandanophyllum zeylanicum, Thw. Enum. 345, 433. C. P. 3029.
Fl. B. Ind. 1.c. Mig. Fl. Ind. Arch. Ill. t. 22 (Lepzronia).
Rootstock as thick as the little finger, erect or creeping, root-fibres long, thicker than a crow-quill; 1. 2-3 ft. by $-2 in. broad, subdistichous, narrowed to the base and at the apex into a long filiform point, 3-veined, margins and keel beneath scaberulous or aculeolate, sheaths short, open, very coriaceous; ‘scapes I-10 in., as thick as a crow-quill, obtusely trigonous, smooth, naked; spikelets ? in. diam.; bracts oblong, obtuse, shorter than the spikelet; glumes 2 in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, many-veined, without midrib or keel; scales 5, very narrow, 2 acute, concave, keeled, monandrous, 3 linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat; anth. 1 in., very slender, obtuse; nut }-1+ in, ovoid or obovoid, obscurely trigonous, beaked, epicarp thin, olive-green, endocarp bony; seed -ovoidly pyriform, testa very hard, thick, black.
By or in water, moist low country below Iooo ft.; rather rare. Kukul Korale; Singhe Raja Forest; Hiniduma Kande; between Kurunegala -and Matale. Fl. Sept.—Dec.
Also in Borneo.
2. IME. immersa, Lenth. ex Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 682 (1894).
Pandanophyllum immersum, Thw. Enum. 433. C. P. 38109.
Fl. B. Ind. 1. c.
Rootstock short, creeping, root-fibres very stout; |. dis- tichous, 2-3 ft. by 4-4 in., linear, narrowed to the base and at the apex into a long filiform point, 3-veined, margins and keel smooth or nearly so, sheaths short, coriaceous; scapes 1-14 in., clothed with imbricating coriaceous sheaths, of which the upper pass into lanceoiate, acuminate, or caudate bracts longer than the spikelets, sometimes 2 in. long; spikelets
92 Cyperacee. [ Scéspodendron..
globose or conical, 4-3 in. diam.; glumes 4-3 in., linear- oblong, obtuse, thinly coriaceous; scales }in., 2 lateral obtuse, keel narrowly winged; nut 3 in. diam., globose, base suddenly narrowed into a short stipes, and top into a stout acuminate beak.
In running water, very rare, in the moist region below tooo ft. Singhe Raja Forest; Pasdun Korale. Fl. Sept.
Endemic.
19. SCERPODENDRON, 7i#/.
Rootstock horizontal or ascending; stem scarcely any; L. very long, narrow, caudate; infl. a shortly peduncled bracteate head of spikelets, hidden amongst the |. ped. elongating in fr.; bracts much exceeding the heads; spikelets densely com- pacted, often 3-nate; glumes large, oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, I- or more-fld.; scales many, 2 lateral broadest, concave, keeled, keel ciliate, monandrous, inner about 6, some monan- drous; fil. elongate, anth. very slender; ov. solitary, central, narrowed into a slender style, stigmas 2, short; nut large, deeply 6-10-grooved.— Monotypic.
S. costatum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. pt. 2, 85 (1869). [PLATE XCVII.] Win-keyiya, 5S.
S. pandaniforme, Zipp. MSS. Pandanus pumilus, Moon, Cat. 67. fypolytrum costatum, Thaw. Enum. 346. Chionanthus Ghaert, Gaertn. Hi UctinwrOo: Cre 3222"
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 684. Miq., Il. Fl. Arch. Ind. t. 28 (S. sudcatum) (not good). Gaertn. I. c. t. 39.
Rootstock rather slender, clothed with large, acute, im- bricating scales, which pass gradually into foliage |., emitting from the under surface long, stout, simple roots; |. very many, up to Io ft. long by 1-14 in. broad, linear, suddenly contracted into a filiform scabrid tail 6-10 in. long, 3-veined, margins and keel aculeolate, or nearly smooth, narrowed below into short coriaceous, slowly imbricating, open sheaths; ped. stout, trigonous, angles smooth, flg. short, frg. up to a foot long’; head of spikelets 3-4 in. long, ovoid or subglobose; bracts many, lower 2-4 ft. long, leaf-like, inner broadly oblong with filiform scabrid tips; ‘spikelets often in threes, the lateral I-fld., the median 2~-3-fld’—7Zvimen,; glumes $-3 in.; nut 4— in. long, ellipsoid, acute at both ends, epicarp fleshy, endocarp bony, very deeply grooved, ribs acute, seeds globose.
Ditches and flooded land near the sea-coast of the moist region; very a Kalutara (Moon). Wellewatte, 5 miles S. of Colombo; abundant.
. OV.
Also in Malay Peninsula, Java, Queensland, Samoa. The leaves are used for mat-making at Colombo.
Scleria.] Cyperacee. 03
Koenig seems to have first collected this; his specimens in Mus. Brit. are labelled ‘Sparganium ensiforme.’— 77zmen.
The above generic and specific descriptions are almost wholly derived from Dr. Trimen’s notes, who says that the fl. heads are made the nests of small ants, and are full of water and soil, so that the scales and stamens soon become rotten and pulpy. The maggots of flies live in these and eat the anthers. He adds that the name S. pandaniforme, Zipp. MSS., cited by Kurz when publishing the plant as S. costatum, should perhaps have the preference.—J. D. H.
20. SCLERTIA, ZLerz.
Perennial, rarely annual, erect, leafy herbs; stem tri- gonous or triquetrous ; ]. narrow or broad; spikelets of two forms, androgynous or male, and female, solitary or clustered in the branches of a panicle, mixed with hyaline scales, rarely spicate or capitate ; bracts often foliaceous, bracteoles usually filiform; glumes I-veined; male or androgynous, spikelets narrow, glumes many, 5-6 lower distichous, inter- mediate convolute, membranous, enclosing many narrowly linear hyaline scales, with I-3 stam. and one barren ov., anth. narrowly linear, cuspidate; fem. spikelets shorter, broader, 1-fld., glumes 3 or more, distichous, lower 2-3 empty, the next above fertile, the upper empty; disk at the base of the ov., annular, rarely obscure, often enlarged and 3-6- lobed in fr. (cupular in S. sumatrana); ov. minute, style slender, stigmas 3; nut globose or oblong, usually white, polished, smooth or sculptured.—Sp. about 250; 29 in F/. B. [nd.
Disk of fem. fl. 0, very small or obscure.
Spikelets in a single terminal head. : Big go NDI E Spikelets spicate, or in panicled clusters. Spikelets in a terminal simple spike E . 2. S. PERGRACILIS. Spikelets panicled. L. 4-1 in. broad 3. S. CORYMBOSA. L. less than } in. broad. L. villous 4. S. JUNCIFORMIS. L. glabrous : 5. 9. LITHOSPERMA. Disk of fem. fi. 3-lobed or r cupular, Disk cupular P 6. S. SUMATRENSIS. Disk 3-lobed. Spikelets in small axillary clusters or spikes . 7. S. ZEYLANICA. Spikelets panicled. Panicles with many long capillary bracteoles. Panicle very large, decompound. Ligule of l. very short, coriaceous 8. S. ELATA. Ligule of 1. longer, scarious . g. S. CHINENSIS.
Panicle small, sparingly branched.
94 C VPerac ec. [.Sclerta.
1 L. j5-} in. broad.
Nut tessellately cancellate : . 10. S. TESSELLATA. Nut smooth : : : 5 . I1. S. HEBECARPA. L. #-3 in. broad . 12.)00 BIE LORAG Panicles with few or o ‘long capillary bracteoles. Nuts globose . : : 5 . 13. S. ORYZOIDES. Nuts on oblate sphere ‘ : ‘ . 14. S. LEVIS.
1. S. Neesii, Kunth, Enum. ii. 358 (1837). Bakamunu-tana, S.
Thw. Enum. 354. S. stricta, Moon, Cat. 62. Aypoporum capitatum,. Nees in Wight, Contrib. 118. C. P. 3037.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 688.
Pubescent with soft spreading hairs; rootstock small or 0; stems tufted, very slender, 6-12 in.; 1. usually many towards. the DES at the stem, as long as the stem or shorter, erect, linear, {-} in. broad, narrowed from the middle to the base, obtuse ae acute, flat, soft, 3-veined, uppermost bract-like, erect, exceeding the head ; sheaths slender, closed ; spikelets all EU SESEa) clustered in a terminal, peduncled, hairy, pale head }-1 in. diam. / Sulbatellanaly spreading, bract or wippemnas, leaf 1-2 in., peduncle 1 4-4 in.; fruiting spikelets 4—1 in., laxly hairy; ¢ clumes 4, membranous, 2 lower shorter, iene “cuspidate,. upper broadly ovate, cymbiform, narrowed into a long acumi- nate beak; glumes of male spikelets like the fem.; stam. 3,. anth. subacute; nut very small, 35-75 in., globose, echinate,, white, disk obscure.
Low country; rather common in swampy places. FI. Feb.—July, &c.
Also in Borneo. In Bornean specimens more than one head of spikelets occur.
2. S$. pergracilis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 354 (1837). Méhiwal, S.
hw eenume 3545 Cy Pris27.
Pi Be Inds visees.
Annual (?), glabrous, densely tufted; stems 18-30 in, filiform, terminating in a very long simple spike of very small distant clusters of few spikelets; 1. longer than the stem, very slender, 7s in. broad, or less, aninormedl to the obtuse tip, 3-veined, sheaths long, slender, closed; spikes 6-12 in, rhachis filiform, rather thicker than the stem; clusters of spikelets about 4 in. apart, quite sessile, with a hyaline lanceolate bract at the base as long as the spikelet, and a few smaller hyaline bracteoles; fruiting spikelets about ;'5 in. long, about 3 in a einieue: glumes membranous, broadly ovate- oblong, upper ¢ in. long g, apiculate, speckled with red-brown; anth. linear with a pubescent appendage; nut very small, globosely trigonous, 7/5 in. diam., deeply rugosely cancellate, white, disk obscure or oO.
Scleria.] Cyperacee. 95
Swampy places in low country; very rare. Alagoda (Gardner); near Nilgala, Uva. Fl. Jan.
Also in India and Trop. Africa.
The leaves are lemon-scented and the crushed plant is used at Nilgala, where they called it ‘ Méhiwal, to keep away flies.
3. S. corymbosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 574 (1832).
S. majus, Moon, Cat. 62 (ex Clarke). S. anxdrogyna, Nees; Thw. Enum. 353. C. P. 3319.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 686.
Rootstock stout, woody, creeping, root-fibres very stout ;. stem 3-8 ft., very robust, trigonous or triquetrous, angles scaberulous; 1. 2-3 ft. by 4-1 in. broad, acuminate (not narrowed into a long filiform point), 3-veined, margins and midrib smooth or scabrid; sheaths trigonous, closed, mouth truncate with a very narrow scarious border opposite the limb; spikelets very many, fascicled on the spreading trigonous branches and branchlets of long leafy axillary and terminal, subcorymbosely branched panicles 6 in. to 2 ft. long, pale or dark brown; bracteoles filiform, 4 in. long or more, with dilated often pubescent bases; frg. spikelets 4 in. long; glumes 4, broadly ovate, subacute, or outer cuspidate; nut ellipsoid, up to 7 in. long contracted, above the trigonous base, top umbonate, white, smooth, polished, disk-lobes o.
Moist low country below tooo ft.; rare. Hiniduma; Katukanda ;.
Kalutara (Moon). Fl. July-Sept. Also in Khasia, Burma, Malacca.
4. S. junciformis, 7/w. Enum. 354 (1864).
S. hirsuta, Moon, Cat. 62; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 103. Cylindropus junciformis, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 118. S. pz/osa, Boeck. in Linnea, seeing. C..P. 3225.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 692.
Rootstock stout, woody, creeping, root-fibres strong; stem 2-3 ft., rather slender, trigonous, smooth; |. as long as the stem or shorter, 3-4 in. broad, linear, obtuse, rather coriaceous... villous with spreading hairs on both surfaces, 1—3-veined, margins slightly scabrid; sheaths trigonous, lower open, upper closed, villous, mouth truncate, with a short, rounded ligule opposite the limb; spikelets few, erect, in distinct clusters, on a subsimple, solitary, terminal, narrow panicle 2-3 in. long,. subtended by a strict, erect, leaf-like bract longer than itself; rhachis pubescent; bracteoles 4-1 in., filiform, recurved; fruiting spikelets } in. long; glumes 3, upper lanceolate, acu- minate; glabrous or dorsally pubescent; nut ellipsoid, $—-4 in. long, subumbonate, faintly striate and cancellate, contracted at the base above the trigonous entire disk, white, shining.
96 G yperacee. [ Scleria.
Shady woods in moist low country below tooo ft.; very rare. Kalu- tara (Moon); Reigam and Pasdun Korales (Thwaites). Fl. Sept.
Endemic.
The bract, simulating a continuation of the stem, gives the panicle the appearance of being lateral.
5 S. lithosperma, Sw. Prod. 18 (1788).
Moon, Cat. 62. Thw: Enum. 354. C. P. 826.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 685.
Rootstock hard, elongate, horizontal, nodose, root-fibres slender, wiry; stem 14-3 ft. very slender, trigonous, leafy, smooth; |. as long as the stem or shorter, narrowly linear, go-7z in. broad, narrowed to the obtuse tip, sheaths trigonous, closed, mouth truncate, with a narrow scarious margin op- posite the limb; spikelets few, subsolitary, distant on the filiform rhachis and few distant branches of very slender, terminal and axillary, subspiciform panicles, pale or dark brown; bracts and bracteoles very long, capillary; fruiting spikelets 75 in.; glumes broadly ovate, subcuspidately acumi- nate; disk-lobes 0; nut broadly, ellipsoid, obtusely trigonous, top rounded, smooth, white, polished.
Var. B, Thw. |. c., var. Roxburghii, Clarke in Fl. B.Ind.l.c. C. P. 2627.
Fruiting spikelets 4 in., glumes cuspidate, nut globosely: trigonous, top apiculate or mucronate, puberulous and minutely tuberculate in waved ridges, white.
Low country; common. Var. 8, Haragama. FI]. Nov., Dec., Feb.
In India and all hot countries except Africa.
6. S. sumatrensis, /efz. Obs. Bot. v. 19 (1789).
Nees in Wight, Contrib. 116. Thw. Enum. 353. C. P. 3783.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 693. Retz. Obs. Bot. v. t. 2.
Stem tall, stout, leafy, trigonous, + in. diam., angles smooth or scaberulous; |. 1-2 ft. by 4-# in. broad, narrowed into a slender obtuse point, coriaceous, glabrous or pubescent beneath at the base, where the margins are recurved, uppermost sub- opposite or subternate, sheaths closed, trigonous, glabrous, or puberulous, mouth truncate, villously ciliate; spikelets 3 in., very many, on the spreading branches and branchlets of large, decompound, oblong, terminal, and subterminal panicles 3-4 in. long, pale brown, solitary, or few in sessile clusters; bracts leaf-like, bracteoles filiform; fruiting spikelets few, ~- in. long; glumes 3, broadly ovate, upper suddenly contracted from a rounded base into an acuminate, cuspidate tip; nut globose, 75-3 in. diam., sunk for 4-2 in length in a large, fleshy, cup-shaped, obscurely 3-lobed, crenate disk, closely rugosely pitted, brown.
Moist low country; common.
Also in Bengal, Assam, Burma, Nicobar Is., Malaya.
Scleria.] Cyperacee. 97
7. S. zeylanica, Por. Encycl. Meth. vii. 3 (1806).
Thw. Enum. 435. SS. datertfora, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviil. 455, and S. Thwaitesiana, Boeck. |. c. 454. C. P. 3318, 3796, 3797-
F]. B. Ind. vi. 687.
A densely tufted, glabrous, or very sparsely hairy perennial; rootstock small, hard, or 0; stems 6-10 in., slender, leafy; 1. as long as the stem or longer, narrowly linear, 7;-} in. broad, erect, flat or the narrower concave, 3-veined, sheaths closed, trigonous, truncate with a short, obtuse, pubescent ligule opposite the limb; clusters or some- times short spikes of spikelets small, solitary in the axils of many of the leaves, appearing to be sessile at the mouths of the sheaths, or with the peduncle exserted; fruiting spikelets few in each cluster, about + in. long; glumes 3, glabrous or sparsely hairy, upper ovate-oblong, acuminate, shortly cus- pidate; disk very short, obtusely 3-lobed; nut globose, smooth or faintly cancellate in vertical lines, white.
Moist low country below tooo ft.; rather common. Kukul Korale ; Ratnapura; Hewesse, &c. Fl. April, July.
Also in Nicobar Is., Burma, and Borneo.
There are three forms of this plant in Herb. Peraden. C. P. 3318 has long, broad, flat, flaccid leaves, like those of Diflacrum caricinum, and clusters of very short spikes of spikelets at the mouths of the sheaths. C. P. 3796 has much narrower leaves, but similar infl. to 3318. C. P.. 3797 has very long, narrow, concave leaves, about ;/¢ in. broad, and long- peduncled spikes of spikelets.—J. D. H.
8. S. elata, Thw. Enum. 353 (1864) (chiefly).
Boeck. in Linnza, xxxviii. 487. C. P. 3030, 3032.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 690.
Stem tall, stout, leafy, triquetrous, angles scaberulous ; 1. 1-2 ft. by 3 in. broad, or narrower, narrowed into a long, filiform, obtuse tip, rigid, flat, 3-veined, margins scabrid, sheaths trigonous, or triquetrous, mouth truncate, or produced into a very short rounded coriaceous ligule opposite the blade ; spikelets very numerous, pale or dark brown, sub-. solitary on the branches and branchlets of large, long- peduncled, oblong, decompound, puberulous, leafy panicles 6-10 in. long, branches of panicle and spikelets with capillary bracteoles 4-1 in. long; frg. spikelets 4 in. long; glumes 3, broadly ovate, cuspidately acuminate, glabrous ; disk-lobes very short, rounded; nut broadly ellipsoid, subtrigonous,. apiculate, 4 in. long, shallowly cancellate, finely puberulous,. white.
Moist low region; rather common. Galle; Kalutara; Hiniduma. Fl. Sept., March.
Also in India, Java, and China. Differs from .S. chinensis (in so far as Ceylon specimens show) in the
PART V. H
98 Cyperacee. [ Scleria.
more slender habit, narrower leaves, and well-developed scarious ligule. ‘Of two sheets in Herb. Peraden. one from Hantani and Ambagamuwa has paler spikelets and globose puberulous nuts, the other, from Horton Plains, has very dark and rather larger spikelets, and ellipsoid, glabrous, much larger nuts.—J. D. H.
9. S. chinensis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 357 (1837), var. biauriculata, Clarke, 1. c. 690.
S. exaltata, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb. v. 511. S. edata, Thw. |. c. (in part). C. P. 825.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 690.
Stem 2-4 ft., rather slender, trigonous, angles smooth or scaberulous; 1. 12-18 in. by 4-4 in. broad, narrowed into a very long, slender, obtuse tip, flat, 3-veined, margins scaberulous; sheaths long, trigonous, closed, mouth pubes- cent, with an oblong or rounded scarious ligule opposite the blade ; spikelets numerous, pale or dark brown, subsolitary on the spreading branches and branchlets of terminal and subterminal, open glabrous panicles 3-6 in. long; bracteoles capillary ; fruiting spikelets 75 in.; glumes 3, broadly ovate, cuspidately acuminate, glabrous; disk-lobes short, rounded ; nut globose, 75 in. diam., to broadly ellipsoid, 3 in. long, apiculate, glabrous or puberulous, faintly cancellate in vertical lines, white.
Montane zone; rather rare. Hantane (Thwaites); Ambagamuwa ; Horton Plains. Fl. March, Sept., Dec. Also at Singapore.
Io. S. tessellata, W2l/d. Sp. Pi. iv. 315 (1805). Moon, Cat. 62. .S. zessellata, var. B, Thw. Enum. 354. C. P. 3033. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 686.
Stems 2-3 ft., from a small hard base, rather slender, triquetrous, rigid ; 1. 10-12 in. by jg in. or less, linear, sub- acute or obtusely acuminate, rigid, 3-veined, margins involute, scaberulous, sheaths trigonous, closed, mouth truncate, glabrous ; spikelets not numerous, in small clusters on the branches of narrow erect terminal and subterminal, sparingly branched panicles 2—3 in. long, branches of panicle Sule fenalee by filiform bracteoles 4-4 in. long; fruiting spikelets 74 in. long; glumes 3, broadly ovate, acuminate ; disk-lobes “sai? small, triangular, obtuse; nut clobose, zy in. diam., tessellately cancellate in vertical lines, puberulous with reddish hairs, top rounded, not beaked, white.
Moist low country below tooo ft.; rather rare. Kalutara (Moon); Galle (Thwaites); Mawarelle. Fl. Dec.
Also in India, Malaya, Australia, China, and Japan.
Very closely allied to S. dz/lora, and the species are mixed on the sheet of the latter in Herb. Peraden. 5S. ¢esse//ata is a much more rigid plant, with narrow leaves, its nut is not mucronate, and the disk-lobes are shorter and broader.—J. D. H.
Scleria.| Cyperacec. 99
11. S. hebecarpa, Mees in Linnea, ix. 303 (1835). Goda- ‘karawu, 5S.
S. alata, Moon, Cat. 62. Thw. Enum. 435. Nees in Wight, Contrib. Mie © P2 3031, 3763.
“FI. B. Ind. vi. 680.
Rootstock woody, nodose, root-fibres stout; stem 2-3 ft., ‘rather slender, rigid, triquetrous; 1. 10-12 in. by + in. broad -or narrower, narrowed to the obtuse tip, flat, 3-veined, rigid, margins scabrous, sheaths trigonous, closed, mouth truncate, -with an ovate coriaceous pubescent ligule opposite the blade; -spikelets solitary or in small clusters on the suberect branches -of narrow, erect, terminal and subterminal, sparingly branched ‘panicles 2-3 in. long, red-brown, branches of panicle and spikelets with filiform bracts }-} in. long; fruiting spikelets + in. long; glumes 3, upper broadly ovate, cuspidately acumi- nate; disk-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, brown ; ms globose -Or broadly ovoid, obscurely trigonous, apiculate, 7 zo—t in. tong; minutely puberulous, white, polished.
Moist low country; rather common. FI. Oct., Dec.
Throughout India, Malaya, Polynesia, Australia, China, Japan.
Very near to SS. zesse//ata, differing in the smooth, polished, puberulous
nut, and in the disk-lobes. A common Indian state has hairy leaves and panicles.—J. D. H.
12. S. biflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 573 (1832).
S. Steudeliana, Mig.; Boeck. in Linnzea, xxviii. 475. S. zessellata, “Thw. Enum. 354. C. P. 3034.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 687.
Stems tufted, 1-2 ft., rather stout, trigonous, leafy; 1. 6-10 ‘by 4-3 in., ensiform, obtuse or subacute, thin, flat, 3-veined, margins smooth or suberulous, sheaths loose, closed, tri- -gonous, mouth truncate, minutely pubescent opposite. the limb; spikelets not numerous, in small clusters on the branches of narrow, slender, erect, terminal and subterminal sparingly branched panicles 2-3 in. long, branches of panicle and lower clusters subtended by filiform bracteoles 4-4 in. long; fruiting spikelets 75 in. long; glumes 3, broadly ovate, acuminate; disk 3-lobed, lobes broadly ovate, acuminate, about one-fourth the length of the nut; nut globose, 74 in. diam., minutely tessellately cancellate i in vertical lines, puberulous with reddish chair, shortly beaked, white.
Moist low country below tooo ft.; rather rare. iueibaerane- ‘Yatiantota; Kukul Korale. Fl. Dec. Also in Bengal, S. China, Malaya.
13. S. oryzoides, Presi, Rel. Haenk. i. 201 (1830). Potu-pan, ‘Potu-kola, S.
S. latifolia, Moon, Cat. 62. Nees in Wight, Contrib. 117. Thw. Enum. 353. C. P. 828.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 691.
100 Cyperacee. [Diplacrum..
Rootstock stout, creeping, woody, stoloniferous, root-fibres. very stout; stem 3-6 ft., stout, trigonous or triquetrous, angles. smooth below, scaberulous above; |. 3—4 ft. by 4-1 in. broad,. narrowly ensiform, tip suddenly acute obtuse or 2-fid, erect, very rigidly coriaceous, 3-veined beneath, the lateral veins sometimes very strong, and the midrib depressed, the |. thus. being plicate, finely striate above, margins smooth or scabrid,. sheaths very long, triquetrous or 3-winged, closed, mouth truncate, with a narrow scarious membrane opposite the limb;. spikelets solitary, distantly spicate on the erect filiform branchlets of an oblong terminal peduncled panicle 4-6 in.. long, pale or dark brown; bracteole 0; fruiting spikelets few, about 4 in. long; glumes 3, broadly ovate, subacute; disk very small, obtusely 3-lobed; nut globose, ~,-} in. diam... obscurely trigonous, smooth, white.
Ponds and wet places in moist low region; common. FI. Sept.,. March.
Also in Assam, Burma, Malaya, Philippine Is., Australia, Zanzibar.
14. S. levis, Retz. Obs. Bot. iv. 13 (1786).
S: zeylanica, Moon, Cat. 62 (non Poir.). Nees in Wight, Contrib.. t7. hw. Hnums 354.) EG Pi27A5,
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 694.
Rootstock stout, creeping, woody; root- fibres stout ; stem 2-4 ft., rather stout, acutely trigonous, angles smooth ;. 1. 2-3 ft. by 4-4 in. broad, narrowed into a long slender obtuse tip, flat, 3-veined, margins scaberulous ; sheaths long, trigonous or triquetrous, angles smooth, closed, mouth truncate or very shortly triangular, and pubescent opposite the limb ; spikelets numerous, subsolitary on the stiff spreading branches. and branchlets of terminal and subterminal oblong panicles 2-6 in. long, dark brown; bracteoles few, short, or 0; fruiting spikelets ¢ in. long; glumes 3, broadly ovate, cuspidately acuminate, upper broader than long; disk-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse; nut an oblate sphere, $ in. diam., smooth,. white, polished.
Moist low region below Iooo ft.; rather common. Fl. Aug.
Also in Assam, Burma, Nicobar Is., Malaya, S. China.
Near 5S. chimenszs in habit and ligule, differs especially in the oblate nut, and few or o capillary bracteoles.—J. D. H.
21. DIPLACRUM, 34,.
A small, tufted, glabrous annual; stem leafy; |. linear ; spikelets in small dense axillary clusters at the mouths of the |.-sheaths, minute, unisexual; male spikelets 1—2-fld.;. glumes about 3, narrow, membranous; stam. 1-2, anth..
Carex] Cyperacee. 1OL
- minute ; fem. spikelets 1-fld.; glumes 4, distichous, 2 lower -cymbiform, empty, upper oblong, 3-lobed, many-veined, side ‘lobes short, incurved, mid lobe stout, subulate ; disk obscurely 3-lobed; style slender, stigmas 3; nut globose.—Monotypic.
D. caricinum, 47. Prod. 241 (1810).
Thw. Enum. 354. WD. zeylanicum, Nees in Wight, Contrib. 119. Scleria caricina, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 426. S. axc/laris, Moon, Cat. 462, ©. P3035:
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 668 (Sclerza caricina). Endl. Iconogr. t. 25.
Stem 4-8 in., slender, clothed with the l.-sheaths ; |. 1-3, ‘by zo-$ in., obtuse or subacute, flat, flaccid, 3-veined, radical erect, cauline alt., spreading, sheaths closed, trigonous ; clusters of spikelets 3-4 in. diam., green, ped. enclosed in the l.-sheath; spikelets few in a cluster, 75 in. long; nut 4-75 in. -diam., globose, vertically 3-ribbed, cancellately rugose between the ribs, white.
Moist low country below 1000 ft., in wet places; rather common. FI. ‘Sept.—-March.
Also in India, Malaya, China, Australia.
Included in Sclerza by most recent authors, but very distinct in habit .and in the trifid, many-veined, fruiting glumes. In some Indian speci- «mens the lower clusters of spikelets are panicled.—J. D. H.
22. CAREX, JZ.
Perennial, glabrous, rarely pubescent, grass-like herbs; stem leafy, chiefly at the base; spikelets solitary, or few, one terminal, the others lower down, rarely all clustered in terminal or axillary panicles or compound spikes, unisexual or andro- gynous, the lower spikelets fem., with a few male at the base or top, very rarely dicecious, uppermost often wholly male; -glumes many, imbricate all round the rhachilla, persistent or deciduous ; fl. solitary in the glumes, male of 2 or 3 stam., anth. linear, obtuse ; fem. a compressed or triquetrous ov. enclosed in an urceolate 2-toothed sac (utricle), style slender, stigmas .2 or 3 protruding from the sac; nut minute, coriaceous, com- ‘pressed or trigonous, included in the utricle.—Sp. about 500; 142 in Fl. B. Ind.
‘Stigmas 2, utricle compressed (Vzgnea). Terminal spikelet with male and fem. fl.
Spikelets short, ovoid, or oblong . : . I. C. NUBIGENA. Spikelets cylindric, elongate. Utricle scaberulous . ‘ ‘ : . 2. C. BRUNNEA. Utricle glabrous, or nearly so. Utricle green . ; : é ; . 3. C. LONGIPES.
Utricle brown : : : ‘ . 4. C. LONGICRURIS.
102 Cyperacee, [Carex,.
Terminal spikelet wholly male. Fem. glumes 2-lobed, awned : 2 2) 5. GC. PHACOTA, Fem. glumes lanceolate, acuminate . . 6, C. ARNOTTIANA.. Stigmas 3, utricle trigonous. Terminal spikelets, and sometimes lower also, fem. below and male at the top. Spikelet solitary . 5 : : : 3 7G REARS Spikelets many. Utricle more or less spinulose, ciliate, or
puberulous. Spikelets very long, slender . ; «3: C. WALKERT. Spikelets very short. Utricle ciliate at the angles 3 . 9. C. SPICIGERA. Utricle puberulous all over 3 10. C. LEUCANTHA.. Utricle glabrous (spikelets bipinnately spicate). Utricle very strongly beaked . 4 . I1. C. BACCANS. Utricle long-beaked. Utricle turgid, suddenly contracted into the beak. Stem stout, tall. Spikelets pale brown, opaque. 12. C. INDICA. Spikelets red-brown, shining . 13. C. LINDLEYANA.. Stem slender . : i : . 14. C. ZEYLANICA. 4 Utricle lanceolate, gradually con- tracted into the beak . 3 . 15. C. FILICINA. Terminal spikelets wholly male. Utricle not or shortly beaked. Spikelets cylindric, dense-fid. . . . 16. C. MACULATA. Spikelets slender, lax-fld. . : : . 17. C. BREVISCAPA.. Utricle long-beaked. Utricle tomentose . ; : ; . 18, C. LIGULATA. Utricle glabrous. Spikelets ¢ in., ovoid. : : . 19. ©. JACKIANA. Spikelets 2-4 in., cylindric. : . 20, C. LOBULIROSTRIS;.
1. ©. nubigena, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 326 (1824).
Thw. Enum. 355. C. P. 2395.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 702. Boott, Carex, t. 2.
Rootstock small, root-fibres very stout, tortuous; stems: 4-24 ft. tufted, rather stout, trigonous, smooth, leafy at the base only; |. as long as the stem and shorter, very narrowly linear, ;'; in. broad, finely acuminate, erect, complicate, striate, . smooth, Souleceos, sheaths short, pale; spikelets sessile, very short, 1-4 in. long, ovoid, densely or laxly spicate, sometimes. forming an oblong terminal head 1 in. long; male fl. at the base of the upper spikelets: lower bracts up to 8 in. long, filiform,,. upper capillary ; fem. glumes 4-{ in. long, ovate, acuminate cuspidate or awned, awn of the lower sometimes as long as the spikelet; utricle }-{ in. long, lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, flattened, thin, closely many-veined on both surfaces, margins scaberulous, tip acutely 2-fid; nut much
Carex.) Cyperacee. 103
smaller than the utricle, about 4 in. diam., orbicular, plano- convex, apiculate, pale yellow- brown, polished, style longer than the nut, slender, stigmas 2, long. |
On the patanas of the upper montane zone; rather common. FI.
Sept. Also in the Himalayas and Nilgiris, Malaya, China, and Japan.
2. ©. brunnea, 7huzb. Fl. Japon, 38 (1784).
C. gracilis, Br.; Thw. Enum. 355. C. P. 2632.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 705. Boott, Carex, tt. 154, 155 (C. gracilis).
Rootstock short, with wiry root-fibres; stem 1-3 ft., very slender, leafing above; |. many, as long as the stem and shorter, linear, 7'5 in. broad or narrower, narrowed into a long capillary point, flat, margins scaberulous, sheaths short, lower dark brown, not shining; infl. long, lax, nodding, sometimes branching from the lowest sheath; spikelets $-1 in. on long slender peduncles ; rhachilla slender ; bracts capillary, lower shorter than the infl.; fem. glumes very small, 34-75 in., rather distant, membranous, from ovate and shorter than the utricle, to lanceolate, long-acuminate, and much longer than “lhe utricle; male fl. at the very slender tops of the terminal spikelets ; utricles } in. longer or shorter than the glumes, elliptic, compressed, narrowed above into a 2-toothed beak, sometimes as long as the body, and below into a stout stipes, 8—10-veined on both surfaces, sparsely pubescent, dark brown; nut broadly elliptic, filling the body of the utricle, flattened, polished, yellow-brown, style swollen at the base, at length disarticulating, stigmas 2, very long.
Upper montane zone; rather rare. N. Eliya; Horton Plains; Matu-
rata. Fl. Nov.-Feb. Also in the Himalaya and Nilgiri Mts., and in Mauritius, Australia,
Japan, Sandwich Is. The nut is described in Fl. B. Ind. as suddenly contracted at the top, and the utricle as 9-15-veined and as sometimes glabrous.—J. D. H.
3. G. longipes, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 329 (1824).
FI. B. Ind. vi. 704.
Rootstock woody, creeping, root-fibres stout, SECON - stem 18-24 in., very slender, 1—2- leaved above; |. shorter than the stem, 8— 16 in. by 4 in. broad or narrower, linear, flat, narrowed into a filiform point, margins scaberulous, lower sheaths short, pale; infl. of few, very distant, very long- peduncled, solitary, pale, few-fid. spikelets 3-14 in. long, the upper male at the top, lower ped. up to 4 in. long, filiform; ‘bracts very slender; fem. glumes rather loosely imbricating, broadly ovate, acuminate or. shortly awned, sides broadly membranous; utricles longer than the glumes, $~} in., ellipsoid,
104 Cyperacee. [Carex.
biconvex, narrowed above into a scaberulous beak as long as the body, and below into a stipes, 8-9g-veined on both faces, membranous, shining; nut broadly ellipsoid or almost orbi- cular, apiculate, biconvex, sides rounded, style long, base swollen, stigmas 2, shorter than the utricle.
Montane zone (Trimen).
Also in the Himalaya and Khasia Hills and China.
I find a sheet of this very distinct species in the Peradeniya Herbarium ticketed by Dr. Trimen C. Jonzgifes, Don, and a single specimen on a sheet of C. drunnea, ticketed C. gracilis, Br.; both sheets are numbered C. P. 2749, but not in Thwaites’s hand.
4. ©. longicruris, (Vees zn Wight, Contrib. 124 (1834).
C. longip~es, Thw. Enum. 355 (non D. Don). C. P. 2749.
Fl, B. Ind. vi. 705. Boott, Carex, t. 157.
Rootstock small, hard, nodose, root-fibres wiry; stem 1-2 ft., very slender, leafing above; |. many, shorter than the stem, 8-18 in. by 75 in., very narrowly linear, narrowed into a filiform point, flat, margins scaberulous, sheaths short, lower dark brown, not shining; infl. very long, narrow, nodding, rhachis filiform, ped. several from the lower bracts, simple or branched, capillary; bracts very slender, lower 2-3 in., upper capillary ; spikelets many, $-1 in., erect, slender, red-brown, upper male at the top, rhachilla capillary; fem. glumes laxly imbricating, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or shortly awned; utricle rather longer than the glume, }-% in., elliptic- janceolate, narrowed above into a slender, straight beak as long as the body, and below into a stipes, biconvex, about 5-veined on each face, quite glabrous, or margins of beak scaberulous ; nut elliptic, rounded at both ends, sides acute, brown, style slender, stigmas 2, very long.
Montane zone above 4ooo ft.; rather common. Maturata; Hewaheta, Nuwara Eliya. Fl. Nov., July. Also in the Himalaya and Nilgiri Hills.
5. C. phacota, Spreng. Syst. iii. 826 (1826).
Thw. Enum. 356. C. P. 2965.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 708. Boott, Carex, t. 168.
Rootstock creeping, woody, with stout root-fibres; stem 4-24 ft., stout, triquetrous, except at the top, smooth, leafy upwards; |. as long as the stem or shorter, by $—} in. broad, finely acuminate, flat, rigid, margins smooth except towards the tips, lower sheaths coriaceous, pale; infl. short, of 4-6 spikelets; bracts long, lowest leafy, upper filiform; spikelets 14-24 by } in. diam., peduncled, cylindric, straight or curved, terminal, slender, rusty-red, wholly male, as are the tips of some of the lower; fem. glumes closely imbricating, squarrosely spreading and recurved in fr., oblong, 2-lobed, with a short,
Carex.) Cyperacee. 105
stout, hispid awn in the sinus, rusty-red, keel green; utricle =5-is in., sessile, subtrapezoid, obovoid or ovoid, obtuse, beak 0, strongly compressed, dark purple, veinless, sparsely fur- furaceous; nut nearly filling the utricle, ellipsoid, strongly compressed, narrowed above into a short truncate beak, and ‘below into a short stout stipes, smooth, pale brown, style very ‘short, stigmas 2, shorter than the utricle.
Upper montane zone; common. Fl. Aug. Hills of India, Burma, and Malaya, Japan.
6. ©. Arnottiana, Nees ex Drejer, Symb. Caricol. 16 (1844) (non _Boott). Thw. Enum. 356. C. socéa, Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 254. C. P.
3210. poll b ind: vi. 709. Drejer, Ie. t. 5.
Rootstock small, root-fibres stout; stem 2-3 ft., stout, triquetrous, angles smooth or scaberulous; |. as long as the ‘stem or shorter, nearly 4 in. broad or narrower, flat, finely acuminate, margins and keel scaberulous, lower sheaths coriaceous, pale; infl. elongate, of many long-peduncled _ spikelets, lower bract long, foliaceous; spikelets 2-4 in. by 3 in. diam., drooping, ped. of lowest 1-3 in., dark brown, cylindric, tips of many contracted, male; fem. glumes closely imbricating, fruiting spreading or subrecurved, lanceolate, acuminate, or awned, dark red-brown, keel green; utricle zz in., ebovoid or nearly orbicular, strongly compressed, rather abruptly narrowed above into a short, truncate, ob- scurely 2-toothed beak, purplish-black, shoulders subfur- furaceous; nut much smaller than the utricle, orbicular, biconvex, brown, suddenly narrowed above into a very short ‘truncate beak, and below into a stout short stipes, style slender, stigmas 2, shorter than the utricle.
Upper montane zone; common. FI. April. Endemic.
7. ©. rara, Boott in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 139 (1846).
Thw. Enum. 354. C. P. 3080.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 713. Boott, Carex, t. 109.
Rootstock very short, slender; stems 6-20 in., densely ‘tufted, filiform, leafless except towards the base, triquetrous; 1. as long as the stem or shorter, filiform, flexuous, channelled «along the upper surface, scaberulous towards the narrowed obtuse tip, sheaths very short, membranous, pale; spikelets 4-3 in., solitary, ovoid, pale, male at the top; fem. glumes not ‘numerous, broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse, hyaline, 3-veined ‘in the middle; utricle longer than the glumes, 74-7 in. long, ovoid or ellipsoid, subtrigonous, strongly veined, narrowed
196 (& Vpevacee. [Carex
above into a short 2-fid beak, and below into a short, stout: stipes, smooth, pale; nut nearly as long as the utricle, narrowly oblong, trigonous, narrowed above into a long beak, and. below into a short stipes, pale, smooth, style short, stigmas 3,. about as long as the utricle.
_ Upper montane zone above 6000 ft.; rather common. FI. Jan., Feb. : Also in the Himalayas and in Japan, Borneo, and Australia. Spikelets in Indian specimens 3-2 in. long.
8. ©. Walkeri, Arz. ex Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 257 (1849). Thw. Enum. 355. Boott, Carex, i.2. C. P. 2751. 1B: Inds vil725.) Boott, yet.
‘Rootstock creeping, woody, with very stout root-fibres;: stem stout, 2-3 ft., high, trigonous, leafy upwards; |. as long as the stem or shorter, up to 4 in. broad, narrowed into a very long filiform tip, rigidly coriaceous, scabrid, strongly keeled,. sheaths coriaceous, basal purplish-red; infl. 12-18 in., panicled,. spikelets very many, from the upper sheaths, long-peduncled,. subcorymbosely clustered, 1-3 in. long, very slender, dark chestnut-brown, shining, peduncles and rhachilla capillary; bracts leafy, scabrid, lowest shorter than the infl.; fem. glumes. laxly imbricate, suberect, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse with a long scabrid dorsal awn inserted below the tip; utricles. 4-} in., longer than the glumes, lanceolate, narrowed into a long acutely 2-fid flattened beak, straight or falcately recurved,. trigonous, smooth, veinless, lateral angles and beak spinulose,, dorsal angle smooth; nut narrowly ellipsoid, trigonous, pale, narrowed upwards into a rough style longer than itself, and below into a stipes, stigmas 3, shorter than the beak of ae utricle.
Montane zone, above 4ooo ft.; rather common. Hantane ; Amba-.
gamuwa; Maturata; Pedurutalagala. Fl. Feb., April, Sept., Oct. Also in the Nilgiri Hills.
g. G. spicigera, WVees in Wight, Contrib. 121 (1834).
Boott, Carexpie ro. hw. Emum35 50011 b-1022:
EB aindeavi7 225 Boottlsct120s
Rootstock hard, creeping, stoloniferous, with copious wiry’ root-fibres, stems 6 in. to 2 ft., leafy upwards, rather stout, or slender ; 1. narrowly linear, + in. broad or less, many longer than the stem, finely acuminate, rigid, scaberulous, basal sheaths chestnut-brown; spikelets short, ovoid or globose, $—4 in. long, panicled or collected in dense lobed heads, all fem. or upper- most male at the top; lower bracts foliaceous, much longer than the. infl.; fem. glumes much shorter than the utricle,. broadly oblong or orbicular- ovate, obtuse or acute, rarely awned,; utricle ellipsoid, 4-75 in. long.
Carex. Cyperacec. 107
Var. minor, 7hw.; Fl. B. Ind.\.c. C. P. 824.
Stem 6-10 in. high, densely tufted, 1. very narrow, spikelets small, often depauperate, with very few shortly beaked pale utricles 7 + in. long.
Var. Panels: Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. l.c. C. sficigera, var. B, Thw. le. C. rubella, Boott, |. c. iv. 176, and t. 599. C. P. 2966.
Tall, rather stout, spikelets crowded in ovoid lobed heads, utricle dorsally compressed, orbicular or very broadly obovate, obtuse, beak o.
Var. rostrata, Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 369. C. P. 2629. Fi. B. Ind. |. c.
Tall, slender, spikelets crowded on short axillary peds., utricle ovate-lanceolate, narrowed into a bifid beak, nut chestnut-brown.
Moist region up to 6000 ft.; common, especially in the lower montane: zone. Var. wizzor, montane zone, 4-7200 ft., Ramboda; Dimbula; Pedurutalagala. Var. rudel/a, Maturata. Var. vostrafa, N. Eliya. FI. Oct.. March.
Endemic.
I suspect that C. exzgwa, Boeck., in Engl. Jahrb. v. 524 (1884), from Ceylon, is included in var. mznor. There is a specimen from him col- lected in 1862 in Pedra, whence also came his specimen from Wichura,. n. 2690, cited in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 748.— 7rzmen.
10. ©. leucantha, Arn. ex Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 257 (1849). Ghwahnum: 355. CP: 2638. HieBs ind) vi. 721. Boott; Carex, t. 28.
Rootstock woody, creeping; stems 1-2 ft., slender, leafless. upwards (except for the bracts), trigonous, angles scaberulous; l. longer and shorter than the stem, very narrow, } in. broad and less, rigid, scabrid, narrowed into long slender points,. basal sheaths dirty brown; infl. very long, of very distant, small, pale, clusters $ in. long and less, of shortly peduncled few-fl, sessile, ovoid spikelets }-1 in. long; bracts leafy, lower overtopping the infl.; fem. glumes ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, awned, awn long or short; utricles about as long as the glumes with their awns, 4-}i in, long, turgid ovoid or obovoid, trigonous, many-veined, puberulous, sud- denly narrowed into a flat 2-toothed scabrid beak as long as. the body or nearly so, pale, not shining; nut ellipsoid, tri- gonous, pale, style conical at the base, puberulous, stigmas 3.
Moist low country, I-3000 ft.; rather rare. Matale; Kurunegala ; Belihul-oya. Fl. Feb., Nov., Dec. Also in S. India.
11. ©. baceans, Wees in Wight, Contrib. 122 (1834). Thw. Enum. 355. C. P. 821. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 722. Boott, Carex, ii. tt. 234-239. Bot. Mag. t. 7288.
Rootstock short, stout, horizontal; stem 2-3 ft., stout,.
108 Cyperacee. [Carex.
trigonous, leafing upwards, angles smooth; |. longer and ‘shorter than the stem, 3 in. broad or narrower, tip long, filiform, rather softly coriaceous, margins smooth or scaberu- lous, sheaths long, coriaceous; infl. 12-18 in. long, panicled, peduncles stout, bearing simple or compound (bipinnate) spikes of divaricate (when ripe) spikelets; bracts leafy, over- topping the infl.; spikelets 14-2 in., stout, mostly contracted and male at the tip, the male portion often as long as the fem., dark brown, rhachilla stout, glabrous; fem. glumes very broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse, acute, or mucronate; utricles longer than the glumes, 4-4 in. long, ovoid or oblong, obscurely trigonous, suddenly or gradually contracted into a short bifid beak, coriaceous or fleshy, many-veined, glabrous or obscurely scaberulous towards and on the beak, when dry shrivelled, plicate, and many-ribbed; nut very narrowly oblong- or -elliptic-lanceolate, acutely trigonous, narrowed above into a very short style, and below into a short stipes, dark brown, opaque, stigmas 3, short.
Montane zone up to 6000 ft.; common. Fl. April-June; utricles red in the larger states.
Himalaya and Nilgiri Mts., Java, China, Philippine Is. Very variable in the size and texture of the utricle.
12. ©. indica, L. Mant. Il. App. 574 (1771).
Boott, Carex, 1. 87. C. dengalensis, Thw. Enum. 355 (non Roxb.). 46.) P22628.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 714. Boott, Carex, t. 251 (from a Ceylon specimen).
Rootstock stout, woody, crowned with black fibrous re- mains of l.-sheaths; stem 2-24 ft., stout, trigonous, leafing upwards, angles smooth; |. longer and shorter than the stem, up to ?in. broad, finely acuminate, margins scabrid, lower sheaths compressed; infl. 12-18 in. long, panicled, peduncles stout or slender, bearing short, simple, or compound (bipinnate) spikes of divaricate (when ripe) spikelets; bracts leafy, lower overtopping the infl.; spikelets many, }-}in., pale brown, not shining, with a short or long terminal male portion, rhachilla rather stout, pubescent; fem. glumes very variable, in some specimens 2? in., ovate-lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or very shortly awned, in others shorter, broadly oblong, very obtuse, or rounded at the top with a very long or a short slender awn; utricles longer than the glumes, divaricate, zo-¢ in., turgidly often gibbously ovoid, obscurely trigonous, many-veined, suddenly contracted into a slender, 2-toothed, smooth beak, from 4 as long to as long as the body; nut broadly ellipsoid, trigonous, pale, obtuse at both ends, style jong, base conical, truncate, stigmas 3, short.
Carex.] Cyperacee. 109)
Moist region up to 4000 ft.; common. FI. Feb., March.
Also in E. Bengal, Burma, Malaya, Nicobar Is., Polynesia.
There are two forms of this species in Herb. Peraden.; one, /eze- brumnea, Clarke in Fl. B. Ind., with ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, or shortly awned glumes and large utricles, the other with short, broad, very long-awned glumes and smaller utricles, intermediates occur.—J. D. H.
13. ©. Lindleyana, (Vees in Wight, Contrib. 121 (1834).
C. cruciata, Thw. Enum. 355 (part) (non Wahlb.). C. P. 3161.
FI. B. Ind. vi. 721. Boott, Carex, t. 34 (C. thyrszflora).
Rootstock short, woody, stoloniferous, root-fibres stout; stem 6-24 in., stout or slender, trigonous, angles smooth, leafy ; 1. shorter than the stem, broad (up to }in.) or narrow, acuminate, softly coriaceous, margins smooth, lower sheaths pale; infl. of 2 forms, elongate, 6-12 in., bipinnately branched peduncles with divaricate spikes and spikelets, or infl. short, consisting of peduncled, ovoid or oblong, lobed fascicles of crowded spikelets ; bracts leafy, lower shorter than the infl.; spikelets 4-4 in., chestnut-brown, shining, most of them with concolourous male tips ; fem. glumes shorter than the utricles, ovate or oblong, subacute, rarely cuspidate ; utricle spreading, $-q in. long, straight or curved, ovoid or ellipsoid, trigonous, many-veined, narrowed into a compressed bifid, flattened beak as long as the body, margins of beak smooth or scabrid, very young sparsely hairy; nut ellipsoid, obtuse, trigonous, pale brown, style as long as the nut, stigmas 3, rather long.
Upper montane zone, on the patanas ; very common, ascending to q2og te) El. Sept., Dec., Feb:
Also in the Nilgiri Hills.
Differs from C. zadica in the smaller size, chestnut-brown shining spikelets of most specimens, soft small foliage,and never awned fem. glumes. The difference in the infl. of two forms of this species is great, in one the peduncles bear triangular panicles up to 2 inches broad, of bipinnately arranged spikelets; in the other, the infl. is in dense oblong fascicles, 1-14 in. long. There are also in both forms considerable difference in the utricle, from ellipsoid with a straight beak to narrower, decurved, and approaching that of C. filicima. Neither Thwaites nor Trimen, however, seemed to have regarded these forms as varieties.—J. D. H.
14. ©. zeylanica, Boeck. in Linnea, x\. 341 (1876) (ceylanica).
C. cruciata, Thw. Enum. 355 (in part) (non Wahlb.). C. flzcina, var. (?) microgyna, Clarke in FI. B. Ind. vi. 718 (the Ceylon plant only). C. P. 820 (in part).
FL. B. Ind. vi. 719.
Rootstock woody, creeping, root-fibres very stout; stems tufted, slender, 6-18 in., trigonous, leafing upwards; |. shorter’ than the stem, 3-IO in., up to } in. broad, acuminate (tips not finely attenuate), flat, margins smooth, lower sheaths short, red-brown ; infl. of few simple spikelets, or panicles of loosely spicate red-brown spikelets {-? in. long, many with male at
L10 Cyperacee. [Carex.
the top; rhachis hispidulous; bracts leafy; fem. glumes qga-zo in., loosely imbricate, ovate or ovate - lanceolate, acuminate, membranous ; utricles one-third longer than the glumes or more, 7-q in. long, straight or decurved, ellipsoid, trigonous, nairowed into a flattened bifid beak about as long as the body, sides strongly veined, glabrous; nut ellipsoid, tri- gonous, pale brown, style as long as the nut, stigmas 3, short.
Upper montane zone, ‘6000 ft.’ Maturata (Thwaites). Fl., Oct., June. Endemic.
I think that this will prove to be only a mountain form or reduced condition of C. Limdleyana, but a much larger number of specimens and from different localities is requisite te prove this. Dr. Trimen referred it to C. filicina, of which, but for the much larger glumes, it might be regarded as a reduced form. The utricles vary in different and even in the same individuals, from straight with a tumid body suddenly con- tracted into the beak, as in C. Lindleyana, to curved with a narrower body passing gradually into the beak, as in the Ceylon C. filicizna. The Ceylon plant included by Clarke under var. (?) 6 of C. fidéctna is certainly C. zeylanica.—J. D. H.
15. ©. filicina, ees in Wight, Contrib. 123 (1834).
Boott, Carex, iii. 105. C. cruciata, Vahl; Thw. Enum. 355 (part) (non Wahlb.). C. P. 820 (part).
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 717. Boott, Carex, t. 311.
Rootstock short, hard; stem 1-3 ft., stout or slender, trigonous, angles smooth, leafy upwards; |. shorter than the infl., ensiform, up to # in. broad, or narrowly linear, finely acuminate, softly coriaceous, margins smooth or scaberulous, lower sheaths pale; infl. 10-16 in., rhachis slender, peduncles bearing triangular compound (bipinnate) spikes of horizontally spreading spikelets, peduncles, branches, and branchlets fili- form; bracts leafy, lower shorter than the infl.; spikelets {—3 in., pale brown, not shining, mostly with concolourous male tips; rhachilla exposed, very slender; fem. glumes distant, minute, qs in. long, ovate, acute, spreading; utricles much longer than the glumes, 4-7 in. long, narrowly ellipsoid, or lanceolate, strongly decurved, gradually narrowed into a beak as long as the body, trigonous, strongly veined, smooth; nut ellipsoid, trigonous, style long, stigmas 3, rather long.
Lower montane zone in shady places; common. Elk Plains, 6500 ft. (Pearson). Fl. June.
Also in Nilgiri Hills, China, and Java.
Differs from C. Lzzdleyana in the minute fem. glumes and narrow utricle.
\
16. ©. maculata, Aoott in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 128 (1846). Boott, Carex, 1.9. Thw. Enum. 355. C. P. 2630. Bis: Inde vin735. boott, lic. t. 26.
Rootstock shortly creeping, root-fibres tortuous; stems
Carex.] Cyperacec. III
tufted, 6-16 in. slender, leafy, trigonous, angles smooth ; il. longer and shorter than the stem, erect, narrowly ensiform, 4 in. broad or narrower, acuminate, flat, glaucous, margins smooth, basal sheaths membranous; spikelets 1-14 in., solitary or rarely 2 in one sheath, lower long-peduncled, erect, cylindric, 4 in. diam., almost black, uppermost wholly male; bracts leafy, longer than the infl.; fem. glumes closely im- bricate, broadly ovate, obtuse or acute, dark brown, keel green ; utricles ;;-75 in., longer than the glumes, very broadly ovoid or almost orbicular, strongly dorsally compressed, obscurely trigonous, strongly veined, puberulous or sub- farinose, dark brown, beak o or very short; nut ellipsoid, trigonous, subacute at both ends, style short, stigmas 3, short.
Upper montane zone; rather rare. Adam’s Peak (Moon); Amba- -gamuwa; N. Eliya; Horton Plains. FI. Feb., March.
Also in the Khasia and the Nilgiri Hills, and in Australia, Japan, .and Korea.
17. ©. breviscapa, Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. vi. 736 (1894).
C. Jackiana, var. B, breviculmis, Thw. Enum. 356. C. P. 3781.
Rootstock short, root-fibres wiry; stem 2-6 in., leafy, concealed in the |. sheaths, the infl. only exposed ; |. 1-2 ft. by 4-+ in. broad, overtopping the infl., erect, narrowly ensi- form, acuminate or caudate, flat, striate, margins smooth or scaberulous, midrib very slender; lower sheaths pale brown; infl. narrow, lower peduncles short with 2-3 spikelets; bracts leafy, lower nearly as long as the leaves; spikelets 4-1 in., close together, so as to appear fascicled, striate, erect, green, uppermost slender male overtopped by the longer lower fem., rhachilla stout, angular; fem. glumes loosely imbricate, erect, broadly ovate-oblong or nearly orbicular, shortly awned ; utricle erect, +-¢ in. long, ovoid, trigonous or subterete, many- veined, constricted above the middle, the upper third conical and narrowed into a bifid beak; nut filling the utricle, trigonous, faces convex, narrowed from the swollen middle upwards to a broad truncate flat top, and downwards to a pyramidal base, pale brown, smooth, polished, style about half as long as the nut, stigmas 3, rather short.
Moist country in lower montane zone; very rare. I have seen only she ae os specimens collected by Thwaites in Ambagamuwa in 1862.
ep
Endemic. A very abnormal species.
18. C. ligulata, WVees in Wight, Contrib. 127 (1834).
C. breviculmis, Thw. Enum. 356 (non Br.). C. Thwazteszz, Hance in Journ. Bot. v. 235; Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. 104. C. P. 2750.
Ble byindvil 7475. Boott, |Carexs it, 113.
112 Cyperacee. [Carex.
Rootstock short, nodose, stoloniferous, root-fibres wiry; stem 1-24 ft. tufted, rather stout, leafy above, below hard, acutely trigonous, clothed with long brown sheaths, bear- ing very short blades; |. from above the middle, and as long as the stem or longer, 4 in. long or narrower, linear, finely acuminate, tip filiform, flat, thin, midrib very slender, margins and upper surface scaberulous; infl. 6-10 in. long, spikelets I-2 in. by } in. diam., solitary, peduncles shortly exserted from the sheaths, erect, green, terminal very slender, pale brown, wholly male, rhachilla rather stout, angular; bracts long, leafy, far exceeding the infl.; fem. glumes ovate or oblong, acuminate or shortly awned, membranous; utricles about one-third longer than the glumes, suberect, + in. long, obovoid or ellipsoid, trigonous, narrowed into a bifid beak 4-3 the length of the body, coriaceous, densely tomentose, veins obscure; nut ellipsoid, trigonous, pale brown, style shorter than the nut, base swollen, conical, stigmas 3, rather short.
Montane zone; rare. Hewaheta; Maturata; Haputale. FI. Sept— -
Nov.. Also in the Himalayas and Nilgiris, and in China and Japan.
19. ©. Jackiana,* Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 260 (1849).
Thw. Enum. 356 (excl. var. B). C. P. 3198.
FI. B. Ind. vi 735. Boott, Carex, t. 25.
Rootstock hard, nodose, root-fibres slender; stem 1-2 ft., slender, leafless or nearly so, weak, flexuous, smooth; |. longer and shorter than the stem, ¢ in. broad or narrower, acuminate, narrowed to the base, flat, thin, margins smooth or scaberulous,. lower sheaths brown; infl. various; spikelets green, solitary on filiform radical peduncles, sometimes 6 in. long, or 2-4 spikelets sessile in the axils of a bract, or solitary spikelets peduncled in the axils of one or two bracts towards the top of the stem, or 2-3 spikelets clustered at the mouth of a terminal bract, terminal spikelet slender, pale brown, wholly ~ male; bracts leafy; spikelets 1-4 in., few-fld.; fem. glumes 4 in., membranous, broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse, acute or shortly awned, 3-veined; utricle 4-4 in. long, obovoid or. ellipsoid, trigonous, substipitate, gradually narrowed into a bifid beak as long as the body or shorter, strongly many- veined, quite smooth and glabrous; nut obovoid, trigonous,. pale brown, stipitate, minutely beaked, style short, stigmas 3, rather long.
* Commemorates William Jack of the Bengal Medical Service, who collected and described many Malayan plants. Died 1822.
Graminea.] Cyperacee. 113
Var. minor, Clarke in Fl. B. Ind. 1. c.
Stems 6-10 in., filiform, 1. very much longer than the stem, very narrow, 75~—§ in. broad, spikes depauperate, few-fld., utricle 4 in. long.
Upper montane zone; rare. N. Eliya; Horton Plains. No habitat is given for var. mznor. Fl]. Feb.
The type is found in Java, Khasia, and Japan; the var. in the Nilgiri Hills.
In Herb. Kew. small specimens of the true C. /ackéana are included under var. mzuor. These have broad leaves and normal spikes, whereas in true var. mznor the |. are very narrow. In Herb. Peraden. a small specimen of true 7#zzzor is on the same sheet as the typical plant, and a second specimen is on another sheet without locality. It is probably a native of the montane zone. The Ceylon specimens of mzuor precisely accord with others gathered at Conoor in the Nilgiri Hills, alt. 7000 ft., by Mr. Clarke. Boeckeler regarded it as a distinct species, and it certainly looks very different, but more specimens are wanted to determine this point.—J. D. H.
20. G. lobulirostris, Drejer, Symb. Caric. 27 (1844).
C. Arnottiana, Boott in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 129 (non Drej.). Thw. aun (356. °C. P. 2633.
Hip lud. vi. 741: “Drejer, 1: ct: 14.
Rootstock stout, horizontal, root-fibres stout; stem 2-3 ft., stout, leafy throughout, trigonous, smooth ; 1. overtopping the stem, up to # in. broad, finely acuminate, margins smooth or scaberulous, brown when dry; lower sheaths compressed ; spikelets 4-6, sessile or shortly peduncled close to the top of the stem, 14-34 in. long, cylindric, 4-4 in. diam., very dark brown, terminal as long, slender, pale brown, all male; bracts leafy, longer than the spikes; fem. glumes small, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or awned; utricle spreading, ovoid or obovoid, ¢ in. long, stipitate, strongly veined, suddenly narrowed into a slender 2-toothed beak as long as the body or shorter, smooth, dark brown; nut ellipsoid, trigonous, apiculate, pale brown, style about as long as the nut, slender, stigmas 3, short.
Upper montane zone; rather rare. Nuwara Eliya; Elk Plains; Horton Plains. FI. Feb. Endemic.
CXLIX.—GRAMINE/#
HERBS or (Lambusee@) shrubs or trees, annual with fibrous
roots, or stem (cz/m of many authors) arising from a perennial
creeping rarely tuberous rootstock, terete or compressed,
jointed, internodes hollow or solid; |. simple, usually long,
narrow, entire, veins parallel, sheath distinct from the blade,
with a membrane or ridge of hairs (ligule) at the junction, PART V, I
114 Graminee.
split to the base, rarely entire; infl. of spicate* racemed, capitate, or panicled spikelets, formed of 3 or more alt. dis- tichous bracts (glumes), two lowest glumes almost invariably empty, one or more following 1-fld., if more than one, all are inserted on an axis (rhachilla); opposite to each fig. glume, and often to empty ones, is a 2-veined usually mem- branous scale (palea) with often inflexed sides (flaps); peri- anth o, or of 2, rarely more, minute scales (lodicules); stam. 3, rarely 1-2 or many, hypogynous, one at the base of the fig. glume, one opposite each vein of the palea, fil. capillary, anth. of 2 parallel cells, connective obsolete, pollen globose; ov. I-celled, styles usually 2, terminated by feathery or peni- cillate stigmas, ovule erect, anatropous; fr. (grain) a seed enclosed in and usually adnate to a membranous pericarp which is rarely loose, or coriaceous, or (in some Bambusee@) fleshy; seed erect, hilum posticous, punctiform orbicular or linear, embryo anticous, at the base of but outside the copious floury albumen, sometimes half as long as the seed, cotyledon large, shield-like (scutellum), dorsally adnate to the albumen, plumule and radicle small.
The following Key to the tribes and genera of Sinhalese grasses is rather a compromise adapted to the wants of a colonist than a strictly scientific co-ordination. In drawing it up I have adhered pretty closely to that given for the whole Order by Bentham (Gen. Plant.), as slightly modified in the Flora of British India. The few important changes (indicated where they occur) are chiefly due to the later revision of some of the tribes by Dr. Stapf, prepared for the Flora Capensis (ined.). I have not, however, adopted all the views of that able student of grasses, deeming that some of them want further consideration. It must be allowed, I think, that there is no more difficult problem in the classifica- tion of the genera of any large order of phanerogams than that which the grasses present. The primary divisions of Panicacee and Poace@ is a | very unsatisfactory one, though founded primarily on such apparently important characters as the relative position of the fertile flowers on their axis of growth (the rhachilla), and that of the spikelets being articulate or not at the base, whereupon depends in a great degree the dispersion of the seeds. Of the recognised tribes, some are more or less artificial, containing genera of doubtful affinity; nor, as it appears to me, would it be difficult to multiply the tribes indefinitely, by giving tribal value to anomalous genera. On the other hand, the genera themselves are, on the whole, well circumscribed. Though some are divisible into sections
* The term ‘spike’ is loosely used in this Order, or is more or less conventional. In some genera with contracted infl., the pedicels are so short that the spikelets are sessile or subsessile, when the term is legitimate ; in others, where the spikelets are binate, a sessile and a pedicelled, the terms ‘spikes’ and ‘raceme’ are interchangeable.
Graminec. 115
which may be regarded as genera, these as such do not disturb the classification by being referable to other tribes.
As stated in the Preface to Part IV., no materials were left in MS. by Dr. Trimen for the elaboration of the grasses, my resources are hence limited as regards habitats, colours, and flowering seasons. For the former I am dependent on those given in Thwaites’s ‘Enumeratio’ in the Peradeniya Herbarium, where unfortunately many species have no habitat or date of collection assigned to them, and especially in the late Mr. Ferguson’s valuable essays on the grasses of Ceylon.* I am also indebted to Mr. H. H. W. Pearson for the loan of his carefully ticketed collection of grasses, made chiefly in the patanas of the island in 1898. For the flowering seasons of the grasses I am altogether deficient of resources. As with the Cyferacee, they would seem, from such dates as I find attached to some specimens, to be either greatly prolonged, or to occur twice in the year, dependent on the monsoons, the wet and dry climates, elevation above the sea, and exposures. A full account of the distribution and flowering seasons of the Ceylon grasses could not fail to be both instructive and interesting. The two charts issued with this Part of the Handbook, of the rainfall and forest regions of the island, indicate data as to climate and geographical areas, available for an essay on this subject.
Series I. Panicaceze.—Spikelets usually articulate on their pedicels and deciduous from them when in fr., rarely persistent and deciduous with them, binate, a sessile fruiting and a pedicelled male or neuter, rarely solitary; glumes 3 or 4, rarely only 2, rhachilla of spikelets rarely produced between the bases of the glumes or beyond the upper glume; sessile spikelets 1-2-fld. (never more), upper fl. alone (if 2) fruiting — Herbs, Spznifex alone shrubby of Ceylon genera.
Lxceptions.—Spikelets persistent or tardily deciduous, or glumes I and II separately deciduous in /sachne, Chama@raphis, Pennisetum, Stenotaphrum, Thuarea, Arundinella, and Zoysia. Spikelets inarticulate at the base and deciduous with the internodes of a fragile rhachis in many Azndrofogonee. Both fis. of the spikelet of some species of Isachne ripen fruit.
Spikelets articulate on their pedicels and deciduous occur in Poaceae, in Garnotia, Polypogon, Sporobolus, and Lophatherum. Lower fl. in the spikelet male and upper fertile, occur in Phragmites, &c.
A. Rhachis or branches of infl. inarticulate; pseudo-articulate in Stenotaphrum, articulate in Zrachys. Some genera of Tribe Axdro- pogonee have inarticulate branches, racemes, or spikes.
* “Notes on the Grasses and their Distribution in Ceylon, by W. Ferguson, F.L.S., read before the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (1880).’ I have seen no copy of this paper, only a préczs of its contents kindly made for me by Mr. Lewis of the Forest department. ‘Graminez or Grasses Indigenous to or Growing in Ceylon, with Notes especially on those used as Fodder Plants, by W. Ferguson, F.L.S. Colombo, 1886.’ I have made much use of this instructive work, though perhaps not all that I might have, had I seen corresponding specimens that would have certified the nomenclature of some of the critical species. Mr. Ferguson’s list embraces 218 species, including those known only in cultivation.
116 Graminec.
Tribe I. Panicee.—Fruiting glume coriaceous, usually hardening and enclosing the ripe grain; hilum punctiform. * Annual or perennial bisexual herbs. + Spikelets articulate on their persistent pedicels (obscurely in Chame- raphis).
§ Spikelets not awned, except glume I of Panicum Crus-galli, and Chameraphis, elume IV minutely awned in Pan. ambiguum, setigerum, and javanicum), and in Eriochloa.
Glumes 3, I and II not separately deciduous. Spikelets not thickened at the base . 1. PASPALUM. Spikelets thickened at the base . . 2. ERIOCHLOA. Glumes 4, I and II separately deciduous . 3. ISACHNE. Glumes 4, I and II not separately deciduous. Branchlets of panicle not produced beyond the spikelets (rarely in Panicum plicatum). Spikelets not involucelled by scabrid bristles. Glume IV sessile or subsessile . 4. PANICUM. Glume IV with a flattened stipes . 5. ICHNANTHUS. Spikelets involucelled by scabrid
bristles 9 6. SETARIA. - Branchlets of panicle produced beyond the terminal spikelets . 7. CHAMARAPHIS.
§§ Spikelets awned (see exceptions under §). Palea of glume III very short, bifid . AXONOPUS. Palea of glume III 0, or entire : g. OPLISMENUS. ++ Spikelets persistent on ‘their pedicels or deciduous with them. Spikelets in fascicles involucelled by
(ee)
bristles. Io, PENNISETUM. Spikelets solitary on a flattened rhachis. Spikelets biseriate . ; ; . 11. STENOTAPHRUM. Spikelets uniseriate . : : . 12. THUAREA. ** Dicecious shrub : : : . 13. SPINIFEX.
Tribe Il. Arundinellez.*— Spikelets panicled, articulate on their pedicels, disarticulating or persistent, bisexual, 1-2-fld.; glumes 4, I and II often separately deciduous, I shortest, IV membranous, I—3-awned, or ee not hardening in fr.; stam. 3; hilum punctiform 2 . 3 14. ARUNDINELLA.
Tribe III. Oryzeze.t Siilcios Saeee bisexual, 1-fld.; glumes 1-3, palea 1—3-veined ; fruiting glume chartaceous or membranous ; stamens 6; hilum linear.
Glumes 1-3, chartaceous, I and II often rudi-
mentary 4 2 . 15. ORYZA. Glume solitary, membranous, awnless. : . 16. LEERSIA. Glume solitary, awned. : ; : : . 17. HYGRORYZA.
* I have adopted Dr. Stapf’s name (in Flor. Capens.) for this Tribe, that of 77¢steg¢nee being inapplicable, from the genus 77zsfeg¢a having been preceded by AZe/znzs, Nees. Further, Avrundinedla is the dominant genus of the Tribe.
+ I follow Bentham, Hackel, and FI. B. Ind. in retaining this Tribein Panicacee. Dr. Stapf has (Fl. Capens.) removed it to Poacee and placed it near Phalaridee, probably rightly. See remarks under Oryza in this work.
Graminee. Ly,
Tribe IV. Zoysiez.*—Spikelets deciduous with their(articulate) pedicels (except Zoysza), 1-fld., bisexual (unisexual in 7vachys); glumes 2-4; fig. glume not hardening in fr.; stam. 2 or 3; hilum punctiform.
Spikelets spicate. Spikelets fascicled. Fascicles secund on abroad articulaterhachis 18. TRACHYS. Fascicles all round a slender rhachis . . 19. TRAGUS. Spikelets in racemed spikes, glumes 2 . . 20. ZOYSIA. Spikelets racemose. Glumes not awned, I and II with pectinate crests . 21. LOPHOLEPIS. Glumes I and II long- awned, not crested . 22. PEROTIS.
Tribe V. Phareze.t — Spikelets panicled, 1-fld., unisexual, male and fem. very dissimilar; glumes 3, III of fem. ’ spikelets hardened or inflated in fr.; stam. 3 or 6; 1. usually long petioled, net-veined by strong cross venules; hilum linear . ; . 23. LEPTASPIS.
B. Rhachis of infl., usually articulate and more or less fragile, but sometimes tenacious. See also Stenotaphrum and Trachys.
Tribe VI. Maydez.{—Infl. moncecious, spicate, male and fem. spikelets on the same spike, when the fem. are at the base of the spike, or on different spikes; spikelets large, never awned, male and fem. very dissimilar, glumes III and IV membranous or hyaline, hilum punctiform, embryo large.
Fruiting spikelet enclosed in a stony, polished,
nut-like bract ‘ ‘ 24, (COL Fruiting spikelet with glume I; forming a crus-
taceous, polished, nut- like envelope to the
other glumes and grain. : ; ‘ . 25. POLYTOCA.
Tribe VII. Andropogonez.—lInfl. spicate racemed or panicled ; spikelets usually small, solitary, or binate, a sessile and a pedicelled, I-2-fld, sessile usually with a perfect fl., pedicelled male or neuter, rarely bisexual, sometimes ternate, a sessile with a perfect fl. and 2 lateral pedicelled male or neuter; glumes I and II awned or not, III and IV (sometimes II also) membranous or hyaline, IV always smallest, awned or reduced to an awn with a twisted base; hilum punctiform.
* Spikelets very many, all alike.
Subtribe 1. DIMERIEA. Piel ad ealtiaty, secund on a filiform or
flattened rhachis. : . 26. DIMERIA.
Subtribe 2. SACCHARE/. = Spikatets all alike, solitary or binate in open or contracted rel _ panicles, or in spikes or racemes.
* Tribe Zoysie@ is a very heteromorphous group, removed by Dr. Stapf (Fl. Capens.) to Peacez, and placed near Tribe Stifec.
+ Tribe Pharee is established by Dr. Stapf. (Fl. Capens.) and removed from Panicacee to the neighbourhood of Bambusee. _ Its affinities are very obscure. By Bentham, and Hackel, and in FI. B. Ind., MEep is placed in Oryzee.
; Name derived from the Maize, Zea Mays, L., which belongs to this Tribe, though an anomalous member of it.
118 Graminege.
Spikelets awnless, 1-fld.
Rhachis of raceme inarticulate . ; . 27. IMPERATA. Rhachis of raceme articulate, as 5 . 28. SACCHARUM. Spikelets awned, 2-fld. . : 3 . 29. POLLINIA.
** Spikelets few or many, in more or less dimorphous heterogeneous pairs, rarely solitary, by suppression of the pedicelled spikelets. § Spikelets sunk in pits of an articulate fragile rhachis.
Subtribe 3. ROTTBOELLIE#. Sessile spikelets solitary in each internode of the spike. Glume I. ovate or oblong, smooth . . 30. ROTTBOELLIA. Glume I. globose, inflated, pitted : . 31. MANISURIS. Sessile spikelets 2, opposite in each internode 32. MNESITHEA. §§ Spikelets not sunk in pits of the rhachts.
Subtribe 4. ISCHASMEA:,—Spikelets many, binate, rarely solitary, secund in solitary digitate or fascicled spikes or racemes. Glume III of sessile spikelet male, rarely neuter. See also Pollinia. Margins of glume I of sessile spikelets inflexed.
Glumes unarmed. : . 33. ISCHZMUM. Margin of glume I pectinately aculeate 34. EREMOCHLOA. Margins of glume I of sessile spikelet not
inflexed. Spikelets 2-awned ; : 4 ‘ . 35. POGONATHERUM. Spikelets 1-awned.
L. lanceolate, spikelets 2-fid. . : . 36. APOCOPIS.
L. cordate, spikelets 1-fld. - ; . 37. ARTHRAXON
Subtribe. 5. APLUDE.—Spikelets 3, on a very short uninodal rhachis, a sessile 2-fld., and 2-pedicelled, enclosed in a peduncled spathe . ; : : ; . 38. APLUDA.
Subtribe 6. EUANDROPOGONEZ:.—Spikelets few or many, binate (rarely ternate), a sessile and pedicelled, spicate racemed or panicled, glumes 4, I not or obscurely keeled, III of sessile spikelets o or neuter, IV awned or reduced to an awn.
Spikelets in alternating pairs or lower solitary. Infl. usually elongate, sessile spikelets many 39. ANDROPOGON. Infl. very short, sessile spikelets 2 3 . 40. PSEUDANTHISTIRIA. Spikelets dimorphic, 4 lower sessile, forming an involucre around the upper. Rhachis articulate above the involucrant
spikelets 5 41. ANTHISTIRIA. Rhachis articulate below the involucrant spikelets . : : : : . 42. ISEILEMA.
Series I]. Poaceze.-—Spikelets solitary, rarely binate, inarticulate on their pedicels and persistent on them when in fr., rarely articulate at the base and deciduous, I—many-fid., if more than 1-fld. the upper fl. or fls. male or neuter, fruiting, the uppermost one or more often imperfect; rhachilla of spikelet often more or less produced between the bases of the glumes, and often beyond the uppermost as a mucro, or elongate and bearing reduced glumes— Herbs or (Tribe Bambusee) shrubs or trees.
Graminee. 119
Exceptions.—Spikelets articulate at the base and deciduous in Gar- notia, Spherocaryum, Polypogon, some Sporoboli, and Lophatherum. Lower fig. glumes neuter or male in Phragmites and Pommereulla.
A. Perennial, or annual herbs (never shrubby or arboreous). 1. Spikelets not inserted in notches or pits of a simple rhachis, except in Oropetium.
Tribe VIII. Stipez.—Spikelets panicled, 1-fid., rhachilla not produced beyond glume III, which is bisexual, awned, hardened in fr., and tightly Peels the Brat
Awn 3-fid. . : : ‘ . 43. ARISTIDA.
Tribe IX. eerie eicies panicled, 1-fld., rhachilla some- times produced beyond the upper glume; glumes 3, FOGTEEAGES, I and II 1-3-veined, usually longer than the fig.; stam. 2-3. Spikelets terete, glumes all 3-veined . - 44. GARNOTIA. Spikelets ellipsoid, glumes II and III 1- veined. 45. SPHAROCARYUM. Spikelets laterally compressed.
Glumes I and II awned , . 46. POLYPOGON. Glumes I and II not awned, membranous. Pericarp of grain loose . . 47. SPOROBOLUS. Pericarp of grain adherent to ‘the ‘seed, hairs of callus very long . 2 : . 48. CALAMAGROSTIS.
Tribe X. Aveneze.—Spikelets panicled, 2- or more-fld.; glumes 4 or more, I and II usually hyaline or scarious, fig. with a usually twisted awn; stam. 2-3.
Subtribe 1. EUAVENE#.—Spikelets 2-many-fid., rhachilla produced beyond the uppermost fig. glume. : . 49. AVENA.
Subtribe 2. AIRE A:.—Spikelets panicled, 2-fid., glumes 4, membranous or chartaceous, rhachilla not produced beyond glume IV.
Spikelets awned : : 5 : : . 50. ERIACHNE. Spikelets not awned. Rhachilla short : . 51. ZENKERIA.
Rhachilla elongate between glumes Ill and IV 52. CC@ELACHNE.
Tribe XI. Chlorideze.— Spikelets small or minute, sessile or subsessile, secund and 2-seriate in very slender solitary digitate racemed or panicled dense-fid. spikes, rarely 3-many-seriate or alt. and distant, I- or more-fid., empty glumes 1-veined, fig. 3-veined—the infl. of Gracilea is abnormal. See Lepturus in Tribe Hordeacee.
Spikelets 1-fid., half sunk in the alt. cavities of a solitary simple spike : . 53. OROPETIUM. Spikelets 2-seriate, crowded in a solitary ter- minal spike. Spikelets 1-2-fld.. : : : : . 54. ENTEROPOGON. Spikelets 3-many-fid. . . 55. TRIPOGON. Spikelets 2- rarely many-seriate, crowded in digitate racemed or panicled spikes (spike rarely solitary in Chloris). Spikelets 1-fld. (see also LENE Glumes 3, III not awned . . . 56. CYNODON. Glumes 4-8, III awned : F : . 57. CHLORIS. Spikelets 2- or more-fid. Spikes digitate or whorled, not awned . 58. ELEUSINE. Spikes racemed, glumes I and II awned. 59. DINEBRA.
120 Graminee.
Spikelets 1- or sub 2-seriate, distant in long slender racemed or panicled spikes. Spikelets 1-fld., glume III awned . . 60. DICHATARIA. Spikelets I-many-fid., not awned . . 61. LEPTOCHLOA. Spikelets in turbinate subsessile secund fascicles which are articulate on the rhachis of a slender terminal spike : : : . 62. GRACILEA.
Tribe XII. Festucez.—Infl. various, mostly panicled ; spikelets usually pedicelled, 3- or more rarely 2-fld., rhachilla articulate at the base, produced between the flg. glumes, and often beyond them bearing empty glumes, awn, if present, not twisted, glumes I and II per- sistent (except in Lophatherumy).
Subtribe 1. PAPPOPHORE.—Spikelets spicate, fig. glumes many- awned or deeply lobed, many-veined. Flg. glumes flabelliform, deeply 3—4-lobed . 63. POMMEREULLA. Subtribe 2. ARUNDINE#.—Spikelets panicled, many-fid., glumes narrow, all 3-veined, flg. enveloped in very long hairs. Glumes all hyaline, hairs from the callus . . 64. PHRAGMITES.
Subtribe 3. SESLERIEA:.—Spikelets very minute, crowded in globose clusters, forming interrupted spiciform panicles, mixed with the empty glumes of imperfect spikelets . . 65. ELYTROPHORUS.
Subtribe 4. ERAGROSTE.—Infl. various ; spikelets many-fid., glumes I and II 1-5-veined, much shorter than the rest of the spikelet, flg. glumes 3-veined.
Flg. glumes entire.
Glumes I and II awned . F : ; . 66. MyRIOSTACHYA. Glumes not awned. Glume II 3-veined : ; ; . 67. ERAGROSTIS. Glume II 5-veined . : : ‘ . 68. HALOPYRUM. Flg. glumes 2-toothed : ; . 69. DIPLACHNE.
Subtribe 5s. CENTOTHECES. erates I-more-fld., 1-2-seriate, secund, spicate, or on the spiciform branches of a large open panicle; empty glumes 3-7-veined, flg. 3-9-veined ; leaves tessellately veined.
Spikelets awned. Spikelets 1- 13 in., stigmas very long, contorted 70. STREPTOGYNE. Spikelets 3-3 in., stigmas free 2 ; . 71. LOPHATHERUM. Spikelets pi in., not awned : ‘ . 72. CENTOTHECA.
Subtribe 6. EUFESTUCEA. -—Spikelets spicate or panicled, glume I
1-3-veined, II 5~7-veined. Spikelets shortly spicate, as capitate, fig.
glumes 7-9-veined . ; : . 73. ALLEUROPUS. Spikelets panicled. 2 74. POAL Spikelets distant, on a long, slender rhachis. 75. BRACHYPODIUM.
II. Spikelets spicate, secund, inserted in notches or pits of a simple rhachis (see Oropetium in Chloridea).
Tribe XIII. Hordeacez. Spike cylindric, articulate . Q : 3 . 76. LEPTURUS.
B. Perennially leafy shrubs or trees.
Tribe XIV. Bambusees. — Spikelets few- or many-fid., all alike in form, bisexual, inarticulate at the base, pedicels often bearing empty
Paspalum.| Graminee. 121
glumes (bracts) below the spikelet; glumes subherbaceous or char- taceous; lodicules usually 3; stam. 3-6- or many; leaves more or less petioled, articulate on the sheath. Palea 2-keeled, stam. 3 5 ; : : . 77. ARUNDINARIA. Palea 2-keeled, stam. 6. Pericarp of seed thin, adnate to the seed.
Filaments free . : ; : . . 78. BAMBUSA. Filaments connate . : . 79. OXYTANTHERA. Pericarp fleshy or crustaceous, seed free . 80. TEINOSTACHYUM. Palea membranous, stam. very many . . 81. OCHLANDRA.
1. PASPALUM, ZL.
Annual or perennial grasses; spikelets 1-fld., awnless, in digitate racemose or panicled spikes, or on spike-like branches of a raceme or panicle, jointed on the pedicel but not thickened at the base; glumes 3 (homologous with II, III, and IV of Panicum), 1 and II membranous, as long as III, or I shorter or oO, II epaleate, III fig., paleate, coriaceous, smooth, shining, palea coriaceous, margins inflexed; stam. 3; styles 2, free, stigmas plumose, exserted from near the top of the spikelet; grain oblong, compressed, free but tightly enclosed within the hardened glume and palea—Sp. about 100; 15 in Fl. B. [nd.
In many Indian species of Paspalum (including P. sanguinale) the gl. I of Panicum is present in a minute scale at the base of gl. II, but I have not found this in any Sinhalese specimen.
Rhachis of spike flattened. Spikelets orbicular or very broadly oblong.
Spikelets glabrous or nearly so 1. P. SCROBICULATUM. Spikelets ciliate with long hairs . 2. P. CONJUGATUM. Spikelets avoid oblong or lanceolate. Spikelets\4,—3 in. 3. P. SANGUINALE. Spikelets 34—; in. Spikelets subsilky with slender hairs 4. P. LONGIFLORUM. Spikelets tcmentose with clavellate hairs 5. P. ROYLEANUM. Rhachis of spike or branches of panicle Peet iLOrt. : : ; 5 : . 6. P. PERROTTETII.
I. P. scrobiculatum, Zinn. Mant. i. 29 (1767). &mu, S. Waragu, 7.
Thw. Enum. 357. Moon, Cat. 7.
Fl]. B. Ind. vil. 10. Host, Gram. Austriac. t. 74 (P. Kora). Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 84.
Perennial; stems 2-3 ft., tufted, erect, rather stout, leafy from the base upwards; 1. bifarious, erect or suberect, 6-13 by zs-3 in., flat, finely acuminate, mid vein s! lender, margins Seeions: sheath 4-8 in., compressed, loose, mouth hairy, ligule very ‘short, membranous ; spikes 2-6, sessile, usually distant and spreading, 1-6 in. long, rhachis filiform, or broad
122 Gramineae. [Paspalum.
(up to % in.) and concave, herbaceous, margins ciliolate ; spikelets ;;—¢ in. diam., closely imbricate in 2—3-series, sessile or shortly pedicelled, from nearly orbicular to subovoid, obtuse or subacute, biconvex, glabrous, very rarely sparsely hairy, drying brown; glumes 3,1 and II equal and similar, plano- convex, membranous, closely investing III, which is thickly coriaceous, with thickened rounded incurved margins all round, minutely striolate, shining, palea orbicular, tumid, thickly coriaceous like gl. III, dorsally convex, ventrally strongly inflexed below the middle and forming 2 broad membranous auricles that embrace the grain; stigmas short, purple; grain biconvex, embryo large.
Thwaites, following Kunth, gives 3 varieties as occurring in Ceylon. The characters of these as represented by specimens named by him in the Perdeniya Herbarium are as follows :—
Var. a. Kunth, Enum. Pl. i. 53. Spikes 2-6 in. long, rhachis broad ; spikelets biseriate, subsessile, =—-3 in. diam. ; glumes I and II 5-8-veined, II often pitted towards the margins. P. frumentaceum, Rottb. ex Roem. and SchiiSyst. 115296. P: Aiova) Willd. Sp. Pl. 1 332: GP. 863:
Var. 6. Kunth, lc. Spikes 1-24 in., rhachis narrow; spikelets biseriate, 44—,4 in. diam. C. P. 865.
Var. y. Kunth, 1l.c. Spikes 1-2 in., spikelets 2-3-seriate on short curved puberulous pedicels; glumes I and II glabrous or puberulous, 3-veined. C. P. 2434.
Hotter parts of the island, very abundant, indigenous up to Nuwara Eliya. Var. a cultivated.
All warm countries.
Fer.uson (Gramin. 3) observes that there are five varieties of this plant cultivated in Ceylon, with different Sinhalese names. One variety, called Mat amu (amu=inebriating) gives a poisonous quality to the water in which the grain is boiled. Ainslie (in his Mat. Med. Hindost.) says of a variety called Serraku Warugu, T., that if not dressed in a peculiar manner it is said to produce vertigo and nausea _ In Dalzell and Gibson’s Flora of Bombay, it is stated that in the hill-lands of the Concan large numbers of natives may be seen affected with temporary insanity and spasms from eating the seeds of a variety there called Hurruk.
2. P. conjugatum, Berg. in Act. Helvet. vii. 129 (1772).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104. Digitaria distachya, Moon, Cat.8. C. P. 3923.
IMG 1535 VEAL Walle tata Tee Ig Gh We Sia, GA Has ie 1,
Annual or perennial, creeping below and stoloniferous ; stolons elongate, stout, rooting at the nodes and sending up stout or slender, leafy, simple or branched, glabrous stems 1-2 ft. high; 1. 2-6 by 1-4 in., linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, flat, membranous, margins ciliate, cilia long towards the narrowed or rounded base, midrib slender, sheath shorter than the blade, loose, compressed, mouth and upper margins ciliate, and with a pubescent ridge dorsally at the junction with the blade, ligule 0; ped. very slender; spikes 2, terminal, 3—4 in., very shortly pedicelled, pedicel pubescent,
Paspalum. Graminee. 123
slender, striate, divaricate, rhachis narrow, strongly keeled ventrally down the middle, glabrous; spikelets 7’ in., orbi- cular-oval, apiculate, strongly compressed, biseriately imbricate, very shortly pedicelled, pale green or white; glumes I and II equal and similar, hyaline, mid vein o, I with marginal long- ciliate veins, II veinless, III thinly coriaceous, slightly convex, margins narrowly incurved, palea as large as III; fil. very Short, anth. short, oblong; styles short, stigmas pale.
Moist places, introduced from the W. Indies to trop. and subtrop. regions of the old world.
The sour grass of Barbados, spreads rapidly, frequently taking the place of other grasses and killing them (Ferguson).
3. P. sanguinale, Lams. [/lustr.i.176 (1771). Gurwal, S. é Panicum sanguinale, Linn.; Thw. Enum. 358. Déigétaria sanguinalis, ‘Scop. Fi. B. Ind. vii. 13. Host, Gram. Austriac. 11. t.17 and Lamk. Encycl. t. 849 (Panicum).
Perennial; stems 6-18 in., tufted, erect or decumbent or creeping and branched below, leafy; |. 3-10 in., linear or linear- lanceolate, acuminate, flat, usually flaccid, glabrous or sparsely hairy, especially towards the base, and on the rather long sheath, ligule short, broad, truncate, rather coriaceous; infl. long-peduncled, spikes 3 or more, sessile or stipitate, 1-6 in., subdigitate, alternate, or if panicled whorled or fascicled, rhachis slender, flattened, trigonous, striate or subflexuous, scaberulous; spikelets secund, 75-g in., solitary or binate, sub- sessile or pedicelled, if binate pedicels unequal, lanceolate or -oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, pale; glumes 3, I and II ciliate or hairy, empty, I at the back of the fl. gl. as long as II or shorter er very short, 5-veined, II as long as the fig. gl., lanceolate, acuminate, 5-7-veined, marginal veins villously ciliate, fig. gl. plano-convex, lanceolate, acumi- mate, coriaceous, veinless, margins strongly incurved, palea ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous; fil. short; stigmas short.
One of the most common and variable of grasses, the forms of which are so connected by intermediates that I find it impossible to limit or group them satisfactorily. The following varieties are contained in the Peradeniya Herbarium, and may be supposed to include the prevalent Sinhalese ones; but others common in India may be presumed to occur. None of these Sinhalese specimens have the minute glume at the base “of gl. II which is found in many Indian ones.
Gl. II with one dorsal median vein, and 2-3 submarginal. Gl. I very short; spikes few, 4-6 in., subcorymbose ; spikelets § in., gl. II shortly villously ciliate. C. P. 861. Gl. I half as long to nearly as long as II, stem tall, stout; 1. 4-5 by 3-3 in.; hairy; spikelets corymbose or panicled, the lower in
124 Graminee. [ Paspalum.
the panicle whorled, and sometimes with distichous short branch- lets; spikelets 3 in.; gl. I and II villously ciliate with erect hairs. Panicum corymbosum, Roxb.; Thw. Enum. 436. C. P. 3800.
Tall, slender, l. very narrow, glabrous, spikes few, 4-5 in., spik-lets 2 in. distant, gl. I and II villously ciliate with very long spreading hairs. C. P. 862 in part.
Very slender, decumbent, creeping below, 1. 1-2 in., glabrous, spikes 3, subdigitate, spikelets is in., shortly pedicelled, gl. I and II villously ciliate with suberect hairs. C. P. 856.
Gl. II with 3-5 dorsal veins and 2 or 3 submarginal.
Gl. and II equal or nearly so; stem rather stout; 1. 4-6 by % in, rigid, striate, erect, glabrous ; spikes 3-4, 3-4 in., digitate, sessile ; spikelets 7 Lin., shortly pedicelled, ovate, acuminate, shortly ciliate. Panicum ‘ciliare, Retz.; Thw. I. c. 358. C. P. 3976.
Gl. I shorter than II; stem very slender, decumbent, creeping and branched below; 1. 2-3 in., flaccid, glabrous, spreading, spikes 3-5, digitate, 3-6 in. ; spikelets 3 in., shortly pedicelled, oblong, acute, gl. I and II villous with long spreading hairs. C. P. 862 in part.
Abundant throughout the island up to 4000 ft. elevation. All warm countries. A pasture grass of which cattle are fond (Ferguson).
4. P. longifiorum, /e/z. Ods. iv. 15 (1786).
P. jiliculme, Nees MSS., ex Thw. Enum. 358. Diégztaria longifiora, Pers.; Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 860.
Fl. B. Ind. 17.
Perennial; stems creeping and rooting, sometimes many inches long and much branched, naked or leafy, sending up. very slender ascending glabrous branches 3-12 in. high and leafy chiefly below the middle; 1. 4-4 in. long, up to 4 in. broad, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, inembranous or in short leaved states stiff and pungent, glabrous or sparsely hairy on the back and sheaths; ped. very slender; spikes 2-5, terminal, sessile or subsessile, 1-3 in. long, erect or recurved, very slender, rhachis narrowly winged, rather broader than the spikelets, glabrous; spikelets minute, 75-75 in., solitary or binate, very shortly pedicelled, oval, subacute, rather turgid, pale, glabrous or subsilky with straight hairs; gl. I 3-7-veined, II as long but rather narrower, 3—-5-veined, III ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate, thinly coriaceous, pale brown, smooth, not veined, palea with inflexed (not auricled) flaps.
Common in the low country and inland.
Tropical and subtropical region of the old world.
Some specimens collected by Dr. Trimen in the Nitre Cave district, Sept. 1888, are nearly 18 in. high, tufted, erect, with no appearance of creeping stem; the rhachis of the ‘spike i is very slender, and the spikelets. sometimes pedicelled.
This species forms a large portion of the swards about Colombo, creeping close to the ground and helping to bind the soil. When in flower the spikes give a beautiful slate or blueish colour to the spots in which it grows (Ferguson).
Eriochloa.] Graminee. 125
5. P. Royleanum, WVees ex Thw. Enum. 358 (1864).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 158. Pandécum puberulum, Kunth, Revis. Gram. feg2. 6G. P. 350.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 18.
Perennial; stems 12-18 in., tufted, slender, erect, leafy; ]. 3-6 by 74-3 in., erect, narrowly linear, finely acuminate, flat, glabrous or sparsely ciliate with long flexuous hairs towards the base and on the sheath, ligule short, rounded, membranous; ped. slender, sometimes leafy to near the top; spikes 3-0, alternate towards the summit of the ped., 3-5 in. long, erect, very slender, rhachis filiform, very narrowly winged, hardly broader than the spikelets, glabrous; spikelets “5-75 in. long, secund, pedicelled, turgidly oval, rounded at both ends, pedicels sometimes as long as the spikelets, glabrous or setulose; Blviioror a minute tuft of hairs; Il as lone as [ll and broader, very convex, many-veined, tomentose with short, white, clavellate hairs, III oval-ovate, acute, dark brown, thinly coriaceous, smooth, polished, striolate; palea with broadly inflected flaps.
Borders of paddy fields, &c.
Hilly districts of India and Tropical Africa.
Glume I is often present in Indian specimens, and sometimes nearly as long as III.
6. PB. #errottetii, Hook. 7. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 20 (1896).
Panicum Wallichianum, Wight and Arn.; Thw. Enum. 358. C. P.
3249. Fl. B. Ind. 1.c. ‘Kunth, Revis. Gram. ii. t. 3 (Pandcum).
Perennial; Sea —24 in., shortly creeping and branching below, very slender, leafy; 1. 1-6 by §—} in., linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, glabrous or subsilkily hairy, margins often crimped, sheath loose; ciliate, ligule long, membranous; ped. very long, slender; spikes filiform, in an erect pyramidal panicle 3-6 in. high, lower 1-2 in. long, whorled, angular, glabrous or ciliate with scattered long hairs; spikelets 4-4 in., scattered, subsecund, pedicelled, solitary or in pairs, ovoid-oblong or lanceolate, pedicel of the upper longer than the spikelet; glumes I and II shortly pubescent, green or red-brown, I shorter than III, obtuse, 5~—7-veined, II acu- minate, 7—9-veined, III ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth; stigmas nearly as long as the glume; grain narrowly ovoid, acute, embryo rather small.
Central Province; Maturata and the Horton Plains (Thwaites).
Also in the Nilgiri Hills and N. Africa.
2, BRIOCHLELOA, JZ. B&B. and K. Characters of a Paspalum with filiform panicled spikes,
but base of spikelets thickened, articulate on the thickened
126 Graminee. [ Zsachne.
top of the pedicel; glume III aristulate—Sp. few; 1 in Tip Tei GHEE,
E. polystachya, JZ. &. and K. Nov. Gen. and Sp. Pl. i. 95 (1815). Milium ramosum, Roxb.; Moon, Cat. 8. E. annulata, Ath. Thw. Enum. 358. C. P. 3323.
HIB ind vity 20.0 El, Bandwiken Lic tie iubrineSp a Gramieal c= t. 155 (Paspalum punctatum, Fluegge).
Perennial, densely tufted, 2-5 ft. high, rootstock short, creeping; stem leafy, stout or slender, simple or branched, quite glabrous except the puberulous nodes; 1. 3-6 in., linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, quite glabrous, as is the sheath, ligule a villous ridge; ped. long or short; panicle 2-5 in., erect or inclined, rhachis slender, angled, quite smooth; spikes (branches of panicle) alternate, 1-2 in., suberect, angular, quite smooth or scaberulous, rarely branched, lower naked for 41 in.; spikelets 74-4 in., loosely imbricate, shortly pedicelled, distichous, solitary or binate, oval-lanceolate, acuminate; glumes I and II subequal, membranous, oval-lanceolate, acute, silky, shining, veins 3, obscure, III shorter than II, oblong, dorsally compressed, obtuse, aristulate, thinly coriaceous, pale, shining, palea oblong, margins incurved; anth. linear; grain oblong, free within the hardened smooth glume and palea.
Hotter parts of the Island; common. Spikelets silvery. Also in tropical countries generally.
3. ISACHNE, 27.
Perennial grasses; spikelets loosely panicled, not or ob- scurely jointed on the pedicel, subglobose or obovoid, 1-2-fld.; glumes 4, 2 lower often separately deciduous, thinly coria- ceous or membranous, strongly veined, I and II subequal, convex, empty, III and IV paleate, equal and both convex, or III larger and flatter, III male or neuter, IV jointed and often stipitate on the very short rhachilla, hemispheric, fem. or bisexual; stam. 3; styles 2, free, stigmas short, feathery, exserted at the top of the spikelet; grain free within the hardened glume and palea; seed broad, plano-convex, embryo small.—Sp. about 25; 16 in FZ. B. Ind.
Spikelets 5-75 in. long. Gl. I and II longer than III and IV, cuspidate or acuminate.
Stem 6-10 in. . : : : ; . . I. I, KUNTHIANA. Stem 2-4 ft. ; ‘: : 5 : : 2. I. ELATIOR. Gl. I and II much shorter than [II and IV . . 3. I. MULTIFLORA.
Gl. I and II about equalling 1V
Lsachne.| Graminee. 27)
Panicle ovoid or pyramidal : 3 : . 4. I. AUSTRALIS. Panicle SHa lax-fld. 4 : ‘ 3 .. 5. I. MILIACEA. Spikelets 4-+ in. long. Gl. I and II subequal, 7-9-veined . : , . 6. I. WALKERI. Gl. I much shorter than II, 3-5 veined : . 7. I. GARDNERI.
1. I. Kunthiana, Wight and Arn. in Wight, Cat. n. 1659 (1834).
Steud. Syn. Gram. 96. Thw. Enum. 362. C. P. 314, 881
Bind. vil 21.
Stem 6-10 in., rigid, leafy, geniculately branched below, glabrous or pubescent; |. $-24 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, base amplexicaul, flat, rigid, closely striate, midrib obscure, glabrous pubescent or villously tomentose, margin sometimes cartilaginous, sheath long or short, ligule obscure, hairy; panicle on a short or long strict ped., ovate or oblong, 1-4 in. long, rhachis and branches rigid, strict, angular, smooth scabrid or ciliate, at length spreading; spikelets sub- secund, globose, #5-74 in. diam., very shortly stoutly pedicelled, erect; glumes I and II subequal, cuspidate, strongly 7-9- veined, longer than III and IV, more or less pubescent or setulose, III and IV subequal, or III the largest, hemi- spheric, coriaceous, more or less pubescent, III fem., 1V bisexual, palea obiong, obtuse, coriaceous.
Montane zone. SELBY ground in the Central Province; Nuwara
Eliya, Dambulla, &c. Also in the Nilgiri Mts., Java, Borneo, Singapore.
2. E. elatior, Hook. 7 PA B. Ind. vii. 22 (1896).
C. P. 881 (in part).
PIB. Ind. 1. c.
Stem 2-3 ft., sparingly branched, rather stout, glabrous or sparingly ciliate, nodes pubescent; |. distant, 2-4 in., ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thin, flat, many- veined, and closely striate, scabrid above or on both surfaces, margins ciliate, base rounded or amplexicaul, sheath 14-24 in., margins ciliate, ligule of hairs; panicle 3-4 in., spikelets as in I, Kunthiana,; glumes III and IV pubescent, pale green.
Montane zone, Nuwara Eliya (Gardner). _ Endemic.
Perhaps only a larger state of 7. Kumthzana, as supposed by Thwaites, but the specimens of e/azzor are very distinct-looking, are much Jarger, with thinner |. and a larger many-fld., usually more contracted panicle with longer branches. The spikelets at length wholly disarticulate from the very short pedicel.
3. I. multiflora, 77m. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104 (1885). 1. australis, var. multifiora, Thw. Enum. 361. C. P. 3671. PED. vail. 22: Stems tall, 2-3 ft., densely tufted, erect, rather stout, wiry, leafy, branched, nodes glabrous; |. 4-6 by 4-4 in., finely acu-
128 Graminee. [Zsachne.
minate, coriaceous, striate, smooth, glabrous, flat, 5—7-veined, margins hardly cartilaginous, base narrow, obtuse, sheath I-2 in., margins glabrous or ciliate, ligule of a few hairs; panicle 3-6 in., ovate-oblong, quite glabrous, rhachis and branches angular, branches alternate, lower up to 3 in. long, naked below, branchlets short; spikelets 3-5 in., pedicel long or short, erect, purplish or green; glumes I and II orbicular, thin, veins obscure, III much longer than I and I], orbicular, subacute, thin, male, veins 0, palea oblong, obtuse, stam. very large, IV stipitate, hemispheric, coriaceous, ob- scurely hispid or smooth, very dark, coriaceous, palea coria- ceous; grain small, orbicular, compressed.
Uva district (Thwaites), Abbotsford, Dambulla (Ferguson). Spikelets
pale. Endemic.
4. I. australis, 7. Br. Prod. 196 (1810).
Thw. Enum. 361 (excl. some syn. and var.). C. P. 880.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 24. Buchan., Grasses N. Zeald. t. 12.
Stem slender, erect or ascending from a creeping root- stock, 8-18 in. high, leafy, smooth, branched below, nodes glabrous; |. 1-2 in., linear-lanceolate, acuminate, many-veined and striate, flat, scaberulous on both surfaces, base rounded, margins not or very narrowly cartilaginous, glabrous or ciliate towards the base with long hairs, sheath 4-14 in., margins above the middle densely ciliate with long hairs, ligule a ridge of long, slender, erect, white hairs; panicle 1-14 in. long, ovoid, branches alternate, flexuous, erect or spreading, usually divided, rhachis and branches angular, smooth; spikelets q's-tz in., globose, sessile or pedicelled, green or violet, pedicels sometimes 4 in., capillary; glumes I and II hemispheric, 7-veined, glabrous or with a few dorsal bristles, IIJ rather longer, oblong, obtuse, veinless, male, IV hemispheric, coria- ceous, villous, palea glabrous.
Var. effusa, Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104. FI. B. Ind. l.c. 25.
Stem 1-2 ft., |. 2-34 in., lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, base narrower, panicle 3-5 in., more effuse, pedicels longer.
Abundant in damp and swampy places, often immersed in water. Var. effusa, in drier places, Peradeniya Garden, &c.—Spikelets green or coloured.
India, Australia, N. Zealand.
Collected in Ceylon by Hermann in 1660-1667. The Ceylon speci- mens vary much in the foliage but are remarkably constant as to the spikelets.
5. £. miliacea, Roth. Nov. Pl. Sp. 58 (1821). I. meneritana, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. iii. 185 (excl. syn.). Trim. in
Isachne.] Graminee. 129
Journ. Bot. xxii. (1885), 271; in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv. (1888), 136. I. minutula, Kunth; Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxvi. 168 (1889).
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 25. Kunth, Revis. Gram. ii. t. 117 (2. mznutzla).
Stem very slender, flaccid, prostrate, straggling,6—18in.long, ' creeping below, with slender, often filiform, ascending, glabrous branches, 3-6 in. high; |. 3-3 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, membranous, striate and pilose on both surfaces with long hairs, base rounded, sheath slender, 4-4 in., glabrous or ciliate, ligule a ridge of long hairs; panicie 1-14 in. long and broad, laxly branched, rhachis and branches filiform, quite smooth; spikelets ~,-74 in. diam., few and distant, on long capillary pedicels, globose; glumes I and II orbicular- oblong, almost hemispheric, dorsally hispid with long spreading hairs, obscurely 7-veined, III rather longer, oblong, mem- branous, male, IV smaller, hemispheric, coriaceous, villously tomentose, female, palea glabrous.
Low ground in swampy places. Southern Province, Riseland, Udugama (Ferguson). Spikelets pale green.
India, Malaya, China, Pacific Islands, S. America.
The above description is from specimens in the Peradeniya Her- barium; others from India vary greatly, having stouter stems with hairy nodes, glabrous much larger |., and\approach /. australzs so closely as to suggest /. mz/iacea being a form ofthat species. Dr. Trimen indeed referred /. meneritana (which is certainly 7. mzléacea) to australis, but Mr. Rendle, who has examined the type specimen of that plant in the British Museum, agrees with me that it is referable to mzz/dacea. The Meneritana of the Sinhalese is, as Dr. frimen has pointed out (Journ. Bot. l. c.), not an /sachne, but Panicum miliare. TI. minutula, Kunth, is a very small form from Udugama (Ferguson).
6. I. Walkeri, Wight and Arn. ex Thw. Enum. 361 (1864).
L. nilagirvica, Hochst. Pl. exsicc. Hohenack. n. 1280. Trim. Cat, Ceyl. Pl. 104. Panicum Walkeri, Steud. Syn. Gram.97. C. P. 282.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 26.
Stem 2-3 ft., stout or slender, sometimes as thick as a crow-quill, strict, sparingly branched and leafy, decumbent at the base, or creeping with stout wiry root-fibres, internodes 2-3 in., nodes glabrous; |. 4-7 by 4-1 in., linear-lanceolate, acuminate, strict, flat, smooth or nearly so on both sur- faces, finely striate, margins narrowly cartilaginous, scabrid, base rounded, veins 3-5 and midrib very slender, sheath 2-3 in., margins above ciliate, ligule a ridge of long stiff hairs; panicle 8-12 in., few-fld., erect, rhachis strict, branches simple or sparingly divided, erect, capillary, quite smooth, the lower very long, subfascicled, two-thirds the length of the whole panicle; spikelets 4-4 in. long, few, distant, globosely obovoid, pedicels 4-14 in., erect, capillary, flexuous; glumes very obtuse, I and II subequal, cymbiform, herbaceous,
PART V. K
130 Graminece. [Panicum.
glabrous or setulose, 7-9-veined, III and IV equal and similar, cymbiform, coriaceous, glabrous, veinless, pale, paleate, III male, IV bisexual or fem., palea oblong, coriaceous; anth. nearly as long as the glumes.
Forests of the Central Province; verycommon. Spikelets dark green.
Nilgiri Hills.
7. £. Gardneri, Benth. in Gen. Pi. iii. 1100 (1883).
I. nilagirica, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104 (on Hochst.). Panicum Gardneri, Thw. Enum. 359. C. P. 894.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 26.
Stem slender, ascending from the much-branched shortly creeping base, 1-3 ft. high, closely ribbed, leafy, internodes I-3 in., nodes glabrous; |. 2-4 by 4-114 1in., ovate to ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, glabrous and smooth, or scaberulous and sparsely pilose on one or both surfaces, margin not thickened, scaberulous, base rounded or cordate, veins very faint, sheath glabrous or hairy, margins ciliate with long hairs, ligule of a few hairs; panicle 2-8 in. long, erect, very lax-fld., rhachis rather stout, smooth, angular, pemeenee subefect or spreading, very unequal, lower fascicled, 3-6 in., some nearly as longs as the panicle, rigid, oy sparingly divided ; spikelets 7-} in., oblong, pedicels 3-3 —? in., flexuous, tips thickened ; ae ily iivangde lit membranous, I inserted much below II, ovate- oblong, obtuse, 3-veined, and as well as II glabrous or dorsally setose, II longer than I, but broader and subacute, 5—7-veined, III as long as II, elliptic-oblong, subacute, glabrous, 5-veined, paleate, neuter, IV much shorter than III, bisexual, oblong, cymbiform, coriaceous, pale, smooth, glabrous, palea with sides almost convolute.
Forests in the Central Province, alt. 4000-6000 ft. Spikelets dark reen.
: Also in the Nilgiri and Anamallay Hills.
4. PANICUM, Lizz.
Annual or perennial grasses of various habit; 1. broad or narrow, ligule o or of hairs; infl. very various, spiciform, race- mose or panicled; spikelets solitary or binate, small, often secund, ovoid or oblong, articulate at the base and deciduous, very rarely awned (P. Crus-gallz), or glume IV with a short awn concealed by glume III (P. ambiguum, setigerum, javanicum); glumes 4, I and II empty, I smallest and fewest-veined, II and III usually subequal, oblong, ovate or lanceolate, III usually neuter, paleate or not, IV coriaceous or chartaceous, sometimes shortly stipitate, convex, 5—7-veined,
Panicum.) Graminee. 131
paleate, bisexual, palea usually as long as the glume, mem- branous; lodicules 2, cuneate; stam. 3; styles distinct, stigmas exserted near the top of the spikelet; grain free, but tightly embraced by the hardened gluine and palea, oblong, ellipsoid, or lanceolate, hilum punctiform or orbicular, embryo rather large.—Sp. 200-250; 60 in FZ. B. Ind.
The following Key to the species of Panzcum follows in the main the arrangement in the Fl. B. Ind. It can be regarded as a help only to the identification of the species. The characters distinguishing the sections Brachiaria and Effuse are not very dependable.
A. Spikelets dorsally compressed or sub- terete. Infl. racemose, of simple (rarely branched) spikes bearing secund spikelets. Rhachis of spikes broad, flattened (Paspalotdea). Spikelets biseriate. Spikelets villous : : oi bP viSACHNE: Spikelets glabrous. Spikes shorter than the inter- modes, —: \2. P. FLAVIDUM. Spikes longer than the inter- nodes. Glume IV granulate . Glume IV smooth Spikelets 3-5-seriate, glume III cuspidate or awned (£chz- nochloa). Glume III awned . ; a) 5- ea CRUS-GALEE Glume III cuspidate : 6. P. COLONUM. Rhachis of spikes narrow, filiform, terete or angular (Brachiaria). Glume I as long or nearly as long as III Glume IV minutely granulate . 7. P. AMBIGUUM. Glume IV smooth, polished . 8. P. ORYZOIDES. Glume I much shorter than III. Spikelets approximate or im- bricate. Glume I about ; as long as III, veinless or I-veined. Spikelets glabrous or pub: rulous . : g. P. PROSTRATUM. Spikelets eet or vil- lous : 10. P. VILLOSUM. Glume I 3-4 as long as III, 5-veined. L. base narrow or rounded. Nodes densely bearded . 11. P. MUTICUM. Nodes naked or BRS rulous. 12. P. RAMOSUM.
P. PUNCTATUM. . FLUITANS.
Bo hol
132 Graminee. [Panicum.
L. base broad, cordate. Gl. IV shortly awned.
Spikelets 107% in. . 13. P. SETIGERUM. Spikelets 3-} in.. . 14. P. JAVANICUM. Gl. IV muticous . 15. P. DISTACHYUM.
Spikelets distant, mostly long- pedicelled. See also P.
FAMOSUM. Gl. IV stoutly stipitate . . 16. P. SEMIVERTICILLATUM. Gl. IV subsessile . : . 17. P. REMOTUM.
Infl. panicled, panicle spiciform or effuse. See also P. vamosum. Glume II half as long as IV (Bvevz-
glume@). Panicle very narrow, branches WEbyeSHOLE lr 18. P. CANALICULATUM. Panicle very broad, | branches long . 19. P. NODOSUM.
Glume II as long as IV or x longer. Panicle narrow, spiciform, rarely effuse, elumes II and III very strongly veined, glume
IV very thin. $ Glumes II and III 3-5-veined (Hymenachne). Infl. panicled : : . 20. P. AURITUM. Infl. spiciform : : . 21. P. MYURUS.
Glumes II and III 7-9-veined ( Vilfoides, Stapf.). Infl. spiciform. Glume I minute, pce lanceolate . 22. P. INTERRUPTUM. Glume I3 as long as III, spikelets gibbous.
Panicle 4-3 in. : . 23. P. INDICUM.
Panicle 4-6 in. ; . 24. P. MYOSUROIDES. Infl. an effuse panicle, spike-
lets gibbous . . 25. P. CURVATUM.
Panicle broad, effuse (Effuse). See also P. curvatum. L. flat, not plicate. Glume I nearly as long as III 26. P. OVALIFOLIUM. Glume I shorter than III.
Annual. Glume I not 4 a Ot Spikelets }-} i in. . 27. P. MILIACEUM.
Spikelets ;4,-3 in. Nodes of stem gla-
brous : . 28. P. MILIARE. Nodes of stem bearded . . 29. P. CASIUM. Glume I= 3 III. Glume III 7-9-veined 30. P. TRYPHERON. Glume III 3-5-veined 31. P. HUMILE. Perennial. Glume IV rugulose . 32. P. MAXIMUM.
Panicum.| Graminee. 133
Glume IV. smooth. Spikelets distant. Glume I not III. Ligule a coriace-
ous ridge . 33. P. REPENS. Ligule of fine erect ‘Shairs) es . 34. P. PROLIFERUM. GlumeI=2III_. 35. P. MONTANUM. Spikelets crowded . 36. P. ANTIDOTALE. L. strongly plicate . 27 37n ube PLICATUM: B. Spikelets laterally compressed (Gibbose). Spikelets ~,—-74 in. Spikelets shortly pedicelled. Spikelets hispidulous . : . 38. P. TRIGONUM. Spikelets glabrous : : . 39. P. PILIPES. Spikelets long-pedicelled. L. glabrous or nearly so : . 40. P. PATENS. L. softly pubescent ; : . 41. P. SPARSICOMUM. Spikelets 3-} in. . : ‘ : . 42. P. UNCINATUM.
1. P. *Isachne, oth, Nov. Sp. 54 (1821).
P. cruciforme, Sibth.; Thw. Enum. 359. C. P. 903.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 28. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 262 (P. caucasicum).
Stem i-2 ft., very slender, ascending from a decumbent or creeping base, leafy, glabrous, nodes tomentose; |. I—2 in., lanceolate or linear-lanceolate from a rounded base, faintly scaberulous above and on the margins, glabrous or sparsely hairy towards the base, veins very slender, sheaths about I in., upper 2-3 in., glabrous or hairy, margins above ciliate, ligule a villously hairy ridge; panicle 2-3 in., erect, rhachis very slender, smooth, glabrous or puberulous above; spikes 8-12, unilateral, 4-1 in. long, longer than the internodes, sessile or shortly peduncled, erect or recurved, rhachis slender, angular, tomentose ; spikelets 74 in., secund, very shortly pedicelled, closely imbricate in 2 series, oval-oblong, very pale; glume I minute, triangular, membranous, glabrous, II and III mem- branous, subequal, hispidly pubescent, oblong, obtuse, II 5- veined, III narrower, 3-veined, paleate, neuter, palea hyaline, IV shorter, oblong, obtuse, dorsally flattened, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, bisexual, palea coriaceous.
Low country; not uncommon in cultivated ground. An introduced
‘species (Ferguson). Spikes very pale green. Bengal and westward to Italy and N. & S. Africa.
2. P. flavidum, fefz. Obs. iv. 15 (1786).
P. brizoides, Jacq.; Thw. Enum. 359. C. P. go2.
BPeb. ind. vil. 26. Prin. Sp: Gram. Ic. t..158, 150, and t. 172 (2. distans). Jacq. Eclog. ii. t. 2.
Stems 1-3 ft., slender, ascending from a short decumbent base; lower internodes I-3 in., upper longer, nodes glabrous;
134 Graminee. [Panicum.
1. subbifarious, 3-5 by 4-4 in. narrowly linear, acuminate, thinly coriaceous, glabrous or with the margins obscurely scaberulous, base hardly contracted, veins faint, sheath smooth, glabrous, margins eciliate, ligule a ridge of long hairs; panicle 6-10 in., erect or inclined, rhachis very slender, angular, smooth or _ scaberulous; spikes many, shorter than the internodes, $—1 in. long, distant, secund, sessile, erect or falcately recurved, rhachis flattened, much narrower than the spikelets, glabrous, sometimes ending i in a naked mucro; spikelets 7,-+ in,, sessile, gibbously globose, biseriate, closely imbricate, clabrous;
glume I half as long as III, transversely oblong, hyaline, faintly 3-veined, II and III with veins anastomising above, II much shorter than IV, orbicular, thin, 7-veined, III shorter than IV, orbicular, 5-veined, paleate, empty, IV broadly ovate or ovoid, tip acute, incurved, very convex, striolate-punctate, white, sides of palea infolded nearly to the middle, striolate.
Warmer parts of the island; very common. Spikelets green, nearly white, almost shining.
Tropical Asia and Africa. A deépauperate dwarf state occurs in the Mannar district.
3. PB. punctatum, Burm. Fl. Ind. 26 (1768).
P. mucronatum, Roth, Nov. Sp. 45. P. ftuwztans, Roxb. FI. Ind. 1. 293; (non Retz.). C. P. 864, and 898 in Herb. Kew.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 29. Duthie, Indig. Fodd. Grass. t. 44.
Perennial, quite glabrous; stem prostrate at the often floating base, 2-4 ft., rooting at the lower very stout spongy nodes; |. 4-8 in., linear, acute or acuminate, base narrow, veins many, slender, lower sheaths inflated, ligule a ridge of hairs; spikes many, $- I in. long, distant, sessile, longer ‘than oe internodes, appressed to the rhachis, which is flattened, zs in. broad, margins smooth, tip excurrent, acicular, as long as the terminal spikelet ; spikelets 7 yz-zo in., sessile, imbricate, biseriate, secund, ovate-oblong, glabrous; elumes membranous, I very short, truncate, II about half as long as IV, sub- orbicular, 3-veined, tip truncate or rounded, Ill ovate, acute, 3-5-veined, neuter, IV as long as III, ovate, cuspidately acuminate, thinly coriaceous, palea coriaceous, with inflexed membranous sides; grain orbicular, compressed, enclosed in the thickened white granulate glume.
Marshes in the hotter parts of the Island.
India, Malaya, N. Africa.
_ Closely resembles P. ftuztans, and often confounded with it, but distinguished by the granulate fruiting glume. The numbers C. P. 864, 898, are from specimens in Herb. Kew. The only one of this plant in. Herb. Peraden. was collected by Dr. Trimen near Kurunegala, Dec. 1883; it bears no number.
Panicum] Gramineae. 135
4. P. fluitans, FAetz. Obs. v. 18 (1783), non Roxb.
Thw. Enum. 359 (in part). P. paspaloides, Pers. Syn. 1. 81. C. P. 864, 897.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 30 (aspaloides). Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 168 (P. truncatum).
Stem 1-4 ft., erect from a stout creeping base, often as thick as a swan’s quill, smooth, soft, striate, lower internodes 2-5 in., clothed with large loose sheaths, upper 2-3 in., nodes quite glabrous; |. 4-8 in., narrowly linear, finely acuminate, softly coriaceous, glabrous, margins quite or nearly smooth, often incurved, base narrow, sheaths often longer than the internodes, glabrous, margins thin, eciliate, ligule a ridge with erect hairs; panicle 8-12 in. long, rhachis strict, erect, angular, glabrous or minutely scaberulous; spikes many, 4-14 in., uni- lateral, sessile, longer than the internodes of the rhachis and often appressed to it, rhachis glabrous or ciliolate; spikelets
glume I about one-third the length of III, transversely oblong, veinless, white, II and III thinly herbaceous, II as long as IV or nearly so, orbicular-ovate, 7-veined, tip sub- acute or rounded, III ovate, subacute, 5-veined, paleate, empty or male, palea broad, IV sessile, broadly ovoid, mucronate, thinly coriaceous, dorsally compressed, smooth or nearly so, palea with inflexed membranous margins; grain orbicular, compressed.
Hotter parts of the Island, in wet places. Cattle are fond of it (Ferguson).
India, Afghanistan, Arabia, Africa, and America.
The name P. fluztans, Persoon, being (as Dr. Stapf pointed out to me) earlier by 22 years than P. paspaloides, Retz., should have been adopted for this plant in Fl. B. Ind. Its synonymy, as given in that Flora, is otherwise correct.
5. BP. Crus-galli, Linn. Sp. Pl. 56 (1753). Wel-marukku, S.
Thw. Enum. 359, excl. var. B. P. Crus-corvé and P. artstatum, Moon, Catgoun ©. P. 900, 3237-
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 30. Host, Gram. Austriac. il. t. 19. Reichb. Ic. FI. Germ. t. 29.
Annual; stem 1-3 ft., stout or slender, simple or branched, erect or base decumbent, leafy, internodes up to 6 in. long, nodes glabrous or hairy; |. 6-10 in., narrowly linear-lanceolate, up to 4 in. broad, finely acuminate, smooth or scaberulous, flat, mid vein stout, sheaths 2-6 in., loose, glabrous, ligule a semi-lunar glabrous or hairy ridge; panicle 4-8 in., erect or drooping, rhachis stout, angled, glabrous,smooth or scaberulous, usually bearded at the insertion of the spikes; spikes 4—3 in. long, gradually shorter upwards, longer than the internodes,
136 Graminee. [Panicum.
sessile, secund, suberect or spreading, rhachis stout, angular, much narrower than the spikelet, ciliate with scattered white bristles; spikelets secund, densely packed in 3-5 series, +'5—3 in. long (excl. the awn), sessile, turgidly ovoid, hispid with un- equal, often tubercle-based bristles; glume I one-third to one-half of III, orbicular, abruptly acuminate, 5-veined, I] and III subequal, orbicular-ovate, II acuminate or shortly awned, 3-7-veined, often interruptedly, III paleate, male or neuter, abruptly narrowed into a stout scabrid awn 4-4 in. long, IV from orbicular to broadly oblong, obtuse or cuspidate, coriaceous, pale, shining; grain ovoid, acute, smooth.
Var. 8, frumentaceum, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104. FI. B. Ind. vii. 31. Panicum frumentaceum, Roxb., Fl. Ind. i. 304. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 164.
Tall, robust, spikes thickened, often incurved, sometimes branched and corymbosely panicled, spikelets not awned, otherwise as in P. Crus-gallz.
Var. y, stagninum, Trim. in Herb. Perad. P. stagninum. Retz. Obs. v..17._ Moon, Cat. 8. Host, Gram. Austriac. ill. t. 51.
Panicle drooping, with long drooping spikes, crinite with the very long awns of the spikelets.
Hotter parts of the Island; very common. Var. {, cult. Abbotsford, Dambulla (Ferguson); var. y, swamps. Spikes green or purplish.
All hot countries. Var. /rumentaceum cult. only.
An examination of a large series of Indian specimens exhibits very great variation in P. Crus-galli, which passes imperceptibly into P. colonum, and renders it doubtful to which of the two var. P. frumen- taceum is referable. There is in Herb. Peraden. a specimen of var. Jrumentaceum ticketed No. 192, Kolichidan pulla, Mannar (Crawford), with glume III coriaceous and polished like glume IV.
Watt (Dict. of Econ. Prod. of India) describes the var. /rusmentaceum as the quickest growing of all millets, being harvested in some localities within six weeks of being sown. The grain is consumed chiefly by the poorer classes of India. The straw is an excellent cattle fodder.
6. P. colonum, Lz7z. Syst. Ed. x. 870. Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104. Moon, Cat. 8. P. Crzus-gallz, var. B, minor, Thw. Enum. 359. C. P. got.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 32. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 160. Jacq. Eclog. t. 32.
Annual; stem I-2 ft., slender, erect or decumbent and sometimes creeping below, internodes long, nodes glabrous or puberulous; 1. 4-8 in., narrowly lanceolate or linear, agu- minate, flat, glabrous, margins scaberulous, midrib slender, sheath up to 6 in. long, slender, glabrous, ligule 0 or an obscure ridge; panicle 3-5 in., inclined, contracted, rhachis slender, smooth or scaberulous, sharply angled, nodes not or hardly
Panicum. | Graminee. 27/
bearded ; spikes 8-20, not regularly smaller upwards, sessile, 4-1 in., longer or shorter than the internodes, rhachis narrow, scaberulous and with a few long white bristles; spikelets 4 in., ‘sessile, secund in 3-5 closely packed series, orbicular-ovoid, more or less hispidly pubescent; glume I about one-third as long as III, orbicular, apiculate, 3-veined, II and III sub- equal, orbicular, membranous, interruptedly 5-7-veined, III paleate, empty, IV turgidly oval or ovoid, acute, coriaceous, polished, pale straw-col’d., obscurely striolate, palea coriaceous ; grain ovoid.
Hotter parts of the Island. Spikelets green or purplish.
All warm countries.
The above description is from specimens in the Peradeniya Herbarium, which are very characteristic of the type form of the plants differing from P. Crus-gallz in the slender stem and panicle, hardly bearded at the nodes, short spikes, with few bristles on the rhachis and smaller spikelets with rather shorter glume III; but no doubt intermediates between these specimens and those of /. Crus-galli exist in Ceylon as elsewhere. Ferguson cites it as a synonym of P. Crus-gallz, with the observation, “Specimens of the large Crus-galli form spring up from seeds thrown -out from the bazaars, and become large tufted plants, quite different in appearance from the small wild P. colonum.’ He does not mention it as a cultivated plant, which it is in India, where Roxburgh observes that he never saw it wild.
7. P. ambiguum, 7777. Gen. Panic. 155 (1820).
P. sanguinale, Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 10 (non descript.). P. javanicum, Thw. Enum. 358 (non Poir.). PP. 2zjfidum, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104 (non fini: C: P. 858.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 33. Burm. l.c.
Annual; stem 6 in.—2} ft., very slender, ascending from a long creeping base, simple or branched, leafy, upper inter- nodes long, nodes puberulous; |. 3-6 by 4-4 in., linear, finely acuminate, flat, thin, more or less hairy on both surfaces, scaberulous above and on the margins, smooth beneath, base narrow, midrib slender, sheath 1-3 in., narrow, loose, glabrous -or hairy, margin @iliate above the middle, ligule a villously bearded ridge; panicle of 3-4 subterminal, erect, subsessile, slender spikes 1-24 in. long, rhachis of panicle slender, trique- trous, pubescent at the nodes, rhachis of spike narrow, concave above, dorsally flattened, margins ciliolate; spikelets suberect, loosely biseriately imbricate, binate, a sessile and shortly pedicelled, 3-4 in. long, oblong-ovate, acuminate, glabrous, pedicels pubescent; glumes I and III subequal, oblong-ovate, acute, I 5-veined, nearly as long as III, II ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 7-veined, III 5-veined, empty, paleate, IV ob- long, tip obtuse, aristulate, and palea minutely granulate, ‘thinly coriaceous, dorsally flattened, obscurely 5-veined, awn
138 Graminee. [Panicum
concealed within the top of glume III, scabrid, base with a small short obconic stipes. Hotter parts of the Island; common under coco-nut trees, Colombo.
Fl. Nov.; spikelets pale green. Greedily eaten by cattle (Ferguson). Also in Burma, the Malay, Pacific, and Mascarene Islds.
8. P. oryzoides, Sw. Prod. Fl. Ind. Occ. 23 (1788).
P. sizanioides, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. and Sp. i. 100. P. Helopfus, var. B, Munro ex Thw. Enum. 358. P. Helofus, var. glabra, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104. C. P. 3244.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 39 (P. latéfolium, Sphalm.). H.B.K.l.c. t. 28 (P. stzanioides).
Perennial, nearly glabrous; stem 12-24 in., slender, exten- sively branched and creeping below, branches ascending, leafy,. internodes 13-1 in., lower sending out solitary wiry roots, nodes glabrous; |. 2-4 by 4-4 in., narrowly lanceolate, acu- minate, thin, flat, margins scaberulous, veins 3-5 pairs, base cordate, rarely ciliate, sheaths shorter than the internodes, margins ciliate, ligule obscure; panicle sessile on the upper- most sheath, 1-3 in. long, contracted, subsimple, suberect, rhachis rather stout, angular, nearly smooth, branches very short, distant, erect, few-fld., axils sometimes penicillate ;
spikelets 7—¢ in., sessile, distant, oval, subacute, glabrous;
glumes herbaceous, I-III acute with thickened compressed tips, I about one-fourth to one-third shorter than III,. I and II broadly ovate, 5-veined, lateral pairs of veins distant from the central vein, III broader than II, 7-veined, empty, paleate, palea oblong, IV shortly stipitate, ovoid- oval or oblong, acuminate, aristulate, dorsally very convex, - smooth, shining, brown, margins narrowly incurved; grain broadly oblong, plano-convex.
Warmer parts of the Island; abundant (Ferguson). Trincomalie. (Glenie), Kaltura (Moon). Spikelets green.
Bengal, Burma, Malaya, Trop. Africa, and America.
A very variable grass in India, sometimes very robust, |. longer, panicles much larger and longer, with larger spikelets than in Ceylon specimens. It was only on examining the Peradeniya Herbarium that I recognised this as a Ceylon species. There is, however, a single specimen in Herb. Kew. collected by Walker, on the same sheet with P. prostratum. By an unfortunate oversight, this species is in Fl. B. Ind. referred to the American P. /atifolium, L., with a confused synonymy. It is the P. latifolium of Linnes’ herbarium, but not of his Sp. Plant.
9. P. prostratum, Lams. J/lustr. i. 171 (1791).
Thw. Enum. 359. C. P. 965, 3236 (in part).
FI. B. Ind. vii. 33. Trin. Sp. Goan Ic. t. 184, 185.
Stem very slender, 4-18 in., ascending from a long creeping base, often branched below, internodes I—3 in., nodes pubescent ;, l. 1-2 by 4-4 in., ovate-lanceolate from a cordate amplexicaul
Panicum] Graminee. 139
base, acuminate, thin, flat, faintly scaberulous above, glabrous or ciliate with long white hairs at the base, margins cartila- ginous, scaberulous, sheaths slender, 1-2 in., margins ciliate, ligule a brush of white hairs; panicle of 5-8 alternate, secund spikes, rhachis of panicle slender, strict, smooth; spikes z-1Z in. sessile or very shortly peduncled, distichously spreading, rhachis very slender, smooth; spikelets 35-75 in., solitary or binate, loosely bifariously or subtrifariously im- bricate, secund, oval, subacute, glabrous, pedicels very short, pubescent, and with a few very long white hairs; glume I very short, not one-fourth of III, semi-lunar, hyaline, veinless, II and III subequal, thin, broadly ovate, acute, II 7-veined, III 5-veined, paleate, empty, palea hyaline, IV oblong, mucronate, dorsally rounded, coriaceous, minutely rugulose, pale, margins narrowly incurved, base forming a very short thickened stipes.
Hotter parts of the Island; common.
Tropics generally.
Thwaites’s No. 3236 consists of this and P. se¢t¢gerum, which is easily
distinguished by the larger spikelets and large veined glume Is Cattle are fond of it (Ferguson).
Io. P. villosum, Lamk. //lustr. i. 173 (1791).
P. coccospermum, Steud.; Thw. Enum. 359. PP. grossarium, Roxb.; Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 3241.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 34.
Annual; stem 6-12 in., very slender, ascending from the root, much branched below, leafy below the middle, softly hairy below, glabrous above, upper internodes long, nodes. villously bearded: |. 3-14 in., ovate or ovate- lanceolate from a rounded base, AES flat, ahi softly hairy on both surfaces, margin not cartilaginous, softly ciliate, sheath rather loose, hairy and ciliate, ligule a ridge of hairs; panicle long- peduncled, narrow, of 5-10 alternate secund short sessile or subsessile spikes, rhachis of panicle smooth, angular; spikes 6-8, gradually shorter upwards, }—4in. alternate, rather ‘distant, sessile or peduncled, spendin. rhachis of spikes filiform, flexuous, pubescent and setose with long white hairs; spikelets few, subsessile, 7; in., oval, apiculate, close set, secund in two: series; glume I about one-fourth as long as III, orbicular, hyaline, 1-veined, II and III thin, subequal, orbicular, sub- acute, pubescent, 5—7-veined, III empty, paleate, IV sessile, coriaceous, ovate or oval, acute or apiculate, dorsally rounded, minutely granulate, pale yellow, margins narrowly incurved, base obtuse.
Central Province; upper montane zone, ascending to 6000 ft. Hill regions of India, Burma, and Tonkin.
140 Graminee. [ Panicum.
11. P. *muticum, Forsk. Fl. 4g. Arab. 26 (1775).
P. barbinode, Trin.; Thw. Enum. 361. C. P. 899.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 34. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 318 (P. darbinode).
Perenniai; stem stout, 6-8 ft, ascending from a stout creeping base, leafy, internodes 3-6 in. and upwards, nodes woolly; 1. 6-10 by 3-# in., linear-lanceolate from a rounded pubescent base, finely acuminate, flat, thin, glabrous, faintly scaberulous, margins scabrid, sheath up to 8 in. loose, glabrous, margins eciliate, ligule a tomentose ridge; panicle 3-8 in., erect, pyramidal, compound, rhachis stout, smooth, angular, lower branches 5 in. long with many short spikes, upper 2-3 in. spiciform, rhachis of spike = in. broad or more, stout, dorsally compressed, glabrous or villous towards the base, margins ciliolate; spikelets very many, 7-3 in., crowded, secund, solitary binate or ternate, rarely fascicled, shortly pedicelled, oval or ovoid, acute, glabrous, pedicel pubescent and with a few long white spreading hairs; glume I one- quarter to one-third as long as III, ovate, hyaline, 1-veined; II and III subequal, oblong, acute, thin, 5-veined, III paleate, male, ‘anth. long, purple, IV shorter than III, oblong, obtuse, apiculate, coriaceous, dorsally flattened, obscurely rugulose, margins narrowly incurved, base rounded with a very short broad thickened stipes.
Abundant, cultivated and half wild, in the hotter swampy regions of the Island.
Java, India, Africa, America.
The water-grass and Mauritius grass of Ceylon, native of S. America. Owing to the tendency to branch of the spikes, the inflorescence of this tends towards the broadly panicled section, but the long hairs on the spikes and secund spikelets are very characteristic of sect. Brachiaria.
A well-known fodder-grass in Ceylon, but there is no record of its introduction into the Island. According to Roxburgh seeds were received at the Calcutta Botanical Garden from Sumatra in 1804, through Dr. Charles Campbell. As it is a native of Tropical America, the Dutch, who then held ports in Sumatra, may have imported it from Surinam. According to Ferguson, it and P. maximum are the two most valuable fodder-grasses in Ceylon. Unlike the latter, P. mutécwim grows best in well-drained low or swampy ground. It is singular that neither Thwaites, Trimen, nor Ferguson give a Sinhalese or Tamil name for it, and that it is not alluded to in Watt’s Dictionary of the Economic Products of India.
12, P. ramosum, L727. Mant. i. 29 (1771).
P. Helopus, Thw. Enum. 436 (non Trin.). C. P. 3847.
Pl) Belnd. vit.36. Erin. Sp» Gram: Ic t.'176, A; BG: Pezeverz).
Annual; stem erect or ascending from a shortly creeping base, 1-3 ft. high, slender or rather stout, much branched from the base upwards, puberulous, leafy, lower internodes short, upper long, nodes pubescent; |. 2—5 by §-1 in., narrowly
Panicum. Graminee. I4l
linear - lanceolate from a narrow pubescent base, finely acuminate, thin, flat, smooth, glabrous or pubescent beneath or on both surfaces, margins scaberulous, midrib very slender, sheath 1-3 in., glabrous or pubescent, margins eciliate, ligule a fringe of short hairs; panicle long peduncled, sub- pyramidal, 2-5 in. long, of 5-10 distant, alternate or the lower opposite, secund and many-fld. spikes decreasing in leneth upwards, rhachis of panicle and spikelets slender, angular, puberulous; spikes erect or spreading, lower 2-3 in. long, strict or flexuous; spikelets loosely imbricate, }-7 in., solitary, rarely in pairs with one long-pedicelled, oval, acute,, pubescent, pedicel pubescent and setose with a few long white hairs; glume I one-third as long as III, very broadly ovate, subacute, 3-5-veined, II and III subequal, broadly ovate, cuspidately acuminate, 5-veined, III broadest, paleate, empty, palea as long as the glume, oblong, IV ovoid-oblong, acute, rugulose, base with a very short broad stipes.
Trincomalie (Glenie), Colombo, introduced (?), enclosure around Sir E. Barnes’ statue (Ferguson).
Plains of India.
Varies remarkably in the breadth of the |.-base; narrow in Ceylon specimens, very broad in some Indian.
13. P. setigerum, fez. Obs. iv. 15 (1786).
P. prostratum, forma major, Thw. Enum. 359. P. prostratum, var. horizoniale, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. C. P. 3236 (in part).
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 36.
Stems 2-3 ft., prostrate and widely straggling below, branched, slender, firm, internodes 1-2 in., nodes bearded, lower rooting; |. 3-5 by 4-#? in., ovate-lanceolate from a cordate amplexicaul ciliate base, finely acuminate, flat, thin, midrib very slender, slightly scaberulous above, veins 5-6. pairs, margins scaberulous, sheath with ciliate margins, dorsally tomentose at the top, upper 2-3 in. long, ligule a pencil of long woolly hairs; panicle erect, ovate, of 5-10 sub- erect alternate or opposite distant spikes 1-2 in. long, rhachis slender, glabrous or pubescent, rhachis of spikes slender, angular, base villous; spikelets ;44,—-4 in. long, loosely imbricate, sessile or shortly pedicelled, biseriate, secund, ovoid, acute or acuminate, glabrous or pubescent, pedicels pubescent and with spreading white hairs longer than the spikelets; glume I one-third as long as III, orbicular-ovate, obtuse, 3-veined; II and III subequal, broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, thin, II 7-veined, III 5-veined, paleate, neuter, palea as long as the glume, subacute, IV sessile, coriaceous, oval, obtuse, mucronate, dorsally compressed, granulate, margins narrowly incurved, base hardly stipitate.
142 Gramineae. [Panicum.
Common in the hotter parts of the Island.
Also in Bengal and the Deccan.
Very closely allied to P. prostratum, but a much larger plant, with larger spikelets, and a very different glume I.
14. P. javanicum, Por. Encycl. Suppl. iv. t. 274 (1816).
P. hirsutum, Koen. ex Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 300. P. Helopus, Trin. ex Spreng. N. Entdeck. 11. 84.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 35 (not given for Ceylon). Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 183 (P. Helopus).
Annual; stem 1-2 ft., decumbent and rooting below, geniculately ascending, branching upwards, leafy, nodes pubescent ; |. 1-5 by 4-3 in., ovate-lanceolate from a rounded cordate or amplexicaul base, acuminate, softly hairy on both surfaces, margins scaberulous, midrib slender, veins several pairs, sheath loose, softly hairy, mouth villous, ligule a soft beard ; panicle erect, of 6-12 subsecund rather distant many-fld. spikes, rhachis of spike dorsally compressed, ventrally pitted opposite the spikelets, narrow, glabrous or pubescent; spike- lets 4+-¢ in. long, secund, biseriate, loosely imbricate, very shortly pedicelled, ovoid, acute, pubescent tomentose or villous, pedicels pubescent and with a few long silky hairs ; glume I not half as long as III, broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, 3—5-veined, II and III subequal, thin, II ovate, acute, 7-veined, III broader, 5-veined, paleate, empty or male, IV broadly ovate or oblong, rugulose, tip rounded, hispid, abruptly awned, awn scabrid, concealed by the glumes, paleas of III and IV nearly as long as the glumes.
Colombo (Ferguson).
Throughout the plains of India. Tropics generally.
The Ceylon specimens are fragmentary but very characteristic, the spikelets are densely tomentose and villous with long hairs towards the margins of glumes II and III. It is a very common Indian grass in the borders of cultivated land and in pastures; its rarity in Ceylon is
hence noteworthy. The awned glume IV distinguishes it at once from P. ramosum.
15. B. distachyum, /277. Mant. 1. 138 (1771).
hw. Enum, 350)" (EP: oor!
BI Bend Sywii37.* Wham. lly t..43)h 2 nm opy Gram. Ge. t. roo (P. subguadriparum.).
Stem 6 in.—2 ft., stout or slender, creeping and straggling below, sparingly branched, leafy, internodes long, nodes glabrous; |. 2-6 by %-3in., linear from a rounded or sub- cordate naked or subciliate base, acuminate, thin, flat, smooth, margins scaberulous, midrib very slender, veins obscure, sheath 1-3 in., glabrous or margins subciliate, ligule a thickened ridge; panicle of 2-6 very distant spreading secund spikes, erect, rhachis slender, angular, smooth; spikes
Panicum.) Graminee. 143
I—4 in., rhachis slender, dorsally flattened, glabrous, smooth; spikelets $-% in., solitary, alternate, secund, sessile, suberect, distant or loosely imbricate, quite glabrous, oval, subacute, strongly dorsally compressed; glume I about half as long as III, nearly orbicular, hyaline, 5—7-veined, sides overlapping under glume II; II and III subequal, broadly ovate, acute, II 7-veined, III 5-veined, paleate, empty, palea much smaller than the glume, IV sessile, oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, dor- sally flattened, minutely striolate-punctulate, pale, base very shortly thickened.
Hotter parts of the Island; common.
Throughout India, Malaya, China, Australia.
A depauperate form or arrested state, collected by Dr. Trimen in the -dry region of Mannar, looks different from the ordinary state of the plant, in having a nodose woody rootstock, smaller, broader leaves with cartilaginous margins, and more closely imbricating spikelets. It is analogous to depauperate form of P. flavidum from the same district.
16, P. semiverticillatum, Aottler in Ainslie, Mat. Med. Hindost. Ed. i. 219 (1813), name only.
P. Petiverit, Thw. Enum. 359. C. P. 895.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 38.
Stem 2-3 ft. or more, strict, erect, stiff, polished, simple or sparingly branched, leafy, internodes long, nodes pubescent or the lower glabrous; 1. 5-8 in., linear-lanceolate from a rather narrowed rounded pubescent base, finely acuminate, thin, flat, quite smooth, midrib very slender, veins obscure, margins slightly scaberulous, sheaths 2—4 in., tomentose near and round the mouth only, margins eciliate, ligule a pubescent ridge; panicle long-peduncled, 4-8 in. long, of distant, long, spreading, few-fid. spikes, rhachis very slender, angular, more or less pubescent ; spikes alternate, secund, 2-3 in. long, rhachis filiform, trigonous, angles glabrous or pubescent; spikelets 3-4 in., usually distant, subsecund, solitary or binate, sub- sessile or pedicelled, pedicel sometimes very long or spike reduced to one spikelet on a capillary pedicel, oval, obtuse, glabrous; glume I orbicular-ovate, about one-third the length of III, hyaline, 5-veined, II and III subequal, obtuse or sub- acute, II 7-veined, III 5-veined, paleate, empty, palea smaller than the glume, IV obovate- or ovate-oblong, subacute or apiculate, coriaceous, dorsally flattened, smooth or most minutely granulate, margins rather broadly incurved, base contracted into a rather long thick stipes.
Central Province, Dambulla (Gardner and Thwaites).
South Deccan.
This plant is referred to Rottler’s (undescribed) P. semivertictllatum on the faith of specimens so named by Wight, which were collected at Coimbatore, where, according to Ainslie, the plant is cultivated. It is
144 Graminea. [ Panicum.
certainly not the P. Petzveriz of Trinius (as supposed by Thwaites), which is P. prostratum.
17. P. remotum, fefz. Obs. iv. 17 (1780).
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 39 (not given for Ceylon). Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 176 15h (U2, SAFLUT Ey
Stems 1-2 ft., often from a woody rootstock, prostrate, straggling, and geniculately branched below, very slender, firm, internodes 1-2 in., nodes glabrous; |. 2-4 in. very narrowly linear from a rounded base, acuminate, flat, smooth, margins smooth, midrib very slender, sheath quite glabrous, upper I-3 in., ligule a very short glabrous or puberulous ridge; panicle 1-3 in., of few, distant, strict or flexuous, 2-6-fid., almost capillary, spreading spikes 4-14 in. long, rhachis of panicle filiform, of spikes glabrous or very sparsely pubescent; spikelets distant, solitary or binate, 7-3 in., oval,. terete, obtuse; glume I about one-third as long as III, orbicular-ovate, 3—5-veined, II and III subequal, ovate, subacute, glabrous or minutely pubescent, 5—7-veined, III 5-veined, paleate, empty, palea smaller than the glume, IV obovoidly oval or oblong, acute, quite smooth, thinly coriaceous, base minutely stipitate.
Northern Prov. Mullaittivu (Ferguson) ; Kalpitiya Isld., &c., Jaffna distr. (Trimen).
Bengal and the South Deccan.
The Mullaittivu specimens are ticketed in Herb. Perad. ‘P. Petiveriz, dwarf creeping form (Hackel).’
18. P. canaliculatum, Vees in Wight, Cat. n. 1624 (1836).
Steud. Syn. Gram. 55. P. stenostachyum, Thw. Enum. 436. C. P. 3845.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 43.
Quite glabrous; stems many from a small hard rootstock, 2-4 ft.long, slender, flaccid, decumbent, rooting below, sparingly branched, leafy, internodes 2—3 in., nodes glabrous; |. 4-6 in., narrowly linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, flat, thin, flaccid, base narrow, rounded, margins nearly smooth, mid vein rather strong, sheath 1-2 in., margins eciliate, ligule a short ciliate membrane; panicle 4-8 in., very narrow, rhachis filiform, smooth, erect, bearing very short distant (rarely crowded) fascicles or spikes of spreading (rarely solitary) spikelets; spikelets 4 in., shortly pedicelled, oblong, glabrous, pedicels scaberulous; glumes thin, faintly veined, I and II very short, broadly ovate, obtuse, hyaline, I one-fourth to one-third as long as III, 3-veined, II 3-veined, rather longer than I, about half as long as III, which is oblong-ovate, acute, 5—7- veined, paleate, male or empty, palea as long as the glume, linear-oblong, margins broadly inflexed, IV as long as III,
Panicum.] Graminee. 145
sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, thinly coriaceous, dorsally flattened, 3-5-veined, minutely granulate, tip minutely 3-toothed, margins narrowly inflexed.
Hotter parts of the Island. Jaffna (Herb. Roitler), Trincomalie (Glenie).
Also in South India.
A peculiar species, not allied to any other Indian one; easily recog- nised by the inflorescence and short glume LJ.
19. P. nodosum, Kunth, Enum. Pl. i. 97 (1833).
ey Enum. 360. P. Arnottianum, Nees in Wight, Cat. n. 1611. C,
Pl. B. Iud. vii. 43.
Stem 2-3 ft., slender, diffuse, OAS Wy branc hed, creeping and rooting below, leafy, internodes 14-3 in., nodes glabrous: ], 2-5 by 4-2 in., oblong- or linear- lanceolate, acuminate, thin, flat, cant shining minutely crenulate and ciliate with long hairs at the cordate base, veins 5-9, minutely ciliolate, margins scaberulous, sheath with villously ciliate margins, ligule a crenulate ridge, ciliate with long hairs; panicle 6-8 n., long-peduncled, very slender, of few very long filiform spreading branches, ene distant, very short, erect, spici- form, 3—-6-fld. branchlets 4-3 in. long, rhachis and branches of panicle smooth or sen banal § towards the tips; spikelets secund on the branchlets, 4 in. long, sessile or shortly pedi- celled, linear-oblong, subacute, dorsally flattened, sparsely hairy; glumes I- Ill membranous, I about half as long as III, broadly ovate, subacute, 3-5-veined, II rather longer than iL; s—7-veined, II] ovate-oblong, subacute, 7-9-veined, paleate, empty, IV as long as III, oblong-lanceolate, sub- acute, dorsally flat, margins broadly incurved, thinly coria- ceous, smooth, white, base narrow, very shortly stipitate.
Hotter parts of the Island; abundant in shady places.
Also in S. India, Malaya, and China.
A common and variable grass; attains several feet in height when supported (Ferguson). The Indian specimens differ from Kunth’s
description of the typical Luzon plant, in the |. sheaths not being tuberculate-hirsute.
20. P. auritum, (esl! ex Nees, Agrost. Bras. 176 (1829). iiwenum. 30%... Kunth, Enum. bi: i103. °C. P. 3242.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 4o.
Perennial, glabrous; stem 3-12 ft., stout, erect from the base, leafy, roots wiry, nodes glabrous, upper internodes 4-6 in. long, lower sometimes as thick as a goose-quill; 1. 8-12 by $-1 in, narrowly linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, rather coriaceous, flat, smooth, base cordate, with sometimes a few hairs on the upper surface, margins scaberulous, sheaths smooth, margins naked or ciliolate, ligule a very narrow membrane; panicié
PART V. iy L a
146 Gramineae. [ Panicum.
erect, 6-10 in., contracted, very much branched, branches alt. or crowded, subsimple, lower up to 5 in. long, covered from base to tip with crowded, subsecund fascicles of very short racemes of erect, imbricating spikelets, rhachis of panicle and branches angled and channelled, smooth or scaberulous; spikelets 74-3 in., sessile or very shortly pedicelled, oblong - lanceolate, acute, subterete, glabrous; glume I about one-third of III, obtuse or acute, hyaline, strongly 3-5-veined, II and JII subequal, thinly herbaceous, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, strongly 5-veined, III paleate, neuter, IV as long as III, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, thinly coriaceous dorsally convex, quite smooth, white.
Damp places; common. Suffragam district, Ratnapura (Thwaites), Duval Kanda (Moon).
Malaya, China.
In Indian specimens hairy leaves and larger spikelets occur. Ferguson says that it climbs to a height of 10-12 ft. when supported.
21. P. Myurus, 4. B. and K. Nov. Gen. and Sp. i. 98 (1815). excl. syn. Lamk.
ThweEnum. 361. C. P. 3238.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 39. Beauv. Agrost. t. 10, f. 8 (Hymenanche Myuros),
Perennial, quite glabrous; stem 2-6 ft., ascending from a long creeping and rooting or floating rootstock; lower inter- nodes 2-4 in., as thick as a swan’s quill, spongy within, emitting fascicles of stout roots several in. long clothed with root-hairs, upper internodes long, strict; 1. 12-18 by $-? in., narrowed from above the base to a finely acuminate point, soft, flat, base rounded or subcordate, margin smooth or minutely scaberulous, sheath 2-4 in., margins smooth, ligule very short, truncate or rounded, membranous; panicle 6-10 long by 4-% in. diam., strict, erect, rhachis stout, angular, densely covered with the short, erect, appressed, imbricating racemes; spikelets }-} in., very shortly pedicelled, narrowly lanceolate, terete; glume I one-third as long as III, broadly ovate, acute, 3-veined, hyaline, II and III lanceolate, strongly 3-veined, tapering into strict, subulate, scabrid tips, III with a much longer tip than II, neuter, palea small or 0, IV nearly as long as II, oblong-lanceolate, acute, very thin, white, 3-veined; grain very small, oblong, tip contracted, embryo large, orbicular,
Marshy places in the hotter parts of the Island.
Tropical Asia, Australia, and America.
‘The lowest spikelets are sometimes decurrent on the stem below the panicle. Ferguson says of it, one of the grasses which rapidly spread over shallow bits of water and helps to choke them up. Cattle are fond of it. The almost awned glumes II and III and the very thin fruiting glume IV are characters foreign to the genus.
>
Panicum.) Graminee. 147
22. P. interruptum, [7//id. Sp. P/. i. 341 (1797). Thw. Enum. 361. Moon, Cat. 7. C. P. gio. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 4o.
Perennial, quite glabrous; stem 2-6 ft, ascending from a very stout, creeping and rooting or floating rootstock, lower internodes 2—4 in., sometimes as thick as the thumb, spongy within, nodes emitting fascicles of long stout roots clothed with root-hairs, upper internodes very long, slender, strict; ]. 6-12 by 4-4 in,, linear, finely acuminate, soft, flat, base rounded, hardly contracted, margins smooth or scaberulous, sheaths 2-4 in., margins smooth, ligule short, broad, mem- branous; panicle 6-12 in. by 4-4 in. diam., cylindric, inter- - rupted below, rhachis stout, strict, channelled; spikelets ¢-+ in., densely crowded in small fascicles, subsessile or shortly pedi- celled, spreading, narrowly ovoid, acute, terete; glumes mem- branous, I minute, orbicular, hyaline, shortly 3~-5-veined, II and III subequal, ovate-oblong, subacute, herbaceous, very strongly veined, II 9-veined, III 7-veined, paleate, male, tip with hyaline margins, palea hyaline; anth. long, narrow; IV shorter than III, ovoid-oblong, subacute, thinly coriaceous, ivory white, polished, dorsally convex, palea as large as the glume; grain obovoid-oblong, plano-convex, pale brown, apiculate, embryo large, orbicular.
Marshes in the hotter parts of the Island; often floating and forming small islands (Ferguson).
Tropical Asia and Africa.
Habit and thin not hardening glume IV of P. A/yurus, but very different in the form and venation of the glumes.
23. P. indicum, /777. Mant. 11. 184 (1771).
Thw. Enum. 361. Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 885, 908.
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 41. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 197; t. 334 (P. angustum).
Annual, tufted, glabrous; stem 4in.—2ft., erect, or ascending, from a geniculate base, leafy chiefly towards the base, upper internodes long, uppermost usually very slender and naked; ]. 2-4 in. by 75-4 in., erect, linear, acuminate, flat, base narrow or rounded, margins scaberulous, lower sheaths short, upper long, margins naked, ligule 0; panicle 3-3 in. long, spiciform, cylindric, erect, rhachis slender, angular; spikelets ,-7y in. long, densely crowded, subsessile, pedicel rarely half as long as the glumes, erect or spreading, ovoid, acute, more or less gibbous and decurved, glabrous or hispidulous; glumes very strongly veined, I about half as long as III, ovate, acute, 3—-5-veined, margins hyaline, II ovate, incurved, dorsally gibbous, obtuse or subacute, 7—9-veined, III as long as II or rather shorter, oblong, obtuse, 7—9-veined, paleate, empty, palea small, IV much the shortest, oblong or ovoid, acuminate, acute or sub-
148 Graminee. [Panicunt.
acute, thinly coriaceous, dorsally convex, smooth, shining, white, margins strongly incurved, grain oblong, pale reddish.
Var. brachiatum, oot. f.
Stem 2-3 ft., as stout as a pigeon’s quill, geniculately branching, branches divaricate, elongate, internodes 2—3 in.; ], spreading, 6 by 4 in.; spiciform panicle 2$—3 in.
Abundant throughout the hotter parts of the Island. Spikelets green or purplish. Var. dvachiatum, Peradeniya (Thwaites).
Tropical Africa.
An extremely variable grass, the dwarf tufted form with short panicle only 4-4 long on a long peduncle, and 1. at the base of the stem, con- trasting with the tall, more leafy specimens with long panicle. The leaves are hairy or even villous in some Indian forms.
24. P. myosuroides, 47. Prod. 189 (1810).
Kunth, Enum. Pl.i.77. P. zmadicum (in part), Thw. Enum. 361. P. curvatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 286 (non Linn.). C. P. goo.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 42.
Stem erect or very shortly creeping below, 2-3 ft. high, rather stout, leafy, internodes 3-5 in.; 1. very narrowly linear, 6-8 by 75-4 in., finely acuminate, base narrow, margins smooth, sheath 2-4 in., margins naked, ligule 0; panicle 4-6 in., very narrow, spiciform, ¢ in. diam., strict, erect, rhachis terete, smooth; spikelets 74-74 in., densely crowded in small fascicles, very shortly pedicelled, subglobose, quite smooth; glumes very strongly veined, I nearly half as long as III, ovate, 3-veined, II and III subequal, ovate, obtuse, 9-veined, III broadest, very convex, paleate, empty, IV much smaller than III, ovate-oblong, acute, quite smooth, white, dorsally convex, margins strongly involute.
Caltura (Macrae); Peradeniya (Thwaites).
Trop. Asia, Africa, Australia.
I have described this species from two specimens in Herb. Peraden. They differ from the ordinary Indian state of the plant in the strict, erect, not gracefully curving inflorescence. The species is doubtfully distinct from P. zzdicum.
25. P. curvatum, Linz. Syst. Nat. Ed. xii. 732 (1767).
Thw. Enum. 360. Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 3240.
F]. B. Ind. vil. 42. Kunth, Revis. Gram. t. 107 (P. coryophorum).
Stem 10-18 in., very slender, inclined or prostrate below, branched, remotely leafy, branches spreading, internodes I—2 in., nodes glabrous; |. 2-3 by 4-4 in., spreading, linear- lanceolate, finely acuminate, flat, membranous, base narrow, rounded, glabrous or sparsely hairy above, margins sub- scaberulous, sheaths 1-3 in., margins glabrous, glabrous or ciliolate ligule; panicle 14-34 in., deltoid, erect, very loosely branched, rhachis filiform, quite smooth, branches solitary
Panicum.| Gramince. 149
or binate, spreading, capillary, few-fld.; spikelets 75-15 in., subsolitary, pedicelled, pedicels sometimes as long as the glumes, gibbously ovoid, decurved, glabrous; glume I minute, broadly ovate, veinless, II and III herbaceous, costately closely veined, II cymbiform or almost galeate, subacute, Q-11-veined, base saccately tumid, III much narrower, ovate- oblong, flat, acute, 3-5-veined, paleate, empty, palea linear- oblong, IV sessile, smaller than III, ovoid-oblong, subacute, dorsally convex, coriaceous, quite smooth, shining, pale yellowish, margins narrowly incurved.
Hotter parts of the Island; Kandy, Colombo, Trincomalie, &c,
Southern India, Madagascar, S. Africa.
A very elegant grass, closely allied to P. zudicum, though differing
‘totally in inflorescence. A good fodder grass; forms a large portion of the fodder collected by the grass-women near Colombo for horses.
26. P. ovalifolium, Pozr. Encycl. Supp. iv. 279 (1797).
Herm. Mus. 6. Burm. Thes. 111. FI. Zeyl. n. 43. Thw. Enum. 359. sah Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 135. P. dvevdfolium, Roxb.; Moon, Cat. 8.
El B Ind. vil. 44. Beauv. Fl. Owar. t. 110, f. 1,
Stem 2-3 ft., decumbent and rooting for the greater part of its length, then ascending, sparingly branched, leafy, glabrous, internodes 1-3 in., nodes glabrous, often emitting long, solitary, wiry roots; |. 1-24 in., ovate-lanceolate from a cordate amplexicaul base, acuminate, thin, flat, spreading, glabrous or sparsely hairy, basal auricles crenulate and ciliate with long hairs, veins many, very slender, margins scabrid, sheaths long, upper 3 in., margins naked or ciliolate, ligule a ridge of fine hairs; panicle sessile on or shortly exserted from the uppermost |.-sheath, erect, effuse, 3-5 by 1-3 in., broadly oblong or obovoid, rhachis slender, naked or with long spreading hairs, branches very many, erecto-patent, capillary, alternate or the lower fascicled, sparingly divided; spikelets few, distant, erect, 7;—: in., much shorter than their capillary pedicels, gibbously ovoid, pubescent or hirsute or the terminal on the branches villous with long white hairs; glumes I-III membranous, I nearly as long as III, oblong, obtuse, 3-5- veined, II much broader, galeate, dorsally very convex, often very persistent, III oblong, obtuse, flat, 5-veined, paleate, male, palea large, margins inflected, IV shorter than II, sessile, oblong, acute, coriaceous, smooth, shining, dorsally convex and obscurely keeled, margins narrowly incurved.
Warmer parts of the Island; very common. Eastern Himalaya, Burma, Malaya, China, Trop. Africa.
Forms a large proportion of the sward near Colombo (Ferguson) Some Indian specimens have much larger spikelets.
150 Graminec. [| Panicum.
27. *P. miliaceum, 277. Sp. P/. 58 (1753). Wal Meneri, S. Kadai Kannai, 7.
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. Moon, Cat. 8 (not of Thwaites).
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 45. Host, Gram. Austriac. ii. t.20. Duthie, Field and Gard. Crops Ind., t. 23.
Annual, more or less clothed with long spreading soft hairs; stems 2-4 ft., stout, tufted, leafy up to the panicle, often as thick as a swan’s quill below, internodes clothed with the |.-sheaths, nodes bearded; |. 6-12 by 4-1 in., linear, finely acuminate, flat, flaccid, base truncate or rounded, rarely cordate, margin slightly scabrid, sheath naked or ciliate, deeply grooved, hairs often deflexed, ligule of long hairs; panicle 6-12 in., thyrsiform or oblong, nodding or decurved, branches fascicled, long, filiform or capillary, naked for a great part of their length, scabrid; spikelets ¢—-+ in., solitary, erect, pedicelled, ovoid, acute, turgid, pedicel longer or shorter than the spikelet; glumes strongly veined, I about two-thirds. of Iil, broadly ovate, acute, 5—7-veined, II and III subequal, broadly ovate, very convex, cuspidately acuminate, 7—I1I- veined,-III paleate, neuter, palea imperfect, IV shorter than II and III, sessile, broadly oval or ovate, obtuse, crustaceous, smooth, polished, brown, dorsally rounded, 5—7-veined, margins and veins pale, palea crustaceous, convex; grain nearly orbi-- cular, plano-convex, white, embryo small.
Hotter parts of the Island, cultivated only.
Cultivated in all warm countries, especially in Africa.
The ?. miliaceum of Thwaites’s Enum. is P. ¢rypheron. Ferguson’s- P. miliaceum (Gram. Ceyl. 9) is probably a mixture of P. tx~ypheron and P. miliaceum. He says of it, ‘The wild form of this grass is not uncommon, and is a low spreading plant. The other is extensively cultivated by the natives as a millet, or fine grain.’ He gives as native: names Wal-meneri and Meneri. /. mzliaceum is the Chena of Bengal,.
where it yields a nutritious grain, but the straw is said to be heating as a cattle fodder.
28. *P. miliare, Lams. ///. Gen. 1. 173 (1791). Menéri, S. Chamai, 7.
P. menieri, Koen. ex Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. 40. P. pstlopodium, Trin. Gram. Panic. 217. Thw. Enum. 360. C. P. 236.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 46. Duthie, Field and Gard. Crops N.W. India, t. 26;. Fodd. Grass, t. xlvi. (P. pszlopodzum).
Annual; stems tufted, erect, 1-2 ft. high, rather slender, simple or sparingly branched, leafy up to near the panicle, internodes 2-4 in., nodes glabrous; 1. 12-18 by §-4 in, erect, narrowly linear, finely acuminate, smooth, glabrous or very sparsely hairy, base narrow, not cordate, margins smooth, sheaths long, eciliate, sometimes with a few tubercle-based hairs, ligule a ridge with a few hairs; panicle oblong, 2-10 in., inclined, rhachis filiform, quite smooth, branches distant, binate
Panicum.] Graminee. 151
or solitary, suberect, lowest 2-3 in. long, sparingly divided, bearing distant sessile and pedicelled erect spikelets, pedicel rarely twice as long as the spikelet, but sometimes much longer; spikelets 7)-$ in. long, dorsally compressed, ovoid oblong or ellipsoid, acute, glabrous; glume I one-fourth to one-third of III, broadly ovate, broader than long, 5-veined, the pair of veins on each side the mid vein often arching to it, II and III subequal, II orbicular-ovate, acuminate, I1-veined, III 9-veined, paleate, neuter, palea linear-oblong, IV sessile, oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute, dorsally convex, smooth, yellow or brown, shining, margins broadly incurved.
Cultivated in Ceylon.
Tropical countries.
In Fl. B. Ind. 1 have followed most authors in keeping P. mzléare and P. pszlopodium as different species, assuming that the latter was indigenous in India and Ceylon. Mr. Duthie, who knows the cultivated grasses of India better than any one, has in vain tried to distinguish them (see Fodd. Grasses, p. 10). As P. pstlopodium it has been con- sidered to be indigenous in the Himalaya, but this requires confirmation.
Ferguson cites P. mzlzare, Lam., as a synonym of P. mzliaceum, and P. psilopodium as a different species; but, as I have stated under the former, I think he has confounded two plants under the name, He mentions P. pszlopodium as a cultivated plant, adding that the cultivated form of both it and P. mz/za7e often spring up in the débris collected from the Colombo bazaars. Unfortunately he does not say how these grains are distinguishable. Watt (Dict. Econ. Prod. Ind.) mentions P?. pstlopodium as a species nearly allied to, or possibly a variety of, P. miltare, wild in the Himilaya, but also cultivated. The grain of P. miliare he describes as of inferior quality, and mostly consumed by the poorer classes.
29. P. czesium, Vees in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 97 (1850).
: P. reticulatum, Thw. ex Trim. Cat. Cey]. Pl. 105 (non Griseb.), C. P.
O.
: "FL B. Ind. vii. 48.
Annual, glabrous or more or less hairy; stems 2-3 ft, tufted, stout, erect from the root, sometimes as thick as a -swan’s quill, leafy, internodes long, nodes bearded; |. 6-10 by 4-% in., narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, rather coria- ceous, glabrous or laxly hairy, chiefly beneath, rarely hirsute, margins scabrid, ciliate towards the subcordate base, sheaths 3-6 in., loose, usually hispid with long spreading hairs, rarely glabrous, margins ciliate, ligule a coriaceous ciliate ridge; panicle 10-18 in. long and broad, glabrous, slender, erect or decurved, rhachis angular, scaberulous, branches 3-5 in., very many, opposite alt. and fascicled, branchlets capillary, wiry, flexuous, bearing few distant solitary or binate spikelets, scaberulous; spikelets 7';-+’5 in., sessile or pedicelled, pedicel longer or shorter than the ‘spikelet, sometimes very long,
152 Graminee. [ Panicum.
turgidly ovoid or obovoid, obtuse, glabrous; glumes I-III very thin, strongly veined, I one-fourth to one-third of III, deltoidly-ovate, broader than long, subacute, 5-veined, veins reticulate, II and III subequal, orbicular-ovate, obtuse or ‘subacute, 7—9-veined, central veins with a few cross-venules, III paleate, empty, palea as long as the glume, IV sessile, obovoid or oval, obtuse, turgid, dorsally very convex, quite smooth, shining, sub-crustaceous, pale brown, margin narrowly incurved.
Borders of paddy fields. Hewessa, Pasdun Korale. Bengal, Malacca, Nicobar Is., Malaya. . I find no mention of this grass in either of Mr, Ferguson’s papers.
30, B®. trypheron, Schu/t. Mant. ii. 244 (1824). Mainairee, S.
P. miliaceum, Thw. Enum. 360 (non Linn.). C. P. 882, 893.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 47.
Annual; stems I-3 ft., tufted, erect, stout or slender, leafy up to the panicle, internodes 2—5 in., nodes glabrous; |. 3-10 by 3-1 in., suberect, linear, acuminate, flat, softly hairy on both surfaces, margins nearly smooth, base narrow, often ciliate with long hairs, sheath long, glabrous or hairy, margins eciliate, ligule short, fimbriate; panicle 6-10 in., erect or in- clined, broadly oblong, very effuse, rhachis filiform, slightly scabrid, branches very long, capillary, lower fascicled, up to 4 in. long, flexuous, scaberulous, very few-fld.; spikelets qo-s In., very distant and long-pedicelled, ovoid, acuminate, glabrous; glumes usually spreading, I-III cuspidately long- acuminate, I two-thirds as long as II] or more, broadly ovate, 5-veined, II and III unequal, II longest, broadly ovate, strongly 7—-9-veined, III like II but shorter, 7-veined, the -veins vanishing downwards, paleate, empty, palea linear- oblong, obtuse, 1V sessile, oblong, obtuse, dorsally convex, smooth, shining, nearly white or coloured, coriaceous, margin rather narrowly incurved.
Very common, non vulg. ‘Manairee’ (Thwaites, l.c.). Nilgala, Uva, Jan. 1888 (Trimen).
Plains of India, China, Borneo, Afr. Trop.
Thwaites’s Nos. 882, 893, which he supposed to be P. mzliaceum, are undoubtedly P. ¢xypheron. It is hence, perhaps, doubtful to which of these two plants the name Manairee belongs. The Ceylon specimens have a laxer panicle with more flexuous branches than the Indian.
31. P. humile, ees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 84 (1854).
Thw. Enum. 360. C. P. 3243.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 48.
Annual, densely tufted, quite glabrous; stems slender, 6-12 in. high, erect from the base, leafy nearly up to the panicle, internodes 1-3 in., nodes glabrous; 1. erect, strict,
_Panicum.| Graminee. 153
very narrowly linear, 3-6 by ,'5-% in., finely acuminate, margins smooth, base narrow, minutely cordate, sheaths eciliate, ligule of fine soft hairs; panicle 1-4 in. long, erect, -effuse, oblong, rhachis very slender, smooth, branches sub- erect, fascicled, capillary, bearing many distant minute spikelets on capillary pedicels 4-4 in. long; spikelets erect, qs in., ellipsoid or narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous; glume I ‘two-thirds as long as III, broadly ovate, acuminate, 3-5- veined, lateral veins often arching and joining the median, If and III subequal, II orbicular-ovate, acuminate, 3-5- veined, 3 middle veins thickened upwards, 2 lateral very short, III shorter than II, more oblong, 5-veined, paleate, neuter, palea broad, obtuse, IV oval-oblong, sessile, obtuse, dorsally convex, shining, pale, thinly coriacecus, margin narrowly incurved.
South of the Island. Spikelets green or purplish.
Throughout the plains of India, Borneo.
The |.-sheaths are occasionally hairy in Peninsular specimens.
32. *P. maximum, /acg. l/c. P/. Rar.i.2 (1781-6). Rata-Jana, S.
P. jumentorum, Pers.; Thw. Enum. 361 (in note). /. dolygamum, -Sw.; Moon, Cat. 8.
Fl. B. Ind. 49. Jacq. l.c. t. 13, et Eclog. Gram. t. 21 (P. gongylodes),
Perennial (?); stem 8-10 ft., tufted, erect, branching up- wards, leafy, but not up to the panicle, roots of stout fibres, internodes 6-12 in., nodes bearded; 1. 1-2 ft. by 4-1 in, gradually narrowed from a narrow base to a long filiform tip, flat, smooth, glabrous or minutely scaberulous, margins scabrid, base narrow, rounded or cordate, usually villously ciliate with long hairs, sheaths as long as the internodes or longer, glabrous or sparsely hairy, margins naked or ciliate above with long soft hairs, of which the ligule consists ; panicle 1-2 ft. long, decompound, erect, rhachis strict, scabrid, branches erecto-patent, capillary, strict, scabrid, lower whorled, upper alternate or whorled; spikelets scattered, distant, ~,-4 in., sessile or pedicelled, elliptic-oblong, obtuse or subacute, ‘glabrous, pedicels capillary, up to $ in. long; glume I about one-fourth of III, orbicular, hyaline, 0-3-veined, II and III -subequal, broadly ovate, subacute, thin, faintly 5-veined, III paleate, empty or male, palea oblong, as long as the glume, IV sessile, narrowly obovoid or oblong, obtuse or acute, coriaceous, dorsally convex, rugulose, margins strongly incurved.
A cultivated fodder grass, occurring in a semi-wild state up to 4000 ft,
(Ferguson). Guinea grass. ; Native of tropical Africa. Cultivated in most hot countries.
154 Graminee. [ Panicum.
The well-known Guinea Grass was introduced from W. Trop. Africa. into Jamaica about 1774, by Mr. John Ellis, as food for some birds which he had imported. The birds died, and the seed, being thrown away as. useless, yielded a magnificent grass greedily eaten by cattle and horses. It was introduced into India in 1802 by Sir John Sinclair, and must have- been rapidly disseminated, for I find a specimen in Rottler’s Herbarium (named P. meneri, miliacca, var. (?) P.nodosum, nob.) received from Heyne, with the date, June 3, 1808. There is no record of its introduction into- Ceylon, but it is included in Moon’s Catalogue, published in 1824. Ferguson says of it that it grows in almost every soil and situation, and forms with P. wzuticum the two most valuable fodder-plants grown im Ceylon.
Glume III is empty in the only Ceylon specimen that I have- examined.
33. P. repens, Zinn. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, i. 87 (1762). Etora, S.
Thw. Enum. 360 (part) (excl. syn. P. paludosum). Moon, Cat. 8 P. tschaemotdes, Retz. Obs. iv. 17. C. P. 883.
Fl, B. Ind. vii. 49. Sibth. Fl. Greec. t. 61.
Perennial; stem 1-3 ft., stout, ascending from a stout often woody branched creeping rootstock, leafy, internodes short or long, nodes glabrous, lower rooting; 1. 3-6 by 4-4 in., sub- distichous, narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, strict, rather coriaceous, flat or sides involute, glabrous or hairy above,’ glabrous often glaucous beneath, base rounded or cordate,. margins nearly smooth, sheaths with ciliate margins, especially near the mouth, ligule a coriaceous ridge; panicle shortly exserted from the upper sheath, 3-8 in. long, contracted,. branches very many, strict, erect, naked below, slender,. angular, nearly smooth, lower 2~-3 in. long, not divaricate after flg.; spikelets 75-4 in., sessile or shortly pedicelled, ovoid— or oblong-lanceolate, acute, glabrous; glume I about one- sixth of III, orbicular or transversely oblong, white, hyaline,. veins 3, faint, or 0, II and III subequal, ovate, acute, II 7- (rarely 5-) veined, III 9-veined, paleate or not, empty or male, palea nearly as long as the glume, IV sessile, obiong,. acute, thinly coriaceous, dorsally convex, smooth, nearly white, margins rather broadly involute.
a Very common in dry sandy or wet marshy soils, ascending to Nuwara_ lya.
s. Europe, Asia, Africa, America.
A troublesome weed in gardens, but a good fodder-grass. Thwaites. gives Attora as the Sinhalese name; Ferguson, “tora-tawa; Trimen, Etord. For differences between this and P. proliferum, see remarks under the latter. Of the two C. P. numbers cited under this species im- Thwaites’s ‘Enumeratio,’ 3049 is P. proliferum.
Ferguson says of this grass, ‘One of the most common in the Island, and highly valued as fodder for cattle; large quantities brought into and.
sold in Colombo. Grows equally well in dry sandy soil as it does in marshes or water.’
Panicum] Gramineae. 155
34. P. proliferum, Lam. Euncycl. iv. 747 (1797).
P. paludosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 307. P. decomposttum, Br., var. paludosum, Trim. Cat. 105. C. P. 3049, 4020.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 50. Turner, Austral. Grasses i. 36 (decomposztun).
Perennial; stem 2-3 ft. or more, stout, ascending from a creeping or floating spongy rootstock which is sometimes as thick as the little finger, leafy up to the panicle, simple or branched, internodes short or long, nodes glabrous; |. 6-12 by 4-3 in., linear or ensiform, acute or acuminate, flat, rather coriaceous, glabrous, base rounded or subcordate, margins minutely scabrid, lower sheaths tumid, usually loose, glabrous, margins eciliate, ligule a ridge of fine hairs; panicle 4-10 in., often as broad when spreading, sessile at the mouth of the l.- sheath, or very shortly peduncled, at first contracted, with few or many erect branches, which are fascicled or whorled below, and at length divaricate, rhachis and branches rather stout, angular, scaberulous, branches strict, naked beiow, tee short erect fig. branchlets about the middle; spikelets 4 ie a. erect, shortly pedicelled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; “glaane I not one-fourth of III, orbicular or esr OPA, white, hyaline, veins obscure or o, II and III subequal, broadly ovate, acuminate, II 7-veined, III 9-veined, paleate or not, empty or triandrous, IV sessile, shorter than III narrowly oblong, acute or acuminate, dorsally convex, smooth, white, coriaceous, margins rather broadly incurved.
Marshes, borders of rivers and lakes, in the hotter parts of the Island, often floating.
Tropics of both hemispheres.
It is often difficult to distinguish in a dried state P. proliferum from P. repens. Over and above the longer, more acuminate spikelets of proliferum, it differs in habit, being habitually a water grass, with much stouter stems, prostrate for sometimes several feet, the leaves are more flaccid, usually longer, always flat, the ligule a well-developed ridge of very fine hairs, and the rigid branches of the panicle eventually spread at right angles. I do not find in Herb. Peradeniya specimens marked C. P. 3049 cited in Thwaites’s Enumeratio and referred to P. repens ; those so marked in Herb. Kew. certainly belong to P. proliferum. Leaves greedily eaten by cattle.
35. B. montanum, fox. /7/. nd. i. 313 (1832). Thw. Enum. 360. C. P. 892. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 53.
Perennial; stem 3-4 ft. or more, erect from a woody root- stock, branched, stiff, hard, solid, smooth, internodes 2—5 in., nodes glabrous; 1. 5-7 by #-1}4 in., spreading or deflexed from the sheath, narrowed from above a broad cordate base to an acuminate tip, flat, smooth, many-veined, quite glabrous or ciliate at the base only, midrib slender, margins scaberulcus,
156 Graminee. [ Panicum.
sheaths shorter than the internodes, glabrous, margins eciliate, ligule of soft long hairs; panicle 8-12 in., effuse, copiously branched, scapiform, the lower branches being as long as the whole panicle, rhachis strict, erect, slender, grooved and smooth below, scabrid upwards, branches very many, whorled, or the upper opp. or alt., lower 6-10 in. long, all suberect or spreading, strict, filiform, scabrid, branches divaricate, capillary; spikelets very distant, 34;-7'5 in., pedicels long capillary, erect, ellipsoid or oblong, obtuse; glume I a fourth toa third shorter than III, ovate, obtuse 3-5 veined, sparsely hairy and ciliate, hairs very long, II and III subequal, II nearly orbicular, tip rounded, strongly 5-veined, glabrous or very sparsely hairy, III rather shorter and narrower than II, obtuse, 5-veined, epaleate, empty, IV ovoid, subacute, very shortly stipitate, dorsally rounded, smooth, polished, obscurely striolate, pale brown.
Central and Western Provinces (Thwaites, Ferguson), Caltura, Pusella, Bellongalla, Kaduganawa.
Hilly districts of India, Malaya, and China.
In some Indian specimens the leaves are hairy, the midrib excentric, and glands occur in the axils of branches of the panicle. Remarkable for its large open panicle and the height to which it grows when sup- ported (Ferguson).
36. P. antidotale, Aezz. Obs. iv. 17 (1780). Mirimisastru, 5S. Thw. Enum. 360., C. P. 971. _ FL B. Ind. vii. 52. Kunth, Revis. Gram. t. 112 (P. subalbidum). Duthie, Indig. Fodd. Grass. t. 3.
Perennial; rootstock stout, creeping, stoloniferous, stem 2-3 ft., rather stout, leafy, solid, internodes 2-4 in., nodes glabrous or puberulous; J. 6-12 by 4-4 in., linear, very finely acuminate with capillary tips, flat, thin, glabrous, scaberulous on both surfaces and margins, base narrowly cordate, 9-veined, sheaths glabrous, margins eciliate, ligule short, membranous, villously ciliate; panicle 6-8 in. long, effuse, pyramidal, rhachis very slender, slightly scabrid, branches fascicled, lower 3-4 in., filiform, spreading and drooping, much divided, naked below, branchlets capillary; spikelets loosely crowded on the branchlets, ~,—-} in. long, ovoid, acute, glabrous, rather shining; glumes I-III thin, sides mem- branous, I half as long as III or longer, broadly ovate, obtuse, 3-veined towards the base, II and III broadly ovate, acuminate, 7—9-veined, III shorter than II, paleate, empty, palea oblong, obtuse, 1V sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute, thinly coriaceous, dorsally smooth, white, margins narrowly incurved. .
Panicum.| Graminece. 157
Hotter parts of the Island (Thwaites}. Dambulla, by the Temple, cultivated (Ferguson). Spikelets pale brownish.
Also in Afghanistan, the plains of India, Trop. Africa, and Australia.
Often cultivated by the natives for medicine (Ferguson). Watt (Dict. Econ. Prod. Ind. vi. 7) says, ‘Used as a disinfectant in smallpox, and in Madras in throat affections,’ also that the green young grass has been stated to be poisonous to cattle. In the Ceylon specimens, the nodes. and upper parts of the internodes are glaucous.
37. P. plicatum, Lam. Tabl. Encycl. i. 171 (1791).
Thw. Enum. 360. Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 890.
Hib ind.-vies55. Jacq clos. Gram. i. t. 1. Trin. Sp. Gram: ie. T2235:
Perennial; stem 1-8 ft., erect or ascending from a woody branching rootstock, stout, leafy, internodes 2-6 in., nodes strigillose; 1. 6-24 by 4-4 in, linear-lanceolate, finely acu- minate, chartaceous, scabrid on both surfaces and on the margins, base narrow, elongate, sessile on the sheath and contracted into a slender petiole, veins very many, pinnately inserted on the midrib in the lower third of the 1. plicate between the veins, sheaths scaberulous or smooth, eciliate, ligule of long hairs; panicle 1-2 ft., contracted, nodding, rhachis stout, angular, scabrid, branches mostly alternate, distant, lower 3-4 in. long, filiform, suberect, bearing short capillary few-fld. branchlets, and with sometimes setiform scabrid flowerless ones; spikelets 4 in., sessile or shortly pedi- celled, ovoid, acute, glabrous; glume I about half as long as IT], orbicular- ovate, obtuse, 5— ne -veined, II half as long as IV or rather longer, orbicular- ovate, obtuse, veins 7-0, linked by their tips, ata longer than II, narrower, acuminate, empty, paleate or not, age a eS palea small; IV shorter than ie ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dorsally rather flattened, striate, punctulate, white, margins strongly incurved.
Hotter moist parts of the Island, up to 2000 ft.
Hilly parts of India, Burma, Malaya, China.
Some Indian specimens have shorter oval-oblong 1., and rougher glume IV.
Another Panzcum with plicate leaves, P. favescens, Sw. (Fl. B. Ind. vil. 56), has been introduced into cultivated ground in the neighbourhood of Colombo. It is a native of Tropical America.
38. PB. trigonum, fez. Obs. ii. 9 (excl. syn. Burm.) (1783).
Thw. Enum. 359 (in part). C. P. 886 (in part), 838.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 56.
Perennial; stem very slender, extensively creeping and branching below, branches 6-18 in., ascending, slender or filiform, leafy, clabrous, internodes variable, nodes S880 lower emitting very long subsolitary filiform roots: I. $-3 by 2-4 in. lanceolate, acuminate, thin, flat, clabrous or
155 Graminee. [ Panicum.
sparsely hairy, striate, base contracted, obtuse or rounded, sometimes with a few long cilia at the base, margins scaberulous, sheaths glabrous or hairy, margins ciliate, especially below the mouth, ligule short, rounded; panicle very various, firm, short, erect, with few short few-fid. branches, or up to 6 in. long, with very distant, solitary, widely spreading capillary branches bearing very few spikelets on capillary pedicel sometimes I in. long, rhachis and branches often flexuous, glabrous, quite smooth; spikelets 7%-q; in., gibbous, laterally compressed; glumes I-III pubescent, hispidulous or villous, I about half as long as III, broadly ovate, acute or cuspidate, membranous, 3-veined, II and III 5-veined, obtuse, II galeate, III obovate-oblong, empty, palea rudimentary or o, IV sessile, semilunar, white, obtuse, laterally compressed, margins not incurved, dorsally rounded, coriaceous, minutely punctulate, shining, palea oblong, coria- ceous, dorsally rounded, sides broadly incurved.
Common up to 7000 ft. Spikelets pale brown.
Bengal, S. India, and Java.
A very variable grass in size and in the open or contracted panicle. Thwaites considered both P. pz/ipes and patens to be varieties of it, probably rightly. Ferguson regards pzlipes, patens, and trigonum, as one species, and says of it, ‘Perhaps the most variable grass in Ceylon next to Spodiopogon obliquivalvis; also that with P. ovalz-
Jolium and P. curvatum it forms the principal part of the fodder collected by the grass-women for horses in the Cinnamon Gardens.
5 30. BP. pilipes, ees and Arn. ex Biise in Mig., Pl. Jungh. ii. 376 1851-5).
tee) Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. P. hermaphroditum, Steud. Syn. Gram. 67. P. trigonum, Retz. (in part); Thw. Enum. 359. C. P. 100, 891.
BIB. Ind. vii, 57:
Perennial; stem 2-3 ft., rather stout, erect from a creeping base, as thick as a duck’s quill or less, leafy, simple or branched, stiff, polished, internodes 3-4 in., nodes glabrous, lower with solitary very stout simple flexuous roots up to a foot long and longer; 1. 4-6 by #-1 in., linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, spreading, flat, thin, smooth, glabrous, veins 3-4 pairs, and midrib obscure above, slender but prominent and pale beneath, base contracted, rounded, sheaths quite glabrous, eciliate, ligule very short, truncate; panicle 3-7 in., contracted, rhachis smooth, branches distant, alt., erect or suberect, rather stiff, filiform, simple and naked below, with short flg. branchlets above the middle; spikelets 74 in., shortly pedicelled, erect, gibbously obovoid, obtuse, nearly glabrous, pedicels with often long, white, spreading hairs; glumes I-III 3-veined, or III obscurely 5-veined, veins free, I broadly ovate, acute, about
Panicum. | Graminee. 159
half as long as III, II and III puberulous above the middle, II shorter than IV, galeate, III as long as IV, empty, paleate, palea very small, narrow, acute, IV very gibbous dorsally, contracted below into a stipes, laterally much com: pressed, coriaceous, smooth, polished, pale brown, tip pro- minent, with a dorsal tuft of brown hairs, palea narrow, coriaceous, sides involute.
Central Province, in the Forest region. Spikelets pale brown.
Bengal and S. India, Burma, Malaya, Madagascar.
Differs from P. ¢vigonum, with which Thwaites united it as a sylvan form, in the much larger stouter habit, nearly glabrous spikelets, and more gibbous pale brown glume IV. P. ¢rigonum is, however, quite a small plant, with slender stem, 6-18 in. high, 1. 3-3 by $-3 in., and a few-fld. panicle with pubescent glumes.
40. P. patens, Linn. Sp. Pi. 58 (1753).
P. trigonum (in part), Thw. Enum. 359. P. radicans, Retz. Obs. iv. 18. P. obliguum, Roth, Nov. Gen. and Sp. 51. C. P. 886 (in part), 887.
Fl, B. Ind. vi. 56. Burm. Fl. Ind.t.10,f.2. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 88 (P. accrescens).
Stem, 1-2 ft., very slender, branching creeping and rooting below, leafy, internodes very variable, nodes glabrous, lower emitting very long solitary wiry roots; 1. 2-6 by 4-4 in., ovate to linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, glabrous or ciliate at the base with sometimes tubercle-based hairs, margins and mouth of sheath ciliated, ligule rounded; panicle 2-5 in., usually inclined, effuse or contracted, branches long, distant, naked below, glabrous or puberulous, branchlets and long pedicels capillary; spikelets 3’; in. long, glabrous, glumes with ‘ciliate tips; otherwise as in P. fzlipes.
Central region, Peradeniya, &c. FI. Feb. Oct. Hilly districts of Eastern Asia, the Malayan and the Pacific Islands.
C. P. n. 886 is a dwarf form from Nuwara Eliya with 1. only 3-1 in. dong, and small panicle.
4t. P. sparsicomum, /Vees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 83 (1854).
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 58.
Stem 6-18 in., filiform, flaccid, diffusely branched, branches ‘decumbent and ascending, leafy, internodes 1-2 in., nodes glabrous or pubescent, lower emitting solitary wiry roots; 1. 1-24 in., narrowly lanceolate, finely acuminate, thin, flat, softly pubescent on both surfaces, 7-veined, base unequal, rounded or subcordate, sheath pubescent, margins ciliate, ligule a ridge of short hairs; panicle long-peduncled, laxly effuse, 4-6 in. long and broad, ped. and filiform rhachis smooth, branches and branchlets alt. distant, widely spreading, capillary; spikelets few, distant, 34-74; in. long, on long capillary spreading pedicels, glabrous; glumes I-III mem-
160 Graminee. [Panicune
branous, I half as long as III, ovate, obtuse, or subacute, 3-veined, II and III strongly 5-veined, II shorter than IV, nearly orbicular, obtuse, III as long as IV, broadly ovate, acute, paleate, empty, palea very small, IV sessile, oval- lanceolate, acute, laterally subcompressed, dorsally very convex, obscurely keeled, quite smooth, thinly coriaceous, margins strongly incurved; grain small, obovoid, plano- convex.
Dry region in the Northern Province. Kokkulai (Heyne, Jany, 23, 1796). Spikelets greenish-brown.
There are two specimens of this very delicate grass in Herb. Peraden. without habitat, date, or collector’s name, marked C. P. 886 in Thwaites’s. writing, which number properly belongs to P. ¢trigonum. The minute spikelets are perhaps hardly sufficiently laterally compressed to place this grass in the section with P. ¢rzgonum and its allies. I have
accordingly in the Key to the species referred to it under the section. Effuse.
42. P. uncinatum, fadai, Agrost. Bras. 41 (1823).
Thw. Enum. 359. £chinolena polystachya, H. B. and K. Nov. Gen aud op.i7i19,, (©. P. 710.
Heb inds vat 58.) Drm. op, (Gram. tere 216; 7H Band Kc vii. t. 679 (Echinolena).
Perennial; stem 1-2 ft., slender, decumbent and rooting below, then ascending, simple or sparingly branched, leafy, lower internodes $—1 in., upper longer, nodes pubescent, lower emitting long solitary filiform roots; |. 2—3 in., spreading, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, flat, sparsely pilose on both surfaces with tubercle-based hairs, base narrow, margins. scaberulous, veins obscure, sheath pubescent, margins ciliate,, ligule short, truncate, membranous; panicle 3-6 in., long- peduncled, contracted, rhachis slender, quite smooth, branches. few, distant, alt., erect, filiform, few-fld., lower an inch long, upper shorter; spikelets 4 in., gibbously ovoid, laterally com- pressed, sessile or pedicelled, erect, binate or solitary with a lanceolate bract-like glume (imperfect spikelet) at the base of the pedicels, sometimes in the lower branches all the spikelets are reduced to subulate or lanceolate glumes. glume I rather longer than III, lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, glabrous or setose towards the tip, II gibbously ovoid, acuminate, herbaceous, obscurely veined, glandular,. naked or furnished, sometimes copiously, with long spreading hook-tipped bristles, margins broadly membranous, III as long as II, orbicular-ovate, obtuse, coriaceous, empty, paleate,. palea coriaceous, as long as the glume, lanceolate, finely acuminate, sides involute, IV much smaller than III, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, dorsally rounded, smooth, white,
Ichnanthus.]| Graminee. 161
‘coriaceous, margins strongy incurved, palea narrow; lodiculeso; -grain very small, oblong, plano-convex.
Central Province; common in damp shady places. Trop. Asia and America.
5. ICHNANTHUS, Seauv.
Annual or perennial grasses; stem creeping and branching below; 1. lanceolate; panicle with long slender subspiciform ‘branches; spikelets subsessile, subsecund, solitary, ovate or lanceolate, terete or laterally compressed, articulate at the base, ‘but very persistent; glumes 4, strongly veined, I more than half as long as III, 3-veined, IJ much longer than III, III and IV 3-5-veined, III paleate, male, IV fem., stipitate, placed transversely to the spikelet, coriaceous, smooth, later- aily compressed, stipes flattened, articulate at the base, palea oblong, 2-keeled; lodicules 2, minute; stam. 3; styles free at the base, stigmas exserted at the top of the spikelet; grain enclosed in the deciduous, thickened, smooth glume and palea.—Sp. about 20; 2 in FZ. B. Lnd.
This genus is scarcely distinct from Pandcum, its best character is
the obliquely tranverse position of the grain, and the persistence of -glumes I-III.
I. pallens, Munro in Benth. Fl. Hongkong, 414 (1861).
Thw. Enum. 361. Panicum pallens, Sw. Prod. Fl. Ind. Occ. 23. Me nE 27.55.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 60.
Perennial; stems 1-2 ft., slender, weak, ascending from a
-creeping base, branching, leafy, glabrous or sparsely puberulous, internodes 2-3 in., nodes glabrous or puberulous, emitting usually solitary long wiry roots; |. 2-6 by 14-14 in., lanceolate, acuminate, tip obtuse, thin, flat, glabrous smooth or scaberulous above, smooth beneath, veins 3-5 pairs very slender, base narrow, rounded or obliquely cordate, margins scabrid, sheath loose, margins ciliate, ligule a ridge of short hairs; panicle 3 in. long, erect or inclined, rhachis slender, smooth, branches erecto-patent, subsecund, alt. or in rather distant fascicles, subspiciform, lower with often distant, imperfect, lanceolate spikelets, rhachis scaberulous; spikelets §-} in., sessile or very shortly pedicelled, glabrous; glume I more than half as long as III, lanceolate, aristately acuminate, 3-veined, keel scaberulous, II and III thin, II lanceolate, acuminate, keel scaberulous, III oval-lanceolate, acuminate, palea as long as the glume, oblong, keels ciliolate, LV much shorter than II and III, oblong, obtuse, base truncate, stipitate, dorsally convex,
PART V. M
162 Graminee. [Setaria.
smooth, pale, shining, subcrustaceous, margins narrowly in- curved, stipes turbinate, not winged, palea oblong.
Central Province. Deltota, alt. 4000 ft. (Thwaites), Knuckles(Ferguson). Bengal, Assam, Tropics generally. 6. SETAREIA, Leauv.
Annual, erect grasses; roots fibrous, stem simple or slightly branched, nodes glabrous; |. linear, finely acuminate, flat, ligule a ridge of hairs; spikelets in contracted, usually cylindric, solitary, terminal panicles, 1—2-fld., not awned, glabrous, articulate on a very short pedicel that bears uni- laterally an involucel of one or more rigid scabrid or barbed bristles (branchlets); glumes 4, I-III membranous, 3-5- veined, I half as long as III or shorter, II shorter than IV,, III as long as IV, orbicular-oblong, paleate, rarely epaleate, male or neuter, palea hyaline, IV _ sessile, coriaceous or crustaceous, broadly ovoid, acute, dorsally very convex, smooth or rugulose, sides incurved; grain oblong, free within the hardened glume and palea.—Sp. about 10; 7 in FV. Jes. Lie.
The species of Sefarza are variable; I have described the Ceylon ones according to specimens in Herb. Peraden., which do not represent all the forms which several of them assume in continental India. The character of panicle spiciform or more or less branched is often very fallacious.
Panicle spiciform, cylindric. Bristles of involucel with erect or spreading teeth 1. S. GLAUCA. Bristles of involucel with deflexed teeth . S. VERTICILLATA. Panicle more or less lobed or branches epee Glume l1V rugulose all over Glume IV smooth in the upper third .
N
S. INTERMEDIA. . 5S. GRACILLIMA.
BSaes)
I. S. glauca, Seauv. Agrost. 51 (1812). BKaooloo, S.
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. Panicum glaucum, L.; Thw. Enum. 361. Moon, Cat. 8. P. helvolum, L.f., Moon, l.c. C. P. 907. IPL 13}, Uiovel, ate Gk INeielmioy Hes IRI, Germ, ik i 47, lelOste, Grete
Austriac. 11. t. 16 (P. glaucum).
Stem I—2 ft., erect or ascending, simple or branched, leafy, nodes glabrous, lower rooting; |]. 12-18 in., linear, finely acu- minate, flat, glabrous or sparsely hairy, base narrow, margins gerbe. sheade smooth; panicle 1-4 in., cylindric, dense-fld., bristles of involucel 6-12, }-} in. long, pale.or dark red-brown, scabrid with very short erect or spreading teeth; spikelets qz-1o in., ovoid, glabrous; glumes I and II very broadly ovate, broader than long, subacute or obtuse, I minute, 3-veined, TI as long as IV or shorter, veins 5, arching and
Setarza.| Graniince. 163
meeting below the tip of the glume, III orbicular, 5-veined, as in II, empty, paleate, palea broadly oval, sides broadly inflexed, IV ovoid, acute, pale, dorsally very convex, closely transversely rugose.
Common all over the Island. Spikes pale or dark red-brown.
Warm and temperate regions.
A very variable plant, which I have described from the Ceylon specimens. Glume III is sometimes triandrous.
2. S. verticillata, Beauv. Agrost. 57 (1812).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. Panicum verticillatum, L.; Thw. Enum. 361. C. P. 3246.
BE oBe Indvit, so. Reichb: Tc Fl Germ. 1. t: 47: . Host, Gram: Austriac. il. t. 13.
Stem 1-3 ft., stout or slender, erect, leafy, usually branching, internodes 2-4 in.; |. 4-10 in., linear-lanceolate, finely acu- minate, flat, smooth, glabrous or sparsely hairy and scaberulous, base very narrow, margins scabrid, sheath smooth, mouth glabrous, ligule a fringe of hairs; panicle 1~3 in., spiciform, cylindric or lobulate towards the base; bristles of involucel one or few, 4-4 in., pale, scabrid with more or less deflexed teeth; spikelets ;4 in., subsessile, ovoid, glabrous; glume I broadly ovate, one-fourth to one-half as long as III, 3-veined, II and III 5-veined, II nearly as long as IV, obtuse, III as long as IV, orbicular-ovate, subacute, paleate, empty, palea very small, IV ovoid, acute, pale green, dorsally very convex, minutely transversely rugulose.
Hotter parts of the Island; abundant in some places. Spikes pale green. Temp. and trop. regions.
3. S. intermedia, Roem. and Sch. Syst. ii. 489 (1817).
Trim. Cat. 105. Panicum intermedium, Roth; Thw. Enum. 361. Car906:
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 79.
Stem 2-3 ft., very slender, erect or ascending, simple, internodes 3-5 in., nodes glabrous, lower rooting; I. linear- lanceolate, finely acuminate, thin, flat, sparsely hairy on both surfaces, margins scaberulous, base very narrow, sheath long, smooth, mouth villous with soft hairs, margins ciliate; panicle 4-5 in. long, narrowly pyramidal, rhachis glabrous, branches rather distant or upper crowded, all short, lower 4—4 in. long, dense-fld.; bristles of involucel 3-6, about 4 in. long, very slender, flexuous, minutely denticulate with erect teeth, pale; spikelets 7; in. long, subsessile, ovoid, glabrous; glume I transversely oval, one-third as long as. III, 3-veined, III and IV orbicular-oval, veins 5, meeting at the tip of the glume, II about half as long as IV, III as long as IV, paleate,
164 Graminee. [Chameraphis.
empty, palea, broadly oval, flaps broad, IV ovoid, acute, brown, dorsally very convex, minutely transversely rugulose all over.
Moist region; not uncommon in damp shady places. Panicle pale
green. Temperate and tropical regions.
4. S. gracillima, ook. f. fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 81 (1896).
Stems 12--18 in., tufted, very slender, almost filiform above, smooth, internodes long; |. 8-12 by 2-4 in., narrowly linear- lanceolate, finely acuminate, flat, smooth, shortly hairy on both surfaces, base very narrow, margins hardly scabrid, sheath pubescent, margins villously ciliate, ligule a brush of hairs; panicle 2-3 in. on a very long filiform, smooth, puberulous ped., 6-8 in. long, very narrow, rhachis filiform, pubescent, branches §—% in., capillary, flexuous, 2~-3-fld.; bristles of involucel 1 or few, % in. long, pale, flexuous, minutely scaberulous; spikelets sessile, + in. long, broadly ovoid, glabrous; glume | one-fourth to one-third as long as III, broadly ovate, 5-veined, I] about one-third shorter than IV, orbicular, 5- rarely 7-veined, III as long as IV, broadly oval, subacute, 5-veined, male, paleate, palea broadly oblong, flaps broad, IV ovoid, acute, pale green, dorsally very convex, transversely rugulose from the lower half or two-thirds, punctulate above it.
Ceylon, Gardner (n. 968), in Herb. Kew. Panicle pale green.
A very peculiar-looking species. Dr. Trimen, to whom I sent a fragment, did not know it, but observed that it looked like a starved S. intermedia, which is certainly its nearest ally (if it be not a form or
variety of it); but, over and above the slender habit, the spikelets are smaller, and glume IV smooth in the upper third.
S. ztalica, Beauv. (Moon, Cat. 8), the Italian Millet, a taller and much stouter species than any of the above, with broader |]. and contracted panicles 6 in. long and as thick as the thumb, is cultivated in Ceylon. Ferguson gives it the native names Tanna Hal, S, Tennay, T, and says of it one of the dry or very fine grains cultivated in India and Ceylon, and considered by the natives to be one of the most delicious of culti- vated grains.
7. CHAMZERAPHIS, 7.
Glabrous marsh or aquatic grasses; |. narrowly linear- lanceolate; infl. panicled, branches of the panicle filiform, ending in a flexuous awn-like scabrid bristle; spikelets narrowly lanceolate, terete, green, scattered, subsecund, sub- articulate but persistent on the very short thickened obconic pedicel, which is subarticulate on the branch; glumes 4, I very small, suborbicular, hyaline, white, veinless, II and III
Chameraphis.] Gramunee. 165
membranous, green, narrowly lanceolate, If acuminate, 9-11- veined, longer than III, narrowed into a subulate or awned tip, III acuminate, 7-veined, paleate, male, palea smaller than the glume, hyaline, veins obscure, 1V much smaller than III, stoutly stipitate, fem., oblong or ovate-oblong, acute, flat, thinly coriaceous, veinless, palea as broad as the glume, acute, veinless; lodicules cuneate; stam. 3, anth. very short; styles free, stigmas laterally exserted, hairs scattered; grain minute, oblong, compressed, free in the coriaceous glume and hyaline palea, embryo large.—Species 5-6? 1 in FZ. B. Lnd.
C. spinescens, Pozr. Ezcycil. ii. 189 (1786).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 106. Panicum asperum, Koen.; Thw. Enum. 436. P. ischemoides, Heyne; Moon, Cat. 8.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 62. Griff. Ic. Pl. Asiat. t.145 (Panicum Brunonianun.).
Forming floating masses of much-branched, leafy, as- cending stems, 1-2 ft. high; 1. 1$—2 in., flat, acuminate, smooth or scabrid, base narrow, sheath elongate, loose, margins eciliate, ligule a ridge of minute hairs; panicle 2—3 in., shortly peduncled, more or less contracted, rhachis and branches angular, sulcate, nearly smooth or scabrid, branches filiform, flexuous, few or many-fld., lower 1-2 in., awn-like tips 4—4 in., spikelets with their awns 4-4 in., glume I not one-eighth of III, orbicular, truncate or reniform, white, II smooth or sparsely setose on the sides, awn scabrid sometimes as long as the glume, III from subequal to about one-third shorter than II, finely acuminate or awned, IV about one-fourth of ITI in length, and much narrower; grain ;, in., obovate- oblong.
A variable plant, of which there are three forms in Herb. Perad.
Var. aspera, C. aspera, Nees. Panicum asperum, Thw. Enum. 436. C. P. 3846.
Tall, rather stout, nodes pubescent, |. very scabrid, panicle 2-3 in., lower branches long, with many spikelets.
Var. subglabra, C. spinescens var. subglabra, Vhw. ex Trim. Cat. OOnC. 3877
‘More slender, nodes glabrous, |. quite smooth, panicle as in var. aspera.
Var. depauperata, Hook. f. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 62. C. depauperata, Nees; Trim. Cat. 106. Panicum sordidum, Thw. Enum. 443. C. P. 3857.
Stem as in var. aspera, nodes puberulous, |. I in., quite smooth, panicle 1-i4 in., contracted, branches very short, appressed, with very few usually dull-red spikelets.
166 Graminee. [A xonopus.
Watery places in the hotter parts of the Island. Vars. subglabra and depauperata, Colombo (Ferguson).
India, Malaya, China, Australia. Var. depauperata, Bengal and the Deccan.
Ferguson regards Paz. sordidum (var. depauperata) as a distinct species. Cattle, he says, eat both species.
§. AXONOPUS, JLeauv.
Perennial grasses; |. subradical; spikelets in whorled or digitate, terminal spikes, solitary or binate, awned, 2-fld., articulate in their short pedicels, erect; glumes 4, I shorter than III, hyaline, empty, acuminate or aristulate, veins 3, lateral arching to join the median below the tip, II as long as IV, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, empty, acuminate or awned, 5-veined, lateral veins marginal and villous, III as long as IV, oblong-ovate, 5-veined, paleate, male, palea very small, bipartite, segments auricled, IV sessile, bisexual, oblong, narrowed into a slender terminal awn, thinly coriaceous, dorsaily flattened, quite smooth, margins glabrous or pubes- cent, narrowly incurved; palea oblong, 2-keeled, flaps auricled; lodicules flabelliform; stam. 3, anth. linear; styles free, stigmas linear, laterally exserted, shortly penicillate; grain oblong, free within the hardened glume and palea.— So, Ba |OCseln thar LAW, Vey, Vaal
Spikes umbellate : : : : : : 1. -AMCINICINUS: Spikes digitate . : A : : : : . 2. A. SEMIALATUS.
1. A. cimicinus, Beauv. Agrost. 12 (1812).
Panicum cimicinum, Retz.; Thw. Enum. 358; Moon, Cat.8. C. P. 911. Fl. B. Ind. vil. 64. Kunth, Revis. Gram. ii. t. 103 (Urochloa cimicina),.
Stem 1-2 ft., erect or decumbent at the base, glabrous or . hairy, internodes 1-4 in., nodes hirsute, |. 1-3 in., ovate- lanceolate from a broad cordate base, acute or acuminate, flat, glabrous or hairy on both surfaces, margins ciliate with rather distant, long, stiff, white, tubercle-based hairs, sheath glabrous or hirsute, ligule of very short hairs; spikes 3-8, umbellate on the tip of a slender smooth glabrous ped. 2-6 in. long, with sometimes a fascicle of 2 or more lower down on the ped., rhachis filiform, flexuous, scaberulous, naked for the lower third or half, simple or forked; spikelets 7-4 in., erect, sub- - secund, solitary or binate, loosely imbricate or the lower distant, very shortly pedicelled, ovoid, flattened, pedicels glabrous; glume I about one-third shorter than III, lanceolate, acu- minate, veins 3, lateral arching to join the median below the tip, II and III membranous, II acute, III obtuse, IV
Oplismenus.| Graminee. 16 7
thinly coriaceous, oblong, narrowed into a straight scaberulous awn shorter than itself, dorsally flat, margins narrowly in- curved, glabrous; anth. dark purple; grain oval, flat.
Warm districts; abundant. Spikelets pale, glistening. Also in India, Burma, Malaya, China.
2. A. semialatus, Hoot. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 64 (1896).
Panicum semialatum, Br.; Vhw. Enum. 358. C. P. 3239.
Fl. B. Ind. 1.c. Griff. Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 145, f. 2 (Panicum viaticum).
Stem 1-3 ft., erect, densely tufted, very robust at the base, clothed with villously silky sheaths, lower internodes short, upper very long, nodes villous; |. 8-12 in., mostly subradical, very narrowly linear, acuminate, strict, rigid, glabrous or pubescent, base very narrow, margins flat or. involute, nearly smooth, sheath more or less hairy or villous, margin ciliate, ligule a very short ridge of hairs; spikes 2-5, subdigitate, terminating a long strict more or less hairy ped., erect, 3-6 in. long, rhachis rather stout, strict, pubescent, usually flowering to the base; spikelets } in. long, solitary or binate, shortly pedicelled, crowded, ovate-lanceolate, subterete, pedicels short, pubescent; glumes all shortly awned, I about one-third shorter than III, triangular-ovate, acuminate, hyaline, margins cilio- late, I] broadly ovate, as long as IV, acute, III as long as IV, oblong, margins incurved, ciliate; anth. red-brown, IV lanceolate, narrowed into a scabrid awn one-third shorter than itself, margins narrowly incurved, pubescent, flaps of palea incurved, auricled towards the base.
Common on the patanas, up to 5000 ft. Hilly districts of Trop. Asia, Australia, S. Africa.
9g. OPLISMENUWS, Leauv.
Slender leafy grasses; stems creeping below, branches ascending; |. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, flat, margins scaberulous, base narrow, auricled on one side, ligule a ridge of long hairs; spikelets solitary or binate, disarticulating at the base, secund on a simple terminal spike or on racemed
| spikes, subterete, awned; glumes 4, I and II empty, both usually awned, awns straight, I shorter than III, 3-5-veined, II as long or shorter than IV, 5—7-veined, III as long as - IV, or longer, 7-9-veined, paleate or not, empty, IV sessile, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thinly coriaceous, terete, . smooth, white, shining, paleate, bisexual, margins broadly - incurved, palea 2-keeled; lodicules minute; anth. 3, linear; ‘styles free, stigmas exserted at the top of the glume; grain
168 Graninee. [| Oplismenius:.
oval-oblong, free within the hardened glume and palea.— Sp. few, very variable; 3 in FZ. 4. Ind.
Awns quite smooth, obtuse .
Awns microscopically scaberulous. Awn of glume I much longer than the glume Awn of glume I not longer than the glume .
.. O. COMPOSITUS.
=
. O. BURMANNIIL.. . O. THWAITESII.
G N
I. O. compositus, Leauv. Agrost. 54 (1812).
Herm. Mus. 36. FI. Zeyl. n. 42. Panicum composttum, Linn.; Thw.. Enum. 359. Moon, Cat. 8. P. aristatum, Retz.; Moon, Cat. 8. P.. elatius, .. f.: Moon, Cat. 8.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 66. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 188, 189, 190 (Pazzcuz2).
Stem I-3 ft., sometimes as thick as a crow-quill, branched and creeping below, branches ascending, leafy, roots sub- solitary from the lower nodes, long, wiry; |. very variable,. I—7 in. long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, finely acuminate, thin, flat, glabrous or more or less hairy or hirsute on both surfaces,. base narrow, auricled on one side, sheath glabrous or pubescent,. margins ciliate; panicle long- or short-peduncled, 3-10 in. long, drooping, rhachis and rhachis of spikes glabrous or pubescent, deeply grooved; spikes subsessile, few or many,. rather distant, short and erect, or long up to 5 in., and. decurved, rhachis rather stout; spikelets 4-4 in. (excl. the awn), very shortly pedicelled, secund and more or less bifariously spreading, pedicel pubescent and often setose;. slumes I-II{ glabrous or pubescent, I shorter than III, ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, 3-5-veined, narrowed into a stiff smooth straight awn, 4 in. long or longer, II larger than I,. ovate, 7-veined, awn as of I, but shorter, III broadly oblong, obtuse, apiculate, 9-veined, palea narrow, IV shorter than II1.
There are six principal forms or varieties of this protean plant in. Herb. Peraden.; all may have very short basal leaves, and much reduced erect panicles.
a, Stem 3 ft. and upwards, as thick as a crow-quill, glabrous, inter- nodes 3-6 in.; 1. 4-7 by 1-14 in, glabrous on both surfaces; panicle: Io in. long, spikes 3-5 in., spikelets glabrous, longest awn $in. C.P.913 (in part).
6. As in form a, but stem and nodes pubescent, sheaths and 1. hirsutely tomentose, rhachis of panicle and spikes clothed with spreading hairs, spikelets glabrous. C. P. 913 (in part).
c. More slender, 1—2 ft. long, internodes glabrous or nearly so, nodes pubescent; 1]. 1-3 in., ovate, acuminate, more or less hirsute on both sur- faces and on the sheaths; panicle 3-6 in., rhachis and of spikes rather stout, glabrous or nearly so, spikes 1-3 in., spikelets glabrous, longest awns 4-zin. C. P. 185.
ad. Very slender, 12-18 in. long, internodes short and nodes glabrous ;: ]. 2—3 in., ovate- or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, sheath glabrous, margins ciliate; panicle 2~4 in., rhachis and of spikes very slender,
{
Oplismenus. | Graminee. 169
glabrous, spikes distant, 3-2 in., spikelets small, rather distant, glabrous, longest awns } in.
e. Habit and infl. of 4, but |. smaller, spikelets smaller, 3 in. (without the awns), glumes I-III silkily pubescent.—O. compositus, form 6, a, Fl. B. Ind. vii. 68. Panicum Burmanni, Thw. Enum. 358 (non Retz.). GaP. 3963.
jf. Stem slender, glabrous; |. 2-3 in. narrowly lanceolate, sparsely hairy above, glabrous beneath; spikelets few, binate, ina simple terminal long- peduncled spike, or a few lowest on a very short lateral branch or spike, glabrous, longest awn din. C. P. 3683.
Throughout the Island. First collected in Ceylon by Hermann, 1660-1667. a. Hantaneand Ambagamuwa. 06. Ambagamuwa (Gardner). ¢. Hantane, Ambagamuwa. ad Dambulla. e. Nalanda. / Nalanda, Trincomalie (Glenie).
All warm countries except Australia.
The widely distributed O. wzdulatifolius (a native of Europe) is a form of this, with a simple terminal spike of sessile spikelets.
2. O. Burmannii, Beauv. Agrost. 54 (1812).
Trim. tn Journ. Bot. xxvii. 168. Panicum Burmannt, Retz.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 298. P. hirtellum, Burm. FI. Ind. 24 (non L).
Hie beladvil Oo bunny, | cat. 1e)t i) nm Sp. Grams le, t..193:
A very slender, diffusely branched, leafy grass, 6-18 in. high, internodes glabrous, lower short, upper elongate, nodes. slabrous; |. 4-14 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or sparsely pilose with long hairs, sheath glabrous, margins white; panicle 1-2 in., usually long peduncled, ped. and grooved flexuous rhachis filiform, glabrous; spikes few, 4_t in., sessile, few-fld., rhachis trigonous, clothed with erect white bristles as long as the spikelets; spikelets 745 in. (excl. the awns), on very short setose pedicels, secund, solitary or binate, imbricating; glumes I-III hyaline, ciliate, and silkily hairy, I broadly ovate, half as long as III, 3-5-veined, awn 4 in., capillary, scaberulous, II about half as long as IV, broadly ovate, 5-veined, awn shorter than that of I, III as long as IV, broadly oblong, obtuse, 9-veined, empty, awn shorter than the glume, palea 0 or very narrow, keels ciliate, IV elliptic-lanceolate, acute.
Low hot region. Trincomalie (Ferguson). Mannar Isld. (7rzmen). Spikelets very pale green. ;
India, Malaya, China, Japan, Trop. Africa.
I have described this species from Ceylon specimens in Herb. Peraden.
3. O. Thwaitesii, Hook. f.
C. P. 3964.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 68 (O. compositus, form 6, c, Fl. B. Ind. vii. 68).
Very slender, diffusely branched, 6-10 in. high, leafy,. glabrous, lower internodes short, upper long, nodes glabrous; l. 1-2 in., lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, sheath glabrous, margins ciliate; panicle 2-3 in., ped. and trigonous flexuous rhachis filiform, glabrous; spikes very few, distant, erect, lower
"70 Gramince. [ Pennisetum.
I in., upper very short, few-fld., rhachis trigonous, scaberulous ; spikelets 7 in., few, solitary or binate, loosely imbricate; glumes I-III hyaline, ciliate and silkily hairy, I shorter than III, broadly ovate, 5-veined, awn not longer than the glume, strict, scaberulous, II as long as IV or longer, ovate-oblong, mucronate, 5-veined, III oblong, obtuse, muticous, 7-veined, paleate, empty, palea linear, keels ciliate, IV lanceolate.
Hot region. Nalande (7waztes, March 1868). Spikelets very pale
reen.
= I advance this as a distinct species with some hesitation. It is very closely allied to O. Burmannzz, differing in the loosely imbricate spikelets, the slender scaberulous naked rhachis of the spike, which wants the long cilia of Burmannzz, in the very short awn of glume I, and fewer veins of glumes IJ and [II. It is named ‘ O. composztus, very young,’ by Trimen in Herb. Peraden., from which the short scaberulous awns and silky spikelets at once distinguish it.
10. PENNISETUM, Pers.
Annual or perennial grasses; |. narrow; infl. spiciform racemes of involucellate clusters of shortly pedicelled spikelets articulate on a rhachis; involucel of unequal, scabrid or plumose, simple or branched bristles; spikelets 1-6 on each involucel, persistent on their pedicels, 1—2-fld., ovoid; glumes BEom Al iliehvaline i. snail on © el anc Wiblisuinecuale 5—7-veined, awned or not, II rarely absent, III paleate or not, male or empty, IV sessile, coriaceous, bisexual or fem. ; lodicules 2; anth. linear; styles free or connate below, stigmas laterally (?) exserted from the glume; grain oblong, free within the hardened glume and palea.—Sp. 100 enumerated; 12 in IF. So AGG Anth.-cells with bearded One ; , : : . I. P. TYPHOIDEUM. Anth-cells naked. : : : : . 2, RB. ORTENTALE.
I. P. *typhoideum, Ach. 7m Pers. Syu.i.72 (1807). umba, 7.
Herm. Mus. 32. Burm. Thes. 111, Fl. Zeyl. n. 44. Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 106. Panicum spicatum, Roxb. FI. Ind. 1.283. Penzcillaria cylindrica, Roem. and Sch.; Thw. Enum. 361 (in note). C. P. 946.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 83. Jacq. Eclog. Gram. t. 17 (Penzc. spicata). Beauv. Agrost. t. 13, f. 4.
Annual; stem 3-6 ft., erect, simple or branched from the base, stout or slender, sometimes as thick as the middle finger, solid, leafy, upper internodes glabrous or woolly, lower rooting at the nodes; |. 1-3 ft. by 4-2 in. linear to linear-
‘lanceolate, spreading and drooping, flat, glabrous or hairy, _ base narrow, rounded, margins scaberulous, sheath long, loose, more or less inflated, margins eciliate, ligule a semicircular
Pennisetum. | Graminee. 71
ridge with soft hairs; spiciform racemes 6-12 in. long by 4-13 in diam., cylindric, obtuse, dense-fld., rhachis stout, hairy or woolly; ‘involucels stipitate, clustered, stipes silky or hispid, bristles $ in. long, slender, scabrid or more or less ciliate or plumose; spikelets {-% in.; glume I o, II minute, orbicular, ciliolate, III as long as IV, quadrate, 5—7-veined, paleate, empty, palea oblong, puberulous, veins ciliolate, [V oblong, ‘dorsally rounded, smooth, polished; lodicules 0; anth.-cells with bearded tips; styles connate at the base; grain obovoid, compressed.
Cultivated in the hot region. Spikes reddish or yellowish-brown. A widely distributed millet in the old world from Italy to: China, especially grown in Africa. It is the Bajri of the Hindoos, the Bull-rush Millet of the F.nglish. Variable in the size of the spike, length and ‘colour of the invol. bristles, and in the proportions of the glumes. Ferguson says that it was introduced from India into Ceylon, where it is grown by the Tamils, and springs up in rubbish heaps about Colombo. ‘The grain, like Canary seed, was used for feeding the Carrier pigeons which were employed before the introduction of the. telegraph in carrying news from Galle to Colombo. Cattle are fond of the straw.
2. PB. orientale, (ich. in Pers. Syn. i. 72.
Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1. 162, 11.117. Pandcum ortentale, Willd.
F]. B. Ind. vii. 86, not given for Ceylon. :
Perennial, 2-3 ft. high; stem suberect from a stout root- stock, leafy, clothed below with withered |.-sheaths; |. 6-12 in. by $4 in., narrowly linear, finely acuminate, flat, smooth, margins scaberulous, ciliate close to the obtuse or truncate base. with very long, flexuous hairs, sheath glabrous, margins ‘ciliate, ligule a ridge of very short hairs; spike 6 in. long, inclined, rhachis slender, subterete, involucels loosely packed, shortly stipitate, stipes pubescent, bristles very unequal, longest about ? in., capillary, flexuous, scaberulous, plumose with long hairs below the middle, base naked; spikelets 2-6 in., each invol. ¢ in. long, pedicels pubescent; glume I 4-4 the length of III, ovate-oblong, obtuse, veinless, IJ, II], -and IV narrowed into slender scaberulous awns, {4-3 their own length, II one-third shorter than IV, ovate, faintly _3-veined, III as long as IV, ovate-oblong, 5—7-veined, _paleate, triandrous, IV narrower than III, membranous, 5-veined, awn recurved, paleas of II] and IV as long as the glumes, of III obtuse, of IV acuminate, and sometimes bi- aristulate; anth. long, yellow; style and stigmas long.
Ella Pass, Uva (Trimen, 9th Sept. 1890, introduced ?). Spikelets pale, invol. bristles tinged with purple. 2
N.W. India, Sindh, the Concan, Behar, W. Asia, and N. Africa.
So many Behar and Concan plants are found in the drier parts of ‘Ceylon, that P. orientale may well be indigenous on the Uva Pass.
172 Graminee. [Stenotaphrum.
11. STENOTAPHRUMDI, 7777.
Perennial, stoloniferous, leafy, glabrous grasses, with flat- tened ascending stems from a creeping much-branched root- stock; |. distichous, linear, obtuse, sheath flattened, ligule a ridge with short hairs; inflorescence a terminal, peduncled,. linear, dorsally compressed, pseudo-articulate, spiciform, her- baceous rhachis, bearing on one surface one or two parallel rows of oblong cavities, each containing, immersed in it, a short branchlet or spike bearing two or more secund uni- or biseriate spikelets; spikelets sessile, ovate - lanceolate, acuminate, laterally compressed, appressed to the rhachis, 1—8-fld., upper one or more spikelets perfect, lower one or more usually imperfect, rhachis ending in a mucro; glumes 4, I very small, veinless; II about as long as IV, orbicular- ovate, subacute, membranous, 7-veined, III ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, at length coriaceous, paleate, triandrous, IV lanceolate, coriaceous, paleate, bisexual, paleas of III and IV coriaceous, acute, sides involute; lodicules 2, quadrate- cuneate; anth. linear; styles free, stigmas plumose, exserted at the top of the glume; grain oblong, compressed, free within the hardened glume and palea.—Species 3 or 4; 2 in FZ. B. Lnd.
S. complanatum, Schrank in Bot. Zeit. iii. Beil. 26 (1824).
Aly, linia, Hous (CIP, C12
Fi. B. Ind. vii. go (S. glabrum). ‘Kunth, Revis. Gram. ii. t. 211 (S. madagascartense).
Stem 12-18 in., erect or inclined, smooth, leafy, internodes 1—2 in., nodes glabrous; |. 4-6 by 4-1 in., exactly linear, mid- rib stout, margins smooth or nearly so, flat, rather coriaceous, base rounded, suddenly strongly contracted at the insertion,. sheath very strongly compressed, green, mouth rounded, not auricled, ciliate, ligule a few hairs; peduncle 4-12 in., slightly compressed, smooth; rhachis of infl. 2-5 by 35-4 in., dorsally convex, margins most minutely serrulate, internodes }—} in.,. rarely disarticulating, unequally two-lobed, one lobe forming an erect tooth, cavities as long as the internodes, I—2-seriate ;. spikes of 4-8 bifariously imbricating, sessile spikelets about 4 in. long; glume I reniform, ciliate, white, II obtuse, ciliate towards the tip, III with a narrow hyaline ciliate margin above the middle, veins obscure, IV terete, acuminate, tip: ciliate; anth. yellow; stigmas purple.
Hotter parts of the Island; not uncommon. On moist banks near Colombo, forming a sward (Ferguson).
Thuarea.] Graminec. ie
S. India, Siam, Mascarene Islds., Africa, Trop. Australia.
Varies greatly in size, especially of the rhachis of the infl., which is sometimes as narrow as the fig. spike. In Fl. B. Ind., following Deell in Mart. Fl. Bras., I regarded the old and new world forms of this plant as one species. They are indeed most closely allied, but Dr. Stapf finds ‘characters in the unequally lobed internodes of the rhachis in the Old World plant, one lobe being produced into a tooth or spine, and the minutely serrulate margins of the rhachis. In the same work this is erroneously stated to inhabit the plains throughout India, whereas it is confined to southern India and Ceylon. According to Ferguson, it is an excellent fodder grass.
12. THUAREBA,* Pers.
A perennial, prostrate, widely creeping, diffusely branched, Tow, leafy, littoral grass; branches short; 1. short, flat; infl. a terminal spike enclosed In a spathiform sheath, rhachis her- baceous, base at length accrescent and enveloping the rest of the spike with the spikelets; spikelets few, 2-fld., uniseriate, sessile on the under face of the rhachis, persistent, lower one or two female or bisexual, upper male; male spikelets:— glumes 3 or 4, I minute, hyaline or o, II and III subequal, broadly oblong, obtuse, pubescent, III paleate, male or neuter, palea hyaline, cleft nearly to the base into two lanceolate ciliate 1-veined segments, IV triandrous, paleate, palea oblong with inflected sides and a truncate-ciliolate tip; anth. small; fem. spikelets :—glumes as in the male, but III empty, IV more coriaceous, palea lanceolate, acuminate, terete; lodicules minute, suborbicular; styles 2, distant, stigmas plumose ex- serted at the top of the glume; grain free in the hardened glume and palea, but all enclosed in the accrescent base of the spike, forming together a trigonously obconic or turbinate nut with a deep depression on one side of the crown.— Monotypic.
T. sarmentosa, ers. Sy. i. 110 (1805).
Thw. Enum. 362 (7ouarea). C. P. 3260.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 91. Kunth, Revis. Gram. i. t. 35. Beauv. Agrost. P22. 1.0)
Stems2—3) tt. slender smooth)» branches, erect; 1-2 int; ]. distichous, I-2 in., spreading, linear-oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, silkily pubescent, base narrow, margins nearly smooth, sheath $ in., compressed, pale, ligule a ridge of hairs; spikes $—1 in., 6-8 in. long, subsessile in the spathaceous sheath, deflexed or horizontal; glumes II and III membra- nous, pubescent and ciliate, 5—7-veined, outer veins distant
* Name.
174 Graminee. [Spinzfex..
from the median; fruit $—4 in. long and broad, with a deflexed and incurved beak, caducous.
Sea-coast, Tangalle, Columbo. Spikelets pale.
Laccadive, Nicobar, and Malay Islds., Madagascar, Australia, Poly- nesia.
The fruit, formed of the accrescent hardened base of the spike en- closing the glumes and grain, is very curious; it resembles ‘gram,’ the seed of Czcer arietinum. It becomes forced underground to enable it to ripen (Ferguson).
13. SPINIFEX, Z.
Gregarious, much branched, rigid bushes; stem and branches woody; |. very narrow, rigid, spreading and recurved, thickly coriaceous; infl. dicecious, of large terminal globose bracteate heads with radiating spikes; male heads. with many spikelets in each spike, fem. with one only; male spikelets 1—2-fld., distichous, articulate on short pedicels;. elumes 4, chartaceous, acute or pungent, strongly veined, I and II empty, III paleate, empty or triandrous, IV thinly coriaceous, paleate, triandrous, paleas of III and [IV as long as their glumes, acuminate; anth. linear; fem. spikelets narrower than the male, erect, lanceolate, 1-fld., glumes acute or acuminate, veined as in the male, I longest, III empty; IV thin, dorsally compressed, palea linear-oblong, acuminate ;. lodicules 2, large, connate below, strongly veined; styles long,. connate below, stigmas long, shortly feathery, exserted at the top of the glume; grain clavate, tipped by the long rigid style, free within the hardened glume and palea—Sp. 4; I in Fit. B.. Ind.
A genus of doubtful affinity.
1. S. squarrosus, /277. Mant.ii. 300 (1771). Maha-rawana- rewula, 5.
Thw. Enum. 362. Stipa spinzfex, Linn. 1. c. 1.84. S. Ué¢torea, Burm. IPI, Mawel, BO), (Cg 12s, Ova,
Fl. B. Ind. vi. 63. Lamk. Ill. t. 840. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 75.
A pale grey or glaucous squarrose bush, several feet high and broad, forming an impenetrable scrub; stem as thick as. the little finger below, smooth, solid; |. 4-6 in., spreading and recurved, smooth, tapering from the base to the tip, concavo- convex, base not dilated, margins scaberulous, sheath $-1 in., smooth, margins eciliate, ligule a ridge of short stiff hairs; male infl. up to 8 in. diam.; bracts shorter than the spikes, lanceolate, aristately pungent, flat, chartaceous, midrib very prominent beneath; male spikes 1-3 in., longer than the stout
Arundinella.] Graminee. aise
angular ped., angles and of rhachis scabrid; male spikelets 4 in., smooth; glumes I and II subequal or I shortest, oblong- lanceolate, 7—9-veined, III rather longer, 5-veined, paleate empty or triandrous, IV shorter, narrowly lanceolate, paleas. of III and IV as long as the glumes, acuminate, keels of III ciliate, of IV eciliate; fem. infl. up to Io in. diam.; bracts as. in the male, but smaller; peduncle thickened towards the base; fem. spikelet 4-3 in., narrowly lanceolate; glume J,. oblong-lanceolate, veins many, scaberulous, II rather shorter, acute, 7-veined, III like II, 5-veined, empty, palea Oo or im- perfect, IV ovate-lanceolate, 5-veined, palea shorter than the glume, acute, keels smooth. Sandy shores. Fl. May. Peninsula of India, Burma, Java, China.
_ Cultivated on the Madras coast for its sand-binding property. Sometimes called water-pink by Europeans. When burning it makes a crackling noise, like salt when thrown into fire. The globose fruiting heads, becoming detached, are propelled by the wind, assisted by the elasticity of the peduncles, with great velocity along the sandy shores, dropping the seeds in transitu. One may be followed by the eye for miles on its journey. They are so buoyant as to float lightly on water, when the upper peduncles, acting as sails, transport them across estuaries. The utility of the plant in resisting the encroachment of the sea has. given it the native name of ‘ Great Bund of Ravena or Rama’ (Ferguson)..
14. ARUNDINELLA, Radda.
Annual or perennial grasses; |. narrow; spikelets panicled,. terete, articulate on their pedicels or with glumes I and II] separately deciduous, 1—2-fld., with the upper fl. always fem., rhachilla not or shortly produced between the three lower glumes; glumes 4, membranous, chartaceous, or thinly coria- ceous, III and IV always (?) membranous, I and II empty, strongly veined, acute or acuminate, with a veinless obtuse tip, [1 longer than I, 11] shorter than JJ; faintly 3—7-veined, paleate, male or neuter, rarely bisexual and fruiting, [V much shorter than III and thinner, paleate, fem. or bisexual, sessile, disarticulating at the naked or bearded base, awnless or I—3-awned, if 3-awned 2 lateral awns capillary straight, median geniculate with a straight or twisted column, paleas of III and IV linear or oblong, 2-keeled, flaps more or less conspicuously dilated or auricled at the base; lodicules 2, minute; stam. 3, anth. linear-oblong ; styles free or shortly connate below, stigmas short, laterally exserted; grain very small, oblong, compressed, loose in the membranous glume
176 Graminee. [ Arundinella,
and palea or tightly embraced by these, embryo large.— Sp2 about 30.923 inl 7 baae.
I retain Avundinella in the group of Pantcacee, because of the spikelets always articulate with their pedicels, or with glumes I and II often separately disarticulating, and the uppermost of the flg. glumes being always female or bisexual. The disarticulation of glume IV is, however, a Poaceous character, as is the elongation of the rhachilla between the three lower glumes in some species.
‘Glume IV 3-awned.
Annual, |]. 1-3 in. . : 3 : : . I. A. AVENACEA. Perennial, JES oyna 2, AX, SHOGA Glume IV 1-awned (sometimes awnless in A, laxiflora). Spikelets in short oe crowded villous spikes . 3 3. A. VILLOSA. Spikelets panicled, glabr ous. Spikelets very shortly pedicelled E eA LE PROCHnh@A: Spikelets long-pedicelled. Panicle 4-8 in., erect 5. A. LAXIFLORA. Panicle 12-20 in., drooping 6. A. LAWII. Glume IV awnless. L. base broad, cordate, amplexicaul . . 7. A. BLEPHARIPHYLLA, L. base narrow, rounded : : ; . 9. A, THWAITESII. 1. A. avenacea, Munro ex Thw. Anum. 362 (1864).
Aloe, Be (Gaatt, INGaulle Wie Biss (Coe Svea,
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 69. Griff’ Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 146, f. iii. (Airoid.).
Annual, weak, slender, straggling, rooting below at the nodes, with ascending leafy stems 12-18 in. high, lower inter- nodes ‘short, upper very long, nodes glabrous; |. Tea in., ovate- lanceolate from an amplexicaul pectinately ciliate 2-auricled base, acute, flat, glabrous or sparsely hairy, deeply closely striate above, faintly 5-veined beneath, basal auricles rounded, decurrent on the sheath, embracing the narrow linear ligule which is ciliate at the tip, margins scaberulous, lower sheaths short, loose, upper long; panicle 4-1 in., ovoid, compact, rhachis and branches very short, scaberulous glabrous or hairy; spikelets 4-} in. lanceolate, crowded, base articulate but persistent; glumes rather coriaceous, | and II distant at the base, oblong-lanceolate, strongly 3-5-veined, I narrowed into an erect scaberulous awn as long as itself, margins setose above the middle, keel scaberulous, II rather longer, margin setulose above the middle, tip obtuse, ciliate, notched with a short awn in the sinus, III thinner, and rather shorter than II, 3-veined, tip obtuse, dorsally mucronate, paleate, bisexual, IV female, much shorter than III, oblong, terete, thinly coriaceous, hirsute with brown hairs, faintly 3-veined, deeply 2-lobed, 3 awned, side awns straight capillary terminating ‘tthe triangular lobes, median awn short with a broad dark
Arundinella.| Graminec. 177
brown flat strongly twisted column, and subulate divaricate pale scabrid point, palea of glumes III and IV rather coriaceous, white, linear, 2-toothed, thickened and dorsally hairy between the 2 slender keels, flaps incurved, thickened towards the margins, 2-auricled at the very base; anth. linear ; grain loose in glumes III and IV, obovate-oblong, compressed, about 34 in. long, pale brown, smooth, polished, embryo half as long as the grain.
Var. robusta, ‘ook. /
Stem stouter, darker coloured, more leafy, upper nodes shorter, panicle up to 24 in., spikelets larger.
Swampy places. Suffragam district (Thwaites), Sabaragamuwa Pro- vince (Ferguson). Var. robusta, Herb. Peraden., without habitat. Panicle
pale green. Bengal, Assam, South India, Burma.
2. A. setosa, 77in. Diss. ii. 63 (1824).
Steud. Syn. Gram. 114.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 7o.
Perennial; stem 1-3 ft., erect from a hard rootstock, slender, rigid, smooth, naked below, subtuberous at the base, branching and sparingly leafy above, branches erect, internodes 4-6 in., uppermost a foot long, very slender, nodes glabrous; |. 6-10 in., narrowly linear, finely acuminate, coriaceous, smooth, gla- brous, margins smooth, flat or incurved, base narrow, rounded, setosely ciliate, sheaths shorter than the internodes, margins ciliate, ligule a very short membrane; panicle 6-12 in., very lax, rhachis very slender, smooth, glabrous, branches 2-6 in., alt., distant, suberect, filiform, simple, straight or flexuous ; spikelets 4} in., subsecund, distant, solitary or binate, longer than their slender pedicels, naked or setulose at the base ; glume I ovate-lanceolate, subaristately acuminate, 3-veined, keel scaberulous, II longer than I by a fourth or third, oblong-lanceolate, 5-veined, narrowed into a long awn-like truncate point with involute margins, keel scaberulous, III as long as I, narrow, laterally compressed, obtuse 5—7-veined, paleate, male, IV half as long as III, narrowly oblong, acuminate, scaberulous, setulose at the base, faintly 3-veined, 3-awned, lateral awns capillary as long as the glume, median as long as the spikelet, column stout, twisted below the knee, slender and recurved above it, paleas of III and IV linear-oblong, acute, keels and narrowly inflexed flaps glabrous.
Trincomalie, near Fort Ostenburg (Ferguson).
India, Tonkin, China, Philippine Is.
The |. are pubescent or villous in some Indian states of this plant.
PART V. N
17 8 Graminece. [Arundinella.
3. A. villosa, Aru. ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 115 (1845).
Thw. Enum. 362. C. P. 960.
Fl. B. Ind. iti. 72.
Perennial; stems 1-24 ft. densely tufted, unbranched, erect, stiff, smooth, glabrous except near the panicle, base swollen, and sometimes as large as a hazel-nut, clothed with woolly 1.-sheaths, internodes very long, uppermost up to a foot, nodes glabrous; 1. mostly crowded at the base of the stem, 4-12 in. long, erect, narrowly linear, or almost filform, pungent, coriaceous, glabrous pubescent or villous, smooth, flat or margins involute, base very narrow, woolly, lower sheaths short, upper very long, auricled, auricles rounded, woolly, ligule minute, glabrous; panicle 2-8 in., erect, very narrow, rhachis stout, tomentose, branches spiciform, sub- secund, sessile, lower alt. up to 14 in. long, upper much shorter, densely crowded, all covered from the base to the tip with crowded, imbricating, subsecund, sub-sessile, villous spikelets 4-4 in. long, pedicels short, hispid with long speading hairs; glumes.I and II ovate-lanceolate, 5-veined, veins and inargins beset with long tubercle-based hairs, lateral veins nearer the margins, I aristately acuminate, II rather longer, narrowed into an awn-like obtuse point with inflexed margins, III as long as I, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-veined, glabrous, paleate, male or neuter, palea with ciliate flaps and nearly smooth keels, IV half as long as III, oblong, obtuse, scaberulous above, 5-veined, base penicillate, abruptly awned, awn as long as the spikelet, geniculate about the middle, column slender twisted, palea oblong-lanceolate, keels smooth, flaps eciliate ; grain closely wrapped in the red-brown coriaceous suberulous glumes and palea, oblong, 74 in. long, compressed, pale brown, embryo longer than half the seed.
Abundant in the patanas, alt. 4-6000 ft. Spikelets dusky brown. Continental India.
4. A. leptochloa, Hook. 7. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 76 (1896).
Panicum leptochloa, Nees; Thw. Enum. 360. P. szeylanicum, Arn. Mss. C. P. 918.
Hibs Inds! c
Perennial; stems 2-3 ft., tufted on a woody rootstock, erect, rather stout, subsimple, leafy, stiff, glabrous, or laxly hairy above, internodes long, upper 6-12 in.; nodes glabrous ; 1. 6-10 by $3 in., linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, strict, flat, glabrous or sparsely hairy, margins smooth, ciliate with tubercle-based hairs towards the rounded or retuse base, sheaths long, coriaceous, glabrous or sparsely hairy, margins glabrous or ciliate, upper 6-10 in. long, ligule a
Arundinella.] Granminee. 179
very short membrane; panicle 6-10 in., contracted, rhachis strict, angled and grooved, smooth, spiciform branches 1-4 in., erecto-patent, simple, strict, bearded at the axils, scaberu- lous ; spikelets 74-4 in., rather crowded, subsecund, solitary or binate, glabrous, articulate on the pedicel or not, pedicel rarely longer than the spikelet, base naked; glumes I-III thinly coriaceous, I and II broadly ovate, I subaristately acuminate, 3-veined, glabrous or scaberulous, IT rather longer, ovate, acuminate, 5-veined, lateral veins distant from the median, III sessile, longer than I, oblong, acuminate, faintly 5-veined, paleate, male or neuter, 1V one-third shorter than III, oval, membranous, hyaline, glabrous, muticous, base quite naked, paleas of III and IV oblong, truncate) flaps very narrow, eciliate, hardly auricled, dorsally faintly tuber- culate.
Low country; abundant in the S. of the Island (Thwaites). Colombo, Peradeniya.
Also in Malabar.
Glume IV scaberulous in Malabar specimens. I find no trace of hairs at the base of glume IV. The spikelets are sometimes wholly male, glume III being neuter or having 3 small anthers only, and glume IV having 3 large anthers. In other spikelets glume IV has only a minute ovary. The paleas of glumes III and IV have no or very obscure basal auricles to the flaps.
5. A. laxiflora, ook. f. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 75 (1896).
A. nervosa, Thw. Enum. 362, non Nees and excl. syn. C. P. 919 (in part), 3782.
Bis.) ind. vito75-
Annual (?); stem 14-2 ft., tufted, erect, much branched from the base, slender, leafy, lower internodes 1-2 in., upper much longer, nodes glabrous; |. 4-8 by 4-4 in., linear- lanceolate, attenuately acuminate, strict, flat, rather coria- ceous, smooth, glabrous or softly hairy on both surfaces, margins smooth, base subcordate, sheaths glabrous or hairy, upper very long, auricles small, villous, ligule a short mem- brane with long silky hairs; panicle sessile or shortly exserted from the upper |.-sheath, 4-8 in. long, erect, effuse, thachis very slender, branches 2-3 in., capillary, alt. or fascicled, erect or spreading, scaberulous; spikelets ;4—-1, solitary, distant, articulate on the capillary pedicels, ovoid, glabrous, pale green, base naked; glumes thinly coriaceous, I and II separately deciduous, broadly ovate, subaristately acuminate, I 3-veined, 11 about one-third longer, suddenly Narrowed into a beak-like truncate membranous tip half as long as the glume, 5-veined, III sessile, linear-oblong, sub- acute, faintly 5-veined, male, flaps of palea ciliate, obscurely
180 Graminee. [Arundinella.
auricled, IV half as long as III, thin, ovate-oblong, scaberulous, tip obtuse, toothed, base naked or minutely bearded, awn if present about twice as long as the spikelet, column slender, twisted, flaps of scaberulous palea narrow, glabrous, hardly auricled.
Central Province; common from 3000-5000 ft. elevation.
Endemic.
There are awned and awnless forms of this plant, between which I can find no other difference whatever; both occur on the same sheet of Thwaites’s C. P. 919 in Herb. Peraden.
6. A. Gawii, ook. 7.
A. agrostoides, Trin.; Fl. B. Ind. vil. 71 (partim).
Perennial ; stems tufted, erect from a small woody root- stock, 3-4 ft. high, strict, slender or rather stout, leafy, branching upwards, smooth; |. 8-12 by } in,, linear, finely acuminate, flat, sparsely hairy on both surfaces, margins nearly smooth, midrib slender, veins faint, sheaths elongate, mouth auricled, ligule a tomentose lunate ridge; panicle 12-20"in., pyramidal, decompound, effuse, glabrous, drooping, rhachis slender, smooth, lower branches up to 6 in. long, in distant fascicles, filiform, spreading, flexuous, subscaberulous,. branchlets capillary; spikelets 74-75 in. long, very long- pedicelled, obscurely articulate at the naked base; glumes very thin, I and II rather distant at the base, with scaberulous or ciliate veins, separately deciduous, I shorter than III, ovate, acuminate, 3—5-veined, II broadly ovate, suddenly narrowed into anarrow obtuse beak, 5-veined, lateral veins distant from the median, III { shorter than II, oblong, obtuse, faintly 5-veined, lateral veins submarginal, palea oblong, obtuse, with a faint median vein, keels ciliolate, flaps hardly auricled ; IV not half II, oblong, obtuse, membranous, hyaline, punctu- late, faintly 5-veined, base shortly bearded, awn as long as the spikelet, straight, column articulate above the base, palea oblong, obtuse, puncticulate, keels smooth, flaps dilated below hardly auricled.
Ceylon (Ferguson, in Herb. Peraden.), without locality.
The Concan.
In the Flora of British India this plant was considered to be a form of A. agrosioides, Trin., having been so nained by Munro (in Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. and T.). Its occurrence in Ceylon has Jed to a re-examination of it, with the aid of fine specimens collected in the Concan by Mr. Woodrow. The result is that it must rank as a distinct species. characterised by its perennial habit, much taller stems, long leaves, and very long drooping elongate pyramidal panicle.
7, A. blephariphylla, 77777. avss. ex Fl. B. Ind. vii. 77 (1896).
Panicum blephariphyllum, Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxii. (1885), 272. Fl. B. Ind. 1}. c.
Arundinelia.| Graminee. 181
Perennial ; stems 2-3 ft., tufted, tall, stout, leafy from the base upwards, glabrous, upper internode very long, nodes _ glabrous; |. 12-18 by 3-1 in., linear-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, flat, smooth, glabrous on both surfaces, margins ciliate with long, slender, spreading, tubercle-based hairs, base broad, cordate, semi-amplexicaul, sheath pale, glabrous, membranous, margins ciliolate, ligule 0, or a very narrow membrane; panicle 4-6 in., broadly oblong, rhachis strict, nearly smooth, branches filiform, angular, laxly whorled, spreading or subsecund, subscaberulous, axils hairy; spikelets } in., subsecund, sub- solitary, as long as their pedicels, ovoid, base naked, articu- late; glumes I and II separately deciduous, I one-fourth of II, broadly ovate, acute, 3-veined, II ovate, acuminate, 5- veined, III oblong, subacute, 3-veined, male, paleate, IV about half as long as III, lanceolate, thin, white, scaberulous, not aawned, base naked, palea scaberulous.
Margins of woods near the sea. Ruanwelle (Ferguson). Endemic.
8. A. Thwaitesii, Wook. f Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 77 (1806).
A. nervosa, var. Thw. MSs. C. P. 919 (in part), 4org.
LB: Ind? 1. ¢.
Perennial; stems 2-3 ft. tufted, erect, slender, leafy, glabrous, internodes long, uppermost very long, nodes glabrous; |. 4-8 by $-} in. very narrowly linear, finely acuminate, flat or margins involute, coriaceous, quite smooth, glabrous, base narrow, rounded, sheaths long, coriaceous, glabrous, or mouth sparsely hairy, margins membranous, ligule avery narrow hairy membrane or obsolete; panicle 4-8 in., effuse, perfectly glabrous, laxly branched, rhachis slender, smooth, terete or angular, branches in rather distant fascicles, 2-4 in.long, capillary, erecto-patent,sparingly divided ; spikelets yo-= in. solitary or binate, subsecund, articulate on their pedicels, glabrous, base naked, pedicels up to } in. long; glumes rather coriaceous, I and II separately deciduous, I orbicular-ovate, subacute, 3-5-veined, II one-third longer or more, broadly ovate, suddenly contracted into a subulate obtuse beak, 5-veined, lateral veins towards the margin, III one-third longer than I, oblong-ovate, obtuse, 5—7-veined, paleate, male or neuter, IV one-fourth shorter than III, fem. or bisexual, oblong, obtuse, rather thickened below the middle, white, minutely scaberulous, awnless, base naked or minutely penicillate, palea of [iI and IV oblong, obtuse, flaps narrow, hardly auricled.
Ceylon (Walker), Ambagamuwa district (Thwaites, 1862).
Endemic.
182 Graminece. [Oryza.
Very closely allied to 4. /axzflora, differing in the much stiffer branch- lets of the panicle and pedicels, and broader, thicker glumes I and II. The specimens numbered C. P. 4019 are small, with no habitat attached.
A. brasiliensts, Raddi. Ceylon is given as a habitat in Fl. B. Ind. (vii. 73) for this plant, some specimens of A. /axzflora having been taken for it. It is a very common and variable species found in both hemispheres, abounds in the hilly districts of India from the Himalayas. southward, :nd may be expected to occur in Ceylon. In habit it is much stouter plant than A. /axiflora, with larger, shorter sedicalied spikelets, but it is very difficult to formulate their digerenal characters.
is, ORVZA,* Z.
Tall, annual or perennial grasses; |. long, narrow, flat; spikelets 1-fld., loosely arranged on the branches of a raceme or panicle, disarticulating from their pedicels, laterally strongly compressed, awned or not, thickened at the base; glumes 1-3, I and II very minute, subulate or o, III dimidiate-oblong, coriaceous or chartaceous, hard, keeled, 5-veined, the lateral vein forming a thickened margin of the glume, awnless or with along or short straight terminal awn, which is scabrid and articulate on the glume, palea linear, as long as the glume, 3-veined, coriaceous with membranous margins ; lodicules 2, entire or 2-lobed; stam. 6; styles short, free, stigmas penicillate, laterally exserted from the glume; grain narrowly oblong, compressed, closely invested by or adnate to the glume and palea.—Sp. 5 or 6; 5 in AZ. B. Ind.
Dr. Stapf, who has made a careful study of the morphology of the spikelets of Ozyza, informs me that it consists theoretically or normally of 5 glumes, of which the two lowest are very minute, are confluent with the tip of the pedicel, and rarely discernible. The spikelet is hence only apparently articulate with the pedicel, the real articulation being above these two suppressed glumes. The two following glumes, also empty, are always minute, and one, or rarely both, are sometimes suppressed. The palea is very anomalous, being 3-veined and as coriaceous as the uppermost glume. Rarely a sixth glume is produced ; it is like the fifth, but narrower and empty; its palea is 2-keeled, as in most grasses. Dr. Stapf refers (in Flora Capens.) the Tribe Orxyzee to the Group Poacee, and places it near Pappophoree and Phalaridee.
Spikelets 4 in. long, ligule long. : : : dee Oy SAM Dye Spikelets 1 in. long, ligule short. Glumes ‘granulate, glabrous . : F 2) OUGRANULAMAS Glumes tesselately ‘punctulate, setulose . : 3.) OLA TIEORDAS
1. O. sativa, Linn, Sp. Pi. 333 (1753). Uru-wi, S.
Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 200. C. P. 969.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 92. Host, Gram. Austriac. iv. t. 325. Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. II. t. 1. Benth. and Trim. Med. PI. iv. t. 291.
* Name, dpvfa, classical.
Oryza.] Graminee. 183
Annual or perennial (?); stem 2-4 ft., erect, or with a long stout creeping or floating base, rooting at the nodes, inter- nodes long, smooth, nodes glabrous; |. 1-2 ft. by 4-4 in. broad, linear, acuminate, scabrid on both surfaces and on the margins, base narrow, sheath 4-6 in., loose, smooth, margins eciliate, mouth with ciliate auricles, ligule long, up to #? in., lanceolate, bifid or bipartite; panicle 6-8 in., inclined or drooping, contracted, loosely branched, ped. long, smooth, rhachis rather stout, angled and grooved, sparsely scaberulous, branches alternate, or lower fascicled, lower rarely spivading and 2-4 in. long, flexuous, subscaberulous; spikelets 4-+ in. long, erect; sessile or very shortly pedicelled; glumes I and II not one-fourth as long as III, ovate, acute, coriaceous, white, III awned, faces deeply sulcate, keel nerves and margins ciliate, awn articulate at the base, up to 2 in. long, striate, erect, scabrid, palea acuminate; grain oblong, angular, closely invested by the glume.
Watery places, ascending to 3500 ft. Colombo (Ferguson), Batticaloa (Nevill), S. Prov. Hakmanna (Trimen). Spikelets yellow green, mature pale or pinkish yellow.
India, Burma, Australia.
This is undoubtedly the parent of the cultivated Rice. I can find no characters whereby to distinguish the wild from the ordinary cultivated form. The spikelets are always long-awned. It bears the number C. P. 969 in Herb. Perad. attached to specimens gathered by Gardner at Caramoony, and Thwaites at Kurunegala, but that number is omitted in the ‘Index of C. P. numbers’ in Thwaites’s Enumeratio (p. 455), and his O. sativa, C. P. n. 2876, is O. latifolia.
2.0. granulata, Vees ex Wall. Cat. n. 8634 (1848). [PLATE XCVIII.] Steud. Syn. Gram. 3. Trimen in Journ. Bot. xxv. 168 (1889). Fl. B. Ind. vii. 93.
Perennial; stems. 2-3 ft., tufted on a woody rooting root- stock, slender, stiff, as thick as a crow-quill at the base, smooth, internodes long, nodes glabrous; |. 3-6 by ¢-% in,,. narrowly ianceolate, acuminate, 5—9-veined, nearly smooth on both surfaces or scaberulous beneath, margins scaberulous, base narrow, sheath smooth, margins eciliate, mouth naked, ligule short, rounded; panicle 2-4 in., with few long branches or reduced to a simple raceme, rhachis and branches angular, smooth; spikelets few, +-+ in., shortly pedicelled, subacute,
( SS)
awnless; glume I minute, subulate, II o, III channelled on the
faces, and palea granulate, glabrous.
Hilly places. Kandy (Moon), Wattapat Kande (Ferguson), Nilgala, Uva (Trimen). Spikelets pale green or white. E. Himalaya, Behar, Malabar, Java.
184 Graminee. [Leerséa.
3. O. latifolia, Desv. Journ. Bot. i. 77 (1813), var collina, Hk. f.
O. sativa, var. collina, Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxvii. 169 (1839). O. sazzva, Thw. Enum. 357 (non Linn.). C. P. 2876.
F]. B. Ind. vii. 93 (O. atéfolza, var. collina). Kunth, Revis. Gram. i. t. 4.
Annual; stems 2-3 ft., tufted, erect, smooth, leafy, inter- nodes long, nodes glabrous; |. 1-2 ft. by 4-4 in., narrowed from the middle to both ends, finely acuminate, 5—7-veined, almost smooth or scaberulous on both surfaces and margins, base very narrow, sheath long, quite smooth, margins eciliate, ligule short, rounded; panicle 5—7 in., long-peduncled, branches few, distant, alt., erect or spreading, rhachis slender, nearly smooth; spikelets sessile or pedicelled, pedicel rarely half as long as the spikelet; glumes I and II minute, ovate, acuminate or subulate, white, I] sometimes o, III deeply sulcate on both faces, acuminate, or produced into an erect straight capillary awn as long to twice as long as itself, tesselately granulate and setulose, as is the palea.
Rocky hills. Bridle path stream to Allacolla and Tirsa-maha-rama, S. Prov. (Trimen), Kanagalla (Thwaites), top of Wahapot Kande Hill and Balligala, in Kigala dist. (Ferguson). Spikelets glaucous grey.
India, Burma, Trop. Afr., and Amer.
A specimen in Herb. Peraden. is ticketed by Thwaites ‘Colombo Lake, Moon;’ but I think this must be an error, and that O. satzva had been confounded with it. Dr. Trimen regards /atzfo/éa as undoubtedly a small wild form of O. satzva. It is known as Hill Paddy.
16. GEERSIA, Sw.
Tall, perennial, slender, marsh grasses; |. narrow, flat; spikelets 1-fld., in slender contracted panicles, articulate on their pedicels, strongly laterally compressed; glumes | and II o, III dimidiate-oblong, thinly chartaceous, keeled, not awned, keel pectinately ciliate, 3-veined, or 5-veined, the lateral veins forming the thickened margins of the glume, palea linear, as long as the glume, rigid, margins membranous, 3-veined, dorsally ciliate; lodicules 2; stam. 6; styles short, free, stigmas plumose, laterally exserted from the glume; grain narrowly oblong, free within the glume and palea.— SDs 78 Qi LL Ie aes,
Leersia differs from an awnless Oryza in which the glumes I and II are suppressed, only in the thinner texture of the flg. glumes and palea. Some species have 3 or fewer stamens.
“L. hexandra, Sw. Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ. 21 (1788). Layoo, S.
Thw. Enum. 356. JZ. cz/éata, Roxb.; Moon, Cat. 7. C. P. 877.
F]. B. Ind. vii. 94. Host, Gram. Austriac. t. 35. Engl. Bot. t. 2908.
Stems rooting in the mud with floating flexuous branches several feet long, sending up erect or ascending slender leafy
Hygrorhyza.] Gramineae, 185
branches 2-4 ft. high, nodes puberulous; |. 6-12 by 4-1 in., suberect, acuminate, smooth, margins scaberulous, base narrow, sheath nearly smooth, margins eciliate, ligule oblong or rounded, scarious; panicle 2-4 in. long, peduncled, oblong, laxly branched, rhachis filiform and capiilary branches smooth; spikelets ;4-+ in., secund toward the ends of the branches, erect, sessile or pedicels short; glume smooth except on the keel and margins.
Common up to 4000 ft., ascending to Nuwara Eliya (6200 ft.) in a dwarf form (Ferguson). Spikelets pale green. Trop. Asia, Africa, America, and Australia.
17. HYGRORHYZA, Nees.
A floating glabrous grass, stems rather stout, diffusely branched, rooting at the nodes, branches short, erect, leafy, roots in dense masses, clothed with capillary root-fibres, inter- nodes long or short; |. oblong, obtuse; infl. a short shortly peduncled panicle as broad as long, with few widely spreading branches, the lower whorled; spikelets few, 4 in., erect, 1-fld., jointed on the pedicels, but tardily deciduous, lanceolate, long- awned, glumes 2, thinly chartaceous, I narrowed into an erect scaberulous awn about ;% in. long, strongly 5-veined, veins scabrid, ciliate, lateral marginal, palea much narrower, 3-veined, keeled, keel ciliate; lodicules minute, suborbicular ; stam. 6, anth. long, very slender; styles free, stigmas feathery, laterally protruded; grain oblong, narrowed at the base, obtuse, free within the glume and palea.—Monotypic.
H. aristata, Wees in Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. xv. 380 (1833). Go- jabba, S.
Thw. Enum. 356. Leersta aristata, Roxb. FI. Ind. 1. 308. C. P. 378.
Bisse wind: vn. o4% Grit, be? Pl Asiat: t-) 139; f: 147, and t. 140 (Potamochloa Retziz). Rheede, Hort. Mal. x. t. 12.
Stem a foot long and more, spongy, internodes long or short; |. 1-14 in., rather broadest at the rounded or sub- cordate base, scaberulous above, smooth and glaucous beneath, subcoriaceous, margins nearly smooth, midrib very short, veins very many, slender, sheaths longer than the internodes, smooth, somewhat inflated, margins eciliate, ligule a very Narrow membrane; panicle about 2 in. long and_ broad, triangular, lower branches sometimes deflexed, rhachis and branches slender, stiff, smooth; spikelets very narrow, sessile or pedicelled.
Hotter parts of the Island, floating in marshes, &c.; common. Spikelets pale green. India, Tonkin.
186 Graminec. [ Zrachys.
18. TRACHYS, Pers.
A diffuse, softly villous annual; |. ovate-lanceolate; infl. of 2-3 spikes radiating from the top of a long ped., rhachis broad, herbaceous, jointed, each joint bearing on the under surface at the articulation a solitary, globose, persistent cluster of 2-3 perfect 1-fld. spikelets, surrounded by many short spinescent glumes of imperfect ones; spikelets sessile,. persistent on a very short stout branched axis, glabrous; glumes 4, very unequal, I minute, tooth-like, II elongate- subulate, membranous, hyaline, strongly veined, III much the largest, obliquely obovate-oblong, cuspidately acuminate, rigidly coriaceous, 9Q-many-veined, paleate, empty, sides inflexed below the middle, palea very minute, IV much shorter and narrower than III, linear-oblong, acuminate, chartaceous, smooth, dorsally convex, sides incurved, bi- sexual, palea as long as the glume, acuminate, hyaline, sides infléxed below the middle; lodicules very minute or 0; stam. 3, anth. linear; styles very long, stigmas very slender, penicillate, exserted at the top of the glume; grain oblong, compressed, free within the glume and palea.— Monotypic.
T. mucronata, fers. Sy. i. 85 (1805).
Thw. Enum. 362. Panicum sguarrosum, Retz. Obs.iv.15. C. P. 3262..
PlSB: Inds vns96s) Beativ Agrost ty 21, 97. Netz ye) vat. 0.) Roxb: Cor. Pl. ili. t. 206 (P. sguarrosunt).
Stems many from the root, 6-12 in., rather stout, ascend- ing or prostrate, leafy, glabrous, shining, lower internodes I—2 in., upper much longer, nodes villous; |. 1-2 by 4-3 in., acuminate, flat, softly villous on both surfaces, margins smooth, base rounded, sheaths shorter than the internodes, loose, upper 2-3 in. long, inflated, narrowed at the top and base, ligule a ridge of fine hairs; ped. up to Io in. long, slender, shining; spikes 1-2 in., by 7j-¢ in. broad, rhachis rigidly herbaceous with a broad flat midrib and broad veined wings, contracted at the nodes, internodes {—} in. long, sub- quadrate, tardily disarticulating, stipites of spikes ~)—} in. long, terete, glabrous; clusters of spikelets }—-} in. diam., often partially sunk in a concavity of the rhachis; perfect spikelets. + long or less, imperfect much shorter; glume I very variable, coriaceous or thin, acute, I] about one-third shorter than III, 5-veined, 2 veins marginal, margins smooth or ciliolate, palea of III subquadrate, truncate, sides obscurely ciliate, angles at top setose. .
Tragus.] Graminec. 187
Sandy ground near the sea in the N. of the Island; Jaffna, abundant.
Also in the Carnatic.
In describing this curious and difficult grass in FI. B. Ind., I over- looked the very minute palea of glume III. I find also that the spikelets are not truly articulate at the base. Some Indian specimens have longer spikes and nearly glabrous leaves.
19. TRAGUS, Aaller.
A small, perennial, rigid, densely tufted, depressed grass ; stems short, leafy; 1. small, subdistichously imbricate, flat, ciliate; spikelets in terminal spikes, binate on very short pedicels that are articulate with the rhachis, 1-fld.; glumes 3, I very minute, hyaline, II cymbiform, oblong-lanceolate, thickly coriaceous, empty, strongly 5-ribbed, margins mem- branous, inflexed, closely embracing III, ribs armed with long stout hook-tipped spines, III bisexual, oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, dorsally compressed, thin, scaberulous, sides in- curved, palea nearly as long as the glume; lodicules minute, subquadrate; stam. 3, anth. short, broad; styles 2, free, very long, exserted at the top of the glume, stigmas long, penicillate ; grain linear-oblong, free in the glume and palea.—Monotypic.
T. racemosus, Scop. /utrod. 73 (1777).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. PJ. 106. Lafpago biflora, Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 281.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 97. Duthie, Indig. Fodd. Grass. Ind. t. 14. Host, Gram. Austriac. i. t. 36 (Lappago). Reichb, Ic. Fl. Germ. i. t. 30 (Lappago).
Stems very many, spreading from the root, ascending, 2-6 in. high, leafy below, nearly naked above, lower inter- nodes very short, upper long, nodes glabrous; |. 4-1 in, usually densely crowded and bifarious in the lower part of the stem (except in drawn up stems), ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rigidly coriaceous, pungent, flat, smooth, base amplexicaul, margins pectinately ciliate, lower sheaths very short, usually compressed, equitant, of upper |. elongate, terete, ligule a ridge of fine hairs; spike 4-2 in. long, cylindric, rhachis filiform, pubescent; pedicels of each pair of spikelets / in., scabrid ;. spikelets 4 in., acute; glume I appressed to the base of II, spines of II as long as the glume is broad, spreading.
Dry pasture ground, &c. Trincomalie, Mannar district, Southern Prov. at Kirinda.
All warm countries, South Europe.
Three or more spikelets are described as occurring on a single pedicel in this species, but I find 2 only in Indian and Ceylon specimens. Glume I is so minute and hyaline as to be easily overlooked (perhaps not always present). The two spikelets of each pair are inserted close together, facing one another, so as to resemble two glumes of one spikelet. Much longer leaves and spikes occur on Continental specimens.
188 Graminec. [Lopholepis.
20. ZOYSIA, Willd.
A small rigid glabrous grass, with a long wiry creeping rootstock giving off short erect leafing branches terminating in solitary peduncled spiciform racemes; |. distichous, subulate, concave, pungent; spikelets ovoid, laterally compressed, I-fld., articulate on very short stout pedicels, appressed to a rigid inarticulate rhachis with concave facets opposite the spikelets; glumes 2, I empty, rigidly coriaceous, margins closely ap- pressed, as if connate, and tip membranous, veins o, IJ much ‘smaller than and completely enclosed in I, ovate-lanceolate, hyaline, I-veined, palea linear-oblong, hyaline; lodicules 0; stam. 3, anth. long; styles very long, connate below, stigmas plumose, exserted at the top of the spikelet; grain oblong, free within the glume and palea—Monotypic.
Z. pungens, W7/ld. in Ges. Natur. fr. Neue Schrift. iii. 441 (1801).
Thw. Enum. 370. C. P. 948.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 99. Beauv. Agrost. t. 4.
Rootstock slender, up to 2-3 ft. long; 1. 1-3 in., spreading, ‘coriaceous, dorsally rounded, margins incurved, quite smooth; sheath short, ligule a very narrow ciliolate membrane; racemes I-14 in. long, strict, erect; spikelets 7) in. long, erect; glume I turgidly biconvex, much compressed at the tip, smooth, polished, dorsally rounded to about the middle, keeled above, keel sometitnes scabrid, margins ciliolate, II] one-third shorter than I and much narrower, palea linear-oblong, veinless.
Sandy shores ; common. Tropical Asia, Australia, Mauritius. Helps with Remzvea and other Cyferacee to bind the coast sands.
21. LOPHOLEPIS, Dene.
A tufted, glabrous grass; stems sparingly leafy; 1. small, ‘ovate or ovate-lanceolate, flat; spikelets very minute, like the head of a bird, in a spiciform raceme, shortly pedicelled, pedicels articulate close above the rhachis; glumes 3, I and II empty, I coriaceous, incumbent on II, formed of a globose base and narrow elongate limb, base and keel of limb crested by a narrow cartilaginous wing which is pecti- nately ciliate with long hook-tipped spinules, limb narrowly cymbiform, acute, II much smaller than I, coriaceous, lanceo- late, acute, keel crested like I, III bisexual, most minute, broadly oblong, hyaline, palea broad, obtuse, hyaline; lodi- cules 0; stam. 2, anth. large; styles 2, free, short, stigmas
Perotis.| Graminee. 189:
short, laterally exserted, penicillate ; grain free, conical, obtuse, concave in front, base gibbously incurved—Monotypic.
ZL. ornithocephala, Deve. in Archiv. Mus. Par. i. 147 (1839) im nota.
Hlolboellia ornithocephala, Wall. in Hook. Bot. Mise. 11. 144.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 98. Wall. I. c. t. 76.
Stem erect or ascending, 6-18 in. high, simple or sparingly branched, smooth, polished, lower interncdes about I in. or shorter, upper long, nodes glabrous; |. 3-1 in., acuminate, smooth, margins ciliolate, base cordate, sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, smooth, mouth not auricled, ligule a very narrow membrane; raceme 2-4 in., cylindric, dense-fld., rhachis slender, strict, glabrous, pedicels about +; in. long, spreading, hispidulous, thickened under the spikelet, but not articulate; spikelets ;*; in. long, adnate by a broad oblique base to the pedicel; glume I minutely tuberculate, III about one eighth of the length of II, persistent, grain when ripe apparently much longer than glume III.
Mannar Isld., on hot sand, under palms (Trimen, Feb. 1890). Spike- lets green, at length red-brown.
Also a native of the South province of the Deccan, where it was first found by Kcenig.
The most ézzarre of grasses in the form of the spikelets.
22. PEROTIS, Az.
A small, densely tufted, rigid grass, root-fibres wiry; stem erect or ascending; |. very short, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,. pungently acuminate, ciliate; spikelets minute, terete, articu- late on the very short pedicels of a spiciform raceme, linear- lanceolate; glumes 3, I ‘and II empty, equal, linear-oblong, membranous, with a strong midrib produced into a very long capillary awn, III minute, hyaline, ovate-lanceolate, I-veined, palea smaller, oblong, hyaline, veinless ; lodicules 2,. quadrate; stam. 3, anth. short; styles very short, connate at the base, laterally exserted, stigmas very short, plumose; grain linear, terete, subacute, as long as and free in the two- empty glumes.—Monotypic.
P. latifolia, Azt. Hort. Kew. i. 8: (1789).
Herm. Mus. 6. Burm. Thes. 105. Fl. Zeyl. n.25. Thw. Enum. 369..
Moon, Cat. 7. <Axnthoxanthum indicum, L. Sp. Pl. 28. C. P. 3164. Fl. B. Ind. vii.98. Beauv. Agrost. t. 4,f.9. Kunth, Revis. Gram. t. 92.
Stem very short, stout, branching from the base, branches some very short, leafing only, others 3-10 in. high, ascending, leafy below, sheathed above, ending in a slender crinite raceme; |. 3-1 in, flat, ovoid, spreading, glaucous green,
190 Graminee. [Leptaspis.
striate, base cordate, amplexicaul, midrib o, sheath of lower l. very short, of upper long, ligule 0; raceme 1-8 in. long, often flexuous, rhachis very slender. not articulate, glabrous ; spikelets crowded, ;5 in. long, rhachilla 0; glumes I and II with minutely scabrid awns 4—3 in. long and ciliate keels, I his- pidulous, tip entire or minutely notched, II glabrous, except the ciliate keel, III about 4 as long as I and II, excessively thin.
Hotter parts of the Island; abundant, especially in sandy soil.
Afghanistan, Trop. Asia, Africa, and Australia.
Remarkable for its long bottle-brush-like raceme of metallic-coloured flowers (Ferguson). The spikes vary from green to red-brown.
23. LEPTAS PIS, 3&7.
Perennial, moncecious grasses; rootstock creeping; 1. petioled on the sheath, bifarious, elliptic-oblong, flat, midrib and few principal veins slender, venules very close, trabeculate with cross venules; panicle long-peduncled, stiff, erect, branches whorled, bearing short alternate branchlets; spike- lets solitary, distant, 1-fld., articulate on very short pedicels ; —male spikelets in the upper part of the panicle, minute, glumes 3, I and II broad, flat, unequal, membranous, gla- brous, spreading from a very narrow base, upper largest, III cymbiform, pubescent, palea linear, 2-lobed, lobes narrow ; lodicules 0; stam. 6, fil. very short, anth. linear, pistillode o ; —fem. spikelet, glumes I and II as in the male, III a pubes- cent rapidly accrescent utricle, with a terminal or lateral orifice from which the tip of the palea and the stigmas pro- trude, greatly enlarged in frt., palea linear, tip notched, accrescent and hardening in age; staminodes 6, very minute; ov. minute, gibbous, style slender, elongating with the growth of the glume, stigmas 3, exserted, spreading, penicillate; grain not seen.—Sp. 6; 2 in FZ. B. Ind.
Utricle erect, orifice terminal . , : : - i: LU. URCHEOLATA: Utricle decurved, orifice lateral . é : - 2a le COCHIEBAIAS
I. L. urceolata, Lr. iz Lenn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 23 (1838).
Thw. Enum. 357. JL. seylanica, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 8. Pharus uvceolatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 611. C. P. 972.
DE Be inds vilios5. Benn, lic t 6:
Rootstock short, stout ; stem 2-3 ft., simple or branched towards the base, leafy, about as thick as a goose-quill below, smooth, polished, nearly solid, internodes short, loosely sheathed, upper 2-4 in., lower rooting; 1. 6-10 by 14-24 in., from linear- or elliptic-oblong to obovate-oblong, acute or
Coix.| Graniunec. IQI
acuminate, base acute or cuneate, thinly coriaceous, almost shining on both surfaces, margins quite smooth, petiole 2-3 in., slender, channelled above, sheaths as long as the inter- nodes or longer, glabrous, lower equitant at the base, ligule a pubescent ridge; ped. 6-10 in., rigid and panicle puberu- lous with hooked hairs, branches 6-8 in a whorl, unequal, up to 6 in. long; glumes I and II caducous, oval, acuminate, i about + in long, Ill of male spikelets erect, rather longer than the stamens, of fem. much larger, eventually j in. long, inflated, turbinately pyriform, with a contracted base and short terminal neck on the truncate obscurely lobed top, densely tomentose with uncinate hairs.
Forests of the warmer parts of the Island; not very uncommon.
Kakatudua Forests (Ferguson). Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra.
2. L. cochleata, 7iw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 357 (1864).
C. P. 896.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 95.
Habit of ZL. urceolata, but more slender, stem creeping below; |. 4-6 by 14-1? in., oblong or obovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, thin, shining beneath, base acute, margins quite smooth, petiole 4-4 in., sheaths 1-3 in., lower not equitant ; panicle 6-8 in., and ped. nearly glabrous, branches mostly ternately whorled in 6-8 superposed series, very slender, strict; male spikelets, glumes I and II ovate to orbicular, long-cuspidate, II much the largest, III cymbiform, acumi- nate, pubescent, palea slit nearly to the middle into 2 subu- late lobes; fem. spikelets’; glume III gibbously urceolate, pubescent, deflexed and incurved, mature 4 in. long, in- flated, shortly 5-ribbed or lobed, densely tomentose with uncinate hairs, orifice lateral; palea, style, and stigmas as in L. urceolata, but much smaller.
Forests of the Central Province, ascending to 4ooo ft. (Thwaites), Matale (Gardner).
Endemic. *24. COEX, Z.
Tall, leafy, moncecious grasses; stem branching, spongy within ; |. long, flat; infl. of spiciform racemes terminating the branches, racemes of many male spikelets with one (rarely 2) fem. at the base, rhachis articulate at the base and above the fem. spikelet ;—-male spikelets 2-3-nate at each node of the rhachis, one sessile and one- or two-pedicelled, articulate at the base, but persistent, dorsally compressed ;
* Name, Greek, of uncertain meaning and application.
192 Graminec. [Coda
glumes 4, I and II empty, I chartaceous, oval, narrowly winged along the inflexed margins, many-veined, II thinner, about g-veined, III and IV membranous, hyaline, faintly 5-veined, triandrous or IV empty, paleate, paleas with broad flaps, faintly 2-keeled ; lodicules cuneiform, toothed ; anth. long, slender ;—fem. spikelet ovoid, entirely enclosed together with the base of the rhachis in an ovoid, eventually harden- ing closed bract ; glumes 4, I chartaceous, II-IV successively thinner, [II and IV hyaline, paleate, fem. or III empty, paleas hyaline ; lodicules 0; ov. ovoid, styles 2, free, very long, capillary, stigmas exserted at the top at the bract, stig- matic hairs short; grain orbicular, compressed, ventrally channelled, enclosed within the hardened stony bract.— Sjoe Heys ia VI wer, Mirah,
CG. Lachryma-jobi, Zz77. Sp. P/.972. Weekirrindee, 5S.
Herm. Mus. 40, 29. Burm. Thes. 137, 138. FI. Zeyl. n. 330. Moon, Cat. 62. Thw. Enum. 357 (C. Lachryma). C. P. 942.
Fi..B. Ind. vii. t00. Kunth, Enum. Pl. Suppl. t. 3, 4. Beauv. Agrost. t. 24, f.5. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 70.
Stem 3-5 ft. or more, stout, rooting at the nodes, inter- nodes smooth, polished ; |. 4-18 by 1-2 in., narrowed from a broad cordate base to an acuminate tip, smooth on both surfaces, margins spinulosely serrate, midrib stout, veins many, very slender, sheaths long, smooth, ligule a very narrow mem- brane ; racemes 1-24 in. long, nodding or drooping from very long peduncles, rhachis within the bract slender, above it stout, notched at the nodes ; male spikelets subsecund, imbri- cating, very variable in size, }-? in. long ; glume I oblong,
a4
II, III, and IV oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; anth. orange yellow ; fr. from broadly ovoid to globose, 4-4 in. diam., pale bluish-grey, polished.
Hotter parts of the Island, naturalised and cultivated.
Cultivated in many hot countries, especially of Asia.
There are two species or forms of the genus Cozx described by Roxburgh in his Flora Indica (iii. 568, 569), C. Lachryma, L., and C. gigantea, Koen. Of these C. Lachryma is annual, with a stem 4-6 ft. high, and male spikelets in pairs; it inhabits rice grounds and ditches in Bengal. C. g@gantea is a perennial, with a stem 8-15 ft. high and male spikelets in threes; it grows chiefly in the valleys of the Circar Mts. and Bengal. Thwaites referred the Ceylon plant to C. Lachryma, and gives its habitat as common in cultivated ground. Ferguson (Gram. Indigenous to Ceylon, p. 2) says that C. etgantea is the species found in Ceylon and hitherto confounded with C. Lackryma, adding that Mr. Morris discovered that the latter is hardly indigenous in Ceylon. In his paper in the Journal of the Asiatic Society (Ceylon branch) Ferguson gives C. gzgantea alone, with the native name of ‘ Maana,’ adding that
Polytoca.] Graminee. 193
it is Common in waste land up to 5000 ft. In the Flora of British India, after an examination of a great number of specimens from all parts of the country, I have, supported by Dr. Stapf, treated C. g%vantea as a variety of Lachryma Jobz, distinguished by its size, perennial root, and longer drooping racemes; and a review of the materials for this work confirms this view, the two forms passing into one another. Referring to the Ceylon material in Herb. Peraden. (C. P. 942) I find good specimens of a plant with ternate male spikes, but they do not afford means of telling whether they are of annual or perennial plants. In Herb. Kew. there is a specimen of true C. Lachryma with shorter racemes and binate male spikelets, from Col. Walker.
Cotx Lachryma Jobt is cultivated by the hill tribes of some parts of India (apparently not in Ceylon) for its grain, the covering ot which is much softer than in the indigenous form. Its nutritious value is low.
25. POLYTOCA, 3B;.
Tall, stout, erect, branching, leafy, perennial, moncecious grasses ; stem spongy within; |. long, flat; infl. of spiciform racemes terminating the branches, at first enclosed in spathi- form bracts; racemes all male, or with one or more fem. spikelets at the base, rhachis articulate at the base and above the fem. spikelets; male spikelets 2-fld., sometimes imperfect, solitary or binate, a sessile and pedicelled ; glumes 4, with sometimes a terminal rudimentary imperfect, all sub- equal in length, I and I] empty,I herbaceous, shallowly concave, strongly many-veined, and with a narrow membranous wing within the margin on each side, II much narrower, dorsally compressed, ovate, acuminate, chartaceous, rarely herbaceous, unequally 7—9-veined, IfI membranous, oblong, acuminate, 3-5-veined, paleate, triandrous, IV very slender, linear, deli- cately hyaline, vein central or 0, paleate, triandrous or empty, paleas as long as the glumes, of ITI broadly linear, hyaline, 2-keeled, of IV narrowly linear, flat, veins 2 or 0; lodicules 2, in both fl, cuneate; anth. long, linear, much largest in glume III ;—fem. spikelet broadly oblong, dorsally compressed, I-fid.; glume I thickly coriaceous, closely embracing the rhachis of the spike by its infolded margins, veins many, obscure, II, III, and IV enclosed in I, delicately membranous, hyaline, II quadrately oblong, many-veined, III narrower, oblong, 3-5-veined, paleate, empty, IV very narrow, truncate, 3-veined, paleate, flowering, paleas of III and IV very narrow, truncate, 2-veined, wrapped round the ov.; lodicules 0; styles very long, exserted from the top of glume I, stigmas capillary, minutely pubescent ; grain enclosed in the thickened, nut-
PART V. O
194 Graminee. [Dimeria.
like, polished, hardened glume, fusiform, terete. Sp. 6 or 8; 6 in Fl. B. Ind. The above description applies especially to P. dbarbata. This genus
and Cozy are amongst the most complicate in the disposition and structure of the spikelets of any amongst grasses.
P. barbata, Stapf in F1. Brit. Ind. vii. 102 (1896).
Chionachne Kenigit, Thw. Enum. 357. C. darbata, Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 18; Trim. Cat. 106. Cozx barbata, Roxb. F1. Ind. iii. 569. C. Kenigiz, SPKenemoystels 220.0% ©. Mn 3037.
EBs aleve.
Stem 3-6 ft., as thick as the little finger below, terete, smooth, longer internodes up to 10 in., nodes narrowly softly bearded; |. up to 10 by 14 in., linear, acuminate, scabrid above, less so or smooth beneath, sometimes hirsute, midrib stout, veins many, slender, base narrow, margin scabrid, sheath long, smooth, glabrous or hairy, ligule tomentose; ped. of racemes I—3 in. long, slender, fascicles of racemes panicled, spathitorm sheaths I in. or more, tip awned, awn sometimes an in. long; proper spathes $ in., oblong, awned; male portion of raceme appearing as if sessile on the top of the fem. spikelet, articulate with the internode below it, which is embraced by the margins of the outer glume of the fem. spikelet, rhachis hardly articulate between the male spikelets, which are }~4 in. long; glume I of male spikelet oblong or lanceolate, obtuse acute or apiculate, glabrous or hairy, veins more or less trabeculate; glume I of fem. spikelet intruded at the base to receive the clavate end of the lower internode of the rhachis of the spike, quadrately oblong, sides rounded, lateral veins of glumes II and III arching at their tips to meet the mid vein.
Central and Southern Provinces; not uncommon. FI. Dec., Jan. Throughout India, Java.
26. DIMERTA, Zr. :
Erect, annual or perennial grasses; infl. of solitary, binate, or digitate, slender spikes, bearing many secund bifarious solitary spikelets, rhachis terete, angular, or flattened, inarticulate; spikelets sessile, articulate on very short pedicels, laterally strongly compressed, 1I-fld., bisexual, callus short or long, bearded; glumes 4, I and II usually divaricate in flower, empty, I coriaceous, linear, sides complicate, dorsally rounded, II as long as I or longer, chartaceous, empty, oblong, margins hyaline, sides complicate, dorsally keeled, keel some- times winged, III much shorter, linear or oblanceolate, empty,
Dimeria.| Graminee. 195
‘hyaline, ciliate, epaleate, IV hyaline, complicate, oblong, bifid, awned in the sinus, awn capillary, column short, palea minute or O; lodicules 0 or most minute; stam. 2, anth. long or short; styles short, stigmas short, laterally exserted; grain linear, compressed.-—Sp. 18; 12 in #72. B. Ind.
The fine specimens of this genus in the Peradeniya Herbarium have enabled me to improve the description of the Ceylon species given in Fl. B. Ind., and make some important corrections. Nevertheless, much more ainple material is required before the species can be regarded as satisfactorily established, for the characters taken from the rhachis of the spikes and the glumes are liable to considerable variation. I am not satisfied that the division of the species into annual and perennial is sound, being derived from dried specimens only. It might be better to -divide them primarily by the number of spikes, as follows :—
Spikes invariably solitary :—D. pusilla, D. Thwattesiz.
Spikes 2-3, very rarely solitary:—D. pubescens, D. Lehmanni, D. _fuscescens, D. Triment.
Spikes many :—D. gracilis.
Lastly, as regards the distribution of the species in Ceylon, I have little or no information, the Herbarium specimens being from isolated or very few localities, and these not always to be found in any accessible map of the island.
_Annuals. Keel of glume II winged. Glume II acuminate or awned.
Glume II awned. , . 5 fp IDE PUSTILILAL Glume II not awned . : . 2. D. PUBESCENS. Glume II obtuse. Glume IV awned : : . 3. D. LEHMANNI. Glume IV not awned . : : D. LEHMANNI, var. MUTICA. Keel of glume II not winged. . 4. D. THWAITESII. Perennials. Spikes 2 or 3. Rhachis of spike filiform, glabrous 5. D. FUSCESCENS. Rhachis of spike flattened, ciliate. 6. D. TRIMENI. Spikes 3-many . ; ; : iD GRACTEIS:
1. D. pusilla, 7iw. Enum. 369 (1864). flack. Monogr. Androp. 78. C. P. 957. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 103 (excl. var. pallida).
Annual; stems tufted, 6-18 in. high, very slender, leafy, ssimple or branched; |. 1-3 by 7-# in., linear, acuminate, quite smooth, glabrous, midrib slender, sheath smooth, auricles ciliolate, ligule very short, truncate; spike solitary, 13-2 in. long, rhachis filiform, trigonous, internodes very short, margins smooth or scaberulous; spikelets + in. without ‘the awns, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, callus as long as ‘the pedicel, thickly bearded; glumes I and II sparsely or - copiously hirsute, I linear, acuminate, keel scabrid and ciliate, II rather longer, narrowly oblong, acuminate, margins ciliate,
196 Gramince. [Dimeria..
awn as long as the glume or shorter, erect, scaberulous, wing of keel as broad as the glume or narrower, scaberulous, III narrowly oblong, ciliate towards the obtuse tip, veinless, IV narrowly oblong , tip obtusely bifid, awn 4-2 in., palea and’ lodicules 0 or oDacue: anth. +5 in.
Var. 1 pusilla proper, Fl. B. Ind. l.c. D. pusilla, 7iw. 1. c.
Stem 6-8 in., simple, spikes 1-14 in. glumes I and IT sparsely hairy.
Var. 2 elatior, FI. B. Ind. l.c.
Stem taller, stouter, branching upwards, spikes 14-2 in., glumes I and II copiously silkily ciliate, wing of glume II narrower.
Trincomalie (Glenie). Var. e/atior, Kokoladoa (Gardner).
2. D. pubescens, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 83 (1889).
eh ornithopoda, var. y, Thw. Enum. 369, excl. syn. fuscescens. C. P. ora Bide 105.
Annual; stems tufted, erect or ascending, leafy at the base chiefly, upper internodes very slender, often decurved, lower nodes bearded; |. erect, crowded at the base of the stem, 3-5 by 4-4 in. narrowly linear, oblanceolate, finely acuminate, rigid, more or less softly covered with long tubercle-based hairs on beth surfaces, base very narrow, margins scaberulous,. midrib rather broad, pale, sheaths shortly auricled, glabrous or hairy, lower short, compressed, margins membranous, ligule rounded, eciliate ; spikes I or 2, erect or divaricate, 2—3 in. long, pale brown, rhachis flat, =5-3’5 in. broad, margins rigidly ciliate, internodes very short; spikelets $ in. long, sessile or subsessile, callus very short, shortly bearded; glumes I and II acuminate, more or less silkily ciliate, I as long as I], II lan- ceolate, keeled, keel nearly as broad as the rest of the glume,. ciliate with long hairs, margins softly ciliate, III narrowly lanceolate, ciliate, I-veined, IV oblong, tip bifid, awn + in., palea and lodicules 0 or obscure; anth. 74; in., linear; grain zo in. long, narrowly fusiform, flattened.
Central Province, Passilova, Pasdun Korale, Hantane, Ramboda, &c..
Endemic. Nearly allied to D. 77zmenz.
3. D. Lehmanni, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 82 (1889).
D. ornithopoda, Thw. Enum. 369, excl. vars. B, y, et syn. D. evacilis. Pterigostachyum Lehmanni, Nees; Steud. Syn. Gram. 413. C. P. 952, 232i
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 104.
Annual; stems tufted, 1-2 ft., slender, simple or branched,
Dimeria.] Graminee. 197"
leafy chiefly at the base, upper internodes very long, filiform, nodes glabrous or bearded; |. mostly thickly crowded at the base of the stem, 2-6 by 74;-{ in., erect, narrowly linear, finely acuminate, narrowed from above the middle to the base, glabrous or pubescent with long spreading hairs, margins smooth or scaberulous, midrib slender, white shining, sheaths terete, glabrous or hairy, mouth not auricled, ligule short, truncate, spikes 2-3, slender, strict, rhachis slender, etienes, margins ciliate, internodes very short ; spikelets }-} in., very shortly pedicelled, pedicel flat, callus minute, shortly bearded ; ‘glume I shorter than II, subacute, dorsally ciliate with long hairs, II linear-oblong, tip rounded, margins and wing of keel ciliate with long hairs, III narrowly oblanceolate, IV oblong, tip bifid, awn 4} in., palea and lodicules 0; anth. linear ao in.
D. Lehmanni proper, var. a, aristata, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 83.
Rhachis of spike ciliate, sume II narrowly winged, ciliate with long hairs as is the keel of I. C. P. 952, 3321.
6, mutica, ack. lc.
Rhachis of spike eciliate, glume II broadly winged, shortly ciliate, ‘keel of glume I scaberulous. VD. ornizthofoda and VD. mutica, Thw. 1. c. Dawa. f, F1,°B. Ind. le C; P..955.
Throughout the Island; not uncommon up to 7ooo ft. Var. #: Suffragam and Colombo.
4. D. Thwaitesii, Hack. Monogr. gees ve (1889).
D. pusilla, var. pallida, Thw. MSS. C. P. 3965
HIB: Ind. vii. 102.
aan stems, tufted, 6-8 in. high, subsimple, leafy; 1.
2 by 75-75 in., narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, gla-
ce or Pir towards the base, midrib very slender, sheaths clabrous, mouth hardly auricled, ligule broadly ovate or rounded, ciliolate; spike solitary, 4-14 in. long, rhachis very slender, flattened, internodes short, margins ciliate: spikelets 4-4 in., sessile or very shortly pedicelled, callus very shortly ‘bearded, glumes I and II sparsely hairy, both aristately acumi- nate, II + longer than I, lanceolate, margins ciliate, keel rounded ciliate with long hairs, not winged, III much shorter, linear, but dilated TIES, ciliate, IV narrowly oblong-ovate, tip obtusely bifid, awn 4 in., palea 0; lodicules obscure; anth.
minute, oblong; grain ae in., linear, flattened, base acuminate.
Central Province. Dambulla (Thwaites).
Endemic.
Closely resembles D. pusilla, Thw., and is the only other Ceylon ‘species with filiform stems. Hackel describes the stems as ascending and branching, the spikelets as all pedicellate, and the awn of glume IV as longer than I find it to be in the Peraden. Herb. specimens.
198 Graminee. [Dimeria..
; 5. ©. fuscescens, 7727. 7x Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. V1. ii. 335. 1833).
ae Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 107. D. fuscescens, B zeylanica, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 85. JL. ornithopoda, var. 3, Thw. Enum. 369. C. P. 3256.
FI. Bb. Ind. vi. 105.
Perennial; stems 12-18 in., slender or stout, densely tufted, erect, leafy chiefly at the base, internodes few, upper very slender, nodes glabrous ; 1. crowded towards the base of the stem, 2-3 by 3-4 in., strict, erect, narrowly oblanceolate, finely acuminate, rigid, glabrous or hairy towards base, margins scaberulous, midrib slender, sheaths short, glabrous,. terete or lower compressed, mouth not auricled, ligule broad, short, ciliolate ; spikes 2—3-nate, 2-3 in. long, strict, divergent, lax-fld., glabrous, dark purplish, rhachis slender, rigid, unequally trigonous, smooth, internodes half as long as the spikelets or longer; spikelets shortly pedicelled, 47% in. long,. callus minute, shortly bearded, pedicels clavate, glumes I and II subequal, rigid, scaberulous, cuspidately acuminate, keels of I scaberulous, II narrowly oblong, wing as broad as the glume, scaberulous, margins membranous, obscurely ciliate, III obovate-lanceolate, I-veined, tip rounded, ciliate, IV narrowly. oblong, tip bifid, awn about 4} in., palea minute, lanceolate, ciliate ; lodicules very minute, cuneate ; anth. 75 in.
Var. B, robusta, ook. /.
Stem taller, much stouter, branching and leafy upwards.
Central Province. Horton Plains, and Nuwara Eliya, alt. 6000-7000 ft. Var. 8, Knuckles (Ferguson).
Nepal, the Khasia Hills, Tenasserim, and the Concan.
According to Hackel, the type of D. fuscescens is Wallich’s n. 8841, in which the spikelets are dense-fid., the rhachis of the spike scabrous. or scaberulous, and the keel of glume II not winged, but with a short scarious ciliate margin below the tip. The Ceylon plant he regards as. a variety, 8 seylanica, with longer spikelets and the keel of glume II rather broadly winged. Of this last he cites no specimen or number of
Thwaites, but gives as a habitat Dambulla, Trimen, of which there are: no specimens in Herb. Peraden.
6. D. Trimeni, Hook. f. D. ornithopoda, var. y, Trim. MSS.
Perennial; stems tufted, erect or ascending from a creep- ing rootstock, 14-2 ft. high, rather stout below, branched, leafy, upper internodes slender, nodes bearded; |. 6-8 by 4-% in., linear or very narrowly oblanceolate, rigid, narrowed from much above the middle to the acuminate tip and very narrow base, rigid, more or less villously hairy or woolly on both surfaces, margins scaberulous, midrib stout, sheaths.
woolly, mouth not auricled, ligule broadly rounded, ciliolate ;
Dimeria.] Graminee. 199
spikes 1 or 2, 3-4 in. long, more or less curved, nut-brown, rhachis flat, 7; to nearly 74 in. broad, margins softly ciliate, internodes very short; spikelets sessile, } in. long, callus minute, bearded; glumes I and II subequal, acuminate, villously hairy more or less all over, II oblong-lanceolate, keel with a minute scaberulous wing close under the tip, III narrowly spathulate, ciliate above the middle, IV oblong, obtusely bifid, awn $ in. long; palea and lodicules obscure or 0; anth. 75 in., narrowly linear.
Hab. ? (Trimen), Elpiliya Patana (Pearson).
Endemic.
I find in the Peradeniya Herbarium an unnumbered sheet with three specimens of this plant without habitat, marked D. ornithopoda, var. y, by Dr. Trimen. It resembles what would be a very large stout perennial state of D. pubescens with longer narrower woolly leaves and sheaths, but differs from that plant in the smaller spikelets, glume II of which has no other wing to the keel than a minute dilatation close under the tip.
7. D. gracilis, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 413 (1854).
D. gracilis and leptorhachis, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 88, 89. Fl. B. Ind. vu. 105. D. pzlosissima, Thw. Enum. 369, non Trim. 2. Jzxtuscula, Thw. ex Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. (1885), 272. C. P. 24, 3261, 3863.
les lnvd! lic:
Perennial; stems densely tufted, 2-3 ft. high, stout, erect, sometimes as thick as a small goose-quill below, leafy almost up to the spikes, rarely branched, nodes silky or glabrous ; ]. 6-10 by 4% in., erect, rigid, narrowly linear, finely acumi- nate, somewhat broader about the middle, base narrowed into the sheath, glabrous or pilose, margins smooth, veins slender, sheaths terete, mouth not auricled, ligule short, broad, mem- branous ciliolate; spikes 3-10, 3-5 in. long, very slender, flexuous, pale brown, lax-fid., rhachis filiform, obtusely tri- gonous or subterete, glabrous, smooth, internodes 4-3 in.; spikelets §-4 in., pedicels long or short, terete, smooth, lower sometimes half as long as the spikelet, callus very short, densely bearded; glumes I and IJ subequal or II longest, acuminate or aristulate, glabrous or villous with long hairs, I more or less scaberulous, II linear, membranous and glistening for half its breadth, hyaline margins ciliate, keel rounded, smooth or minutely scaberulous, wing o, II! obvate- oblong, ciliate above the middle, vein 1 or o, IV oblong, acutely bifid, awn 3-3 in., palea very minute, narrow, ciliate; lodicules large, broadly cuneate ; anth. ~,-+ in.
Southern and Central Provinces. Adam’s Peak (Gardner), Gibson’s Hill, Galle, and Pasdun Korale (Thwaites), Labugama and Caltura (Trimen).
I am unable to distinguish D. /eftorhachis, Hack., from D. gracilis by any character. The main difference, according to Hackel, is that the
200 Graminee. [| Saccharum.
leaves of /eftorhachis are contracted at the sheath and the stems waxy below the nodes, whereas in J. gracilis the leaves pass insensibly into the sheath and the stems are not waxy. I see no difference in the leaf- bases, and I do not find the wax in either. The name gvacz/is is not appropriate. 27. IMPERATA, Cyril.
Erect, perennial grasses ; stem leafy, internodes solid ; ]. narrow; infil. a silvery-silky subcylindric panicle, with very short filiform branches and spikes, rhachis of branches and spikes not articulate ; spikelets all alike and bisexual, narrow, terete, immersed in very long hairs from the small callus and outer glumes, binate, a sessile and pedicelled, articulate at the base, fugacious, I-fld.; glumes 4, I and II subequal, mem- branous, dorsally rounded or II obscurely keeled, 3—5-veined at the base, I ovate-lanceolate, tip hyaline, obtuse, 1] acumi- nate, III and IV very short, erose, palea minute ; lodicules 0; stam. I or 2; styles connate below, stigmas very long, narrow, exserted at the top of the spikelets; grain oblong.—Sp. 5 ; win A, Belang.
I. arundinacea, Cyril/. P/. Rar. Neap. fasc. ii. 27 (1792). Lluk, S.
Thw. Enum. 369. Moon, Cat. 7 (Saccharum). C. P. 968.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 106. Cyrill. ics Pele eich bale il aGennietens 5:
Rootstock stoloniferous, often creeping; stem 6 in.—3 ft, stout or slender, smooth, glabrous, nodes naked or bearded ; 1. 6-18 by 7-3 in., flat, tapering from the middle to a finely acuminate tip, and to a very narrow often ciliate base, smooth above, beneath and margins scaberulous, sheaths loose, glabrous or margins ciliate, mouth not auricled, bearded, ligule of long soft hairs; panicle 3-8 in., silvery white, with dark purple anthers and stigmas, internodes of spikes short, tips dilated ; spikelets 4—} in., lanceolate, hairs of callus and glumes twice as long as the spikelet ; clume I pale green or yellowish, veins not reaching the tip, II with very long hairs dorsally, III and IV hyaline, veinless, erose, and Eilicl sie. III oblong, about half as long as I, IV still shorter, quadrate, palea variable.
Common in the hotter parts of the Island. Panicle silvery white.
All warm countries.
A pest in ground that has gone out of cultivation. The leaves make an excellent thatch. I have described the glumes as I find them in
Ceylon specimens, but the inner especially vary greatly in those from other countries.
28. SACCHARUM, J. Tall, perennial grasses; |. narrow, flat; infl. and large silky much and densely branched panicle with spreading or erect
Sgccharum.| Graminee. 201
filiform branches and. branchlets (spikes\, branches and Spikes articulate, usually fragile; spikelets 1-fld., all alike, bisexual, not awned, articulate at the base, a sessile and pedicelled, the sessile deciduous with the internode and pedicel, callus bearded with very long hairs; glumes 4, I and II subequal, membranous or subcoriaceous, I oblong or lan- ‘ceolate, dorsally flat or convex, margins incurved or inflexed, I—2-veined at each flexure, keels not winged or scaberulous, II concave, dorsally rounded or obscurely keeled, III hyaline, oblong, IV various or 0, awn 0, palea minute or 0; lodicules cuneate or irregularly formed; stam. 3; styles and stigmas
short, laterally exserted; grain oblong or subglobose.—Sp. 14; pene B. Ind.
‘Glume | subulate-lanceolate, dorsally flat . . I. S. SPONTANEUM. Glume I oblong, dorsally convex : : . 2. S. ARUNDINACEUM.
I. S. spontaneum, Jinn. Mazi. ii. 183 (1771). Whweuknuim. 360. Moon, 'Gate7. GC. P) 3681. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 118. Trin. Fund. Agrost. t. 15, f. 1-6.
Stem), 4—8 ft., erect from a stout rootstock, as thick as a swan’s quill below, solid, smooth, polished, leafy, silky beneath the panicle; |. 14-24 ft., rarely more than } in. broad, erect, narrowly linear, acuminate, narrowed downwards into the stout midrib, rigid, coriaceous, glabrous, smooth, or scaberulous above and on the often involute margins, tips capillary, ‘sheaths smooth, mouth fimbriate, auricled, ligule ovate, mem- branous; panicle 1-2 ft., lanceolate, rhachis slender, smooth, glabrous below, silky upwards, branches or spikes 3-5-nate, ZA ii simple or ‘divided; rhachis almost capillary, fragile, sparsely silvery silky with very long hairs, internodes longer or shorter than the spikelets ; spikelets }-+ in., callus minute, bearded with spreading silky hairs }in. long; glume I subulate-lanceolate, acuminate, gibbous and coriaceous at the base, hyaline above it, margins smooth, incurved with a vein in the flexure, II rather shorter, oblong-ovate, acumi- nate, keeled, base opaque, 1-veined, keel and margins ciliate, II] ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, veins 0, IV very slender, ciliate, palea very minute, ciliate; lodicules cuneate ‘or quadrate, toothed or lunate, with often a single long hair at one angle; anth. linear.
Hotter parts of the Island; common. Panicle silvery.
Warm reyions of Asia and Australia.
Referred by Hackel (Monogr. Androp. 114) to sub-species genuznuz, tthe common Asiatic form distinguished from the African by its more
‘
202 Gramineae. [Pollinias.
slender habit, narrower leaves, shorter spikelets, and shorter hairs on the callus. Commonly used for fencing about Colombo (Ferguson).
2. S. arundinaceum, fe/z. Uds. iv. 14 (1786). Rambuk, S_ Pey-karumu, 7.
S. procerum, Roxb.; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 106. C. P. 3939.
FJ. B. Ind. vii. 119. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 46.
Stem 6-20 ft., erect from a stout rootstock, 4 in. diam.,. spongy within, internodes 6-12 in., terete, smooth, uppermost glabrous under the panicle; 1. 3-5 ft. by 1-2 in. below the middle, tapering thence upwards to a long filiform point, and slightly downwards to the base, coriaceous, smooth on both surfaces, glaucous beneath, margins spinulose, midrib up to- i in. broad, shining, veins many, very slender, sheaths terete, coriaceous, mouth not auricled, sides bearded, ligule short, lunate, hairy; panicle 1-2 ft., dense-fld., ovoid or oblong, erect,. decompound, rhachis stout, glabrous, branches half whorled,. spreading in fl. ascending in fr., filiform; spikes 1--3 in.,. rhachis filiform, fragile, internodes 4—4 in., villous, tips obconic ;. spikelets 7/5 in., clothed with long, soft, creamy or purplish woolly hairs up to + in. long, callus very short; glume I oblong-ovate, acuminate, dorsally convex, margins incurved,. I-veined in the flexures, II lanceolate, acuminate, 1—3-veined,. margins ubove the middle and keel ciliate with long hairs,. ITI oblong, hyaline, obtuse, 1-veined, margin above shortly ciliate, 1V smaller, lanceolate, subaristately acuminate, margins. ciliate above, palea quadrate, ciliate; lodicules irregular in shape; anth. <5 in.
Abundant up to 2000 ft. (Ferguson). Panicle pale brown or purplish.
The Gangetic Plain and Southern China. One of the elephant grasses of Ceylon.
SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM, Z., the sugar cane, is cultivated in Ceylon. There ts a flowering specimen of it in Herb. Peradeniya from the Bridge of Boats, Colombo (Ferguson).
29. POLLINIA, 7727.
Annual or perennial grasses; infl. of solitary or binate,. shortly racemed or fascicled, more or less hirsute or silky spikes,. rhachis of spike articulate, more or less fragile, internodes and pedicels of upper spikelets usually slender ; spikelets 1- 2-fld.,. binate, a sessile and pedicelled, those of each pair similar in form and sex or nearly so, callus short, bearded; glumes 4, I and II subequal, chartaceous or coriaceous, I dorsally flat or concave,. rarely convex, margins incurved or inflexed, 2-keeled or winged above, II as long as I, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
Pollinia.] Graminee. 203
keeled, 1—3-veined, III hyaline, paleate or not, IV hyaline, 2-cleft, awned in the sinus, awn slender, column brown, palea very short; anth. 2 or 3, linear; styles short, stigmas long, very narrow; grain oblong.—Sp. about 32; 23 in FZ B. Lud.
The above diagnosis embraces the Ceylon species. The genus is closely allied to /schemum, which is described as differing in the dissimilarity of the sessile from the pedicelled spikelets, a character that does not hold good in some Ceylon species. In so far as these are concerned, Pol/znza may be better distinguished by its slender inter- nodes of the spikes and pedicels, and the, when present, minute broad truncate ciliate palea of glume IV. The subgenus Azmphilophis of Andropogon may easily be mistaken for Podlzuza.
Leaf-base not conspicuously contracted. Basal sheaths of stem naked. Spikelets 3-7 in. Spikelets 5}, in. . ‘ : : Basal sheaths of stem tomentose . Leaf-base conspicuously contracted .
P. THWAITESII. . P. ARGENTEA.
. P. PHHOTHRIX. en NAG AG
1. P. Thwaitesii, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 163 (1889).
P. tristachye, Thw. forma, Thw. Enum. 368. P. ¢tristachya, var. distachya, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 106. C. P. 949.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 111.
Perennial; stems 12-14 in., densely tufted, stout, erect, rigid, glabrous except below the infl., internodes few, nodes glabrous; 1. mostly radical with a few cauline, radical 1. very many, crowded, 4-6 in. long, erect, filiform, wiry, =o in. diam. from the sides being involute to the strong pale midrib, gradually acuminate, striate, quite glabrous, passing gradually into the sheaths, which are I—2 in. long, coriaceous, open, dilating downwards, the base only equitant, mouth not auricled, margins bearded with a tuft of long erect silky hairs, ligule a short membrane; cauline |. very narrow, flat above the sheath, uppermost with usually spathiform narrow erect compressed sheaths 3-4 in. long, tipped by a subulate limb; spikes 2-3, I-3 in. long by $ in. across the spikelets, rhachis filiform, fragile, plano-convex, and pedicels densely silkily villous, internodes half as long as the spikelets; sessile spikelets 4 in., callus short, bearded, glume I chartaceous, oblanceolate-oblong, dorsally flat or somewhat depressed, softly hairy, tip truncate, erose, margins narrowly incurved, densely silkily ciliate, 2-veined at the flexures, II oblanceolate, acuminate, I-veined, chartaceous, dorsally rounded, margins involute, more or less ciliate towards the tip, III like II but smaller, membranous, veins 0, IV shorter, oblong, bifid, scarious, lobes ciliolate, awn about ;44 in., column short, palea very short, quadrate, erose, ciliate; lodicules minute, cuneate;
wh
204 Graminee. | Pollinia.
nth. large, linear, stigmas very long and narrow; pedicelled spikelets narrower than the sessile, bisexual.
Central Province, in swamps alt. 7000 ft. Nuwara Eliya (Gardner). Endemic.
2. Pf. argentea, 77in. iu Bull. Sc. Acad. Petersb. i. 71 (1836).
P. tristachya, Thw. Enum. 368 (excl. forma). C. P. 995.
IIE 18), Ibaxal aati
Perennial ; stems densely tufted, 14-4 ft., stout or slender, ‘erect, simple or branched, smooth, shining, leafy at the base and upwards, nodes glabrous ; |. 6-18 by s-§ in., erect, very narrowly linear, rigid, often filiform, tips capillary, base not contracted, glabrous, striate, flat or margins involute, sheaths long, slender, coriaceous, mouth not auricled, sides bearded with long hairs, ligule a short membrane fringed with long hairs; spikes 2-12, 1-6 in. long, narrow, lax-fld., rhachis firm, filiform, flexuous, compressed, sides of pedicels silkily villous, internodes shorter than the pale brown spikelets; sessile spikelets $ or + in, callus minute; glume I linear-oblong, ‘dorsally. flat, hairy, crustaceous below, membranous above, tip contracted, hyaline, truncate, margins narrowly incurved, villous with long erect silky hairs, UL broadly oblong, I-veined, margins incurved, ciliate, tip erose, III narrowly oblong, hyaline, flat, veinless, ciliate, IV much shorter than I], linear- ‘oblong, cleft into two subulate lobes, awn about $4 in., ca- pillary, palea 0; lodicules minute, cuneate; anth. 75 in.; pedicelled spikelets like the sessile, but narrower.
Central and Uva Provinces, ascending to 7000 ft., Haputale, Nilgule,
Ambagamuwa, Ramboda. Hilly districts of India, Malaya, and Australia.
3. P. pheothrix, ack. Monogr. Androp. 168 (1889).
P. Cumingit, Thw. Enum. 368, non Nees. C. P. 959.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 112:
Perennial; stems 1-3 ft., slender, erect, strict, simple, leafy upwards, pale reddish-brown, pubescent under the infl. only, nodes glabrous, base thickly clothed with dark red-brown tomentum; |. 6-12 in., either chiefly short and subradical with few cauline, or cauline very long, filiform, glabrous or more or less woolly, rigid, wiry, flat or sides involute, sheaths of short radical |. short, woolly, of longer and cauline elon- gate, slender, uppermost scmetimes forming a compressed narrowly lanceolate green spathe to the infl. 3~-q in. long, outer basal sheaths more or less thickly clothed with red- brown wool, mouth not auricled, sides villous, ligule short, membranous, ciliolate; spikes 2-4, 1-5 in. long, by 4 in. across the spikelets, flexuous, rhachis very slender, com-
Pollinia.] Gramineé. 205,
pressed, plano-convex, fragile, margins of pedicels villous. with long yellow-brown, rarely silvery, soft hairs; sessile spikelets $-4 in., linear-oblong, callus very small, bearded,,. -glumes I and II villous like the rhachis with long soft erect hairs, I linear-oblong, chartaceous, top narrowed minutely truncate, margins narrowly incurved, II ovate-oblong, I-veined,. tip erose, margins villously ciliate above the middle, keel dorsally ciliate about the middle, III as long as II, obovate- oblong, obtuse, veinless, villously ciliate, LV much _ shorter,. deeply bifid, lobes acute, ciliate, awn 4-4 in. palea very small, broad, truncate, ciliate; anth. 75 in.; pedicelled spikelet. smaller and narrower than the sessile.
Central and Uva Provinces. Nuwara Eliya, Dambulla, Atampitiya.
Nilgiri Hills.
The curious dark-red brown tomentum at the base of the stems some- times extends for an inch or more up the lowest |.-sheaths; at others it is present only on the base of the stem below the sheaths; in the latter: case it occurs sometimes in pisiform masses.
4. PB. ciliata, 7727. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. 11. 306 (1833).
P. Wallichtana, Nees; Thw. Enum. 369. C. P. 950.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 116.
Stem 2-4 ft., slender, naked below, much _ branched,,. branches straggling, remotely leafy, internodes 4-6 in. or uppermost much longer, nodes glabrous, often rooting; |. 4-6: by 4-4 in., spreading, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, flat, narrowed downwards to an’ acuminate or sub-petioled base, glabrous, margins scabrid, midrib slender, veins 3-4 pairs, sheaths terete, glabrous, mouth not auricled, glabrous, ligule ovate, eciliate; spikes 5-10, fascicled, very slender, 2—5 in. long,,. fragile, pale green, internodes shorter or longer than the spikelets and pedicels, clavate, compressed, plano-convex, ciliate in one or both margins ; sessile spikelets 4 in., callus. minute, bearded; glume I thinly chartaceous, scaberulous, linear, acute, 3-5 veined, dorsally flat, margins incurved spinulosely ciliate towards the tip, II linear-oblong, acute acuminate or aristulate, I--3 veined, margins above hyaline ciliate, keel scabrid, awn capillary, sometimes as long as the glume, III hyaline, narrowly oblanceolate, 1I-veined, IV minute, orbicular, entire or 2-lobed, awn 4-3 in., palea minute,,. ovate, obtuse; anth. 74 in.; pedicelled spikelet smaller than the sessile, bisexual, glume III o.
Central and Sabaragamuwa Provinces, not uncommon. Kandy, Matale,. Hantane, Kaduganawa.
Hilly country of India.
Hackel refers Thwaites’s plant to subsp. /ava, characterised by the cilia of the joints of the spike being 3-4 times longer than the joint itself,
206 Graminee. [ Rottboellia.
by linear-lanceolate glume I with a 2-mucronulate tip, by glume II being aristulate, and IV entire. I find, however, that glume I is usually simply acute, II often not aristulate, and IV bilobed in both the sessile and pedicelled spikelets. He has further a subsp. seszznuda from Ceylon, Thwaites (C. P. 411, ex parte), which I do not find in the Peradeniya Herbarium, where C. P. 411 is all zdropogon pertusus. The characters of subsp. sesznudus are to have the joints of the spike with cilia 4-6 times longer than the joint itself on one side only, glume I bimucronulate, callus nearly glabrous, awn of glume II as long as the glume or one-third shorter, and glume IV entire. As far as the Ceylon form of P. czl/éata is concerned, I do not think that the above characters constitute even well- marked varieties.
30. ROTTBOELLRIA, Linn. /.
Annual or perennial grasses of various habit; stems leafy; 1. narrow, flat; spikes solitary, racemose or subpanicled, rhachis articulate, internodes terete or compressed, each bearing a pair of dissimilar awnless spikelets, a lower 1—2-fld., usually bisexual, sessile, sunk in a cavity of the internode, the upper pedicelled, male or neuter, with the pedicel free or adnate to the side of the internode; sessile spikelet as long as or shorter than the internode; glumes 4, I coriaceous, ovate or oblong, flat or convex, closing the mouth of the cavity, margins narrowly incurved, II very thin, 1-3-veined, III hyaline, paleate or not, neuter, 1V hyaline, paleate, bisexual; lodicules quadrate or cuneate; anth. 3, linear; styles rather distant at the base and stigmas short; upper or pedicelled spikelet smaller than the sessile; glume I usually herbaceous, II-IV much as in the male spikelets; grain oblong, compressed.— Sp. about 30; 18 in FZ Bb. /nd.
In the above description 2. perforata is not included. After further ‘examination of it I think that the genus M/weszthea, Kunth, should be maintained.
Rhachis of spike not fragile. : ‘ 3 . I. R. COMPRESSA. Rhachis of spike fragile. Leaf-base narrow, rounded . : 5 : » By IRs DUNLTATP A, - Leaf-base broad, cordate : E eile teh . 3. R. NIGRESCENS.
1. R. compressa, Lian. 7. Suppl. 114 (1781).
Moon, Cat. 9. Memarthria compressa, Kunth; Thw. Enum. 364. ROE 3254
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 153 (var. gezuzna). Roxb. Cor. Pl. 11. t. 156 (R. glabra).
Stem 2-5 ft., decumbent and rooting below, branched, slender or stout, compressed, ribbed, glabrous, leafy; |. 1-5 by £4 in., linear, acuminate, flat, glabrous, flaccid when very elongate, base rounded, margins scabrid, midrib and veins slender, sheaths shorter than the internodes, compressed,
Rottboellia.] Graminee. 207
loose, glabrous, keeled, mouth not auricled, ligule short, ‘membranous, ciliate; spikes few or many, often fascicled, 2-4 in. long, erect, strict or curved, herbaceous, dark green, rhachis almost inarticulate, internodes broad, much shorter than the spikelets, glabrous, striate; spikelets glabrous, callus small, naked; sessile spikelet 7-§ in.; glume I oval-oblong, subacute, thinly coriaceous, 7—9-veined, II as long, adherent to the cavity of the internode, oblong-ovate, acute, mem- branous, 3-veined (2 submarginal), III and IV shorter, oblong, obtuse, hyaline, veins 0, palea very short, linear, obtuse; anth. qo in. or shorter; pedicelled spikelet longer and narrower than the sessile, male or if bisexual with very small anth., glumes I and II lanceolate, acuminate, herbaceous, II{ and IV as in the lower spikelet.
Common in warmer parts of the Island. All warm countries.
2. R. exaltata, Linn. f Suppl. 114 (1781).
Won ition, Boul, (Cs IPS Datsoy
eb elnd. vitr56. Roxb: Cor. Pl. t..157-
Perennial; stems 6-10 ft., stout, erect, leafy, solid, smooth, branching from the base, glabrous, or hairy below; |. 6-24 by ¢-I in., linear-lanceolate, setaceously acuminate, narrowed from the middle to the base, scaberulous on both surfaces, margins spinulosely scabrid, midrib stout, prominent beneath, smooth, veins very slender, sheaths loose, glabrous or hispid, mouth contracted, ligule short, ciliate; spikes 3-6 in., terete, glabrous, fragile, tip slender with imperfect spikelets, inter- nodes 4-4 in., dorsally rounded, smooth; sessile spikelet rather shorter than the internode, }-4 in.; glume I ovate- oblong, obtuse or tip emarginate, thickly coriaceous, smooth, base truncate, veins many, obscure, margins scaberulous, II gibbously convex or hemispheric, acute, chartaceous, 9—II- veined, keel scabrid shortly winged towards the tip, III oblong, acute, 3-veined, rigid, paleate, male, palea like the glume, coriaceous, margins hyaline, IV shorter, ovate from a broad base, acute, I-veined, fem., palea like the glume, obtuse, 2-veined; lodicules quadrate, subulate at one angle; anth. zo in.; style and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelet more or less imperfect, male or neuter, glume I narrowly winged, II-IV narrower, paleas of III and IV notched at the tip.
Common in the hotter parts of the Island. Plains and lower hills of India, and in Trop. Asia, Africa, Australia, Jamaica.
3. R. nigrescens, 7/w. Hnum, 364 (1864). (Co IPs hors Fl. B. Ind. vii. 157.
208 Gramineae. [Alanisuris.
Stem 3-4 ft., suberect, or prostrate and rooting at the lower nodes, slender or stout below, branched, leafy, smooth, glabrous or sparsely hairy, solid; 1. 4-8 by %-% in., linear- lanceolate from a broad cordate ciliate base, acuminate, thin,. sparsely hairy above, more so beneath, margins smooth or scaberulous, midrib and veins slender, sheaths loose, hispid or glabrous, margin and mouth ciliate, ligule short, ciliate; spikes solitary, sheathed at the base, 2~—3 in. long, slender, terete, elabrous, internodes }—{ in., dorsally rounded, smooth ; sessile spikelet rather longer than the internode; glume I shortly oval, coriaceous, convex, minutely cancellate in 9 rows, tip with two small scarious rounded wings, margins smooth, II coriaceous, cymbiform, acute, 3—5-veined, keel smooth, shortly winged below the tip, III hyaline, ovate-oblong, obtuse, paleate, neuter, veins 0, palea rather smaller, 1V smaller than III, orbicular-oblong, 2-toothed, palea oblong, 2-toothed, lodicules trigonous; anth. 75 in.; pedicelled spikelet smaller, male or neuter, glumes I and II narrower, herbaceous, veins strong, green, I smooth, with a single unilateral terminal wing, III epaleate, IV triandrous, tip entire or notched.
Central Provinces, alt. 4000 ft. (Thwaites).
Endemic.
Ferguson says of this plant (Gram. Indig. to Ceylon, 21), ‘I found it in the edges of forest, Abbotsford, at an elevation of 5000 to 6000 ft., in April 1869. At this elevation it is a small compressed plant, and seems. to be eaten by wild animals.’
31. MANISURIS, Sw.
Annual, erect, slender, leafy grasses; |. flat, base cordate, amplexicaul; spikes small, terete, axillary and terminal, shortly peduncled, rhachis green, at length fragile, glabrous, internodes short, broad, excavate opposite the sessile spike- lets; spikelets minute, in very dissimilar pairs, a sessile bisexual and a pedicelled male or neuter, the pedicel adnate or closely appressed to the rhachis; sessile spikelet, glume I globose, hollow, coarsely pitted, with a ventral orifice ap- pressed to the cavity in the rhachis, coriaceous, at length crustaceous, callus tumid, glabrous, II minute, oblong, coria- ceous, I-veined, closing the orifice of I, III and IV very minute, hyaline, convolute, and together forming a conical envelope to the stam. and ov., III orbicular, IV (palea ?) smaller, broadly oblong; iodicules subquadrate; anth. minute, connective very short; ov. globose, styles and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelet of 2 green glumes, I orbicular, flat,
Mnesithea.| Graminee. 209
margined with a broad hyaline ciliate wing, veins 5-7, very broad, II laterally compressed, cymbiform, 5—7-veined, keel with a dorsal hyaline ciliate wing, III and IV o, or hyaline; grain subglobose.—Sp. 2; both in FV. B. /nd.
M. granularis, Linn. f Nov. Gram. Gen. 37 (1779).
Thw. Enum. 364. Hack. Monogr. Androp. 314. C. P. 81.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 159. Gaertn. Fruct. ii. t. 175. Beauv. Agrost. t. 21, f. 10. Roxb. Pl. Corom. t. 118.
Stems 1-23 ft., and 1. softly hairy, flaccid, branching, leafy to the top, branches and |. erect, nodes hairy; 1. 4-10 by 4-4 in., linear, acute or acuminate, flat, upper often spathi- form, hairy on both surfaces or beneath only, hairs often tubercle-based, margins ciJiate, midrib slender, sheaths much shorter than the internodes, lax, mouth not auricled, ligule of long silky hairs; spikes 4-1 in., solitary or seemingly fas- cicled in the axils of the |., but individually from shortened axilllary branches, ped. short, hairy; sessile spikelets 74-75 in. diam., scaberulous.
Common in the hot, drier parts of the Island.
Tropics generally.
A very curious grass. The spikes resemble a string of minute beads. Except Pharus, no Ceylon grass shows so great a dissimilarity between the two forms of spikelet in the same species.
32. MNESITHEA, Kuzth.
A slender, erect, perennial grass; |. narrow; spikes solitary, slender, rhachis articulate, fragile, internodes terete, ribbed, all but a few upper with 2 equal and similar spikelets, sunk in subopposite oblong cavities, separated by a hyaline often evanescent septum, and with sometimes a minute glume of a third spikelet on the upper margin of the internode; sessile spikelets 1-fld., nearly as long as the internode; glumes 4, I closing the mouth of the cavity, obliquely oblong, obtuse, thinly coriaceous, smooth, margins narrowly incurved, II and III as long as I, oblong, obtuse, hyaline, III paleate or not, empty, IV rather smaller, oblong, obtuse, bisexual, palea shorter than the glume; lodicules 0; stam. 3, anth. linear; ov. minute, styles and stigmas very small, not exserted; upper spikelet seen only in the ‘upper 1-fld. internodes, pedicel confluent with the walls of the internode, its margins marked by 2 ribs; glume I very minute, orbicular or broadly ovate, flat, green, II very narrow or 0; grain narrowly oblong, compressed, embryo two-thirds its length.—Monotypic.
PART V. P
210 Gramineae. [Lschemum.
This curious plant has been described under six generic names; three of them are those of pre-established genera, Rottboellia by Roxburgh, Flemarthria by Kunth, and Offiurus by Trinius, and three were founded on itself, Dzperium, Desv. (1831), Thyridostachyum, Nees (1836), and that under which it is here described. A re-examination of it since the publication of the Flora of British India has convinced me that it is a well-founded genus.
MM. levis, Kunth, Revis. Gram. i. 154 (1840).
Thw. Enum. 364. ottboellia perforata, Roxb. Pl. Corom. ii. 43. C. P. 873. Ophiurus perforatus, Trin.; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 319.
Fl. B. Ind. 158 (Roto. erforata). Kunth, Enum. PI. Suppl. t. 18, f. 3. Desv. Opusc. t. 6, f. 3 (Diperzum cylindricum).
Stem 2-4 ft. erect, rather slender, simple or branched above, as thick as a crow-quill below, smooth, solid ; 1. 6-12 by 5-4 in., linear, acuminate, rigid, flat, glabrous except at the base, margins and midrib beneath scabrid, base narrowed, midrib and 2-3 pairs of veins very prominent beneath, sheaths tight, glabrous, mouth not auricled, ligule very short, membranous, toothed; spikes 4-8 in., shortly exserted from the uppermost sheaths, erect, internodes about + in. long, contracted in the middle, ribs green; glume I nearly as long as the internodes, tip sometimes narrowly margined, base truncate, veins 5-7, very obscure, ending in little pits above the base; anth. 74 in.; grain 74 in.
Hotter parts of the Island. Throughout India, Afghanistan, Burma, China.
33. ISCHMUM, 7.
Annual or perennial grasses ;.infl. of solitary digitate or fascicled articulate spikes, internodes of rhachis and pedicels of upper spikelets trigonous, ventrally hollowed ; spikelets binate, a sessile and pedicelled, each often 2-fld., a male and a fem. or bisexual, deciduous with the internode, pedicelled spikelet usually differing in size or shape from the sessile, but sometimes altogether similar to it; sessile spikelet, glumes 4, I and II subequal in length, coriaceous or chartaceous, awnless or II awned, I ovoid-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, convex, on sides smooth, nodose below the middle, above it flatter, veined, and more or less winged on each side, sides broadly or narrowly incurved, II lanceolate, acuminate, concave, III nearly as long as I, usually membranous, acute or acuminate, paleate, triandrous, rarely empty, palea narrower, lanceolate, acuminate, 2-veined, usually with an opaque rigid centre and broad inflexed hyaline flaps, IV hyaline, bisexual or fem., deeply 2-cleft, 3-veined, awned, awn geniculately inserted dor-
_ Ischemum.] Graminee. 211
Sally at the sinus, very slender, smooth, or nearly so, column brown twisted, palea narrow, hyaline; lodicules cuneate or quadrate; styles usually and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelets like or unlike the sessile, pedicel half as long as the sessile spikelet or shorter, glume I, often dimidiate-ovate, flat- tened and broadly winged, glume IV usually oblong, obtuse, ‘or minutely 2-lobed, awnless, rarely as in the sessile spikelet. —Sp. about 40; 27 in FL B. Ind. See remarks under Pollina.
Sect. 1. Buischzeemum.—Spikes 2 or more, rarely solitary, veins of glume I obscure. Margins of glume I of sessile spikelet narrowly inflexed or incurved from base to top. L. rounded at the base. Glume I of sessile spikelet with nodulose margins . . I. I, ARISTATUM.
Glume I closely transy ersely ridged 2. I. RUGOSUM. L. hastate sagittate or cordate at the base. Glume I of sessile spikelet Maaeveree ridged . 3. I. SEMISAGITTATUM. Glume I of sessile spikelet smooth . . 4. I. COMMUTATUM. Margins of glume I narrowly incurved above, broadly below. Keel of glume II winged above the middle. Spikes glabrous A 5. I. MUTICUM. Spikes more or less villous. . 1m 631. (CILIARE. Keel of glume II not winged. Stem stout, suberect : : : 5 Ge Me IRIN AD Stem slender, creeping below . 8. I. TIMORENSE.
Sect. II. Sehima.— Spike solitary, glume I of sessile spikelet flat, with euene raised veins . ; ‘ . g. I. LAXUM. 1. Z. Peseta, ioe Sp. PL. 1049 (partim) (1753). Ll. barbatum, Retz.; Thw.. Enum. 364. Moon, Cat. 72. C. P. 700,
869, 994- iu Fl. B. Ind. vi. 126. Burm. FI. Ind. t. 21, f. 8 (bad).
Perennial; stem 1-4 ft., stout, erect, simple or branched, leafy, glabrous, thickened towards the spikes; |. 4-10 by 4-1 in., linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, glabrous or sparsely hairy, glaucous beneath, narrowed to the acute or cordate sometimes petiolulate base, margins scabrid, midrib slender, veins 3-many pairs, sheaths loose, glabrous, mouth naked, auricled, auricles up to 4 in. long, or short, margins mem- branous, ligule membranous; spikes I or 2, up to 6 in. long, erect, stout or slender, fragile, internodes 4 as long as the spikelets or shorter, stout, tumid or subclavate, more or less bearded; spikelets }-} in., sessile and pedicelled pressed closely together, hirsute villous or nearly glabrous, callus very
Dare Graminee. [Uschemum.
short, broad; sessile spikelet, glume I ovate- or linear-oblong, cartilaginous or coriaceous below the middle, with 2-4 marginal nodules on each side transversely connected by shallow ridges, above the middle thinner with green anasto- mosing veins and usually unequal narrow ciliolate wings,, towards the obtuse or 2-toothed tip, margins narrowly incurved, ciliolate, II lanceolate, acuminate, chartaceous, sub- scaberulous, I-veined, keel rounded smooth, III and IV and paleas eciliate, sometimes punctulate, III ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, I-veined, membranous, male or bi- sexual, palea oblong, rather thicker, IV. oblong, fem., cleft to the middle or lower into lanceolate acuminate lobes, 3-veined below, awn 3-3 in., geniculately inserted at the sinus, palea linear-oblong; pedicelled spikelet broader than the sessile, inarticulate on the very short thick amorphous pedicel; glume I coriaceous, flattened, broadly winged, wing semi- circular, acinaciform or dimidiate-ovate, margins ciliolate, glumes II and III and paleas as in the sessile spikelet, IT male or bisexual, III fem., IV linear-oblong, obtuse or minutely 2-lobed with a mucro; grain }-{ in., ellipsoid- oblong, compressed.
Var. fallax, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 204. FI. B. Ind. lc. C. P. 700, 994.
Stem more slender, prostrate below and ascending, Il. smaller, narrower, sometimes long-petioled, ligule shorter, ciliate, spikes more slender, sparsely hairy.
Very common in the Island (Ferguson). Var. fa//ax, Bintenna and Peradeniya.
Throughout the plains and lower hills of India, Malaya, China.
I cannot distinguish the vars. dardatum and zmberbe in the Peradenya Herbarium, where specimens from the same locality and on the same sheet present spikelets varying from almost glabrous to densely villous, with narrow and broad glumes, especially variable as to glume I of pedicelled spikelet. The number and prominences of nodes on the sides of glume I of the sessile spikelets are unstable characters, as are the length and breadth of the leaves and of the ligule, Var. fa//ax looks very different from the common large form of a7zstatwm, but I find no characters for it other than those given above. MHackel has u var. elatum, with hirsute sheaths, from Silhet and Ceylon, of which I have seen no Ceylon specimen.
2. £. rugosum, Salish. Ic. Stirp. Rar. 1 (1791).
Thw. Enum. 364. C. P. 870.
Bl B: Ind: vin. 127. Salisb. eta.” ‘Gaertn. £ Fruct. Supplit) rr.
Annual; stem 1—2 ft. rather stout, tufted, erect or ascending, leafy, compressed, slightly thickened beneath the infl., nodes glabrous or bearded; |. 4-6 by }~4 in., linear- lanceolate, acuminate, flat, flaccid, smooth, glabrous or
LIschemum.] Gramineae. 212
sparsely hairy on both surfaces, margins scabrous, base rounded, sometimes tomentose, uppermost 1. sometimes reduced to a spathiform lanceolate sheath 3-4 in. long partially enclosing the spikes, sheaths loosely compressed, glabrous, mouth auricled, auricles membranous, confluent with the truncate ligule; spikes 2, 1-3 in. long, erect, striate, fragile, internodes 4-3 as long as the sessile spikelets, sub- ‘clavate, trigonous, ciliate on the dorsal angle; spikelets $—-} in. long, linear-obiong, nearly glabrous or villous, sessile and pedicelled pressed together, the very short thick pedicel confluent with the thick sparsely bristly callus of the sessile; glume I of sessile spikelet cartilaginous and shining below the middle and there crossed by 3-5 deep, convex, almost imbricating smooth ridges, above the middle flattened, thinner, ‘dimidiate - ovate, veins green, anastomosing, margins thick narrowly incurved, ciliolate, outer narrowly winged, II ‘coriaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, laterally compressed, keeled, scaberulous, keel with a narrow ciliolate wing below the tip, III and 1V and paleas all eciliate, III ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate, hyaline, 1-3-veined, male or neuter, palea narrower, hyaline, 2-veined, IV shorter, deeply cleft into 2 lanceolate acute lobes, base 3-veined, awn up to 2 in., palea linear - lanceolate; Jodicules minute, cuneate; pedicelled spikelet very variable, glume I like the sessile or with obscure transverse ridges, and a broader more oblique upper half, glumes I to III when most perfect are as in the sessile spikelet, but II not keeled or ciliate, and IV oblong, obtuse, awnless; grain broadly elliptic-oblong, compressed, brown, zo in. long.
Hotter parts of the Island.
India, Andaman Islds., Malaya, China.
The various forms assumed by the pedicelled spikelet are puzzling ; it very frequently ripens a grain. Hackel (who had not seen Ceylon specimens) describes (under the genus) the pedicelled spikelet as articulate on the pedicel, which it is not in 7 rugosum and aristatum, for it falls away with the sessile glume and internode of the spike; as does the grain from the glumes. There are two forms of foliage in this species in Herb. Peraden.; one, the original plant, is named by Thwaites from Kara Kada Walla, Gardner (C. P. 870), with very narrow leaves, obscure veins, and long ligule; the other, from Mannar district, collected and mamed by Trimen (not numbered), with leaves up to % in. broad, 4 or more pairs of rather strong lateral veins and a shorter ligule. The spikes and spikelets of the two appear to be identical.
3. *E. semisagittatum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 8 (1814); Fl. Ind. in 320 (1832).
f. conjugatum, Roxb.; Thw. Enum. 365. C. P. 3263.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 130.
214 Gramiunec. [Jschemum.
Annual; stem 1-2 ft. slender, flaccid, prostrate and branching below, rooting at the lower nodes, internodes long, nodes glabrous or hairy; |. 3-5 in., oblong- or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, tips capillary, base auricled, broadly cordate lunate or sagittate, with a filiform petiole }-14 in. long, flat, glabrous. or sparsely hairy, margins scabrid, midrib slender, veins 3-5 pairs, bases descending into the auricles, sheaths loose, often ventricose, of uppermost |. usually 2-3 in., spathiform, margins broadly auricled, mouth and truncate ligule membranous ; spikes 2, 1-24 in. long, more or less softly villous all over with long white or grey hairs, fragile, internodes and pedicels. much shorter than the spikelets, trigonous, inflated ; sessile spikelet 4-4 in., callus short, thick; glume I, ovate, convex, tip 2-toothed, margins narrowly incurved, lower half rather thick, transversely obscurely ridged, ridges ending in marginal nodules, upper thinner with green veins and ciliolate margins, II rather coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, keeled, softly ciliate,. dorsally villous, III ovate, acuminate, I-3 veined, scaberulous above, paleate, male, palea linear-oblong, hyaline 2-veined, IV fem., cleft to below the middle into linear lobes, base 3-veined, awn about 4 in. palea linear-oblong, truncate 2-veined; lodicules cuneate; anth. } in.; styles and stigmas. short ; pedicelled spikelet narrower than the sessile, glume I narrowly oblong, not ridged, II and III and paleas as in the sessile spikelet, IV as long as IJ, narrowly oblong, tip 2-toothed with a minute awn, III male, IV fem.
Colombo, on debris thrown out from the bazaars (Ferguson).
Bengal and the Deccan.
This is the Ceylon /. conjugatum, Roxb., of Thwaites, introduced ine Hackel’s monograph, FI. B. Ind., as a Ceylon plant. It is, I think, I. semtsagittatum var. dasyanthum, Hack. The only difference given by Roxburgh between J/. conjugatum and J. semitsagittatum is, that in the former the two spikes are ‘united at the base, continuing close, as if one.’ This character does not hold good, and is not alluded to by Hackel, who places the two species under different subdivisions, that including comjugatum having 2-4 marginal nodules on glume I of the sessile spikelet, whilst in sem7sagztfatum glume I is transversely rugose with close-set elevated ridges. But neither of these characters is con- stant in Indian specimens, and the Ceylon ones agree with neither, for they have very low ridges and marginal nodules. The two plants are
undoubtedly co-specific, as Hackel suspects by his remark under J. sesz- sagittatum, ‘I. conjugato, Roxb., satis affine.’
4. I. commutatum, ack. Monogr. Androp. 209 (1889). I. semisagittatum, Thw. Enum. 365 (non Roxb.). C. P. 2625. ‘ Fl. B. Ind. vil. 131.
Perennial; stems 1-2 ft. slender, ascending from a decumbent base, glabrous; |. 1-3 by 3-4, linear or oblong-
Ischemum.| Graminee. 215
lanceolate, acuminate, flat, softly sometimes villously hairy on both surfaces, base cordate, often unequally, with some- times a short petiole, margins scabrid, midrib slender, veins 3-5 pairs, sheaths loose, glabrous or hairy, auricles large, ciliate, united by the hyaline ligule; spikes 1 or 2, 2-3 in. long, rhachis slender, fragile, internodes about 7 in., dorsally silkily ciliate; sessile spikelet } in. oblong, callus short, thick, shortly densely bearded; glume I coriaceous, ovate or oblong,
glabrous, smooth, polished, usually constricted about the
2
middle, margins narrowly incurved, lower half tumid, sides sometimes nodose, upper thinner, flatter, bicuspidate, 2- winged, and with green anastomosing veins between the wings, which vary in breadth and are ciliolate, I] chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, tip bicuspidate with often an interposed slender recurved awn sometimes longer than the glume, keel smooth, III oblong-lanceolate, hyaline, I—3-veined, 3-androus, upper margins ciliolate, palea oblong, Opaque, wings hyaline, IV shorter, deeply 2-lobed, lobes obtuse, bisexual, palea narrow, 2-veined, awn 4-3 in., genicu- lately inserted at the sinus; styles short, stigmas narrow ; pedicelled spikelet, glume + in. long, glabrous, callus obsolete, pedicel 4-4 as long as the internode, glume I flattened, with the broad unilateral wing dimidiate-ovate, obtuse, margins ciliolate, III empty and its palea narrower than in the sessile spikelet, IV oblong, obtuse, muticous, male.
Central Province, ascending to 6000 ft. (Ferguson). Watta Kellia Hill, Ambagamuwa, Dimbulla.
Nilgiri Hills.
I find considerable variation in the ciliate or eciliate ligule and size of the auricles of the l.-sheaths, in the form and sculpture of glume I of the sessile spikelets, and in the form and ciliation of glume III and its palea.
aoe muticum, Jz. Sp. Pl. 1049 (1753).
Thw. Enum. 364. C. P. 868, 3048. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 132. Gaertn. f. Fruct. Suppl. t. 181. Rheede, Hort.
Mal. xii. t. 47.
Rootstock 1-2 ft. long, creeping and rooting, simple or branched, giving off rather stout stiff polished ascending leafy stems 4-12 in. high; |. bifarious 1-34 by 4-4 in., linear-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, strict, flat, coriaceous, rigid, smooth on both surfaces, glabrous or hairy and ciliate towards the base, brown when dry, margins smooth or scaberulous, base rounded or cordate, midrib slender, veins obscure, sheaths mostly longer than the nodes, subcompressed, tight or loose, coriaceous, glabrous or hairy, uppermost often spathiform and embracing the spike, mouth shortly auricled, ligule
216 Gramineeé. , [Ischemume
short, truncate; spikes 2, shortly peduncled, 4-1} in. long, closely appressed together, perfectly glabrous, rhachis fragile, internodes about } as long as the spikelets, acutely trigonous, angles glabrous or minutely ciliate; spikelets 1-fld., sessile and pedicelled closely appressed; sessile 4-4 in., callus short, broad, glabrous; glume J ovate or oblong, con- vex, coriaceous, flatter and narrowly winged from above the middle to the minutely truncate or 2-toothed tip, margin narrowly incurved above, broadly below, II as long as I, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or shortly awned, coriaceous, 5-veined, keel smooth, narrowly winged from above the middle to the tip, III oblong-lanceolate, acute, firm, with a narrow ciliate wing, 5—7-veined, triandrous, palea as long, lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous with a hyaline ciliolate wing, IV bisexual, oblong, obtuse, aristulate, coria- ceous with broadly hyaline sides, 1-3-veined, tip ciliolate, palea nearly as long as the glume, narrow; lodicules large; anth. linear; styles short, stigmas very large; pedicelled spikelet smaller than the sessile, pedicel stout, sometimes very short, angular; glume I narrow, II obscurely winged dorsally, under the tip ; sexes as in the sessile spikelet.
Common, especially on sandy shores.
Southern India, from Canara southward, Burma, Malaya, China, Australia.
Very common on the shores of lakes, where it is a low creeping plant, with white stoloniferous underground stems. In the jungle, where it gets support, it is a tall coarse grass and grows to the length of several feet. It is at once distinguishable by its white flowers. Large quantities are collected by the grass-women for horse-food in Colombo, but it is a coarse fodder (Ferguson).
6. E. ciliare, 7e/z. Obs. vi. 36 (1791). Rat-tana, S.
Spodiopogon obliguivalvis, Nees; Thw. Enum. 365 (excl. some syn.). S. seylanicus, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 373, 377. Andropogon Wacrer, Steud. Inen377- EC Ps 8745187513 10713235:
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 133.
Perennial (?); stems erect or ascending, sometimes decum- bent below for a foot or more, and rooting at the nodes, slender, nodes glabrous or bearded; |. 2-6 by §-4 in., linear or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, narrowed from the middle to the rounded or acute sessile base, glabrous, hirsute, or villous on both surfaces, margins scabrid, midrib slender, veins obscure, or 3-5 distinct pairs, sheaths glabrous or hirsute, compressed, loose, auricles rounded, ciliate, ligule membranous, ciliate; spikes 2, 14-3 in. long, 4 in. diam. across the spikelets, or more slender, rhachis fragile, inter- nodes and pedicels of upper spikelets subequal forming a fork with the sessile spikelets opposite the rounded sinus, erect,
Lschemum.| Gramineae. BM)
compressed, trigonous, bearded dorsally and on the angles; sessile spikelet 7-4 in., oblong or ovoid-oblong, callus very short, bearded; glume I bicuspidate, coriaceous, convex, smooth or pitted, hirsute below the middle, flatter and veined above the middle with lateral ciliolate broad or narrow wings, Margins narrowly incurved above, broadly below, II as long as or longer than I, chartaceous, lanceolate, acuminate or awned, 5-veined, keel narrowly winged towards the tip, III ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate towards the tip, triandrous, palea lanceolate, acuminate, opaque with broad hyaline ciliolate wings, IV fem., cleft to the middle, base 3-veined, lobes oblong, obtuse, ciliate, awn 4-4 in., palea lanceolate, acuminate, 2-veined, eciliate; anth. } in.; styles and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelet like the sessile, glume IV usually awned.
Throughout the Island; common (Ferguson).
Plains and lower hills of India, Nicobar Islds., Malaya, China, Australia.
The two principal forms of this variable grass in Herb. Peraden. are :—
1. Stem 1-13 fl., erect or suberect, leafy chiefly towards the base; 1. up to 3 in. broad, linear-lanceolate, sparsely hairy, sheaths glabrous, spikes villous, glume I smooth. Var. /omgifilum, Hack. C. P. 3167.
2. Stem tall, decumbent and creeping below; |. narrower and sheaths nearly glabrous, spikes more slender, less hairy, spikelets smaller, glume I often transversly pitted. C. P. 875. 3167 (in part), 3235. Includes vars. prorepens, scrobiculatum, and malacophyllum of Hackel, wholly or in part.
One form of this grass is reserved in fields and under the shade of coco-nut trees in and near Colombo, and extensively brought into town as fodder for cattle. Is well known as the Rat-tana, literally red grass of the Sinhalese (Ferguson).
7. I. rivale, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 228 (1889).
I. pilosum, Nees, ex Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 107 (non Hack.). Sfodtopogon vivalis, Thw. MSS. C. P. 3871. ;
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 136 (7. Azrtz, Hack. forma).
Perennial; stems 2-3 ft., stout, much branched, leafy, glabrous, smooth, polished, nodes glabrous, or upper tomen- tose; 1. 3-5 by {-} in., linear-lanceolate, narrowed from about the middle to the finely acuminate tip and base, flat, glabrous or ciliate at the very base, smooth on both surfaces and nearly so on the margins, midrib slender, sheaths glabrous, mouth not auricled, ciliate, ligule very short, membranous, eciliate ; spikes 2-4, 2-3 in. long by + in. across the spikelets, thachis fragile, internodes and pedicels not half as long as the spikelets, stout, compressed,. rigidly long-ciliate, sessile spikelet 4-4 in., callus rather large, stout, very shortly bearded; glume I oblong-ovate, bicuspidate, coriaceous, tumid below the middle, more flattened above it, 7-9-veined, sparsely hairy,
218 Graminee. . [Lschemum.
margins with serrulated wings from the middle upwards, . narrowly incurved above, very broadly below, II chartaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, faintly 5-veined, dorsally smooth rounded, and margins narrowly ciliate, III ovate-lanceolate,. acuminate, I-veined, male or empty, palea lanceolate, thickened with hyaline wings above, IV fem. or bisexual, broadly 2-lobed to the middle, 3-veined, lobes dimidiate - ovate, ciliolate, awn about 4} in., palea linear-lanceolate, eciliate, puncticulate ; styles rather short, stigmas very long, slender; pedicelled spikelet rather smaller than the sessile, glume I lanceolate, acute, the wings coalescing in a flat scaberulous. point, glume II-lV as in the sessile, but fem. only, and ripening an ovoid-oblong grain.
Matelle East (Beckett).
As stated in FI. B. Ind., I regard the Ceylon 7. ~zvale as an endemic glabrous-leaved form of the Khasian /. Azrtwm, with more than two: spikelets, and glabrous glume I. Dr. Trimen having kept it as a distinct species in the Peradeniya Herbarium, I have followed him here. The similarity of the sessile and pedicelled spikelets is as in Pol/znza.
8. £. timorense, Kuwzzth, Revis. Gram. i. 369 (1835).
I, timorense, var. zeylanicum, Hack.; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 107. Spo- diopogon obliguévalvis, Nees; Thw. Enum. 365 (in part). C. P. 3168.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 136. Kunth, |. c. t. 98.
Stem 6-18 in., slender, branching, decumbent straggling and rooting at the lower nodes, glabrous or nodes sparsely bearded; 1. 3-6 by 4-1 in., lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, flat, base acute (or of small uppermost rounded), acuminate or narrowed into a slender petiole up to 2 in. long, smooth or scaberulous on both surfaces, margins. scaberulous, midrib very slender, veins 4-6 pairs, sheaths loose, glabrous, mouth not auricled, ciliate, ligule very short, membranous; spikes binate, a sessile and shortly peduncled, I—3 in. long, about # in. across the spikelets, fragile, internodes slender, shorter than or equalling. the pale reddish-brown spikelets, more or less shortly ciliate; sessile spikelet $-4 in., . callus rather long, cylindric, sparsely bearded; glume I ovate, bicuspidate, tumid, rounded, thinly coriaceous and shining below the middle, above it thinner and 5~-9-veined, glabrous or sparsely hairy, wings 0, margins narrowly involute above, broadly and almost auricled below, II lanceolate, acuminate or aristulate, dorsally rounded, 1-5-veined, III empty or male, oblong, acute, margins above dilated and broadly hyaline, palea lanceolate, opaque, with very broad ciliolate hyaline wings, 1V bisexual, oblong, cleft to the middle into lanceolate, acuminate lobes, 3-veined below, eciliate, awn + in. or longer, . palea lanceolate; pedicelled spikelet usually very small}
Ischemum.] Graminee. 219
reduced to one or rarely 4 glumes, then awned and male, pedicel slender, sometimes nearly as long as the sessile spikelet.
Central Province, Peradeniya, Hantane, between Eratne and Palaba- dulla, abundant (Trimen).
Bengal, Central India, Burma, Malaya.
Dr. Trimen’s specimens have much larger and longer-petioled 1. than any other Ceylon or Indian forms known to me. Awn short in Ceylon specimens. I find the foliage of this species to be too variable to afford characters for varieties. Glume I is almost or quite glabrous and shining.
Affects damp and shady places from the coast up to the Kandyan country, and is very seldom found in flower. It is an excellent and abundant fodder (Ferguson).
9g. I. laxum, £7. Prod. 205 (1810).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl.107. J. zervosum, Thw. Enum. 365. C. P. 3138.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 136.
Perennial; stem 2-3 ft., tufted on a short rootstock, simple, slender, erect, glabrous, leafy, nodes glabrous; |. 6-12, by qo-s in., erect, linear, narrowed to long capillary tips, flat, smooth, striate, glaucous beneath, margins minutely scaberu- lous, base not contracted, midrib very slender, sheaths shorter than the internodes, glabrous or sparsely hairy, mouth not auricled, ligule of silky hairs; spike solitary, 2-3 in., suberect, fragile, internodes and pedicels of upper spikelets about half as long as the spikelets, compressed, sides silkily ciliate with long hairs; sessile spikelet 4 in., callus short, obtuse, shortly bearded ; glume I green, thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, tip 2-toothed, teeth ending in short capillary ciliate flaccid awns, margins inflexed, keeled, keel¢ minutely scaberulous and ciliate, veins 6, median 0, 2 marginal, 4 dorsal in pairs diverging from the base and converging and anastomosing in the upper third of the glume, marginal terminating in the awns of the apical teeth, II concave, membranous, ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, terminating in a slender seabrid awn longer than the glume, margins ciliate, keel rounded with a narrow ciliate dorsal wing running from the entire or 2-toothed tip on to the awn, veins 3, very slender, III lanceolate, acumi- nate, hyaline, veinless, ciliate with long recurved hairs, paleate, triandrous, palea oblong, obtuse, ciliate, IV deeply cleft into lanceolate long-ciliate lobes, 3- -veined below, paleate, fem., awn up to 1} in., palea linear- oblong ; lodicules obliquely cuneate ; ap 4 in.; styles short, stigmas rather long; pedi- celled spikelet a5 long as the geseil =: glume I chartaceous, red-brown, lanceolate, acuminate, with the tip toothed and awned as in the sessile spikelet, veins 7, strong, one median, three submarginal on each side, margin narrowly inflexed,
220 Graminee. [Eremochloa.
keels minutely scaberulous, obscurely winged on one margin towards the tip, II ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, I-veined, ciliate, tip terminating in a short flaccid ciliate awn, III and its palea as in the sessile spikelet, empty or triandrous, IV and its palea linear-oblong, obtuse, ciliate with long hairs, triandrous, awn oO.
Central and Uva Province, alt. 3000-4000 ft. Passalowa, Hakgala, Welimoda.
Central and Southern India, Burma, eastward to Australia and west- ward to the Cape Verd Islds.
I have described the spikelets from the Ceylon specimens at length, as they differ somewhat from Indian and other specimens, in the venation of glume I of the sessile and pedicelled spikelets, and in the curious capillary awns terminating the apical teeth.
34. BREMOCHLOA, Siise.
Perennial grasses; |. chiefly radical, exactly linear, obtuse, flat, sheaths compressed; infl.a solitary, elongate, curved, com- pressed, glabrous spike, rhachis subfragile, internodes clavate, compressed, hollow; spikelets solitary, secund, sessile, 2-fld., closely imbricating, dorsally strongly compressed, deciduous with the internode and the pedicelled or sessile rudiments of an upper spikelet, awn 0; glume I orbicular or ovate, flat, margins narrowly incurved, pectinately armed with long spreading upcurved spines, II oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 3-veined, III and palea oblong, obtuse, male, 1V smaller, oblong, obtuse, bisexual, palea as long as the glume, linear-oblong, truncate; lodicules cuneate; anth. narrow;
styles and stigmas rather short; grain oval, plano-convex.— SPO Sella ew 7a
Glume I 2-winged below the tip . ; . I. E. MURICATA. Glume I not or obscurely winged below the tip . 2) 25H. ZEN EANICA:
. BE. muricata, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 262 (1889).
iene pectinatum, Trin.; Thw. Enum. 365 (excl. syn.) and 436. C. P. 3848.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 140.
Stems 6-8 in., ascending from a woody, creeping root- stock, slender, strongly compressed, smooth, shining ; |. 3-12 by 3-¢ in. , thinly coriaceous, smooth on both surfaces and on the maraing, striate, midrib and few veins very slender, sheaths of lower 1. short, broad, equitant, of upper long, strongly compressed, mouth not auricled, ligule a very short eciliate membrane; spike up to 6 in. long, by # in. across the pale yellovise shining spikelets, curved, rhachis undulate, internodes 3—3 the length of the spikelets ; glume I ¢ in. long,
Pogonatherum.| Graminec. 221
orbicular-ovate, slightly convex, 5~—7-veined, with a sub- quadrate wing on each side reaching beyond the acute tip, spines shorter than the glume is broad; pedicelled spikelet and pedicel reduced to a fusiform, compressed, inflated body as long as the sessile spikelet, acuminate at both ends, green on one face, which is flat, with anastomosing veins, convex on the other face, which is white, membranous, veinless, the green surface forming a keel at the meeting.
The nature of the organ representing the pedicel and glume of an upper spikelet is not clear to me, whether it is, as Hackel regards it, a mere pedicel sometimes terminated by a minute glume, or a glume I, a a oie glume II, the margins of which are confluent with glume I all round.
Trincomalie (Glenie); Jaffna district; Pallavarayankaddu (Trimen). South Deccan Peninsula, Australia.
2. E. zeylanica, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 263 (1889).
Ischemum falcatum, Thw. Enum. 436. J. zeylanicum, Hack. MSS. ex Mri Cat..107.,, Ci Ps'3322.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 140.
Stems 1-2 ft., erect or ascending from a hardened base, slender, compressed, smooth, shining; |. 3-12 by 4-1 in, rather rigidly coriaceous, striate, veins very slender, flat or complicate, surfaces and margins smooth, sheaths of lower I-3 in., strongly compressed, equitant, mouth not auricled, glabrous, ligule very short, membranous; spike 2-3 by # in. across the spikelets, rhachis straight, internodes clavate, nearly as long as the spikelet or shorter; spikelets 4 in. long; glume I flat, ovate or oval, subacute or obtuse, 5-7-veined, margined or very narrowly winged at the tip on each side, spines as long as the glume is broad or shorter; pedicelled spikelet as in &. muricata, but veins fewer, and with sometimes a subulate terminal glume.
South of the Island (Thwaites), Colombo, common (Ferguson), Uva Prov., near Nilligalle (Trimen).
Endemic. First found by Mrs. Col. Walker.
35. POGONATHERUMD, Leauv.
Very slender, perennial grasses; stem leafy upwards, branching; |. narrow, suberect; spikes solitary on long capillary flexuous peduncles, plumose from the ultra capillary flexuous awns, rhachis at length fragile, internodes short; spikelets very minute, subterete, 1—2-fld., binate, a bisexual sessile and pedicelled neuter male or very rarely bisexual, callus bearded with very long hairs; glumes 3 or 4, all membranous, hyaline, veins very obscure or 0, I oblong, truncate, dorsally rounded,
222 Graminee. [Apocopis.
not keeled, II longer, ovate, keeled, bifid, awned in the sinus, awn much longer than the spikelet, sparingly twisted, III nearly as long as II, not awned, usually o in the pedicelled “‘spikelet, lV about half as long as II, bifid, awned in the sinus, ‘awn as in II, palea broadly oblong not keeled; lodicules o; stam. I or 2; ov. narrow, styles short, free, stigmas very long, exserted at the tip of the spikelet, shortly hairy; grain narrow, gibbously obovate, compressed, acute-——Sp. 2 or 3; all in Fl. B. Ind.
P. crinitum, Kunth, Enum. P/.i. 478 (1833).
P. saccharoideum, Thw. Enum. 365 (non Beauv.). P. saccharoideum, B, monandrum, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 193. Andropogon crinitus, ihunbs Woon, Gat 72.0 Ce O36:
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 141. Kunth, Revis. Gram. t. 161 (P. vefractum, Nees).
Stems 6-18 in., densely tufted; |. 1-3 by 74-3 in., linear- lanceolate, acuminate, more or less hairy on bot h surfaces, and on the margins, sheaths lax, glabrous, mouth hairy, ligule of long hairs; spikes subpanicled, terminating the branckes of the stem, on capillary peduncles ?-1 in., long, reddish yellow, rhachis slender, internodes very short, ciliate, tips thickened, truncate; spikelets about ~;44 in. long, usually monandrous, hairs of callus longer than the spikelets ; glumes veinless, I ciliate at the rounded or retuse tip, II $ longer than I, keel and lobes scaberulous, the latter ciliolate, III linear, smooth, epaleate, or 0, 1V cleft to the middle, lobes ciliolate, awns of II and IV straight or recurved, $—# in. long, of IV rather the longest.
Very common, especially in the Central and Western Provinces. Throughout India, China, Malaya, New Hebrides.
P. SACCHAROIDEUM, Beauv. Agrost. 56, t. 11, f. 7, is very doubt- fully distinct from crzuztum, and regarded by Hackel as a variety (a, genuznus). It is distinguished by its stouter habit, larger spikelets, short callus hairs, glume III oblong or ovate, ciliate, empty diandrous or rarely bisexual, paleate or not. Hackel gives Ceylon as a habitat. It is a very common Indian plant.
36. APOCOPIS, Wees.
Annual or perennial grasses; stems slender; |. narrow, flat ; spikes solitary or 2-3-nate, compressed, rhachis firm, not readily disarticulating, internodes very short, slender, villous ; spikelets secund, closely imbricate in 2 series, solitary, sessile, 1—2-fld., lowest 2-4 in the spike imperfect, neuter, callus very short, acute, bearing the long capillary ciliate pedicel of an absent upper spikelet; glumes 4, I very large, cuneately
Arthraxon.] Graminec. 223
obovate or obcordate, chartaceous below, membranous above, more or less villous with pale brown or yellow hairs, 7—-9- veined below the apex, margins incurved at the base only, II as long as I, much narrower, membranous, oblong-ovate, truncate, 3-veined, sides broadly incurved, III and its hyaline palea oblong, tips broadly truncate and ciliolate, male or neuter, IV bisexual, linear, 2-toothed, 1-veined, hyaline, awned, awn short, very slender, twisted, palea half as long as the glume, quadrately oblong, veinless, truncate, tip ciliolate; lodicules 0; anth. linear; ov. narrow, stigmas slender, exserted at the tip of the spikelet; grain very small, narrowly oblong, embryo very large.—Sp. 3, all in AZ B. Ind. A. Wightii, ees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 377 (1854).
Thw. Enum. 365. FI. B. Ind. vii. 142.
Annual ; stems 6-24 in., densely tufted, erect or ascending, simple or branched, leafy, glabrous; |. 2-4 by 74-3 in., narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous ciliate or sparsely hairy, margins scaberulous, midrib and veins slender, sheaths gla- brous or hairy, of upper subventricose, mouth not auricled, ligule membranous, lacerate; spikelets {4 in.; glume I dorsally convex, more or less villous or villous and tomentose, awn of IV 4-2? in., pubescent, column twisted; anth. 4 in. long; pedicel of absent spikelet shorter than the sessile ; grain 35 in.
There are two forms or varieties of this plant in Ceylon:—
a, genuinus, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 193. C. P. 400.
Spikelets 4 in. long, glume I dorsally villous below, puberulous above, tip rounded or retuse, ciliolate.
6, mangalurensis, Hack./.c. C. P. 3959.
Glume I obcordate, dorsally villous below, tomentose above, tip ciliate with long hairs. A. Becketti, 7hw. ex Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 107.
Var. a, Central Prov., alt. 3000-4000 ft. Galagama (Thwaites), Kaloo- pahana, Colombo (Ferguson). Var. 8, Dambulla. Jaffna district, Punakar and Pallavarayankaddu (Trimen).
Central India, the Deccan Peninsula, Burma, China.
I find no difference in the length of the awns in the two varieties.
37. ARTHRAXON, Seauv.
Annual or perennial slender grasses; stem decumbent, creeping and branching below; |. short, broad, base cordate, sheaths shorter than the internodes; infl. of binate digitate or fascicled spikes, rhachis very slender, articulate, fragile; spikelets 1-fld., secund, sessile, solitary or with an imperfect pedicelled, laterally compressed, deciduous with the internode, callus bearded; glumes 4, I lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
224 Graminec. [Arthraxon.
acute, thin or subcoriaceous, more or less muriculate or aculeate, margins hardly incurved, II narrower, lanceolate, acuminate, chartaceous, keeled, III hyaline, paleate, empty, IV hyaline, awned or mucronate, bisexual, awn dorsal, palea minute or 0; lodicules 2, cuneate or quadrate; stam. I-3; styles short, stigmas laterally exserted; grain linear or narrowly fusiform.—Sp. 10; 9 in Fl. B. /nd.
Stam. 3, anth.aslong as glume IV. : . I. A. RUDIS.
Stam. 1-3, anth. much shorter than glume IV. Glume II aristiform in the upper third. . 2. A. MICROPHYLLUS. Glume II linear, acute . : 3 : 3 AL CI TARIS:
1. A. rudis, Hochst. in Flora, xxxix. 188 (1856).
Andropogon rudis, Thw. Enum. 368. C. P. 866.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 144.
Perennial; stem 1-3 ft., as thick as a crow-quill at the base, with ascending branches, terminal internodes very long; l. remote, 2-4 by 4—# in., lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from a broad cordate base, acuminate, thin, glabrous or rarely hispidulous above, beneath glabrous, hispidulous or pubescent, margins and often midrib beneath scabrid, margins sometimes pectinately ciliate or spinulose, especially towards the base, midrib and 4 or more pairs of veins slender, sheaths glabrous hairy or strigose, mouth shortly auricled, ligule membranous, erose; infl. of 1-5, very unequal, naked, filiform, ciliate, flexuous peduncles, which bear 1-3 pedicelled spikes, 4-1 in. long, rhachis of spikes very slender, fragile, internodes as long as the spikelets or shorter, ciliate; spikelets rather distant, +-4 in. long, ovoid or lanceolate, terete, callus very short, densely shortly bearded; glume I coriaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, convex, 7—Q-veined, veins all or the submarginal only armed with spinescent tubercles throughout their length or chiefly upwards, III, IV and its palea hyaline, ciliate, keel of II scabrid or aculeolate, IV oblong, tip bifid, veins 2, median very slender, 3 below the insertion of the awn, which is subbasal and about as long as the spikelet, palea very short, ovate, tip toothed; anth. 3, 75-4 in., linear.
Uva and Central Provinces; not uncommon.
Also in Assam and Silhet.
2. A. microphyllus, Hochst. in Flora, xxxix. 188 (1856).
Andropogon lanctfolius, Trin.; Thw. Enum. 368. C. P. 3136.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 147.
Annual; stem and branches filiform, 6-12 in. long, strag- eling, flexuous, glabrous or obscurely pubescent below the spikes; 1. #-1 in., ovate or oval, acuminate, membranous,
Arthraxon.| Graminee. 22 5
sparsely setose above, more so beneath, margins smooth, glabrous or ciliate towards the base, midrib and veins obscure, sheaths short, membranous, of uppermost |. ventricose, mouth not auricled, ligule short, hyaline, ciliate; spikes 3—5, sessile or very shortly peduncled, rhachis capillary, internodes shorter than the sessile spikelets, ciliate with very long erect hairs; spikelets solitary, or with rarely a pedicelled, 75-3 in., very narrowly lanceolate, callus short, obconic, bearded, white; glume I membranous, almost hyaline, lanceolate, bicuspidate, 5-7-veined above the middle, veins scabrid, II membranous, lanceolate, aristiform in the upper third, 1-veined, keel and awn scabrid, III very small, ovate, acuminate, epaleate, IV half as long as II, lanceolate, awned dorsally towards the base, eciliate, awn i in. long, palea 0; anth. 2, minute, short; style and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelets if present ;'; in. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute, neuter, pedicel = 4-4 of the sessile spikelet, ciliate with very long hairs, glume I ovate, acute, veins 5—7, scaberulous above the middle, II ovate, acuminate, III and IV minute, narrow, awn 0; grain linear. Uva Province, Badulla district (Thwaites). Himalaya, Khasia and Nilgiri Hills, Burma, Tonkin, Afr. trop.
The Ceylon specimens differ from the Indian in the almost glabrous; stem below the spikes, and entire glume IV.
3. A. ciliaris, Beauv. Agrost. ili. (1812).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 352, subsp. Quartinianus.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 145 (not then known for Ceylon). Beauv. l.c. t. xi. f. 6.
Stems 1-2 ft., slender, branches long, glabrous below the spikes, and nodes pubescent; |. 1-14 in., ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, glabrous on both surfaces, margins smooth, ciliate towards the base, midrib and veins obscure, sheaths membranous, smooth, uppermost elongate, ventricose, mouth not auricled ; spikes many, 4-1 in., sessile and very shortly peduncled, rhachis capillary, internodes half as long as the spikelets, rather shortly ciliate; spikelets solitary, ~,—} in. narrowly lanceolate, terete, callus glabrous or nearly so; glumes I and II punctulate, I chartaceous, lanceolate, acu- minate, veins 7-9, vanishing downwards from the middle, minutely aculeolate, II as long as I, linear, acute, 3-veined and thickened in the middle, margins broad, incurved, hyaline, keel more or less aculeolate, III not half I, ovate, acuminate, veins 0, IV as long as III, lanceolate, awn sub- , basal about 4 in., palea o; lodicules quadrate; stam. 1 or 2, anth. minute, short; styles and stigmas short; pedicel of absent upper spikelet about half as long as the sessile spikelet, ciliate like the internodes; grain linear.
PART V. Q
226 Graminee. [Apluda.
_ Central Province. Hatale, Madulkelle (Trimen).
All India, Burma, the Caucasus, Java, China, Japan, Australia.
A common and very variable plant in India, of which Hackel has described 5 subspecies and 9 varieties, with the description of none of which do the Ceylon specimens quite agree. The characters I have given, being drawn from only 2 Ceylon specimens in Herb. Peraden., will, no doubt, require modification when more are known.
38. APLUDA, Z.
A tall, slender, perennial, leafy grass; stems erect, or sub- scandent, branching; |. narrow, flat, more or less petioled; infl. panicled, leafy, of many small spikes, each in a spathiform bract; spikes deformed, base rounded, often utricular, bearing in front a sessile bisexual spikelet, prolonged above the base into two flat, linear, truncate, parallel arms, one terminated by a solitary minute glume, the other by the upper spikelet; glumes of both spikelets 4, I and I] empty, III and IV delicately membranous; glume I of lower spikelet longest, anticous, linear-oblong, coriaceous, rigid, II thinner, tumid, beaked, dorsally gibbous, 7-veined, III oblong, acute, 3-veined, triandrous or neuter, IV short, quadrate, deeply bifid, awned in the sinus, fem. or bisexual, palea of III linear, 2-veined, of IV minute, ovate; styles short, free, stigmas short, penicillate ; upper spikelet dorsally compressed, glume I oblong, acute, many-veined, herbaceous, margins narrowly incurved, II chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, III and IV oblong, 1-veined, III triandrous, 1V fem. or imperfectly bisexual, paleas of III and IV as in the lower spikelet ; lodicules of all fl. 2, cuneate; anth. linear; grain oblong, sub- compressed, embryo large.—Monotypic.
A most difficult grass to describe intelligibly. Hackel regards the
swollen hollow base of the spike as the callus of the lower spikelet, in which view I, supported by Dr. Stapf, do not concur.
A. varia, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 196 (1889). A. aristata, Linn.; Thw. Enum. 364. C. P. 59, 3165, 3166.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 150 (var. avzstata). Lamk. Ill. t. 841, f. 1 (A. avistata). Beauv. Agrost. t. 23, f. 5 (4. Gryllus).
Stem densely tufted, geniculately ascending, 1-6 ft. high, erect or branches rambling amongst bushes, stout or slender, sometimes as thick as a goose-quill below, smooth, polished, internodes very long, solid; |. 4-18 by 4-3 in., narrowed from the middle to a filiform tip, and below it into a long or short slender petiole, flaccid, flat, scaberulous on both surfaces,
Andropogon.| Graminee. 22 7
margins scabrid, midrib slender, pale, sheaths long, smooth, mouth not auricled, ligule chartaceous, oblong, lacerate; infl. very variable, of spikelets clustered on short peduncles, which clusters are solitary, or few, or very numerous and arranged in elongate bracteate very contracted interrupted leafing panicles, rhachis of infl. slender, glabrous or slightly scabrid; bracts of spikelets 3 in. long, sessile or pedicelled, cymbi- form, green, striate, tip aristulate, rarely long-awned or with a short green limb; spikes longer or shorter than the bracts, base rounded, suddenly contracted into a slender pedicel, base of spike sometimes forming a large thin-walled utricle, arms subfalcate, thinly coriaceous, glabrous or ciliate above; sessile spikelet with the gibbous back of glume II placed between the arms, its sides not incurved, its beak scabrid ; glume I of sessile spikelet spreading, strict or recurved, bi- cuspidate, margins hyaline, glume IV of the same 3-5-veined below the sinus, the lateral veins arching and meeting the median at the insertion of the awn, column of awn twisted, palea ovate, obtuse, wrapped round the Ov., veins 2, very short, or o.
Abundant up to 4ooo ft. elevation. Fl. July.
All India, and eastward to the Pacific Islands.
Hackel divides the forms of this protean plant into two principal sub- species: one, A. mutica, Linn., which is rarely awned; the other, J. artstata, Linn., with awned glume IV of the sessile spikelet, to which all the Ceylon specimens are referable, though both are so common in India that wzzzzica will probably be found in the Island. Of avrzstata Hackel has 4 varieties, to the first of which, ar/stata proper, the Ceylon specimens are referable; the others have more or less hairy bracts or glumes, or both, and further differ in the size of the utricular base of the spike and other characters. No fewer than 15 names have been given to forms of this grass.
39. ANDROPOGON, J.
Grasses of various habit; |. usually narrow; infl. of solitary, binate, digitate, fascicled, or panicled spikes, which are in subgen. Chrysofogon sometimes reduced to 3 spikelets, rhachis articulate, more or less fragile; spike- lets in alternate pairs, a sessile bisexual, and a pedicelled male or neuter, one or more lowest in the spike sometimes neuter and differing in form from the upper; sessile spikelets I-fld., callus long or short; glumes 3 or 4, I coriaceous or chartaceous, 2-keeled, awn o, II thinner, concave, keeled, rarely shortly awned, III hyaline or o, neuter, IV hyaline, awned, often reduced to the dilated base of the awn, bisexual,
2.28 Graminee. [ Andropogon.
palea small or 0; lodicules 2, cuneate; stam. 3-1; stigmas laterally exserted; pedicelled spikelets usually smaller than the sessile; grain various.——Sp. about 200; 78 in FZ. B. nd.
The heterogeneous collection of grasses brought together by Hackel under Andropogon have been classified by that able systematist under 11 subgenera, of which 8 are Sinhalese, and are indicated below. Of these, Sorghum, Chrysopogon, Heteropogon, and Cymbopogon are con- sidered to be genera by various earlier authors, and may, in Dr. Stapf’s and my opinion, be eventually adopted as such. In this work I have arranged the Sinhalese subgenera somewhat differently from Hackel (as adopted in the Flora of B. India), taking the cupular character versus the truncate of the articulations of the internodes of the spike as a fairly constant primary character.
KEY TO THE SUBGENERA OF ANVDROPOZON.
Internodes of spike truncate at the top, not cupped. Isozygi. Sessile spikelets all similar. Spikes of many spikelets. Internodes of spikes flattened with a dia- phanous centre and thickened margins 1. AMPHILOPHIS. Internodes of spikes terete or angular with no diaphanous centre. Sessile spikelets
dorsally compressed. . 2, SORGHUM.
Internodes of spikes laterally compressed . 3. VETIVERIA.
Spikes of 3 spikelets : 4. CHRYSOPOGON. Heterozygi. Lower sessile spikelets of the ‘spike
dissimilar from the upper sessile, mostly
neuter. Spikes 2 or more, digitate or panicled . . 5. DICHANTHIUM. Spikes solitary . : 6. HETEROPOGON.
Internodes of spikes deeply cupped at the top. " (See also A. polypiichus.) Spikes solitary, no spathaceous bracts : 7. SCHIZACHYRIUM.. Spikes binate, each pair with a spathaceous bract 8. CYMBOPOGON.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AWVDROPOGON.
Subgen. 1. Amphilophis.
Spikes digitate or fasicled, not panicled. Spikes 4-6 in., glume I not pitted lis Spikes 1-2 in., ) glume I oe : 5 Late
Spikes panicled : : 3
Subgen. 2. Sorghum. Spikelets silky with usually pale hairs. . 4 Spikelets villous with purple hairs 5 Subgen. 3. Witiveria. Glume I with muricate sides : : aa 10; Glume I smooth 7 Subgen. 4. Chrysopogon, Pedicel of upper spikelet 4 or more longer than the sessile spikelets. Pedicel of upper spikelet glabrous . . 9 A. ACICULATUS. Pedicel of upper spikelet villous A. ZEYLANICUS. Pedicel of upper spikelet not 3 as long as the sessile spikelet . b : : . Io. A. MONTICOLA.
. PSEUDISCHAMUM. . PERTUSUS. . INTERMEDIUS.
- SERRATUS.
. SQUARROSUS.
A A A . A. HALEPENSIS. A A A. VENUSTUS.
Andropogon.| Graminee. 229
Subgen. 5. Dichanthium. Glume IV of sessile spikelet reduced to an
awn 11. A. CARICOSUS. Glume IV of sessile spikelet 2- -fid, awned in the sinus. : ; : . S2ne AS POL VERVCHUS: Subgen. 6. Heteropogon. Spikes 3-3 in., glume I flat . . 13. A. CONTORTUS. Spikes 3-6 in., glume I deeply channelled . 14. A. TRITICEUS. Subgen. 7. Schizachyrium 3 . 15. A. HIRTIFLORUS. Subgen. 8. Cymbopogon. Column of awn glabrous or nearly so. Ped. of spikes shorter than the proper bracts. Panicle large, compound, spikelets 4—-} in. Leaf-base broad, cordate . ‘ . 16. A. SCHENANTHUS. Leaf-base narrow, not cordate . . 17. A. NARDUS. Panicle narrow, spikelets 2 in . 18. A. THWAITESII. Ped. of spikes longer than the peat bracts 19. A. LIVIDUS. Column of awn hirsute . 5 20. A. FILIPENDULUS.
1. A. Pseudischemum, JVees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 380 (1854).
A. scandens, Thw. Enum. 368, non Roxb. A. orysetorum, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 477. C. P. 3258.
IBIL 18% Iborel \ane Wye
Perennial; stems 1-2 ft., tufted, erect, slender, leafy, simple or branched, sometimes fasciculately, the branches all flowering, nodes glabrous, Eppes internodes filiform ; 1. 6-10 in., almost filiform or up to 7p in. broad, linear, finely acuminate, smooth, dark glaucous-green, midrib pale, base narrow, sheaths slender, terete, smooth, mouth with rounded membranous auricles; ligule a narrow membrane; spikes 4-6, subdigitately fascicled, slender, erect, sessile or shortly peduncled, reddish, rhachis filiform, fragile, ciliate; sessile spikelets fem. or bisexual, twice as long as the internodes or less, +-% in. long, lanceolate, subacute, callus short, shortly bearded ; glume I thin, about 7-veined, dorsally hairy below the middle, margins narrowly incurved, rigidly ciliate above the middle, II lanceolate, acute, ciliate, 3-veined, III much shorter, narrowly oblong, ciliate, veins 0, IV the flattened membraneous base of the capillary awn, which is about twice as long as the spikelet ; pedicelled spikelets narrower and more oblong than the sessile, with no glume IV, pedicel ciliate.
. Hot drier parts of the Island, especially on margins of rice-fields (Thwaites).
The Deccan Peninsula.
Hackel distinguishes Thwaites’s Ceylon plant under the name of A. oryzetorum from A. Pseudischemum, Nees, by the long bearded nodes, ieaves scabrid on both surfaces, longer ligule and other minor characters. These, however, do not hold in the Peradeniya Herb. specimens, in which the nodes of the stem are perfectly naked, the leaves only faintly scaberulous, and the ligule short.
Mr. Ferguson says of this grass (Gram. Indig. to Ceylon, 35): ‘I found’
230 Gram nee. | Andropogon,
what agrees with C. P. 3258 on banks of the Haragam river, in company with A. halepensis, and it is now growing very luxuriantly and in full flower in my garden in Colombo. The young culms are from 6-8 ft. high.’ This is so remarkable a development under cultivation of a plant described in its native state as only 1-2 ft. high, that the statement requires confirmation.
2. A. pertusus, Wild. Sp. Pi. iv. 922 (1805).
Thw. Enum. 367, partim, 437. Hack. Monogr. Androp. 479. C. P. 951.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 173. Beauv. Agrost. t. 23, f. 2.
Annual (?), stem 1-2 ft., erect or ascending, slender, leafy upwards, simple or sparingly branched, nodes bearded with spreading hairs, upper internodes filiform; 1. narrow, lower often short and crowded at the base of the stem, all narrowly linear, up to a foot long and ¢ in. broad, flat, tips of upper capillary, glabrous or sparsely ciliate, margin scaberu- lous, base narrow, rounded, upper sheaths long but shorter than the internodes, terete, lower shorter, compressed, mouth -hardly auricled, ligule a short ciliolate membrane; spikes 3-10, subdigitately racemed, sessile or lower shortly peduncled,. 1-2 in. long, slender, suberect, flexuous, rhachis filiform, fragile, and pedicels villous with white hairs; spikelets 7 in long, longer than the internodes, oblong-janceolate, pale, callus villously bearded with long hairs; sessile spikelet fem., glume I obtuse or minutely truncate, thinly chartaceous, with a large deep pit about the middle, 5—9-veined, sparsely hairy towards the base, margins narrowly incurved, subspinulosely ciliate, II lanceolate, acuminate, tip exserted beyond I, obscurely keeled above the middle, glabrous or ciliate, 3- veined, III shorter, linear-oblong, obtuse, veinless, 1V the narrowed colourless base of the slender subgeniculate awn, which is 3-3 in. long, and slightly rough, palea, OF pedicelled spikelets like the fem. but narrower, pedicel more than half as long as the sessile spikelet, glume I acute, very rarely pitted, ITI ciliate, IV o, anth. linear.
Very common, from the sea to 3000 ft. elevation.
All warm countries of the old world, extending to the Mediterranean.
A variable plant, of which Hackel in his Monogr. Androp. has nine varieties, referring the Ceylon plant to a gezuinus. The characteristic deep pit on glume I of the sessile (rarely of the pedicelled) spikelet is sometimes absent, but very rarely; two of these pits occur in some Indian forms.
An excellent fodder grass, green or dry (Ferguson).
3. A. intermedius, £47. Prod. 20 (1810).
' Hack. Monog. Androp. 485. A. fascicularis, Thw. Enum. 437, non
Roxb. C. P. 4it.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 175.
Perennial; stem 2-3 ft., stout, erect, subcompressed, simple or sparingly branched, leafy upwards, nodes glabrous ; 1. 6+18
Andropogon. Gramince. 231 fo)
by 4-1 in., narrowly linear, tips capillary, rather coriaceous, keeled, glaucous, glabrous or ciliate towards the narrow base, smooth on both surfaces, margins slightly scaberulous, sheaths glabrous, mouth not auricled, ligule a very short ciliate membrane ; panicle 4-6 in., erect, contracted, rhachis slender, smooth, branches }-14 in. long, lower whorled, upper alt. branchlets or spikes up to I in., erect, slender, rhachis capillary, fragile, smooth ; sessile spikelets + in long, longer than the internodes, linear-oblong, pale, callus very short, bearded ; glume I thin, obtuse, 4-9-veined, dorsally smooth, margins narrowly incurved, rigidly ciliate above the middle, II as long as I, oblong-lanceolate, acute, veins 0 or 3 faint, smooth, eciliate, III much shorter, oblong, obtuse, veinless, eciliate, IV the slender colourless base of the capillary geniculate awn, which is about twice as long as the spikelet, column minutely roughened ; pedicelled spikelet rather smaller and narrower than the sessile, pedicel more than half as long as the latter, slender, glabrous or ciliate.
Hot drier parts of the Island (7%waztes).
Throughout Trop. Asia and Africa, Australia and the Pacific, also in the Caucasus.
There is only one sheet of this in the Peradeniya Herbarium, with the habitat between Haputale and Badulla. <A. zutermedia is a variable plant in India. Hackel has four varieties of it, and refers the Ceylon plant to var. Henkez, distinguished by its compound panicle 5-6 in. long, with the branches bearing 4-8 spikes, the sessile spikelets 3 in. long, glume I rarely pitted and its margins rigidly ciliolate. The variety punctatus (A. punctatus, Trin.) which is common in India has not hitherto
been found in Ceylen; if found, care must be taken not to confound it with A. fertusus.
4. A. halepensis, Avoz. F/. Lusit. i. 89 (1804).
Thw. Enum. 366. <A. Sorghum, subsp. halepensis, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 501. C. P. 2484.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 182. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 54 (Sorghum halepense). Host, Gram. Austriac. (Holcus halepensis).
Perennial ; stem tall, up to 10 ft. and more, stout, simple or sparingly branched, glabrous, leafy; 1. 1-2 ft. by 1-2 in, narrowly lanceolate, tapering to an acuminate tip and nar- rowed base, flat, glabrous, smooth on both surfaces, margins scabridly serrulate, midrib stout, sheaths glabrous, white with a waxy secretion at the base, mouth not auricled, ligule short, membranous, ciliolate; panicle 6-18 in. pyramidal, decom- pound, rhachis nearly smooth, branches mostly alt., suberect, filiform, lower up to 6 in. long, axils often bearded, branchlets capillary; spikes $-1 in. linear, internodes 3-7 and pedicels glabrous or ciliate; sessile spikelets g-4 in, oval- or ovate-
a
lanceolate, subacute, dorsally compressed, green, callus very
232 Graminec. [ Andropogon.
short, sparsely bearded; glume I convex, ovate or oblong, §-11-veined, silkily hairy, margins involute, I] chartaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 5—7-veined, ciliate, III oblong, acute, hyaline, 1-veined, ciliate, IV smaller, oblong or ovate, eciliate, veins 0, awns O (in Ceylon); lodicules ciliate; anth. linear; ov. subglobose, styles and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelets narrower than the sessile, glume I glabrous, 5~9- veined, margins strongly ciliate, [I-IV much as in the sessile, pedicel shorter or as long as the sessile; grain obovate or obovate-oblong.
Centra] Province, not uncommon (T7hwaz¢es). Moist warm countries. The Ceylon plant is awnless in all the specimens I have seen.
A. SORGHUM, 4rot., Karal-iringu, S., known as Sorgho, Imphee> Indian Millet, Jowar, Chinese Sugar-cane, and other names, is cultivated under various forms throughout the Tropics, but apparently rarely in Ceylon, for its grain, and as a fodder grass. It is a tall very robust annual, sometimes 20 ft. high, with a large usually drooping head, of often globose, pale, or dark spikelets. It has been supposed to be a cultivated state of A. halepensis, of very early unknown origin. There is a specimen of it-in the Peradeniya Herbarium, labelled ‘196, Truuka, or Talai- virichehdan ; Mannar (Crawfurd).’ It is the ‘ Durra’ of Tropical Africa.
5. A. serratus, 7hunb. Fl. Jap. 41 (1784).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 520. A. ¢troficus, Spreng.; Thw. Enum. 366. Sorghum fulvum, Beauv.; Trim. Cat. 108. C. P. 419.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 185.
Perenniai; stems 3-4 ft., erect, slender or rather stout, glabrous, nodes bearded; |. 6-18 by 4-3 in., narrowed from the middle to the finely acuminate tip and contracted base, rigid, glabrous or sparsely hairy, surfaces slightly scaberulous, margins scabrid, sheaths glabrous or often villously silky, mouth with villous auricles, ligule obtuse or truncate; panicle 4-12 in., oblong, rhachis slender, contracted, branches suberect, capillary, lower whorled up to 2 in. long, all bearing, at their tips only, solitary short spikes; rhachis of spike and pedicels of upper spikelet longer or shorter than the sessile spikelet, very slender, smooth or strigosely hairy; spikelets 2-8 in a spike, ovoid, 7-¢ in. long, dorsally slightly compressed, callus short, bearded with rufous hairs; glume I of sessile spikelets coriaceous, ovate, tip membranous, obtuse or 2-toothed, convex, dark red-brown and polished in the centre, margins narrowly incurved, rufously ciliate, II-IV ciliate, II oblong-ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, I-veined, hardly keeled, III narrower, IV very short, entire or bifid, awned or not in the sinus, awn slender, up to 4 in. long; lodicules short, broad, ciliate; styles and stigmas short, pedicelled spikelets subsimilar, male, glume I 7-veined, IV not awned; grain ovoid-oblong, compressed.
Andropogon.) Gramineae. 233
Uva Province; Badulla (7hwaztes), Ella Pass and Passava (77zmen).
Trop. Asia and Australia.
Hackel refers the Ceylon plant of Thwaites to his var. 2ztédus, dis- tinguished by the entire and awnless glume IV of the sessile spikelet; but I find this glume to be more often bifid and sometimes awned.
6. A. squarrosus, Lizz. fil. Suppl. 433 (1781). Sewandara, 5 Vettivera, 7.
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 542. A. muricatus, Retz.; Thw. Enum. 368. Woon, Cat.72.) C. P. 871.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 186.
Rootstock branched, densely tufted, furnished with long spongy, aromatic, brown root-fibres; stems 2—3 ft. high, stout, erect, leafy, as thick as a goose-quill at the base, smooth, hard, polished, solid; |. 1-2 ft. by 4-2? in. sub-bifarious, erect, narrowly linear, firmly acuminate, flat, strongly keeled towards the base, smooth, margins usually scaberulous, sheaths coriaceous, glabrous, not auricled, ligule a ridge of minute hairs; panicle 4-12 in. erect, narrowly thyrsiform, of fascicled, suberect, slender, strict, articulate spikes 2-3 in. long, rhachis of panicle strict, smooth or scaberulous, of spikes filiform, internodes shorter than the spikelets, sca- berulous; sessile spikelet } in., callus shortly bearded; glume T ovate, obtuse, concave, thickly coriaceous, margins incurved, rounded keel and sides aculeolate, veins Sbsenes, II as long, oblong, acuminate, concave, coriaceous, margins hyaline, ciliolate, keel aculeolate, III linear-oblong, hyaline, ciliolate, veins 0, IV shorter, linear, tip obtuse or retuse, aristulate, glabrous, I-veined, palea ovate-lanceolate ; lodicules very minute, broadly quadrate, many-veined, connate; styles and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelet oblong-lanceolate, pedicel as long as the internode, scaberulous, tip bearded, glume I 3-5-veined, margins and sometimes rounded keel scabrid, II ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, IV oblong, ciliolate, palea linear-oblong, obtuse ; lodicules cuneate, anth. linear.
Hotter parts of the Island (Thwaites). Common, but not truly wild ; I have obtained it at 2000 ft. (Ferguson).
Plain and lower hills of India, Burma, Malaya, Trop. Africa.
The Khus-khus, much used for screens (tatties) to exclude the heat in India, also for thatching. The roots yield a fragrant otto. The
African form has a well-developed awn to glume IV of the fem. spikelets. ‘The spinules on: glume I and II vary greatly in number and length.
7. A. venustus, 7hw. Enum. 367 (1864).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 545. C. P. 2875.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 178.
Perennial; stem tall, stout, erect, as thick as a goose: quill below, compressed, smooth, polished ; 1. 12-16 by yo-d in., Strict, rigid, erect, smooth, convolute, filiform and finely.
234 Graminec. Andropogon.
acuminate above, narrowed below and rounded or produced into a long, stiff, trigonous, smooth petiole, margins scabrid,,. keeled by the strong, smooth midrib, sheaths subcompressed, rigid, keel rounded, basal more or less silkily tomentose, mouth auricled, villous, ligule lunate, villous; panicle 12-16 in., decompound, narrow, rhachis very slender, smooth, flexuous, branches and branchlets (spikes) capillary, terete, flexuous,. quite smooth; spikes fragile, of few distant pairs of spikelets, internodes 4-4 in.; sessile spikelets 4 in., narrowly lanceolate, fem., callus small, stellately bearded with white hairs; glume I chartaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, tip 2-toothed, glabrous, margins narrowly incurved, keels scabrid above the middle, veins 2 at the flexures, II chartaceous, lanceolate, acuminate or aristulate, I-3-veined above the middle, keel scabrid, III much shorter, ovate-lanceolate; embracing the ov., IV linear, 2-toothed, awned in the sinus, palea 0, awn about } in., capillary, scaberulous; lodicules large, quadrate; ov. linear, styles short, stout, stigmas very narrow; pedicelled spikelets. as long as the sessile but narrower, pedicel 4-4 as long as the internode, callus very shortly bearded; glume I 3—7-veined,. II aristulate, keel smooth, III as long as I, oblong-lanceolate, aristulate, I-veined, IV entire or tip bifid, awn imperfect; anth. jy in.
Central Province, alt. 4000 ft., Ramboda, Kurunegalle, Ambagamuwa,. Bopatelende, Dimbula, N. Eliya.
Endemic.
It is singular that this fine grass, which appears to be common at no. great elevation in Ceylon, should not have been found in Continental India. It is intermediate in characters between the subgenera Ampfhz-
lophis and Vetiveria, having the habit of the former. What is described here, and by Hackel, as glume-III, 1s perhaps a palea of glume IV.
8. A. aciculatus, Aefz. Obs. v. 22 (1783). Tuttari, S.
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 562. Chrysopogon aciculatus, Trin.; Thw. Enum 360) CG. aczewlaz2s, Moons Gata7oue Gy LaOt7:
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 188. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 8, 9 (Rhapis trivalvis). Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 43.
Rootstock woody, creeping; stems erect or ascending,, I~2 ft., leafy chiefly at the base, lower internodes very short, upper elongate, slender, strict; 1. densely tufted, 1-5 by 4+ in., linear, obtuse or acute, flat, often undulate, glabrous, rarely hairy beneath, glaucous, smooth, margins spinulose,, midrib slender, sheaths not auricled, lower short, upper elon- gate, mouth more or less hairy, ligule a very short membrane; panicle I-3 in., narrowly oblong, pale green or purplish, rhachis strict, filiform, branches short, spreading, at length erect, capillary, bearing few spikelets; sessile spikelets $-7 in.,
Andropogon.) Graminee. 235
dorsally compressed, callus elongate, decurrent on the peduncle and with it shortly laterally fulvously bearded; glume [| chartaceous, narrowed from above the broad base to the truncate tip, dorsally convex, aculeolate towards the tip, glabrous, smooth, veins 2-3, obscure, II as long, lanceolate, acuminate or aristulate, laterally compressed, keel setosely ciliate, III shorter, linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, retrorsely ciliate, IV narrow, hyaline, eciliate, awn terminal, scabrid, not twisted, about as long as the spikelet; lodicules minute, cuneate; styles and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelets § in., pedicels compressed, nearly as long as the sessile spikelets, sparsely pubescent below the spikelet, glume I thin, lanceo- late, acuminate, dorsally convex, 3-veined, keels ciliate towards the tip, II membranous, dorsally convex, 3-veined, III hyaline, oblong, acuminate, veinless, IV smaller, broader, 3-veined, paleate, II, III,and IV all retrorsely ciliate, palea of 1V short, linear, oblong, obtuse, eciliate; anth. 5 in.
Hotter parts of the Island; abundant in open places. A very trouble- some grass, in the damp zone, up to 4000 ft. (Ferguson).
Plains and lower hills of India, Nicobar Islds., Trop. Asia, Australia, and Polynesia.
9g. A. zeylanicus, WVees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 397 (1854).
A. nodulibarbis, Hochst.; Hack. Monogr. Androp. 553. Chzysopogon Wightianus, Thw. Enum. 366, excl. var. 8 (non Nees). C. zeylanicus, Thw.l.c. Rhaphis zeylanica, Nees ex Steud. lc. C. P. 996, 3248.
Fl. B. Ind.
Perennial ; stems densely tufted, 1-3 ft., stout or slender, erect, simple or branched, leafy chiefly at the base, upper- most internodes usually very long and slender; |. 6-16 by qs-~¢ in., linear, flat complicate or convolute, tip narrowed obtuse or acute, coriaceous, rigid, glabrous or laxly hairy on both surfaces, hairs often tubercle-based, margins scabrid, midrib and veins very prominent beneath, sheaths com- pressed, of lower |. short, broad, flattened, keeled, equi- tant, of upper narrow, mouth not auricled, ligule of very long hairs; panicle 5-8 in., ovate-oblong, lax, rhachis slender, smooth or nearly so, branches whorled, 4-14 in., capillary, flexuous, simple or again branched, tips bearded terminated by 1-3 sessile spikelets with their attached pedicelled ; sessile spikelets 75 in., narrowly oblong, callus long, rufously bearded laterally; glume I linear, coriaceous, dorsally rounded and hispidly scabrid above, II narrow, sides complicate, tip bifid with a short scabrid awn, III shorter, oblong, obtuse, retrorsely hyaline, ciliate, [V very narrow, linear, tip’ 2-lobed, awn about I in., hispidulous, forming a stout midrib, which narrows downwards to the base of the glume, palea 0}
236 Graminee. [ Andropogon.
style and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelets 4 in., pedicel rather shorter than the sessile spikelet, margins shortly ciliate, callus glabrous; glume [ thin, very narrowly lanceolate, aris- tulate, 5-veined, II and III copiously ciliate with very long hairs, II lanceolate, finely acuminate, 3-veined, III narrowly oblong, obtuse, IV linear-oblong, obtuse; anth. 7 in
Not uncommon up to 6000 ft. elev. (Walker, &c.). Also in the Nilgiri Hills.
10, A. monticola, Schult. Mant. iii. 665 (1827).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 557. Chrysopogon montanus, Trin.; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108. C. Wightianus, var. leucanthus, Thw. Enum. 366. C. P. 2954.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 192. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 331 (Chvrysopogon serrulatus).
Perennial ; stems densely tufted, 1-4 ft., erect, stout or slender, simple or branched, leafy chiefly at the base, upper- most internodes usually very long and slender; |. 2-18 by 4-} in. erect, linear, acute, flat, rigid, glaucous, glabrous, smooth or scaberulous, margins scabrid, midrib slender, sheaths glabrous scabrid or hirsute, upper terete, lower com- pressed, equitant, mouth not auricled, ligule of short hairs; panicle 2-5 in., ovate or oblong, rhachis slender, flexuous, smooth or scaberulous, branches 1-2 in., whorled, capillary, flexuous, spreading, at length erect, tips bearded with spreading bristles; spikes reduced to a single sessile fem., with two pedicelled male spikelets; sessile spikelet g-} in., laterally compressed, callus long, bearded on one side with long rufous bristles; glumes I and II with complicate sides, chartaceous, I linear, 2-toothed, 4-veined, keel and tip scaberulous, margins hyaline, II much broader and rather longer, falcate, 3-veined, tip 2-toothed, awned, awn capillary, keel glabrous or ciliate with long or short rufous bristles, margins broadly hyaline, III oblong, obtuse, ciliate with long flexuous hairs, 1V very narrow, 2-lobed, eciliate, awned, awn 4—lin. ; lodicules minute; ov. minute, stigmas slender; pedi- celled spikelets as long as the sessile, very shortly pedicelled, dorsally compressed, callus very short, bearded with long rufous hairs, glume I lanceolate, acute or awned, 7-veined, scaberulous, II lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, III and IV smaller, oblong, acute, hyaline, ciliate; anth. } in. long.
Hotter parts of the Island. Uma Oya, Matelle E., Dambulla, Nilgala,’ Jaffna district.
Hilly districts throughout India, Burma, Afghanistan, S. Africa.
I cannot distinguish in the Ceylon specimens between monticola proper, with long flexuous bristles on the keel of glume I! of the sessile spikelets, and var. 772722, with a glabrous or shortly ciliate keel. The
colour and length of the hairs on the calli and sides of the pedicels of une male spikelets vary greatly.
Andropogon.) Graminee. 237
There are in Herb. Peraden. small, very slender specimens, with very narrow leaves, from rocky places in the Jaffna district collected by Dr. Trimen.
11. A. caricosus, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. IT. 1480 (1762).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 567. Heteropoyon concinnus, Thw. Enum. BGo.07C- P. 3556.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 196. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 329 (A. serratus, Retz.).
Stems erect or creeping below, forming tufts at the rooting nodes, very slender, 12-18 in. high, simple or branching up- wards, internodes channelled on one side, upper filiform, nodes glabrous; |. 6-8 by 74-% in., linear, finely acuminate, flat, glabrous, nearly smooth, margins scaberulous, base rounded, sheaths shorter than the internodes, slender, keeled, mouth not auricled, glabrous, ligules very short; spikes solitary (in Ceylon), about 1 in. long, pale green, rhachis hardly fragile, internodes much shorter than the spikelets, ciliate; spikelets 4 in. long, subsecund, imbricating, lower 3 or more pairs awnless, empty or male, upper sessile spikelets 2 in. long, callus very short, shortly hairy below the middle; glume J thin, obovoid, obtuse, convex, dorsally glabrous, shining, margins ciliate above the middle, hardly winged, g-Ii-veined from below the tip, broadly incurved below the middle, II subchartaceous, ovate-oblong, 3-veined, ciliate, keel smooth, III linear-oblong, obtuse, veinless, eciliate, 1V the colourless base of the very slender awn, which is $-1 in. long with a scaberulous column, palea o; lodicules cuneate, retuse; anth. linear; stigmas slender; pedicelled spikelets male, ;'5 in. long, clavately obovoid; glume I many- veined, ciliate with long hairs, II and III as in the sessile spikelet, but smaller, and III ciliate, IV linear-oblong; grain broadly oval, compressed, pale brown.
Uva Province. Bibili, in Badulla district (Thwaites). North Central Province, Anuradhapura (Trimen).
India, Burma, the Andaman Islds., China, Mauritius.
The Peradeniya Herbarium specimens have all solitary spikes and naked nodes of the stem. In Indian specimens 2-4 spikes occur, the stem is sometimes pubescent above, the upper nodes are bearded, the lower often ciliate, and glume I of the sessile spikelets is hairy ali over. The median vein described by Hackel as absent in the glume is
often present. Thwaites observes that without careful examination this grass might easily be taken for a species of Afocofzs.
12. A. polyptychus, Steud. Syn. Gram. 380 (1854).
Thw. Enum. 367. Hack. Monogr. Androp. 578. C. P. 32.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 198.
Perennial; stems densely tufted, 2-3 ft. high, slender, simple, strict, glabrous, nodes villously bearded; 1. 8-16 by qo-x in., strict, narrowed from the middle to the finely acute
238 Graminee. [ Andropogon.
tip, and below to the subpetiolate base, more or less clothed with soft spreading hairs, midrib slender, yellow, margins scaberulous, sheaths of upper long, terete, of lower com- pressed, mouth auricled, bearded with soft hairs, ligule short, rigid; spikes 3-6, subdigitately fascicled, erect, sessile or shortly peduncled, 2-3 in. long, unequal in length, rhachis fragile, internodes and pedicels about half as long as the spikelets, silkily villous, tips cupped; sessile spikelets bisexual or fem. except the lowest pair in each spike which are male or neuter, callus very short, shortly bearded; glume I oblong, obtuse, chartaceous, }-} in. long, flat, smooth, 4-7-veined, margins narrowly incurved, ciliate above the middle, pale green or blueish, II membranous, obovate-oblong, acute, keeled, ciliate, 3-veined, III narrower, linear-lanceolate, acute, 1-veined, ciliate, IV the narrowly hyaline bifid base of the slender scaberulous awn, which is about 4 in. long, palea o, or minute, broadly ovate; lodicules quadrate, broader than long; anth. linear; styles and stigmas rather short, laterally exserted; pedicelled spikelets oblong, truncate, glume I convex, narrowly winged or not, IJ and III as in the sessile spikelets, IV linear-oblong, 2-toothed, 1-veined, ciliolate.
Elevated parts of the Central Provinces, up to an elevation of 7000 ft, Piderutalagala (Gardner), Nuwara Eliya, Horton Plains (Trimen).
Hackel does not mention the tips of the internodes of the spike as being cupped. He describes the sessile spikelets as only } in. (5 mm.) long; I find them to be longer.
13. A. contortus, Zzzn. Sp. Pl. 1045 (1753). I’=tana, S.
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 585, excl. syn. olystachyus, Roxb. Hefero- pogon hirtus, Pers. Syn. 11. 533; Thw. Enum. 368.
FI. B. Ind. vil. 199. All. Fl. Peden. t.91. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t..53 (Heterop. Allioniz).
Perennial; stems I—5 ft., tufted, erect or decumbent below, slender, leafy chiefly at the base, simple or subfastigiately branched, glabrous or scaberulous below the spikes, com- pressed towards the base; 1. 6-10 by 74-4 in., linear, obtuse, acute, or acuminate, flat, upper surface and margins scabrid or nearly smooth, glabrous or sparsely ciliate, with sometimes tubercle-based hairs, sheaths glabrous, lower compressed, keeled, mouth shortly auricled, ligule short, truncate, ciliolate; spikes 14-3 in., internodes very short, lower inarticulate ; spikelets closely imbricating, subsecund, lower 2-6 or more sessile awnless, male or neuter; upper sessile spikelets narrow, long-awned, fem., 4 in. long, callus long, acute, rufously bearded; glume I coriaceous, linear-oblong, truncate, dark brown, many-veined, hispidulous, margins strongly incurved, rounded, not winged, lateral veins apparently marginal, ciliate,
Andropogon. Graminee. 239
II linear, obtuse, concave, dorsally rigidly coriaceous, dark brown and hispidulous, margins sigmoidly inflexed, and tip -chartaceous, white, III short, oblong, truncate, hyaline, vein- less, IV the long subulate white base of a hirsute awn about 3 in. long, which is swollen where it leaves the spikelet; ov, linear, styles exserted at the top of the spikelet, stigmas longer than the spikelet, narrow; pedicelled spikelets much larger than the sessile, pedicel slender, glabrous, glume I lanceolate, acuminate, thin, green, flat or twisted, dorsally hispid with long tubercle-based hairs, margins more or less (often unequally) winged, wings serrulate, II oblong-lan- ceolate, acuminate, 5-veined, lateral veins in pairs, margins hyaline, white, III oblong, tip rounded, white, 1I-veined, 1V -obovate-oblong, veinless, ciliate; lodicules minute, cuneate ; anth. linear; lower sessile spikelets of the spike 4 in. long, glume I oblong-lanceolate, sparsely hirsute, margins narrowly winged, II lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, margins hyaline, ciliate, III oblanceolate, hyaline, 1-veined, ciliate; grain (of sessile fem. spikelet) linear.
Common throughout the Island (Thwaites).
Moist hot countries, extending to the Mediterranean region.
This species varies a good deal in the glumes of the pedicelled and lower (on the spike) sessile neuter or male spikelets. Hackel refers Thwaites’s specimen to his var. Roxburghiz, characterised by the long ramous stems, often decumbent at the base, male spikelets with tubercle- based hairs all over the back or above the middle only, and more slender spikes, 13 in. long; all very inconstant characters in Ceylon. Commonly known in India as the Spear-grass, a pest to the cultivator and to the pedestrian, the callus of its hygrometric awns piercing ordinary clothing and the flesh beneath. ‘Cattle do not touch it’ (Ferguson).
14. A. triticeus, 4r. Prod. 201 (1810).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 588. Heteropogon insignis, Thw. Enum. 437. ‘C. P. 3804.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 200.
Perennial; roots of very stout tortuous fibres; stem 4-5 ft., robust, erect, leafy, simple or branched below, smooth, polished ; 1. 1-2 ft. by 4-4 in., linear, acuminate, glaucous, sparsely hairy, margins scabrous, sheaths loose, compressed, coriaceous, mouth auricled, glabrous or bearded with long hairs, ligule short, rounded, ciliolate; spikes 3-6 in. long, green, rhachis inarticulate except the 4-6 upper internodes, glabrous; spikelets very many, all but the few terminal closely imbricating, subsecund, awnless, male or neuter, callus short, glabrous; upper sessile spikelets long-awned, 4 in. long, callus long, acute, bearded with dark brown hairs; glume I linear-oblong, subterete, rigidly coriaceous, hispidulous, tip obtuse, glabrous, dorsally deeply grooved, sides involute, not
240 Graminee. [ Andropogon.
winged, II linear, terete, concave, rigidly coriaceous and scaberulous with pale glabrous chartaceous sigmoidly incurved margins, dorsally rounded, III short, oblong, hyaline, truncate, veinless, tip ciliate, 1V the flattened white slender base of the awn, which is 2-3 in. long, very stout, hirsute, palea short, quadrate, 2-lobed, lobes fimbriate; lodicules large, linear- oblong, retuse, 2-toothed ; ov. slender, tipped with a tooth between the styles, which and the very long stigmas are exserted at the top of the spikelet; upper pedicelled spikelets neuter, imbricating over the sessile, 4-4 in. long, pedicel short, glabrous; glume I lanceolate, acuminate, flat, slightly twisted, winged on one or both sides, one or both margins inflexed, II and III lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, II 3-veined, III smaller, 1-veined, IV narrowly oblanceolate, 1-veined, ciliate above the middle; lower spikelets (of the spike) sessile, neuter or male, 4-4 in., narrowly oblong, obtuse, glabrous; glume I narrowly winged, margins narrowly incurved, IJ, III, and IV as in the upper pedicelled spikelets; anth. 4 in. long.
Mahning-galla, Matelle, E. (7hwazttes.) Also in Central India, the Concan, Burma, Malaya, and Australia.
15. A. hirtiflorus, Kunth, Revis. Gram. ii. 569 (1829).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 371. A. zeylanicus, Arn.; Thw. Enum. 368. ae Gi seylanicum, Wight and Arn. A. Pseudograya, Steud.
- ©. 3079.
FISB. Ind, Vile 3575 unth, Mic. t; 198:
Perennial; stems densely tufted, erect, 1-4-ft., stiff, rather stout or slender, simple or branched upward, sometimes fastigiately, smooth, shining; |. 2--6 by 4-4 in., linear, obtuse or subacute, coriaceous, midrib slender, veins obscure, sheaths tight, coriaceous, mouth not auricled, ligule rounded, stiff; spikes 2-5 in., slender, subterete, rhachis stout; internodes 4-4 in., subclavate, concavo-convex, smooth, glabrous, brown speckled with red, mouth oblique, deeply tubular, toothed; sessile spikelets appressed to the internodes, 4 in. long, narrow, callus stout, bearded with white hairs, sunk in the deep mouth of the internode; glume I linear-lanceolate, bicuspidate, coriaceous, dorsally convex, smooth, margins membranous, involute, keel above minutely scaberulous, II as long, recurved, laterally compressed, lanceolate, aris- tulate, ciliate, keel coriaceous, narrowly winged above the middle, sides broadly hyaline, ciliate, III oblong, hyaline, veinless, ciliate, 1V short, broad, cleft nearly to the base into two subulate-lanceolate ciliate lobes, awn in the sinus rather longer than the spikelet, capillary, smooth, palea 0; lodicules cuneate; anth. small, linear; ov. slender, styles and narrow
Andropogon.| Graminec. 241
stigmas not long; pedicelled spikelet imperfect, neuter, pedicel nearly as long as the internode, but more slender and ciliate with white hairs along one margin; glume I flat, subulate, acuminate or awned, II short, oblong; grain + in. long, linear, terete.
Common from Colombo to an elevation of 4000 ft. in the Central and Uva Provinces.
Tropical and subtropical Asia, America, and Africa.
A widely diffused and variable grass, of which I have described the
Ceylon form, which is all but wholly glabrous. <A very hairy form is common in America.
16. A. Schoenanthus, Z. Sf. P/. 1046. Var. versicolor, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 610 (1889).
Herm. Mus. 66. Burm. Thes. 107. Fl. Zeyl. 465. Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 107. Moon, Cat. 72. A. versicolor, Nees; Thw. Enum. 367.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 205.
Perennial; stem 2-3 ft., rather slender, erect or (often’ geniculately) ascending from a woody base, leafy upward, simple or branching, nodes glabrous; 1. 6-10 by 4-4 in, narrowly linear-lanceolate, tips capillary, flat, thinly coria- ceous, quite smooth on both surfaces, glaucous beneath, margins faintly scaberulous, base narrow, rounded; sheaths smooth, glabrous, mouth shortly auricled, ligule ovate, scarious ; panicle leafy, narrow, interrupted, of scattered or crowded bracteated fascicles of spikes; bracts 4-14 in., spathiform, lanceolate, finely acuminate, glabrous, margins hyaline, proper bracts as long as the spikes or longer, green or coloured ; spikes unequal in length, longest 3-2 in. long, of 4-6 internodes, shorter of 3-4, internodes much shorter than the spikelets, clavate, ciliate, mouth funnel-shaped, margin irregularly toothed; spikelets binate, a sessile and pedicelled ; sessile spikelet in upper part of spike, bisexual, % in., lanceolate, callus short bearded; glume I flat, thin, with a deep narrow median furrow from the base upward answer- ing to a ridge on the ventral face, tip 2-toothed, margined above the middle with a narrow hyaline denticulate wing, II as long, chartaceous, laterally compressed, oblong acu- minate, margins hyaline, ciliate, keel with a short dorsal toothed wing, IIT hyaline, linear- foblone g, obtuse, ciJiate, vein- less, IV the narrowly winged 2- lobed base of the short smooth awn, lobes erect, ieneconi palea minute, ovate; lodicules minute, cuneate; ath. linear; sessile spikelet in lower part of spike shorter, obtuse, strongly 7-9-veined, male; pedicelled spikelet male, narrowly oblong, glabrous, pedicel about as long as the internode and like it, glume I 9-II- veined, obtuse, margins narrowly incurved, minutely scabrid,
PARTV. R
242 Graminee. [ Andropogon.
II as in the sessile spikelet, but thinner, dorsally rounded, III linear-oblong, tip rounded, hyaline, ciliate, faintly 2-veined; anth. and lodicules as in upper sessile spikelets.
More elevated parts of the Central Provinces (Thwaites). Abundant. at Wilson’s Bungalow, Uva, also at Colombo (Ferguson), Passawa,
Ugaldura Valley, Hagkala. The Deccan, China, Trop. and S. Africa.
A. Schenanthus is a widely distributed and variable plant throughout the hotter parts of Asia and Africa, with difficulty distinguished from A. Nardus, except by the deep groove in the centre of glume I of the bisexual spikelets, which, however, is sometimes obscure or even absent. Its var. versicolor, however, differs (in Ceylon) from A. Vardus in the longer spikelets. The spikelets, however, vary so much in different parts of the spike as to require the above long description, which does not cover intermediate forms, which include some with very broad cordate and amplexicaul bases of the leaves.
Thwaites remarks that the infl. has, when crushed, a rather agreeable aromatic odour, and that the essential oil (‘Lemon oil,’ see Enum. p. 367) appears to be situated principally at the base of the spikelets.
According to Watt (Dict. Econom. Prod. of India, 1.249), A. Schenan- thus,is the Geranium grass, Rusa oil grass, and Oil of Ginger grass of India, the oil of which bears a number of names. I find no record of its being cultivated in Ceylon, as is A. Vardus.
17. A. Nardus, ZL. Sf. P/. 1046 (1753). Maana, S.
Herm. Mus. 26. Burm. Thes. 35. Fl. Zeyl. 45. Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 107. A. Martini, Thw. Enum. 367, non Roxb. C. P. 2733.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 205. Benth. and Trim. Medic. PI. t. 297.
Stem 2-5 ft. high, or more in cultivated forms, erect from a stout woody base, which sometimes forms a caudex nearly an inch in diameter, emitting dense masses of long stout fibrous roots, simple or branched, smooth, polished, solid, leafy upwards; |. a foot long and upwards, 4-1 in. broad, linear, tapering from the middle to a filiform tip and down- wards to a narrow base, rigidly coriaceous, more or less scabrid on both surfaces and margins, glaucous beneath,. midrib broad and white above, slender and green beneath, sheaths shorter than the internodes, terete, coriaceous, smooth, mouth with rounded auricles, ligule ovate, scarious, ciliolate; panicle very variable, elongate, interrupted, leafy, very many- fid., contracted or effuse, general and proper bracts, }-1 in., narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, coriaceous, margins not membranous; spikes binate on a short pedicel, unequal, longer {—% in. long, often at length deflexed, pedicel not half the length of the bract; internodes much shorter than the spikelets and with the compressed pedicels of upper spikelets laterally copiously, villously ciliate, tip funnel-shaped, deeply hollowed, mouth irregularly toothed; spikelets few, binate, a sessile bisexual and a pedicelled male; sessile spikelet $-+ in.
Andropogon.| Graminee. 243
long, oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute, callus short, obtuse, bearded; glume I thin, flat, acute or minutely 2-toothed, glabrous, obscurely veined, margins inflexed, obscurely winged and scaberulous above the middle, II obovate-oblong, acuminate, I—3-veined, keeled, margins ciliate, keel with a short ciliolate wing above the middle, III oblong, hyaline, ciliate, veinless, IV hyaline, linear, bifid, ciliate, awned or not between the acute lobes, awn rarely more than twice the length of the spikelet, slender, palea o or very minute, ciliate; lodicules cuneate, retuse with one angle produced into a tooth; anth. narrow; styles and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelet oval-oblong or obovoid, obtuse, glabrous, glume I convex, many-veined, II membranous, not keeled, 3-veined, III and anth. as in the sessile spikelet, IV o or rudimentary; grain fusiform.
Central Province, covering considerable areas at elevation of 2—4000 ft: (Thwaites).
Temp. and Subtrop. Asia, Africa, and Australia.
The best known and one of the most remarkable grasses in Ceylon. It covers thousands of acres of the patanas of the interior, up to 5000 ft. (Ferguson).
There are two principal forms of it in Ceylon, a wild and a cultivated. The wild is the Maana Grass of the patanas, C. P. 2733, of which the only specimens in the Peradeniya Herbarium are from low elevations, Galle (Thwaites), Maoya, Peradeniya (Trimen). It sometimes forms a stout, erect, scarred caudex several inches long and as thick as the thumb, the infl. is contracted, the spikelets larger than in the cultivated form, and the glume of the sessile spikelet is sometimes, but rarely, depressed in the central line as in A. Schenanthus, or presents a shallow pit. It is the var. mzlagiricus of Hackel. It is not used for the manufacture of Citronella oil.
The other form, only known in cultivation, is 4. Wardus genuinus of Hackel, and the A. ardus of the Linnzan Herbarium. It is a tall robust plant with broader leaves, an effuse panicle with zigzag branches, divaricate bracts, smaller spikelets, and no well-developed awn. The only specimen in the Peradeniya Herbarium is from Dr. Trimen, labelled ‘ Pangiri Maana, cult. for Citronella oil, near Deyandera, and Mawendelle, S. Prov.’ The very long, broad, flat, coriaceous, shining sheath of the lower 1., 6 in. long and 3-3 in. long, appear to be peculiar to it.
Var. Juridus, F\. B. Ind. vii. 206, differs from var. mz/agiricus chiefly if not wholly by the dark purplish-brown spikes. The only specimens are collected by Gardner and Maxwell. Mr. Lewis informs me that Citronella oil is very useful in combating the attacks of jungle leeches.
18. A. Thwaitesii, Hook. f
A. distans, Thw. Enum. 367, non Nees. C. P. 3784.
Perennial ; stems 2—3 ft., densely tufted, slender, as thick as a crow-quill below, smooth, polished, internodes much longer than the |.-sheaths; I. 10-14 in. by 7-4 in. broad about the middle, narrowed to a capillary tip, and petioled base, flat, minutely scaberulous on both surfaces and on the margins,
244 Gramunec. (Andropogon.
midrib slender, sheaths smooth, not auricled, ligule + in. long, broadly oblong, truncate, rigidly coriaceous; panicle of few shortly peduncled fascicles of spikes; bracts lower and proper very narrowly lanceolate; spikes 4-1 in., erect, pale chestnut- brown, pedicel much shorter than the proper bract which is shorter than the spikes; internodes and pedicels of the upper spikelet about half as long as the sessile spikelet, slender, silkily villous, tips funnel-shaped, mouth toothed; sessile spikelet $-3 in.; glume I narrowly lanceolate, finely acumi- nate, tip bicuspidate, flat, smooth, glabrous, margins narrowly incurved, obscurely scaberulous above the middle, veins 3, 2 lateral in each flexure, [I-IV ciliate, II] chartaceous, ovate- oblong, finely acuminate, keeled, I-veined, margins hyaline, keel scaberulous, III oblong, acute, hyaline, 3-veined, IV the narrowly oblong hyaline deeply lobed base of the awn, lobes lanceolate, ciliate, awn very slender, smooth, up to 4 in. long, palea minute, broadly ovate, ciliate; lodicules very minute, quadrate; anth. linear-oblong; styles and stigmas very slender; pedicelled spikelet as long as the sessile, but narrow, glume I convex, many-veined, glabrous, II and III as in the sessile spikelet, but narrower, IV o.
Nuwara Eliya (Thwaites, Aug. 1864).
Endemic.
This is the plant mentioned in FI. B. Ind. (vii. 208) under A. Mardus, var. /uridus, as a possible form of that plant or of var. zzlagiricus. An examination of better specimens in Herb. Peradeniya has convinced me that it cannot be thus disposed of. Its chief characters are the slender habit, crowded radical |. which are very narrow, terminating above in capillary tips and below in a naked petiole, the long rigid ligule, the simpler infl., and very long spikelets. In many respects it resembles the N. Indian A. Gzdarba, Ham., but the internodes are very slender, the sessile spikelets much longer and narrower, and glume I is quite flat. Thwaites’s are the only specimens, and these are from one locality only.
19. A. lividus, 7iw. Enum. 367 (1864).
Hack. Monogr. Androp. 615. C. P. 953.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 209.
Perennial ; stems 1-2 ft., tufted, slender, leafy chiefly at the base, rigid, smooth, nodes naked; |. 4-6 in., strict, erect, 1-1 in. broad at the middle, tapering from thence to the setiform tip and very narrow almost petioled base, flat, glabrous, smooth above, scaberulous beneath and on the margins, sheaths glabrous, mouth not auricled, ligule large, ovate, scarious; infl. a simple raceme of 2-4 very long- peduncled spikes in the axils of narrowly lanceolate or linear glabrous bracts 1-3 in. long, peduncles 1-2 in. long, capillary, smooth, proper bracts filiform, as long as the spikes or shorter;
Andropogon. Graminec. 245
spikes 14 in. long, pedicel much shorter than the proper bract, internodes much shorter than the sessile spikelet and pedicel of the upper, both of which are silkily villous, their tips funnel-shaped; spikelets 10-15 pairs, sessile bisexual, 4-3 in. long, lanceolate; glume I flat, thin, smooth, glabrous, broadly winged from below the middle to the minutely truncate tip, veins O or obscure, margins inflexed, membranous, wings serrulate, II as long as I, coriaceous, linear-oblong, concave, keeled, obtuse, keel narrowly winged above the middle, margins hyaline, ciliate, III oblong, hyaline, margins and rounded tip ciliate, IV deeply bifid, hyaline, ciliate, awned between the lanceolate acuminate ciliate lobes, awn capillary, geniculate, not twice as long as the spikelet, palea small, spathulate, ciliate; lodicules broadly obliquely quadrate ; anth. linear-oblong; styles and stigmas short; pedicelled spikelet + in., glume I ovate-lanceolate, truncate, many-veined, II ovate-oblong, acute, 5-7-veined, margins narrowly hyaline, ciliate, III as in the sessile spikelet, IV 0, or linear; lodicules cuneate; anth. linear.
Elevated parts of the Central Province, up to 7000 ft. Spikes livid purplish. Also in the Nilgiri Hills.
20. A. filipendulus, Hochst. in Flora, xxix. 115 (1846).
Anthistiria fasciculata, Thw. Enum. 366. C. P. 940.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 209.
Perennial ; stems 2-4 ft, tufted, slender, leafy simple or branching from the base, nodes glabrous; |. 6-12 in., very. slender, ~;-75 in. broad, linear, setaceously acuminate, flat, glabrous, nearly smooth or margins scaberulous, base rounded, sheaths smooth, mouth with rounded auricles, ligule large, membranous, ciliate. decurrent on the auricles ; infl. a narrow erect panicle of filiform branches bearing long-peduncled spikes, bracts erect, 1-2 in. long, linear- lanceolate, setaceously acuminate, proper bracts filiform, longer or shorter than the capillary ped. of the two spikes of which one is generally sessile, the other shortly pedicelled; internodes and slender pedicel of upper spikelets ciliate, tips funnel-shaped; spikelets 1-3 pairs in each spike, narrowly lanceolate, sessile bisexual, $ in. long including the long acute silkily hairy callus; glume I oblong-lanceolote, tip truncate, dorsally flat, hairy below the middle, margins narrowly incurved, smooth, but ciliate with long hairs, veins obscure, II and III linear-oblong, obtuse, ciliate, II 1—3-veined, III hyaline, veins 0, IV the narrow sagittiform base of. the’
246 Gramineae. [ Andropogon.
awn, which is 2 in. long, column twisted, hispid, palea 0; lodicules cuneate; anth. short; styles and stigmas short ; pedicelled spikelet as long as the sessile, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, subterete, glumes I and II speckled with rusty red dots, I convex, many-veined, sparsely hairy, II oblong, obtuse, apiculate or aristulate, 3-veined, ciliate, III] obovate-oblong, obtuse, III and IV hyaline, obtuse, 1-veined, ciliate with deflexed hairs, 11] linear-oblong, IV subspathulate, tip entire or bifid; anth. slender; besides the above bisexual and male spikelets there are solitary sessile linear oblong speckled males.
Badulla district, up to 3000 ft. elevation (Thwaites). Awns golden- cold.
Trop. Asia, Africa, and Australia.
Hackel, who makes four varieties of this species, describes the Ceylon plant as var. 7waztesiz, characterised by the proper spathes being from one-half to twice as long as the peduncle, and having two pairs of homo- geneous spikelets and one of heterogeneous in the long-pedicelled spike. These characters I find inconstant. The leaves of the Ceylon plant are very much narrower than some Khasian.
There is in the Peradeniya Herbarium an indifferent specimen of what may be a very tall robust form of 4. filipfendu/us, and so named by Trimen, collected by Ferguson at Uda Pusselawa.
A. CITRATUS, DC.—Ferguson in his Grasses Indigenous to Ceylon, p- 32, gives No. 116, A. cztratus, DC., Lemon grass, as cultivated for Lemon-grass oil. This species was founded by De Candolle on a flower- less plant in the Montpellier Bot. Garden, of which Hackel says that from the description it may be either 4A. Mardus or A. Schenanthus. Watt (Dict. of Econ. Prod. of India, i. 242) cites for it A. Schenanthus, Wall. Cat. Pl. Rar. t. 280, which Hackel refers to A. Nardus, var. grandis. ‘Natt describes it as a large coarse glaucous grass, largely cultivated all over India, Ceylon, and the Eastern Archipelago, rarely or never flowering, and yielding Lemon-grass oil, Verbena oil, or the Indian Melissa oil. He adds that it is called Penguin in Ceylon, where the annual produce of its otto is 1500 lbs.; and that its chief use is as a perfume and for flavouring tea. In a stray note of Dr. Trimen’s which I find amongst his MSS., is the following:—‘Sera, the Malay name for A. Schenanthus, A. citratus(?) var. with narrow leaves. This is grown in native gardens, and the leaves are used only to flavour curries. The lemon scent is rather faint. Not known to flower.’
There is no specimen named A. citvatus in the Peradeniya Herbarium, but Thwaites alludes, under 4A. Wariinz, to Lemon oil as derived from A. Schenanthus, adding that it is considered not to be indigenous, and that it rarely flowers.
Ferguson says, l.c. of this grass, ‘The centres of the leaf-buds are sold in every bazaar in Ceylon, and are universally used in curries to give them a flavour. I have no doubt that this plant was introduced by the Malays to Ceylon, and I believe it to be that figured and described by Rumph in his Herb. Amboinense, vi. t. 6, f. 2. About twenty years ago Mrs. Winter Jun’, of Badegama, near Galle, sent me a specimen in flower, and informed me that it was the first flower that had been seen for twenty years. After several years’ careful cultivation “of the Lemon
Anthistiria.| Gramtinece. 247
grass in the Circular walk” (of the Bot. Gard.?), several plants of it flowered in Jan. 1878, from which I secured good specimens.’
40. PSEUDANTHISTIRIA, Zook. /.
Annual grasses, with the habit and infl. of Axthzstzrza, but wanting the involucrate spikelets of that genus; spike usually consisting of a sessile bisexual spikelet, with a solitary pedicelled male, terminated by a second sessile bisexual with two male pedicelled spikelets.—Sp. 4; all in FZ B. Ind.
P. umbellata, Hook. f. Fl. B. Ind. 220 (1896).
Andropogon umbellatus, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 401. Anthistivia heteroclita,iThw. Enum. 366, non Roxb. C. P. 963.
EB e lide
Perennial; stems densely tufted, filiform, flaccid, leafy, 1-2 ft. high, ascending from an extensively creeping rootstock with filiform root-fibres; 1. $—-2 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, scaberulous on both surfaces and margin, base rounded or cuneate, sometimes petiolulate, veins very slender, sheaths much shorter than the internodes, auricles small, margins membranous, ciliate, ligule a narrow ciliate membrane; fascicles of few spikelets, on axillary flexuous capillary peduncles 4-4 in. long, rarely longer, bracts 4-1 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, finely acuminate, sparsely setose, proper bracts hardly longer than the spikes, about } in. long; bisexual spikelet sessile, % in. long, callus very short; bearded ; glume I ovate or linear-oblong, truncate, charta- ceous, 7-veined, margins incurved below the middle, II lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, membranous, glabrous, III very small, quadrate, IV the very narrow hyaline base of the capillary awn, which is $—-§ in. long, geniculate above the middle; lodicules cuneate; anth. linear; styles and stigmas short; male spikelets 4 in. long, on ciliate pedicels, lanceolate, acuminate; glume I thin, about 9-veined, margins narrowly incurved, scaberulous above the middle, II lanceolate, acumi- nate, 3-veined, glabrous, III very small, oblong.
Common in the more elevated parts of the Island. Patanas of Dambulla and Hantane districts, forming the entire covering of open ground.
Also in the Western Ghats.
An excellent fodder, green or dry (Ferguson).
41. ANTHISTIRIA, /.
Annual or perennial grasses; 1. long, narrow; infil. elongate, leafy, formed of racemes or panicles of fascicles of very short spikes in the axils of spathiform bracts, rhachis of spike articulate above the four lower spikelets; spikelets 7-09,
dimorphic, 4 whorled or subwhorled, male or neuter, forming
248 Graminee [Anthistiria,
an involucre round either one. sessile bisexual with two pedi- celled spikelets, or two superposed bisexual, the lower with one pedicelled, the upper with two; involucrant spikelets longest, sessile, callus 0, glumes 3, I oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate, flattened, base sometimes thickened, margins narrowly incurved, keels narrowly winged, II membranous, 3-veined, III hyaline, 1-veined; anth. large; bisexual spikelets much smaller, narrowly oblong, subterete, obtuse, callus rigidly bearded; glume I coriaceous, margins strongly incurved, II as long as I, linear, hyaline, 3-veined, dorsally chartaceous, sides broadly incurved, membranous, III very small, hyaline, epaleate, IV the attenuate or flattened base of a long geniculate awn; lodicules connate; anth. small; styles short, spreading from the base, stigmas long, slender, variously exserted; pedicelled spikelets like the involucrant, but narrower, male or neuter, pedicels glabrous, callus 0, keels of glume I not winged; grain (of sessile spikelets) narrow, biconvex, embryo long.—Sp. about 12; 11 in AL B. Ind.
Involucrant spikelets truly whorled . . I. A, IMBERBIS. Involucrant spikelets in closely superposed hairs.
Infl. a decompound thyrsiform panicle . oe 2 ea CVMBARIIAT
‘Infl. a racemiform panicle : . : : . 3. A. TREMULA.
I. A. imberbis, ReZz. Obs. iii. 11 (1783).
A. ciliata, Retz. var. majus. Thw. Enum. 306. Themeda Forskaliz, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 659. A. arguens, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108, non Willd. C. P. 962.
F]. B. Ind. vil. 211. Lamk. Ill. t. 841, f. 2, and Cat. Ic. t. 459 (A. czl/éata).
‘ Perennial, densely tufted; stem 2-8 ft., stout or slender, subsimple or branched, glabrous, polished ; 1. 6-8 in., narrowly linear, finely acuminate, coriaceous, keeled, upper surface and margins scabrid, sheaths compressed, smooth, mouth not auricled, ligule a narrow ciliolate membrane; panicle racemi- form, cas of spikelets distant, subflabelliform, 1 in. broad, ped. 1-2 filiform ; bracts glabrous or sparingly pilose, hairs not tubercle- based, outer narrow, 14-3 in. long, proper bracts 4-3 in., or longer : spikes very shortly peduncled ; involucrant spikelets truly whorled, sparingly hairy, bases thickened; bisexual spikelet solitary, 1 in. long, callus elon- gate, pungent, beard coloured; glume I dorsally Ones. smooth, dark brown, not dorsally channelled, awn 14-24 in., column stout, hispid; grain 75 in., oblong, grooved ventrally,
Common up to 4000 ft. elevation, abundant in the patanas of the Central Province.
Anthistiria.| Graminee. 249
» Warm regions of the old world.
Often 6-8 ft. high on banks of streams and near water (Ferguson),
There are two forms of this species in Herb. Peraden. under the same number: one smaller, stem more slender, with few nodes, |. chiefly basal with equitant sheaths; the other with many internodes, the lower of which as stout as a small goose-quill.
There occur in this and other species copious membranous ovate- lanceolate acuminate scales amongst the bracts, which represent im- perfect male spikelets.
2. A. cymbaria, foxb. Hort. Beng. 6 (1814). Kara wata maana, 5S.
Thw. Enum. 436 and 366. A. cz/zata, Retz. C. P. 3257, 3803.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 215.
Perennial; stems 3-8 ft., stout, erect, branched, smooth, polished, clothed at the base with broad strongly compressed equitant |.-sheaths, together 14-2 in. across, internodes long, nodes glabrous or puberulous; |. 2-4 ft. by g-4 in., tip filiform, rigidly coriaceous, scaberulous above and on the margins, upper convolute, filiform, sheaths quite smooth, lower 4 in. broad at the base, strongly compressed, keels smooth, upper subterete, mouth not auricled, sides bearded with long soft hairs, ligule a large stiff erose membrane; panicle 1-2 ft., supra-decompound, branches loaded with small shortly peduncled oblong fascicles, }—-? in. long, of nearly glabrous bracts and spikes; bracts all short and narrow, hardly exceeding the spikes; involucrant spikelets 4-1 in., contiguous in superposed pairs, glabrous; bisexual spikelets 1 or 2, subsessile, callus short, bearded with white hairs; glume I 4 in., narrow, dorsally convex, not channelled, smooth, polished, dark brown, awn about 3} in., slender, smooth.
Patanas of Uva and the Central Provinces, &c., very abundant.
Also in the Western Ghats and Nilgiri hills.
A. ciliata, Thw. C. P. 3257, is in Fl. B. Ind. referred to as A. zmberbis, var. vulgaris, but the solitary Peradeniya specimen is certainly a young state of A. cymbaria.
Ferguson (Grasses Indig. to Ceylon, 27) says of C. P. 3257, that it is especially abundant in the patanas of Dambulla, in many of which it is the principal grass, and is often cut and dried for fodder for cattle, and that it is perhaps in this respect the best substitute for hay of all the grasses found in Ceylon. Also that several years ago (dating from 1886)
large quantities used to come from Bombay with batches of horses for sale.
3. A. tremula, Wees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 401 (1854). Pinibaru=- tana, 5S.
Thw. Enum. 366. TZhemeda tremula, Hack. Monogr. Androp, 667. Anthoxanthum avenaceum, Retz.(?); Moon, Cat. 4. C. P. 961.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 211.
Annual or perennial; stems 2-6 ft., stout or slender, erect
250 Graminee. [Anthistivia,
or ascending from a creeping rootstock, simple or branching, smooth, polished, brown; |. 6-24 in. by §-3 in., finely acuminate, tips setaceous, scaberulous, sheaths slightly compressed, smooth, mouth not auricled, ligule a very narrow ciliolate membrane; panicle elongate, 1-2 ft., racemiform, fascicles of spikes and bracts rather distant on capillary flexuous peduncles 4-3 in. long, subflabelliform or subglobose, $—-14 in. broad, sometimes reduced to a few bracts and spikelets, outer bracts much longer than the fascicles, 1-14 in. long, more or less hairy, hairs simple or tubercle-based, proper bracts glabrous or softly hairy, margins membranous; involucrant spikelets in contiguous superposed pairs, about 4 in. long, rhachis of spike produced beyond them; glume I linear-lanceolate, acuminate, covered with long often tubercule-based bristles, many-veined, male or empty, II oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 1—veined, ciliate above the middle, margins inflexed, III as long, very narrowly linear, hyaline, 1-veined, glabrous; lodicules cuneate; anth.-about 4/5 in. long; bisexual spikelets 2, sessile, linear- oblong, obtuse, callus small with a short coloured beard, glume I scabrid, deeply channelled dorsally, tip hispid, awn 4-1 in.; pedicelled spikelets like the involucrant but nearly glabrous, glumes 3, I veinless winged on one margin, II and III as in the involucrant spikelets.
An examination of the Peradeniya Herbarium specimens of this
Species, together with those in Herb. Kew. shows that there are three varieties of it in Ceylon.
Var. tremula proper.
Stems 1-3 ft., rarely stouter than a crow-quill ; 1. 6-12 in.; panicle 1-2 ft. subsimple, fascicles of spikelets subracemi- form, }-1 in. broad, greenish when dry, on flexuous capillary ped., outer bracts 4-1 in., proper bracts not twice as long as the spikes, awn 4—# in. long.
Var. Thwaitesii, 4. Thwaztesiz, Hook. f. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 215.
Stem tail, probably up to 6 ft., very stout, nodes glaucous; I. 13-2 ft., fascicles of spikes greenish, 1-1} in. broad, outer bracts 1-23 in. much longer than the fascicles, awn 1 in. long.
Var. brunnea, (ook. /.
Stem slender 3-4 ft.; 1. 6-10 in.; panicle 12-18 in. long, narrow subracemiform ; fascicles of spikes crowded, sub- globose, 4—$ in. diam., hirsute with tubercle-based hairs, pale brown, ped. long flexuous outer bracts as long or rather longer than the fascicles, awn ?-1 in. long.
Abundant throughout the Island. Var. drunmnea, near Moragala (Trimen), Madulsema (Pearson). India, from the Central Provinces southwards.
Iseilema.] Graminee. 251
There is no specimen of var. Tiwaztesii in Herb. Peradeniya, but there is one in Herb. Kew. from Thwaites, numbered C. P. 961, without a habitat. Var. dxunnea is in Herb. Wallich, n. 8765, Herb. Heyne; and there is a specimen in Herb. Kew. from Herb. Rottler, also collected by Heyne and named A. arguens, from which it differs in the involucrant spikelets being in superposed pairs.
42. ISEILEMA, Azdzerss. Habit and infl. of Anthistzrza, but spikes articulate below the involucrant spikelets, and bisexual spikelets inarticulate at the base.—Sp. 5; 4 in FZ. B. Ind.
As observed by Hackel, the dispersal of the spikelets of /sezlema is by the wind carrying away all the spikelets in a body, whereas in Anthistiria the bisexual glumes alone disarticulate, and are more probably carried away by adhesion to the coats of animals.
ZI. laxum, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 682 (1889).
I. prostratum, Anderss. in Nov. Act. Soc. Sc. Upsal. Ser. 3, ii. 251, excl. syn. Axnthistiria prostrata, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108 (non Willd.).
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 218. Anderss. 1. c. t. 3.
Perennial; stem 3 in. to 14 ft. high, ascending from a stout hard leafy sometimes shortly creeping rootstock, very slender, simple or sparingly branched, flexuous, root-fibres wiry; 1. all cauline, or the lower radical and tufted with compressed equitant sheaths, 3-6 by 34-4 in., linear, acute or obtuse, glabrous or ciliate, smooth or faintly scaberulous above; sheaths shorter than the internodes, rather membranous, smooth, mouth not auricled, ligule of long slender hairs; panicle racemiform, long, narrow, of distant axillary peduncled fascicles }~-4 in. long, ped. capillary, $-2 in. long, outer bracts narrowly lanceolate, 4-1 in. long, glabrous or with a few hairs toward the margins, proper bracts about as long as the spikes; pedicel of spikes short, smooth; involucrant spikelets truly whorled, 4 in. long, pedicelled, oblong-lanceolate, acute, pedicels short, flattened, bearded at the base; glumes I and II sparsely ciliate, I 3-5-veined, II oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, III linear, glabrous, hyaline; lodicules cuneate, retuse; anth. long, narrow; 2 upper male spikelets on long ciliate pedicels, lanceolate, glabrous; bisexual spikelet narrowly lanceolate, 4 in. long, narrowed into a slender stipes, glabrous, glume I bifid or truncate at the tip, margins scaberulous in the upper third, thin, faintly 3-5-veined, II lanceolate, acuminate, I-veined, tip scaberulous, IV a very slender geniculate awn about $4 in. long; stigmas long, exserted at the top of the spikelet; grain oblong, ;’5 in. long, rounded at both ends, much compressed, pale, embryo more than half the length of the grain. |
252 Graminee. [ Aristida.
Northern, Eastern, and Western Provinces. Trincomalie, Batal Oya, Bet Chilan, Punakari, Jaffna District, &c.
Upper Gangetic Plain and southward, Mauritius (introd.).
Hackel gives good reasons for not adopting Andersson’s name of /. prostratum for this species, which was erroneously supposed to be the Andropogon prostratus of Linnzeus.
43. ARISTIDA, Linz.
Annual or perennial, tufted grasses; 1. flat or convolute; spikelets panicled, 1-fid., not articulate on their pedicels, laterally compressed, rhachilla not produced beyond the fig. glume; glumes 3, I and II long very narrow, 1-veined, keeled, persistent, awn terminal or o, JII very narrow, cylindric, coriaceous, convolute, acuminate, 3-veined, terminated by 3 very long capillary awns, callus long, articulate at the base, palea minute, convolute round the ov. and grain, keels 0; lodicules 2, long, narrow, hyaline; stam. 3,anth. long, narrow; styles free, short stigmas penicillate, laterally exserted ; grain long, narrow, cylindric, free in the convolute glume.—Sp. reputed about 100; 11 in FZ. B. Ind.
Empty glumes not awned_ . F j ; . 1. A. ADSCENSIONIS. Empty glumes awned . : : ; ‘ . 2. A. SETACEA.
1. A. Adscensionis,* Zznn. Sp. Pi. 82 (1753) (excl. syn. Sloane).
A. depressa, Retz.; Thw. Enum. 370. C. P. 3684.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 225. Jacq. Eclog. Gram. vii. t. 6 (A. divaricata). Cav. Ic. t. 589 (A. elatior). Desf. Fl. Atlant. t. 21, f. 2 (A. cerulescens).
Annual or perennial; stem 1-2 ft., densely tufted, very slender, erect or ascending, simple or branched, branches erect, smooth; |. 3-12 in., convolute, filiform, quite smooth, sheath smooth, auricles rounded, ligule of very fine short hairs; panicle 3-12 in., contracted, subsecund, rhachis filiform, quite smooth, branches short and short pedicels capillary; spikelets erect; glume I ¢ in., oblong-lanceolate, acute, membranous, keel obscurely scaberulous, II 4 in., very narrow, tip 2-toothed and apiculate, margins hyaline, keel smooth, fl. glume as long as II, 3-veined, smooth, awns not articulate on the glume, callus elongate, villous, palea minute, oblong, hyaline, retuse; lodicules very minute, lanceolate.
Trincomalie (Glenie), N. and W, coasts, Kalpitiya and Jaffna (Trimen). Moist warm countries.
eee
* Name from the Island of Ascension in the S, Atlantic Ocean, Tbs it was collected by Osbeck in 1752.
Garnotia.] Graminee. 253
2. A. setacea, fezz. Obs. iv. 22 (1786). Et-tuttisi, S.
A. cerulescens, Thw. Enum. 370 (non Desf.) A. Adscensionis, 7727. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108 (non Linn.). C. P. 915.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 225.
Perennial; stem 1-3 feet, as thick as a crow-quill, erect or geniculately ascending from a woody base with stout wiry root-fibres, hard, smooth, polished, simple or branched ; 1. 6-12 in., usually convolute and filiform, rarely flat, up to ¢ in. broad, coriaceous, smooth, sheath long, smooth, auricles short, naked, ligule of short hairs; panicle very various, 6-12 in., long, inclined, sometimes subsecund, open or contracted, rhachis slender, smooth, branches rather distant, long or short, lower sometimes up to 4 in. long, filiform or capillary, naked towards the base; spikelets erect, pedicels capillary; glumes I and II keeled, very narrow, terminating in scabrid awns, I 4 in. long, opaque, narrowed into the awn, keel scabrid, II rather longer, notched at the insertion of the awn, margins broadly hyaline, keel smooth; flg. glume about as long as the empty, 3-veined, mid-vein subscabrid, awns 1-1} in. long, not articulate on the glume, scaberulous, callus longs, silkily bearded with long hairs, palea 4 in. long, chartaceous, veins or keels 0; lodicules narrowly obovate-oblong, obtuse, sub- falcate, many-veined ; stam. 3, anth. very slender; ov. narrow; grain +-4 in. long, very narrowly fusiform, narrowed to the acute base.
Common in the hot drier part of the Island. Plains of Central and Southern India. Mascarene Isld.
44. GARNOTIA, Srongn.
Erect, perennial, rarely annual, stout or slender grasses ; 1. flat or convolute; spikelets panicled, very small, narrow, terete, 1-fld., solitary or binate, jointed on their pedicels, rhachilla not produced beyond the palea; glumes 3, I and II subequal, lanceolate, acute, acuminate or awned, strongly 3-veined, empty, III as long as II, lanceolate, acuminate or awned, thinly coriaceous or membranous, quite smooth, faintly 1-veined, paleate, bisexual, tip acute or minutely 2-toothed, awn rarely jointed, sometimes geniculate at the base or above it, very slender, scaberulous, palea as long as the glume, linear, flaps minutely auricled at the base; lodicules 2; stam. 3, anth. linear; styles free, stigmas with simple hairs, laterally exserted; grain linear or oblong, dorsally compressed, free within the glume and palea.—Sp. about 20; i2 in FL. B. Ind.
254 Graminee. [Garnotia.
Stem very stout, tall, basal ].-sheaths equitant.
Spikelets long-awned : : : 2 i eC EW ATPE SUD, Spikelets awnless . G. TECTORUM. Stem slender. Spikelets 3-4 in. long. Ligule a short membrane . : : eg) Ganusesa Ac Ligule of long hairs. : : 4 . 4. G. FERGUSONI. Spikelets =,-;5 in. long. Annual. Spikelets long-pedicelled . : ‘ . 5. G. MICRANTHA. Spikelets hen pede ‘ A . 6. G. COURTALLENSIS. Perennial . 7. G. PANICOIDES.
G. Thwaitesii, S/affin Fl. B. Ind. vii. 241 (1896). C. scoparia, Thw. Enum. 363. C. P. 942. Fl. B. Ind. l.c.
Stem erect, 2-4 ft., rigid, as thick as a goose-quill below, smooth, polished, solid, internodes 3-5 in., nodes glabrous; Il. 1-3 ft. by ~5-4 in., narrowly linear, acuminate, rigidly coriaceous, smooth above, beneath and margins scabrid, lower very narrow, wiry, striate, base not contracted, sheaths of lower 3-6 in., flattened, equitant, margins woolly, of upper cylindric, coriaceous, appressed or inflated, smooth, polished, margins eciliate, ligule a ridge of minute hairs; panicle 12-18 in., erect, contracted, rhachis smooth, branches in- numerable, fascicled, filiform, erect, subsimple; spikelets 4 in. long, rather distant, erect, shortly pedicelled, minutely bearded at the base; glumes I and II narrowed into short awns, brown and polished when ripe, veins very sparingly scabrid, III stipitate, acuminate, awn about ¢ in., inserted in a minute notch, geniculate; lodicules cuneiform, retuse.
Hotter parts of the Island, not uncommon. Rocks in the Western Province (Ferguson).
Endemic.
Grows only in the crevices of rocky hills, or in the merest bits of earth on the faces of rocks (Ferguson).
2. G. tectorum, ook. f. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 242 (1896). TAB. XCIX. (stricta).
G. stricta, Thw. Enum. 363 (excl. syn.). (?) Berghansia mutica, IZunro in Proc. Amer. Acad. iv. (1864), 362. C. P. 2968.
Fl. B. Ind. 1. c.
Stem very tall, stout, as thick as a small goose-quill below, smooth, polished, solid, internodes glabrous; |. 2-24 ft. by @-i in., linear, obtuse, rigidly coriaceous, striate, smooth on both surfaces, margins smooth or scaberulous, base not con- tracted, lower very narrow, woolly towards the base, upper broad, glabrous, sheath of lower 6-8 in., subcompressed, equitant, narrow, woolly in the upper half, of upper loose, smooth, ligule a ridge of woolly hairs; panicle 12-18 in.,
Garnotia.] Graminee. 255
narrow, rhachis strict, smooth, branches innumerable, fascicled, erect, at length spreading, lower hardly longer than the upper, filiform, smooth, branchlets divaricate, distant, spreading, capillary, bearing distant long or short-pedicelled spreading narrow spikelets 4 in. long, with bearded bases; pedicels often much longer than the spikelets, capillary; glumes narrowly lanceolate, I and II subequal, subaristately acu- minate, veins sparsely scaberulous, III acuminate, tip entire, at length dark brown, shining ; lodicules hammer-shaped, erose. ee parts of the Island, in swampy ground. Dumballa, Nuwara
lya.
MED in China (?).
This and G. 7hwaitesiz cannot be well described from Herbarium specimens. Much used for thatching.
3. G. fuscata, Zhw. Enum. 363 (1864).
CoP. 2756.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 244.
Perennial, tufted, 10-20 in. high, soboliferous, leafing stems I—3 in., erect, clothed with compressed sheaths, bearing a long very slender, smooth, 1-2-leaved ped. terminating in a de- pauperate raceme or panicle, internodes of leafing portion very short, of flowering 10-12 in. long; basal |. 1-24 by 4-1 in., linear, or narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, subdistichous, spreading, smooth, softly coriaceous, margin smooth, base very narrow, upper |. 2- 3, small, narrow, very distant, sheath of basal leaves 4-1 by ¢ in. broad, smooth, of upper 1. very long, slender, terete, ligule a very short scarious membrane; raceme or panicle I-2 in., very narrow, few-fid., rhachis slender, striate, smooth, branches few, very short or O; spikelets + in., lanceolate, subsolitary, subsessile or on capillary smooth pedicels shorter or longer than the spikelets, base bearded ; glumes I and II lanceolate, aristately acuminate, veins scaberulous, III stipitate, Rea aners. tip 2-dentate, narrowed into a capilary awn about ;4% in. long, which is geniculately deflexed from near the twisted base; lodicules narrowly cuneate, incurved ; grain narrowly obovoid.
Suffragam district, alt. 4000 ft. (7hwaztes); Sabaragamuwa Province, alt. 4000 ft. (Ferguson). Spikelets purplish brown.
Endemic.
A remarkable species, differing in habit and in the depauperate infl. from its Ceylon congeners. Thwaites’s specimens are very poor, and probably do not represent well-developed plants. I have not seen Ferguson’s specimens.
4. G. Fergusonii, 777m. in Journ. Bot. xxvii. 170 (1889).
G. patula, Thaw. MSS. (non Munro). Andropogon Beckettit, Thw. in HHeubPeraden. C. P. 3967.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 242 (sphalm. Fergussoniz).
356 Graminee. [Garnotia,
Perennial; stem 2-3 ft., erect or ascending, slender, terete, tigid, smooth, naked below, much branched and leafy above, internodes 1-3 in. or more, nodes glabrous; |. 6-8 by 4-4 in.,; narrowly linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, spreading, flat, smooth, glabrous, thin, base narrow, rounded, sheaths smooth, mouth and ligule villous with long hairs; panicle 4-8 in., oblong, erect, rhachis smooth, branches suberect, fascicled, 4-14 in. long, many-fid., filiform ; spikelets ¢-4 in., distant or crowded, erect, shortly pedicelled, base sieve, Bened elumes T'and II narrowly lanceolate, aristately acuminate, or awned, awns short or sometimes as long as the glume, veins quite smooth, I 3-veined, III narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, tip 2-toothed, awn }in. or shorter, obscurely geniculate at about the lower third; lodicules cuneate, retuse.
Var. fastigiata, Hook. 7.
Stem -naked and unbranched below for a foot or more, with internodes 3-4 in. long, then suddenly fastigiately branehed and leafy with copiously divided branches, short internodes, and flat or involute narrow |. 1-3 in. long , panicle 2-3 in., narrow, with few short erect branches and few purplish spikelets.
Central Province, alt. 4-6000 ft. Matelle district, Amherst, Uda- passelana (Ferguson, Beckett). Var. fasézgzata, summit of Knuckles (Ferguson).
Endemic.
The var. fastigéata is a remarkable form, with a long naked stem, evidently drawn up amongst other plants. This alone is named Fergusonit by Trimen in Herb. Peraden.
5. G. micrantha, 7/w. Enum. 363 (1864).
C. P. 944, 945.
Fl. B. Ind. vu. 244.
Annual; stems tufted, erect or ascending from a shortly creeping base, slender or rather stout, up to the thickness of a crow-quill, branched from below and penal smooth, inter- nodes 2-4 in., nodes pubescent; |. 3-8 by }— in. , spreading, linear- lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, scnscth, thin, very much narrowed. from below the adie to the base, shea shorter than the internode, often loose, smooth, auricles membranous, ligule a ridge of short hairs; panicle 6-12 in., rhachis slender, strict, smooth, branches very many, filiform, fascicled and whorled, at first erect and appressed, branchlets very long, capillary, distant, divaricate; spikelets 5 in., linear-oblong, base naked, pedicels variable, often up to I in. long, smooth; glumes Land II membranous, acute, veins not strong, obscurely scaberulous, III substipitate, linear- oblong,
\
Garnotia] Graminee. 257
apiculate, very thin, tip bidenticulate, awn, if present, 4 in. long, capillary, straight, erect; iodicules cuneate, retuse; grain linear-oblong.
_ Central Province, alt. 2-4000 ft. Spikelets very pale green.
Endemic.
_ Two forms have been distinguished, one with stouter stems creeping at the base and awned glume III; the other, var. zaza, Stapf in Fl. B. Ind., with shorter, more slender stems and awnless glume III. But a
fine series of specimens in Herb. Peraden. shows that these distinctions do not hold good.
6. G. courtallensis, 7iw. Enum. 363 (1864).
Migquelia courtallensis, Arn. and Nees in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xix, Suppl. i. 1877 (1843). C. P. 454.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 244.
Annual ; stems 6 in.—2 ft., branching from the base and upwards, as thick as a sparrow’s quill or more slender, erect, leafy, smooth, shining, internodes long or short, nodes pubescent; |. 1-3 by %-4 in. long, spreading, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, smooth, glabrous, on both surfaces or sparsely covered chiefly beneath with long flexuous hairs, margins scaberulous, base rounded, contracted, sheaths glabrous or hairy like the 1, ligule a short fringed membrane ; panicle 2-4 in., long-peduncled, oblong, rhachis filiform, smooth, branches, 4-14 in., distant or in distant fascicles, widely spreading or deflexed, few-fld., rhachis slender, shining, and capillary branches smooth ; spikelets “5-3 in., few, distant or in distant pairs, upper of each pair longer than its pedicel, lanceolate, base minutely bearded; glumes I and II subequal, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or laxly clothed with long hairs, veins scabrid, III hardly stipitate, lanceolate, awned, tip minutely bidentate, awn as long as the glume or shorter, erect or if deflexed geniculate at about the lower third, which is purplish ; lodicules cuneate.
Central Province, alt. 4ooo-8000 ft. Adam’s Peak, Ramboda, Dambulla. Spikelets green or purplish.
Nilgiri and Travancore Hills.
The spikelets with long hairs on glume I and II occur on a branch of a specimen in which the spikelets on all the other branches are perfectly glabrous except on the scabrid veins. The column of the awn is either straight or very slightly twisted in Ceylon specimens.
7. G. panicoides, 77m. 7m Journ. Bot. xxvii. 181 (1889).
Perennial ; stem 1-2 ft., rather stout, creeping and rooting at the base, then ascending, smooth, branched above, sparingly leafy, internodes 1-2 in., nodes glabrous; |. 6-8 by 4-3 in., linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, rather thin, scaberulous above and on the margins, smooth beneath, base narrow,
PART V, S
25 8 Gramtinee. [Spherocaryum.
rounded, sheaths glabrous, except at the sides and sometimes at the back of the mouth, ligule a very short, scarious, toothed membrane ; panicle 6-12 in., effuse, rhachis smooth, branches numerous, in remote fascicles, 3-4 in. long, capillary, subsimple, erecto-patent; spikelets ~; in., mostly solitary, distant, sessile, or upper of each pair usually shortly pedi- celled, narrowly oblong, base naked ; glumes I and II equal, oblong-ovate, acute, membranous, veins quite smooth, III shortly stipitate, linear-oblong, apiculate, membranous, awn- less, palea acute; lodicules cuneate.
Kalutara, Culloden Estate (Ferguson). Spikelets green.
There is only a single specimen of this very distinct species in the Peradeniya Herbarium. It differs from G. mzcrantha in the ligule and shortly pedicelled spikelets.
45. SPH: ROCARYUM, Wees.
A dwarf annual; stem creeping and ascending, leafy throughout, rooting at the lower nodes; |. small, broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, amplexicaul, coriaceous, sheaths. shorter than the internodes, hispid; spikelets very minute, I-fld., ellipsoid, pedicelled on the close-set capillary branches of an ovoid, terminal, subsessile panicle, articulate on the pedicels, rhachilla 0; glumes 3, membranous, cymbiform, I and II empty, obscurely 1I-veined, II 1-veined, III fig., I-veined; palea as long as its glume, 2-veined; lodicules 2, microscopic; stam. 3, anth. linear; ov. narrow, styles short, free, stigmas short; grain loose in the glumes, linear-oblong, —Monotypic.
S. elegans, /Vees ex Steud. Nom. ed. 2, 11. 620 (1841).
Grayia elegans, Nees in Wight, Cat. n. 2033. G. zeylanica, Arn. ex Steud. Nom. ed. 2, i. 705. Jsachne pulchella, Roth.; Thw. Enum. 362. Panicum elegans, Wight and Arn. ex Steud. l.c. ii. 256. Andropogon
Grayza, Steud. l.c.i. 91. C. P. 879. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 246.
Stem 6-12 in, as thick as a sparrow’s quill, rarely branched, glabrous except at the setose nodes; 1. all nearly alike in size and form, spreading or reflexed, 4-1 in. long, above veinless, closely striate, beneath with 2-3 pairs of very slender veins, margins ciliated below the middle with long rigid tubercle-based bristles; sheaths very short, hispidly bristly, ligule a brush of white hairs; panicle 1-2 in. long, quite smooth, branches alt. and fascicled, lower 4—2 in. long, erecto-patent; spikelets alt. on the branches, ,j—35 in. long, much shorter than their pedicels; glumes (in Ceylon
Polypogon.] Gramineae. 259
specimens) and palea all pilose with spreading hairs, I and II separately deciduous.
Damp places in the moist tropical region. Colombo, Hantane, Reigam Korale.
Also in Bengal, Burma, Singapore, and China.
A very singular little grass, of doubtful affinity, with the habit of a diminutive state of Panicum ovalstolium, and the foliage and deciduous empty glumes of /sachne. The spikelets are amongst the most minute of grasses; they are hairy in Ceylon specimens, but glabrous in some Indian. aes
46. POLYPOGON, Des/. poe Annual or perennial, soft grasses, stem erect; 1. flat ; spikelets minute, 1-fld., articulate on their pedicels, laterally compressed, densely crowded on the short branches of: a spiciform silky panicle; rhachilla not produced beyond glume III, naked; glumes 3,1 and II empty, equal, linear-oblong, keeled, pubescent and ciliate, terminated by long capillary awns; III much smaller, articulate at the base, hyaline, truncate, awned, palea as long as the glume, hyaline, truncate, 2-veined ; stam. I-3, anth. short, styles distant at their bases, short, stigmas narrowly plumose; grain clavately obovoid, free within its glume.—Sp. few; 2 in FV. B. Ind.
P. monspeliensis, Desf. Fl. Atlant. i. 66 (1798).
Thw. Enum. 370, 444. P. zeylanicus, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 183, Agrostis panicea, Willd.; Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 144.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 245. Beauv. Agrost. t. 6.f.7. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. i. ti 31.
Annual ; stems densely tufted, erect, 1-2 ft. high, rather stout, smooth; 1. 6-20 by 4-4 in., acuminate, flaccid, scaberu- lous on both surfaces, narrowed to the base, midrib very slender, sheaths rather inflated, smooth, upper very long, ligule variable in length, oblong, scarious; spiciform panicle erect, 3-6 in. long by 4-1 in. diam., narrowly ovate-oblong or cylindric, often lobulate, softly crinite, and glistening from the erect awns; spikelets (excl. awns) 7;-7'5 in. long, sessile or very shortly pedicelled on the branchlets of the panicle; glumes I and II oblong, nearly white, tips rounded, terminated by capillary erect awns about 4 in. long, III not half as long as I and II, broadly oblong, truncate and toothed at the tip, 5-veined, awn rather longer than the empty glumes. i
Uva district. Caltura (Thwaites), Adam’s Peak, Haputale, and Hak- gala (Trimen). Probably introduced. Infl. pale green or silvery.
All temp. and warm regions.
260 Gramineae. [ Sporobolus.
47. SPOROBOLUS, 27.
Perennial, rarely annual, glabrous grasses, erect or pro- strate and creeping; 1. narrow, flat or convolute; spikelets 1-fld., small or minute, in effuse or contracted panicles, articulate on their pedicels, rhachilla not produced beyond the palea; glumes 3, usually membranous, I-veined or vein- less, I and II empty, unequal, separately caducous, III not articulate at the base, ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, callus very short, glabrous, palea as long as the glume and of the same texture, broadly oblong, often dorsally narrowly inflexed along the median line, presenting a vein-like ridge ventrally, along which the palea splits into halves, veins 0 or very obscure, close together, one on each side of the ventral ridge; lodicules very minute or 0; stam. I-3, anth. short or long; styles 2, very short, free, stigmas short, hairs simple; grain oblong, obovoid or pyriform, free within the glume and palea, pericarp hyaline, loose; embryo large.—Sp. about 80; eA in Aas ga,
Glumes I and II shorter than ITI. Panicle very BoE, branches short.
Spikelets go-as in. long . I. S. DIANDER. Spikelets 34-45 in. long . : 2S. INDICUS: Panicle broad, branches very long 3. S. WALLICHII. Glume I as long as III ornearlyso . 4. S. VIRGINICUS. Glume I shorter than II and GASH nearly or quite as long as III. Panicle contracted. Glume I lanceolate, acuminate, I-veined 5. S. TREMULUS. Glume I veinless, obtuse : . 6. S. ORIENTALIS. Panicle effuse . ‘ : ‘ : . 7. S. COROMANDELIANUS.
1. S. diander, Beauv. Agrost. 25 (1812).
Thw. Enum. 370. Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 3771.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 247. Jacq. Eclog. Gram. t. 28.
Annual or perennial; stems tufted, 1-3 ft. high, slender, quite smooth, internodes long; 1. 6-12 in., very narrow, tips filiform, flat or convolute, quite smooth, veins strong, sheaths smooth, strongly ribbed, lower short, upper very long, auricles small, not bearded, ligule a ridge of minute hairs; panicle up to 10 in. long by 2 broad, erect, narrowly pyramidal, rhachis slender, quite smooth, branches alt., erecto-patent or spreading, capillary, lowest up to 3 in. long, naked at the base, bearing above very short racemules of very minute spikelets 4-74 in. long, on very short pedicels; glumes 3, I and II hyaline, tips erose, I very short, broadly oblong, veinless, II about half as
Sporobolus.| Graminee. 265
long as III, oval, 1-veined, III broadly ovate-oblong, sub- acute, I -veined, palea plicate i in the median line; stam. 2, anth. half as long as the palea; grain pyriformly obovoid, truncate, obtusely 4-gonous, umbonate by the loose pericarp, red- brown, rugulose.
Var. nanus, Hook. /.
Whole plant, 3-6 in. high, densely tufted, leafy at the base chiefly, stems very slender; |. subulate, sheaths Wey, short; panicle 1-2 in. , interruptedly spiciform, spikelets #5 in. long, ‘in minute clusters, erect.
Very common throughout the Island. Var. zaza, Jaffna (Trimen).
Trop. Asia and Australia.
Three stamens are said to occur in Indian specimens, and probably do in Ceylon, but I have found two only. Var. manus was referred to S. indicus by Dr. Trimen, but, though differing so nee in size and in the reduced panicle, I think the spikelets (hardly 3 ; in. long) are un- aoc? those of S. dander.
S. indicus, 27. Prod. 170 (1810). Thw. Enum. 370. Fl. Brit. Ind. 11.247. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t.60 (Vzlfa). Jacq. Ic. Rar. iii. t. 16 (Agrostis tenacissima).
Perennial; stems 2-3 ft. high, densely tufted, stout, some- times as thick as a small goose-quill, internodes long, base sometimes clothed with shining sheaths of old leaves; 1. very slender, 1-2 ft., wiry, flexuous, convolute, rarely flat, tips long, filiform, quite smooth, sheaths smooth, strongly ribbed, lower short, upper long, mouth hardly auricied, ligule a ridge of very minute hairs; panicles 12-18 in. long by 4-2 in. broad, often interrupted, rhachis slender, smooth, branches very short, densely crowded, erect, covered to the base with imbricating green spikelets ~,-75 in. long; glumes I and II hyaline, broadly obiong, veinless, I about one-fourth as long as III, half as long as [I, III broadly ovate, acute, 1-veined, palea plicate in the median line; stam. 3, anth. half as long as the palea; grain pyriformly obovoid, 4- gonous, truncate, um- bonate by the loose remains of the pericarp, red- brown, rugulose.
Very common throughout the Island.
All warm countries.
A much more robust plant than S. dander, with a very different infl. and larger spikelets; their grains are undistinguishable.
3. S. Wallichii, Munro ex Stapfin Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 248 (1896). Trimen in Journ. Bot. xxxvii. 171. EB, ind. lsc:
, Perennial (?); stem 3- A ft3 as thick as a goose-quill, or more slender, creeks. strict, sparingly leafy, internodes very long; |. 1-2 ft. by 4-4 in., flat or convolute and almost filiform,
26 2 Graminee. [ Sporobolus.
narrowed into capillary tips, coriaceous, quite smooth, base narrow, sheaths smooth, mouth truncate, angles hardly bearded,
ligule a ridge of minute hairs; panicle 1218 in. by 4—5) in
broad, most laxly effuse, erect or nodding, rhachis filiform,
smooth, branches capillary, erecto- PEten opp. alt. or fascicled, sparingly divided ; spikelets minute, ,—75 in., distant, solitary on very long capillary sparsely scaberulous pedicels, narrowly ovate; glumes hyaline, veins obscure or o, I about half as long as II, both ovate-oblong, obtuse, III nearly twice as long as II, ovate-oblong, subacute, palea as long but broader, acute or 2-dentate, not inflexed along the median line, veins 0; stam. 3, anth. linear-oblong, one fourth shorter than the palea, yellow; grain pyriform, subtruncate, capped by the remains of the loose pericarp, pale brown, rugulose.
Between Trincomalie and Kantalar (Ferguson).
Also in Behar and Pegu.
In some Indian specimens the grain is obcordate, being retuse at the broad upper end.
4. S. virginicus, Kunth, Revis. Gram. i. 67 (1835). Mudu ZEtora, S.
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 249. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 48 (Vélfa). Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. t. 23 (Agrostis).
Perennial; stems 6-12 in. long, erect from an elongate woody sheathed rootstock as thick as a crow-quill, that is usually buried in the sand, stout or slender, solitary or fascicled, naked below, copiously leafy above, lower internodes very short, stout, leafy, terminal long, slender, sheathed to near the panicle, sheaths of rootstock and bases of stems scarious; 1. distichous, close-set, erecto-patent, 2-5 in. long, coriaceous, convolute, hence terete, rarely flat, narrowed from the base to the very slender, often recurved tip, dorsally rounded, quite smooth, deeply striate on the upper surface, sheaths 4 to 4 in., equitant, auricles very short, bearded, ligule of short fine hairs; panicle 2-3 in., erect, contracted, almost. spiciform, pale green, branches very short, fascicled, appressed to the rhachis; spikelets very shortly pedicelled, 35 in. long; glumes subequal, all 1-veined, rather thick in texture, I and II rather shorter than ITI, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, I rather the shortest, III ovate, acute, palea plicate along the median. line; anth. half as long as the palea; grain obovoid.
Sane shores, not uncommon, but rarely flowering (Trimen). Palace Trincomalie, &c.
Mediterranean region, Africa, America, Australia.
“It is singular that there is no record of this grass having been found in India proper. Grain not seen in coe SEEMS, the ae of which seem to be imperfect. ; in
Sporobolus.) Graminee. 263
5. S. tremulus, Kunth, Revis. Gram. i. 67 (1835).
S. ortentalis, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108 (non Kunth).
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 250.
Perennial, glaucous, stoloniferous; stems 2-6 in. long, very rigid, forming matted patches on a woody knotted root- stock, or loosely tufted, or more slender and widely spreading from fibrous roots, stolons up to 18 in. long, filiform, distantly leafy, sending up short branches; 1. 4-14 in., distichous, subu- late, or acicular, crowded on the shorter branches, spreading and recurved, convolute, rarely flat, narrowed from the base to the acute tip, sheaths very short, equitant on the shorter branches, smooth, glabrous, auricles obtuse, ciliate, ligule of short fine hairs; panicle 1-2 in., very narrow, subspiciform, ped. very slender, smooth, branches very short, erect, densely panicled; spikelets ;4 in. long, shortly pedicelled, pale green or white; glumes I and II ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 1-veined, I about one third shorter than ITI, II as long as III, which is ovate, subacute, palea plicate along the median line; stam. 3, anth. 4 shorter than the palea; grain broadly oblong, laterally compressed, rounded at both ends, tipped by the globose remains of the pericarp, quite smooth, yellow- brown.
Near the sea; Northern, Central, and Southern Provinces, Kirinde, . Kalpitya, Jaffna, and Manar districts (Trimen).
Plains of India, Pegu, Tonkin, Cambodia.
6. S. orientalis, Kunth, Enum. P/. i. 211 (1833). S. humitfusus, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108 (non Kunth). EIB. Ind. vii. 251.
Very variable in habit, stoloniferous; stolons stout or slender, rooting at the nodes, and forming hard dense tufts with short convolute leaves, and slender geniculately ascending stems 4-8 in. high, or tall erect stems up to 18 in. high with very long flexuous convolute |. up to 14 in. long, root-fibres stout or slender, sometimes cylindric and tomentose with root- hairs; 1. on the short stems I-3 in. long, tapering from the base to the acute tip, on the tall stems, flat, } in. broad, or convolute, coriaceous, smooth, or margins scaberulous, sheaths short or long, mouth hardly auricled, ligule a delicate membrane, ciliate with long hairs; spikelets 74 in. long; glume I one- fourth to one-third of III, ovate, obtuse, hyaline, veinless; II and III firmer in texture, nearly equal in length, 1-veined, II ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, III ovate-oblong, obtuse, palea, inflexed along the median line; stam. 3, anth. linear, half as long as the palea ; grain broadly oblong, laterally compressed, tipped with the globose remains of the Berea, quite smooth, yellow-brown. ‘
264 Gramuineé. [Calamagrostis,
North Central and North-western Provinces. Kalpitiya, and Islands (Trimen). Sea-shore, Chilan (Ferguson).
Also in the Deccan.
The specimens are insufficient for a satisfactory description. The grain is like that of S. fremulus.
7. S. coromandelianus, Kunth, Revis. Gram. i. 681 (1835). Grim: Cat; CeylPlzos: FI. B. Ind. vil. 14.
Annual, densely tufted; stems 3-6 in., copiously leafy at the base, erect, spreading or ascending, lower internodes short; 1. 1-3 by $-g in., narrowed from the subcordate base to the finely acuminate tip, margins setosely or subspinulosely ciliate towards the base with deciduous hairs, lower sheaths short, terete or compressed, upper long, smooth, mouth hardly auricled, ligule a narrow membrane, fimbriate with rather long fine hairs; panicle 1-14 in. long, ovate or pyramidal, erect, rhachis filiform, smooth, branches capillary, in rather distant whorls of 3-6, horizontally spreading, naked at the base; sparingly shortly divided upwards, bearing short clusters of few, minute, red-brown, subsessile, caducous spikelets 5 in. long; glumes hyaline, I minute, orbicular, veins 0, II as long as III, ovate-oblong, subacute, III oblong, obtuse, palea as long as the glume, oblong, acute, splitting between the closely approximate veins; stam. 2, anth. very short; grain broadly oblong or oval, laterally compressed, rounded at both ends, quite smooth, loosely enclosed in the rather fleshy reticulate pericarp, pale yellow-brown.
Southern Province at Kirinde, and Jaffna district at Punakari (Trimen).
Plains of India, Affghanistan, N. and S. Africa.
Whole plant much larger, and panicle up to 6 in. long in Indian specimens; and glume I variable in shape, often I-veined.
48. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adazns.
Erect, usually perennial grasses; |. narrow; spikelets in contracted or effuse panicles, not articulate on their pedicels, 1-fld., rhachilla articulate at the base, not produced beyond gl. III; glumes 3, I and II empty, acute, keeled, equal or upper longer, III much shorter, hyaline, truncate, 3-veined, dorsally awned, paleate, callus bearded, palea much shorter than the glume, hyaline; stam. 3; styles short, free, stigmas plumose; grain narrowly oblong, free within the glume.— dy go (many no doubt synonyms); 12 in 77. B. Ind.
C. pilosula, Flook. f. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 263 (1896).
_ Agrostis pilosula, Trin. Agrost. ii. 372. A. Royleana, Trin. 1. c. 371: Thw. Enum. 370. A. zeylanica, Klein ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 83.' Dey- euxta Royleana, Trim, Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108. (?) Cal, Hookertana, Steud,
Avena. Graminec. 265
l.c. 192. Lachnagrostis Hookeri and L. Hookeriana, Nees ex Steud. l. c
173, 192. C. P. 2394. SPB: Ind). c.
A densely tufted grass, 1-3 ft. high, with fibrous roots; stems slender, quite smooth ; |. 4-10 in., very narrow, acumi- nate, glabrous, slightly scaberulous, sheaths smooth, ligule erect, oblong, scarious, variable in length; panicle 4-6 in. long, erect, effuse, ovate, lax-fld., rhachis and capillary spreading branches smooth or faintly scaberulous, lower branches whorled, upper opposite, Eee longer or shorter than the spikelets, capillary; spikelets #4, in. long; glumes I and II, subequal, ovate, acute, keeled, glabrous, midrib strong, veins o, III 4 shorter than II, tip truncate, erose, ciliate with long hairs, veins 4 and a very short median terminating in a geni- culate awn a little above the base, callus hairs short, awn about twice as long as the spikelet, palea half as long as its glume, oblong.
Central Province, alt. 6000-8000 ft. Spikelets green or purplish.
Himalaya and Nilgiri Hills.
In FI]. B. Ind. I have selected Azlosul/a as the earliest name which I could confidently accept for this plant. The Agrostis Royleana of Trinius (C. Royleana, Stezd.) was founded on a plant with a ‘ bearded continuation of the rhachilla, which would place it in Deyeuxia; and Cal. Hookeriana, Steud., is described as having the palea as long as its glume, which I have not found to be the case in any specimen of the Ceylon plant, or in any Indian species of the genus.
49. AVENA, J.
Annual or perennial grasses; |. flat; spikelets panicled, terete or laterally compressed, 2- or more-fld., not articulate on their pedicels, rhachilla articulate at the base; glumes dorsaily rounded, I and II empty, unequal, thin, persistent, awnless, flg. glumes all bisexual or the uppermost male or neuter, 5-9-veined, dorsally awned, awn geniculate, column twisted, palea 2-keeled; lodicules 2; stam. 3; ov. hairy at the tip, styles very short, stigmas penicillate with simple hairs ; grain fusiform, furrowed.—Sp. over 150 (including 77risetum); 13 in FZ. B. Ind.
A. aspera, Munro ex Thw. Enum. Pl. Ceyl. 372. Cr Py o16. F]. B. Ind. vii. 277 (aspera, proper).
Perennial; stems tufted on a short rootstock, 2-4 ft. high, slender, glabrous, except the sometimes puberulous nodes ;. 1, 6-10 by 7 72-6 in., flaccid, smooth or faintly scaberulous, base obtuse, sheaths slender, smooth, upper very long, ligule short, membranous, lacerate:;. panicle 4-8 in. long, inclined, con-:
266 Graminec. [Eriachne.
tracted, subsecund, quite smooth, branches rather distant, erect, solitary, filiform, few-fld.; spikelets $-% in. long, sub- erect, oblong, 4—5-fld., upper fl. often imperfect, green, pedicels Jong or short, capillary, callus short and rhachilla bearded ; glumes I and II unequal, glabrous, I lanceolate, acuminate, i—3-veined, II much longer, narrowly oblong, acute, 3-5- veined, aristulate, fig. glumes narrowly oblong, scaberulous, about 4 Lin. long, strongly many-veined, tip 2-fid, lobes subu- late, subaristulate, awn dorsal from about the middle of the glume, and as long to twice as long as the glume, rarely longer, column slightly twisted, palea narrow, keels shortly pectinately ciliate, tip 2-toothed; lodicules cuneately quadrate, truncate, retuse; grain free within the glume, linear-oblong, pubescent, top villous. |
Montane region. Nuwara Eliya, Horton Plains, &c. Spikelets pale Sarasa and Nilgiri Mts.
In seme Indian specimens the leaves are broader, with the sheaths hairy, the panicles up to 16 in. long, and the glumes smooth or pubescent. I have not seen ripe grain in the Ceylon specimens; it is sulcate in
Indian. 50. BRIACHNE, 357. :
Slender, erect, tufted, usually perennial grasses, roots fibrous; 1. very narrow, margins convolute; spikelets panicled, laterally compressed, 2-fld. (fl. both perfect), not articulate on the pedicels, rhachilla o; glumes 4, I and II empty, charta- ceous, lanceolate, many-veined, persistent, bases distant, III and IV equal and similar, narrowly lanceolate, coriaceous, villous, ending above (in the Ceylon species) in a long rigid awn, and below in a long villous acute callus, which is arti- culate at base of glume II, palea as long as glume, like it coriaceous and villous, margins strongly incurved ending in. two rigid diverging awns; lodicules very minute, oblong, truncate, emarginate; stam. 3, anth. minute, didymous; ov. narrow, styles short, bases distant, stigmas penicillate, of. simple hairs; grain linear, narrowed to the acute base, plano- convex with a keel on the flattened face, firmly enclosed in the thickened glume and palea.—Sp. 20; 2 in F/. B. Ind. &. triseta, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 237 (1854). Pini tuttiri, S.
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108. Aristida biflora, Moon, Cat. 9. MACS Cl zclinse
seylanica, Thw. Enum. 372, 444. C. P. 3247. _ FL. B. Ind. vii. 269.
Perennial ; stems erect, 14-2 ft. high, from a hard ao seek with long stout simple wiry flexuous roots, simple ori
Zenkeria.] Graminee. 267
branched at the very base, rigid, smooth, internodes long, nodes glabrous; |. shorter than the stem, erect, filiform, quite’ smooth, sheath of lower short, of upper long, terete, smooth, coriaceous, mouth not auricled, ligule very short with long hairs; panicle 2-4 in., erect, quite smooth, rhachis filiform, branches few, distant, subsecund, solitary or the lower 2-3-: nate, 1-2 in. long, bearing few long- or shortly pedicelled spikelets towards the tips only; spikelets erect, with the awns I in. long, narrow; glumes I and II lanceolate, with long acuminate membranous points, and broad membranous mar- gins, many-veined, upper longest, as long as the flg. glumes, rhachilla 0 except the glabrous stout elongation of the pedicel of the spikelet between the insertions of the empty glumes; III and IV quite equal and similar, or awn of III longest, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, about 4 in. long exclusive of the awns, narrowed at the tips into awns 4-4 in. long, margins involute, closely embracing the linear palea, which branches at the top into 2 rigid diverging awns half the length of the awn of the glume or more, margins of palea involute, closely embracing the long red-brown grain.
Colombo; in Cinnamon Gardens, abundant. Spikelets green or purplish.
Also in Tenasserim.
51. ZBENKRERIA, 7777.
Tall, glabrous, perennial grasses; stems tufted, bases clothed with the fibrous remains of old sheaths; |. long, narrow; spikelets small, in effuse panicles with capillary. branches, laterally compressed, 2-fld. (both fl. perfect), not articulate on the pedicels, rhachilla very short, bearded, not produced above the uppermost glume; glumes 4, rather unequal-sided, I and II subequal or upper longer, persistent, III and IV equal and similar, chartaceous, bearded with long hairs below the middle, terete, veins many, callus o, palea shorter than the glumes, oblong, truncate, keels ciliate with long hairs; lodicules ovate, denticulate; stam. 3, anth. linear; styles short, free at the base, stigmas short, penicillate, hairs simple; grain (immature) narrowly oblong, base acute.—Sp. the following.
Glumes obtuse or subacute . : : : . I. Z. OBTUSIFLORA. Glumes acute or acuminate . ; : . 2. Z, ELEGANS. 1. Z. obtusifiora, Benth. in ee Linn. Soc. xix. 93 (1881). Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108. Amphidonax obtusifiora, Thw. Enum. 370. C. P. 3470. (Fl. B. Ind: vii. 270.
268 Graminee. [Celachne.
Stems 3-4 ft. or more, as thick as a goose-quill below, terete, solid, smooth, striate, nodes small, naked, internodes’ long, sheathed; 1. 2 ft. by #-1 in., ensiform or narrowly ob- lanceolate, narrowed from far above the middle to the acuminate tip and below into a long, slender, stiff petiole, coriaceous, quite smooth on both surfaces, midrib vanishing: upwards, margins nearly smooth; sheath long, terete, smooth, polished, coriaceous, mouth not auricled, ligule a brush of short hairs; panicle 6-8 in. long and broad, quite smooth, erect, branches capillary, much and loosely divided, spread- ing; spikelets about ,'5 in. long and broad; glume I broadly obliquely ovate, mid-vein strong, lateral. 2-3, very short, faint, II one-third longer, ovate, acute, 6-veined, III and IV broadly: ovate-oblong, obtuse, 5—7-veined.
Western Province, at no great elevation. Ratnapura (Zwaz/es).
Endemic.
Thwaites’s specimens, gathered in 1855, are the only ones known, and. they do not show the lower part of the stem.
2. Z. elegans, 7rin. in Linnea, xi. 150 (1837).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108. Amphidonax Heynit, Nees; Thw. Enum. , Sys (Cs 125 ONG.
Ib 159 Ibavel, Wail, B76, - “Abate Ib ee ks
Stems 2-3 ft., densely tufted, very slender, as thick as a crow-quill at the base, and there clothed with soft, matted, brown fibres, internodes very long, upper filiform, sheathed, nodes naked; |. very variable, shorter or longer than the stem,. from narrowly linear with involute margins to } in. broad above the middle, flat, tapering above into an acuminate pungent tip, below into a long very slender stiff channelled petiole, coriaceous, quite smooth on both surfaces and on the - margins, midrib indistinct, upper sheaths very long, slender, smooth, mouth not auricled, ligule a very short brush of hairs; panicle 5-8 in. long, erect, quite smooth, ovate, lax-fld., rhachis. filiform, branches alt., capillary, up to 3 in. long; spikelets 4-§ in. long and broad, usually rather longer than their pedicels; glumes I and II ovate-lanceolate, acute or acu-— minate, midrib ending in a dorsal mucro, I 3-veined, II longest, 5-veined, III and IV lanceolate, acuminate, about 7-veined, ° villous with long hairs below the middle; grain narrowly: clavate, base acute. «;
_ Central and Southern Provinces, up to 4000 ft. elevation. Hantane, Reigam Korale, Wallekelle. .
Also in S. India and Burma.
52. CELACHNE, 27. 4 Very slender, flaccid, leafy, glabrous, marsh grasses; stem
Celachne.) Graminee. 269
erect, ascending, or creeping below; |. linear-lanceolate, flat or convolute and filiform; spikelets very small, in small panicles or interrupted spiciform racemes, 2-fld., not articulate on the pedicels, lower fl. perfect, upper fem., rachilla not articulate at the base, elongate and slender between the fig. glumes, not produced beyond the upper; glumes 4, I and II membranous, orbicular or broadly oblong, empty, persistent, faintly veined, II largest, III and IV fig., persistent on the rhachilla, thinly coriaceous, veins faint or o, III cymbiform, dorsally rounded, margins strongly incurved, palea of the same texture, ovate, keel or veins 0 or very obscure, margins strongly incurved below, IV much smaller, flat or concave, keels of palea hispidly ciliate; lodicules 2, very minute; stam. 2 or 3, styles short, free, stigmas densely penicillate; grains fusiform or oblong, nearly terete, free within the glumes.— Sp. 2 or 3; regarded as vars. of one in FZ. B. [nd.
A very anomalous genus, perhaps allied to /sachne, to which a species was referred by Wight, but differing in the very persistent empty glumes, in the elongated rhachilla between the flg. glumes, and in the lower flower alone being always perfect. The species are very variable. After a re-examination of the Ceylon specimens of C. pulchella and perpusilla
in the Peradeniya Herbarium, I find I was wrong in regarding these as varieties of one.
Spikelets in interrupted spiciform panicles : tee PUGH Pp EAT Spikelets in open panicles. : : d : 0 24. G. PERPUSIEEA
1. ©. pulchella, 2r. Prodr. 187 (1810).
Var. simpliciuscula, 7/7. B. /nd. vii. 271 (1896). C. szmple- ciuscula, Munro in Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 626 (in note). C. pulchella, Thw. Enum. 273. C. brachiata, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108. J/sachne simpliciuscula, Wight and Arn. in Wight, Cat. n. 2044. C. P. $34.
Stems 8-12 in., erect; 1.4-1 by }-1 in, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, closely striate, above most minutely scaberu- lous, veinless, beneath glabrous, 5—7-veined, margins smooth, sheath glabrous, mouth not auricled, ligule a fringe of fine hairs; panicle 2-4 in., strict, erect, spiciform, 2—4 in. long, of subglobose clusters of sessile spikelets 4 in. long or less, rarely the clusters are formed on very short lateral branchlets, rhachis of spike rather stout, quite smooth; spikelets globosely ovoid, about ;; in. long, rarely very shortly pedicelled, straw- col’d., shining, rhachilla about half as long as the lower flg. glume; empty glumes about half as long as the lower fig. glume, orbicular, tips rounded, lower very membranous, upper less so, veins 3 or more, lower flg. glume shortly stipitate, globosely ovoid, obtuse, sometimes puberulous towards the
270 Gramineae. [Oropetium.
base, callus naked, palea ovate, margins incurved, keels 0 or very obscure, glabrous; anth. minute, shortly oblong, upper fl. glume oval, flat, glabrous or pubescent and ciliate, palea as large as the glume, keels strongly ciliate; grain of both fig. glumes very minute, fusiform, acute at both ends, pale yellow- brown.
Marshes in the Central Province, alt. 5000-8000 ft. Spikelets yellow- green.
Java, Tonkin, China, Madagascar.
The type (Australian) form of this plant is smaller, with very slender decumbent stems, an almost capillary sparingly branched panicle, and long-pedicelled spikelets, quite like those of the Ceylon variety.
2. ©. perpusilla, 7iw. Enum. 373 (1864).
C. pulchella, vars. gracillima and Gardner2, F\. B. Ind. vil. 271. C. P. 130 (in part).
Stems 6-18 in., erect, densely tufted; 1. 4-1 by 75-3 in., narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, closely striate, glabrous or puberulous above, veins o or obscure, sheaths. membranous, hardly auricled, ligule a fringe of fine hairs; panicle ovate, branches few, filiform, smooth, spreading, bear- ing few sessile and pedicelled spikelets; spikelets ~)—-7 in. long, ovate, coloured; empty glumes orbicular-ovate, I 1—5-veined, II 1-9-veined, III and IV ovate-lanceolate, III glabrous or puberulous, callus naked or bearded, palea oblong,, faintly 2-veined, anth. half as long as the glume, linear, 1V concave, dorsally rounded, margins ciliate below, callus. densely bearded, palea linear, keels ciliate; grain oblong, dark red-brown, much larger than in C. pulchella.
Var. muscosa, Hook. f, C. pulchella, var. perpusilla, F1. B. Ind. vil. 271. JLsachne perpusilla, Wight and Arn. in Wight, Cat. n. 2043. C. P. 130 (in part).
Stems 3-4 in., densely compacted; 1. 4-3 in., filiform, con- volute, mostly recurved; panicle depauperate, rhachis and branches capillary, flexuous; spikelets very few, sessile or pedicelled, coloured.
Marshes, alt. 5000-7000 ft. Var. muscosa, foot of Adam’s Peak (Gardner), Havamitrya Patana (Trimen). Spikelets pale green or purplish.
The name Zerpusilla was adopted by Thwaites from Wight, who: applied it to the dwarf state of the plant (var. mwscosa), which he referred to /sachne. It is unfortunately misapplied to what is really, in its typical state, much the largest species of the genus, attaining 18 inches in height.
53. OROPETIUM, 7727. A dwarf, very densely tufted, erect annual; 1. short, fili- form; spikelets very minute, 1-fld., semi-immersed in the
Oropetium.] Graminee. 278
alternating cavities of the rhachis of an inarticulate tetragonal spike, sessile, not articulate on the rhachis, rhachilla articulate at the base, not produced beyond the fig. glume; glumes 3, I very minute, orbicular, hyaline, inserted at the base of the cavity of the spike, its sides partly embracing the base of II, which is much longer than the fig. glume, erect, herbaceous, linear, persistent (having the insertion and appearance of the lowest or outermost glume); fig. glume concealed by glume II, which closes the cavity in which the flg. glume is immersed, sessile, oval, hyaline, 1-veined, tip scaberulous, callus very short, bearded with long silky hairs, palea as long as the glume, keels close together, slender, smooth; lodicules very minute, obliquely cuneiform; stam. 3, anth. oblong; styles short, bases distant, stigmas plumose, laterally exserted ; grain obovoid, terete, smooth, brown, free in the glume, tip bimucronate, embryo subbasal, small.Monotypic.
The relative insertions and positions of glumes I and II are as explained under Lepfurus, but in Oropetium the sides of I embrace the sides of the base of II. I follow Dr. Stapf (in FI. Capens.) in referring the genus to Chloridee rather than to Hordeacee, where all other authors have placed it.
QO. Thomeum,* 771m. Fund. Agrost.98 (1820).
5 Thw. Enum. 363. ottboellia Thom@ea, Koen.; Moon, Cat.9. C. P. yh
: Hie Beinds vii.'366: Trin. Jc: t. 3.. Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. t. 133 (Rott
boellia).
Whole plant 2-3 in. high, forming hard tufts with capillary root-fibres; 1. shorter or longer than the stem, erect or curved, filiform, acute, coriaceous, striate, sparsely ciliate with long hairs, sheath compressed, membranous, auricles small, bearded with long hairs, ligule an erect rather long lacerate mem- brane; spikes longer or shorter than the 1, 1-14 in. long, erect, straight or slightly curved, about 4, in. diam., internodes about ,/5 in. long; glume II longer than the internode, linear, obtuse, recurved.
Northern, N. Central, and Uva Provinces. Mannar, Anuradhapura, Bintenna tank (Gardner). On old walls (Ferguson).
Plains of India, Burma.
Moon gives Colombo as a habitat for this plant, as to which Ferguson remarks, ‘I think he must have confounded it with Stenxofaphrum or some other plant.’
* The name derived from that of the town, St. Thomé (St. Thomas Mount), near Madras, where the plant was first found.
27D Graminee. [ Tripogon.
54. BENTEROPOGON, JVees.
saralll, perennial grasses ; stem slender, erect, leafy; spikelets o-fid., narrow, biseriate, secund, imbricate on a solitary, very long, slender, curved rhachis, not articulate at the base, rhachilla elongate between the flg. glumes, and produced beyond them, bearing a very imperfect awned neuter glume; glumes I and II narrow, membranous, hyaline, persistent, 1-veined, I much the shortest, II notched at the awned tip, III and IV fig., chartaceous, narrowly lanceolate, bicuspidate, 3-veined, awned below the tip, awn capillary, straight, callus bearded, articulate at the base, III bisexual or fem., IV male; palea narrow, bicuspidate; lodicules 2; anth. long, narrow; styles short, diverging from the base, stigmas short, laterally exserted; grain narrow, free within the glume and palea.— SO: 3B Ole AS Ah ay A Ve, JE IGL
E. melicoides, /Vees zn Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. Ed. ii. 449 (1836).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. Ctenzum seychellense, Baker, F1. Maurit. 452. Fl. B. Ind. vi. 284.
Stems 1-3 ft., erect, tufted on a short woody rootstock with stout root-fibres, as thick as a crow-quill, subsimple, smooth, shining, internodes long; 1. nearly as long as the stem, ¢—+ in. broad, flat, narrowed into capillary tips, scaberulous on both surfaces and on the margins, midrib rather broad, pale, veins 4, very slender, sheaths long, ribbed, smooth, mouth auricled, auricles and ligule villous with very long hairs; spike 6-10 by % in. broad across the spikelets, rhachis quite smooth, dorsally rounded; spikelets about 4in. long, erecto-patent; glumes I and II lanceolate, keels smooth, I aristulate, II twice as long, linear, awn short, III and IV equal and similar, very narrow, about 4 in. long, strict, rigid, scaberulous all over, veins strong, awn 7-5 in., palea as long as the glume, keels and back most minutely scaberulous; grain not seen.
Southern Province. Kirinde (Trimen). Southern India and Burma, Seychelle Islds.
55. TRIPOGON, foth.
Densely tufted grasses, stem erect, leafy chiefly at the base; |. very narrow, rigid, flat or convolute, spikelets few or many-fld. biseriate, secund, sessile on a slender, solitary, terminal rhachis, not articulate at the base, rhachilla pro- duced between all the glumes, but not beyond them, slender, articulate at the base; glumes few or many, I and II unequal,
Cynodon.| Gramined. 2713
membranous, I-veined, I deeply lobed on one side only, II longer, notched at the tip with a short awn in the sinus, fig. glumes 5-8, all but the uppermost perfect, terete, 3-cleft, 3-veined, side lobes awned, mid lobe entire or 2-cleft, awned in the sinus, awns all straight, callus short, bearded, palea narrow, complicate, truncate, keels ciliate; lodicules cuneate; stam. 3, anth. large, linear-oblong ; styles distant at the base,
stigmas short, plumose; grain narrow, free in the glumes.— Sewizs 10 in 7.5. Jad.
T. bromoides, oth, Nov. Sf. 49 (1821).
T. zeylanicus, Nees ex Wight Cat. n. 2360; Thw. Enum. 374. T. festucotdes, Jaub. and Sp. Ill. Fl, Orient. iv. 49. C. P. 281.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 287. Jaub. and $p. lc. t. 333.
Perennial; stem 6-12 in., very slender, erect, naked above, thickened at the base, and with the bases of the 1. clothed with matted brown fibres; 1. very many, much shorter than the stem, erect, filiform, finely acuminate, quite smooth, glabrous or hairy, sheaths very short, mouth not auricled, ligule a narrow ridge, ciliate with long hairs; spikes 3-5 in. long by 4-4 in. across the spikelets, erect, rhachis slender, smooth; spikelets 3%, in. long, distichously spreading, sub- imbricate or the lower distant, few- or many-fid., rhachilla elabrous; glume I cuspidate, narrow on one side of the mid- vein, very broad on the other side below the middle, and totally wanting above it (appearing as if the upper half of that side of the glumes was torn away), II oblong-lanceolate, tip entire or acutely bifid, with a short awn in the sinus, fig. glumes narrowly oblong, 4-fid, 3-awned, or 3-lobed, with the lateral lobes a little divergent truncate and awned, the mid lobe acutely bifid, with erect lobules and an interposed longer awn, awns all shorter than the glumes, callus villous with white hairs, keels of narrow palea silkily ciliate.
Elevated parts of the Central Province. Spikes greenish-brown.
Malabar Ghats.
A very variable plant in the Nilgiri and other hills, where the leaves are often as long as the stem, the flg. glumes more deeply cleft, and the
awns sometimes as long as the glumes. The above description is from Ceylon specimens only.
56. CYNODON, ers. Perennial, glabrous, creeping grasses; |. narrow, flat; spikelets minute, 1-fld., sessile, unilateral, biseriate, and im-
bricate, in slender, strict, digitate spikes, not articulate at
the base, laterally compressed; glumes 3, awnless, I and II PART V. T
274 Gramunee. [Chloris.
empty, ovate, stoutly i-veined, persistent, or separately deciduous, III articulate at the base by a minute glabrous callus, 4-ovate, laterally compressed, subacute, smooth, veins 3, a median and two marginal, keel obtuse and tip scabrid or ciliate, margins incurved, ciliate above, palea nearly as long as the glume, linear-oblong, obtuse, keels 2, approximate, nearly smooth; lodicules 2, very minute; anth. short; styles short, bases close together, stigmas laterally exserted, short, plumose; grain free in the glume, fusiform.—Sp. 4; 1 in Hs. AHO. C. Dactylon, Pers. Syn. i. 85 (1805). Arugam-pillu, 7.
Thw. Enum. 371. C. P. 312 Fl. B. Ind. vii. 288. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 26. Rheede, Hort. Mal.
Bah ALY
Stem slender, prostrate, widely creeping, forming matted tufts, with slender Sree oe ascending flowering branches 3-12 in. high; |. 1-3 by =5-4 in., narrowly linear or lanceolate, acuminate, soft, smooth, sheath of lower short, of upper long, ligule of a few hairs; spikes 2-5, radiating fom the top of a very slender ped., 14-2 in. long, rhachis compressed and angled, scaberulous; spikelets 7-7; in. long and as broad.
Warmer parts of the Island, common. Spikes pale green.
All warm countries.
Widely known as Bermuda and Doob grass. A most useful tropical fodder, makes excellent hay, and sometimes a near approach to a
sward. 57. CHLORIS, Sw.
Annual or perennial grasses; stems erect or decumbent below; 1. flat or sides complicate; spikelets 1-fld., sessile or subsessile, secund, biseriate, imbricate in slender whorled digitate spikes, not articulate at the base, rhachilla produced much beyond the solitary fle. glume, terminated by one or more very small, imperfect, epaleate neuter glumes; glumes 3, I and II empty, membranous, I-veined, persistent, III fig. broad or narrow, awned, concave, 3-veined, lateral veins near the margins, callus short, bearded, articulate at the base, palea narrow, 2-veined; lodicules 2, minute; stam. 3, anth. small; styles free, stigmas laterally exserted; grain linear- oblong, concavo-convex.—Sp. about 40; 11 in #7. 5. Jnd.
Spikes 4-9 in. . : ; : ; : ; . I. C. INCOMPLETA. Spikes I-3 in. : Spikelets 3-awned . : ‘: ; é : 22. Ca RARBAmAY
Spikelets 4-awned . : é ; : 4 - 3. C. MONTANA.
Chloris. | Gramineée. 275
1. ©. incompleta, Roth, Nov. Sp. 60 (1821).
C. digitata, Steud. Syn. Gram. p. 207. Thw. Enum. 371. C. P. 939.
F]. B. Ind. vii. 290. Duthie, Fodd. Grass. N. India, t.65 (C. Roxburghiz).
Perennial; stem 2-3 ft., erect from a short rootstock, ‘slender or rather stout, sirocth, ending in a very long, slender, naked ped.; ]. 6-12 by 4-4 in, narrowed into very long points, flat, nearly or quite oe above, beneath and margins scaberulous, base contracted, sheaths long, smooth, lower open, mouth auricled, ligule 0, or of a few hairs; spikes 4-6, whorled, 4-9 in. long 2) ey slender, flexuous, rhachis filiform, scabrid; spikelets about 4 4 in. long , imbricating, eVect; closely appressed, rhachilla capillary, as long as the fig. clume or longer, scaberulous, slightly swoilen about the middle; glumes I and II very unequal, midrib very stout, keels smooth, I very small, ovate, acuminate, II as long as III, lanceolate, acumi- nate, narrowed into a short, erect awn, III oblong, smooth, 3-veined, tip acute or 2- toothed, awned, awn 4—4 in. ; capillary, palea as long as the glume, acuminate, keels eee smooth ; grain nearly as long as the glume, linear- oblong, compressed, concavo-convex, ease nega
Hot drier parts of the Island. Spikelets green or coloured. Plains of India, Burma, Andaman Islds., China.
2. ©. barbata, Sw. F/. Ind. Occ. 1.200(1797). Mayura tana, S.
Thw. Enum. 371. Moon, Cat. 72. C. P. 954.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 292. Jacq. Eclog. Gram. t.8. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 306. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xu. t. 51.
Perennial; stems tufted, with strong root-fibres, rather stout, 2-3 ft., ascending from a geniculate base, branching upwards, leafy, quite smooth, lower internodes 2-3 in., as thick as a crow-quill, shining, upper very long, slender, nodes often bearing equitant tufts of 1.; 1. 6-18 in., flat or complicate, narrowly linear, finely acuminate, nearly smooth, base con- tracted, sheaths smooth, lower open, upper closed, ligule obscure; spikes about 12, sessile, crowded in a truncate fascicle, rhachis very slender, flexuous, minutely scaberulous, base tomentose; spikelets densely imbricate, about 75 in. long exclusive of the awns, rhachilla rather stout, shorter “a the fle. glume, bearing two small, turgid, obcordate, awned, im- perfect glumes; giumes I and II unequal, acuminate, III +; in. long, nearly orbicular, margins above the middle hirsutely bearded, as is a small dorsal area on each side of the midrib, awn 4-4 in., rufous.
Common, especially near the sea, in the hotter parts of the Island. Spikes rufous.
All tropical countries.
A very variable grass. Continental Indian specimens have often
276 Graminee. [Eleusine.
much larger spikelets. Ferguson describes it as being remarkable for its long-awned spikes, which come out in tufts of 12-20, and move with the least wind.
3. ©. montana, fox. Hort. Beng. 82 (1814), Fl. Ind. i. 329.
C. decora, Thw. Enum. 371 (excl. syn. C. davbata). C. P. 958.
Var. decora, Trim. Cat. 109.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 292.
Annual (?); stems 6-18 in., densely tufted, with slender root- fibres, erect or ascending from a geniculate base, leafy below, simple or branching upwards, lower internodes short, upper long, slender, naked or sheathed up to the spikes; 1. 3-6 in., lower short, complicate, keeled, upper longer, very narrow, flat, smooth, lower sheaths short, open, upper closed, or upper- most spathiform, mouth sometimes ciliate, ligule obscure ;. spikes 2-6, connate at the base, erect, 1-24 in. long, rhachis very slender, scaberulous and pilose, tomentose below, rhachilla very slender, shorter than the flg. glume, bearing 3 small obcordate turgid long-awned imperfect glumes; glume I ovate, acuminate, II much longer, linear-oblong, tip: 2-lobed, shortly awned, III 7> in. long, ovate-oblong tip minutely 2-toothed, margins hirsutely ciliate, dorsally quite glabrous, awn }-4 in., pale.
Var. glauca, Hook. /.
Stems 4-6 in., sheathed up to the spikes; 1. all very short, complicate, keeled, keel sometimes winged, glaucous; spikes 2-1 in.
Hot drier parts of the Island,common. Var. glauca, Jaffna, abundant. (Trimen). Spikelets pale straw-coloured.
India from the Gangetic Plain southwards.
A very variable grass in India.
58. ELEUSINE, Gaerin.
Annual or perennial grasses; |. various; spikelets small, 3-10-fld., sessile, inarticulate at the base, 2—8-seriate, secund and closely imbricate on the under surface of alt., digitate, or whorled, rarely capitate spikes, strongly laterally compressed, rhachilla not or very shortly produced between the glumes, but not beyond them; glumes 5-12, keel muticous, cuspidate or shortly awned, I and II shorter than the flg., empty, per- sistent, I 1-veined, II 1-7-veined, flg. glumes gibbously ovate,. acute, obtuse or shortly awned, tip entire or 2-toothed,. 3-veined, callus 0, palea complicate, keels scabrid or ciliate; lodicules 2, very minute; anth. short; styles short, free, stigmas slender, laterally exserted; grain small, pericarp loose or
evanescent, seed rugose.—Sp. few; 4 in FZ. B. Lund.
Eleusine.) Graminee. 277
Spikelets pointing forwards, at an acute angle with the rhachis of the
spike. Spikes 1-5 in. long, whorled or racemose. Glumes I and II with entire tips . : ji.) INDICA: Gismes: I and II with notched tips. : ez VERTICILEATA. Spikes }1+ in., capitate. . 3. E. BREVIFOLIA. Spikelets erect, at right angles to the rhachis of the spike ; : F : : ; . 4. E. ZGYPTIACA.
1. E. indica, Gaertn. Fruct.i. 8 Oe) Wal-mal-kunakan, 5S.
Thw. Enum. 371. Moon, Cat.9. C. P. 937. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 293. Burm. FI. Zeyl. t. 47, f.1. Rheede, Hort. Mal.
xii. t. 69.
Annual; stems 1-2 ft., tufted, short, erect, slightly com- Eoessec)) gielosolls roots of strong fibres; |. bifarious, as long as the stem, 3-} in. broad, narrowly linear, flat, rather flaccid, glabrous or sparsely hairy, margins nearly smooth, base not contracted, sheath compressed, “mouth not auricled, ligule a ridge of hairs; spikes 2-7, digitate with sometimes I or 2 detached, 2-5 in. long, suberect or slightly recurved, axils glandular and hairy, rhachis slender, dorsally flattened, smooth, margins minutely scaberulous, bearing 2- or more -seriate spikelets from base to tip; spikelets very variable in size, ~,-% in., 3-5-fld., sessile, pointing forward; glumes rather membranous, I oblong-ovate, acute, keel scabrid, II twice as large, acute or mucronate, keeled, with I-7 green median veins, keel quite smooth, fle. glumes ovate, obtuse acute or acuminate, keel hardly scaberulous upwards, lateral veins very slender, keels of palea faintly scabrid; grain oblong, obtusely trigonous, pericarp loose, hyaline, seed tubercled in waved concentric ridges.
Common, especially on road-sides. Spikes pale green.
Tropics of Old World; introduced into the New.
The £. coracana, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 8, t.1; Trim. Cat. 109, the Sinhalese * Kurrakan, whence the name coracana, is a very stout prolific form of this, with the spikelets crowded in many series, and a globose rugose seed. It is extensively cultivated for its grain in Ceylon (as in all parts of India), up to 2500 ft., and is known as Marua in Bengal, Kaivarii or Kelvaragu in Tamil, and ‘ Raggi’ in Madras.
Ferguson describes it as the most prolific of cultivated grasses. One variety, Z. stricta, Roxb., giving the increase of 120-fold; another 500- fold; whilst on two tufts, the produce of one seed, 56 stems grew; no less than 8100-fold of grain was carefully calculated to have been the produce of this plant. Two varieties are cultivated by the Sinhalese.
2. E. verticillata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 8, Fl. Ind. i. 346 (1832). £. racemosa, Heyne in Roth, Nov. Sp. 80. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 295 (not then known from Ceylon). Duthie, Fodd.
Grass. N. Ind. t. 70. Annual, glabrous; stems 1-3 ft., tufted, erect, slender,
278 Graminee. [Zleusine...
quite smooth, branching, leafy, branches erect, root-fibres. wiry; ]. much shorter than the stem, erect, linear-lanceolate,,. acuminate, up to 4} in. broad, flat, thin, flaccid, surfaces and margins nearly quite smooth, base rounded, sheaths mostly shorter than the internodes, slender, smooth, auricles at mouth small, ligule a ridge of short hairs; spikes few,, 1-24 in., scattered towards the top of a slender peduncle,, solitary, opposite or terminal and digitate, rhachis very slender, trigonous, angles minutely scaberulous, bearing 2 rows of sessile, imbricating spikelets from base to tip; spike- lets ovate or oblong, §-4 in. long, pale green, 6—12-fld.; glumes membranous, spreading, I and II 1-veined, keels smooth, tips toothed, I oblong-ovate, cuspidate, II larger, ovate, awn half as long as the glume, flg. glumes sessile on a very short glabrous rhachilla, ovate-oblong, }-% in. long, tip entire or notched, veins slender, median ending in a short. straight awn, palea shorter than the glume, keels faintly scabrid ; grain very small, oblong, pericarp evanescent, seed! rugose.
Uva Province; Ella Pass (Trimen). Spikes green.
Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.
A common plant in the plains of India. It is remarkable that but one habitat for it should have hitherto been found in Ceylon.
. 3. B. brevifolia, 47. 27 Wall. Cat. n. 3815 (1828).
Eragrostis brevifolia, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. xiv. 51 in nota. Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. Dactylis brevifolia, Koen.; Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 341. GEN 3250:
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 295 (not given from Ceylon). Trin. Fund. Agrost. t. 12: (£luropus levis).
Annual, glabrous; stems many, spreading from the root and ascending from a decumbent base, 3-7 in. high, simple and slender, or sometimes more robust and proliferously branched, leafy, internodes except the terminal short, root- fibres capillary; 1. short, $—-2 in., rarely longer, $-j in. broad, linear, acute, flat, smooth or scaberulous, base rounded or subcordate; sheaths compressed, mouth hardly auricled,. ligule a short, hyaline, ciliate membrane; spikes many, ¢-4 in. long, sessile in a dense globose head 4-3 in. diam., rarely reduced to two; spikelets 2-seriate, sessile, }-¢ in. long, ovate or oblong, 4-10-fld.; glumes I and II mem- branous, glabrous, ovate-oblong, acuminate, shortly awned,. I 1-veined, keel scabrid, II larger, 3-7-veined, keel smooth, fig. glumes ovate, acute, cuspidate, veins densely villously bearded below the middle, palea oblong, truncate, villously ciliate; seed very small, from broadly oblong or nearly orbicular to ovate or ovate-cordate, concavo-convex, trans-
Eleusine.] Graminee. 279
versely rugose, red-brown, pericarp hyaline, more or less persistent.
Northern Province (Moon); near Mantai (Trimen). Southern Pro- vinee; near Bundala, and Tissa-maha-rama Tank (Trimen). Spikes green. ;
Sandy shores of Coromandel and the Carnatic.
A single specimen in Herb. Peraden., collected by Moon, bears the number C. P. 3250, which is omitted in the ‘Index of C. P. numbers’ appended to Thwaites’s Enumeratio, as it is in the body of the work. It has been referred to seven genera, and received fifteen names. It resembles, in inflorescence, /uropus villosus.
4. B. egyptiaca, Desf. F/. Atlant. i. 85 (1798).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. Dactyloctentum egyptiacum, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1029; Thw. Enum. 371. C. P. 941.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 295. Duthie, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. t. 35. Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 69.
Annual, very variable in habit; stems many, spreading from the crown, decumbent and rooting below, then ascend- ing and either slender, subsimple, and 12-18 in. high, or very short, stout, copiously di-, trichotomously branched, the branches often prostrate, short, divaricate, leafy, roots capillary ; |. in tall stems 4—6 in., narrowly linear, acuminate, flaccid, flat, smooth, in short robust specimens 4-1 in,, subulate-lanceolate, rigid, glabrous or ciliate towards the rounded, subcordate, or simple base, margins nearly smooth, sheaths compressed, long in slender states, very short and often inflated in short-leaved states, upper sometimes spathi- form, ligule obscure; ped. long and slender to very short and stout, sometimes shorter than the upper 1.; spikes 2-5, digitately radiating from the top of the ped., under 4-1 in. long, 4-4 in. diam. across the spikelets, rhachis narrow, trigonous or dorsally flattened, rigid, smooth or puberulous, sometimes excurrent in a pungent mucro; spikelets innumer- able, 3—4-fld., many-seriate, ;'9-s in. long and broad, densely crowded at right angles to the rhachis, 3—4-fld., very strongly compressed, rigid, base bearded, rhachilla hardly any; glumes divaricate, I and II i1-veined, I oblong, cymbiform, acute or obtuse, II broadly oblong, turgidly cymbiform, deeply 2-lobed, awned between the lobes, awn as long as the glume or shorter, rigid, fle. glumes gibbously ovoid, tip notched with a pungent often recurved mucro, keel smooth or minutely scabrid, side -veins 0, palea shorter than the glume, ovate- oblong, obtuse or 2-toothed, keels scabrid or hispidulous ; anth. minute ; styles short ; seed orbicular, tubercled, retain- ing the hyaline pericarp when ripe.
Common in the warmer parts of the Island. Spikes green or coloured.
280 Graminee. [Dichetaria.
Warm regions of the Old World; introduced into the New. A very common weed, varying greatly with the nature of the soil.
59. *DINEBRA, /acg.
An annual leafy grass; 1. flat; spikelets 2-3-fld., biseriate secund and imbricating in short spikes which are biseriate and articulate on the spiciform branches of a pyramidal racemiform panicle, strongly laterally compressed, rhachilla slender, articulate at the base and between the fig. glumes ; glumes 4-5, uppermost often neuter, I and II subequal, lanceolate, narrowed into slender awns, hyaline, keeled, empty, persistent, flg. glumes much smaller than the empty, membranous, ovate-oval, obtuse, keeled, mid-vein slender, lateral veins very short, near the margins or 0, keel ciliate with very fine hairs, callus 0, palea shorter than the glume, linear-oblong, obtuse, keels delicately ciliolate; lodicules 2, minute; stam. 3, anth. minute, didymous; styles free, short, stigmas exserted at the top of the glume, shortly penicillate; grain narrowly ovoid, obscurely trigonous.—Monotypic.
*D. arabica, /Jacg. lragm. 77 (1809).
Trim. Cat. 109. leusine calycina, Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 346. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 296. Beauv. Agrost. t. 16.
Stems 1-3 ft., tufted, stout or slender, erect or geniculately ascending, leafy throughout, nodes glabrous; 1. 3-8 by 4—{in., linear, finely acuminate, flaccid, glabrous or sparsely hairy above, base rounded, contracted at the insertion, sheaths thin, loose, mouth not auricled, ligule a narrow lacerate membrane; panicle 4-12 in. long, erect, branches }—24 in. long, alt. or whorled, slender, strict, spreading or deflexed; spikes of spikelets very many, 3-3 in. long, rhachis dorsally flattened, ventrally trigonous, with an acute central ridge, which is hollowed opposite each spikelet, margins green, scaberulous ; spikelets alternate, sessile, g-¥ in. long, with the awns closely appressed to the rhachis, ine somewhat sunk in its hollow ; awns of the empty glumes slightly recurved, minutely scaberulous, flg. glumes 75 in. long, white; grain pale yellow-brown, surface rather rough, embryo narrowly oblong.
Near Colombo, common, but introduced (Ferguson). Panicle pale green.
All India, Afghanistan, and westward to Senegal.
This common Indian plant is sure to spread widely in Seyler It may be an overlooked native.
60. DICHZETARIA, Séeud. A tall, glabrous, slender, perennial grass; 1. long, narrow,
Leptochloa.) Graminee. 281
flat; spikelets 1-fld., distantly scattered along the very long filiform rhachis and short branches of a contracted panicle, very narrow, terete, not articulate on the short pedicels, thachilla filiform, produced much beyond the fig. glume as a filiform awn bearing a minute glume below the middle; glumes 3, I and II equal or unequal, lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined, empty, separately deciduous, II subaristate, fig. glume much longer than the empty, very narrow, 3-veined, bifid with a long recurved awn in the sinus, callus elongate, bearded, palea as long as the glume, very narrow, finely acuminate, 2-veined, tip quite entire or minutely 2-toothed, veins approximate; lodicules cuneiform, fleshy; anth. very long, slender; styles short, meeting at the base, stigmas long, laterally exserted, penicillate with short simple hairs; grain very narrow.—Monotypic.
D. Wightii, Wees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 145 (1854).
Gymnopogon rigidus, Thw. Enum. 372, 444. C. P. 914.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 300.
Stems 2-3 ft., erect from a hard creeping rootstock, smooth ; 1. chiefly radical, as long as the stem, {—} in. broad, smooth, finely acuminate, base narrowed, margins scaberulous, midrib faint, upper sheaths very long, auricles pubescent, ligule a minute membrane; panicle 12-18 in. long, quite glabrous, spiciform in the upper part, rhachis rather stout, terete, branches few, distant, erect, with few, sessile, erect spikelets, lower 2-4 in. long; spikelets with the rigid recurved awns 14-14 in. long, green; glumes all rigid, I and II contracted at the base, quite smooth except the scaberulous keel of I, which is usually much the shortest, fig. glume about 4 in. long, minutely scaberulous, veins strong, lateral ending in the teeth of the glume, awn scaberulous below, rigid, palea as long as the glume, quite smooth except the very minutely scabrid strong veins.
Dry region, in the Southern and Western Provinces. Spikelets green. Southern India.
61. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv.
Tall, usually very slender, annual grasses; |. flat or involute; spikes very small or minute, 1-8-fid., alternate, secund in two series on the spiciform very slender branches of a simple panicle, sessile or pedicelled, not articulate at the base, thachilla produced between the fig. glumes but not beyond
282 Gramineae. [Leptochloa.
the upper, articulate at the base; glumes membranous, I and II oblong or lanceolate, 1-veined, keeled, II longest, fig. glumes 1-6, all perfect or upper neuter, ovate, subacute or obtuse, 3-veined, not awned, veins often ciliate, lateral sub- marginal, palea nearly as long as the glume, 2-keeled; lodicules 2, cuneate; stam. 2-3; styles free to the base, stigmas short, plumose, laterally exserted; grain loose or cohering with the palea, oblong-fusiform, compressed or trigonous, pericarp loose or adnate to the seed.—Sp. uncer- tain; 5 in FZ, B. Ind.
Spikelets 1-fld.
Empty glumes linear-lanceolate . ; : 2 ie enUINTEORAG
Empty glumes oblong. : , : : 2a POLY S RACH VN. Spikelets 2-6-fld.
Spikelets 2-3-fld. . : : : : . . 3. L. FILIFORMIS.
Spikelets 4-6-fld. . , 5 ; ‘ : SAS I CEUNEINSIS:
1. &. uniflora, Hochst. ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 409 (1847-51).
Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. Cynodon gracilis, Nees; Thw. Enum. 371. C. P. 2948.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 297. (?) Burm. FI. Ind. t. xi. f. 1 (Poa chinensis).
Stem 1-2 ft., very slender, simple or branched, ascending, often geniculately, from a shortly decumbent base, lower inter- nodes short, upper long; 1. 1-3 by 4-3 in., oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, flaccid, translucent, smooth on both surfaces, midrib and 2-3 pairs of veins very slender, base very narrow, margins scaberulous, sheaths smooth, mouth not auricled, ligule short, membranous; panicle 6-8 in., rhachis nliform, smooth, branches 2-3 in., rather distant, spreading, capillary, flexuous; spikelets 1-fld., rather distant, 35-75 in. long, sessile; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, subaristately acu- minate, keel scaberulous flg. glume shorter than the empty, hyaline, vate, acute, lateral veins marginal, margin and keel and keels of palea ciliate with long hairs; anth. 2, large, oblong; grain fusiform, obtusely trigonous, acute, rugulose, as long as the palea and adherent to it.
Drier parts of the Island; common. F'1. all seasons. Also in Tinnevelly, Afr. Trop. This differs from its congeners in the long narrow empty glumes.
2. L. polystachya, Senth. //. Austral. vii. 617 (1878).
L. Neesiz, Benth.; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. Cynodon Neesiz, Thw.- Enum 971-9 Gb. 3740.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 298.
Stem 2-3 ft., rather stout, erect from a short creeping rootstock with stout root-fibres, nodes glabrous or sparsely bearded, internodes polished; 1. 12-18 by 4-% in., narrowly
Leptochloa.| Graminee. 283
linear, acuminate, flat or complicate, coriaceous, smooth on both surfaces and margins, sheaths smooth, keeled, mouth not auricled, ligule short, membranous, lacerate; panicle 6-10 in., contracted, rhachis filiform, smooth; spikes 3-1} in., very slender, internodes of rhachis short, appearing pectinate from the spreading glumes of the imbricating spikelets; spikelets 1-fld., so-7's in., subsessile; glumes I and II oblong, acute, keels scabrid, flg. glume as long as II, ovate, acute, hyaline, nearly orbicular when spread out, base bearded, lateral veins marginal, and keels of oblong palea ciliate with long flexuous hairs; anth. small; grain oblong, concavo- convex, rugulose, red-brown, pericarp closely adnate to the seed.
Hot parts of the Island, Trincomalie and Batul Oya (Glenie), Dam- bulla (Thwaites), Tissa-maha-rama Tank (Trimen). Spikelets red-brown, The Carnatic, Australia.
3. L. filiformis, Beauv. Agrost. 71 (1812).
hw. Enum. 371. C. P. 3245.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 298. Jacq. Eclog. Gram. t. iv. (E/euszne). Duthie, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. t. 71 (Eragrostis chinensis).
Stems many, I-2 ft., very slender, geniculately ascending from the capillary root-fibres, leafy; 1. 4-6 by 3-4 in., narrowed from the middle to the finely acuminate tip and to the rounded base, flat, thin, flaccid, scaberulous on both surfaces and on the margins, midrib and veins very slender, sheaths smooth, mouth shortly auricled, ligule a hyaline membrane fringed with long hairs; panicle 4-6 in., rhachis filiform, flexuous, smooth; spikes many, 14-2 in., capillary; spikelets loosely imbricate, 4-7; in. long, 2—3-fld., subsessile or shortly pedi- celled, rhachilla produced between the fig. glumes, very slender; glumes I and II shorter than the flg., oblong, mucro- nate, keels scaberulous, flg. glumes oval, mucronulate at the obscurely truncate tip, veins naked or ciliate, lateral rather far from the margins, palea oblong, obtuse, keels ciliate; anth. minute; grain broadly oblong, dorsally compressed and obscurely keeled, rugulose, red-brown.
Colombo, formerly in the garden of the Govt. offices, but has dis- appeared (Ferguson). Spikelets green.
Tropical Asia, Africa, and America.
A plant so common in India as to suggest its having been overlooked in Ceylon.
4. G. chinensis, (Vees zn Syll. Ratisb. i. 4 (1824).
Thw. Enum. 371. Moon, Cat. 8. C. P. 3748.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 299. Duthie, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. t. 71.
Stem 2-4 ft., erect or gen’culately ascending from a short creeping rootstock, with .tout root-fibres, stout or slender,
284 Graminee. [Gracilea. leafy, internodes rather soft; 1. 6-18 by §-% in., narrowly linear, finely acuminate, flat or convolute, rather coriaceous, surfaces and margins nearly smooth, base not contracted, sheaths long, smooth, lower often broad, open, spathiform, mouth hardly auricled, ligule a hyaline membrane fringed with long hairs; panicle 6-18 in., rather contracted, rhachis flexuous, scaberulous; spikes 2—5 in., capillary, rather crowded, flexuous; spikelets ;4-% in. (if smaller, imperfect), 4—-8-fld., shortly pedicelled, rhachilla produced between the fig. glumes; glumes I and II oblong, obtuse or apiculate, I much the smallest, flg. glumes ovate-oblong, obtuse, apiculate, lateral veins submarginal, and keels of broadly oblong palea silkily ciliate; anth. very small; grain oblong, concavo- convex or obtusely trigonous, ventral face concave, rugulose, red-brown.
Atakalam Korale and Doombera (Thwaites), Uma-oya (Trimen).
Tropical Asia, Australia.
62. GRACILEA, Koz.
Small, tufted grasses; |. short; spikelets 2-fld., collected in turbinate fascicles, which are secund sessile and articulate on a slender spike, not articulate at the base, callus o, rhachilla produced far beyond the upper glume, filiform, scaberulous; glumes 4, I and II much the longest, empty, elongate-subulate, rigid, collateral at the base and laterally attached to the base of the spikelet, persistent, III bisexual, chartaceous, ovate- oblong, cymbiform, shortly awned, 3-veined, palea as long as the glume, bicuspidate, keels scaberulous ; lodicules minute, cuneiform, truncate, anth. large, IV like III but much smaller, bicuspidate, male, anth. small; styles slender, free at the base, stigmas slender, laterally exserted, hairs short, simple; grain linear-oblong, free within the glumes.—Sp. 2; both in FY. B. [nd.
A very curious genus of two species, the other a native of the Panjab, mC.
G. nutans, Ken. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue Schrift. iv. 218 (1803).
Melanocenchris Rothiana, Nees.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 283. Jaub. and Sp. Ill. Pl. Orient. iv. t. 326 (Jel, Perrottetiz).
Perennial ; stem stout below, shortly creeping, with stout fibrous roots, then ascending, 4-12 in. long, stout and leafy below, very slender and naked above; 1. 4-1 by $4 in, narrowed from the rounded base to the obtuse tip, coriaceous, striate, margins ciliate below the middle with tubercle-based
Pommereulla.] Graminee. 285
hairs, striate, glaucous, midrib obscure, naked or sparsely ciliate, sheaths shorter than the blade, coriaceous, open above, white, ligule a ridge of hairs; spike 1-2 in., of 4-10 distant sessile obconic fascicles of 4-6 spikes, rhachis of spike flexuous, smooth, fascicles spreading or drooping, $- in. long, thachis of fascicles ending in 3 subulate empty glumes; spikelets closely appressed ; glumes I and II empty, about zo in. long, rigidly coriaceous, gradually narrowed from a villous base into an erect scabrid pungent awn, II with broad hyaline margins towards the base, III articulate at the naked base, about 75 in. long, scaberulous above the middle, tip entire or minutely 2-toothed at the base of the short, strict, scabrid awn, IV not articulate on the short, stout, smooth, glabrous rhachilla, about half as large as III, more scaberulous, terminated by 2 strong teeth and a short awn, slender pro- longation of the rhachilla rather thickened upwards, as long as the glumes or longer.
Mannar district, on the dry mud of tidal flats (Trimen). Spikelets
pale green. Mysore and the Carnatic.
63. POMMEREULLA, Linz.
A dwarf stoloniferous grass; stems short, erect or ascending, clothed to the base with equitant |. sheaths; |. linear; infl. a terminal simple or forked flattened rhachis, bearing at the apex a turbinate fascicle of biseriate, sessile, strongly dorsally compressed, cuneiform, 2—3-fld. spikelets, which are inarticulate at the base; glumes many, I and II narrow, membranous, I 1-veined, II 3-veined, III-VII or VIII coriaceous, spirally inserted by a 4 amplexicaul base round a stout rhachilla that terminates downwards in a long, subulate, villous callus with a pungent articulate base, III and IV empty, epaleate, embracing the upper, flabelliform, 3-lobed to the middle, dorsally shortly awned, side lobes broadly ovate, spreading and recurved, mid lobe smaller, entire or bifid, V and VI more like II and III, but with the mid lobe hooded, bisexual and paleate, the uppermost imperfect, palea membranous, ovate, acuminate, keels slender, ciliolate; lodicules 2, cunet- form; stam. 2~3, anth. minute, short; ov. obcordate, styles short, bases distant, stigmas very short, laterally exserted; grain loose in the glume and palea, broadly oblong, biconvex or concavo-convex, pericarp loose, hyaline, hilum punctiform, embryo orbicular.—Monotypic.
286 Graminee. [Phragmites.
Pe. Cornucopize, Linn. f. Nov. Gram. 31 (1779). Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 30. Roxb. Pl. Corom. t. 131.
Stolons several inches long, as thick as a crow-quill, stiff, polished, rooting at the nodes; stems 2-6 in., stout, internodes much shorter than the sheaths; 1. 1-3 by 7;-3 in., truly linear, erect or recurved, tip rounded, striate, coriaceous, veins ob- scure, base complicate, margins smooth glabrous or ciliolate, sheaths equitant, short, strongly compressed, margins hyaline, mouth not auricled, ligule a pubescent ridge; spikes usually half sunk in the uppermost spathiform 1|.-sheath, ped. 1-3 in. long, rhachis narrow, dorsally compressed, margins smooth or scaberulous; spikelets about 4 in. long; glumes I| and II glistening, I linear or very narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, II one-third longer, acuminate or aristulate, rhachilla half as long as the glumes, which are firmly attached to it, silkily villous, awn about twice as long as the glume, uppermost flg. glumes with narrow lateral lobes, or reduced to a fg. or neuter mid lobe; grain red-brown.
Mannar district, between Vedatativu and Mantai (Trimen). Spikes green.
Also in Mysore and the Carnatic.
One of the most curious of Indian grasses, of doubtful affinity. All the glumes in the spikelet are sometimes neuter. The glumes are so firmly attached to the rhachilla as to require force to remove them; the latter, disarticulating by its pointed base, carries away with it all the glumes except the persistent I and II.
64. PHRAGMITES, 777.
Tall, perennial, gregarious grasses, with creeping, stolo- niferous rootstocks; stems stout, hollow, leafy upwards; lL. long ; infl. a decompound panicle; spikelets 2- or more-fid., pedicelled, not articulate at the base, laterally compressed, fan-shaped when expanded, rhachilla elongate between all the glumes, disarticulating above glume III, and between the fle. glumes, penicillate with very long silky hairs, articulate at the base; glumes all membranous, very narrow, shining, I and II empty, distant at the base, very unequal, oblong- lanceolate, persistent, I 1-veined, II 3-veined, III much longer, narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute, 3-veined, male or neuter, persistent, IV and following glumes bisexual or uppermost imperfect, subulate-lanceolate, finely acuminate, hyaline, 3-veined, disarticulating with the rhachilla, palea much shorter than its glume, very narrow, 2-keeled; lodi- cules 2, obliquely cuneate; stam. 1-3, anth. very large;
Llytrophorus.| Graminee. 287
styles very short, free, stigmas short, densely penicillate, exserted at the sides of the spikelet; grain terete——Sp. (?); mom HL. b. Ind.
P. Karka, 77in. ex Steud. Nom. Ed. II. ii. 324 (1841). Nala=- gas, S.
P. Roxburghit, Steud.; Thw. Enum. 370. C. P. 304.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 304 (not given for Ceylon).
Stems 8-12 ft. high, smooth, simple or branched, covered with the l.-sheaths; 1. close together, bifarious, sword- shaped, finely acuminate, up to 14 in. broad, coriaceous, quite smooth, veins indistinct, base contracted, margins smooth, sheath coriaceous, mouth not auricled, ligule 0; panicle 1-2 ft., erect, oblong, branches widely spreading, alt., filiform ; pedicels capillary, quite smooth; spikelets when fully expanded about 4 in. broad across the glumes; glume II 4 in. long, twice as long as I, flg. glumes about 4 in. long, gradually tapering from the base to the apex, palea ,'5 in. long, keels smooth; _anth. linear-oblong; ov. minute.
Banks of canals and streams; common. Spikelets greyish-green.
Trop. and Subtrop. Asia, Africa, and America.
Ferguson describes the rootstock as 75 ft. long in the Bolgoda lake. Pipes are made of the stems, of which, when split open, the Durma mats of Bengal are made.
65. ELYTROPHORUS, Leauv.
An annual, erect, glabrous grass; |. very narrow, flat; inf. of globose clusters of most minute sessile spikelets, crowded together in long cylindric continuous or interrupted catkin- like spikes, or rarely on the short spike-like branches of a very contracted raceme; spikelets short (many imperfect, or reduced to empty glumes), strongly laterally compressed, not articulate at the base, 4-6-fld., rhachilla very short, articulate at the base and between the flg. glumes, but not beyond the upper; glumes I and II subequal, lanceolate, aristately acuminate, empty, hyaline, 1-veined, glabrous. or ciliate, keeled, fig. glumes rather larger, ovate, long-awned, strongly 3-veined, margins .ciliate, uppermost neuter, palea shorter than the glume, very broad, truncately 3-lobed, lobes ciliate, keels distant, winged, smooth; lodicules 2, obliquely oblong; stam. 1-3, anth. minute; styles free, long, stigmatic _ hairs very short; grain minute, Aicioum or narrowly oblong, _ free, pericarp (pase at both ends——Monotypic.
288 Graminec. [Myriostachya-
E. articulatus, Beauv. A grost. 64 (1812). Thw. Enum. 374. C. P. 935.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 306. Beauv. lc. t. 14, f. 2. Duthie, Fodd. Grass. N.W. Ind. t. 72.
Stem 6—30in., erect from the densely fibrous root, as thick as a crow-quill or less; |]. longer or shorter than the stem, 75-1 in. broad, smooth, flaccid, base narrow, sheaths membra- nous, loose, mouth not auricled, ligule 0; infl. 6-12 in. long, often longer than the rest of the plant, rhachis strict, balls of spikelets 4-1 in. diam., soft, encircling the rhachis; spikelets. broader than long, }-% in. across the awns.
Warmer parts of the Island; common, especially in paddy fields. Infl. pale green or white. Trop. Asia, Africa, and Australia.
66. MYRIOSTACHYA, Hook. 7
A tall, very stout, perennial, glabrous, marsh grass; root- stock thick, spongy, giving off vermiform roots clothed with branching capillary root-fibres; stem erect, simple or sparingly branched; |. chiefly radical, very long, linear, flat, coriaceous, smooth, basal sheaths compressed, equitant; spikelets innu- merable, strongly laterally compressed, 6—20-fld., distichously racemed on the short, crowded, filiform branches of a long,. narrow, erect, thyrsiform panicle with a stout rhachis, shortly pedicelled, not articulate on the pedicels which are articulate on the branches, rhachilla very stout, shortly produced between the fig. glumes but not beyond the uppermost. (neuter) glume; glumes all coriaceous and persistent, I and II empty, subequal, 1-veined, lanceolate, tapering into rigid awns, fle. glumes quite glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined,. narrowed into a short, very stout, scabrid awn, keel smooth, callus very short, palea chartaceous, as long as the glume, acuminate, 2-toothed, keels ciliate; lodicules very minute, truncate; stam. 3, anth. linear-oblong; ov. globose, styles short, distant at the base, stigmas long, penicillate, laterally
exserted ; grain obliquely ovoid, subterete, embryo large.— Monotypic.
M. Wightiana, ook. f. in Fl. B. Ind. vii. 327 (1896). Eragrostis Wightiana, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. xiv. 62. Trim. in Journ. Bot. 1889, 171.
FI. B. Ind. Ic. Benth. lec. t. 1381. Rootstock short, densely covered with roots; stem with the l.-sheaths as thick as the thumb at the base, and as a
LEragrostis.\ Gramineg. 2 89
swan’s quill without the sheath, internodes long, shining, slightly compressed, nearly solid; 1. 4-6 ft. by $-}in., lower third narrowed into a complicate petiole, upper flat, glaucous beneath, narrowed into a filiform tip, midrib stout below, evanescent above the middle, margins faintly scaberulous towards the tip, sheaths very long, compressed, polished, mouth not auricled, ligule 0; panicle 1-2 ft. by 14-24 in. broad, rhachis quite smooth, branches 1-14 in. long in approximate fascicles or whorls, filiform, bearing spikelets to the base; spikelets up to 4 in. long, $—20-fld., ovate or oblong, shining, pedicels scabrid, base acute at the insertion, rhachilla glabrous; limb of glumes I and II shorter than their awns, flz. glumes about 4in., many neuter or with imperfect f1., lateral veins slender, median very stout. - Kottiar, near Trincomalie, in brackish water (Trimen). Spikes golden Town.
Sunderbunds of Bengal], Tenasserim, Penang.
The spikelets are longer and with more numerous flowers in the
Penang and Ceylon specimens than in the Bengal, and are hence refer- able to var. dongispicula, H. f. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 328.
67. BRAGROSTIS, Aosi.
Annual or perennial, usually slender, glabrous grasses ; stem erect or ascending; |. narrow; spikelets many-fld. in open or contracted panicles, rarely spicate on a simple terminal rhachis, not articulate at the base, strongly laterally compressed, ovate oblong or linear, rhachilla produced and articulate or not between the glumes, but not beyond the terminal one; glumes many, closely distichously imbricate, thin, dorsally rounded or keeled, awn o, I and II much shorter than the spikelet, empty, I rarely 3-veined, separately deciduous, fig. glumes 3-veined, lateral veins not reaching the mid-vein, callus 0, palea deciduous with the glume or persistent on the rachilla, keels smooth, scabrid or ciliate; lodicules 2, very minute or 0; stam. I-3, anth. short or long ; styles free, stigmas penicillate, laterally exserted; grain very
minute, free in the glume and palea—Sp. about 100; 31 in £1. B. Ind.
The Indian species of Zvagrostis were worked up by Dr. Stapf for the Flora of British India. The synonymy of most of them is extremely intricate, and very difficult, often impossible, to determine satisfactorily. In revising the Ceylon species with the Peradeniya Herbarium, I have adopted a few rectifications in the nomenclature adopted in that Flora, as pointed out to me by Dr. Stapf, who has been so good as to revise
PART V. U
‘2900 Graminee. [Zragrostis.
the descriptions and synonyms of £. gangetica (elegantula, F1. B. Ind.), E. stenophylla, and E. elongata. Also he has re-examined the forms or species of the spicate group (Plagiostachya), of which the specimens are so mixed in the Peradeniya and Kew Herbaria, that until more materials are procured they cannot be satisfactorily distinguished and described.
Spikelets panicled. Rhachilla of spikelets articulate, breaking up from above downwards (Cavaclastos). Grain ovoid, stam. 3 : : : . I. E. TENELLA.
Grain obovoid, stam. . E. INTERRUPTA. Rhachilla of spikelets ee aaneree elumes falling away from below upwards (Plerossa). Glume II 1-veined. Spikelets ovate, 4-j in. broad. . 3. E. AMABILIS. Spikelets linear or linear-oblong, z4—+ in. broad. Ligule very minutely ciliate. Spikelets mostly shortly pedicelled. y L. glaucous, spikelets $-% in., grain oblong : 4. E. GANGETICA. L. not glaucous, grain globose or nee Spikelets 3 08 in. : . 5. E. STENOPHYLLA. Spikelets 4 ig ieee. ; . 6. E. ELONGATA. Spikelets lone pedicelied: Spikelets +4 10 = broad 2 eK. NIGRA. Spikelets 3-3) in. broad . O12 PILOSA. Ligule ciliate with rong hairs g. E. WILLDENOVIANA. Glume II 3-veined . Io. E. MAJOR.
Spikelets distichously spicate on a 1 long ter- minal rhachis (Plagzostachya). Spikelets rather turgid, pale, 1. setaceous . 11. E. COROMANDELIANA. Spikelets strongly compressed. L. short, rigid, spikelets olive-green . 12. E. SECUNDA. L. long, spikelets straw-col’d. . : . 13. E. WALKERI.
I. EB. tenella, Roem. and Sch. Syst. ii. 576 (1817), excl. var. B.
Herm. Mus. 25. Burm. Thes. 105. Fl. Zeyl. n. 46. Poa éenella, Linn. Sp. Pl. 69. P. amadzlzis, Linn. Syst. Pl. p. 68.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 315. Kunth, Revis. Gram. ii. t. 107. Burm. Thes. Ze altOnty AZ t03.
A very slender annual, with matted root-fibres, and geniculately ascending stems 6-18 in. high, internodes and nodes sometimes glandular and especially of the panicle; l. I-3 in., spreading, narrowly linear-lanceolate, rarely 4 in. broad, glabrous or margins scaberulous, sheaths glabrous, mduth bearded with long spreading hairs, ligule a. ciliate ridge; panicle effuse or contracted and sometimes interrupted, branches short or long, erect or spreading, axils pene lee with white hairs or naked, lower whorled; spikelets 44 long by 7; in. broad or less, not strongly compressed, 3-16-fid.,
Eragrostis. Graminee. 291
rhachilla articulate, glabrous, disarticulating from above downwards; glumes about 3/5 in. long, orbicular-ovate, very obtuse, membranous, deciduous, mid-vein percurrent (not excurrent), lateral veins marginal, 4 34-3 as long as the glume, keels of palea more or less pectinately ciliate, cilia longer or shorter than the palea is broad ; stam. 3, anth. minute ; “grain ovoid, > in. long.
A very variable plant. The following forms are more or less dis- tinguishable amongst the specimens in Herb. Peraden.
Var. 1, tenella proper.
Very slender, eglandular, panicle narrow, branches suberect ; spikelets few-fid., long-pedicelled, erect, very minute, 7;—/; in. long; palea shortly and irregularly ciliate.-—C. P. 926 (in part). Exactly resembles Bur- mann’s, FI. Zeyl. t. 47, f. 3, which is Linnzeus’s authority for Poa amabilis. Ca Peo:
Var. 2, plumosa, S/affin Fi. B. Ind. vii. 315.
Stem tall and panicle eglandular, panicle 6-8 in., open, branches capillary, spreading, flexuous, lower up to 3 in.; spikelets 3-9-fld., pedicels long or short; glumes epunctulate, palea pectinately ciliate with long hairs.—£. plumosa, Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. i. 192. Thw. Enum. 373. Duthie, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 64, tt. 38, 77. Poa plumosa, Retz. Obs. iv. 20. Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 337. C. P. 926 (in part).
Var. 3, contracta, /ZZ. jl.
Panicle narrower, ovate-oblong, 3-5 by 1-13 in., rhachis stouter, axils of branches naked; spikelets longer, more crowded, shortly pedicelled; fig. glumes punctulate. C. P. 926 (in part).
Var. 4, riparia, S/af/, |.c.
Stem and panicle eglandular, panicle short, :-3 by 4-3 in., very narrow, subcylindric, branches very short, erect, smooth, axils glabrous ; spikelets crowded; empty glumes very unequal, T one-third shorter than II, flg. glumes ‘epunctulate. —E. riparia, Willd.; Steud. Syn. Gram. 265. E. plumosa, var. maritima, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. ‘t09. C2 P. 927,928.
Var. 5, viscosa, S/aff, |. c.
Stem above and rhachis of panicle more or less viscid at the nodes, panicle ovoid-oblong, 2-3 by 3-1 in., branches spreading, axils glabrous; spikelets shortly pedicelled, 5—12-fid.; glumes epunctulate.—Z. vzscosa, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. i. 397 (1831). Poa viscosa, Retz.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 336.
Var. 6, densiflora, Hook. f.
Perennial (?); stem above and rhachis of panicle more or less viscid at the nodes, panicle 4-3 in., oblong, branches very short, covered with imbricating 10-16-fld. spikelets ; glumes epunctulate, lateral veins distant from the margin, keels of palea shortly ciliate.
Common throughout the Island, especially vars. 1 and 2. Var. 3, Rama-peram (Gardner) ; Manaar district (Trimen) Var. 4, Caltura (Macrae), Jaffna district (Trimen). Var. 5, Mantai, Jaffna, growing with Sporobolus orientalis.
A widely spread species in Tropical Asia, Var. 3 from the Panjab ' to Malacca. Var. 4, Lower Bengal and southward. Var. 5, Gangetic Plain and southward, Burma.
292 Graminee. [Eragrostis
Trop. and S. Africa.
The synonymy of this plant is very complicated. I hav Dr. Stapf’s determination of the Mamevit Heald bear, Ree a a a searching investigation of the descriptions of the older authors. The type of the Linnzean Poa tenella is in Plukenet’s Herbarium (Almagest 176, t. 300, f. 2), of which Dr. Stapf and I have examined the specimens in the British Museum. It is not the commonest Ceylon form. The full synonymy of the species (with upwards of 20 names) is given in the Flora of British India.
2, E. interrupta, Beauv. Agrost. 71 (1812).
£. nutans, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram.; Thw. Enum. 373.
Fl. B. Ind. iii. 316. Kunth, Revis. Gram. 11. t. 188 (Poa).
Perennial ; stems tall, up to 3 ft. high, stout, as thick as a small goose-quill, or slender; 1. up to Io by §% in. in tall specimens, very narrow in shorter, flat, sheaths coriaceous, not auricled, ligule a fringe of short hairs; panicle very various, up to 12 in. long, branches few or many, alt. or subwhorled, suberect, long or short, rhachis smooth or scaberulous; spikelets minute, erect, so-zp in., 3-13-fld., green or colourless, rachilla articulate between the flg. glumes, glabrous, dis- articulating from above downward; glumes hyaline, keels smooth, I and II subequal, ovate-oblong, obtuse, I-veined, fig. glume a5 in., ovate-oblong, obtuse or tip rounded, mid-vein very slender, lateral submarginal, palea linear-oblong, keels smooth or minutely scaberulous; stam. 2, anth. small % 5 - 3 5) linear-oblong ; grain very minute, obovoid, yellow- or red- brown, shining.
Var. diplachnoides, Staffzn F7. B. Ind. iii. 316.
Stem tall, stout, branched ; panicle effuse or contracted, branches solitary, opposite or 3-nate, 2-5 in. long, ultimate not divaricate ; spikelets 6-12-fid.; fig. glumes rarely sy in. £&. diplachnoides, Steud. Syn. Gram. 268. C. P. 3259, 933 (in part). ;
Var. Koenigii, S7a7j/, |.c.
Stem tall, stout or slender; panicle long, narrow, with short dense
seudo-whorls; spikelets shortly pedicelled, 6- or more-fld. £. Kenzgzz Link, Hort. Berol. ii. 294 in syn. are,
Var. tenuissima, Szafj,1.c. £. cenuisstma, Schrad. ex Nees, FI. Afr. Aust. 409, 410. i
Stem 3-8 in., very slender; 1. almost filiform, convolute; panicle strict erect, of 6-10 very dense fascicles of branches 3-1 in. long placed at the subequal intervals on a slender rhachis ; spikelets densely crowded, about 6-fid., glume I veinless. ,
Hot drier parts of the Island; common. Var. Kenzgiz, N. Pullam. Var. diplachnoides Tissa-maha-rama Tank, Abukala Korale, Konegalla near ee (?) (Gardner). Var. zenudss¢ma, Punakari, Jaffna district (Trimen).
Trop. and subtrop. Asia and Africa.
The three varieties described above pass directly into one
Eragrostis.| Graminee. 293
another, and, though more or less distinguishable in a large assortment of Indian specimens, are hardly so in Ceylon. Var. zenuzsszma looks very distinct, but intermediates occur in Continental India and else- where. ‘A tall grass, 3-5 ft. high, with beautiful feathery drooping panicles and purple flowers, growing in large quantities in a clayey soil’ (Ferguson).
3. BE. amabilis, Wight and Arn. ex Hook. and Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 251, excl. syn. (non Linn.).
E. unioloides, Nees; Thw. Enum. 373. Poa amabvilis, Moon, Cat. 8 (non Linn.). C. P. 930.
Fl. B. Ind. iii. 317. Lamk. Illustr. i. t. 45. f. 2 (Poa rubens).
Annual, glabrous; stem 6-18 in., tufted, slender, erect or geniculately ascending, leafy chiefly at the base, internodes long ; |. 3-6 by 75-4 in., narrowed from the broad subcordate base to the acute tip, quite smooth, rather flaccid, margins smooth, veins obscure, sheaths smooth, mouth narrower than the blade, not auricled, glabrous or sparsely hairy, ligule 0 or of minute hairs; panicle oblong or ovoid, 2-4 in. long, rather sparingly branched, rhachis and filiform branches quite smooth ; spikelets +-} in., very shortly pedicelled, ovate to ovate-oblong, strongly compressed, 20—50-fld., green or red- purple, rhachilla tough, internodes very short, nodes bearing the torn bases of the paleas; empty glumes broadly ovate, cuspidately acuminate, I-veined, fly. glumes about 75 in., orbicular-ovate, keels and tips dorsally scaberulous, strongly punctulate as if scaberulous, lateral veins equidistait from the margins and median, produced far up towards the latter, palea broad, rather shorter than the glume and deciduous with it, keels scabridly ciliate; stam. 3, anth. minute, yellow; grain shortly oblong obovoid or oval, laterally compressed, about zo in. long, orange-brown, smooth.
Abundant throughout the warmer regions of the Island.
Trop. and subtrop. Asia.
Ferguson describes this as having two kinds of panicles: one narrow, compact; the other large, open, spreading, with beautiful flowers of a whitish-purple tinge, but sometimes white.
4. E. gangetica, Steud. Syn. Gram. 266 (1854). Bla-kooru- tana, 5S.
£. Browniz, Nees; Thw. Enum. 373. £. elegantula, Stapf in FI. B. Ind. vii. 318 (non Nees). £. orien‘alzs, Thw.|.c. partim. Poa glaucoides, Moon, Cat.9. Poa gangetica, Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 340. C.P.925 partim, 931.
Fl. B. Ind. 1. c. (elegantulz).
Perennial; stems 2-4 ft., stout, smooth, shining, densely tufted, simple or branched, erect from a mass of stout root- fibres, base in large specimens clothed with shining membra- nous oid |.-sheaths; |. 6-10 in., very narrow, almost filiform, convolute, rigid, quite smooth, glaucous, glabrous, base
294 Graminec. [Eragrostis.
narrowed, sheaths coriaceous, smooth, mouth hardly auricled, glabrous or bearded, ligule a ridge of very minute hairs; panicle 3-6 in., inclined, ovate or oblong, rhachis slender, quite smooth, ’ branches long, solitary, suberect, filiform, flexuous, scaberulous, naked below; splselos ale but rather crowded, mostly shortly pedicelled, 4 4-1 by 7-75 im, ovate- oblong, grey-green, 30—40-fld., rachilla stout, tough, g elabrous, internodes very short; glumes closely punctulate, I and IT ovate-oblong, subacute, I-veined, II one-third longer than I, flg. glumes broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, subacute, palea obovate-oblong, truncate, deciduous, keels scaberulous ; stam. 3, anth. almost half as long as the palea, yellow; grain oblong, about 5 in. long, striolate, yellow-brown.
Very abundant throughout the Island; on dry sand, also in water (Ferguson).
Throughout India, S. Africa.
The above description is taken from the Herb. Peraden. specimens of Thwaites, C. P. 931 (Z. Brownz), with which Gardner’s specimens cited in Fl. B. Ind. (£. elegantula) agree. In that work, C. P. 931 is referred to £. elongata, and £. zeylanica to E. elegans. These three species, E. gangetica, stenophylla, and elegantula, are very closely allied, some specimens of each are with difficulty distinguished in the dried state, and their synonymy is almost hopelessly entangled. The name elegantula was proposed by Kunth for Roxburgh’s Poa elegans, which that author describes as a very elegant delicate grass, with $-12-fld. purplish spikelets, and globular grains. These characters are foreign to the plant here described, which is a tall, stiff, wiry grass, easily recognised, according to Ferguson, by its glaucous metallic hue.
5. &. stenophylla, Hochst. ex Mig. Analect. Bot. Ind. 11. 27 (1851).
E. orientalis, Nees; Thw. Enum. 373 (partim). C. P. 925 (partim), 932
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 318. Duthie, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. t. 74 (£. elegantula).
Perennial; stems densely tufted, 12-18 in., slender or rather stout, erect or geniculately ascending, simple or branched, upper internodes very long; |. 3-5 in., very narrow, strict, rather stiff, complicate or convolute, rarely flat, smooth, quite glabrous, not glaucous, sheaths smooth, auricles glabrous or bearded, ligule of most minute hairs; panicle suberect or nodding, 3-8 in. long, effuse or contracted, rhachis very slender, smooth, branches long, subsolitary, rather distant, capillary, smooth, naked below, meen dividied upwards, axils glabrous, eglandular; spikelets ~)-} by s5-; in., ovate to linear-oblong, 10-30-fld., pale olive- S5ieea. longer or shorter than their capillary pedicels, rhachilla slender, tough, flexuous; glumes membranous, punctulate, I and II ovate, subacute, I-veined, II one half longer than I, flg. glumes broadly ovate, subacute, keels smooth, palea linear-oblong, caducous with the glumes, keels ciliolate; stam. 3, anth. about one-third the.
Eragrostis.) Gramineae. 295
length of the glume, orange-yellow; grain globose 4-7, in. diam., smooth, not striolate, hilum large. Central Province; not uncommon (Thwaites). Jaffna (Gardner, ‘Trimen). Common in dry sandy soils in cinnamon gardens (Ferguson). Trop. Asia and Africa.
6. E. elongata, Jacq. Eclog. Gram.3,t.3. Mal-aetora-tana, 5S.
E. zeylanica, Nees and Mey. in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. i. 205 ; Why. Enum: 373. C. P. 3251.
FI. B. Ind. vii. 319.
Perennial (?); stem 1-2 ft., slender, erect or ascending, leafy chiefly at the base, upper internodes very long; 1. short, 2-3 in., very narrowly linear, erect, rather rigid, smooth, not glaucous, upper surface towards the base hirsute, sheaths smooth, auricles glabrous or bearded, ligule a ridge of most minute hairs; panicle erect, 2-7 in. long, broadly ovate, very lax, rhachis slender, smooth, strict, branches few, very short, I in. long, solitary, distant, filiform, strict, horizontally spread- ing, rarely again branched, bearing from or near the base upwards 6-10 or more subsessile usually crowded spikelets, lower branches often far down the rhachis; spikelets 4-3 by + in., all pointing forwards, very shortly pedicelled, linear, pale or reddish, very many-fid., rhachilla stout, rigid, smooth; glumes 20-30, coriaceous with hyaline margins, epunctate, I and II unequal, ovate, acuminate, strongly I-veined, fig. glumes broadly ovate, acuminate, laterally much compressed, keel nearly straight, palea linear-oblong, obtuse, persistent, keels stout, scabrid ; stam. 3, anth. about 4 in. the length of the glume, dark orange-yellow; grain globose or globosely oblong, +-75 in. diam., rather rough, orange-brown.
Hotter parts of the Island. Ratnapura (Thwaites), Opatte (Trimen).
S. Europ., Trop. As., Afr., Australia, Pacific Islds.
In the Peradeniya Herbarium, C. P. 3251 is the only number given to this; the other C. P. number given in Fl. B. Ind. (under elongata), -931, is &. Browniz of Herb. Perad. (gangetica). As to C. P. 3047, in Thwaites’s Index of C. P. numbers (Enum. p. 464), pp. 352 and 434 are referred to for it, but on both these pages Eleocharis fistulosa bears that number. The hirsute base of the leaves on the upper surface ‘distinguishes this from the very closely allied Z. stenophylla.
7. B. nigra, Wees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 267 (1854).
E. paniculata, Thw. Enum. 373 (non Steud.). C. P. 2626.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 324.
Perennial; stem up to 3 ft., rather stout or slender, leafy;
1. up to.7 by 2 in., flat, flaccid, finely almost aristately acumi- nate, faintly scaberulous above, beneath and margins smooth, base narrowed, sheaths smooth, auricles bearded with long hairs, ligule a ridge of very short hairs; panicle up to 8 in. long, effuse, rhachis slender and branches smooth, upper
296 Graminec. (Eragrostis.
nodes sparingly bearded, branches spreading, capillary, alt. or whorled, lower sometimes 6 in. long, sparingly divided from near the base; spikelets scattered (never fascicled), 4-1 by {5 in., 3-9-fld., ovate, much shorter than their pedicels, pale olive-grey, rhachilla tough, scaberulous; glumes I and II subequal or II longest, ovate-lanceolate, subaristately acu- minate, I-veined, keels scaberulous, flg. glumes orbicular,. cupular, apiculate, lateral veins long, keels and palea scabrid; stam. 3, anth. minute; grain short, turgid, subquadrate, trun- cately rounded at both ends, minutely stipitate, dorsally depressed, dark brown, rugulose.
Central Provinces. Dambulla and Maturatte districts.
All India.
A very variable grass, of which I have described above only the
Ceylon form. In small Indian specimens the I. are chiefly basal, with. short sheaths.
8. E. pilosa, Beauv. Agrost. 71 (1812).
Thw. Enum. 209. C. P. 929.
Fl: B. Ind. vil. 323. Host, Gram. Austriac. t. 68 (Poa). Reichb. Ic. F]. Germ. t. 91, fig. 1659 and fig. 1660 (Z. verttcillata, R. and S.).
Annual; stems 6-24 in., densely tufted, very slender, flaccid, erect or geniculately ascending; 1. short, very narrow, usually convolute, filiform, flexuous, quite smooth, sheaths appressed, glabrous, mouth with short long-bearded auricles,. ligule a ridge of very short hairs; panicle 2-6 in. long, erect or inclined, effuse or contracted, rhachis filiform and branches. smooth, branches alt. fascicled or whorled, all capillary, much divided, nodes sparsely furnished with very long hairs; spikelets scattered (never fascicled), 7-+ by sz o-a in, 5-10-fld., erect, ovate- to linear-lanceolate, usually purplish, pedicels rarely shorter than the spikelets, rhachilla tough, smooth, flexuous; glumes all hyaline, I and II very unequal, I ovate, veinless, II much larger, ovate-lanceolate, acutuinate,,. strongly I-veined, keels smooth, flg. glumes much longer than the empty, ovate, acute, palea subpersistent, keels smooth or nearly so; stam. 3, anth. minute, violet; grain about {; in., ellipsoid or obovoid, embryo narrow.
Common in the warmer parts of the Island, ascending to 6000 ft. Generally occurring in large patches (Ferguson).
S. Europe and most warm countries.
The Ceylon specimens have fewer glumes than occur in many Indian
and other forms. A dwarf state is common in the paths of the Peradeniya Gardens.
9. BE. Willdenoviana, ees zx Wight, Cat. n. 1779 (non in Nov. Acz.).
£. poaeoides, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109 (non Beauv.). C. P. 3944. Fl, B. Ind. vii. 322.
Eragrostis.| Graminee. 297
Annual (?), densely tufted; stems 4-18 in., slender, genicu- lately ascending, leafy at the base chiefly; |. 2-3 in., erect, very narrow, 75-7 in.,. smooth, margins involute, sometimes glandular, sheaths smooth or margins ciliate, auricles naked or bearded with long, soft, white hairs, ligule a ridge of short hairs; panicle erect, 2-4 in., ovate, open, rhachis slender, smooth, branches few, solitary, distant, spreading, capillary, axils clabrous, eglandular, branchlets spreading, spikelets longer than their pedicels, linear, }-} by = in., 10-20-fld., olive-grey or yellowish, rhachilla firm, flexuous, smooth; glumes hyaline, keels smooth, I and I very unequal, ovate, obtuse, I veinless, II [-veined, fle. glumes broadly ovate, obtuse, epunctate, lateral veins near the margins, palea linear- oblong, persistent, keels minutely scaberulous; stam. I, anth. very minute, yellow; grain about ;>5 in. long, subquadrate or subglobose, truncately rounded at both ends, laterally com- pressed, red- brown.
Trincomalie (Glenie) ; Punakari, Jaffna district (Trimen). Also in Mysore.
Io. BE. major, Host, Gram. Austriac. iv. 14 (1809). pe megastachya, Link, Hort. Berol. i. 187; Thw. Enum. 373. C. P. 163. : ral B. Ind. vii. 320. Host, 1. c. t.24. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 91.
Annual; stems 1-3 ft., usually stout and branched, leafy, erect or geniculately ascending, smooth, polished; 1. up to 8 by 4 in., narrowed into filiform tips, flaccid, smooth, margins obscurely scaberulous, base rounded, veins many, sheaths smooth, auricles villously bearded, ligule of rather long hairs; panicle up to 8 in., erect, oblong or ovate-oblong, rhachis strict, rather stout, smooth, branches numerous, fascicled and whorled, spreading or suberect, again branching from the base, branchlets short, capillary; spikelets longer than their pedicels, usually crowded, ovate and %-+ in. long, with 6-8 glumes, to linear-oblong, rather sprowed upwards and 3-4 in. long, with many up to 60 glumes, olive-grey or yellowish, rhachilla tough, zigzag, internodes short, smooth; empty glumes unequal, aristately acuminate, I ovate, 1-veined, II much larger, orbicular-ovate, 3-veined, lateral veins short, fig. glumes orbicular, obtuse, cupular, punctulate, lateral veins long, arched, palea broadly oval, keels ciliate; anth. 3, very minute; grain globose, minutely tugulose, about 2 go in. diam., red-brown.
Hot drier parts of the Island; common.
S. Europe, Trop. and Subtrop. Asia. A very variable grass in India, both in panicle and foliage. The
298 Gramninee. [Zragrostis.
leaves have sometimes glandular margins, and the axils of the branches of the panicle are often more or less bearded and glandular.
11. BE. coromandeliana, 7777. tn Mem. Acad. Petersb. V1. i. 415 (1831).
a coromandeliana, Koen. ex Rottb.; Roth, Nov. Pl.Sp. 71. C. P. 60 (partim).
F]. B. Ind. vii. 326 (partim).
Perennial, densely tufted; stems 12-30 in. slender or rather stout; |. 1-6 in. filiform or setaceous, convolute, spreading and recurved, smooth, puberulous above, glaucous, sheaths short, mouth glabrous, auricles 0, ligule a narrow ridge; spike 4-8 in., sometimes interrupted, rhachis slender, terete, smooth; spikelets close-set, erecto-patent, }-} by qa-1s in., 10-30-fld., oblong to linear-oblong, very pale olive- grey or whitish; glumes rather turgid, I and II subequal, I acutely keeled, II obtusely keeled, fle. glumes very broadly ovate, up to 74 in. long, acute or subacute, veins faint, keels smooth or faintly scabrid, palea almost as long as the glume, keels very narrowly winged, scabrid; stam. 3, anth. 53; in.; grain 5-3 in., shortly ellipsoid, obtusely trigonous, epicarp loosely reticulate.
Central Province, Dambulla (Thwaites), Rata patana, and Kandan Korale (Nevill).
Behar, Rajpootana, and southward to Burma.
12. BE. secunda, WVees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 264 (1854).
E. bifaria, Thw. Enum. 373 (excl. syn.) (partim). C. P. 60 (partim).
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 326 (partim).
Perennial; stems 12—20 in., densely tufted; 1. 6-7 in., more or less rigid, convolute, filiform, wiry, glabrous, smooth, sheaths short, glabrous, auricles small, ciliate with long flexuous hairs; spike 3-5 in., rhachis terete, smooth, glabrous; spikelets g—-4 in. long, turgid but compressed, ovate, 10-12-fld., dusky olive-green, not shining; glumes I and II obscurely 3-veined, I ovate-oblong, obtuse, II broadly ovate, subacute, fle. glumes turgid, rather coriaceous, orbicular- ovate, acute, palea as long as the glume, narrowly winged, wing scaberulous; grain oblong-ovoid, striate.
Montane zone, ascending to 5000 ft. Galagama (Gardner), patanas
of the Uva Prov. near Bandarawela (Pearson). Endemic.
13. &. Walkeri, Siaf/.
£. bifaria, Thw. Enum. 373 (excl. syn.) (partim). C. P. 60 (partim).
Perennial, densely tufted; stems 2-23 ft., as slender as a sparrow’s quill; 1. 12-18 in., flat, up to § in. broad, or convo- lute, puberulous above, veins strong, sheaths up to 4 in. long,
Flalopyrum.| Graminec. 299
glabrous, auricles small, glabrous, ligule a narrow ridge; panicle 8—10 in., rhachis very slender; spikelets rather distant, %-4 in. long, ovate or shortly oblong, nearly white, 12-30-fid.; glumes very membranous, turgid, I ovate-oblong, obtuse, II broadly ovate, fig. glumes orbicular-ovate, obtuse, palea very shortly winged, wings scabrid; grain oblong, striate, and loosely reticulate.
Ceylon (Walker). Western Province, Kurunegala (Trimen). Central Province, Galagama, below Horton Plains (Thwaites).
Endemic.
This, £. secunda and E. coromandeliana are very imperfectly dia-
gnosed, from the material in Herb. Peraden. and Herb. Kew. being insufficient. They are possibly not all distinct.
68. HALOPYRUM, S/a//
A stout, rigid, perennial, glabrous grass; rootstock stout, creeping, with vermiform tomentose roots, internodes solid ; 1. almost filiform, convolute, finely acuminate, smooth, inf. an elongate compressed panicle, with short, alternate, spici- form branches; spikelets large, ovoid, many-fld., not articulate at the base, sessile or shortly pedicelled on the short branches of the panicle, strongly laterally compressed, rhachilla very short between the fig. glumes, articulate at the base; glumes coriaceous, I and II unequal, oblong-lanceolate, acute, empty, persistent, I 1-3-veined, II larger, 5-veined, fly. glumes 6—20, ovate-oblong, cymbiform, acute, 3-veined, dorsally rounded, callus short, silkily bearded, palea as long as the glume, chartaceous, keels scaberulous; lodicules cuneate or obcordate, truncate top irregularly toothed ; stam. 3, anth. long, slender; styles short, distant at the base, stigmas not long, laterally exserted; grain oblong or ellipsoid, compressed, more or less concavo-convex, free within the glumes, embryo large.— Monotypic.
#H. mucronatum, S‘af/ in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 2448 (1896).
Eragrostis mucronata, Trim. Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 109. T7zticum repens, Thw. Enum. 376. C. P. 924.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 328.
Rootstock sending up hard woody stems 12-18 in. high and as thick as a crow-quill, smooth, shining, branches often fascicled and clothed at the base with pale, coriaceous, shining, mucronate sheaths; |. 8-12 in., rarely flat, glaucous, coriaceous Striate, quite smooth, as are the usually involute margins, base
300 Graminee. [Diplachne.
not contracted, much narrower than the truncate mouth of the sheath, which is not auricled, but villous with the long hairs composing the ligule; panicle 12-16 in., erect or nodding, rhachis and branches quite smooth, angular, wiry, pedicels. pubescent below the spikelets or glabrous; spikelets 3-3 in. long, rarely more, flat; flg. glumes articulate at the base, callus very short, hairs nearly half as long as the glumes; grain 75 in. long, red-brown.
Northern Province, Adam’s Bridge. Spikelets pale yellow. Tinnevelly, Scind, Arabia, E. Trop. Africa.
69. DIPLACHNE, Zeauv.
Tufted, perennial (?) grasses; stems erect or ascending, stout or slender, simple or sparingly branched; 1. narrow; spikelets few- or many-fid., sessile, uniseriate on the slender spiciform branches of a contracted, subsimple, erect panicle, not-articulate at the base, strongly laterally compressed, rhachilla articulate between the flg. glumes, not produced beyond the neuter uppermost; glumes I and II unequal, membranous, I-veined, oblong, obtuse, persistent, flg. glumes thin, oval, tip bidentate with a mucro in the sinus, 3-veined, lateral veins marginal, callus very short, bearded, palea as long as the glume, keels ciliate; lodicules cuneate; stam. 3, anth. short; styles short, bases distant, stigmas short, plumose, laterally exserted; grain oblong, stipitate, concavo-convex, free in the glumes.—Sp. about 20; 1 in FZ. B. Jnd.
D. fusca, Beauv. Agrost. 163 (1812).
Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. Uvalepis fusca, Steud.; Thw. Enum. eas (Cy IPs ORL.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 328. Del. Fl. AZgypt. t. xi. f. 1 (Festuca fusca). Rheede, Hort. Mal. xii. t. 45.
Stems tufted, 1-3 ft. high, erect from the fibrous roots, up to the thickness of a goose-quill, simple or branched, some- times proliferously, terete, polished, internodes long; |. chiefly radical, strict, erect, 6-10 by zp-7p in., flat or convolute, finely acuminate, faintly scaberulous, base not constricted, sheaths long, smooth, mouth truncate, not auricled, ligule oblong, membranous, lacerate ; panicle 6—10 in. long, erect, narrowly oblong, rhachis smooth, spiciform branches filiform, lower 1-4 in. long; spikelets erect, rather distant, 14 in. long, 4-10- fld., green, rhachilla slender; glumes I and II with smooth or scaberulous keels, I oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, II about one- third longer and broader, acute or tip erose, flg. glumes oval,
Streptogyne.| Graminee. 301
tip 2-toothed, or erose and truncate or abruptly acuminate, midrib ending in a mucro, lateral veins not reaching the tip, silkily hairy to the middle, as are the keels of the palea, callus very short; grain half as long as the palea, red-brown.
Elephant Pass (Gardner), Jaffna (Trimen).
Egypt, Trop. Asia, Africa, Australia.
A dwarf, probably seedling form, 2-3 in. high, with a subsimple spike, was collected at Pallavarayankaddu, in the Jaffna district, by Dr. Trimen.
70. STREPTOGYNE, Zecauv.
A tall, slender, erect, glabrous, perennial grass; 1. linear- lanceolate, petiolate, veins minutely trabeculate; spikelets very long, narrow, subterete, 1-4-fld., erect, imbricating on an erect unilateral spike, sessile, not articulate at the base, rhachilla very long, slender, articulate at the base; glumes 8-10, chartaceous, distant, upper gradually smaller, neuter, I and II empty, persistent, I oblong, tip obliquely truncate, erose, 3-7-veined to the tip, II much longer, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, shortly awned, tip entire or bidentate, veins many, trabeculate, lower fig. glumes very narrow, convolute, 3-veined, tip acutely bifid, awned in the sinus, callus acute, villous, palea as long as the glume, very narrow, tip membranous, keels close together, smooth; lodicules elongate, subclavate; stam. 2-3, anth. very slender; ov. linear, narrowed into a long twisted style, with 3 very long, tortuous, barbellate stigmas; grain linear, terete, free, but closely embraced by the glume and palea.—Sp. 2; 1 in 7. B. Lnd.
S. gerontogeza, Hook. f.
S. crintta, Thw. Enum. 374 (non Beauv.). C. P. 922. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 333 (S. cvznz¢a).
Stem 2-3 ft., as thick as a crow-quill, smooth, internodes, except the lower, very long; 1. 6-10 by 3-3 in., finely acumi- nate, thinly coriaceous, midrib very slender, shining beneath, lateral veins few, branching off from above the base, petiole i-# in., deeply channelled above, sheaths smooth, mouth auric'ed, ligule short, membranous, ciliate, produced over the auricles; spikelets green, I-14 in. long; glumes I and II glabrous, convolute, veins slender, equidistant, flg. glumes silkily villous below the middle, 1 in. long, awn about half the length of the glume, strict, neuter glumes glabrous; stigmas Zin. long, those of two or more spikelets twisted together, scabrid from the rather distant, spreading and recurved barbs, tips spirally revolute.
302 Graminee. [Lophatherum-
Central and Western Provinces. Matelle (Gardner), Heneratgoda (Trimen). Spikes dark green.
Travancore, W. Trop. Africa.
The Ceylon species differs from the American SS. cvzzz¢a in the much longer glume I with slender equidistant veins, and silkily villous fig. glumes.
71. LOPHATHERUM., Srongn.
Tall, erect, perennial grasses; |. broad, shortly petioled, veins trabeculate, petiole articulate on the sheath; spikelets. I-fld., biseriate, secund, sessile, articulate on the spiciform branches of a simple elongate panicle, laterally compressed, or subcylindric, rhachilla long, slender, naked, adnate to the base of the palea, bearing at the top 3-8 small crowded convolute,, imperfect awned neuter glumes, the awns of which protrude at the tip of the spikelets; glumes convolute, margins and tip. membranous, I and II empty, 3--5-veined, oblong-ovate, I tip ~rounded, II obtuse or apiculate, flg. glume larger than the empty, base articulate, broadly ovate, obtuse, shortly sub- dorsally awned below the obscurely notched tip, 5—-9-veined,, callus very short, naked ; palea narrow, hyaline, keels nearly smooth ; lodicules 2, cuneate-quadrate ; stam. 2, anth. linear; styles elongate, bases diverging from the narrow neck of the ov., stigmatic hairs long, lax; grain fusiform and terete, or oblong and compressed, free in the glume, embryo long.—. Sp 30084) tine Bs ina:
Glume I naked. i : : : 3 5 5 ily Ih, @RUACHILE. Glume I bearded . ‘ 5 ; 3 é . 2. L. ZEYLANICUM..
1. L. gracile, Srongn. in Duperz. Voy. Bot. 50 (1829).
Thw. Enum. 374 (in part). C. P. 921.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 331. Brongn. 1. c. t. 8.
Stem 2-5 ft., erect or shortly ascending from a branching woody rootstock, soft, smooth, as thick as a small goose-quill,. internodes very long; |. distant, 6-10 by 1-14 in., ovate-lanceo- late, acuminate, membranous, base rounded or cuneate, upper sparsely minutely hairy above, glabrous beneath, margins smooth, midrib and 5—6 pairs of veins very slender, petiole t—tin., slender, channelled above, sheaths long, membranous, glabrous or margin ciliate, mouth truncate, ligule 0; panicle 12-16 in.,. erect or inclined, rhachis smooth, branches very few, sub- secund, solitary or binate, lower up to 6 in. long, upper short, rhachis strict, smooth; spikelets 4-} in. long, lanceolate, rhachilla slender, about one-third shorter than fig. glume, smooth, terminated by 8-9 minute, convolute, oblong, shortly
Centotheca.] Graminee. 303
awned neuter glumes; glumes coriaceous with narrowly membranous margins, tightly convolute, all persistent, I and II ovate-oblong, obtuse, 5-veined, II rather the longest; fig. glumes 4 longer than II, oval, 5-veined, awn } the length of the glume, rigid, callus very short, naked, palea shorter than the glume, linear, bifid, keels minutely scaberulous; grain ? in. long, fusiform, terete.
Common in the Western Province, ascending to 4oo0 ft. (Thwaites),
Matelle and Hantane (Gardner). Spikelets green. Eastern Himalaya, Khasia, Burma, Malaya, China, N. Guinea.
2. L. zeylanicum, Hook. 7
L. gracile, Thw. Enum. 374 (in part). C. P. 920.
Habit, &c., of LZ. graczle, but not so tall; 1. 6-9 by 4-4 in, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, puberulous above, margins sca- berulous, base cuneate, petiole 4-4 in., sheaths pubescent with spreading hairs, mouth truncate, hairy; panicle 8-10 in., spiciform branches many, short, I-14 in. long, erect, lowest longer; spikelets 4 in. long, laterally compressed, imbricating, base shortly bearded, rhachilla as in L. gracile, but bearing only 2-3 neuter awned spikelets; glume I nearly orbicular, 5-veined, margins hirsutely ciliate with long hairs, II nearly twice as long, broadly ovate, obtuse, 7-veined, glabrous, fig. glume as in L. gracile but 9-veined.
Ceylon (Walker). Woods of the S. of the Island (Thwaites), Pasdun Korale (Gardner). Spikelets green.
Endemic.
A very different species from, though in many respects closely re- sembling, LZ. gracile. It is readily distinguishable by its smaller size, narrow leaves, hairy sheaths, short spikes, crowded spikelets bearded at the base, short bearded glume I, and few neuter glumes.
72, CENTOTHECA, Desv.
Tall, leafy, perennial grasses; 1. broadly oblong or lan- ceolate, veins trabeculate; spikelets 1-3-fld., alt. and secund on the long spiciform capillary branches of a lax subsimple panicle, not articulate at the base, laterally compressed, all perfect or one or more upper neuter, rhachilla slender, articulate at the base and between the flg. glumes, not produced beyond the uppermost; glumes I and II distant at their insertions, ovate-oblong, empty, persistent, 3-veined, II largest, flg. glumes broadly ovate, obtuse, apiculate, dorsally rounded, 7-veined, naked or the upper usually bearing above the middle soft, erect, at length deflexed tubercle-based spines, palea narrow, keels ciliolate; lodicules
304 Graminee. [Zluropus.
©; stam. 2-3, anth. linear; styles short, free, stigmas narrow, hairs short; grain ovoid, acute, terete, free within the glumes.—Sp. 3; 1 in FZ. B. Ind. ‘ C. lappacea, Desv. in Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. ii. 189 (1810). Thw. Enum. 374. Kunth, Revis. Gram. i. 317. Poa malabarica, inn: Sp) Pl)'Go: CSP. 923:
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 332. Kunth, l.c. t. 70. Beauv. Agrost. t. 14, fi 7. Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 298 (Uzzo/a).
Stem 1-3 ft., erect from a woody rootstock with very stout root-fibres; 1. 4-10 by I-1} in., acute or acuminate, more or less unequal-sided, thin, smooth, glabrous or sparsely hairy, 9-I1-veined, base narrowed but hardly into a petiole, sheaths glabrous or hairy, mouth obscurely auricled, ligule broad, membranous, erose or lacerate; panicle 8-Io in. long and broad, rhachis slender, strict, smooth, spiciform branches, suberect, lower up to 5 in. long, sometimes nearly overtopping the panicle, lower with often a short branch at the base; spikelets {-¢ in. long, ovate-oblong, rhachiila scaberulous, palea sometimes decurrent on the rhachilla below the glume.
Warm region; common on margins of woods. Spikelets green.
Trop. Asia, Africa, Australia, and Pacific Islds.
In specimens growing near Colombo the spikelets are metamorphosed ito leaves (Ferguson). There are no spines on the glumes of the Peraden. Herb. specimens.
73. HLUROPWS, 7vin.
Low, much branched, very rigid, perennial, leafy grasses; I, distichous, short, strict, convolute, rarely flat, coriaceous, pungent; spikelets 6-many-fld.. minute, sessile, densely crowded in terminal villous heads, laterally compressed, not articulate at the base, rhachilla obscurely jointed at the base, not produced above the upper glume, internodes very short; glumes oblong, apiculate, margins and tips broadly hyaline, I and II unequal, empty, persistent, I narrowly oblong, 1-3- veined, II much larger, 5—-7-veined from below the hyaline tip, flg. glumes, oblong, apiculate, 7-9-veined, palea very large, broadly cuneate, 3-lobed, lobes erose, flaps broad, keels nearly smooth or ciliate; lodicules obliquely truncate; stam. 3, anth. minute; styles short, free, stigmas short, plumose; grain oblong or obovoid, free within the glumes.— Sp. few; 1 in 7. B. Ind.
Fé. villosus, 77in. ex L. Mey. Verz. Pfl. Cauc. 18 (1831).
. lagopodioides, Trin. ex Thw. Enum. 374. 4. lagopoides, Trin. ex @num. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 110.
Poa.] Graminee. 305
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 334. Burm. FI. Ind. t. 12, f. 2 (Dactylis lagopoides). Desf. FI. Atlant. 1. t. 15 (D. repens).
A rigid, tufted herb; stem 3-6 in., crowded on a woody rootstock with stout root-fibres, erect, as thick as a crow-quill, simple or branched, polished, branches sometimes elongate, divaricate, 6-10 in. long, resembling stolons, giving off branchlets at the nodes, but not rooting, nodes glabrous, internodes short or long; 1. 4-1 in., narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, flat or convolute and subulate, erect or spreading, glabrous or silkily hairy, striate, base contracted, rounded, margins smooth or sparsely ciliate, sheaths short, terete or inflated, glabrous or ciliate, mouth hardly auricled, ligule an obscure hairy ridge; heads of spikelets shortly peduncled, globosely ovoid or shortly oblong, 4-3 in. diam., tomentose, white; spikelets 7;—-;4 in.; glumes closely imbricate, persistent on the rhachilla, callus very short; grain 5 in., obovate- oblong, dorsally compressed.
Sandysea-shores, from Jaffna southwards. Spikelets pale green or white. From the Mediterranean and Caspian regions to the Punjab, Scind, and Southern India.
Dactylis glomerata, Linn. (Cock’s-foot grass), is said to occur at Nuwara Eliya, but, no doubt, has been introduced there. I found Anthoxanthum odoratum, L. (sweet-scented vernal grass), also in the place in 1879 (Ferguson).
74. POA, L.
Annual or perennial grasses; |. flat or convolute; spikelets 2-6-fld., in open or close panicles, laterally compressed, not articulate on their pedicels; rhachilla articulate at the base, usually terminated by one or more imperfect neuter glumes; glumes thinly herbaceous, strongly keeled, I and II empty, I—3-veined, persistent, flg. glumes 5-7-veined, lateral veins converging towards the tip, callus very short, and rhachilla often bearded with woolly or silky hairs; lodicules 2; stam. 3, anth. short; styles short, free, stigmas plumose, laterally exserted; grain ovoid-oblong or linear, free in the glume and palea, hilum punctiform.—Sp. about 80; 17 in FZ. B. Ind.
P. annua, Zinn. Sp. P/. 68 (1753).
Thw. Enum. 372. C. P. 2393. Fl. B. Ind. vii. 345. Host, Gram. Austriac. ii. t. 64.~
__ An annual or perennial, soft, flacid, glabrous, stoloniferous
grass; stems 6-12 in., tufted, or shortly creeping and rooting
below, erect or ascending, leafy, slightly compressed, stolons
slender; |. 2-4 by 35-4 in., linear, acute or obtuse, flat, flaccid,
smooth, or margins, slightly scaberulous; sheaths up to 2 in. PART V. x
306 Graminec. [Brachypodium.
long, lax, longer or shorter than the blade, mouth glabrous, ligule ovate or oblong, hyaline; panicle 1-3 in. long, erect, ovate or oblong, subsecund, loosely branched, rhachis smooth, branches distant, solitary, or binate, spreading, capillary, strict, naked below, lowest often deflexed; spikelets crowded beyond the middle of the branches, 4-{ in. long, sessile or shortly pedicelled, ovate or ovate-oblong, strongly com- pressed; glumes I and II oblong-lanceolate, acute, I 1-veined, or with occasionally 2 short lateral veins, keels minutely scaberulous, II rather longer, 3-veined, fle. glumes 3-5, broadly ovate, obtuse, prominently 5-veined, tip and margins membranous, keel and veins below silkily ciliate, keels of palea ciliate; grain oblong.
Common by roadsides in the montane zone. Nuwara Eliya, Dam- bulla, Balangoda, &c. Spikelets green.
Europe, Temp. Asia.
Thwaites says of this, ‘possibly introduced.’ I suspect it is certainly so, but Trimen does not mark it as such in his Catalogue. Ferguson describes it as so very plentiful in various parts of Dambulla, and especially on the banks of streams not near cultivation, that, though it looks very like a native plant, it may after all be an escape from packets
of English seeds. It is indigenous in the Himalaya, but very doubtfully so in the Khasia and Nilgiri Hills.
75, BRACHYPODIUM, Beauv.
Slender, perennial grasses ; stems erect, tufted on a small woody rootstock with filiform root-fibres, leafy, internodes very long; 1. flat, very narrow, finely acuminate; spikelets many-fid. elongate, narrow, terete, solitary and distant on a long filiform flexuous rhachis, not articulate at the base, rhachilla articulate at the base and between the fig. glumes; glumes many, tightly imbricating (spreading in fr.), dorsally rounded, I and II small, narrow, empty, persistent, fle. glumes oblong-lanceolate, narrowed into terminal straight capillary awns, 7—9-veined, veins converging upwards, keels of palea pectinately ciliate; lodicules 2, ciliate; stam. 2-3, anth. linear; ov. bearded at the top, styles short, distant at the base, stigmas plumose, laterally exserted; grain linear-oblong, concavo- convex, adherent to the palea.—Sp. 5 or 6; 2 in FL. B. Ind.
B. sylvaticum, Aeauv. Agrost. 101 (1812).
Thw. Enum. 374. &. scaberrimum, Wight and Arn. Triticum
scaberrimum, Steud. Nom., ed. II. 11. 717. C. P. 3253- Fl. B. Ind. vil. 362. Host, Gram. Austriac. i. t. 21.
Stem 2-4 ft, extremely slender, inclined or drooping above, smooth, shining, internodes 2~-4 in.; 1. 3-6 by $—+in.
Lepturus.| Graminee. AO
broad at the middle, thence tapering to a very fine point and below to the narrow base, flat, flaccid, smooth or slightly scaberulous, sheaths slender, longer or shorter than the internodes, glabrous, ligule short, broad, obtuse, membranous; spike 2-6 in. long, nodding, rhachis compressed or semi-terete, smooth or subscaberulous; spikelets about 4 in. apart, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, $-1 in. long, green, scaberulous, veins strong; glume I subulate, I] one-third or more longer, oblong-lanceolate, acute acuminate or shortly awned, fig. glumes 4-4 in. long, 7-veined, awn shorter than the glume.
Montane zone, up to 8000 ft. Elk plains, &c. Spikelets green.
Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya, Nilgiri Hills.
In Indian specimens hairy leaves occur, and sometimes pubescent, long-pedicelled spikelets.
76, LEPTURUS, 37.
Slender, glabrous grasses; |. flat or convolute, very narrow, spikelets (in the Ceylon species) 1-fld., semi-immersed in cavities of the rhachis of a simple articulate terete fragile spike, sessile, not articulate at the base, rhachilla articulate at the base, produced beyond the fig. glume, and bearing an imperfect glume; glumes 3 (and an imperfect terminal), I a very minute membranous scale concealed at the base of the cavity, II herbaceous, much longer than the fle. glumes, broad at the base with narrowly inflexed margins, narrowed above into a rigid awn longer than the internode, flg. glume concealed by glumie II (which closes the cavity in the spike), chartaceous, lanceolate, 1-veined, callus minute, naked, palea chartaceous, oblong-lanceolate, keels obscure; lodicules 2, cuneiform ; stam. 3, anth. linear; styles distant at the base, short, stigmas plumose, laterally exserted ; grain oval-oblong, dorsally com- pressed, top bicuspidate, hilum small.—Sp. (?); 1 in FZ ee 17d,
The relative positions of the empty glumes is at first sight deceptive, the very minute I being apparently inserted higher up than the com- paratively very large II, which is continuous with the rhachis of the spike below the spikelet. The true position of I is evidenced by its margins overlapping the inflexed margins of II, and by its position, which faces the back of glume III. A study of the development of these two glumes would be interesting. Ovopetium (p. 271) shows the same deceptive insertions of glumes I and II.
&. repens, 4&7. Prod. 207 (1810). Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 110. FI. B. Ind. vii. 365. Duperr. Voy. Bot. t. 16.
308 Gramimnec. [Arundinarca.
Perennial; stem widely creeping, diffusely often proli- ferously branching, woody below, branches ascending, slender, leafy; 1. 3-6 by 4-4} in., erect or spreading, linear, acuminate, glaucous, glabrous or minutely scaberulous above, base narrowed, sheaths glabrous, auricles rounded, ligule a very narrow erose membrane; spikes 2-6 in. long, erect, strict, rhachis green, glabrous, margins of the oblong hollows mem- branous, internodes + in. long, deeply striate, articulating surfaces flat, oblique; glume I broadly ovate, acuminate, or reduced to a narrow membrane, II twice as long as the inter- node of the spike, subulate from an ovate-lanceolate base, coriaceous, green, III g-% in. long, pale, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, margins incurved, palea nearly as long as the glume; grain pale brown.
Sea-shore, three miles south of Colombo (Ferguson). Spikelets
reen. ‘ Australia, Malay and Pacific Islds.
I -have not found a second flg. glume in L. vefens, which occurs in other species. The spike resembles that of a Rottboellia, from which the genus differs, amongst other characters, in the spikelets not being binate.
77, ARUNDINARIA, Mich.
Erect or climbing shrubs; stems slender, nodes usually prominent, internodes rather short, branches short, fascicled ; stem-sheaths papery, straw-col’d., blade small, narrow, subu- late; 1. usually small, articulate on the sheath, mostly net- veined ; infl. variable, panicled or racemed, terminating the leafing stems, or |. and fl. branches intermixed; spikelets I—many-fld., compressed, fl. all bisexual or the terminal imperfect; glumes I and II unequal, empty, membranous, fig. glumes longer, concave, obtuse acute mucronate or subaristate, 7-many-veined, palea 2-keeled, usually compressed; lodicules 3, ovate obovate or lanceolate, ciliate; stam. 3, -exserted or not, anth. acute obtuse or tip bifid; ov. globose or oblong, smooth or hairy; grain oval or oblong, dorsally furrowed, enclosed in the glume and palea.—Sp. about 50; 28 in F7. B. Ind.
Spikelets panicled. Panicles large, terminal, spikelets many. L. large, thick, margins cartilaginous’. . I. A. WALKERIANA. L. small, thin, margins membranous. Spikelets 3-5-fld., flg. glumes, obtuse . . A. WIGHTIANA. Spikelets 5-8-fld., fly. glumes acuminate . A, FLORIBUNDA. Panicles short, spikelets few : soo ae . 4. A. DEBILIS. Spikelets racemed . 4 : 5. A. DENSIFOLIA.
Go N
Arundinaria. | Gramineg. 309
1. A. Walkeriana, Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 21 (1868).
Beddome, Fl. Sylv. For. Man. ccxxx. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 3. iain Cat., Ceyl, Pl rioi(part), €) P. 420,
Hib. ind) vil. 377) Gamble, Ic t. 1.
Shrubby; stems tufted, thickly covered above with leafless |.-sheaths, internodes about 15 in. by 1 in. diam.; stem-sheaths papery; |. 5-11 by 1-2 in., oval or oval-oblong, or oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, base broad, rounded or cordate, gla- brous, pale beneath, margins cartilaginous, serrulate with recurved spinules, midrib narrow, shining, veins 6—IO pairs, intermediates 5-6, cross-venules prominent, regular, raised beneath, petiole 74-4 in., stout, l.-sheaths glabrous, striate, mouth truncate, ciliolate below the petiole, margined with long pale flexuous bristles, ligule short; infl. of fascicles of red-purple compound erect panicles 6-12 in. long, terminating leafy branches, branchlets filiform, erect, flexuous, glabrous, lower axils glandular, upper with a few long hairs; spikelets 4-3 in. when young, older up to-1I in. 3-4-fld., narrow, glabrous, purple-brown, uppermost glumes usually empty, rhachilla wiry, flattened, ciliate ventrally, tip vith a ring of hairs; glumes I and II 74-4 in. subequal, empty, angular, apiculate, I usually 3-veined, II 5- or more-veined, margins ciliate, fle. glumes larger, veins 2 prominent, with inter- mediates finer, palea about as long as the glume, acute or bifid, keels 2, ciliate; lodicules 3, obtuse, one smallest, fimbriate, veins 3, flexuous; fil. short, anth. obtuse; ov. glabrous, styles short, base swollen; grain unknown.
Central Province, montane region, alt. 5000 ft. Adam’s Peak, The Knuckles, Dumbalagula, Wallakelle Hill, Mattakelle. Spikelets red-brown.
S. India, in the Pulney Hills.
Very closely allied to A. Wightiana, differing conspicuously in the thickened margins of the leaves. The panicles of spikes are sometimes so numerous that the infl. resembles a large brush.
On Pidurutalagala, in Aug. 1884, in profuse blossom, covering the whole upper part of the mountain, and exceeding any other Bamboo. Leaves of a very dark green for a Bamboo. (Trimen MSS.)
2. A. Wightiana, (Vees in Linnea, ix. 482 (1834).
Thw. Enum. 444. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 4. C. P. 3860.
Fl. B. Ind. vil. 377. Rupr. Bamb. t. iii. f. 10. Bedd. Fl. Sylv., Anal. Gen. t. xxvili. Gamble, l.c. t. 2.
Rootstock short, branched; stems gregarious, 6-10 ft. or more, slender, dark green, at length yellowish-brown, nodes swollen, internodes 10-14 in., usually flattened on one side, and with a ring of fibrous hairs (from bases of fallen sheaths) below the nodes, .young strongly striate, usually scabrid, branchlets whorled of 1. or |. and fl. mixed, stem-sheaths 4-8 by 1-3 in., narrowed slightly upwards, straw-col’d., base
BLO Graminece. | Arundinaria.
thickly clothed with stiff golden tubercle-based hairs, blade 1-14 in. by 74-4 in., subulate, flexuous, scabrid, ligule short, truncate, fimbriate; 1. 1-3 by 4-1 in., ovate or ovate- lanceolate, from a broad subsessile rounded or cordate base, acuminate, glabrous above, glaucescent beneath, midrib usually glandular-pubescent, base rounded or narrowed into a short petiole, margins not thickened, incurved, scabrid or ciliolate, midrib glabrous and shining beneath, veins 5—7- pairs, cross-venules many, regular, l.-sheaths cylindric, often purple, sometimes hispid or strigose with tubercle-based hairs, margins ciliate, mouth naked or with 5-8 deciduous bristles, ligule short, obtuse; infl. of usually densely crowded, short, leafy branches, bearing terminal loose, open panicles, 2-4 in. long and broad, of long-pedicelled spikelets, rhachis and distant spreading few-fld. branches wiry, axils glandular, pedicels filiform ; spikelets $-# in., narrow, 3-5-fld.; glumes distant on a very stout, compressed, scaberulous rhachilla with a ciliate top, the internodes of which are nearly half as long as the glumes; glumes glabrous, shining, I and II ovate-oblong, acute, 5-7-veined, flg. similar but longer, mucronate, many-veined and with a few cross-venules, palea - as long as the glume or longer, oblong, obtuse or bicuspidate, 2-keeled and with several slender veins and cross-venules, keels ciliate ; lodicules 3, unequal, obovate, fimbriate, usually obtuse, 3-—7-veined, one smaller, acute; fil. short, anth. brown, tips bicuspidate; ov. glabrous, style short; grain ellipsoid, 79-4 1n., acute, deeply furrowed on one side.
Central Province. Pedurutalagala, alt. 8000 ft., very abundant (Thwaites). Spikelets red-brown. FI]. annually in March.
Nilgiri Hills.
I have described this plant for the suite of specimens in the Pera- deniya Herbarium, which differ from the figure and description of Gamble, in the much shorter broader leaves, with cordate bases, and glabrous midrib beneath, in the sheaths not being keeled, and the perfectly glabrous glumes.
3. A. floribunda, 7/w. Enum. 375 (1864).
Beddome, FI. Sylv., For. Man. p. cexxx. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 5. C. P. 2624, 4023.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 377. Gamble, I. c. t. 3.
Shrubby; stems 2-5 ft., erect, internodes 2-4 in., tip retrorsely hirsute below the nodes; 1. 5-8 by 3-3 in., dis- tichous, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, base more or less narrowed into a very short 2-glandular petiole, margins scaberulous, midrib slender, veins 3-4 pairs with 5-6 inter- mediate, cross venules regular, conspicuous, |.-sheaths striate, sometimes hispid with long tubercle-based hairs, auricles cf
Arundinaria. | Graminee. 311
mouth short, with 5-8 long twisted bristles, ligule short,often fim- briate; infl. of terminal erect panicled long-pedicelled spikelets, panicles 3-5 in. long, rhachis and branches filiform, smooth, branches erect, afterwards spreading, axils glandular; spikelets distant, about 3 in. long, 5—8-fld., very narrow, rhachilla slender, compressed, ciliate, upper internodes half as long as the. glumes, tips clavate; glumes thin, silkily puberulous, uppermost empty, I ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tip ciliate, 3-veined, II longer, narrower, 5~-9-veined, flg. glumes ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, 7—-9-veined, palea as long as the glumes or longer, bicuspidate, keels 2, subciliate, veins several, very slender; lodicules 3, fimbriate, two broadly ovate, one smaller, narrower; stam. not exserted, fil. very short, anth. obtuse; ov. glabrous, style short, stigmas flattened, fimbriate; grain + in. long, linear-oblong, crowned by the bifid style base, red.
Montane district, alt. 5000 ft. Spikelets pale brown.
Endemic.
Specimens collected on Adam’s Peak, numbered C. P. 4023, Aug. 1869, by Dr. Thwaites, in leaf only, may belong to this species.
4. A. debilis, 7iw. Enum. 375 (1864).
- ore Fl. Sylv., For. Man. p. ccxxx. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 7. ce deo le
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 378. Gamble, l.c. t. 8.
Shrubby, apparently gregarious; stems elongated, much branched, nodes rather enlarged, internodes 2-6 by 4—} in. diam., glabrous or hispid at the top, upper smooth, yellow, shining; |. small, erect, imbricating, 14-3 by 4-4 in., acumi- nate, tip setiform, scabrid, glaucous, glabrous on both surfaces or hairy above, base acute or subtruncate, scabrous on one or both margins, midrib stout, veins 2-3 pairs, faint, with 5 intermediates, cross-venules distant or 0, petiole go-io in., L-sheaths glabrous, striate, tipped by a ciliate callus, auricles of mouth short, with a few long pale bristles, ligule short; infl. of short panicles of spikelets terminating slender leafy branchlets that are half whorled at the nodes of the stem, panicles racemiform, about as long as the leaves, erect or drooping, glabrous or nearly so, rhachis very slender, axils glandular, pedicels shorter than the spikelets, tips clavate; spikelets 4-4 in., 3-fld., narrowly lanceolate, terete, red-brown, glabrous or puberulous, internodes of rhachilla with scabrid tips; glumes I and-II ovate, mucronate, 5-7- veined, I smallest, flg. glumes similar but smaller, palea minute, bicuspidate, tip ciliate, keels smooth; lodicules 3, ovate, acute, ciliate, 3-veined ; fil. short, anth. tips bifid; ov.
Bie Gramince. [Bambusa.
ovoid, glabrous, style very short, stigmatic hairs secund ; grain unknown.
Montane region, alt. 6000-8000 ft. Spikelets red-brown. Flowers annually (?).
Endemic.
Mr. Gamble adds to above description, ‘ Characterised by the small pointed leaves, short spikelets, long glumes, and slightly ciliate palea.’ Thwaites remarks that it is used as horse-fodder at Nuwara Eliya.
5. A. densifolia, Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 32 (1868).
Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 8. C. P. 3956.
1alk 18), Mel sail, S70, (Galamolls, Ike tt 7
A densely gregarious shrub; rootstock stoloniferous, clothed with imbricating scales, stolons giving off stout, strong, densely leafy stems 6 in—3 ft. high, with fastigiate short branchlets, internodes 14-3 in. by 4 in. diam., rather thick-walled, nodes not prominent, stem-sheaths I in. or more, striate, hirsute, tip rather narrowed, truncate, minutely 2-auticled, blade short, ovate,-base rounded; 1. I-14 by 4-1 in., densely imbricate, subsessile, erect, lanceolate, tapering into a setaceously acuminate, glabrous, pungent point, margins broadly cartilaginous, finely spinulose-cilio- late, midrib stout, shining, veins I-2 pairs, inconspicuous, with 4-5 intermediates and many regular cross-venules, l.-sheaths striate, strigose with white hairs above, margins ciliate, liguie short, rounded, hairy; infl. of short erect racemes I-14 in. long, of 6-12 spikelets, terminating leafy branchlets, bracteate by the uppermost leaf, rhachis of raceme and short pedicels rather stout, angular, scabrid ; spikelets subsecund, erect, 4-4 in. long, laterally compressed, 1-fld., rhachilla short and stout below the fig. glume, very slender and naked above it, with sometimes a rudimentary; glumes 3-4, scaberulous, I subulate-lanceolate, finely acuminate, 3-veined, II much longer, aristately acuminate, 5—7-veined, flg. glume rather longer, 5—7-veined, acuminate, keel strong, palea as long as the glume, 2-toothed, keels scabrous, sides faintly veined ; lodicules obovate, obtuse, shortly fimbriate, faintly 3-5-veined; fil. short, anth. included, linear, obtuse, apiculate; ov. oblong, glabrous, styles very short, free; grain unknown.
Montane region. Horton Plains and Pedurutalagala, alt. 7000 ft. Fl. Sept.
Also on the Anamalai Hills.
78. BAWMBUSA, Scihred. Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing, sometimes thorny ; rootstock stout, stem-sheaths usually broad, triangular; 1.
Bambusa.] Graminee. 313
linear- or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, petiole short, 1.- sheaths auricled ; infl. of leafy or leafless panicled rhachides bearing clusters of 1- or more-fld. spikelets; empty glumes 1-3, flg. ovate-lanceolate, usually mucronate, palea 2-keeled ; lodicules 2-3, membranous, usually ciliate; stam. 6, fil. free, anth. narrow, obtuse apiculate or penicillate; ov. oblong or obovoid, top hairy, style short or long, stigmas 1-3; grain oblong or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, furrowed on one surface, pericarp thin, adherent to the seed, embryo large.— Sp. about 50; 24 in FZ. B. Ind.
Stems thorny . : : : : 2 ; . I. B. ARUNDINACEA. Stems unarmed. Arboreous, spikelets compressed 2) 24 Bo VULGARIS: Shrubby, spikelets cylindric . 2 : . 3. B. NANA.
1. B. arundinacea, Wl/d. Sf. P/.ii.245 (1799). Kata-una, S. Noongil, 7.
Thw. Enum. 375. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 51. &. sfzzosa, Roxb.; fim. Cat.Ceyl. Pl. 110, C. P.-3520.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 395. Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.79. Gamble, |. c. t. 48. Rheede, Hort. Mal. i. t. 16.
Stems many, tufted on a stout rootstock, branching from the base, up to 80 or 100 ft. high by 6-7 in. diam., graceful, curving, nodes prominent, lowest rooting, lower emitting horizontal almost naked shoots armed at the nodes with 2-3 stout recurved spines sometimes an inch and more long, internodes up to 18 in. walls 1-2 in. thick, stem-sheaths coriaceous, variable in shape, up to 12-15 by 9-12 in., striate, tip rounded, margins plaited, young orange-yellow streaked with green or red and thickly ciliate with golden hairs, blade up to 4in., triangular, acuminate, glabrous without, densely hirsute within, margins decurrent, thickly ciliate, ligule narrow, entire or fringed with pale hairs; 1. up to 7-8 by I in., linear or linear-lanceolate, tip stiff, glabrous, or puberulous beneath, one or both margins scabrous, base rounded, ciliate, midrib narrow, veins 4-6 with 7-9 inter- mediate and a few transverse pellucid glands, 1.-sheath ending in a thick callus and short bristly auricle, ligule short; inf. an enormous panicle often occupying the whole stem, branchlets bearing loose clusters of pale, suberect, $-1 by = in. lanceolate, acute, glabrous, spikelets; glumes 4-4 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute or mucronate, many-veined, empty, 2 or 0, fle. 3-7, uppermost 1-3 male or neuter, palea subacute, keels 2, ciliate; lodicules ovate or obovate, hyaline, ciliate, 1-3-veined; fil. slender, anth. obtuse, yellow;
314 Graminee. [Bambusa.
ov. oval-oblong, tip hairy, style short; grain 4-4 in., oblong, beaked by the style-base, smooth, grooved on one face. Warmer parts of the Island; common on river banks. Flowers at about thirty years of age (Brandis in ‘Indian Forester,’ January 1899). Plains and lower hills of India and Burma, indigenous or cultivated. Cult. in most tropical countries. One of the most useful Bamboos for constructive purposes. The seeds are eaten by the Sinhalese.
2. B. vulgaris, Schrad. in Wendl. Collect. Pl. 11.26. Una, S. Trim. Syst. Cat. 110. &. Thouarsiz, Kunth; Thw. Enum. 375.
B. arundinacea, Moon, Cat. 26. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 43. C. P 2
BEB inds-viis- 361 Wendla Wert. a7. Gamble e770; Stems rather distant, 20-50 ft. by 2-4 in. diam., polished, green or striped with yellow, early branching, nodes hardly raised, girt with a ring of hairs, internodes 10-18 in., walls rather thin, stem-sheaths 6-10 by 7-9 in., top rounded, retuse, thickly appressed-hairy, margins ciliate, often streaked like the stem, blade 2-6 by 3-4 in., subtriangular, acute, appressed- hairy on both surfaces, base decurrent, ending in 2 rounded falcate auricles fringed with flexuous bristles, margins revo- lute, ligule $4 in. broad, toothed or fimbriate; 1. 6-10 by 3-1% in., linear-lanceolate, tip slender, twisted, scabrid, glabrous or young hairy beneath, pale green, base rounded or narrowed, margin and adjacent veins scabrid, midrib narrow, pale, veins 6-8 with 8-9 intermediates connected by pellucid gland, |.-sheaths striate, laxly hairy, ending in a smooth ciliate callus and rounded auricle with a few bristles, ligule short, ciliolate; infl.a leafy compound panicle bearing numerous slender rhachides with bracteate clusters of 3-10 suberect spikelets, rhachis terete or sub-furrowed, scurfy, tip hairy ; spikelets 75-75 in. long, oblong, acute, compressed, bifid, 6—-10-fld.,and a terminal imperfect, rhachilla cuneate, glabrous; empty glumes I or 2, ovate, acute, tip ciliate, many-veined, flg. glumes larger, palea obtusely acute, faintly 3-veined, keels 2, white, ciliate; lodicules 3, ciliate, two ovate-oblong, elongate, 3-veined, one longer, acute; stam. exserted, anth. narrow, obtuse, purple, apiculate, tip hairy; ov. narrowly oblong, hairy, narrowed into the long slender hairy style, stigmas 3, short, plumose; grain unknown.
Southern and Central Provinces, up to 2000 ft. elevation (Thwaites). Fl. rarely produced.
Most warm countries, cultivated or naturalised.
Thwaites treats 2. vulgaris as a native of Ceylon, and Kurz regarded it as indigenous in Java; but Gamble, the highest authority, describes it as not indigenous in India (including Ceylon) or elsewhere, so far as is known. ‘The stems are extensively used for constructive purposes.
Oxytenanthera. | Graminee. 305
3. *B. nana, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 25 (1814).
Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 110. Moon, Cat. 29. C. P. 4022. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 41.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 390. Gamble, |. c. t. 38.
An evergreen shrub; stems tufted 6-10 ft. by $—1 in. diam., much branched from the base, smooth, green, at length yellow, internodes 8-15 in. nodes thickened, stem-sheaths 4-6 by 2-3 in., slightly narrowed to the rounded top, stiff, striate, glabrous, green, then yellow, blade 2-3 in., linear, acuminate, base decurrent on the sheath, glabrous or appressed hairy above, hairy beneath, margins ciliate with deciduous hairs, ligule narrow, entire; |. distichous, 2-4 by 3} in., linear- lanceolate, tip subulate, twisted, smooth above, whitish or glaucous and puberulous beneath, base rounded or narrowed into the very short petiole, midrib faint, pale beneath, veins 3-6 with 7-8 intermediate, crossed by pellucid glands, |.-sheaths smooth, striate, tipped with a callus, auricles of mouth fringed with a few long stiff bristles, ligule short ; infl. a diffuse leafy panicle of slender short rhachides bearing solitary or fascicled spikelets 4-14 in. long by $ in. broad; spikelets 5- or more-fid., terminal fl. alone imperfect, glabrous, straw-col’d., rhachilla io4 in., flattened; empty glumes o, rarely 1, fle. glumes about 4-2 in., ovate, acute, glabrous, many-veined, palea shorter, many-veined, keels 2, with ciliolate tips; lodicules 3, unequal, ~5-} in., linear-lanceolate, usually 2-veined ; anth. exserted, linear, pendulous, obtuse or apiculate, yellow; ov. obovoid, rough, pubescent above, style very short, stigmas 3, rather long, penicillate to the base; grain ellipsoid, shortly beaked, furrowed, hirsute above.
Naturalised only (Ferguson). The Dwarf or Chinese Bamboo.
China; cult. throughout India.
Cultivated extensively for close fences. Thwaites observes that the fl. are usually imperfect.
79. OX YTENANTHERA, J/unro.
Small or medium-sized arborescent or scandent unarmed bamboos; rootstock stout, usually creeping and stoloniferous; stem-sheaths various; |. variable, shortly petioled; infl. of clustered, elongate, slender, simple or branched rachides, bear- ing heads of sessile, elongate, narrowly conical, 1—3-fld. spikelets; giumes I-III empty, flg. glumes ovate, acute, or cuspidate, palea keeled or dorsally rounded; lodicules 0; stam. 6, fil. confluent in a long tube, anth. narrow, exserted ; ov. ovoid, style slender, stigmas 1-3; grain elongate, beaked by the style-base, grooved, embryo large.—Sp. 9; 8 in FZ. B. Ind.
2110 Graminee. [ Zeinostachyum.
O. Thwaitesii, Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 129 (1868).
Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 73. Dendrocalamus monadelphus, Thw. Enum. 376. C. P. 3359.
Fl. B. Ind. vii. 402. Beddome, FI. Sylv. t. 322. Gamble, 1. c. t. 64.
Gregarious, subscandent; stems 10-12 ft. by about I in. diam., with whip-like curved tips, bearing. whorls of small- leaved branchlets, smooth, nodes prominent, internodes 12-18 in., rough, young hirsute, walls 4-4 in. thick; stem- sheaths about 6 by 3-4 in., of old stems covered with appressed light brown hairs, of young thinner, glabrous, shining, base leaving a coriaceous ring on the nodes, mouth truncate, margins ciliate, blade 3-5 in., ovate, acuminate, base rounded and decurrent on the top of the sheath, and ending in large rounded auricles with bristly tips, bristles very long and flexuous on the |. of young, shoots, ligule of old sheaths very long, fimbriate, of younger narrow, erose; |. variable, of old stems up to 12 by 1-14 in., lanceolate, acuminate, tip seta- ceaus, twisted, glabrous above, sparsely hairy beneath, base narrowed or rounded, margins scabrous, midrib yellow, veins 8-10 pairs, with 7 intermediates, and many transverse venules in the larger leaves, few or 0 in the smaller, petiole 7-4 in., l.-sheaths keeled, ending in a rounded callus, and below, in young plants, in 2 auricles, bearing very long flexuous bristles, ligule variable; infl. very large, panicled, leafy, heads of spikelets globose, up to 2 in. diam., bracts small, ovate; spikelets often binate, sessile, stellately spreading, 7-345 in. long, densely packed, pale, usually 1-fld.; glumes I-III, empty, ovate, mucronate, many-veined, fle. glumes ovate, acute, mucronate, tip often pubescent, margins ciliate, palea convo- lute, obtuse, tip ciliate; stam.-tube at first short, thick, then elongate, membranous, anth. subsessile on the tube, narrow, tip long, hairy; ov. ovoid, pubescent, style long, slender, hairy, stigmas 3, stigmatic hairs short; grain oval-oblong, glabrous, except the style-base.
Central Province, alt. 4-6000 ft.; common. Flowers frequently in_ March.
Also in Nilgiri and Anamalai Hills.
80. TEINOSTACHYUM, Munro.
Shrubby or arborescent Bamboos; stems rather slender, drooping from an erect base, stem-sheaths slender, blade recurved; |. variable; infl. a slender terminal rhachis, bearing sessile bracteate fascicles of long, narrow, subterete, many- fld., suberect spikelets, upper and lower fl. imperfect; glumes distichous, I and II empty, ovate, acuminate or mucronate,
Ochlandra.] Graminee. B07)
fig. glumes similar, but longer, mucronate, palea oblong, convolute, keels 2, ciliate; lodicules 3, persistent, 3-9-veined ; stam. 6, fil. slender, free, anth. exserted; ov. ovoid or depressed- globose, pericarp produced upwards into a tube enclosing the slender style, stigmas 2-3; grain ovoid, acuminate, beaked, pericarp crustaceous.—Sp. 5; all in FZ. 5. Lnd.
T. attenuatum, Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 143 (1868).
Beddome, Fl]. Sylv., For. Man. p. ccxxxiv. Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 110. Bambusa attenuata, Thw. Enum. 375. C. P. 3255. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 100.
Fl. B. Ind vii. 410. Gamble, 1. c. t. 88.
Stems tufted, 12-25 ft. high, 4-1 in. diam., tips very slender, nodes with many whorled leafy branches; stem- sheaths pale, appressedly hairy; |. thin, 3-6 by 4-1 in., lanceo- late, acuminate, tip subulate, twisted, scabrous, smooth or rather rough above, smooth and pale beneath, midrib not prominent, base rounded or cordate, veins 3-5 pairs, with 5-7 close-set intermediates crossed by pellucid glands, margins ciliate, petiole 74-3 in. |-sheaths sparingly ap- pressed hairy or glabrous, mouth truncate, fringed with short deciduous hairs, margins scaberulous, ligule short, entire, glabrous; infl. terminal, and from the ends of the whorled branches, elongate, very slender, falcate or drooping at the tip, spikelets in whorled clusters of fertile and sterile bracts, 1-14 in. long, lafceolate, finely acuminate, rhachis smooth; spikelets narrow, I by 4in., rhachilla terete, smooth, thickened above; glumes 5-6, I 4 in., ovate, mucronate, ciliate, empty, 7-veined, flg. glumes 2-3, with I-2 upper imperfect, longer than I, 9-11-veined, palea smaller than the glume, keels 2, ciliolate; lodicules lanceolate, 3-veined, tips ciliate; fil. long, twisted, anth. } in. long, obtusely mucronate; ov. ovoid, acu- minate, glabrous, style long, stigmas 3, long, purple, stigmatic hairs, short, simple; grain narrowed at both ends, beaked, glabrous.
Central Province, alt. 4000-6000 ft. Ramboda, Hakgalla, &c. (Thwaites). Upper Abbotsford, in fl. and fr. May 1879, and January and February 1880 (Ferguson).
Endemic.
Extensively used for basket-making and other purposes in Dambulla (Ferguson).
81. OCHLANDRA, Zw.
Shrubby, gregarious, slender bamboos; stems erect, inter- nodes thin-walled, stem-sheaths persistent, auricles small; 1. lanceolate, many-veined, margins sometimes cartilaginous, L.
sheaths striate, fringed, ligule short or long; infl. of elongate,
318 Gramineae. [ Ochlandra.
naked, solitary or fascicled rhachides terminating leafy branchlets; spikelets whorled, stellately spreading, lanceolate, terete, rigid, sterile and fertile intermixed, 1-fld.; glumes many, convolute, mucronate, lower I-V empty, lowest very short, cupular, succeeding gradually longer, all rigidly cori- aceous, obscurely very many-veined, smooth, polished, fig. glume longest, solitary, palea membranous, many - veined, not keeled; lodicules 1 or more; stam. 6-120, fil. free or connate, exserted at the, top of the spikelet, anth. long, narrow; Ov. narrow, style elongate, stigmas 4-6, short, stigmatic hairs short; grain very large, ovoid or lanceolate, long-beaked by the rigid exserted style, embraced by the persistent glumes, pericarp very thick, fleshy.—Sp. 7; all in Til, ba nd.
@. stridula, 7iw. Enum. 376 (1864). Bata-li, S.
Beddome, Fl. Sylv., For. Man. p. ccxxxiv. Gamble, Bamb. Brit. Ind. 123. Seesha stridula, Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 145. LBambusa stridula, Moon, Cat. 26. C. P. 241.
IML I, lial; vit, ALO, “Garonloley Il, es i 1).
Gregarious ; stems crowded, 6-18 ft. by +? in. diam., pale green, nodes geniculate, internodes 12-20 in. long, scabrous, stem-sheaths glabrous, top rounded, auricles falcate, bristly, blade subulate, recurved, ligule short; 1. 8-12 by 14-24 in, oblong-lanceolate, tip long, setaceous, scabrid, smooth above, margins subcartilaginous, reflexed, one scabrous, midrib slender, veins 10-12 pairs, with about 7 intermediates crossed obliquely by pellucid glands, petiole short, stout, concave, 1.- sheaths ‘ending in a narrow callus fringed with deciduous bristles sometimes 4 in. long, young hirsute, old glabrous, ligule narrow, glabrous; rhachides elongate, rough at the articulations, glaucous above them; spikelets up to I in. long by 4 in. diam., cylindric-conical, glabrous or sparsly hirsute; glumes persistent in fr., I and II 4-4 in. long and broad, margins naked or ciliate, fle. glume similar but longer, palea as long as the flg. glume, membranous, oblong, truncate, veins many, trabeculate; lodicules 6-12 or more, lanceolate, one-, few-, or many-veined, convolute, appressed to the fr. and persistent; stam. up to 30, fil. free, flat, anth 4 in, 2-toothed, mucronate in the sinus; ov. narrow, smooth, style enclosed in the produced trigonous tip of the pericarp, stigmas 4-5, at first twisted; grain about 1 in. long, beak as long, subtended by the persistent glumes, palea, lodicules, and filaments.
Ochlandra.] Graminee. 319
Var. maculata, Gamdle, /. c. 124.
Stem greyish-green, banded and blotched with dark purple FI. B. Ind. l.c. TZeznostachyum (2) maculatum, Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. (1885), 273.
Southern Provinces, in the low country; common. Covering hundreds of square miles. Flowers annually. Var. maculata, Ambagamuwa, Rewanwette, and districts S. of Adam’s Peak (Ferguson).
Endemic.
Moon’s specific name is derived from the stems when trodden on breaking with a crackling noise, warning game of the hunter’s approach. Stems extensively used for fences, roofs of huts, and leaves for thatching (Ferguson). According to Thwaites, var. szacuw/ata loses its purple colour under cultivation, and does not flower.
eek ee NOX
A. Key to the Orders, Genera, and Aberrant Species of Ceylon Flowering Plants.
IT is assumed that those for whose aid in identifying the flowering plants of Ceylon the following Key is intended are so far instructed in the elements of botany as to be familiar with the principles of classification, with the characters of the classes Dicotyledons, Monocotyledons, and Gymnosperms, with the principal organs of flowering plants, and with the technical terms ordinarily used in describing ehem.*
These acquirements would not, however, suffice to enable any one ignorant of Indian botany to make much use of this Hand-book, from the absence in it of subdivisions of the dicotyledons and monocotyledons, and from the fact that many of the genera present some characters foreign to the orders in which they are placed, but to which they, not- withstanding, belong by right of affinity. Added to this is the fact that the Ceylon Flora is, for its extent, a fragmentary one, certain orders represented in India by many genera, and certain genera by many species in India, being represented in Ceylon by single or very few genera and species, and these often being aberrant in one or more characters.. In evidence of the above I find that, out of the total of 149 orders, 49 are represented by single genera, and 23 by only two genera; and that, of the remaining 77 orders, 65 include one or more genera with aberrant species. One instance of the latter may suffice; it is the order Ranunculacee, which is normally polypetalous. It is represented in Ceylon by five
* Those who have not these acquirements are recommended to pro- cure and study ‘Oliver’s First Book of Indian Botany,’ with numerous illustrations. (Macmillan & Co.)
PART V. We
320 Key to the Orders, Genera, Se.
genera, of which three are apetalous. These five genera
together contain seven species, of which three only have
petals. This, for the purpose of the Key, necessitates
Ranunculacee finding a place both in the polypetalous series
of Thalamifloral and the apetalous of Monochlamyds. So it
is with various others of the Ceylon orders, genera, and species; owing to their aberrant characters their natural affinities are masked, and, except by an artificial key, it is difficult—in some cases even impossible—for one ignorant of Indian botany to identify them, and to find their places in the natural system which is followed in the body of the Hand- book. The following table shows the limits of the Series, and the Parts of the Hand-book in which they are to be found :—— 1. Dicotyledons. Series I. Thalamifloral, Part i, Orders 1, Ranunculacez, to XxIV, Tiliaceze. 5 Li Discifloral, Part -1, Orders’ xxv, lamaceze,\to xin, Anacardiacez. » III. Calycifloral, Part 11, Orders Lv1, Connaracez, to Lxv, Cornaceze. » LV. Gamopetalous, Part ii, Orders Lxv11, Rubiacez, to Part iii, cl, Plantagineee. Part ui, Orders ci1, Nycta- » ¥. Monochlamydeous, ginez, to Part iv, Orders » WI. Achlamydeous, cil, Euphorbiacez, to cxxul, Ceratophyllacez. Il. Gymnosperms. Part iv, Orders cxxiu, Cycadacee.
III. Monocotyledons.
Part iv, Orders cLxxIv, Hydrocharidez, to cxLvi, Naiadez, Part v, Order CxLvil, Eriocaulonez.
», L1I. Glumal, Part v, Orders cxLvi1, Cyperaceze, and
CXLIx, Graminez. ;
CLass I—DICOTYLEDONS.
SERIES I.—Thalamifioral. Fl. usually bisexual and regular; cal. inferior, except Azcistrocladee, of distinct or connate sepals ; cor. of distinct pet., sometimes united at the very base; stam. hypogynous, rarely inserted on a hypogynous disk or torus.
Series I. Petaloid » LI. Apetaloid
Key to the Orders, Genera, &c. 223
Fl. unisexual in Menispermacee, irregular in Viola, Impatiens, and Polygala; pet. o in some Ranunculaceea, Cruciferae, Violacee, Bixacee, and rarely in a few other orders.
A. Ov. apocarpous, of 2 or more free carpels, rarely carpel solitary.
Fl. bisexual. Sep. 5 or fewer, pet. I-seriate. Sep. deciduous : : : I. RANUNCULUS, vol. i. p. 4. Sep. persistent : : : II. DILLENIACEA, i. 5.
Sep. and pet. 2-3 seriate, or sep. I-seriate and pet. 2- or more-seriate. Shrubs or trees.
L. stipulate, sep. 5 or more . Ill. MAGNOLIACEA”, i. 14. L. exstipulate, sep.3 . : Iv. ANONACEA, i. 16. Aquatic herbs : : : Vil. NYMPHAACEA, 1. 49. Fl]. unisexual, dicecious . ; 2 Vv. MENISPERMACEA, i. 37.
B. Ov. syncarpous. Ov. i-celled, spuriously 2-celled in Crucifere. Placentas parietal. Endosperm o.
Ov. spuriously 2-celled : VIII. CRUCIFERA, i. 52. Ov. 1-celled, usually on a gynophore . . : IX. CAPPARIDEA, 1. 54.
Endosperm copious. Fl. irregular.
Stam. 5, anth.spurred . X. VIOLACEA, 1. 65. Stam. 8, anth. not spurred XIII. POLYGALACEA, 1. 78. Fl. regular.
Herbs with glandular hairs XLVIII. DROSERACEA, il. 145. Trees or shrubs. Stam. many, in I or § bundles. . XVIII. HYPERICACEA, 1. 93. Stam. 5 or more, not in bundles. Fr.capsular placent.2 XII. PITTOSPORACEA, i. 77. Fr. berried, placent. 3 or more. : XI. BIXACEA, i. 69. Placenta free central or basal. Sep. and pet. and stam. 6 each, shrub : VI. BERBERIDEA, i. 48. Sep. 5 or cal. 5- fid. Ov. inferior, scandent shrub XXI. bis. ANCISTROCLADEA, i. 338. Ov. superior.
Herbs, 1. opp. : XIV. CARYOPHYLLACEA,, 1.84. Trees Or shrubs, l.scale-like XVI. TAMARISCINE, i. QI. Shrubs, 1. alt., broad . LXXVIII. MYRSINEA, iii. 67.
Ov. 2-many-celled. Sep. imbricate in bud. Ov. cells many-ovuled.
Fl. irregular : : : IMPATIENS, i. 200. Fl. regular L. opp.
Stam. 3-1o free. . XVII. ELATINEA, i. 92.
Stam. many, in I or
bundles . : . XVIII, HYPERICACEA, i. 93.
L, alt., trees or shrubs. :
Sep. unchanged in fr. . XX. TERNSTREMIACEA, 1. 107.
Sep. accrescent in fr. . XXI. DIPTEROCARPACE4, i. 112.
324
L. radical or whorled, herbs Ov. cells 1-4-ovuled. Trees or shrubs.
L. alt., pet. connate at base XXXVI.
L. opp., fl. usually unisexual. Cal. campanulate, aay shrub Cal. of distinct sepals . Cal. 5-partite, pet. laciniate
Herbs, |. simple or comp. . XXVIII.
Sep. valvate in bud.
Anth. 1-celled XXII. Anth. 2-celled. Fil. free XXIV. Pil: monadelphous hap.0-4008
SERIES 1I].—Discifloral. calyx inferior ; perigynous or hypogynous disk or row insertion and the ov.;
XIX.
Key to the Orders, Genera, &c.
MOLLUGO, ii. 270.
ILICINEA, 1. 264.
AZIMA, lil. 121. GUTTIFERA, 1. 94. WEIHEA, li. 156. GERANIACEA, 1. 195.
MALVACE&, i. 140.
TILIACEA, 1. 171. STERCULIACEA, 1. 163.
Fl. usually bisexual and regular; pet. distinct or connate at the very base, with usually a
of glands between their
stamens inserted on or at the inner or outer
base of the disk, or between the glands, or on the pet. Disk glands very minute in Chazlletiacee. Cal. superior, and disk
epigynous in S¢vombosia (Olacinee). A. Fl. regular. Fr. of separate carpels. L. gland-dotted L. not gland-dotted.
L. opp. L. simple. Sep. pet. and stam. ey MeO, CXIL. Sep. 5, pet. 5-6, stam. 3. L. pinnate . XXVII.
L. alt. stipulate
L. alt. exstipulate. L. compound.
Stam. inserted chiefly outside the disk Stam. inserted chiefly inside the disk L. simple Fr. syncarpous. Herbs.
Terrestrial. L. stipulate, stam. many . L. stipulate, disk of glands L. exstipulate, disk of
glands or scales
Aquatic herbs, disk adnate to ov. Whole plant floating, fl. small L. and fl. only floating, fl. large
Trees or shrubs.
Euphorbiacee.)
Stam. 5 or fewer opp. or on the pets.
L. simple.
XXIX.
XXXI.
XXX.
XL.
XXIV.
RUTACEA, i. 213.
MONIMIACEA, ili. 436. HIPPOCRATEA, 1. 275. ZYGOPHYLLACEA!, 1. 194. OCHNACEA, i. 232.
SIMARUBACEA, 1. 229.
SAPINDACEA, 1. 298. BUCHANANIA, 1. 316.
TILIACEA, i. I71. GERANIUM, i. 195.
LINUM, i. 188.
TRAPA, ll. 235. NYMPHA, i. 49.
(See also some discifloral petaliferous gen. of
Key to the Orders, Genera, Ge.
Pet. valvate. Undershrubs with tendrils
Shrubs, no tendrils XXXV. Pet. minute, imbricate, or involute iap:0:0:4'4 508
L. compound, no tendrils .
325 VITIS, i. 287. OLACINEA, 1. 254.
RHAMNACEA,, i. 278. LEEA, i. 297.
Stam. alt., or opp. and alt. with the pets., or many.
L. alt. exstipulate. L. gland-dotted L. not gland-dotted. Ov. 1-celled, ovules many, on ~ parietal placentas
XXIX.
XI.
RUTACEA, i. 213.
BIXACEA,, i. 69.
Ov. I or more celled, placentas basal or axile.
L. simple.
Pet. valvate. XXXV. Pet. imbricate. Disk of glands, styles 3-5. XXV. Ov. 2-5-celled, style 2-3-fid. XXXVII. Ov. 1 - celled, style simple . XLII. Ov. 2-5-celled, style simple . ME L. compound. Fil. confluent, form- ing a tube OOK
Fil. distinct. Ovules pendulous.
Ov. 1I-celled, t-ovuled XLII. Ov. 2-3-cell- ed, cells 1- 2-ovuled OO
Ovules erect. Ov. cells many- ovuled Ov. cells ovuled. L. alt., stipulate. Anth. appendaged, ov. 1-celled
I-2- XL
OLACINEA, 1. 254.
LINACEA, i. 188. CELASTRACEA, i. 266. ANACARDIACEA, i. 316,
SAPINDACEA, i. 298.
MELIACEA, 1. 241.
ANACARDIACEA!, 1. 316.
BURSERACEA,, i. 235.
CHLOROXYLON, i. 252.
SAPINDACEA, i. 298.
ALSODEIA, 1. 68.
Anth. not appendaged, trees or shrubs, except Lzzacec.
Stam. many XXIV. Stam. 3-5. Ov. 3-5-celled. XXV. Ov. 2-celled. Ov. pendulous XXXIV. Ov. erect XXXV.
L. opp., trees or shrubs.. L. gland-dotted, simple. L. exstipulate, stam. 8 L. stipulate, stam. 5 L. not gland-dotted. L. stipulate, compound
TILIACEA, 1. 171. LINACEA, i. 188. CHAILLETIACEA, 1. 253.
CELASTRACE4, i. 266.
ACRONYCHIA, 1. 216.
KOKOONA, 1. 269.
TURPINIA, t. 313.
326
L. exstipulate.
Key to the Orders, Genera, ©c.
L. simple XXXVI. CELASTRACEA, 1. 266. L. compound . XL. SAPINDACEA, 1. 298. B. FI. irregular, trees or shrubs. L. opp., simple, exstipulate . XXVI. MALPIGHIACEA, i. 192. L. alt., simple and coronene Stam. 5-10 : 5 : XL. SAPINDACEA, i. 298. Stam. (perfect) 2, opp. 2 of 5 petals XLI. SABIACEA, i. 314.
SeriEs III] —Calycifioral.
Fl. regular, mostly bisexual; calyx
inferior or superior; pet. distinct, or connate at the very base only; disk 0, or very obscure; stam. inserted in the limb of the calyx. In the genera and orders with inferior ov., the limb of the calyx is
often undeveloped, which should refer them
technically to the Mono-
chlamydeous division, where also most such will be found.
A. FI. bisexual.
Ov. superior (or half superior in Zvapa and Ficozadee).
Herbs. Fr. a solitary follicle, 1. alt. usually comp. Fr. of small achenes, 1. comp. Fr. capsular. Sep. 2, embryo annular Sep. 3-5, embryo straight . Fr. an indehiscent 2-horned nut, aquatic Trees or shrubs. Fr. of many small ae prickly shrubs : Fr. of 3-5 follicles, 1. imp.- pinnate . Fr. of 1 follicle, 1- seeded, 1. of I leaflet . Fr. various.
XLIII.
XLIV. XLV.
XV.
LEGUMINOSA,, ii. 4. ROSACEA, ll. 134.
PORTULACACEA, 1. 88. AMMANNIA, li. 223.
TRAPA, il. 235.
RUBUS, 11. 135. CONNARACEA, il. I.
ELLIPANTHUS, il. 3.
Ov. 1-celled, style single, |. alt., stipulate.
L. usually comp., fr. folli- cular or indehiscent L. simple, fr. a berry
XLIV.
LEGUMINOSA, ii. 4. PYGEUM, ll. 134.
Ov. 2- or more-celled, style single, 1. opp.
Anth. opening by slits. Style long, stigma capi-
tate, 1. exstipulate LIV. Stigma 2-lobed, or styles 2, l. exstipulate BEKO RO XCM Stigma simple, |. stipulate 1b Anth. opening by pores . Ov. 1-celled, styles 4 or more. Sep. 5, placent. parietal . Sep. 2, placent. basal XV. Ov. inferior. Stam. inserted on the calyx-limb. Anth. opening by pores. Sy) seibile, Anth. opening by slits. Leafless shrubs . LXI.
LYTHRACEA, il. 222. OLEACES, ili. 112. RHIZOPHORACEA, ll. 150. MELASTOMA, 11. 199. HOMALIUM, ii. 239. PORTULACACEA,, i. 88.
MELASTOMACEA, il. 192.
CACTACEA, ii. 266.
Key to the Orders, Genera, Sc.
Leafy shrubs or trees. Pet. valvate i ; Pet. imbricate, distinct. L. stipulate. Ov. 1-celled Ov. 2-4-celled .
Pet. connate in a cap Stam. epipetalous, shrubs or trees. Pet.imbricate, stam. very many LXXXI Pet. valvate, stam. opp. pet. or adnate to them Stam. epigynous. Pet. valvate. L. compound, ov. 4-9 celled L. simple. Ov. 1-celled, shrubs Ov. 2-celled, herbs . Pet. imbricate. Fl. umbelled, styles 2. Fl. not umbelled.
L. stipulate. } : ib
L. exstipulate. Pet. entire, 1. opp. Pet. laciniate, 1. alt. di morphic : : B. FI. unisexual (see also various petaliferous Euphorbiacee). Scandent herbs or shrubs with tendrils.
Fl. moneecious, fr. baccate. LVIII.
Fl. dicecious, fr.capsular . NATE Erect herbs.
Ov. 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled
Ov. 3-celled, cells many-ovuled. LXIXx.
Parasitic shrub, anth. opening by many pores . ; : :
CXVII.
LXIV.
LXV.
. LII.
327 STROMBOSIA, 1. 257.
PHOTINIA, li. 142.
: L. RHIZOPHORACEA, il. 150. L. exstipulate, ov. I-celled Lx.
COMBRETACEA, il. 158. AXINANDRA, li. 231.
. STYRACEA,, ill. 103.
LORANTHACEA,, iii. 462.
ARALIACEA, li. 281.
CORNACEZ&, il. 285. HYDROCOTYLE, Ii. 274.
. UMBELLIFERA,, il. 274.
RHIZOPHORACEA, il. 150. MYRTACEA, li. 165.
ANISOPHYLLEA, il. 157.
CUCURBITACEA,, li. 242. PASSIFLORACEA,, il. 239.
SERPICULA, li. 147. BEGONIACEA, ii. 262.
VISCUM, iil. 470.
SERIES IV.—Gamopetalous.—F. usually bisexual, regular or
irregular ; cal. superior or inferior; pet. connate, forming an entire or cleft corolla, rarely free to a little above the base; stam. epipeta- lous, rarely hypogynous or epigynous.
A. Ov. inferior, $ inferior in Sphenoclea (see below) and in Gaertnera (see Loganiacee@). Stam. epipetalous. Anth. free. Stam. opp. or upon the cor.-lobes . 3 Stam. alt. with cor.-lobes. L. opp. exstipulate.
CXVII. LORANTHACEA, iii. 462.
Stam. 3, herb. LXVIII. VALERIANACEA, iii. I. Stam. 4, ov. 1-celled, herb LXIX. DIPSACEAZ, 111. 2.
Stam. 5, ov. 1-3-cell-
ed, shrub LXVi. CAPRIFOLIACEA, ii. 288.
328
L. opp. stipulate, or whorled . 6 ievalt. Stam. very many, shrubs _or trees a Stam. 5, fil. free, ov. 4.
inferior, herb . : Stam. 5, fil. united, fl. uni- sexual, coarse herb Anth. connate.
Anth. cohering by their tips only
Anth. cohering in a tube. Herbs or shrubs with tendrils . Herbs, 1. stipulate L. exstipulate, ov. I- celled, 1-ovuled ‘L. exstipulate, ov. 2-3- celled,many-ovuled Stam. epigynous. Stam. 2, fil. confluent with style Stam. 3-5. Ov. t-celled, 1-ovuled, stam. opp. cor.-lobes Ov. 2-celled, cells 1-ovuled Ov. 2-3-celled, cells many- ovuled ; Stam. 10, anth.-cells spurred B. Ov. superior. Fl. regular. Stam. hypogynous. Ov. 1-celled, ovule, 1 pen- dulous, herbs
Ov. 1-celled, 2-ovuled, herb
Key to the Orders, Genera, Se.
LXVII. RUBIACEA;, il. 289.
LXXX. STYRACEAZ, ili. 103. SPHENOCLEA, iii. 59. XANTHIUM, iii. 35.
ACRANTHERA, il. 324.
LVIII. CUCURBITACEA, ii. 242.
NEUROCALYX, il. 299. LXX. COMPOSITA,, Ili. 3.
LXXIII. CAMPANULACEA, iil. 55.
LXXI. STYLIDIACEA, iil. 53.
CXVII. LXXII.
LORANTHACEA!,, iil. 462. GOODENIACEA, ili. 54.
LXXIII. LXXIV.
CAMPANULACEA, Ili. 55. VACCINIACEA, iii. 61.
LXXVI. PLUMBAGINEA, ili. 64. WALTHERIA, i. 170.
Ov. 1-celled, 1-ovuled, woody unisexual climbers.
Sep. of male distinct Sep. of male connate
CISSAMPELOS, i. 46. CYCLEA, 1. 47.
Ov. 5-10-celled, cells many-ovuled, shrubs or trees LXXV. ERICACEA, iii. 62. Stam. epipetalous. Ov. of 2 free carpels with connate styles or stigmas. L. opp Pollen granular, grains free . LXXXIV. APOCYNACEA, ili. 123. Pollen in waxy or
granular masses LXXXV. ASCLEPIADEA, ili. 142.
L. alt., carpels each 2-lobed. CERBERA, lii. 128.
Ov. of 2 or more confluent carpels.
Ov. 1-celled, placenta free central, stam. opp. cor. .-lobes. Herbs, fr. ‘capsular LXXVII. PRIMULACEA, iil. 65. Trees or shrubs, fr.
baccate . LXXVIII. MYRSINEA, iii. 67. Tree or shrub, fr. a follicle ZEGICERAS, ill. 74
ria
Key to the Orders, Genera, &c. 329
Ov. I or more celled, placenta not free central. L. opp., rarely ternate. Trees or shrubs. Stam. 2, ov. 2- celled, cells I-ovuled . LXXXII. OLEACEA, Iii. 112. Stam. 4-5. Anth.connivent, adnate to stigmas . LXXXIV. APOCYNACEA, iil. 123. Anth. free. Ov. 1-celled, pla- cent. 2, parietal WILLUGHBEIA, ili. 123. Ov. 1-4-celled, placent. axile or sub-basal. Stam. didy- namous XCIX. VERBENACEA, ili. 345. Stam. equal. Spinous shrubs CARISSA, iii. 124. Unarmed shrubs. Cor.-lobes imbricate SALVADORA, iii. 120. Cor.-lobes valvate or contorted LXXXVI. LOGANIACEA, iil. 169. Stam. 6-8, ov. 2-4- celled, ovules 4 SYMPHOREMA, ili. 362. Herbs. Ov. 1-celled, placent. parietal, ovules very many. Corolla-lobes con- torted, stigmas 2 GENTIANACEA, lil. 179. Corolla-lobes imbri-
cate, stigma I CHAMPIONIA, iii. 276. Ov. 2-celled. Stam. 2, ov. cells 2-ovuled STACHYTARPHETA, ili. 348.
Stam. 4-5, ov. cells many-ovuled. Styles 2, very short | MITRASACME, ili. 170.
Style 1, long EXACUM, iil. 180. Ov. 4-celled, ovules 4, anth. 5, connate TRICHODESMA, ili. 201. L. alt. Aquatic herb, |. floating, ov. I-celled . LIMNANTHEMUM, iii. 188.
Terrestrial caulescent herbs, shrubs, or trees. Ov. 1-celled, ovules 4, erect, scandent shrubs ERYCIBE, ili. 204. Ov. 1-celled, ovules many, parietal, undershrub ISANTHERA, ili. 280. Ov. 2- or 4-celled, ovules 4. Corolla plaited in bud i XC. CONVOLVULACEA, Iii. 204. Corolla - lobes’ imbricate in bud . . LXXXIX. BORAGINEA, Ill. 192. Ov. 2-celled, cells many-ovuled.
330 Key to the Orders, Geneva, &c.
Annual, stam. 4,style 1 CELSIA, ill. 240. Annual, stam. 5, styles2 HYDROPHYLLACEA, ili, 191. Herbs or shrubs, stam. 5, style I XCI. SOLANACEA, ili. 230. Ov. 3-16-celled, cells 1-2-ovuled, shrubs or trees. Fl]. bisexual.
L. simple . LXXIX. SAPOTACEA, ili. 75. L. compound LEEA, 1. 297.
FI. unisexual. Styles 3, 2-fid. GIVOTIA, iv. 50.
Style single, or bifid. Pet. contorted, sep. accrescent LXXX. EBENACEA, iil. 87. Pet. imbricate, stam. 2 LXXXII. OLEACEA, ill. 112. L. all radical, peren- nial herb . : CI. PLANTAGINEA, ill. 388. Fl. irregular (corolla-lobes, or stamens, or both unsymmetrical). Leafiess herbs. Stam. 4, didynamous, anth. 1-celled. Ov. 1-celled, placent. 2, parietal . : . XCIII. OROBANCHACEA!,, ili. 260. ; Ov. 2-celled, placent. 2, axile STRIGA, ili. 255. Stam. 2, anth.-cells confluent XCIV. LENTIBULARIACEA!,, ili. 266. Leafy herbs, shrubs, or trees. Anth. 1-celled. Ov. 4-lobed . ‘ : c. LABIATA, ili. 364. Ov. entire, 2-celled, stam. 2, annuals. Capsule many-seeded, stigma tongue-shaped . PEPLIDIUM, ili. 254. Capsule 4-seeded, stigma simple ‘ : MONOTHECIUM, ili. 333. Anth.-cells 2, confluent. Ov. 1-celled. Stam. 2 or 4, placent. 2, parietal . : XCV. GESNERACEA, ill. 271. Stam. 2, placent. basal XCIV. LENTIBULARIACEA, iil. 266. Ov. 2-celled, 1. opp., herbs. Fl]. minute, axillary . MICROCARPA, ill. 254. Fl. large, racemose . ARTANEMA, ili. 248. Anth.-cells 2, distinct. Ov. 1-celled, placent. 2, parietal, stam. 1, herbs.
Corolla unequally 4-lobed HOPPEA, iii. 183. Corolla 2-lipped 3 CANSCORA, lil. 183. Ov. 1-celled, or 2-celled by confluence of placent. stam. didynamous. Shrubs or trees, I. 1-2- pinnate. : XCVI. BIGNONIACEA,, iii. 280.
Ov. 2-celled, |. usually opp., simple lobed or pinnatifid, stam. usually didynamous. Ov. cells many-ovuled, fr. usually capsular. [eOpp:.. alts, 0% whorled, en- dosp. fleshy . XCII. SCROPHULARIACEA, iii. 239. L. opp. or alt., endosp.o SESAMUM, iii. 285.
Key to the Orders, Genera, ec. 331
L. all opp., endosp. o (except £Zy- trarvia) . . XCVII. ACANTHACEA, iii. 286. Ov. cells 1-few-ovuled. L. opp. or whorled, fics GNA lee drupey XCIX. VERBENACEA,, lll. 345. L. all opp., capsule 2-valved . XCIIIl. ACANTHACEA, ili. 286. L. all opp., fr. inde- hiscent, spinous PEDALIUM, iii. 284. Ov. 4-celled, ].opp., stam. didynamous. Ov. entire, style terminal XCIX. VERBENACEA, ili. 345. Ov. 4-lobed, style from between the lobes . Cc. LABIATA, ill. 364.
SERIES V.—Monochlamyds.— Fl. usually regular, often uni- sexual; perianth single, present in bisexual fls., and usually in both sexes of unisexual fls., superior or inferior, gamo- or polypetalous; stam. hypogynous, perigynous, or epigynous.
Under this series are included some orders and genera with inferior ovaries, in which the calyx-limb is not or hardly produced, though, the calyx-tube being present in these and adnate to the ovary, they are really dichlamydeous.
A. Ov. inferior. Stam. confluent with the style ARISTOLOCHIA, ili. 422. Stam. free from the style. Anth. connate ina tube, fil. free, ov. I-celled, 1-
ovuled d 2 : LX. COMPOSITA, ili. 3. Anith. free. Aquatic unisexual herb,
ov. 4-celled, 4 ovuled MYRIOPHYLLUM, li. 148. Terrestrial plants. Ov. 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Anth. opening by slits or pores.
L. large, peltate . HERNANDIA, ill. 455. L. not peltate, parasites . . CXVII. LORANTHACEA, il. 462. Anth. opening by valves. GYROCARPUS, ii. 165. Ov. 1-celled, 2-5- -ovuled. Stam. 3- 5, style1 . SANTALACEA, ili. 474. Stam. 8-10, style 1. LI. COMBRETACEA, ll. 158. Stam. 4, styles 4, stigmas plumose SERPICULA, 11. 148. Ov. 1-celled, paw ovuled . LX. DATISCACEA, Ii. 265. Ov. 2-celled, 2- ovuled. LXIII. UMBELLIFERA, li. 274. Ov. 4-9- -celled, cells I-ovuled : 5 LXIV. ARALIACEA, ii. 281.
Ov. 4-celled, cells 4 many-ovuled : BRAGANTIA, Ill. 421.
Bee Key to the Orders, Genera, Gc. B. Ov. superior. Fl. bisexual. Aquatic herbs, with frond- like stem . LAWIA, iii. 416. Leafless, fleshy, jointed herbs CIV. CHENOPODIACEA!, ill. 406. Leafless twining parasite . CASSYTHA, lil. 455. Leafy herbs, shrubs, or trees. | Perianth-tube elongate, base enclosing the ov. Tube of perianth entire, limb 4—5-lobed. Stam. 4-5, inserted on the perianth tube. L. glabrous or pubescent Cxv. THYMELAACEA, iil. 457. L. covered with lepidote scales . CXVI. ELZAGNACEA,, ill. 461. Stam. 2-10, hypo- - gynous . -Cll. NYCTAGINEA, ili, 389. Tubeof menen (calyx) entire or cee lobed ; CULLENIA, i. 162. Tube of perianth of 4 linear, cohering > segments CXIV. PROTEACEA, iii. 456.
Perianth-tube short or o. Ov. of 2 or more free carpels. Carpels 1-ovuled. Stam. hypogynous.
Carpels coriaceous I.
Carpels membranous Stam. perigynous, |. pinnate. Carpels many-ovuled Ov. 1-celled, ovules many, parietal. Stam. hypogynous . Stam. perigynous Ov. 1-celled, 1-ovuled. L. simple. Stam. opp. perianth lobes. Embryoannularin floury endosp. Embryostraight in fleshy endosp. Stam. not opp. peneay lobes. L. exstipulate. Stam. I-5, embryo annular Stam. many, coty- led. plano-convex L. stipulate. Styles 2 or 3. Style 1 L. pinnate Ov. 1-5-celled, cells few- or many- -ovuled.
XI. LVI.
CIII.
CIV.
CV.
RANUNCULACEA,, i. I. GISEKIA, il. 273.
POTERIUM, Ii. 140. STERCULIA, 1. 163.
BIXACEA, 1. 69. SAMYDACEA!,, il. 236.
AMARANTHACEA,, ill. 392.
CANSJERA, i. 259.
CHENOPODIACEA, ill. 406. CALOPHYLLUM, 1. 98. POLYGONACEA,, ill. 410.
ALCHEMILLA, it. 140. POTERIUM, 11. 140.
Key to the Orders, Genera, Se.
L. pinnate, ov. I- celled, trees . XLIV. L. pinnatifid, ov. 2- celled, herbs . VIII. L. simple. Ov, I-celled, few- ovuled . : CIII. Ov. 1-celled, many- ovuled . ; Ov. 2-5-celled . LXIl. Ov. 3-celled, cells 1- ovuled. L. simple : > SOOT L. pinnate ; 3 Ov. many-celled, cells many-ovuled FI. unisexual. Leafless fleshy root-para- sites 3 : : CXIX. Stem. leafy. Submerged aquatic, 1. dissected ‘ te FCXXIT Terrestrial herbs, shrubs or trees. Ov. of 3-5 separate carpels. Climbing shrub, sep. 6 Trees, perianth 5- lobed é Fy 2Osae Ov. a 1-celled 1-ovuled carpel. Anth. dehiscing by valves. ; CXIII. Anth, dehiscing by slits. L. stipulate . ‘ CXXI. L. exstipulate. eavalt ety 2- valved, trees Seite L. opp., fr. in- dehisc.,herb Ov. 1-celled, ovules few or many, parietal sare Ov. 1-celled, 2-ovuled, scandent shrub Ov.2-more-celled, cells
onl
[—3-ovuled. Seeds with endosp.. CXXV. Seeds without endosp. XE
Oo ioe) &
LEGUMINOSA, il. 4,
CRUCIFERA, 1. 52. AMARANTHACEA, lil. 392. AMMANNIA, ii, 223. FICOIDEA, 11. 267. RHAMNACEA,, i. 278. SCHLEICHERA, 1. 304. SONNERATIA, 11. 229. BALANOPHORACEA,, ill. 476. CERATOPHYLLACEA, iv. 120. ANAMIRTA, 1. 40. STERCULIACEZ, 1.. 163. LAURACEA!,, lll. 437.
URTICACEA, iv. 78.
MYRISTICACEA, iil. 433. ATRIPLEX, ili. 406. BIXACEZ, i. 60. PYRENACANTHA, i. 263.
EUPHORBIACEA, iv. I. SAPINDACEA!,, i. 298.
SERIES VI.—Achlamydez. Perianth o in the male fl. or
fem. fi., or in both. Perianth o in fl. of both sexes.
Infl. of many-pedicelled stam. and 1-pedicelled 3-celled ov., all sur-
rounded by a perianth-like cam- panulate involucre :
EUPHORBIA, iv. 3.
334 Key to the Orders, Genera, Sc.
Fl. solitary, bisexual, stam. I or2, aquatic
herbea ; : PODOSTEMON, iii. 416. Fl. solitary, unisexual, stam. I, aquatic herb ‘ ; ‘ i ‘ CALLITRICHE, li. 149. Fl. minute spicate. Fl. bisexual, styles 2-4 _ . é . CIX. PIPERACEA, ili. 209.
Fl. binate,a male and afem. connate CX. CHLORANTHACEA, ili. 432.
Perianth o in fem. fl. only of the following genera :— HALORAGE#; Serpicula, ii, 147; Myriophyllum, ii. 148. CoMPOSIT#; Xanthium, iil. 35. BALANOPHORACEA, ill. 476, URTICACE#; Ficus, iv. 83; Antiaris, iv. 96; obscure in Dorstenia, iv. 10,
Cuass Il—GYMNOSPERMS.
CXXIIIl. CYCADEA, L. iv. 121.
Ciass IIIL.—MONOCOTYLEDONS.
SERIES I.—Petaloid. Perianth usually double, of 6 segments in-two rows, rarely single.
A. Perianth superior. Submerged herbs, fresh water and marine. : : CXXIV. HYDROCHARIDEA, iv. 122. Terrestrial herbs. Stam. 6. Fl. regular. L. undivided. Anth. with the connective appendaged. Cells of ov. many-ovuled cCxxXv. BURMANNIACEA!, iv. 129. Cells of ov. 2-ovuled . TRICHOPUS, iv. 279. Anth. with connective not appendaged. Cells of ov. 2-ovuled . CXXVIII. HAMODORACEA, iv. 266. Cells of ov. many-ovuled CxXXIxX. AMARYLLIDEA, iv. 268. Ie ey pec ueHiS agilate CXXX. TACCACEZ, Iv. 273.
SUT, Ze : ; APOSTASIA, iv. 238. Fl. irregular. Stam. adnate to the style. CXXVI. ORCHIDEA!, iv. 132. Stam free from the style . CXXVII. SCITAMINEA, iv. 238.
B. Perianth inferior.
Fl. very minute in dense invo-
lucrate heads . ; . CLXVII. ERIOCAULONEA, Vv. I. Fl]. on a spadix.
Spadix at first enclosed in one or more spathes. Spadix branched, shrubs or trees . . CXXXIX. PALMEA, iv. 319. Spadix simple, perianth single. Spathe open.
Herbs, fl. unisexual . ORONTIEAZ. iv. 344. Climbing shrub, fl. bisexual POTHOS, iv. 363. Spathe calyptriform, ca- ducous, aquatics . APONOGETON, iv. 372.
Spathe o, or very imperfect, aquatics.
Key to the Orders, Genera, Gc. 335 Fl. bisexual. Perianth segm. 4, carpels 4 POTAMOGETON, iv. 373. Perianth segm, 6, ov. 2-3 celled ACORUS, iv. 365. Fl. moncecious, per. (?) of fine hairs . 4 5 CXLI. TYPHACEA, iv. 342. Fl. not on a spadix. Ov. of many separate carpels. Leafy aquatics, cal. green,
cor. white . 3 CXLV. ALISMACEA, iv. 369. Leafless saprophytes, peri- anth 4-8-partite 5 CXLIV. TRIURIDEA, iv. 367.
Ov. syncarpous, perianth 6-partite, except Dracena. Stam. 4, stem twining l.broad , . CXXXII. ROXBURGHIACEA, iv. 280. Stam. 3-2. Rush-like plants, fl. in cone-like spikes . CXXXV. XYRIDEA, iv. 296. Stam. alternating with staminodes . . CXXXVI. COMMELINACEA, iv. 298. Stam. 6. Fl. unisexual, fr. baccate. Climbing shrubs, 1. 3-9-
veined : SMILAX, iv. 282. Erect, tall herbs, L closely veined . SUSUM, Iv. 317.
Fl. bisexual. Fr. capsular.
Fl. irregular . : FLOSCOPA, iv. 315. Fl. regular. Fil. naked. Perianth mem- branous . CXXXIII. LILIACEAZ, iv. 281. Perianth coria- ceous . . CXXXVIII. JUNCACEA, iv. 318. Fil. long-bearded CYANOTIS, iv. 311.
Fr. baccate. L. tipped by a spiral tendril . FLAGELLARIA, iv. 317. L. replaced by eladodes . . ASPARAGUS, iv. 284. Stem erect, woody, fl. panicled DRACANA, iv. 287. L. ovate, fl. subumbellate . DISPORUM, iv. 288. L. linear, fil. swollen in the middle. ‘ : . DIANELLA, iv. 288.
SeRtEs I].—Apetaloid. Perianth o or very obscure; fl. not in
spikes of imbricating bracts.
Small or minute, floating, gregarious
disks é . CXLIII LEMNACEA, iv. 366.
Stemless floating herb, If arranged i in
a cup ; PISTIA, iv. 344.
Fl.in a spadix, usually crowded, 2
only in Ruppia.
Spadix enclosed at first in a spathe or spathes.
Spathe solitary.
226 Characters of the Orders.
Erect, unisexual herbs . . CLXII ARACEA, iv. 343. Scandent, bisexual shrubs. RHAPHIDOPHORA, iv. 361. Submergedaquatic herb, spathe hyaline. RUPPIA, iv. 374. Spathes several, scandent shr ubs, fl. unisexual . : 4 CXL. PANDANACEA!, iy. 338. Spadices naked, moncecious, fl. im- mersed in hairs. . CXLI, TYPHACEA, iv. 342. Submerged aquatics, fl. axillary, uni- sexual. Fl. solitary, carpel 1, fresh or brackish water ; NAIAS, Iv. 375. Fl. solitary or cymose, carpels 2, salt water ; . : CYMODOCEA, iv. 376.
Series II].—G@lumal. FI. small or minute, solitary, sessile in the bracts (glumes) of spikes; perianth o, or of usually very minute scales or of bristles; stam. 1-3, very rarely more; ov. 1-celled, t-ovuled. Sedges and grasses.
Stem trigonous or terete, |.-sheaths
_usually closed, anth. basifixed,
embryo in the base of floury endosperm . . CXLVIII. CYPERACEA, v. 12.
Stem terete or compressed, |,-sheaths
usually split to the base, anth.
dorsifixed versatile, embryo on the side offloury endosperm . CXLIX. GRAMINEA, v. I13.
B.
Diagnostic Characters of the Orders to which the Flowering Plants of Ceylon belong, tn the sequence™ adopted by Dr. Trimen tn this Hand-book.
Cuiass I—DICOTYLEDONS. A. POLYPETALOUS (Orders I-LXV.)
_ SERIES I.—Thalamifloral.—Fl. mostly regular and bisexual; cal. inf., of distinct sep. or partite. Pet. distinct or united at the very base only, hypog. Torus rarely expanded into a disk. Stam. hypog. Ov. sup. (inf. in Azcistrocladee), immersed in the torus in Nympheacee.
* The sequence is that of Bentham and Hooker’s ‘Genera Plantarum.’ As stated by Dr. Trimen in Part I., Introd. p. 1, ‘only such characters are given as are shown by the species found in Ceylon. .
Characters of the Orders. 337)
_ §1. Ov. apocarp. FI. regular, bisexual, except in Ilenishermacec. See also Malvacee.
I. RANUNCULACES%. — Sep. deciduous, often coloured. Pet. 5, or Many, or o. Stam. indef. Carp. many, 1-ovuled. Seeds without an aril; endosp. copious.—Climbing shrubs, with opp. 1., or herbs with alt. L.; Stipa: i. I.
IJ. DILLENIACEZ.—Sep. 5, deciduous, imbric. Pet. 4-5. Stam. indef., distinct or in bundles. Carp. few or many, few- or many-ovuled. Seeds arillate (except Dz//enza); endosp. fleshy.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; 1, alt. or radical, simple or pinnatisect. i. 5.
III]. MAGNOLIACE%.—Sep. and pet. not distinguished, 9-12, imbricate in several series. Stam. indef., distinct or combined. Carp. indef, imbricate, each 2-4-ovuled. Fr. of follicles ; endosp. copious.—Trees or climbiug shrubs; 1. alt., simple, entire, stipulate. 1. 14.
IV. ANONACE#.—Sep. 3, sometimes connate, usually valvate. Pet. 6. biseriate, distinct, or inner connate. Stam. def. or indef., connective prolonged. Carp. many, few, or 1, I-many-ovuled. Seeds large; endosp. tuminate.—Trees or shrubs; | alt., simple, entire; stip. o. 1. 16.
V. MENISPERMACE#.—FI. dicecious. Sep. and pet. 6 each, rarely 5,4, 1. Male fl.:—Stam. 6, biseriate, opp. pet.; fem. fl.:—staminodes 6 oro. Carp. 3-6 (or 12 or 1), 1-ovuled; style lat. or basal. Fr. of drupes. Seed hooked; cotyled. narrow, flat—Twining shrubs or herbs; 1. alt., simple, entire; stip. o. i. 37.
VI. BERBERIDE&.—Sep. and pet. 6 each, biseriate, imbricate. Stam. 6, opp. pet., anth. opening by valves. Carp. 1, few-ovuled. Fr. fleshy ; endosp. copious, cotyled. flat.—Shrubs; 1]. simple, or represented by 3-partite spines. i. 48.
VII. NYMPH#ACE#.—Sep. 4-5, distinct. Pet. many, many-seriate, imbricate. Stam. very many. Carp. many, in pits of the torus, or con- fluent with the torusina many-celled ov., cells 1- or more-ovuled. Fr. a spongy berry, or of nuts in the pits of a turbinate torus.—Aquatic herbs; 1. large, simple, peltate. i. 49.
§ 2. Ov. syncarp., 1-celled or 2-celled in Polygalacee, placent. pariet., sometimes meeting and forming a 2- or more-celled fr. See also Ternstremtiacee.
VIII. CRUCIFER@.—Sep. 4,imbricate. Pet. 4 oro. Stam. 6, 4, 2, if 6, 4inner longest, in pairs. Ov. 2-celled bya membrane from the placent. ; ovules few or many. Fr. a2-valved pod. Endosp. 0; cotyled. flattened, radical up-curved.—Herbs ; |. alt.; stip.o. 1. 52.
IX.—CAPPARIDE#.—Sep. 4, pet. 4 or 2. Stam. 4, 6, or indef., on the base or sides of the torus. Disk hornlike in Cadaba. Ov. 1-celled, ‘usually elevated on the torus, placent. 4-6. Fr. capsular or indehisc. Embryo curved ; endosperm o.—Trees, herbs, or shrubs; l. alt., simple “or compound. i. 54.
X. VIOLACE#.—Fl. regular or not. Sep. 5, imbricate, persistent. Pet. 5, equal or unequal. Stam. 5, anth. of 2 spurred. Disk in A/sodeza. Ov. 1-celled; placent. 3, few- or many-ovuled. Caps. 3-valved.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees; 1. alt., stipulate. 1. 65.
XI. Brxace#.—Fl]. uni- or bi-sexual. Sep. 4-8. Pet. 4-6 or 0, imbric. or contort. Ov. I-celled, placent. 3-7, sometimes meeting, I- or
PART V. Z
338 Characters of the Orders.
more-ovuled. Fr. a berry, rarely 3-valved; cotyled. foliaceous; endosp:. oily. i. 69.
XII. PITTOSPORACEH.—Sep. and pet. 5 each, imbricate. Pet. connate at very base. Stam. 5, distinct. Ov. 1-celled, placent. 2, often meeting,.
few- or many-ovuled. Caps. 2-valved; embryo small; endosp, copious.— Trees or shrub; |. alt.; stip.o. i. 77.
XIII. POLYGALACE2.—FI. irreg. Sep. 5, unequal, imbric. Pet. 3 or 5, free or connate below with fil. Stam. 4, 5, 8, distinct or connate; anth. opening by pores. Ov. 1-2-celled; cells 1-few-ovuled. Fr. indehisc., 1-seeded, or a 2-celled, 2-seeded caps.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees; 1. alt., simple, entire; stip. o. i. 78.
§ 3. Ov. syncarpous, 1-celled, ovules on a free central or basal placent.
XIV. CARYOPHYLLACEZ.—Sep. 5, persist. Pet.5. Stam. 2-5 or Io.. Styles 3-5. Caps. 3-5-valved; embryo curved round mealy endosp.— Herbs, |. opp.; simple; stip.o. i. 84.
XV. PORTULACACE#.—Sep. 2, connate below. Pet. 4 or 5, perigyn.. Stam. 4-16, perigyn. Ov. 3-inf. Caps. circumsciss.; embryo curved round mealy endosp.—Herbs or undershrubs; |. alt. or opp.; stip. o. 1.°88.
XVI. TAMARISCINEZ. — Sep. and pet. 5, imbric. Stam. 5. Ov. 1-celled, ovules many, on 3 basal placent.; styles 3. Caps. 3-valved.. Seeds with a pencil of long hairs.—Trees; 1. scale-like; stip. o. i. 9I.
§ 4. Ov. syncarpous, I-many-celled; placent. axile or basal.
XVII. ELATINEZ.—Sep. and pet. 3-5 each, distinct, imbric. Stam. 3 or 10. Ov. 3-5-celled; cells many-ovuled; placent. axile. Caps. septicidally 3-5-valved.—Annual herbs; |. opp., stipulate. 1. 92.
XVIII. HYPERICACE.—Sep. and pet. 5 each, distinct. Stam. indef. in I or in 5 bundles. Ov. 1-celled, placent. 3, pariet., or 3-celled, placent. axile. Caps. septicidal, many-seeded.—Herbs or shrubs; |. opp., entire; stip. 0. i. 93.
XIX. GUTTIFER#.—FI. uni- or bi-sexual. Sep. 4-5, imbric., persist. Pet. 4-8, much imbric., oro. Stam. indef.. distinct or fil. connate. Ov. I-many-celled; ovules in each cell 1-4, axile. Fr. indehisc., rarely 2-valved. Seed large, fleshy.—Trees; 1. opp., entire; stip.o. 1. 94.
XX. TERNSTREMIACEZ.—FI. bisex. or dicec. Sep. 3-5, distinct, often unequal. Pet. 5, free or bases connate. Stam. few or many, free or adnate to base of pet. Ov. 2-5-celled; cells few- or many-ovuled, or 1-celled and placent. pariet., styles 2-5, or stigma sessile.—Trees or shrubs; 1. alt., simple; stip. o. i. 107.
XXI. DIPTEROCARPACEZ.—Sep. 5, free or connate, persist., often accrescent and winged. Pet. 5, free or bases connate, contort. Stam. 5, 10, 15, or indef.; fil. very short; connective often elongate. Ov. 2-3- celled, cells with 2 pendulous ovules. Fr. enclosed in the often accrescent and winged cal. Seed large; endosp. o.—Trees; 1. alt., simple, entire, stipulate. i. 112.
XXI. bis. ANCISTROCLADE#.—Cal. sup., limb unequally 5-fid, accres- cent. Pet. 5, bases connate. Stam. 5, adnate to bases of pet. Ov.. 1-celled, ovule 1, erect; style 3-fid. Fr. indehisc.; endosp. ruminate.— Climbing shrub; 1. alt., entire; stip.o. i. 138.
Characters of the Orders. 339
XXII. MALVACE#.—Cal. valvate. Pet. 5, usually connate at base and with fil., rarely o. Stam. indef., fil. usually connate in a long tube, anth. 1-celled. Ov. 2-many-celled, ovules axile in the cells. Fr. syn- or apo-carp.; embryo curved.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; I. alt., stipulate (except Cullenia). 1. 140.
XXIII. STERCULIACEZ.—FI. uni- or bi-sex., regular or not. Cal. 5-lobed or -partite. Pet. 5, connate below, or o. Stam. 5-20; fil. more or less connate; anth. 2-celled. Carp. 2-5, free or connate in a 1-5- celled ov., cells 1-many-ovuled; styles free or connate. Fr. of follicles, or a loculicidal caps., or indehisc.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; 1. alt., simple or comp., stipulate. i. 163.
XXIV. TILIACEZ.—Sep. 5, distinct or connate. Pet. 5, distinct. Stam. many, free. Disk fleshy or 0. Ov. 2-5-celled; cells 2—-many- ovuled, style simple. Fr. a loculicidal caps., or a drupe. Cotyled. flat; endosp. fleshy.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; 1. alt., simple, stipulate. i. 171.
SERIES II. Discifloral.—Sep. distinct or connate, very rarely sup. Pet. distinct or connate at the very base. Torus generally expanded into a pulvinate or cupular disk between the pet. and ov., rarely of glands, or o.
§ 1. Ovules pendulous, raphe ventral.
XXV. LINACEZ.—Sep. and pet. 5 each, distinct or connate. Pet. imbric. or contort. Disk of glands, or obscure. Stam. 5 or 10; fil. more or less connate. Ov. 3- or 5-celled; cells 1-2-ovuled ; styles 3 or 5. Fr. a caps. or drupe. Embryo flat, endosp. scanty.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees; 1. alt., simple. 1. 188.
XXVI. MALPIGHIACEH.—FI. irreg. Sep. 5, bases connate; one with a large gland externally. Pet. 5, distinct, clawed, imbric. Disk obscure. Stam. 10, declinate, 1 longest. Ov. 3-celled; cells 1-ovuled. Fr. of I-3 winged nuts.—Climbing shrubs; |. opp., entire; stip. 0. 1. 192.
XXVII. ZYGOPHYLLACE%.—Sep. and pet. 5 each, distinct, imbric. Stam. 10, 5 opp. pet. longest. Disk 10-lobed. Ov. 5-celled; ceils several- ovuled; style 1. Fr. of indehisc. cocci. Embryo green, endosp. 0.— Herbs ; |. opp., pinnate, stipulate. i. 194.
XXVIII. GERANIACEZ. — FI. regular or not. Sep. 5 or 3, distinct, imbric., one often spurred or saccate. Pet. 5, often very unequal. Disk of 5 glands or 0. Stam. 5 or 10. Ov. 5-celled; cells few- or many- ovuled. Fr. of 5 1-seeded cocci, or a caps. or drupe.—Herbs, rarely shrubby ; 1. alt. or opp., simple or compound. i. 195.
XXIX. RUTACE#.—FI. rarely unisex. Sep. 4-5, imbric. Pet. 4-5, distinct, imbric., or valvate. Disk large or small. Stam. 4-12. Ov. 2-7-celled; cells 1- 2- or many-ovuled; styles free or connate. Fr. various.—Trees or shrubs; 1. simple or comp., punctate with pellucid glands. i. 213.
XXX. SIMARUBACEZ.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Sep. and pet. 4 or 5 each, imbric. or valvate. Stam. 5, 8, 10, distinct. Disk annular or in- conspicuous. Ov. 2-5-lobed or apocarp., 1-2-ovuled. Fr. of 1-5 free, 1-seeded, indehisc. carpels.—Trees or shrubs; 1. alt., simple or pinnate; SHPO; 1, 220,
XXXI. OCHNACE#.—Sep. 5, persist. Pet. 5, imbricate. Stam. Io
340 Characters of the Orders.
or indef. Disk tumid. Carp. 3-10, free, 1-ovuled. Fr. of 3-8, indehisc. carp.—Trees or shrubs; 1. alt., simple, stipulate. 1. 232.
XXXII. BURSERACE#.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Cal. 3-5-fid, or of 3-5 pet., valvate or imbric. Stam. 4-10. Disk fleshy, annular, lining cal.-tube oro. Ov. 2-3-celled; cells 1-2-ovuled. Fr. a t-3-celled drupe, epicarp sometimes 2-valved. Cotyled. crumpled or folded, endosp. o.—Trees; 1. alt., compound. i. 235.
XXXIII. MELIACEZ.—FI]. uni- or ibi-sex. Cal. 4-5-fid, or sep. 5 distinct. Pet. 3-5, imbric. or valvate. Stam. 6-10; fil. usually connate in a tube, rarely free. Disk annular, obscure, oro. Ov. 2—5-celled, cells 2- or more-ovuled; style simple. Fr. a caps., drupe, berry, or mem- branous.—Trees, rarely shrubs; 1. alt., comp. i. 241.
XXXIV. CHAILLETIACE2.—FI1. polygam. Sep. 5, unequal, imbric. Pet. 5, distinct, 2-lobed. Disk of scales at base of pet. Stam. 5. Ov. 2-celled; styles 5. Fr. a 2-valved drupe with 2-seeded stone. Cotyled. thick; endosp. o.—Trees or shrubs; 1. alt., simple; stip. persist. i. 253.
§ 2. Ovules pendulous, raphe dorsal.
XXXV. OLACINE#.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Cal. inf. or sup., 4-5-lobed oro. Pet. 4-5, distinct or cohering in a tube, valvate or imbric. Disk afinular or cupular, perig. or epig. Stam. 3-10. Ov. 1-5-celled; cells 1-2-ovuled. Drupe i-celled, 1-seeded. Endosp. copious.—Trees or shrubs; 1. alt., simple; stip.o. 1. 254.
XXXVI. ILICINE#.—FI. dicecious. Cal. 4-5-fid, imbric. Cor. 4-5- lobed or -partite. Stam. 4-5, hypog. or on base of corolla. Disko. Ov. 3-6-celled; cells 1-ovuled; stigma large, sessile. Drupe with 4-6 stones. Endosp. fleshy.—Trees; |. alt., simple; stip. o. 1. 264.
§ 3. Ovules erect, raphe ventral.
XXXVII. CELASTRACEZ.—FI. rarely unisex. Cal. 4-5-lobed, persist. Pet. 4-6, imbric. or contort. Disk large. Stam. 2-5. Ov. free or immersed in disk, 2-5-celled; cells 1- or 2-ovuled; style 2-3-fid. Fr.a loculicidal caps. or a drupe or berry, or apocarp. Cotyled. flat.—Trees or shrubs; |. simple. i. 266.
XXXVIIT. RHAMNACEZ.—Cal. rarely sup., 5-fid, lobes valvate. Pet. small, 5, or o. Disk lining the cal.-tube. Stam. 5, opp. the pet. Ov. 2-4-celled; cells 1-ovuled; style 2-4-fid. Fr. a caps., or of 3 distinct carp.—sShrubs or trees; |. stipulate. 1. 278.
XXXIX. AMPELIDEZ.—Cal. cupular, entire or 3-5-lobed. Pet. 4-5, distinct or connate, valvate. Disk large, cupular or annular. Ov. 2- celled, cells 2-ovuled, or 6-celled, cells 1-ovuled. Fr. a berry.—Shrubs or herbs; usually climbing; 1. alt., stipulate. 1. 286.
§ 4. Ovules ascending, or pendulous from an erect funicle, raphe ventral or reversed.
XL. SAPINDACEZ.—FI. usually unisex. and irregular. Sep. 4-5, ora 4-6-lobed valvate calyx. Pet. 4-5, distinct. Disk annular or unilat. Stam. 5, 8, 10, fil. distinct. Ov. 2- or 3-celled; cells 1-2-ovuled. Fr. indehisc. or capsular, or of 1-3 indehisc. carp.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; 1, alt. or opp., simple or compound. i. 298.
XLI. SABIACEZ.—FI. irreg. Sep. and bracteoles together 5-13.
Pet. 5, unequal, 3 orbicular, concave, 2 much smaller, bifid. Disk cupular, 3-8-toothed. Stam. 5, 2 fertile, opp. and adnate to smaller pet.,
Characters of the Orders. 341
3 imperfect. Ov. 2-celled; cells with 2 superposed ovules; style short, conical. Drupe oblique, 1-celled, 1-seeded.—L. alt., simple or pinnate; stip. 0. 1. 314.
* XLII. ANACARDIACE#.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Cal. 3-5-fid or -partites Pet. 3-5, imbric. or valvate. Stam. 4-10. Disk annular. Ov. 1- or 5- celled, or of 5 distinct 1-ovuled carpels; style 2-3-fid. Drupe with a 1—5-celled stone. Embryo large; endosp. o.—Trees or shrubs; l. alt., simple or compound; stip.o. i. 316.
SERIES III. Calycifloral. — Fl. regular or irregular, uni- or bi-sex. Cal. sup. or inf. Pet. distinct or united at the base, perig. Disk rarely present Stam. perig. or epig. (hypog. in Dvoseracee).
$1. Ov. superior, of one or more free or connate carpels; inferior in
some Rosacee and Haloragee,; styles usually as many as carpels.
XLIII. CONNARACE#.—Cal. 5-fid or -partite, imbric. or valvate. Pet. 5, narrow. Stam. 5 or Io. Carp. 1-5; cells 2-ovuled; ovules col- lateral. Fr. of 1 or 2 follicles. Seed large, erect, arillate; endosp. o.— Shrubs or trees, often scandent ; |. alt., imparipinnate or unifoliolate. ii. 1.
XLIV. LEGUMINOS#.—FI. regular or not, rarely unisex. Cal. 5-lobed or -partite or 5-sepalous, often 2-lipped. Pet. 5 or fewer, rarely 0 or con- nate, usually very unequal (papilionaceous). Stam. Io, diadelph. and declinate, or numerous, rarely all distinct. Ov. 1-celled; ovules I or more, on the ventral suture. Fr.a dehisc. or indehisc. 1-many-seeded pod, rarely a drupe. Cotyled. large ; endosp. o.—Herbs, trees, or shrubs, often climbing; 1. alt., usually comp., stipulate; lflts. entire. ii. 4.
XLV. ROSACEZ.—Cal. inf. or sup., 4-6-cleft. Pet. 4-6 oro. Stam. def. or indef., distinct. Ov. of 1, few, or many, I-2-ovuled, carps. (2-celled in Photinia). Fr. various. Cotyled. plano-convex; endosp. o.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees; |. alt., simple or comp., stipulate. ii. 134.
XLVI. SAXIFRAGACEH.—Cal. sup., limb 5-partite. Pet. 5. Disk epig. Ov. 1-celled; ovules many, on 2 pendulous placent.; styles 2-3. Seeds very minute.—Herb; l. opp.; stip.o. ii. 143.
XLVII. CRASSULACEZ.—Sep. 4. Cor.-tube inflated, lobes 4, spreading. Stam. 8, biseriate on the cor.-tube. Disk-glands 4, hypog. Ov. of 4 dis- tinct, many-ovuled carp. Fr. of 4 many-seeded follicles.—Herb; 1. opp., succulent; stip. o. il. 143.
XLVIII. DROSERACE#.—Sep. and pet. 5 each, both persist. Stam. 5, hypog. Ov. 1-celled, ovules many on 3-5 pariet. placent.; styles 3 or 5. Caps. loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seeds minute, reticulate-—Herbs clothed with glandular hairs. 11. 145.
XLIX. HALORAGE#.— FI. unisex.; male fl.:—cal. 4-fid or 0; stam. I, 4, 8; fem. fl.:—cal. sup., limb 4-cleft or 0; pet. 0; ov. I-2- or 4-celled, ovules solitary, pendulous; styles or stigmas 2 or 4. Fr. 4-lobed or of 2 or 4 carp.—Herbs, usually aquatic or marsh; 1. opp., alt., or whorled, simple or pinnatifid. ii. 147.
§ 2. Ov. inf., or included in the cal.-tube, syncarpous, style un- divided; cells 2- or more-ovuled.
' L. RHIZOPHORACE®.—Cal. sup. or $-sup., rarely inf.. segm. 4-5 or 8-14, valvate. Pet. as many as cal.-segm., often cleft. Stam. twice as many as pet. Disk annular oro. Ov. 2-4-celled, ovules 1-2, pendulous
342 Characters of the Orders.
in each cell. Fr. indehisc., 1-seeded, or dehisc., 4-6-seeded.—Trees or shrubs; 1. opp., stipulate, rarely alt. and exstip. il. 150.
LI. COMBRETAC#.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Cal. sup., limb tubular, 2- or 4+7-lobed. Pet. 4,5, oro. Stam. 4-10; staminodes as many, oro. Ov. 1-celled; ovules 1-5, pendulous. Fr. indehisc., 1-seeded. Cotyled. large, plaited or convolute.—Trees or shrubs; |. exstip. ii. 158.
LIT. MyrtacE#.—Cal. sup.; limb short, 2-5-lobed. Pet. 4 or 5, distinct, or bases connate, or united ina cap. Stam. indef., epig. Ov. 2-4-celled; cells many-ovuled; style simple. Fr. indehisc., 1—many- seeded. Endosp. o.—Trees or shrubs; 1. simple, often gland-dotted ; stip. 0, or minute. ii. 165.
LIII. MELASTOMACE.—Cal. sup. or inf., tube more or less elongate, 3-5-lobed. Pet. 3-5, contort. in bud. Stam. 3, 8, 10, on cal.-tube; anth. opening by 1 or 2 pores or slits, base often spurred. Ov. I- or 3-5-celled, placent. axile or free central; style simple. Fr.a caps. or indehisc., I- or many-seeded.—Trees, herbs, or shrubs; 1. opp. exstip. ii. 192.
LIV. LYTHRACE#.—Cal. inf., rarely sup., 3-6-lobed, valvate, persist. Pet. 3-6 or o, crumpled. Stam. 3, 6, 12, or indef., on the cal.-tube. Ov. 1-6-celled; cells 1- or many-ovuled; style simple. Caps. many- seeded.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; 1. opp., entire, exstip. 1. 222.
LV. ONAGRACE#.—Cal. sup. or 3-sup., segm. 4-5, valvate. Pet. 4-5, contort. Stam. 8 or 10, epig. Ov. 4-5-celled; cells many-ovuled; style short. Caps. irregularly dehisc., very many-seeded.—Herbs; 1. alt., entire (except submerged of 7vapa). 11. 232.
§ 3. Ov. inf. or sup., syncarpous, t-celled, or 3-celled by fusion of placentas; styles distinct, or connate below.
LVI. SAMYDACE#.—Cal. inf. or 3-inf., segm. 4-5. Pet. 4, 5, oro. Stam. 4-10, perig., free or connate with staminodes. Disk annular, or of glands. Ov. 1-celled; ovules few, pariet.; styles 1-4. Caps. soft, loculi- cidally 2-3-valved. Seeds arillate, endospermous.—Trees or shrubs; 1. alt., simple; stip. minute. 11. 236.
LVII. PASSIFLORACEH. — Fl. dicecious; male:—cal. campanulate, 5-toothed or cleft, imbric.; pet. 5, distant; disk of cilia and 5 glands opp. cal.-lobes; stam. 5, perig., distinct or connate; fem. fl.:—perianth of male; ov. sup., stipitate; placent. pariet.; stigmas 3, papillose. Caps. loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds flat, arillate-—Herbs with tendrils. 11. 239.
LVIII. CucURBITACE#.—FI. unisex.; male:—cal.-tube short, 5-fid ; pet. 5, usually connate; stam. 3 (rarely 5) on cal.-tube; anth. distinct or connate, cells usually conduplicate ; fem. fl.:—cal. sup., limb 5-fid. staminodes 3 or 5; ov. I-celled, placent. 3, fleshy, often confluent in the centre; stigmas 3; ovules few or many. Fr. fleshy, rarely dehisc.— Herbs, with spiral tendrils; 1. alt., simple, lobed, or compound. ii. 242.
I.IX. BEGONIACE®.—FI. unisex.; male :—sep. 2, valvate; pet. smaller or o; stam. indef., usually monadelph; fem. fl.:—sep. and pet. 2-5, sup. ; ov. 3-celled; ovules very many on axile placent.; styles 3. Fr. a trigonous thin-walled caps., winged at the angles; seeds many, minute.— Succulent herbs; 1. alt., stipulate. ii. 262.
LX. DATISCACE®.—F1. dicecious; male :—sep. 4; pet. 0; stam. 4 Opp. sep., inserted on a flat disk; fem. fl. :—cal. sup., limb shortly 4-lobed ; pet. 0; ov. 1-celled, placent. 4, pariet., many-ovuled ; styles 4, persist.
Characters of the Orders. 343
Caps. small, dehisc. at top; seeds minute.—Tree; I. alt., simple; stip. o.— Ui. 265.
Ov. inf. or sup., syncarpous, 3-4-celled, with subbasilar placent., -or I-celled with pariet. placent.; styles distinct or connate below; embryo cyclical or excentric.
LXI. CacTacE&.—Cal. sup., segm. of limb 4 or 5. Pet. 5 or 6, imbric. Stam. indef., free, inserted at mouth of cal. Ov. I- or im- perfectly 3-4-celled, placent. parietal; style simple, stigma 3-4-lobed. Berry few-seeded.—A succulent, leafless perennial, with cylindric stem and branches. ii. 266. ;
LXII. FICOIDEZ.—Sep. 5, inf. or $-inf. Pet.o, or 5. Stam. def. or indef., perig. or hypog. Ov. 2-5-celled, or of 5 free 1-ovuled carpels ; ‘cells few- or many-ovuled. Caps. or carp. thin-walled, loculicidal or circumsciss.; seeds reniform, embryo curved round mealy endosp. — Herbs; 1. simple; stip. 0. ii. 267.
§ 5. Ov. inf., syncarpous, or of one carpel; ovules 1 in each carp: 4S » SY pous, P Pp pendulo1ss.
LXIII.—UMBELLIFER#Z.—Cal. sup., limb 5-fid or o. Pet. 5, often inflexed, free, valvate or imbricate. Stam. 5, and large disk epig. Ov. 2-celled ; cells with 1 pendulous ovule; styles 2. Fr. of 2 indehisc. carpels, at length pendulous from an axis, each with 5 ridges, and often with definite oil-canals.—Herbs ; 1. alt., simple or compound; fl. umbellate. li. 274.
LXIV. ARALIACEZ.—Cal. sup. or $-sup.; limb small oro. Pet. 5-9, valvate. Stam. 5-9, and diskepig. Ov. 4-9-celled ; cells with 1 pendu- lous ovule; styles 4-9 or stigmas sessile. Fr. a drupe, with compressed pyrenes.—Trees or climbing shrubs ; 1. alt., compound; stip. adnate to petiole. ii. 281.
LXV. CORNACE.— Cal. sup.; limb 4-5-fid. Pet. 4-10, valvate, Stam. def. or indef., and disk epig. Ov. 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous ; style simple. Fr. a drupe.—Trees or shrubs; 1. alt.; stip. 0. 11. 285.
B. GAMOPETALOUS (Orders LXVI.-CI.)
§ 1. Fl. regular or irregular. Cal. sup., rarely 1$ sup. Stam. as many as the cor.-lobes, rarely fewer, epipet. or epig. (See also Vac- ciniacee in § 2.)
LXVI. CAPRIFOLIACEZ. — Cal. sup.; limb 5-lobed. Cor.-lobes 5, equal, imbric. Stam. 5, on the cor.-tube. Ov. 1-3-celled; cells with 1 pendulous ovule; style short. Drupe 1-seeded.—Shrubs or small trees ; 1. opp.; stip. o. ii. 288.
LXVII. RuBIACE#.—Cal. sup., limb usually 4-5-cleft. Cor. from tubular to rotate, 4-9-lobed. Stam. 4-9, on the tube of cor., alt. with its lobes. Ov. 1-10- usually 2-celled; cells 1-2- or many-ovuled ; style simple. Disk epig. Fr. a capsule, drupe, or berry, or of distinct cocci, 2-many-seeded ; endosp. horny —Herbs, shrubs, or trees; 1. opp., stipulate, whorled and exstip. in Galeg. ii. 289.
LXVIII. VALERIANACE#.—Cal. sup.; segm. minute, becoming fili- form and plumose in fr. Cor. infundib.; lobes 5, imbricate. Stam. 3, on ‘base of cor.-tube; anth. distinct. Ov. 3-celled; one cell alone fertile;
344 Characters of the Orders.
ovule pendulous. Fr. dry, indehisc., crowned with feathery cal.-lobes.— Herbs; 1. opp., pinnate; stip. o. iii. 1.
LXIX. DIpSACE&.—Fl]. in dense heads, each involucellate. Cal. sup.; limb cupular, 4-fid. Cor. infundibular; lobes 4, imbric. Stam. 4, on the cor.-tube. Ov. 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous. Fr. an achene adnate to the spinescent involucel—Herbs; |. opp., upper pinnatisect ; stip. O. 111. 2.
LXX. ComposiT#.—Fl. packed in a head on a recept. surrounded: by bracts, all subsimilar, or dimorphous, the outer (ray fl.) with ligulate, the inner (disk-fl.) with tubular corol. Cal. sup.: limb of hairs (pappus), or scales, or 0. Cor. of ray-fl. with the lobes connate in a strap; of disk- fl. with 4 or 5 valvate spreading lobes. Stam. 5, on cor.-tube; fil. free, anth. connate (fil. connate, anth. free in Xamzfhium). Ov. 1-celled, disk epig.; ovule 1, erect. Fr. an achene with or without a pappus.—Herbs. or shrubs, rarely trees; 1. rarely opp.; stip. 0. iil. 3.
LXXI. STYLIDIACE#.—FI. irregular. Cal. sup.; limb 5-partite. Cor. unequally 5-lobed. Stam. 2, epig., fil. confluent with the style in a. geniculately decurved, elastically recurving column; anth. distinct, sessile on the column. Ov. 2-celled; cells many-ovuled; stigma minute, sessile between the anth. Caps. linear, 2-valved, many-seeded.—Herb; 1. radical. iii. 53.
LXXII. GOODENOVIE.—F1. irregular. Cal. sup.; limb 5-partite or o. Cor. tubular, cleft dorsally to the base and 5-lobed, induplicate-valvate.. Stam. 5, epig.; anth. free. Ov. 2-celled, ovule 1 erect in each cell; style simple, stigma girt by a membranous cup. Drupe with a 2-celled stone. —Shrubs; J. alt; stip. 0: i. 54.
LXXIII. CAMPANULACEZ.—FI. regular or not. Cal. sup. or $-sup.;. limb 5-partite. Cor. 5-lobed or 2-lipped and dorsally cleft to the base, lobes valvate. Stam. 5, epig. or on the base of the cor.-tube; anth. distinct or connate. Ov. 2-3-celled, many-ovuled; stigma 2-3-lobed... Caps. many-seeded.—Herbs; l. alt.; stip. 0. iii. 55.
§ 2. Fl. regular, bisex. Cal. inf. (sup. in Vaccinéacee, 3 inf. in Sphenoclea). Stam. hypog., perig., epig., or epipet., as many or twice: as many as the cor.-lobes, or indef. Ov. 1- or more-celled.
LXXIV. VACCINIACE&.—Cal. sup.; limb 5-partite. Cor. urceolate,. shortly 5-lobed. Stam. 10, epig.; anth.-cells tubular above, opening by a pore, also spurred dorsally. Ov. 5-celled, disk epig.; cells few- or many-ovuled. Berry crowned by the cal. limb, falsely 1o-celled—A small tree; 1. alt.; stip. o. iii. 61.
LXXV. ERICACE&.—Cal. inf., 5-partite, sometimes accrescent. Cor. urceolate or campanulate, 5-lobed. Stam. 10, hypog.; anth. opening by pores or slits. Ov. 5- or 1o-celled; cells many-ovuled; stigma lobulate.. nau 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded.—Shrubs or trees; 1. alt.; stip. o. lil. 62.
LXXVI. PLUMBAGINE&.—Cal. inf., persist., tubular, 5-partite. Cor.. persist., tube long, lobes 5, twisted in bud. Stam. 5, hypog. Ov. I- celled; ovule pendulous from a basal funicle; style simple, stigmas 5. Caps. circumsciss. at base.—Herbs; I. alt.; stip. o. iii. 64.
LXXVII. PRIMULACE.— Cal. inf., persist., 5-cleft. Cor.-lobes 5,. contort. in bud. Stam. 5, on base of cor., opp. its lobes; anth. bases.
Characters of the Orders. 34:5)
sagittate. Ov. 1-celled; ovules many on free central placent. Caps. 5-valved.—Herbs; 1. opp. or alt.; stip. 0. iii. 65.
LXXVIII. MyRsINE#.—FI. often unisex. Cal. inf. or 3-inf., persist., 4-5-partite. Cor. 4-5-cleft or -partite; segm. imbric. or contort. Stam. 5, on and opp. the cor.-segm. Ov. I-celled; ovules I or more on a free central placent.; style simple. Fr. a berry or follicle, 1- or more- seeded.—Trees or shrubs; 1. alt., simple; stip. o. iii. 67.
LXXIX. SAPOTACEZ.—Cal. inf., persist., 4-8-partite, imbric., or segm.. biseriate, outer series valvate. Cor.-lobes 4-6, or 12, imbric. or twisted, or 18-24 in 2 or 3 series. Stam. 5, 6, 8, 12, on the cor.-tube and opp. its lobes, or twice as many; staminodes, if present, alt. with the stam. Ov. 4-8-celled; cells 1-ovuled; style simple. Berry 1-8-seeded. Testa of seed shining, hilum very large.—Trees or shrubs; 1. alt., entire; stip. o. lll. 75.
LXXX. EBENACE#.—FI. unisex. Cal. inf., 3-5-lobed, imbric. or contort., accrescent. Cor. tubular or campanulate; lobes 3-5, contort. ; male fl. :—stam. 4-64, on base of cor., fil. distinct or connate in pairs; fem. fl.:—staminodes 4-16 or 0; ov. 3-16-celled; cells 1-2-ovuled. Fr. indehisc.; seeds 2-10, large; cotyled. foliaceous; endosp. copious.— Trees; 1. alt., or opp., entire; stip. o. iii. 87.
LXXXI. STYRACE#.—Cal. sup., limb small, 5-lobed, imbric. -Cor. 5-partite, rarely tubular below, segm. imbric. Stam. many, in severa series on the base of cor.; fil. unequal. Ov. 2—3-celled; ovules 2, pen- dulous in each cell; style simple. Drupe 1-3-seeded. Endosp. copious. —Trees or shrubs; 1. opp.; stip. 0. ili. 103.
§ 3. Ov. sup., rarely inf. Stam. as many as, and alt. with cor.-lobes, or fewer. Carp. 2, rarely 1 or 3 (see also CI. Plantaginec).
* Fl. regular, l. usually opp.
LXXXII. OLEACE#.—F1. rarely unisex. Cal. inf., 4-5-partite. Cor.- tube long or short, limb 4—11-lobed or-partite, imbric. or valvate. Stam. 2, : on base of cor. Ov. 2-celled; cells 1-2-ovuled; styles 1 or 2. Fr. of 2 soft carpels or a drupe, 1-2-seeded.—Trees or shrubs; |. opp., simple or pinnate; stip. o. ili. 112.
LXXXIII. SALVADORACE#.—FI. regular or subregular, bi- or uni-sex. Cal. inf., 4-partite. Cor. 4-partite or of 4 pet.,imbric. Stam. 4, epipet. or hypog. Ov. 1-2-celled; ovules 1-2, erect in each cell. Drupe I-2- seeded, endosp. 0.—Trees or shrubs; |. opp., entire; stip. 0. ill. 120.
LXXXIV. APOCYNACE#.—Cal. inf., 5-partite, often with scales or glands within. Cor. rotate, infundib. or salver-shaped; lobes 5-6, con- tort. Stam. 5, on tube or throat of cor., free or adnate to stigma, pollen granular. Disk annular or o. Carp. 2, distinct, 1- or 2-celled, few- or many-ovuled; style 1, stigma 2-fid. Fr. of 2 dehisc. or indehisc. follicles. Seeds with often a long pencil of hairs at one or both ends.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; |. opp. or whorled, very rarely alt., entire; stip. o. Tie, 122.
LXXXV. ASCLEPIADE#.—Cal. inf., 5, imbric. Cor.-tube, with often. a ring of scales in the throat; lobes 5, valvate or contort. Stam. 5, on base of cor.; fil. usually connate in a fleshy tube; anth. adnate by a broad connective to the stigma, 2-celled; pollen in 1 or 2 erect or pendulous. granular masses in each cell, the masses of contiguous cells of different anth. attached to glands at the angles of the stigma. Carp. 2, distinct,
346 Characters of the Orders.
enclosed in the stam. tube, many-ovuled ; styles 2, short, stigma 1, usually 5-angled, adnate to the anth. Follicles 2. Seeds many, crowned witha long pencil of hairs ; endosp. copious.—Herbs or undershrubs, often twining; |. opp., entire, rarely 0; stip. 0. iii. 142.
LXXXVI. LoGANIACE#.—Cal. inf., or 3-inf.; segm. 4 or 5. Cor.- lobes 4 or 5, valvate or imbric. Stam. 4 or 5, on the cor.-tube; fil. distinct. Ov. 1-2-celled; cells 1-many-ovuled. Fr. indehisc., rarely a caps. Seeds I, 2, or many; endosp. copious.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; 1. opp. or ternate, entire. ili. 169.
LXXXVII. GENTIANACEZ.— Cal. inf., persist., 4-7-partite. Cor. rotate, tubular, or campanulate; lobes 4-7, contort., rarely valvate. Stam. 4-7, on the cor.-tube or throat; fil. distinct. Ov. 1-celled with pariet. placent., rarely 2-celled, many-ovuled; style simple, stigmas 2. Fr. a caps., rarely a berry, many-seeded.—Herbs, one gen. aquatic; l. opp., rarely alt., entire; stip. 0. ili. 179.
** FY, regular, l. usually alt.
LXXXVIII. HyDROPHYLLACE#.—Cal. inf., 5-partite. Cor. rotate, 5-cleft; lobes imbric. Stam. 5, on the cor.-tube; fil. distinct. Ov. 2-celled ; cells many-ovuled; styles 2. Caps. septicidally 2-valved, many- seeded. Seeds minute.—Herb; 1. alt.; stip.o; fl. racemose. iii. 191.
LXXXIX. BORAGINEZ,—FI. rarely unisex. Cal. inf., 5—8-cleft, per- sist. Cor. tubular, funnel-shaped or rotate; lobes 5-8, imbric. Stam. 5-8, on the cor.-tube; fil. distinct. Ov. 2-celled; cells 2-ovuled, or 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled; styles 1 or 2. Fr. a drupe, or of 4 separable achenes.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs; 1. rarely opp.; stip. 0; infl. corymbose, often of scorpioid cymes. ill. 192.
XC. CONVOLVULACE#.—Cal. inf., persist., 5-partite, or sep. 5, imbri- cate. Cor. campanulate, infundib. or rotate; lobes 5, plaited and contort. in bud. Stam. 5, on the cor.-tube; fil. free. Disk annular oro. Ov. 2-celled; cells 2-ovuled, or 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled, or 1-celled and 4-ovuled; style simple or bifid, stigmas usually 2. Fr. dry or fleshy, indehisc. or 2-valved, or circumsciss., 1-4-seeded. Endosp. 0, cotyled. plaited (endosp. and cotyled. o in Cwzscutaz).—Herbs or shrubs, often twining ; 1. alt. (0 in Cuscuza), fl. usually cymose. 11. 204.
XCI. SOLANACEZ.—Cal. inf., often persist. and accresc., 5-cleft. ‘Cor. rotate or funnel-shaped ; lobes 5, plaited or valvate in bud. Stam. 5, on the cor.-tube; anth.-cells with pores or slits. Ov. 2-celled, very many-ovuled, placents. large; style and stigma simple. Fr. a berry or caps., many-seeded; embryo curved round fleshy endosp.—Herbs or shrubs; 1. alt. or binate; stip. 0; fl. solitary, or in axill. or term. cymes. ili. 230.
*** FY, mostly irregular or obligue, dorsal stam. often imperfect or o, ov.-cells many- rarely \-ovuled.
XCII. SCROPHULARIACEZ.—FI. irreg. Cal. inf., 5-lobed, or -partite. Cor. 5- or 4-lobed, usually 2-lipped, lobes imbric. Stam. 4, didynamous, or 2 only perfect. Ov. 2-celled; cells many-ovuled ; style simple, stigmas 2. Caps. 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds small, endosp. fleshy.—Herbs ; 1. usually opp.; stip. 0; fl. racemose or spicate. iii. 239.
XCIII. OROBANCHACE#.—FI. irreg. Cal. inf., 5-partite or spatha- ceous. Cor.-tube funnel-shaped; lobes 5, imbric., 2 upper exterior. Stam. 4, didynam.; anth. connate in pairs or free, 1-celled, opening by
Characters of the Orders. 347
pores. Ov. I-celled; placent. 2, large, many-ovuled. Caps. 2-valved; -seeds minute.—Herbaceous, scapigerous, root-parasites ; l. 0; fl. racemose. iii. 260.
XCIV. LENTIBULARIACEA. — FI. irreg. Cal. inf., 2-partite. Cor. 2-lipped, spurred. Stam. 2, on base of cor.; anth.-cells confluent. Ov. 1-celled; ovules many, on free central placent.; style short, stigma bilobed. Caps. I-2- or 4-valved.mAnnual marsh or aquatic herbs; 1. whorled or -alt. ii. 266.
XCV. GESNERIACE#.—FI. usually irreg. Cal. inf., 5-partite or sep. 5, valvate. Cor. often 2-lipped; lobes 4-5, imbric. Stam. 4, didynam. or -equal, or 2, anth. connate or not, cells sometimes confluent. Ov. 1-celled; -placent. 2, pariet. many-ovuled., Caps. 2-4-valved, or circumsciss., or indehisc., many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs; 1. alt., opp., or whorled; stip. O. ili. 271.
XCVI. BIGNONIACE#.—FI. irreg. Cal. inf., campanulate or spatha- ceous. Cor.-tube campanulate or tubular, 5-lobed. Stam. 4, didynam., -or 5. Wisk annular. Ov. 2-celled by coalescence of 2 pariet. many- ovuled placents. Caps. large, 2-celled, 2-valved, septum thick. Seeds large, winged. Endosp. o.— Trees; 1. opp., comp.; fl. racemed or panicled. iii. 280.
XCVII. PEDALIACEZ.—FI. irreg. Cal. inf., 5-partite. Cor. ventri- cose, sub-2-lipped; lobes 5, imbric. in bud. Stam. 4, didynam., or 5. ‘Ov. 1-celled, placent. parietal, or 2—4-celled by confluence of the placents. ; -ovules 2 or more, superposed; stigmas 2. Fr. indehisc., spinous, or a -caps.—Herbs; 1. opp. or alt.; fl. axillary, large. iii. 284.
XCVIII. ACANTHACE#.—FI. irreg. Cal. inf., 4-5- or many-partite. Cor. 2-lipped, or upper lip 0; lobes imbric. or contort. Stam. 4 or 2; -anth. 1-2-celled. Ov. 2-celled; ovules 2-many, superposed in each cell; style usually bifid. Caps. loculicidal; seeds usually compressed and -often hairy.—Herbs or shrubs; 1. opp., simple; stip. 0; infl. various. ili. 286.
4*k* Fl, mostly trregular and 2-lipped; dorsal stam. often imperfect oro. Ov.-cells \-ovuled, or ovules 2, collateral, fr. indehisc.
XCIX. VERBENACE&.—FI. regular or not. Cal. inf. 2- or 4-5-partite, 2-lipped or not, persist. Cor. 4-5-lobed, 2-lipped or not. Stam. 4, -didynam., or 2. Disk present. Ov. 2-4-celled, cells 1-2-ovuled. Fr. a drupe or 2-4-valved caps.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees; 1. opp. or 3-nate, simple or comp.; stip. 0; fl. capitate, spicate, or cymose. li. 345.
C. LABIAT#.—FI. irreg. Cal. inf., 2-lipped, 5- or 8—10-cleft, persist. Cor. 2-lipped, or upper lip o, rarely regular, 4—5-lobed. Stam. 4, didynam.; anth. 1- or 2-celled. Disk present. Ov. 4-lobed, of two 2-celled carp.; -ovules solitary, erect in each cell; style slender, usually bifid. Fr. of 4 small indehisc. nutlets at the base of the cal—Herbs or undershrubs, often aromatic; stam. usually 4-gonous; 1. opp. or whorled; stip. 0; infl. -cymose, fascicled, or whorled. 11. 364.
Gamofpetalous Order of doubtful affinity.
CI. PLANTAGINE.—FI. regular. Cal. inf.; sep. 4, imbric., persist. Cor. scarious, tubular, lobes 4, imbric. Stam. 4, on cor.-tube; fil. long, flexuous. Oy. 2-celled, cells several-ovuled. Caps. circumsciss.; seeds -peltate.—Scapigerous perennial herb; |. radical; fl. spicate. iti. 388.
348 Characters of the Orders.
C. MONOCHLAMYDEOUS (Orders CII.-CXXI1.)
Perianth single, lobes or segments t-seriate, or if 2-seriate both usually calycine, rarely perianth o.
§ 1. Embryo annular, curved, or folded; endosp. mealy or soft.
CII. NycraGINE#.—FI. dicecious or bisex. Perianth inf.; segm. 5, coloured, imbric., plaited in bud, tube persist. Stam. 2-10, hypog., exserted. Ov. 1-celled; ovule 1, erect; style slender. Fr. membranous. Cotyled. large, folded round soft endosp.—Herbs or shrubs; 1. subopp., entire; stip. 0; fl. cymose or umbellate. iii. 389.
CIII. AMARANTACE#.—FI. rarely unisex. Sep. inf., 5, scarious or subherbaceous, imbric., persist. Stam. I-5, opp. sep.; fil. distinct or connate with interposed staminodes. Ov. 1-celled, ovules I or more, funicles basal. Fr. a utricle; seed erect.—Herbs or undershrubs; 1. opp. or alt.; stip. o; fl. bracteate and 2-bracteolate. ili. 392.
CIV. CHENOPODIACE2.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Perianth inf.; segm. 4-5, or Oo in fem., distinct or connate, imbric., persist. Stam. I or 5, hypog. or perig. Ov. 1-celled, 1-ovuled; styles 2-3. Fr. a membra- nous utricle. Seed vertical or horizontal, endosp. mealy, or scanty, or o.—Herbs or undershrubs; |. alt. or opp., or 0; fl. small, axillary. ill. 406.
CV. POLYGONACE&.—Fl. rarely unisex. Perianth inf., 4-5-cleft, often col’d., imbric. persist. Stam. 4, 5, 8, perig. Ov. 1-celled; ovule 1, basal; styles 2 or 3. Fr. a trigonous or biconvex nutlet; embryo lateral, endosp. floury—Herbs or undershrubs; 1. alt.; stip. sheathing; fl. axillary, spicate, capitulate, or cymose, bracteate. ili. 410.
§ 2. Submerged aquatics.
CVI. PODOSTEMONACE#.—Perianth small or o. Stam. I, 2, 3, hypog.; fil. connate below. Ov. 2-3-celled; ovules many; styles 2 or 3.. Caps. septicidally 2-3-valved. Endosp. o.—Herbs attached to rocks in rapid streams; stem fleshy, flattened or broadly dilated and thalloid; #1. solitary, minute. ili. 415.
§ 3. Terrestrial herbs or shrubs; ov. simple or syncarp., many-ovuled.
CVII. NEPENTHACE#.—FI. dicecious. Perianth inf, deeply 4-cleft. Stam. 8, monadelph.; anth. opening extrorsely. Ov. 4-celled; placent. on the septa, many-ovuled; stigma sessile, lobed. Caps. loculicidally 4-valved. Seeds tailed at both ends.—Shrub, climbing by pitcher-bear- ing tendrils at the tips of the 1.; 1. alt.; stip. 0; fl. panicled. iii. 4109.
CVIII. ARISTOLOCHIACEZ—F1. regular or not. Perianth sup., 3-cleft, or tubular and 1-2-lipped. Stam. 6-9; anth. sessile round the very short style. Ov. 4—6-celled, many-ovuled. Caps. 4- or 6-valved. Seeds trigonous, furrowed.—Herbs or shrubs; 1. alt.; stip. 0; fl. axillary. ili. 421.
§ 4. Ov. various, carpels 1-ovuled, solitary, or several apocarp.
CIX. PIPERACE&.—F1. uni- or bi-sex. Periantho. Stam. I-3, anth.- cells distinct or confluent. Ov. 1-celled; ovule 1, erect; styles 2-6. Fr. small, globose or subglobose, dry or epicarp succulent. Embryo minute, endosp. hard.—Herbs or shrubs, often climbing ; 1. alt., opp., or whorled fl. minute, spicate. iii. 423.
Characters of the Orders. 349
. CX. CHLORANTHACE.—FI. unisex. Periantho. Stam. 1; anth. large, 2-celled. Ov. 1-celled; ovule pendulous; stigma sessile. Fr. fleshy. Seed pendulous; embryo minute; endosp. fleshy.—Shrubs; 1. opp., ser- rate, petioles connate in a sheath; fl. minute, in connate pairs of a male and fem., spicate. iil. 432.
CXI. MyRIsTICACE#.—F1. dicecious. Perianth inf.; lobes 2-3, val- vate. Stam. 6-14; fil. connate, anth. distinct or connate. Ov. 1-celled; ovule basal, eréct; style very short. Fr. of 2 fleshy or coriaceous valves. Seed large, aril lacerate; embryo minute, in base of hard ruminate endosp.—Trees; |. alt., distichous, entire; stip. 0. ill. 433.
CXII. MoNIMIACE#.—FI. bisex. Perianth inf.; sep. many, many- seriate, petaloid, imbricate, persist. Stam. 5-9, hypog., 2-seriate, fil. with lat. appendages. Carp. about 9, distinct, 1-ovuled; ovule pendulous; style short. Fr. of fleshy 1-seeded carp. on a tumid torus. Embryo minute; endosp. fleshy.—Shrubs; 1. opp., entire; stip. 0; fl. racemed or panicled. lil. 436.
§ 5. Ov. sup., I-celled, 1-2-ovuled. Stam. perig. or epipet. Seeds with distinct testa.
CXIII. LAURACE#.— FI. uni- or bi-sex. Perianth inf. (except Flernandia), 6 (3-8), cleft or partite, often persist. Stam. 9 (6-20), (3 in flernandia), 3-seriate, with sometimes a 4th (inner) row of staminodes; fil. flattened, bi-glandular at the base; anth. 2- or 4-celled, opening by valves. Ov. 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous. Fr.indehisc. Seed pendulous; cotyled. plano-convex, endosp. o.—Trees or shrubs (Cassytha a leafless climber); 1. opp., alt., or whorled, entire; stip. 0; infl. usually panicled. iil. 437.
CXIV. PROTEACE#.—Perianth inf.; sep. 4, at first coherent, linear, valvate, deciduous. Stam. 4, on sep.; fil. very short, anth. 2-celled, con- nective produced. Ov. small, 1-celled; ovules 2, collateral; style very long, stigma clavate. Fr.dry,indehisc. Cotyled. plano-convex, endosp. o. —Trees; l. alt., stip. 0; fl. racemed. iil. 456.
CXV. THYMEL#ACE#.—Perianth inf., tubular ; limb 4—5-lobed, throat with usually a ring of scales or hairs. Stam. on the perianth mouth, 5, uniseriate, or 8-10, biseriate. Ov. 1-2-celled; ovule 1, pendulous in each cell. Fr. indehisc., rarely 2-valved. Embryo straight; endosp. present or o.—Shrubs or trees; |. opp. or alt., entire; stip. 0; infl. fascicled, capitate, or racemed. ili. 457.
CXVI. ELZAGNACE#.—Perianth inf., lepidote; tube narrow, limb globose, of 4 short triangular valvate segm. Stam. 4, on mouth of peri- anth. Ov. 1-celled; ovule 1, basal, erect; style long, stigma lateral. Fr. enclosed in thickened base of perianth tube, indehisc. Cotyled. thick, endosp. o.—Lepidote shrubs; 1. alt., entire; stip. 0; fl. axillary, solitary, or clustered. iii. 461.
§ 6. Ov. inf. (or perianth o in fem. of Balanophoracee), 1-3-ovuled, ovules without apparent coats. Seeds adnate to the walls of the peri- carp.
CXVII. LORANTHACE2.—F1. uni- or bi-sex. Cal. sup., limb truncate, toothed, oro. Pet. 3-5, usually long, distinct or connate, valvate. Stam. 3-5, opp. pet., or on them. Ov. I-celled; ovule 1, erect, adherent to walls of ov. Fr. a 1-seeded berry. Seed adherent to the pericarp,
350 Characters of the Orders.
embryo straight, in fleshy endosp.—Tree parasites, branches sometimes: articulate; |. opp. or alt., entire, or 0; stip. 0; infl. various. ili. 462.
CXVIII. SANTALACEZ.—FI1. small, polygam. Cal. sup., segm. of limb 3, with a tuft of hairs on the face, valvate. Stam. 3 or 5, opp. perianth-segm. Ov. 1-celled’; ovules 2 or 3, on free central placent. Fr, indehisc. Embryo axile in fleshy endosp.—Trees or shrubs; |. alt., entire; stip. 0; fl. axillary. ili. 474.
CXIX. BALANOPHORACE#.—F1. unisex.; male :—perianth-tube solid ; segm. 3-5, valvate; stam. 3-5, connate; fem. fl. minute; perianth o>: ov. 1-celled, narrowed into a long simple style; ovule 1, adherent to pericarp. Fr. a minute achene. Embryo of 2-3 cells immersed in endosperm.—Stout, fleshy, leafless, brown root-parasites; infl. a cone- like moncecious spadix with the male fl. below, or dicecious; fl. mixed. with densely crowded clavate bodies. ili. 477.
§7. Fl. unisex., very rarely polygam. Ov. of 1 carp. or syncarp., cells 1- or 2-ovuled; ovules if 2 collateral; styles as many as carpels.
CXX. EUPHORBIACE#.—Perianth inf., rarely o in one or both sexes, single or rarely of cal. and pet. Disk often present. Stam. 1, few, or many. Ov. I-2- or 3-celled, cells 1-2-ovuled; ovules pendulous. Fr. of 2-3 loculicidal cocci, or a drupe or berry; cotyled. flat or folded, endosp. fleshy, very rarely o.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees; juice often milky; 1. alt.,. simple, rarely opp. or compound, usually stipulate; infl. various. iv. I.
CXXI. URTICACEZ.—FIl. unisex. Perianth inf., lobed or partite. Stam. as many and opp. perianth divisions or fewer, fil. erect or incurved in bud. Ov. 1-celled, 1-ovuled; style simple or bifid, or stigma sessile, plumose. Fr. a samara, drupe, or achene, or a syncarp of confluent peri- carps and perianths. Seed erect or pendulous; endosp. scanty or o.— Herbs, shrubs, or trees, juice sometimes milky; 1. often oblique, rarely Opp. or compound, stipulate; infl. various; fl. small or minute, often sunk in a fleshy disk, or enclosed in a fleshy receptacle. iv. 78.
Order of doubtful affinity.
CXXII. CERATOPHYLLACE.—F1. monecec.; male :—sep. 6-12, narrow, bifid, subvalvate in bud; stam. 10-20; anth. oblong, cells opening extrorsely, connective bicuspidate; fem. fl.:—sep. of male; ov. ovoid, 1-celled, style subulate, persist.; ovule 1, pendulous. Fr. a compressed, coriaceous achene, margins with 1 or 2 slender spines; cotyled. thick, radicle short, plumule many-leaved.—Submerged fresh-water herbs; stem very slender, much branched, fragile; 1. whorled, cleft into filiform toothed segments. iv. 120.
CLass IIL—GYMNOSPERMS (Order Cxxm1.)
CXXIII. CycADE@.—Infl. dicecious, male a peduncled woolly cone of imbricate cuneate scales with many groups of globose anth. on its lower face; fem. a whorl of long spreading woolly toothed carpophylls, bearing naked orthotropous ovules. Seeds large, testa thinly fleshy, crustaceous within; endosp. copious; embryo small, axile.—Small trees, trunk stout, cylindric, clothed with compacted bases of petioles; 1. in a terminal crown, dimorphic, of woolly lanceolate prophylla, and long petioled, pinnate true 1., with alternate coriaceous narrow pinnules, circinnate 1n vernation. iv. 121.
Characters of the Orders. 35r
Cuass II] .—MONOCOTYLEDONS (Order CxxIVv. TO END).
SERIES I. Microspermous.—F1. uni- or bi-sex. Perianth sup., segm. usually biseriate, inner or both series corolline. Ov. 1-celled, placent. pariet., rarely 3-celled placent. axile. Seeds many, minute.
CXXIV. HyDROCHARIDE#.—FI. unisex., enclosed in spathes. Sep. 3. Pet. 3 oro. Stam. 3-15, anth. erect. Ov. 1I- or sub- 3-celled; styles or stigmas 3-12. Fr. fleshy or membranous.—Aquatic, fresh- or salt-water plants; 1. undivided. iv. 122.
CXXV. BURMANNIACEZ.—FI. bisex. Perianth subpersist., lobes or segm. biseriate, short, valvate. Stam. 3 or 6; anth. sessile on the peri- anth-tube. Ov. 3-celled with axile, or 1-celled with pariet. placent. Caps. loculicidal.—Annual herbs; |. narrow or 0; fl. spicate, racemed, or secund on the branches of a forked cyme. iy. 129.
CXXVI. ORCHIDE#.—F1. irregular (except Afostasza), bisex. Peri- anth 6-partite; segm. biseriate, inner or both corolline. Stam. 1, con- fluent with the style in a column (2 in Afostasza); anth. 2-celled; pollen grains cohering in waxy or powdery masses. Ov. I-celled with 3 pariet. placent. (3-celled in Afostasza), usually twisted. Caps. loculicidal._— Herbs or shrubs, often epiphytic, of various habit. v. 132.
SERIES II. Epigynous. — Fl. bisexual (except Déoscoreacee). Perianth sup. (except Ophzopogon), biseriate, one or both series corolline. Ov. 1-3-celled. Endosp. copious.
CXXVII. ScITAMINE#.—FI. irregular, uni- or bi-sex. Perianth bi- seriate, inner or both series petaloid, limb spreading (inner of 1 short pet. in (/usa). Stam. 1 antherif. (5 in MZusa). Ov. 1-3-celled; style long, stigma with a usually ciliate mouth.—Perennial herbs; |. penniveined; infl. usually spicate. iv. 238.
CXXVIII. H&MODORACE#.—Perianth sup. (4 inf. in Ophzopogon), petaloid; limb 6-lobed or -partite in 2 series. Stam. 6, opp., perianth- lobes ; anth. erect or versatile. Ov. 3-celled, cells 1-2. ovuled; style columnar, stigma simple or 3-toothed. Fr. bursting irregularly before the seeds ripen.—Perennial herbs; 1. radical, narrow; fl. spicate or racemed. iv. 266.
CXXIX. AMARYLLIDE@.—Perianth sup., petaloid; limb tubular or not below, 6-lobed or -partite in 2 series. Stam. 6, on the bases of the segm., fil. distinct or connate; anth. erect or versatile. Ov. 3-celled, cells many-ovuled ; style short or long, stigma 3-lobed or -partite. Caps. loculicidal, or bursting irregularly.—Rootstock bulbous or tuberous; I. linear or lanceolate ; scape few- or many-fild. iv. 268.
CXXX. TaccAcE#.—Perianth sup.; subglobose, 6-lobed in 2 series, mouth contracted. Stam. 6, on the bases of the lobes; fil. very short, hooded, anth. sessile in the hood, 2-celled. Ov. 1-celled; placent. 3, parietal, many-ovuled; styles 3, very short, stigmas broad reflexed._ Fr. baccate, many-seeded.—Scapigerous herb; rootstock tuberous ; 1. radical, limb 3-partite, segm. pinnatifid; fl. umbellate, with broad outer bracts, and very long filiform pendulous inner. iv. 273.
CXXXI. DioscoREacE#.—FI. unisex. (bisex. in 77ichopus). Peri- anth sup.; limb rotate, 6-cleft in 2 series. Male fi.:—stam. 3 or 6, on the
352 Characters of the Orders.
base of the segm., surrounding a pistillode; anth. oblong or globose. Fem. fl.:—staminodes 3 or 6; ov. 3-gonous, 3-celled; cells 2-ovuled, stigmas 3, entire or bifid. Fr. a coriaceous 3-winged loculicidal capsule, dehiscing through the wings, with flat broadly winged seeds, or (in Trichopus) a berry with oblong seeds.—Twining herbs or shrubs, some- times prickly (stem of 77zchofus erect); 1. opp. or alt., simple or 3-5- foliolate; infl. spicate or racemed. iv. 274.
Series III. GCoronariz.—F. bi- rarely uni-sex. Perianth inf., 4- or 6-partite in 2 series, one or both series corolline. Ov. sup., 1~3-celled. Endosp. copious.
CXXXII. ROXBURGHIACE#.—Perianth 4-partite in 2 series, segm. elongate, lanceolate. Stam. 4, on the bases of the segm.; anth. linear, erect, connective appendaged. Ov. ovoid, 1-celled; ovules few, basal. Fr. coriaceous, 2-valved. Seeds few, beaked, funicle fleshy, lacerate; endosp. hard, fleshy ; embryo small.—A slender twining perennial ; root- stock tuberous ; 1. alt. or whorled; fl. few, axillary, large. iv. 280.
CXXXIII. LILIACEZ.—FI. bi- rarely uni-sex. Perianth petaloid, 6-merous, lobes or segm. free or connate below. Stam. 6, on the perianth- tube or lobes, rarely hypog.; fil. distinct or connate. Ov. 3-celled, cells 2- or more-ovuled. Fr. a 3-celled berry or capsule. Seeds globose or flattened ; endosp. horny or fleshy; embryo terete.— Herbs, rarely shrubs, with bulbs, or fibrous, tuberous, or creeping roots; |. various. iv. 281.
CXXXIV. PONTEDERIACE®.—FI. bisex., irregular. Sep. 3, oblong. Pet. large, corolline, obovate, marcescent. Stam. 6, on the base of the segm., one longest, with the fil. laterally toothed. Ov. 3-celled; cells many-ovuled; style slender. Caps. membranous, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds small; endosp. floury; embryo cylindric.— Fresh-water, erect, creeping or floating herbs; |. with often tumid spongy petioles; scape
erect from the sheaths of the 1.; fl. spicate or racemed, blue. iv. 295.
CXXXV. XYRIDE#.—F1. sessile in the axils of the persist. rigid bracts of a cone-like spike. Perianth inf., 6-merous in 2 series; outer series (bracteoles?) of 3 scarious linear segm., the dorsal of which is petaloid, inner series petaloid, long-clawed. Stam. 3, fil. opp. and adnate to pet. Ov. 1-celled, placent. 3, pariet., many-ovuled; style short, deeply 3-fid. Caps. compressed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds many, minute, ribbed; endosp. floury; embryo minute.—Rush-like scapigerous herbs; 1. radical, very narrow, rigid; fl. yellow. iv. 296.
CXXXVI. COMMELINACE/.—FI. regular or not. Perianth marces- cent, 6-partite in 2 series, sep. 3, pet. 3, clawed, claws distinct or connate. Stam. 6, on the bases of the segm., perfect or anth. of 2-4 imperfect; fil. often bearded. Ov. 3-celled, cells 1-few-ovuled; style often bearded and enlarged below the tip. Capsule loculicidal (indehisc. in Po//za); endosp. floury ; embryo minute.—Herbs or undershrubs; I. alt., base or petiole sheathing ; infl. cymose or panicled. iv. 208.
Series IV. Calycineze.—Perianth inf, rigid or herbaceous, lobes or segm. biseriate, inner series rarely subcorolline. Ov. sup., 1-3-celled; endosp. copious.
CXXXVII. FLAGELLARIACEA.—FI. small, uni- or bi-sex. Perianth rotate, 6-partite, persist, segm. subequal. Stam. 6, hypog. or on the
Characters of the Orders. 353
‘bases of the segm.; fil. filiform, anth. erect. Ov. 3-celled; cells 1-ovuled; style short, 3-cleft, or stigmas sessile. Fr. small, globose, indehisc., 3- celled or with 1-2 pyrenes. Seeds various; endosp. floury; embryo minute.—Tall, erect, or climbing (by leaf-tendrils), leafy perennials; |. -alt., base or petiole sheathing; infl. panicled. iv. 316.
CXXXVIII. JUNCACE#.—Perianth inf., 6-partite in 2 series, persist.; segm. narrow, thin or coriaceous. Stam. 3 or 6, on the bases of the segm. ; anth. erect, basifixed. Ov. I- or 3-celled, many-ovuled; stigmas 3. Caps. 1~3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds many, erect; endosp. hard; embryo small.—Stems tufted, erect; 1. terete or compressed, sheathing or reduced to sheaths; fl. in axillary or terminal cymes, green -or brown. iv. 318.
CXXXIX. PALME#.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Perianth. inf., 6-partite or lobed in 2 series, coriaceous, rarely herbaceous, inner series usually valvate. Stam. 3 or 6, rarely more, on the base of the perianth; -anth. versatile. Ov. 1-3-celled, or of 3 distinct or connate carps., cells I—2-ovuled. Fr. various, never capsular.—Shrubs or trees, armed or not. Stem erect, scandent, or decumbent; |. alt., variously compound, very rarely simple, often pinnate or palmatisect; infl. various, at first enclosed in a woody or coriaceous spathe; fl. usually small or minute, green or yellowish, rarely red. iv. 319.
SERIES V. Nudiflorze.—Perianth o, or of scales or bristles. ‘Oy. sup., 1-celled, or syncarp. Seeds usually endospermous.
* Infl. enclosed in a (sometimes imperfect) spathe; trees, shrubs, or herbs.
CXL. PANDANACE#.—FI. dicecious. Perianth o. Male fl.:—stam. many, fascicled or spicate on the spadix; fil. distinct or connate; anth. erect, basifixed; pistillode o or minute. Fem. fl.:—staminodes minute or O; Carp. sessile, distinct or connate in bundles ; ovules solitary, or many pariet., stigmas sessile or subsessile. Fr.an oblong or globose dry or flesHy syncarp.—Trees or shrubs, erect or scandent; 1. usually trifarious, margins and keel spinous; spadix globose or cylindric; spathes im- bricating. iv. 338.
CXLI. TYPHACE#.—Perianth o. FI. moncecious, crowded in uni- sexual dense catkin-like cylindric spikes, mixed with capillary hairs; Male fl. :—stam. solitary or fascicled, fil. capillary, anth. basifixed, erect, 2-celled. Fem. fl.:—a capillary fil. bearing a minute narrow I-ovuled Ov. narrowed into a capillary style with a linear stigma. Fr. a minute -achene. Seed pendulous; endosp. floury; embryo cylindric.—Marsh- or ‘water-herbs ; rootstock perennial, stout; |. linear, erect, biconvex; spathe ‘imperfect. iv. 342.
CXLII. ARACE#&.—F1. small or minute, unisexual, usually on bisexual -spadix with the fem. fl. below, rarely bisexual. Perianth o or of scales. Male fl.:—anth. 2-4-celled, distinct or connate. Fem. fl.:—oy. sessile, 1-3-celled, cells 1- or more-ovuled. Fr.a 1- or few-seeded berry; embryo small, in copious endosp. or macropodous, and endosp. o.—Terrestrial or aquatic herbs with radical 1., or suffruticose climbers; |. various; spathe herbaceous, convolute.
* Fl. solitary or binate, sunk in the sides or surface of small or minute floating lenticular or globose fronds.
CXLIII. LEMNACE#.—Small or minute, gregarious, floating, monce- -clous, scale-like, green fronds. Fl. few, most minute, in fissures of the
PART V. AA
354 Characters of the Orders.
frond, naked or ina sheath. Periantho. Male fl.:—stam. 1 or 2; anth, I- or 2-celled. Fem. fl.:—ov. 1-celled; style short, stigma truncate o infundibular, ovules 1-7, basal. Fr.a membranous utricle. Seeds ribbed; endosp. 0; embryo cylindric. iv. 366.
SERIES VI. Apocarpous.—Perianth 1-2-seriate, oro. Ov. sup.,. of one or more distinct 1- or more-ovuled carpels. Endosperm o.
CXLIV. TRIURIDEZ.—FI. unisex. Perianth inf., 4-8-partite; segm. valvate in bud, persist. Stam. 3-8; anth. subsessile, cells confluent. Ov. of many, distinct, 1-ovuled carpels; styles ventral or basal, persist. Fr. a head of minute 1-seeded carp., pericarp hard or soft. Embryo. minute, globose, endosp. hard.—Leafless, subsimple, wiry saprophytes;. infl. racemose or corymbose. iv. 367.
CXLV. ALISMACE#.—FI. uni- or bi-sex. Perianth. inf., 6-partite in 2 series; sep. 3, herbaceous, persist.; pet. 3, involute in bud, deciduous. Stam. 6-9, perig.; anth. versatile. Ov. of few or many, distinct, 1-ovuled carp.; styles short. Fr.of many achenes. Endosp.o. Embryo hooked. —Perennial, marsh or aquatic plants; |. radical, entire; fl. whorled or umbelled. iv. 369.
_CXLVI. NAIADE&.—F1. uni- or bi-sex., often inconspicuous, naked’ or inasheath. Perianth inf., tubular or of I or more segm., oro. Stam. 1-4 or 6, hypog. or perig.; anth. 1-2-celled. Ov. of 1-4, 1-ovuled, free carp. Fr.apocarp. Seed erect or pendulous; endosp.o; embryo macro- podous.—Fresh- or salt-water herbs, of various habit, foliage, and infl..
iv. 371.
Series VII. Glumaceze.— Fl. in the imbricating bracts of heads or spikelets, uni- or bi-sexual. Perianth o, or of minute scales, or of bristles, rarely with sheathing bracteoles (biseriate in LEriocaulonee). Ov. sup., 1-celled, 1-ovuled, or in Zriocaulonee of 3 1-ovuled cells. Endosp. copious.
CXLVII. ERIOCAULONE#.—FI. minute, in involucrate heads, uni- sex. Perianth of usually 6 membranous sep. in 2 series. Stam. 6 or fewer. Ov. sup., 3-lobed, 3-celled. Fr. a membranous, loculicidally 3-valved caps.—Scapigerous herbs; |. narrow. v. I.
CXLVIII. CyYPERACE®.—FI. in spikelets of imbric. bracts (glumes), uni- or bi-sex. Perianth o, or of hypog. scales or bristles. Stam. 1-3, anth. basifixed. Ov. sup. (enclosed in a utricle in Carex); style 1, stigmas 2-3; ovule erect. Fr.indehisc. Embryo in base of copious endosp.— Grass-like herbs ; stem terete or 3-angled; 1]. narrow, sheath entire. v. 12.
CXLIX. GRAMINE&.—FI. in spikelets of imbric. bracts (glumes), uni- or bi-sex. Perianth of 2 or more minute, hypog. scales, or o. Stam. 3, rarely 1, 2, or many; anth. versatile. Ov. sup.; styles 2 (rarely 1), distinct or united below, stigmas penicillate or feathery ;. ovule erect. Fr. indehisc. Seed usually adherent to the membranous or coriaceous pericarp. Embryo towards the base and outside of copious floury endosp.—Grasses; stem terete or compressed; |. usually narrow, sheath split to the base. v. 113.
APPENDIX TI,
ON THE FORESTS AND WASTE LANDS OF CEYLON.
With a Map showing the Forest areas.* By A. F. Broun, Esq., Conservator of Forests.
THE area of uncultivated lands in Ceylon exceeds 20,000 of the 25,365 square miles of country contained within the Colony. The proportion of good forest in these 20,o00 square miles is unfor- tunately small, the largest portion being taken up by scrub and by grass-covered stretches of country called jatanas, which find their greatest development in the hills of the Province of Uva. The scrub is partly natural, especially so on the sea-coast and in the arid subzone, and partly the result of a destructive method of cultivation known as chena, and which consists in clearing and burning jungle and in raising crops for two or three years on the area cleared. Now that a careful control is exercised over this cultivation, nothing but small forest is felled; but not many years ago valuable forests were ruthlessly felled, and their: ashes were utilised as manure for the crops which were raised. Where such a system of cultivation has been in force, it takes years for the forest to take again a useful character. Usually a thorny scrub grows up; or, as is the case in the Eastern Province, a dense growth of Iluk grass (Jmperata arundinacea) springs up; or again, as in the moist districts, the ground gets covered with Zazfana, or, worse, because they are not soil-improvers, by Aedyotts, Ochlandra stridula, or Gleichenia linearis.
The patanas were probably at one time covered with trees, such as will be described later on for the Park country, but fires and grazing have destroyed the majority of these, except in sheltered places such as gullies or ravines. The trees which are to be found on the patanas are, at higher elevations, Rhododendron arboreum, and, from 4000 feet downwards, Careya arborea, known in Ceylon as ‘Patana Oak,’ Phyllanthus Emblica, Terminalia Beterica, T. Chebula, and Prerocarpus Marsupium. These are, with few exceptions, the only trees which can stand the heavy grass fires; but in the gullies,
* My cordial thanks are due to F. H. Grinlinton, Esq., Surveyor- General of Ceylon, for permission to reproduce this Map and that of the Forest Areas; and to P. D. Warren, Esq., Assistant Surveyor-General, for his kindness in supervising their reproduction.—J. D. HOOKER.}
356 The Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon.
where they are more sheltered, other species, which are less robust and which are the same as those found in forests at the same eleva- tion, are able to live and to reproduce themselves.
In the backward state of the survey of the island it is not yet possible to state the area of the real forests, but they cannot much exceed 5000 square miles, although a larger area is, for the present, set aside for reservation, which includes stretches of scrub and patana englobed within the forests. The most important belt of forest stretches from the Northern Province, mostly between the centre line of the island and the east coast down to the Hambantota District, but important blocks are also found scattered over the rest of the island, chiefly in the Puttalam District of the North-western Province and in the upper hills, but also in the Kurunegala District of the North-western Province, in the Western, Southern, and Sabaragamuwa Provinces, where are still to be found, in isolated blocks, the remains of what was at one time the extensive Sinha Raja Forest.
The vegetation of the forests varies especially according to rain- fall and elevation, and the forests can be classified according to the following zones and subzones :—
Dry zones. + zone. Rainfall 35 to 50 inches.
sa es te a9 Dry zone proper. Rainfall 50 to 70 inches.
Intermediate zone. Rainfall 70 to 80 inches,
a ee pore h U Low country zone from sea-level to 4000 feet. CIMINO) MOCISS ( Mountain zone above 4000 feet. and more.
The Dry Zone.— this includes about three-fifths of the island, viz., the whole of the Northern, North Central, and Eastern Provinces, the Puttalam District and portion of the Kurunegala and Chilam Districts, the North-western Province, the northern part of the Central Province, about two-thirds of the Province of Uva, the Hambantota District of the Southern Province, and the Kolonna Korale of the Province of Sabaragamuwa. The Western Province is therefore the only one of which no portion enters in the dry zone.
The Arid Zone occupies the North-western end of the island in the Puttalam, Mannar, and Jaffna Districts, and the South-eastern in the Hambantota District. The characteristic trees and shrubs of this subzone are Salvadora persica, Azima tetracantha, and Acacia eburnea near the coast, and Acacia planifrons on the island of Mannar.* The woody vegetation is usually shrubby and thorny, being represented by Carissa spinosum, Zizyphus Jujuba, Z. Gnoplia, Z. rugosa, Randia dumetorum, Flacourtia Ramontchi, &c.
* Acacia Sundra is also found in the Puttalam and Hambantota Districts, Alb¢zzia amara in the Mannar District, and S¢trychnos potatorum not far from the sea.
The Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon. 357 Further from the coast the forest vegetation is composed of the same species as of the forests of the dry zone proper, but the trees are usually smaller and the undergrowth is composed mainly of Memecylon and of Stenosiphontum Rulyselianum. The Palmyra palm (Borassus flabelliformis) is found on sandy soil both in this sub- zone and in the dry zone proper. It is most abundant in the littoral districts, especially in the Jaffna Peninsula.
The forests of the Dry Zone proper are the most important to the forester, not only because they are the most extensive, but also because they contain most of the valuable timber trees. The most important of these are Satinwood (Chloroxylon Swietenta), found on sandy soils, and attaining its best dimensions in the Puttalam and Batticaloa Districts; Ebony (Dzospyros Ebenum), which prefers rocky, undulating ground, and which, although found occasionally in the wet, low country, is most abundant in the Northern, North Central, and North-western Provinces, and in the Trincomalie and Matale Districts; Palu (MZimusops hexandra), which is found on more clayey soils from the north to the south of the island. It attains an enormous size, and grows best, if anywhere, in the Northern Province. It is one of the ironwoods of commerce. Trincomalie wood (Berrya Ammonzlla) is found in moist but well- drained places. It extends into part of the wet zone, but the trees are usually of small size. The finest trees are found in the eastern portion of the Province of Uva. Milla (Vitex altissima), one of the strongest of Ceylon timbers, extends also into the wet zone, where it is not uncommon; but, like the Bervrya, it is a much finer tree in the dry zone, especially in the Eastern Province. The same may be said of Ranai (A/seodaphne semecarpifolia), although it is not so common in the wet zone as Milla. The Ebenacez are (apart from Ebony) represented in this zone chiefly by D. ovalifolia, while D. crumenata, D. oocarpa, D. Embryopteris, and D. montana are also found abundant in certain localities; and Maba buxifolia is a small tree which is by no means uncommon even in the arid zone. Of the Guttiferee we have chiefly Garcinia spicata, Calophyllum Burmani, and, near streams or in groves, planted before the memory of man, Mesua ferrea. The Dipterocarps, which are so characteristic of the Low Country wet zone, are almost absent, being only repre- sented by Vatica obscura in moist soils in the Eastern Province, and by Hopea cordifolia along streams in Southern Uva and Saba- ragamuwa. Among trees which are characteristic of this zone the most common are Polyalthia longifolia, P. coffeoides, Crateeva Roxburghit, Pterospermum suberifolium, Sterculia fetida, Azadirachta indica, Walsura Piscidia, Pleurostylia Wightit, Sehleichera trijuga, -LNephelium Longana, Odina Wodier, Cassia Fistula, C. marginata, Bauhinia tomentosa, Acacia leucophlea, Acacia ferruginea, Gyrocarpus Jacquini, Eugenia Jambolana, Barringtonia acutangula, Adina cordt- folia, Canthium didymum, Bassia longifolia, Terminalia glabra (near streams and tanks), Strychnos Nux vomica, Cordia Rothit, Sivreo-
358 The Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon.
spermum chelonioides, Euphorbia antiguorum, Saptum insigne, Hemi- cyclia sepiaria, Mischodon zeylanicus, Holoptelea tntegrifolia, &c.
The most common shrubs are Polyalthia Korint:, Allophyllus Cobbe, Ochna squarrosa, Cassia auriculata, Alangium Lamarckit, Webera corymbosa, Randia dumetorum, Gmelina astatica, Memecylon, Glycosmis pentaphylia, and Dimorphocalx glabellus. Creepers and climbers are not so well represented as in the moister zones, the most abundant being Hugonia Mystax, Ventilago maderaspatana, some species of Vitis, Derris scandens, D. stnuata, &c. ‘The most beautiful orchids found in this zone are, without doubt, Saccolabium guttatum, which is found in the Eastern Province, and Vanda Rox- burghit and V. spathulata, which are found chiefly not far from the sea. Vanda parviflora and Saccolabium Wighttanum are not un- common, while a pretty little white-ground orchid, Habenaria ptero- carpa, is found in rocky places. The ferns of this zone are not abundant, the Adiantum caudatum penetrating farther into the dry districts than any other, while Hemzonitis arifolia and Gymnopterts quercifolia are found in dark and moist places, while on rocks grow Cheilanthes mysorensis, C. axa, and the tiny Ophioglossum lusitanicum.
In the Intermediate Zone trees of both the dry and the low- country moist zone are to be found, such as Berrya Ammonilla, Nephelium Longana, Mesua ferrea, Artocarpus integrifolia, Xylopia parvifiora, Albizzia stipulata, A. odoratissima, A. Lebbek, &c.; and there are a few species which, although they are found elsewhere, can be said to be characteristic ; these are /zdiccum decipiens, Chick- vassia tabularis, and Mela dubia. Terminalia Belerica attains an extraordinary size in this zone, in which are other gigantic trees, like Zetrameles nudiflora and Ailanthus malabarica.* Among the shrubs, Vétex Megundo is probably the most characteristic. Another characteristic feature of this zone is the great abundance of creepers, which cover the tallest trees and render forest operations extremely difficult. Some very handsome ferns grow in this zone, the most noticeable being Aspidium decurrens, A. subtriphyllum, A. cicutarium, and Adiantum lunulatum.
The Park country of Uva can be included in this zone. It comprises the low lands on the eastern boundary of that province ; and it has a quite characteristic flora, very similar to that of the Sub-Himalayan forests. The trees which are found here are found only on the patanas and occasionally elsewhere, the most noteworthy being Axogeissus latifolia, Butea frondosa, Terminalia Chebula, T. Lelerica, Zizyphus xylopyra, Pterocarpus Marsupium, Miliusa indica, Sterculia colorata, Gmelina arborea, and Diospyros melanoxylon. The undergrowth is, as in the sub-Himalayan forests, mostly grass
* Although Dipilerocarpus zeylanicus and Stemonoporus acuminatus extend into this zone, the only characteristic Dipterocarp known, so far, in this zone is the Balanocarpus zeylanicus, which has been found only in the Kurunegala District.
a
The Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon. 359
(Imperata arundinacea), Near water-courses the flora is that of the ordinary dry zone type.
The Wet Zone includes the Western Province, the Province of Sabaragamuwa excluding the Kolonna Korale, the Galle and Matara Districts of the Southern Province, the Hill Districts of the Central and Uva Provinces and about one-half of the Kurunegala and Chilaw Districts of the North-western Province, or, in a few words, the South-western and South Central portions of the island. It is the portion which receives the full force of the South-west monsoon, and includes the higher lands affected by the North-east monsoon, The rainfall usually ranges from 80 to 200 inches, but it exceeds even this in some places, and rumour has it that in Eratne, to the South- ‘west of Adam’s Peak, it actually does not fall far short of 400 inches.
The Low-country Wet Zone is the country par excellence of the Dipterocarps. In the Chilaw and Kurunegala Districts, and in the Northern portion of the Colombo District, they are represented ‘only Ey Dipterocarpus zeylanicus, but further South and East they increase in number and species until, in many cases, they form almost the entire forest. No doubt, several new species will have to ibe added, and even since the first volume of Trimen’s Flora has been published fresh discoveries have been made, a case in point being the Stemonoporus (? Vatica) Lewist, which was found by Mr. F. Lewis of the Forest Department at about 1000’ altitude above Pelmadulla. The curious almost wingless fruit of Shorea lissophylla was also found near the Bentote river in the Western Province. The forests of this zone, where they have been saved, are to the eye the most magnificent of the whole island, the trees often reaching a height of too feet to the first branch. On this account the trees are often difficult to identify, and it is probable that many are still ainnamed, especially as it is not always possible to hit on new species at the time when they are in flower or fruit. The most beautiful of these forests is probably the forest of the Hinidun Pattu, in the Southern Province; in it the most important Dipterocarps are Dipterocarpus hispidus, which in the South almost replaces D. zey- lanicus, D. glandulosus, Shorea oblongifolia, Doona trapezifolia, which extends up to about 3000’ above sea level, D. cordifolia, D. macro- phylla, D. congestiflora, which produces a valuable timber, Hofea discolor and Vatica affints.
Vatica Roxburghiana is found near streams and in lands subject to inundation in the Western Province and in Sabaragamuwa, while Vateria acuminata, which also loves the neighbourhood of water, is found on more rocky ground. ‘The Dipterocarps which are able to ascend to an elevation of 4000’ are Doona zeylanica and D. Gardnert, and Stemonoporus Gardneri, which has been found up to nearly 5000 feet.
Among the natural orders, which are also widely represented, are the Guttifere, the Ebenacee, and the Sapotacee. ‘The first-named is ®epresented chiefly by the ironwood Mesua ferrea and M. Thwaitesi,
360 The Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon.
by Calophyllum spectabile, C. Burmannt, which extends into the dry country, C. bracteatum, C. tomentosum, Garcinia Cambogia, G. Morella. (the gamboge tree), G. derpuophylla, and G. echinocarpa, which latter grows up to 6000’ elevation. The denacece are particularly abundant in the forests of the Adam’s Peak Range, and in the Pasdun and Hinidun Korales.
Ebony, as has already been mentioned, is found in small quan- tities in this zone, but the most important tree of this family, which is. unfortunately almost extinct, the Coromandel or Calamander wood of commerce, Drospyros questa, is still found here and there in the Pasdun Korale and in the Hinidun Pattu. Attempts have been made for several years to obtain the fruit in order to propagate the species artificially, but, although rewards have been offered, none has- been obtained.
The other most noticeable trees of this family are described by Mr. F. Lewis, who has made a special study of them.
In the wet forests, extending from the mountain known as the Haycock into the Sabaragamuwa Province, the most noticeable examples of the Ldenacee are Diospyros Toposia, D. Gardnert, D. insignis, and D. Thwaitesiz. The first of these is found up to 3000 feet altitude, while the last, though endemic, is restricted to- the areas of high rainfall. D. prurdens is found very sparingly in the wet forests towards Adam’s Peak, and in one place in the Western. Province. A remarkable species, possibly a form of D. Ebenum, locally known as ‘ Kallu kiria,’ occurs at the foot of the Rakwana hills, and is conspicuous by its black lace-like heart-wood, but little: is known of its flowers or fruit. One of the most common, but valueless, of the order is D. zwsignis, which extends up to 2000 feet altitude in the West of Ceylon.
The Sapfotacee are also well represented, especially in parts of the Matara District. The most importaut are Chrysophyllum Rox- burghit, Isonandra lanceolata, Bassia fulva, B. neritfolia, which. lines the banks of rivers, Palaguium petiolare, P. grande, which extends into the mountain zone, and AZmusops Elengi, which is also found in the dry zone. Among the more noteworthy trees. belonging to other natural orders, the following are characteristic of this zone:—Dzllenia retusa, Wormia triquetra, Cullenia excelsa,. Eleocarpus serratus, Kokoona zeylanica, Canarium zeylanicum,. C. brunneum, Lastanthera apicalis, Pometia eximia, Campnosperma zeylanicum, which in places forms almost pure forest, Perzcopsis Moontana, near water-courses, Adenanthera pavonina, A. bicolor, Pygeum zeylanicum, Carallia integerrima, C. calycina, especially in the Galle District, Anisophyllea zeylanica, Homalium zeylanicum, Symplocos spicata, the three Myristicas (M. laurifolia, M. Hors- fiedia, and M. Iriya). Various species of Czanamomum and Litsea are also abundant; and, among the Euphorbiacee, Bridelia retusa, B. Moonti, Aporosa latifolia, A. Lindleyana, Ostodes zeylanica, Chetocarpus castanocarpus, and Macaranga tomentosa are the most
Lhe Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon. 361
common ; while among Urticacee there are numerous figs, Artocarpus integrifolia, A. nobilis, and Trema orientalts.
Among the shrubs which characterise this zone may be men- tioned Humboldtia laurifolia, Mesa indica, Agrostistachys longifolia, A. Hookeri, Ixora coccinea, Ardisia Maen oe
Most of the palms of Ceylon are found in this zone. The most important by far is Cavyota urens, the toddy and sugar of which provide many jungle people with means of existence. The Talipot palm (Corypha umbraculifera) is found in several forests, especially in the Kurunegala District, and is noteworthy for the enormous. panicle of flowers which the male tree produces, and for its leaves, which are used for umbrellas, fans, mats, &c. The Misa fruticans is characteristic of brackish waters, while several species of Calamus, with the help of their hooked tendrils, climb to the summits of the highest trees.
Among the characteristic climbers may be mentioned Coscinium Jenestracum, Ancistrocladus Vahlii, Entada scandens, Acacia concinna, Strychnos cinnamomifolia.
The most beautiful orchid of this zone is the Dendrobium Macarte; and among the most interesting ferns may be men- tioned Gleichenia linearis, which covers large extents of country, Blechnum orientale and Nephrolepis exaltata, which, after the first- named, are the most common, Cyathea sinuata, which is only found in the Southern Province, C. Walkerii, the tree fern of the low country, Zhammnopterts Nidus, the so-called Bird’s-nest fern found growing generally on trees, Asplenium rutefolium, Diplazium lanceum, D. Schkuhrit, Aspidium Thwaztesiz, Lastrea deparioides, Niphobolus Gardnerit, FPleopeltis pteropus (var. minor), Tenites blechnoides (in the Matara District), Drymoglossum heterophyllum, Stenochlena palustris, Polybotrya appendiculata, Gymnopteris vart- abilis, G. contaminans, G. subcrenata, G. quercifolia, Acrostichum aureum (generally not far from the sea in swampy places), Schiz@a digitata, Angiopteris evecta, Ophioglossum pendulum, and HHelmin- thostachys zeylanica. Botrychium daucifolium and Oleandra muse- jolia extend into the mountain zone.
The forests of this zone are of by no means so large in extent as those of the dry zone; they usually occur in isolated blocks, covering ridges and separated by stretches of chena or by paddy fields. The most important blocks are the forests that in former days formed part of the extensive Sinharaja Forest; they are situated in the Galle District of the Southern Province, the Pasdun Korale of the Western Province, and the Kukulu Korala of the Province of Sabaragamuwa. The lower forests of the Adam’s Peak range also belong to this zone.
The Mountain Zone.—The forests of this zone form the cap of the island. It is from them that all the most important rivers take their rise, and for the preservation of water supply it is therefore necessary that they be preserved. The highest summits of the
362 The Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon.
island, unless they are too rocky for tree growth, are covered with trees, which form a continuous sheet from Pedro Peak to Hakgalla, from thence to Totapella, and in a curved line to Kirigalpota and Adam’s Peak. The forests are found on both sides of the ridges, but the tea estates of Bagawantalawa and Maskeliya have encroached far up the slopes. It is not improbable that to these clearings is due the silting up of the lower reaches of the Kelaniganga, and the consequent frequent inundations which are a plague in the low country. A wise rule now prevails to allow no sale of Crown lands above 5000 feet, and there are not many of these left between 4000 and 5000 feet. ‘The general character of the forests of the mountain zone is the same as that of the dry country; the trees are flat topped, not generally very tall, and the undergrowth is not unlike in general appearance; the most characteristic are several species of Eugenia, Calophyllum Walkerit, Michelia nilagirica, Gordonia seylanica, Elieocarpus obovatus, E. glandulifer, Meliosma pungens, Litsea (5 species), Rhododendron arboreum, &c.
The undergrowth consists, especially above 5000 feet, mostly of the numerous species of Szvobzlanthes, which flower and die down every twelve years, and some of which reach a height of 20 feet and a girth of trunk of 12 inches. During the flowering time the forest is a blaze of colour, and swarms of bees, attracted to the flowers, produce abundance of honey, which has a peculiar flavour. When the seed ripens, thousands of jungle fowl suddenly appear wandering up from the low country for the food, which they obtain abundantly.
Besides these plants, there are also large quantities of the little hill Bamboo (Avundinarta), species of Coleus, Hedyotts, and ferns, of which the most noticeable and characteristic is the handsome tree- fern Alsophila crinita, which is found in moist places, in gullies, or on the face of moist rocky precipices. The stem of this occasionally attains a length of 40 feet. Among others, the most interesting are Lomaria Patersoni, Lastrea Beddomit, Leptogramme Totta, Osmunda javanica (in sunny places near streams), Déacalpe aspidiotdes, Doodtia dives, and Maranta fraxinea, the last being only found in the lower portion of this zone, replacing Angiopteris evecta, which it closely resembles.
The moisture in the atmosphere causes the branches and trunks of trees to be covered with epiphytic plants, such as numerous mosses, ferns, of which some Hymenophyllums closely resemble the mosses, and orchids, the most beautiful of which latter are Dendrobium aureum, Celogyne odoratissima, and Evia bicolor, and creeping plants such as Paper, Medinilla fuchsiotdes, &c. In this zone are found the strange Balanaphoras, which are found at higher elevations only within the Tropics.
European genera are found mostly in this zone, but, on the whole, they occur chiefly in well-lit localities, or in patanas, and, excepting Rhododendron arboreum, the majority are shrubs or herbaceous plants, such are Berberis, Cardamime, Viola, Hypericum,
The Forests and Waste Lands of Ceylon. 363
Rubus, Viburnum, Anaphalis, Lobelia, Campanula, Gentiana, Pedt- cularis, Drosera, &c. Exceptions to this rule are /mpatzens, of which there are numerous species, some extremely handsome, Vaccinium and //ex, which all grow under shade.
This concludes my sketch of the forest flora of Ceylon. It is .a very incomplete one, but with a wealth of species to choose from it is difficult not to omit a number of characteristic ones. To this may be attributed any glaring omissions, as well as to the fact that the writer of this notice can in no way lay any claim to being considered anything botanically but an amateur.
A. F. Broun, Conservator of Forests, Ceylon.
Colombo, 27 January, 1899.
NE Eye ND TG ale
ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RAINFALL IN CEYLON.
With a Map showing the Average Annual Rainfall. Ly ¥. Lewis, Esq., of the Forest Department.
THE island of Ceylon lies to the South-east of the Southern extremity of the great peninsula of India, and is situated between North Latitude 5°53’ and 9°51, and East Longitude 79° 42’ and 81° 55. Its total area is about 25,360 square miles, or, roughly, one sixth less than the area of Ireland. ‘The greatest length and extreme breadth of Ceylon are 271 and 137 miles, respectively. From the Indian coast the island is divided only by a narrow strip of water too shallow for our large ocean steamers to cross, so that vessels bound for the Eastern ports of India are obliged to pass to the South of Ceylon.
Although Ceylon has not been entirely free from those great convulsions of the earth which have so strikingly affected Java and neighbouring islands, it must, nevertheless, be regarded as practically outside volcanic action, and beyond the limits of hurricanes. Cyclonic storms have at long intervals visited the country, but none of such destructive severity as to affect the prosperity of the island.
The prevailing monsoons are the N.E. and S.W., during which the vegetation of the country passes from rest to activity.
The rainfall is heaviest in the immediate neighbourhood of Adam’s Peak, and, speaking generally, diminishes towards the North- west and South-east. Dividing the island into zones, according to the average amount of precipitation, these may be conveniently classified as follows :—
(1) The driest zone—under 50 inches of rain per annum—
pee of two rather narrow strips; one, starting from the extreme
hern point of the island, runs for about 100 miles along the
Sous west coast; the other starts from near the Southern extremity and runs along the South-east coast to near Batticaloa Lake.
(2) The zone of 50-75 inches is enclosed between the two above-mentioned strips, and includes also the whole North-eastern sea-board (from Batticaloa Lake). This zone comprises the largest area of the country.
(3) Enclosed within the crescent formed by the last district is the zone of 75-100 inches, lying roughly along the outside limit of the hill country, this zone forming a sort of elongated horse-shoe band of which the two horns are situated at Colombo and Galle.
The Distribution of Rainfall in Ceylon. 365
‘The inner limit between this zone and the next presents, however, an extremely irregular outline. In this region is found much of the mixed flora of the country, separating the wet from the dry Tegions.
(4) The 1oo—-150 inch zone, within the last, comprises most of the mountainous part of Ceylon, including its highest peak.
(5) The 150-200 inch zone is a nearly oval region, wholly surrounded by the last, and nowhere quite reaching the sea-coast. At its northern end lies
(6) the zone of over 200 inches, a small area within the influence of Adam’s Peak. Here the greater portion of the rainfall occurs during the south-west monsoon, at which period a fall exceeding Io inches in the twenty four hours is by no means uncommon.
It will be seen, therefore, that the area of greatest rainfall ‘corresponds with the mountainous country, and is marked by the path of the South-west monsoon, Negombo, 19 miles north of Colombo, with a fall of about 62 ‘inches, being its northern edge, and Galle, with a 91 inch average, being the southern edge of the Maximum monsoon path. Following the tract of maximum fall towards«the great central mass of mountains, the increase is very pronounced, culminating with an average of over 230 inches at Padupola, on the confines of the Central Province.
The average temperature of Ceylon varies both with the time of year and the rainfall; but, taking the hottest and coolest stations, it ranges from 81°7’ at Mannar and Jaffna (both on the coast), to 57 9 at Nuwara Eliya (6188 feet above sea-level). The changes in temperature, according to the time of year, may be succinctly illustrated by a statement of the highest and lowest average monthly mean temperature at Jaffna and Nuwara Eliya. At the former the highest monthly average is 85°5’ in April, and the lowest 77°3’ in December; while, at the latter, the extreme averages are 60°4’ in May, and 56°5’ in January.
The barometer (uncorrected for sea-level) shows an absolute range from 30°157 inches, the highest recorded in 1887, at Jaffna, to 23°800 inches, in 1886, at Nuwara Eliya. The range at particular localities is small, as will be seen from the appended table, taken from the statistics issued from the Surveyor General’s-Office, which is confined to the sixteen stations possessing umbroken records, in most cases for nearly thirty years.
The movement of the atmosphere is much influenced by the distance from the sea. Thus at Kandy, roughly in the centre of Ceylon, the average diurnal velocity of the wind ranges from 28 miles in April to 84 in August. At Hambantota, on the sea-coast, the corre- sponding figures are 149 miles in March, and 268 miles in August. Again, the average diurnal velocity at Vavuniya, which is situated - about midway between the East and West coasts, ranges from 31 miles to 165 miles, while, at Ratnapura, with its high rainfall, it only varies from 18 to 69 miles.
366 The Distribution of Rainfall in Ceylon.
METEOROLOGICAL TABLE.
The following Table ts compiled from the Ceylon Administration Reports for 1897 (Part IT., Scientific) by Mr. F. H. Grinlinton, Surveyor- General, and is confined to 16 Stations, from which unbroken records
have been preserved.
Name of Station.
Altitude of Station.
COLOMBO ... ... 40 RATNAPURA ... 84 PUTTREAM:... ...| 27 ANURADHAPURA | 295 MANNAR ... ... 12 JAFFNA TRINCOMALEE ... BATTICALOA HAMBANTOTA ... GALLE
KANDY HAKGALA ... BADULLA ... VAVUNIYA ... KURUNEGALA ...
Nuwara ELIYA.
Annual Rainfall in Inches
Barometer (reduced to 32° F.).
Highest
recorded,
30°072
30°003
30°106
29°840 30°103 30°157 30°062 30°108 30°034 30°081 28°426 24°725 27°905
29'850
24°228
Lowest e E E & 3 é a recorded. 3 2 E Ze 5" 29°607 | 80°7 II‘90 29°314| 79°! ‘ I1"42 29°535 2 12°06 29°264 9°32 29°588 : 11°00: 29°552 Dios 29°402 8:21 29°565 ; 10°46 29°583 506 29°621 7°66 27°975 8°95 24°205 7°40 27°396 9°46 29°271 5°40 6°97 gil
F. Lewis.
APPENDIX IV.
HISTORY OF CEYLON BOTANY.
By G. 8. Bouucer, F.L.S., F.G.8., Professor of Botany, City of London College.
THE first serious student of the botany of Ceylon was Paul Hermann, born at Halle, in Saxony, June 30th, 1646.* It is. related of him that, when a boy of ten, he fell into the water when he was collecting plants and was nearly drowned. He was educated at Wittenberg, Leipsic, and Jena, but graduated in medicine in Padua, in 1670. Through the good offices of Arnold Syen, Professor of Medicine and Botany at Leyden, and annotator of the first volume of Rheede’s ‘Hortus Malabaricus,’ he was introduced to the Governor of the Dutch East India Company, by whom he was appointed ‘Ordinary and First Physician’ in Ceylon, where he resided from 1672 to 1679. On his voyage out he botanised at the Cape of Good Hope, making large collections, some results of which were embodied in a catalogue published by J. Burmann in his ‘ Thesaurus Zeylanicus’ (1647). :
At this period the Dutch held most of the coast towns of Ceylon, having wrested Colombo from the Portuguese only so recently as 1655; but the whole interior still remained under the rule of the native Emperor of Kandy, at this time the powerful Raja Singha, and it is interesting to note that our countryman, Robert Knox,t} was undergoing his long captivity in the interior at the very period of Hermann’s sojourn at Colombo.t Dr. Trimen infers from Hermann’s chief herbarium, which is, he says, ‘a representative one of the environs of Colombo, that Hermann neither travelled far from the coast nor had the opportunity of penetrating into any tract of untouched forest.’ In addition to an herbarium sent to Commelin, Hermann sent specimens from Ceylon to other botanists; but certainly not, as Dr. Trimen imagines (af. cit., pp. 132, 134), to Gronovius, since that botanist was not born until 1690, and was, therefore, only five years old at Hermann’s death. Hermann’s plants in the Banksian herbarium received from Gronovius must, therefore, have come to the latter indirectly. Hermann’s own herbarium of plants, collected either wild or growing in the gardens of the natives, was pasted into three
* Not 1640, as stated in Pritzel’s. + Vide infra, p. 372. + ‘Journ. Linn. Soc.’ (Bot.), xxiv. p, 131.
368 flistory of Ceylon Botany.
volumes ‘in forma atlantica... . sine ullo plane ordine, prout forte ad manus venerant.’* Hermann also had about four hundred drawings of plants executed in Ceylon.t On the death of Syen in 1678, Hermann was elected to the Leyden chair, Peter Hotton { acting as docum tenens until his return to Europe in August, 1680.
Hermann introduced into the Leyden Botanical Garden more than twice as many plants as his predecessors, Bontius, Clutins, Pavius, Clusins, Vorstins, Schuylins, and Syen, had done in a century, rendering it the richest of the age.§ He built hot-houses, established a museum, and visited Germany, France, and England for plants. Possibly while in England he made the acquaintance of that ‘Meecenas of his day,’ Dr. Richard Richardson, a letter to whom from him, dated Leyden, 14 December, 1690, is printed in Dawson ‘Turner’s privately printed ‘Correspondence of Richard Richardson’ (Yarmouth, 1835).
Hermann arranged the Leyden garden systematically according to Morison’s system, with modifications ‘which can scarcely be called an improvement upon it,’|| including, for instance, JZa/va and fumaria in his primary division of ‘Gymnosperms.’ ‘This system he propounded in ‘Flora Lugduno-Batavz flores, sive enumeratio stirpium horti Lugduno-Batavi methodo naturze vestigiis Insistente dispositarum,’ Leyden, 1690, pp. 267, published under the name of Lothar. Zumbach, but undoubtedly Hermann’s work, as is testified by Sherard,{] Linnzeus,** Haller, Sprengel, Pritzel, &c. Hermann’s classification was defended by his pupil Olans Rudbeck the younger.tt ‘The only work published by Hermann under his own name during his lifetime was ‘Horti academici Lugduno- Batavi catalogus .. . . quibus ab anno 1681 ad 1686 hortus fuit instructus, ....a nemine hucusque editarum,’ Leyden, 1687, pp. 699, 8vo, with copperplate illustrations. A few brief descrip- tions in this work, with reduced copies of some of the drawings made in Ceylon, is all that he himself printed on Ceylon botany. In 1689 William Sherard {{ published at Amsterdam his ‘Schola Botanica,’ pp. 390, 12mo, which the British Museum authorities catalogue under Pitton de Tournefort, and Pulteney and Pritzel attribute to a mythical Samuel Wharton or Warton. Its title runs:
* ‘Flora Zeylanica,’ pref., p. 17, and ‘ Museeum Zeylanicum,’ pref.
+ ‘Flora Zeylanica,’ pref. ~ Born at Amsterdam in 1648, this botanist, one of the correspondents of John Ray, succeeded Hermann in 1695, and died in 1709. S.C Sprengel, ‘Historia Rei Herbariee,’ vol. ii. p. 42. | J. Sachs, ‘ History of Botany ’ (Eng. ed. ), p. 68.
q ‘ Paradisus Batavus,’ 1698, preface.
** ‘Flora Zeylanica,’ eo saa
at C. Sprengel, op. czt., p. 4
+ WILLIAM SHERARD, styled by Boerhaave ‘ vir scientia preestantissimus,’ and by
Sibthorp, ‘botanicorum istius eevi facile princeps,’ the pupil of Tournefort, friend of Vaillant, Hermann, Ray, and Sloane, patron of Catesby and Dillenius, and founder of the chair that bears his name at Oxford, was born at Bushby, Leicestershire, and died in London in 1728. A full account of his life, by Mr. B, D. Jackson, appears in the ‘Journal of Botany’ for 1894, p. 129.
fiistory of Ceylon Botany. 369
‘Schola Botanica; sive Catalogus Plantarum quas ab aliquot Annis in Horto Regio Parisiensi Studiosis indigitavit Jos. Pitton de Tournefort ut et Pauli Hermanri P. P. Paradisi Batavi Prodromus :’ it is signed ‘S. W. A.’ (Sherardus Wilhelmus, Anglus), and the preface is dated London, 1688. ‘The ‘ Prodromus,’ which Linnzeus, in the list of authorities prefixed to the ‘Flora Zeylanica,’ styles ‘supposititius,’ occupies pp. 301-386, with 4 pp. of addenda. In the last yan of his life, Hermann began to print a flora of Leyden. Linneus* styles this ‘Flora Lugduno-Batava, Lugd. 1695, 8vo, seml impressa moritur cum Autore,’ but it has no title, consisting of 128 pp. dealing with ‘ Plantes Gymnosperme.’
Hermann died of pneumonia at Leyden in January, 1695. After his death his widow t seems to have intrusted most of his MSS. to Sherard. The first result of this was ‘ Paradisus Batavus, continens Plus centum Plantas affabre sere incisis & Descriptionibus illustratis . . . . cui accessit Catalogus Plantarum, quas pro Tomis nondum editis, delineandas curaverat Paulus Hermannus, M.D. ; . Opus Posthumum edidit William Sherard,’ Leyden, 1698, 4to, pp. 262, with «rr plates. Sherard’s preface, dated from Geneva, April, 1697, relates the difficulties he met with in reducing the author’s papers into order, and gives an account of Hermann’s other works. The ‘Paradisus’ is dedicated to Bishop Compton, and a critical notice of it, sent by Ray to Sloane, is printed in ‘The Correspondence of John Ray’ (Ray Society, 1848, p. 349). The ‘Paradisus’ contains desenptions and drawings of Sinhalese plants in addition to those in the ‘Horti Lugduno-Batavi Cata- logus,’ but the drawings being in quarto are reduced from the originals. In 1710 Hermann’s ‘ Materia Medica’t was published under the editorship of J. S. Henniger (Argentor. 4to), subsequent editions by J. Boecler appearing in 1726 and 1729, and one by Strother, London, 1736. In 1711 there appeared ‘ Muszei Indici catalogus, continens varia exotica animalia, insecta, vegetabilia, mineralia, quze collegerat,’ 8vo, a catalogue of his museum in the Leyden garden; and in 1717 the important little ‘Museum Zeylanicum, sive catalogus plantarum in Zeylana sponte nascentium observatarum et descriptarum a viro celeberrimo, Paulo Her- manno.,.. , Leyden, 1717, 8vo, pp. 71.- In this pamphlet, to which the term ‘anonymous,’ used by Dr. Trimen (vc. czt. p. 129), seems scarcely applicable, the plants appear under their Sinhalese names, but references to Boccone, Acosta, C. Bauhin, the ‘ Para- disus Batavus,’ and ‘Hortus Lugd.-Bat.,’ are added. In the prefaee the editor, who is well known to have been Sherard, states that, in addition to the three volumes of the herbarium, a fourth would be made up, and pp. 39-71 are occupied by a list of ‘alice
* ‘Flora Zeylanica,’ ‘‘ Autores,” and ‘ Bibliotheca’ Botanica,’ ed. 2, p. 58.
y+ Anna Gertrude Stomphius, daughter of a pastor of Colombo. Hermann’s first wife, Isabella Borman, died within a year of their marriage.
+ *Cynosura materize medicze.’
PART V. BB
370 Flistory of Ceylon Botany. plante chartis non agglutinate.’ A reprint of the ‘Muszeum’ appeared in 1726.
Meanwhile Sherard, anxious to continue Hermann’s work in Ceylon, recommended John Hartog, who was born and trained in the Leyden garden, to proceed thither. At the Cape Hartog collected many rarities, but was only saved from being torn in pieces by a lion by the timely bullet (‘globus missilis’) of his servant’s gun. His Cape plants, with those of Oldenland, form the second of the two catalogues bound up with Burmann’s ‘Thesaurus.’ Though after being some time in Ceylon he sent to Voss the ‘complete’ herbarium which Burmann used for his ‘Thesaurus,’ Hartog seems not to have long survived. Meanwhile Hermann’s own herbarium, upon which the ‘Muszeum’ had been based, appears to have been completely lost sight of till the year 1744, when August Giinther, Apothecary-Royal at Copenhagen,* sent to Linnzus at Upsala to be named a collection of Indian plants in five volumes, one being a volume of drawings.
From Ginther, Hermann’s herbarium ‘passed into the posses- sion of Count A. G. Moltke,t at whose death it was purchased by Prof. Treschow, of Copenhagen. The latter sold it to Sir Joseph Banks for 75/7,{ and it passed, with the rest of the Banksian collection, into the keeping of the Trustees of the British Museum in 1827. Since it came into the hands of Sir J. Banks, it has been frequently the object of examination. Especially it was very thoroughly gone over by Dryander, who, in a copy of the “ Flora Zeylanica” (now in the Botanical Department of the British Museum), entered against each species references to the volumes and folios of the herbarium where the corresponding specimens ate toube founds. ghee Robert Brown, Dryander’s successor in the charge of the Banksian collections, was also in the habit of con- sulting the herbarium, and frequently quotes its specimens. Dr. Wight was unfortunately able to consult it only to a limited extent.§ ... . W. Ferguson, F.L.S., of Colombo, when on a visit to England .... carefully examined the whole collection.’ || The results of Dr. Trimen’s own detailed work in 1886 are embodied in the paper from the introduction to which this passage is taken. He says of the herbarium (oc. ct, p. 132), ‘The specimens, considering their age and the vicissitudes the collection has sustained, are in very fair condition; and, in the few cases where identification is uncertain, this arises more from the material being originally scanty or imperfect than from any deterioration
* There are five letters from Giinther to Linnzeus in the corre§$pondence of the great naturalist preserved in the library of the Linnean Society. The dates of these are from 1744 to 1749. ‘Two are written in Swedish and three in Latin.
+ Rottboll, ‘Descriptiones et Icones rar. pl.’ (1786), p. 49.
+ MS. note by Dryander in the Herbarium.
§ Preface to ‘ Prodromus Florze Indize Orientalis,’ p. x.
|| Trimen, Joc. czt., pp. 130, 131.
fiistory of Ceylon Botany. B71
“since its collection. A considerable proportion of the plants (about fifty) are exotics, and gathered, doubtless, from gardens. It is of interest to see at what an early date many of these were already common in Ceylon. Most are, of course, Old World plants, but -a dozen or more are of American origin, as the Custard Apple, Guava, Cashew-nut, Capsicum, and Cotton. But, besides these cultivated exotics, the list will be found to contain two or three species from the Cape.’ Of these errors, arising from Sherard’s fourth volume, those originally ‘non-agglutinatee,’ he specifies Linneus’s 4obartia indica, which is SB. spathacea, Ker, and Gnaphalium indicum, L., which is Amphidoxa gnaphalodes, DC.
Carl von Linné. As stated under the notice of Hermann’s life and labours (ante, p. 370), the herbarium and collections of drawings of the latter were sent to Linnzeus to be named. ‘The great botanist was not long in discovering what a treasure he had in his hands.* In his own words, ‘ Hanc dum evolvo, examino et inquiro, observo plantas hasce per tres primos tomos, in singulis paginis totidem, easdem, eodemque ordini esse dispositas, quo in Hermanni ‘ Museo Zeylanico’ continentur a p. 1 ad 39; accedebat quod /cones, quas quintus tomus continet, essent ipsius Hermanni.... ut dubium nullum sit, quin heec collectio fuerit ipsissima Hermanni. Quartus tomus continebat plantas Capenses et Zeylanicas mixtas ’ |—Sherard’s ‘non agglutinate’ in fact. The delight with which Linnzus at once set to work at the examination of his treasure is well expressed in the following passage from his dedication of the ‘ Flora Zeylanica’ to Ginther: ‘Gratulor orbi erudito, quod hic Thesaurus, qui per 50 annos fuerat suppressus, indignorum manibus versatus, & in Barbarorum hominum scriniis sepultus, rerum vicissitudine iterum emerserit & ab interitu fuerit vindicatus. Est hoc opus Herbarium Zeylanicum, quondam a Principe Botanicorum, Paulo Hermanno, lectum in Zeylona multis itineribus, periculis, laboribus, curis, nec sine Foederati Belgii maximis sumtibus.’ t
The ‘ Flora’ was publishea at Stockholm,§ in 1747, its full title being ‘Flora Zeylanica sistens plantas indicas Zeylone insule que olim 1670-1677 lectz fuere a Paulo Hermanno, Prof. Bot. Leydensi; demum post 70 annos ab Augusto Gunthero, Pharmacop. Haffniensi, orbi reddite,’ Holmiz, 1747, 8vo, pp. 28, 240, and 20 pp. of index, with 4 folding plates. In it ‘ Linnzus has classified all the plants in the herbarium which he could determine (429 in number) under their genera; and these are duly arranged in accordance with his sexual system. Under each species he refers to the names in the “Muszeum,” and at the end he gives lists of those names (228 in number) which he was unable (in nearly all cases from the absence
* Trimen, ‘Journ. Linn. Soc.’ (Bot.), xxiv. p. 129.
+ ‘Flora Zeylanica,’ preface, pp. 17, 18.
+ Id., dedication,
§ Not at Amsterdam, as stated by Mr. Jackson, ‘Guide to the Literature of
Botany,’ p. 395.
372 Flistory of Ceylon Botany.
of specimens) to refer to any genus. The whole number of plants: enumerated is thus 657. In the herbarium itself he has added to Hermann’s labels a reference to the number of the species in his own copy of the “ Flora Zeylanica ;”’ and in his own copy of the ‘Museum Zeylanicum,’ now in the Linnean Society’s library, ‘he has entered in the margin against each name the genus to which he referred it.’* ‘At this period of Linnzeus’s career he had not yet initiated his binomial system of nomenclature; thus no species in the “‘ Flora Zeylanica” are zamed in the modern sense, but are only referred to their Linnean genera. When, however, in 1753, that really epoch-making book, the ‘‘ Species Plantarum,” was published,. in which specific names were systematically employed, Linnzeus was careful to quote under them the numbers of the “Fl. Zeylan.,” and thus the specimens of Hermann’s herbarium become types for many of Linneeus’s species. It is this, of course, which gives to this in- teresting collection its great scientific value, and renders it an important supplement to the herbarium of Linnzeus himself... .; especially as the large majority of the species in Hermann’s her- barium are unrepresented in the latter.’ {
A second edition of the ‘ Flora’ appeared in 1748, to some copies. of which is appended ‘ Nova genera plantarum zeylanicarum nuper edita .... per C. M. Dassow, pp. 1-14, with an index.’ This is. taken from the ‘Amoenitates Academice,’ vol. i1., No. 13, and is, no doubt, Linnzeus’s own work. ‘The forty-three new genera here described were afterwards incorporated into the fifth edition of the ‘Genera Plantarum,’ published in 1754;{ but Dr. Trimen does not refer to them in the paper from which we have been quoting.
Robert Knox, the first Englishman to publish an account of Ceylon, was born in 1640 or 1641, being the son of Robert Knox, a Scotsman, a commander in the East India Company’s navy, and a cousin to John Strype, the antiquary. Knox was brought up at Wimbledon, Surrey, where his mother died about 1655, and in January, 1657, he sailed with his father to Madras. On the home- ward voyage, in November, 1659, they were driven by stress of weather into Cottier (Kottiyar) Bay, Ceylon, where Knox, his father, and fourteen others were made prisoners. The father died in captivity in 1660; but Knox remained a prisoner at large for nearly twenty years, making several unsuccessful attempts to escape, and supporting himself by knitting caps, lending out corn and rice, and hawking goods. In September, 1679, with his faithful comrade, Stephen Rutland, he escaped to the Dutch settlement of Aripo, on the north-west coast, whence he was sent to Batavia, and so to England. The East India Company took him into their service as. mate: he rose to be commander, and died in London, July, 1720. His narrative. written with the help of Robert Hooke, is entitled
* Trimen, Joc. czt., p. 130. + Lbid. + Pulteney, ‘General View of the Writings of Linnzeus’ (1781), p. 232.
fiistory of Ceylon Botany. 373
“An Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon in the East Indies ; ‘together with an Account of the detaining in Captivity the Author -and divers other Englishmen now living there, and of the Author’s Miraculous Escape. Illustrated with figures and a map of the island.’ London, 1681, fol. It is both trustworthy and entertaining, and has been translated into French, Dutch, and German. It con- tains an intelligent account of the trees of the island. Linnzeus ‘named the Rubiaceous genus Avoxza in his honour.
Johann Gerhard Konig, a pupil of the illustrious author -of the ‘Flora Zeylanica,’ collected in the island in 1777, 1780, and 1781. Konig was born at Courland about 1728. He visited Iceland in 1765; but from 1768 was in the East Indies until his death at Jagannathpur in 1785. He was at first physician to the Danish settlement in the Carnatic, and subsequently naturalist to the Nabob of Arcot, and, in 1778, joined the Madras establishment of the East India Company. He also collected in Siam and Malacca, and bequeathed his plants and MSS. to Banks; but his Ceylon journal was unfortunately lost.* There is a short account of Konig’s visits to Ceylon in August Hennings’s ‘Geschichte ‘des Carnatiks,’ Hamburg and Kiel, 1785, pp. 289-311. Konig’s name has been twice commemorated ; by Tournefort for a genus of Malvacee prenamed Dombeya, and by Linnzus for an arctic plant now merged in Polygonum.
Carl Peter Thunberg, the pupil and successor of Linnzeus, ‘was in Ceylon from August, 1777, to February, 1778. He was born in 1743, graduated as M.D. at Upsala in 1770, visited the Cape in 1771, Java and Japan (1774-1777), his visit to Ceylon being on his return journey. He became professor at Upsala in 1784, and died in 1828.
From the British seizure of the Dutch possessions in 1796, when they were annexed to the presidency of Madras, until 1801, when Ceylon became a Crown colony, nothing seems to have been done for botany; but, before the deposition of the King of Kandy in 1815, William Kerr, a Kew gardener and collector, who had previously been in Java, Canton, and the Philippines, was appointed, by Sir Joseph Banks, Superintendent of the Botanical Garden at Slave Island, Colombo. He was, in fact, appointed in 1812, but -died in 1814.
In 1817, Alexander Moon, a Scotsman, was appointed, by Sir Joseph Banks, Superintendent of the Gardens. He collected at Gibraltar and on the Barbary coast on the way out, and formed -an extensive herbarium at Peradeniya. In 1824, he published “Indigenous and Exotic Plants growing in Ceylon,’ Colombo, 4to,
= Britten and eae: ‘ Biogr. Index of Brit. and Irish ns. Supplement,’
0p. Git., Pp. 97-
374 Flistory of Ceylon Botany.
a somewhat unsatisfactory performance.* Moon died inmno2 ge There are plants collected by him in the Kew herbarium, and some of his drawings are in the Botanical Department of the British Museum. Arnott dedicated to him the genus d/oonza, now sunk in Chrysogonum, L.
James Iiacrae, who had been employed in the garden at St. Vincent in 1823, and had subsequently collected for the Horti- cultural Society in the Pacific, in Chili, and Bengal, was appointed Superintendent in 1827, but at his death, in 1830,¢ had not, appa- rently, much advanced the cause of botany in Ceylon; nor, in fact, was much likely to be done until a more highly educated type of man was appointed to the post.
Meanwhile, amateur work was doing something. Colonel, after- wards General, James Thomas Walker and his wife, Mrs. A.W. Walker 7é Paton, collected in the island from 1830 to 1840. A description of their ascent of Adam’s Peak appears in the ‘Com- panion to the Botanical Magazine,’ vol. i. (1835), p. 3; and a ‘Tour in Ceylon,’ by Mrs Walker, in Hooker’s ‘ Journal of Botany,’ 1840, p- 223. General and Mrs. Walker’s plants formed part of Sir W. J. Hooker’s herbarium, now at Kew, and also did those of his friend, Dr. Charles Millett, who, about 1834, collected in Southern China, in Ceylon, and on the Malabar coast,{ and those of Major, afterwards Lieut.-Colonel, Champion.
Dr. Robert Wight, F.R.S., born in East Lothian, :796,. graduated M.D. in Edinburgh in 1818. Entering the East India Company’s service as Assistant-Surgeon in the army, he was from 1826 to 1828 stationed at Madras, and from 1836-1850 was. Superintendent of the efforts of the Government for the improve- ment of cotton cultivation in the peninsula. During three years’ furlough in England (1831-1834), he began, in conjunction with Dr. Walker-Arnott, the publication of his botanical materials, especially in the ‘Prodromus Flore Peninsule Indiz Orientalis.” In 1836 a severe attack of fever, caught in Tinnevelly, obliged him to pay a short visit to Ceylon to recruit, and whilst there he collected. extensively in company with Colonel and Mrs. Walker, in compli- ment te the latter of whom he named the genus /afonza, now merged in Xylopia, L. It was during this furlough above mentioned, that Dr. Wight, when staying with his friend, Sir W. Hooker, at Glasgow, acquired the art of lithography, and providing: himself, at his own expense, with printing-press stones and all necessary materials; he on his return to India introduced the art into the Madras Presidency, and commenced his ‘Illustrations of Indian Botany,’ with 182 plates, which was followed by the ‘ Icones.
* Sir J. Emerson Tennent, ‘Ceylon,’ 3rd ed., vol. i. p. 84.
++ There seems to have been a fate against any commemoration of Macrae’s names. Macrea, Lindl., is Viviania, Cav. ; Macrea, Wight, Phyllanthus, L.; and Macrea,, Hook. fil, Lipocheta, DC.
ete The genus J7@z/lettca, Wight and Arnott, was named after him.
FTistory of Ceylon Botany. 375
Plantarum Indiz Orientalis.’ This last great work, commenced in 1840 and concluded in six volumes in 1853, containing 2100 excellent quarto plates, has done more for the illustration of the Flora of Ceylon than all others hitherto published. In 1853, after a residence of upwards of thirty years in India, during which he had published in the above-mentioned and other works nearly 3000 species of Indian (including Ceylon) plants, he retired from the service, returned to England, and took up his abode at Grazeley Lodge, near Reading, where he died, May 26th, 1872. His collection he presented to the herbarium of the Royal Gardens, Kew. Wghtia gigantea, a remarkable Nepalese scandent tree, of the Order Scrophularinee, was dedicated to his services by Wallich.
John George Champion, F.L.S., was born about 1815, and in 1831 was gazetted as ensign in the g5th. He embarked for active service as captain in 1838, was stationed for some time in the Ionian Islands, where he collected insects diligently, and subsequently in Ceylon, where he took up botany under Gardner, remaining there until 1848. He then proceeded to Hongkong, whence he returned to England in 1850, bringing with him a fine collection of plants from that island, which were described by Bentham, and afterwards incorporated in the ‘Flora Hong- kongensis.’ In 1853 Champion went with his regiment to the Crimea. Having been wounded at the battle of Inkermann, and taken to the hospital at Scutari, he was gazetted lieutenant-colonel, but died November 3oth, 1854. He is commemorated by the Sinhalese genus Champzonia, Gardner.
Almost coincident with Colonel Champion’s arrival in the island in a military capacity was that of another energetic amateur, who came as a civilian, William Ferguson, who, born in 1820, entered the Ceylon Civil Service in 1839, and, with the exception of short furloughs, remained there until his death, which took place at Colombo on July 31st, 1887. He devoted his leisure to botany and entomology, and his knowledge of the plants and insects of Ceylon became most intimate. Many of his papers appeared in the ‘Ceylon Observer’ and in the ‘Tropical Agriculturist.’ He published, at Colombo, ‘The Scripture Botany of Ceylon, nd; ‘Description of the Palmyra Palm (Gorassus flabelliformis, L.),’ 1850; ‘The Timber Trees of Ceylon,’ 1863; ‘Notes on Ceylon Ferns,’ 1880; and, in the ‘Journal’ of the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, an ‘Enumeration of Ceylon Grasses, with notes,’ 1880. He is commemorated by the monotypic genus Pergusonia, Hook. fil., in the Order Rudzacee.
A new era seemed about to dawn for Ceylon botany when, in 1843, Dr. George Gardner was, on the recommendation of Sir William Hooker, appointed Superintendent of the Botanical Garden of Peradeniya. Born in Glasgow in 1812, he had studied medicine in the university of that city, graduating M.D. in 1835. Having
376 fTistory of Ceylon Botany.
conceived a strong desire for botanical travel, with the assistance of his teacher, Sir W. J. Hooker, he started on a collecting expedition to Brazil, from which country he sent home 60,000 specimens, representing 3000 species, while his own collection comprised 6000 species of flowering plants alone, and he brought back with him to England, in 1841, a large number of living plants. His journal appeared in the ‘Companion to the Botanical Magazine’ and in the ‘Annals of Natural History,’ and the descriptions of his new genera in the ‘Journal of Botany’ A more detailed account of this journey, having been prepared by him on the voyage out to Ceylon, was published in 1846 as ‘Travels in the interior of Brazil.’ Gardner showed his energy by issuing, four months after his arrival in Ceylon, the first of those reports on the Garden which have since then been continued annually. In 1845 he visited Madras, and botanised in the Neilgherry Hills with Wight, in conjunction with whom and Dr. M‘Clelland he became editor of the ‘Calcutta Journal of Natural History.’ In this journal he was writing “Contributions towards a Flora of Ceylon’ during the last year of his life, and he also drew up, in 1848, ‘Some Remarks on the Flora-of Ceylon,’ which were printed in the appendix to Lee’s translation of Ribeyro; but his premature death from apoplexy, at Nuwara Eliya, on March roth, 1849, destroyed the hopes that had been built upon his great capacity. Gardner’s herbarium, com- prising 14,000 specimens, was mostly purchased by the British Museum. His name is commemorated by the Leguminous genus Gardneria, Wallich.
On Gardner's death his place was taken, also on the recom- mendation of Sir William Hooker, by a botanist who had already achieved a singular reputation, George Henry Kendrick Thwaites, F.R.S., who probably has done more for our scientific and practical knowledge of the vegetable products of (eylon than any one man. ‘Thwaites was born at Bristol in 1811, and began life as an accountant, devoting his leisure impartially to entomology and microscopical botany, chiefly that of the cryptogams. His earliest paper was ‘Notes on a Species of Stylops’ (an insect parasitic on the bee), written in 1838, though not published till 1846 (‘Trans. Entomol. Soc.,’ vol. i.), and he never abandoned entomology. He was so recognised as a com- petent biologist as to be engaged by his fellow townsman, Dr. W. B. Carpenter, to revise the second edition of his ‘General Physiology’ in 1841. In conjunction with Christopher Edmund Broome, he investigated the structure of truffles: his earliest botanical note, contributed to the ‘ Phytologist’ in 1841, was on the occurrence of Asplentum lanceolatum near Bristol; and his first paper of importance was one ‘On the Occurrence of Tetraspores in Alge’ in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for 1846, which was followed by others, mostly phycological, in the same magazine. An acute observer and expert microscopist,
fistory of Ceylon Botany. 377
sspecially skilful in preparing microscopic objects, at a time when students of the structure of cryptogams were so few in England that many of his discoveries were overlooked and subsequently. _attributed to later Continental workers, his most important obser- vations at this period were those on the conjugation and algal nature of diatoms—organisms which had till then been generally regarded as animals. This discovery led Montagne to dedicate to him in 1845 the algal genus Zhzwaztesca. He worked also at -desmids and lichens; but that he did not confine his attention to cryptogams is shown by his communicating a list of the flowering plants within a ten-mile radius of Bristol to Hewett Watson for his ‘Topographical Botany.’ He was also one of the early contributors to the ‘Gardeners’ Chronicle,’ one of his first discoveries with a direct bearing upon horticulture being the raising of two distinct varieties of /uchsia from the two embryos in a single seed. In 1846 he became lecturer on botany at the British School of Pharmacy and Medical School, and in the following year was, like Watson, an unsuccessful candidate for a natural history chair in -one of the new Queen’s Colleges in Ireland.
Directly he reached Ceylon, which he never left till his death, he devoted himself to the investigation of the flora of the island, -and for fifteen years he almost ignored his favourite Cryptogamia. Until 1857 his duties were mainly scientific, and between 1852 and 1856 he contributed numerous descriptions, with drawings and -analyses, of Sinhalese phanerogams to Hookers ‘Journal of Botany,’ including twenty-five new genera. In 1857 the title of his office was changed from Superintendent to Director, and he became yearly more and more engrossed by the less congenial duties -of investigating the application of botany to tropical agriculture. It is hardly surprising that the lay mind, becoming aware of the absence of any adequate enumeration of Ceylon plants, and unable to appreciate the thoroughness of Thwaites’s method, should grumble. ‘Thus we find Sir J. Emerson Tennent writing in 1858: ‘Up to the present time the botany of Ceylon has been imperfectly submitted to scientific scrutiny. ... . It may be mentioned as a fact which is much to be regretted, that, although botanists have ‘been appointed to the superintendence of the Botanic Gardens at Kandy, information regarding the vegetation of the island is scarcely obtainable without extreme trouble and reference to papers scattered through innumerable periodicals. That the majority of Ceylon plants are already known to science is owing to the coincidence of their being also natives of India, whence they have been described ; but there has been no recent attempt on the part of colonial or European botanists even to throw into a useful form the already published descriptions of the commoner plants of the island. Such a work would be the first step to a Sinhalese flora. The prepara- tion of such a compendium would seem to belong to the duties of ‘the colonial botanist, and as such it was an object of especial
378 Ffistory of Ceylon Botany.
solicitude to the late Superintendent, Dr. Gardner. But the heterogeneous duties imposed upon the person holding his office . ... have hitherto been insuperable obstacles to the attainment Giethis object. 2. h.
‘P.S.—Since the foregoing passage was written, Mr. Thwaites has announced the early publication of a new work on Ceylon plants, to be entitled “Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniz; with Descriptions of the New and Littleknown Genera and Species ;” and observations on their habits, uses, &c. In the identification of the species, Mr. Thwaites is to be assisted by Dr. Hooker, F.R.S., and from their conjoint labours we may at last hope for a production worthy of the subject.’*
Thwaites, in fact, began the printing of the ‘Enumeratio,’ his. only independent book, in the very year, 1858, in which Tennent wrote, the work being issued in five fasciculi, between 1859 and 1864, and containing in all 483 pages, 8vo. It contains descriptions in Latin of many new species, and Thwaites acknowledges the assist- ance he had received in the identification of the species, and in the synonymy, from Dr. (now Sir Joseph) Hooker. On the completion ot the work, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Imperial Leopoldo-Carolinian Academy, whilst, in 1867, the beautiful genus of Sinhalese climbing plants, Kenxdrickia, Hook. fil., was dedicated to him; but he never himself considered his work as more than a prodromus to a complete flora, or a catalogue to the extensive sets. of exsiccatee which he distributed. It is worthy of note that in the preface to the ‘Enumeratio,’ dated 1864, Thwaites announces his. adhesion to the Darwinian view of the nature of species. In 1860, Thwaites had established the cinchona nurseries at Hakgala, the subsequent success of the cultivation of these plants in Ceylon being largely due to his efforts. His successive annual official reports deal also with the cultivation of vanilla, tea, cardamoms, cacao, and Liberian coffee. In 1869, he sent to the Rev. M. J. Berkeley the first specimens of the coffee-leaf fungus (Hemileca vastatrix); and his reports from 1871 to 1880 —in some of which he was assisted by Dr. Morris, C.M.G., F.L.S.,7 and Dr. H. Marshall Ward, F.R.S.f —deal with it and the suggested preventives, repudiating, in face of much adverse popular opinion, any hope of external cures. After the completion of the ‘Enumeratio,’ ‘Thwaites returned to the study of cryptogams, sending home more than 1200 fungi, which were described by Messrs. Berkeley and Broome,§ besides mosses, which were published by Mr. Mitten in 1872, and lichens, some of which were described by the Rev. W. A. Leighton in 1870. Thwaites’s. health began to fail in 1867; and, Dr. Trimen having arrived in
* Sir J. Emerson Tennent, ‘ Ceylon,’ 3rd edition (1859), vol. i. pp. 84, 85. ++ Now Commissioner of Agriculture in the West Indies.
+ Now Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge.
§ Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xi., 1871, pp. 494 et seg.
Fistory of Ceylon Botany. 379
1879 to take his place, he in the following year retired on a well- earned pension, and purchased the pretty bungalow named ‘ Fairie- land,’ above Kandy. While in Kandy, on his way to the seaside, Thwaites died, September 11th, 1882. He had been an F.LS. since 1854, and a C.M.G. from 1878. A portrait of him accom- panies a brief memoir in the ‘Gardeners’ Chronicle’ for 1874, vol. 1. p. 438.
Among those who assisted Thwaites, we can only mention three other names, those of Harmanis De Alwis, George Wall, and the Rey. S. Owen Glenie. Harmanis de Alwis Seneviratne _ joined the staff of the Ceylon Garden in 1818 as a writer under Moon (the second Superintendent) at the old Gardens in Slave Island, Colombo, and at Kalutara, assisting him in the preparation of the ‘ Catalogue of Ceylon Plants’ (1824). Perceiving De Alwis’s aptitude for drawing, Moon had him taught at his own expense. ‘In 1821, the Gardens were moved to Peradeniya, and two years after, in 1823, De Alwis was appointed draftsman, a post he con- tinued to hold for thirty-eight years. He at once commenced, under Moon’s direction, the coloured drawings of Ceylon plants which have now become so large and valuable a series. So well did he do his work, that Governor Barnes, in 1831, conferred on him the native rank of Muhandiram.’ When, in 1836, Wight visited Ceylon, he was so interested in De Alwis’s drawings, that, in 1839, he had him for three months at Madras, to learn floral dissection and draw some of the plates of the ‘Icones Plantarum Indize Orientalis.. ‘When Gardner arrived as Superintendent of the Gardens, he found already a good series of drawings, which, under his auspices, rapidly increased in number and aceuracy, it being Gardner’s practice for the artist to accompany him in all his botanical tours. Dr. Thwaites followed the same plan, and, in the preface to his “ Enumeratio,” acknowledges De Alwis’s “intelligent and hearty co-operation” in the work. In 1854, an assistant drafts- man was also at work in the person of one of the sons of De Alwis, and, in this year, the rank of Mudaliyar was bestowed on him by Governor Anderson. In 1861 he retired on full pension, which he lived to enjoy for thirty-three years in the complete possession of his memory and his senses, with the exception of failing eyesight. De Alwis died at Peradeniya, June roth, 1894, at a very advanced age. His name is commemorated in a very curious and minute leafless orchid, which he was the first to discover, and which was named after him in 1859, by Dr. Lindley, Zeniophyllum Alwisii. Dr. Lindley also named another little orchid A/wisia tenuis.*
George Wall, F.L.S., born about 1821, went to Ceylon in 1846, where, as a leading merchant, planter, newspaper editor, and member of the legislative Council, he occupied a pro- minent position. He was an intimate friend of Thwaites, and took
* H. Trimen, ‘Journ, Bot.,’ 1894, pp. 255-6.
380 fiistory of Ceylon Botany.
up the study of ferns with an enthusiasm that characterised all his actions. He formed an extensive herbarium of the ferns of the world; and, in 1874, he arranged the large collection of exotic species in the Peradeniya herbarium, to which he added from his own collection. He was the author of two privately printed pamphlets on the ferns of Ceylon, ‘A Catalogue of the Ferns indigenous to Ceylon, with Notes by G. W.,’ London, 1873, 4to, and a Check List, printed in 1879. He became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1872. He died at St. Thomas’s Home, London, December 18th, 1894, a few days after his arrival in England from Ceylon. His name is commemorated in Zrichomanes Waltz, Thw., described in the ‘Journal of Botany’ for 1885, p. 274, and dis- tributed as C. P. 3989.*
The Rev. S. Owen Glenie was Colonial Chaplain at Trin- comalee, and collected for Thwaites. He became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1863, and the monotypic Sinhalese genus of Sapindacee Gleniea, Hook. fil., is dedicated to him.t
Mention should perhaps here be made of a German descriptive work by Baron Eugen von Ransonnet-Villez, entitled ‘ Ceylon.
Skizzen.... seines.... Pflanzenlebens,’ &c., Brunswick, 1868, folio, of which an English version appeared in the same year with the titles Sketchesmourthe. «es. veeetation amen. Oln Cevloniam dias
is a narrative of travel, including a visit to Thwaites at Peradeniya, illustrated by twenty-six large drawings lithographed by the author, about half of which represent the vegetation of the island.
Henry Trimen was born in Paddington, October 26th, 1843. While still at King’s College School he began to form an herbarium, and in 1860 entered the medical school of the College. After spending one winter at Edinburgh University, he graduated as M.B. with honours, at the University of London in 1865. Shortly afterwards he acted as medical officer in the Strand district, London, during an epidemic of cholera, but his inclinations were obviously towards botany rather than medicine. He had become a member of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh in 1864, and in London took an active part in the Society of Amateur Botanists and the Botanical Exchange Club. From 1866 to 1869 he was engaged, in conjunction with Mr. (now Sir William) Thiselton Dyer, in the preparation of the ‘Flora of Middlesex,’ a work which ever since its publication in the latter year has been regarded in England as the model for county floras. Devoted from the first to the study of critical groups of plants, such as Rumex and Polygonum, he, in the year in which the ‘ Flora’ was published, added to the British list Wolfia arrhiza, the smallest of flowering plants, which happens to be also a native of Ceylon. In the same year he became an assistant in the Botanical Department of the British Museum,
-* ‘Journ. Bot.,’ 1895, p. 63. ++ Thwaites’s ‘ Enumeratio,’ p. vil.
fiistory of Ceylon Botany. 381
and, after having for some time aided Dr. Seemann with the ‘Journal of Botany,’ became its assistant editor in 1870, and on Seemann’s death, in the following year, succeeded him as editor. From 1875 to 1880 he issued, in conjunction with the late Prof. Robert Bentley, his second important work, ‘Medicinal Plants,’ which appeared in forty-two parts, and contains coloured figures of most of the species in the Pharmacopceia. For some years Trimen also acted as lecturer on botany at St. Mary’s Hospital. The zeal with which, on his appointment as Director at Pera- deniya in 1879, he took up Thwaites’s work was seen in the thorough rearrangement of the plants in the Gardens in scientific order, in much work at economic botany, especially quinology, recorded in his annual official reports, and in a diligent exploration of the island for materials for the present work. He published
eitomus. Zeylanicus: A... . List of the Plants .... in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya,’ in 1888, a ‘Catalogue of the ipisiye.)..-, in rds9, and -a. “Hand-Guide to the... .
Gardens,’ in 1890, of which the last-named reached a fourth edition in 1894, whilst reference has also been made to his careful work upon Hermann’s herbarium whilst in England in 1886. The climate of Ceylon, however, seems to have proved fatal to him. He aged prematurely, became totally deaf, and was partially paralysed; but, after being again in England during 1895, he insisted on returning to Ceylon, hoping to finish the ‘ Hand-book,’ the publication of which had begun in 1893. ‘Trimen died at Kandy, October 16th, 1896, and was buried near his predecessor in the Mahaiyawa Cemetery. His name was given by Dr. King, of Calcutta, to the magnificent Sinhalese banyan, Fzcus Triment. The memoir by Mr. James Britten in the ‘Journal of Botany’ for 1896 (pp. 489-494), from which most of the above is taken, is accompanied by a portrait from a photograph, but his best memorial in the history of botany in Ceylon is undoubtedly the present work, though he did not live to compiete it. G. S. BouLcEr.
x el, lee
oO Di LIONS AND CORKEECRIONS: PARTS keV.
Lor further corrections to Parts I.and LI. see at commencement of Part I. and conclusion of Part III.
PARE:
Page 47, after description of Cyclea Burmanni, read, ‘The pulped leaves render water ropy and gelatinous, hence the plant is used as a remedy for cough, kési, = phlegm.’—J. C. W.*
Page 55, line 3, read ‘ Capparis Mooniz extends into the Montane zone.’— aG. NV.
Page 71, line 22, for ‘.S. Arnottianus, read ‘ Phoberos Arnottianus,
Page 87, line 9, delete ‘erect’ before ‘annual,’ amd znsert ‘ or procumbent ’ before ‘very slender’ ; line 15, after ‘obtuse’ vead ‘ or acute.’—J. C. W.
Page 126, Sunaptea scabriuscula, Trim.; Brandis (Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxi. 114) refers this to the genus Cotylelobium, Pierre, as C. scabriusculum, adding as a synonym Dyerella scabriuscula, Heim, Recherch. Dipterocarp. 123.
Page 127 S. (2) disticha, 772m.; Brandis, |. c. 53 refers this to Doona,
_ as D. distzcha, Pierre Fl. For. Cochin. fasc. 15 (1890) t. 237 in obs.
Page 128, Vatica Roxburghiana, 34/.; Brandis, |.c. 119, identifies this as V. chinenszs Linn. Mant. (1771) 242, Smith Pl. Ic. (1789) t. 36.
Page 133, Stemonoporus acumiuvatus, fedd.,; Brandis, l.c. 139, adds to the synonymy of this Vesguella acuminata, Heim, Recherch. Dipterocarp. 90, and Sunapteopsis jncunda, Heim, l.c. 92.
Page 136, S. reticulatus, 7/w.,; Brandis, |.c., adds as a synonym Kunckelia reticulata, Heim, |. c. 92
Page 136, S. nitidus, 7/w.,; Brandis, ].c. adds as a synonym Doona nittda, Heim, |. c. 72.
Page 137, at end of genus add :—
14. Stemonoporus Lewisianus, 77imen MSs.
Branches slender, bark dark brown ; branchlets, petioles, and infl. minutely furfuraceously pubescent; 1. rather scattered, 2-3 in. long by 1-14 in. broad, ovate or oblong, subacute or obtusely acuminate, quite entire, base rounded, rigidly coriaceous and reddish or yellowish-brown when dry, smooth, somewhat shining above, with depressed midrib and obscure venation, beneath pale
* The initials, J. C. W., follow notes kindly sent me by J. C. Willis, Esq., M.A., F.L,S., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya.
384 Additions and Corrections to Parts 1-V.
ashy, obscurely puberulous, midrib slender, veins very many,. spreading, close-set, reticulate interspaces; racemes axillary and terminal, 2-4 in. long, erect, lax.-fld. ; fl. subsecund, nodding,. pedicels 4-} in. long, buds (near expansion) % in. long, ovoid ; cal.-tube short, lobes ovate, obtuse ; petals orbicular, thick ; stam. 25, fil. very short, united at the very base, anth. linear, rather broader downwards, connective terminating in a subulate point half as long as the cells; ov. hemispheric, rough, style very slender, flexuous; very young, fr. globose, roughly minutely tubercled, seated in the rather unequal spreading cal.-lobes.
Hunawal Kande, near Pelmadulla (F. C. Lewis, January, 1893).
From the above description it is evident that, if this species is to be retained in the genus Stemonoporus, the generic character of the latter must be modified to include a plant with a long subulate. process terminating the anther.
I5. Stemonoporus (?) revolutus, 772men MSS. Branches very robust, covered with iron-grey bark ; 1. crowded, im- bricating towards the ends of the branchlets, $-2 in. long by 1-13 "in. broad, obovate or obovate-oblong, tip rounded, emarginate or retuse, base rounded, rigidly coriaceous, sides revolute when dry, quite entire, smooth above with obscure midrib and veins, beneath pale, with a prominent midrib, and 7-10 pairs of spreading, arched, slender veins, venules minutely reticulate, petiole 4-4 in. long, stout ; stipules o. Kukule Korale, at about 3000 ft. elevation (F. C. Lewis, January, 1893). The specimens having neither fl. nor fr, the genus is doubtful.
Page 174, in key, transpose the leaf characters of G. ORIENTALIS and. G. POLYGAMA; the latter has the leaves pubescent, the former glabrous. —J.C.W. :
Page 215, line 20, for 3000 7¢ad 1800.
Page 254, line 3, for ‘ Bot’ read ‘ Bat.’
Page 254, in character of Olacinee delete ‘or imbricate. The petals are valvate in all the Ceylon genera.
Page 308, S. THWAITESII, vead ‘fr. usually of a single carpel, with two abortive ones like warts at its base, about 1 in. long, ovoid, obtuse,. densely puberulous, pale ochre-yellow ; pericarp thin, tough; seed enveloped in the fleshy aril.’—J. C. W.
Deve NBL.
Page 32, line 16, after children, zzsevt ‘Largely used in Jaffna as a manure for tobacco, a moderately sized bundle selling for 25 cents ; also used as a manure for paddy fields (Captain Walker).
Page 74, under V. vexillata, for ‘V. pulnezensis’ read Phaseolus pulnecensis.
Additions and Corrections to Parts I.-V. 385
Page 88, Dalbergia Championii; Dr. Prain, who has been study. ing the Indian Da/ver gia, informs me that this is D. rostrata, Grah. in Wall. Cat. n. 5867 A (not B, except a few leaves); also that it is D. Sissoo, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. I. 128 (not of Roxb.), and D. Pseudo- Szssoo, Miq. 1. c., the latter being the earliest published name.
Page 107, line 20, after ‘Colombo’ vead, ‘In 1893 the export from the Manaar district was 288 tons, entirely to Colombo, where it fetches 60-100 rupees per ton. The collectors receive from 1°12 to 1°78 rupees per cent. There is a royalty of 2 rupees per ton.—J.C. W.
Page 162, in character of genus Lumnitzera, for ‘stam. Io, read ‘stam. 5-10, and add after ‘ axillary,’ ‘ or terminal spikes or racemes.’
After description of genus insert key :—
Flowers white, stam. as long as the pet. 1. L. RACEMOSA. Flowers red, stam. twice as long as the pet. . . 2. L. COCCINEA.
Page 163, after . racemosa add :—
2. G. coccinea, Wight and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins. Ind. Or. 316 (1834).
Benth. Fl. Austral. ii. 503. ZL. “ttorea, Voigt; Kurz, For. Fl. Brit. Burm. 1. 469. JL. pentandra, Griff. Notul. iv. 684.
BY B. Ind. i. 452. Griff. Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 644 A.
A small glabrous tree; 1. subsessile, 2-3 by 2? in. long and broad, cuneate or cuneately obovate, bright green and shining, tip rounded emarginate or obtuse, quite entire, thinly fleshy ; fl. in axillary and terminal, spiciform, shortly peduncled racemes, shorter than the leaves, rhachis thickened, scarred after the fall of the fl. or fr.; fl. shortly pedicelled, about ? in. long, bright rose-red; cal.-tube cylindric, lobes short, orbicular-ovate ; petals lanceolate ; stamens 5—I0, often 7, twice as long as the petals, fil. elongate subulate, and style scarlet.
Southern Province. Bentotte river (W. Ferguson, 1894).
Tenasserim, Nicobar Islds., Malaya, Queensland, Polynesia.
Page 203, Sonerilarhombifolia. Under this species Dr. Stapfis men- tioned as considering it to be a variety of S. zey/anica, W. and A., and var. angustata to be a distinct species. Dr. Stapfs views are given in a review of the whole genus published in the Annals of Botany, vi. (1892). Inthat review S. A*nottzana is referred to S. Wightiana, Arn. ; S. Gardneri, Thw. var. y, Harveyz, is considered a distinct species ; the name Gumersatnez, Trim., published in 1885, is adopted as superseding that of /zearzs Hk. f. (1871).
Page 215, 219, under sp. 18 and 20, in citations of ‘Fl. B. Ind.,’ for 362, read 562.
Page 231, line 17 from bottom, for ‘Ic.’ read ‘1. c’
Page 232, in character of Onagraceze, delete after |. ‘opp. or,’ the 1. being alt. in all the Ceylon Genera.
Page 274, line 17, after ‘ bluish-green,’ read ‘ dull red when ripe.’—J.C. W.
PART V. Ge
386 Additions and Corrections to Parts LV.
Page 278, in citation of Fl. B. Ind. after ©. stictocarpum, for ‘688,’ vead POS. Page 348, last line but one, for ‘ Bot. Mag.,’ read ‘ Bot. Reg.’
JANI IE JU
Page 146, line 11, for ‘36, vead ‘13;’ line 26, zmsert ‘inflated’ before ‘tube.’—J. C. W.
Page 161, line 14, after dull yellow, zzser¢ ‘at first covered with orange yellow meal.’—J. C. W.
Page 263, line 17, after 222, zzser¢ ‘in part.’—J.C. W.
Page 268, under U. exoleta, after line 11, zzser¢ in separate line, Tropical Asia generally.’—J. C. W.
Page 269, between lines 4 and 5 from bottom, zzser¢ in separate line, ‘Endemic.’
Page, 415, Podostemonacee, ‘ The descriptions given are very inac- curate as regards the vegetative organs of many of the species.’— J.C. W.—The Indian and Ceylon forms of these remarkable plants are now being monographed by Mr. J. C. Willis, whose rearrange- ment and descriptions of them will shortly be published. That botanist informs me that Podost. Gardnert, Harv., proves to be only the primary axis of P. olcvaceus, Gard.; also that P. metzgertozdes, Trim., is the type of a new genus, Farmeria, Willis, with one stamen, a sessile fr. and 2 seeds ; also that a new form, allied to P. acumz- natus, Wedd., provisionally named P. kelenszs, Willis, has been found in the Kehel Ganga, in Dikoya. Its thallus is like that of Farmeria, but it has the fl. of Podostemon; its fr. splits into two unequal valves.
Page 463, in key, for ‘ LONGIFOLIUS,’ vead ‘ LONGIFLORUS.’
IARI IDWS
Page 16, in key for ‘RETROVERSA,’ vead ‘ RETROVERSUS.’
Page 51, line 17, for ‘ 398,’ vead ‘ 395.’
Page 8o, before integrifolia, for ‘F1.,’ vead ‘ H.’
Page 82, under Trema orientalis, de/eze ‘ Moon, Cat. 73.’
Page 100, line 15, for ‘zeylanica,’ read ‘zeylanicus.’
Page 179, bottom line, for ‘Z. alozdes, read ‘Epidendrum aloides, L. Page 246, line 17 from bottom, for ‘ Harv.,’ vead ‘ Ham.’
Page 270, in key to Crinum, for ‘ ZEYLANICUM,’ vead ‘ LATIFOLIUM.’ Page 299, line 9 from bottom, for ‘ Acinia, read ‘ Aclista’
Additions and Corrections to Parts 1—-V. 387
Page 326, in key to Phoenix, for ‘FARINIFERA, 7¢ad ‘PUSILLA,’ and after line 3 from bottom, zzser¢ [‘ Plate xcv.’].
Page 331, line 24, for ‘ fasczcularis, read ‘ fasciculatus.
Page 372, line 8 from bottom, for ‘ouvérandra, read ‘ Ouvirandra,
Ira leone Wie
Page 133, under P. Isachne, for ‘cruciforme, read ‘ eruciforme.,’
Page 151, under P. czesium, add in second line, ‘ Trimen in Journ. Bot. xxill. (1845) 271,’ and in description, for ‘stem 2-3 ft.,’ ead ‘stem 3-6 ft. or more.’
Page 177, under A. setosa, 7727., insert ‘A. striata, Nees ex Trim.
»in Journ. Bot. xxvii. (1889) 170.’ Page 257, under G. panicoides, for ‘ 181,’ read ‘170.
[IN DEX TOTP ARS ve
BOTANICAL NAMES.
[Natural Orders are printed in small capitals; synonyms and species incidentally mentioned tn ttalic type. |
Abelmoschus angulosus, Thw. 1. 156 Jiculneus, W. & A. 155 moschatus, Moench. 156 Aberia Gardneri, Clos [Plate vii.] i. 74 Abildgaardia cinnamometorum, 'Thw. Sulvescens, Thw. 62 [v. 61 monostachya, Vahl, 59 tristachya, Vahl, 59 Abrus precatorius, Z. il. 57 pulchellus, Wall. 57 Abutilon asiaticum, G. Don, i. 144 Avicenne, Gaertn. 145 crispum, G. Doz, 146 graveolens, W. & A. 145 indicum, G. Don, 145 Leschenaultianum, G. Don, 147 muticum, G. Don, 145 polyandrum, W. & A. 144 Acacia arabica, Wid/d. ii. 122 cesia, Walld. 127 Catechu, Thw. 125 concimna, DC. 127 dealbata, Link, 122 decurrens, Willd. 122 eburnea, Wii/d. 114 Farnesiana, Willd. 122 ferruginea, DC. 126 Intsia, Willd. 127 leucophloea, W2l/d. 125 melanoxylon, Br. 122 pennata, Weld. 127 planifrons, W. & A.[Plate xxxv.]123 scandens, Willd. 119 Suma, Kurz. 126 Sundra, DC. 125 tomentosa, W2l/d. 124 Acalypha betulina, Retz. iv. 58
Acalypha brachystachys, Horm. iv. 59
ciliata, Forsk. 59
fallax, Muell. 59
fruticosa, Horsk. 58
hispida, Thw. 59
indica, Z. 58
lanceolata, Wzlld. 59
paniculata, AZig. 57
virginica, L. 59
Wallichtz, Thw. 57 Acampe Wightiana, Lindl. iv. 198
Wightiana, Thw. 198, 199 ACANTHACEA, ili. 286 Acanthonotus echinatus, Benth. il. 21 Acanthophippium bicolor, Lzzd/. iv. 164 Acanthus ilicifolius, Z. iii. 317
maderaspatensis, L. 16 Achyranthes aquatica, Br. ili. 403
argentea, Thw. 404
aspera, Z. 404
bidentata, BZ. 404
corymbosa, Li. i. 88
diandra, Roxd. ill. 405
lappacea, Li. 399
muricata, L. 395
prostrata, Lu. 398 Achras elengoides, Bedd. ii. 77 Aclisia indica, Wight, iv. 299 Aclinia, iv. 299 (err. for Aclisza.) Acmena lanceolata, Thw. ii. 172
zeylanica, Thw. 171 Acorus Calamus, Z. iv. 365 Acranthera zeylanica, Avz. ll. 324 Acronychia laurifolia, BZ. i. 216
pedunculata, Walp. 216 Acrotrema appendiculatum, Thw. i. 8
bullatum, Thw. 7
Index to Botanical Names.
Acrotrema coloratum, Thw. i. 7 dentatum, Thw. 8 dissectum, 7hiw. 8 Gardneri, 7hw. 8 intermedium, 7hzw. 8 lanceolatum, ZZ. 8 lyratum [Plate 1.] 7hw. 9 menrbranaceum, Thw. 8 minus, Thw. 7 rotundatum, Thw. 7 rugatum, Thw. 8 sylvaticum, Thw. 8 Thwaitesii, Hk. f. & Th. 9 uniflorum, Hook. [Plate i.] 7 villosulum, Thw. 8 Walkerz, Wight, 8 Actephila exce/sa, Muell. iv. 14 neilgherrensis, Wight, 14 zeylanica, Muell. 14 Actinodaphne ambigua, /&. 7. ili. 447 Candolleana, Meissn. 448 elegans, Zhw. 446 glauca, /Vees, 446 glauca, Thw. 447 Hookerz, Meissn. 447 lanata, Meissn. 447 molochina, /Vees, 445 molochina, y, Meissn. 447 Mooniz, Thw. 445 pisifera, He. f. 447 salicina, Meissn. 447 speciosa, WVees, 448 stenophylla, 7zw. 446 Thwaztesiz, Meissn. 446 Actinoschcenus filiformis, Bezth. v. 82 Adansonia digitata, L. i. 159 Adelia neriifolia, Wight, iv. 72 Adenanthera bicolor, J/oon[ Plate xxxiv.] li. 120 pavonina, Z. 120 Adenema hyssopifolium, Wight, iii. 185 Adenochlena zeylanica, 7iw. [Plate Ixxxv. ] iv. 60 Adenosma balsamea, Spr. ili. 291 camphoratum, 2. f. 241 capitatum, Benth. 242 subrepens, Benth. 241 Thwaitesiz, Anders. 292 uliginosa, Nees, 291 vertecillata, Nees, 291
389
Adenostemma angustifolium, Arn. iii. 13 latifolium, Wight, 13 reticulatum, DC. 13 viscosum, Forst. 13
Adhatoda Betonzca, Nees, iil. 334 Hookeriana, Nees, 336 Vasica, WVees, 338 seylanica, Nees, 334
| Adina cordifolia, Zk f. li. 293
Adinandra lasiopetala, Chozs. [Plate ix.] i. 108 Adrorhizon purpurascens, ZA. 7. iv. 161 Eceoclades tenera, Lindl. iv. 201 Echmandra deltotdea, Arn. ii. 257 epigea, Arn. 258 seylanica, Thw. 259 fégiceras majus, Gaertn. iii. 74 minus, Gaertn. ii. I féginetia acaulis, Thw. iii. 261, 262 indica, Z. 261 pedunculata, Wall. 261 figle Marmelos, Corr. i. 229 fEluropus /evzs, Trin. v. 278 lagopodvoides, Trin. 304 lagopotdes, Trin. 304 villosus, Trin. 304 Aerides cylindricum, Zzzdl. iv. 189 lineare, Hz. f. 189 latifolium, Thw. 188 tessellatum, Thw. 193 testaceum, Lindl. 192 viridipjlorum, Thw. 184 Wightianum, Lindl. 192, 198 Airua floribunda, Wight, ili. 401, 402 javanica, /wss. 402 lanata, Juss 402 Monsoniz, Mart. 403 féschynanthus zeylanica, Gardn. fEschynomene aspera, Z. il. 39 indica, Z. 38 procumbens, Roxb. 34 pumila, L. 38 Sesban, L. 34 uligenosa, Roxb. 34 Etheilema reniforme, Nees, iil. 296 Aganosma cymosa, G. Don, ill. 139 elegans, G. Don, 139
iil.
[271
| Agapetes. salicifolia, Gardn. ili. 61
Agasta indica, Miers, ii. 189 Agati grandifiora, Desv. ii. 35
390
Agave americana, L. iv. 268 vivipara, L. 268 Ageratum conyzoides, L. ii. 13 Aglaia apiocarpa, Wzerm, 1. 245 odorata, Lour. 247 Roxburghiana, JZzg. 246 Agrimonia Lxpatorium, Thw. il. 141 zeylanica, Joon, 141 Agrostis panicea, Willd. v. 259 pilosula, Trin. 264 Royleana, Trin. 264 tenacisstma, Jacq. 261 virginica, L. 262 zeylanica, Klein, 264 Agrostistachys Hookeri, Benth. iv. 55 indica, Dalz. 55 longifolia, Benth. 56 Agrostophyllum callosum, Rchb. f.iv.171 zeylanicum, //k. 7. 171 Agyneia bacciformis, A. Juss. iv. 15 latifolia, Moon, 39 multelocularzs, Moon, 40 Ailantus excelsa, Roxb. i. 230 malabarica, DC. 230 Alangium decapetalum, Lam. ii. 285 glandulosum, 7hiw. 286 hexapetalum, Lam. 285 Lamarckii, Zh. 285 Albizzia amara, Bozv. ii. 130 Lebbek, Benth. 128 moluccana, Miq. 131 odoratissima, Benth. 129 stipulata, Bozv. 129 Alchemilla indica, Gardz 11 140 vulgaris, Arn. 140 zeylanica, Moon, 140 Aleurites moluccana, Willd. iv. 46 trtloba, Forst. 46 Alisma glandulosum, Thw. iv. 370 obtustfolium, Thw. 370 oligococcum, / AZzuell. 370 ALISMACEZ:, iv. 369 Allzeanthus zeylanicus, Zw. iv. 103 Allamanda cathartica, L. ii. 124 Allceophania Arnotiiz, Hk. f. ii. 301 decipiens, 7Aw. [Plate xlviii.] 301 Allium Hookeri, 7hzw. iv. 291 Wallichtz, Kunth, 291 Allmania aspera, Wight, ili. 394 dichotoma, Wight, 394.
Index to Botanical Names.
Allmania nodiflora, By. ii. 394
Allophylus Cobbe, 7. i. 303 hispidus, 77277. 303 zeylanicus, Z. 302
Alocasia a/ba, Schott, iv. 360 cucullata, Schott, 360 fornicata, Schott, 361 tndica, Schott, 360 macrorrhiza, Schott, 360
Aloe hyacinthoides, L. iv. 267 indica, Royle, 281 vera, L. 28%
Alphonsea lutea, Zk. f. S& Th. i. 36 sclerocarpa, 7hw. 37 zeylanica, Hk. 7. & Th. 36
Alpinia Allughas, osc. iv. 247 calcarata, Rosc. 249 Galanga, Sw. 249 Granum-Paradist, Moon, 261 nutans, Rosc. 248 Rheedu, Wight, 247
Alseodaphnesemecarpifolia, WVees,i11.444
Alsine nervosum, Moon, i. 87
Alsodeia decora, 77277. 1. 69 virgata, Wk. f. & Th. [Plate v.] 69 zeylanica, 7hw. 68
Alstonia scholaris, By. iil. 133
Alternanthera sessz/zs, Br. iii. 405 triandra, Lam. 405
Alvisia tenuis, Zzzd/. iv. 168
Alyssicarpus bupleurifolius, DC. ii. 44 fleyneanus, Wight, 45 longifolius, W. & A. 45 monilifer, DC. 43 nummularifolius, DC. 22, 44 rugosus, DC. 45 scariosus, Grah. 45 vaginalis, DC. 44
Alyxia M@ooniz, Wall. iti. 128 zeylanica, Wight, 127
AMARANTACEA, ili. 392
Amarantus Bltum, L. iii. 397 caudatus, L. 396 cruentus, L. 396 Jrumentaceus, Ham. 396 gangeticus, Z. 396 gracilis, Desf. 397 hypochondriacus, L. 396 mangostanus, Z. 397 oleraceus, Roxb. 396, 398
Index to Botanical Names. 391
Amarantus fanzculatus, L. (?) iii. 396 Ampelocissus Arnottiana, Planch.i. 289 polygimus, Thw. 397 ertoclada, Planch. 289 polygonoides, Z. 397 . tomentosa, Planch. 288 spinosus, Z. 396 Amphidonax Heyniz, Nees, v. 268 viridis, Z. 397 obtusiflora, Thw. 267
Amanoa acuminata, Thw. iv. 12 Amphidoxa gnaphalodes, DC. iii. 32 collina, Baill. 12 Amyris zeylanica, Retz. 1, 239 Serruginea, Thw. 14 ANACARDIACEA, i. 316 indica, Thw. 13 Anacardium occidentale, L. 1. 317 pallida, Thw. 13 Anagallis cerulea, Lam. iii. 66
AMARYLLIDEA&, iv. 268 esculenta, Moon, i. 53
Amaryllis tnsignis, Ker, iv. 272 Anamirta Cocculus, W. & A. i. 40 ornata, Ker, 272 paniculata, Co/eb. 40
Ameletia indica, DC. ii. 223 toxifera, Miers, 40
Ammannia baccifera, Z. ii. 224 Anaphalis adzata, DC. iii. 29 cordata, W. & A. 225 Beddomu, 7%. 7. 29 debzlis, Ait. 224 brevifolia, DC. 31 zndica, DC. 224 cinnamomea, Clarke, 28 lanceolata, Heyme, 225 elliptica, DC. 30 octandra, LZ. f. 225 fruticosa, Hk. f. 29 pentandra, Roxb. 224 marcescens, Clarke, 31 peploides, Spreng. 223 oblonga, DC. 30 Rotala /. AZuell. 224 pelliculata, 77272. [Plate lvii.] 28 salictfolia, Thw. 225 Thwaitesii, Clarke, 29 salicifolia, 3, Thw. 225 Wightiana, Clarke, 30
Amomum acuminatum, 7iw iv. 251 Wightiana, DC. 31 Benthamianum, 772m. 255 zeylanica, Clarke, 30 Cardamomum, L. 261 Anaxagorea luzonensis, Gray, i. 27 ciliatum, Baker, 253 zeylanica, Hk. f. & Th. 27 echinatum, W2//d. 255 ANCISTROCLADEA, 1. 138 floribundum, 772. 250 Ancistrocladus Vahlii, Avz. [Plate xvi. ] fulviceps, Zhw. 252, 253 1. 138 graminifolium, Zhw. 253 Andrographis alata, /Vees, il. 327 hypoleucum, 7zw. 254 echioides, JVees, 327 involucratum, 7727. 250 ‘ macrobotrys, Wees, 327 masticatorium, 7hw. 252 paniculata, ees, 326 nemorale, Z7zm. 251 wescosula, Nees, 327 pterocarpum, Zhw. 254 Wigzhtiana, Nees, 327 pulchellum, Thw. 260 seylanica, Nees, 327 rufescens, 77272. 256 seylanica, Wight, 327 witellinum, Lindl. 256 Andromeda flexuosa, Moon, iil. 62
_ Lerumbet, L. 259 Andropogon aciculatus, Aefz. v. 234
Amoora (?) Champzonzz, B. & Hk. f.1.248 Beckettiz, Thw. 255 Rohituka, W. & A. 249 caricosus, LZ. 237
Amorphophallus campanulatus, BZ. iv. cutratus, DC. 246 dubius, B/. 356 [355 contortus, Z. 238 giganteus, Bl. 357 crinitus, Thunb. 222 Rex, Prain, 357 distans, Thw. 243 virosus, N. E. Br. 357 Jascicularis, Thw. 230 zeylanicus, Bl. 357 filipendulus, Hochst. 245
392
Andropogon, Gzdarba, Ham. v. 244
Grayta, Steud. 258 halepensis, Brot. 231 hirtiflorus, Azzth, 240 intermedius, 4r. 230 lancifolius, Trin. 224 lividus, Zw. 244 Macrez, Steud. 216 Martini, Thw. 242 monticola, Sch. 236 muricatus, Retz. 233 Nardus, Z. 242 nodulibarbis, Hochst. 235 oryzetorum, Hack. 229 pertusus, W2//d. 230 polyptichos, Steud. 237 Pseudischzeemum, /Vees, 229 Pseudograya, Steud. 240 punctatus, Trin. 231 rudis, Thw. 224 scandens, Thw. 229 Schoenanthus, Z. 241 serratus, Zhumb. 232 serratus, Retz. 237 squarrosus, Z. 7. 233 Sorghum, Brot. 232 Thwaitesu, Zz. 7. 243 triticeus, Br. 239 umbellatus, Hack. 247 venustus, Zw. 233 versicolor, Nees, 241 seylanicus, Arn. 240 zeylanicus, /Vees, 235 Aneilema dimorphum, Da/z. iv. 307 adimorphum, Thw. 306 ensifolium, Night, 308 esculentum, Wall. 306 giganteum, Gr. 308 glaucum, Zw. 305 montanum, Wight, 309 nanum, Kunth, 307 nudiflorum, 47. 308 paniculatum, Wight, 307 protensum, Wall. 307, 310 scaberrimum, Kunth, 310 scapiflorum, Wight, 307, 310 secundum, Wight, 310 stnicum, Lindl. 310 spiratum, Br. 307 terminale, Wight, 308
Index to Botanical Names.
Aneilema vaginatum, 47. iv. 309 zeylanicum, Clarke, 306
Anemone rivularis, Ham. i. 3 Wightiana, Wall. 3
Angrecum zeylanicum, Lindl. iv. 202
| Anguillaria indica, Br. iv. 293
seylanica, Gaertn. il. 72 Ania blcornis, Lindl. iv. 169 latifolia, Lindl. 169 maculata, Thw. 163, 170 Aniseia uniflora, Chois. ii. 215 Anisochilus carnosus, Wall. u1. 376 paniculatus, Benth. 377 suffruticosus, Thw. 377 velutinus, 77272. 377 Anisomeles z7fermedia, Benth. i. 384 malabarica, Br. 384 ovata, Br. 384 Anisonema multifiorum, iv. 19 Anisophyllea zeylanica, Benth. ti 157 Anoda hastata, Cay. i. E41 Anodendron paniculatum, 4. DC. iii. 141 rhinosporum, 7iw. 141 Aneectochilus regalis, BZ. iv. 213 setaceus, Lindl. 213 Anogeissus latifolia, Wall. ii. 162 Anona asiatica, L. 1. 32 muricata, Dun. 32 reticulata, Li. 32 squanosa, LL. 32 ANONACEA, i. 16 Anotis #onosperma, W. & A. it. 319 nummularia, Hz. f. 318 nummulariformis, 77277. 319 quadrilocularis, Zz. f, 318 Richardiana, Hk. 7. 319 Anstrutheria zeylanica, Gardn. ii. 156 Anthericum tuberosum, Moon, iv. 289
| Anthistiria avgwens, Trim. v. 248
ciliata, Retz. 249 ciliata, var. Retz. 248 Cymbaria, Roxb. 249 fasciculata, Thw. 245 heterochita, Thw. 247 imberbis, Retz. 248 prostrata, Trim. 251° Thwaitesiz, Hk. f. 250 tremula, /Vees, 249 Anthocephalus Cadamba, J/g. ii. 293
| Anthocometes aristatus, Nees, 11. 333
Index to Botanical Names.
Retz. v. [249
Anthoxanthum avenaceum, indicum, L. 176, 189 odoratum, L. 305
Antiaris acuminata, Gardn. iv. 97 tmnoxta, Bl. 97 saccidora, Dalz. 97 toxicaria, Lesch. 97 seylanica, Seem. 97
Antidesma Alexiteria, L. iv. 43, 44 Bunius, Sr. 43 brunneum, Hk. f. 45 diandrum, Roth, 44 Ghesaembilla, Garti. 43 lanceolartum, Wight, 44 lanceolatum, Tul. 44. montanum, Thw. 45 panzculatum, Roxb. 43 pubescens, Moon, 43 pyrifolium, AZue/l. 45 Thwaitestanum, Muell. 43 zeylanicum, Zam. 44
Apaturia Lindleyana, Wight, iv. 172 montana, Lindl. iv. 172, 224
Aphananthe cuspidata, Planch. iv. 83
Aphania bifoliata, Radl. 1. 307
Aphylleia erubescens, Champ. iv. 368
Aphyllorchis montana, 2chd. f. iv. 172,
Apluda aristata, L. v. 226 [224 Gryllus, Beauv. 226 varia, Hack. 226
Apocopis Beckettiz, Thw. v. 223 Wight, (Vees, 223
APOCYNACE, ili. 122
Apocynum frutescens, L. Wl. 142
Apodytes Benthamiana, Wight, 1. 262 Gardneriana, Jers, 262
Afpollonias zeylanica, Thw. iil. 440
Aponogeton crispum, Zhu7b. iv. 372 monostachyum, LZ. f. 372
Aporosa acuminata, 7hw. iv. 41 fusiformis, 7hw. 41 lanceolata, 7hzw. 40 latifolia, Thzw. 39 Lindleyana, Bazil. 40 Thwaztesiz, Baill. 41
Apostasia Wallichii, Br. iv. 238
Appendicula longifolia, Bl. iv. 171
Aquilicia Otzllis, Gaertn. i. 297
ARACEA, iv. 343
Arachis fruticosa, Retz. ii. 36
ARALIACEA, il. 281
Ardisia courtallensis, Thw. iii. 71
courtallensis, Wight, 71 divergens, Thw. 72 elliptica, Thunb. 73 Gardneri, Clarke, 72 humilis, Vah/, 72 humilis, Trim. 73 humilis, Wight, 74 longifolia, Moon, 71 Missionis, Wall. 71 Moonii, Clarke, 72, 73 paniculata, Thw. 71 pauciflora, Heyne, 74 polycephala, Wight, 73 solanacea, Moon, 73 solanacea, Roxb. 74 Wallichiz, Thw. 73 seylanica, Clarke, 72 Areca Catechu, Z. iv. 321 concinna, Zw. 322 Dicksont, Roxb. 322 Argemone mexicana, L. i. 52
393
Argyrela ageregata, Chois. iil. 209
Choisyana, Wight, 208 elliptica, Chois. 209 hancorniefolia, Gardn. 210 hirsuta, Arn. 208 Leschenaultiz, Thw. 208 malabarica, Chois. 228 pomacea, Chozs. 208 populifolia, Chozs. 207 speciosa, Sweet, 207 splendens, Sweet, 207 tilizefolia, Wight, 206
Ariszema curvatum, Thw, iv. 351
filicaudatum, WV. &. Br. 351 filtiforme, Thw. 351 Leschenaultu, B/. 352 neglectum, Schott, 351 papillosum, Steud. 352 Wightiz, Hk. f. 351
Aristida Adscensionis, Z. v. 252 Adscensionis, Trim. 253 bifiora, Moon, 266 cerulescens, Desyv. 252 cerulescens, Thw. 253 depressa, Retz. 252 divaricata, Jacq. 252 elatior, Cav. 252
Bt
Aristida setacea, Redz. v. 253 Aristolochia bracteata, Retz. ili. 422 indica, ZL. 423 Thwaitesiz, Hook. 423 ARISTOLOCHIACE&, lll. 421 Artabotrys odoratissimus, By. i. 21 hamatus, Bl. 21 zeylanicus, Hk. f. & Th. 22 Artanema sesamoides, Benth. iii. 248 Artemisia zzdica, L. ill. 43 maderaspatana, L. 14 vulgaris, Z. 43 Arthraxon ciliaris, Feawv. v 225 microphyllus Hochst. 224 rudis, Hochst. 224 Arthrocnemum g/azcum, Ung.-St.ill 408 indicum, J7Zog. 407 Arthromischus armatus, Thw. 1. 225 Arthrostylis filiformis, Thw. v. 82 Artocarpus Gomezzana, Wall. iv. 99 integrifolia, L f. 99 Lakoocha, Roxb. 99 nobilis, Zhzw. 98 pubescens, Moon, 98 Arum campanulatum, Roxb. iv. 356 Colocasia, L. 359 crenatum, Wight, 355 divaricatum, L. 354 divaricatum, Moon, 353 divaricatum, Thw, 355 macrorrhizunt, L. 360 minutum, Willd. 348 odovum, Roxb. 360 orixense, Roxb. 353 pentaphyllum, Moon, 351 Roxburghit, Thw. 353 Spirale, Retz. 346 sylvaticunm, Roxb. 357 trilobatum, Bot. Mag. 353 trilobatum, L. 353 viviparum, Roxb. 358 Arundina minor, Zz7d/. iv. 170 Arundinaria debilis, 7Zw. v. 311 densifolia, AZo [Plate c.] 312 floribunda, Zhw. 310 Walkeriana, M2770, 309 Wightiana, /Vees, 309 Arundinella agrostoides, Trim. v. 180 avenacea, Munro, 176 blephariphylla, 7727. 180
Index to Botanical Names.
Arundinella drastlensts, Radd. v. 182 laxiflora, Ak. f- 179 Lawii, Hk. 7. 180 leptochloa, Hk. 7. 178 nervosa, Thw. 179 nervosa, var. Thw. 181 setosa, 7727. 177, 387 striata, Nees, 387 Thwaitesii, Hook. f. 181 villosa, Avz. 178
| ASCLEPIADEA, lil. 142
Asclepias alexiaca, Willd. ili. 152 asthmatica, L. f. 158 curassavica, L. 149 dichotoma, Rottl. 158 gigantea, L. 148 lacti fera, L. 154 volubilis, L. f. 161 vomeutorza, Koen. 159
Aspalathus indicus, L. i. 23
Asparagus ethiopicus, L. iv. 286 falcatus, Z. 285 gonoclados, Baker, 286 racemosus, Willd. 285 sarmentosus, Thw. 285, 286 zeylanicus, Hk. f, 285
Asystasia chelonioides, /Vees, ill. 324 chelonioides, Thw. 324 coromandeliana, Mees, 323 coromandeliana, Y, 324 gangetica, T. Anders. 323 nemorunt, Nees, var. 324 quadrangularis, Heyne, 324 variabilis, 772. 324
Atalantia florzbunda, Wight, i. 226 Missionis, Olzv. 227 monophylla, Corr. 226 racemosa, W. & A. 226 zeylanica, Oliv. 227
Ate acuminata, Thw. iv. 227 wires, Lindl. 226
Atragene zeylanica, L. i. 2
Atriplex corzacea, Moon, ili. 406 repens, Roth, 406
Atylosia albicans, Berth. ii. 78 Candollei, W. & A. 78 rugosa, W. & A. 79 scarabzeoides, Leth. 79
Avena aspera, JZunzo0, v. 265
Averrhoa acida, L. iv.) 26
Lndex to Botantcal Names. 395
Averrhoa Bilimbi, L. i. 200 Carambola, L. 200
Avicennia officinalis, Z ili. 363 tomentosa, L. 363
Axanthes elliptica, Wight, ii. 326 zeylanica, Wight, 326
Axinandra zeylanica, Thw. ii. 231
Axonopus cimicinus, Beauv. v. 166 semialatus, Hk. f. v. 167
Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. i. 244
Azima tetracantha, Zam. iii. 121
Baissea acuminata, (2. 7. iii. 140 Balanocarpus zeylanicus, 7727. [Plate xiv. | i. 130
BALANOPHORACE4, iii. 476 Balanophora indica. Wall. iui. 476
Thwaitesu, Azch/, [Plate lxxxi.] 477 Balanopteris Tothila, Gaertn. 1. 167 Ballota disticha, L. iii. 384 Balsamodendrum Berryi, 477. 1. 237
caudatum, March. 236 Bambusa arundinacea, Weld. v. 313
arundinacea, Moor, 314
attenuata, Thw. 317
nana, Roxb. 315
Spinosa, Roxb. 313
Thouarsiz, Kunth, 314
stridula, Moon, 318
vulgaris, Schrad. 314 Banzasteria bengalensis, L. i. 193 Barleria Arnottiana, /Vees [Plate lxxi.]
bispinosa, Nees, 319 [iii. 321
buxtfolia, L. 319
buxtfolia, Moon, 319
cristata, L. 321
involucrata, ees, 320
longifolia, L. 293
mysorensis, Roth, 319
nitida, Mees, 322
noctiflora, Z. f. 319
nutans, ees, 321
pentandra, Nees, 320
pentandra, Arn. 321
Prionitis, Z. 318
Spina-zeylanica, Nees, 319
vestita, 7. Anders. 320 Barnardia indica, Wight, iv. 293 Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertz. ii. 191
racemosa, 4/. 189
o
Barringtonia speciosa, Forst. ii. 189 zeylanica, Gardi. 190
Basella a/éa, Wight, iii. 410 rubra, Z. 410
Bassia fulva, Bedd. iii. 81 grandis, Bedd. 82 latifolia, Roxb. 79 longifolia, Z. 79 microphylla, Hook. 80 Moonii, Bedd. 79 neriifolia, JZcoz [Plate lix.] 80 parvifolia, A. DC. 80 petiolaris, Bedd. 82
Batatas Choisyana, Wight, ii. 208
paniculata, Chois. 212 Bauhinia acuminata, L. ii. 116 anguina, Roxb. 117 parviflora, Vahl, 116 purpurea, L. 117 racemosa, Laz 116 tomentosa, Z. 116 Baumea crassa, Thw. v. 87 Beesha stridula, Munro, v. 318
_ Begonia cordifolia, hw. ii. 262
dipetala, Grah. 264 malabarica, Lam. 264 rupestris, Moon, 263 subpeltata, Wzght, 264 tenera, Dryand. 263 Thwaitesii, Hook. 264 BEGONIACEA, il. 262 Beilschmiedia oppositifolia, Bezth. i. Wightit, Ak. f. 440 [440 zeylanica, 77772. 440 Bellis perennts, L. iii. 16 Benincasa cerifera, Savi, i. 252 BERBERIDEA, i. 48 Berberis aristata, DC. i. 48 tinctoria, Lesch. 48 Berchemia parviflora, Thw. 1. 284 Bergera Koenigiz, L. i. 220 nitida, Thw. 221 Berghausia mutica, Munro, v. 254 Bergia ammanioides, Roxb. i. 92 aquatica, Roxb. 92 tremera, Fisch. & Mey. 92 verticillata, W2z//d. 92 Berrya Ammonilla, Roxé. i. 173
Bidaria pergularioides, Thw. ii. 154 _ Bidens chinensis, Willd. iti. 40
396
Bidens decomposita, Wall. ili. 41 pilosa, Z. 40 Bigamea, Koen. i. 138 Bignonia indica, L. iii. 281 salina, Moon, 283 spathacea, L. f. 282 BIGNONIACE4&, iii. 280 Biophytum Candolleanum, Wight, i. 198 intermedium, W2zght [Plate xxi.] 199 nervifolium, 7hw. 198 nudum, Wight, 198 proliferum, Wight, 199 Reinwardtiz, Hk. f. 198 sensitivum, DC. 197 Bixa Orellana, L. 1. 70 BIXACEA, 1. 69 Blachia calyctna, Benth. iv. 53 umbellata, Bazl/. 53 Blackwellia tetrandra, Wight, i. 239 seylanica, Gardn. 239 Blainvillea latifolia, DC. 111. 37 Blastania Garcint, Cogn. ii. 260 Blepharis boerhaavieefolia, evs. ii. 316 molluginifolia, Pers. 316 Blepharospermum petiolare, DC. iil. 27 subsessile, DC. 27 Blumea alata, DC. 11. 23 amplectens, DC. 19 angustifolia, ZZ. [Plate lvi.] 23 arenaria, DC. 19 balsamifera, DC. 23 balsamifera, Thw. 24 barbata, DC. 20 bifoliata, DC. 19 crinita, Avz. 20 flexuosa, Clarke, 20 glandulosa, Thw. 22 hieractifolia, DC. 21 hieracizfolta, 3, Thw. 20 lacera, DC. 19 Leschenaultiana, DC. 19 membranacea, DC. 22 myrtiocephala, Thw. 22 spectabilis, DC. 22 virens, DC. var. 22 Wallichit, Clarke, 22 Wightiana, DC. 19 Blyxa ceylanica, Hk. f. iv. 125 octandra, Planch. 125 oryzetorum, Hk. f. 125
Index to Botanical Names.
{ Blyxa Roxburghiz, Rich. iv. 125
zeylanica, Hk. f. 124 Bobartia indica, L. v. 24 Bobua laurina, DC. iii. 104 Bocagea coriacea, Hk. f. & Th. i. 34 obliqua, Az. f. & Th. 33 Thwaitesii, Zk. f. & Th. 33 Boehmeria zxterrupta, Willd. iv. 104 malabarica, Wedd. 113 nivea, H. & A. 119 platyphylla, Doz, 114 ramifiora, Bedd. 113 Boerhaavia diffusa, Z. iil. 390 glutinosa, Moon, 390 procumbens, Wight, 390 repanda, W2l/d. 390 repens, L. 390 Bombax Cezba, L. i. 160 gossypinum, LL. 70 malabaricum, DC. 160 pentandrum, L. 161 Bonnaya brachiata, Lzzk & Ofto, ii. 253 tenuifolia, Spreng, 254 verbenefolia, Spreng, 253 veroniczefolia, Spreng, 253 Borago indica, L. ii. 201 seylanica, Burm. 202 BORAGINE&, ili. 192 Borassus flabellifer, Z. iv. 336 fiabelliformis, L. 336 Borreria ocymotdes, DC. ii. 371 tetracocca, Thw. 302 Boswellia glabra, Roxb. i. 238 Myrrha, Nees, 238 Opobalsamum, Kunth, 238 Boucerosia campanulata, Wight, iii. 168 unbellata, Thw. 168 Bouchea hyderabadensis, Wa/p. iti. 348 Brachypodium scaberrzmum, W. & A. v. sylvaticum, Beauv. 306 [306 Brachyramphus sonchifolius, Thw. ii. 52 Brachyspatha zeylanica, Schott, iv. 357 Brachypterum Benthamit, Thw. ii. 93 elegans, Thw. 92 scandens, W. & A. OI Bradleia truncata, Wight, iv. 33 zeylanica, Gaertn. 28 Bragantia Wallichii, Br. iii. 421 Brassica juncea, Hk. f. & Th. i. 54 Breweria cordata, BZ, ii. 227
Index to Botanical Names.
Breweria Roxburghiz, Chois. iii, 227 Breynia patens, . f. iv. 33 rhamnoides, J/uell. 34 Bridelia Moonii, Zw. iv. II retusa, SZ7. 10 scandens, W2l/d. 11 stipularts, Bl. 11 Broussonetia, Vent. iv. 80 Brucea sumatrana, Roxb. i. 231 Brugmansia suaveolens, G. Don, iii. 239 Bruguiera caryophylloides, BZ. ii. 154 gymnorhiza, Lam. 153 Bryonia cordifolia, L. ii. 248 deltordea, Arn. 257 grandis, Willd. 247 laciniosa, Z. 241, 254, v. 385 palmata, L. i. 241 palmata, Moon, 244 tubiflora, W. & A. 246 umbellata, Moon, 256 Bryophyllum calyctnum, Salisb. ii. 145 Buchanania angustifolia, Roxb. i. 316 (2?) zeylanica, Bl. 317 Buchnera asiatica, L. iii. 256 euphrastordes, Vahl, 256 hispida, Ham. 257 Bulbophyllum crassifolium, Zw. iv. 155 elegans, Gard. [Plate Ixxxviii.] 156 Lillie, Rchb. f. 157 petiolare, Zhw. 155 purpureum, Zw. 155 Wrghtiz, Rchb. f. 157 Budleta asiatica, Lour. iii. 170 Bulbostylis barbata, Auzth, v. 64 capillaris, Aznth, 65 puberula, Aznzth, 64 Bupleurum falcatum, L. ii. 277 mucronatum, W. & A. 277 nervosum, Moon, 277 ramosisstmum, W. & A. 277 virgatum, W. & A. 277 Burmannia azurea, Griff. iv. 131 candida, Griff. 131 Championii, 7 Zw. [Plate lxxxvii.] 131 ceelestis, Doz, 131 distachya, Br. 130 disticha, Z. 130 pusilla, Taw. 131 triflora, Roxb. 131 tuberosa, Becc. 131
Sey:
BURSERACEA, 1. 235 Bursinopetalum arboreum, Wight, ii. 287 tetrandrum, Wight, 287 Butea frondosa, Avex. ii. 66 superba, Roxb. 67 Buterea rhamnifolia, Nees, iii. 304 Butonica racemosa, Juss. ii. 189 zeylanica, Miers, 190 Byrsophyllum ellipticum, Bedd. i. 329 Cacalia cathartica, Moon, ili. 45 sonchifolia, L. 45 CACTACEA, ii. 266 Cactus pendulus, Willd. ii. 266 Cadaba indica, Zam. i. 60 trifoliata, W. S A. 59 Cesalpinia Bonduc, Aoxd. ii. 98 Bonducella, Flem. 99 cortavia, Thunb. Io! Crista, L. 99 digyna, Rot¢/. 100 Glenzez, Thw. iol mimosordes, Lam. 100 Nuga, Azz. 99 paniculata, Roxb. 99 pulcherrima, Sw. 99 Sappan, I. 99 sepiaria, Roxb. 100 Cajanus indicus, Spreng. ii. 80 Caladium esculentum, Vent. iv. 359 nympherfolium, Vent. 359 ovatum, Vent. 349 Calamagrostis Hookeriana (?), Steud. v. pilosula, Hz. f. 264 [264 Calamintha Clnopodium, var. Hk. f. iii, umbrosa, Benth. 381 [382 Calamus delicatulus, Zhw. iv. 332 digitatus, Becc. 334 Jasciculatus, Roxb. 331 longisetus, Thw. 330 ovoideus, Zhw. 335 pachystemonus, Zw. 333 pachystemonus, Thw. 334 Pseudo-tenuis, Becc. 330 radiatus, Zhw. 333 rivalis, Zhw. 332 Rotang, Z. 331 Roxburghiz, Griff. 331 tenuis, Thw. 330 Thwaitesii, Becc. 330 zeylanicus, Becc. 335
398 Index to Botanical Names.
Calanchoe pinnata, Moon, ii. 145 Campanula rotundifolia, L. il. 59
Calanthe AZaszuca, Thw. iv. 174 seylanica, Moon, 59 Perrottetii, A. Rich. 174 | CAMPANULACEA, iii. 55 purpurea, Lz72d/. 174 Campbellia a/ézda, Benth. ili. 265 veratrifolia, Br. 174 cytinoides, Wight, 265
Calceolarta chelidoniotdes, Wall. iii. 241 | Campnosperma zeylanicum, Zw. i. 326 Calliandra (?) geminata, Benth. il. 131 | Cananga odorata, Wk. f. & Th. 1. 22 Callicarpa lanata, Z. ili. 350 Canarium balsamiferum, Moon, i. 239
tomentosa, L. 350 brunneum, edd. [Plate xxiii.] 238 Wallichtana, Walp. 350 | commune, L. 240
Callitriche stagnalis, Scop. il. 149 | zeylanicum, BZ. 131, 239 Wightiana, Wall. 149 _ Canavalia ensiformis, DC. ii. 67 verna, Thw. 149 | gladiata, DC. 67
Calonyction comospermum, Boj. iil. 214 spectosum, Chois. 213
Calophanes depressa, T. Anders. 111. 294 littoralis, 7. Azders. 295 Nagchana, /Vees, 294
Calophyllum aczznatwm, Moon, 1. 102
obtusifolia, DC. 6& virosa, W. & A. 67 Canna indica, Z. iv. 264 ortentalis, Rosc. 265 Canscora decussata, RX. & S. iii. 185 diffusa, Br. 184
angustifoltum, Roxb. 102 | perfoliata, Wight, 185 bracteatum, Zw. 102 | Roxburgh, Avzz. 185 Burmanni, Wzght, 99 | sessiliflora, R. GS. 184 Calaba, L. 99 | Wallichdi, Clarke, 185 cordato-oblongum, Zz. 103 Cansjera Rheedii, Gyzel. i. 259 cuneifolium, Zhzw. 102 | scandens, Roxb. 259 decipiens, Thw. 102 Canthium campanulatum, 7hw. i. 345 elatum, Bedd. 101 didymum, Gaertn. f. 343 floribundum, Uk. f. 100 lanceolatum, Arn. 343 Inophyllum, Z. 100 macrocarpum, Zw. 345 Moonzz, Wight, 99 montanum, 7iw. 343 pulcherrimum, Wad//. 100 parviflorum, Zam. 346 spectabile, Wzd/d. 99 puberulum, Zw. 344 Thwaitesi, P/. S Trian. 102 Rheedii, DC. 344 tomentosum, WVzghz, 101 umobellatum, Wight, 343 trapezifolium, Zhw. 103 CAPPARIDEA, 1. 54. Walkerii, Wight, 104 Capparis érevespina, Thw. i. 61 Calosanthes indica, Bl. ii. 281 divaricata, Lam. 61 Calotropis gigantea, By. ili. 148 floribunda, Wight, 64 Calyptranthes caryophyllata, Pers. ii. 174 grandis, L. f. 63 caryophyllifolia, Moon, 179 Hleyneana, Wall, 61 cordifolia, Moon, 176 horrida, Z. 7, 64 Cumint, Moon, 179 Moonii, Wight, 62, v. 383. Jambolana, Moon, 175 myrtifolia, Br. Mus. 1. 63 Cambogia Gutta, L. 1. 96 pedunculosa, Wall. 63 Camellia Thea, Link, i. 112 retusella, Thw. 64 Cameraria oppositifolia, Moon, ili. 128 Roxburghi, DC. 62 zeylanica, Moon, 460 sepiaria, Z. 64 seylanica, Retz. 128 stylosa, DC. 61 Campanula canescens, Wal/. iii. 60 tenera, Dalz. 65 fulgens, Wall. 60 tetrasperma, Thw. 65
I[udex to Botanical Names. 399
Capparis zeylanica, Z.i. 61 CAPRIFOLIACE, ii. 288 Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. 1. 54 Capsicum minimum, Roxb. ili. 238 Carallia calycina, Berth. [Plate xxxvi.]
integerrima, DC. 155 [1l. 155
zeylanica, Arn. 155 Caralluma attenuata, Thw. iii. 168
campanulata, VV. #. Br. 168
fimbriata, Wad/. 168 Caranda pedunculata, Gaertn. ii. 343 Carapa moluccensis, Zamz. i. 251 Cardamine africana, Z. i. 53
hirsuta, L. 53
subumbellata, Zz. f. 53 Cardanthera balsamica, Clare, ili. 291
Thwaitesii, Beth. 292
uliginosa, Ham. 291
verticillata, Clarke, 291 Cardiospermum canescens, Wall. i. 300
Corindum, Z. 300
Halicacabum, Z. 299
microcarpum, H.B. K. 300 Carex Arnottiana, /Vees, v. 105
Arnottiana, Boott, 113
baccans, /Vees, 107
bengalensis, Thw. 108
breviculmis, Thw. 111
breviscapa, Clarke, 111
brunnea, Zhw76. 103
cructata, Thw. 109
cructata, Vahl, 110
exigua, Boeck. 107
filicina, /Vees, 110
filicina, var. (?), 109
gracilis, Br. 103
indica, Z. 108
Jackiana, Boott, 112
Jackiana, vax. 3, 111
leucantha, A7vz. 107
ligulata, (Vees, 111
Lindleyana, /Vees, 109
lobulirostris, Dre7. 113
longicruris, ees, 104
longipes, D. Doz, 103
longipes, Thw. 104
maculata, Boott, 110
nubigena, D. Doz, 102
phacota, Sfr. 104
rara, Boott, 105
Carex v2bella, Boott, v. 10 socta, Boott, 105 spicigera, /Vees, 106 Thwaitesit, Hance, 111 thyrstfiora, Boott, 109 Walkeri, Azz. 106 zeylanica, Boeck. 109 Careya arborea, Roxd. il. 191 Carissa Carandas, Z. il. 124 diffusa, Roxb. 125 mutes, Vahl, 131 spinarum, Z. 125 Carpestum cernuum, L. il. 34 nepalense, Wight, 34 Carum zothum, Clarke, 1. 278 Roxburghianum, Benth. 278 stictocarpum, Clarke, 278 Caryolobis indica, Gaertn. 1. 119 CARYOPHYLLACEA, 1. 84 Caryota horrida, Moon, iv. 323 mutis (2?) Moon, 323 urens, Z. 324 Carria spectosa, Chois. i. 111 Casearia Chkamepionzz, Thw. il. 237 coriacea, 7iw. 237 esculenta, Roxb. 237 ovata, Moon, 237 tomentosa, Roxb. 238 varians, Thw. 237 seylanica, Thw. 237 Cassia Absus, Z. ii. 109 alata, L. 108 angustisstma, Lam. 110 auriculata, Z. [Plate xxxiii.] 106, v. Fistula, Z. 103 [385 florida, Vahl. 108 glauca, Lam. 109 hirsuta, La. 106 Kleinii, W. & A. t10 levigata, Willd. 106 marginata, Roxb. 104 mimosoides, Z. 110 obovata, Coll. 107 obtusa, Roxb. 107 occidentalis, Z. 105 pumila, Li. 110 Roxburghiz, DC. 104 siamea, Lam. 108 Sophera, Z. 105 Suffruticosa, Koen. 109
400
Cassia swmatrana, Roxb. ii. 108 Tagera, Moon, 105 timoriensis, DC. 108 tomentosa, L.. 106 Tora, Z. 106 Wallichiana, DC. 110 Cassytha capillaris, (ezssz. ili. 455 filiformis, Z. 455 Castilloa elastica, Cerv. iv. 1 Casuarina equtsetifolia, Forst. iv. 120 Catenaria laburnifolia, Benth. 11. 48 Catha emarginata, G. Don, i. 273 fruticosa, Thw. 273 Cathartocarpus Fistula, Pers. il. 103 vosea, Moon, 104 Caulinia indica, Willd. iv. 376 Ceanothus astaticus, L. 1. 285 seylanicus, Heyne, 284 Cedrela serrata, Royle, i. 252 Toona, Roxb. 252 CELASTRACEA, 1. 266 €elastrus e/aucus, Vahl, i. 271 paniculatus, W2l/d. 272 Celosia albzda, Willd. ili. 393 argentea, Z. 393 lanata, LL. 402 nodifiora, LL. 394 polygonoides, Retz. 394 pulchella, Mog. 393 pyramidalis, Burm. 395 Celsia coromandeliana, Vah/, iii. 240 Celtis cinnamomea, JZzzd/. [Plate Ixxxvi.] iv. 81 adysodoxylon, Thw. 81 ortentalis, L. 82 Wightii, Planch. 81 orientalis, Moon, 81 Centipeda orbicularis, Zozr. ili. 42 Centotheca lappacea, Desv. v. 304 ‘Centranthera Brunonzana, Thw. iii. 258 hispida, Br. 259 humifusa, Wall. 259 procumbens, Gerzh. [Plate lxviii.]258 Centrantherum scartosum, DC. iii. 8 Centrosema Plumiert, Benth. ii. 75 Centostachys aquatica, Wight, iii. 403 diandra, Wall. 405 Centrostylis zeylanica, Baill. iv. 60 ‘Cephalandra indica, Vaud. ii. 247 Cephalocroton zeylanicus, Baill. iv. 60
Index to Botanical Names.
Cephaloschenus zeylanicus, Nees, v. 4 Cephalostigma Schimpert, Hochst. iii. spathulatum, Thw. 60 [58 Cerasiocarpum Zennettiz, Cogn. ii. 259 zeylanicum, Clarke [Plate xliv.] 259 Cerastium indicum, W. & A. i. 85 vulgatum, Z. 35 Ceratophyllum demersum, L. iv. 121 tuberculatum, Cham. 120 verticillatum, Roxd. 120 Cerbera AZanghas, L. iii. 128, 132 Odollam, Gaertn. 128 parviflora, Forst. 129 Ceriops Candolleana, Arm. il. 152 Roxburghiana, Arz. 153 Ceropegia biflora, Z. ii. 167 Candelabrum, Moon, 167 Decaisneana, Wzght, 166 elegans, Wall. 165 Gardneri, 7hw. 165 intermedia, Wight, 167 parviflora, Z7zmz. [Plate Ixiii.] 167 Thwaitesii, H&. 166 Walkere, Wight, 165 Cheetocarpus castanocarpus, Zhz. iv. coriaceus, Zhw. 75 [74 pubescens, Hk. 7. 74 pungens, Thw. iv. 74, 75 Chetocyperus Limnocharis, Nees, v. 71 setaceus, Nees, 71 Chailletia selontoides, Hk. f. 1. 254 sumatrana, J7zg. 254 CHAILI ETIACEA, i. 253 Chamabainia cuspidata, /Vzght, iv. 114 squamigera, Wedd. 114 Chameeraphis aspera, Nees, v. 165 depauperata, Nees, 165 spinescens, Pozr. 165 Chamissoa nodifiora, iil. 394 Championia reticulata, Gardm. il. 277 Chasalia curviflora, Zz. 1i. 362 Chavica Betle, Miq. ill. 425 Roxburghiz, Miq. 424 Striboa, Miq. 425 CHENOPODIACEA, iii. 406 Chenopodina indica, Wight, iil. 409 Chenopodium ambrosiordes, Li. iii. 407 murale, L. 407 opulifolium, Schrad. 407 Cheirostylis flabellata, Wzght, iv. 211
lndex to Botanical Names.
Cheirostylis parvifolia, Zzzad/. iv. 211 Chickrassia tabularis, A. Juss. i. 252 velutina, Roem. 252 Chilocarpus zeylanicus, Wight, iil. 123 Chiloschista usneordes, Wight, iv. 184 Chionachne barbata, Benn. v. 194 Kenigit, Thw. 194 Chionanthus albidifiora, Thw. iii. 117 dichotoma, Roxb. 117 Ghaerz, Gaertn. il. 117, v. 92 leprocarpa, Thw. 117 purpurea, Lam. 116 rostrata, Thw. 117 zeylanica, L. 116 zeylanica, Lam. 117 Chirita communis, Gardn. i. 277 Moonii, Gardn. 275 Walkeri, Gard. 275 zeylanica, Hk. 276 Chironia trinervia, L. ili. 181 CHLORANTHACEA, ill. 432 Chloranthus brachystachys, AZ. iii. 433 zeylanicus, Mig. 433 Chloris barbata, Sw. v. 275 decora, Thw. 276 digitata, Steud. 275 incompleta, Roth. 275 montana, Roxb. 276 Chlorophytum drevzscapum, Thw. iv. 289 Heyneanum, Wail. 289 Heynet, Baker, 289 laxiflorum, Baker, 290 laxum, Sr. 290 paroiyorun, Dalz. 200 Chloroxylon Swietenia, DC. i. 253 Chonemorpha macrophylla, G. Doz, ii. 138 Choripetalum aurantiacum, Wight, iii1.70 Christisonia, albida, 7iw. ili. 265 bicolor, Gardz. 264 grandiflora, Gardn. 264 neilgherrica, Uk. f. 263, 265 pallida, Gardn. 264. subacaulis, Gard. 262 Thwaitesii, 7727. [Plate lxix.] 263 tricolor, Gardn. 263 unicolor, Thw. 263 umnticolor, Gardn. 265, 266 Chrozophora plicata, 4. /zss. iv. 56 Rottlert, A. Juss. 56
PART VY.
AOI
Chrysoglossum maculatum, ZW. f. iv. 163 Chrysogonum heterophyllum, Clarke, lll. 34 Chrysophyllum <Arnottianum, Wight, WW. 35 Roxburghii, G. Doz, 76 sumatranum, Mig. 76 Chrysopogon acicularis, Moon, v. 234 aciculatus, Trin. 234 montanus, Trin. 236 Wightianus, Vhw. 235, 236 zeylanicus, Thw. 235 Cicca disticha, L. iv. 20, 26 Crcendia fastigiata, Griseb. iii. 183 hyssopifolia, NW. & A. 185 Cinnamomum Cassza, Nees, iii. 441 citriodorum, 7hzw. 443 dubium, Wight, 441 zmers, Reinw. 441 litsezefolium, Zz. 442 multiflorum, Wight, 441 ovalifolium, Wight, 442 perpetuo-florens, Night, 441 villosum, Night, 441 Wightiz, Meissn. 440 zeylanicum, B/. 440 seylanicunt, y, Thw. 442 Cipadessa fruticosa, B/. 1. 245 Cirrhopetalum, A//z@, Trim. iv. 157 grandiflorum, Wight, 157 Macreei, Lzzdl. 158 Macret, Wight, 157 Thwaitesii, Rchd. 7. 159 Trimeni, Hk. 7, 158 Walkerianum, Wight, 158 Wightii, ZZ. 157 Wightic, Thw. 159 Cissampelos aurea, Heyne, i. 41 convolvulacea, 3, Moon, 41 delicatula, Miers, 47 erallatoria, Miers, 47 hernandifolia, Willd. 45 Pareira, ZL. 46 subpeltata, Miers, 47 Cissus acuminata, Thw. 1. 292 adnata, Roxb. 290 angulata, Lam. 291 carnosa, Lam. 294. edulis, Dalz. 289 Gardnert, Thw. 293
DD
402
Cissus Heyneana, Thw. i. 290 glauca, Thw. 292 elycosmotdes, Planch. 297 glyptocarpa, Thw. 289 lanceolaria, Roxb. 296 latifolia, Moon, 292 lonchiphylla, Thw. 290 muricata, var. Thw. 297 pallida, Planch. 291 pedata, Lam. 295 guadrangularis, Li. 289 repens, Thw. 291, 292 reticulata, Thw. 294 retiventa, Planch. 294 setosa, Roxb. 296 tenuifolia, Heyne, 295 Thwartestz, Planch. 290 trilobata, Lam. 293 verrucosa, Moon, 297 vitigined, Li. 291, 292 Cistus lobatus, Moon, i. 70 Citrullus Colocynthis, Schrad. li. 253 vulgaris, Schrad. 253 Citrus Hystrix, DC. i. 228 Limonellus, Hassk. 228 Papeda, Mig. 228 tuberoides, Benn. 228 Cladium riparium, Benth. v. 87 undulatum, Zhw. 86 Claoxylon longifolium, Baill. iv. 64 Mercurialis, Zw. 63 oligandrum, /Zzel/. 64 digynum, Wight, 71 Clausena indica, O/zv. i. 221 Willdenoviil, W. & A. 222 Cleghornia acuminata, Wight, iii. 140 cymosa, Wight, 140 Cleidion digynum, Wight, iv. 71 javanicum, 5/7. 69 nitidum, 7w. 69 Cleisostoma acazle, Lindl. iv. 198 decipiens, Lzzadl. 201 galeatum, Thw. 200 maculosum, Zzzd/. 200 maculosum, Benth 197 maculosum, Thw. 201 tenerum, {2&. 7. 201 Thwattestanum, Trim. 201 leistanthus acuminatus, J/zed/. iv. 12 collinus, Benth. 12
Index to Botanical Names.
Cleistanthus ferrugineus, J/wel/. iv. 14 pallidus, Wuel/. 13 patulus, AZuell. 13 robustus, AZuell. 13 Clematis Gouriana, Roxd. i. 2 Munroana, Wight, 1 smilacifolia, Wa//. 1 Vitalba, L. 2 Cleome aspera, Kez. i. 56 Burmanni, WV. & A. 56 Chelidonii, Z. 7 56 dodecandra, L. 56 Selina, L. f. 56 Sruticosa, L. 60 gynandra, Lu. 57 zcosandra, L. 57 monophylla, Z. 55 pentaphylla, Li. 57 tenella, Z. 7. 55 viscosa, L. 57 Clerodendron inerme, Gaertn. iii. 359 infortunatum, Z. 361 Linnei, Thw. 362 Phlomidis, Z. f, 360 serratum, Sp7ve7g. 360 Siphonanthus, Br. 361 Cleyera emarginata, Gardn. 1. 108 gymnanthera, W. & A. 107 lasiopetala, Wight, 108 Clinogyne virgata, Benth. iv. 262 Clitoria ternatea, Z. ii. 75 Cluytia retusa, L. iv. 10, 11 retusa, Moon, 11 Clypea Arnottit, Miers, 1. 47 hernandifolia, Wight, i. 45 Cnemidia bambustfolia, Thw. iv. 220 Coccinia cordifolia, Cogn. ii. 248 indica, W. & A. 247 Cocculus Burnzannz, DC. i. 47 macrocarpus, W. & A. 43 orbiculatus, Moon, 46 Plukenetiz, Wight, 45 villosus, DC. 44 Cochlospermum Gossypium, DC. i. 70 Cocos maldivica, Gmel. iv. 338 nana, Griff. 338 nucifera, Z. 337 Codieum umbellatunr, Wight, iv. 53 variegatun, Bl. 52 Ceelachne évachiata, Trim. v. 269
Index to Botanical Names.
Ccelachne perpusilla, Zw. v. 270 pulchella, Br. 269 simpliciuscula, Munro, 269 Celodiscus Thunbergianus, Muell. iv. 68 Coelogyne angustifolia, Wight, iv. 160 breviscapa, Zz7d/. 160 odoratissima, Zz7zd/.[ Plate lxxxix.]160 (2?) purpurascens, Hk. f. 161 zeylanica, Hk. f. 161 Coffea, arabica, L. ii. 353 travancorensis, W7. & A. [Plate liii.] trifiora, Moon, 352 [352 Wightiana, Wall. 353 Coix darbata, Roxb. v. 194 gigantea, Koen. 192 Kenigiz, Spr. 194 Lachryma-Jobi, Z. 192 Coldenia procumbens, Z. iii. 197 Colens arvomaticus, Benth. iii. 374 barbatus, Bezth. 373 Benthamianus, Arn. 375 elongatus, 777. [Plate lxxiv.] 375 inflatus, Benth. 375 leptostachys, Benth. 375 Macrei, Benth. 374 malabaricus, Benth. 374 mollis, Benth. 374 parviflorus, Benth. 374 Wealkerz, Benth. 374 Wightiz, Benth. 372 Colocasia antiquorum, Schott, iv. 359 cucullata, Schott, 360 macrorrhiza, Schott, 360 viwipara, Thw. 358 Columbrina asiatica, Brongn. i. 285 COMBRETACEA, ii. 158 Combretum acuminatum, Roxb. i. 163 extensum, Aoxs. 164 Heyneanum, Wall. 163 ovalifolium, Roxb. 163 platyphyllum, Van Heurck, 164 sarcopterum, Thw. 163 Thwattestanum, Van Heurck, 163 Wightianum, Wall. 164 Wightianum, Thw. 163, 164 Commelina appendiculata, Clarke, iv. attenuata, Vahl, 303 [304 benghalensis, Z. 301 clavata, Clarke, 301 communis, Walt. 369
403
Commelina cristata, L. iv. 311 cucullata, Moon, 301 diffusa, Burm. 300 enstfolta, Br. 304 Kurzii, Clarke, 304 longifolia, Thw. 304 nudiflora, Z. 300 nudtfiora, L. Mant. 308 obliqua, Ham. 303 (?) paludosa, Moon, 301, 302 persicarizfolia, Wight, 302 polyspatha, Wight, 303 rajmahalensis, Clarke, 303 salictfolia, Thw. 300, 302 salictfolia, Thw. var. 302 Thwaitesii, Hk. f. 302 COMMELINACEA, iv. 298 Commiphora caudata, Engl. i. 236 COMPOSITA, ill. 3 - CONNARACEA, ii. I Connarus aszaticus, Willd. ii. 2 Championii, Ziw. 3 monocarpus, LZ. 2 pinnatus, Lam. 2 santaloides, Vahl, I untfoliatus, Thw. 3 Conocarpus latifolia, Roxb. ii. 162 Conocephalus niveus, Wight, iv. 119 Convolvulus anceps, L. iii. 222 bifidus, Vahl, 219, 228 catricus, Li. 225 fiavus, Moon, 219 grandiflorus, Moon, 213 malabaricus, Moon, 227 marginatus, Moon, 215 maximus, Lf. 220 medium, Moon, 217 Nate Ven 22 obscurus, Li. 220 parviflorus, Vahl, 226 Pes-Capre, L. 224 repens, Moon, 222. tridentatus, 1. 218 Turpethum, L. 222 zeylanicus, Wall. 220 Conyza egyptiaca, Thw. iii. 16 balsamtifera, Li. 23 cinerea, Li. 7 viscidula, Wall. 18 Corallocarpus epigzeus, Clarke, ii. 258
404
Corchorus acutangulus, Zam. i. 183 capsularis, Z. 181 fascicularis, Zavz. 183 olitorius, Z. 182, 183 tridens, Z. 183 trilocularzs, Burm. 183 urticzefolius, W. & A. 182 Cordia diversa, Thw. ill. 193 monoica, Loxb. 193 Myxa, ZL. 193 obligua, Willd. 193 oblongifolia, Zw. 194 Rothii, #. S&S. 194 Roxburghit, Clarke, 195 saluctfolia, Cham. 195 subcordata, Lam. 195 Cordyline terminalis, Kunth, iv. 287 CORNACEA, li. 285 Cornutia corymbosa, Burm. f. iii. 352 corymbosa, Lam. 353 Corymbis astzcha, Thw. iv. 218 veratrifolia, BZ. iv. 218 Corypha umbraculifera, Z. iv. 328 Coscinium fenestratum, Coledr. i. 41 Cosmos bipinnatus, Cav. iii. 40 sulfureus, Cav. 40 Cosmostigma acuminatum, Wight, iii. racemosum, Wight, 160 [160 Costus speciosus, S7z. iv. 246 arabicus, L. 249 Cottonia Champzonzz, Lindl. iv. 204 macrostachya, Wight, 203 peduncularis, Thw. 203 Cotula australis, Hk.f. iii. 42 minima, W. 42 becolor, Willd. 14 Cotylelobium scabriusculum, Brand. v. Covellia slomerata, Miq. iv. 96. [383 oppositifolia, Gasp. 94 Cracea maxima, L. ii. 32 purpurea, L. 31 senticosa, L. 30 tenctoria, L. 31 villosa, L. 33 CRASSULACEA, li. 143 Cratzeva Roxburghii, Br. i. 59 Crawfurdia fasciculata, var. Thw. iii. 187 Japonica, S. & Z, var. [Plate lxv.] 187 Crepis fuscipappa Clarke, iii. 51 japonica, Benth. 51
Index to Botanical Names.
Cressa cretica, Z. ili. 228 Crinum asiaticum, Z. iv. 270 astaticum, Roxb. 271 defixum, Ker, 271 latifolium, Z. 271 ornatum, Herb. 271 strictum, Herb. 271 toxicarium, Roxb. 270 seylanicum, L. 272, v. 386 Crossandra axzllaris, Nees, iii. 323 infundibuliformis, Nees, 322 unduizfolia, Salish. 322 Crotalaria albida, Heyze, ii. 12 anthylloides, W. & A. 14 bifaria, L. f. 11 biflora, Z. 9 calycina, Shrank, 14 capensis, Moon, 18 clavata, W. & A. 19 evolvuloides, Wight, 10 ferruginea, Grah. 10 Julva, Roxb. 17 globosa, W. & A. 8 humifusa, Moon, 8 tncana, L.. 18 juncea, Z. 16 laburnifolia, Z. 19 linifolia, Z. f. 13 lunulata, Heyze, 17 medicaginea, Lamz. 18 multiflora, Benth. 11 mysorensis, Roth, 12 nana, Burn. 13 nummularia, Willd. 9 prostrata, 7oxb. 9 quinquefolia, Z. 19 retusa, Z. 15 rubiginosa, W2l/d. 11 semperfilorens, Vent. 16 striata, DC. 18 tecta, Heyne, 14 triquetra, Dalz. 12 umbellata, Wight, 13 verrucosa, Z. 15 Walkeri, 4vz. [Plate xxvi ] 16 Wrghtiana, Grah. 11 Wrilldenowiana, DC. 18 Croton aromaticus, Z. iv. 47 caudatus, Gezs. 48 coccineus, Vahl, 68
ludex to Botanical Names.
Croton cyanospermus, Gaertn. iv. 27
distans, Rottl. 67 hypoleucus, Dalz. 47 Klotzschianus, 7zw. 49 lacctferus, L. 48 moluccanus, L. 50, 65 moluccanus, Moon, 64 moluccanus, Muell. 65 Moonii, 7hw. 49 nigro-viridis, Zw. 49 oblongifolius, Roxb. 47 punctatus, Moon, 49 punctatus, Retz. 68 reticulatus, Heyne, 47 veticulatus, Willd. 66 rhombifolius, Willd. 67 Thwaitesianus, Muell. 49 Tiglium, Li. 49 umbellatus, Wight, 53 zeylanicus, Mueil. 47
CRUCIFERA, i. 52
Crudia zeylanica, Benth. ii. 113
Cryptocarya florzbunda, Wight, iii. 439
membranacea, 7iw. 439 Wightiana, 7hw. 439
Cryptocoryne Beckettii, ZZw. iv. 347
Kenigit, Schott, 349 Nevillii, 772. 346 spiralis, Fzsch. 346 spiralis, Thw. 347 Thwaitesii, Schott, 346 Walkeri, Schott, 347
Cryptolepis Buchanani, &. & S. ili. 145 Cryptophragmium axillare, Nees, iii. 330
sanguinolentum, Nees, 330 Cryptostegia grandiflora, Br. ii. 145 Cryptostylis Arachnitis, B/. iv. 209 Ctentum seychellense, Baker, v. 272 Ctenolepis Garcini, Clarke, ii. 260 Cucumis Zuffa, L. ii. 252
Hardwickiz, Royle, 250
maderaspatanus, L. 254
maderaspatanus, Moon, 250
Melo, Li. 251
pubescens, W2//d. 250
sativus, L. 250
trigonus, Roxb. 250 CUCURBITACEA, ii. 242 Cudrania javanensis, 7réc. iv. 98 Cudranus Rumphit, Thw. iv. 98
405
Cullenia excelsa, Wight, i. 162 Curculigo angustifolia, Moon, iv. 269 brevifolia, Wight, 269 Finlaysoniana, Wall. 269 latifolia, Moon, 269 orchioides, Gaertn. 269 paucifiora, Moon, 269 recurvata, Dryand. 269 Curcuma albiflora, 7hw. iv. 242 Amada, Roxb. 244 aromatica, Sa/zsb. 241 longa, Li. 242 longa, Moon, 241 oligantha, 772m. [Plate xcii.] 242 Zedoaria, Rosc. 241 Zedoaria, Roxb. 241 Zerumbet, Roxb. 241 Cuscuta chinensis, Lam. iii. 229 reflexa, Roxb. 229 refiexa, Moon, 229 Cyanospermum tomentosum, W. & A. ii. 84 Cyanotis avachnoidea, Clarke, iv. 312 axillaris, Sch. f. 315 cristata, Sch. 7. 311 fasciculata, Sch. f. 314 lanceolata, Wight, 313 obtusa, 772m. [Plate xciv.] 312 pilosa, Sch. f. 314 sarmentosa, Wight, 312 Thwaztesiz, Hassk. 314 tuberosa, Sch. f. 312 villosa, Sch. 7. 313 zeylanica, Hassk. 313 Cyathocalyx zeylanicus, Chamzp. i. 20 Cyathula capztata, Thw. iii. 398 gentculata, Lour. 399 prostrata, AZ. 398 zeylanica, He. f. 398 CYCADE4&, iv. 121 Cycas circinalis, Z. iv. 121 Rumphu, J/g. 122 Cyclamen indicum, L. i. 66 Cyclea Burmanni, A@ers, i. 47, v. 333 peltata, Hk. f. & Th. 47 Cyclostemon macrophylla, BZ. iv. 38 zeylanicus, Baill. 38 Cylicodaphne rigida, Meissn. ili. 453 Thwaztesiz, Meissn. 451, 452 Walkeri, Meissn. 452
406 Index to Botanical Names.
Cylicodaphne zeylanica, Meissn. iii. 453 Cylindrochilus pulchellus, Thw. iv. 185 Cylindropus junciformis, Nees, v. 95 Cylista tomentosa, Roxb. ii. 84 Cymbidium alocfolium, Sw. iv. 181 aloides (see Epzdendrunz) alotfolium, Wight, 179 bicolor, Lzzd/. 179 cyperifolium, Wall. 180 ensifolium, Sz. [Plate xc.] 180 hematodes, Lindl. 180 minimifolium, Thw. 184 pendulum, Roxb. 181 spathulatum, Moon, 193 tenuzfolium, Lindl. 191 zenutfolium, Wight, 190 Cyminosma Ankenda, Gaertn. i. 216 pedunculata, DC. 216 Cymodocea eguorea, Thw. iv. 377 australis, 7727. 377 ciliata, Ehrb. 377 isoetifolia, Asch. 377 serrulata, Asch. & Magn. 128, 376 Cynanchum acuminatum, Thunb. iii. 149 bracteatum, Thunb. 159, 160 cuspidatune, Thunb. 154 echinatum, Thunb. 150 flavens, Thunb. 159 mucranthum, Thunb. 157 ovatum, Thunb. 164 pauciflorum, Br. 151 pedunculatum, Thunb. 151 Cynoctonum pauciflorum, Dene. ili. 151 Cynodon Dactylon, Pers. v. 274 gracilis, Nees, 282 Neesiz, Thw. 282 Cynoglossum decurrens, Moon, iii. 203 denticulatum, A.DC. 203 Surcatum, Thw. 203 lanceolatum, Forsk. 203 micranthum, Desf. 203 ovatum, Moon, 203 vacemosunt, Roxb. 203 _ seylanicum, Thunb. 203 Cynometra mzmosoides, Wall. ii, 112 ramiflora, Z. III, 113 caulzflora, I. 112 CYPERACEA, v. 12 Cyperus alopecuroides, Pott. v. 38 amanus, Koen. 33
Cyperus arenarius, Retz. v. 23
aristatus, Roxb. 24 articulatus, Z. 29 auricomus, Clarke, 36 biglumts, Clarke, 42 bulbosus, Vai [Plate xcvi.] 22 castaneus, Willd. 25 Cephalotes, Vak/, 17 compressus, Z. 33 compressus, Var. Thw. 35 conglomeratus, Rottb. 23 corymbosus, Rottb. 29 cuspidatus, H. B. & K. 26, 43 dehiscens, /Vees, 30 . difformis, Z. 25
diffusus, Vah/, 28
diffusus, Clarke, 28 digitatus, Roxb. 36 dilutus, Vahl, 40
distans, Z. f, 30
distams, var. Thw. 31 dubius, Thw. 39
elatus, Roxb. 30
elegans, Clarke, 28 eleusinoides, Auth, 37, 39 Eragrostis, Vahl, 20 exaltatus, Refs. 32 flavescens, Thw. 21 flavidus, Retz. 27 geminatus, Moon, 22 globosus, AZ/. 21
Haspan, Z. 26
Haspan, Rottb. 27 hexastachyos, Rottb. 35 hexastachyus, 8, Wight, 22 Hlookeri, Boeck. 37 Hookerianus, Thw. 17 hyalinus, Vah/, 19
Iria, Z. 18
jeminicus, Retz. 22 jeminicus, Rottb. 23
_ lucidulus, Clarke, 35
monostachyus, Rottb. 59
Leesiz, Thw. 37
nilagiricus, Hochst. & Steud. 22 nigro-viridis, Thw. 28
nutans, Vahl, 31
odoratus, Burm. 32
pachyrhizus, Nees, 23
pallidus, Heyne, 24
Index to Botanical Names.
Cyperus Zennatus, Lam, v. 40 pilosus, Vahl, 32 platyphyllus, 2. & S. 38 platystylis, By. 24 polystachyus, Rottb. 20 procerus, Rottb. 34 pubisquama, Steud. 28 pulcherrimus, Willd. 27 pulvinatus, Nees & Mey. 19 pumilus, Z. 19 pumilus, Nees, 19, 20 puncticulatus, Vahl, 21 pygmeus, Rottb. 18 rotundus, Z. 35 yvotundus, Kunth, 22 rotundus, var. Clarke, 33 Roxburghiz, Nees, 38 sanguinolentus, Vahl, 20 Santonicz, Rottb. 18 stlletensis, Thw. 27 squarrosus, Trim. 26 stoloniferus, Rezz. 36 stramineus, /Vees, 19 tegetum, Rottb. 30 tenuzculmis, Boeck. 35 tenuzfiorus, Rottb. 33 tuberosus, Rott. 33, 36 umbellatus, Benth. 41, 43 umbellatus, var. Thw. 42 venustus, Thw. 33 xanthopus, Steud. 37 Zollingeri, Stezd. 35
Cyrilla aquatica, Roxb, iii. 245
Cyphostigma pulchellum, Sezth. 260
Cyrtopera fusca, Wight, iv. 177 Gardnert, Thw. 177 rufa, Thw. 177 sanguinea, Lindl. 177
Cyrtopodium fuscum, Trim. 177 rufum, Trim. 177
Cyrtosia javanica, Bl. iv. 223
Dactylis brevifolia, Koen. v. 278 glomerata, L. 305 lagopoides, Burm. 305 repens, Desf. 305 [279 Dactyloctenium egyptiacum, Willd. v. Deedalacanthus montanus, 7. Azxders. Deemia extensa, 87. iii. 150 _—([iil. 297 reticulata, Moon, 164
407
Dalbergia arborea, Willd. ii. 91, v. 385 Championii, Zw. 88 Srondosa, Roxb. 88 Kromer, Roxb. 92 lanceolaria, Z. f. 88 lanceolaria, Moon, 97 latifolia, Roxb. 88 monosperma, Dalz. 89 Moontana, Thw. 97 Pseudo-Sissoo, Miq. 88, v. 385 rostrata, Grah. v. 385 volubilis, Roxb. 89 zeylanica, Roxb. 88 Dalechampia ézdentata, Thw. iv. 72 indica, Wight, 72 ternata, Muell. 72 Dalzellia zeylanica, Wight, iii. 416 Damasonium indicum, Willd. iv. 125 Daphne inamena, Gardn. iii. 458 Daphnidium lancifolium, Thw. iii. 454 Daphniphyllum glaucescens, S/. iv. 42 newlgherrense, Thw. 42 Roxburghiz, Baill. 42 Dasyaulus fulvus, Thw. iii. 81 microphyllus, Thw. 80 Moonii, Thw. 79 neritfolius, Thw. 80 DATISCACEA, li. 265 Datura fastuosa, LZ. iii. 238 Metel, L. 238 Stramonium, L. 239 suaveolens, H. & B. 239 Debregeasia longifolia, Wedd. iv. 119 velutina, Gawd. 119 Wallichiana, Wedd. 119 zeylanica, Hk. 7. 119 Decaneurum. scartosum, DC. iii. 8 Delima sarmentosa, Z. i. 5 Dendrobium a/ézdulum, Thw. iv. 151 aureum, Lindl. 154 bicolor, Lindl. 167 braccatum, Lindl. 165 compressum, Lindl. 154 criniferum, Lindl. 154 crumenatum, Sw. 151 diodon, Rché. f. 151 fiabellatum, Rchb. 150 hzemoglossum, 7iw. 152 heterocarpum, Wall. 154 JSerdonianum, Wight, 152
408
Dendrobium lamellatum, Lindl. iv. 154 Macarthiaz, Zw. 153 Macreei, Zznd/. 150 macrostachyum, Lzzd/. 152 nutans, Lznd/. 152 panduratum, Zzzd/. 150 purpurascens, Thw. 161 [316 Dendrocalamus monadelphus, Thw. v. Dendrocolla pulchella, Thw. iv. 185 serreformis, Thw. 186 Dendrolobium Cephalotes, Benth. ii. 47 umbellatum, Benth. 47 Dentella repens, /orst. ii. 298 Derris Bexthamiz, Thw. ii. 93 oblonga, Gezzth. [Plate xxix.] 93 ovalifolia, Benth. 93 paniculata, Benth. 93 parviflora, Benth. 92 robusta, Benth. 92 scandens, Benth. 91 sinuata, Bezth. 94 uliginosa, Benth. 92 Desmanthus cinereus, Willd. ii. 121 virgatus, Willd. 122 Desmochete atropurpurea, Moq. iil. 399 muricata, Wight, 395 prostrata, Wight, 398 Desmodium biarticulatum, Berth. ii. 48 cajanefolium, DC. 52 capitatum, DC. 53 catentferum, Arn. 48 Cephalotes, Wall. 47 congestum, Wall. 47 diffusum, DC. 52 Jerrugineum, Nall. 52 gangeticum, DC. 51 Gardneri, Benth. 50 gyrans, DC. 56 gyroides, DC. 56 heterocarpum, DC. 53 heterophyllum, DC. 55 jucundum, 7/w. [Plate xxviii.] 54 laburnifolium, DC. 48 latifolium, DC. 51 lecocarpunt, Don, 52 ormocarpoides, DC. 49 parviflorum, DC. 55 podocarpum, Thw. 50 polycarpum DC. 53 pulchellum, Benth. 48
Index to Botanical Names.
Desmodium rufescens, DC. ii. 52 Scalpe, DC. 50 strangulatum, W. & A. 50, 51 Thwaitesii, Baker, 51 triflorum, DC. 54 triquetrum, DC. 49 umbellatum, DC. 47 Walkert, Arn. 52 Wightii, Grah. 52 Desmostemon zeylanicus, Thw. iw. 52 Detarium zeylanicum, Thw. ii. 113 Dialium ovoideum, 7hw. ii. 112 Dianella ensifolia, Red. iv. 288 graminifolia, Moon, 267 Dianthera dichotoma, Clarke, iil. 340 Dicellostyles axillaris, Gerth. i. 150 Dicerma biarticulatum, DC. ii. 48 Diceros aguaticus, Moon, iii. 245 longifolius, Pers. 248 - Dicheetaria Wightii, WVees, v. 281 Dichilanthe zeylanica, Ziw. ii. 339 Dichopsts canaliculata, Trim. iii. 84 grandis, Trim. $2 levifolia, Trim. 84 lanceolata, Trim. 84 paucifiora, Trim. 85 petiolaris, Thw. 83 rubiginosa, Trim. 83 Dichrocephala latifolia, DC. ii. 14 Schmidiz, Wight, 42 Dichrostachys cinerea, W. & A. il. 121 Dicliptera d¢valvzs, Thw. ili. 344 zeylanica, /Vees, 344 Dicrea algeformis, Bedd. iii. 417 apicata, Tul. 419 elongata, Tul. 417 Dictyospermum montanum, Wight, iv. protensum, Wight, 310 [309 Didymocarpus floccosus, 7iw. iii. 274 Humboldtianus, Gardn. 272 longepetiolata, Gardn. 274 primulefolia, Gardn. 273 primulefolia, Hook. 274 zeylanicus, Gr. 274 Dienia fusca, Lindl. iv. 141 Digera arvensis, /orsk. ili. 395 Digitaria distachya, Moon, v. 122 longifiora, Pers. 124 sanguinalis, Scop. 123 Dilivaria ilicifolia, Juss. iil. 317
Index to Botanical Names. 409
Dillenia agzatzca, Moon, i. 11 dentata, Thunb. 11 indica, Z. 12 tntegi a, Thunb. 13 retusa, Zhunb. 13 speciosa, Thunb, 12 DILLENIACEA, i. 5 Dimeria fuscescens, 77zm. v. 198 gracilis, /Vees, 199 laxtuscula, Thw. 199 Lehmanni, Hack. 196 leptorhachis, Hack. 199 mutica, Thw. 197 ornithopoda, Thw. 196 ornithopoda, var. 3, Thw. 198 ornithopoda, var. y, Thw. 196, 198 ornithopoda, vax. mutica, 197 pilostssima, Thw. 199 pubescens, Hack. 196 pusilla, Ziw. 195 pusilla, var. pallida, Thw. 197 Thwaitesii, Hack. 197 Trimeni, Zz. 7. 198 Dimorphocalyx glabellus, Zw. [Plate Ixxxiv.] iv. 54 Dimocarpus Pupilla, Moon, i. 309 Dinebra arabica, Jacg. v. 280 Dioclea Fergusonzz, Thw. il. 69 reflexa, Hk. f. 69 Dioscorea alata, L. iv. 279 bulbifera, L. 279 bulbifera, Br. 278 intermedia, Zw. 277 obcuneata, Uk. f. 279 oppositifolia, Z. 276 pentaphylla, Z. 276 purpurea, Roxb. 279 sativa, Z. 278, 279 spicata, Roth [Plate xciii.] 277 spinosa, Roxb. 279 tomentosa, Heyne, 275 DIOSCOREACEA, iv. 274 Diospyros acuta, 7zw. iii. 96 affinis, Zw. 102 assinwilis, Bedd. 95 attenuata, Zw. 96 Candolleana, Thw. 101 cordifolia, Roxb. 92 crumenata, 7hw. 102 _Lbenaster, Roxb. 94
Diospyros Aéezaster, Moon (?), ili. 97
Ebenum, Ken. 94
Embryopteris, Pers. 93
Gardneri, 7izw. 96
hirsuta, Z. 7, 99, 101
hirsuta, Moon, 97
insignis, Zw. 100
melanoxylon, Roxb. 99
montana, Roxb. 92
Moonii, 7iZw. 101
opaca, Clarke, 102
ovicarpa, Ziw. 97
oppositifolia, Zw. 100
ovalifolia, Wight, 91
pruriens, Dalz. 95
quesita, Zhw. 97
racemosa, Wight, 94
sylvatica, Roxb. 98
Thwaitesii, Bedd. 101
Toposia, Ham. 94
Wighttana, Bedd. 99 Dipcadi montanum, Baker, iv. 291 Diperium cylindricum, Desv. v, 210 Diplachne fusca, Beauv. v. 300 Diplacrum caricinum, By. v. 101
zeylanicum, Nees, v. 101 Diplocentrum /ongifolium, Wight, iv.
recurvum, Zzzd/. 194 [194 Diploclisia inclyta, Miers, i. 43 Diplocos zeylanica, Thw. iv. 100 Diploprora Champonii, Hz. f iv. 204 Diplospora Dalzelli, Z%. 7 [Plate 1 ] i.
erythrospora, Bedd. 336 [336 DIPSACACE&, iil. 2 Dipsacus Leschenaultiz, Thw. iii. 2
Walkeri, Arn. 2 Dipteracanthus patulus, Wight, ii. 296 DIPTEROCARPACEA, 1. 112 Dipterocarpus glandulosus, 7Zw. 1. 115
hispidus, Ziw. 114
insignis, Zw. 116
oblongifolius, Thw. 114
oblongus, A. DC. 114
scabridus, Zkw. 115
turbinatus, Gaertn. f. 115
turbinatus, Moon, 114
zeylanicus, Zhw. [Plate x.] 114 Dischidia Nummularia, 47. iii. 161 Discospermum Dalzellit, Thw. ii. 336
erythrosporum, Thw. 336
410
Discospermumspherocarpa, Bedd. ii. 336 Discostigma acuminatum, Pl. & Tri.i. 98 zeylanicum, Pl. & Tri. 97 Disperis ¢r7zfetalozdea, Lindl. iv. 236 zeylanica, 7772. 236 Disporum ceylanicum, Wight, iv. 289 Leschenaultianum, D. Don, 289 mysorense, Wight, 289 seylanicum, Trim. 289 Dithyrocarpus petiolatus, Wight, iv. 316 undulatus, Wight, 316 Rothiz, Wight, 316 Dittelasma Rarak, Ak. f. i. 300 Dodonea Burmanniana, DC. i. 312° viscosa, Z. 312 Dolichandrone crzspa, Seem. iti. 283 Rheedii, Seem. 282 Dolichos a/ézs, Moon, ii. 77 axillaris, E. Mey. 77 bifforus, L. 77 ciliatus, A/ezz, 77 falcatus, A/ezx, 77 gladiatus, Jacq. 67 Lablab, Z. 76 luteus, Moon, 73 medicagineus, Lam. 84 pruriens, L. 62 purpureus, Moon, 76 rotundifolius, Moon, 67 scarabeordes, L. 79 uniflorus, Zam. 76 virosus, Roxb. 67 Doona affinis, Zw. i. 120 congestiflora, 7Zw. [Plate xi.] 22 cordifolia, 7hw. 122 disticha, Pierre, v. 383 Gardneri, 7iw. i. 121 macrophylla, Zhw. 124 nervosa, Zhw. 121 nitida, Heim, v. 383 oblonga, Zhw. i. 123 ovalifolia, Zw. 123 trapezifolia, Zhw. 121 venulosa, Zhw. 123 zeylanica, Zhw. 119 Dopatrium junceum, Ham. iii. 247 lobelioides, Benth. 247 nudicaule, Ham. 247 Doritis /a¢zfolia, Trim. iv. 188 Wightii, Benth. 188
Index to Botanical Names.
Doronicum Gardneri, Thw. iii. 48 Walkeri, Arn. 49 Dorstenia indica, Wall. iv. 102 radiata, Moon, 102 Draczena e//iptica, Thunb. iv. 287 terminalis, Moon, 287 ternifiora, Roxb. 287 Thwaitesii, Rege/, 287 Dracontium pertusum, Willd. iv. 361 pinnatifidum, Moon, 362 polyphyllum, Willd. 355 spinosum, L. 363 Dregea volubilis, Genth. iii. 161 Drosera Burmanni, Va, ii. 145 indica, Z. 146 lunata, Ham. 146 peltata, Z. 146 rotundifolia, L. 145 DROSERACEA, li. 145 Drymaria cordata, Wid. i. 87, v. 383 Drymispermum caulifiorum, Thw. iii. Dumasia congesta, Grah. ii. 58 [459 pubescens, DC. 58 villosa, DC. 58 Dunbaria ferruginea, WV. & A. ii. 80 Heynei, W. & A. 80 oblonga, Arn. 80 Durio zeylanicus, Gaxdn. i. 162 zibethinus, Moon, 160 Dyerella scabriuscula, Heim, v. 383 Dyschoriste littoralis, Wight, ili. 295 Dysodidendron zeylanicum, Thw. ii. 369 Dysophylla auricularia, 47. iii. 380 verticillata, Benth. 380 Dysoxylum binectariferum, 2. f. i. 247 Champion, Hk. f. & Th. 248 macrocarpum, Thw. 247
EBENACEA, ili. 37 Ebermayera g/auca, T. Anders. ill. 290 zeylanica, /Vees, 290 Ecbolium Linneanum, Awrz, iii. 341 Eccremanthus eximius, Thw. i. 310 Echinolena polystachya, H. B. & K, v. 160 Echinolytrum dipsaceum, Desv. v. 65 Echites fragrans, Moon, iii. 138 lanceolata, Moon, 131 scholaris, Li. 133 Eclipta alba, Hassk. iii. 37
Index to Botanical Names.
Eclipta evecta, L. ili. 37 prostrata, L. 37 Edokke, Gaertn. iv. 74; Ehretia buxifolia, Roxd. iii. 196 cuneata, Wight, 197 levis, Roxb. 195 ovalifolia, Wight, 196 EL#AGNACE4, ili. 461 Elzagnus latifolia, Z. ii. 461 Thwazteszz, Schlecht. 461 Elzocarpus amcenus, 7hw. i. 185 copalliferus, Retz. 131 coriaceus, Hook. 186 cuneatus, Willd. 185 glandulifer, JZast. 187 integrifolius, Lam. 185 integrifolius, Moon, ii. 156 montanus, 7iw. i. 186 obovatus, Arz. 186 pubescens, Hook. 186 robustus, Roxb. 185 serratus, Z. [Plate xx.] 184 subvillosus, Avz. 186 zeylanicus, AZast. 187 Elzodendron glaucum, ers. i. 271 Roxburghit, W. & A. 271 ELATINEA, 1. 92 Elatostema acuminatum, Grorg. iv. 110 diversifolium, Wedd. 111 lineolatum, Wight, 110 ovatum, Wight, 108 sessile, Thw. 110 surculosum, Wzght, 111 Walker, Hz. 7. 110 Eleiotis sororia, DC. 1. 40 Eleocharis atropurpurea, Azmnth, v. 71 capitata, Br. 72 Chetaria, R. & S. 71 congesta, D. Don, 72 equisetina, Pres/, 69 fistulosa, Schult. 70 gracilis, Br. 72 ovata, Thw. 72 plantaginea, Gr. 68 spiralis, bv. 70 tetraquetra, /Vees, 72 variegata, Kznth, 69 Lleogeton curvulus, Nees, v. 73 Elephantopus scaber, Z. iii. 12 Elettaria Cardamomum, Zaz. iv. 261
AII
Elettaria floribunda, Thw. iv. 250 involucrata, Thw. 250 nemoralis, Thw. 251 rufescens, Thw. 256 Eleusine zgyptiaca, Desf. v. 279 brevifolia, Br. 278 calycina, Roxb. 280 filiformis, Jacq. 283 indica, Gaertn. 277 racemosa, Heyne, 277 stricta, Roxb. 277 verticillata, Roxb. 277 Ellipanthus Thwaitesii, WZ. 7. ii. 3 untfoliatus, Hk. f. 3 Elytraria crenata, Vah/, iii. 289 Elytrophorus articulatus, Beauv. v. 288 Embelia slandulifera, Wight, iii. 69 paniculata, Moon, 69 Ribes, Bur. 7. 69, iv. 43 robusta, Roxb. 70 Tsjeritam-cottam, Wight, 70 viridiflora, Scheff. 70 Emblica officinalis, Gaertn. iv. 19 Embryopterts glutinifera, Roxb. iii. 93 Emilia prenanthoidea, Thw. iii. 46 sonchifolia, DC. 45 zeylanica, Clarke, 46 Walkert, Hk. f. 46 Empusa paradoxa, Lindl. iv. 145 Endopogon consanguineus, Nees, iil. 301 Gardnerianus, Nees, 310 rhammnifolius, Wight, 304 wiscosus, Nees, 301 Enhalus Keenigii, Rzch. iv. 126 marinus, Griff. 126 Enicostema littorale, AZ. iii. 185 Entada scandens, Bevzth. ii. 119 Enteropogon melicoides, Mees, v. 272 Epaltes divaricata, Cass. ili. 24 Epicarpurus orientalis, Bl. iv. 101 spinosus, Wight, 101 zeylanicus, Thw. 100 Epidendrum aloides, Curt ( oe ) iv. complanatum, Retz. iv. 186 [179 Epiphanes javanica, Bl. iv. 221 Epipogum nutans, Lzzd/. iv. 222 Epistylium cordifolium, Baill. iv. 23 floribundum, Thw. 26 latifolium, Thw. 23 montanum, Thw. 24
412 Index to Botanical Names.
Epistylium polyphyllum, Thw. iv. 24 zeylanicum, Baill. 24 Epithema carnosum, Gerth. i. 279 aeylanicum, Gardn. 279 Epithinia malayana, Jack, il. 337 Eragrostis amabilis, W. & A. v. 293 brevifolia, Benth. 278 bifaria, Thw. 298 Brownit, Nees, 293 Brown, Herb. Perad. 295 chinensis, Duthie, 283 coromandeliana, 77272. 298 diplachnoides, Steud. 292 elegantula, Duthie, 294 elegantula, Stapf, 293 elongata, Jacg. 295 gangetica, Steud. 293 interrupta, Geauv. 291 Kaenigiz, Link, 292 major, Host, 207 megastachya, Link, 297 mucronata, Trim. 299 nigra, /Vees, 295 nutans, Nees, 291 ortentalis, Thw. 293 ortentalis, Nees, 294 paniculata, Thw. 295 pilosa, Beauv. 296 plumosa, Link, 291 pogoides, Trim. 296 riparia, Willd. 291 secunda, /Vees, 298 stenophylla, Hochst. 294 tenella, 2. GS. 290 tenurtssima, Schrad, 292 untolordes, Nees, 293 verticillata, R. & S. 296 viscosa, Trin. 291 Walkeri, Stapf, 298 Wightiana, Benth. 288 Willdenoviana, /Vees, 296 seylanica, Nees & Mey. 295 Eranthemum cafense, ili. 297 crenulatum, Thw. 325 Echolium, T. Anders. 341 malabaricum, Clarke, 325 Eremochloa muricata, Hack. v. 220 zeylanica, Hack. 221 Eria artzculata, Lindl. iv. 168 bicolor, Zz7d/. 166
Eria dzcolor, Lindl. iv. 167
bicornis, Rchb. f. 169 braccata, Lindl. 165 Ephemera, Rchb. f. 167 Lindleyi, Zw. 167 muscicola, Lzzd/. 165 profusa, Lindl. 168 reticosa, Wight, 165 Thwaitesi, 7727. 167 tricolor, 7Zhiw. 166 velutina, Thw. 167
Eriachne triseta, /Vees, v. 266
ERICACEZ, iil. 62
Ericybe paniculata, Roxb. iii. 205
Erigeron asteroides, (oxé. iil. 16, 19
lintfolius, Willd. 17 Eriocaulon atratum, A077. v. 4 atratum, Thw. 3 Brownianum, JZart. 6 Capillus-naiadis, Zk. f. 2 caulescens, Hk. f. & T. 3 collinum, 4. 7. 10 cristatum, Thw. 4 Dalzellit, Korn. 11 fluviatile, 772m. 11 longicuspis, Hz. f. 4. luzulaefolium, AZart. 7 luzulaefolium, Thw. 10 Neestanum, Korn. 6 quinquangulare, Z. 9 quinguangulare, var. Thw. 9 setaceum, Z. 2 sexangulare, Z. 5 sexangulare, Burm. 10 Sieboldianum, zed. SG Zucc. 10 subcaulescens, Hk. f. 3 Thwaitesii, Aor7. 6 Trimeni, 2. 7. 8 truncatum, Ham. 7 truncatum, Thw. 6 Walkeri, Zk. f. 9 Wallichianum, Mart. 5 Wightianum, JZar?t. 8 zeylanicum, Korn. 3 ERIOCAULON EA, Vv. I Eriochloa azzzlata, Kunth, v. 126 polystachya, H. 5. & K. 126
Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC. i. 161
orzentale, Steud. 161 Eriosema chinense, Vog. ii. 81
Index to Botanical Names.
Al
Erythroxylon lanceolatum, %. f. 1.191 { Eugenia Michelii, Zam. ii. 188
lucidum, Joon, 1091 monogynum, Roxb. 190 obtusifolium, Hz. f 192 Erythrina Corallodendrum, L. 1. 63 indica, Lam. 63 lithosperma, Bl. 64. ovalifolia, Roxb. 64 picta, Moon, 64 suberosa, Roxb. 64 umbrosa, H.B. K. 64 velutina, W2l/d. 64 Erythrospermum-phytolaccoides, Gardz. [Plate vi.] 1. 72 Ethulia divaricata, L. ii. 24 Lucalyptus, Sp. ii. 166 Eugenia acutangula, L. ii. 191 amoena, 7Zhw. 186 amend, var. Thw. 185 androsemovdes, Bedd. 176 aprica, Zrzm. 186 aquea, Burn. 169 assimilis, Duth. 176 bracteata, Roxb. 182 calophyllifolia, Wight, 173 capitellata, Arn. 211 caryophyllea, Wight, 174 concinna, Thw. 188 cordifolia, Weght, 176, 215 corymbosa, Law. 174 cyclophylla, Zzw. 177 cylindrica, Wight, 171 decora, Thw. 185 Fergusoni, 772m. [Plate xxxviii.] 172 floccifera, Zw. 183 fulva, Zhw. 184 grandis, Wight, 170 Gardneri, Duth. 174 Heckeliana, 772m. 181 hemispheerica, Wight, 170 hypoleuca, Thw. 180 insignis, Zzw. 185 Jambolana, Zam. 179 JSambos, L. 170 lanceolata, Lam. 172 laurina, Willd. iii. 104 lissophylla, Dzth, ii. 173 lucida, Zam. [Plate xxxvii.] 180 mabzeoides, Wight, 186 malaccensis, LL. 170
micrantha, Duth. 175 Moontana, Gardn. 187 Mooniana, Wzght, 187 Moontana, var. Thw. 185 Neesiana, Wight, 177 obtustfolia, Roxb. 180 oligantha, Duth. 178 olivifolia, Duth. 178 operculata, Roxb, 179 pedunculata, 772m. 187 phillyreeoides, 77272, 183 racenwosa, L.. 189 revoluta, Wight, 175 rivulorum, Zw. 184 Rottleriana, W. & A. 183 rotundata, Z7zm. 185 rotundifolia, Wight, 177 rufofulva, 7hw. 183 sclerophylla, Duth. 178 spicata, Laz. 171 subavenis, Dzzth. 172 sylvestris, Moon, 169 sylvestris, Wight, 175 terpnophylla, Zw. 181 uniflora, L. 188 Thwaitesii, Duth. 188 Wightiana, Wight, 172 Walldenoviz, Wight, 182 xanthocarpa, Zhw. 182 seylanica, Wight, 171 seylanica, Willd. 188 zeylanica, Roxb. 182 Eulophia dvacteosa, Lindl. iv. 178 explanata, Lindl. 178 graminea, Lizd/. 176 grandiflora, Lindl. 178 herbacea, Lindl. 178 macrostachya, Zzzd/. 176 nuda, Lzzdl. 177 sanguinea, AR. f. 177 Sp. Trim. 176 virens, Br. 175 Eunonymus dichotomus, Thw. 1. 267 revolutus, Wight, 267 Thwaitesii, Laws. 267 Walkeri, Wight, 267 zeylanicus, Moon, 267 Etuodia, see Evodia, i. 214 Lupatorium zeylanicum, L. iii. 10
414 Index to Botanical Names.
Euphorbia antiquorum, Z. iv. 4 Atoto, Horst. 6 bifida, Thw. 6 Burmanniana, Gay, § Chamesyce, Thw. 8 cristata, eye, 6 adendroides, L. 9 jfimbriata, Heyne, 6 hirta, Z. 7 hypericifolia, Z. 7 leta, Heyne, 9 maritinia, Moon, 6 microphylla, Li. 5 nertifolia, L. 5 oveophila, Miq. 8 parviflora, Li. 7 pululifera, Li. 7 Rothiana, sf. 8 rosea, (ezz. 6 Tirucalli, L. 5 thymifolia, Z. $ tortilis, otto. 5 EUPHORBIACEA, iv. I Euphoria Gardner, Thw. i. 309 Longana, Lam. 309 Eupyrena glabra, W. and A. ii. 338 Eurya acuminata, DC. i, 110 chinensis, 47. 109 elliptica, Gardn. 109 japonica, Zhunb. 109 lasiopetala, Gardn. 108 parvifolia, Gardn. 109 membranacea, Gardn. 110 zeylanica, Wight, 109 Euxolus caudatus, Moq. ili, 397 polygonoides, Thw. 397 Evia amara, Comm. i. 327 Evodia Roxburghiana, Gerth. i. 214 triphylla, Thw. 214 Evolvulus alsinoides, Z. iii. 227 capitatus, Moon, 228 hirsutus, Lam. 227 Exacum axillare, 7. ii. 180 carinatum, Roxb. 182 connatum, Moon, 185 diffusum, Willd. 184 heteroclitum, Willd. 184 macranthum, A7vz. 131 ovale, Griseb, 182 pedunculatum, Z. 182
Exacum Ze¢zolare, Griseb. iii. 182 sessile, Z. 183 Walkeri, Arz. 180, 181 zeylanicum, Roxb. 181 Exceecaria Agallocha, Z. iv. 77 Camettia, Willd. 77 cochinchinensis, Muell. 77 crenulata, Wight, 77 insignis, Bedd, 76 oppositifolia, Thw. 77 sebifera, Muell. 1 Fagara Lunu-ankenda, Gaertn. 1. 214 triphylla, Roxb. 214 Fagreea coromandeliana, Wight, ii. 171 Gardnert, Thw. 171 malabarica, Wight, 171 obovata, Wall. 171 zeylanica, Zh22b. 170 Falconeria insignis, Royle, iv. 76 malabarica, Wight, 76 Farmeria, Will. v. 386 Fergusonia Zhwazteszz, Hk. f. li. 302 zeylanica, L/h. f. 302 Feronia elephantum, Covv. i. 228 Festuca fusca, L. v. 300 FICOIDEA, il. 267 Ficus altissima, G7. iv. 87 angustifolia, Koxb. 89 Arnottiana, AZ/zg. 90 asperrima, ox. 94 benghalensis, Z. 86 Benjamina, Willd. 89 callosa, Willd. 93 caudiculata, 7727. 88 ceylanica, Miq. 95 ctnerascens, Thw. 93 cotoneefolza, Vahl, $6 demonun, Koen. 94. disticha, Thw. 95 diverstformes, Mig. 95 gibbosa, Bl. 85 glomerata, Roxb. 96 heterophylla, Z. 7. 93 hispida, Z. f. 94 zmdica, Moon, 91 infectoria, Roxb. 92 Lacox, Ham. 92 levis, BZ. 95 Mooniana, A772, 91 mysorensis, Heyze, 86
Index to Botanical Names. Al5
Ficus nervosa, Heyne, iv. 89 nitida, 7hzmnzb. 89 oppositifolia, Willd. 94 parasitica, Ken. 85 politortia, Moon, 94 religiosa, L. 90 retusa, Z. 89 stipulata, Moon, 95 Thwaitesii, JZzg. 95 tomentosa, Aoxb. 87 Trimeni, Azzg, 88 Tsiela, Roxb. 92 Tsjakela, Burm. 91 tuberculata, Roxb. 85 Wightiana, King, 93
Filicium decipiens, Zw. i. 240
Finmbristylis abbreviata, Boeck. v. 64.
Actinoschenus, Clarke, 82 acuminata, Vahl, 48 estivalis, Vahl, 51 @stivalis, var. Trim. 52 argentea, Vah/, 52 Arnotti, Thw. 45 asperrima, Boeck. 58 asperrima, Boeck. 65 barbata, Benth. 66 bispicata, Nees, 50 chetorhiza, Kunth, 64 chetorhiza, Thw. 58 complanata, Lzzk, 63 complanata, Var. Clarke, 63 compressa, Boeck. 55 connectens, Thw. 63 cyperordes, Br. 61 dichotoma, Vahl, 50 diphylla, Vahl, 53 dipsacea, Benth. 65 ferruginea, Vahl, 53 fulvescens, Ziw. 62 fusca, Trim. 62 globulosa, Awzth, 57 gracilis, Trim. 66 Griffithtana, Steud. 51, 52 Grifithiz, Boeck. 51 insignis, Zw. 57 junciformis, Kunth, 64. Kraussiana, Hochst. 63 latifolia, Kunth, 65 leptoclada, Benth. 58 miliacea, Vahl, 56
Fimbristylis monostachya, Hassk. v. 59 monticola, Szezd. 60 nigrobrunnea, Zw. 62 nutans, Vahl, 48 ovalis, Nees, 54 pallescens, Nees, 50 pentaptera, Awzth, 60 polytrichoides, Vah/, 49 quinquangularis, Kunth, 55 retusa, Thw. 58 rigidula, Thw. 54 salbundia, Thw. 60 schoenoides, Vahl, 49 spathacea, Roth, 54 tenuzfolia, Thw. 60 tetragona, Br. 48 Thwaitestz, Boeck. 57 trichotdes, Miq. 51 trijida, Trim. 67 Trimeni, Zz. f. 51 tristachya, Zw. 59 torta, Kunth, 65 Wiughtiana, Nees, 54
Firmiana colorata, Br. i. 166
Fissilia psittacorum, Lam. i. 257
Flacourtia Cataphracta, Roxb. 1. 73 inerms, Roxb. 73 Jangomas, Miq. 73 nivea, Moon, iv. 33 Ramontchi, Sher. 1. 73 sepiaria, Roxb. 73
Flagellaria indica, Z. iv. 317
FLAGELLARIACEA, iv. 316
Flemingia z/ora, Moon, ii. 83 congesta, Roxb. 87 lineata, Roxb. 87 polysperma, Moon, 41 semtalata, Roxb. 87 strobilifera, Br. 86 viscosa, Moon, 85 Wightiana, Grah. 88
Fleurya interrupta, Gaud. iv. 104
Floscopa panzculata, Roxb. iv. 316
' scandens, Zour. 316
Flueggea leucopyrus, W2//d. iv. 33 mucrocarpa, Bl. 33
Foullioya racemosa, iv. 341
Fragaria elatior, Wight, ii. 138 nilgerrensis, Schl. 138 vesca, L. 138
416 Lidex to Botanical Names.
Freycinetia angustifolia, Thw. iv. 341 pycnophylla, Solms, 341 Walkeri, Sol/ms, 342
Fuirena ci/zaris, Nees, v. 79 glomerata, Lam. 79 pentagona, Nees, 80 umbellata, Rottb. 80 uncinata, Kunth, 79 uncinata, Thw. 80
Gaertnera divarécata, Thw. ili. 177 Keenigii, Wight, 177 racemosa, Roxb. i. 193 rosea, 7Z/iw. lil. 177 ternifolia, Zw. [Plate Ixiv.] 178 thyrsiflora, Gaertn. 177 Walkeri, Wight, 178 Walkert, Benth. 178
Galactia tenuiflora, W. & A. ii. 65
Galega maxima, L. ii. 32 purpurea, VL. 31 tinctoria, L. 31 villosa, L. 33
Galeola javanica, Benth. iv. 223
Galinsoga parviflora, Cav. i. 42
Galium asperifolium, Wail. ii. 373 Mollugo, L. 373
Garcinia Cambogia, Desv. i. 95 echinocarpa, Zw. 96 Gutta, L. 96 Morella, Desv. 96 ovalifolia, Hk. f. 98 Papella, Wight, 95 quesita, Pierre, 95 spicata, Hk. f. 98 terpnophylla, Zw. 97 Thwattesiz, Pierre, 98 seylanica, Roxb. 95, 96
Gardenia carznata, Thw. ii. 333 coronaria, Ham. 333 dumetorunt, Roxb. 330 Jragrans, Moon, 331 heteroclita, Koen. iii. 171 latifolia, Azz. li. 332 turgida, Roxb. 333 uliginosa, Retz. 330
Garnotia courtallensis, Zi. v. 257 Fergusonii, 772772. 255 fuscata, Zhw. 255 micrantha, Zhw. 256 panicoides, 772. 257
Garnotia patula, Thw. v. 255 scoparia, Thw. 254 stricta, Thw. 254 tectorum, /72. f. [Plate xcix.] 254 Thwaitesii, Stapf, 254 Garuga brunnea, March. i. 238 Gastrodia javanica, Lzzd/. iv. 221 Gaultheria fragrantissima, Wall. iii. 62 Leschenaultit, Wight, 62 Gessaspis cristata, W. & A. ii. 35 Gelonium angustifolium, Muell. iv. 73 lanceolatum, W2d/d. 73 Gendarussa vulgaris, Wight, ili. 335 Geniosporum elongatum, Genzh. iii. 368 gracile, Benth. 368 prostratum, Benth. 368 Gentiana quadrifaria, AZ. iii. 186 pedicellata, Wall. 186 seylanica, Griseb. 186 GENTIANACEA, ili. 179 Geodorum dilatatum, 47. iv. 178 fucatum, Lindl. 179 purpureum, Br. 179 Geophila reniformis, D. Doz, 363 GERANIACEA, 1, 195 Geranium afine, W. & A. i. 195 nepalense, Sweet, v. 195 Gerardia delphinifolia, L. iii. 257 GESNERACEA, ili. 271 Ginalloa spathulifolia, O/zv. iti. 47 Girardinia heterophylla, Deze. iv. 106 Leschenaultiana, Decne. 106 palmata, Gaud. 106 seylanica, Dene. 106 Gironniera parvifolia, Planch. iv. 83 reticulata, Zw. 83 subzequalis, Planch. 83 Gisekia pharnaceoides, Z. i. 273 Givotia rottlerzeformis, Grzf. iv. 50 Gleniea zeylanica, Hk. f. [Plate xxv.] 1. 305 Glinus dictamnoides, L. i. 270 lotocdes, Burm. 270 Globba bulbifera, Roxd. iv. 240 marantina, Wight, 240 marantinoides, Trim. 240 Glochidion brachylobum,. A/ze//. iv. 29 coriaceum, Zhw. 30 corzaceum, Thw. 29 Gardneri, Zw. 31
Lndex to Botanical Names. 417
{Glochidion /usszeuanum, Thw. iv. 30
leptogynum, Bedd. 31
littorale, Bl. 29
montanum, Zhw. 31
Moonu, 7iw. 32
nemorale, Zhw. 31
pycnocarpum, 4edd. 29
rigidum, JZxell. 30
symplocozdes, Bedd. 31
Thwaitestz, Muell. 30
zeylanicum, A. /uss. 28 Gloriosa superba, Z. iv. 294 Glossocarya Liznez, Benth. iii. 362
scandens, 77im. [Plate Ixxili.] 362 Glossogyne pinnatifida, DC. il. 41
Glossostigma spathulatum, Axn. i. 255
Glycicarpus racemosa, Dalz. i. 325 “Glycine javanica, Z. ll. 59 labialis, L.f. 60 mollis, W. & A. 60 monophylla, Burm. 40 parviflora, Lam. 60 tenuzflora, Willd. 65 villosa, Moon, 77 visceda, Willd. 41 “Glycosmis arborea, DC. i. 217 bilocularis, 7hw. 218 pentaphylla, Corr. 217 triphylla, Wight, 217
-Glyptopetalum zeylanicum, Zw. i. 268
“Gmelina arborea, Roxd. ili. 355 asiatica, Z. 355 Rheedez, Hk. 355
‘Gnaphalium adnatum, Thw. iil. 28, 29
brevifolium, Thw. 31 fookertanum, Thw. 32 indicum, L. 32 indicum, Thw. 30 marcescens, Wight, 31 multicaule, \Nilld. 32 oblongum, Thw. 30 Wightianum, Thw. 30 Gnidia ertocephala, Gardn. iii. 459 znsulares, Gardn. 459 Goldfussia Myrtinia, Nees, iii. 305 ‘Gomphandra axillaris, Wall. i. 261 coriacea, Wight, 261 polymorpha, Miers, 261 ‘Gomphia angustifolia, Vahl, i. 235 zeylanica, DC. 235
PART V.
Gomphocarpus volubtlis, Moon, iii. 150 Goniothalamus Gardneri, ZA. 7. & Th Hookeri, 7iw. 30 [i. 30 reticulatus, Ziw. 31 salicinus, Hk. f. & Th. 31 Thomsoni, Zw. 31 Thwaitesii, Zk. f./ & Th. 29 Walkeri, Zk. 7, & Th. 30 GOODENOVIACEA, ili. 54 Goodyera fumata, Zw. iv. 214 procera, Hook. 214 Gordonia e//zptica, Gardn, 1. 111 speciosa, Chozs. 111 zeylanica, Wight, 110 Gossypium barbadense, L. i. 159 herbaceun, Li. 159 obtustfoliun, Roxb. 159 religiosum, L. 159 Gouania microcarpa, DC. i. 286 Goughia nilgherrensis, Wight, iv. 42 Gracilea nutans, Kez. v. 284 GRAMINEA, Vv. 113 Grangea maderaspatana, Pozr. ill. 14 Graptophyllum hortense, Nees, iii. 341 Gratiola cordifolia, Vahl, iii. 251 hyssopiozdes, L. 252 juncea, Roxb. 247 lobelioides, Retz. 247 luceda, Vahl, 250 Monniera, L. 246 rotundifolia, L. 252 tenutfolia, Vahl, 254 trifida, Willd. 245 veronicifolia, Retz. 253 Grayia elegans, Nees, v. 258 zeylanica, Arn. 258 Grevillea robusta, A. Cunn. iil. 457 Grewia asiatica, Z. i. 174 bracteata, Heyze, 175 columnaris, S7z. 174 diplocarpa, Zw. 175 helicterifolia, Thw. 177 hirsuta, Vahl, 176 microcos, LZ. 177 orbiculata, Rottb. 175 orientalis, Z. 176 polygama, Roxb. 177 populifolia, Vah/ [Plate xviii.] 178 rotundifolia, Thw. 174 tilizefoiia, Vahl, 175
-EE
418
Griffithia fragrans, W.& A. ii. 331 Gardneri, Thw. 331 rugulosa, Thw. 331 spectosa, Bedd. 331 Grislea tomentosa, Willd. ii. 226 Grumilea affinis, Thw. ii. 359 elongata, Wight, 359 Gardnert, Thw. 358 Mooniz, Thw. 360 nigra, Gaertn. 358 nudtfiora, Thw. 358 stenophylia, Thw. 357 Weghtiana, Hk. f. 358 Guatteria coffeoides, Thw. i. 24 Korint?, Dun, 25 longifolia, Thw. 24 montana, Moon, 34 persicifolia, Hk. f. & Th. 26 suberosa, Dun, 25 Guazuna tonentosa, Kunth, i. 171 Guettarda speciosa, ZL. ii. 338 Gutlandina Bondiuc, L. ii. 98 Bonducella, Flem. 99 GUTTIFERZ, i. 94 Gymnema Decaisneanune, Wight, iti. 153 hirsutum, W.& A. 153 lactiferum, 57. 154 pergularioides, W. & Gardn. 154 rotundatum, Zz. 153 sylvestre, 57. 153 zeylanicum, Dene. 154 Gymnopetalum ¢zb2/lorum, Cogn. ii. 247 Wightii, Avz. [Plate xliii.] 246 Gymnopogon rigtdus, Thw. v. 281 Gymnosporia emarginata, Ak. f..i. 273 fruticosa, Hz. 7. 273 Gymnostachyum hirsutum, 7. Anders. ill. 330 paniculatum, Z: Azders. 329 sanguinolentum, 7. Azders. 330 Thwaitesii, 7. Anders. 329 zeylanicum, Avz. & Nees, 328 Gynandropsis pentaphylla, DC. i. 157 spectosa, DC. 58 Gynoon hirsutum, Wight, iv. 32 Jussieutanum, Wight, 30 rigidum, A. Juss, 30 Thwaitesiz, Muell. 30 triandrum, Wight, 30 Gynostemma laxa, Cogz. ii. 260
Index to Botanical Names.
Gynostemma Zedata, Trim. [Plate xlv.] Gynura azgulosa, DC. ili. 44 [ii. 260
auriculata, Cass, 45
hispida, 7hw. 45
lycopersicifolia, DC. 43
nepalensis, Thw. 44
Pseudo-china, 44, 45
Walkerz, Wight, 47
zeylanica, 772m. [Plate lviii.] 44 Gyrinops Walla, Gaertn. iii. 460 Gyrocarpus americanus, Jacq. il. 165.
astaticus, Willd. 165
Jacquini, Roxb. 165
Haasia oppositifolia, Meissn. ili. 440: Habenaria acuminata, 7777. iv. 227° aristata, 7272. 233 barbata, Wight, 226 breviloba, 7727. 232 constricta, Hk. f. 234 crinifera, Lzzdl. 229 cubitalis, Br. 235 dichopetala, Ziw. 228 dolichostachya, Ziw. 228 Gardneri, Hk. f. 234 goodyeroides, Don, 232 goodyeroides, Herb. Perad. 233. latifolza, Lindl. 229 Lindleyana, Steud. 229 macrostachya, Lzzad/. 227 plantaginea, Lzzzdl. 229 pterocarpa, Ziw. 230 rhynchocarpa, 77272. 230 stenopetala, Lindl. 230 Trimeni, Zk. f. 233 spiralis, Trim. 234 torta, Hk. f. 234. viridiflora, 47. 231 Wightii, 77272. 232 H4&MODORACEA, iv. 266 fHalicacabum peregrinum, Antiq. i. 299: Halophila Beccarii, Asch. iv. 129 ovalts, Ak. f. iv. 128 ovata, Gaud. 128 stipulacea, Asch. 129 Halopyrum mucronatum, S/apf, v. 299: HALORAGEA, il. 147 fTaloragts oligantha, Arn. ii. 147 oligantha, Wight, 149 Harpalosia Leflingiea, Wall. i. 87
Index to Botanical Names. AI9Q
Harpullia cupanioides, Roxb. i. 311 imbricata, Zw. 311 Hebradendron cambogioides, Grah. i. 96 fledera acuminata, Wight, ii. 282 emarginata, Moon, 284 exaltata, Thw. 284 obovata, Wight, 283 racenwosa, Wight, 283 terebinthacea, Vahl, 283 Vahl, Thw. 283 Hedychium azgustzfolzum, Wall. iv. 246 coccineum, Ha7z. 246 coronarium, Aw. 245 flavescens, Carey, 245 flavum, Roxb. 245 squarrosum, Ham. 246 Hedyotis Auricularia, Z. ii. 313 Burmaniniana, Br. 314, 315 cerulea, W. & A. 312 cinereo-viridis, Zw. 308 coprosmoides, 77272. 306 cyanescens, Ziw. 313 cymosa, Zhw. 305 evenia, Zhw. 304 fruticosa, Z. 304 Gardneri, 7hw. 310 glabella, Bedd. 312 herbacea, L. 315 fleynti, Br. 315 inameena, Zhw. 313 Lawsoniz, W. & A. 310 Lessertiana, Avz. [Plate xlix.] 309 Macrzei, Hk. 7. 305 macrophylla, Thw..307 maritima, Moon, 316 membranacea, Thw. 306 monosperma, W. & A. 319 Weesiana, Arn. 312 nitida, W. & A. 312 nodulosa, Av. 301, 307 nummularea, Arn. li. 318 nummulareformes, Arn. 319 obscura, Zw. 305 obscura, 3, Thw. 306 plantaginifolia, Arn. 311 quadrilocularis, Thw. 318 quinquenervia, Zw. 310 racemosa, Lam. 317 rhinophylla, Ziw. 308 Richardiana, Hk. f. 319
Hedyotis Thwaitesii, 2. 7. ii. 307
Thwazteszz, Hance, 307 trinervia, R. & S. 316 umbellata, Lam. 316 verticillaris, W. GA. 311 Watkeri, Arn. 307
Fedysarune biarticulatum, L. ii. 48
conjugatunt, Willd. 35 diphyllum, Li. 35 gangeticum, 1. 53 eyrans, L. f. 56 hamatum, L. 36 heterocarpum, L. 53 heterophyllum, Willd. 55 montliferum, L. il. 43 mucronatum, Bl. 52 nummularefolium, L. 21, 44 pulchellum, L. 48 sennoides, Willd. 39 strobiliferum, L. 86 triguetrum, Li. 49 trtflorum, L. 54 umbellatunr, Li. 47 vaginale, L. 44 wescidumt, La. 41
fleleochares multicaulis, Trim. v. 71 Helichrysum dracteatum, Willd. iii. 38
buddleoides, DC. 32 fookertanum, W. & A. 32
Helicia zeylanica, Gardn. [Plate lxxix.] Helicteres Isora, Z. i. 168 [ili. 457 Heligme sptralis, Thw. iii. 134
Rheediz, Wight, 134
Heliophytum indicum, DC. iii. 200 Heliotropium, dracteatum, Br. iii. 200
curassavicum, (38, Burm. 199 indicum, Z. 200
lintfoli2m, Lehm. 200 marifolium, Retz. 200 paniculatum, 57. 200 scabrum, /eefz. 200 supinum, Z. 199 zeylanicum, Lam. 199 seylanicun, Wall. 200
Helminthospermum scabridum, Thw.
iv. 83
Helosciadium Heyneanum, DC. ii. 279 Hemarthria compressa, Kunth, v. 206 Hemicyclia Gardneri, Zw. [Plate
Ixxxui.] iv. 37
420
Hemicyclia lanceolata, 7hw. iv. 37 scpiaria, W, & A. 36
Hemidesmus indicus, B”, ili. 144
Hemigraphis flava, Kurz, iii. 297
Hemigyrosa canescens, 7/w, i. 301 deficiens, Bedd. 302 trichocarpa, Thw. 301
Heptapleurum emarginatum, See.
[Plate xlvi.] ii. 284 exaltatum, Seem. 284 racemosum, Ledd. 283 stellatum, Gaertn, 283 Wallichtanum, Seem. 284
Heracleum zepalense, Don, ii. 280 rigens, Wall. 281 Sprengelianum, Thw. 280 zeylanicum, Gardn. 280
Heritiera Allughas, Retz. iv. 247 littoralis, Dryand. i. 167
Herminium plantagineum, Lindl. iv.232
Hernandia peltata, AZezssx. iii. 456 Sonora, 1s. 456
Herpestis floribunda, Br. ili. 246 Monnieria, H. B. K. 246
Fesperethusa acidissima, Roem. 1. 223
Heteeria elongata, Zizd/. iv. 210 Gardneri, Benth. 209
Heteropogon Allioniz, R. & S. v. 238 concimmus, Thw. 237 hirtus, Pers. 238 insignis, Thw. 239
Heterostemma tanjorense, W. & A. iii.
Hevea brasiliensis, Muell. iv. 1 [163
Hewittia bicolor, W. & A. ili. 226
Heylandia hebecarpa, DC. ii. 8 latebrosa, DC. ii. §
Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Z. i. 156 angulosus, JZasz. [Plate xvii.] 156 cannabinus, L. 154 collinus, Roxb. 152 ertocarpus, DC. 152 ficulneus, Z. 155
furcatus, Aoxd. 152 Lampas, Cav. 158 lunariifolius, W27/d. 153 micranthus, Z. 7, 153 pandureeformis, Bz77. 154 popuilneus, L. 158 rigidus, L. f. 153 Sabdarifja, L. 154.
Index to Botanical Names.
Hibiscus Solandra, Z’ eri. i. 155 surattensis, Z. 152 tiliaceus, LZ. 157 vitifolius, Z. 154 seylanicus, L. 149 Hippocratea Arnottiana, Wzght, i. 275 indica, Wild. 276 obtusifolia, Roxb. 275 viridiflora, Moon, 275 Hiptage Madablota, Gaertz. 1. 193 parvifolia, W. & A. 193 Holarrhena mitis, 47. ili. 131 FLolboellia ornithocephala, Wall. v. 189 Flolcus halepensis, L. v. 231 HHolopeiva villosa, Miers, 1. 44 Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch. iv. 80 Holostemma Rheedei, Va//. ii. 150 Homalium zeylanicum, Genzzth. ii. 239 Homonoia riparia, Lowr. iv. 72 Hopea cordifolia, 77272. i. 126 discolor, Zw. 125 jucunda, Zhw. 125 malabarica, Bedd. 125 racophlea, Dyer, 125 Hoppea fastigiata, Clarke, iil. 183 Horsfieldia odorata, Willd. iii. 435 Hortonia acuminata, Wight, ili. 436 acuminata, A. DC. 437 angustifolia, Z7zmz. [Plate Ixxxviii.] floribunda, Wzght, 436 [437 floribunda, var. Thw. 437 ovalifolia, Wight, 437 Hottonia indica, L. iil. 245 Hoya alextaca, Moon, iii. 151 hirsuta, Moon, 158 ovalifolia, W. & A. 162 pauciflora, Wzght, 162 viridifiora, Br. 161 Wighttana, Thw. 162 Hugonia ferruginea, WV. & A. i. 190 Mystax, Z. 189 villosa, Moon, 190 Humboldtia laurifolia, Vahd, i. 115 Huntera corymbosa, Aoxé. ili. 128 Roxburghiana, Wight, 128 zeylanica, Gardn. 128 Hyalisma janthina, Champ. iv. 369 Hydnocarpus alpina, Wzghi, i. 76 znebrians, Vahl, 75 octandra, Zz. 76
Index to Botanical Names.
Hydrilla venenata, Gaertn. 75 ovalifolia, Rich. iv. 123 verticillata, Casp. 123 Wightiz, Planch. 123
Aydrobryum olivaceum, Tul. iii. 418
Hydrocera angustifolia, 4/7. i. 212 triflora, W. & A. 212
HYDROCHARIDEA, Iv. 122
Hydrocotyle asiatica, Z. ii. 276 capitata, Moon, 275 nepalensis, Hook. 275 nittdula, Hook. 275 javanica, Thumb. 275 polycephala, W. & A. 275 rotundifolia, Roxb. 275 zeylanica, DC. 275
Hydrolea zeylanica, Vahi, iii. 191
Hydrophylax maritima, Z. f. iil. 370
HYDROPHYLLACEA, iil. 191 [245
Hydropityon zeylanicum, Gaertn. f. ii.
Hygrophila quadrivalvis, /Vees, ili. 293 salicifolia, (ees, 293 spinosa, 7. Anders. 293
Hymenocallis tenuiflora, Herb. iv. 273
HYPERICACEA, i. 93
Hypericum aurztum, Moon, i. 93 campestre, Moon, 93 humtfusum, L. 94 japonicum, 72726. 93 mysorense, Heyie, 93
Hypelyptum ceylanicum, Nees, v. 81
Hypolytrum costatum, Thw. v. 92 giganteun, Wall. 89 latifolium, Rzch. 89 longirostre, Zw. 90 turgidum, Clarke, 90
Hypoporum capitatum, Nees, v. 94
HAypoxis aurea, L. iv. 268 brachystachya, Wight, 269 latifolia, Wight, 269 trichocarpa, Wight, 269
Hypserpa cuspidata, Miers, i. 42 paucifiora, Miers, 43 uniflora, Miers, 43
Hyptianthera macrocarpa, Thw. ii. 334
Hyrianandra hirta, Thw. iv. 117 triandra, Miq. 117 Walkeriana, Thw. 116
Ichnanthus pallens, AfZuzro0, v. 161
A421
Ichnocarpus frutescens, 477. ili. 142 paniculata, Moon, 141
Ilex denticulata, Wall. i. 265 Aquifolium, L. 265 Walkeri, Wight & Gardn. 264 Wightiana, Wall, 265
ILICINEA, i. 264
Lllecebrum javanicunt, Ait. iil. 402 lanatunz, L. 402 sessile, L. 405
Lllipe fulva, Engl. iii. 81 neritfolia, Eng. iii. 80
Ilysanthes hyssopioides, Gez7¢h. ili. 252 rotundifolia, Benth. 252
Impatiens acaulis, dvz. i. 201 albida, Wight, 207 appendiculata, dv. 209 Arnottii, Zw. 211 Balsamina, Z. 203 biglandulosa, Moon, 208 bipartita, Arn. 203 brevicornu, Arn. 205 bulbosa, Moon, 201 cornigera, Avz. 210 cornisera, Hook. 203 cornuta, L. 203 cuspidata, W. & A. 202, 206 elongata, Avz. 210 fasciculata, Lam. 201 flaccida, A7vz. 206 gtbbosa, Arn. 205 glandulifera, Ar. 203 grandis, Heyne, 208 Henslowiana, A477. 207 Hookeriana, Av7z. 208 janthina, Zw. 207 latifolia, L. 202, 203, 207 latifolia, Moon, 206 leptopoda, 477. 205 Leschenaultiz, Wall. 206 leucantha, Zw. 209 linearis, Av. 209 macrophylla, Gard. 204 oppositifolia, Z. 202 platypetala-alba, Koen. 207 repens, J/o07, 205 rosmarintfolia, Retz. 202 serrata, Moon, 202 subcordata, Avz. 208 tenella, Heyne, 202
422 Index to Botanical Names.
Impatiens zrzflora, L. i. 211 truncata, Zw. 206 Walkeri, Hook, 211
Imperata arundinacea, Cyrz//. vy. 200
Indigofera Azz/. L. ii. 27 aspalathoides, Vahl, 23 constricta, 7727. 27 echinata, W2l/d. 21 enneaphylla, Z. 22 flaccida, Keen. 25 flaccida, 3, Thw. 27 galegoides, DC. 28 glabra, ZL. 23 hirsuta, Z. 26 tnamena, Thw. 27 linifolia, Retz. 22 parviflora, Heyne, 26 paucifolia, De/. 25 pentaphylla, LL. 23 subulata, Pozr. 25 tenuifolia, Rotth. 24 tinctoria, Z. 26 trifoliata, Z. 24 tritasw/ew/e25 vestita, Baker, 25 viscosa, Lam. 24 Wightii, Grah. 27
Inula indica, L. ii. 33
TIonidium ramosissimum, Zw. 1. 68 suffruticosum, Gzzg. 67
Iphigenia indica, A. Gray, iv. 293
Ipomea anceps, R. & S. iii. 223 angustifolia, Jacg. 217 aquatica, Forsk. 221 Batatas, Lam. 212 Beladamboe, R. & S. 222 biloba, Forsk. 224 Bona-nox, Z. 213 bracteata, Wzeht, 216 cerulea, Bello, 212 campanulata, Z. 221 campanulata, Moon, 206 chryseides, Ker, 219 cissoides, Griseb. 212 coccinea, Li. 215 coptica, Roth, 213 cymosa, 2. & S. 219 dasysperma, /acg. 225 denticulata, Chozs. 223 digitata, Z. 212
Ipomeea dissecta, Wild. iii. 213
eriocarpa, Br. 217
Glenzez, Thw. 221
grandiflora, Law. 214
hederacea, Jacg. 212
hepaticifolia, L. 217
jucunda, Zw. [Plate lxvi.] 214
kentrocaulos, Clarke, 224
Learit, Paxt. 213
littoralis, Thw. 223
muricata, Jacq. 214
obscura, Aer, 220
palmata, Forsk. 225
pendula, Br. 225
Pes-tigridis, Z. 216
pileata, Roxb. 215
pulchella, Wight, 225
Quamoclit, L. 215
racemosa, Wight, 219
reniformis, Chozs. 218
repens, Lazz. 222
veptans, Poir. 221
rugosa, Chois. 222
sepiaria, Kaz. 220
sesstliftora, Roth, 217
stdefolia, Chois. 220
speciosa, Sweet, 207
splendens, Sz7zs, 207
staphylina, &. G S. 219
tridentata, Roth, 218
tyzdentata (3, Thw. 217
tuberculata, Ker, 225
tuberosa, L. 224
Turpethum, 4r. 222
uniflora, 2. & S. 215
vitifolia, Sweet, 224
Wightii, Chozs. 216
zeylanica, Gaertn. 207 Ipsea speciosa, Lzzzdl. iv. 171 Isanthera florzbunda, Gardn. ili. 280
permollis, Ves, 280 Lsauxis Roxburghiana, Thw. i. 128 Isachne australis, By. v. 128
australis, var. Thw. 127
elatior, Hk. f. 127
Gardneri, Benth. 130
Kunthiana, W. & A. 127
Meneritana, Poir. 128
miliacea, Roth, 128
minutula, Kunth, 129
Index to Botanical Names. 423
Isachne multiflora, 7772. v. 127 nilagivica, Trim. 129 perpusilla, Wight, 270 pulchella, Roth, 258 simpliciuscula, W. & A. 269 Walkeri, W. & A. 129
Aschzeemum aristatum, Z. v. 211 barbatum, Retz. 211 ciliare, Retz. 216 commutatum, Hack. 214 compugatum, Roxb. 213 falcatum, Thw. 221 hirtum, Hack. 217 laxum, 4r. 219 muticum, Z. 215 nervosum, Thw. 219 pectinatum, Trin. 220 pilosum, Nees, 217 rivale, Hack. 217 rugosum, Sa/zsb. 212 semisagittatum, Roxb. 213 Semisagittatum, Thw. 214 timorense, Kunth, 218 zeylanicum, Hack. 221
‘Aseilema laxum, Hack. v. 251 prostratum, Anderss. 251
Asolepis articulata, Nees, v. 75 barbata, Br. 66 dipsacea, R. & S. 63 Jiuitans, Br. 73 gracilis, Nees, 66 pulchella, Thw. 67 squarrosa, R. & S. 74 supina, Br. 74 trofida, Nees, 67
Asonandra canaliculata, Thw. iii. 84 Candolleana, Wight, 77 grandis, Thw. 82 levifolia, Thw. 84 lanceolata, Wight, 77 lanceolata, Thw. 84 paucifiora, Thw. 85 Perrottetiana, Wight, 77 rubrginosa, Thw. 83 Wightiana, A. DC. 77
Lsotoma longifiora, Presl. iii. 58
Ixora acuminata, Thw. ii. 347 alba, L. 348 calycina, Zw. 347 coccinea, LZ. 348
Ixora grandifiora, Ker, it. 348 jucunda, 7zw. [Plate lii.] 348 parviflora, Vahl, 348 Thwaitesii, Hk. 7. 347
JSambolifera pedunculata, L. i. 216 pedunculata, Gaertn. ii. 180
Sambosa aguea, DC. ii. 169 cylindrica, Thw. 171
Jasminum affine, Wight, ili. 115 angustifolium, Vah/, 114 arborescens, Roxb. 114 auriculatum, Vah/, 115 azoruum, 1. 115 Burmannianum, Blume, 115 flexile, Vahl, 115 glabriusculum, 57. 114 humile, Z. 115 laurifolium, Roxb. 114 ovalifolium, \Night, 115 pubescens, Willd. 113 revolutum, Wight, 115 rigidum, Thw. 113 rigidum, Zenk. 114 Ritchiez, Clarke, 114 Rottlerianum, Clarke, 113 Sambac, Ait. 113 sessiliflorum, Vahl, 114 Wallichianum, Link, 115
Jatropha Curcas, L. iv. 46 glandulifera, Roxb. 45 glauca, Thw. 45 gossyprfolia, Li. 46 moluccana, Willd. 46
Jonesia Asoka, Rox. ii. 114 pinnata, Willd. 114
Josephia lanceolata, Wight, iv. 182 latifolia, Wight, 182
Julostylis angustifolia, Zw. i. 150
JUNCACEA, iv. 318
Juncellus alopecuroides, v. 38 pygmaeus, Clarke, 18
Juncus effusus, Z. iv. 318 glaucus, Thw. 318 Leschenaultiz, J. Gay, 319 prismatocarpus, Sr. 319
Jussizea angustifolia, Lam. ii. 233 erecta, L. 233 parviflora, Moon, 234 repens, LZ. 233 suffruticosa, Z. 233
424
Jussizea vzl/osa, Lam. il. 233
Justicia acaulis, Roxb. ii. 289 Adhatoda, L. 338 Betonica, Z. 334 dichotoma, Bl. 340 diffusa, W2lld. 338 Ecbolium, L. 341 echiordes, L. 327 Gendarussa, Burm. f. 335 glabra, Ken. 336 Hookeriana, Arn. 336 montana, Roxb. 297 Moretiana, Vahl, 335 nasuta, L. 339 paniculata, Burm. f. 326 pectinata, L. 343 picta, Li. 341 procumbens, Z. 337 repens, Li. 343 Royeniana, Clarke, 337 sanguinolenta, Vahl, 330 tranquebarensis, L. f, 335 viscosa, Moon, 301 zeylanica, 7. Anders. 334
Kadsura Wightiana, 477. i. 16 Keempferia Galanga, L. iv. 244 pandurata, Roxb. 243 rotunda, LZ. 244 Kalanchoe floribunda, Wi”. & A. ii. 144 laciniata, DC. 144 Kandelia Rheedet, W.& A. ii. 153 Kanilia caryophylloides, Bl. it. 154. Kayea cuspidata, Pl. & Trian. i. 104 stylosa, Zhw. 104 Kendrickia Walkeri, A. f. ii. 200 Kirganelia multiflora, Baill. iv. 19 Kleinhovia Hospita, L, i. 167 Klugia glabra, Gardn. iii. 278 Notoniana, 4. DC. 277 Notoniana, Hook. 278 zeylanica, Gardn. 278 Knoxia corymbosa, Thw. ii. 340 corymbosa, W2d/d. 340 hirsuta, Arn. 342 mollis, W. & A. 340 platycarpa, Av. [Plate li.] 341 stricta, Gaertn. 340, 341 zeylanica, Z. 341 Koon, Gaertn. 1. 304
Index to Botanical Names.
Kokoona zeylanica, Zw. i. 270 Kunckelia reticulata, Heim, v. 383. Kurrimia zeylanica, Av. 1. 274 Kydia angustifolia, Arn. i. 150 axillaris, Thw. 150 Kyllinga brevifolia, Roztd. v. 45 cylindrica, JVees, 44 intermedia, Br. 45 melanosperma, /Vees, 45 monocephala, (ottb. 44 panicea, Rottb. 41 triceps, Lam. 81 triceps, Rottb. 45
LABIATA, iii. 364 Lablab vulgaris, Savi, ii. 76 Lachnagrostis Hookeri, Nees, v. 265 Hookeriana, Nees, 265 Lactuca Heyneana, DC. iil. 52 Lagarosiphon Roxburghii, Bezzh. iv. 124. Lagascea mollis, Cav. iil. 34 Lagenandra insignis, 77272. iv. 350 Keenigii, Zw. 349 lancifolia, Zw. 348 ovata, Thw. 349 toxicaria, Dalz. 349 Thwaitesii, Z7g/. 348 Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. il. 247 Lagenophora Billardieri, Cass. [Plate lv.] iii. 16 Harveyi, Thw. 16 Lagerstroemia Flos-reginze, Re?z. il. 228: Laggera alata, Sch.-Bzp. ili. 23 aurita, Benth. 23, 24 Lagunea lobata, Willd. 1. 155 Langsdorffia indica, W. & A. iti. 476 Lantana aczleata, ili. 347 alba, Thw. 346 Camara, L. 347 indica, Roxb. 346 mixta, L. 346 trifolia, L. 346 Laportea crenulata, Gazd. iv. 105. evittata, Wedd. 105 terminalis, Wight, 105 Lappago biflora, Roxb. v. 187 Lasia aculeata, Lows. iv. 363 Hermannt, Schott, 363 heterophylla, Schott, 363 spinosa, Thw. 363
Index to Botanical Names.
Lasianthera apicalis, Zw. i. 260 Lasianthus (?) dzbzus, Wight, ii. 358 Gardneri, Zz. 7. 366 Moonii, Wight, 364 obliquus, Zhw. 367 oliganthus, Zw. 366 protractus, Thw. 365, 367 rhinophyllus, Zw. 365 strigosus, Thw. 365, 366 strigosus, Wight, 367 Thwaitesii, Zk. 7. 365 varians, Zhw. 368 Walkerianus, Wight, 365 Walkerianus, Thw. 367 Lasiosiphon eriocephalus, Deme. ili. 459 imsularts, Meissn. 459 Launeea pinnatifida, Cass. il. 52 LAURACEA,, iil. 437 Laurus Cassia, Li. il. 441, 442, 454 Cinnamomum, L. 440 Culilawan, Moon, 441 multifiora, Roxb. 441 Lavallea zeylanica, Baill. i. 257 Lavandula carnosa, L. f. iii. 376 Lavenia erecta, Willd. iii. 13 Lawia zeylanica, 77. il. 416 Lawsonia alba, Zam. ii. 228 tnermis, Li. 228 spinosa, L. 228 Lebidieropsis orbicularis, Muell. iv. 12 Lebretonia procumbens, Wall. i. 148 Lecanthus peduncularis, Wedd. iv. 108 Wightii, Wedd. 108 Ledebouria hyacinthina, Roth, iv. 293 Leea Ozzllis, DC. i. 297 sambucina, W2//d. 297 Staphylea, Roxb. 297 Leersia aristata, Nees, v. 185 ciliata, Roxb. 184 hexandra, Sw. 184 LEGUMINOSA, ii. 4 LEMNACE4, iv. 366 Lemna 7zzor, Moon, iv. 366 paucicostata, Hes. 366 polyrhiza, Z. 367 Lemmopsis minor, Zoll. iv. 129 LENTIBULARIACEZ, iii. 266 Leonotis nepeteefolia, Br. iti. 387 Lepidadenia ovalifolia, Wight, iii. 451 Lepidagathis fasciculata, Ves, iii. 332
425
Lepidagathis hyalina, /Vees, iil. 331 nervosa, Wight, 331 Walkeriana, ees, 332 zeylanica, /Vees, 331 Lepidosperma zeylanicum, Boeck. v- 86 Lepidostachys lanceolata, Tul. iv. 40 Lepironia mucronata, Azch. v. 88 seylanica, Mig. 91 Leptacanthus helicordes, T. Anders. iil. Watkerz, Nees, 315 [314 Leptadenia reticulata, W. & A. ili. 164. Leptaspis cochleata, 7Zzw. v. 191 urceolata, Br. 190 zeylanica, Nees, 190 Leptochloa chinensis, /Vees, v. 283 filiformis, Beauv. 283 polystachya, Benth. 282 Neestz, Benth. 282 uniflora, Hochst. 282 Leptostachya zeylanica, Nees, iii. 336 Lepturus repens, 47. v. 307 Lespedeza indica, Spreng. ii. 32 Lettsomia aggregata, oxé. iil. 209 elliptica, Wight, 209 hancornizefolia, Clarke, 210 setosa, Roxb. 210 Leucena glauca, Benth. ii. 122 Leucas angularis, Benth. ii. 385 biflora, 7. 386 indica, Moon, 385 longifolia, Benth. 386 marrubioides, Desf. 385 mollissima, Wall. 385 procumbens, Thw. 386 pubescens, Thw. 385 stelligera, Wall. 386 Walkerz, Benth. 387 zeylanica, Br. 387 Leucocodon reticulatum, Gardn. ii. 325 Ligustrum vobustum, Thw. iii. 119 Walkeri, Deze. 119 zeylanicum, Dene. 119 LILIACEA, iv. 281 Limacia cuspidata, Az. f. & Th. [Plate iv.] i. 42 Limnanthemum aurantiacum, Dalz. iii. biflorum, Thw. 190 [190 cristatum, G7zseb. 189 Forbesianum, Griseb. 190 indicum, 7/w. 188
426 Index to Botanical Names.
Limnanthemum JZoon27, Thw. iii. 189 parviflorum, Grzseb. 189 Wightianum, Griseb. 188
Limnochloa media, Nees, v. 70
Limnophila conferta, Berth. iii. 243 gratioloides, Br. 245 gratiolordes, var. Benth. 244 gratissima, 5/7. 243 heterophylla, Benth. 244 hirsuta, Benth. 244 laxa, Benth. 244 myriophyllordes, Roth, 245 punctata, Bl. 243 racemosa, Genth. 245 repens, Benth, 243 sessiliflora, Bl. 244 serrata, Thw. 243 [370
Limnophytum obtusifolium, dZg. iv.
Limodorum purpureum, Roxb. iv. 179 recurvum, Roxb. iv. 178 virens, Sw. 175, 179
Limonia aczdisstma, Auct. i. 223 actdtssima, lL. 228 alata, W. & A. 223 arborea, Roxb. 217 Cinnamomum, Moon, 223 citrifolia, Moon, 227 crenulata, Roxb. 223 Misstonis, Wall. 227 monophylla, L. 22'7 pentaphylla, Roxb. 217 pusilla, Gaertn. 71
LINACEA, i. 188
Linaria ramosissima, Wall. ii. 241
Lindenbergia urticefolia, Thw. iii. 241
Lindera lancifolia, 7hz726. iii. 454
Linociera albidiflora, Clarke, iii. 117 cotinifolia, Willd. 117 courtallensis, Bedd. 118 leprocarpa, Clarke, 117 purpurea, Vah/, 116
Linum mysorense, Heyne, i. 188
Liparis angustifolia, Thw. iv. 147 atropurpurea, Zzzd/. 146 atropurpurea, Wight, 144 barbata, Zznud/. 145 brachyglottis, Ach. f. 147 cespitosa, Ridl. 147 disticha, Zzzd/. 148 elliptica, Wight, 148
Liparis gregaria, Lindl. iv. 148 longipes, Zzzd/. 147 nervosa, Lindl. 145 obscura, Hk. f. 147 odorata, Lindl. 145 olivacea, Wight, 146 paradoxa, Rchb. f. 145 serreformis, Lindl. 186 Thwaitesii, AZ. f. 145 Trimeni, Azd/. 144 trastis, Lodd. 149 viridiflora, Zzzd/. 148 Walkeriz, Grah. 146 Wightiana, Zw. 143, 144
Lipocarpha argentea, Gr. v. 81 levigata, Nees, 81 triceps, /Vees, 81 sphacelata, Kunth, 81
Lippia nodiflora, Rzch. ili. 347
Lirtiodendrum liliifera, Moon, 1. 15
Litsea ambigua, Meissn. ili. 447 apetala, Roxb. 449 cauliflora, 77272. 450 chinensis, Lam. 449 fuscata, Zhw. 453 Gardneri, 7iw. 453 glaberrima, 7hw. 452 Hookeriana, V/ezssz. 451 iteodaphne, Zw. 452 longifolia, Hk. f. 450 nemoralis, Zw. 451 orbicularis, Thw. 447 ovalifolia, Zhw. 451 polyantha, Juss. 450 sebifera, Roxb. 449 tomentosa, Heyie, 449 undulata, Az. 7. 450 Wightiana, Wall. 453 zeylanica, ees, 441, 442, 454 seylanica, 3, Thw. 447
Lobelia affinis, Wad/. iii. 57 aromatica, Moon, 57 excelsa, Lesch. 58 hirta, Wight, 57 nicotianzefolia, Heyze, 57 Sebe, A. DC. 56 Taccada, Gaertn. 54 trichandra, Wight, 57 trigona, Roxb. 56 trigona, Thw. 57
Index to Botanical Names.
Lobelia zeylanica, Z. iil. 56 Lodoicea Seychellarum, Lab. 338 LOGANIACEA, ili. 169 Lontarus domestica, Gaertn. iv. 336 Lophatherum gracile, Brongn. v. 302 gracile, Thw. 303 zeylanicum, “2. 7. 304 Lopholepis ornithocephala, Deve. v. 189 LORANTHACEA, iii. 462 Loranthus amplexifolius, Wight, ii. 468 buddleoides, Desr. 465 capitellatus, W. & A. 479 cordifolius, Wall. 465 cuneatus, Hzyze, 466 ensifolius, Zhw. 464 falcatus, L. 468 Gardneri, 7izw. 469 Hookerianus, WV. & A. 464 tmcanus, Moon, 466 ligulatus, Zzw. 467 lonchiphyllus, Ziw. 468 longiflorus, Desv. 468 loniceroides, Z. 469 mabzeoides, 77277. 463 neelgherrensis, WW. & A. 468 nodiflorus, Zw. 463 sclerophyllus, Zw. 466 Scurrula, Z. 465 suborbicularis, Zw. 467 tomentosus, Aeyne, 465, 466 Loxococcus rupicola, W. & D. iv. 322 Ludvigia oppositifolia, L ii. 234 parviflora, Roxb. 234 perennis, L 234 prostrata, Roxb. 234 zeylanica, Pers. 234 Luffa acutangula, Roxé. ii. 252 zegyptiaca, AZz//, 251 amara, Roxb. 252 cylindrica, Roem. 251 pentandra, Roxb. 251 Luisia d2caudata, Thw. iv. 204 Jjiliformis, Hk. f. iv. 191 tenuifolia, B/. 191 teretifolia, Gawd. 190 zeylanica, Lindl. 190 Lumnitzera coccinea, W. & A. v. 385 littorea, Voigt. 385 pentandra, Griff. 385 racemosa, Wild. i. 162
427
Luvunga eleutherandra, Dalz. 1. 224 scandens, Thw. 224
Lysimachia deltoidea, Wight, ii. 66 japonica, Thw. 66 ramosa, Wall. 66
LYTHRACEA, il. 222
Lythrum Pemphis, L. f. i. 227
Maba acuminata, Azerm, iii. 88 buxifolia, Pers. 89 Ebenus, Wight, 90 oblongifolia, Azern, 89 ovalifolia, Azer, 88 Macaranga depressa, Muell. iv. 71 digyna, AZuell. 71 indica, Wight, 70 Roxburghiz, Wight, 70 tomentosa, Wzght, 70 Machilus g/aucescens, var. Meissn. ili. macrantha, (Ves, 443 [443 Mackenziea sessilis, Nees, ii. 313 Maclellandia Griffithiana, Wight, ii. 227 Macrea Gardneriana, Wight, iv. 22 myrtifolia, Night, 22 oblongifolia, Wight, 22 Macreightia acuminata, Thw. iii. 88 oblongifolia, Thw. 89 ovalifolia, Thw. 88 Meerua arenaria, Wk. f. & Th. i. 58 oblongifolia, Thw. 58 Meesa indica, A. DC. iil. 67 MAGNOLIACEA, 1. 14 Malaxis disticha, Thou. iv. 148 Rheediz, Moon, 141 Mallea Rothit, A. Juss. i. 245 Mallotus albus, JZwe//. iv. 64 distans, J7zell. 67 erlocarpus, JZwell. 65 fuscescens, JZuell. 67 micranthus, Muell. 66 moluccanus, Muell. 51 muricatus, Muell. 66 nitidus, Muell. 69 philippinensis, AZze//. 68 repandus, JZuell. 67 rhamnifolius, JZze//. 66 Walker, Hz. 7. 66 zeylanicus, Muell. 66 MALPIGHIACEA, 1. 192 Malva tomentosa, Li. 143
428 Index to Botanical Names.
MALVACE&, i. 140 Malvastrum carpintfolium, A. Gray, i. coromandelianum, Garcke, 141 [140 tricusprdatum, A. Gray, 140 Mangifera zzdica, L. i. 318 tndica, Thw. 317 zeylanica, Hk. f. 317 Mangostana Cambogia, Gaertn. i. 95 Morella, Gaertn. 96 Manthot Glazioviz, Muell. iv. I utilissimza, Pohl, 1 Manisuris granularis, Z. v. 209 Mapania immersa, Gerth. v. 91 zeylanica, Benth. 91 Mappa peltata, Wight, iv. 70 Mappia Championzana, Miers, i. 263 Jetida, Thw. 262 Gardneriana, Miers, 262 oblonga, Miers, 263 ovata, Mzers, 262 Maranta paniculata, Moon, iv. 262 spicata, Moon, 263 virgata, Dietr. 262 Mariscus albescens, Gazd v. 39, 40 cypertnus, Vahl, 42 Dregeanus, Aznth, 39 microcephalus, Pres/. 39, 40 paniceus, Vahl, 41 Sieberianus, WVees, 42 squarrosus, Clarke, 26, 43 tenuifolius, Schrad. 43 Marsdenia tenacissima, Zoom, ill. 155 Martynia diandra, Glox. iii. 285 lanceolata, Moon, 275 nervosa, Moon, 276 Marumia zeylanica, Bl. ii. 208 Mastixia arborea, Clarke, ii. 287 tetrandra, Clarke [Plate xlvii.] 287 Mavelia metzgerioides, Trim. iii. 419 Medinilla fuchsioides, Gard. ii. 208 maculata Gardz. [Plate xl.] 209 (?) Walkeriz, Wight, 200 Meesia serrata, Gaertn. i. 235 Megalachne zeylanica, Thw. v. 266 Melanocenchris Rothiana, Nees, v. 284 Perrottetit, Jaub. & Sp. 284 Melanthesa rhamnoides, Muell. iv. 34 turbinata, Wight, 33 Melanthesopsis patens, Muell. 33 Melastoma asperwm, L. il. 195
Melastoma éuxzfolia, Moon, ii. 197
ellipticum, Naud, 200 malabathricum, Z. 199 octandra, L. 199 repens, Moon, 198 Royeniz, Bl. 200
MELASTOMACEA!, ii. 192 Melia Azadirachta, L. 1. 244
Azedarach, L. 244 Azedarach, Moon, 243 composita, Willd. 243 dubia, Cav. 243 parviflora, Moon, 245 pumila, Moon, 242 sempervirens, Sw. i. 244
MELIACEA, i. 241 Melilotus parvifiora, Desf. ii. 21 Meliosma Arnottiana, Walp, i. 315.
pungens, Thw. 314 simplicifolia, Walp. 315 Wightii, Plauch. 314
Melissa umbrosa, Wight, iii. 381 Melochia cocatenata, L. i. 170
corchorifolia, Z. 170 pyramidata, L. 170
Melothria deltozdea, Thw. ii. 257
perpusilla, Cogn. 256 zeylanica, Clarke, 257
Memecylon amplexicaule, Roxb. il. 213:
angustifolium, Wight, 219 Arnottianum, Wight, 211 capitellatum, Z. [Plate xli.] 222 Clarkeanum, Cogz. 217 cuneatum, Zhw. 216 depressum, Benth. 212 discolor, Cogz. 218
edule, Roxb. 216, 217, 220, 221, 222: elegantulum, 7iw. 214 ellipticum, Zw. 214 fuscescens, Zhw. 218 Gardneri, Zw. 211
grande, Retz. 221 Heyneanum, Benth. 217, 218 Hookeri, 7hzw. 212 jambosoides, Thw. 217, 218 levigatum, 57. 200 leucanthum, Zw. 220 macrocarpum, Zhzw. 215, 220 macrophyllum, Zw. 215 orbiculare, Zw. 216
L[ndex to Botanical Names.
Memecylon ovozdewm, Cogn. il. 220 ovoideum, Zw. 215 parvifolium, Zw. 213 phyllanthifolium, Zw. 219 procerum, 7iw. 216 ramiflorum, Lam. 216, 217 revolutum, Ziw. 215 rhinophyllum, Zw. 219 rostratum, Zhw. 218 rotundatum, Cogn. 214 Royeniz, Bl. 222 rubro-ceruleum. Thw. 217 sylvaticum, Thw. 220 Thomsonz, Thw. 213 Thwaitestz, Cogn. 211 tinctorium, Koen. 222 umbellatum, Burm.f. 216 urceolatum, Cogn. 217 varians, 7iw. 213 vartans, var. Thw. 213 Wightii, Zzw. 212
Memorialis aquatica, Wedd. iv. 116 hirta, Wedd. 117 hispida, Wedd. 117 parvifolia, Wedd. 117
MENISPERMACEA, I. 37
Menispermum fenestratum, Gaertn. i. 41
Mentha arvensis, Thw. iii. 381 Auricularia, L. 380 javanica, B/. 381 lanceolata, Benth. 381 perilloides, L. 378 sativa, L. 381 sylvestris, L. 381
Menyanthes biflora, Moon, iii. 190 campestris, Moon, 189 cristata, Roxb. 189 indica, L. 188
Mephitidia Gardnert, Thw. ii. 366 Mooniz, Thw. 364 oligantha, Thw. 366 oligantha, var. Thw. 367 protracta, Thw. 367 rhinophylla, Thw. 365 rhizophyllus, err. typ. 365 strigosa, Thw. 367 tomentosa, Thw. 365 varians, Thw. 368 Walkeriana, Wight, 365
Mesua coromandelina, Thw. i. 106
429
Mesua ferrea, Z. i. 105 Nagaha, Gardn. 105 pulchella, P\. & Tri. 106 Salicina, Pl. & Tri. 105 sclerophylla, Thw. 106 speciosa, Thw. 106 Thwaitesii, P/. & Trz. 106 Walkeriana, Pl. & Tri. 105 Mezoneurum enneaphyllum, W.& A. ii. Michelia Champaca, L. i. 15 [101 glauca, Wight, 14 nilagirica, Zewk. 14 ovalifolia, Wight, 15 pulneyensts, Wight, 15 Walkeri, Wight, 14 Microcarpea cochlearifolia, Hk. iti. 255 muscosa, Gr. 254 Micrococca Mercurzalis, Benth. iv. 63 Mucrocos paniculata, L. i. 177 Miucrodesmis casearviefolia, Planch. iv. 45 Micromelum pubescens, 47. i. 218 zeylanium, Wight, 219 Microrhynchus sarmentosus, DC. iii. 52 Microstachys Chamelea, iv. 78 Microstylis congesta, Achd. iv. 141 discolor, Lzzd/. 141 lancifolia, Tw. 142 luteola, Wight, 142 purpurea, Zzzd/. 140 Rheedu, Wight, 141 Rheediz, Thw. 142 versicolor, Wight, 142 versicolor, Lindl. 141 Microtropis ramiflora, Wight, i. 269 Wallichiana, Wight, 269 Milium ramosum, Roxb. v. 126 Miliusa indica, Lesch. i. 34 montana, Gardn. 34 zeylanica, Gard. 35 Millingtonia Arnottiana, Wight, i. 315 hortensis, L. f. ili. 282 pungens, Thw. i. 314 stmplicifolia, Roxb. 315 Milnea apiocarpa, Thw. i. 245 Roxburghiana, W. & A. 246 Mimosa bigemina, L. ii. 132 cesta, L. 127 cinerea, L:. 121 Entada, L. 119 natans, Roxb. 118
430
Mimosa odoratissima, L. ii. 129 pennata, L. 127 pudica, L. 122 umbellata, Vahl, 132 virgata, L. 122 Mimusops Elengi, Z. iii. 86 hexandra, Roxb. 86 tnadica, A. DC. 86 Kauki, L. 87 Miquelia courtallensis, Arn. & Nees, v. 257 Mirabilis Jalapa, L. iii. 391 Mirasolia diversifolia, Hemsl. iii. 39 Mischodon zeylanicus, 7hw. iv. 38 Mitrasacme alsinoides, 47. iii. 170 indica, Wight, 170 Mitrephora Heyneana, 7zw. i. 32 Mnesithea levis, Kunth, v. 210 Moacurra gelonioides, Roxb. 1. 254 Modecca palmata, Zavz. ii. 241 tuberosa, Roxb. 241 Wightiana, Wad/. 240 Mohlana nemoralis, Mart. ii. 410 Moliniera Finlaysoniana, Baker, iv. Mollugo Cerviana, Sev. ii. 272 [269 disticha, Sev. 272 hirta, Zhunb. 270 nudicaulis, Zam. 272 oppositifolia, Z. 271 pentaphylla, Z. 271 Spergula, L. 271% stricta, L. 271% Momordica Charantia, Z. ii. 248 cylindrica, L. 252 denudata, Clarke, 249 dioica, Roxb. 249 diotca, var. Thw. 249 Luffa, L. 252 seylanica, Mill. 249 Monetia barlerioides, 17 Her. iii. 21 MONIMIACEA, ili. 436 Monocera glandulifera, Hook. i. 187 Walkerit, Wight, 187 zeylanica, Arn. 187 Monochilus flabellatum, Wight, iv. 211 flavum, Lindl. 217 longilabre, Lindl. 216 regium, Lindl. 216 Monochoria hasteefolia, Pres/, iv. 295 plantaginea, Kunth, 296
Index to Botanical Names.
Monochoria vaginalis, Pres/, iv 295 Monosis Wightiana, DC. iii. 11 Monoporanda cordifolia, Zw. i. 137 elegans, Ziw. 138 lancifolia, Thw. 136 Monosis Wightiana, DC. iii. 11 Monothecium aristatum, 7. Azders. iii. Moonta heterophylla, Arn. iii. 34 [333 Morea spathacea, Willd. v. 24 More, Gaertn. i. 309 Morinda éracteata, Roxb. ii. 354 citrifolia, Z. 354 exserta, Roxb. 354 scandens, Roxb. 355 tinctoria, Roxb. 354 umbellata, Z. 355 Moringa plerygosperma, Gaertn. i. 327 zeylanica, Pers. 327 Morocarpus longifolius, Bl. iv. 119 Wallichianus, Bl. 119 Moschosma polystachyum, ezth. iii. 369 Mucuna atropurpurea, DC. ii. 61 gigantea, DC. 62 monosperma, DC. 61 pruriens, DC. 62 prurita, Hook. 62 Mukia leiosperma, Wzght, ii. 255 scabrella, Arm. 254 Muldera diandra, Thw. iii. 428 Mundulea suberosa, Benth. i. 29 Munronia pumila, Wight, i. 242 Murraya exotica, Z. i. 219, 220 Gleniei, Zw. [Plate xxii. ] 220 Keenigii, Spreng. 220 Musa paradisiaca, Z. iv. 265 sapientum, L. 265 troglodytarum, Moon, 265 Musszenda corymbosa, Roxb. i. 324 frondosa, ZL. 323 seylanica, Burm. 324 Myriactis Wightii, DC. iii. 15 Myriogyne minuta, Less. iil. 42 Myriophyllum indicum, W7//d. i. 149 entermedium, DC. 149 Myriostachya Wightiana, 7%. 7. v. 288 Myristica dactylozdes, Gaertn. il. 434 diospyrifolia, A. DC. 434 Horsfieldia, 6/7. 435 Irya, Gaerti. 435
Index to Botanical Names.
Myristica Zryaghedhz, Gaertn. ill. 435
laurifolia, Zk. f. 434
malabarica, Lam. 434
salicifolza, Moon, 436
tomentosa, Moon, 434
zeylanica, 4. DC. 434 MYRISTICACEA, lil. 433 Myrobalanus belerica, Gaertn. ii. 159 Myrsine capitellata, Wal/. 368 MYRSINEA, iii. 67 MYRTACEA, ii. 165 Myrtus androsemoides, L. ii. 176
brasiliana, L. 188
caryophyllata, 1. 174
Cumini, L. 179
laurina, Retz. ii. 104
tomentosa, Ait. il. 166
seylanica, L. 171 Mystacidium zeylanicum, 772m. iv. 202
NAIADEA, iv. 371 Naias graminea, De/. iv. 375 Sucoides, Griff. 375 major, Al. 375 minor, 4/7. 376 seminuda, Griff. 375 (?) cernata, Griff. 376 Nama zeylanica, L. iii. 191 Naravelia zeylanica, DC. i. 2 Nargedia macrocarpa, Bedd. ii. 334 Nasturtium indicum, DC. i. 52 madagascariense, 52 officenale, Br. 53 Nauclea coadunta, Roxb. ii. 292 cordata, Roxb. 292 cordifolia, Moon, 293 macrophylla, Moon, 292 ortentalis, L. 292 orzentalis, Moon, 293 parvifolia, Moon, 295 parvifolia, Roxb. 294 peduncularis, Thw. 296 tubulosa, Arn. 295 triflora, Moon, 296 zeylanica, Hk. f. 296 Nechamandra alternifolia, Thw. iv. 124 Roxburghiz, Planch. iv. 124 Nelitris Jambosella, Gaertn. ii. 338 Nelsonia campestris, Br. iii. 290 tomentosa, Nees, 290
431
Nelumbium speciosum, W2//d. i. 51 Neottia procera, Ker, iv. 214 NEPENTHACEA, ili. 419 Nepenthes distillatoria, Z. iii. 420 indica, Poir. 420 Nephelium, d2zfolzatum, Thw. i. 307 erectum, Thw. 308 eximium, Thw. 310 Suscatum, Thw. 305 Gardneri, Tiw. 309 Longana, Camb. 309 pupillum, Wight, 309 simplicifolium, Thw. 308 Neptunia oleracea, Zour. ii. 118 plana, Benth, 119 Nerium antidysentericum, L. iii. 137° divaricatum, L. 133 seylanicum, L. 137 Nesea triflora, Kunth, ii. 227 Neurocalyx capztata, Benth. ii. 300 Championii, Gerth. 300 Gardneri, Tw. 300 Hlookeriana, Wight, 299 Wightii, 477. 299 zeylanica, Hook. 299 Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn. ii. 238- Nipa fruticans, Wurm. iv. 325 Nomismia capitata, W. & A. ii. 83 nummularia, W. & A. 82 Norysca mysorensis, Wzght, i. 93 Nothopegia Colebrookiana, 47. ii. 325 Nothoszerua briachata, W2zght, iii. 401 Notonia corymbosa, Wight, iii. 47 grandiflora, DC. 47 Walkeri, Clarke, 47 Notothixos floccosus, O/v. [Plate Ixxx.]' NYCTAGINEA&, ill. 380 [iii. 473 Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, L. iii. 116 Sambac, L. 113 Nympheea Lotus, Z. i. 49 Nelumbo, WL. 51 pubescens, Willd. 50 rubra, Roxb. 50 stellata, Wild. 50 NYMPH4ACEA, i. 49
Oberonia, Arnottiana, Wight, iv. 139 Brunoniana, Trim. 138 forcipata, Lzzd/. 129 Gardneriana, Thw. 137
432
Oberonia longibracteata, Zzzd/. iv. 138 recurva, Lzzdl. 137 Scyllee, Zzzdl. 139 setifera, Lindl. 137 tenuis, Zzzd/. 138 Thwaitesii, Wk. 7. 137 truncata, Lzzdl. 136 verticillata, var. Lindl. 137 Wightiana, Zzzd/. 139 zeylanica, Hk. f. 138 Ochlandra stridula, 7zw. 318 Ochna /uczda, Lam. i. 233) . Moonzz, Thw. 234 nitida, Thunb. 234 rufescens, Zw. 234 squarrosa, ZL. 233 sguarrosa, Moon, 234 Walkeriz, Planch. 233 Wightiana, Wall. 233 zeylanica, Lam. 235 OCHNACEA, 1. 232 Ochrosia borbonica, Gvze/. [Platelx. ] iii. Ocimum adscendens, Wid. iii. 366 basilicum, LL. 366 canum, L777. 365 Jrutescens, L. 378 gratissimum, ZL. 367 znodorum, Burm. 366 menthordes, L. 368 minimum, Moon, 365 polystachyon, L. 369 sanctum, Z. 366 suave, Willd. 367 tenutplorum, L. 368 thyrsifiorum, L. 366 Octarrhena parvula, Zw. iv. 208 [129 Odina Wodier, Roxb. i. 318 Gnothera fruticosa, L. ii. 235 odorata, Jacq. 235 OLACINEA, i. 254 Olax pszttacorum, Vahl, i. 256 scandens, Roxb. 256 Wightiana, Vall. 257 zeylanica, Z. 257 Oldenlandia biflora, Z. ii. 317 biflora, Moon, 314 corymbosa, Z. 314 crystallina, Roxb. 315 diffusa, Roxb. 315 herbacea, Roxd. 315
Lndex to Botanical Names.
Oldenlandia Heyzz7, Br. ii. 315 stricta, Z. 316 trinervia, Aefz. 316 umbellata, Z. 316 Olea Gardnert, Thw. iii. 118 glandulifera, Wall. 118 polygama, Wight, 118 OLEACEA, iii. 112 Oligolepis amaranthoides, Wight, ii. 25 Oligopholis neilgherrica, Trim. iii. 263 Omalanthus populifolius, Grah. iv. 73 Omphalobium indicum, Gaertn. ii. 2 ONAGRACEA, ii. 232 Oncosperma fasciculatum, Zw. iv. 323 Ophelia Chirata, Ham. ii. 188 seylanica, Griseb. 187 Ophiopogon zzdicas, Wight, iv. 289 intermedius, Dov, 267 Ophiorrhiza angustifolia, Thw. ii. 321 decumbens, Gardn. 321 glechomifolia, Tiw. 323 Harrisiana, Heyre, 321 Harrisoniz (2), Wight, 321 imbricata, Gardn. 322 Mungos, Z. 320 nemorosa, Thw. 321 pallida, Zhw, 322 pectinata, Ar. 322 radicans, Gardi. 321 Ophioxylon arboreum, DC. ili. 177 densiflorum, Thw. ill. 126 netlgherrense, Wight, 126 serpentinum, L. 126 trifoliatum, Gaertn. 126 seylanicum Wight, 126 Ophiurus perforatus, Trin. v. 210 Opilia amentacea, Roxd. i. 258 Oplismenus Burmannii, Geazv, v. 169 compositus, Beauv. 168 Thwaitesii, Zz. 7. 168 undulatifolius, Beauv. 169 Opuntia Dillentt, Haw. ii. 267, iv. 281 ORCHIDEA, iv. 132 Orchts cubttalis, Lindl. iv. 235 strateumatica, L. 215 viridifiora, Sw. 231 Oreocnide sylvatica, Mig. iv. 118 Ormocarpum sennoides, DC. ii. 39 Ornitrophe allophylus, Pers. 1. 302 Cobbe, Willd. 303
Index to Botanical Names.
Ornitrophe serrata, Roxb. i. 303 Ovobanche acaulis, Roxb. iii. 262 OROBANCHACEA, iii. 260 ‘Oropetium Thomzeum, 7777. v. 271 Orophea corzacea, Thw. i. 34 Heyneana, Hk. f. & Th. 32 obliqua, Hk. f. & Th. 33 zeylanica, Hk. f. & Th. 35 Oroxylum indicum, Vevz. iii. 281 Orthosiphon diffisus, Benth. iii. 373 glabratus, Benth. 369 ‘tomentosus, Benth. 370 Oryza granulata, Mees [Plate xcviii.] 183 latifolia, Desv. 184 sativa, Z. v. 182 sativa, Thw. 184 sativa, var. Trim. 184 Osbeckia aspera, B/. il. 195 buxifolia, Ar. 197 cupularis, Don, 195 elliptica, Naud. 198 erythrocephala, azd. 194 glauca, Benth. 196 Kleiniz, Arn. 196 Leschenaultiana, Thw. 194 minor, Trian. 196 Moonii, 7iw. 198 octandra, DC. 198 parvifolia, Arn. 194 polycephala, Naud. 198 Rheedii, Gard. 194 rubicunda, Arz. 197 truncata, Arm. 194 virgata, Don, 198 Walkeri, Avz. 196 zeylanica, L. f. 195 Osmelia Gardneri, Thw. ii. 238 seylanica, Thw. 238 Ostodes 72207, Muell. iv. 53 zeylanica, Muell. 52 Osyris arborea, Wail. iii. 474 Wichtiana, Wall. 474 Otillis zeylanica, Gaertn. i. 297 Otonychium imbricatum, Bl. i. 312 Ottelia alismoides, Pers. iv. 125 Ouvirandra undulata, Edgew. iv. 372 Oxalis corniculata, Z. i. 196 nuda, Arn. 198 prolifera, Arn. 199
PART V.
433
Oxalis repens, Thunb. 196
sensitiva, Li. 197
violacea, L. i. 197 Oxystelma esculentum, 47. iii. 147 Oxytenanthera Thwaitesii, 1/70,v. 316
Pachycentria Walkeri, Thw. ii. 200 Pachygone adversa, Miers, i. 45 ovata, Miers, 45 Plukeneti, Miers, 45 Pachystoma senile, Rehb. f. iv. 172, 224 speciosa, Rehb. f. 171 Palaquium canaliculatum, Zzg/. iii. 84 grande, Zgl. 82 Gutta, Burck, 81 levifolium, Axel. 84 pauciflorum, Zzg/. 85 petiolare, Zzg/. 82 rubiginosum, Zzg/. 83 Thwaitesii, A7ze/. 84 Palenga zeylanica, Thw. iv. 35 Palimbia ramosissima, Thw. ii. 280 PALMEZ, iv. 319 Panax fruticosum, L. ii. 282 Pancratium salabaricum, Herd. iv. 273 triflorum, Roxb. 273 verecundum, Sol. 273 zeylanicum, L. 272 PANDANACEA, iv. 338 Pandanophyllum tmmersum, Thw. v.91 seylanicum, Thw. 91 Pandanus affinzs, Kurz (?) iv. 340 ceylanicus, Solms, 339 fascicularis, Lam. 339 foetidus, Roxb. 340 furcatus, Thw. 339 humilis, Moon, 340 Kaida, Kurz, 341 odoratissimus, Z. 7. 339 polycephalus, Lam. 340 pumilus, Moon, v. 92 racemosus, Kurz, iv. 341 vadicans, Thw. 342 scandens, Moon, 341 zeylanicus, Sols, 339 Panicum accrescens, Trin. v. 159 ambiguum, 7727. 137 angustum, Trin. 147 antidotale, Retz. 156 aristatum, Moon, 135
EF
434 Index to Botanical Names.
Panicum aristatum, Retz. v. 168 © Arnottianum, Nees, 145 asperum, Koen. 165 auritum, Pres/. 145 barbinode, Trim. 140 blephariphyllum, Trim. 180 brevifolium, Roxb. 149 brizovdes, Jacq. 133 Brunonianum, Griff. 165 Burmanni, Thw. 169 Burnanni, Retz. 169 ceesium, /Vées, 151, 387 canaliculatum, /Vees, 144 caucasicum, Trim. 133 ciliare, Retz. 124 cimictnum, Retz. 166 coccospermum, Steud. 139 colonum, Z. 136 compositum, L. 168 corynbosum, Roxb. 124 coryophorum, Kunth, 148 cructforme, err. fox eruceforme, Sibth. Crus-corut, Moon, 135 [133 Crus-galli, Z. 135 . Crus-gallt, B, Thw. 136 curvatum, Z. 148 curvatun, Roxb. 148 deconpositum, Br. 155 distachyum, Z. 142 distans, Trim. 133 elegans, W. & A. 258 elatius, L. f. 168 eructforme, Sibth. 133 flavescens, Sw. 121 flavidum, Rezz. 133 fluitans, Retz. 135 jiuitans, Roxb. 134 Jrumentaceum, Roxb. 136 Gardnert, Thw. 130 glaucum, L. 162 gongylodes, Jacq. 153 grossarium, Roxb. 139 Helopus, Trin. 142 Helopus, Thw. 140 Helopus, vax. Trim. 138 helvolum, L. f. 162 hermaphroditum, Steud. 158 hirsutum, Koen. 142 hirtellum, Burm. 169 humile, (Vees, 152
Panicum indicum, Z. v. 147
mpdum, Trim. 137 tntermedium, Roth, 163 interruptum, W2l/d. 147 Isachne, Aoth, 133 zschemotdes, Heyne, 165 wschemotdes, Retz. 154 javanicum, Pow. 142 javanicum, Thw. 137 Jumentorum, Pers. 153 latifolium, F\. B. Ind. 138 leptochloa, Nees, 178 maximum, /acg. 153 Menierz, Koen, 150 miliaceum, Z. 150 miltaceum, Thw. 152 miliare, Lamk. 150 montanum, fo.x.b. 155 mucronatum, Roth, 134 muticum, Forsk, 140 myosuroides, By. 148 Myurus, 7 B. K. 146 nodosum, Kunth, 145 nodosum, Rottl. 171 obliquum, Roth, 159 ortentale, Willd. 171 oryzoides, Sw. 138 ovalifolium, Foz. 149 paludosum, Roxb. 155 paspaloides, Pers. 135 pallens, Sw. 161
patens, Z. 159 Petiverit, Trim. 140, 144 Petiveriz, Thw. 143 pilipes, ees & Arn. 158 plicatum, Zam. 157 polygamum, Sw. 153 proliferum, Zam. 155 prostratum, Zamk. 138 prostratum, var. Trim. 141 pstlopodiun, Trin. 150 puberulum, Kunth, 125 punctatum, Burm. 134 radicans, Retz. 159 ramosum, Z. 140 remotum, Aefz. 144 repens, Z. 154 reticulatum, Thw. 151 sanguinale, L. 122 sanguinale, Burm. 137
Index to Botanical Names. 435
Panicum semialatum, Br. v. 167 semiverticillatum, /ot¢/. 143 setigerum, Rezz. 141 setigerum, Retz. 139 sordidum, Thw. 165 sparsicomum, /Vees, 159 spicatum, Roxb. 170 squarrosum, Retz. 186 Stagninum, Retz. 136 stenostachyum, Thw. 144 subalbidum, Kunth, 156 subquadréparum, Trin. 142 trigonum, Aefz. 157, 158, 159 truncatum, Trin. 135 trypheron, Sch. 150, 152 uncinatum, add. 160 verticillatum, L. 163 viaticum, Griff. 167 villosum, Zamzk. 139 Wallichianum, W. & A. 125 Walkeri, Steud. 129 seylanicum, Arn. 178 zizanioides, H. B. K. 138
Papeda Rumphit, Hassk. i. 228
Paramignya armata, O/zv. i. 225 monophylla, Wight, 224
Paratropia terebinthacea, Arn. ii. 283
Parietaria debilis, Forst. iv. 119 indica, L. 115 veclinata, Moon, 119 seylanica, L. 116
Paritium tiliaceum, Juss. i. 157
Farkinsonia aculeata, L. ii. 102
Parochetus communis, Ham. ii. 20 major, D. Don, 20
Parsonsia spiralis, Wa//. iii. 134
Paspalum conjugatum, Berg. v. 122 jiliculme, Nees, 124 JSrumentaceum, Rottb. 122 Kora, Willd. 122 longiflorum, Retz. 124 Perrottetii, Hook. 7. 124 punctatun, Fluegge. 126 Royleanum, (ees, 125 sanguinale, Lamk. 123 scrobiculatum, Z. 121
Passijfiora edulis, Sims, ii. 242 Setida, L. 242 glauca, Ait. 242 Stipulata, Aubl. 242
Passiflora subervosa, L. ii. 241 Walkerze, Wight, 241 PASSIFLORACEA, li. 239 Pastinaca lizusticifolia, Wight, ii. 281 Patonia Walkeriz, Wight, iii. 96 parvifolia, Wight, i. 28 Paullinia asiatica, L. i. 215 Pavetta angustifolia, Zw. ii. 350 Gleniei, Ziw. 351 hispidula, W. G A. 350 indica, Z. 349 involucrata, Zw. 351 tomentosa, Thw. 351 Pavonia glechomifolia, 4. Rich. 1. 148 odorata, W2l/d. 149 zeylanica, Cav. 149 Pectinea zeylanica, Gaertn. i. 72 PEDALIACEA, iii. 284 Pedalium Murex, Z. iil. 285 Pedicularis zeylanica, Bezzh. iii. 260 Pegia (2) Colebrookiana, Wight, i. 325 Pella ribestoides, Gaertn. iv. 91 Pellionia Heyneana, Wedd. iv. 109 Peliandra flexuosa, Thw, iv. 18 parvifolia, Thw. 18 Peltophorum ferrugineum, eth. [Plate XXXil.] ii, IOT Pemphis acidula, Forst. ii. 227 Pennisetum orientale, 2c. v. 171 typhoideum, Ach. 170 Pentaloba zeylanica, Arn, i. 68 Pentapanax Leschenaultiz, Seem. ii, 282 Pentapetes phcenicea, Z. i, 169 subertfolia, L. 167 Pentatropis microphylla W. & A. iii. 149 Peperomia confusa, HZ. 7. iii. 431 courtallenses, Thw. 430, 431 dindigulensis, M7. 431 frasert, Cas. DC. 431 Heyneana, Miq. 431 Heyneana, Thw. 431 pseudo-rhombea, Cas. DC. 430 reflexa, A. Dzetr. 432 Thomsonz, Hk. f. 431 Thwaztesiz, Cas. DC. 431 Wightiana, 4Zzg. 431 seylanica, Miq. 431 Peplidium humifusum, De/. iii. 255 Periandra Berteriana, Benth. ii. 75
436
Pericopsis Mooniana, 7zw. [Plate xxxi.] il. 97 Periploca esculenta, L. f. iii. 14:7 wmdica, L. 144 sylvestris, Retz. 153 Peristrophe montana, Nees, ili. 345 zemctorta, Nees, 345 Peristylus aristatus, Lindl. iv. 233 aristatus, Thw. 234 brevilobus, Thw. 232 extlis, Wight, 233 plantagineus, Lindl. 232 spiralis, A. Rich. 234 Perotis latifolia, Azz. v. 189 Persea semecarpifolia, Trim. iii. 444 Pestalozzia laxa, Thw. ii. 260 Peucedanum zeylanicum, Gardin. ii. 280 Phajus dzcolor, Thw. iv. 172 luridus, Zw. 173 Wallichii, Zzzd/. 172 Phalenopsis Wightiz, Rchb. f. iv. 188 Phalangium (?) parviflorum, Wight, iv. 290 Phaleria cauliflora, Bedd. iii. 459 Phantis, Linn. i. 227 Pharbitis Nil, Chois. iii. 212 Pharus urceolatus, Roxb. v. 190 Pharnaceum distichum, L, ii. 272 Mollugo, L. 271 triflorum, Moon, 272 Phaseolus aconitifolius, Jacg. ii. 71 adenanthus, JZey. 70 calearatus, Roxb. 73 Grahamianus, W. & A. 70 lunatus, L. 69 Max, LZ. 72 Mungo, L. 72 radtatus, L. 72 vostratus, Wall. 70 semierectns, Z. 70 trilobus, Azt. 71 trinervius, Heyze, 72 truxillensis, H. B. K. 70 vulguris, L. 69 Phaylopsis parviflora, W2dld. iii. 296 Phelipea subacaults, Benth. iii. 263 Phlomis biflora, Vahl, iii. 386 seylanica, L. 387 Phoberos Arnottianus, Thw. i. 71 Gaertnerz, Thw. 71
L[udex to Botanical Names.
Phoberos Hookerianus, Wight, i. 71 Phoenix farinifera, Roxb. iv. 327 pusilla, Caertz. 327 pusilla, Becc. 326 sylvestris, Thw. 326 zeylanica, Z7zm. [Plate xlv.] 326 Pholidota imbricata, Zzzd/. iv. 162 Photinia Notoniana, W. & A. ii. 141 Phragmites Karka, 77727. v. 287 hoxburghit, Steud. 287 Phreatia elegans, Zzzzd/. iv. 207 parvula, Benth. 208 nana, Hk. f. 208 Phrynium capitatum, W7//d. iv. 263 zeylanicum, Benth. 263 Phyllanthus affinis, A7Zze//. iv. 26 anabaptizatus, JZuel/. 24 Baillonianus, JZze//. 23 cinereus, Z. 26 coriaceus, Muell. 30 cyanospermus, /Zuel/. 27 Emblica, Z. 19 emblicozdes, Muell. 20 fiaccidus, Thw. 21 Gardneri, Thw. 22 glaucogynus, Muell, 32 hakgalensis, Zw. 25 indicus, JZzel/. 27 Jussieutanus, Muell. 30 leprocarpus, Wight, 21 leptogynus, Muell. 31 longiflorus, Heyze, 25 longifolius, Jacq. 26 maderaspatensis, Z. 20 microcarpus, Muell. 19 Mooniz, Muell. 22 multeflorus, Willd. 19 myrtifolius, AZoon, 22 nenioralzts, Muell. 31 Niruri, Z. 23 oreophilus, (Zued/. 24 polyphyllus, Wzi/d. 20 pomacea, Moon, 33 pubescens, Moon, 32 pulcher, Wall. 25 pycnocarpus, Muell. 29 reticulatus, Pozr. 19 rhamnoides, Willd. 34 Rheedii, Wzght, 21 rotundifolius, A7ez7, 23
L[ndex to Botanical Names. 437
Phyllanthus simplex, 7ezz. iv. 22 stellatus, Retz. 30 symplococdes, Muell. 31 Thwaitesianus, JZze//. 18
uakgalensis, Thw. 25 (err. for hak- galensis)
urinaria, Z. 21 Phyllochlamys spinosa, Bzreaz, iv. 101 Phyllodium pulchellum, Desv. ii. 48 Physalis azgzlata, L. iti. 237 flexuosa, Li. 237 Hermanni, Dun, 236 minima, Z. 236 peruviana, L. 237 somnifera, L. 237 Physurus Blumei, Zzzd/. iv. 212 Phytolacca octandra, Moa. iii. 410 Pilea angulata, Bl iv. 107 microphylla, Liebm. 108 muscosa, Lindl. 108 vadicans, Wight, 107 stipulosa, 172g. 107 trinervia, Wight, 108 Wightii, Wedd. 107 Piliostigma racemosum, Benth. ii. 116 Pimpinella Heyneana, Wail. ii. 279 Leschenaultii, DC. 279 PrPERACES, lil. 423 Piper arborescens, Thw. iii. 429 arcuatum, Thw. 426, 427 argyrophyllum, J/g. 428 bantamense, Cas. DC. 426 Bebe 2-425 caninum, Bl. var. 426 Chawya, Ham. 426 adiffusum, Vahl, 429 flymenophyllum, Miq. 429 imsulare, Cas. DC. 428 longum, Z. 424 Malamaris, L. 425 nigrum, Z. 427, 429 Stiriboa, L. 425 Schuudti, Hk. f. 426 subpeltatum, W2l/d. 429 sylvestre, Zam. 429 Thwaitesii, Cas. DC. [Plate Ixxvii.] trineuron, J/g. 428 [426 triozcum, Wight, 427 venustum, Wall. iv. 364 Walkerz, Mig. iii. 429
Piper zeylanicum, Cas. DC. iii. 428 zeylanicum, J/g. 427 Piptostylis indica, Dalz. i. 221 Pisonia aculeata, Z. iii. 391 alba, Span. 392 morindefolia, Br. 392 Pistacto-vitex, Wi. 358 Pistia Stratiotes, Z. iv. 345 Pithecolobium azamallayanum, Bedd. bigeminum, Benth. 132 fii. 133 dulce, Benth. 131 geminatum, Benth. 131 Saman, Benth. 132 subcoriaceum, Zhw. 133 umbellatum, Benth. 132 PITTOSPORACEA, i. 77 Pittosporum xeeleherrense, W. & A. i. 78 tetraspermum, W. & A. 77 zeylanicum, Wight, 78 Pityranthe verrucosa, Zw. i. 172 Pladera decussata, Roxb. ili. 185 Jastigiata, Clarke, 183 pusilla, Thw. 183 PLANTAGINEA, ili. 388 Plantago a@szatica, L. ili. 389 lanceolata, L. 389 major, Z. 389 Platanthera cubitalzs, Lindl. iv. 235 rhynchocarpa, Thw. 230 Platea axillaris, Thw. i. 261 corzacea, Thw. 261 Platynema laurifolium, Wight, i. 194 Plecospermum cunezfolium, Thw. iv. 98 spinosum, 77éc. 103 Plectranthus australis, Br. iii. 372 capillipes, Bexth. 372 Coetsa, Thw. 372 coleoides, Benth. 372 comosus, Sims, 373 elongata, Moon, 373 Gardneri, 7hw. 371 hians, Benth. 370 Macrei, Benth. 372 menthoides, Benth. 372 nigrescens, Benth. 370 nigrescens, Thw. 371 parvyforus, Willd. 372 scabrellus, Benth. 370 subimcisus, Benth. 371 tuberosus, Bl. 374
438
Plectranthus Walkeri, Avz. ili. 371
zeylanicus, Benth. 371 Plectronia macrocarpa, Bedd. ii. 345 Pleurostylia Wightii, W%. & A. i. 271 PLUMBAGINACEA, lili. 64 Plumbago europea, L. 64
rosea, I. 65
zeylanica, Z. 65 Plumeria acutifolia, Poir. iii 130 Polyalthia acuminata, Zhw. i. 25
coffceoides, B. & Hk. f. 24
Korinti, B. & Hk. f. 25
longifolia, B. & Hk. f. 24
Moonii, Zw. 26
persicifolia, B. &° Hk. f. 26
suberosa, B. & Hk. f. 25 Polycarpzea corymbosa, Zaz. i. 88 Polycarpon Leeflingie, B. & HE. 7. i. Polygala arillata, Ham. i. 79 [87
aruensis, Willd. 80, 81
chinensis, Z. 81
ciliata, L. 83
elongata, , Klein, 81
glaucoides, Z. 80
glomerata, Lour. 82
hirsutula, Arn. 81
javana, DC. 80
leptalea, DC. 80
rosmarinifolia, W. & A. 80
sibirica, Z. 82
telephioides, W2d/d. 82
Thea, Burm. f. 68
theezans, L. 68
triflora, L. 81 POLYGALACEA, i. 78 POLYGONACEA:, ili. 410 Polygonum, a/atum, Ham. iii. 413
barbatum, Z. 412
chinense, Z. 412
Doni, Wight, 413
fiaccidum, Meisn. 413
glabrum, W2l/d. 412
minus, Auds. 412
nepalense, Wight, 413
pedunculare, Wall. 415
pedunculare, Thw. 414
perforatum, Meisn. 413
Persicaria, L. 412
Posumbu, Thw. 412
pretermissum, Ak. 7. 414
Index to Botanical Names.
Polygonum punctatum, Ham. iii. 413 serrulatum, Lag. 413 strigosum, Br. 414 strigosum, Thw. 414 tomentosum, W2l/d. 411 Poa amabilis, Moon, v. 293 amabilis, L. 290 annua, Z. 305 chinensis, Burm. (?) 282 coromandeliana, Koen. 298 gangetica, Roxb. 293 glaucoides, Moon, 293 malabarica, L. 304 plumosa, Retz. 291 rubens, Lamk. 293 tenella, LL. 290 viscosa, Retz. 291 Podadenia sapida, Zw. iv. 62 Thwaitestz, Muell. 62 Podanthera pallida, Wight, iv. 222 Podocarpus latifolia, Wall. iv. 121 Podochilus falcatus, Zzzd/. iv. 205, 206 malabaricus, Wight, 206 saxatilis, Zz7zd/. 206 Podostemon algzeformis, 7722. ili. 417 dichotomus, Gardn. 419 elongatus, Gard. 417 Gardnerz, Harv. 419, v. 386 kelensis, Will. v. 386 metzgerioides, Z7zm. [Plate Ixxvi.] lil. 419, v. 386 olivaceus, Gardn. iii. 418 subulatus, Gard. 418 PODOSTEMONACEA, ili. 415, v. 386 Pogonatherum crinitum, Azzth, v. 222 monandrum, Hack. 222 refractum, Nees, 222 saccharoideum, Beauv. 222 saccharoideum, Thw. 223 Pogonia juliana, Wall. iv. 225 FPogonotrophe ceylanica, Mig. iv. 95 dasyphylla, Miq. 95 Pogostemon Heyneanus, Benth. ili. 378 hirsutus, Benth. 379 Paichoulz, Pell. 378 reflexus, Benth. 379 rupestris, Gerth. 379 Poinsettia pulcherrima, Grah. iv. 1 Polanisia viscosa, Thw. i. 57 Polianthes tuberosa, L. iv. 282
Index to Botanical Names.
Pollia zzdzca, Thw. iv. 299 sorzogonensis, Axd/. 299 Pollinia argentea, 772. v. 204 ciliata, Z7zm. 205 Cumingiz, Thw. 204 pheeothrix, Hack. 204 Thwaitesii, Hack. 203 tristaohya, Thw. 203, 204 Wallichiana, Nees, 205 Polyodontia Walkerit, Wight, ii. 135 zeylanica, Wight, 134 Polypogon monspeliensis, Des/. v. 259 zeylanicus, Nees, v. 259 Polyscias acuminata, See. ii. 282 Polystachya, /zzeola, Lindl. iv. 183 Wightiz, Rchb. f. 183 zeylanica, Lizd/. 183 Polytoca barbata, Stapf, v. 194 Pometia eximia, 2%. 7. i. 310 pinnata, Forst. 311 tomentosa, Kurz, 310 Pommereulla Cornucopize, Z. 7 v. 286 Pongamia glabra, Vevz?. ii. 91 triphylla, Wight, 92 Pontederia hastata, L. iv. 295 PONTEDERIACEA, iv. 295 Porana paniculata, Roxb. iii. 227 Portulaca oleracea, Z. i. 89 quadrifida, Z. 90 suffruticosa, Wight, 90 tuberosa, Roxb. 90 _ Wightiana, Wail. 89 PORTULACE#, i. 88 Posidonia serrulata, Spr. iv. 376 Potamochloa Retzit, Griff. v. 185 Potamogeton indicus, Aoxd. iv. 373 lateralis, Moon, 373 pectinatus, Z. 374 Potentilla Kleiniana, W. & A. ii. 139 Mooniana, Wight, 139 Poterium indicum, Gardn. ii. 141 Pothomorphe subpeltata, Migq. iii. 429 Pothos ed/zptica, Moon, iv. 364 flookerz, Schott, 364 remotiflorus, Hook. 364 scandens, L. 364 Pouzolzia auriculata, Wight, iv. 116 Bennettiana, Wight, 117 bicuspidata, Wight, 116 ‘ Gardnertana, Wight, 117
439
Pouzolzia glabra, Wight, iv. 116 indica, Gaud. 115 parvifolia, Wight, 117 pentandra, Benn. 116 procumbens, Wight, 115 Walkeriana, Wight, 116 zeylanica, Benn. 116 Premna cordifolia, Thw. iii. 351 corymbosa, Roztb. 351 wmtegrifolia, L. 352 latifolia, Roxb. 353 micrantha, Thw. 353 procumbens, A7Zoon, 354 ‘ purpurascens, Zhw. [Plate Ixxii.] serratifolia, Z. 352 [351 Thwaitesii, Clarke, 353 tomentosa, W2lld. 352 Prenanthes sarmentosa, Willd. iii. 52 sonchifolia, Willd. 52 PRIMULACEA, iii. 65 Prismatomeris albidiflora, TZw. ii. 355 Fergusonit, Thw. 356 Pristidia divaricata, Thw. iii. 177 Priva leptostachya, /zss. iii. 349 Procris levigata, B/. iv. 112 Prosorus cyanosperma, Thw. iv. 27 Gaertnerz, Thw. 27 tnaica, Dalz. 27 PROTEACEA, Iii. 457 Protium caudatum, W. & A. i. 236 Pseudanthistiria umbellata, Hz. 7. v. 247 Pseudanthus brachiatus, Wight, iii. 401 Pseudarthria viscida, W. & A. ii. 41 Pseudocarapa Championii Hemsi, [Plate xxiv.] i. 248 Psidium Guyava, L. ii. 167 pumilum, Vahl, 167 Psilotrichum calceolatum, Jog. iii. 400 scleranthum, 7iw. 400 Psoralea corylifolia, Z. ii, 28 Psychotria aszatéca, Moon, ii. 362 bisulcata, W. & A. [Plate liv.] oo bisulcata, B, Thw. 361 elongata, Hk. f. 361 congesta, W. & A. 358 filipes, Hh. f. 361 Gardneri, Ze. 7. 358 glandulifera, Tiw. 357 herbacea, L. 363 longepetiolata, 7Zw. 361
440
Psychotria Moonii, “2%. f. ii. 360 plurivenia, 7Zw. 361 sarmentosa, 6/7. 359 scandens, Moon, 359 sordida, Zw. 360 stenophylla, 2%. 7, 360 Thwaitesii, Zé. f 358 vaginans, DC. 362, ill. 177 Wightiana, A. f ii. 358 Psydrax dicoccos, Gaertn. il. 343 Pteridophyllum decipiens, Thw. i. 240 Pterocarpus 42/obus, Roxb. ii. 90 Draco, L. 93 Marsupium, ox. 90 uliginosus, Li 93 Pteroloma triguetrum, Benth. ii. 49 Pterospermum suberifolium, Zavz. i. 169 Pterygota alata, Thw. i. 166 Pierostigma capitatum, Benth. iti. 242 subrepens, Thw. 241 villosum, Benth. 241 Pitlotus ovatus, Mog. iii. 400 Ptychosperma rupicola, Thw. iv. 323 Ptychotis Roxburghiana, DC. ii. 278 Ptyssiglottis radicosa, 7. Azders. iii. 340 Pupalia atropurpurea, Jog. iii. 399 orbiculata, Wight, 400 Putranjiva Roxburghii, Wad. iv. 35 Spherocarpa, Muell. 35 zeylanica, JZuell. 35 Pycnospora hedysaroides, 47. ii. 41 Pycreus capillaris, Clarke, v. 21 nitens, Clarke, 19 polystachyus, Clarke, 20 sanguinolentus, Clarke, 20 stramineus, Clarke, 19 Pygeum Walkerit, Bl. ii. 135 Wightianum, 4/7. 134 zeylanicum, Gaertx. 135 seylanicum, Bedd. 134 Pyrenacantha volubilis, Hook. i. 263 Pyrrhosia Horsfieldiz, Gaertn. iii. 435 Pyrularia zeylanica, A. DC. iii. 475 Wallichtana, A. DC. 475
Ramphidia elongata, Thw. iv. 210 Gardnerz, Benth. 209
Randia dumetorum, Zaz. ii. 330 Gardneri, Hk. 7. 331 malabarica, Zam. 331
L[ndex to Botanical Names.
Randia rugulosa, Hz. f. ii. 331 uliginosa, DC. 330 RANUNCULACE4, 1. I Ranunculus astatus, Walk. i. 4 pinnatus, Arn. 4 sagittifolius, Hook. 4 Wallichianus, WY. & A. 4 seylanicus, Moon, 4 Raphistemma ciliatum, Ak.f. ii. 150 Rauvolfia densifolia, A. 7. ili. 26 serpentina, Ak. 7, 126 Reichenheimia Thwattestz, Kl. ii 264 Reidia latifolia, Wight, iv. 24 polyphylla, Wight, 24 Remirea maritima, Awd/. v. 87 pedunculata, Br. 87 Remusatia vivipara, Schott, iv. 358 Rhabdia lycioides, AZarv. iii. 197 viminea, Thw. 197 RHAMNACEA, i. 278 Rhamnus Arnottianus, Gaerzz. i. 283 circumscissus, L.f. 284 Frangula, L. 283 Jujuba, L. 280 Napeca, L. 281 noplia, L. 280 Wightii, W. & A. 283 Rhaphidophora decursiva, Scho¢t, iv.. pertusa, Schott, 361 [362 Rhapis trivalvis, Trin. iv. 234 zeylanica, Nees, 235 Rhinacanthus communis, /Vees, iii. 33 Rhinanthus indica, Burm. iii. 368 wnaica, L. 258 Rhipsalis Cassytha, Gaertn. ii. 266 Rhizophora Candelaria, DC. ii. 151 Candel, Moon, 151 conjugata, Arm. 151 conjugata, L. 153 corniculata, L. iil. 75 eymmnorhiza, L. i. 153 Mangle, Moon, 151 mucronata, Z. 151, 152 Rheediz, Mig. 153 RHIZOPHORACEA, li. 150 Rhododendron arboreum, $7. iii. 63 nilagerecum, Zenk. 63 nobile, Hall, 63 Rollisonzz, Lindl. 64
| Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, W2ghz, ii. 166
L[ndex to Botanical Names.
Rhus Cobbe, L. i. 303 decipiens, Wight, 240 Rhynchocarpa fetida, Schrad. 258 rostrata, (Vaud. ii. 258 Rhynchoglossum od/iguum, DC iii. 279 zeylanicum, Hook. 279 Rhynchosia acutissima, Zw. ii. 85 aurea, DC. 83 cana, DC. 83 cyanosperma, enth. 14 densiflora, DC. 85 minima, DC. 84 nummularia, DC. 82 rufescens, DC. 82 suaveolens, DC. 83 villosula, Thw. 85 viscosa, DC. 85 Rhynchospora, aurea, Vahl, v. 83 glauca, Vahl, 85 gracillima, Zhzw. 85 laxa, var. Thw. 85 laxa, Thw. 86 rupproides, Benth. 78 triflora, Vahl, 84 Wallichiana, Kuzth, 83 seylanica, Kunth, 84 Rhynchostylis retusa, B/. iv. 187 Rhyncoglossum zeylanicum, Hook. 279 Rhytiglossa radicosa, Nees, iii. 340 RRibes serratum, Moon, iii. 67 Ricinus communis, L. iv. 72 Mappa, Moon, 70 Rissoa zeylanica, Arn. i. 227 Rivea hypocrateriformis, Chois. iii. 206, ornata, Chozs. 205 [214 teliefolia, Chois. 206 seylanica, Thw. 207 Rina humilis, L. iii. 410 levis, L. 410 orzentalis, Moq. 410 Rondeletia asiatica, L. ii. 328 ROSACEA, ii. 134 Rostellularia diffusa, Nees, ili. 338 procumbens, Nees, 337 Royeniana, Nees, 337 Rotala verticillaris, L. ii. 224 Rothia trifoliata, Pers. ii. 7 Rottboellia compressa, Z. v. 206 exaltata, Z. 207 glabra, Roxb. 206
AAI
Rottboellia nigrescens, Zw. v. 207 perforata, Roxb. 210 Thomea, Koen. 271
Rottlera digyna, Thw. iv. 71 ertocarpa, Muell. 64 Juscescens, Thw. 67 muricata, Thw. 66 oppositifolza, Thw. 66 peltata. Wight, 65 rhombifolia, Thw. 67 tetracocca, Roxb. 64 timctoria, Roxb. 68 Thwaitesiz, Baill. 62
Roumea hebecarpa, Gardn. 1. 74
Rourea santaloides, W. & A. ii. I
ROXBURGHIACEA, iv. 280
Roxburghia gloriosoides, Jones, iv. 284
Rubia cordifolia, Z. ii. 372 secunda, Moon, 372
RUBIACEA, ii. 289
Rubus ellipticus, S7z. ii. 137 Fairholmianus, Gardn. 137 flavus, Ham. 137 glomeratus, B7. 136 Gowreephul, Roxb. 137 lasiocarpus, Sw. 138 leucocarpus, Arn. 138 macrocarpus, Gardn. 137 mucropetalus, Gaxdn. 136 moluccanus, Z. 136 parvifolius, Moon, 138 rugosus, Sm. 136 rugosus, Thw. 136, 137
Ruellia antipoda, L. iii. 253 erecta, Burm. 294
fasciculata, Retz. 332 patula, /acg. 296 prostrata, Lam. 295 repens, L. 296 ringens, Z. 295 undulata, Vahl, 293 variabtlis, Moon, 324 zeylanica, Koen. 323 Rumex Acetosella, L. ili. 415 obtustfolius, Li. 415 Rungia apiculata, Bedd. ili. 343 latior, ees, 342 longifolza, Thw. 342 parviflora, Mees, 342 pectinata, Nees, 343
442
Rungia repens, /Vées, ill. 343 Ruppia rostellata, Koch, iv. 374
subsessilis, Thw. 374 RUTACEA, i. 213
SABIACE, i. 314 Saccharum arundinaceum, /ezz. v. 202 arundinaceum, Moon, 200 offictnarum, L. 202 spontaneum, ZL, 201 procerum, Roxb. 202 Saccolabium acaule, Hf. f. iv. 198 acuminatun, Thw. 200 brevifolium, Zzza/. 196 congestum, Hk. f. 199 curvifolium, Lindl. 199 filiforme, Zzzd/. 196 gracile, Lzzd/. 196 guttatum, Lindl. 195 lineolatum, Thw. 197 longifolium, A%.f. 198 niveum, Lzzd/. 195 ochraceum, Lzzd/. 197 paniculatum, Wight, 189 papillosum, Wight, 199 roseum, Lzzd/, 197 tenerum, Trin. 201 virescens, Gard. 197 viridiflorum, Lindl. 199 Walkertanum, Rehb. f. 197 Wightianum, 2. 7, 199 Sagened, i. 33, err. for seq. Sagerea Thwaitesiz, Hk. f. & Th. i. 33 Sageretia afinzs, Thw. i. 284 costata, Afzg. 284 Sagina procumbens, I. i. 85 Sagittaria obtusifolia, L. iv. 370 Saira zeylanica, Baill. iv. 14 Salacia déandra, Thw. i. 277 oblonga, Wall. 277 prinoides, DC. 276 reticulata, Wight, 277 terminalis, Thw. 275 Salicornia brachiata, Roxd. iii. 408 tdica, Willd. 407 Salmalia malabarica, Schott, i. 160 Salomonia cordata, Avz, i. 83 ciliata, DC. 83 oblongifolia, DC. 83 obovata, Wight, 83
Index to Botanical Names.
Salsola indica, Willd. iii. 408 nudiflora, Willd. 409 SALVADORACE4;, ili. 20 Salvadora zzdica, Wight, iii. 120 persica, Z. 120 Wightiana, Planch. 120 Samadera indica, Gaertz. 1. 231 Samara leta, L. ii. 216 Rheedit, Wight, iii. 70 viridifiora, Thw. 70 SAMYDACEA, ii. 236 Sanicula e/ata, Ham. ii. 276 europea, L. 276 Sansevieria /anxuginosa, Willd. iv. 268 Roxburghiana, Schult. 267 zeylanica, W2l/d. 267 SANTALACEA, ili. 474 Santalum album, L. iii. 475 SAPINDACEZ, i. 298 Sapindus bifoliatus, Azerz, i. 307 deficiens, Wight, 302 emarginatus, Vahl, 307 erectus, Hzerz, 308 Gleniez, Thw. 305 laurifolius, Vahl, 306 tetraphylla, Vahl, 301 Thwaitesii, Wzern, 308, v. 384 trifoliatus, L. 305, 307 uniyusus, Thw. 305 Sapium indicum, Willd. iv. 75 insigne, 7727. 76 sebiferum, Roxb. 73, 76 Sapota elengoides, A. DC. iil. 77 SAPOTACEA, iii. 75 Saprosma indicum, Dalz. ii. 368 scabridum, edd. 369 zeylanicum, Beda. 369 Saraca indica, Z. ii. 114 Sarcandra chloranthotdes, Gardn. ili. 433 Sarcanthus f/zformzs, Wight, iv. 191 guttatus, Lindl. 187 peninsularis, Da/z. 200 Walkerianus, Rchb. f. 197 Sarcocephalus cordatus, A7Zzq. ii. 292 Sarcochilus Avachnites, Rchb. f. iv. 187 complanatus, 42. f, 186 minimifolius, Hk. f. 184 pugioniformis, Zz. f. 185 pulchellus, 7727. 185 serreformis, Trim. 186
Index to Botanical Names. tae
Sarcochilus viridifiorus, Hs. 7. iv. 184 Wightii, Hz. f. 184 Sarcoclinium Hookeri, Thw. iv. 55 longifolium, Wight, 56 Sarcococca pruniformis, Zzzd/. lv. 9 Saligna, Muell. 9 trinervia, Wight, 9 seylanica, Baill. 9 Sarcostemma Brunonianum, W. & A. viminale, Moon, 152 [ill. 152 Sarissus anceps, Gaertn. ii. 370 Sarosanthera lasiopetala, Thw. i. 108 Satyrium nepalense, Doz, iv. 237 Sauropus albicans, B/. iv. 16 assimilis, Zw. 17 Gardnerianus, Wight, 16 indicus, Night, 16 retroversus, Wight, 16 rigidus, Zkw. 17 zeylanicus, Wight, 16 SAXIFRAGACEA, ii. 143 Sczevola Koenigii, Vah/, iii. 54 Lobelia, L. 54, 55 Macret, De Vriese, 55 Plumieri, Vahl, 55 Taccada, Wight, 54 uvifera, Wight, 55 Scepa Lindleyana, Wight, iv. 40 [240 Schizachyrium zeylanicum, W.& A. v. Schizostigma hirsutum, Arz. ii. 327 Schleichera trijuga, W2/d. i. 304 Schmidelia acuminata, 'Thw. i. 302 allophylla, DC. 302 Cobbe, DC. 303 hispida, Thw. 303 Rheedit, Wight, 304 vartans, Thw. 302 villosa, Wight, 304 Schenorchis juncifolia, Thw. iv. 196 Schenus cyperorides, Retz. v. 59 nemorum, Vahl, 89, 90 Surimamensts, 83 Schrebera albens, Retz. i, 271 Schumacheria alnifolia, HAf, & Th.
i. IO angustifolia, Wk. 7. & Th. [Plate ii.] castanezefolia, Vahl, 10 {11
Sciaphila erubescens, A/zers, iv. 368 janthina, 7Zw. 369 secundiflora, Zz. 368
SCITAMINEA, iv. 238 Scleria a/ata, Moon, v. 99
Scilla indica, Baker, 293 Scindapsus decursivus, Schott, iv. 362
Peepla, Thw. 361 pertusus, Schott, 361
Scirpodendron, costatum Awrz [Plate
XCVill. ] v. 92 pandaniforme, Zipp. 92 sulcatum, Miq. 92
Scirpus estivalis, Retz. v. 51
argenteus, Rottb. 52 articulatus, Z. 75 autummnalis, Rottb. 26 capillarts, L. 66 capitatus, L. 72 cartbeus, Rottb. 72 ciliarzs, Rottb. 79 Chetarta, Thw. 71 connamometorum, Vahl, 61 debtlis, Pursh, 75 dichotomus, Li. 53 aichotomus, L. var. 50 aichotomus, Herm. 54 dipsaceus, Rottb. 63 distachyus, Herb. Rottl. 50 echinatus, L. 41
erectus, Pozr. 75 fluitans, Z. 73
&lobosus, Moon, 57 grossus, Z. f. 77 juncoides. Roxb, 75 lateralis, Retz. (?) 75 laxiflorus, Thw. 69 littoralis, Schrad. 77 multaceus, Burn. 56 monander, Roth, 52 mucronatus, Z. 76 pectinatus, Roxb. 77 Pplantagineus, L. 69 Plantagineus, 3, Thw. 69 Plantaginoides, Rottb. 68 polytrichoides, Retz. 49 spiralis, Rottb. 70 squarrosus, Z. 74 subcapitatus, Zhw. 76 submersus, Sauv. 78 supinus, Z. 74 Thwaitesiz, Boeck. 67 triangulatus, Roxb. 76
444
Scleria azdrogyna, Nees, v. 95 axillaris, Moon, 101 biflora, Roxb. 99 caricina, Benth. 101 chinensis, Ath, var. 98 corymbosa, Roxb. 95 elata, Zhw. 97 elata, Thw. 98 exaltata, Boeck. 98 hebecarpa, /Vées, 99 hirsuta, Moon, 95 junciformis, ZZw. 95 latertfiora, Boeck. 97 latifolia, Moon, 99 levis, Retz. 100 lithosperma, Zw. 96 majus, Moon, 95 Neesii, Azzth, 94 oryzoides, Pres/, 99 pergracilis, Kunth, 94 pilosa, Boeck. 95 stricta, Moon, 94 Steudelzana, Miq. 99 sumatrensis, Retz. 96 tessellata, Welld. 98 tessellata, Thw. 99 Thwattestana, Boeck. 97 zeylanica, Moon, 100 zeylanica, Foz. 97
Scleropyrum Wallichianum, 477. ili.475
Sclerostylis Arnottiana, Wight, i. 227 atalantioides, W. & A. 226 zeylanica, Wight, 227
Scolopia acuminata, Clos, i. 70 Arnottianus,* Thw. 71 chinensis, Clos, 71 crenata, Clos, 71 crassipes, Clos, 71 Gaertneri, Zhw. 71 pusilla, Willd. 71
Scoparia dulcis, L. iii. 255
Scopolia aculeata, Sm. i. 215
SCROPHULARIACEA, iii. 239
Scutellaria zzadzca, Moon, iii. 382 floribunda, Benth. 382 oblonga, Benth. 383 robusta, Benth. 383 spicata, Trim. 383
Index to Botanical Names.
Scutellaria violacea, Heyzze, ili. 382 Scutia indica, Brongn. i. 284 Scutinanthe brunnea, Thw. i. 238 Scyphellandra virgata, Thw. i. 69 Scyphiphora hydrophylacea, Gaertn. f. ii. 337 Scyphostachys coffzeoides, Zhz. ii. 335. pedunculatus, Zzw. 335 Sebastiania Chameelea, (Zue//. iv. 78 Sebestena officinalis, Gaertn. iil. 193 Secamone emetica, #7. ili. 146 Semecarpus acuminata, Zw. i. 323 coriacea, 7hw. 321 cuneata, Engl 324 Gardneri, 7iw. 322 levigata, Thw. 325 marginata, Zhw. 319 Moonii, 7%. 321 nigro-viridis, Zhw. 323 oblongifolia, Thw. 323, 324 obovata, Moon, 321 obscura, 7h. 320, 324 parvifolia, Zzw. 324 pubescens, Zw. 320 subpeltata, Zzw. 320 Thwaitesiz, Uk. f. 321 Walkeri, Hz. f. 322 Senecio avaneosus, Arn. iii. 49 araieosus, var. Thw. 50 campylodes, DC. 50 corymbosus, Wall. 50 coryntbosus, var. Thw. 49 Gardneri, Clarke, 48 gracilis, Avz. 48 ludens, Clarke, 49 scandens, D. Dow, 50 Walkeri, 477. 49 Walkeri, Thw. 47 Wightianus, DC. 50 zeylanicus, DC. 48 Serissa Gardnert, Thw. ii. 368 glomerata, Bedd. 368 scabvida, Thw. 369 Wighti, Bedd. 369 zeylanica, Thw. 369 Serpicula dvevzpes, W. & A. 11. 148 hirsuta, WW. G& A. 148 indica, Thw. 147, 148
* Error for Phoberos Arnottianus.
Index to Botanical Names.
Serpicula verticcllata, L, f. iv. 3 zeylanica, Arz. il. 147 Sesamum indicum, Z. iii. 285 orientale, L. 285 occedentale, Heer & Reg. 286 Sesbania aculeata, Pers. ii. 34 zgyptiaca, Pers. 34 erandifiora, Pers. 35 ‘Sesuvium peduzceulatum, Pers, ii. 268 Portulacastrum, Z. 268 repens, Rottl. 268 Setaria glauca, Beauv. v. 162 gracillima, Hf. 164 intermedia, 2. & S. 163 ttalzca, Beauv. 164 verticillata, Beanv. 163 Sethia acuminata, Arn, i. 191 indica, DC. 190 lanceolata, Arn. 191 obtustfolia, Thw. 192 Shorea dreuzfetzolaris, Thw. i, 118 Dyerii, Zw. 117 lissophylla, Zw. 117 oblongifolia, Zw. 116 reticulata, Zw. 117 stipularis, 7iw. 118 Shutereia bicolor, Chois. iii, 226 Shuteria vestita, W. & A. ii, 58 Sicyos Garcint, Burm. f, ii. 260 *periplocefolia, L. 147 Sida, Abutilon, L. 145 acuta, Burzi. 1. 142 alba, La. 142 alnifolia, L. 142 astatica, L. 144 carpinifolia, L. f. 142 cordifolia, Z. 143 humilis, Cav. 141 mysorensis, W. & A. 142 pertplocifolia, L. 146 persica, Burm. 144 retusa, L. 143 rhombifolia, Z. 143 spinosa, Z. 142 veronicifolta, Lam. 141 Sideroxylon tomentosum, Roxé. iii. 77 Sigesbeckia orientalis, Z. iii. 36
445
SIMARUBACEA, 1. 229 Sitodium caulifiorum, Gaertn. iv. 99 Stunt lobatum, Moon, ii. 280 triternatum, Moon, 279 Slevogtia orientalis, Griseb. iil. 185 Smilax aspera, ZL. iv. 283 latifolia, Moon, 283 maculata, Roxb. 283 ovalifolia, Thw. 283 prolifera, Roxd. 283 Wightiz, A.DC. 283 zeylanica, Z. 283 Smithia blanda, Wall. ii. 37 conferta, S7. 37 geminifiora, Roth. 37 paniculata, Arn. 37 sensitiva, Azz. 37 SOLANACEA, ill. 231 Solandra oppositifola, Moon, ili. 170 Solanum azriculatum, Ait. iii. 232 bigeminatum, var. 231 ciliatum, Lam. 234 denticulatum, Thw. 232 ferox, Z. 233 giganteum, Jacg. 233 Gonakaz, Dun. 232 indicum, Z. 234 tmsanunt, Ls. 235 JSacquini, Willd. 235 leve, Dz. [Plate lxvii.] 231 Melongena, L. 235 membranaceum, Wall. 231 nigrum, Z. 231 nodiflorum, Jacq. 231 pubescens, W2l/d. 232 rubrum, Mill. 231 sodomeumnt, L. 235 torvum, Sw. 234 trilobatum, Z. 236 verbascifolium, Z. 232 xanthocarpum, Schrad. & Wendl. 235 Sonchus asper, Vill. iii. 52 cilzatus, Wight, 52 oleraceus, Li. 52 Sonerila affizzs, Arn. li. 202, 204 angustata, Triana, ll. 203 Arnottiana, 7hw. 204, v. 385
* This name appears in the index to Part II.; it is, doubtless, in error for Szda periplocifolia, L. i. 146, which is not indexed,
446 Index to Botantcal Names.
Sonerila Brunonis, W. & A. ii. 203, 204 cordifolia, Cogn. 202 firma, Thw. 205 Gardneri, Zi. 205 elaberrima, Arn. 203 Guneratnez, Trim. 207 Harvey, Thw. 206, v. 385 Hartweyi, Trian. (err. typ.) 206 hirsutula, Avz. [Plate xxxix.] ii. 205 Hookevtana, Arn. 204, 206 lanceolata, Zw. 206 linearis, H%. 7. 207, v. 385 pedunculosa, Zzw. ii. 208 pilosula, Zizw. 207 pumila, Thw. 202 rhombifolia, Zz. 203, v. 385 robusta, Avz. ii..206 rostrata, Thw. 203 tomentella, Thw. 204 Wightiana, dvz. 201, 204 zeylanica, W. SA. 201, 202, 204 Sonneratia acida, Z. f ii. 230 alba, Smzth, 230 apetala, Ham. 229 Sophora hepitaphylla, Arn. ii. 94, 96 heptaphylla, L. 94. heptaphylla, Wight, 96 tomentosa, Z. 95 violacea, Zhw. 95 Wightiz, Baker, 96 zeylanica, Zrzm. [Plate xxx.] 96 Sopubia delphinifolia, G. Doz, iii. 257 trifida, Ham. 257 Sorghunt halepense, Hort. v. 231 fuloum, Beauv. 232 Soya Weghtit, Grah. ii. 59 Soymida febrifuga, A. Juss. i. 251 Sparganium ensiforme, Koen. v. 93 Spathiostemon javense, Thw. iv. 72 Spathodea campanulata, Beauv. iii. 282 indica, Pers. 281 longifiora, Benth. 282 Rheediz, Wall. 282 Spatholobus Roxburghi2z, Benth. ii. 65 Spergula arvensis, L. i. 85 Spermacoce hispida, Z. ii. 371 ocymoides, Burm. f. 371 stricta, Z. 7. 371 Spheeranthus africanus, Z. ili. 26 amaranthoides, Burm. f. 25
Spheranthus Azrtus, Willd. tii. 26 indicus, Z. 26 microcephalus, Willd. 26 Spheerocaryum elegans, Wes, v. 258 Sphenoclea zeylanica, Gaertn. iii. 59 Pongatium, A. DC. 59 Sphragidia zeylanica, Thw. iv. 38 Spilanthes Acmella, Z. iii. 38, 40 oleracea, Jacg. 40 Pseudo-acmella, L. 40 Spinifex squarrosus, Z. v. 174 Spiranthes australis, Zzzd/. iv. 217 autummnalis, Rich. iv. 218 Spirodela, polyrrhiza, Schl. iv. 367 Splitgerberamacrostachya, Wight, iv. 114 Spondias mangifera, W2d/d. i. 327 Sponia orzentalis, Planch. iv. 82 Wightiz, Planch. 82 Sporobolus diander, Beauv. v. 260 coromandelianus, Awzth, 264 humifusus, Trim. 263 indicus, 47. 261 orientalis, Kunth, 263 orientalis, Trim. 263 tremulus, Kuzth, 263 virginicus, Kunth, 262 Wallichii, 1Zzro, 261 Stachytarpheta indica, Vahl, iii. 348 jamaicensis, Vahl, 348 mutabilzs, Vahl, 349 Stalagmites gambogioides, Murr. 1. 96 Stapelia adscendens, Moon, iii. 168 umbellata, Moon, 168 Stellaria drymarioides, 7Zzw. i. 85 media, With, 85 Stemodia camphorata, Moon, iii. 242 camphorata, Vahl, 241 lutea, Moon, 241 parviflora, Ait. 242 Stemona minor, ZH. 7. iv. 281 tuberosa, Lour. 281 Stemonoporus acuminatus, Beda. i. 123, affinis, 7iw. [Plate xv.] 134 [v. 383 - canaliculatus, Ziw. 135 Gardneri, Tiw. 133 lanceolatus, Tw. 134 Lewisii, 772m. v. 383 Moonii, Zw. i. 137 nervosus, Zw. 136 nitidus, 7iw. 136, v. 383
Index to Botanical Names.
Stemonoporus oblongifolius, 7Zw. i. 135 petiolaris, Thw. 135 reticulatus, 7Ziw. 136, v. 383 revolutus, 7727. v. 384 rigidus, Ziw. i. 134 Wightii, Zw. 132 Stemonurus apicalis, Thw. i. 260 Heyneanus, Miers, 261 polymorpha (2) Wight, 261 Walkert, Miers, 261 zeylanicus, Miers, 261 Stenosiphonium @azdrum, Nees, iii. 303 Russellianum, /Vees, 298, 302 zeylanicum T. Anders. 309 Stenotaphrum complanatum, Schr. v. glabrum, Trin. 172 [172 madagascarzense, Kunth, 172 Stephania hernandifolia, Walp. i. 45 tntertexta, Miers, 45 Stephegyne parvifolia, Kusth, ii. 294 tubulosa, Hz. 7. 295 Sterculia Balanghas, Z. i. 165 colorata, Roxb. 166 foetida, Z. 164 guttata, Roxb. 165 Thwaitesii, W/ast. 166 urens, Roxb, 164 STERCULIACEA, i. 163 Stereospermum chelonioides, DC. iii. suaveolens, DC. 284 [283 Stilago lanceolaria, Roxb. iv. 44 Stipa Spinifex, L. v. 174 littorea, Burm. 174 Stizolobium giganteum, Pers. ii. 62 pruriens, Pers. 62 rugosum, Moon, 61 Stratiotes acoroides, L. f. iv. 126 alismotdes, L. 125 Stravadia integrifolia, Moon, ii. 190 rubra, Moon, 189 Stravadium obtusangulum, Bl. ii. 191 acutangulum, Bl. 291 Streblus asper, Zour. iv. 101 Streptogyne gerontogea, HZ. f. v. 301 crinita, Thw. 301 Streptostigma viridifiorum, Thw. i. 311 Striga euphrasioides, Beth. iii. 256 hirsuta, Benth. 256 lutea, Zour. 256 orobanchoides, Berth. 255
447
Strobilanthes adexophorus, Nees, iii. 305 amabilis, Clarke, 315 anceps, JVées, 307 argutus, Nees, 313 Arnottianus, WVees, 308 asperrimus, WVees, 308 auriculatus, Nees, 314 callosus, Nees, 312 calycinus, /Vees, 311 caudatus, 7. Anders. 306 cerinthordes, Nees, 313 coloratus, Nees, 311 consanguineus, T. Anders. 303 deflexus, 7: Anders. 304 exareolatus, Clarke, 303 exsertus, Clarke, 309 Gardnerianus, 7. Azders. 310 helicoides, Z. Azders. 314 hirsutisstmus, T. Anders. 313 Hookeri, Mees, 311 hypoleucus, T. Anders. 303 laxus, 7. Anders. 312 lanceolatus, Hook. 305 lupulinus, T. Anders. 308, 309 nigrescens, 7. Azders. 303 Nockii, 7727. [Plate lxx.] 301 paniculatus, 7. Azders. 314 paniculatus, Bedd. 315 pulcherrimus, 7. Anders. 315 punctatus, WVees, 307 rhamnifolius, 7. Anders. 304. rhytispermus, Clarke, 303 rubicundus, Thw. 314 scaber, T. Anders. 297 scaber, Nees, 310 sexennis, /Vees, 313 stenodon, Clarke, 302 Thwaitesii, 7. Anders. 306 trifidus, /Vées, 309 vestitus, JVees, 310 viscosus, 7. Anders. 301 Walkeri, 7. Anders. 305 zeylanicus, 7. Azders. 312 Strombosia javanica, Thw. i. 257 zeylanica, Gardn. 257 Strongylocalyx hemisphericus, Bl. ii. 17 Strongylodon ruber, Vog. ii. 65 Strychnos Beddomei, Clarke, ili. 173 Benthami, Clarke, 174 cinnamomifolia, 7zw. 174
448
‘Strychnos colubrina, Z. iii. 173
coriacea, Thw. 173
inermis, Moon, 174
laurina, Thw. 173
micrantha, Zw. 172, 173
minor, Benth. 174
minor, Bl. 173
Nux-vomica, Z. 175
potatorum, Z. 176
vecurva, Moon, 174 Rheedez, Clarke, 173 STYLIDIACEA, iii. 53 Stylidium uliginosum, Sz. ili. 53 Stylocoryne elliptica, Thw. ii. 329
Webera, A. Rich. 328 Stylosanthus mucronata, W7d/d. ii. 36 STYRACEA, iii. 103 ‘Sueeda zzdica, Thw. ili. 408
maritima, Dzm. 409
m6noica, Forsk, 408
nudiflora, AZog. 409 ‘Sunaptea disticha, 772m. i. 127
scabriuscula, 7727. [Plate xii.] 126 Sunapteopsis jucunda, Heim, v. 383 Suregada angusttfolza, Baill. iv. 73 Suriana maritima, Z. i. 232 Susum anthelminticum, 42. iv. 317 Swertia zeylanica, Wak. iii. 187 Swietenia Chloroxylon, Roxb. 1. 253 Sykesia Kenigi, Arn. iii. 177
thyrsiflora, Arn. 177
Walkerz, Arn. 178
‘Symphorema involucratum oxd. iii.
363
‘Symplocos acuta, Zw. iii. 106 angustata, Clarke, 108, 109 apicalis, Zw. 110 bractealis, ZZw. 106 cordifolia, Zw. 110 coronata, 7zw. 111i cuneata, Zw. 107 elegans, Zw. 108 hebantha, Zw. 109 hirsuta, Wight & Gardn. 108 hirsuta, 3, Thw. 109 hispidula, 7%. 107 jucunda, Zw. 107 leta, Zhw. 105 latiflora, Clarke, 108 marginalis, 7hw. 111
Index to Botanical Names.
Symplocos minor, Clarke, iii. 109 obtusa, Wall. 104 pauciflora, Wight, 111 pendula, Thw. 111 rufescens, Thw. 106 spicata, Roxb. 104 versicolor, Clarke, 106 Synantherias sylvatica, Schot¢, iv. 357 Synedrella nodiflora, Gaertn. iii. 40 Syzygium assimile, Thw. ti. 174 calophylhfolium, Thw. 173 caryophylleum, Gaertn. 173 cordifolium, Thw. 176 firmum, Thw. 170 Gardneri, Thw. 174 JSambolanum, DC. 179 lissophyllum, Thw. 173 mecranthun, Thw. 175 montanum, Thw. 170 Neesianum, Arn. 177 nervosum, DC. 179 oliganthum, Thw. 178 revolutum, Thw. 175 rotundifoliune, Arn. 177 sclerophyllum, Thw. 178 spathulatum, Thw. 178 sylvestre, Thw. 175 umobrosuim, Thw. 173
Tabernzeemontana coronaria, Br. iii. 133 densiflora, Wight, 126 dichotoma, /oxd. 132 Tacca pinnatifida, Forsz. iv. 274 TACCACE4, iv. 273 Tzeniophyllum Alwisii, Zz7d/. iv. 203 Tagetes erecta, L. ili. 42 patula, L. 42 Tainia bicornis, 7727. iv. 169 maculata, Hk. f. 163, 170 Tamarindus indica, L. ii. 114 TAMARISCINEA, i. OI Tamarix e7zcovdes, Rottb. i. 91 gallica, Z. 91 zndica, Willd. 91 Taraxacum officinale, Wigg. iii. 51 Tarenna zeylanica, Gaertn. ii. 328 Taxitrophis Roxdurghiz, Bl. iv. 101 zeylanica, Zw. 100 Tectona grandis, L. f. iii. 350
Index to Botanical Names.
Teinostachyum attenuatum, AZuzvo, Vv. 317 ‘Tephrosia Azrta, Thw. ii. 32 Hookeriana, W. & A. 32 intermedia, Grah. 31 maxima, Pers. [Tab. xxvii.] 32 purpurea, ers. 31, v- 384 senticosa, Pers. il. 30 spinosa, Pers. 30 suberosa, DC. 29 tinctoria, Pers. 31 villosa, Pers. 33 ‘Teramnus labialis, Séreng. ii. 60 mollis, Benth. 60 “Terminalia @/ata, Moon, ii. 160 Arjuna, Bedd. 161 belerica, Roxb. 159 Catappa, L. 159 Chebula, Retz. 159 glabra, W. & A. 160 parviflora, Zw. 160 tomentosa, W. & A. 161 zeylanica, Van H. & Miill. 160 Terniola zeylanica, Tul. iii. 416 “Ternstreemia emarginata, Chozs. i. 108 japonica, Zhznb. 107 "TERNSTREMIACEA, i. 107 Terpnophyllum seylanicunt, Thw. i. 97 Tetracera levis, Vahl, i. 6 Rheedez, Wight, 6 Tetracrypta cinnamomotdes, Gardn. & Champ. il. 157 Tetradenia zeylanica, Nees, ili. 454 ‘Tetrameles Grahamzana, Wight, ii. 265 nudiflora, Br. ii. 265 Tetranthera apetala, Roxb. iii. 449 cauliflora, Moon, 450 iteodaphne, Nees, 453 leta, y, Meissn. 452 laurifolia, Jacq. 449 ligustrina, Thw. 450 longifolia, Nees, 450 longifolia, var. y, Thw. 452 nemorals, Thw. 451 nervosa, Meissn. 452 Roxburghtz, Nees, 449 tomentosa, Roxb. 449 Tetrastigma lanceolariunt, Blanch. i. 296 Teucrium tomentosum, Heyxe, iii. 388 Thalassia Hemprichii, Asch. iv. 127
PART V.
449
| Thalassia s¢¢pulacea, Thw. iv. 128
reptans, Koen. 377 Thalictrum glyptocarpum, W.& A. i. 3 javanicum, BZ. 3 Thelasts elegans, Bl. iv. 207 Themeda Forskalit, Hack. v. 248 tremula, Hack. 249 Theriophonum crenatum, BZ. iv. 355 seylanicum, N.E. Br. 355 Thespesia Lampas, Dalz, & Gids. i. 158 populnea, So/. 158 Thismia Srzxoniana, Miers, iv. 132 Gardneriana, Hk. f. 132 Thouarea sarmentosa, Kunth, v. 173 Thounia nutans, L. f. ii. 116 Thuarea sarmentosa, Fres. v. 175 THYMELZACES®, ill. 457 Thunbergia alata, Boj. iii. 289 coccinea, Wall. 289 fragrans, Roxb. 288 Hawtayneana, Wall. 289 Thyridostachyum leve, Nees, v. 210 Tiaridium tndicune, Wight, iii. 200 TILIACEA, 1, 171 Tiliacora acuminata, Thw. i. 42 cusprdiformis, Miers, 42 Jraternaria, Miers, 42 racemosa, Colebr. 42 Timonius Jambosella, Zw. ii. 338 Tinospora cordifolia, Miers, i. 39 crispa, Mzers, 39 malabarica, Mzers, 38 tomentosa, Miers, 39 Tithonta diverstfolta, A. Gray, iil. 39 Toddalia aculeata, Pers. 1. 215 Tomex tomentosa, L. ili. 350 Torenia asiatica, Z. iii. 249 hirtella, Ak. 7. 249 rubens, Thw. 249 Tournefortia argentea, Z. f. iii. 198 Walkerz, Clarke, 198 Wallichiz, Thw. 198 seylanica, Wight, 199 Toxicodendron Kobbe, Gaertn. 1. 303 Toxocarpus Kleinii, W. & A. iii. 146 Trachys mucronata, Pers. v. 186 Tradescantia axillaris, Moon, iv. 315 cristata, Willd. 311 paniculata, Roxb. 316 Tragia cannabina, L, f. iv. 62
GG
450
Tragia Chamelea, L. iv. 78 involucrata, Z. 61 Mercurialis, L. 63 montana, Muell. 62 Tragus racemosus, Scop. v. 187 Trapa bicornis, L. ii. 236 _bispinosa, Roxb. 235 Trema orientalis, B/. iv. 82 Trewia nudiflora, Z. iv. 61 Trianthema crystallina, Thw. ii. 269 decandra, Z. 270 monogyna, Z. 269 obcordata, Roxb. 269 triquetra, Rott. & Willd. 269 Tribulus daxugenosus, L. i. 194 terrestris, Z. 194 Trichadenia zeylanica, 7%zw. [Plate viii. | i. 75 Trichelostylis miliacea, Nees, v. 56 globulosa, Nees, 57 pentaptera, Nees, 60 Trichodesma indicum, 47. ili. 202 zeylanicum, Br. 202 Trichopodium angustifoium, Lindl. iv. cordatum, Lindl. 280 [280 zntermedium, Lindl. 280 zeylanicum, Thw. 280 Trichopus zeylanicus, Gaevtz. iv. 280 Trichosanthes azguzna, L. i. 245 bracteata, Voight, 244 caudata, Willd. 244 cucumerina, Z. 245 integrifolia, Zzw. [Plate xlii.] 245 nervifolia, Z. 244 palmata, Roxb. 244 Thwaitesi, Cogn. 245 Tricostularta zeylanica, Benth. v. 86 Tridax procumbens, L. iil. 42 Trifolium arvense, Li. i. 20 minus, L. 20 repens, L. 20 Trigonella indica, L. il. 7 Trigonostemon diplopetalus, Zhw. [Plate lxxxiii.] iv. 51 glabellus, Bedd. 54 Lawianus, Muell. 54 nemoralis, Zhw. 51 seylanicus, Muell. 53 Trimeriza pipermma, Lindl. iii. 421 Tripogon bromoides, Roth, v. 273
Index to Botanical Names.
Tripogon festucozdes, Jaub. & Sp. v. 273 zeylanicus, Nees, 273 Tripterospermum Championiz, Gardn-. ili. 187 Tristicha zeylanica, Gard. iii. 416 Tristillateta australasica, A. Rich. i. Triticum repens, Thw. v. 299 [194. scaberrimum, Steud. 306 Triumfetta angulata, Lam. i. 179 Bartramia, L. 179 conspicua, Trim. 180 glabra, Ao¢¢/. [Plate xix.] 180 neglecta, W. & A. 181 pilosa, Roth, 179 pilosula, Thw. 181 rhomboidea, /acg. 179 tomentosa, Boj. 179 TRIURIDEZ, lv. 367 Trophis aspera, Retz. iv. 101 spinosa, Heyne, 103 Tropidia curculigotdes, Lindl. iv. 219 bambusifolia, 7727. 220 Thwaitesii, Az. 7. 219 Tulasnea zeylanica, Wight, iii. 416 Turnera ulmifolia, L. i. 239 Turpinia zepalensis, Wall. 1. 313 pomifera, DC. 313 Turrea villosa, Benn. 243 Tylophora asthmatica, W. & A. ii. 158 asthmatica, Thw. 157, 159 carnosa, Wall. 158 cordifolia, Zw. 158 fasciculata, Ham. 156 fasciculata, Thw. 157 flava, Z7zm. [Plate lxii.] 159 Iphisia, Deze. 157 membranifolia, Zw. 157 paucifiora, W. & A. 157 micrantha, Thw. 157 tenuis, B/. 149, 158 zeylanica, Dewe. 157 Typha angustifolia, Thw. iv. 343 javanica, Schnztz. 343 latifolca, Moon, 343 TYPHACEA, iv. 342 Typhonium cuspidatum, Deve. iv. 354 divaricatum, Dene. 354 trilobatum, Schott, 353 Roxburghii, Schott, 353 Ulex europeus, L. i. 7
Index to Botanical Names.
Olmus integrifolia, Roxb. iv. 80 UMBELLIFERA, ii. 274 Uncaria dasyoneura, Korth. ii. 296 Gambier, Roxb. 297 Gambier, Thw. 206 - Oniola lappacea, Trin. v. 304 Unona discolor, Vahl, i. 23 elegans, 7iw. 23 tripetalotdea, Moon, 28 uncimata, Dun. 21 zeylanica, Hk. f. & T. 23 Oralepis fusca, Steud. v. 300 Orandra apicalis, Thw. i. 260 Uraria crvznzta, Desv. ii. 42 hamosa, Wall. 43 picta, Desv. 42 Urena lobata, Z. i. 147 sinuata, Z. 148 Urginea congesta, Wight, iv. 292 rupicola, 77m. 292 Urochloa cimicina, Kunth, v. 166 Oropetalum montanum, Dalz. iv. 291 Urophylium ellipticum, 7zw. i. 326 zeylanicum, 7hw. 326 Orostigma Arnottianum, Mig. iv. 90 benghalense, Gasp. 86 ceylonense, Miq. 91 tnjectorium, Thw. 91 lacciferum, Miq. 87 Lambertianumt, 92 modestun, Mig. 89 mysorense, Thw. 86 retusum, Mig. 89 Tjiela, Mig. 92 Tjtela, Thw. 88 tomentosum, Miq. 87 Wightianum, Mig. 91, 92 Urtica alienata, L. iv. 116 aquatica, Moon, 113 crenulata, Roxb. 105 heterophylla, Vahl, 106 tnterrupta, L. 104 stimulans, Moon, 105 © verrucosa, Moon, 119 URTICACEA, iv. 78 Utricularia affinis, Wzght, iii. 269 bifida, Z. 270 brachypoda, Wight, 269 ceerulea, LZ. 268 cerulea, B, Thw. 269
451
Utricularia capillacea, Wail. iii. 270 conferta, Wight, 268 diantha, R. & S. 268 exoleta, Br. 268 flexuosa, Vahl, 267 glochidiata, Wight, 271 humilis, Wight, 270 nivea, Vahl, 270 orbiculata, Wall. 271 pedicellata, Wight, 268 racemosa, Wall. 270 reticulata, S7z. 269 rosea, Oliv. 270 scandens, Benj. 270 stellaris, Z. f. 267 uligenozdes, Wight, 268, 269 vulgaris, L. 267 Wallichiana, Wight, 270 Uvaria macrophylla, Rox. i. 18 macropoda, Hz. f. & JT. 19 Narum, Wail. 19 purpurea, Bi. 18 semecarpifolia, Hk. fi & T. 19 sphenocarpa, Hk. f. & T. 18 zeylanica, Z. 20
Vacciniacex, ili. 61
Vaccinium Leschenaultii, Wight, iii. 64 rotundtfolium, Bedd. 62
Vahlia oldenlandioides, Roxd. ii. 143 wiscosa, Roxb. 143
Valeriana Hardwickiz, Thw. iil. 1 Moonii, Avz. I officinalis, Li. 2 villosa, Moon, 1
VALERIANACEA, iil. I
Vallaris dichotona, Wall. ii. 135 Heynei, Spreng. 135 Pergulana, Burm. 135
Vallisneria alternifolia, Roxb. iv. 104 octandra (?), Moon, 125 spiralis, Li. iv. 124
Vanda dzcaudata, Thw. iv. 204 multifiora, Lindl. 198 parviflora, Lzzd/. 192 peduncularés, Lindl. 203 Roxburghii, By. iv. 192 spathulata, SA7. 193 Thwaitesii, Zk. 7. 193
Vandellia angustifolia, Berth. ill. 251
452 Index to Botanical Names.
Vandellia crustacea, Genzh. iii. 250 hirsuta, Han. 250 pedunculata, Benth, 251 multiflora, Thw. 250 scabra, Benth. 251
Vanilla aromatica (?) Moon, iv. 221
Moonii, Zw. [Plate xci.] 221 planifolia, Andrews, 221 Walkerize, Weght, 220 Vareca zeylanica, Gaertn. ii. 237 Vateria acuminata, Hayne, i. 131 acuminata, Thw. 133 afinis, Thw. 134 canaliculata, Thw. 135 ceylanica, Wight, 133 cordifolia, Thw. 137 disticha, Thw. 127 elegans, Thw. 138 Gardnert, Thw. 133 indica, Bl. 131 indica, L. 132 jucunda, Thw. 133 lanceolata, Thw. 134 lancifolia, Thw. 136 malabarica, Bl. 132 Moonit, Thw. 137 nervosa, Thw. 136 nitida, Thw. 136 oblongifolia, Thw. 135 petiolaris, Thw. 135 reticulata, Thw. 136 vigida, Thw. 134 scabriuscula, Thw. 126 Vatica affinis, 7h. i. 128 chinensis, L. v. 383 cordifolia, Thw. 126 disticha, A. DC. [Plate xiii.] 127 obscura, 7272. 129 Roxburghiana, B/. 128, v. 383 scabriuscula, A. DC. i. 126 Thwattesiz, A. DC. 134
Ventilago maderaspatana, Gaertz. i. 279
Verbascum Thapsus, L. iii. 241 Verbena indica, L. ii. 348 nodifiora, L. 347 venosa, Gill. & Hook. 349 VERBENACEA, ill. 345 Verbesina biflora, L. ii. 37
Verbesina calendulacea, L. iii. 38 dichotoma, Willd. 37 Lavenia, L. 13
Vernonia albicans, DC. iii. 7 anceps, Clarke, 6 anthelmintica, W2l/d. 9 arborea, Ham. 11 cinerea, Less. 7 conyzoides, Thw. 8 Gardneri, Thw. 6 Hookeriana, Arn. 8 javanica, DC. iI Monosis, Clarke, 11 ® netlgherryensis, Thw. 7 nemoralis, Zhw. 9 pectiniformis, DC. to puncticulata, J)C. to scariosa, Arz. 8 setigera, Arz. 7 Thwaitesil, Clarke, 6 Wightiana, Arz. 9 Wishtiana, B, Thw. 6 zeylanica, Less. 10
Veronica polita, Fr. iii. 255
Viburnum capitellatum, Wight, ii. 288 coriaceum, &/. 288 erubescens, Wall. 289 hebanthum, Thw. 288 Wishtianum, Wall. 289 seylanicum, Gardn. 288
Vicoa auriculata, Cass. iil. 33 tnadica, DC. 33
Vigna Catizang, Endl. ii. 74 luteola, Benth. 73 pulneiensis,* 74 sinensis, Endl. 74 vexillata, Benth. 74
Vilfa virginica, Beauv. v. 262
Villarsia indica, Vent. iii. 188
Villebrunea integrifolia, Gaud. iv. 118 sylvatica, Bl. 118
Vinca pusilla, Murr. iti. 130 rosea, L. 130
Viola crenata, Moon, i. 67 distans, Wall. 66 enneasperma, L. 67 hastata, Moon, 66 Patrinii, DC. 66
* Error for Phaseolus pulniensis, Wight.
Lndex to Botanical Names. 453
Viola serpens, Wall. i. 67 suffruticosa, L. 67 Walkeriz, Wight, 66 Wishitana, Thw. 66, 67 VIOLACEA, i. 65
- Viscum angulatum, Heyne, iii. 472
aphyllum, Griff. 472 articulatum, Burn. 472 attenuatum, DC. 472 capitellatum, Si. 471 conwpressum, Woon, 472 floccosunt, Thw. 473 japonicum, Zhuz6. 472 montliforme, Thw. 472 monoicum, Roxb. 471 orientale, W2l/d. 47% ramosissimum, Wall. 472 sSpathulifolium, Thw. 473 verruculosum, WW. & A. 471 Vitex alata, Heyne, iii. 358 altissima, Z.f. 357 appendiculata, Rottb. 358 Leucoxylon, Z. 7. 358 Negundo, Z. 357 pinnata, L. 358 pubescens, Vahl, 358 trifolia, Z. 356
trifolia, Moon, 357 zeylanica, Turcz. 358 Vitis acuminata, 77277. i. 292 adnata, Wall. 290 carnosa, Wall. 294 ertoclada, W. & A. 288 Gardneri, Laws. 293 glauca, W. & A. 292 glyptocarpa, Laws. 289 Heyneana, Wall. 292 indica, Z. 288 lanceolaria, Wall. 296 Linnei, Wall. 291 lonchiphylla, Laws. 290 muricata, WV. & A. 296 pallida, W. & A. 291 pallida (?), Trim. 292 pedata, Vah/, 295 quadrangularis, Wall. 289 repanda, W. & A. 292 reticulata, Laws. 294 Rheedii, W. & A. 293 setosa, Wall. 296
Vitis tenuifolia, W. & A. 295 tomentosa, Heyzze, 288 trifolia, L. 294 vinifera, L. 289 Vitmannia elliptica, Vahl, i. 231. Volkameria inermiis, L. ili. 359 scandens, L. f. 362 Wahlenbergia gracilis, 4. DC, iii. 58 agrestts, A.DC. 58 Walkera serrata, Moon, i. 235 Wallrothia Leucoxylon, Roth, iti. 358 Walsura Gardneri, Zw. i. 250 Piscidia, Roxb. 250 Thwattesiz, Cas. DC. 250 Waltheria indica, Z. i. 171 Webera cerifera, Moon, ii. 328 corymbosa, W2d/d. 328 lanceolata, Moon, 343 Websteria limnophila, S. A. Wright, v. 78 Wedelia biflora, DC. il. 39 calendulacea, Less. 38 Weihea zeylanica, Bazil. ii. 156 Wendlandia dzcuspidata, W. & A. ii. 207 Notoniana, Wall. 207 Wikstrcemia canescens, JZe7sszz. iii. 458 znamena, Meissn. 458 virgata, Meissn. 458 Willughbeia zeylanica, 7iw. ii. 123 Wissadula Leschenaultiana, Mast. i. 147 periploccfolia, Thw. 146 zeylanica, Medik. 146 Withania somnifera, Dz. iii. 237 Wolffia arrhiza, We. iv. 367 Wollastonta biftora, DC. iii. 39 Woodfordia floribunda, Sa/. 11. 226 Wormia hamata, Vahl, i. 139 retusa, Hk. f. & T. 12 triquetra, Rott] [Plate iii.] 11 Wrightia angustifolia, Zw. ili. 136 antidysenterica, Br. 137 flavido-rosea, 7727. [Plate lxi.] 136 mollisstma, Wight, 137 Rothit, var. Thw. 136 Zénctorza, Br. 136 tomentosa, . & S. 137 zeylanica, By. 137
Xanthium orzentale, L. ili. 35 Strumarium, Z. 35 -
454 L[ndex to Sinhalese Names.
Aanthochymus ovalifolius, Roxb. i. 98
Xanthophyllum flavescens, Hox6.i. 84 virens, Roxb. 84
Aimenesta enceliordes, Thw. iii. 40
Ximenia americana, Wild. i. 255
Aylocarpus Granatum, Koen. 1. 251
Xylopia Championii, 4%. f. & TJ. i. 28 nigricans, Hk f. & T, 28
Zeuxine bracteata, Wight, iv. 215 brevifolia, Wight, 215 flava, Benth. 217 longilabris, Bexth. 216 regia, Benth. 216 robusta, Wight, 215 sulcata, Lzzd/. 215 Zingiber Cassumunar, Roxb. iv. 258
parvifolia, Hk f. & T. 28 XYRIDE, iv. 296 Xyris anceps, Lam. iv. 297 capensis, var. Thunb.,297 indica, Z. 297 pauciflora, W2lld. 298 schcenoides, Mart. 297 Walkeri, Arn. 297
VYoungia fuscipappa, Thw. iii. 51 lyrata, Cass. 51 napifolia, Wight, 51
Zanonia indica, Z. ii. 261% Wightiana, Arn. 260
cylindricum, J7Zoon, 257 migrun, Gaertn. 247 officinale, Li. 259 squarrosum, Wight, 257 azanthorhiza, Moon, 243 Zerumbet, S72. 259 Zizyphus Jujuba, Lam. i. 280 lineatus, Willd. iv. 19 Linnet, Laws. 281 lucida, Moon, 281 Napeca, Willd. 281 Nummularia, WV. & A. 280 (noplia, AZ/7. 280 rugosa, Lam. 282 xylopyra, Willd. 282
Zanthoxylum Rhetsa, DC. i. 215 tetraspermum, W. & A. 215 triphyllum, Juss. 214 seylanicum, DC. 214
Zehneria Garcinz, Stocks, ii. 260 hastata, AZzg. 256 Hookeriana, Arn. 256 umbellata, Thw. 256
Zenkeria obtusiflora, Benth. v. 267 elegans, Zrinz. 268
Zornia angustifolia, Sm. il. 35 conjugata, Sm. 35 diphylla, Pers. 35 Walkerz, Arn. 35 zeylanensis, Pers. 35 Zosterostylis Walkere, Wight, iv. 209 zeylanica, Lindl. 209 Zoysia pungens, W2l/d. v. 188 ZYGOPHYVLLACEA, 1. 194 Zygospermum zeylanicum, Thw. iv. 27
II.
SINHALESE NAMES.
Aba, i. 54 Achariya-pala, ii. 62 Adakka, iv. 321 /Embilla; iii. 69 fEtora-tawa, v. 154 Alan, iv. 247 Agada, iii. 38 Alandu, iv. 103 Aga-mula-néti-wil,iii.229 | Alanga, iii. 213 Agu-karni, li. 363 Alu, iv. 247 Agaladara, iii. 338 / Alubo, ii. 175 Ahu, ii. 354 | Alu-gas, iv. 247 Akkapana, ii. 145 Alu-pila, ii. 31
Ak-médiya, iv. 83 Akmella, iii. 40 Ala-bet, iii. 45 Alariya, ili. 131
Alu-puhul, ii. 252 Amba, i. 318 Ambakaha, iv. 243 Amba-wila, ili. 243 Ammonilla, i. 173 Amu, v. I21 Amukkara, ili. 237 Andara, ii. 121 Andun-wenna, i. 265 Angana, ii. 338 Anitta, iil. 339
Lndex to Sinhalese Names.
Ankenda, i. 216 Anoda, i. 144, 145 Apas, iii. 218 Apathuzetha, v. 121 Aralu, ii. 159 Aramana, ii. 108 Aridda, i. 326 Arugan pilla, v. 274 As-wel, ili. 141
. Aswanna, ll. 372 Aswenna, ii. 44 Ati-udayan, iv. 348 Attana, iii. 238 Attika, iv. 96 Attora, v. 154 Atukétiya, i. 28
Badulla, i. 321, 322, 324 Bakamuna-miris, ill. 427 Bakamunu-tana, v. 94 Bakmi, ii. 292 Bala, i. 325 Bala-nakuta, il. 348 Balan, i. 165 Balan-gas, i. 165 Baloliya, ii. 49 Balu-dan, iii. 73, 174 Balu-nakuta, i. 254 (see errata) Bambara-wel, ii. 88 Bandura-wel, iii. 420 Basuagilli, u. 254 Bata-kirilla, i. 191 Batala, iii. 212 Bata-li, iv. 318 Batu-damba, ii. 179 Batu-karivila, ii. 248 Bawara-embilla, iv. 40 Bayarbatu (nuts), iv. 328 Bedi-del, iv. 98 Be-hunukirilla, iv. 32 Beli, i. 229 Béli-patta, i. 157 Belloo-labba, ii. 89 Beralie, i. 119 Beraliya, i. 122, 123 Beraliya- Yakahalu, i. 122 Bériya, ii, 162 Béru, iv. 56 Beru-diyanilla, ii. 233
Bévila, i. 141
Bilin, i. 200
Bim-pol, iv. 280 Bin-béru, i. 7 Bin-dadzekiriya, iv. 8 Bindara, iii. 181 Bin-karal-héba, ili. 398 Bin-kohomba, i. 242 Bin-mé, ii. 71 Bin-nuga, iii. 158, 160 Bin-olu, iii. 189 Bin-sawan, ili. 247 Bin-siyambala, ii. 110 Bin-tamburu, ili. 222 Bo, iv. 90
Bodi, ii. 28 Bol-hinda, iv. 311 Bolita, iii. 377
Bolila, iii. 377 Bo-kéra, i. 233, 235 Bolvila, ili. 377 Bombu, iii. 104 Bombi, iii. 449 Bomi, ii. 449 Bonchi, ii. 69
Boo Anoda, W. &A.i. 144 Bora daminiya, i. 177 Boralu, iii. 61 Boru-pun, v. 68 Bowitiya, ii. 195 Budadakiriya, iv. 7 Buembilla, iv. 43 Bu-gétiya, i. 189 Bu-hora, i, 114 Bu-katuhenda, iii. 203 Bukenda, iv. 64 Bu-kinda, i. 38 Bu-kobbé, i. 303 Bulat, iil. 425 Bulat-wel, iii. 425 Bulu, ul. 159 Bulu-mora, i. 310 Bu-mé, i. 72 Bu-nelu, iii. 298 Bunuga, iv. 36 Bu-pila, ii. 33 Burulla, i. 297 Buruta, i. 15, 253 Bu-séru, iii. 352 Bu-tora, ii. 109
455
Butsarana, iv. 264 Bu-wal-anguna, iii. 138
Caju, 1. 317 Cansjankora, iii. 183 Chanchala, li. 56 Conghas, i. 305, 306
Dadakaha, iv. 241 Dada-kehel, iv. 362 Daluk, iv. 4 Dambala, ii. 69, 76 Dambu or Damba, ii. 174, 176 Daminiya, i. 175 Dan, il. 174 Dara-wéta-kolu, ii. 252 Dat-kétiya, i. 28 ; ii. 320 Dawata, ii. 155, 156 Dawu, li. 162 Dawul-kurundu, ili. 454 Dedi-kaha, ii. 221 Del, iv. 98 Demata, ill. 355 Désa-ala, iv. 360 Devadaram, i. 190 (error for Tévataram) Diamenériya, iv. 301 Dik-wenna, i. 172 Diwul, i. 228 Divi-adiya, iii. 216 Divi-kaduru, ill. 132 Divi-pahuru, iii. 216
| Diya-hawari, iv. 125
Diya-kirilla, iii. 191 Diya-kirindiwel, i. 275 Diya-kudalu, i. 212 Diya-labu, il. 247 Diya-manel, iv. 273 Diya-menériya, iv. 301 Diya-midella, ii. 189 Diya-mitta, i. 46 Diya-na, 1. 106 Diya-nidi-kumba, ii. 118 Diyanilla, iii. 277 Diya-panshi, iv. 366 Diya-para, 1. II _ Diya-pasi, iii. 267 Diya-ratambala, ii. 114 Diya-ratmal, ii. 114 Diya-siyambala, ii. 38
456
Diya-taleya, ii. 287 Diya-wawul-étiya, ii. 99 Dodan-kaha, 1. 222 Dodan-pana, i. 217 Dodham-pana, i. 73 Dodan-wenna, i.73, ii. 221 Domba, i. 100 Domba-kina, i. 99 Dorana, i. 115
Dotalu, iv. 322 Drya-danga, iii. 282 Drya-parandella, iv. 345 Duhudu, i. 272 Duja-béru, iv. 55 Dujahabarala, iv. 295 Dul, ii. 141
Dummella, ii. 245 Dumu-keyiya, iv. 340 Dun, i. 117, 119, 125, 129 Dunu-madale, ii. 283 Dutu-satutu, ii. 258
Ehéla, ii. 103 Ehétu, iv. 92 Eka-wériya, iii. 126 Ela-batu, iii. 235 Ela-dada-kiniya, iv. 7 Ela-erabadu, ii. 64 Ela-gokatu, i. 98 Ela-imbul, i. 70 Ela-kadol, ii. 151 Ela-kooru-tana, v. 293 Elamal, iv. 245 Ela-midella, ii. 191 Ela-nétul, iii. 65 Ela-nuga, iv. 92 Ela-palol, iii. 284 Ela- ratmul, ii. 341 Ela-wel, iv. 332 Elbedda, i. 315 Embarella, i. 327 Embul-bakmi, ii. 293 Endaru, iv. 72
nsal, iv. 261 Ensalu, i. 237 Epala, i. 179 Erabadu, ii. 63 Et-adi, iii. 12 Et-bémikiriya, iv. 363 Eta-hirilla, 1. 313
Eta-kirindiwel, iii. 174 Eta-miriya, iii. 205 Etambiriya, iii. 205 Etambura, iii. 170 Eta-mura, i. 2 59 Etapan, v. 88 Eta-wira, iv. 37 Eta-werella, i. 312 Et-amba, i. 317 Et-bémi-kiriya, iv. 263 Et-demata, ili. 355 Et-heraliya, i. 245 Et-hdnda, iii. 200 Etkara-bembiya, i. 222 Et-korasa-wel, i. 6 Et-kukuruman, li. 330 Et-nerenchi, iti. 285 Et-olu, i. 49
Etora, v. 154 Et-pilawakka, iv. 15 Et-sétiya, li. 200 Ettériya, i. 219° Et-tora, i. 78 Et-tuttisi, v. 253 Etuna, 1, 167 Et-undu-piyali, ii. 53
Gahala, iv. 359 Gal-ambala, ii. 262 Gal-demata, i. 205 Gal-éhi, v. 29 Galis, il. 332 Gal-kapura-walliya, ili. 376 Galkaranda, li. 115, 343 Gal-kehel, iv. 265 Gal-kura, i. 170 Gal-mendora, ii. 111 Gal-mora, i. 310 Gal-mora, iii. 439 Gal-ota, iv. 71 Gal-pinibaru, i. 219 Gal-séru, ii. 343 Gal-siyambala, ii. 112 Gal-weralu, i. 186 Galwira, iv. 37 Gam-miris-wel, ili. 427 Gammalu, ii. 90 Gandapana, iil. 347 Gan-kollan-kola, iii. 378
Index to Sinhalese Names.
Gan-mi, iii. 80 Garandi-kidaran, iv. 274: Gas-bévila, i. 142 Gas-dul, iv. 119 Gas-gonika, li. 41 Gas-kahambiliya, iv. 106- Gas-karal-héba, ili. 404 Gas-kayila, iv. 34 Gas-kéla, ii. 66 Gas-keppetiya, iv. 48 Gas-kollu, ii. 83 Gas-kotala, iii. 248 Gas-nétul, iv. 85 Gas-nidikumba, i. 197 Gas-pinna, iil. 361 Gas-pitcha, il. 353 Gas-tala, iii. 367 Gas-undupiyali, li. 26: Gédumba, iv. 82 Genda-kola, i. 89 Geriata, iii. 116 Géta-kaha, ii. 188. Géta-kola, 1. 313 Géta-netul, iv. 101 Géta-oluwa, iv. 262 Géta-pichcha, ili. 113 Géta-tumba, iii. 386, 387 Ghasundupjali, ii. 26 Gini-hiriya, iii. 181 Ginpol, iv. 325 Girapala, iv. 300, 301 Giripala, iv. 301 Giri-tilla, iii. 182, 207 Giriwadi-bévila, i. 142 Goda-hinguru, ii. 127 Goda-kaduru, iil. 175 Goda-karawu, v. 99 Goda-kirilla, iv. 80 Goda-midella, ii. 190 Godapara, i. 13 Goda-wawulétiya, ii. 102. Go-hiri, v. 19
Gojabba, v. 185 Gokatu, i. 96
Golu mora, ii. 135 Gomma, i. 76
Gona, iii. 100
Gon-ala, iv. 277 Gonapana, i. 98, 248 Gona-wel, i. 139
L[ndex to Sinhalese Names.
Gongotu, iv. 101 Gon-kaduru, iii. 128 Gon-kékiri, ii. 250 Gopalanga, ii. 258 Goradiya, ii. 59 Goraka, i. 95 Goyi-wel, iv. 317 Gurulla, i. 297 Gurukina, i. 99 Guvénda, iv. 81 Gurwal, v. 123
Habara, ili. 91 Hab-ambala, ii. 264 Habarala, iv. 36: Hakan, iii. 327
Hal, i 131 Hal-bembiya, i. 245 Hal-mendora, i. 128, 132 Hal-milla, i. 173 Halpan, v. 26 Halu-hulla, i. 15 Hambu-pan, iv. 343 Hamdamanias, i. 175 Hamparila, iv. 68 Hampilla, ii. 48 Hampinna, il. 86 Hana, ii. 16 Hanpalanda, ii. 160 Hapu, i. 15 Hapughaha, i. 15 Harankaha, iv. 241 Hatawariya, iv. 285 Hawari-madu, iii. 218 Heédawaka, iv. 74, 75 Hédoka, iv. 74, 75 Hékarilla, iii. 232 Hélamba, ii. 293, 295 Hemanilla, iii. 380 Herimena-detta, iii. 347 Hewan-pan, v. 30 Highulhzenda, iii. 90 Hik, i. 318
Hima, ii. 165 Himbutu-wel, i. 277 Hin-ambala, iii. 189 Hin-anoda, i. 143 Hin-bin-kohomba, iii.326 Hin-biutal, iv. 269 Hindamini, ii. 76
Hin-damba, ii. 174 Hin-dan, il. 174 Hin-embella, iv. 44
Hin - embul - embiliya, i.
196 Hin-épala, i. 148 Hin-eraminiya, i. 280 Hin-garadiya, ii. $4 Hin-genda-kola, i. 90 Hin-geriata, ill. 117 Hin-getakola, il. 371 Hin-gotukola, ii. 276 Hingul, 1. 249 Hingum-pujali, iv. 244 Hinguru, ii. 127 Hin-himbutuwel, i. 276 Hin-kabarasa, iv. 283 Hin-kadol, iii. 74 Hin-karamba, iii. 125 Hin-katupila, iv. 33 Hin-kebella, iv. 40 Hin-kékiri, ii. 254 Hin-keyia, v. 92 Hin-kimbru, iii. 42 Hin-kina, i. 99 Hin-kokmota, v. 9 Hin-kurétiya, ii. 218 Hin-madu, il. 217 Hin-mottu, iii. 236 Hin-muda-mahana, iii. 24 Hin-napiritta, i. 152 Hin-pala, ii. 271 Hin-sarana, ii. 269 Hin-takkada, ii. 370, iii. 55 Hin-tala, iii. 365 Hin-tambala, iii. 196 Hin-undupiyali, ii. 54 Hiramana, iii. 254 Hiressa, i. 289 Hiritala, iv. 276 Ho-méderiya, i. 167 Ho-médiriya, iii. 89 Honda-beraliya, i. 124 Hondala, ii. 241 Hondapara, i. 12 Hora, i. 114 Hulanhik, i. 252 Hunv-kirilla, iv. 28 Hulan-kiriya, iv. 263 Hulan-mara, ii. 129
457°
Hulunajikola, iii. 337 Hulan-tala, i. 13 Hunukirilla, iv. 28 Huriyi, ii. 129
Ikili, ili. 317 Tkiliya, ii. 235
‘Tila, iti. 350
Iluk, v. 200 Imbul, i. 161 Indi, iv. 326 Induru, iv. 317 Ingini, ili. 176 Innala, iii. 374 Ipetta, i. 20; 1. 286 Iramusu, lil. 144 Iri-wériya, ill. 371 Iriya, ili. 435 Tru-raja, iv. 216 I’-tana, v. 238 Itta, li. 283 Itta-wel, ii. 283
Jacberija, i. 15 Jaladara, i. 184 Jambu, ii. 170 Jatamakuta, iv. 150 Jatamansi, ili. 476 Jayapala, iv. 49 Jean-pala, ii. 271 Jurighas, 1. 241
Kabal-mara, il. 129 Kabarasa, iv. 283 Kaddukoddi, i. 42 Kadol, i. 251, il. 151 Kadumbériya, ili. 96 Kadupara, ill. 45 Kaduruketiya-wel, ii. 163- Keekuriaghaha, i. 240 Kaha, i. 70, iv. 242 Kaha-andana-hiriya, ii. 15. Kaha-gonakola, il. 241 Kahakala, ili 94 Kahata-kundol, iv. 279 Kaha-penela, i. 306 Kaha-petan, li. 116 Kahata, i. 191 Kaha-tel-kola, ili. 219 Kaju, 1. 317
458
Kakkuta-pala, i. 53 Kaktumba, iii. 328 Kakuru, i. 282 Kalaha, iv. 92 Kalakiriya, iv. 249 Kalanduru, v. 35 Kalati, i. 25 Kalatiya, i. 132 Kala-wel, i. 91, 92 Kalinda, i. 132 Kallu, iii. 96, iv. 96 Kallu kiria, v. 360 Kalu-alanga, ill. 213 Kalu-badulla, i. 321 Kalu-habaraliya, ili. 89 Kalu-kadumbeériya, iii. 97 Kalu-kan-weriya, iii. 231 Kalu-kéra, i. 29 Kalumaduwa, iv. 89 Kalumediriya, iii. 89, 97, 100 Kaluwala, iv. 249 Kaluwara, ui. 94 Kalu-waraniya, i. 335 Kaluwella, ili. 94 Kamaranga, 1. 200 Kampotta, iv. 39 Kana-bakmi, il. 292 Kanagona, iv. 99 Kana-goraka, i. 96 Kandala, iv. 359 Kandul-essa, 11. 146 Kankumbala, 1. 313; iii. 151 Kankumbal - kétiya, ii. 135 Kankun, iu. 221 Kaooloo, v. 162 Kapukinissa, i. 156 Kapura, iil. 243 Kapura-Walliya, iil. 374 Kapuru, i. 30 Kaputobo, iv. 90 Kara, il. 346 Karai-iringu, v. 232 Karan, ili. 198 Karapincha, i. 220 Karawala Kebella, iv. 43 Kara-wata-maana, v. 249 Karawu, iv. 27
Karivila, ii. 248 Karon-damba, ii. 175 Karumbadikambu, ii. 188 Karutamuru-tukambu, il. 188 Kasa, iv. 120 Katakiya, iv. 249 Katapetta, ii. 288 Katarodu-wel, ii. 75 Kata-una, v. 313 Katawala, iv. 276 Kathukaramba, iv. 20 Kattoo - kookoolala, iv. 279 Katu-andara, ii. 125 Katu-boda, i. 162 Katu-embilla, iii. 461 Katu ikili, iil. 317 Katu-ikiri, ili. 293 Katu-imbul, i. 160 Katu-karandu, ii. 318 Katukenda, i. 70 Katu-kina, i. 215 Katukirindi, iii, 174 Katu-Kitul, iv. 323 Katu-kukalala, iv. 279 Katukurundu, i. 71 Katu-nelu, ili. 319 Katu-niyada, iii. 121 Katu-patuk, ii. 267 Katuru-murunga, li. 35 Katu-tampala, iii. 396 Katu-timbol, iv. 103 Katu-wel-batu, iii. 235 Kawa-tumba, ili. 328 Kawudu-kekiri, ii. 256 Kebella, iv. 40 Kee kirrindee, v. 192 Kehel, iv. 265 Kehi-pittan, i. 47 Keipsian, i. 47 Kékala, i. 20 Kékatiya, iv. 372 Kekili-meessa, i. 35 Kékini, ii. 250 Kékirinda, ii. 234 Kekiri-wara, i. 10; li, 231 Keku, 1. 34 Kékuna, i, 239
| Kelenuja, iv. 247
Index to Sinhalese Names.
Kéliya, i. 177 Kénawila, i. 166 Kenda, iv. 70 Ken-henda, ili. 360 Keppetiya, iv. 48 Kési-pissan, i. 47 Keta-kala, iv. Io Kétambilla, i. 74 Kétiya, i. 78 Kevitiya-kera, i. 212 Kidaran, iv. 355 Koikirindi, iii. 37 Kina, i. 101, 104 Kinihiriya, i. 70 Kiri-anghuna, iii. 154 Kiri-anguna, ii. 286, iii. 161 Kiribadu, ili. 212 Kirihembiliya, ii. $2 Kiri-henda, i. 88; ill. 393 Korthiriya, iii. $2 Kiri-kaju, i. 146 Kiri-kanul, iv. 279 Kiri-kon, i. 246, 250 Kirilla, ii. 230 Kirimadu, iii. 219 Kiri-makulu, iv. 75 Kiri-mawara, ili. 131 Karimisastru, v. 156 Kirindi-wel, i. 1 Kiri-nuga, iii. 84 Kiripella, iv. 91 Kiri-walla, iii. 131 Kiri-warala, iii. 77 Kiri-wel, ii. 355; iii. 124, 142 Kitul, iv. 324 Karipella, iv. 91 Kobbé, i. 303 Kobo-mal, ii. 179 Kobomella, iii. 11 Kog-dala, ii. 358 Kohila, iv. 363 Kohomba, i. 244 Kohukirilla, i. 177 Kokatiya, i. 96, 97 Kok-mota, v. 5 Kokun, i. 251, 270 Kola-wakka, i. 279
| Kolikara-mal, iii. 261
[udex to Sinhalese Names.
Kollu, ii. 77
Kolon, ii. 203 Komadu, ii. 253
Kon, i. 304 Korasa-wel, 1. 5 Kora-kaha, ii. 216 Kos, iv. 99
Kosatta, iv. 53 Kosbada, iii. 449 Kosgona, iv. 87 Kospana, 1. 260 Kota-dimbula, iv. 94 Kotala-wel, ii. 249 Kotikan-beraliya, i. 121 Kotikan-bévila, 1. 143 Kottala-himbutu, i. 277 Kottamba, li. 159 Koturu-bedda, ii. 363 Kowakka, ii. 247 Kudalu-dehi, i. 228 Kudalu-kola, i. 203 Kudalu-mal, i. 206 Kuda-dawula, ii. 454 Kudu-kurunduy, iii. 442 Kudu-miris, i. 215 Kukula-wel, iv. 333, 334 Kukulu-pala, i. 87 Kukuruman, ii. 330 Kulu-niyan, iv. 27 Kumbula, i. 230 Kumbuk, ii. 160 Kumburu-wel, ii. 98 Kumatiya, i. 394 Kunumella, i. 91 Kuppamiénya, iv. 58 Kura-tampala, ii. 397 Kurinnan, ili. 154 Kurétiya, ii. 218 Kurrakan, v. 277 Kurundu, iii. 440
Landesi, iii. 396 Landittan, i. 449 Lankenda, iv. 244 Lawulu, ili. 76
Layon, v. 184
Lén-teri, iv. 322 Lima-dehi, i. 228, ii. 120 Li-mé, ii. 74
Liniya, i. 168
Liyan, i. 258, ii. 239 Liyangu, il. 239 Lolu, iii. 193 Lovi-lovi, 1. 73 Lunu-ankenda, 1. 214 Lunu-dan, ii. 72 Lunukétiya-wel, i. 45 Lunu-madala, iii. 283 Lunu-midella, i. 243 Lunu-warana, 1. 59 Lunu-wila, iii. 246
Maana, v. 192, 242, 243 Ma-biutal, iv. 269 Ma-banda, iii. 206 Madan, ii. 179 Madaru, iv. 12 Madatiya, ii. 120 Mad-éta, ii. 120 Ma-diya-jawala, iv. 130 Madol, i. 96
Madu, iv. 121 Maduru-tala, i. 366 Magul-karanda, u. 91 Maha-ambala, iii. 188 Maha-andara, li. 125 Maha-aswenna, li. 35 Maha-badulla, i. 320 Mahaberu, iv. 55 Maha-bowitlya, ii. 199 Maha-bulumora, i. 238 Maha-dan, il. 179 Maha-debara, i. 280 Maha-diyadul, iv. 113
Maha-diya-siyambala, ii.
39 Maha: dumudu, iii. 207 Maha-epale, i. 154 Maha-eraminiya, i. 282 Maha-géta-Kulu, i. 331 Maha-geta-pan, v. 75 Maha-gétiya, i. 189 Maha gotukola, 1. 275 Mahakabarasa, iv. 283 Maha-karamba, iti. 124 Maha-kiri-wel, i. 355 Maha-kurétiya, ii. 173
Maha-madu, iil. 219, iv.
122 Maha-midi, ili. 353
459 Maha-muda-mahana, iii. Maha-nuga, iv. 86 [59 Maha-nuga-wel ili. 159 Maha-ratambala, ii. 348 Maha-rawana rewula, v. 175 Maha-sarana, il. 268, 270 Maha-tawara, ll. 287 Maha-undupiyali, ii. 55 Maha-wal-kollu, ti. 84 Maha - yak- wanassa, iil. 387 Mainairee, v. 152 Makulu, i. 75 Malabatu, il. 233, 235 Malaboda, iii, 434 Mal-zetora-tanna, v. 295 Mala-labu, i. 429 Malamiris, iil. 426 Malamiris-wel, iii. 429 Malitta, ii. 226 Mal-kékatiya, iv. 373 Mal-kéra, i. 233 Malmora, i. 118, 125 Manda - mandini - wel, ii. 372 Manel, 1. 50 Maniglia, i. 241 Manughaweel, i. 159 Maput-kebella, iv. 39 Mara, ii. 128 Maran, li. 171 Maranda, ii. 171 Ma-ratmal, iii. 63 Masbedde, i. 237, ill. 153 Mas-mora, il. 120 Mat amu, v. 122 Mata-bimbiya, iil. 67 Mataratea, il. 107 Ma-ussa, iv. 105 Ma-wéwel, iv. 335 Mayani, iil. 337 Mayila, ii. 116, 177 Mayura-tanna, v- 275 Méda-hangu, ili. 150 Meditella, iv. 81 Médiya, iii. 128 Médiya-wel, i. 295 Méhiwal, v. 94. Mé-karal, ii. 74
460
Mélla, i. 257 Mella-dum kola, iv. 16 Mendora, i. 126, 128 Meneri, v. 150 Meneritana, v. 229 Méni-damba, ii. 180 Mi, ili. 79
Midi, iii. 352 Migon-karapincha, i. 221 Mihirlya, i. 111, iii. 82 Milla, in. 357 Mimini-mara, ii. 133 Miris, iti. 427 Mi-hiriya, ii. 82 Mi-wenna, i. 25 Miyan-milla, iii. 357 Moipedda, iii. 77 Molpetta, i. 250 Monara-kudimbiya, iii. 7 Monara-petan, iv. 288 Mora, i. 309
Mottu, iil. 236 Mottu-tana, v. 44 Muda-mahana, iil. 27 Mudilla, ii. 189 Mudu-etora, v. 262 Mudu-awara, ii. 68 Mudu binnuga, iii. 159 Mudu bintamburu, ili.224 Mudu-dada:kiniya, iv. 6 Mudu-gétakola, ii. 370 Mudu-halpan, v. 56 Mudu kéyia, iv. 339 Mudu-kaduru, iii. 129 Mudu-kalanduru, v. 23 Mudu-mahana, iii. 26 Mudu-murunga, ii. 95 Mudu-nelun, i. 251 Mugunu, ii. 265 Mukunu-wenna, iii. 405 Mun, ii. 72
Muna-mal, iii. 86 Mun-éta, ti. 72 Murunga, i. 327 Muruta, ii. 228 Muruva-dul, ii. 155 Mussenda, ii. 323 Muwa-kiriya, iii. 152
Na, i. 105
Naghawalli, 1. 321 Naha, li. 459 Na-imbul, i. 311, 312 Nala-gas, v. 287 Na-mendora, i. 126 Napat Yakahalu, i. 124 Napiritta, i. 152 Nara -wel, i. I, 2, iv- 332 Nava, i. 165 Nawaghas, i. 165 Nawahandi, iv. 5 Nayi-miris, ili. 238 Nébedda, iii. 358 Nédun, ii. 97 Nelli, iv. 19, 26 Nelu, iii. 299 Nelughas, iv. 67 Nelumbo, i. 51 Nelun, i. 51 Neralu, i. 271 Netawu, i. 28 Neya-dasse, 1. 109 Nidikumba, ii. 122 Nigunu, il. 265 Nika, ili. 357 Nika-dawulu, i. 315 Nil-andana-hiriya, ii. 15 Nil-awari, ii. 26 Nil-gona-kola, ui. 242 Nil-katarodu, i. 75 Nil-mé, ii. 74 Nil-nika, ili. 357 Nil-monaressa, iil. 269 Nil-pitcha, i. 338 Nil-puruk, iti. 295 Nilweella, iv. 362 Niriti, 1. 410 Niri-wel, i. 42 Niyanda, iv. 267 Niyangala, iv. 294 Niyan-wétakolu, ii. 251 Nuga, iv. 87
268,
Odu-talan, iii. 381 O-keyiya, iv. 339 Okuru, iv. 69
Olinda-wel, ii. 57 Olu, i.'49, iii. 188
lndex to Sinhalese Names.
Olupetta, iv. 52. Omara, i. 24 Ota, iv. 71 O-tala, iti. 367
Palzeghas, 11. 48: Palala, i. 84
Palanga, i. 20
Palatu, ii. 456 Pal-avarai, ii. 76 Palen, i. 274
Palol, ii. 284
Palu, ii. 86 Palu-kan, i. 20 Pamburu, 1. 227 Pana, il. 156
Panaka, i. 271, il. 172 Pana-karawu, il, 343 Pandaru, li. 343 Pangirl maana, v. 243 Panu-ala, iv. 353 Panu-habarala, iv- 360- Panukéra, ii. 177 Panu-kondol, iv. 278 Panu-nuga, iv. 89 Patabambara, i. 279 Patak, iv. 5
Patiriya, iii. 285 Pat-kala, iv. 11 Patkenda, iv. 70 Patola, il. 245 Patta-épala, i. 147 Pattangi, li. 99 Patta-walla, iii. 460 Pawatta, ii. 349 Peddimella, i1. 338 Pehimbiya, i. 240 Pelan, iv. 35 Pena-mihiriya, i. 108 Penda, v. 2
Penela, i. 300, 307, 312: Penela-wel, i. 299 Pengiri-kurundu, iil. 443 Penguin, v. 246 Peni-tora, 11. 105 Pépiliya, iv. 39
Péra, ii. 167 Pera-tambala, iii. 177° Petan, ii. 116 Petika-wel, i. 22
Index to Sinhalese Ni ames.
Peti-dambala, 1. 76 Péti-tora, ii. 106 Pichcha, iii. 113 Pila, ti. 31 Pilila, iti. 462 Pinari, iv. 31 Pinibaru, ii. 187 Pinibaru tana, v. 249 Pini-beraliya, 1. 123, 125 Pinnakola, ii. 361 Pita-sudu-pala, il. 312, ili. 390 Pitawakka, iv. 23 Piyari, i. 271 Pol, iv. 337 Pol-kudu-pala, i. 402 Polon-ala, iv. 353 Poruwamara, ili. 100 Pota-wel, iv. 364 Potu-bonchi, 11. 70 Potu-honda, ii. 241 Potu-kola, v. 99 Potupala, iii. 215 Potu-pan, v. 99 Pub-bériya, i. 258 Pulima, iii. 102 Pulun, i. 161 Pulun-imbal, i. 161 Pundalu, i. 311 Pupula, iii. 10 Puruk, iii. 323 Puswel, ii. 119 Puwak, iv. 321 Puwak-gédiya-wel, i. 193
Radaliya, ii. 2, 94 Ramba, v. 40 Rambuk, v. 202 Ranatampala, ii. 396 Ranawara, ii. 106 Ran-hirlya, ii. 33 Ran-kiriya, iv. 248 Ran manissa, i. 57 Ran-wan- kikirindi, iii. 38 Rasa-kinda, i. 39 Rasamora, i. 309 Rasa-telkola, ili. 220 Rasni, iii. 57 Rata-ala, iv. 360 Rata-attana, ill. 239
Rata-balat-wel, i. 288 (see Rata-bulat-wel, iii. 425) Rata-endaru, iv. 46 Rata ensal, iv. 261 Rata-gowa, il. 145 Rata-hinguru, iii. 347 Rata-jambu, i. 188 Rata-jana, v. 153 Rata-kékini, 1. 250 Rata-kekuna, i. 240, iv. 46 Ratambala, ii. 348 Rata-nelli, iv. 126 Rata-pamba, ili. 215 Rata-sapu, i. 22 Rata-tala, ili. 366 Ratatiya, i. 108 Rata-tora, ii. 80, 108 Rata-uguressa, 1. 73 Rat-beraliya, 1. 125 Rat-ékaweriya, iii. 126 Rat-kéliya, iii. 450 Rat-kihiri, ii. 125 Rat-kohomba, il. 23 Rat-nétul, iii. 655 Rat-pitawakka, iv. 21, 78 Rat-tana, v. 216 Rattota, i. 108 Ratu-bulatwel (see correc- tion to Part I.) Ratu-kimbul-wenna, ili. 412 Ratu-mihiriya, i. 109 Ratu-wa, li. 104 Rawan-idala, ii. 297 Riti, iv. 97 Rob, iil. 72 Ruk, iii. 435 Ruk-attana, ili. 133
Szewandara, v. 233 Samadara, i. 231 Sanni-nayan, ili. 9 Sap-sanda, ili. 423 Sapu, i. 15 Sapu-milla, i. 357 Saya, ll. 316 Sembu-nerinchi, i. 194 Sendrikka, ili. 391 Sepala, iii. 116 Sépalika, iii. 116
461
Sewana-médiya, iv. 94 Sinuk, iv. 5 Siribo, iii. 425 Siri-nelli, iv. 26 Siviya, i. 237 Siwiya-wel, ili. 426 Siyambala, ii. 114 Sudu-idda, iii. 137 Sudu-kadumbériya, iii. 98 Sudu-kimbul-wenna, iii. All Sudu-kotala, ii. 167 Sudu-nijan, iv. 27 Sudu-nika, ill. 357 Sudupareyi-mal, iv. 151 Sudu-puruk, iii. 334 Sudu-tampala, iii. 396 Sudu-tumba, iii. 385 Suga-Seeveney, ii. 107 Sulu-nayi, iil. 343 Suriya, i. 158 Suriya-mara, ii. 129 Suvanda-tala, ili. 366 Suwanda i. 104
Tadala, iv. 359 Takkada, iil. 54
Tal, iv. 336
Tala, ii. 106, iv. 328 Talakiriya, iv. 77 Tala-kola, iii. 366 Tambutu-wel, iv. 335 Tammanua, iv. 38 Tampala, ili. 401 Tanna-Hal, v. 164 Tarana, ii. 328 Tawenna, iii. 439 Tébu, iv. 246 Telaberiya, il. 257 Telamandukola, ii. 109 Telambu, i. 164 Tel-domba, i. 100 Tel-hiriya, i. 285 Tel-kadura, iv. 76 Tel-kékuna, iv. 46 Tel-kola, iii. 220 Tel-tala, iii. 285 Tembili, iv. 338 Tembiliya, ii 182 Tembul-woenna, iii. 59
462
Tévataram, i. 190 (corr. Part I.) Tibbatu, iii. 234 Tilo-guru, i. 80 Timbiri, ii. 93 Tiniya, i. 122 Tippili, 1. 424 Titta, i. 75 Titta-hondala, il. 244 Titta-kinda, i. 39 Titta-wel, 1. 40 Titta-weralu, i. 185 Tolabo, iv. 270, 271 Tolol, 1.75 Tombu-Kata, i. 101 Tora,: ii. 106 Tothila, i. 167 Totila, m1. 281 To-wel, i. 288 Trastawalu, ill. 222 Tumba-karivila, i. 249 Tumpat-kurundu, i. 223 Tuttari, v. 234
Ubbériya, ii. 155 Uguressa, i. 73 Ulhanda, il. 133 Ululu, iti. 443 Ulundu, i. 72 Uma-oya, il. 93 Umkiri, v. 42 Una, v. 314 Uragenda, i. 90 Uru-éta, i. 260 Uru-hiri, v. 66 Uruhonda, i. 260, 274 Urukanu, 1. 260 Urukossa, iii. 35 Uru-tora, ti. 105 Uru-wi, v. 182 Usepale, ii. 148 Uyala, iv. 275
Vareca, il. 237
Vasabu, iv. 365 Vazumbo, iv. 365 Vétala, iv. 349 [227 Visnukiranti, ii. 272; ii.
Wa, ii. 108
Wada-kaha, iv. 365 Wadiga, ii. 330 Weel-Mindi, i. 285 Waga-pul, iv. 347 Wal-aba, i. 57 Wal-amba, i. 317 Wal-asamodagan, 11. 279 Wal-awara, il. 67 Wal-awari, ll. 25 Wal-bévila, i. 143 Wal-bilin, i. 230 Walbomba, iii. 104 Wal-buruta, 1. 15 Wal-burutu, 1. 344 Wal-dambala, ii. 77 Wal-diyalabu, i. 292
_Wal-éhétu, iv. 93
Wal-ékaweriya, ii. 320 Wal-enduru, ii. 277, 280 Wal-grammiris-wel, iti. 428, 429 Walgona, iv. 93 Wal-gonika, ii. 359 Wal-handun, ii. 327 Wal-idda, iii. 137 Walinga-sal, iii. 70 Wal-inguru, iv. 259 Wal-jambu, ii. 169 Wal-kaduru, ii. 127 Walkaha iv. 241 Wal-kahambiliya, iv. 104 Wal-kapura-walliya, i. 373 : Wal-karapincha, i. 218 Wal-kékuna, iv. 52 Walkidaran, iv. 351, 352 Wal-kinda, i. 38 Wal-kobbe, i. 302 Wal-kollu, ii. 79 Wal-kolondu, iil. 43 Wal-kopi, ii. 335, 367 Wal-kudalu, i. 212 Wal kurundu, iii. 441 Wal-lunu, iv. 272 Walla, iti. 460 Wal-mal kunakan, v. 277 Wal-mé, ii. 70 Wal-médiriya, iii. 100 Wal-meneri, v. 150
Index to Sinhalese Names.
Wal-mora, i. 305 Wal-nmunamal, ii. 237, iv.
83 Walmurunga, iv. 33 Wal-nanu, ii. 36 Wal-nawahandi, ii. 266 Wal-niviti, i. 291 Wal-patpadagam, il. 314 Wal-pitcha, ili. 114 Wal-gurenda, iii. 359 Wal-rasakinda, ii. 261 Wal-rat-diyalabu, i. 294. Wal-Ruk-aitana, ili, 124 Wal-sapu, i. 14 Wal-te-kola, iii. 40 Wal-tibbatu, ii. 236 Wal-tiedde, i. 47 Wal-trasta-walu, iii. 226. Walu. kina, 1. 102 Wal-urdu, 1. 88 Wal-waraka, il. 237 Wam-batu, i. 235 Wampara, i. 12 Wam.-bodiya-wel, i. 279 Wana-mi, ili. 81 Wana-potu, 1. 270 Wana-raja, iv. 213 Wana-sapu, 1. 22 Wanduru-meé, ii. 74 Wanderu-wel, iv. 335, Wanepala, iii. 338 Wara, ili. 148 Wata-essa, il. 145 Wawiya, iil. 436 Wéda-pana, i. 222 Weel-tree, i. 130
Jéla, 1. 57 Wel-alala, iv. 359 Welanga, i. 169 Welangiriya, i. 64 Wel-aralu, iv. 87 Wel-beli, iii. 174 Wel-buté, ii. 136 Wel-butsarana, ii. 323 Wel-damaniya, ii. 63 Wel-dehi, iii. 121 Wel-éhétu, iv. 85 Wel-embilla, iii. 69, 465 Wel-hiri, v. 18 Wel-kayila, iv. 19
I[udex to Tamtl Names.
Weli-damba, ii. 174 Weélipenna, ii. 157 Weliwenna, iv. 54 Weéli-kaha, ii. 222 Well-penna, ii. 156 Weli-piyana, ii. 156 Wel-kahambiliya, iv. 61 Wel-kapuru, ili. 62 Wel-karal-héba, iii. 399 Wel-kayila, iv. 19 Wel-kéla. ii. 67 Wel-kéliya, i. 176 Wel-keppetiya, iv. 47 Wellangiriya, i. 224 Wel-mediya, i. 176 Wel-mendiya, i. 276
Achchu, i. 178 Adampu, ii. 191 Adatddai, iii. 338 Adutintappalai, ili. 422 Addula, ii. 195
Aglai, i. 252
Akatti, ti. 35
Al, iv. 86
Allai, iv. 276
Amarai, i. 303 Ampallai, i. 327 Amukkiray, ili. 237 Anaikuntumani, i. 120 Anaimulli, ii. 124 Anainerinchi, ili. 285 Anaittadichchal, i. 296 Anichovadi, iii. 12 Arachu, iv. 90 Araikkarai, ii. 397 Arikirai, iii. 396 Atalai, iv. 45 Athalangi, 1. 241
Atti, 1. 116
Attika, iv. 96
Wel-mottu, iii. 167 Wel-radaliya, 11. 3 Wel-rukattana, iii. 145 Weni-wel, i. 41 Weralu, i. 184 Weraniya, ii. 304 Wesak-mal, iv. 153 Weétakolu, ii. 252 Wetta-kaiya, iv. 341 Wewarani, ili. 444 Wewel, iv. 331 Wil-mudumagane, i. 83 Wisa-duli, i. 146, iii. 42, iv. 180 Wila, ili. 253 Wira, iv. 36
1H
TAMIL* NAMES.
Attuchankulai, i. 76 Attukaddupuli, i. 111 Attuneddi, ii. 39 Avarai, ii. 106
Ayil, iv. 80
Chadachchi, i. 175 Chaddavakku, i. 250 Chamai, v. 150 Chandi, iii. 392 Charanai, ii. 270 Chatelai, iv. 127 Chattavari, iv. 285 Chatura-kalli, iv. 4 Chavandalai, i. 173 Chavukku, iv. 120 Chaya, il. 316 Chélampai, ii. 294. Cheppunerinchi, ii. 22 Chemmanatti, i. 190 Chettupulukodi, ii. 2 Chevakanpudu, i. 143 Chilanti, i. 233 Chilanti-arichi, v. 22
463
Wisnagarandi, ii, 272 Wissaduli, ii. 341 Weel-undu, ii. 80 Weel-undu-wel, ii. 80
Yakada-wel, i. 22, 279 Yakahalu, i. 121, 123 Yak-bériya, ii. 15, 19 Yak-erabadu, il. 64 Yak-eraminiya, 1. 281 Yakinaran, i. 227 Yak-komadu, ii. 253 Yakulala, iv. 359 Yak-wanassa, iii. 384 Yawakenda, iv. 244 Yogana-wel, ii. 372
Chintil, i. 39 Chiruchemmanatti, i. 191 Chiru-illantai, i. 255 Chirukandal, ii. 152 Chirukila, iii. 125 Chirukirai, iii. 396 Chirunerinchi, i. 194 Chirupaddi, iii. 197 Chirupilai, ili. 401 Chiru-piyari, i, 271 Chiruppadikkirai, ii. 269 Chiruppayaru, il. 72 Chirupulichchul, ii. 195 Chirupunnai, i. 99 Chittakatti, ii. 34 Chittamaddi, i. 143 Chittamanakku, iv. 72 Chitiviyarchenkalainir, ili. 7 Chittirapalavi, iv. 8 Chivacharantai, ili. 25 Chivanarvempu, ii. 23 Chomuntiri, i. 167 Chundan, i. 277
* “Tam ignorant of the correct spelling of many of these names, and have been unable to give the proper English transliteration in such cases,’’—Trimen, foot-note to
Index, Part II. p. 301.
464
Churai, i. 280, 282; ii. 247
Dimibiya, ii. 200 Dommakottai, 1. 100
Eddi, ii. 175 Elichchevi, iii. 406 Elilaippalai, iu. 133 Ella, iii. 285 Elumpurukki, ii. 449 Errukalai, ii. 148 Erumaimullai, ii. 352
Ichanku, mi. 121 Ichavalai, li. 132 Tkkini, iii. 319 Tlantai, i. 280 Tluppai, ili. 79 Incha, iv. 327 _Trampai, v. 40 Irumpalai, ui. 89 Itti, iv. 89 Tyamali, 1. 132 Tyanku, ii. 121 Tya-vakai, ii. IOI
_ Juvarai, iii. 89
Kachaddai, ii. 191 Kachchalkodi, ii. 172 Kachchantiray, ii. 271 Kadalranchi, i. 256 Kadai-kannai, v. 150 Kaddamanakku, ii. 357, iv. 46 Kadduchchirakam, iii. 9 Kaddukkodi, i. 45 Kadduma, 1. 317 Kaddumallikai, ii. 352 Kaddumuntiri, i. 291 Kaddu-nocchi, iii. 358 Kaddupuli, ii. 112 Kadukkay, li. 159 Kaivarii, v. 277 Kakaipalai, i. 218, 11. 237 Kakkaipalai, 11. 237, iv. 73 Kalatti, iv. 92 Kalhi, iv. 5 Kaloti, i, 252
Kaludai, ii. 124 Kamukai, iv. 321 Kandai, i. 215 Kandal, ii. 151 Kamukai, iv. 321 Kanchankorai, ii. 365 Kanchurai, iil. 175 Kandal, ii. 151 Kandankattari, iil. 235 Kanna, ili. 363 Kannakompu, 1. 246 Kannu, i. 156
Kapila, iv. 68
Karai, il. 330, 346 Karanai, ii. 328 Karankutti, ii. 348 Karichcharanai, ili. 390 Karippalai, iv. 35 Karippan, iii. 37 Karivempu, i. 220 Karttikaikilanku, iv. 294 Karukku-vaychchi, i. 272 Karunchurai, i. 64 Karunkali, ii. 94 Karunochchi, iii. 335 Karuntali, iti. 92 Karuttappu, ii. 75 Karuva, ili. 440 Karuvel, ii. 122 Kasitumpai, iii. 387 Katchalkodi, iii. 172 Katkarai i. 233 Kattalai, iv. 281 Kattikaya, ii. 222 Kattimuruchan, ii. 116 Kattoddi, i. 61 Katukali, 1. 73 Katukanni, iii. 92 Katuperatti, i. 178 Katichia, iv. 80 Kavali, 1. 164
Kayani, i. 103 Kavarachu, 1. 158 Kaviltumpai, ili. 201 Kaya, il. 216, 282 Kelvaragu, v. 277 Kikkiri, ui. 319 Kilatti, 11. 125 Kilivai, i. 236 Kilkaynelli, iv. 23
Index to Tamtl Names.
Kilukiluppai, ii. 15 Kinnai, 11. 230 Kiri, i. 91 Kirimulla, iii. 319 Kodalimurunkai, ii. 125 Koddi, iv. 372 Kodippayam seq.), li. 78 Kodippavaru, ii. 78 Koditaviddai, 1. 174 Kokottai, i. 98 Koliavarai, il. 67 Kolinchi, i. 31 Kolukkutti, ii. 352 Kona, ii. 128
(error for
Kongu, 1. 70 Konnai, i. 274 Korai, v. 35
Korakkaipuli, i. 95 Kotanai, ui. 407 Kovvai, il. 247 Kula, i. 304
| Kulapannai, i. 217
Kulappalai, iii. 147 Kuma, i. 305 Kumiddil, iii. 440 Kumil, ii. 355 Kuntumani, i. 57 Kuppameni, iv. 58 Kuppilay, i. 10 Kurincha, iii. 161 Kurinnan, ili. 154 Kuruntu, 1. 227 Kurrekaya, ii. 216 Kuruvichchai, lil. 462 Kutiraivali, il. 44
Lechdai kedda, ii. 392
Makal, 1. 75
Makil, ii. 36 Malaiparutti, 1. 166 Malaivempu, i. 243 Manakkovi, ii. 148 Manali, ii. 273 Mankalli, iti. 168 Manaltakalli, iii. 231 Manchalkadampa, ii. 293 Manchavanna, ll. 354 Manipulnati, iv. 34
Inilex to Famil Names.
Mara-illupai, i. 24 Marai-tium, iv. 66 Maral, iv. 267 Marungi, ii. 171 Marutoni, ii. 228 Marutu, il. 160 Mayirmanikan, i. 285 Mayladikkuruntu, i. 228 Metukku, ii. 250 Millakunari, iv. 47 Milaku, ii, 427 Minni, ii. 76 Mipullanti, iv. 19 Mochumochukkai, ii.254, 260 Montirikay, i. 317 Moongil, v. 313 Motirakanni, 1. 189 Muchuddai, iii. 205 Muditumpai, iii. 387 Mudiyakuntal, iii. 218 Mudkirai, iii. 396 © Mudkondai, i. 63 Mudpulanti, iv. 33 Mukalai, iii. 86 Mukavaliveér, ii. 30 Mukkaraichchi, iii. 390 Mulkarunkali, iii. 92 Mulanninchil, i. 73, ii. 285 . Mulkilivai, i. 237 Mullai, iii. 354 Mullu-murukku, ii. 63 Mulmakil, iii. 77 Mul-venkai, iv. 10 Mutirai, i. 253
Nagamulli, iii. 339 Nai-oringi, iii. 348 Naka, i. 105 Nakakalli, ii. 267 Nakatali, iii. 285 Nancharapanchan, iii. 158 Nannari, iti. 144 Nanti, ii. 25 Narakaramba, iii. 16 Nari-lantai, i. 282 Narippayaru, ii. 71 Naruvili, iii. 193 Nattaichchuti, ii. 371
- PART V.
Naval, ii. 179° Navala, i. 59 |
| Navilankai, i. 59.
Nayuruvi, iii, 404 Nedunaria, i. 24 Nelu, ili. 298, 299 Nervalam, iv.:49 | : Netavil, iv. 97 Neykkoddan, i. 307
Nilappanai, iv. 269 * |"
Nilavakai, ‘11. ,107: Nilavempu, iii. 326°
Nirkadampa, ii. 294 ©
Nirmulli, iii. 293:' Nirnaval, i. 174 Nirnochchi, iti. 358
Nochchi, iii. 356. a ;
Nurai, i. 309
Nutipakal, ii. 248, 3
Odai, ii. 123 - Odi, i. 318
Oritadtamarai, i. 67 ° ;
Pachumullai, iii. 353 Padri, iii. 283. Paduvan, iii. 294 Painkuray, ii. 348 © Pakal, ii. 248 Pakkilipal, i. 239 Pakkuvetti, iii. 196 Palai, iii. 86, 164 - Palampadu, i. 141 Palavi, iv. 7 Palmadankai, iii. 137 Palmanikam, iii. 434 Paluppakal, ii. 249 Panai, iv. 336 Panalai, i. 307 Pandikaya, ii. 216 Panichchai, iii. 93 Panir, ii. 338 Pannai, i. 221 Pannittankai, ii. 228 Papparappuli, i. 159 Paraddai, iii. 295 Parasu, ii. 66 Parutti, i. 160 Pasalai, ili. 410 Patpadakam, ii. 272
465
Patpitay, iv. 101 Pavaddai, ii. 349 Pavaddaikaya, ii. 222 Pavettal, iii. 338 Perilantai, i. 280 Perukka, i. -T59' |
| Perumaddi,-i. ‘153 ;
| Perumaruntu, iit. 423°
| Peru-naval, ii. 179 |
| Perunerinchi; iii. 285:
i Perunkila, iii/#24° |!
Perunkuruntu, i. 226
| Perunpiyari,'#. 271.000"
Peruntutti, i. 145 Pey-karumu,' v.'202'
: Peykkomaddi, ii. 253
Péykuruntu, i. 227° Peymaruddi, iii. 584
| Peypalai, iii, 158° |
Péyppatchottiy iii.323, Peyppichukku, ti, 252. | Peyppadal, ii: 256 | Peyttumpai, iii. 386 | ; Phandatullai, ii. 61 | Pichchuvilatti, i.:63 _ Pichukku, ii. 251° ' Pichukodiya, iii. 400 | Pikku, ii. 251° ' Pila, iv. 99 ' Pinari, iii. 359 . Pinchil, iii. 359 ' Pirandai, i. 289 ° : Pirasu, iv. 101 ' Piyari, i. 271 : Podivilangu, ii: 245 Podu-talai, iii. 347 , Ponnaimurankai, ii. 129 : Ponnantakari, ii. Io5 2° Ponnaruvili, iii. 193 Potpattai, iv. 73 Priampu, iv. 331 Puchini, ii. 252 Pudal, ti. 245 Pudan, ii. 331 Pula, iv. 19 Puli, ii. 114 Pulichchankirai, i. 89 Pulikkirai, i. 89 Pullanti, iv. 19 Pumpullu, iii. 13
HH
466
Punaikkalaichchi, ii. 61, 98 Punairananki, iv. 58 Punai-verandi, i, 62: Punku, ik. 91 Punnai, i, 100 Punnikki, i. 171 Purankainari,, i. 221 Puttalai, iv. 50 Puvarachu, i. 158 Puvu, i. 304
Ranai, iit, 444
‘Takarai, ii.. 105 Talai, iv. 339
Tali, iit. 212, 220 Tamarai, 1.51 ‘Tampanai, iv. 38 Tanakku, 11, 165 Tanti, i. 159 Tatta-payaru, ii. 76 Taviddai, i. 176 Tayirvalai, i. 57 Tedkodukku, iii. 200 Tekil, ii. or Tennai, iv. 337, v. 164. Téntukki, iv, 54 Teppaddi, iv. 47 Tetta, iii. 176 Tévataram, i. 190 Thavarai, ii. 80 Tilai, iv. 76 Tippili, iii. 424 ‘Tippilipana, iv. 324 Tirukkontai, ii, 103 Tiruvatti, ii. 116 Toggil, iii; 395
. Poppinelli, iv. 19 : Tumpai, ii. 249 ' Tumpalai, i.
13 Tutuvalai, ili. 236
| Tuvadi, i. 284 ' Udai, i. 123
| Udaivel, ii. 124 , Uluntu, ii. 72
E Uluvintai, i. 25 | Umiri, iii. 409
Urkkovi, iii. 148
i Uttamakam, iii. 150 i Uvay, iii. 120 t Uyil, ii. 130
| Vaddattutti, i. 145, 154 : Vaddu, iti. 235
' Vaddutakarai, ii. 106
' Vakai, ii. 104, 108, 128 - Vakkana, iii. 92
' Vallarai, ii. 276
| Vallampuri, i. 168
; Vammi, ii. 292
| Vandakkay, 1. 156
| Vanni, 1. IOL
, Vankiruvalai, ii. 268
' Varittula, iv. 73
| Vatamadakki, iii. 360
Vatchikuran, il. 343 Vattakanni, iv. 70 Vedchi, ii. 348
'Veddukkanari, iii. 91
Vekkali, ii. 162
' Velayil, iv. 80
' Veliparatti, iii. 150
r Vella, ii. 336 Vellaikadampa, ii. 293
129, iil.
Lndex to Tamil Names.
Vellai-karunkali, ii. 97 Vellaruku, iii. 185
| Veluruvai, ii. 38
Velvel, ii. 125 Vempadam, i. 279
| Vempu, i. 244
Venachchi, i. 61
' Venkai, ii. 90
Venkalikaya, ii. 182, 222 Vennachchi, iii 357 Ventonti, iv. 294
| Ventmattai, iii. 238
Vetpavaddai, ii. 351 Véttilai, iii. 425 Vichamunkil, iv. 270 Vichnukiranti, iii. 227 Vidattal, ii. 121 Vidi, iii. 193 Vidpani, i. 172 Vila, i. 228
Vilatti, i. 228
Vili, i. 60
Vilpadri, iii. 282
| Vilvam, i. 229
Vilva-pattiri, 11. 86 Vinanku, i. 169 Virali, i. 312
Virai, iv. 36
Visa, iv. 13 Vishamungil, iv. 271 Vitchurunai, iv. 35 Vitlikanna, iv. 74 Viyay, ili. 120
Yar, ll. 371 Yavaranal, iti. 444 Yerkoli, ti. 343
Index to English Names. 467
TV: ENGLISH NAMES.
[Considering the number of beautiful, interesting, and useful trees, shrubs, and herbs common in Ceylon, it is remarkable that so few of them should have -acquired English names. Of those contained in the following index, by far the larger number are of cultivated plants, introduced from Europe or India, whose English or Anglo-Indian names have come with them or been applied to them. A very few are the inventions of English residents, such as ‘ Lily of the Valley Orchid,’ which is Anglican, and ‘ Patana Oak’ and ‘Calamander Wood,’ which are hybrid words. In a few cases I have introduced into this index English names that are not to be found in the text, with references to plants which -certainly should bear them, as ‘ Water-starwort’ for ‘ Ca/ltriche stagnalis,’ Scop., -and ‘ Barberry’ for the Ceylon ‘ Beréeris,’ &.—J. D. H.]
Ala-bet, Gynura pseudo-China, DC. iii. | Betel-nut Palm, Aveca Catechu, L. iv.
45 Annatto, dye, Bixa Orellana, L. i. 70
Arum, Egyptian, Colocasia Antiquorum, Schott, iv. 359
Ash-Pumpkin, Benzncasa cerifera, Savi, li. 252
Babul, Acacta arabica, Willd. ii. 122
Bael, fr., 2gle Marmelos, Corr. i. 229
Balsams, /7patiens, 1. 200
Banana, Musa paradisiaca, L. iv. 265
Banyan tree, Ficus benghalensis, L.iv.86
Baobab tree, Adansonza digitata, L. 1. 159
Barberry, of Ceylon, Berberzs xristata, DEF. 438
Basil, Sweet, Octmum Basztlicum, L. ili. 366
Batticaloa Orchid, Rhynchostylis retusa, Bl. iv. 187
Bead tree, Melia Azedarach, L. i. 244
Bean, French, or Haricot, Phaseolus vulgaris, L. ii. 69
Bean, Sacred, of Egypt, Welemb:um speciosum, Willd. i. 51
Bedstraw, Galium aspertfolium, Wall. li. 373
Bermuda grass, Cynodon Dactylon, Pers. Vv. 274
Betel, foreign, Pi~er Betle, var. Szrzboa, ili. 425
‘Betel leaf, Pzper Betle, L. iii. 425
321
Bird-Pepper, Capstcurn Roxb. ii. 238
Bitter-cress, hairy, Cardamine hirsuta, L. i. 54
Blackberry, Abus moluccanus, L. var. Y, li. 137
Black strawberry tree, MWe/lastoma mela- bathricum, L. ii. 199
Blinding tree, Axcecaria Agallocha, L. hie 99)
Borage, indian, Benth. iii. 374
Bo tree, Ficzs religiosa, L. iv. 90
Bottle-Gourd, Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. ii. 247
Box wood, Ceylon, Canthium didy- mum, Gaertn. f. ii. 343
Brazil Cherry, Eugenia Micheliz, Lam. li. 188
Bringal, fr., Solanum Melongena, L.. iii. 235
Bullock’s- heart, Avona reticulata, L.1.32
Bull-rush Millet, Pennisetum typhoc- deum, Rich. v. 170
Butter-cup, Ranunculus sagztiifolcus, Hook. i. 4
minimune,
Coleus aromaticus,
Cactus, Opuntia Dilleniz, Haw. ii. 267, and Euphorbia Antiquorum, L. iv. 4 Calamander wood, Duospyros quesita,
Thw. iii. 97
468
Calumba, false, Cosczzzum fenestratum,
Coleb. i. 41 Candle-nut, Aleurztes triloba, Forst. iv. 46
Cannon-ball tree, Carapa moluccensis,
©) fam. 1250
Cape Gooseberry, Physalis peruviana, L. ili. 237
Cardamomum plant, E/ettaria Carda- momum, Mat. iv. 261
Caricature plant, Graptophyllum hor- tense, Nees, ili. 341
Cashew-nut, Axacardium occidentale, I ho B04)
Cassava, Manihot utilisscma, Pohl, iv. 1
Castor-oil plant, Rzcznes communis, L. iv. 72
Cedar, White, of Madras, Chickrassia tebularis, A. Juss. i. 252
Champak tree, Méchelia Champaca, L. i. 15
Charcoal tree, Zvemza ortentalts, Bl.iv.82
Chay-root, Oldenlandia umbellata, L. ii. 316
Chick-pea, Cajanus zndicus, Spr. ii. 80
Chickweed, Svellaria media, L. 1. 86
Chickweed, Mouse-ear, Cerastzum viul- gatum, L. i. 85
China-root, Gyxura pseudo-China, DC. iii. 45
Chiretta, Swertza Chirata, Ham. ui. 188
Chittagong wood, Chickrassza tabulars, A. Juss. i. 252
Cinnamon, Czmnzamomum xeylanicum, Bl. iii. 440
Cinnamon, wild, Lztsea zeylanica, Nees, iil. 454
Citronella oil, Andropogon Nardus, L. Vv. 242
Clover, Zrzfolium repens, L. ii. 20
Cocculus indicus, Azamzrta Cocculus, Coleb. i. 40
Cock’s:foot grass, Dactylis glomerata, L. v. 305
Cockspur thorn, Acacza eburnea, Willd.
Coco-nut, Maldive, iv. 338 {ii. 124
Coco-nut, King, Cocos nana, Griff. iv. 338
Coco-nut, Water,
Nipa - fruticans, Wurmb. iv. 325
Index to Enghsh Names.
Coco-nut palm, Cocos nucifera, L. iv. 337°
Coffee, Arabian, Coffea arabica, L. ii. 353
Coffee, wild, Scyphostachys coffotdes,. Thw. ii. 335
Colocynth, Cztrzllus Schrad. ii, 253
Cork tree, Indian, AZ/ingtonia hor- tensts, L. f. iii. 282
Cotton plant, Gossypium herbaceum, L.. i. 159
Cotton, sea island, Gossypeum barba-- dense, L. i. 159 ;
Cotton-tree, Bombax malabaricum, DC. i. 160
Cowage or cowitch plant, Mzucuna prurvens, DC. ii. 62
Crab’s-eye seeds, Abrus precatorius,. Ty ls 99/
Croton of gardens, Codieum variega- tum, BI. iv. 52
Croton-oil plant, Croton Tighum, L. iv. 49
Cucumber, Cucumis sativus, L. ti. 251
Custard apple, <Avzona sguamosa, L. thy BH
Curry-leaf, MZurraya Koenzgiz, Spr. i, 220
Cutch, Acacza Catechu, Willd. ii. 126, and A. Suma, Kurz, ii. 126
Colocynthis,
Daffodil Orchid, /psea speciosa, Lindl.. iv. 171
Dammar, white, Vaterza znzdica, L. i. 132
Dandelion, Zavaxacum officinale, Wigg,. lil. 51
Devil-nettle, Lafortea crenulata, Gaud.. iv. 105
Divi-divi tree, Thunb. ii. ror
Dock, broad leaved, Rzmex obtuszfolius, L. iii. 415.
Dock, curled, Remex crispus, iil. 415
Doob grass, Cynodon Dactylon, Pers. Vv. 274
Doon, red, Doona nervosa, Thw. i. 121
Dun, Vatica obscura, Trim. i. 129
Durian, wild, Cullenza excelsa, Wight, i. 162
Cesalpinia coriaria,
Index to Enghsh Names.
Ebony, Bastard, Dzospyros Gardner, Thw. iii. 96
Ebony, Diospyros Ebenum, Keen. iii. 94
Ebony tree, of S. India, Dvzospyros Melanoxylon, Roxb. ii. 99
Eddoes, Colocasia Autiguorum, Schott, iv. 359
Egg-plant, Solanwm Melongena, L. iil. 235
‘Elephant apple, fervonza elephantum, Correa, i, 228
Elephant grass, Saccharum arundina- ceum, Retz. v. 202
Elephant’s ears, Actinodaphne speciosa, Nees, ili. 448
Elephant thorn, Willd. ii. 124
Elm, Indian, oloptelea integrifolia, Planch. iv. $0
Eve’s apple, Zabernemontana dicho- toma, Roxb. ill. 132
Fever-nettle, Laportea crenulata, Gaud. iv. 105
Forbidden fruit, Zabernemontana adichotoma, Roxb. iti. 132
Forget-me-not, Cyxoglossum micran- thum, Desf. ili. 203
Fox-tail Orchid, Rhynchostylis retusa, Bl. iv. 187
Furze, Ulex europeus, L. i. 7
Furniture-leaf, /zcuws asperrima, Roxb.
iv. 94
Acacia tomentosa,
‘Gall-nuts, Zermznalia Chebula, Retz. ll. 159
“Gamboge tree, Garcinia Morella, Desr. 1. 96
Geranium grass, Andropogon Schen- anthus, L. v. 241
Gingelly oil, Sesamum indicum, L. iii. 285
Ginger, Zingiber officinale, L. iv. 258
‘Goat-weed, Ageratum conyzoides, L. iii. 13
Gorse, Ulex europaeus, L. i. 7
Gram, green or black, Phaseolus Max, ily ie 93
“Gram, Madras, Dolichos unzflorus, Lam. 77,
‘Guava, Psidium Guyava, L. ii. 167
469
Guava, wild, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Wight, ii. 166
Guinea grass, Panicum maximum, Jacq. v. 153
Gunpowder plant, Pzlea muscosad, Lindl. iv. 108
Gurjun-oil tree, Dzpterocarpus turbé- natus, Gaertn. f. i. I15
Harebell, Wahlenbergia gracilis, A. DC. iii. 58
Hare’s-foot Trefoil, Zrzfoliam arvense, L. ii. 20
Haricot bean, Phaseolus lunatus, L. ii. 69
Hemp, Crotalaria juncea, L. i. 16
Henna, Lawsonza alba, Lam. ii. 228
Hill Gooseberry, Rhodomyrtus tomen- tosa, Wight, li. 166
Hog-Plum, Spondias mangifera, Willd. 1, Be)
Holly, Z/ex, i. 265
Horse-radish tree, Moringa pterygo- Sperma, Gaertn. i. 327
Hyacinth Orchis, Sa¢yriam nepalense, Don, iv. 237
Imphee, Andropogon Sorghum, Brot. v. 232
Indian Liquorice, Adrus precatorius, L. il. 57
Indian Shot, Canna indica, L. iv. 264
Indigo plant, /xdigofera tinctoria, L., and /. Avzz/, L. ii. 27
Ink-nuts, Zermzinalia Chebula, Retz. ii. 159
Ipecacuanha, wild, Calotropis curassa- vied, L. iii. 149, and TZylophora asthmatica, W. & A. ili. 158
Tron-wood, Mesua ferrea, L. 105
Jack tree, Artocarpus integrifolza, L.f. iv. 99
Jambu, Zugenza Jambos, L. ii. 170
Jasmine, Arabian, Jasminum Sambac, Ait. ili. 113
Job’s tears, Coéx Lachryma-jobt, L. v. 192
Towar, Axdropogon Sorghum, Brot. v. 232
470
Juda’s bag, Adansonia digitata, L. f. i. 159
Jujube, Zzyphus jujuba, Lam. i. 280
Jungle nail, Acacia tomentosa, Willd. li. 124
Jute, Corchorus capsularis, L. i. 181, and C. olztorius, L. i. 182
Keppitiya resin, Cvofon aromatzcus, L. lv. 47
Khus-khus grass, Azdropogon squar- rosus, Li. f. ve 233
Kina tree, Calopiyllum Wight, i. 104
Kino, Bengal, Bztea frondosa, Koen. ii. 66, and Croton aromaticus, L. iv. 47
Walkerit,
Lac, Gyrocarpus Jacguinz, Roxb. ii. 165
Lemon-oil grass, Andropogon Schanan- thus, L. v. 241, and A. cétratus, DC. v. 246
Lettuce tree, Pesonza morindafolia, Br. lil. 392
Lettuce, Water, Pzstza Stratiotes, L. iv. 345
Lilac, Indian or Persian, A/elia Azeda- rach, L. 1. 244
Lily-of-the-valley Orchid, Zvza bzcolor, Lindl. iv. 166
Lime, fr. Cetras Hystrix, DC. i. 228
Liquorice, Indian, Ad;us precatorzus, L. il. 57
Longan, Wephelium Longana, Camb. i. 309
Lotus, Egyptian, Vymphea Lotus, L. i. 49
Lotus of Europeans in the East, Ve/z72- bium speciosum, Willd. i. 51
Love lies bleeding, caudatus, L. iii. 396
Amaranthus
Macassar kernels, Brucea sumatrana, Roxb. i. 231
Madras Thorn, Pithecolobium duce, Benth. ii. 131
Mahwa tree, Bassa latifolia, Roxb. lll. 79
Malabar-nut, Adhatoda Vasica, Nees, ili. 338
Mango, Mangifera indica, L. i. 318
Index to English Names.
Mangrove, see Rhzzophora, L. and Bruguiera, L. ii. 150, 153; also- Agiceras minus, Gaertn. and Avz- cennia officinalis, L. iil. 74 and 363
Mangrove, White, Avicennza officinalis, L. iii. 363
Malay apple, Augenza malacceszs, L. li. 170
Margosa tree, Juss. i. 244
Marigold, African or French, Zagezes erecta, L., and patula, L. iil. 42
Marvel of Peru, A@vabelis Jalapa, L. ill. 391
Masan, Zzzyphus Jujuba, Lam. i. 280
Matara tea, Cassta auriculata, L. ii. 106
Mauritius grass, MUUELCH IL. Forsk. v. 140
Melilot, AZelilotus parviflora, Desf. 11. 21
Melon, Czcumds Alelo, L. ii. 251
Mendora, Hofea (?) cordifolia, Trim. 1. 126
Mendora, swamp, Vatica Roxburghiana,. Bl. i. 128
Mignonette, wild, Graphalium multi caule, Willd. iii. 32
Melissa oil, Indian, Azzdropogon cetratus,. DC. (?), v. 246
Milk hedge, Euphorbia Tirucalli, L.. iv. I
Millet, Parezcum meliaceunr, Lv. 150
Millet, Bulrush, Peze27setum typhoideum, Rich. v. 170
Millet, Indian, Axdropogon Sorghum, Brot. v. 232
Millet, Italian, Setarza ztalica, Beauv.. v. 164
Mistletoe, AAzpsalzs Cassytha, Gaertn.. ii. 266
Moon-flower, Zfomea Bona-nox, L. ii. 213
Mugwort, Artemesta vulgarés, L. ill. 43
Mullein, Ver-bascum Thapsus, L. iii. 241
Mustard-tree, Sa/vadora persica, L. iii.. 120
Myrobalans, Zermzzalza belerzca, Roxb., and 7. Chebula, Retz. il. 159
sadtrachta indica, A.
Panicunt
Nettle, Nilgiri, Gzvardinza heterophylla,, Dene. iv. 106
Lhndex to English Names:
Nettle, Devil or Fever, Laporta crenu- lata, Gaud. iv. 105
Nim tree, Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. 1. 244
Nilgiri Nettle, Gzvardinza heterophylla, Dene. iv. 106
Nux-vomica, Strychnos Nux-vomeca, L.
iii. 175
Oak, Ceylon, Schletchera trijuga, Willd. 1. 304
Oak, Patana, Careya arborea, Roxb. ii. 191
Oil, Citronella, Azdropogox Nardus, L. Vv. 242
Oil, Geranium grass, Andropogon Schen- anthus, \.. v. 241
Oil, Gingelly, Sesamum tndicun, L. iii, 285
Oil, Ginger-grass, Andropogon Schen- anthus, L. v. 241
Oil, Gurjun, Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertn. f. 1. 115
Oil, Kohomba-tal, Azadirachta tndica,
_ A. Juss. 1. 244
Oil, Lemon grass, Andropogon Schain- anthus, L. v. 241, 246
Oil, Melissa, Indian, Axdropogon ci- tratus, DC. v. 246
Oil-nuts, Aleurztes triloba, Forst. iv. 46
Oil, Rusa-grass, Azdropogon Schai- anthus, L. Vv. 241
Oil, Verbena, Andropogon cztratus, DC. v. 246
Olive, Wild, Z/eocarpus serratus, L. i. 184
Paddy, Hill, Oryza /atéfolza, Desv. v. 184
Palmyra Palm, Borassus flabellifer, L iv. 330
Patchouli, Pogonostemon suavis, Pell. ii. 379
Pa&ana Oak, Careya arborea, Roxb. ii. 191
Peacock-flower, Pownciana pulcherrima, L, ii. 99
Pepper, black, Prger nigrum, L. iii. 427
Pepper, iene Piper longum, L. iit. . 424
‘Potato,
A7u
Periwinkle, Madagascar, Verca rosea, L. ili. 130
Persian Lilac, Melea Azedarach, L.1. 244
Pimpernel, blue, Azagallés arvensis, ' Lam. iii. 66 3
Piney varnish, Vaterza indica, L. i. 132.
Physic-nut, Jatropha Curcas, L. iv. 46
Pitcher-plant, MWepenthes distillatoria, '
L. in. 420
Plantain (or Banana), Musa paradisatca, L. iv. 265
Plantain (English weed), Plantago
major, L. itt. 389
country, Coleus parvifiorus,
Benth. ili. 374 Sa
Primrose Orchid, Dendrobium hetero- carpurt, Wall. iv. 154
Prince of Wales’s feathers, Azzaranthus hypochondriacus, L. iii. 396
Purslane, Portulaca oleracea, L. i. 89
Pumpkin, Ash, Berincasa certfera, Savi, ii. 252
Punnai nuts, Calophyllum Inoph eee L. 1. 100
Rain-tree, Pethecolobeum zwmbellatum,, Benth. i. 132
Raspberry, wild, Rzbus laszocarpus, Sm. ii. 138
Rati seeds, Abrus precatorius, L. il. 57
Red Doon, Doona Gardner, i. 121
Rhea, wild, Debregeasta velutena, Gaud. iv. 119
Rice, Oryza satzva, L. v. 182
Rose apple, Zzgenze Jambos, L. i. 170
‘Roselle, Azbzscus Sabdariffa, L. i. 154
Rubber, Ceara, MJanthot Glaziovz2, iv. I
Rubber, Mexican, Castzlloa elastica,. Cerv. iv. I
Rubber, Para, Hevea braszlienszs, iv. I Rusa-oil grass, Andropogon Schenan- thus, L. v. 241
St. John’s wort, Hyper UUM. MyYSOVENSE Heyne, 1. 93
Sabre-bean, Canavalia enstformis, DC. il. 67
Sacred bean of Egypt,
Nelumbiu mL speciosum, Willd. i. 52 .
472 Sandal wood, Santalum album, L. iii. 475 San-Hemp, Crotalaria juncea, L. ii. 16 Sappan wood, Ce Ge Sappan, L ii, 99
Sarsaparilla, Womidevmas: tndicus, Br.
iii. 144
‘Satin-wood, Chloroxylon Swietenta, DC. i. 253
Sebestens, Cordia Myzxa, L. iii. 193
Semaphore plant, Desmodium gyrans, DC. i. 56
Sensitive plants, sp. of es 1 _ 196, Biophytum, i. 197, Smithia, i. 36, and Mimosa pudica, L. i. 122
Sheep’s sorrel, Rumex Acetosella, L. ii. 415
Shepherd’s Purse, Capsella Bursa-pas- toris, L. i. 54.
Shola pith, A schynomene aspera, L ii. 39
Silk-cotton tree, Eriodendron anfrac- tuoswum, DC. i. 161
Snail - flower, Phaseolus adenanthus, Mey. ii. 70
Snake-gourd, Z7échosanthes anguina, L. il. 245
Snake-wood, Ophiocylon SCENT, L. iii. 126
Sorgho, Axdropogon Sorghum, Brot. Vv. 232
Sour grass, Panicum conjugatum, Berg, v. 122 ;
Sour sop, Axona muricata, Dun. i. 32
Sow-thistles, Sonchus asper, Vahl, S. oleraceus, L. ii. 52
Spanish needle, Bzdens pilosa, L. iii. 40 Spear grass, Andropogon contortus, L.
e238
Spinach, Basella rubra, L. and alba, L lil. 410
Spurrey, i. 86
Strawberry, /ragarza vesca, L. ii. 138
Sugar-cane, Chinese, Andropogon Sor- ghum, Brot. v. 32
Sugar-cane, Saccharum officinale, L. v. 202
Sundews, Drosere, sp. ii. 146 ©
Sun-Hemp, Cvrotolaria juncea, L. ii. 16
L[ndex to Enghsh Names.
Swamp Mendora, Vatica Roxburghiana, Bl. i. 128
‘Sweet-cup, Passiflora edulis, Sims, ii.
242
‘Sweet-flag, <Acorus Calamus, L, iv,
365
‘Sweet - potato, ZZomea Batatas, Lam.
lil, 212
Tallow-tree, 2xcacaria sebifera (Sapium
sebiferum, Roxb.) iv. 1, 76
Tamarind tree, Zamarindus indica, L. ii, 114
Tamarind, wild or velvet, ovoideum, Thw. ii. 113
Tamarisk, Zamarzx gallica, Li. 9%
Tapioca, Manthot utilissima, Pohl, iv. I
Taro, Colocasia Antiquorum, Schott, iv. 359
Tea-plant, Camellia Thea, Lindl. i. 112
Tea, Ceylon, Zleodendron glaucum, Jacq. f. i. 271
Tea, Ceylon or Matara, Cassza aure- culata, L. ll. 107
Tea, Wild, Zurya acuminata, DC.i, 110
Tea, Wild, of East Coast, Cassta auricu- lata, L. i. 112, ii. 106
Teak tree, Zectona grandis, L. f. iii. 350
Telegraph plant, Desmodium gyrans, DC. ii. 56
Temple-tree, Plumeria acutifolia, Poir. lll. 130
Thorn-apple, Datura Stramonium, L. lil, 239
Tiger’s claws, Martynia diandra, Glox. iii. 285
Tobacco, Wild, Lotekia nicotianefolia, Heyne, iii. 57
Toddy-palm, Caryota urens, L. iv. 324
Toon, Red, Cedrella serrata, Royle, i. 252
Tooth ache plant, Spz/anthus Acmella, L. iii. 40
Tree Mignonette, Zawsonza alba, Lam. li. 228
Trefoil, 7r¢folium arvense, L.. ii. 20
Trincomalie-wood, Berrya Ammonilla, Roxb. i. 173
Trumpet-flower, Datura suaveolens, H. & B. iii. 239
Dialium
Ludex to English Names.
‘Tulip tree, Thespesta populnea, Sol. i. 158
Turmeric plant, Curcuma longa, L. iv. 242
Umbrella tree, Acacza planifrons, W. & PAR II. 6023
Upas tree, Antiaris toxicaria, Lesch. lv. 97
Vanilla, Vanzlla planzfolia, Andy. iv.221
Velam bark, Acacia leucophiwa, Willd. li. 125
Verbena-oil, Andropogon citratus, DC.(?) v. 246
anthum odoratum, L. v. 305
Violet, hill, of Ceylon, Viola serpens, Wall. i. 67
‘Water Coco-nut, Ma fruticans, Wurmb. iv. 325
“Watercress, Wasturtzum officinale, Br.
i. 53
473
Water grass, Panicum muticum, Forsk. v. 440 Water Lettuce, Pestia stratiotes, L. iv. -
345
Water Lilies, Mymphee, sp. i. 49, 50
Water- Melon, Citrullus vulgaris,
Schrad. ii. 253
Water Pink, Spznifex squarrosis, L. v. 174
Water Starwort, Callitriche stagnalis, Scop. ii. 149
White-dove Orchid, Dendrobium cru- menatunt, SW. iV. 151
| White-weed, Averatum conyzotdes, L. Vernal Grass, Sweet-scented, Athox- |
ill. 13
Wild Coffee, Scyphostachys coffeoides, Thw. ii. 335
Wild Raspberry, Azéus lasiocarpus, Sm. ii. 138
Wild Tobacco, Lodelza nicotianefolia, Heyne, ii. 57
Wood-apple, Feronza elephantum, Corr. 1. 228
pike ae
aS
'
PLATES AND MAPS
(in QUARTO PORTFOLIO).
PLATE PAGE I. Acrotrema lyratum, 7iw. & 7, A. uniflorum, Aook., var. bullatum, 7p. 7 . . ; : 3 PartI. 9g II. Schumacheria angustifolia, Hé.f. & Ti ee i IL III. Wormia triquetra, oft. . : : : : py II IV. Limacia cuspidata, Zé. ff. & 7 Tee E r Ap 42 V. Alsodeia virgata, Ah. f, S Thoms. . : : j os 69 VI. Erythrospermum phytolaccoides, Gardz. . : ny 72 VII. Aberia Gardneri, Clos. F : j z F ae 74. VIII. Trichadenia zeylanica, 7hw. a 75 IX. Adinandra lasiopetala, Chozs. 5 se 108)
X. Dipterocarpus zeylanicus, Thw. : : i é oe elle XI. Doona congestiflora, 7hw.
aL 22
XII. Sunaptea scabriuscula, 777. : . 5 i 20) XIII. Vatica obscura, 7yz7z. . 5 3 : : Ee E20 XIV. Balanocarpus (?) zeylanicus, Trim. 3 i r Fy < 130 XV. Stemonoporus affinis, 7iw., and S. rigidus, Zhw. . Ape y AEaYEL, XVI. Ancistrocladus Vahhi, Avz. . i : er 239 XVII. Hibiscus angulosus, Mast. var. aieacinonus T) hav. : » 156 XVIII. Grewia populifolia, Vah/. : ‘ ; ; : TS XIX. Triumfetta glabra, Ro/#/. . ; ; ; Fi 1 ~=—« 180 XX. Elzeocarpus serratus, Z. . ; 5 § 3 6 hg 184 XXI. Biophytum intermedium, Wzghz »» 199 XXII. Murraya Gleniei, 7Zw. e220
XXIII. Canarium brunneum, edd. ? . : z : 3 by on eet)
XXIV. Pseudocarapa Championi, Hezzs/. eaten 245 XXV. Gleniea zeylanica, HA. 7. . : 3 : F 17 305 _XXVI. Crotalaria Walkeri, Arn. : : : : - ? Parti. 16 XXVII. Tephrosia maxima, Pes. . 5 ; : : fe he Bo XXVIII. Desmodium jucundum, Zhw. . : 5 F ; 9 54 XXIX. Derris oblonga, 4enth. o 93
XXX. Sophora zeylanica, 7772. : : é : XXXI. Pericopsis Mooniana, 7hw. . ‘ : : Site 29 97 XXXII. Peltophorum ferrugineum, Benth. XXXIII. Cassia auriculata, Z.
ee IOI = 100 -
476
PLATE
XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL.
XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII. XLIX.
LXI. LXII. LXIII. LXIV. LXV. LXVI. LXVII. LXVIII. LXIX. LXX. LXXI. ‘LXXII.
LXXIII. LXXIV.
LXXV. LXXVI.
Plates and Maps.
Adenanthera bicolor, JZoon Acacia planifrons, W. & A. Carallia calycina, Benth.
Eugenia lucida, Zam.
Eugenia Fergusoni, 772. Sonerila hirsutula, Arz.
Medinilla maculata, Gardz. Memecylon capitellatum, Z. Trichosanthes integrifolia, Zw. Gymnopetalum Wightii, 47x. Cerasiocarpum zeylanicum, Clarke Gymnostemma pedata, B/. (axa, Cogn.) Heptapleurum emarginatum, Seevz. Mastixia tetrandra, Clarke Allzeophania decipiens, 7iw. Hedyotis Lessertiana, drz. . Diplospora Dalzellii, Hk. 7. . Knoxia platycarpa, Avz.
Ixora jucunda, Ziw.
Coffea travancorensis, W. & A. . SA Lagenophora Billardieri, Cass.
Psychotria bisulcata, W. &
Blumea angustifolia, Zw.
Anaphalis pelliculata, Z7zvz.
Gynura zeylanica, 77272.
Bassia neriifolia, (Zoo E j 4 5 Ochrosia borbonica, G7zel.
Wrightia flavido-rosea, 77272.
Tylophora flava, 77.
Ceropegia parviflora, 7772.
Gaertnera ternifolia, Zw.
Crawfurdia japonica, S. &°Z. var. Ghanpiens as
Ipomeea jucunda, 7hw.
Solanum lzeve, Dzz72.
Centranthera procumbens, Zech.
Christisonia Thwaitesi, 77277. . Strobilanthes (Endopogon) Nockii, 7722. Barleria Arnottiana, ees, var. glabra .
Premna purpurascens, 7iw. : : : :
Glossocarya scandens, 772772. Coleus elongatus, 77272.
Anisochilus paniculatus, Benth. - Posdostemon (Maveelia) metzgerioides, 772772. 6
Part IT.
35
Part III.
PAGE 120 123 155 180 172 205 209 222 245 246 259 260 284 287 301 309 336
MAP
oF oF =YLON Q showing Seer ROUGH SKETCH OF FOREST AREAS ChUREEF, OF ( PN iin. N : BY
Qe ANNAR “caso _ Conservator of Forests
RAM ES WA RAM ki eactbia ee
Scale-30 Mules to aw Inch.
/P RO
Qyons Tae
\\ : We AT 17
MINE) Teale wey Y a
N
Fast and West Section
“Pedro! 4296 HH rd
MAP of
erl= yf 1 © WN!
Showing the Average Annual Rainfall
Under 0 ins.
$0ins.and more
South Section
=
75ins.and more
150ins.and move
200 1ns. and more
© Observatories
e Rain Gauge Stations with fall vv unches
per year
Northe and
Oars madutal | 2 | PRitedara 1 Sexe van iN esi tla iar
Se
SS
6296 fect
Sil
Lith Surveyor Generals Oftice, Colembo, N* 97/9
PLATE
LXXVII. LXXVIII. LXXIX. LXXxX. LXxXxXI. LXXXII.
LXXXIIl. LXXXIV. LXXXV.
LXXXVI. LXXXVII.
LXXXVIII. LXXXIX.
— 2468
XCI.
XCII.
XCIII.
XCIV.
XCV.
XCVI. XCVII. XCVIII. XCIX. Cc.
Map I.
Plates and Maps.
Piper Thwaitesii, Cas. DC. . Hortonia angustifolia, 7h. . Helicia zeylanica, Gardn. Notothixos floccosus, Olzv. . Balanophora Thwaitesii, Zzch/. Hemicyclia Gardneri, Zw. Trigonostemon diplopetalus, Zzw. Dimorphocalyx glabellus, 7zw. Adenochleena zeylanica, Z/iw. Celtis cinnamomea, Lzzzd/. Burmannia Championii, Zz. Bulbophyllum elegans, Gard. Ccelogyne odoratissima, Zzzzd/.
Cymbidium ensifolium, Sw. var. heematodes, 7+z2.
Vanilla, Moonii, 7iw. Curcuma oligantha, 7727. Dioscorea spicata, Roth Cyanotis obtusa, 77272. Phoenix zeylanica, 77277. Cyperus bulbosus, Vah/ Scirpodendron costatum, A772 Oryza granulata, /Vees . Garnotia tectorum, HZ. 7. Arundinaria densifolia, M2770
Showing the Forest Areas of Ceylon. set Ale
LONDON:
Showing the average Rainfall in Ceylon.
477
PAGE
Part III. 426 » 437 Se ANT
”? 473
3° 477 Part IV. 37 ” 5I
3° 54
AD 60
” 81
; 131
- 156
AA 160
a5 180
= 221
” 242
” 277
53 312
3) 326 Bartavirn 22: b> 92
PA 183
3? 254
o 312
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