WEARNfS 

r. 


iw 


PLATE      LXVIIl 


I.  IpkLcluies  protesiZaus . 
2.         „.  ceLadoiv. 


LLOYD'S     NATURAL      HLSTORY, 

Editku  15V  R.  BowDLER  Sharte,  LL.D.,  F.L.S.,  &c. 


A  HAND-BOOK 


TO     THE 


ORDER 

LEPIDOPTERA 


'.jl>^''  BY 

W.    F.    KIRBY,    F.L.S,   F.Ent.S, 

DEPARTMENT   OF   ZOOLOGY,  BRITISH    MUSEUM, 

Author  of  "A  Synonymic  Catalogue  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera,^'  '"''  Eiiropmn 
Butterflies  and  Moths,"  '*^  Text-book  of  Entomology,'"  <.V.,  etc. 

PART  I.  ZZ^Z^A- 

BUTTERFLIES.— VOL.  IL.     f;7EARWS 

COLLECTION 


LONDON : 

EDWARD   LLOYD,    LIMITED, 

12,    SALISBURY    SQUARE,    FLEET    STREET. 

1896. 


SEP  2 


PRINTED    I5Y 
WYMAN   AND   SONS,    LIMITED. 


PREFACE. 


With  the  present  volume  Mr.  Kirby  completes  his  survey  of 
the  Butterflies,  with  the  exception  of  the  Hcsperiid(T.^  which 
will  be  published  in  the  third  volume,  where  the  author  will 
commence  his  review-  of  the  Moths. 

Mr.  Kirby  is  especially  well-known  as  an  authority  on 
entomological  bibliography,  and  it  is  not  surprising  to  find 
that  his  recent  researches  into  the  nomenclature  of  Butterflies 
have  led  him  to  arrive  at  conclusions  concerning  the  proper 
names  of  our  British  species  somewhat  different  from  those 
adopted  in  most  modern  works.  The  confusion  of  nomencla- 
ture in  the  Lepidoptera  seems  to  be  even  greater  than  that  which 
recently  existed  among  the  Birds ;  but  even  as  Ornithologists 
are  gradually  progressing  towards  an  uniform  system  of 
nomenclature,  so  it  may  be  hoped  that  Lepidopterists  also  will 
speedily  arrive  at  definite  conclusions  as  to  the  names  which 
the  British  species  of  Butterflies  should  bear.  From  this 
point  of  view,  I  hope  that  Mr.  Kirby's  volume  will  be  found 
to  contain  some  useful  conclusions. 

R.  BOWDLER  SHARPE. 


AUTHOR'S    PREFACE. 


In  the  Preface  to  the  first  volume  of  Lepidopiera  I  announced 
my  intention  of  completing  the  Butterflies  in  two  volumes  ; 
but  the  amount  of  matter  which  I  found  it  necessary  to  include 
proved  more  considerable  than  I  had  expected,  and  the  present 
volume  includes  only  Families  II.  to  VI.  of  the  Butterflies,  viz., 
Libytheid^y  LetnoniidcBy  Lyccenid^.,  FieridcE,  and  Equitidce  ;  the 
Hesperiidce  being  left  over  till  the  third  volume. 

As  at  present  arranged,  it  is  proposed  to  devote  three 
volumes  to  the  remainder  of  the  Lepidoptera,  making  five  in 
all,  divided  as  follows  : — 

Butterflies  :  Nymphalidae. 

Libytheidae  to  Equitida3. 

Hesperiidoe. 
Pages,  Burnets,  Tiger-Moths,  &c. 
Hawk-Moths,  Emperors,  &:c. 
Owl-Moths,  Loopers,  Clothes  Moths,  &c. 

The  Family  Eijuitidic  (usually  called  Papi/iofiidcc),  contain- 
ing the  true  Swallow-Tailed  Butterflies,  is  in  a  most  chaotic 
state,  never  having  been  sub-divided  into  genera  like  the 
other  Families.  A  thorough  revision  would  have  been  be- 
yond the  scope  of  the  present  work ;  but  I  have  carefully 
examined  all  the  generic  names  which  have  been  proposed 
for  any  portions  of  this  extensive  Family,  collated  them  with 


n 

J.. 
II. 

>> 

J3 

III. 

>> 

Moths 

J) 

IV. 
V. 

J) 

IS 

VI  AUTHOR  S    PREFACE. 

Feldcr's  groups,  and  endeavoured  as  far  as  possible  to  fix 
their  types  and  limits,  thereby  bringing  together  a  considerable 
amount  of  very  scattered  information. 

Many  interesting  observations  on  habits,  &:c.,  will  be  found 
scattered  through  the  present  volume,  including  those  of 
Trogotioptera  hrookcana^  with  which  Sir  Hugh  Low  has  kindly 
favoured  me. 

The  uncertainty  of  nomenclature  is  much  to  be  regretted. 
Detailed  explanations  of  the  principles  which  have  guided  me 
will  be  found  in  the  Prefaces  to  my  Synonymic  Catalogues  of 
Odonata^  and  of  Rhopalocera  Heterocera,  and  need  not  here  be 
repeated.  I  may,  however,  say  that  I  have  long  been  of 
opinion  that  1758,  the  date  of  the  tenth  edition  of  Linnaeus' 
"Systema  Naturce,"  should  be  regarded  as  the  logical  starting- 
point  of  our  nomenclature,  and  that  I  attach  more  importance 
to  the  assignation  of  a  type  to  a  genus,  than  even  to  a  defi- 
nition. As  regards  specific  names,  it  is  a  pity  that  so  old- 
established  a  name  as  edusa  has  no  claim  to  be  retained  for 
the  Clouded  Yellow  (see  pp  214,  215).  But  it  is  interesting 
to  find  that  in  some  cases  the  Entomologists  of  the  last  genera- 
tion had  correctly  applied  Linnaeus'  names  {e.g.,  Camilla  to  the 
While  Admiral,  and  fuciformis  to  the  broad-bordered  Bee 
Hawk-Moth),  whereas  contemporary  writers  have  preferred  to 
follow  erroneous  determinations  of  Continental  Entomologists. 
The  first  step  towards  arriving  at  correct  conclusions,  is  to 
eliminate  obvious  and  palpable  errors. 

Now  that  the  present  work  is  so  far  advanced,  I  hope  to 
make  arrangements  for  the  speedy  issue  of  the  second  edition 
of  my  Catalogue  of  "  Lepidoptera  Rhopalocera." 

W.  F.  KIRBY. 


SYSTEMATIC   INDEX. 


ORDER  LEPIDOPTERA  (r^;///;//^^^). 

TAGB 

A.  LEPIDOPTERA  RHOPALOCERA(r^/////^ 

tied) I 

FAMILY  II.     LIBYTHEID/E.           

Genus  Libytiiea,  Fabiicius 

L.  cekis  (Fuessly).               

L.  bachmanii,  Kirtl.            

2 

FAMILY  in.     LEMONIID^ 

6 

SUB-FAMILY  I.     NEMEOBIIN/E 

9 

Genus  Nemeobius,  Steph.            

N.  lucina  (L.).     ...             

lO 

II 

SUB-FAMILY  H.     EUSELASIIN/E. 

15 

Genus  Euselasia,  Ilubner 

E.  gelon  (Stoll) 

E.  effima  (Hew.).    ... 

i6 

17 

17 

Genus  Helicopis,  Fabricius 

II.  acis  (Fabr.) 

II.  cupido  (L.) 

19 

20 

21 

SUB-FAMILY  in.     LEMONIIN/E 

22 

Genus  Mesosemia,  Ilubner 

M.  philocles  (L.) 

M.  bifasciata  (Hew.) 

23 

24 

24 

Genus  EuRYBiA,  Ilubner.             

E.  Salome  (Cram.) 

25 

26 

Genus  Zeonia,  Swains 

Z.  faunus  (Fabr.) 

Z.  chorineus  (Cram.) 

27 

27 

28 

Vlll 


SYSTEMATIC    INDEX. 


Genus  Diorhina,  Morisse. 

D.  periander  (Cram.). 

Genus  Ancyluris,  IlUbner. 

A.  meliboeus  (Fabr.). . 
Genus  Anteros,  Hlibner. 

A.  formosus  (Cram.). 

A.  achreus  (Stoll) 

Genus  Lemonias,  Hlibner. 

L.  emylius  (Cram). 
Genus  Nymphidium,  Fabr. 

N.  caricpc  (L.). 

N.  ethelinda,  Hew. 

Genus  Catagrammina,  Bates.    ... 

C.  tapaja  (Saunders). 

C.  hewitsoni,  Kirby. 
Genus  Isapis,  Westw 

I.  agyrtus  (Cram.) 

SUB-FAMILY  IV.     STALACHTINyE 

Genus  Stalachtis,  Ilubner. 

S.  phlegia  (Cram.) 

FAMILY  IV.     LYC.^NID/E    ... 

SUB-FAMILY  I.    LYC^NIN^. 

Genus  Thecla,  Fabr 

T.  spini  (Den.  &  Schifferm.). 

T.  w-album  (Knoch). 

T.  pruni  (L.) 

Genus  Callophrys,  Billb. 

C.  rubi  (L.) 

Genus  Pseudolyc.^na,  Wallengr. 

P.  marsyas  (L.)- 
Genus  EvENUS,  Ilubner 

E.  regalis  (Cram.) 

Genus  Arcas,  Swains 

A.  imperialis  (Cram.). 


SYSTEMATIC    INDEX. 


IX 


Genus  Micandra,  Schatz. 

M.  platyptera  (Felder). 

Genus  Eum^^us  Hubner.  ... 
E.  minyas,  Hubner. 

Genus  Hypolyc^na,  Felder. 
H.  erylus  (Godart). 

Genus  Axiocerses,  Hubner. 
A.  perion  (Cram.). 

Genus  Zephyrus,  Dalman. 

Z.  betulcT  (L,). 

Z.  quercus  (L.). 
Genus  Heliophorus,  Geyer. 

H.  epicles  (Godart). 
Genus  Ialmenus,  Hubner. 

I.  evagoras  (Donovan). 
Genus  Deudorix,  Hew.  ... 

D.  epijarbas  (Moore). 
Genus  Iolaus,  Hubner.    ... 

I.  helius  (Fabr.).     ... 
Genus  Sithon,  Hubner.  ... 

S.  nedymonda  (Cram  ). 
Genus  Myrina,  Fabr. 

M.  silenus  (Fabr.).  ... 
(jenus  Loxura,  Horsf.     ... 

L.  atymnus  (Cram.). 
Genus  Phasis,  Hubner.    ... 

P.  thero  (L.). 
Genus  Aphn^^us,  Hubner. 

A.  orcas  (Drury).    ... 
Genus  Miletus,  Hubner. 

M.  polycletus  (L.). 
Genus  Lampides,  Hubner. 

L.  bceticus  (L.). 
Genus  CuPiDO,  Schranlc.  ... 

C.  argiades  (Pall.). 


SYSTEMATIC    INDEX. 


Genus  Plebkius,  L S; 

P.  argus(L.) SS 

Genus  PoLYOMMATUS,  Latr 90 

P.  oorydon  (Poda).             91 

P.  Ihetis  (VonRottcml).) 93 

P.  icarus  (Von  Rottemb.).             96 

P.  alexis  (Scop.) 99 

P.  salmacis,  Steph.             ...         ...         ...         ...         ...          ...  100 

P.  artaxerxes  (Fabr.) 102 

Genus  Cyaniris,  Dalman. 103 

C.  argiolus  (L.) 103 

Genus  ZiZERA,  Moore 105 

Z.  minima  (Fuessly).  ...  ...  ...  ...   105 

Genus  NoMiADES,  Hiibner 106 

N.  semiargus  (Von  Rottemb.).      ...         ...         ...          ...         ...  106 

N.  arion  (L.) loS 

no 


N.  alcon  (Den.  &  Schifferm.). 

Genus  ScoLiTANTiDES,  Illibncr in 

S.  orion  (Pall.) ni 

Genus  Castalius,  Hiibner n2 

C.  rosimon  (Fabr.).  ...         ...         ...          ...          ...         ...   112 

Genus  PiTHECOPS,  Horsf.  ...   n4 

P.  hylax  (Fabr.) 114 

Genus  Lyc^nesthes,  Moore 114 

L.  bengalensis,  Moore 114 

Gcmis  Lycena,  Fabr n5 

L.  virgaurere  (L.) 115 

L.  dispar,  Haworih.  117 

L.  rutila  (Werneb.).  121 

L.  hippothoe  (L.) 122 

L.  phlseas  (L.) 125 

Ge««s  Tomares,  Rambur.  127 

T.  ballus  (Fabr.) 128 

Gcmis  Feniseca,  Grote 128 

F.  tarquinius  (Fabr.) 128 


SYSTEMATIC    INDEX. 


Genus  Amelypodia,  Ilorsf. 

A.  apiJanus  (Cram.). 
Genus  Ogyris,  Westw.    ... 

O.  abrota  (Doublcday  &  I  lew.). 
Genus  Curetis,  Ilubncr 

C.  thetys  (Drury) 

Genus  Gerydus,  Boiscl 

G.  symclhus  (Cram.). 
Genus  LuciA,  Swains. 

L.  lucanus  (Fabr.). 

SUB-FAMILY  II.     LIPTENIN/F. 

Genus  Liphyra,  Westw 

L.  brassolis,  Westw. 
FAMILY  V.     riERID/E. 
SUB-FAMILY  I.     PIERIN/E.  ... 
Genus  Aporia,  Ilubner,    ... 

A.  cratoegi  (L.) 

Genus  Pieris,  Schrank.    ... 

P.  brassicse  (L.). 

P.  chariclea  (Steph.). 

P.  rapre  (L.) 

P.  metra  (Steph.).  ... 

P.  napi,  Linn 

P.  sabellicoe  (Steph,). 
Genus  Pontia,  Fabr 

P.  daplidice  (L.).    ... 
Genus  Mesapia,  Gray 

M.  peloria  (Hew.). 
Genus  Baltia,  Moore 

B.  shawii  (Bates) 

B.  butleri  (Moore). 

Genus  Davidina,  Oberthiir. 

D.  armandi,  Oberthiir. 
Genus  Metaporia,  Butler. 

M.  agathon  (Gray). 


130 
130 
130 
131 
131 
131 
132 
132 

133 
133 

133 

136 


^37 

139 

139 
140 

142 
144 

145 
146 
148 
14S 
150 

151 
152 

154 
155 
156 
156 
156 
156 
157 
158 
158 


Xll 


SYSTEMATIC    INDEX. 


PACK 

Genus  Perriiybris,  IlUbncr 

.  158 

P.  pyrrha  (Fabr.) 

•   159 

Genus  Mylothris,  Hubner 

.   160 

M.  rhodope  (Fabr.).           

.  161 

Genus  Belenois,  Hubner 

.   161 

B.  calypso  (Drury).             

.   161 

Genus  Schatzia,  Kirby 

.  162 

S.  socialis  (Westw.).           

.   162 

Genus  Archomas,  Hiibner 

.  163 

A.  tereas  (Godart).             

.  16:- 

Genus  Pereute,  Herr.-Schad. 

.  i6a 

P.  leucodrosime  (Kollar) 

.  164 

Genus  Delias,  Hubner 

165 

D.  belisama  (Cram.)-         

.   166 

D.  eucharis  (Drury).            

.   167 

D,  cceneus  (L.) 

,   168 

D.  egialea  (Cram.).            

.   169 

Genus  Prioneris,  Wall 

•   171 

P.  thestylis  (Doubleday). 

171 

Genus  Appias,  Hubner 

172 

A.  zelmira  (Cram.).            

•  173 

Geaus  Melete,  Swains 

•   175 

M.  flippantha(Fabr.) 

•   175 

Genus  Elodina,  Felder 

•  175 

E.  egnatia  (Godart) 

.  176 

Genus  Leptosia,  Hiibner.           

•  176 

L.  xiphia  (Fabr.) 

177 

Genus  Leucidia,  Doubleday 

177 

L.  elvina  (Godart).             

•  177 

SUB-FAMILY  H.     DISMOKilllN.K 

•  177 

Genus  Leptidia,  Billb 

•   178 

L.  sinapis  (L.) 

■  178 

Genus  Dismorphia,  Hubner 

.  180 

D.  egaena  (Bates) 

.  183 

SYSTEMATIC    INDEX, 


XIll 


Genus  Acmetopteron,  Godm.  &  Salv. 
A.  nemesis  (Latr.). 

Genus  Enantia,  Hiibner. 

E.  licinia  (Cram.)*  ••• 
Genus  Pseudopieris,  Godm.  &  Salv.    ... 

P.  nehemia  (Boisd.). 

SUB-FAMILY  III.    ANTHOCIIARIN^, 

Genus  Euchloe,  Hiibner.  

E.  cardamines  (L.). 

E,  turritis  (Ochsenh. ). 

E,  hesperidis,  Newnh. 
Genus  Phyllocharis,  Schatz 

P.  tagis  (Hiibner).  ... 
Genus  Teracolus,  Swains. 

T.  subfasoiatus,  Swains.     ... 
Genus  Callosune,  Doubleday 

C.  danae  (Fabr.).     ... 
Genus  Ab.'EIS,  Hiibner 

A.  cebrene  (Boisd.). 
Genus  Colotis,  Hiibner 

C.  amata  (Fabr.) 

Genus  Idmais,  Boisd 

I.  chrysonome  (Klug). 
Genus  Ixias,  Hiibner 

I.  pyrcne  (L. ). 
Genus  Hehomoia,  Hiibner 

H.  leucippe  (Cram.). 
Genus  Eronia,  Hiibner.  ... 

E.  cleodora  (Hiibner). 
Genus  Nepheronia,  Butler 

N.  idotsea  (Bois-d.). 

SUB-FAMILY  IV.     CALLIDRYIN/E. 


jenus  Natiialis,  Boisd. 
N.  iolc,  Boisd. 


XIV 


SYSTEMATIC    INDEX 


Genus  Eurymus,  Swains. 

E.  hyaIe{L.) 

E.  kirbyi  (Lewis).  ... 
E,  philodice  (Godart). 

Genus  Meganostoma,  Reakirt.  ... 
M.  cesonia  (Stoll).  ... 

Genus  Colias,  Fabr.         

C.  rhamni  (L.). 

Genus  Catopsilia,  Huljncr. 
C.  crocale  (Cram.). ... 

Genus  Callidryas,  Boisd.  &  Lccontc. 

C.  eubule  (L.). 
Genus  SpiIv^nogona,  Butler. 

S.  mexicana  (Boisd.). 

Genus  Terias,  Swains 

T.  hecabe  (L.). 

FAMILY  VL     EQUITID/E.    ... 

SUB-FAMILY  I.     PARNASSIINyE. 

Genus  Parnassius,  Latr. 

P.  apollo(L.) 

SUB-FAMILY  II.     THAIDIN.E, 

Genus  Thais,  Fabr.  

T  medesicaste  (Fabr.). 

SUB-FAMILY  III.     EQUITIN/E. 

Genus  Drurya,  Auriv.     ... 

D.  antimachus  (Drury). 
3enus  Troides,  IlUbner. 

T.  priamus  (L.). 
Genus  ^theoptera,  Rippon.    ... 

M.  victoriae  (Gray). 
Genus  Schcenbergia,  Pagenst.  ... 

S.  paradisea  (Staud.), 
Genus  Trogonoptera,  Rippon. 

T.  brookeana  (Wall.). 


SYSTEMATIC    INDEX.  XV 

PAGE 

Genus  OrniTiioptera,  Boisd 263 

0.  hippolytus  (Cram.) 266 

Genus  Papilio,  Latr 267,  269 

Sect.  IV.   Ascanides,  Geyer 269 

A.  triopas  (Godart).  269 

Sect.  V.  EndoiX)gon,  Boisd.         ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ..■   270 

E.  sesostris  (Cram.).  ...         ...  ...         ...         ...         ...  270 

Sect.  VI.  Hectorides,  Hiibner.    ...  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  270 

II.  ascanius  (Cram.).  ...          ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  270 

Sect.  VII.   Parides,  Ilubner 271 

P.  cTneas  (L.) 271 

Sect.  VIII.  Ithobalus,  Ilvibncr ...  272 

1.  polydamas  (L.).  272 

Sect.  XIV.  Eurytides,  IlUbner 272 

E.  dolicaon  (Cram.) 272 

Sect.  XIX.  B.  Cosmodesmus,  Ilaase 272 

C.  protesilaus  (L.).  273 

Sect.  XX.  Pazala,  Moore.  273 

P.  glycerion  (Gray).  273 

Sect.  XXI.   Pathysa,  Reakirt 274 

P.  antiphates  (Cram.).        ...         ...         ...         ...  274 

Sect.  XXIII.-XXV.  Iphiclides,  Ilubner 274 

I.  celadon  (Lucas).  ...         ...          ...         ...         ...         ...  274 

I.  podalirius  (L.).    ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  275 

Sect.  XXVII.  B.  Dalchina,  Moore         277 

D.  sarpedon  (L.).    ...         ...         ...          ...         ...  ...         ...  277 

Sect.  XXVII.  C.   Zetides,  Ilubner 277 

Z.  eurypylus  (L).   ...          ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  277 

Sect.  XXVII.  D.  Gen.  innom 278 

P.  agamemnon,  L.  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  278 

Sect.  XXVII.  F.   Idaides,  Ilubner z-j?, 

I.  codrus  (Cram.) 278 

Sect.  XXIX.  A.   Dabasa,  Moore.  278 

D.  gyas  (Westw.).  27S 


XVI  SYSTEMATIC    INDEX. 

PAGE 

Sect.  XXIX.  B.  Meandrusa,  Moore 278 

M.  evan  (Doubleday) 278 

Sect.  XXX.  Gen.  innom 279 

P.  pylades,  Fabr,   ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  279 

Sect.  XXXI.  A.  Gen.  innom.       ...         ...         ...         ...  279 

r.  leonidas,  Fabr.  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  279 

Sect.  XXXIII.  Gen.  innom 279 

P.  id?eoides,  Gray.  ...         ...         ...         ...         279 

Sect.  XXXVI.  Paranticopsis,  \Vood-Ma.son  and  De  Nicev.    ...         ...  279 

P.  macareus  (Godart).        ...         ...         ...          ...         ...         ...  279 

Sect.  XXXVII.   Chilasa,  Moore.  279 

C.  panope  (L.) 279 

Sect.  XXXVII.  pt.  Euploeopsis,  De  Nicev 280 

E.  telearchus,  Hew.  280 

Sect.  XXXVII.  pt.  Menamopsis,  De  Nic^v 280 

M.  tavoyanus  (Butler).       ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  280 

Sect.  XXXVIII.  Cadugoides,  Moore 280 

C.  agestor  (Gray).  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  280 

Sect.  XXXIX.  Orpheides,  Hubner 280 

O.  demoleus  (L.) 2S0 

Sect.  XLI.   Gen.  innom.  ...         ...  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...  282 

P.  homerus,  Fabr.  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  282 

Sect.  XLII.  Heraclides,  Hubner.  282 

H.  thoas  (L.) 282 

Sect.  XLIII.  Troilides,  Hubner 283 

T.  torquatus  (Cramer).        ...  ...  ...  ...  283 

Sect.  XLIV.  B.  Calaides,  Hubner 283 

C.  androgeos  (Cram.) 283 

Sect.  XLV.  Priamides,  Hubner.  284 

P.  pompeius  (Fabr.) 284 

Sect.  XLVI.  Gen.  innom.  284 

P.  zagreus,  Doubleday.      ...         ...         ...  284 

Sect.  XLIX.   Euphoeadcs,  Hubner  284 

E.  glaucus  (L.) 284 


SYSTEMATIC    INDEX. 


XVU 


Sect.  LI.  A.  Jasoniades,  Hubncr.  ...         

J.  xuthus   (L.) ...         

Sect.  LI.  B.  C.  Achivus,  Baibut.  

A.  machaon  (L  ).    ...         ...         

Sect.  LII.   Pterurus,  Scop. 

P.  troilus  (L.) 

Sect.  LIV.  Eques,  L ^         

E.  nireus  (L.).         ...         

Sect.  LV.  C.  Gen.  innom. 

P.  merope,  L.         ...         ...         ...         ...         

Sect.  LIX.  Araminta,  Moore.      ...         ...         ...         

A.  demolion  (Cram.). 

Sect.  LX.  A.  Gen.  innom.  ...         ...         

P.  polytes,  L.  ...         ...         ...         ...         

Sect.  LX.  B.  Charus,  Moore. 

C.  helenus,  L.         ...         ...         ...         

Sect.  LX.  C.  Tamera,  Moore , 

T.  castor  (Westw.). 

Sect.  LX.  E.  Nestorides,  Hiibncr. 

N.  gambrisius  (Cram.).      ...  ...  

Sect.  LXII.  Laertias,  Hilbner.     ... 

L.  ulysses  (L.). 
Sect.  LXIII.  Harimala,  Moore 

II.  crino  (Fabr.).     ...         ...         ...         

Sect.  LXIV.  A.  pt.  Achillides,  HUbncr.  

A.  paris  (L.). 

Sect.  LXIV.  A.  pt.  Sarbaria,  Moore 

S.  polyctor  (Boisd.). 

Sect.  LXV.  A.— C.  Iliades,  Iliibncr 

I.  agenor  (L.).         ...         ...         ...         

Sect.  LXV.  D.  pt.  Saunia,  Moore 

S.  protcnor  (Cram.) 
Sect.  LXV.  D.  pt.  Panosmiopsis,  \Vood-Ma.sun  and  Dc  Nice' v. 

P.  rhclcnor  (Wcstw.) , 


PAGE 

286 
286 

289 
289 

290 
290 
291 
291 

292 
292 

293 

294 

294 

295 
295 

295 
295 
296 
296 
296 
297 

297 
297 
298 
29S 

299 
299 
301 
301 
301 
301 


XVlll 


SYSTEMATIC    INDEX. 


Sect.  LXV.  D.  pt.  Pangeranopsis,  Wood-Mason  and  De  Nicev 
P.  elephenor  (Doubleday).  

Sect.  LXVI.  pt.  Pangerana,  Moore 

P.  varuna  (White).  

Sect.  LXVI.  pt.  Atrophaneura,  Rcakirt. 

A.  semperi  (Felder). 
Sect.  LXVII.  Gen.  innom.  

P.  nox,  Swains.       ...         

Sect.  LXIX.  pt.  Prenasmia,  Moore 

P.  dasarada,  Moore, 
sect.  LXIX.  pt.  Byasa,  Moore.  ...         

B.  philoxenus  (Gray). 
Sect.  LXXIII.  Menelaides,  Hubner 

M.  polydorus  (L.). 

Sect.  LXXIV.  Tros,  Barbut 

T.  hector  (L.) 

Sect.  LXXV.  Pharmacophagus,  Ilaasc. 

P.  antenor  (Drury)  

Genus  Baronia,  Salvin 

B.  brevicornis,  Salvin 

SUB-FAMILY  IV.     LEPTOCIRCIN/E.       ... 

Genus  Leptocircus,  Swains.     ...         

L.  meges  (Zinken-Sommer) 


302 
302 
302 
302 
302 
302 

303 
303 
303 
303 
304 
304 
304 
304 
305 
305 
306 
306 

307 

307 

307 
308 
308 


LIST    OF    PLATES. 


XXXVIII.- 

-Fig.    I. 

Libythea  bachmani  (p.  4). 

Fig.     2. 

Mesosemia  bifasciata  (p.  24). 

Figs.  3,  4. 

Nemeobius  lucina  (p.  II). 

Figs.  5,  6. 

Euselasia  effima  (p.  17). 

Fig.    7. 

Nymphidium  ethelinda  (p.  41). 

Figs.  8,  9. 

Lemonias  emylius  (p.  39). 

XXXIX.- 

-Figs.  I,  2. 

Helicopis  acis  (p.  20). 

Fig.    3- 

Zeonia  chorinseus  (p.  28). 

XL.- 

-Figs.  I,  2. 

Ancyluris  meliboeus  (p.  31). 

Fig.    3. 

Myrina  silenus  (p.  76). 

XLI.- 

—Figs.  I,  2. 

Thecla  pruni  (p.  53). 

Figs.  3,  4. 

Thecla  w-album  (p.  50). 

Figs.  5,  6. 

Callophrys  rubi  (p.  54). 

XLIL- 

—Figs.  I,  2. 

Pseudolycsena  marsyas  (p.  56). 

Figs.  3,  4. 

Evenus  regalis  (p.  57). 

XLIII.- 

—Figs.  I,  2. 

Areas  imperialis  (p.  58). 

Figs.  3.  4. 

Anteros  achoeus  (p.  36). 

XLIV.- 

-Figs.  1—3. 

Zephyrus  betulce  (p.  65). 

Figs.  4—6. 

Zephyrus  quercus  (p.  6y). 

XLV.- 

-Figs.  1-3. 

Lampides  baeticus  (p.  82). 

Figs.  4—6. 

Cupido  argiades  (p.  85). 

Figs.  7-9. 

Polyommatus  icarus  (p.  96). 

XLVI. 

-Figs.  1-3. 

Polyommatus  thetis  (p.  93). 

Figs.  4.  5- 

Plebeius  argus  (p.  88). 

XLVII. 

—  Figs.  I,  2. 

Nomiades  aricn  (p.  108). 

Figs.  3,  4. 

Nomiades  alcon  (p    no). 

Figs.  5,  6. 

Polyommatus  corydon  (p.  91). 

XLVIII.- 

—Figs.  I,  2. 

Polyommatus  alexis  (p.  99). 

Figs.  3-5. 

Polyommatus  salmacis  (p.   lOO). 

Figs.  6,  7. 

Polyommatus  artaxerxes  (p.  102), 

XLIX. 

—Figs.  1—3. 

Cyaniris  argiolus  (p.  103). 

Figs.  4,  5. 

Zizera  minima  (p.  105). 

Figs.  6,  7. 

Nomiades  semiargus  (p.  106). 

L. 

-Figs.  1-3. 

Lyccena  dispar  (p.  117). 

Figs.  4,  5. 

Lycsena  virgaurcx^  (p.  115). 

LIST    OF    PLATES. 


LI.- 

-Figs.  1,  2. 

Figs.  3,  4. 

Figs.  5,  6. 

LIL- 

—Figs.  I,  2. 

Fig.    3- 

Liir.- 

—Fig.    I. 

Figs.  2,  3. 

Figs.  4,  5- 

LIV.- 

-Figs.  I,  2. 

F.gs.  3-5- 

LV.- 

—Fig.    I. 

Fig.    2. 

Fig.   3. 

Figs.  4,  5- 

LVL- 

-Figs.  I,  2. 

Fig.    3- 

LVIL- 

-Fig.    I. 

Fig.    2. 

Fig.    3- 

LVIir.- 

—Figs.  1—4. 

Fig.    5- 

LIX.- 

-Fig.    I. 

Figs.  2—4. 

LX. 

-Fig.    I. 

Figs.  2,  3. 

Lxr.- 

-Figs.  I,  2. 

Fig.    3. 

LXII. 

—Fig.    I. 

Fig.    2. 

LXIII. 

-Fig.    I. 

Fig.    2. 

LXIV.- 

-Fig.    I. 

Fig.    2. 

LXV.- 

-Fig.    I. 

Fig.    2. 

LXVI.- 

-Fig.    I. 

Fig.    2. 

LXVIL- 

-Fig.    I. 

Fig.    2. 

.XVIII. 

—{Frontispic. 

Fig.    2. 

Lycaena  hippothoe  (p.  122). 
Lyc.xna  rutila  (p.  121). 
Lyccena  phlceas  (p.  I25^. 
Pieris  brassiere  (p    144). 
Pieris  rapse  (p.  146). 
Pie- is  charidea  (p.  145). 
Pieris  melra  (p.  148). 
Pieris  sabellicas  (p.  1 50). 
Pieris  napi  (p.  148). 
Pontia  daplidice  (p.  152). 
Pereule  leucodrosime  (p.  164). 
Schatzia  socialis  (p.  162). 
Dismorphia  egacnsis  (p.  183). 
Perrhybris  pyrrha  (p.  159). 
Delias  eucharis  (p.  167). 
Delias  philyra  (p.  168). 
Delias  belis^ma  (p.  166). 
Callosune  danae  (p.  196). 
Hebomoia  leucippe  (p.  202). 
Euchloe  cardamines  (p.  186). 
Leptidia  sinapis  (p.  178). 
Sphcenogona  niexicana  (p.  230). 
Callidryas  eubule  (p.  227). 
Colias  rhamni  (p.  221). 
Eurymus  hyale  (p.  211). 
Furymus  kirbyi  (p.  215). 
Eurymus  philodice  (p.  217). 
Parnassius  apollo  (p.  236). 
Aporia  cratcegi  (p.  140). 
Thais  medesicaste  (p.  243). 
Leptocircus  meges  (p.  308). 
Troides  priarnus  (p.  252). 
Ornithoptera  remus  (p.  266). 
Hectorides  ascanius  (p.  270). 
Achillides  paris  (p.  297). 
Iliades  agenor  (p.  299), 
Parides  reneas  (p.  271). 
Achivus  machaon  (p.  2S6). 
Ipbiclides  pc^alir-us  (p.  275). 
).  Fig.  I.  Cosmodesmus  protesilaus  (p.  273).* 
Ipbiclides  celadon  (p   274^ 
*  Iphididcs  on  plate. 


THE  BUTTERFLIES  AND  MOTHS-ORDER 
LEPIDOPTERA. 

THE   BUTTERFLIES-LEPIDOPTERA  RHOPALOCERA. 

In  our  first  volume,  we  dealt  with  the  extensive  Family  Nyin- 
phalidcB^  in  which  the  front  legs  are  always  more  or  less  im- 
perfect in  both  sexes.  We  have  now  to  consider  the  remaining 
Families  of  Butterflies,  in  all  of  which  the  front  pair  of  legs 
are  fully  developed  in  the  females,  and  sometimes  also  in  the 
males,  though  in  those  which  approach  nearest  to  the  Nym- 
phalidce^  the  front  legs  are  more  or  less  imperfect  in  the  males, 
and  are  shorter  than  the  other  pairs  of  legs  in  the  females. 

FAMILY  II.     LIBYTHEID^. 

Egg. — Ampulliform,  ridged, twice  as  high  as  broad  {Dohe?'fy)* 
Regularly  elliptic,  with  sharply-round,  prominent  longitudinal 
ribs  {Scudder). 

Larva. — Cylindrical,  slightly  pubescent,  segments  with  four 
transverse  divisions  ;  head  small,  rounded. 

Pupa. — Rather  stout,  ridged,  suspended  by  the  tail  only. 

Imago. — Of  moderate  size,  with  angulated  and  dentated  wings, 

*  Dr.  Scudder  thinks  that  this  description  was  taken  from  distorted 
specimens  ;  but  there  is  no  reason  why  the  eggs  of  the  Indian  and  American 
species  should  not  differ  in  shape 

lO  B 


2  LLoYDS    NATURAL   HISTORY. 

at  least  in  the  female ;  colour,  except  in  the  Austro-Malayan 
species,  brown,  with  markings  varying  from  reddish  fulvous  to 
pale  buff;  or  blue  in  some  of  the  Eastern  species  just  men- 
tioned. Palpi  very  long,  about  four  times  as  long  as  the  head. 
Front  legs  in  male  very  small,  the  tarsi  reduced  to  a  single 
joint,  without  claws  ;  front  legs  of  the  female  almost  perfectly 
developed,  but  considerably  smaller  than  the  others. 

Range. — "  The  twelve  or  fourteen  species  of  this  Sub-family, 
which  it  hardly  appears  necessary  to  divide  into  genera,  are 
singularly  scattered  over  all  the  warmer  parts  of  the  globe, 
except,  I  believe,  the  continent  of  Australia,  and  Polynesia. 
The  type  of  the  genus,  L,  celtis  (Fuessly),  inhabits  Southern 
Europe  and  Asia  Minor ;  the  Ethiopian  region  has  three 
species;  India  and  the  Indo- Malayan  Islands,  three;  the 
Austro-Malayan  and  Australasian  Islands,  two  or  three ;  two 
are  natives  of  the  United  States  and  the  West  Indies,  and  one 
is  found  in  Surinam  and  Brazil.  It  does  not  seem  improb- 
able that  these  few  and  widely-scattered  congeners  are  but  the 
surviving  members  of  what  was  at  some  former  period  a  numer- 
ous and  generally  prevalent  group"  {Trinien).  The  same 
opinion  is  expressed  by  Dr.  Scudder,  who  mentions  the 
discovery  of  two  fossil  species  in  Colorado. 

Habits. — -The  species  frequent  open  places  ;  road-sides,  vine- 
yards, forest- glades,  hedge-sides,  &c.,  especially  near  water,  and 
they  have  a  rather  rapid  flight. 

We  shall  notice  representatives  of  three  different  sections  of 
this  small  family. 

GENUS  LIBYTHEA. 
Libythea,  Fabricius,  in  Illiger's  Mag.  Insekt.  vi.  p.  284  (1807); 
Latreille,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  pp.   10,  170  (1819);  Westwood, 
Gen.    Diurn.    Lepid.   p.  412   (1851);    Schatz   &   Rober, 
Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  226  (1892). 

Type,  Papilio  celtis^  Fuessly. 


LIBYIHEA.  3 

Uypafus,    Hiibner,    Catal.   Franck^    p.    85    (1825);    Scudder, 
Butterflies  of  Eastern  United  States,  p.  753  (1889). 
Type,  Papilio  cari?ieuta,  Cramer. 

Dr.  Scudder  considers  the  American  species  of  this  Sub- 
family to  be  entitled  to  generic  rank,  and  retains  for  them 
Hiibner's  name  Hypatus^  observing  :  "  I  have  not  been  able  to 
study  the  Asiatic  species,  but  the  European  and  African  are 
certainly  distinct  from  the  American  forms.  I  would  call 
attention  to  the  abruptly  lobate  front  margin  of  the  hind-wing 
in  the  European  species  {Libythea  proper),  and  the  close  ap- 
proximation of  the  third  and  fourth  superior  sub-costal  nervules 
of  the  fore-wings  at  their  origin,  to  the  gradually  incrassating 
antennae,  in  which  the  club  can  scarcely  be  separately  distin- 
guished, but  may  be  said  to  occupy  half  the  length  of  the 
antennae,  to  the  coarser,  and  owing  to  the  comparative  brevity 
of  the  apical  joint,  the  somewhat  shorter  palpi,  and  finally  to 
the  deeply  bifid  termination  of  the  eighth  abdominal  segment 
in  the  male,  with  the  irregular  and  thorny  clasps,  which  are  in 
striking  contrast  to  those  of  Hypatus.  It  may  also  be  pointed 
out  that  the  larvre  oi Libythea  are  not  thickened  on  the  thoracic 
segments,  have  no  thoracic  tubercle,  and  that  the  chrysalis 
terminates  at  the  anterior  extremity  in  a  single  and  not  a 
double  protuberance  ;  in  other  words,  there  is  no  apical  notch  " 
{Scudder,  op.  cit.  pp.  155,  156). 

But  having  regard  to  the  very  small  number  of  species  known, 
and  the  much  greater  divergence  of  the  species  of  the  Austro- 
Malayan  group,  which  has  not  yet  been  separated  as  a  distinct 
genus,  we  have  preferred  to  leave  Libythea  undivided  in  the 
present  work.  The  characters  are  therefore  those  of  the 
Family ;  but  the  large  Austro-Malayan  species  differ  much  in 
shape  and  appearance  from  the  species  of  other  parts  of  the 
world,  and  will  probably  have  to  be  separated  from  them  as 
belonging  to  a  different  genus. 

B   2 


4  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

The  type  is 

THE    NETTLE-TREE    BUTTERFLY.       LIBYTHEA    CELTIS. 

Papilio  celtis,  Fuessly,  Arch.  Ins.  pi.  8,  figs.  1-3,  and  pi.  14  (1782- 
1783);  Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (2)  p.    168,  pi.  87,   figs.   2,   3 
(1783);  p.   109,  figs.   2-8  (1800:  transf.) ;  Hiibner,  Eur. 
Schmett.  i.  pp.  447-449  (i799?)- 
Libytheaceltis^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  Ins.  ix.  p.  170,  no.  i  (1819) ; 
Kirby,    Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,   p.  43,  pi.    13,  fig.  9 
(1879)  ;  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  152,  pi.  32,  fig.  2  (1882  : 
with  transf.). 
This  Butterfly  measures  an  inch  and  a  half,  or  an  inch  and 
three-quarters  across  the  wings,  which  are  brown,  with  fulvous 
markings,  and  are  strongly  angulated  ;  towards  the  tips  of  the 
fore-wings  is  a  white  spot  on  the  costa,  and  a  square  blotch 
obliquely  below  it,  beyond  the  more  extended  tawny  colouring 
of  the  wing.     The  Butterfly  has  much  of  the  appearance  of  a 
small  Vanessa,  but  its  very  long  palpi  are  amply  sufficient  to 
prevent  it  from  being  mistaken  for  any  other  European  species. 
It  inhabits  Southern  Europe  and  Asia  Minor.     The  larva  and 
pupa  are  both  green,  and  the  larva  feeds  on  the  nettle-tree, 
Celtis  aust rails,  but  will  also  eat  cherry.     It  is  double-brooded, 
the  Butterfly  appearing  in  March  and  June,  and  it  is  not  un- 
common where  its  food-plant  grows. 

THE    SNOUT    BUTTERFLY.       LIBYTHEA    BACHMANII. 
{Plate  XXXVni.  Fig.  i.) 

Llbythea  hachmanll,  Kirtland,  Amer.  Journ.  Science  (2),  xiii. 

p.  336,  cum   fig.  (1852) ;  Edwards,  Butt.  N.  Amer.  ii.  Lib. 

pi.  i.  (1874);  Maynard,  Butt.  N.  England,  p.  31,  pi.  8,  figs. 

36,  36a  (1886). 
Hypatus   bachmanll,   Scudder,   Butterflies   of   Eastern  United 

States,  p.  760  (1889). 


PLATE  XXXVm. 


L  Libytkew  hackmani.      5.6.  EiiselasicL  effimcL. 
2.Mesosendcu  hifasciotcu.       7 .  NymphicbLuurb  etheUndcv 
"?.  f .  Nemeohias  ludna.  S.  Lenwmxis  cermlms .  6.  9.  do.  do.  $. 


LIBYTHEA. 


5 


Libythece  motya,  pt.  Boisduval  &  Leconte,  Lepid.  Amer.  Sept. 
pi.  64,  figs.  3,  4  (nee  figs.  I,  2)  (1833). 

This  species  is  about  the  size  of  L.  celiis,  but  the  fore-wings 
are  longer,  the  apex  projecting  in  a  more  produced  lobe,  with 
a  concavity  between  the  two  angles,  the  upper  angle  being 
nearly  as  long  as  the  lower  one.  The  hind-wings  are  less 
denticulated  than  in  L.  celtis^  and  project  in  a  small  rectangle 
in  the  middle  of  the  hind-margin.  The  colour  is  brown,  with 
rather  brighter  tawny  markings  than  in  L.  celtis.  On  the  fore- 
wings  the  cell,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  space  between  this 
and  the  inner-margin  is  filled  up  with  bright  tawny  colour,  the 
costa,  apical  region,  and  hind-margin  remaining  brown ;  on  the 
apical  region  are  three  large  white,  or  yellowish-white,  spots. 
Beneath  the  fore-wings  are  coloured  as  above,  but  paler. 
The  hind-wings  are  brown,  with  a  curved  tawny  band  a  little 
below  the  costa,  and  beneath  they  are  of  a  purplish-grey,  with 
a  yellowish-grey  band  running  from  the  base,  a  little  below  the 
centre,  to  the  hind-margin. 

The  larva  is  cylindrical,  green,  with  yellow  lines  and  dots ; 
the  pupa  is  also  green,  sometimes  tinged  with  blue  or  yellow, 
and  sprinkled  with  yellow  dots,  especially  on  the  abdomen. 

The  larva  feeds  on  sugar-berry  or  hack-berry  {Celtis  occi- 
dentalism L.),  and  probably  on  other  plants ;  and  there  is  a  suc- 
cession of  broods  throughout  the  summer.  It  is  common  in 
many  parts  of  the  Southern  United  States  ;  in  the  Northern 
States  it  becomes  rare  and  local,  but  touches  Canada,  having 
been  met  with  as  far  north  as  Southern  Ontario.  It  frequents 
gardens,  meadows,  road-sides,  and  other  open  places,  and  is 
particularly  fond  of  flying  about  raspberry  blossoms. 


The  South  American  Z.  cari?ie?ita  (Cramer),  the  type  of  the 
genus  or  sub-genus  Hypatiis^  is  a   species  very  similar  to  Z. 


LLOYD  S    NATURAL   HISTORY. 


bachmajiii\  but  with  the  tawny  portion  of  the  fore-wings  broken 

up,  more  or  less  distinctly,  into  three  spots. 


The  various  species  of  the  Austro-Malayan  group  inhabit 
several  of  the  Moluccan  and  Papuan  islands,  and  extend  to 
the  Philippines,  though  probably  not  to  any  other  part  of  the 
Indo-Malayan  region,  the  Indian  species  of  Libyihea  more 
resembling  the  group  of  Z.  celtis.  The  Austro-Malayan 
species  are  much  larger  than  the  others,  expanding  upwards 
of  two  inches.  In  the  male  the  apex  of  the  fore-wings  is 
obtusely  rounded,  hardly  lobate,  the  hind-margin  being  slightly 
oblique,  and  nearly  straight,  or  slightly  concave,  between  the 
apex  and  the  anal  angle.  In  the  female  there  is  a  slight  apical 
lobe,  truncated,  but  not  concave ;  the  hind-margin  beneath  is 
more  strongly  concave  than  in  the  male.  The  hind-wings  are 
rounded,  but  hardly  dentated  or  angulated,  except  that  they 
are  somewhat  produced  at  the  anal  angle  in  the  female.  The 
palpi  are  much  shorter  and  more  hairy  than  in  the  more 
typical  species  of  the  genus.  The  colour,  too,  differs  con- 
siderably; the  males  are  brown  above,  with  more  or  less  of 
the  base  and  centre  of  the  wings  filled  up  with  violet-blue, 
more  or  less  cut  by  the  nervures.  Sometimes  there  are  some 
whitish  spots  on  the  fore-wings,  and  a  reddish  stripe  on  the 
hind-wings.  The  females  are  brown  with  fulvous  markings, 
and  sometimes  with  white  spots  on  the  fore-wings  and  a  fulvous 
bar  on  the  hind-wings  ;  but  these  markings  are  all  at  or  beyond 
the  end  of  the  cell,  the  basal  portion  of  the  fore-wings  being 
always  brown. 

FAMILY  III.     LEMONIID^. 

Egg. — "Broader  than  high,  tiarate  or  oblately  spheroidal,  more 
or  less  deeply  and  densely  reticulate,  with  converging  septa 


LEMONIIDiE.  7 

extending  from  the  walls  of  the  cells  towards  their  centre " 
{Scudder). 

larva  (newly  emerged). — "  Body  with  chitinous  dorsal  and  sub- 
stigmatal  shields  on  every  segment,  to  which  the  haired 
papillae  are  confined,  and  only  sub-dorsal  annuli "  {Scudder). 

Larva  (fall  grown). — Short  and  stout,  somewhat  onisciform, 
without  spines  or  long  hairs ;  head  at  least  half  as  broad  as  the 
middle  of  the  body. 

Pupa. — Short  and  stout,  sometimes  pilose,  and  with  a  few 
long  bristly  hairs,  attached  by  the  tail,  and  sometimes  freely 
suspended,  as  in  the  Nyniphalidcc^  but  more  frequently  re- 
cumbent, being  secured  by  an  additional  thread  across  the 
middle. 

Imago. — Of  small  or  moderate  size,  the  largest  species  rarely 
exceeding  two  inches  in  expanse,  and  of  delicate  structure ; 
hind-wings  with  a  pre-costal  nervure  ;  very  rarely  with  ocel- 
lated  spots.  Front  legs  perfectly  developed  in  the  female, 
but  smaller  than  the  others ;  imperfectly  developed  in  the 
male,  with  the  tarsi  reduced  to  one  or  two  joints,  without 
spines  or  claws. 

The  present  group  is  generally  regarded  as  of  the  rank  of  a 
Family,  though  Dr.  Scudder  considers  that  it  is  not  sufficiently 
distinct  from  the  Lyccetiidce  to  be  considered  as  more  than  a 
Sub-family.  There  are,  however,  many  differences,  and  even 
in  pattern  and  general  appearance  the  two  groups  are  so  dis- 
similar that  there  are  very  few  species  belonging  to  either  of 
them  which  would  be  likely  to  be  mistaken  for  the  other,  even  at 
the  first  glance,  by  anyone  who  was  fairly  well  acquainted  with 
the  general  appearance  of  the  Butterflies.  There  are,  however, 
a  few  Lemoniidce  which  superficially  resemble  some  of  the 
smaller  NymphalidcB.  Again,  the  Lemoniidce  and  Lyaenidce  may 
be  taken  as  in  some  measure  representative  of  separate  Faunas, 


8  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

for  the  Lefno7iiidcc^  with  the  exception  of  a  few  somewhat  aber- 
rant Old  World  genera,  are  almost  entirely  confined  to  tropical 
America,  whereas  the  Lyc^nidce  are  almost  entirely  an  Old 
World  group,  if  we  except  the  tropical  American  species  allied 
to  Thecla.  These,  though  numerous,  are  closely  allied,  and 
cannot  be  considered  as  a  set-off  against  the  very  numerous 
and  varied  genera  of  the  Old  World. 

To  return  to  the  LemoniidcE  (or  ErycinidcB,  as  the  Family  is 
often  called).*  The  first  attempt  at  a  natural  division  of  the 
genera  was  made  by  Bates,  in  a  catalogue  of  Erycinidce,  com- 
municated to  the  Linnean  Society  of  London  on  June  20,  1867 
(•' Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Zoology,"  ix.  pp.  367-459).  In  this  paper 
he  divided  the  group  into  three  Sub-families,  which  have  been 
generally  accepted  by  entomologists,  with  some  modifications. 

In  1885  Messrs.  Godman  and  Salvin,  in  their  "  Biologia  Cen- 
trali- Americana  "  Lepidoptera  Rhopalocera,  i.  pp.  361,  362,  re- 
moved from  Bates'  first  Sub-family,  the  Nemeobiince^  all  the 
New  World  genera  which  Bates  had  placed  in  it,  transferring 
them  to  Bates'  third  Sub-family,  the  Erycinince.  {LemonmicB  of 
Kirby),  but  combining  with  it  Bates'  second  Sub-family,  the 
EiirygonincB^EuselasiincB  of  Kirby),  thus  bringing  together  all  the 
genera  in  which  the  basal  nervure  is  absent  or  rudimentary. 
They  remark :  "  We  have  not  yet  discovered  satisfactory 
characters  whereby  to  separate  the  Old  from  the  New  World 
genera  of  this  Sub-family." 

It  is,  however,  clearly  desirable  to  separate  groups  of  species 
geographically  when  this  can  be  done;  and,  in  1892,  Schatz 
and  Rober  proposed  to  restrict  the  Nemeobiince  to  the  Old 
World  genera,  and  to  reinstate  Bates'  Sub-family  Eurygoni?ice 
or   Euselasiince.     But    neither   in   the  Lemoiiiidce^  Lyccenidce^ 

*  The  alteration  of  the  Family  name  was  rendered  necessary  by  the 
rejection  of  the  genus  Erycina^  Fabr,,  on  account  of  this  name  being 
nre-occupied  in  Mollusca, 


NEMEOBIIN^.  g 

nor  Hesperiidce^  do  the  Sub-families  rest  on  such  important 
differences  as  those  which  separate  the  Sub-famiUes  of  the 
JVymphalidcs,  nor  are  they  nearly  so  well  marked. 

Most  of  the  species  prefer  to  settle  on  leaves  rather  than 
on  flowers,  and  the  position  of  the  wings  in  repose  varies  a 
good  deal. 

"The  Family  is  remarkable  for  the  wonderful  diversity  of 
form  and  colouring  which  it  presents,  and  the  habits  of  the 
species  are  almost  equally  varied.  Some  are  of  very  slow,  lazy 
flight,  whilst  others  are  excessively  rapid  in  their  movements. 
It  may  be  stated,  however,  as  an  universal  rule,  that  their  flight 
is  short,  never  exhibiting  the  sustained  motion  which  is  charac- 
teristic of  the  Nyinphalidcj^^  SaiyridcE,xad.  other  superior  Families 
of  Butterflies.  A  large  number  of  genera  have  the  habit  of  set- 
tling on  the  under  side  of  leaves  near  the  ground,  extending 
their  wings  flat  on  the  leaf.  In  many  genera,  on  the  contrary, 
the  position  of  the  wings  in  repose  is  vertical;  and  a  few 
species  settle  on  the  upper  surface  of  leaves  with  the  wings  half 
elevated  "  {Bates). 

SUB-FAMILY  I.     NEMEOBIIN^. 

Egg. — More  or  less  rounded,  smooth,  and  slightly  reticulated 
or  granular. 

Larva. — Short,  somewhat  wood-louse-shaped,  though  longer 
than  in  the  Lycie?iidce,  and  set  with  small  hairy  warts. 

Pupa. — Short,  obtuse,  rounded,  slightly  hairy,  attached  by  the 
tail,  and  a  girth  round  the  middle. 

Imago. — Wings  broad,  rather  short.  The  hind-wings  some- 
times with  an  angular  projection;  brown,  with  tawny,  white,  or  red 
markings  ;  fore-wings  with  the  sub-costal  nervure  five-branched 
(except  in  Polyccena^  Staud.  (4),  and  Simiskina^  Dist.  (3) ;  cells 


lo  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

closed;  hind-wings  with  no  basal  nervure,*  and  with  the 
sub-costal  nervure  and  upper  discoidal  nervule  rising  from  a 
common  stalk  (except  in  Simiskina). 

Range. — About  a  dozen  genera  are  at  present  admitted  as 
belonging  to  this  Sub-family,  but  they  are  not  numerous  in 
species,  nor  have  they  a  very  wide  range.  Of  these,  Nemeo- 
bius,  Steph.,  contains  the  only  European  species  of  the  Family, 
the  well-known  "Duke  of  Burgundy  Fritillary";  another  genus, 
the  few  species  of  which  likewise  have  a  superficial  resemblance 
to  small  species  of  Melitcea,  Fabr.,  is  PolyccBua,  Stand.,  which 
is  confined  to  Thibet  and  Western  China ;  and  all  the  other 
genera  are  restricted  to  the  Indo-Malayan  and  Austro-Malayan 
regions,  except  that  some  of  the  former  probably  cross  the 
southern  frontier  of  the  Palaearctic  region,  and  that  the  genera 
allied  to  Abisara^  Feld.,  have  one  or  two  representatives  in  Africa 
and  Madagascar,  as  well  as  in  the  East  Indies. 

Habits. — Woodland  insects,  of  low  flight,  preferring  to  settle 
on  bushes  rather  than  on  flowers.  Some  of  the  Indian  and 
Chinese  species  are  met  with  at  an  elevation  of  at  least  10,000 
feet  in  the  mountains. 

GENUS   NEMEOBIUS. 

Nemeobius^  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  28  (1827); 
Westwood,  Gen.  D.  Lepid.  p.  419  (1851);  Schatz  & 
Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  230  (1892). 

Antennae  distinctly  clubbed ;  eyes  with  short  hairs ;  palpi 
slender,  pointed ;  fore-wings  with  the  costa  nearly  straight, 
hardly  longer  than  the  hind-wings;  hind-margins  gradually 
curved  and  denticulated. 

There  is  only  one  species,  which  is  common  in  Central  and 
Southern  Europe,  and  is  also  found  in  England. 

♦  See  Lemoniina. 


NEMEOBIUS.  1 1 

THE   DUKE   OF    BURGUNDY    FRITILLARY.       NEMEOBIUS 

LUCINA. 

{Plate  XXXVI I L  Figs.  3,  4.) 

Papilio  luciiia,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  i.  p.  480,  no.  135  (1758) ; 
id.  Faun.  Suec.  p.  280,  no.  1061  (1761);  Esper,  Schmett 
i.  pt.  I,  p.  206,  pi.  16,  fig.  I  (1777). 

Nemeobius  lucina^  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i,  p.  29 
(1827);  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  44,  pi.  13, 
fig.  10  (1879);  Newman,  Brit.  Butt.  p.  103  (1881);  Lang, 
Eur.  Butterflies,  p.  150,  pi.  t^^^  fig.  i  (1882);  Barrett, 
Lepid.  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  102,  pi.  15,  figs,  i,  \a—\e  (1892); 
Buckler,  Larvae  Brit.  Lepid.  i.  p.  85,  pi.  12,  fig.  3  (1886). 

Hamearis  lucma,  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  vii.  pi.  316  (1830). 

The  Duke  of  Burgundy  Frittillary  measures  about  an  inch 
and  a  quarter  across  the  wings,  which  are  brown,  with  three 
rows  of  tawny  spots  across  the  fore-wings,  the  outermost  con- 
taining a  row  of  black  dots.  On  the  hind-wings  there  are  only 
two  rows,  that  nearest  to  the  base  on  the  fore-wings  being 
absent.  The  fringes  are  white,  chequered  with  brown.  There 
are  two  rows  of  white  spots  on  the  under  side  of  the  hind- 
wings. 

The  eggs  are  laid  on  either  the  upper  or  under  side  of  the 
leaves  of  the  primrose  or  cowslip.  The  larva  is  blackish  when 
young,  but,  when  full  grown,  it  is  of  a  dull  green,  wiih  a  dark, 
somewhat  macular,  dorsal  line.  The  hairs  are  black  above  and 
paler  beneath  ;  the  head  is  brown. 

The  pupa  is  rather  short,  and  is  of  a  pale  yellow  colour,  with 
numerous  black  spots,  more  or  less  arranged  in  rows ;  and  the 
insect  passes  the  winter  in  this  stage,  the  Butterfly  appearing  in 
May  and  June;  and  on  the  Continent  there  is  a  second  brood, 
which  appears  in  August. 

The  Butterfly  is  found  in  sunny  places  in  woods,  and  is  also 


12  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

found  among  bushes  in  hilly  districts  throughout  Southern  and 
Central  Europe.  Its  flight  is  weak,  and  it  is  usually  seen  in 
open  places,  such  as  a  sunny  drive  or  a  glade,  never  flying  far, 
and  apparently  restricted  to  a  narrow  area,  probably  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  food-plant. 

Exotic  genera  of  NemeohiincR. 

Most  of  the  Asiatic  and  African  species  oi  Nemeohiince,  except 
those  belonging  to  the  two  following  genera,  are  considerably 
larger  than  our  European  species.  The  Central  Asian  genus 
PolyccBua  most  resembles  Nemeohms  in  general  appearance, 
and  the  species  are  likewise  very  similar  to  small  species  of 
Melitcea.  They  are  brown  Butterflies,  with  more  or  less  con- 
fluent tawny  or  reddish  markings  on  the  fore-wings ;  the  hind- 
wings  have  a  double  row  of  spots,  the  sub-marginal  row  tawny, 
or  reddish,  and  the  inner  more  yellowish.  The  under  side 
is  dark  brown,  with  a  sub-marginal  reddish  line,  and  with 
more  or  less  extensive  fulvous  or  pale  yellow  markings  on  the 
fore-wings,  and  pale  yellow  or  whitish  markings  on  the  hind- 
wings.  They  are  not  much  larger  than  Nemeobius ;  nor  is 
Stiboges  nymphidia,  Butler,  a  Butterfly  very  dissimilar  to  the 
Fritillaries  in  colour,  which  is  found  in  Western  China,  Bhu- 
tan, Penang,  &c.,  and  which  is  remarkable  for  its  superficial 
resemblance  to  some  of  the  South  American  Lemo?iiidce.  It  is 
dark  brown,  with  a  very  broad  white  band  covering  the  hind- 
wings,  except  at  the  extreme  base,  to  beyond  the  middle,  and 
extending  over  the  fore-wings  nearly  to  the  costa,  except  at  the 
base,  and  across  and  beyond  the  lower  part  and  end  of  the  cell. 

We  may  mention  most  of  the  principal  tropical  forms  of  this 
Sub-family,  as  they  are  not  very  numerous.  The  genus  Zemeros, 
Boisduval,  contains  two  or  three  species,  common  in  the  East 
Indies,  generally  measuring  rather  less  than  two  inches  across 
the  wings,  which  are  more  or  less  dentated,  and  sometimes 


nemeobiin;e.  13 

slightly  produced  at  the  outer  angle  of  the  hind-wings.  Zemeros 
flegyas  (Cramer),  from  India,  is  brown,  with  many  pale  yellowish 
spots,  adjoining  black  ones,  and  arranged  in  more  or  less  irregu- 
lar transverse  rows,  on  both  sides  of  the  wings.  In  Zemeros 
albipunctaia,  Butler,  from  the  Malay  Peninsula  and  the  adja- 
cent islands,  pale  spots  are  present  only  towards  the  tips  of 
the  fore-wings,  and  towards  the  hind-margins  of  the  wings  be- 
neath. Another  species,  which  inhabits  the  same  localities 
{Zemeros  emesioides,  Felder),  has  the  wings  hardly  dentated, 
and  is  marked  with  parallel  alternate  stripes  of  black  and 
fulvous,  the  latter  being  broader  and  paler  on  the  under  surface. 

The  genus  Dodona,  Hewitson,  includes  several  North  Indian 
species,  measuring  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  in 
expanse.  The  fore- wings  are  broad  and  rather  short,  with  the 
hind-margin  not  very  oblique,  and  the  hind-wings  are  very 
long,  being  gradually  produced  into  a  large  lobe  at  the  anal 
angle.  They  are  brown  above,  with  transverse  tawny  bands  in 
the  male,  much  resembling  very  large  Butterflies  of  the  Lyc?enid 
genus  Aphnccus  in  colour ;  the  females  are  reddish-brown,  with 
a  white  oblique  band  on  the  fore-wings,  beyond  which  the  tip 
is  black. 

Dicallaneura,  Butler,  is  another  small  but  very  pretty  genus 
containing  a  few  species  which  are  confined  to  the  Papuan 
islands.  They  are  rather  smaller  than  the  species  of  Dodo?ia, 
with  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings  more  rounded,  and  the  hind- 
wings  shorter,  with  a  broad  rounded  lobe  before  the  anal  angle. 
In  one  species,  JD.  pulchra  (Gu^r.),  from  V/aigiou,  the  male  is 
black  above,  with  a  pale  blue  transverse  band  on  the  fore- 
wings,  and  the  female  is  reddish-tawny  on  the  hind-wings  and 
at  the  base  of  the  fore-wings  ;  outwardly,  the  fore-wings  shade 
into  yellowish  tawny,  and  more  than  the  apical  third  of  the 
fore-wings  is  black.  On  the  hind-wings  is  a  sub-marginal  row 
of  black  spots  and  streaks. 


14  Lloyd's  natural  histopy. 

In  D.  decorata  (Hewitson),  found  in  t!:e  Aru  Islands,  the  male 
is  reddish-tawny,  with  a  tawny  oblique  band  on  the  fore-wings, 
beyond  which  the  apex  is  black,  and  the  female  is  uniform 
yellowish-tawny,  except  the  broad  black  tip  of  the  fore-wings, 
and  the  sub-marginal  black  spots  of  the  hind-wings.  Both 
species  are  elegantly  marked  beneath  with  pale  Unes  and  spots 
on  a  tawny  or  reddish-brown  ground. 

The  genus  Tavila,  Westwood,  has  the  hind-wings  rounded 
or  slightly  dentated,  but  hardly  lobate.  The  species  inhabit 
India  and  the  Indo-Malayan  region  generally,  and  measure 
about  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the  wings.  They  are  brown, 
red  or  banded,  with  unicolorous  hind-wings,  and  many  of  them 
are  of  a  beautiful  purplish-red  colour,  with  spots  and  streaks 
on  the  under-surface  of  a  dull  metallic  blue.  In  some  of  the 
species  there  is  a  large  and  conspicuous  white  or  pale  blue 
spot  on  the  inner-margin  of  the  fore-wings  above. 

Abisara,  Felder,  contains  rather  large  brown  species,  often 
with  broad  white  or  pale  bands  on  the  fore-wings  at  least.  On 
the  hind-wings  some  of  these  have  a  long  tail,  and  are  not 
unlike  species  of  the  Satyrid  genus  Lethe,  Hiibner.  They  are 
found  in  the  East  Indies  and  Africa.  Allied  to  these  is  a 
rather  isolated  species,  Saribia  tepahi  (Boisduval),  the  only 
Butterfly  belonging  to  the  Lemoniidce,  which  is  found  in  Mada- 
gascar, while  it  is  remarkable  for  being  the  only  Old  World 
species  with  three  tails,  or  rather,  two,  in  addition  to  the  lobe  at 
the  anal  angle.  It  is  a  brown  Butterfly,  expanding  from  i  ^ 
to  1 3^  inches,  and  its  diverging  tails,  though  not  its  colour, 
give  it  something  of  the  appearance  of  the  Tropical  American 
genus,  Helicopis. 

The  ErycifiidcB  of  the  Old  World  are  a  small  but  interesting 
group,  and  are  one  of  the  sections  of  Butterflies  that  require  a 
thorough  revision  of  the  genera  and  species.  The  various 
existing  genera,  most  of  which  we  have  noticed,  are  not  in  all 


EUSELASIIN^.  15 

cases  sufficiently  well-deQned,  and  tliere  are  some  isolated 
forms,  such  as  Abisara  gerontes  (Fabricius),  from  West  Africa  (a 
brown  wliite-banded  Butterfly,  with  tails,  and  with  one  or  two 
ocellated  spots,  a  very  unusual  character  in  this  Family),  for 
which  new  generic  names  are  certainly  required.  But  the  domain 
of  entomology  is  very  extensive,  and  it  would  be  a  great  mistake 
to  imagine  that  it  is  anything  like  worked-out  at  present,  even 
in  the  case  of  insects  so  much  studied  and  sought  after  as 
Butterflies.  The  number  of  new  and  beautiful  forms  which 
are  discovered  every  year  in  almost  all  parts  of  the  world 
would  alone  dispel  any  such  an  idea. 


The  genus  Siniiskifia,  Distant,  which  is  distinguished  from 
all  the  other  NemeobiiiKZ  by  the  three-branched  sub-costal 
nervure,  is  placed  by  Schatz  and  Rober  in  the  Eryci7iidce  with 
considerable  hesitation.  It  includes  only  two  brown  and 
tawny  species  from  Malacca,  measuring  about  an  inch  and  a 
half  across  the  wings.  The  hind-margin  of  the  hind-wings 
projects  at  an  angle  considerably  further  from  the  anal  angle 
than  in  Abisara^  &c. ;  the  under  side  of  iill  the  wings  is  brown 
with  darker  lines,  or  yellowish-tawny  with  reddish  lines.  One 
of  the  species  was  referred  by  Hewitson  to  the  Lycoenid  genus 
Poritia^  Moore,  and  the  other  was  regarded  by  Distant  as  the 
type  of  a  new  genus  of  Eryciiiidce. 

SUB-FAMILY  II.     EUSELASIIN^. 
Egg. — Undescribed. 

Larva. — Onisciform  or  cylindrical,  clothed  with  a  dense  pile, 
as  well  as  with  longer  hairs. 

Pupa. — Long  or  short,  pilose  or  hairy. 

Imago. — Wings   broad,    rather    short;    fore-wings    with    the 


1 6  Lloyd's  natural  historV. 

hind-margin  entire,  nearly  straight,  only  slightly  curved ;  hind 
v^'ings  generally  rather  long,  sometimes  dentated,  or  with 
several  tails,  or  with  the  anal  angle  produced.  Prevailing 
colours  brown,  with  blue,  tawny,  or  pale  markings.  Fore- 
wings  with  the  sub-costal  nervure  three,  four,  or  five-branched 
(within  the  limits  of  the  genus  Euselasia  itself) ;  cells  closed , 
hind-wings  with  no  basal  nervure  and  with  the  upper  radial 
nervule  rising  from  the  upper  disco-cellular.  On  the  fore- 
wings  the  upper  disco-cellular  nervule  is  absent,  except  in 
Perophthaluia^  Westwood. 

Range. — The  few  genera  of  this  restricted  group  are  confined 
to  South  and  Central  America.  With  the  exception  of  the 
typical  genus  Euselasia^  the  species  are  not  numerous,  though 
some  of  the  other  genera  are  interesting. 

GENUS  EUSELASIA. 

Euselasia^  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.   24  (1816);  Schatz 

&  Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  234  (1892). 
Etirygona^  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  pi.  21,  fig.  3  (1836); 
Westw.  Gen.  Diurn.  I.epid.  p.  437  (1851). 

An  extensive  genus  of  small  Butterflies,  usually  measuring 
from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the  wings.  The 
fore-wings  are  short  and  broad,  and  the  hind-wings  frequently 
show  a  tendency  to  assume  a  somewhat  oblong  form ;  but  in  a 
few  species  the  hind-wings  are  considerably  drawn  out  almost 
to  a  point  at  the  anal  angle,  though  they  are  never  actually 
tailed.     In  other  species  the  hind-wings  are  slightly  dentated. 

We  have  already  indicated  the  general  coloration  of  the 
species  in  our  remarks  on  the  Family.  Several  are  striped  and 
occasionally  imperfectly  ocellated  on  the  under  surface  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  give  them  a  strong  superficial  resemblance,  in 
some  cases,  to  Satyrincc  of  the  genus  Euptychia^  and,  in  other 


EUSELASIA.  .  1 7 

cases,  to  some  of  the  numerous  South  American  species  of 
Lyc(X7iid(c  aUied  to  Theda.  The  most  remarkable  of  all,  how- 
ever, are  one  or  two  tawny  species,  such  as  E.  opakscens  and 
O.  prcEclara^  of  Hewitson,  which  are  shot  with  a  most  splendid 
and  delicate  mother-of-pearl  iridescence,  for  which  we  may 
seek  in  vain  elsewhere  in  Butterflies,  except  in  Ornithopfe?'a 
magellaniiSy  Felder,  Morpho  sulko'cvskyi^  KoUar,  and  in  the 
crimson  spots  of  some  of  the  South  American  Equiticles. 

According  to  Messrs.  Godman  and  Salvin,  "all  the  species 
of  this  genus  have  the  habit  of  resting  on  the  under  surface  of 
leaves  within  a  few  feet  of  the  ground." 

The  type  is  indicated  by  Dr.  Scudder  as — ■ 

EUSELASIA    GELON. 

Papilio gelon^  Stoll,  Pap.  Exot.  Suppl,  pi.  5,  figs.  2,  2(^(1787). 
Erycma  gelo?i,    Godart,    Enc.    Method,    ix.   p.    568,    no.    19 

(1823). 

A  rather  inconspicuous  brown  Butterfly,  with  rounded  wings, 
expanding  about  an  inch.  There  is  a  fulvous  blotch  towards 
the  anal  angle  of  the  hind-wings,  both  above  and  below.  The 
under  surface  is  pale  yellow,  with  three  parallel  brown  lines.  It 
is  found  in  Surinam.  Dr.  Scudder  remarks  that  the  larva  "is 
said  by  Bar  to  be  nocturnal  in  habits,  and  processional,  the 
caterpillars  following  one  another  in  a  single  rank;  it  is  covered 
with  pile  (velvet),  and  '  wholly  resembles  the  caterpillar  of  a 
small  Boinbyx!  The  chrysalis  somewhat  resembles  that  d. 
Theclar  This  processionary  habit  has  previously  only  been 
observed  in  the  case  of  certain  Moths  {Bomhyces). 

As  an  illustration  of  this  genus  we  have  selected 

EUSELASIA    EFFIMA. 
{Plate  XXXVI  11.     Fii;s.  5,  6.) 
Eurygona  effima^   Hewitson,    E(]uaturial   Lcpidoptera,    p.   46, 
no.  83  (1869) 
10  C 


1 8  LLOYD^S    NATURAL    HISTCRV. 

The  male  is  dark  brown  on  the  upper  side,  with  the  anal 
angle  of  the  hind-wings  broadly  white. 

The  under  side  is  pale  brown,  darker  towards  the  margins. 
All  the  wings  are  crossed  by  three  brown  bands.  The  fore- 
wings  have  also  a  sub-marginal  brown  band,  marked  with  a 
black  spot  in  the  middle.  The  hind-wings  have  a  sub-marginal 
row  of  black  spots  marked  with  white,  of  which  the  third  spot 
from  the  tip  is  the  largest. 

The  insect  measures  rather  less  than  an  inch  and  a  quarter 
across  the  wings.  It  was  brought  from  Ecuador  by  the  late 
Mr.  Buckley,  some  years  ago,  but  has  not  been  figured  before. 
Mr.  Hewitson  compared  it  with  a  species  which  he  had  pre- 
viously described  from  the  Amazons,  under  the  name  of  E. 
eiiryone,  but  which  has  no  white  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
wings,  and  with  E.  phadica  (Boisduval),  from  Cayenne  and  the 
Amazons,  which,  however,  has  black  sub-marginal  semi-ocellated 
spots  on  the  under  side,  almost  like  a  Etiptychia. 

The  smaller  genera  of  this  Sub-family  are  very  easy  to 
recognise. 

Perophthahna  tenera,  Westwood,  is  an  inconspicuous  little 
Butterfly,  which  measures  about  an  inch  across  the  wings,  and 
is  common  throughout  South  and  Central  Amcr'ca.  It  much 
resembles  a  small  Mesosemia^  to  which  genus  both  Westwood 
and  Hewitson  referred  it.  It  is  of  a  light  reddish-brown  colour, 
with  a  large  black  eye  in  the  middle  of  the  fore-wings  in  a  yel- 
lowish ring,  and  bi-pupillated  with  white.  The  northern  speci- 
mens have  a  white  band  across  the  fore-wings,  which  is  nearly 
obsolete  in  Brazilian  specimens  ;  and  the  hind-wings  are  more 
or  less  ochraceous,  or  banded  with  ochraceous,  above.  It  is  a 
gregarious  insect,  congregating  in  sunny  openings  in  the  forest, 
and  resting  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaves. 

Hades  noctula^  Westwood,  is  common  in  cocoa  plantations 
in  Central  America  and  Venezuela,  settling  on  the  under  side 


TiELicons.  19 

of  the  leaves.  It  is  a  black  Butterfly,  measuring  about  two 
inches  in  expanse  across  the  rounded  wings;  and  Messrs.  God- 
man  and  Salvin  remark  on  its  resemblance  to  Morphcis  eJiren- 
bergii,  Hiibner,  a  species  belongmg  to  the  Nyinphalince^  which 
inhabits  similar  localities.  On  the  under  surface,  H.  noctula 
has  a  red  patch  at  the  base  of  the  wings,  and  there  are  traces 
of  grey  radiating  lines  at  and  between  the  extremities  of  the 
nervures  on  the  hind-margins  of  all  the  wings. 

The  genus  Methonella  includes  one  or  two  broad-winged 
species,  measuring  two  inches,  or  rather  less,  across  the  wings, 
which  are  black,  with  the  centre  more  or  less  filled  up  with 
fulvous.     The  hind-wings  are  rounded,  and  strongly  dentated. 

gp:nus  helicopis. 

Ilelicopis,  Fabricius  in  Illiger,  Mag.  Insekt.  vi.  p.  285  (1807); 
Westwood,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  423  (1851). 

The  present  genus  is  regarded  by  Schatz  and  Rober  as  some- 
what intermediate  in  its  characters  between  the  Euselasiince  and 
the  Lemoniincc^  though  with  preponderating  affinities  towards 
the  former.  The  antennae  are  long  and  slender,  ringed  with  black 
and  white,  and  terminating  in  an  oval  club,  pointed  at  the  end, 
and  the  front  legs  are  much  shorter  than  the  others,  and  clothed 
with  short  hair  in  the  male,  and  with  scales  in  the  female.  The 
fore-wings  are  short  and  broad,  and  the  hind-wings  are  as  long 
as  the  fore-wir.gs,  and  throw  out  long  tails  at  the  ends  of  all  the 
nervules,  that  in  the  middle  median  nervule  being  the  longest, 
and  curved  outwards.  The  colours  are  black,  fulvous,  and 
creamy-white,  and  the  under  side  of  the  hind-wings  is  orna- 
mented with  metallic  spots.  The  larva  is  thickly  clothed  with 
soft  hairs,  and  the  pupa  is  attached  by  the  tail,  and  a  belt  of 
silk  round  the  middle  of  the  body. 

These  were  among  the  first  Butterflies  which  attracted  the 

c  2 


20  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

notice  of  IMcssrs.  Bates  and  Wallace  in  the  immediate  neigh- 
bourhood of  Para.  The  former  writes  of  them  as  follows,  in 
the  first  chapter  of  his  "Naturalist  on  the  Amazons  : — "  One 
day  we  made  our  first  acquaintance  with  two  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful productions  of  Nature  in  this  department,  namely,  the 
Hclicopis  ciipido  and  H.  endymion.  A  little  beyond  our  house 
one  of  the  narrow  green  lanes  which  I  have  already  mentioned 
diverged  from  the  Monguba  avenue,  and  led,  between  enclo- 
sures overrun  with  a  profusion  of  creeping  plants  and  glorious 
flowers,  down  to  a  moist  hollow,  where  there  was  a  public  well 
in  a  picturesque  nook,  buried  in  a  grove  of  Mukaja  palm-trees. 
On  the  tree-trunks,  walls,  and  palings,  grew  a  great  quantity  ot 
climbing  Pothos  plants,  with  large,  glossy,  heart-shaped  leaves. 
These  plants  were  the  resort  of  these  two  exquisite  species,  and 
we  captured  a  great  number  of  specimens.  They  are  of  ex- 
tremely delicate  texture.  The  wings  are  cream-coloured ;  the 
hind  pair  have  several  tail-like  appendages,  and  are  spangled 
beneath  as  if  with  silver.  Their  flight  is  very  slow  and  feeble; 
they  seek  the  protected  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  and  in 
repose  close  their  wings  over  the  back  so  as  to  expose  the 
brilliantly  spotted  under  surface." 

THE    silver-spot    BUTTERFLY.       HELICOPIS    ACIS. 

{Plate  XXXIX.     Figs,  i,  2.) 

Papilio  acis^  Fabricius,  Spec.  Ins.  ii.  app.  p.  504  (1781). 
Papilio  gjiidus^  Fabricius,  Mant.  Ins.  ii.  p.  64,  no.  607  (1787). 
Rusticus  arJiiatus  g/iidus,  Hiibner,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmctt.  i.  pi. 

loi  (1816  ?). 
Fapilio  eiidymion^   Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.   iii.  pi.  244,  figs.  C,  F 
(1779);  Stoll,  Suppl.  Cramer,  pi.  iv.  figs.  5.7,  b  (1787). 
This  is  the  largest  and  darkest  species  of  the  genus,  and  is 


HELICOPIS.  21 

widely  distributed  in  Tropical  America.  It  measures  about  two 
inches  across  the  wings.  The  fore-wings  are  of  a  creamy-white, 
with  the  base  shghtly  tinged  with  yellow  in  the  male,  and  more 
broadly  and  deeply  in  the  female  (which  is  larger  and  darker 
than  the  male) ;  and  the  hind-margin  and  the  outer  half  of  the 
costa  are  bordered  with  black.  The  hind-wings  are  similar, 
but  with  a  very  broad  black  border,  marked  with  a  row  of  pale 
sub-marginal  lunules;  the  tails  are  black,  the  largest  being 
tipped  w'th  white;  the  under  surface  is  pale,  with  silvery 
metallic  spots  on  the  hind-wings. 

The  larva  is  white,  clothed  with  long  hairs  of  the  same 
colour,  the  head  yellow,  surmounted  by  a  tuft  of  red  hairs.  It 
feeds  on  the  leaves  of  the  Passion-flower,  and  changes  into  a 
brown  pupa,  with  a  tuft  of  red  hairs  at  the  head  and  tail. 

The  type  of  the  genus  is 

THE    GOLDEN-SPOT    BUTTERFLY.       HELICOPIS    CUPIDO. 

Papilio  ciipido,  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  lo.),  i.  p.  482,  no.  145 

(1758);  id.  Mus.  Lud.  Ulr.  p.  313  (1764);  Cramer,  Pap. 

Exot.  ii.  pi.  164,  figs.  D-G  (1777);  Stoll,  Suppl.  Cramer, 

pi.  iv.  figs.  A-C  (1787). 
Ruslicus  ar/natiis  cupido^  Hiibner,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett.   i. 

pi.  102  (1816?). 

It  is  a  much  smaller  insect  than  H.  ads,  and  much  paler.  It 
is  of  a  creamy-white,  with  narrow  black  borders,  and  the  base 
of  the  fore-wings  is  yellowish,  and  the  hind-margin  of  the  hind- 
wings  is  broadly  pale  yellow.  The  metallic  spots  of  the  under 
side  of  the  hind-wings  are  of  a  deep  golden-brown.  The  head 
of  the  larva  is  red,  but  otherwise  it  is  very  similar  to  that  of 
ir.  acis. 

It  is  a  common  species  in  many  parts  of  Tropical  America. 


22  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

SUB-FAMILY  III.     LEMONIIN^E. 

■Egg. — Deeply  reticulated  and  filamentosed. 

Larva. — More  or  less  cylindrical,  fasciculate. 

Pupa. — Attached  by  the  tail,  and  sometimes  also  by  a  girth 
round  the  middle  of  the  body. 

Imago. — Wings  generally  short  and  rounded;  occasionally  the 
fore-wings  are  rather  long  or  pointed,  and  the  hind  wings  are 
sometimes  dentated,  or,  if  long,  are  frequently  tailed.  Wings 
very  various  in  colour  (rarely  vitreous),  and  with  no  characteristic 
patterns  except  within  generic  limits.  Fore-wings  with  the  sub- 
costal nervure  four-branched,  except  in  a  few  genera,  most  of 
which  used  to  be  classed  with  the  Nemeobiince.  {Eurybia,  Meso- 
semia,  &c.),  and  in  Isapsis,  in  which  it  is  three-branched. 
(This  character,  however,  is  not  constant,  for  Mesosefnia  has 
the  sub-costal  nervure  four-branched  in  some  species.)  Disco- 
cellular  nervules  generally  more  or  less  imperfectly  developed. 
Hind-wings  with  the  basal  nervure  well  developed. 

Range. — This  extensive  group  is  entirely  confined  to  Tropical 
America,  with  the  exception  of  a  very  few  species  which  are  met 
with  in  the  United  States,  or  which  extend  beyon-d  the  Tropical 
portions  of  South  America. 

Note. — The  species  of  this  Sub-family  have  been  divided  in'.o  sub- 
ordinate groups  by  Schatz  and  Rober,  according  to  the  number  and  posi- 
tion of  the  branches  of  the  sub-costal  nervure  and  other  characters  of  minor 
importance.  But  with  the  exception  of  Stalachtis,  which  seems  t©  be  suffi- 
ciently distinct  to  be  reinstated  as  a  Sub-family,  into  which  it  was  originally 
formed  by  Bates,  we  are  not  inclined  to  regard  these  distinctions  as  of  special 
importance.  Even  the  number  of  sub-costal  branches  is  not  always  constant 
in  the  larger  genera. 

The  Lemoniince  are  very  numerous  and  dissimilar,  and  we 
cannot  attempt  to  do  more  than  discuss  a  limited  number  of 
the  most  important  and  characteristic  genera.     Some  of  the 


MESOSEMIA.  23 

species  are  brown  or  black,  but  many  are  adorned  with  very 
bright  colours. 

In  the  following  genera  the  sub-costal  nervure  is  usually  five- 
branched. 

GENUS  MESOSEMIA. 
Mesoseniia,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  20  (1S16);  West- 
wood,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  453  (1851);  Godman  and 
Salvin,  Biol.  Centiali-Amer.  Lepid.  Rhop.  i.  p.  378  (1885) ; 
Schatz  and  Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  237  (1892). 
This  is  the  largest  genus  of  the  whole  Family,  numbering 
considerably  over  100  species.  They  are  of  small  or  moderate 
size,  generally  measuring  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in 
expanse.  They  are  very  numerous  in  South  America,  but  only 
sixteen  are  recorded  from  Central  America.  The  fore-wings 
are  hardly  longer  than  the  hind-wings.  The  wings  are  rounded 
and  entire  in  most  of  the  species,  being  very  rarely  pointed  or 
angulated,  and  never  tailed.  They  are  generally  brown  or 
blue,  brown  banded  with  white  or  buff,  or  white  banded  with 
brown,  and  most  of  the  species  have  a  round  black  eye  just 
before  the  middle  of  the  fore-wings,  with  two  or  three  white 
pupils.  By  this  character  they  can  generally  be  recognised  at 
a  glance ;  but  many  of  the  white  brown-banded  species,  which 
have  no  eye  spots,  or  else  have  a  series  towards  the  margins 
of  the  wings,  have  much  resemblance  to  various  similarly- 
coloured  species  of  Eiiptychia,  or  even  Theda.  Some  species 
have  brown  fore  wings,  and  white,  blue,  or  tawny  hind-wings. 
The  sub-costal  nervure  is  five-branched  in  most  of  the  species, 
but  only  four-branched  in  some,  showing  (as  in  the  case  of 
Euselasia)  either  that  this  character  is  not  of  absolute  generic 
importance  in  the  Lemojiiidce^  or  that  these  genera  require 
further  sub-division.  The  palpi,  and  also  the  front  legs  of  the 
male,  are  extremely  short  in  this  genus. 
Dr.  Scudder  has  shown  that  the  type  is 


24  LLOYD'S   NATURAL    HISTORY. 

MESOSEMIA    PHILOCLES. 

Papilio  philocks,  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  x.  i.  p.  483,  no.  155 
(1758) ;  id.  Mus.  Lud.  Ulr.  p.  351  (1764) ;  Clerck,  Icones, 
pi.  45,  fig.  3  (1764) ;  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  ii.  pi.  184,  figs. 

D,  E(i779)- 
Erycina  philocles^   Godart,  Encycl.   Melh.  ix.  p.  381,  no.  80 

(1823). 

Mesose?nia  philodes^  Bates,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.  Zool.  ix. 
p.  373  (1868). 

11iis  and  several  closely-allied  local  forms  or  representative 
species,  found  in  different  parts  of  South  America,  have  longer 
and  more  pointed  fore-wings  than  is  usual  in  the  genus  ;  this 
character  is  most  conspicuous  in  the  males,  in  which  the 
fore-wings  are  black,  with  a  short  bluish-white  band  between 
the  central  ocellus  and  the  hind-margin,  and  the  hind-wings 
are  also  more  or  less  broadly  bordered  with  bluish-white 
(the  breadth  varying  in  the  different  forms),  but  the  base  is 
always  brown.  The  female  is  slaty-grey,  with  blackish  trans- 
verse lines.  There  is  a  testaceous  ring  round  the  central  eye 
o^  the  fore-wings,  and  the  hind-margin  of  the  hind-wings  is 
more  or  less  broadly  bordered  with  white. 

As  a  representative  of  this  genus  we  have  figured 

MESOSEMIA    BIFASCIATA. 

{Plate  XX X VI II .     Fig.  2.) 

Mesosemia  hifasciata,  Hewitson,  Equatorial  Lepidoptera,  p.  94 

(1877)- 

Upper  side,  Male. — Blue-black;  both  wings  crossed  beyond  the 
middle  by  two  broad  parallel  bands  of  indigo-blue.  Anterior 
wing  with  the  usual  black  discal  spot  bordered  with  blue,  and 
marked  by  three  minute  white  spots. 

Underside.  —  Dark  brown.  Anterior  wing  indigo-blue  in 
middle;   the  discal   spot  as  above,  with  a  short  black    bancj 


EURYBIA  25 

between  it  and  the  base,  two  black  spots  below  it,  and  a  longer 
band  outside  of  it,  also  black,  crossed  by  a  sub-marginal  band 
of  white.  Posterior  wing  irrorate  with  white,  a  discal  black 
spot  marked  by  two  minute  white  spots,  crossed  obliquely  in 
the  middle,  from  margin  to  margin,  by  a  band  of  black;  a 
very  indistinct  sub-marginal  brown  band. 

Exp. — iy7^  inch. 

Most  nearly  allied  to  M.  fneeda,  Hew.,  In  the  colouring  of 
the  upper  side. 

This  is  a  rare  and  little-known  species  from  Ecuador,  which 
has  not  been  figured  before,  and  as  the  pamphlet  in  which  it  is 
described  is  very  scarce,  we  have  thought  it  well  to  reprint  the 
original  notice  of  the  insect  as  it  stands.  M.  meeda^  with  which 
Hewitson  compares  it,  is  a  Brazilian  species. 

GENUS  EURYBIA. 

Hiibner,  Verz.    bek.   Schmett.   p.   17   (1816);  Latreille,  Enc. 

Meth.  ix.  p.  458  (1823);  Westwood,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid. 

p.  416   (1851);  Godman  and   Salvin,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer. 

Lepid.  Rhop.  i.  p.  374  (18S5);  Schatz  and  Rober,  Exot. 

Schmett.  ii.  p.  237  (1892). 
The  species  belonging  to  this  genus  are  among  the  largest  of 
the  Lemo?iiince,  measuring  two  or  two  and  a  half  inches  across 
the  wings,  which  are  brown,  more  or  less  spotted  with  white, 
on  the  fore-wings  at  least,  and  witli  more  or  less  reddish  sub- 
marginal  markings  on  the  hind-wings,  enclosing  one  or  two 
rows  of  black  spots.  In  other  species  the  fore-wings  have  a 
large  black  eye  in  the  middle,  with  a  blue  pupil,  and  a  reddish 
outer  ring,  and  the  hind-\vings  are  more  or  less  of  a  rich  blue. 
The  wings  are  broad,  the  fore-wings  not  much  longer  than  the 
hind-wings,  and  the  latter  are  rounded.  The  Brazilian  E. 
Carolina,  Godart,  differs  in  shape  frorn   the  others,  the  fore- 


26  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

wings  being  hooked,  and  the  hind-margin  of  the  hind-wings 
almost  rectangular.  It  is  brown,  with  scattered  red  spots, 
hardly  arranged  in  rows,  chiefly  towards  the  base  and  middle 
of  all  the  wings;  at  about  two-thirds  of  the  length  of  the 
fore-wings  there  is  an  interrupted  row  of  white  spots,  partly 
interspersed  with  the  outermost  red  ones. 
The  type  of  Eiirybia  is 

EURYBIA    SALOME. 

Papilio   salo7Jie^    Cramer,    Pap.    Exot.    i.    pi.    12,    llgs.   G    II 

(1775)- 
Eurybia   salome,  Godman    and   Salvin,   Biol.    Centrali-Amer 

Lepid.  Rhop.  i.  p.  376  (1885). 

Papilio  nicceiis,  Fabricius,   Systema  Entomologi^e,  p.  482,  no. 

175  (1775)- 
Eurybia  nicceus^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  459,  no.  2  (1823); 
Lucas,  Lepid.  Exot.  p.  144,  pi.  79,  fig.  i  (1835). 
This  is  one  of  the  smaller  species,  measuring  about  two 
inches  across  the  wings.  It  is  brown,  with  an  eye  on  the  fore- 
wings,  and  two  white  spots  beyond  the  end  of  the  cell ;  the 
hind-wings  have  a  reddish  marginal  band  spotted  with  black. 
It  is  found  from  Nicaragua  southwards  to  Ecuador  and  the 
Amazons.  Farther  south  it  is  replaced  by  a  very  similar,  but 
larger  species,  E.  dojuia,  Felder. 


Among  other  genera  with  the  costal  nervure  five-branched,  is 
Ithomiola,  Felder  {Compsoteria,  Hew.),  the  species  of  which 
are  transparent,  with  dark  nervures,  and  resemble  small  species 
of  the  genus  Ithomia.  They  have  also  much  resemblance  to 
Dioptis,  a  genus  of  Moths  which  likewise  resemble  Ithomia. 
They  are  found  in  Ecuador  and  other  parts  of  Tropical  America. 
Nearly  all  the  remaining  genera  of  Lemoiiiince  have  the  sub- 
costal nervure  of  the  fore-wings  four-branched,  and  these  have 


ZEONIA.  27 

been  divided  by  subordinate  characters  of  neuration  and 
structure.  Thus,  the  following  genus  differs  from  the  others 
in  having  all  the  branches  of  the  sub-costal  nervure  emitted 
from  the  end  of  the  cell. 

GENUS  ZEONIA. 
Zeonia,   Swainson,  Zoological   Illustrations,  Ins.  ser.  ii.  vol.  3, 

pi.  Ill  (1833);  Westw.  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  431  (1851); 

Godman  and  Salvin,   Biol.  Centrali-Amer.  Lepid.  Rhop. 

i.  p.  388   (1885);  Schatz  and  Rober,  Exot.   Schmett.  ii. 

p.  239  (1892). 
The  species  of  this  genus  may  be  recognised  at  once  by  the 
transparent  wings  with  black  borders  and  the  transverse  stripe, 
which,  on  the  hind-wings,  occasionally  coalesces  with  the 
border,  and  is  sometimes  separated  from  it.  The  long  hind- 
wings,  of  which  the  lower  part  is  black,  striped  in  the  middle, 
or  bordered  below  with  bright  red  or  orange,  and  throwing 
off  a  long  narrow  black  tail  from  the  outer  angle,  are  charac- 
acteristic.  There  is  generally  a  shorter  tail  also  (sometimes 
reduced  to  a  mere  projection)  nearer  the  anal  angle.  The 
species,  which  inhabit  various  parts  of  South  America,  are  not 
numerous,  and  one  only  (Z.  bogota,  Saunders)  is  known  to 
extend  to  Central  America,  where  it  was  found  by  Mr. 
Champion  frequenting  sunny  openings  in  the  forest. 

On  account  of  the  shape  and  general  colour  of  this  genus, 
the    late    Mr.    Wilson    Saunders   has    not   inaptly   compared 
it   to   the    East   Indian   genus  Lepfocircus,  which  belongs  to 
the  E  quit  idee. 
The  type  is 

ZEONIA    FAUNUS. 

Papilio  faunus^  Fabricius,  Systema  Entomologire,  p.  532,  no. 

380  (1775)- 
Papilio  ociavius^  Fabr.  Mant.  Ins.  ii.  p.  9,  no.  72  (1787). 


2  8  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

Zeonia  heliconides,  Swains.  Zool.  111.  Ins.  (ii.),  3,  pi.  in  (1833); 
Saunders,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  (2),  v.  p.  99,  pi.  10, 
fig.  5  (1859)- 

This  species,  Avhich  is  found  in  North  Brazil,  is  the  largest 
of  the  genus,  expanding  nearly  two  inches.  The  black  trans- 
verse band  is  broad,  and  continued,  apart  from  the  border,  on 
the  hind-wings  ;  the  broad  red  band  on  the  latter  is  transverse, 
not  extending  to  the  anal  angle,  and  is  more  orange  than  usual; 
and  the  inner  tail  is  very  short  and  slender. 

We  have  figured  the  following  species  : — 

ZEONIA    CHORINEUS. 

(Plate  XXXIX.     Fig.  3.) 

Papilio  cJioriiieiis,  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  i,  pi.  59,  fig.  A.  (1775). 

Fapilio  octavius,  Herbat  {nee  Fabr.),  Naturs.  Schmett.  iv.  pi. 

60,  fig.  2  (1790)- 
Erycina  octavms,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  564,  no.  6  (1823); 
Duncan,  Nat.  Libr.  Foreign  Butterflies,  p.  185,  pi.  xxiv. 
fig.  3  (1840). 
Zeonia  octavius^  Morisse,  Ann.   Soc.  Ent.   France,  vi.  p.  426 

(1837). 
This  is  one  of  the  smaller  species  of  Zeonia^  expanding  only 
an  inch  and  a  half.  It  agrees  with  Z.  fauniis  in  the  transverse 
band,  being  continued  on  the  hind-wings,  but  differs  from  it 
by  the  very  long  and  slender  tail,  and  the  much  longer  and 
narrower  hind-wings,  with  a  very  large  red  patch  occupying  the 
whole  of  the  inner  marginal  region  within  the  tail.  It  inhabits 
Surinam  and  the  Amazon  region. 


The  next  section  includes  the  genera  in  which  one  branch 
of  the  sub-costal  nervure  of  the  fore-wings  is  thrown  off  before 
the  end  of  the  cell ;  and  this  is  again  divided  into  two  sub- 
sections, in  the  first  of  which  the  middle  disco-cellular  nervure 


PLATE     XXXIX 


J.  2.JIeiLCopis  acts 
3.  ZeonicL  chorijiceus 


DIORHINA.  29 

of  ihe  fore-wings  is  perfect.  Tliis  sub-section  includes  some 
of  the  largest  and  handsomest  species  of  Leinoniiiuc.  Most  of 
them  are  tailed  species,  and  some  of  these  are  very  hke  Zeoiiia 
in  shape,  though  generally  with  narrow  white  bands,  instead  of 
broad  transparent  ones.  These  include  the  types  of  the  old 
genus  Eryd?ta,  and  therefore  some  of  the  most  typical  forms 
belonging  to  the  Family.  The  fore-wings  are  usually  short  and 
broad,  scarcely  extending  beyond  the  hind-wings,  which  are 
long,  and  often  more  or  less  tailed. 

GENUS  DIORHINA. 

Diorhina,  Morisse,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  vi.  p.  422  (1837); 
Godman  and  Salvin,  Biol.  Centrali-Amer.  Lepid.  Rhop. 
i.  p.  390  (1885);  Schatz  and  Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii. 
p.  239  (1892). 

This  genus  is  closely  allied  to  the  next,  and  is  chiefly  dis- 
tinguished from  it  by  the  longer  palpi,  the  usually  longer  tails, 
which  are  less  curved  outwards,  and  the  absence  of  metallic 
colour  on  the  under  side,  notwithstanding  that  the  males  are 
usually  more  or  less  blue  above. 

The  type  is 

DIORHINA    PERIANDER. 

Papilio periander^  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  ii.  pi.  188,  fig.  C  (1777). 
Erycina     iphinoe^     Godart,     Enc.    Meth.    ix.    p.    565,    no.    7 

(1823)-  ^ 

Ancyluris  iphinoe^  Geyer ;   Hiibner,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett.  iii. 

pi.  46  (1824). 
Diorhina  laonome,  Morisse,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  vi.  p.  422, 

pi.  14,  figs.  5,  6  (1837). 
Diorhina  periander^  Staud.   Exot.   Schmett.   i.  p.  248,   pi.  89 

(1888). 

This  species,  vhich  measures  rather  less  than  t*vo  inches  in 


jo  Lloyd's  Natural  history. 

expanse,  and  has  short  obtuse  tails,  longer  in  the  female  than 
in  the  male,  appears  to  be  common  throughout  the  northern 
part  of  South  America,  and  it  extends  as  far  north  as  British 
Honduras.  The  wings  are  dark  brown  or  blackish,  and  in  the 
male  the  greater  part  is  filled  up  with  rich  blue,  bounding 
which,  on  the  fore-wings,  is  a  more  or  less  distnict  whitish 
line.  Towards  the  extremity  of  the  inner-margm  of  the  hind- 
wincfs,  and  across  the  base  of  the  tail  are  some  red  bands. 
The  female  is  similar,  but  instead  of  the  blue  colour  of  the 
male,  it  has  two  transverse  white  bands,  that  nearest  the  base 
being  the  broadest. 

GENUS   ANCYLURIS. 

Ancyluris^  Iliibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  23  (1816);  Schatz 

and  Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  239  (1885). 
Erycina,  Fabricius,  in  Illiger,  Mag.  Insekt.  vi.  p.  266  (1S07); 

Latreille,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  11  (1823);  Westwood,  Gen. 

Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  428  (1851);  Godman  and  Salvin,  Biol. 

Centrali-Amer.  Lepid.  Rhop.  i.  p.  392  (1885). 

The  name  Erycina,  having  been  used  by  Lamarck  for  a 
genus  of  shells  in  1805,  cannot  be  retained  in  Lepidoptera. 

As  mentioned  under  the  heading  of  the  genus  Diorhina^ 
Ancylui'is  differs  by  comparatively  slight  characters.  The 
wings  are  black  above,  banded  with  red,  orange,  or,  more 
rarely,  white,  and  are  sometimes  adorned  with  blue  markings ; 
while  the  under  surface  is  usually  richly  banded  and  suffused 
with  various  metallic  tints  of  blue  and  green.  The  species 
measure  somewhat  less  than  two  inches  in  expanse,  and  the 
hind-wings  are  produced  into  a  lobe  or  tail,  turned  outwards, 
and  usually  much  longer  in  the  female  than  in  the  male.  The 
species  are  most  numerous  in  the  northern  parts  of  South 
America. 


PLATE  'XL 


7.  2.  ArLcyluris  meUbceus. 
3 .  Myrvrux  sUj^uzs. 


ANCYLURIS.  ^l 

We  have  figured  the  typical  species 

ANCYLURIS    MELIBiEUS. 
{Plate  XL.     Figs,  i,  2.) 
Papilio  indibceus,  Fabricius,  Genera  Ins.  p.  277  (1877). 
Erycina  inelibceus,  Godart,  Enc.   Method,   ix.    p.    565,   no.    9 

(1823). 
Papilio pyrelus^  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  ii.  pi.  144,  figs.  A,  B  (1777). 

This  species  measures  about  two  inches  across  the  wings, 
which  are  blackish,  crossed  by  an  oblique  red  band,  curving 
inwards  to  the  inner  margin  of  the  hind-wings.  On  the  latter 
is  a  large  curved  red  stripe  near  the  base  of  the  short  obtuse 
tail,  forming  the  commencement  of  a  second  outer  band.  The 
under  side  is  dark  brown,  with  brilliant  broad  metallic-blue 
bands,  varied  with  greenish- coppery,  especially  where  the  mark- 
ings radiate  towards  the  upper  part  of  the  hind-wings.  There 
is  a  red  spot  about  the  middle  of  the  inner- margin  of  the  hind- 
wings,  and  a  yellowish-white  one  lower  down  towards  the  anal 
angle.  The  incisions,  at  least  on  the  hind-wings,  are  spotted 
with  yellowish-white,  both  above  and  below. 

There  are  several  closely-allied  species  in  various  parts  of 
South  America.  The  females  of  this  group  have  longer  tails, 
more  strongly  curved  inwards  than  in  the  males.  In  some  of 
the  allied  species  the  bands  are  broader  than  in  A.  inelihceus, 
and  are  replaced  with  orange.  A.  mclibccus  inhabits  Surinan 
and  the  Amazon  district. 


There  are  several  other  beautiful  and  interestincj  szenera  of 
this  sub-section,  to  some  of  which  we  must  give  a  passing 
notice.  Necyria^  Westwood,  includes  species  greatly  resemb- 
ling Aiicyluris  in  colour  and  markings,  but  with  broad  wings, 
the  hind-wings  being  rounded  and  denticulated.     The  species 


32  LLOYDS   NATURAL    HISTORY. 

of  Lyropterya^  Westwood,  have  more  rounded  wings  still,  with 
whitish  or  greenish  radiating  markings  or  else  a  broad  red  band, 
cut  into  stripes  by  the  nervures  and  folds,  on  the  hind-margins 
of  all  the  wdngs.  There  are  also  numerous  red  spots  towards 
the  base,  at  least  on  the  under  surface  of  all  the  wrings,  and,  more 
rarely,  above  as  well.  The  genus  Ca7'tea^  Kirby,  includes  one 
or  two  Amazonian  species,  v/ith  longer  and  narrower  wings, 
and  represents  a  different  class  of  colouring,  which  is  not 
unlike  that  found  in  various  South  American  JSombyces, 
belonging  to  the  Lifhositdce,  8zc.  The  species  of  Cartea  are 
black,  with  a  broad  fulvous  band  running  from  the  base,  and 
covering  a  considerable  portion  of  each  wing.  The  margins 
and  the  apical  half  of  the  fore-wings  are  free,  and  the  apex  ot 
the  fore-wings  is  crossed  by  an  oblique  yellow  stripe.  Felder 
originally  called  this  genus  Orestias  in  1862,  but  as  that  name 
had  been  used  by  Valenciennes  for  a  genus  of  fishes  in  1839, 
it  became  necessary  to  change  it,  and  I  therefore  called  it 
after  my  kind  old  chief,  the  late  Dr.  Alexander  Carte,  the 
Curator  of  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society.  But  Dr. 
Staudinger  goes  out  of  his  way  to  inform  his  readers  that  the 
name  is  derived  from  Carteia,  the  classical  name  of  an  ancient 
town  in  Spain  ! 

To  this  sub-section  also  belongs  the  curious  little  genus 
Syrmatia,  Hiibner.  The  fore-wings  do  not  expand  much 
more  than  an  inch,  and  extend  much  beyond  the  hind-wings, 
which  are  very  much  produced,  and  terminate  in  a  long  tail. 
The  wings  are  entirely  black,  except  a  large  white  spot,  cut  by 
the  nervures,  in  the  middle  of  the  fore-wings ;  and  sometimes 
there  is  also  a  white  stripe  nearer  the  base,  extending  to  both 


In  the  next  sub-section,  the  first  branch  of  the  sub-costal 
nervure  of  the  fore-wings  is  emitted  before  the  end  of  the  cell, 


LEMONIIN^.  33 

but  the  miaaie  disco  cellular  nervule  is  obsolete.  The  Butter- 
flies which  belong  to  it  are  generally  smaller,  and  much  less 
brightly  coloured  than  the  majority  of  the  preceding  genera, 
and  many  of  them  are  black,  with  radiating  white  or  bluish- 
white  markings,  not  unlike  those  which  we  meet  with  in 
many  South  American  Moths,  and  also  in  certain  genera  of 
Hespe7Hidie  found  in  the  same  countries.  One  genus,  Chamce- 
iinuias,  Felder,  exhibits  a  still  more  remarkable  resemblance 
to  the  South  American  Moths  of  the  genus  Cyllopoda,  Dal- 
man,  having  long  fore-wings,  which  are  black,  with  a  bright 
yellow  transverse  band,  and  often  a  yellow  basal  stripe  also,  and 
bright  yellow  hind-wings,  with  broad  black  borders. 

The  genus  Ithomeis^  Bates  {Ithomiopsis^  Felder),  includes 
larger  species,  measuring  about  two  inches  across  the  wings, 
which  have  derived  their  name  from  their  resemblance  to 
various  species  of  the  genus  Itkojiiia,  Hiibner  (see  vol.  i. 
p.  30).  They  are  black,  with  orange-tawny  and  whitish  sub- 
hyaline  markings,  and  some  of  the  species  much  resemble  those 
of  Stalachtis,  Hiibner,  {j>ostea,  p.  44),  which  itself  much  re- 
sembles the  Ithomiince. 

The  next  section  includes  the  great  bulk  of  tropical  Ameri- 
can Lemoniidce^  and  is  characterised  by  having  two  branches  of 
the  sub-costal  nervure  of  the  fore-wings  thrown  off  before  the 
end  of  the  cell,  and  the  middle  disco-cellular  nervule  of  the 
hind-wings  not  emitted  before  the  upper  radial. 

In  the  first  sub-section,  the  palpi  do  not  extend  beyond  the 
head,  and  the  antennoe  are  not  ringed  or  spotted  with  white. 
Here  again  we  meet  with  some  tailed  species,  the  handsomest 
being  Eiierycina  calphurnia  (Saunders)  which  expands  two 
inches  and  upwards,  and  is  not  unlike  some  of  the  species  of 
the  genus  Tiinetes^  Boisd.,  among  the  Nyinphalijue.,  in  general 
appearance.  It  is  brown,  with  a  white  band,  edged  with  light 
blue  in  the  male,  running  from  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings  to  the 

10  D 


34  LLOYD  S    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

middle  of  the  hind-wings.  Thence  the  band  turns  outwards, 
becoming  Hght  blue,  and  coalesces  with  a  narrow  light  blue  bor- 
der which  runs  down  from  the  middle  of  the  hind-margin  of  the 
fore-wings,  and  borders  the  lower  part  of  the  hind-wings,  which 
is  gradually  produced  into  a  long,  but  not  very  pointed  tail, 
which  is  likewise  blue,  except  at  the  tip,  where  it  is  white. 
Within  this  blue  stripe  and  the  brown  inner  margin  is  a  choco- 
late-coloured stripe,  running  up  to  the  base  of  the  hind-wings. 
In  the  female  the  white  band  is  broader  and  longer,  and  is 
separated  on  its  lower  end  by  a  red  line  from  a  white  line  which 
runs  from  the  base  of  the  hind-wings  to  the  inner  edge  of  the 
tail ;  the  latter,  as  well  as  the  hind-margin  of  the  hind-wings, 
being  bordered  by  a  white  line.  The  under  side  of  this  hand- 
some Butterfly  is  bluish-white  at  the  base,  separated  by  a  dusky 
band  from  a  whiter  space,  the  outer  part  of  the  wings  being 
tawny,  except  for  the  narrow  white  edging  of  the  hind-wings. 

The  present  classification  of  the  LemoniincB  is  very  unsatis- 
factory, and  the  sub-sections  are  certainly  only  tentative  and 
provisional.  This  may  be  seen  from  the  dissimilarity  of  the 
various  genera  which  are  included  with  Ruerycina  in  this  group. 
One  of  these  is  Barbicornis,  Latreille,  which  differs  from 
Euerycina  nearly  as  much  as  Syrmatia  differs  from  Aftcyluris. 
Barbicorjiis  basalts,  Godart,  is  a  Brazilian  Butterfly  with  such 
slender  antennae  that  some  authors  have  regarded  it  as  a  Moth. 
It  expands  about  an  inch  and  a  half;  the  fore-wings  extend  far 
beyond  the  hind-wings,  and  are  adorned  with  two  fulvous  or 
orange  bands,  one  running  from  the  base  along  the  lower  part 
of  the  cell,  and  then  running  outwards,  nearly  parallel  to  the 
inner-margin ;  and  the  other  oblique,  and  sub-apical.  The 
hind-wings  throw  out  a  straight  narrow  tail,  as  long  as  the  hind- 
wings  themselves,  from  the  middle  of  the  hind-margin.  Several 
genera  of  this  sub-section,  like  some  of  those  of  the  last,  are 
black,  with  sub-hyaline  stripes ;  but  the  largest  and  most  impor- 


ANTEROS. 


35 


tant  is  Lymnas,  Blanchard,  which  includes  about  thirty  species 
of  moderate-sized  Butterflies,  not  generally  expanding  more 
than  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the  wings,  which  are  brown, 
generally  with  large  red  spots  on  the  under  side,  and  with  an 
orange  or  yellow  border  to  the  hind-wings,  and  an  oblique  bar 
across  the  fore-wings.  Sometimes  the  oblique  bar  is  replaced 
by  an  orange  tip  to  the  fore-wings ;  or  there  are  no  yellow 
markings,  but  only  large  red  spots  towards  the  base,  or  perhaps 
a  red  bar  on  the  costa  of  the  hind-wings. 


The  next  sub-section  only  differs  from  the  last  in  having  the 
antennae  ringed  or  spotted  with  white.  It  includes  a  variety  of 
small  and  moderate-sized  Butterflies.  As  an  illustration  of  this 
group  we  have  figured  a  representative  of  the  following  genus. 

GENUS    ANTEROS. 
Anteros,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  77  (1816);  Westwood, 
Gen.   Diurn.   Lepid.  p.    427    (1851);   Schatz  &   Rober, 
Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  349  (1892). 
In  this  genus  there  is  a  conspicuous  tuft  of  hair  on  the  first 
joint  of  the  tarsi  of  the  four  hinder  legs,  more  strongly  developed 
in  the  male  than  in  the  female.     The  hind-wings  are  generally 
produced  into  a  short  obtuse  tooth,  and  have  also  a  short  broad 
tuft  of  hair  at  the  anal  angle.     In  some  species  the  hind-wings 
are  produced  into  several  tails,  somewhat  as  in  Helicopis  (with 
which  genus  they  were  formerly  classed  by  some  authors),  but 
shorter.    The  hind-wings  are  frequently  adorned  with  metallic 
silvery  or  golden  spots  and  stripes. 
The  type  is 

ANTEROS    FORMOSUS. 

Papilioformosus^  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  ii.  pi.  118,  fig.  G  (1777). 
Papilio  cnesus^  Fabricius,  Spec.  Ins.  ii.  p.  117,  no.  122  (1781). 

D    2 


^6  LLOYD'S    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

Papilio  valens,  Fabricius,  Mant.  Ins.  ii.  p.  67,  no.  644  (1787). 
Polyommatus  valens^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.   ix.   p.  644,   no.  100 

(1823);    Perty,   Delectus   Anim.   Artie,   p.   153,    pi.    30, 

iigs-  3>  36  (1834?). 
This  is  a  small  South  American  Butterfly,  which  was  first 
described  from  Surinam  ;  it  measures  about  an  inch  across  the 
wings,  which  are  brown  above,  and  yellowish,  spotted  with  red 
and  golden-green  beneath.  There  is  a  white  spot  in  the  middle 
of  the  fore-wings  above  in  the  male. 

ANTEROS    ACH7EUS. 
{Plate  XLIII.     Figs.  3,  4.) 

Papilio  achceus,  Stoll,  in  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  iv.  pi.  352,  figs.  G, 

H  (1781) ;  Donovan,  Ins.  Ind.  pi.  41,  fig.  4  (1800). 
Polyommatus  achmis,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  644,  no.  99 
(1823). 
This  Butterfly,  which  expands  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the 
wings,  is  found  in  Surinam  and  the  Amazon  district.  The 
upper  side  is  brown,  with  two  yellow  oval  spots  on  the  fore- 
wings,  and  two  transverse  curved  streaks  of  the  same  colour  on 
the  hind-wings,  and  at  the  anal  angle  a  ferruginous  spot.  The 
under  side  is  yellow,  with  numerous  ferruginous  patches,  each  of 
which  is  ornamented  with  several  small  spots  of  golden-yellow; 
the  hind-margin  has  a  continuous  ferruginous  band  bearing  a 
series  of  golden-yellow  elongated  spots.  The  body  is  brown 
above  and  yellowish  beneath. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  both  the  above  species  were  classed 
by  Godart  with  the  LyccEnidce. 


The  genus  Ejfiesis,  Fabricius,  includes  dull-coloured  species, 
with  more  or  less  pointed  brown,  or  reddish-brown  wings,  with 


I.EMONHN.ti:  37 

blackish  markings,  and  lighter  beneath,  with  much  more 
distinct  blackish  lines  and  spots,  the  lines  often  zig  zag  or 
broken.  The  pupa  of  Einesis  is  suspended  by  the  tail. 
Among  the  other  genera  which  belong  here  are  many  con- 
taining small  species,  not  much  exceeding  an  inch  in  ex- 
panse, such  as  Syunnachia,  Hiibn.,  Charis,  Hiibn.,  Mescne, 
Westwood,  &c.  Many  of  these  are  dark-coloured  Butterflies, 
some  with  large  white  spots,  and  others  spotted  all  over  with 
small  ones.  Others  are  brown,  banded  with  red,  or  brown 
with  numerous  darker  spots.  But  we  have  not  space  to  notice 
these  Butterflies  in  detail,  and  must  pass  on  to  the  next  sub- 
section, which  includes  several  of  the  most  interesting  and 
typical  genera  of  the  Le;nonii?ice,  which  are  distijiguished  from 
those  which  we  have  just  been  considering  by  the  palpi  being 
longer  than  the  head,  especially  in  the  females.  We  may 
mention  one  or  two  of  the  more  important  genera  in  addition 
to  Lemonias  and  Nymphidiu/n,  of  which  we  have  figured 
examples.  One  of  these  is  Theope,  Westwood,  which  is  re- 
markable for  its  curious  superficial  resemblance  to  Thecla^ 
except  that  the  fore-wings  are  rather  broader  and  more  ob- 
tuse, and  the  hind-wings  are  rounded  and  not  tailed.  The 
upper  side  is  black,  with  the  hind-wings,  except  the  border, 
and  more  or  less  of  the  fore-wings  towards  the  base  and  the 
inner-margin  of  some  shade  of  blue  or  purple.  The  under 
side  is  buffy-brown,  or  yellowish,  most  frequently  without 
any  markings.  In  some  cases  the  upper  side  is  varied  with 
orange  tawny  instead  of  blue. 

Pandemus  pasipha'c^  Cramer,  is  a  species  resembling  Theope 
in  shape,  but  very  much  larger,  expanding  about  two  inches. 
The  male  is  pale  blue,  with  the  apical  region  brown,  bordered 
within  by  two  white  spots.  The  female  is  white,  with  a  yel- 
lowish tinge,  and  the  apex  of  the  fore-wings  brown ;  the  border 
of  tlie  hind-wings  is  also  brownish. 


3^  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

GENUS  LEMONIAS. 

LemoniaSy  Hiibner,  Sammlung  Exot.  Schmett.  i.  pis.  35-38 
(1805?);  Doubl.  List  Lepid.  Brit.  Mus.  ii.  p.  16  (1847); 
Westwood,  Genera  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera,  p.  457 
(1851);  Butler,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  Zoology,  ix. 
p.  213  (1867)  ;  Godman  and  Salvin,  Biologia  Centrali- 
Americana,  Lepid.  Rhop.  i.  p.  457  (1886);  Schatz  & 
Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  253  (1892). 

This  is  the  typical  genus  of  a  large  number  of  closely-allied 
forms,  many  of  which  have  a  general  resemblance  to  Lyccejtidcc. 
They  are  small  and  rather  delicately-formed  Butterflies,  gener- 
ally brown  above,  more  or  less  varied  with  red,  blue,  tawny,  or 
yellow,  and  the  under  surface  is  of  some  paler  colour  spotted 
with  black.  The  fore-wings  are  triangular,  broad,  not  much 
longer  than  the  hind-wings,  and  rarely  pointed  at  the  tips ;  the 
hind-wings  are  rounded  and  entire. 

Hiibner  used  the  name  Le?no7iias  for  at  least  three  totally 
different  genera  in  successive  works,  and  the  dates  are  doubt- 
ful. It  is  true  that,  as  Dr.  Scudder  points  out,  he  indicated 
MelitcBa  7natur?ia,  Linn.,  as  the  type  in  his  "  Tentamen,"  with 
a  binomial  nomenclature ;  but  the  date  of  this  very  rare  tract 
is  doubtful,  and  is  almost  certainly  later  than  1807.  But  in  his 
"  Sammlung  exotischer  Schmetterlinge,"  vol.  i.,  w^hich  was  com- 
menced in  1805,  he  figures  four  species  of  the  present  group  as 
''^ Lemofiias  mactilata"  viz.,  Z.  ;;/.  zygia,  L.  vi.  luciana^  L.  m. 
alphcea,  and  L.  in.  epulus.  The  generic  names  of  the  first  volume 
of  the  "Sammlung  "  (apart  from  the  objection  that  they  are  not 
characterised)  are  often  rejected  because  of  their  trinomial  form, 
"  Lemonias  maculata"  &c.  But  this  objection,  if  valid,  would 
also  apply  to  many,  if  not  most,  of  the  Linnsean  genera,  and 
would  thus  shake  the  very  foundations  of  our  nomenclature.  In 


LEMONIAS.  39 

the  present  instance  Lemonias  has  been  applied  by  Doubleday 
and  all  recent  authors  to  a  more  or  less  restricted  group,  into 
which  the  second  of  Hiibner's  species  will  fall,  even  allowing  for 
his  having  figured  two  closely  allied  species  as  sexes.  We  have 
figured  the  sexes  of  a  species  very  closely  allied  to  the  types. 

LEMONIAS    EMYLIUS. 

{Plate  XXX  VI  11.     Fig.  8  c? ,  9  ? . ) 

Papilio  emyliiis,   Cramer,   Pap.   Exot.   i.  pi.   66^    figs.   G,   H 

(1775). 
Eryci7ia   emylius^    Godart,   Enc.    Meth.    ix.    p.    577,    no.    64 

(1819). 
Lemonias  emylius^   Staudinger,  Exot.  Schmett.  i.  p.   258,  pi. 

92  (1888). 
Papilio  crispus^  Cramer,  I.e.  pi.  118,  figs.  D,  E  (1777). 

This  Butterfly  measures  about  an  inch  or  a  little  more  across 
the  wings,  which  are  black  in  the  male,  with  a  large  red  space 
on  the  inner-margin  of  the  fore-wings,  and  two  small  white 
spots  towards  the  tip ;  the  hind-wings  are  red,  except  broadly 
along  the  costa,  and  more  narrowly  along  the  hind-margin. 
The  under  side  of  the  fore-wings  is  pale  yellow,  and  speckled 
with  black,  except  along  the  costa,  and  more  broadly  on  the 
hind-margin,  where  there  is  an  irregular  row  of  white  spots. 
The  hind-wings  are  whitish,  spotted  and  flecked  with  black, 
especially  towards  the  hind-margin.  The  female  resembles 
the  male  on  the  under  side,  except  that  the  fore-wings  are  pale 
yellow  on  the  costa  to  the  middle.  On  the  upper  side  it  is 
black,  with  a  sub-marginal  row  of  white  spots,  within  which  are 
numerous  yellowish  spots,  and  on  the  fore-wings  is  a  broad 
curved  transverse  yellowish  bar  just  within  the  spots,  extending 
from  the  costa  nearly  across  the  wing.  It  is  a  common  Butterfly 
in  South  America. 


40  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

GENUS  NYMPHIDIUM. 
Nymphidium^   Fabricius,  in  Iliiger,    Mag.    Insekt.   vi.   p.    286 

1807);  Westwood,   Gen.   Diurn.   Lepid.   p.   447   (1851); 

Godman    and   Salvin,    Biol.    Centrali-Americana,   Lepid. 

Rhop.  i.   p.   470  (1886);  Schatz  &  Rober,  Lepid„  Exot. 

ii.  p.  254  (1892). 
This  is  a  very  large  genus,  comprising  nearly  100  species, 
which  will,  no  doubt,  be  sub  divided  sooner  or  later.  They 
are  stouter  insects  than  Lemo?nas,  with  longer  and  more  pointed 
fore-wings,  and  the  hind-wings  sometimes  produced,  and  oc- 
casionally even  lobate,  at  the  anal  angle.  The  colour,  how- 
ever, is  very  different  and  characteristic,  usually  consisting  of  a 
broad  white  or  yellow  band,  commencing  on  the  inner-margin 
of  the  hind- wings,  and  occupying  more  or  less  of  the  centre  of 
the  wings,  till,  towards  the  middle  or  apex  of  the  fore-wings  it 
tapers  and  ceases.  The  borders  are  brown,  often  spotted  with 
white  and  orange-tawny.  Of  course  there  are  variations  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  colours,  but  this  is  a  fair  sketch  of  the 
most  characteristic  pattern.  One  or  two  of  the  larger  species 
are  remarkably  like  some  species  of  the  genus  Adelpha  in 
the  Nyinphaliiioi^  the  size,  markings,  and  pattern  being  almost 
identical.  In  other  cases,  chiefly  among  the  smaller  species, 
the  pale  colour  occupies  almost  the  whole  of  the  wings,  except 
a  narrow  border. 

The  type  of  the  genus  is 

NYMPHIDIUM    CARIC/E. 

Papilio  cariccB,  Linnceus,  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.),  i.  p.  484,  no.  158 
(1758),  id.  Mus.  Ludov.  Ulr.  p.  324  (1764);  Clerck, 
Icones,  pi.  20,  fig.  2  (1764);  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  ii.  pi. 
170,  fig.  E  (1777);  Sepp,  Pap.  Surinam,  iii.  p.  145, 
pi    III  (1852). 

Limnas  suhtilis  cariccE,  Hiibner,  Sammlung  Exot.  Schmett.  i. 
pi.  30  (1805?). 


NYMPHIDIUM.  41 

Erycina  carlcce^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  575,  no.  53 
(1823). 

A  common  South  American  Butterfly,  measuring  from  i^  to 
1)4  inches  in  expanse.  The  wings  are  blackish,  with  a  white 
band  covering  the  hind-wings  from  the  base  to  beyond  the 
middle,  and  forming  a  large  triangle,  resting  on  the  inner- 
margin  nearly  to  its  base,  and  extending  upwards  to  the  middle 
of  the  fore-wing.  The  broad  dark  borders  are  traversed  first  by 
an  orange-tawny  band,  and  then  by  a  sub-marginal  row  of  large 
black  spots,  darker  than  the  ground-colour ;  on  the  dark  cos- 
tal border  above  the  white  portion  of  the  fore-wings,  are  four 
large  reddish-tawny  spots.  The  sexes  differ  little,  except  that 
the  female  is  rather  pa'er,  with  the  white  portion  of  the  hind- 
wings  extending  to  the  base,  and  the  fore-wings  less  acute  at 
the  tips  than  in  the  male. 

The  larva  is  green,  with  black  dots,  a  yellow  lateral  line, 
and  a  tuft  at  the  head  and  tail.  The  pupa  is  attached  to  a 
leaf  by  the  tail,  and  a  girth  around  the  body. 

The  larva  feeds  on  a  species  of  Inga,  and  like  that  of  a 
Butterfly  aUiod  to  Thecia,  which  feeds  on  the  same  plant,  is 
always  attended  by  small  black  ants.  The  larva  and  pupa 
figured  by  Madame  Merian  as  those  of  N.  awian  cannot  be- 
long to  Nyniphidium. 

I  have  figured  one  of  the  largest  and  handsomest  species 
of  this  genus. 

NYMPHIDIUM    ETHELINDA. 
{Plate  XXXFI/I.     Fi^r.  7). 
Nyniphidium    etheli?ida^    Hewitson,    Entomologist's    Monthly 
Magazine,   vii.   p.    6    (1870)  ;    id.   Exotic  Butterflies,    iv. 
Nyniphidium^  pi.  6,  figs.  25,  26  (187  i). 
This  species,  which  was  brought  from  the  province  of  Minas 
Geraes    in   Brazil,   measures    somewhat  less  than  two  inches 
across  the  wings  in  the  male,  and  rather  more  in  the  female. 


42  LLOYD'S   NATURAL    HISTORY. 

The  male  has  dark  brown  fore-wings  obscurely  spotted  with 
black.  The  hind-wings  are  creamy-white,  brown  at  the  base, 
and  with  a  short  black  band  at  the  apex.  The  female  is  white, 
with  the  base  of  the  wings  brown.  The  costa  and  hind-margin 
of  the  fore-wings  are  rather  broadly  brown,  and  the  hind-wings 
have  a  black  sub-marginal  line,  surmounted  with  seven  con- 
nected lunules. 

The  following  genus  belonging  to  this  section  is  sufficiently 
remarkable  to  demand  a  detailed  notice. 

GENUS    CATAGRAMMINA. 
Cafagra77tmi?ia,    Bates,    Journ.    Linn.  Soc.  Zool.  ix.   p.    411 
(1868) ;  Schatz&  Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  255  (1892). 

CATAGRAMMINA    TAPAJA. 

Necyria  tapaja^  Saunders,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  (2),  v.  p.  108, 

pi.  II,  fig.  17  (1859). 
Catagrammina  tapaja^  pt.  Bates,  I.e.  (1868). 

This  species  derives  its  generic  name  from  the  resemblance  of 
the  female  to  the  genus  Cafagranwia,  Boisd. ;  it  expands  rather 
less  than  two  inches  in  the  male,  and  rather  more  in  the  female. 
The  male  is  black,  with  a  bright  red  transverse  band,  varying 
in  width,  on  the  fore-wings,  and  sometimes  also  on  the  hind- 
wings.  The  female,  however,  has  the  basal  two-thirds  of  the 
fore-wings  red  or  orange,  more  narrowly  towards  the  costa.  There 
is  a  black  stripe  on  the  sub-median  nervure,  and  in  the  dark 
apical  region  of  the  wing  is  an  oblique  red  or  orange-yellow  stripe 
followed  by  a  sub-marginal  row  of  white  spots,  which  are  con- 
tinued across  the  hind-wings.  In  fact,  the  female  much 
resembles  Catagramma  sijtamara,  Hewitson,  to  which  we  have 
alluded  (vol.  i.  p.  117)  as  the  probable  female  of  C.  astarte^ 
Cramer.  The  resemblance  of  the  male  to  a  Catagranuna  is 
much  less  striking.  Very  little  is  known  of  this  rare  and  curious 
mimicking  Butterfly,  but  it  is  not  unlikely  that  there  may  be 
more   than   one  species  confounded  under  the  name  of   C. 


ISAPIS.  43 

tapaja ;  in  which  case  the  type  of  the  species  will  be  the  insect 
procured  by  Saunders  from  the  Tapajos,  with  a  red  patch  on  the 
hind-wings;  and  the  specimen  without  this  patch,  which  he 
calls  a  variety,  must  be  regarded  as  distinct.  Bates  gives  the 
additional  locality  of  Ega  ;  and  Dr.  Staudinger  has  figured  a 
female  from  Teffe,  which  is  the  name  of  the  river  on  which  Ega 
stands.  From  its  larger  size  I  suspect  that  it  will  prove  to  be  the 
female  of  a  distinct  species,  corresponding  to  Saunder's  variety, 
in  which  case  it  may  stand  as  follows : 

CATAGRAMMINA    HEWITSONI,    n.    Sj>. 

Necyria  tapaja^  van,  Saunders,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  (2),  v.  p. 

108,  pi.  II,  fig.  18  (1859). 
Catagrammi?ia  tapaja^  pt.  Bates,  /.  c.  (1868);  Staudinger,  Exot. 
Schmett.  i.  p.  262,  pi.  92  (1888). 
The  male  differs  from  that  of  C.  tapaja,  as  explained  above, 
by  the  absence  of  a  red  blotch  or  band  on  the  hind-wings  ;  and 
the  female  by  the  black  stripe  on  the  sub-median  nervure  of  the 
fore-wnngs  being  replaced  by  a  black  stripe  below  the  nervure, 
and  a  corresponding  blotch  above. 


The  next  section  contains  the  species  in  which  the  sub-costal 
nervure  has  only  three  branches.     It  only  includes  one  genus. 

GENUS    ISAriS. 
Isapisy  Westwood,  Gen.  Diurn.   Lepid.   p.  465  (185 1);  Schatz 
&  Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  258  (1892). 
The  type  is 

ISAPIS    AGYRTUS. 

Papilio  agyrfusy  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  ii.  pi.  123,  figs.  B,  C  (1777). 
Erycina  agyrtus,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  590,  no.  126(1823). 
Isapis  agyrtus,  Doubleday  and  Hewitson,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid. 

pi.  72,  fig.  5  (1851) ;  Staud.  Exot.  Schmett.  i.  p.  246,  pi.  89 

(1888). 


44  LLOYD'S    NATURAL    HlSTORV. 

This  is  an  inconspicuous  little  South  American  Butterfly, 
measuring  about  an  inch  across  the  wmgs,  which  are  brown, 
with  a  broad  fulvous  bar  running  obliquely  from  the  middle  of 
the  costa  of  the  fore-wings  to  the  hind-margin,  a  little  above  the 
hinder  angle.  On  the  under  side  of  the  wings  a  yellow  band 
runs  just  beyond  the  base,  from  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings  to 
the  rounded-off  anal  angle  of  the  hind-wings. 

/.  hera,  Godman  and  Salvin,  from  Guatemala,  is  purplish- 
black  above,  with  longer  wings ;  and  the  basal  band  on  the 
under  surface  is  fulvous  instead  of  yellow. 

SUB-FAMILY  IV.  STALACHTIN^. 
The  upper  radial  of  the  hind-wings  branches  beyond  the 
middle  disco-cellular  nervule,  thus  rising  from  a  common  stalk 
with  the  sub-costal.  The  lower  disco-cellular  nervule  runs 
into  the  upper  median  nervule.  The  palpi  project  beyond 
the  head,  and  the  antennce  are  not  ringed  with  white.  The 
larva  is  cylindrical,  and  the  pupa  is  suspended  by  the  tail,  but 
otherwise  much  resembles  that  of  Nemeobius.  There  is  but 
one  genus,  containing  less  than  twenty  species,  all  Tropical 
American. 

GENUS    STALACIITIS. 
Stahiililis,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  pp.   26,    27    (181 6); 

Wcstwood,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  466  (1851);  Schatz  & 

Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  258  (1892). 
The  species  of  this  genus  are  rather  large  Butterflies  for 
Lenwftiidce,  expanding  from  two  to  three  inches.  They  have  long 
rounded  wings,  and  are  redJish-tawny  or  orange,  with  black 
markings  and  white  spots,  or  are  black,  sometimes  flushed 
wnth  purple,  and  streaked  or  spotted  with  hyaline-white  or 
bluish-white,  and  with  orange  sub-marginal  markings.  Some 
of  the  species  resemble  Itho/niince  among  the  Butterflies,  but 


LYC/ENID.^. 


45 


are  rather  stouter  and  broader-winged  insects,  while  others  re- 
semble large  Dioptidce,  among  the  Moths.  The  type  is  S.  phlegia 
(Cramer),  a  black  Butterfly,  with  numerous  white  spots;  it  is 
broadly  reddish  towards  the  base,  and  there  is  also  a  reddish 
and  incomplete  sub-marginal  band.  The  body  is  dotted  with 
white.  The  wings  are  shorter  in  this  species  than  in  others  of 
the  genus. 

FAMILY  IV,     LYC^NID^. 

Egg.— Thick-shelled,  echinoid  or  semi-echinoid,  studded 
with  connected  elevations,  or  punctuated,  occasionally  almost 
smooth. 

Larvae. — Onisciform,  thickest  in  the  middle,  sometimes 
downy,  or  with  short  fascicles  of  hairs  ;  head  small,  retractile  ; 
legs  also  small ;  habits  sluggish  ;  sometimes  carnivorous  or 
cannibal. 

Pupa.— Short,  thick,  rounded,  very  rarely  slightly  angulated, 
the  head  and  usually  the  terminal  segment  on  the  under  sur- 
face of  the  body.  Usually  attached  by  the  tail,  and  by  a  belt 
round  the  body ;  rarely  free,  and  found  on  or  under  the  surf.ice 
of  the  ground. 

Imago. — Of  small  or  moderate  size,  and  often  of  delicate 
structure;  wings  densely  scaled,  always  opaque;  fore-winn-s 
nearly  always  short  and  broad,  sub-triangular,  with  three,  four, 
or  five  sub-costal  branches;  hind-wings  rounded,  frequently 
produced  into  a  long  tail,  or  with  one  or  more  slender  filiform 
tails,  but  very  rarely  dentated ;  frequently  with  pale  lines  or 
with  ocellated  spots  beneath,  those  nearest  the  anal  ano-le 
often  more  or  less  metallic.  Prevailing  colours,  red,  blue 
brown,  or  white,  very  rarely  green  or  yellow.  Front  legs  in 
both  sexes  usually  smaller  than  the  others,  but  of  Cfjual  length 
in  both  sexes,  the  front  tarsi  of  the   males  usually  unjointed, 


46  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

and  ending  in  a  single  claw,  always  with  a  row  of  short  spines 
beneath.  Occasionally,  however,  the  front  legs  are  fully  de- 
veloped, even  in  the  males. 

Range. — This  Family  has  numerous  representatives  in  all 
parts  of  the  world,  and  several  genera  are  both  very  numerous 
in  closely-allied  species,  and  have  a  very  wide  range,  though 
there  are  also  an  unusual  number  of  well-marked  smaller 
genera,  including  only  one  or  two  species,  and  of  very  limited 
range.  In  Europe  and  North  America  the  Family  is  numer- 
ously represented  by  the  three  well-marked  and  almost  cos- 
mopolitan genera,  Thccla^  Lyccefia^  and  Polyommatus^  and  one 
or  two  smaller,  but  allied,  genera.  In  the  tropics  of  the  Old 
World  the  Family  reaches  its  greatest  development,  both  in 
size  and  in  the  number  of  well-marked  generic  forms,  includ- 
ing nearly  all  those  in  which  the  hind-wing  is  produced  into  a 
very  long  tail.  Africa  is  very  rich  in  Lyccenidce,  producing  many 
species  of  genera  common  to  other  parts  of  the  world,  while 
others,  including  almost  the  whole  of  the  Sub-family  Lip- 
tenincE,  are  peculiar  to  the  Ethiopian  Region.  In  Tropical 
America  we  find  an  immense  number  of  species  (in  fact, 
several  hundreds)  closely  aUied  to  Thecla,  and  usually  placed 
under  that  genus,  as  they  have  not  yet  been  satisfactorily 
sub-divided.  There  are  also  a  few  very  distinct  and  well- 
marked  genera,  peculiar  to  Tropical  America,  of  which  the 
most  notable  is  Eumceus,  Hiibner. 

Habits. — The  smaller  species,  the  larvae  of  which  feed  on 
low  plants,  flutter  about  flowers  in  meadows,  and  are  fre- 
quently very  pugnacious,  attacking  and  driving  away  Butterflies 
much  larger  than  themselves.  Some  of  the  larger  species, 
however,  are  capable  of  very  strong  and  sustained  flight. 
Those  which  feed  on  trees  fly  about  their  food-plants,  and 
settle  on  the  leaves  in  the  manner  of  the  Lemoniidce.  Different 
species  fly  at  different  times  of  the  day,  and  some,  probably, 


LYC^NINTE.  47 

even  by  night.  On  dull  days,  or  in  the  evening,  some  species, 
e.g.^  Phbeius  argus,  may  often  be  found  asleep  on  the  stalks 
of  grass  or  rushes. 

Note. — Attempts  have  been  made  to  sub-divide  this  Family,  but  this 
cannot  be  satisfactorily  accomplished  without  a  much  more  extensive  ac- 
quaintance with  the  exotic  forms  than  we  at  present  possess.  For  the  same 
reason  it  is  somewhat  premature  to  sub-divide  such  genera  as  Thecla  and 
rdyommatiis  to  any  great  extent.  In  the  present  work  we  shall  follow 
Schatz  and  Rober  in  dividing  the  LycLBnidte  into  two  Sub-families  only, 
LycanincB  and  LipteniticB. 

SUB-FAMILY  I.     LYC^NIN^. 

Transformations. — See  those  of  the  Family. 

Imago. — See  generally  those  of  the  Family.  Sub-costal  ner- 
vure  of  the  fore-wings  three-branched,  rarely  four-branched, 
very  rarely  five-branched  in  the  male.  Upper  radial  of  the 
hind-wings  rising  from  the  disco-cellular  nervule.  Hind- 
wings  often  tailed,  and  usually  striated  or  ocellated  beneath. 

Note. — As  this  section  contains  the  typical  Lyccenmce,  and  the  other  Sub- 
family, the  Liptenina,  is  aberrant,  most  of  our  preceding  observations  may 
be  taken  as  applicable  rather  to  the  former  group  than  to  the  latter.  Of 
the  numerous  genera  we  have  only  space  to  notice  those  which  are  most 
important  and  interesting.  Very  little  has  been  recorded  respecting  the 
habits  and  transformations  of  the  LipteuincB. 

Mr.  Distant,  in  his  "Rhopalocera  Malayana,"  p.  196,  pro- 
poses the  following  sub-divisions  for  the  Malayan  species  : — 

A.  Posterior   wings  without  filamentous  tail-like  appendages 

near  the  anal  angle :  Curetaria. 

B.  Posterior   wings    with  filamentous    or   prominent  tail-like 

appendages  near  the  anal  angle.     Posterior  wings  con- 
vex, about  as  broad  as  long :  Castalaria. 

C.  Posterior  wings  more  or   less   elongate,   distinctly  longer 

than  broad :  Aphnaria. 


48  Lloyd's  natural  msTORy. 

We  may  mention  some  of  the  characteristic  genera  of  each 
division : 

CuRFTARiA  :  Poritia^  Cureiis,  Zephyrus,  Gerydus^  Neopithe- 
cops;  also  EiimcEus  and  Trichi)7iis  in  Tropical  America, 
Ogyris  in  Australia,  and  the  Ltpte?iincB  in  Africa. 

Castalaria  :  Castaliiis^  Catochrysops^  Lampides^  Lycceties- 
thes. 

Aphnaria:  Spindasis,  Sitho7i^  Hypolyccc7ia^  Ainhlypodia, 
Deiidorix,  Loxura. 

But  this  division  is  only  provisional,  being  founded  on  the 
Butterflies  of  a  small  area,  and  it  brings  together  forms  more 
unlike  in  some  cases  than  those  which  it  separates. 


I  shall  now  proceed  to  enumerate  the  more  interesting 
genera  of  Lycce?iince  in  some  detail. 

A.   Costal  nervure  three-bra?iched.'^ 

GENUS  THECLA. 

Thecla,  Fabricius  in  Illiger,  Mag.  Insekt.  vi.  p.  286  (1807); 
Leach,  Edinburgh  Encycl.  ix.  p.  129  (1815);  Westwood, 
Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  481  (1852);  Schatz  &  Rbber, 
Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  264  (1892). 

The  original  types  of  Theda  were  T.  behilce^  T.  spiJii^  and 
T.  querciis ;  and  Dr.  Scudder  and  other  recent  authors  have 
agreed  with  me  in  accepting  Papilio  splni^  Denis  and  Schif- 
fermiiller,  as  the  type. 

This  genus  includes  our  smaller  tailed  Hair-streaks,  of 
which  there  are  three  species  in  Britain,  and  several  others 
on  the  Continent,  and  in  Northern  Asia.     Most  of  these  are 

*  As  tliis  character,  besides  being  subject  to  exceptions,  would  separate 
closely-allied  genera,  I  do  not  regard  it  ar  of  Sub-family  importance. 


TIIECLA.  49 

brown,  with  one  or  more  orange  spots  towards  the  anal  angle 
of  the  hind-wings  beneath,  and  with  white  lines  on  the  under 
side,  which  has  given  rise  to  the  name,  "  Hair  streaks,"  by 
which  they  are  popularly  known.  They  have  also  a  filiform 
tail  on  the  hind-wings.  They  are  small  Butterflies,  measuring 
from  an  inch  to  nenrly  an  inch  and  a  quarter  across  the  wings. 
The  genus  obtains  its  maximum  of  development  in  Tropical 
America,  but  is  not  represented  in  the  tropics  of  the  Old 
World. 

The  antennas  are  more  or  less  distinctly  clubbed,  the  eyes 
are  naked  and  finely  hairy,  and  the  palpi  are  rather  long. 
'J1ie  fore-wings  are  short,  broad,  and  triangular,  with  the  sub- 
costal nervure  three-branclied,  the  first  two  branches  rising 
before  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  the  third  running  to  the  rather 
pointed  tip  of  the  wing.  The  hind- wings  are  rounded  and 
generally  tailed.  The  larv?e  generally  feed  on  trees  and  shrubs; 
and  the  Butterflies  are  usually  to  be  found  flying  about  their 
food-plants,  or  frequenting  brambles  and  other  flowers  grooving 
in  bushy  places. 

I.    THE    PALE    BROWN    HAIR-STREAK.       THECLA    SPINI. 

rapilio  spini,  Denis  &  Schiffermiiller,  Syst.  Verz.  Schmctt 
Wien,  p.  iS6,  no.  6  (1776);  Fabricius,  Mant.  Ins.  ii.  \). 
68,  no.  651  (1787) ;  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  fig.  376,  377 

(1803  ?).     _ 

Folyoinmatus  sp'uii^   Godart,    Enc,  Meth.   ix.  p.   650,  no.    116 

(1823). 
Thccla  spi?u\  Stephens,  III.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust,  i.  p.  78  (1828)  j 

Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,   p.   60    (1879)  >  Lang, 

Butterflies  Eur.  p.  76,  pi.  xvii.  fig.  2  (1881). 
Papilio  quercus^  var.     Esper,    Schmett.    i.   (i),   pi.   39,    fig.   3 

(1777). 

10  R 


5^  Llovj;'s  natural  history. 

Papilio  lynceus,  Esper,  I.e.  p.  356(1777);  Hiibner,  r  <:.  figS 
674,  675,692,  C93  (1803  ?). 

This  species,  which  is  the  type  of  the  genus,  measures 
rather  less  than  an  inch  and  a  quarter  across  the  wings,  which 
are  brown,  generally  with  one  or  two  orange  spots  near  the 
anal  angle  of  the  hind-wings  in  the  male,  and  more  in  the 
female  ;  the  hind  wings  have  a  slender  filiform  tail,  tipped  with 
white.  On  the  under  side  a  white  line  runs  across  all  the 
wings,  considerably  beyond  the  middle,  which  is  strongly  W- 
shaped  towards  the  inner-margin  of  the  hind-wings  There  is 
also  a  white  sub-marginal  line  on  the  hind-wings,  en  which 
rests  a  row  of  orange  spots,  marked  outside  with  black,  and 
towards  the  anal  angle  is  a  large  blue  spot,  which  is  the  most 
characteristic  marking  in  this  species. 

The  larva  is  green,  with  two  yellow  lateral  lines,  and  a  dark 
dorsal  streak,  spotted  with  pink.  It  is  found  in  June,  and 
feeds  on  biack-thorn,  from  which  it  derives  its  name,  and  also 
on  white-thorn. 

The  Butterfly  is  found  in  June  and  July  in  bushy  places.  It 
is  common  in  many  parts  of  Central  and  Southern  Europe, 
and  Northern  Asia,  but  is  somewhat  local.  It  has  been 
erroneously  reputed  British. 

II.    THE    V/HITE    LETTER    HAIR-STREAK.  THECLA    W-ALBUM. 

{Plate  XLI.    Fig.  3,4.) 

Papilio  p)runi^  (nee   L.),  Lewin,  Ins.   Brit.   i.  pi.  44,  figs,   i,  2 

(1795;  ;  Haworth,  Lepid.  Brit.  p.  '^'^,  no.  48  (1803). 
Papilio  w-album,  Knoch,   Beitr.  Ins.   ii.  p.  87,  pi.   6,  figs,  i,  2 
(1782);     Hiibner,    Eur.     Schmett.     i.    figs.     380,      381 
(1S03?). 
Polyommatus  w  album,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  648,  no.    112 

(1823). 
Thccla pruiii {y\^Q,\A\w\l),  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.p.  77 
(1828). 


TIIECLA.  51 

Tlieda  cv-alhum^  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  59 
(1879);  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  77,  pi.  xvii.  fig.  3  (1881); 
Buckler,  Larvce  of  Brit.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  i,  pi.  13, 
fig.  I  (1886). 

This  is  a  smaller  insect  than  the  last,  rarely  expanding  more 
than  an  inch  and  a  quarter.  The  upper  side  is  dark  brown 
with  a  silky  gloss,  the  fore-wings  having  a  greyish  patch 
near  the  middle.  Hind- wings  with  an  orange  spot  at 
the  anal  angle,  and  a  slender  tail  tipped  with  white. 
The  under  side  is  light  brown,  with  a  narrow  transverse, 
slightly  interrupted,  white  line,  placed  towards  the  hind- 
margin  of  the  fore-wings,  but  starting  rather  beyond  the 
middle,    on   the  hind-wings,    and  forming  two    acute  angles 


White-LcUer  ITair-streak  {Thecia  w-alhuni)  variety. 

posteriorly,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  resemble  the  letter  W. 
Behind  this  is  an  irregular  band  of  orange-red,  widest  towards 
the  anal  angle,  and  bounded  on  the  inner  side  by  a  black  line, 
which  is  sometimes  edged  internally  with  white.  The  hind- 
margin  itself  is  black.  The  Butterfly  appears  in  July.  A 
variety  is  figured  in  the  above  woodcut. 

The  larva  is  green,  with  oblique  yellowish-white  lines ;  the 
head  is  black,  and  the  body  is  clothed  with  fine  hairs.  It 
feeds  on  elm  in  May  and  June.  The  pupa  is  brown,  with  a 
white  head. 


52  Lloyd's  NAtURAL  hiStorY. 

This  Butterfly  is  widely  distributed  both  in  England,  and  on 
the  continents  of  Europe  and  Northern  Asia,  frequenting  elm 
trees  and  open  bushy  places.  But  it  is  local,  and  uncertain  in 
appearance,  and  is  rarely  common,  though  it  occasionally 
appears  in  amazing  abundance,  without  any  apparent  reason. 
Stephens'  observations  on  this  subject  have  often  been  quoted, 
but  are  sufficiently  interesting  to  be  repeated  here  in  full. 

"This  species  is  usually  esteemed  a  scarce  insect  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  London,  and  previously  to  the  last  season  I 
never  saw  it  alive  ;  but  the  boundless  profusion  with  which  the 
hedges,  for  miles,  in  the  vicinity  of  Ripley,  were  enlivened  by 
the  myriads  that  hovered  over  every  flower  and  bramble- 
blossom  last  July  [1827],  exceeded  anything  of  the  kind  I  have 
ever  witnessed  ;  some  notion  of  their  numbers  may  be  formed 
when  I  mention  that  I  captured,  without  moving  from  the  spot, 
nearly  200  specimens  in  less  than  half-an-hour,  as  they  suc- 
cessively approached  the  bramble-bush  where  I  had  taken  up 
my  position.  How  to  account  for  their  prodigious  numbers  I 
am  perfectly  unable,  as  the  same  fields  and  hedges  had  been 
carefully  explored  by  me  at  the  same,  and  different  periods  of 
the  year,  for  several  preceding  seasons,  without  the  occurrence 
of  a  single  specimen  in  either  of  its  stages  ;  and  it  is  worthy  of 
remark,  that  the  hedges  to  the  north  and  north-east  of  the 
village  were  perfectly  free,  although  the  brambles,  c^x.,  were  in 
plenty.  A  few  specimens  were  also  taken  near  Windsor,  and 
in  Cambridgeshire,  and  I  believe  near  Ipswich,  during  the 
past  season.  The  entomologists  of  this  last  town,  Mr.  Kirby 
informs  me,  do  not  esteem  it  a  scarce  insect ;  its  usual  time  of 
appearance  is  the  end  of  June,  and  sometimes  till  the  middle  of 

July." 

This  species  was  mistaken  by  tlie  older  British  ento- 
mologists for  the  next,  which  had  not  then  been  taken  in 
Britain. 


PLATE    XLI. 


/.  ?.   TJu'da  pram.. 
3.  ^.        „         w  album. 
5-6.  Callophys  riihi. 


TIIECLA.  53 

III.    THE   BLACK    HAIR-STREAK.        TIIECLA    PRUNE 
{Plate  XI J    Fi-s.    I,  2.) 
Fapilio  priuii,  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  i.  p.  432,  no.  147 
(1758);  id.  Faun.  Suec.p.  283  (1761);  Esper,  Schmett.  i. 
(0)  P-   259,  pi.    19,  ng.  3  ;  p.  353,  pi.   39;  fig.  i«  (i777) ; 
Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  386,  3S7  (1S03?). 
Polyoiuniatus  pnini^  Godart,   Enc.   Mclh.  i.  p.   647,    no.    iii 

^  (1823). 
Tliecia  prujii^  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  vi.  pi.  264  (1829);  Steph.  III. 
Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  iv.  p.  382  (1835);  Kirby,  Eur.  Butter- 
flies and  Moths,  p.  59,  pi.  15,  figs.  4^ — c  (1879)  ;  Lang, 
Butterflies  Eur.  p.  80,  pi.  18,  flg.  i  (188 1)  ;  Buckler, 
Larvae  Brit.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  i.  pi.   12,  fig.  5  (1886). 

This  is  another  dark  brown  species,  of  about  the  same  size 
as  the  last,  which  it  somewhat  resembles  ;  but  there  is  a  sub- 
marginal  orange  band  on  the  hind-wings,  and  sometimes  also 
towards  the  hinder  angle  of  the  fore-wings,  especially  in  the 
female.  The  under  side  is  lighter  brown,  with  a  bluish-white, 
slightly  irregular  line  beyond  the  middle,  which  does  not  form 
a  W-mark  on  the  hind-wings.  There  is  a  sub-marginal  orange 
band  on  all  the  wings,  bordered  with  bluish- white,  and  ac- 
companied on  the  hind-wing"^,  on  the  inner  side,  with  a  very 
distinct  row  of  round  black  dots  between  the  nervures.  The 
hind-wings  have  a  slender  tail,  as  in  the  allied  species.  The 
Butterfly  is  found  in  June. 

The  larva  (vol.  i.  pi.  3,  fig.  8)  is  green,  with  yellow  spots  and 
stripes  ;  the  head  is  small,  and  yellow.  It  feeds  on  black-thorn, 
and  perhaps  on  other  trees,  in  May. 

This  species  is  found  in  Central  Europe  and  the  Altai  Moun- 
tains, but  is  an  extremely  local  insect  in  the  midland  counties 
of  England,  the  principal  locality  being  Monks'  Wood,  in 
Huntingdonshire.     Newman  ("British   Butterflies,"  pp.    ijq, 


54  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

Ill)  states  that  specimens  of  this  Butterfly,  obtained  from  a 
collector  named  Seaman,  were  distributed  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Entomological  Club  in  September,  1S28,  under  the  impression 
that  they  were  T.  zv-albiim,  then  called  T.  pnini.  Newman 
noticed  the  difference,  and  succeeded  in  identifying  the  insect, 
upon  which  Seaman  gave  out  that  the  specimens  were  from 
Yorkshire,  which  locality  is  given  by  Curtis,  Stephens,  and 
even  Duncan,  although  Stephens  had  corrected  the  error  before 
Duncan  wrote. 

I  have  taken  this  species  in  Germany,  flying  round  detached 
sloe-bubhes,  but  not  frequently,  or  in  great  abundance.  By 
far  the  commonest  Theda  in  that  country  is  T.  ilicis,  Esper, 
which  abounds  in  every  oak-wood.  This  species  has  generally 
an  orange  blotch  towards  the  hinder  angle  of  the  fore-wings, 
and  an  orange  spot  towards  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind-wings. 
It  resembles  T.  pruni,  in  the  white  hair-streak  of  the  under 
side  not  forming  a  W,  but  differs  from  it  in  wanting  the  round 
black  spots  within  the  sub-marginal  orange  band  on  the  under 
side  of  the  hind-wings.  It  has  be:n  reputed  British,  but 
doubtless  in  error. 

GENUS    CALLOPIIRYS. 
Callophrys,  Billberg,  Enum.  Ins.  p.  80  (1820). 

This  genus  differs  from  the  oth^r  European  Theche  by  the 
absence  of  a  tail,  though  there  is  a  slight  notch  before  the  anal 
angle  of  the  hind-wings.  It  is  also  distinguished  at  once  by 
the  green  colour  of  the  under  side  of  the  wings. 

I.    THE    GREEN    HAIR-STREAK.       CALLOPHRYS    RUDL 
{Plaie  XL  I.   F(;s.  5,  6  ) 
rapilio  ruhi^  Linnreus,  Syst.   Nat.   (ed.  x.)  i.  p.  483,  no    154 
(1758);  id.  Faun.  Suec.  j).  284(1761);  Esper,  Schmett. 
i.  (i),  p.  279,  pi.  21,  fig.  2  (1777);  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett- 
i.iigs.  364,  365(1803?),  fig.  786(1818?). 


CALLOPHRYS.  55 

Polyonunatus  riibi,   Godart,   Enc.   Mcih.  ix.   p.  673,   no.    175 

^  (1S23). 
Theda   ruhi,  Stephens,  III    Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  78  (1828); 
Kirby,  Eur.   Buttcrdies  and  Moths,  p.  59,  pi.   15,  fig  3 
(1879);  Lang,    Butterflies    Eur.    p.    81,    pi.   xviii.   fig.   3 
(1881);  Buckler,  Larvce  Brit.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  i. 
p  89,  pi.  13,  fig.  3  (18S6). 
This   Butterfly  is    the    smallest    British  Plair-Streak,   rarely 
measurmg   much  more  than    an    inch  across  the  wings.     It 
is  of   a  rather   light    uniform  brown    above ;  the    hind-wings 
are  not  tailed,   but  slightly  notched   towards   the  anal  angle. 
The  under  surface  is  of  a  beautiful  green ;  and  instead  of  a 
white  line,  we,  find  a  more  or  less  distinct  and   continuous 
series  of  white  dots,  especially  on  the  hind-wings. 

The  larva  is  pubescent,  light  gieen,  or  greenish-yellow,  with 
a  row  of  triangular  yellow  spots  on  each  side,  and  a  white  line 
above  the  legs.  It  feeds  on  bramble,  broom,  and  many  other 
plants  in  July.  The  pupa  is  dark  brown,  and  hairy,  and  is 
attached  by  the  tail  and  by  a  belt  round  the  middle. 

The  Green  Hair-Streak  is  common  throughout  Europe  and 
Northern  and  Western  Asia,  and  a  closely-allied  Californian 
form  (C  dunietorum^  Boisduval)  may  not  be  truly  distinct. 
Our  species  is  found  in  April  and  May,  flying  about  the 
br '.mbles  which  grow  in  sunny  places,  on  banks,  road-sides, 
heaths,  &c.,  with  the  bright  green  opening  leaves  of  which  its 
green  under  side  harmonises  well.  In  the  south  it  is  double- 
brooded,  a  second  brood  appearing  in  August. 


I  have  figured  three  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  of  the 
multifarious  South  Amcricm  species  placed  provisionally 
under  Theda:^'     It  will  be  see  1  at  a  glance  that  they  bjlong  to 

*  Soine  of  the  more  ordinary-looking  South  American  species  exhibit 


56  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

genera  far  removed  from  our  European  species ;  and  the 
genera  under  which  they  will  probably  be  classed  are  here 
indicated,  but  without  characters  being  given. 


GENUS    PSEUDOLYC/ENA. 

rseiidolycccna^  Wallengren,  Kongl.  Vetensk.  Akad.  Forhandl. 
Stcckh.  XV.  p.  89  (1858). 

L  pseudolyc.^na  marsyas. 

[Plate  XLII.  Fi^^s.  i,  2.) 

Pa^pilio  marsyas,  Linnaeus,  Syst.   Nat.  (ed.  x.)  i.  p.  48  2,  no. 

149    (1758);    id.    IN'Ius.    Ludov.   Ulricre,   p.  315(1764); 

Clerck,   Icones,     pi.    41,    fig.    i    (1764);    Cramer,    Pap. 

Exot.  iv.pl.  332,  fig.  A,  B  (1780). 
Polyonunaius  marsyas,  Godart,  Enc.  Mt'th.  ix.  p.  620,  no.    11 

(1823). 
Tliccla  marsyas,  Staudinger,  Exot.  Sehmett.  i.  p.   2S5,  pi.  97 

(18SS). 
Tlie  present  species,  which  is  very  common  in  Tropical 
America,  is  one  of  the  largest  species  of  LyacnicUe.  found  in 
the  New  World,  expanding  about  two  inches  and  a  half,  or 
even  more.  It  is  greenish-blue  on  the  upper  side,  chniiging  in 
certain  lights  into  violet,  with  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings 
narrowly,  and  the  apical  region  broadly,  black,  lienealh,  the 
colour  is  glossy  lilac,  with  seven  or  eight  black  spots  in  while 
rings  above  and  beyond  the  discoidal  cell  in  each  wing  ;  ilie 
hind-wings  have  two  black  lines  edged  with  white  beyond  the 
spots,    the   innermost    incomplete   above ;    towards    the   anal 

curious  aberrations  of  structure  and  habits  ;  in  one  species  the  front  legs 
are  perfectly  developed  in  both  sexes,  while  anotlicr  species  has  been 
taken  at  li-ht. 


PLATE    XLII 


}.2.PseLuioLycamjCL  m/XTsjas. 
3.  4.  £venus  regalis. 


EVENUS.  57 

angle  are  two  rather  large  black  spots,  which  are  sometimes 
also  visible  on  the  upper  side. 

The  fore-wings  are  very  long  and  rather  pointed,  and  the 
hind-margin  is  very  obUque.  Towards  the  anal  angle  are  two 
tails,  the  mnermost  much  longer  than  the  other.  The  body  is 
blue  above,  and  white  beneath,  and  the  antennae  are  black, 
with  pale  rings. 

In  the  female  the  ground-colour  is  more  greenish,  and  the 
black  border  is  continued  round  all  the  wings,  though  it  is 
narrower  towards  the  apex  of  the  fore-wings. 

GENUS  EVENUS. 
Eienns^  Hiibner,  Verz.  bck.  Schmett.  p.  78  (18 16). 

I.    EVENUS    REGALIS. 

[Plale  XLII.  Figs.  3,  4.) 

Papilio  rcgalis,  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  i.  pi.  72,  figs.  E,  F  (1775). 

Papilio    endymion^    Fabiicius,    Spec.    Ins.    p.    115,     no.     506 

(1781). 
Folyonimalus  endyniion^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  622,   no.  17 

('823). 

Eiidymion    7Tgalis,    Swainson,    Zool.    Illustr.    Ins.    ii.    pi.     85 

(•833). 

TJiecIa  regalis,   Staudinger,   Exot.    Scliniett.   i.  p.   284,  pi.   97 
(1S8S). 

This  beautiful  Butterfly  is  found  in  various  parts  of  South 
America.  The  male  measures  rather  less  than  two  inches 
across  the  wings,  and  the  female  rather  more.  It  belongs  to 
one  of  the  most  gorgeous  groups  of  Tropical  American  Lyccenidcr, 
The  wings  are  of  a  very  brilliant  blue,  with  a  tinge  of  grccr, 
and  are  bordered  with  black,  rather  narrowly  in  the  male,  but 
very  broadlv  in  the  female,  which  we  have  fi.^urcd,  and  whicl) 


58  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

has  more  rounded  wings  than  her  mate.  There  is  a  large 
blood-red  spot  at  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind-wings,  which  have 
two  moderately  long  tails  of  nearly  equal  length,  which  are 
black,  tipped  with  white.  On  the  under  side  the  green  hue 
predominates,  and  the  whole  is  thickly  powdered  over  with 
gold-dust,  giving  it  a  very  rich  appearance.  All  the  wings  are 
traversed  near  the  middle  by  a  broad  black  line,  bordered  out- 
side with  pale  blue,  and  forming  a  W-shaped  pattern  on  the 
hind-wings.  Beyond  this,  on  the  hind-wings,  is  a  broad  deep- 
red,  or  ferruginous  band,  paler  towards  the  hinder  edge,  and 
sprinkled  with  blue  atoms.  Towards  the  hind-margins  the 
wings  are  darker  than  elsewhere. 

GENUS  ARCAS. 
Anas,  Swainson,  Zool.  Illustr.  Ins.  ii.  pi.  88  (1833). 

ARCAS    IMPERL^LIS. 

{P/afe  XLIIL  Figs,  i,  2.) 

Papilio   imperlalis,  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.   i.   pi.  76,  figs.  E,  F 

(1775)- 
Papilio  ve?uis,  Fabricius,  Spec.  Ins.  ii.  p.  115,  no.  507  (1781). 
Polyoniniatits  venus,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  623,  no.    20 

(1823). 
Areas  imperialis,  Swainson,  /.  c.  (1833). 
Thecla  imperialis,  Staudinger,  Exot.  Schmett.  i.  p.  2S4,  pi.  97 

(18S8). 
This  species  resembles  Pseudolyccena  inarsyas  in  having 
two  tails  on  the  hind-wings,  of  which  the  innermost  is  much 
longer  than  the  other,  but  it  differs  from  it  in  its  much  smaller 
size  (measuring  scarcely  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the  fore- 
wings),  and  the  wings  are  much  shorter,  with  the  hind-margins 
regularly  curved.     The  upper  surface  is  brilliant  blue,  with  the 


PLATE   XLIU. 


l.Z.ArccLS  iiTvperixxlis. 
S.^.Arvteros  ctchceus. 


MICANDRA. 


59 


costa  and  hind-margin  of  the  fore-wings  black,  and  with  two 
black  spots  in  the  cell  in  the  male.  On  the  under  surface  the 
colour  is  green,  richly  glossed  with  golden-yellow,  and  the 
anterior  portion  of  the  hind-wings  transversely  streaked  with 
narrow  black  marks.     The  tails  are  wholly  black. 

It  is  found  in  Surinam,  and  in  other  parts  of  South  and 
Central  America. 

There  are  several  other  well-marked  Tropical  American 
genera  more  distantly  allied  to  Thecla,  of  which  I  shall  only 
mention  two. 

GENUS  MICANDRA. 
Micandra^  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  265  (1892). 
An  insect  of  very  remarkable  form,  with  the  fore-wings  very 
short  and  broad,  the  costa  strongly  arched,  and  the  hind- 
margin  rounded  outwards,  so  that  the  hinder  angle  is  actually 
further  from  the  base  than  the  apex.  The  hind-wings  are 
tailless,  much  rounded,  and  considerably  broader  than  the 
fore-wings,  though  about  equally  long. 

MICANDRA    PLATYPTERA. 

Pseud olyaena  platyptera^  Felder,  Reise   d.  No  vara,   Lepid.  ii. 

p.  246,  no  285,  pi.  28,  figs.  6,  7  (1865). 
Micandra platyptera^  Staudinger,  Exot    Schmett.  i.  p.  288,  pi. 

97  (1886). 

The  fore-wings  are  shining  greenish-blue  in  the  male,  with  a 
black  border,  narrowing  to  the  hinder  angle.  In  the  middle 
is  a  very  large  conical  patch  of  dull  greyish-blue  scales,  with  the 
pointed  end  directed  towards  the  base.  The  hind-wings  are  of 
the  same  blue,  with  the  costa,  and  more  narrowly,  the  hind- 
margin,  except  towards  the  anal  angle,  black.  On  the  under 
side  the  fore-wings  are  blue,  with  the  costa  and  hind  margin 
bordered  with  black  ;  the  hind-wings  are  blackish,  covered  with 
slender  white  interrupted  serpentine  lines. 


6o  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

This  curious  species  has  been  found  in  Venezuela,  Colombia^ 
and  Peru. 

The  following  genus  diverges  still  more  from  llieda^  and  at 
one  time  it  was  proposed  to  separate  it  as  a  distinct  Family. 

GENUS    EUMrEUS. 

Eumceus^  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  67  (1816) ;  West- 
wood,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  469  (1852)  ;  Scha'z  & 
Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  266  (1892). 

Eiimenia,  Lateille,  Enc.  Melh.  ix.  p.  826  (1823). 

These  are  rather  large  Butterflies,  generally  expanding  two 
inches  or  more.  They  are  more  robustly  formed  than  in 
Thecla^  with  broad  rounded  wings,  not  tailed  or  dentated.  The 
pattern  is  quite  dissimilar  from  that  of  Thecla^  being  black,  or 
blue-black,  with  blue  or  green  markings,  consisting  of  a  broad 
band  on  the  fore-wings,  and  at  least  one  row  of  large  sub-marginal 
spots  on  the  hind-wings ;  beneath,  the  wings  are  ornamented 
with  at  least  three  sub-marginal  rows  of  spots  on  the  hind- 
wings  ;  and  sometimes  the  whole  surface  of  all  the  wings  is 
spotted.  The  species  inhabit  Central  America  and  the  West 
Indies. 

The  young  larva  is  cylindrical  and  tuberculate;  the  full- 
grown  larva  is  much  flattened,  but  longer  than  usual  in  larvce  of 
this  Family ;  the  pupa  is  stout,  arched,  and  rounded. 

The  type  is 

EUM^US    MINYAS. 

Riisticus  adolescens  minyas,  Hiibner,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett.  i. 

pL  97  (1805?) 
Eiimcnia  toxea,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  826  (1823);  Lucas, 

Lep.  Exot.  p.  143,  pi.  79,  fig.  2  (1835). 
This  species  is  blue-black  above,  more  or  less  broadly  greenish- 
blue  at  the  base  (the  hind-margins  being  always  black^,  and 


MypolvC/ena.  6i 

is  black  beneath.  It  has  three  sub-marginal  rows  of  golden- 
green  spots  on  the  hind-wings,  both  above  and  below,  and 
there  is  an  orange  blotch  on  the  middle  of  the  hind-margin  of 
the  hind-wings  beneath  ,  the  abdomen  is  also  orange  beneath, 
except  at  the  base. 

It  expands  two  inches  or  more,  and  is  found  in  Mexico  and 
Honduras. 


Only  four  Old-World  genera,  besides  Thccla,  are  included 
by  Schatz  and  Rober  as  belong! iig  to  the  section  with  the 
sub-costal  nervure  three-branched.  They  are  rather  small  and 
delicate  Butterflies,  generally  with  two  or  three  long  slender 
tails  on  the  hind-wings ;  and  the  wings  have  sometimes 
metallic  markings  on  the  under  side.  We  may  notice  the 
two  most  important  genera. 

GENUS   HYPOLYC^ENA. 

Ilypolyaxna^  Felder,  Wiener  Ent  Monatschrift,  vi.  p.  293 
(1862);  Hewitson,  lUustr.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  48  (1865); 
Schatz  &  Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  265  (1892). 

A  rather  extensive  and  wide-ranging  genus,  inhabiting  the 
Indo-  and  Austro-Malayan  Regions  and  Africa.  It  consists  of 
blue  or  brown  insects,  not  unlike  the  typical  European  species 
of  Thecla  in  shape  and  appearance,  and  generally  measuring 
about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  across  the  wings,  and  having  two 
tails  on  the  hind-wings,  either  of  considerable  length,  in  which 
case  one  (usually  the  innermost)  is  longest  ;  or  equal,  and  of 
more  moderate  length.  There  are  generally  two  or  more 
black  spots,  frequently  ocellated,  at  the  base  of  the  tails.  The 
fore-wings  are  sub-triangular. 

//.  lara  (Linn.),  is  a  small  and  somewhat  aberrant  species 
found  in  Eas^  Mrica,  from  Abyssinia  to  the  Cai)e,  measuring 


62  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

about  an  inch  across  the  wings,  which  are  gHstening  pale 
ferruginous,  with  a  row  of  large  black  sub-marginal  eyes  in 
black  rings  in  the  lower  part  of  all  the  wings.  The  anal  ang^e 
of  the  hind-wings  is  slightly  produced,  but  not  tailed.  The 
larva  is  described  by  Mr.  Trimen  as  very  broad  and  thick, 
slightly  narrower  and  thinner  posteriorly;  head  very  small. 
It  is  green,  with  a  lake-red  head  and  dorsal  line,  and  feeds  on 
Cotyledon  cuncatum.  The  pupa  is  robust,  rounded,  and  rather 
tapering  behind  ;  it  is  rather  darker  green  than  the  larva,  with 
a  faint  red  line  on  the  hinder  half  of  the  back  of  the  abdomen  ; 
it  is  attached  to  the  under  side  of  a  leaf,  head  downwards. 
"  Mrs.  Barber  gave  me  the  name  of  the  larva's  food-plant ; 
and  it  is  interesting  to  observe  in  her  drawing  how  clearly  the 
green  red-edged  colouring  of  the  insect  accords  with  that  of 
the  Cotyledon  "  (Trimen). 

Dr.  Scudder  appears  to  have  mistaken  the  type  of  this 
species  (a  very  unusual  error  in  such  a  careful  and  painstaking 
compilation  as  his  "  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Generic  Names 
Proposed  for  Butterflies  "),  and  quotes  only  the  three  species 
described  by  Felder,  without  any  reference  to  the  preceding 
remarks,  commencing :  "  Diversitatem  AT.  [A/yrinoi]  ery/i] 
Godt.  et  affinium  {sipy/i,  Feld.,  csto/i,  Fabr.)"  &c.  Felder 
also  refers  to  a  preceding  note  relative  to  his  Afyrina  t/iec/oides, 
which  commences,  "  Species  haec  et  ejus  affines,  3f.  ery/i/s, 
Godt.  et  sipylus^  Feld.,  a  Myidnis  palporum  articulo  secundo 
capite  breviore,  tertio  longo  aciculari  arcuato  antennisque 
graciliter  dentatis  recedunt."  I  infer  from  this  that  Folder 
regarded  the  following  species  as  the  type  of  his  genus. 

IIYPOLYC/ENA    ERYLUS. 

Polyommatus  eryliis,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix. p. 633, no. 60 (1823). 
Amhlypodia  erylus,  Horsf.  Cat.  Lep.  E.  Ind.  Go's.  Mus.  p.  1 1 1, 
no.  43  (1829). 


AXIOCERSES.  63 

liypotycaila  erylus,  Hewitson,  Illustr.  Diuni.  I.cpid.  p.  49,  no. 

I,  pi.  21,  figs.  I,   2,  4  (1866);  Distant,  Rhop.  INIalay.  p. 

285,  pi   20,  figs.  5,  6  (1885);  Staudinger,  Exot.  Schmett. 

i.  p.  282,  pi.  96  (18S6). 
This  species,  which  expands  from  i^  to  ij^  inches,  is 
common  throughout  the  Indo-Malayan  Region,  from  India  to 
Celebes.  The  male  is  of  a  deep  blue,  with  rather  narrow 
black  borders,  and  a  black  patch  of  scales  at  the  end  of  the 
cell  ,  the  frmges  of  the  hind-wings  are  white  ;  towards  the 
anal  angle  is  a  black  spot  bordered  with  white.  Under  side 
greenish-grey,  with  a  double  dark  line  at  the  end  of  each  cell, 
followed  by  a  common  brown  stripe,  edged  on  both  sides  wiih 
paler  brown,  and  angulated  towards  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind- 
wings,  where  there  are  two  rather  long  slender  tails,  on  each 
side  of  the  base  of  which  are  two  black  spots,  more  or  less 
surrounded  with  white  and  orange.  The  female  is  brown 
above,  with  a  sub-marginal  row  of  black  spots  partly  surrounded 
with  orange,  white,  and  black  towards  the  anal  angle  of  the 
hind-wings.  The  under  surface  is  nearly  similar  to  the 
male. 

GENUS   AXIOCERSES. 

Axiocerses,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  72  (18 16). 
Chrysorychia,  Wallengren,  Lepid.  Rhop.  Caffr.  p.  44  (1857): 
Trimen,  South  African  Butteiflies,  ii.  p.  161  (1887). 
This  genus  includes  a  few  African  Butterflies  of  small  size, 
measuring  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  quarter  a  ross  the 
wings.  They  are  rather  stout,  hairy  insects,  of  a  brown  or 
black  colour,  with  more  or  less  of  the  surface  of  the  wings  red 
or  orange.  The  fore-wings  are  sub-triangular,  and  the  anal 
angle  of  the  hind-wings  is  produced  into  a  lobe.  The  under 
surface  of  the  wings  is  more  or  less  varied  wiih  small  metallic 
golden  or  silvery  spots. 


0+  Lloyds  natural  tiisTORV. 

The  type  of  the  genus  is 

AXI0CERSE3    PERION. 

Papilio  pe?'ion,   Cramer,   Pap.   Exot.    iv.    pi.   379,    figs.  B,  C 

(17S1). 

This  is  a  red  Butterfly,  expanding  an  inch  and  a  quarter 
across  the  fore- wings,  and  with  a  rather  long  slender  tail  on 
the  hind-wings.  In  the  fore-wings  the  costa  and  hind-margin 
are  broadly  black,  and  there  are  two  black  bands  across  the 
red  part  of  the  wing.  The  hind-wings  are  narrowly  bordered 
with  black,  and  have  a  third  short  black  band  nearer  the  base 
than  the  others.  The  under  side  is  brown,  with  a  sub-mar- 
ginal row  of  small  golden  spots,  and  a  similar  sub-costal  row 
on  the  fore-wings.  There  are  also  three  or  four  irregular  rows 
of  larger  transverse  golden  spots  on  all  the  wings. 

The  locality  given  by  Cramer  is  Surinam  ;  but  the  Butterfly 
is  probably  a  native  of  West  Africa. 

B.  Siih-costal  nennire  tisiiaUy  four-hranchcdj^ 
This  section  includes  most  of  the  typical  Old-World 
LyccEfiidcc.  Most  of  the  genera  are  tailed,  and  marked  with 
ocellated  spots  beneath.  The  section  is  sparingly  represented 
in  North  America  by  a  few  species  belonging  to,  or  allied  to, 
European  genera ;  and  in  Tropical  America  we  meet  with  only 
a  very  few  species  allied  to  Plehehis ;  the  Lyccciiidce  (except 
so  far  as  regards  species  allied  to  TJiccIa)  being  almost  entirely 
replaced  in  Tropical  America  by  the  allied  Family  Le/noniidie. 

GENUS   ZEPIIYRUS. 
Ruralis,  Barbut,  Gen.  Ins.  p.  179(1781). 

Zephynis,  Dalman,  K.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  Stockh.  xxxvii.  pp.  62, 
yo  (1816);  Wallengren,  Lepid.  Skand.  Rhop.p.  171  (1857); 
De  Niceville,  Butterflies,  Ind.  iii.  p.  299  (1S90)  ;  Schatz  & 
Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  267  (1892). 
*  Vide  supri),  p.  48. 


PLATE    XLIV. 


7_J.    Zephyrus  hetulce^. 
4-6.  „  quercus. 


ZEPHYRUS.  65 

Dipsas,    Westwood,     Gen.    Diurn.    Lepid.    p.    479    (1852)  ; 

Hewitson,  111.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  64  (1868). 
Auroiis\  Dalm.  /.  c.  pp.  d^i^  90(1816). 

The  type  of  Zephyrus  is  Z  betulcj^,  and  that  of  Aurotis  is 
Z.  qiteniis.  Ruralis^  used  by  Barbut  for  Z.  betulcc^  is  hardly 
admissible  as  a  generic  name. 

Antennae  with  a  long,  gradually-formed  club  ;  palpi  short 
and  slender,  hairy  and  scaly ;  eyes  hairy.  Fore-wings  with  the 
sub-costal  nervure  four-branched,  the  two  first  branches  thrown 
off  before  the  end  of  the  cell,  the  two  last  forming  a  small  fork 
at  the  apex ;  upper  radial  nervule  branching  from  the  sub- 
costal nervure  a  little  beyond  the  cell ;  fore-wings  often  with 
a  patch  of  raised  scales  in  the  male. 

This  is  a  Paloearctic  genus  of  limited  extent,  ranging  as 
far  as  Northern  India  and  California.  There  are  only  two 
European  species,  which  are  considerably  larger  and  more 
robust  than  the  species  of  Thecla.  The  genus  attains  its 
maximum  of  development  in  Northern  India,  China,  and 
Japan.  The  colours  are  blue^  green,  orange,  or  brown,  and 
the  sexes  generally  differ  considerably,  which  is  not  the  case  in 
Thecla. 

The  pupa  of  this  genus  is  smooth,  and  appears  not  to  be 
attached,  but  to  be  placed  on  or  under  ihe  surface  of  the 
ground,  among  leaves. 

The  type  is 

I.    I  HE    BROWN    HAIR-STREAK.       ZEPHYRUS    BETUL.^. 
{Plate  XLIV.  Figs,   i  d",  2  ?  ,  3  nnJer-sidc.) 
Papilio  betuliB,  Linnaeus,   Syst.   Nat.    (cd.  x.)  i.  p.  482,  no.  146 
(1758)  ;  id.  Faun.  Suec.  p.  282  (1761);  Esper,  Schmctt.  i. 
(i)p.  256,  pi.  19,  fig.  I  (1777);  Hiibncr,  Eur.   Schmctt. 
i- figs.  383-385(1803?). 

10  F 


66  IXOYDS    NATURAL    HISTCRY. 

Polyotnmatus  hetulce^  Godart,  Enc.    Meth.  ix.  p.  647,  no.  no 

(1823). 
Thecla  betuhe,  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  75  (1828) ; 
Lang,   Butterflies  Eur.  p.  75,  pi  xvii.  fig.    i  (1881);  Bar- 
rett, Lepid.   Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  43,  pi.  7,  fig.  2,  2^-^(1892); 
Buckler,    Larvae  Brit.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  i.    p.   184, 
pi.  12,  fig.  4  (1886). 
Zephynis  betuhe,  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  58,  pi. 
15,  figs.  5^,  b  (1879). 
The  Brown   Hair-streak  measures  an  inch  and  a  half  across 
the  wings,   which  are  of  a  dark  silky  brown   above,   with  a 
blackish    discoidal    patch  in  the  male,    usually   with  a  faint 
yellowish  band  beyond  it ;  in  the  female  the  latter  is  replaced 
by  a  broad  curved  orange  band.     The    hind-wmgs    in  both 
sexes  are  clothed  with  fine  silky  hairs  towards  the  inner-margin, 
and  the  tail  and   the  slightly  projecting  anal  angle  are  marked 
wuth    orange-yellow      The  under  side  is  dull  orange,   with  a 
deeper  coloured  marginal  line,  most  distinctly  marked  on  the 
hind-wings ;  and  with  two  narrow  transverse  undulating  white 
lines  edged  with  black,  the  anterior  one  abbreviated,  and  form- 
ing only  a  dusky  streak   on  the  fore-wings,  edged  with  white. 
The  antennae  are  ringed  with  while,  and  the  club  of  the  antennae 
is  tipped  with  ferruginous.     The  Butterfly  appears  about  the 
end  of  July,  or  the  beginning  of  August. 

The  larva  is  green,  with  longitudinal  white  lines  and  oblique 
yello.vish  ones  between  them.  It  feeds  on  birch,  blackthorn, 
plum,  and  other  trees,  in  spring ;  the  pupa  is  brown. 

The  Brown  Hair-streak  is  a  very  common  Butterfly  through- 
out Europe  and  Northern  and  Western  Asia ;  it  is  widely 
distributed  in  England  and  the  south  of  Ireland,  but  is  rarely 
abundant,  except  in  certain  localities  in  the  south.  It  is  found 
along  hedgerows  and  about  bushes,  and  is  liable  to  be  over- 
looked on  the  wing  amongst  a  crowd  of  Epiiiephek  ja?iira  and 


2i:pii\rus.  67 

Jli/'parckia  hyperant/ms,  which  often  fly  in  tiie  same  localities, 
and  which  are  still  plentiful  when  it  appea  s. 

II.    THE    rURPLE    IIAIR-STREAK.       ZEPIIYRUS    QUERCUS. 
[JVafr  XLIV.  Fig.  4c^,5?,  6  uudcr-side.) 
Papilio  quercus,  Linnceus,    Syst.   Nat.  (ed.    x.)  i.  p.  482,    no. 

148  (1758);    id.   Faun.  Sjcc.  p.   283  (1761);    id.   Mus. 

Lud.  Ulr.  p.  314(1764);  Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (i)  p.  262,  pi. 

19,  fig.  2  (1777);  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  368-370 

(1803^). 
Polyominafus  quercus^  Godart,  Enc.  Mith.  ix.  p.   651,  no.  117 

^  (1823). 
Thecla  betuhe,  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  76  (1828)  ; 

Lang.    Butterflies    Eur.    p.    81,    pi.    18,    fig.    2    (1881); 

Buckler,  Larvce  of  Brit.   Butterflies  and  Moths,  i.  p.  185, 

pi.  13,  fig.   2  (1886);  Barrett,  Lepid.   Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.   51, 

pi.  8,  figs.  3,  3^-^(1892). 
Zephyrus  quernis,   Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  58, 

pi.  15,  fig.  6  (1879). 

The  Purple  Hair-streak  is  rather  smaller  than  the  last 
species,  rarely  expanding  more  than  an  inch  and  a  half  across 
the  wings. 

The  male  is  purplish-blue  above,  with  a  narrow  black 
border.  The  female  is  brown,  with  a  rich  purple  blotch 
reaching  half  across  the  front  part  of  the  fore-wings,  and 
beneath  nearly  to  the  hinder  angle.  On  the  under  side  the 
wings  are  of  a  light  silky  grey,  traversed  by  a  continuous 
undulating  white  streak,  edged  with  brown  anteriorly;  be- 
yond this  there  is  a  double  row  of  faint  whitish  crescents,  with 
a  few  dusky  dots  on  the  fore-wings,  and  the  hind-wings  are 
ornamented  with  two  fulvous  spots,  one  at  the  anal  angle,  ard 
the  other  forming  an  ocellus  with  a  yellow  iris  and  a  black 
pupil.     The  Butterfly  appears  in  July  and  August. 


68  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

The  larva  is  brownish-green,  with  a  dark  brown  head,  and 
pinkish  dots  on  the  back ;  it  is  sometimes  tinged  with  reddisii. 
It  feeds  on  oak,  and  is  full-grown  in  June. 

The  Purple  Hair-streak  is  common  throughout  Europe  and 
Western  Asia,  and  is  the  only  Hair-streak  except  Callophrys 
rubi  which  is  considered  common  in  the  British  Islands ;  it 
appears,  however,  to  be  rare  in  most  parts  of  Scotland.  It 
is  always  met  w^ith  flying  round  oak  trees,  and  sitting  on  the 
leaves. 

Several  other  alHed  species  are  found  on  the  continent  feed- 
ing on  oak,  besides  Zephyrus  quercus.  One  of  these  is  Thecla 
ilicis  (Esper),  to  which  we  have  already  alluded  {antea^  p.  54), 
and  another  is  a  much  rarer  and  more  local  insect,  found  only 
in  Southern  Europe,  LcEosopis  robo7'is  (Esper),  which  is  about 
the  same  size  as  Z.  quercus  and  much  resembles  it,  being 
purplish-brown  above  in  the  male,  but  the  hind-wings  are  tail- 
less, and  instead  of  "  hair-streaks  "  beneath,  we  find  rows  of 
sub-marginal  orange  and  white  spots,  separated  by  a  row  of 
black  dots. 

We  will  now  consider  a  series  of  beautiful  and  interesting 
genera  allied  to  Thecla  and  Zephyrus,  and  mostly  including 
tailed  species,  which  inhabit  the  tropical  regions  of  the  Old 
World. 

GENUS   HELIOPHORUS. 
Heliophorus,  Geyer,  in  Hiibner,  Zutr.  Exot.  Schmett.  iv.  p.  40 

(1832). 

Ilerda,  Doubleday,  List  Lepid.  Ins.  Brit.  Mus.  ii.  p.  25  (1847); 

Hewitson,  Illustr.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  57  (1865);  Schatz  & 

Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  267  {1892);  De  Niceville,  Butt. 

Ind.  iii.  p.  322  (1890). 

A  genus  of  small  extent,  confined  to   the    Indo-Malayan 

ilegion.  and  mo  t  numerous  in  North  India.     They  are  tailed 


HEI.IOPHORUS.  69 

Species,  resembling  Zephyrus^  but  recognisable  at  once  by  the 
very  characteristic  colouring  of  the  under  side.  The  males  are 
generally  blue,  green,  or  coppery  above  (at  least  at  the  base), 
with  black  borders,  and  often  with  a  sub-marginal  orange-red 
band  (or  rather  a  row  of  connected  lunules  above  black  spots) 
on  the  hind-wings  ;  and  the  females  are  brown,  with  a  short 
transverse  orange  bar  on  the  fore-wings,  and  a  sub-marginal 
orange  band,  as  in  the  males  ;  the  fringes  are  spotted  with 
black  and  white.  The  under  side  is  of  a  peculiar  greenish- 
yellow,  with  obsolete  (if  any)  markings,  except  towards  the 
margins.  Towards  the  hinder  angle  of  the  fore  wings  are  one  or 
two  black  spots  surrounded  with  white,  and  sometimes  edged 
within  with  a  white  line ;  the  hind-wings  have  a  sub-marginal 
orange-red  band  bordered  within  with  white,  of  which  there  is 
sometimes  a  trace  on  the  fore-wings  also.  The  species  are  most 
easily  distinguished  by  the  different  colours  of  the  upper  side 
in  the  male. 
The  type  is 

HELIOPHORUS    EPICLFS. 

Polyoniniatus  epides,  Godart,  Enc.   Meth.  ix.  p.  666,  no.   109 

(1823). 
Thecla  epicks,  Horsfield,  Cat.  Lep.  Mus.  E.  I.  C.  p.  92,  no.  25, 

pi.  I,  fig.  3  (1829). 
Ikrda  epicles,  Hewitson,    Illustr.   Diurn.   Lepid.  p.   58,   no.  4 

(1865);  De  Niceville,  Butterflies,  Ind.  iii.  p.   225  (1890); 

Leech,  Butterflies  of  China,  Japnn,  and  Corea,  p.  418, 

pi.  30,  fig.  6  (1893). 
Heliophorus  bele?tus,  Geyer,  in  Hiibner,  Zutr.  Exot.  Schmett. 

iv.  p.  40,  figs.  785,  786  (1832). 
This  is  one  of  the  commonest  species  of  the  genus  through- 
out Northern   India,   Burma,   Java,  and  parts   of  China.     It 
measures  rather  less  than  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the  wings, 


7^  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORV. 

wliich  are  brown,  richly  shot  with  violet  in  the  male,  vvhich  is 
sometimes  marked  with  an  orange  spot  in  the  middle  of  the 
fore-wings.  The  female  is  brown,  with  an  orange  spot,  vary- 
ing considerably  in  size  and  shape,  on  the  fore-wings,  and  a 
reddish-orange  border  on  the  hind-wings,  also  visible  in  the 
male  towards  the  anal  angle.  The  orange-red  border  on  the 
under  side  of  the  hind- wings  is  variable  in  breadth. 

GENUS    lALMENUS. 

lalnicnws,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  75  (18 16);  Hewitson, 

lllustr.   Diurn.    Lepid.   p.   53   (1865);   Schatz  &  Rober, 

Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  268  (1892). 

The   types  of  this  genus  are  Australian  species,  somewhat 

resembling  Heliophorus,  but  much  larger,  and  with  spots  at  the 

ends  of  the  cells.     The  colours  are  also  different. 

The  type  is 

L\LMENUS    EVAGORAS. 

Papilio  evai^oras,   Donovan,    Ins.   New  Holl.    i)l.    30,    fig.    i 

(1805). 
lalmemis  evagoras,  Hiibner,  Zutr.   Ex.   Schmett.    i.  figs.    175, 

176  (1818) ;  Staudinger,  Exot.  Schmett.  i.  p.  274,   pi.   95 

(1886). 
lal menus  evagoras,  Anderson  and  Spry,  Victorian  Butterflies, 

p.  97  (1894). 
Myriiia    evjgoras^    Godart,    Enc.    Meih.    ix.    p.    593,    no.    3 

(1823). 

Tiiis  species,  which  is  not  uncommon  in  Austraha,  measures 
about  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the  wings,  which  are  of  a 
silvery-green  above  in  the  male  (paler  in  the  female),  with 
broad  black  borders,  and  a  black  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  of 
the  fore-wings,  and  a  bbck  streak  at  the  end  of  that  of  the 
hind  wings.     Towards  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind-wings,  near 


DEUDORIX.  7  I 

the  base  of  the  slender  tail,  which  is  longer  than  in  Zephyrus 
or  Heiiophorus,  are  two  orange  spots,  separated  by  a  cluster  of 
blue  atoms.  The  under  side  is  yellowish-ashy,  with  some 
blackish  spots  in  and  near  the  cell,  and  a  dusky  line  beyond, 
forming  a  W  above  the  two  orange  spots  at  the  anal  angle, 
which  are  well-marked  bolh  above  and  below.  The  hind- 
margins  are  black,  preceded  by  a  double  reddish  line,  and  the 
tails  are  black,  tipped  with  white.  The  antennae  are  black,  ringed 
with  grey,  and  the  body  is  ashy  above,  and  yellowish  beneath. 
"The  larv?e  feed  gregariously  on  various  species  of  wattle, 
and  are  invariably  attended  by  ants  ;  they  seem  to  prefer  young 
or  stunted  trees.  The  chrysalides  are  placed  side  by  side  on  a 
common  web  "  {Anderson  and  S/>ry).  According  to  the  figure, 
the  larva  appears  to  be  furnished  with  four  rows  of  short  fleshy 
spines. 

GENUS    DEUDORIX. 
Daidorix,  Hewitson,  Illustr.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  i6  (186.3);  Dis- 
tant, Rhop.   Malayana,  p.   277  (1885);  Schatz  &   Rober, 
Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  268  (1892). 
A  considerable  number  of  species,  inhabiting  various  parts 
of  the  tropics  of  the  Old  World,  are  referred  to  this  genus, 
which  includes  moderately-sized  species  with  triangular  fore- 
wings,  as  in  Theda,  and  a  conspicuous  lobe  at  the  anal  angle 
cf  the  hind-wings,  and  a  short  tail  near  it.     The  species  are  of 
various  colours  :  brown,  blue,  red,  or  partly  white  above,  and 
brown,  green,  yellow,  &c.,  below,  with  no  specially  character- 
istic markings,  except  that  the  lobe  at  the  anal  angle  of  the 
hind-wings  is  generally  marked  with  a  black  spot  beneath. 

The  following  species  may  be  regarded  as  the  type  : — 

DEUDORIX    EPIJARBAS. 

Dipsas  epijarbas,  Moore,  Cat.  Lepid.  Ins.  Mus.  E.  [.  C.  i.  p.  32, 

no.  40  (1857). 


72  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

Deudorix  epijarhas^  Hewitson,  Illustr.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  20, 
pi.  7,  figs.  16-18  (1863);  Staudinger,  Exot.  Schmett.  i.  p. 
278,  pi.  98  (18S8). 

This  species,  which  is  common  in  India,  and  is  also  said  to 
occur  as  far  as  Celebes,  expands  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to 
nearly  two  inches.  The  male  has  dark  brown  fore-wings,  with 
a  large  triangular  coppery-red  patch  extending  from  the  base 
nearly  to  the  hind-margin,  and  occupying  rather  more  than  half 
of  the  lower  part  of  the  wing.  The  hind-wings  are  of  a  duller  red, 
with  a  large  brown  patch  at  the  base  of  the  costa,  and  covering 
the  cell ;  the  female  is  of  a  fulvous  brown,  and  has  more 
rounded  wings.  The  under  side  is  of  a  rather  dark  brown, 
with  two  whitish  undulating  lines,  and  also  two  short  black 
lines  at  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  fore-wings.  There  are  twc 
black  spots  towards  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind-wings,  one  on 
the  lobe,  surmounted  by  a  crescent-shaped  spot  of  metallic 
green,  and  the  second  above  it,  enclosed  by  a  yellow  ring. 


Another  Indian  species,  Deudjrlx  isocrafes^  Fabricius,  is 
brown  above,  blue  towards  the  base  in  the  male,  and  with  two 
black  spots  at  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind  wings,  corresponding 
to  those  below,  on  a  pale  ground.  Tlie  under  surface  is  grey, 
with  two  short  black  lines  at  the  ends  of  the  eel's,  two  median 
lines  enclosing  a  darker  space,  and  one  or  two  more  sub-mar- 
ginal lines.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  unusual  habit  of  the  larvas, 
which  live  gregariously  in  the  interior  of  the  pomegranate. 
When  they  are  full-fed,  they  cut  a  hole  in  the  shell  of  the  fruit, 
and  spin  a  web  attaching  it  to  the  tree  to  prevent  it  falling  off, 
and  then  return  to  the  interior,  where  they  assume  the  pupa 
state.     (See  WesLwood,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  London,  ii.  p.  i,  pi.  i 

(■837-) 


lOLAUS.  73 

Other  larvae  of  tliis  genus  are  known,  but  do  not  appear  to 
exhibit  anything  unusual  in  their  habits. 

GENUS  lOLAUS. 
lolaus,  Hiibner,  Verz.    bek.    Schmctt.    p.   8i  ([816);    West- 
wood,  Gen.  Diurn.  I.epid.  p.  480  (1852);  llewitson,  111. 
Diurn.    Lcpid.    p.    40    (1865);    Schatz  &  Kober,    Exot. 
Schmett.  ii.  p.  269  (1892). 

This  is  a  genus  common  to  Africa  and  the  East  Indies, 
much  resembling  Z>£'//^^;7.r,  but  with  rather  long  palpi,  and  two 
slender  tails  on  the  hind-wings.  The  males  have  frequently  a 
tuft  of  bristles  on  the  inner-margin  of  the  fore-wings  beneath, 
and  a  corresponding  round  patch  of  scales  on  the  upper  side 
of  the  hind-wings.  The  prevailing  colours  above  are  blue  and 
black  ;  beneath  they  are  brown  or  white,  more  or  less  banded 
towards  the  hind-margins,  and  with  two  black  spots,  often 
marked  with  orange,  towards  the  anal  angle. 

The  type  is 

lOLAUS    HELIUS. 

Papilio  helius,  Fabricius,  Spec.  Ins.  ii.  p.  112,  no.  489  (1781). 
Polyofumatus  helius^   Godart,   Enc.   Meth.    ix.    p.    618,   no.    3 

(1823). 
Papilio  eurisus^  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  iii.  pi,  221,  fig.  D  (1779). 
lolaus  eurisHS,  Hewitson,   Illustr.  Diurn.   Lepid.  Suppl.  p.  40, 
^         pi.  4,  figs.  31,  32  (1869). 

!  This  Butterfly,  which  is  common  in  West  Africa,  measures 
about  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the  wings,  which  are  of  a  bright 
blue  above,  with  the  apex  of  the  fore-wings  broadly  black.  The 
hind-wings  have  three  slender  tails,  tipped  with  white.  The 
under  side  is  ashy-grey,  with  three  brown  transverse  lines ;  the 
spots  at  the  anal  angle  stand  in  rod  rings,  and  the  lower  eye  is 
bordered  behind  by  a  cluster  of  blue  atoms. 

A  South  African  species,  /.  silas,  Westwood,  is  blue  and  black 


74  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

above,  with  red  spots  at   the  anal  angle  of  the   hind-wings ; 

beneath,  it  is  white,  with  a  slender  incomplete  red  line.     The 

thick  rounded  pupa  is  remarkable   for  being  "  attached  wiih 

silk,  by  the  tail  only,  horizontally  on  the  under  side  of  a  leaf  '> 

( Jrimeii). 

GENUS   SITHON. 

S-'t/ioH,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  77  (1816);  Distant, 
Rhopalocera  Malayana,  p.  253  (1885);  Schatz  &  Rober, 
Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  269  (1892). 
Myrina,  Latr.  (nee  Fabr.)  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  pp.   11,   592   (18 19- 
1823);  Horsf.  Cat.  Lepid.  E.  I.  C.  p.  116  (1829);  West- 
wood,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lej)id.  p.  475  (1852)  ;  Hewitson,  lUustr. 
Diuin.  Lepid.  p.  27  (1863). 
The  types  of  this  genus  are  confined  to  the  Indo-Malayan 
Region,  and  may  be  known  from  their  allies  by  the  sub-costal 
neivure    of   the    fore-wings    having    only   three  branches,   the 
first  impinging  on  the  costal  nervure.     The  wings  are  rather 
short  and  broad,  and  the  hind-wings  have  a  slender  tail,  and 
the  anal  angle  produced  into  a  long  lobe. 

With  these  insects  are  frequently  associated  a  number  of 
East  Indian  and  African  Butterflies,  sometimes  called  Sithon 
or  Myrina,  varying  in  the  number  of  branches  of  the  sub-costal 
nervure ;  most  of  them  are  remarkable  for  having  a  very  long 
tail  on  the  hind-wings,  and  frequently  a  much  shorter  and  more 
slender  one  on  each  side.  The  Eastern  species  of  this  section 
have  been  divided  into  a  variety  of  genera  {Biduanda,  Cheritra^ 
&c.)  by  Distant,  Moore,  and  others.  Most  of  these  genera 
will  doubtless  be  retained  ;  but  we  have  not  space  to  discuss 
them  in  detail  here. 

The  true  type  of  the  genus  Sithon  is 

SITHON    NEDYMONDA. 

Papilio  nedymond,  Cramer,    Pap.  Exot.  iv.  pi   299,  figs.  E,   E 

(.780). 


MYRINA.  75 

Thecia   nedymond^   Horsf.  Cat.  Lepid.   E.   I.   C.  p.  96,  no.   28 

(1S29). 

Sit/ion    7iedyjJWJid,    Distant,   Rhopalocera    Malayana,    p.    253, 
pi.  22,  fig.  I  (1885);  Staudinger,  Exot.  Schmett.  i.  p.  277, 
pi.  95  (1888). 
$  (?)   TJiccIa  chi/ra,   Horsf.   /.  c.   p.   97,  no.   29,  pi.   j,  fig.   5 

(.829). 

Sithon  chifra,  Distant,  Lc.  p.  454,  pi.  23,  fig.  15  (1885). 

This  species  has  been  found  in  Java  and  Sumatra,  as  well  as 
in  the  Malay  Peninsular,  but  is  considered  very  rare  every- 
where. The  wings  are  rather  short  and  broad,  and  expand 
about  an  inch  and  a  quarter.  They  are  black,  with  a  rich 
purplish-blue  band  covering  the  whole  of  the  fore-wings,  except 
the  costa,  hind-margin,  and  the  base  of  the  inner-margin ;  and  on 
the  hind-wings  the  outer  third  is  of  the  same  blue  as  far  as  the 
tail  and  lobe,  which  remain  black.  The  under  surface  is  white, 
with  the  borders  broadly  dusky ;  towards  the  anal  angle  of  the 
hind-wings  is  a  large  fulvous  blotcli,  spotted  with  metallic  blue  ; 
above  this  a  short  dusky  stripe  runs  from  the  band  to  the 
inner-margin.  The  supposed  female,  kS*.  chih-a  (Horsf.)  is 
brown  above,  with  a  white  space  at  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind- 
wings,  containing  two  black  spots,  the  outer  one  marked  with 
blue.  The  fore-wings,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  hind-wings 
are  orange,  reddish  towards  the  base,  and  the  greater  portion  of 
the  rest  of  the  hind-wings  is  white,  with  the  spots  towards  the 
anal  angle  black,  bordered  with  blue  and  white. 

GENUS   MYRINA. 
My?ina,   Fabricius  in  Uliger,   Mag.  Insekt.  vi.  p.  286  (1807); 

Trimen,  S.  African  Butterflies,  ii.  p.  140  (1887);  Schatz  (S^ 

Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  2C9  (1892). 
Myrina,  sect.  C  Lntreille,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  pp.    i  j,   592   (1819- 

1823). 


76  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

A  genus,  the  name  of  which  was  formerly  used  to  include 
the  series  of  genera  and  species  which  we  have  discussed  under 
Sithon,  the  true  types  of  Myrina  being  included  with  those 
of  Loxura.  Myri?ia^  as  now  understood,  includes  only  a  few 
African  species  with  very  long  palpi,  gradually  thickened 
antennae,  not  distinctly  clubbed,  and  a  long  spatulate  tail.  The 
colours  are  black  and  blue  above. 

The  type  is 

MYRINA    SILENUS. 
^Plate  XL.  Fig.  3.) 

Papilio  sile?tus,  Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.  p.  531,  no.  378  (1775). 
Papilio  akides,  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  i.  pi.  96,  figs.  D,  E  (1776). 
Myrina  alcides^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  594,  no.  4  (1823). 

The  present  species,  which  expands  about  an  inch  and  three 
quarters,  is  dark  brown  above,  with  the  basal  area  of  the  wings 
shining  violet-blue,  which  colour  also  extends  to  the  borders  of 
the  hind-wings,  and  to  the  tail.  Beneath,  the  colour  is  brown 
as  far  as  the  middle  of  the  wings,  where  there  is  a  narrow  yellow 
line,  which  is  incomplete  on  the  fore-wings. 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  the  South  African  Myrina 
ficedula,  Trimen,  in  which  the  blue  colouring  of  the  fore-wings 
is  much  more  extended  than  in  M.  silenns,  and  there  is  a  dis- 
tinct ferruginous  bar  on  the  hind-margin  of  the  fore-wings.  This 
species  has  been  described  and  figured  by  many  authors  as 
identical  with  the  West  African  M.  sile?ius.  The  yellowish- 
green,  white-spotted  larva  oi  M.  ficedula  feeds  on  figs,  and  the 
short  broad  pupa  is  "attached  by  the  tail  only,  but  in  a 
horizontal  position,  to  leaves  of  the  food-plant — usually  on  the 
under  side,  or  to  its  twigs  "  {Trime?i).  Mr.  Trimen  adds, 
respecting  the  larvae  :  "  There  is  no  doubt  that  their  peculiar 
colouring  is  highly  protective,  agreeing  very  thoroughly  with 
that  of  the  terminal  green  shoots,  the  bract  and  occasional 


LOXURA.  77 

withered  portions  of  which  are  ferruginous ;  while  the  con- 
spicuous white  spots  most  completely  resemble  the  drops  of 
milk-like  sap  that  exude  from  the  stems  and  leaves  on  the 
slightest  wound.  Moreover,  both  the  larva  (when  in  a  slightly 
contracted  position)  and  the  pupa  bear  a  very  strong  resem- 
blance to  the  small,  rough,  ashy-varied  fruits  of  their  food- 
plant.  I  found  that  those  pupae  which  were  disclosed  at  large 
on  the  plants  were  much  greener  and  more  like  the  little  figs 
than  those  which  resulted  from  larvae  kept  captive  in  a  dimly- 
lighted  breeding-cage." 

GENUS  LOXURA. 
Loxiira,    ITorsfield,    Cat.    Lepid.    E.    I.    C.    p.    119  (1829); 
Westwood,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  474  (1852);  Distant, 
Rhopalocera  Malayana,  p.  280  (1885);  Schatz  &  Rober, 
Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  270  (1888). 

The  species  of  this  genus  were  formerly  placed  with  those  of 
Myrina,  which  they  resemble  in  general  appearance ;  but  they 
are  more  slender  Butte;  flies,  with  much  longer  and  slenderer 
palpi,  and  the  long  tail  is  pointed  and  not  spatulate  at  the  ex- 
tremity. They,  moreover,  inhabit  India  and  the  adjacent 
islands,  not  Africa.  The  wings  are  fulvous,  or  ochraceous, 
with  brown  or  black  borders,  and  the  type  is  Loxura  atynmus 
(Cramer),  wh'ch  is  found  almost  throughout  the  southern  part 
of  the  Indo-Malayan  region,  except,  perhaps,  in  Sumatra. 

GENUS  PHASIS. 
Fhasi's,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  73  (18 16). 
Aloeides,  Hiibner,  /.  c.  p.  73  (1816). 
Zeritis,  Boisduval,   Spec.  Gen.  Lepid,  i.  pi.  22,  fig.  6  (1836); 

Westwood,  Gen.   Diurn.  Lepid.  p.    500(1852);  Trimen, 

S.  African  Butterflies,  ii.  p.  167  (1887). 
Cigarifis,  Donzel,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  (2)  v.  p.  528  (1847); 

Lucas,  Expl.  Alger.  Zool.  iii.  p.  362  (1849). 


7 8  Lloyd's  natural  historv. 

Axiocerses^  pt.  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  337  (1871); 
Schatz  &  Rober,  Exot.  Schmett,  ii.  p.  271  (1892). 

There  are  a  considerable  number  of  African  species,  usually 
classed  under  the  names  Axiocerses  or  Zcritis^  whicli  we  may 
notice  here.  They  are  stout-bodied  insects,  and  differ  from 
true  Axiocerses  in  the  sub-costal  nervure  being  four  or  five- 
branched.  Ultimately  they  will  be  divided  into  several  genera 
(for  although  many  genera  have  already  been  separated,  the 
remainder  are  far  from  homogeneous),  for  some  of  which  the 
names  quoted  above  v.ill  be  available,  as  their  types  mostly 
represent  different  groups. 

In  general  terms  we  may  say  that  the  species  are  of  rather 
small  size,  and  of  a  coppery-red,  or  orange,  with  broad  brown 
borders.  There  is  no  tail  in  this  group,  but  the  hind-wings 
are  frequently  more  or  less  produced  at  the  anal  angle.  They 
are  sometimes  flushed  with  blue  towards  the  base ;  and  many 
of  the  species  are  marked  with  metallic  spots  beneath. 

The  type  of  Phasis  is  P.  thero  (Linnaeus),  the  largest  species 
of  the  group,  sometimes  expanding  two  inches.  It  is  dark 
brown  above,  with  eight  red  spots  on  each  of  the  fore-wings, 
one  in  the  cell,  one  beyond,  a  row  of  five  on  the  disc,  and  a 
larger  one  nearer  the  base  towards  the  inner-margin  ;  the  hind- 
wings  are  dentated  and  sub  caudate  (somewhat  as  in  LyccEua 
phlceas  (Linn.)  ),  and  the  fore-wings  are  strongly  emarginate  on 
the  hind-margin  below  the  middle.  In  fact,  the  general 
appearance  of  the  Butterfly  is  somewhat  between  a  Lycce?ia 
and  a  Lihythea.  The  under  side  of  the  fore-wings  is  fulvous, 
with  black  borders  and  markings ;  the  three  black  spots  in  the 
cell  are  centred  with  silver.  The  hind-wings  are  brown,  with 
silvery-white  spots,  one  of  which  (a  large  curved  spot  in  the 
middle)  is  very  conspicuous.  The  orange  spots  of  the  upper 
side  vary  in  size  and  number,  and  some  of  them  are  confluent 
in  the  female.     It  is  a  common  South  African  Butterfly. 


APHN^US.  79 

The  type  of  Aloeides  is  A.  pienis  (Cramer),  another  South 
African  Butterfly,  dotted  with  grey  or  yellowish  grey  at  the 
base  of  the  wings,  and  with  a  red  patch  near  the  anal  angle 
of  the  hind-wings,  and  in  the  female,  also  on  the  fore-wings. 
The  under  side  is  brown,  with  slightly  metallic  spots,  and  the 
fore-wings  are  fulvous  in  the  centre,  spotted  with  black  and  sil- 
very. The  Butterfly  has  rounded  wings,  and  expands  rather 
less  than  an  inch  and  a  half. 

The  type  of  Zeritis  is  Z.  nei-iene  (Boisduval),  a  Gaboon 
Butterfly,  expanding  about  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the  wings. 
The  upper  side  is  unfigurcd  ;  the  under  side  is  tessellated  with 
square  yellow  and  red  spots,  forming  irregular  alternate 
bands,  and  partly  separated  by  black  lines,  much  in  the  fashion 
of  a  MelitiT^a.  A  black  zig-zag  line  runs  near  the  hind-margins, 
enclosing  white  spots  on  the  fore-wings.  The  hind-wings  are 
rounded,  not  dentated  or  tailed. 

I'he  type  of  Cigaritis  is  C.  zohra,  Donzel,  a  North  African 
species  very  like  Lyccenaphheas.  It  expands  an  inch  and  a  quar- 
ter across  the  wings;  the  hind  wings  are  sub-caudate  in  the 
male,  and  have  longer  tails  in  the  female.  The  fore-w^ngs  are 
bright  coppery-red,  with  a  black  hind-marg"n,  two  short  black 
bands  in  the  cell,  and  a  sub-marginal  black  bar.d  beyond.  The 
hind  wings  are  black,  with  two  or  three  coppery  bands,  imper- 
fectly separated,  towards  the  hind-margin.  The  under  side  of 
the  hind-wings  is  dull  yellowish-green,  with  irregular  white 
markings.  These  are  not  all  the  well-marked  forms  of  this 
heterogeneous  African  group,  but  will  sufficiently  serve  to 
illustrate  it. 

GENUS  APHN^US. 

ApJuiceus,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett,  p.  8i  (1816);  Ilewit- 
son,  lUustr.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  60  (1865);  Trimen,  S. 
African  Butterflies,  ii,  p.  146(1887);  Schatz  cS:  Rober, 
Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  171  (1892). 


So  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

Spi?idasis,  Wallengr,  Lepid.  Rhop.  Caffr.  p.  45  (1857). 

This  is  a  genus  including  several  East  Indian  and  African 
species,  with  triangular  fore-wings,  and  somewhat  produced 
and  lobate  hind-wings,  furnished  with  two  slender  tails.  The 
upper  side  is  more  or  less  extensively  marked  with  blue  or 
orange  on  a  dark  ground,  and  the  under  side  is  marked  with 
transverse  bands,  more  or  less  silvery  in  the  middle,  or  with 
parallel  lines  arranged  in  pairs,  and  filled  up  with  silver.  Many 
of  the  species  are  extremely  similar.  The  larva  and  pupa  are 
more  elongate  than  is  usual  in  the  LyccEuidcB, 

The  type  is 

APHN^US    ORCAS. 

Papilio  orcas,   Drury,   Illustr.    Exot.  Ent.  iii.  pi.  34,  figs.  2,  3 

(1782). 
Hesperia  pindarus^  Fabricius,  Ent.  Syst.  ill.  (i)  p.  262,  no.  15 

(1793)- 
Papilio phidarus^  Donovan,  Ins.  India,  pi.  38,  fig.  2  (1800). 
Polyommatus  areas,   Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  645,  no.   102 

(1823). 

Aphiceus  orcas,  Hewitson,   Illustr.   Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  60,  no.  i 

(1865). 

This  Butterfly,  which  measures  an  inch  and  a  quarter  in  ex- 
panse, is  a  native  of  We^^t  Africa. 

In  the  male  the  centre  of  all  the  wings  is  of  a  shining 
greenish-blue,  with  the  costa  and  hind-margin  black.  There  are 
three  black  spots  in  the  cell  of  the  fore-wings,  and  two  red 
spots  at  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind-wings.  The  under  side  is 
of  a  yellowish-grey,  with  broad  silvery  blotches  and  bands 
bordered  with  chocolate-brown.  On  the  lobe  at  the  anal  angle 
of  the  hind-wings  is  a  large  black  spot,  bordered  above  with 
orange.  The  female  is  uniform  dark  brown ;  the  fore-wings 
with  a  pale  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell.     The  under  side  is 


MILETUS.  8 1 

rufous-yellow,  and  the  spots  are  silvery-white,  bordered  with 
pale  brown. 

GENUS  MILETUS. 
Miletus^  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  71  (1816). 
Theda^  sect.  Hypochrysops^  Felder,  Wien.  Ent.  Mon.  iv.  p.  243 

(i860). 
Hypochrysops,^  Felder,  Reise  Novara,  Lepid.  ii.  p.  251  {1865); 

Schatz    &    Rober,    Exot.    Schmett.    ii.    p.    272    (1892); 

H.  H.  Druce,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  iSgijp.  179. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  characteristic  genera  of  the  Austro- 
Malayan  Region,  and  one  of  the  most  richly  ornamented.  On 
the  upper  side  it  is  generally  blue,  01  blue  and  black,  or  brown, 
frequently  with  a  white  blotch  on  the  fore-wings,  and 
occasionally  orange-tawny ;  but  beneath  it  is  decorated  with 
red  spots  and  bands  bordered  with  silver,  on  a  brown  ground, 
or  with  metallic  blue  lines  and  rows  of  spots  bordered  with 
black  or  tawny,  and  set  off  by  large  masses  of  white  on  the 
fore-wings. 

The  type  is  M.  polydetus  (Linnaeus),  from  Ceram  and 
Amboina,  which  expands  about  an  inch  and  a  half.  The 
male  is  of  a  rich  blue  above,  with  black  borders,  and  the 
female  is  black,  with  more  or  less  of  the  base  greenish-blue. 
The  under  surface  is  dark  brown,  with  numerous  red  bands 
bordered  with  black,  and  then  with  golden-green. 


We  now  come  to  the  immense  group  of  small  blue  Butter- 
flies, which  have  latterly  been  divided  into  numerous  genera, 
at  least  as  regards  the  Indo-Malayan  species.  These  genera 
will  be  briefly  noticed,  with  reference  to  those  which  contain 
European  (and  especially  British)  species,  and  to  one  or  two  of 
the  more  remarkable  of  the  exotic  forms.  It  must  be  remem- 
bered that  such  names  as  Fkbeiiis,  CupidOy  Lyacna,  and 
10  c 


Cyaniris  were  originally  intended  to  include  all  the  Blues, 
and  sometniies  all  the  LyccetiidcE^  or  even  the  Hesperiidcc  as 
well. 

The  European  species  belonging  to  this  group  of  Butterflies 
are  always  of  a  blue  or  brown  colour,  generally  with  numerous 
dark  spots  beneath,  surrounded  with  paler  colour.  They  are 
distinguished  from  the  Butterflies  allied  to  Thecia  by  the  sub- 
costal nervure  of  the  fore-wings  being  four-branched,  and  from 
the  genera  allied  to  Lyccena^  by  the  presence  of  the  upper 
disco-cellular  nervule  in  the  fore-wings. 

GENUS    LAMPIDES. 

Lampides^  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p   70  (18 16). 
Folyom?natus,  Y>{.  Latreille,  Hist.  Nat   Crust.  Ins.  xiv    p.   116 
(1805). 

The  comparatively  large  size,  tailed  hind-wings,  and  streaked 
under  side  of  the  only  British  species  of  this  genus,  will  pre- 
vent its  being  mistaken  for  any  other  "  Blue." 

The  name  Lai7ipides  has  been  sufficiently  often  applied  to 
L.  hcetiais  to  warrant  this  species  being  regarded  as  the  type. 
Several  recent  authors  have  treated  Z.  bccticus  as  the  type  of 
Folyommatus  Latr.,  but  I  consider  that  Latreille  indicated 
F  corydon  as  the  type  of  Folyommatus  by  figuring  it ;  and  more- 
over the  name  Folyommatus  is  wholly  inapplicable  to  L.  bccticus. 

THE    LARGE    TAILED    BLUE.     LAMPIDES    E.ETICUS. 
{Plaie  XLV.   Figs,  1-3.) 
Fdpilio  hcEticus^    Linnceus,  Syst    Nat.  i,  (2)  p.   789,    no.   226 
(1767);  Espcr,  Schmett.  i,  (r)  p.  319,  pi.  27.  figs,  yi,  b 
(1777) ;  i.  (2)  p.  181,  pi.  91,  fig.  3  (1784) ;  Hiibner,  Eur. 
Schmett.  i.  figs.  373-375  (1803)- 
FoIyommMfus  bcBtica,  Godart,   Enc.  Meth.  ix,  p.   653,   no.    122 

^  (1823). 
Lamp  ides  biSticus,  Newman,  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  117  (1881). 


PLATE  XI4V. 


8. 


n^^,, 


1    V       .   '    / 


9. 


5. 


V  .V"- 


\        9 


I.  3.  Lampides  bceticus. 
4-6.  Cupido  orgictdes. 
1^9.  Pol^orruruttus   icxxra.s 


LAMPIDES.  S^ 

Polyominatus  bceticiis^  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  53 

(1879). 
Lyccenabceiica^  Milliere,  Icones,  i.  p.  245,  pi.  4,  figs.  1-6  (1861), 

Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  99,  pi.  22,  fig.  2;  pi.  28,  fig.  5 

(larva)  (1881). 
LyccBua  hcctka^  Barrett,  Lepid.  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  65,  pi   10,  figs. 

I,  \a  (1892). 
This  Butterfly  expands  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  across 
the  fore-wings,  which  are  violet-blue  in  the  male,  with  narrow 
brown  borders,  and  grey  fringes.  There  are  generally  two 
black  spots  at  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind-wings,  near  which  is 
a  slender  tail.  The  female  is  brown,  more  or  less  blue  at 
the  base  of  the  fore-wings,  and  towards  the  inner-margin 
of  the  hind-wings,  and  often  has  some  zig-zag  whitish 
markings  within  the  black  sub-marginal  spots,  which  are  more 
numerous  than  in  the  male,  and  are  edged  with  white  on  the 
inside.  The  under  side  is  pale  brown,  with  numerous  white 
streaks ;  most  of  these  are  straight,  and  converge  more  or  less 
towards  the  inner-margin  of  the  wings ;  the  dark  sub-marginal 
spots  are  edged  within  with  white  crescents,  and  beyond  the 
middle  of  the  hind-wings  is  a  broad,  nearly  straight,  and 
slightly  irregular  white  band.  The  spots  towards  the  anal 
angle  of  the  hind-wings  are  black,  edged  below  with  metallic 
green,  and  broadly  surrounded  with  orange. 

The  larva  is  green  or  reddish-brown,  with  a  dark  dorsal  line, 
and  a  white  lateral  line  below  the  yellow  spiracles ;  the  head  is 
black.  The  eggs  are  laid  on  the  stems  of  the  bladder-senna 
{Cohctea  arborescens),  and  on  other  leguminous  plants.  The 
young  larvae  hatch  in  the  following  summer,  when  they  pierce 
the  pods,  and  feed  on  the  seeds.  On  reaching  their  full 
growth  they  abandon  the  pods,  and  the  pupa  is  usually 
attached  to  a  stem,  or  formed  among  the  dried  leaves  of  the 
food-i)lant.      The  pu[)a   is   reddish   or  yellowish,  with  brown 

G    2 


84  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

dots,  and  obtuse  at  both  ends,  and  is  attached  by  a  belt 
round  the  middle. 

The  fo3d  of  the  larva  varies  in  different  parts  of  its  range  ; 
it  will  feed  on  the  common  pea,  the  field  pea,  and  lupine. 

This  species  is  common  throughout  Southern  Europe,  the 
whole  of  Africa,  and  southern  and  eastern  Asia,  as  far  as  China 
and  Japan  ;  and  also  throughout  the  eastern  islands  to 
Australia  and  the  Sandwich  Islands.  But  in  Europe  it  is  one  of 
those  Mediterranean  species  which  have  not  crossed  the  Alps, 
but  are  gradually  extending  their  range  northwards  along  the 
west  coast  of  Europe.  In  Germany  the  only  recorded  locality 
(and  that  somewhat  doubtful)    is   Aix-la-Chapelle  ;    but  the 


Lamptdes  hatica.     Upper  side  of  female. 

Butterfly  has  long  been  known  as  at  least  an  occasional  visitant 
to  the  Channel  Islands.  In  1859,  the  last  of  a  series  of 
unusually  fine  and  hot  summers,  to  which  many  entomolo- 
gists doubtless  still  look  back  with  regret,  this  Butterfly  re- 
appeared in  the  Channel  Islands,  where  it  had  not  been  seen 
for  twenty  years ;  and  one  day  Mr.  Henry  Cooke^  of  Brighton, 
where  I  was  then  living,  told  me  that  Mr.  McArthur  had 
captured  "  a  new  Tlieda  "  on  the  Downs.  I  knew  that  there 
were  tailed  Blues,  and  that  it  was  not  a  likely  locality  for  a 
Thecia,  and  was  not  surprised  when  the  insect  was  identified. 
The  few  specimens  known  to  have  occurred  in  England  have 
all  been  met  with  in  the  southern  counties  during  August. 
There  is  also  a  May  brood  on  the  continent.     Many  species, 


CUPIDO.  85 

much  resembling  this  in  shape  and  markings,  are  found  in  the 
East  Indies.  Some  of  these,  such  as  Z.  celiauiis^  Fabricijs 
(which  some  authors  treat  as  the  type  o^  Lampides,  considering 
Z.  bceficus  as  generically  distmct),  are  of  a  very  pale  blue, 
almost  white. 

GENUS    CUPIDO. 

Cupido^  Schrank,  Fauna  Boica,  ii.  (i)  pp.  153,  209  (1801). 
Everes^  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  69   (1815);    Moore, 
Lepid.  Ceylon,  i.  p.  85  (1881). 

The  type  of  this  genus  is  a  small  blue  Butterfly,  with  a 
slender  tail  on  the  hind-wings,  and  spotted,  not  streaked,  on  the 
under  surface.  The  only  species  which  Schrank  described  at 
unusual  length  under  Cupido  was  C.  puer,  which  subsequently 
proved  to  include  two  species,  C.  argiades  and  C,  alsus^  placed 
together  as  male  and  female.  The  large  space  given  to  C.  piier^ 
in  conjunction  with  the  name,  is  sufficient  to  establish  the 
male  (C.  argiades)  as  the  indubitable  type  of  Cupido. 

THE    SMALL    TAILED    BLUE.       CUPIDO    ARGIADES. 
{Plate  XLV.  Figs.  4-6.) 
Papilio  argiades^  Pallas,  Reise,  i.  p.  172,  no.  d^  (ij'ji). 
Fapilio   tiresias,  Von  Rottemburg,   Naturforscher,   vi.  p.   23, 
no.  10  (1775);  Esper,  Schmelt,  i.  (i)  p.  337,  pi.  34,  figs. 
I,  2  (1777) 
Cupido puer,  ^ .  Schrank,  Fauna  Boica,  ii.  (i)  p.  215,  no.  1374 

(1801). 

Van  Papilio polysperchon^  Bergstrasser,  Nomenclator,  ii.  pi.  44, 
figs.  3-5  ('779)i  Ochsenheimer,  Schmett,  Eur.  i.  (2)  p.  61 
(1808), 

Papilio  tiresias,  var.  Esper,  /.  c.  i.  (i)  p.  384,  pi.  49,  fig.  2 
(1777);  Hiibner,  /.  c.  figs.  319-321  (1803?) 


86  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

Var.  Papilio  coretas^  Ochsenheimer,  Schmett.  Eur.  i   (2)  p  60 

(1808). 
Polyommatus  argiades^   Kirby,    Eur.    Butterflies   and    Moths, 

p.  53,  pi.  14,  fig.  II  (1879). 
Lyccena  argiades,  Lang,  Butterflies  Europe,  p   1 01,  pi.  22,  fig.  5 

(1882)^  Barrett,  Lepid.  Brit.  Isl    i.  p.  68,  pi.  10,  figs   2, 

2^,  b  (1892). 
Papilio  amyntas^  Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.  p   533,  no.  384  (1775); 

Hlibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  322-324  (1803). 
Polyommatus  amyntas,  Godart,  Enc  Meth   ix.  p.  659,  no.  14b 

(1823) 
This  Butterfly  measures  from  four-fifths  of  an  inch  to  rather 
more  than  an  inch.  The  male  is  violet-blue  above,  with  a 
narrow  brown  border ,  and  the  female  is  brown,  more  or  less 
blue  at  the  base ;  the  fringes  are  white.  There  are  some 
brown  spots  towards  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind-wings,  marked 
with  orange  in  the  female.  The  under  side  is  of  a  pale  blue 
or  bluish-grey,  with  a  sub-marginal  row  of  black  spots,  edged 
within  by  a  more  or  less  distinct  orange  band  (obsolete  in  var. 
corctas)^  and  a  row  of  black  spots  across  the  disc  of  the  wing ; 
there  is  a  black  lunule  at  the  end  of  the  discoidal  cell  of  the 
fore-wings. 

The  larva  is  pale  green,  with  darker  stripes,  and  brown  and 
white  spots.  It  feeds  on  various  species  of  Lotus,  Trifoliuf/i, 
&c.,  in  June,  and  also  from  autumn  to  spring. 

This  species  is  widely  distributed  throughout  Southern  and 
Central  Europe,  and  the  greater  part  of  Asia,  and  is  also  said 
to  occur  in  North  America  and  Australia.  It  frequents  open 
flowery  places  in  hilly  districts,  often  in  company  with  Zizei-a 
minima,  of  which  Schrank  supposed  it  to  be  the  male.  But 
it  has  only  recently  been  discovered  to  be  a  British  species, 
the  first  British  specimens  having  been  taken  by  the  sons  of 


PLEEEIUS.  87 

the  Rev.  O.  Pickard  Cambridge,  on  August  i8th  and  20th, 
1885,  flying  over  a  grassy  place  on  Bloxworth  Heath,  Dorset.* 
Two  or  three  other  captures  of  the  Butterfly  at  Bournemouth, 
Blackpool,  &c.,  have  also  been  recorded. 

Mr.  Pickard  Cambridge  has  kindly  permitted  me  to  pul)lish 
an  extract  from  a  letter  received  from  him,  dated  June  3,  1895 
"  We  have  never  again  met  with  L.  argiades.  I  hardly  now 
think  it  can  be  indigenous.  Those  we  found  were  probably 
from  a  brood  produced  by  an  accidental  early-summer  immi- 
gration of  a  few  of  the  first  Continental  brood.  If  you  re- 
member, it  was  also  taken  at  Bournemouth,  fourteen  miles 
distant,  within  two  days  of  our  takinj  it  here.  Very  likely  it 
might  have  been  found  at  many  other  places  along  the  south 
coast  that  year  if  collectors  had  had  their  eyes  open  for  it;  and 
probably  it  will  turn  up  again  at  some  future  season  in  the 
same  way  "  In  which  case,  I  may  add,  it  may  succeed,  sooner 
or  later,  in  establishing  itself. 

This  species  varies  much  in  size,  the  first  brood  (var.  poly- 
spci'chon)  being  much  smaller  than  the  others.  The  tails  are 
very  slender,  and  are  sometimes  obsolete  in  small  specimens. 
The  larger  specimens  might  easily  be  passed  over  on  the 
wing  as  Plebeius  argiis,  or  Polyommatus  icarus^  and  the  smaller 
ones  as  Zizera  viininia. 

GENUS   PLEBEIUS. 
Plebeius^    Linnceus,  Syst.   Nat.  ed    x    p.  483(1758);  Cuvier. 

Tabl.  Elem.  d'Hist.  Nat.  p.  591  (1799). 
Riisticus^  Hiibner,  Tentamen,  p.  i  (18 10?). 
Lycccides,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  69  (18 16). 

The  type  of  this  genus,  the  oldest  of  the  Lyccenide  genera, 
was  fixed  by  Cuvier  (though  he  used  only  the  plural  form)  as 

*  See  "  Entomologist,"  xviii.,  pp.  249-252  (October,  1885),  and  "  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Dorset  Natural  History  and  Antifjuarian  Field  Club,"  viij, 
PP   79-83,  pl-  5  {'Coloured). 


88  LLOYD'S    NATURAL   HISTORY. 

the  Silver-Studded  Blue.  Thus  restricted,  it  includes  various 
Butterflies,  blue  in  the  male,  and  brown  in  the  female,  with 
rounded  hind-wings,  not  tailed,  on  the  under  surface  of  which 
the  sub-marginal  spots  bear  distinctly  metalHc  markings. 

THE    SILVER-STUDDED    BLUE.       PLEBEIUS    ARGUS. 
{Plate  XL  VI.   Figs.  4,  5.) 

Papilio  argus,  Linn^us,  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  i.  p.  483,  no.   152 

(1758);  id.  Faun.  Suec.  p.  283  (1761);  Lewin,  Ins.  Brit. 

i.  p.  82,  pi.  39,  figs.  5-7  (1795)- 
Polyommatus  cBgo?i,  Godart,  Enc.    Meth.  ix.  p.  685,  no.   213 

(1823) ;  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  32  (1879); 

Barrett,    Lepid.  Brit.    Isl.   i.  p    89,  pi.   11,  figs,   i,    la-c 

(1892)  ;  Buckler,  Larvae  of  Brit.   Butterflies  and  Moths, 

i.  p,  1X2,  pi.  15,  fig.  3  (1886). 
Papilio  cegon,   Denis   &   Schiffermiiller,   Syst.   Verz.   Schmett 

Wien.  p.  185,  no.  15  (1775);  Hiibner,   Europ.   Schmett. 

i.  figs.  313-315  (1803?). 
Polyommatus  argus,  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.   Haust.  i.  p.  93 

(1828). 
Lyccena  argus,  Wallengren,  Lepid.  Scand.  Rhop.  p.  206,  no.  2 

(1853)- 
Lyccena  cegon,  Newman,  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  119  (188 1)^  Lang, 
Butterflies  Eur.  p.  103,  pi.  23,  fig.  i  (1882). 

The  Silver-Studded  Blue  is  common  throughout  the  greater 
part  of  Europe  and  the  Mediterranean  Region,  as  well  as  in 
Northern  and  Western  Asia  ;  and  allied  species  are  met  with 
in  various  parts  of  Asia  and  North  America.  It  is  common 
and  widely  distributed  in  England,  but  appears  to  be  scarce 
and  local  in  Scotland  and  in  the  north  of  Ireland.  It  fre- 
quents heaths  and  meadows,  and  I  have  often  seen  it  asleep 
in  the  evening,  clinging  to  heath,  rushes,  or  grass-stems. 


PLATE    XLVl. 


g\^- 


s-^    ^ 


1^3 .  PofyommatLLS  thetis. 
^.  S.Plebeuis  cvrgus. 


PLEEEIUS.  89 

The  male  is  of  a  deep  violet-blue,  with  rat^her  broad  brown 
borders,  and  white  fringes.  The  female  is  brown,  more  or 
less  blue  at  the  base,  and  with  a  row  of  sub-marginal  black 
spots,  surmounted  with  orange,  on  the  hind-wings.  The 
under  side  is  grey  in  the  female,  but  tinged  with  blue,  especi- 
ally at  the  base,  in  the  male.  They  are  marked  with  numerous 
ocellated  spots,  and  on  the  hind-margin  of  the  hind-wings  is 
an  interrupted  orange-tawny  band,  containing  six  bright  silvery- 
blue  spots,  crowned  with  a  series  of  black  crescents. 

The  larva  is  dull  green,  with  the  head  and  legs  blackish,  a 
ferruginous  line  along  the  back,  and  oblique  ones  of  the  same 
colour,  bordered  with  white,  on  the  sides.     It  feeds  on  broom, 


Upper  side  of  female. 

sainfoin,  and  various  kinds  of  trefoil  and  vetch.  There  are 
two  broods  in  the  year,  as  in  most  of  the  small  "  Blues," 
the  Butterflies  appearing  from  May  to  August.  The  pupa 
is  dull  green. 

There  is  a  closely-allied  species,  P.  argyrognomoji  (Berg- 
strasser),  to  which  the  Linnean  name  of  argus  is  applied  by 
many  authors,  It  is  common  on  the  Continent,  but  of  doubt- 
ful occurrence  in  England,  and  may  be  distinguished  from  our 
Silver-Studded  Blue  by  having  only  a  very  narrow  black  border 
m  the  male.  Both  species  are  very  variable  on  the  Continent, 
or  else  there  are  several  closely-allied  and  ill-differentiated 
species.  The  British  form  of  P.  argus  does  not  appear  to 
vary. 


QO  LLOYD  S    NATURAL    HLSTORY. 

GENUS  POLYOMMATUS. 
Polyonnnatus,    Latreille,   Hist.   Nat    Crust.    Ins.   xiv.   p.   ii6 

(1805);   id.   Enc.    Meth.    ix.    pp.     11,    618    (1819-23); 

Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  83  (1828). 
Lycceiia^  p.  Fabricius,  Illiger's  Mag.  Insekt.  vi.  p.  285  (1S07); 

Leach,  Edinb.  Encycl.  ix.   p.    129    (1815);    Westwood 

Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p,  488  (1852). 
When  Latreille  established  the  genus  Polyommatus  he  figured 
P.  corydoji,  and  thus,  in  my  opinion,  permanently  fixed  the  type. 
Dr.  Scudder  disallows  this,  and  selects  P.  hcetiais  as  the  type 
of  Polyommatus^  but  this,  being  a  streaked,  and  not  primarily 
a  spotted  species,  cannot  possibly  be  regarded  as  typical  of  a 
genus  deriving  its  name  from  its  "  many  eyes." 

As  regards  LyccBua,  Dr.  Scudder  considers  that  as  Oken 
restricted  it  to  the  "Blues"  in  a  work  published  in  18 15,  L. 
phlceas  is  not  admissible  as  the  type,  but  Oken's  action,  I  take 
it,  is  forestalled  by  Leach,  who  published  an  article  in  the  same 
year  (18 15)  in  which  he  divided  the  genus  Lyccena  (with  Polyom- 
matus as  a  synonym)  into  two  sections,  the  first  including  the 
Coppers  and  the  second  the  Blues,  commeticing  with  P.  corydoji^ 
the  type  of  Polyom?natus,  and  thus  restricting  Lycceua  (true)  to 
the  Coppers.  Subsequently  Curtis  indicated  L.  phheas  as  the 
type  of  the  genus  LyccF.na.  The  species  which  Dr.  Scudder 
selects  as  the  type  of  LyccEiia  is  Papilio  endymion,  Den.  and 
Schiff,,  a  light  blue  species,  with  a  brown  female,  with  sub- 
marginal  spots  bordered  with  white,  which  is  found  in  many 
parts  of  Southern  and  South-Central  Europe,  and  which  is 
remarkable  for  having  the  hind-wings  dentated  in  the  female, 
and  slightly  so  towards  the  anal  angle  in  the  male. 

In  the  present  genus  we  may  include  all  the  British  species 
which  are  tail-less,  and  destitute  of  metallic  markings  beneath, 
and  which  have  well-marked  orange  sub-marginal  spots  on  the 
under  side  of  the  hind-wings.     Most  of  the  species  belonging 


PLATE     XLYII. 


I.  2.  Nomia^ies  uriort. 
3  ^.  „  CbLcorv. 

5.6.  Polyommatas  cotycLorv 


POLYOMMATUS.  9I 

to  it  are  peculiarly  attached  to  the  chalk  or  lime-stone  in  Eng- 
land, though  of  more  general  distribution  on  the  Continent. 
They  may  often  be  all  found  flying  together  in  favourable 
localities  on  the  South  Downs. 

I.    THE   CHALK-HILL    BLUE.       POLYOMMATUS    CORYDON. 
{Plate  XLVII.  Figs.  5,  6.) 

Papilio   corido7t^    Poda,   Mus.    Groec    p.    77  (1761);   Scopoli, 

Ent.  Cam.  p-  179  (1763), 
Fapilio  corydon^  Esper,  Schmett.   i.   (i)  p.  335,  pi.  33,  fig.  4 

(1777);  1.(2)  p.  134,  pi.  79,  fig.  1(1782);  Hiibner,  Europ. 

Schmett.  i.  figs.  286-288  (1803?). 
Fapilio  fiphys,  Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (2)  p.  6,  pi.  51,  fig.  4  (1780). 
Polyojiiniatus   corydon,  Godart,   Enc.    Meth.    ix.    p.    693,    no. 

227  (1823) ;  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  88  (1828) ; 

Kirby,   Eur.   Butterflies  and   Moths,   p.   48,  pi.   14,   figs. 

Za-c  (1879);   Barrett,  Lep.  of  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  85,  pi.   12 

(1892);  Buckler,  Larvae  of  Brit.  Lepid.  i.  p.   191,  pi.  14, 

fig  3  (1886). 
Lyccena  corydon,  Newman,  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  131  (1881);  Lang, 

Butterflies  Eur.  p    121,  pi.  26,  fig.  6  (1882). 
Var.  Lya^na  corydon^  var.  albicans^  Boisduval,  Gen.  et    Ind. 

Meth.  p.    12,  no.   96(1840);  Herrich-Schaffer,   Schmett. 

Eur.  i.  App.  p.  27,  figs.  494,  495  (185 1);  Lang,  Butterflies 

Eur  p.  122,  pi.  26,  fig.  8  (1882). 

The  Chalk-Hill  Blue  is  common  throughout  Southern  and 
Central  Europe  and  Western  Asia  Minor.  In  England  it  is 
common  in  many  places,  but  local,  and  is  most  frequently  met 
with  in  the  chalky  districts  of  the  south,  whence  it  derives  its 
name.  On  the  Continent  it  is  double-brooded,  like  most  of 
the  allied  species  ;  but  it  appears  to  be  single-brooded  in  Eng- 
land, appearing  about  the  middle  of  July,  at  the  same  time  that 
the  second  brood  of  the  otlicr  species  is  beginning  to  appear. 


92  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

The  Butterfly  is  slightly  larger  than  its  allies,  on  the  average, 
expanding  from  an  inch  and  a  quarter  to  an  inch  and  a  half 
across  the  wings.  The  male  is  of  a  light  silvery-blue  with  a 
fine  silky  lustre,  with  a  moderately  broad  dark  border,  bordered 
on  the  inside  witli  a  row  of  black  spots.  The  female  is  brown, 
with  a  black  discoidal  spot  and  a  sub-marginal  orange  band  on 
the  hind-wings  within  the  black  spots.  The  under  side  is  grey, 
with  discoidal  lunules,  a  basal  eye  on  the  fore-wings,  and  a 
sub-marginal  row  of  orange  spots.  On  the  hind-wings  there 
are  three  basal  spots,  separated  from  the  central  row,  so  as 
not  to  form  a  regular  curve  round  the  discoidal  spot.  The 
fringes  are  broadly  spotted  with  black  and  white,  except  on 
the  under  side  of  the  hind-wings,  in  which  the  fringes  are 
white. 

This  species  varies  very  much  in  Southern  Europe  and  Asia 
Minor,  and  to  a  less  extent  with  us.  One  of  its  varieties  {P. 
albica7is)  is  nearly  white  above  in  the  male. 

The  female  is  admittedly  very  difficult  to  distinguish  from 
that  of  the  foUowmg  species,  with  the  second  brood  of  which 
it  is  usually  found  in  company.  The  black  spaces  of  the 
fringes  are,  however,  a  little  broader,  and  the  orange  sub- mar- 
ginal spots  are  rather  larger  in  P.  corydon.  Stainton  gives  the 
differences  as  follows:  ^^  P. corydon  ?  .  Under  side  of  hind-wings 
with  a  distinct  black  spot  in  a  white  blotch  near  the  middle, 
faintly  visible  on  the  upper  side.  Besides,  in  P.  corydon  we  find 
the  dark  dashes  in  the  white  fringes  broader  and  more  conspi- 
cuous than  in  P.  adonis.  A  further  point  of  distinction  is  that 
the  black  spots  of  the  under  side  are  more  conspicuous  in  P 
corydon  than  in  P.  adonisJ' 

The  larva  is  green,  with  yellow  dorsal  and  lateral  lines ;  it 
feeds  on  various  papilionaceous  plants.  "Pupa  brownish-green, 
unattached,  on  or  under  the  ground  "  {Barrett). 

Concerning  the  colours  of  the  males  of  this  and  the  follow- 


POLYOMMATUS.  93 

ing  species,  Stainton  writes:  "/^.  adonis  well  deserves  its  name, 
and  is  the  mo^t  splendid  Blue  we  have.  P.  corydo?t,  however, 
has  a  peculiar  beauty  of  its  own ;  it  reminds  one  of  the  soft, 
silvery  appearance  of  moonlight,  whilst  F.  ado7iis  recalls  the 
intense  blue  of  the  sky  on  a  hot  summer  day."  Mr.  Barrett 
also  remarks  respecting  P.  corydoji :  "  A  very  beautiful  insect, 
of  a  colour  very  difficult  to  depict  or  describe,  and  rarely  to  be 
seen  in  nature.  I  have  seen  the  same  colour  in  the  sky  in  the 
late  twilight  of  a  stormy  day,  on  the  patches  of  pale  blue  visible 
between  heavy  clouds ;  but  no  flower,  and  hardly  any  other 
insect,  seems  to  possess  it.  No  doubt  the  peculiarity  arises 
largely  from  the  presence  of  the  white  hairs,  already  men- 
tioned, on  the  upper-side  of  the  fore-wings,  which  this 
species  possesses  in  greater  abundance  than  any  other,  except 
the  very  singular/*,  dolus,  a  South  European  species." 

P.  dolus,  Hiibner,  above  referred  to,  is  a  species  found  in 
Southern  France,  which  belongs  to  a  different  group  to  P. 
corydon,  and  has  central  rows  of  spots  on  the  under  side  of 
the  wings,  but  no  sub-marginal  spots,  and  a  straight  white 
stripe  running  across  the  hind-wings  beneath,  from  the  base, 
towards  the  middle  of  the  hind-margin. 

II.    THE   CLIFBEN    BLUE    BUTTERFLY.       POLYOLIMATUS 
THETIS. 

{Plate  XLVl.  Figs,  i,  3(?,  2?.) 

Papilio  thetis.  Von  Rottemburg,  Naturforschcr,  vi.  p.  24,  no.  1 1 

(1775)- 
Papilio  bellargus,  Von  Rottemburg,  /.  c>  p.  25,  no.  12  (1775)  ; 

Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (i)  p.   333,  pi.   32,  fig.  3  (1778);  i.  (2) 

P   29,  pi.  55,  figs.  2,  6  (1780). 
Polyommatus  bellargus,  Kirby,  Eur.   Butterflies   and  Moths,  p. 

48,  pi.  14,  fig.  7  (1879). 


94  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

Lyacna  bellargus,  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.   120,  pi.  26,  fig.  4 

(1882). 
Papilio  adonis^   Denis  &  Schiffermiiller,  Syst.  Verz.  Schmett. 

Wien.  p.  184,  no.  11  (1776);  Hiibner,   Europ.  Schmett. 

i.figs.  298-300  (1803?). 
Folyommatus   adonis^    Godart,    Enc.    Meth.    ix.    p.    691,    no 

223   (1823)^    Stephens,   111.   Brit.    Ent.    Haust.    i.  p.   99 

(1828);  Barrett,  Lepid.  of  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  81,  pi.  13,  figs,  i, 

i(^-/(i885) ;  Buckler,  Larvae  of  Brit.  Lepid.  i.  p.  106,  pi. 

15,  fig.  I  (1886). 
Lyccena  adonis^  Newman,  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  129  (1881). 
Papilio  hyaci7ithus^  Lewin,  Lis.  Brit.  i.  pi.  37,  figs.  4-6  (1795). 
Var.  Pap.  ceronus^  Esper,  /.   c    i.   (2)  p     178,   pi.   90,   fig    2 

(1784);  p.   50,  pi.   102,  fig.  I  (1791  ?)  Hiibner,  /,  c.  figs. 

295)  297  (1803?)- 
Lyccena  bellargus^  var.  cero?tus,  Lang,  /.  ^.  p.  121,  pi.  26,  fig.  5 

(1882). 
Var.  Pap.  cinnus,  Hiibner,  /.  c.  figs.  830,  831  (1827?). 
Var.  Polyommatus  dorylas,  Stephens,  /  c.  p.  83  (1828). 

This  species  is  common  in  many  places  throughout  Southern 
and  Central  Europe,  and  the  Mediterranean  Region;  and  in  the 
southern  parts  of  its  range  it  is  much  more  widely  distributed, 
and  much  more  variable  than  ni  the  north.  It  is  found, 
frequently  with  P.  corydon^  chiefly  on  a  chalk  or  limestone  soil, 
and  as  a  British  insect,  appears  to  be  confined  to  the  south 
of  England.  It  is,  I  believe,  still  to  be  taken  abundantly  in 
certain  localities  close  to  Brighton,  where  five  species  of  this 
group,  Polyonunatus  corydon.^  P.  theiis,  P.  icarus,  P.  alexis,  and 
Zizera  ini7iiiiia^  may  all  be  found  flying  together.  Wherever  I 
have  been  collecting  on  the  Rhine,  at  the  right  season,  I 
have  found  P.  thetis  fairly  common  in  the  flowery  meadows 
on  the  banks,  where  P.  corydo?t,  when  it  occurs  at  all,  is 
scarcer ;  but  I   never  saw  P.  thetis  far  from  the  banks  of  the 


POTA'OMMATUS.  95 

river.     It  is  a  double-brooded  Butterfly,  both  in  England  and 
on  the  Continent,  and  is  met  with  from  May  to  September, 

The  Clifden  Blue  is  a  little  smaller  than  P.  ccrydon^  the 
largest  specimens  rarely  measuring  an  inch  and  a  half  across 
the  wings.  The  male  is  of  a  brilliant  sky-blue  above,  with 
narrow  black  borders,  and  the  fringes  white,  spotted  with  black. 
There  is  often  a  sub-marginal  row  of  small  black  dots  on  the 
hind-wings.  The  female  is  brown  above,  more  or  less  blue  at  the 
base,  and  with  a  row  of  sub-marginal  orange  spots,  which  border 
the  black  ones  on  the  hind-wings ;  the  fringes  are  black  and 
white,  as  in  the  male.  There  is  a  black  discoidal  mark  on  the 
fore  wings  only.  The  under  side  is  grey,  with  discoidal  lunules, 
a  row  of  spots  beyond,  and  a  marginal  row  of  orange  spots, 
bordered  with  black  ones.  The  hind-wings  have  three  basal 
spots,  forming,  with  the  cciural  row  of  eyes,  nearly  a  circle 
round  the  discoidal  spot.  For  the  differences  between  the 
female  and  that  of  P.  corydon,  see  that  species  (p.  92). 

In  the  variety  P  cinnus^  the  spots  of  the  under  side  are  not 
ocellated,  and  in  var  P.  ceroiius,  tlie  female  is  blue  above, 
instead  of  brown  The  true  P,  dory/as^  of  Denis  and  Schiffer- 
miiller,  with  which  Stephens  confounded  a  variety  of  P. 
thefisy  is  a  European  species  which  does  not  occur  in  the 
north-west ;  it  resembles  P.  thetis  in  the  shade  of  blue  in  the 
male,  but  the  fringes  are  white,  and  unspotted.  Stephens' 
description  of  his  P.  dorylas,  which  is  supposed  to  apply  to  a 
variety  of  P  thetis^  is  as  follows  :  "  The  male  is  of  a  bright 
blue  above,  and  has  a  slender  black  marginal  line  as  in  P. 
adonis,  but  the  cilia  are  immaculate ;  beneath,  the  anterior 
wings  are  pale  cinereous,  and  have  a  central  transverse  black 
streak  on  the  disc,  followed  by  a  waved  row  of  black  dots 
faintly  cinctured  with  whitish  ;  there  is  then  a  delicate  inter- 
rupted band  of  fulvous,  terminated  with  a  whitish  margin; 
the  posterior-wings  resemble   these  of  P.  adonis,  but  they  are 


96  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

without  the  black  streak  in  the  centre  of  the  triangular  dis- 
coidal  spot ;  the  ocelli  are  fewer  in  number,  and  the  margin 
has  a  few  fulvous  spots,  and  is  banded  with  whitish  ;  the 
cilia  are  immaculate.  The  female  is  brown  above ;  in  other 
respects  she  resembles  the  male  " 

The  larva  is  green,  with  black  bristles  and  numerous  yellow 
streaks.    It  feeds  on  various  low  plants  {Lotus,  TrifoHum,  &c.). 

in.    THE   COMMON    BLUE.       POLYOMMATUS    ICARUS 

{Plate  XLV.  Fi^^s.  7,  9(?,  §?.) 

Papilio  icarus,  Von  Rottemburg,  Naturforscher,  vi.  p.  21,  no.  8 

(1775):   Esper,   Schmett.    i.    (1)   p.    333,  pi.   32,    fig.  4 

(1778  ?) ;  i.  (2)  p.  135,  pi.  79,  fig.  2  (1782  ?). 
Papilio  thetis,  Esper,  /.  c.  p.  332,  pi.  32,  fig.  2  (1778  ?). 
Lyccena   icariis,    Newman,    Brit.    Butterflies,    p.    128    (1881); 

Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  117,  pi.  25,  fig.  4  (1882). 
Polyommatus  icariis,  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  48 

(1879). 
Papilio  alexis,  var.  2,  Scopoli,  Ent.  Cam.  p.  179  (1763). 
Papilio  alexis,  Denis  &  Schiff.  Syst.Verz.  Schmett.  Wien.  p.  184, 

no.    12  (1776);  Hiibner,   Eur.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  292-294 

(1803?). 
Polyoni7natus  alexis,  Godart,  Enc.  Me'th.  ix.  p.  690,  no    222 

(1823);  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  91  (1827); 

Barrett,  Lepid.  of  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  77,  pi.  it,  figs.   2,  2a-j\ 

(1892);  Buckler,  Larvae  of  Brit.  Lepid.  i.  pp.  iii,  191, 

pi.  15,  fig.  2  (1886). 
Papilio  polypJiemiis,  Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (i),  p.  387,  pi.  50,  figs 

2,3(1^8?). 
Var.  Papilio  icarinus,  Scriba,  Journ.  Ent.  iii.  p.  216  (i  791); 

Meigen,  Eur.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  25,  pi.  48,  figs.  2a,  b  (1830). 
Papilio  icarus,  var.  Esper,  /.  c.  i.  (2)  p.  29,  pi.  55,  fig.  5  (1780). 
LyccE?ia  alexis,  Herrich-Schaffer,  Schmett.  Eur.  i.  p.  120,  fig.  246 

(1S44). 


POLYOMMATUS.  97 

Lyca^na  icarus  v.  karinus,   Lang,  /.  c.   p.    117,   pi.   25,   fig.   5 

(1882). 
Var.   Polyommatus    lahieiius,    Jermyn,     Butterfly  -  Collector's 

Vade-Mecum,  p.  58  (1825). 
Var.  Polyommatus  thestylis^  Jermyn,  /.  c.  (1825). 
Var.  Polyominatiis  /a 'on,  Jermyn,  /.  ^.  (1825^ 
Var.  Polyojiimatus  eros,  Stephens,  /.  c.  p.  91  (1827). 
Var.  Polyommatus  icarius,  Stephens,  /.  c,  p.  93  (1827). 

The  Common  Blue  is  the  most  widely-distributed  and 
abundant  of  all  the  species  of  this  group  throughout  Europe 
and  Northern  and  Western  Asia,  and  varies  greatly.  There 
are  two  or  more  broods  in  the  year,  so  that  it  may  be  found 
throughout  the  fine  season. 

It  generally  expands  rather  less  than  an  inch  and  a  half,  but 
varies  very  much  in  size.  The  smallest  specimen  which  I 
have  ever  seen  I  took  on  the  beach  between  Hove  and  Shore- 
ham  Harbour  on  July  18,  1865.  It  was  recorded  in  the 
"Entomologist's  Monthly  Magazine"  (vol.  ii.,  p.  92),  and  was 
a  male  in  excellent  condition,  measuring  only  8^  lines  across 
the  wings.  Some  years  afterwards  I  lent  it  to  a  friend  who 
wished  to  draw  it ;  but  on  pressing  him  for  its  return,  he  in- 
formed me  that  he  had  put  the  box  aside  and  forgotten  it,  and 
on  opening  it,  found  that  the  specimen  had  been  destroyed 
by  mites. 

The  male  is  of  a  lilac-blue,  with  a  narrow  black  border,  and 
white  unspotted  fringes.  The  hairs  on  the  body  and  at  the 
base  of  the  wings  are  likewise  whitish.  The  female  is  brown, 
more  or  less  blue  at  the  base  (sometimes,  however,  the  surface 
is  entirely  purplish-blue),  and  ornamented  with  a  row  of 
fulvous  marginal  spots,  those  on  the  hind-wings  bordered 
below  with  a  row  of  black  spots.  On  the  under  side  the 
wings  are  of  a  brownish-ash  colour,  with  the  base  more  or  less 

10  H 


98  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

bluish  or  greenish,  the  fore-wings  usually  having  two  ocelli  to- 
wards the  base  (which  are  absent  in  the  variety  P.  icarinus) 
within  the  discoidal  lunule,  and  a  curved  row  of  oceUi  near  the 
middle,  succeeded  by  a  continuous  row  of  dusky  crescents, 
edged  with  reddish-yellow  externally,  and  beyond  this  there  is 
a  row  of  small  dusky  spots  on  a  whitish  ground ;  a  black  line 
at  the  base  of  the  fringes.  The  hind-wings  have  generally  four 
oceUi  near  the  base ;  an  angular  white  spot  near  the  middle, 
frequently  having  a  black  streak  in  its  centre;  a  curved  band 
of  eight  or  nine  ocelli,  succeeded  by  a  seri-^^s  of  markings 
similar  to  those  on  the  fore-wings,  but  the  crescents  and 
fulvous  spots  are  larger  and  more  conspicuous.  A  wh"te 
blotch  near  the  middle  unites  the  band  of  ocelli  with  the 
fulvous  crescents. 

This  species  is  so  variable,  not  only  in  colour  and  markings, 
but  even  in  the  form  of  the  wings,  that  the  older  entomolo- 
gists described  several  forms  as  new  species,  which  are  now 
considered  to  be  merely  varieties  of  P.  icarus  ;  and  others  they 
mistook  for  different  Continental  species  wh'ch  do  not  occur 
in  England.  Thus,  Stephens  mistook  a  variety  of  P.  icarus 
for  P.  titho7ms  (Hiibner  =  P.  eros^  Ochsenheimer),  a  pale  blue 
species  with  broad  brown  borders,  found  in  the  Swiss  Alps, 
and  almost  impossible  to  be  found  in  Britain.  Specimens  of 
P.  icarus  are  sometimes  met  with,  in  which  the  colouring  of 
both  sexes  are  combined,  the  wings  on  one  side  exhibiting  Hie 
colours  of  the  male,  and  on  the  other  those  of  the  female. 
These  are  called  gynandromorphous  individuals.  Variable  as 
this  species  is,  it  can  yet  be  easily  distinguished,  in  most  cases, 
from  any  of  the  allied  British  species. 

The  larva  is  green,  pubescent,  with  a  darker  dorsal  stripe, 
and  with  lighter  stripes  on  the  sides;  the  pupa  is  also  green. 
The  larva  feeds  on  a  variety  of  low  plants. 


PLATE     XLVIII 


V  1.2.  PoJ^orruTLixtizs  od€xi.s. 

3—5  „  salmcLcis. 

6.  7.  „  artaxerjces. 


POLYOMMATUS.  99 

IV.    THE    CROWN    ARGUS.       POLYOMMATUS    ALEXIS. 
{PlafeXLVIlI.  Figs,  i,  2.) 

Papilio  alexis,  Scopoli,  Ent.  Carn.  p.  179  (1763};  Von  Rot- 

temburg,  Naturforscher,  vi.  p.  22,  no.  9  (1776). 
Fapilio  medon^  Hufnagel,  Berl.   Mag.  ii.  p.  78,  no.  41  (1786); 

Von  Rottemburg,  /.  c.  no.  10  (1776);  Espcr,  Sclimett.  i. 

(i)  p.   330,   pi.   32,   fig.    I    (1779);  i-   (2)  p.   29,  pi.  55, 

fig.  7  (1780). 
LyccBtia  medon^  Newman,  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  121  (1881). 
JFapilio  agesiis,  Denis  &  Schiffermiiller,  Syst.  Verz.  Schmett. 

Wien,  p.  184,  no.  13  (1776) ;  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  figs. 

303-306  (1803  ?). 
Polyommatus    agesiis,    Godart,  Enc.  Meth.   ix.    p.    689,    no. 

220  (1823) ;    Stephens,    111.   Brit.   Ent.    Haust.   i.    p.   94 

(1827);  Barrett,  Lepid.  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  73,  pi.  10,  figs.  3, 

3^,  b  (1892);  Buckler,  Larvae  of  Brit.  Lepid.  i.  p.  116,  pi, 

16,  fig.  I  (1886). 
Fapilio  astrarche,  Bergstrasser,  Nomenclator,  iii.  p.  4,  pi.  49, 

figs.  7,  8(1779). 
Polyommatus  astrarche^  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p. 

50,  pi.   14,   fig.  9  (1879). 
Lycce7ia  astrarche,  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  114,  pi.   24,  fig.  9 

(1882). 
Var.   Lyccena    astrarche,    v.   cestiva,    Stand.   Cat.   Lepid.   Eur. 

ed.  2,  p.  II,  no.  1556  (1871). 
Var.  Papilio  allms,  Hiibner,  /.  c.  figs.   988-992  (1841  ?). 

The  Brown  Argus  is  common  throughout  the  greater  part  of 
Europe,  the  Mediterranean  Region,  and  Northern  and  Western 
Asia.  The  largest  and  brightest-coloured  specimens  come 
from  the  Mediterranean  Region,  where  the  two  broods  pre- 
sent constant  differences  in  many  localities.  It  is  a  local 
insect  in  the  south  of  England,  where  it  is  double-brooded, 

H    2 


loo  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

occurring  in  May  and  August,  like  the  allied  "  Blues,"  and  it 
is  fond  of  chalky  districts,  though  less  exclusively  confined  to 
them  than  are  P.  corydon  and  P.  thetis.  The  Northern  and 
Scotch  forms  are  noticed  under  separate  headings.  The  variety 
P.  allous  was  figured  from  a  specimen  in  which  the  usual  red 
sub-marginal  spots  were  wanting. 

The  Brown  Argus  measures  an  inch  or  a  little  more  across 
the  fore-wings,  which  are  dark  brown  on  the  upper  side  in  both 
sexes,  with  a  fine  silky  gloss,  and  white  fringes.  There  is  a 
sub-marginal  row  of  deep  red  spots  on  all  the  wings,  and  a 
black  discoidal  spot  on  the  fore-wings.  The  under  side  is  greyish- 
brown,  with  no  bluish  tinge  towards  the  base,  and  no  basal 
spots  on  the  fore-wings,  but  three  are  present  on  the  hind-wings. 
There  are  discoidal  spots,  a  central  row  of  spots  beyond  (all 
conspicuously  ringed  with  white),  and  the  sub-marginal  reddish 
spots  connected  into  a  band,  edged  within  by  a  black  line  of 
crescents.  Beyond  this  the  wing  is  white,  with  a  row  of  black 
dots  outside  the  reddish  band,  and  a  black  line  at  the  base  of 
the  fringes ;  a  white  dash  runs  from  the  middle  of  the  hind- 
wings  to  the  reddish  band. 

The  larva  is  green,  with  white  hairs,  a  dark  dorsal  line,  and 
a  pink  line  over  the  spiracles.  It  feeds  on  Helia7ithemii7n 
vulgare  and  EroJium  ciciitarmm.  The  green  pink-striped  pupa 
is  generally  found  on  the  ground  amongst  leaves. 

V.     THE    DURHAM    ARGUS.       POLYOMMATUS    SALMACIS. 
i^Plate  XL  VIIL  Fig,  3  c?  »  4,  5  ?  •) 
Polyommatus  salmacis^  Stephens,  111.   Brit.  Ent.   Haust.  iii.  p. 
235,  note  (1831);  Westwood  &   Humphreys,  Brit.  But- 
terflies, p.  115,  pi.  37»  figs.  1-3  (1841). 
Polyommatus  agestis,  var.  salmacis,  Barrett,  Lepid.  of  Brit.  Isl. 
i.  p.  74,  pi.  10,  figs,  zg-zi  (1892). 
This  is  the  usual  form  of  Polyo??imafus  alexis  found  in  the 


POLYOMMATUS.  lOI 

north  of  England,  where  it  was  first  met  with  at  Castle  Eden 
Dene,  and  subsequently  in  considerable  numbers,  on  the  mag- 
nesian  limestone  district  near  Newcastle,  in  July ;  it  has  also 
been  found  in  Yorkshire  and  Cumberland. 

This  msect  differs  from  the  typical  P.  alexis  in  the  orange 
spots  of  the  upper  side  being  more  or  less  obsolete,  especially 
in  the  male,  and  in  the  black  discoidal  spot  being  edged  with 
white.  The  black  spots  on  the  under  side  are  smaller  than  in 
P.  alexis.     Stephens'  original  description  is  as  follows  : — 

"  Alis  fusco-nigris,subtus  fuscescentibus  maculis  subocellatis, 
anticis  supra  in  masculis  puncto  discoidali  atro,  in  foeminis 
albo,  posticis  utrinque  fascia  submarginali  rubra.  (Exp.  alar. 
$  I  unc  I  lin.  ;    $  i  unc.  2  lin.) " 

Duncan's  more  detailed  description  may  also  be  quoted  : — 

"Silky  brown  above,  with  a  macular  posterior  band  of 
orange-red  on  all  the  wings,  somewhat  obsolete  in  the  male, 
and  a  white  spot  on  the  disk  of  the  primary  wings,  which,  how- 
ever, is  occasionally  wanting  in  both  sexes,  but  especially  in 
the  female.  The  fringe  is  white,  slightly  variegated  with  brown 
at  the  base.  The  colour  of  the  under  side  is  greyish-brown, 
the  anterior  wings  with  a  discoidal  white  spot;  beyond  this  is  a 
curved  band  of  similar  spots,  with  a  minute  dusky  pupil,  suc- 
ceeded by  a  band  of  orange  spots,  bounded  on  both  sides  by 
a  dusky  crescent,  surmounted  with  white,  the  outer  margin 
defined  by  a  dusky  line;  the  hinder  wings  have  a  similar  mar- 
ginal band,  several  scattered  white  spots  towards  the  base,  a 
larger  one  near  the  centre,  and  a  very  irregular  row  behind  the 
middle,  with  a  broad  white  central  patch  connecting  it  with 
the  yellow  band.  Most  of  these  spots  have  a  minute  dusky 
pupil  in  the  male,  but  greatly  more  conspicuous  in  the 
female." 

This  and  the  following  form  appear  to  be  only  single- 
brooded.     A  complete    series    of  transitions    has    now   been 


I02  LLOYD'S    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

traced  from  P.  alexis  through  P.  salmacis  to  P.  arlaxerxes  ; 
and  there  are  no  constant  differences  of  larvae  and  food-plants 
which  were  at  one  time  expected  to  separate  the  extreme 
forms. 

VL    THE    ARTAXERXES    BUTTERFLY.       POLYOMMATUS 

ARTAXERXES. 

{^Plaie  XLVIII.  Figs.  6,  7.) 

Ilesperia    artaxerxes^     Fabricius,    Entomologia    Systematica, 

iii.  (i)  p.   297,  no.  129  (1783);  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i. 

figs.  951-954  (1841?)- 
Polyommatus  arlaxerxes^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  68S,    no. 

219  (1823);  Stephens,    111.    Brit.   Ent.   Haust.    i.   p.    95 

(1827). 
Polyo7nmatus  agestis^  var.  artaxerxes,  Barrett,  Lepid.  Brit.  Isl.  i. 

p.    74,    pi.   10,   figs.    3^-3/  (1892);    Buckler,  Larvae    of 

Brit.  Lepid.  i.  p.  121,  pi.  16,  fig.  i  (1886). 
LyccEuz    astrarche,  var.  arlaxerxes,  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p. 

115,  pi.  24,  fjg.  10  (1882). 
The  present  insect  was  always  considered  to  be  a  perfectly 
distinct  species  till  recently,  when  its  identity  with  P.  alexis 
and  P.  salmacis  has  been  fully  established  by  careful  and  re- 
peated breeding  experiments.  The  true  P.  arlaxerxes  is 
locally  abundant  in  many  parts  of  Scotland,  and  is  single- 
brooded,  occurring  in  July  and  August.  For  many  years, 
Arthur's  Seat,  at  Edinburgh,  was  the  only  known  locality,  and 
some  entomologists  even  undertook  a  journey  to  Edinburgh 
(a  most  formidable  undertaking  a  century  ago)  in  order  to  obtain 
specimens,  while  others  had  a  drawing  made  of  the  insect,  and 
placed  it  in  a  corner  of  their  cabinets,  to  do  duty  for  the 
original.  Li  fact,  the  description  of  the  Butterfly  was  taken  by 
Fabricius,  as  in  the  case  of  so  many  other  species,  from  the 
collection  of  drawings  made  by  Jones  of  Chelsea. 


CYANIRIS.  103 

As  in  the  other  forms  of  the  insect,  P.  artaxerxes  is  a  brown 
Butterfly  with  white  fringes,  and  a  sub-marginal  band  of  red 
spots,  more  or  less  obsolete  in  the  male.  There  is  a  con- 
spicuous white  discoidal  spot  on  the  fore-wings.  On  the 
under  side,  which  is  light  brownish-grey,  the  discoidal  spots, 
the  outer  band  of  spots,  and  the  basal  spots  on  the  hind-wings, 
are  all  conspicuously  white,  without  any  black  centres;  the 
sub-marginal  band  being  more  orange,  paler,  and  edged  out- 
side with  a  row  of  black  dots  ;  beyond,  the  wings  are  whitish, 
with  a  brown  line  at  the  base  of  the  fringes. 

There  are  one  or  two  Alpine  Butterflies  with  large  white 
spots  on  the  underside  of  the  wings — Agriades  orbitulus  (De 
Prunner)  and  A.  atys  (Hiibner) — but  they  are  allied  to,  if  not 
congeneric  with,  Nomiades  seiniargus  (Von  Rottemburg). 

GENUS  CYANIRIS. 
Cyani?'is,  Dalman.  K.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.    Stockholm,  xxxiii. 
pp.  6t,,  94  (181 6) ;  Scudder,  Syst.  Rev.  Amer.  Butterflies, 
p.  34  (1872) ;  Moore,  Lepid.  Ceylon,  i.  p.  74  (1881). 
Species  of  this  genus  are  found  in  almost  all  parts  of  the 
world,  except  South  America  and  Australia.     Many  are  very 
closely  allied,  and  the  greater  number  are  of  a  rather  pale  blue 
in  both  sexes,  with  broad  dark  borders  in  the  female.     The 
under  surface  is    usually   bluish-white  with    numerous    black 
spots,  and  rarely  with  any  traces   of  a   sub-marginal  orange 
band.     The  type  is 

THE    AZURE    BLUE.       CYANIRIS    ARGIOLUS. 
{Plate  XLIX.  Figs,  i,  3   J   Fig-  2    ?  .) 
Papilio  argiolus^  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  i.  p.  483,  no.   153 
(1758);  id.  Faun.   Suec.  p.   284  (1761);  Herbst,  Naturs. 
Schmett.  xi.  pi.  310,  figs.  4-6  (1804). 
Papilio  ckobis,  Sulzer,  Gesch.  Ins.  pi.  18,  figs.  13,  14  (1776); 
Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (i)  p.  360,  pi.  40,  fig.  3  (1778  ?) ;  i.  (2) 
p.  27,  pi.  54,  figs.  4^7,  b  (1780). 


I04  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

Papilio  acis,  Fabricius,  Mantissa  Ins.  ii.  p.  73,  no.  687  (1787); 

Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  272-27  1  (1803). 
PolyoDunatus  argiohis,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  678,  no.  190 

(1823);  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  85  (1827); 

Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  46,  pi.  14,  figs.  4^,  b 

(1879);  Barrett,  Lepid.  of  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  88,  pi.   13,  figs. 

2,  2a-e  (1892);  Buckler,  Larvce  of  Brit.  Lepid.  i.  pp.  94, 

188,  pi.  14,  fig.  I  (1886). 
LyccDia  argiolus^    Newman,  Brit.    Butterflies,    p.   135  (1881); 

Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  127,  pi.  31,  fig.  i  (1882). 
The  Azure  Blue  Butterfly  is  common  in  many  parts  of 
England  and  Ireland,  frequenting  woods  and  thickets,  where 
its  food-plants  grow,  in  early  spring^  and  again  in  summer  and 
autumn.  It  is  also  common  throughout  Europe,  North 
Africa,  and  Northern  and  Western  Asia,  as  far  as  the  frontiers 
of  India;  and  closely-allied  species  are  found  in  North 
America.  It  varies  considerably  in  size,  expanding  from 
rather  less  than  an  inch  to  nearly  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the 
wings.  It  is  the  earliest  to  appear  of  all  the  Blues,  sometimes 
being  seen  in  April ;  and  it  is  still  met  with  in  various  localities 
quite  close  to  London. 

The  fore-wings  are  of  a  light  blue,  somewhat  inclining  to  lilac 
above,  with  white  fringes,  slightly  interrupted  by  the  black  ner 
vures,  and  a  black  border,  narrow  in  the  male,  but  broad  in  the 
female  on  the  fore-wings ;  on  the  hind-wings  it  is  narrow.  The 
under  side  is  of  a  pale  blue,  with  black  discoidal  lunules,  and 
an  outer  row  of  black  spots,  not  ocellated  ;  towards  the  base  of 
the  hind-wings  are  several  more  spots.  There  are  no  distinct 
sub-marginal  spots. 

The  larva,  which  feeds  on  the  flowers  of  holly,  buck-thorn, 
and  ivy,  is  pubescent,  of  a  greenish-yellow  colour,  deepest  on 
the  back ;  the  head  and  legs  are  black ;  the  pupa  is  yellowish- 
brown. 


PLATE    XLIX, 


L3.  fyaniris  argiolas. 

4.  5.  ti^ercu  minima^. 

6.  7.  Kondcuies  senvL-argus, 


ZIZERA.  105 

GENUS  ZIZERA. 

Zizera,  Moore,  Lepid.  Ceylon,  i.  p.  78  (1881). 

This  genus  includes  very  small  Butterflies,  with  no  sub- 
marginal  markings  beneath,  and  no  basal  spots  on  the  fore- 
wings. 

I.    THE    BEDFORD    BLUE.       ZIZERA    MINIMA, 

{Plate  XLIX.   Figs.  4,  5.) 

Papilio  minima,   Fuessly,  Verz.  Schweitz.  Ins.  p.  31,  no.   599 

(1775);  Esper,    Schmett.   i.    (i)    p.    338,    pi.    34,    fig.    3 

{1778?). 
Papilio  alsus,  Denis  &  Schiff.  Syst.  Yerz.  Schmett.  Wien,  p.  184, 

no.   9  (1776);  Hiibner,   Eur.   Schmett.  i.   figs.  278,    279 

(1803?). 
Oipido  puer,  ?  Schrank,  Fauna  Boica,  ii.  (1)  p.  215,  no.  1374 

(1801). 
Polyommahcs  alsus,   Godart,   Enc.    Meth.  ix.  p.   704,  no.  246 

(1823);    Steph.    111.    Brit.   Ent.    Haust.   i.   p.    86  (1828); 

Barrett,   Lepid.  of  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.   92,   pi.   14,  figs,   la-ic 

(1892). 
Polyoiiwiatus  mii.tmi,  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  46, 

pi.  14,  fig.  3  (1879). 
Lyc(Ena  alsus,  Newm.  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  134  (1881). 
Lyccena  minima,  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  128  (1882). 

The  Bedford  Blue  is  the  smallest  of  our  British  Blues,  ex- 
panding from  two-thirds  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  across  the 
wings,  which  aie  brown  ab-ive,  with  white  fringes,  and  have  a 
faint  bluish  tint  in  the  male.  On  the  under  surface  they  are 
pearly-grey,  slightly  bluish  or  greenish  at  the  base,  with  dis- 
coidal  spots,  and  a  row  of  black  eyes  in  white  rings  beyond  ; 
on  the  hind-wings  there  are  several  additional  spots  towards 
the  base.  It  is  double-brooded,  and  is  met  with  from  May  to 
Au2ust. 


to6  LLOYD'S    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

The  larva  is  green,  with  orange  and  yellow  lines,  and  feeds 
on  A7ithynis  viilneraria^  and  other  vetches.  The  pupa  is  pale 
grey,  with  black  dots  and  dashes  ;  it  is  found  on  the  ground, 
unattached,  according  to  some  writers,  but  others  say  that  it  is 
attached  by  a  belt  to  a  stalk  of  the  food-plant. 

The  Butterfly  is  common  throughout  Europe  and  Northern 
and  Western  Asia,  but  is  very  local  in  Britain,  preferring  a 
chalk  or  limestone  soil.  In  Switzerland  it  is  frequently  found 
in  company  with  Cupido  argiades^  which  led  Schrank  to  regard 
it  as  the  true  female  of  that  species. 

GENUS  NOMIADES. 

Noju fades,  Hul)ner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  67  (t8i6). 
This  name  may  be  provisionally  applied  to  a  number  of 
species  of  moderate  or  large  size,  which  are  generally  blue 
above  in  the  males,  and  brown  in  the  females.  The  under 
surface  of  the  wings  is  marked  with  discoidal  spots,  at  least  on 
the  fore-wings,  and  at  least  one  row  of  spots  beyond,  generally 
largest  on  the  fore-wings.  There  are  no  marginal  markings, 
or  at  least  no  red  or  orange  ones,  and  not  always  discoidal 
lunules,  or  basal  spots  on  the  hind-wings.  Dr.  Scudder  has 
indicated  the  type  as  N.  seiniargus  ;  but  this  species  and  its 
allies  will  probably  be  separated  ultimately  from  the  group 
represented  by  N.  arion.  The  British  species  of  this  group 
are  on  the  verge  of  extinction  in  England. 

THE    MAZARINE    BLUE.       NOMIADES    SEMIARGUS. 
{Plate  XLIX.  Figs  6,  7.) 
Papilio  semiargus,  Von  Rottemburg,  Naturforscher,  vi.  p.  20, 
fig-  6  (1775);  Herbst,  Naturs.  Schmett.  xi.  p.  177  (1804). 
Papilio  argiolus,  Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (i)  p.  277,  pi.  21,  figs,  i, 
a,    h   (1778);     Hubner,   Eur.    Schmett.  i.   figs.   269-271 
(1803). 


NOMIADES.  f07 

Papilio    acis,   Denis    &   Schiffermiiller,    Syst.    Verz.   Schmett. 

Wien,  p.   182,  no.   5  (1776);  Herbst,  /.  c.  pi.  310,  figs. 

la-c  (1804). 
Polyommaius   acis,   Godart,    Enc.   Meth.  ix.   p.   703,   no.   245 

(1823);   Steph.  111.   Brit.   Ent.   Haust.    i.  p.   86    (1828); 

Barrett,   Lepid.  Brit.    Isl.  i.   p.  94,  pi.    14,  figs.   2,   2a,  b 

(1881). 
Polyommatus  seiniargus,  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p. 

46  (1879). 
Lyccena  semlargus,  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  129,  pi.  31,  fig.  5 

(1882). 
Lyccena  acis,  Newm.  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  133  (1881). 

The  Mazarine  Blue  Butterfly  is  common  throughout  the 
greater  part  of  Europe  and  Northern  Asia,  but  has  always 
been  a  scarce  and  local  insect  in  England  Sixty  or  seventy 
years  ago,  however,  it  used  to  be  taken  in  most  of  the 
counties  of  England  and  Wales,  though  only  occasionally 
common  in  very  restricted  localities.  Since  that  time  it  has 
gradually  disappeared  from  its  former  haunts,  and  for  many 
years  past  only  single  specimens  have  been  taken  casually  at 
long  intervals.  Latterly  even  such  captures  have  become  very 
rare,  and  the  insect  is  supposed  to  be  now  almost,  if  not  quite, 
extinct  as  a  British  species.  It  frequents  dry  meadows  in  June 
and  July,  being  single-brooded,  and  used  to  show  a  certain 
preference  for  chalky  localities,  though  by  no  means  confined 
to  them.  I  have  taken  it  in  Germany  among  Polyommaius 
icaruSjhut  seldom  commonly;  and  I  could  hardly  tell  the  insects 
apart,  except  in  the  net,  or  from  a  view  of  the  under  side.  I 
am  therefore  of  opinion  that  collectors  who  would  take  the 
trouble  to  net  any  blues  they  may  notice,  especially  in  out-of- 
the-way  parts  of  the  country,  may  possibly  meet  with  an  oc- 
casional specimen  of  this  species.  This  advice  has,  I  know, 
been  given  before,  and,  doubtless,  largely  acted  on   without 


io8  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

success ;  but  still  I  do  not  regard  it  as  by  any  means  hope- 
less. 

The  Mazarine  Blue  expands  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter 
across  the  wings.  The  male  is  dark  purplish-blue,  with  a 
moderately  broad  blackish  border,  and  white  fringes;  the 
female  is  brown.  The  under  side  is  of  a  dull  ash-colour, 
greenish  at  the  base,  with  discoidal  lunules  (very  narrow 
on  the  hind-wings),  and  a  single  row  of  rather  small  black 
eyes  in  white  rings  beyond. 

The  larva  is  covered  with  fine  yellowish-green  hair;  the 
dorsal  and  lateral  streaks  darker.  The  head,  feet,  and  stig- 
mata are  dark  brown.  It  feeds  on  Anthyllis  vulneraria  from 
July  to  September. 

N.  cyllarus  (Von  Rottemburg)  is  an  extremely  pretty  species 
allied  to  N.  seiniai-giis^  and  it  is  not  uncommon  on  the  Conti- 
nent, but  is  absent  in  the  North-west.  The  male  is  of  a  bright 
blue  above;  and  on  the  under  side  the  eyes  on  the  fore-wings 
are  much  larger  than  those  on  the  hind-wings,  and  the  under 
side  of  the  hind-wings  is  of  a  beautiful  green,  from  the  base  to 
beyond  the  middle. 

I.    THE    LARGE    BLUE.       NOMIADES    ARION. 
{Plate  XLVII.   Figs,  i,  2.) 

Papilio  arion,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  p.  483,  no.  151  (1758), 
id.  Faun.  Suec.  p.  283  (1761);  Esper,  Schmett.  i.  p.  266, 
pi.  20,  fig.  2  (1777);  i-  (2)  p.  53,  Pl-  59,  fig-  2  (1780); 
Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  254-256  (1803?). 

Polyojnniatus  arion,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  69S,  no.  235 
(1823);  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  87  (182S); 
Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  45  (1879);  Bar- 
rett, Lepid.  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  96,  pi.  14,  figs.  3,  T^a-c 
(1892);  Buckler,  Larvoe  of  Brit.  Lepid.  i.  pp.  1S5,  iS3 
(1886). 


NOMIADES.  109 

Lyc(E7ia  arion,  Newman,  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  136(1881);  Lang, 

Butterflies  Eur.  p.  133,  pi.  32,  fig.  5  (1882). 
Van  Polyommatus  alcon,  Stephens,  /.  c.  p.  88  (1828). 

The  Large  Blue  is  common  throughout  a  great  part  of 
Europs  and  Northern  and  Western  Asia,  and  on  the  Con- 
tinent is  frequently  found  in  company  with  three  or  four  other 
closely-allied  species  which  do  not  occur  in  England.  One 
of  these,  N.  arms  (Von  Rottemburg),  is  a  very  dark-coloured 
species.  Like  -^V.  semiargus,  it  was  always  very  local  in  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  the  principal  locality  for  many  years  having 
been  Barnwell  Wold  in  Northamptonshire,  where  it  is  said  to 
have  been  finally  exterminated  by  a  dealer.  As,  however,  it  is 
fond  of  waste  ground,  the  advance  of  cultivation  has  been  its 
real  enemy  ;  for  it  appears  to  have  been  taken  occasionally  in 
most  counties  in  the  southern  half  of  England.  But  for  many 
years  it  has  been  rapidly  disappearing,  and  is  apparently  on  the 
verge  of  extinction  as  a  British  species,  though  it  still  lingers 
on  in  certain  restricted  localities  in  Devonshire  and  Cornwall. 

The  Large  Blue  measures  an  inch  and  a  half,  or  rather  more, 
across  the  wings,  which  are  of  a  purplish-blue,  with  rather  broad 
black  hind-margins,  and  the  costa  of  the  hind-wings  black.  The 
fore-wings  have  a  black  discoidal  lunule,  beyond  which  is  a  row 
of  rather  large  black  spots.  The  fringes  are  white  above,  but 
spotted  with  brown  on  the  nervures  beneath.  The  hind-wings 
have  a  sub-marginal  row  of  black  spots,  and  in  some  varieties 
of  the  female  are  spotted  almost  as  in  the  fore-wings.  The 
underside  is  greyish-brown,  greenish  towards  the  base,  with  dis- 
coidal lunules,  and  a  central  row  of  black  eyes  beyond,  ringed 
with  white,  one  or  two  more  or  less  distinct  rows  of  sub-marginal 
spots,  and  some  additional  eyes  towards  thj  base  of  the  hind- 
wings.  The  Butterfly  appears  in  July,  and  is  fond  of  settling 
on  the  blossoms  of  wild  thyme,  on  which  the  larva,  which  is 
imperfectly  known,  feeds. 


no  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

The  Butterfly  called  Folyommatus  alco7i  by  Stephens  is  con- 
sidered to  be  only  a  variety  of  N  arion,  and  not  the  Continental 
species  described  below.  The  specimen,  which  is  stated  to  have 
been  taken  in  Buckinghamshire,  is  said  to  have  been  nearly  im- 
maculate above,  and  to  have  measured  an  inch  and  a  half 
across  ;he  wings.  "  Beneath  brownish-ash,  the  anterior  [wings] 
with  ocellated  black  dots  as  in  the  preceding,  and  a  series 
towards  the  hinder-margin,  which  has  not  the  lunulated  spots  as 
in  F.  arion  ;  the  posterior  wings  also  bear  ocelli,  as  in  the  last- 
named  insect,  and  a  series  behind,  but  the  hinder  margin  is 
nearly  immaculate.  The  female  is  nearly  all  brown  above, 
with  some  obsolete  dots,  but  resembles  the  male  beneath." 

THE    ALCON    BLUE.       NOMIADES    ALCON. 

^Plate  XL  VII.  Figs.  3,  4.) 

Fapilio  alcofi,  Denis   &   Schiffermiiller,  Syst.    Verz.    Schmett. 

Wien,  p.  182,  no.  4  (1776);  Fabr.  Mant.  Ins.  ii.  p.   72, 

no.  683  {1787);   Hiibner,  Europ.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  263- 

265  (1803  ?). 
Fapilio  areas,  Esper  (nee.  Von  Rottemburg),  Schmett.  i.  (i) 

p.  338,  pl.  34,  figs.  4,5(1778?). 
Folyommatus  alcon,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  699,  no.  236 

(1823);  Duncan,  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.   234,  pi.  32,  fig.   2 

(1835);  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  45  (1879). 
LyccBna  akon,   Lang,   Eur.   Butterflies,   p.   132,  pi.  32,  fig.  3 

(1882). 
As  we  have  mentioned  above,  the  present  species  was  in- 
cluded in  the  British  lists  on  the  strength  of  a  specimen  which 
was  suspected,  even  at  the  time  it  was  described  as  A^  akon,  to 
be  only  a  variety  of  N.  arion.  It  is  a  rather  scarce  and  local 
species  on  the  Continent,  and  I  have  occasionally  taken  it  on 
heaths  in  Northern  Germany,  where  no  other  species  of  the 
group  of  N.  arion  were  to  be  met  with. 


SCOLITANTIDES.  Ill 

N.  a/con  measures  rather  less  than  an  inch  and  a  half  in 
expanse.  The  male  is  purplish-blue,  with  a  moderately  broad 
black  border  on  the  hind-margins,  and  a  discoidal  spot  on  the 
fore-wings.  The  female  is  blue,  with  the  costa  and  hind-margin 
of  all  the  wings  very  broadly  brown ;  the  fore-wings  have  a 
discoidal  lunule,  and  an  obscure  curved  row  of  black  spots. 
The  under  side  is  brownish-ashy,  with  discoidal  spots,  an  outer 
row  of  eyes,  and  some  basal  spots  on  the  hind-wings.  There 
is  also  a  sub-marginal  row  of  eyes ;  all  the  eyes  being  rather 
small,  and  uniform  in  size.  The  hind-wings  are  slightly  bluish 
towards  the  base.     The  transformations  are  unknown. 


Having  now  completed  the  survey  of  the  British  "Blues," 
I  will  add  a  short  notice  of  some  of  the  more  important 
European  and  exotic  genera  which  are  still  frequently  grouped 
with  them  under  the  magazine  genus  Polyommatus^  or  Lyccena. 

GENUS  SCOLITANTIDES. 
Scolitantides^  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  68  (1816). 
This  little  group  is  considered  by  Dr.  Scudder  to  be  con- 
generic with  Plebeius ;  but  the  wings  are  rather  longer  and  less 
acute,  and  there  are  no  metallic  spots  in  the  sub-marginal 
markings  of  the  hind-wings  beneath.  It  includes  a  few  Euro- 
pean and  East  Indian  species. 

SCOLITANTIDES    ORION. 

Papilio  orion,  Pallas,  Reise,  i.  p.  471  (1771). 

Papilio  ielephii^   Esper,  Schmett.  i.   (i)  p.   363,  pi.  41,  fig,  2 

(1778?);  i.  (2)  p.  6,  pi.  94,  fig.  (1790)- 
Papilio  bathiSj  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  328-330  (1803  ?); 

figs.  801,  802  (1827?). 
Polyommatus  orion,  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  51 

(.879). 


I  I  2  LLOYD'S    NATURAL   HISTORY. 

Lycccna  orion^  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  io8,  pi.  24,  fig.  i  (1882). 
Polyommatus  telephii^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  686,  no.  215 
(1823). 

This  is  a  widely  distributed,  but  local  species,  inhabiting 
many  parts  of  Europe  and  Northern  and  Western  Asia,  and 
frequenting  rocky  places  in  May  and  June.  It  is  dark  brown 
above,  with  the  fringes  spotted  with  white,  and  the  base  of  the 
wings  purphsh-blue  in  the  male,  most  broadly  on  the  fore- 
wings.  There  is  a  large  black  discoidal  lunule  on  the  fore- 
wings.  The  hind-margins  of  the  fore-wings  are  marked  with 
rows  of  more  or  less  distinct  bluish-white  spots,  and  the  hind- 
wings  are  marked  with  indistinct  black  spots  in  bluish-white 
rings.  The  under  side  is  bluish-white,  with  large  and  con- 
spicuous black  spots,  consisting  of  basal  spots  on  both  fore-  and 
hind-wings,  discoidal  lunules,  a  row  of  spots  beyond,  and  a 
double  row  of  sub-marginal  spots,  separated  on  the  hind-wings 
by  a  broad  orange  band. 

The  larva  is  sea-green,  with  a  violet  dorsal  line,  and  feeds 
on  Telephiuvi. 

GENUS   CxVSTALIUS. 

Castalius,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  70  (1816);  Moore, 
Lepid.  Ceylon,  i.  p.  82  (1881);  Distant,  Rhop.  Malayana, 
p.  214  (1884). 

This  genus  includes  a  number  of  rather  small  East  Indian 
and  African  Butterflies  of  a  white  colour,  slightly  tinted  with 
blue,  and  with  blackish  borders,  and  black  spots  and  bands 
on  the  under  side.  The  hind-wings  are  provided  with  a  short 
and  slender  tail.     The  type  is 

CASTALIUS    ROSIMON. 

Papilio  rosimon,  Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.  p.  523,  -  ''^775)- 

Papilio  clytoJt,  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  i.  pi.  67,  f^ 


CAStALIlJS.  113 

Vapilio  coridoit,  Cramer,  /.  c.  iv.  pi.  340,  figs.  C-F  (1781). 
Folyommatus  rosimon,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  658,  no.  141 

(1823). 
Castalius  rosimon,  Moore,  Lepid.  Ceylon,  i.  p.  83,  pi.  36,  fig. 

2(1881);  Distant,   Rhop.   Malayana,  p.   215,  pi.   22,  fig. 

20  (1884). 

This  Butterfly  is  common  in  India  and  the  adjacent  islands ; 
it  measures  about  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the  wings,  which 
are  white,  tinged  with  pale  blue  at  the  base,  and  with  blackish 
borders,  broader  in  the  female  than  in  the  male,  which  are 
spotted  with  white  on  the  hind-wings.  There  are  large  black 
lunules  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  some  large  black  spots  and 
markings,  partly  connected  with  the  border.  The  under  side 
is  white  with  some  heavy  black  stripes  and  spots  towards  the 
base,  and  three  rows  of  black  sub-marginal  spots.  It  flies  near 
the  ground,  and  frequently  settles  among  grass  and  low 
plants. 

The  genera  Pepliphorus  and  Thysonotis^  Hiibner,  include  a 
number  of  beautiful  and  closely-allied  species,  found  through- 
out the  Austro-Malayan  Region  ;  they  are  extremely  numerous 
in  New  Guinea  and  the  adjacent  islands.  These  species 
measure  about  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the  wings,  which 
are  of  a  light  blue  in  the  males,  and  brown  in  the  females, 
usually  with  a  white  band,  broadest  at  the  inner  margin 
of  the  hind-wings,  and  diminishing  towards  the  costa  of 
the  fore-wings ;  on  the  under  surface  the  borders  of  the 
wings  are  broadly  black.  In  the  species  of  Pepliphorus^  the 
type  of  which  is  Papilio  cyanea,  Cramer,  there  is  a  marginal 
row  of  eyes  on  the  under  side  of  the  hind-wings.  In  Thyso- 
notis  (type,  Papilio  danis^  Cramer),  the  black  borders  of  the 
under  side  are  transversed  by  broad  stripes  of  metallic  green  or 
blue. 

10  I 


1*4  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORV. 

GENUS   riTIIECOrS. 

Pithccops,  Ho-.sfield,  Cat  Lepid.  Mus.  E.  I.  C  p  (i(S  (1828); 
Schatz  &  Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  272  (1892). 

The  type  of  this  genus,  P.  hylax  (Fabricms),  is  a  small  Butter- 
fly from  Java,  with  moderately  long,  rounded  wings,  hardly  ex- 
pand'ng  more  than  three-quarters  of  an  inch.  It  is  dark  brown 
above,  and  whitish  below,  with  no  basal  or  discoidal  markings, 
but  with  a  large  blackish  spot  just  before  the  extremity  of  the 
costa.  There  are  some  small  sub-marginal  black  dashes,  and 
within  them,  on  the  hind-wings,  is  a  yellowish  line.  The  first 
sub-costal  nervule  anastomoses  with  the  costal  nervure,  which 
distinguishes  this  genus  from  the  very  similar  Neopithecops  (the 
types  of  which  are  found  in  Ceylon  and  Singapore),  in  which 
the  sub-costal  and  costal  nervures  are  distinctly  separated. 

GENUS   LYC^NESTHES. 

Lyccejiesthes,  Moore,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  1865,  p.  773;  id. 
Lepid.  Ceylon,  i.  p.  87  (1881);  Distant,  Rhop.  Malay. 
p.  232  (1884) ;  Hevvitson,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  1874,  p. 
343;  Schatz  &  Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  274  (1892). 

The  type  of  this  genus  is  Z.  bengalensis,  Moore,  a  Butterfly 
which  is  common  throughout  Lidia  and  the  Indo-M;dayan 
region.  It  measures  about  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the 
wings,  which  are  dark  purplish-blue  above  in  the  male,  and 
purplish-brown,  with  a  bluish  patch  at  the  base,  in  the  female  ; 
towards  the  anal  angle  is  a  small  black  spot.  The  under  side 
is  pale  greyish-brown,  with  irregular  white  lines  partly  enclosing 
darker  spaces,  and  a  small  orange  spot  with  a  black  pupil 
towards  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind-wings. 

A  great  number  of  East  Indian  and  African  Butterflies, 
resembling  small  species  of  Thecla,  Fkbeius,  &c.,  have  been, 
rightly  or  wrongly,  referred  to  this  genus.     Most  of  them  are 


PLATE     L. 


'*i,      \V--o( 


/—  3  I/y  cc^n€L  disp  or. 
^•5.         „  vtrgaurecc. 


LYCiENA.  115 

remarkable  for  possessing  two,  or  more  often  three,  small  pro- 
jecting tufts  of  scales  on  the  hind-margin  of  the  hind-wings. 

GENUS   LYC/l^NA. 
LjccE?ia,  Fabricius  in  Illiger,  Mag.  Insekt.  vi.   p.  285  (1807)  ; 

Leach,  Edinb.  Encycl.  ix.   p.   129   (1815);    Curtis,  Brit. 

Ent,  i.  pi.  12  (1824);  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i. 

p.  79  (1828). 
Folyojfunatus,  pt.  Latreille,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.  Ins.  xiv.  p.  116 

(1805). 

Chrysophanus^  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.p.  72  (1816);  West- 
wood,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  497  (1852)  ;  Schatz  & 
Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  274  (1892). 

I  have  already,  in  my  remarks  on  the  genus  Folyommafus, 
explained  my  reasons  for  regarding  Z.  phiceas  as  the  type  of 
Lycceiia. 

The  present  genus  differs  from  those  which  we  have  already 
noticed,  in  which  the  sub-costal  nervure  is  four-branched,  by  the 
absence  of  the  upper  disco-cellular  nervule  on  the  fore-wings, 
and  by  the  brilliant  coppery-red  colour  of  most  of  the  species. 
They  are  widely  distributed  in  Europe  and  Asia,  and  in  addi- 
tion to  their  bright  coppery  colour,  many  are  flushed  with 
purple.  Others  are  slightly  tailed;  but  these  peculiarities  are 
but  slightly  indicated  in  any  of  our  British  species,  all  of  which, 
with  one  exception,  are  now  excessively  rare,  if  not  actually 
extinct  in  Britain. 

I.  THE  SCARCE  COPPER.  LYC^NA  VIRGAURE^. 
{Plate  L.  Figs.  4,  5.) 
Papilio  virgaurece,  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  i.  p.  484,  no. 
181  (1758)  ;  id.  Faun.  Suec.  p.  285  (1766)  ;  Esper, 
Schmett.  i.  (i)  p.  287,  pi.  22,  figs.  2a,  <^(i777)  ;  Hiibner, 
Europ.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  359-361  (1803?),  figs.  884-887 
(1827  ?). 

I    2 


It5  LLOYDS   NAtUkAL   HISTORY. 

Polyonimatiis  virgaiirece,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  6C9,  no. 
166(1823);  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  86,  pi.  19,  fig.  i 
(1881). 
Lyccsna  virgaurecB,  Stephens,  III.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  83, 
pi.  9  (1828);  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  56, 
pi.  15,  figs.  I  ^-^(1879). 
C/irysoJ)ha?iHs  virgaurecE,  Barrett,  Lepid.  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  55  (1892). 

The  present  species  is  common  in  many  parts  of  Europe 
and  Western  Asia,  and  was  stated  by  Stephens,  on  the  authority 
of  older  writers,  to  be  found  in  marshes  in  Cambridgeshire  and 
Huntingdonshire,  frequenting  the  flowers  of  the  Golden  Rod 
in  August.  These  localities  have  long  been  destroyed,  and 
the  insect,  if  it  ever  existed  there,  has  probably  been  exter- 
minated, with  so  many  others  ;  but  it  must  have  always  been  a 
great  rarity  in  this  country.  One  or  two  British  specimens 
have  been  recorded  in  more  recent  times,  but  Mr.  Barrett 
thinks  that  they  were  probably  accidentally  introduced  with 
plants,  or  otherwise,  The  last  recorded  specimen  was  taken 
at  Cromer,  not  a  very  unlikely  locality.  On  the  Continent  it 
frequents  flowery  slopes,  open  places  in  woods,  &c.,  where  its 
brilliant  colour  renders  it  very  conspicuous.  It  may  easily  be 
distinguished  from  all  other  European  species  by  the  white 
markings  on  the  under  side. 

The  Scarce  Copper  measures  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter 
across  the  wings,  which  are  in  the  male  of  a  brilliant  copper 
above,  slightly  inclining  to  yellow,  with  a  narrow  black 
border;  towards  the  border  of  the  hind-wings  are  some  small 
black  dots.  The  female  is  dull  copper,  with  discoidal  lunules,  a 
spot  in  the  cell  on  the  fore-wings,  and  two  rows  of  large  black 
spots  on  the  fore-wings,  and  three  rows  on  the  hind  ones,  the 
innermost  incomplete.  On  the  under  side  the  fore- wings  are 
coppery,  with  two  small  black  spots  in  the  cell  within  the  dis- 
coidal lunule,  and  a  row  of  small  blnck  spots    beyond ;  the 


LYC/ENA.  117 

hind-wings  are  light  brown,  often  greenish  or  yellowish,  with 
an  orange  stripe  at  the  anal  angle.  Across  the  wings  runs  an 
irregular  white  band,  generally  broken  into  two  large  spots, 
and  nearer  the  base  are  several  small  black  spots. 

The  larva  is  pubescent,  and  of  a  dull  green,  with  a  yellow 
dorsal  line  and  pale  green  streaks  on  the  sides.  It  feeds  on 
Golden  Rod,  Rinncx,  &:c.,  in  June  and  September,  the  Butter- 
fly being  double-brooded  (on  the  Continent),  and  appearing 
there  from  May  to  August. 

II.    THE    LARGE    COPPER.       LYC.ENA    DISPAR. 
{Plate  L.  Figs.  i(?  ;  2,  3?.) 

Papilio  hippothoe  (nee  Linn.),  Lewin,  Ins.  Brit.  i.  pi.  40  (1795) ; 
Donovan,  Nat.  Hist.  Brit.  Ins.  vii.  p.  3,  pi.  217  (1798); 
Hiibner,  Europ.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  966-968  (1841  ?). 

Papilio  dispar,  Havvorth,  Lepid.  Brit.  p.  40,  no.  51  (1803). 

Lyccena  dispar,  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  i.  pi.  12  (1824);  Stephens, 
111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  81  (1828);  Kirby,  Eur.  Butter- 
flies and  Moths,  p.  55  (1879). 

Poly onwiatus  dispar,  Boisd.  Icones,  i.  pi.  10,  figs.  1-3(1833); 
Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  90,  pi.  19,  fig.  4  (1881). 

Polyommatus  hippothoe,   Newman,    Brit.    Butterflies,    p.    114 

(1881). 

Chrysopha7ius  dispar,  Barrett,  Lepid.  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  56,  pi.  9, 
figs.  I,  la,  b  (1892). 

Some  difference  of  opinion  exists  as  to  whether  the  Large 
Copper  is  a  distinct  species,  or  only  a  local  insular  form  of 
the  following.  It  was  probably  known  to  English  entomolo- 
gists for  some  time  before  the  end  of  the  last  century,  but 
Wilkes  does  not  mention  it,  writing  in  1 745  ;  and  the  first 
notice  by  an  English  writer  is  by  Lewin,  in  1795,  who  snys 
that  his  specimens  were  taken  "  on  a  moorish  piece  of  ground 


ii8  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

near  Cambridge."  Haworth,  in  1803,  who  first  described  the 
British  insect  as  a  distinct  species,  says  that  it  was  taken  by 
his  friends,  Mr.  W.  and  Dr.  F.  Scrimshire,  in  reedy  places  in 
Cambridgeshire;  and  formerly  in  Wales,  by  the  celebrated 
botanist  Hudson.  {Apropos  of  this  last,  and  unconfirmed,  state- 
ment, I  may  say  that  I  have  been  told  that  Butterflies  some- 
what resembling  this  species  have  been  seen  by  persons  riding 
through  the  country  on  the  borders  of  Wales.  Without 
attaching  any  importance  to  casual  reports  of  this  kind,  I 
think  it  my  duty  to  record  them,  in  case  of  their  giving  a  clue 
which  may  possibly  be  worth  following  up.)  Donovan  re- 
corded the  insect  from  Scotland,  which  Haworth  says  is  an 
error.  Curtis  sta'es,  in  1824,  that  it  was  first  discovered  in 
Wales  by  Hudson,  and  was  subsequently  captured  in  con- 
siderable abundance  by  Messrs.  Standish,  who  went  to  Whittle- 
sea  Mere,  Huntingdonshire,  in  expectation  of  finding  it.  They 
informed  him  that  the  end  of  July  was  undoubtedly  the  right 
season  for  this  insect,  although  they  met  with  it  at  the 
beginning  of  August,  flying  among  reeds  ;  it  was  very  active, 
and  in  windy  weather  concealed  itself  amongst  the  highest 
reeds,  where  they  found  the  Butterfly  just  emerged  from  the 
chrysalis,  drying  its  wings. 

At  that  time  the  Butterfly  was  probably  generally  distributed 
over  the  fens  of  Cambridgeshire  and  Huntingdonshire,  but 
Whittlesea  Mere  and  Yaxley  Fen  (about  two  miles  apart, 
though  standing  on  opposite  sides  of  the  boundary  between 
the  counties  just  mentioned)  continued  to  be  the  two  chief 
localities  for  the  Butterfly,  until  they  were  drained.  It  was 
also  recorded  from  Holme  Fen  in  the  same  neighbour- 
hood, as  well  as  from  Bardolph  Fen  in  Norfolk,  and 
Benacre  in  Suffolk,  but  strange  to  say,  never  seems  to  have 
been  very  common  in  the  two  latter  counties.  It  was  already 
noted    by    West  wood,    in     1841,    as    getting    scarce,    owing 


LYC/ENA  I  1 9 

to  the  immense  numbers  taken  by  former  collectors,  and 
the  drainage  of  the  fens  having  nearly,  if  not  quite,  ex- 
terminated the  species.  Its  disappearance  has  also  been 
attributed  to  a  great  flood  (probably  due  to  the  draining 
operations)  which  drowned  all  the  broods.  But  whatever  the 
cause,  it  is  said  to  have  become  practically  extinct  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire after  1845,  ^^'^^  ^^"^  Huntingdonshire  after  1847  or 
1848.  In  Miller  and  Skertchley's  interesting  book  on  "  The 
Fenland,"  we  read  (p.  594) :  "  Nearly  eighty  years  ago,  Mr. 
J.  C.  Dale  recorded  taking  a  specimen  at  Bardolph  Fen,  but 
the  whole  district  has  altogether  changed  since  then.  In 
1 85 1,  the  year  Whittlesea  Mere  was  drained,  Mr.  Wagstaff  took 
a  solitary  specimen  at  Bottisham  Fen."  How  greatly  the 
district  has  been  changed,  not  only  for  zoology  but  for 
botany,  may  be  seen  in  the  fact  that  a  plant  once  so  abundant 
everywhere  in  the  fens  as  the  Bog-Myrtle,  is  now  all  but 
extinct  in  Cambridgeshire,  the  only  locality  known  for  it  in 
the  county  at  present  being  near  March.  Mr.  Barrett  records 
the  occurrence  of  casual  specimens  subsequently  to  1851  in 
Staffordshire  (?),  Somersetshire,  and  Suffolk.  The  last  authen- 
ticated specimen  is  said  to  have  been  picked  up  dead  among 
sedges,  at  Slapton  Lee  in  Devonshire,  in  1865,  In  the  year 
1859  the  insect  was  stated,  on  unreliable  authority,  to  have 
reappeared  in  the  fens  at  Ranworth,  in  Norfolk.  The  Butter- 
fly is  now  looked  upon  as  hopelessly  extinct ;  but  I  have  been 
told  by  a  gentleman  who  knows  the  fens  well,  that  he  is 
aware  of  one  locality  where  it  may  possibly  still  linger.  Its 
re-discovery  as  a  British  species,  though  highly  improbable, 
cannot  be  looked  upon  as  absolutely  impossible.  Abroad,  it 
has  been  stated  to  occur  in  the  Pontine  Marshes,  near  Rome  ; 
near  Moscow;  and  in  Egypt  or  Nubia.  The  last  record  cer- 
tainly requires  confirmation;  in  the  other  cases,  highly-coloured 
specimens  of  Z.  ?'u/i7a  may  have  Lccn  mistaken  for  it.     'il^e 


I20  LLOYDS    xXATURAL    HISTORY. 

Corean  form  of  the  insect  (var.  Z.  aurata,  Leech)  ap;:ears  to  be 
quite  as  near  to  true  Z.  dispar  (though  somewhat  smaller)  as 
to  Z.  rutila. 

The  Large  Copper  measures  an  inch  and  three-quarters,  or 
two  inches  across  the  wings.  The  male  is  of  a  brilliant 
coppery-red,  with  a  narrow  black  border,  and  well-marked  long 
discoidal  spots,  within  which  is  a  black  spot  in  the  cell  on 
the  fore-wings.  The  female  is  of  a  more  orange  colour  above, 
with  one,  and  often  two,  black  spots  in  the  cell  of  the  fore- 
wings,  within  the  discoidal  spot ;  beyond  the  cell  is  a  row  of 
large  black  spots.  The  hind-wings  are  blackish,  with  the 
nervures  more  or  less  orange,  and  a  broad  coppery  sub- 
marginal  band,  indented  by  black  spots  resting  upon  the 
border.  On  the  under  side  the  fore-wings  are  of  a  paler 
copper,  with  the  hind-margin  greyish,  intersected  by  a  black 
line,  and  preceded  by  a  row  of  black  spots  between  the 
nervures.  All  the  other  spots  on  the  wings  are  ringed  with 
white ;  there  are  two  in  the  cell,  and  a  third  at  its  extremity, 
and  a  curved  row  of  large  spots  beyond.  The  hind-wings  are 
blue,  with  four  or  five  basal  eyes,  an  ocellated  discoidal 
streak,  a  row  of  large  spots  beyond,  and  a  broad  orange  sub- 
marginal  band,  bordered  on  both  sides  with  a  row  of  black 
spots,  not  ocellated.  The  whitish  hind-margin,  which  is  inter- 
sected by  a  black  line  at  the  base  of  the  fringes,  is  narrower 
than  on  the  fore-wings. 

"  The  caterpillar  is  somewhat  hairy,  bright  green,  with  in- 
numerable white  dots ;  it  feeds  upon  a  kind  of  dock.  \Rtimex 
hydrolapathum^  the  great  water-dock,  and  R,  aquatiats 
(Stainton).]  The  chrysalis  is  at  first  green,  then  pale  ash- 
coloured,  with  a  dark  dorsal  line,  and  two  abbreviated  white 
ones  on  each  side;  and  lastly,  sometimes  deep  brown" 
{Stephens). 

When  I   used  to  visit  the  late  Mr.  Henry  Doubleday,  at 


LYC^.NA.  121 

Epping,  he  showed  me  the  dock-plant  still  growing,  on  which 
he  used  to  rear  Lyccena  dispar.  It  was  the  nearest  connecting 
link  with  the  living  insect  which  ever  came  in  my  way.  A 
detailed  account  of  the  life-history  of  this  insect  is  given  by 
Newman,  but  is  too  long  to  quote  here.  It  is  much  to  be 
regretted  that  the  breed  of  this  interesting  Butterfly  was  not 
kept  up,  like  that  of  the  Gipsy  Moth,  Porihetria  disj>ar  (hmn.), 
but  the  entomologists  of  the  time  seem  to  have  been  quite 
taken  by  surprise,  and  wholly  unprepared  for  its  sudden  and 
utter  extinction,  though  this  was  foreshadowed  as  early  as  1841 
in  Humphrey  and  Westwood's  "  British  Butterflies.'' 


III.    THE   DARK-UNDKRWING    COPPER.       LYC^NA    RUTILA. 
{Plate  LI.  Figs,  3,4.) 

Fapilio  hippothoe.,  Denis  &  Schiffermiiller  (nee.  Linn.),  Syst 
Verz.  Schmett.  Wien.  p.  181,  no.  2  (1775);  Esper,  Schmett. 
i-  (0  P-  350.  Pl-  3S,  figs.  I  a,  b  (1778);  Hiibner,  Europ. 
Schmett.  i.  figs.  352-354  (1803?). 

Polyoinmatus  hippothoe^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  668,  no.  165 

(1823). 
LyccBfia  hippothoe,  Stephens,  111.   Brit.   Ent.    Haust.    i.    p.   82 

(1828). 
Fapilio  riLtilus^  Werneburg,  Beitr.  Schmett.  i.  p.  391  (1864). 
Lyccena  dispar,  var.  rutilus,  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths, 

P-  55.  Pl-  14,  fig-  12  (1879). 
PolyoniDiatus  dispar,  var.  rutilus,  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  91, 

pi.  20,  fig.  I  (1881). 

The  Dark-Undervving  Copper  was  introduced  into  the  British 
lists  by  Stephens  on  the  strength  of  a  specimen  from  Beck- 
with's  collection  (locality  unrecorded),  and  another,  from  an 
old  collection  called  the  Kentish  Cabinet,  from  its  consistinLr 


122  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

almost  entirely  of  specimens  from  that  county.  Curiously 
enough,  no  confirmation  of  the  insect  being  British  was  forth- 
coming till  a  year  or  two  ago,  when  Mr.  Bethune-Baker  exhi- 
bited a  series  of  Lyccena  dispar  and  L.  rutila  which  had  been 
captured  together,  many  years  ago,  by  his  late  father ;  but  the 
locality  was  not  recorded.  Stephens  expressly  asserts  that  no 
specimens  agreeing  with  this  species  had  been  met  with  among 
hundreds  taken  ^t  Whittlesea  Mere;  and  Mr.  Bethune-Baker's 
specimens  possibly  came  from  some  locality  which  was  de- 
stroyed still  earlier  than  the  Mere. 

This  insect  is  common  through  Central  and  Eastern  Europe, 
and  Northern  and  Western  Asia  in  July  and  August.  In 
Western  Europe,  however,  it  becomes  very  local,  though  it  is 
less  exclusively  confined  to  marsh-lands  than  Z.  dispar. 

The  Dark-Underwing  Copper  is  so  similar  to  the  Large 
Copper  that  many  entomologists  do  not  consider  it  to  be  truly 
distinct.  It  is  of  a  smaller  average  size,  of  a  less  reddish 
colour  in  the  male,  and  the  spots  are  all  much  smaller  and 
less  numerous,  there  being  generally  only  one  basal  spot 
within  the  discoidal  lunule  on  the  fore-wings  above.  The 
under  surface  is  generally  greyish-ashy,  sometimes  more  or 
less  tinged  with  blue  at  the  base,  and  the  hind-wings  are  black 
in  the  female,  with  a  sub-marginal  orange  band,  but  rarely 
orange  along  the  nervures.  The  orange  sub-marginal  band  be- 
neath is  likewise  much  narrower  in  both  sexes  than  in  Z.  dispa?-. 

Larva  green,  with  a  paler  lateral  stripe.  It  feeds  on  various 
species  of  Runiex  and  on  Polygojium  bistortum  (Lang). 

IV.     THE    PURPLE-EDGED    COPPER.       LYCvENA    HIPPOTHOE. 
{Plate  LI.  Figs,  i,  2.) 
Papilio  hippotJwe,  Linn.    Faun.   Suec.    p.    274  (1760);  Esper, 
Schmett.  i.  (i)  p.    292,  pi.   22,  fig.    3  (1777);    P-    342, 
pi-  35'  fig-  5  (177S). 


LYC^NA.  123 

Papilio  chryseis,  Denis  &  Schiffermiiller,  Syst.  Verz.  Schmett. 

Wien.  p.   181,   no.  3  (1776);  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i. 

figs.  337,  338,  355  (1803?);  Haworth,  Lepid.  Brit.  p.  41, 

no.  53  (1803). 
Papilio  curidice,  Von   Rottemburg,  Naturforscher,   vi.  p.    28, 

no.   17   (1775);    Esper,    Schmett.   i.   (i)  p.    329,  pi.  31, 

fig-  3(1778). 
Lyccena  hippothoe,  Kirby,  Eur.  Cutterflies  and  Moths,  p.  55, 

pi.  14,  fig.  12  (1879). 
Folyonwiaiiis  hippot/ioe,  Lang,   Butterflies  Eur.  p.  92,  pi.   20, 

fig.  4(1881). 
Poly onwiatus  chryseis^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  667,  no.  163 

(1823). 

Chrysophafius  chryseis,  Barrett,  Lepid.  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  60  (1892). 
Lyccena   chryseis^    Stephens,    111.    Brit.   Ent.    Haust.    i.    p.  80 

(1828). 
Var.  Papilio  eiirybia^  Ochsenheimer,  Schmett.   Eur.  i.  (2)  p. 

81  (1808). 
PolyonimatiLS  eurybia,  Freyer,  Neuere  Beitr.  ii.  pi.   163,  fig.  4 

'  (1836).^   ^ 
Papilio    euridice,    Hiibner,    Eur.    Schmett.    i.    figs.    339-342 

(1803?);  Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (2)  p.    120,  pi.  116,  figs.  6, 

7  (1806?). 
Polyonimattis  euridice,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  668,  no.  164 

(1823). 

Polyommatus  hippothoe,  var.  eurybia,  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur. 
p.  92,  pi.  20,  fig.  5  (1881). 
The  Purple-edged  Copper  Butterfly  was  recorded  by  all  the 
older  writers  on  entomology  as  British.  It  is  common  in  many 
parts  of  Europe  and  Northern  and  Western  Asia,  frequenting 
flowery  meadows  near  woods  and  grassy  slopes  from  June  to 
August.  It  appears  to  have  formerly  inhabited  the  south  of 
England,  but   is  probably  now  extinct.     Epping   Forest,  and 


124  LLOYDS    NATURAL   HISTORY. 

Ashdown  Forest  in  Sussex,  are  mentioned  as  its  localities  in 
Britain.  Tlie  former  is  very  doubtful,  and  the  latter,  though 
said  to  have  produced  many  varieties  in  former  times,  has  been 
little  visited  lately  by  entomologists.  I  have  also  seen  a  pair 
in  the  collection  of  the  late  Mr.  T.  Marshall,  of  Leicester,  who 
told  me  tliat  he  picked  them  out  of  a  quantity  of  L  dispar 
received  from  Cambridgeshire  at  a  time  when  the  latter  insect 
was  selling  for  threepence  a  specimen,  and  I  therefore  see  no 
reason  to  doubt  tlie  British  origin  of  the  specimens  of  L.  hip- 
pothoe  also.  Mr.  C.  W.  Dale  has  lately  called  attention  to  an 
old  record  of  the  occurrence  of  this  species  near  London. 
As  regards  Ashdown  Forest,  I  may  take  the  present  oppor- 
tunity of  mentioning  that  repeated  reports  have  reached  the 
Brighton  entomologists  of  the  occurrence  of  "  Large  Coppers  " 
in  out-of-the-way  parts  of  Sussex.  I  heard  of  such  reports 
about  1859,  and  again  in  1892.  If  there  is  any  truth  in  them, 
I  expect  they  will  be  found  to  relate  to  the  present  species 
rather  than  to  Z.  dispar. 

The  Purple-Edged  Copper  measures  about  an  inch  and  a 
quarter  across  the  wings,  which  are  of  a  bright  copper-red  in 
the  male,  with  slender  discoidal  lunules,  and  rather  broad 
borders,  glossed  with  purple.  On  the  hind-wings  is  a  narrow 
sub-marginal  coppery  band..  The  female  varies  on  the  fore- 
wings  from  brown  shot  with  copper,  to  rather  dull  copper,  and 
is  marked  with  one  or  two  irregular  rows  of  black  spots.  The 
hind-wings  are  brown,  with  a  sub-marginal  orange  or  copper 
streak  enclosing  black  spots.  On  the  centre,  which  is  some- 
times tinged  with  copper,  is  generally  a  row  of  still  darker 
spots. 

The  fore-wings  are  orange  beneath,  with  the  hind-margin  ashy- 
grey.  There  are  two  eyes  in  the  cell  before  the  discoidal  one, 
and  two  rows  of  eyes  beyond,  the  outer  one  slightly  obsolete. 
The   hind- wings   are   bluish   tsX   the   base,  and   marked  with 


PLATE    LI. 


/.  2.  Lyccencu  hippothoe. 


3.4. 
5,6. 


rutilcL. 
phlceas. 


LYa4':NA.  125 

numerous  ocellated  spots ;  there  is  also  a  sub-marginal  orange 
band.     The  Iringes  are  white,  with  the  base  brown. 

In  the  Alpine  variety  L.  euryhia^  the  male  is  of  a  paler  copper, 
with  a  much  narrower  black  border,  not  shot  with  violet,  and 
the  female  is  darker,  both  above  and  below,  than  in  typical 
L.  hippothoe. 

The  larva  is  green,  with  a  darker  dorsal  stripe,  and  two 
paler  lateral  lines.  It  feeds  on  Rumex  acetosa  and  R.  obiusa 
in  June. 

V.   THE   SMALL    COPPER.      LYC^NA    PHL^AS. 

{Plate  LI.  Figs.  5,  6.) 

Papilio phlcBas,  Linnaeus,  Fauna  Suecica,  p.  285  (1761) ;  Esper, 

Schmett.  i.  (i)  p.   287,  pi.    22,   fig.    i    (1777);    Hiibner, 

Europ.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  362,  363  (1803?). 
Polyommatus  phlccas^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  670,  no.  167 

(1823);  Newman,  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  115  (i88i);  Lang, 

Butterflies  Eur.  p.  95,  pi.  21,  fig.  4  (1881). 
Lyccena phlieas,  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  79  (1828) ; 

Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  56,  pi.  15,  figs.  2a,  1? 

(1879). 
Chrysophaniis phlceas^  Barrett,  Lepid.  Brit.  Isl.  p.  62,  pi.  9,  figs. 

2,  2a-j  (1892);  Buckler,  Larvae  of  Brit.  Lepid.  i.  p.  91, 

pi.  13,  fig.  4  (1886). 
Var.  Polyommatus  schmidtii^  Gerhard^  Mon.  Lye.  pi.  10,  figs. 

3^,  h  (1853). 
Papilio phlcBas,  Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (2)  p.  58,  pi.  60,  fig.  5  (1780) ; 

Hiibner,  Europ.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  6^,6,  637  (1818?). 
Polyommatus  phhcas,  var.  schmidtii,  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  96, 

pi.  22,  fig.  I  (1881). 
Var.  Papilio  timeus^  Cramer,    Pap.   Exot.    i.    pi.    18G,    E,    F 

(1777)- 
Hesperia  eleus,  Fabricius,  Ent.  Syst.  Suppl.  p.  430  (179S). 


120  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

Polyomuiaiiis  eleiis,  Gerhard,  Mon.  Lye.  pi.  5,  fig.  i  (1853). 
Polyommatus  turcicus,  Guerin,  /.  c.  figs.  $a-c  (1853). 

This  is  the  only  species  of  the  genus  which  was  ever  generally 
common  in  England.  It  is  abundant  throughout  the  British 
islands  from  April  to  October  (there  being  a  succession  of 
broods),  as  well  as  throughout  Europe,  Asia  as  far  as  the 
Himalayas,  and  again  in  North  America.  It  is  found  in 
meadows,  heaths,  gardens,  &c.,  often  in  company  with  Foly- 
oinmatiis  i car  us. 

The  Small  Copper  is  one  of  the  smaller  species  of  the  genus, 
generally  mensuring  about  an  inch  across  the  wings,  which  are 
similarly  coloured  in  both  sexes.  The  fore-wings  are  bright 
copper-red,  with  broad  dark  brown  borders,  a  black  spot  at  the 
end  of  the  cell,  and  another  nearer  the  base,  and  a  row  of 
black  spots  beyond.  The  hind-wings  are  black,  with  a  sub- 
marginal  copper  band,  spotted  with  black  on  the  outside.  On 
the  under  side  the  fore-wings  are  paler  coppery,  with  greyish 
hind-margins,  preceded  by  a  more  or  less  developed  row  of 
black  spots ;  the  spots  as  above,  but  slightly  ocellated,  and 
with  two  spots  in  the  cell  within  the  discoidal  spot.  The  hind- 
wings  are  brownish-grey,  with  several  more  or  less  distinct 
black  dots,  and  an  orange  sub-marginal  band. 

The  larva  is  green,  with  more  or  less  distinct  dorsal  and 
lateral  lines ;  the  head  is  reddish  or  yellowish.  It  feeds  on 
Rumex  acetosa,  and  on  other  species  of  sorrel.  The  pupa  is 
whitish,  speckled  with  black  or  brown,  "  suspended  by  the  tail 
and  a  silken  girth  to  the  stem  or  leaf  of  its  foodplant" 
{Barrett). 

This  is  a  very  variable  species,  the  spots  of  the  upper  side 
being  sometimes  almost  absent,  and  at  other  times  agglomerated 
together  into  large  blotches.  Very  frequently  the  copper  sub- 
marginal  band  on  the  hind-wings  is  preceded  by  a  row  of  blue 
spots. 


tomareS.  127 

The  variety  Z.  schmidtii\'s>  an  albino  form,  in  which  the  copper 
colour  of  thj  wings  is  replaced  with  white  ;  Z.  tinicus  (Cramer) 
IS  a  large  dark  Southern  form  with  short  tails. 


On  the  Continent,  this  species  is  frequently  accompanied  by 
another  species  of  similar  size  and  habits,  but  much  duller  in 
colour — Lyccena  dorilis  (Hofnagel)  or  Z.  circe  (Hiibner).  It  is 
said  to  have  been  once  taken  at  Ilfracombe,  but  cannot  be 
supposed  to  be  indigenous  in  England.  The  male  is  brown 
above,  spotted  with  black,  and  with  traces  of  a  copper  band 
towards  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind-wings.  The  female  has  the 
centre  of  the  fore-wings  filled  up  with  rather  pale  copper, 
spotted  with  black,  and  there  is  a  sub-marginal  copper  band  on 
all  the  wings,  enclosing  black  spots  on  the  hind-wings.  The 
under  side  is  greenish  yellow,  spotted  with  black,  and  there  is  a 
pale  sub-marginal  orange  band  on  the  hind-wings. 

GENUS   TOMARES. 

Tomares,  Rambur,  Faune  Ent.  Andalusie,  ii.  p.  261  (1839). 
l^homares,  Rambur,  Cat.  Lepid.  Andal.  i.  p.  2,Z  (1858). 
Thesior,   Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  73  (1816);  Lederer, 

AVien.  Ent.  Mon.  i.  p.  26(1857);  Schatz  &  Rober,  Exot. 

Schmett.  ii.  p.  274  (1892). 

This  genus  is  generally  called  Thestor,  but  Dr.  Scudder  has 
shown  that  Fapilio  protum?ius,  Linn.,  a  South  African  species, 
is  the  true  type  of  the  genus  Thestor. 

Tomares  includes  a  number  of  small  brown  Butterflies  with 
orange  rather  than  coppery  markings,  which  inhabit  the  Medi- 
terranean Region  and  Central  Asia.  They  are  remarkable  for 
their  stout  femora,  and  short  stout  tibiae,  with  a  strong  spine  at 
the  extremity,  which  led  Schatz  and  Rober  to  consider  them 


t2§  Lloyd's  natural  msioiiV. 

somewhat  intermediate  between  the  LycccnidiC  and  Lenioniidtn. 
In  Lycccna,  &c.,  the  legs  are  slender,  and  no  such  spine  is 
present.  The  type  of  this  genus  is  T.  /^<:7////;^(Fabricius),  which 
inhabits  Southern  France  and  Spain  in  very  early  spring.  The 
male  is  brown,  with  traces  of  a  sub-marginal  orange  band  at 
the  anal  angle  of  the  hind-wings.  The  female  has  orange  fore- 
wings,  with  brown  borders,  and  brown  hind-wings  with  a  broad 
orange  sub-marginal  band.  The  under  side  of  the  fore-w:ngs 
is  like  the  upper  side  of  the  female,  but  the  base  is  green,  and 
the  orange  markings  are  more  coppery,  and  marked  with  three 
rows  of  black  spots.  The  hind-wings  are  green,  wdth  a  broad 
border  of  pale  brown.  The  larva  is  yellowish-white,  with  a  row 
of  reddish  dorsal  spots  bordered  with  brownish-red,  and  bi- 
sected by  a  blue  line.     It  feeds  on  Lotus  hispidus  in  May. 

GENUS   FENLSECA. 
Feniseca,   Grote,   Trans.   Amer.  Ent.   Soc.  ii.  p.  308  (1869), 
Scudder,  Butterflies  East.  United  States,  pp.   1009-1014 
(1889);    Schatz   &    Rober,    Exot.    Schmett.    ii.    p.    275 
(1892). 
The  type  of  this  genus  is  a  small  black-and-tawny  North 
American    Butterfly,  with  long  slender  pointed   palpi,   com- 
paratively short  and  stout  antennae,  a  slightly  concave  hind- 
margin   to    the   fore-wings,    and    rounded    hind-wings.     It   is 
mentioned  here  on  account  of  the  peculiar  habits  of  the  larva. 
The  type  is, 

THE    WANDERER.       FENISECA    TARQUINIUS. 

Hesperia    tarquinius^    Fabricius,    Ent.    Syst.    i;i,    (i)    p.    319, 

no.  207  (1793)- 
Papilio  tarquhiius,   Donovan,   Insects  of  India,  pi.  44,  fig.   i 

(1800). 
Eryciiia  tarquinius^  Godart,   Enc.   Meth,   ix.   p.  556,   no.  580 

(1823). 


FENISECA.  129 

Polyoininatus  tanjiu'/uHs,  Doubleday  &  Hewitson,  Gen.  Uiurn. 

Lepid.  pi.  77,  fig.  8(1852). 
Fenisrca    tarquinius^     Scudder,    Butterflies    Eastern     United 

States,  pp.  1009-1026  (1889). 
Polyomniatus  cratcegt,  Boisduval  &  Leconte,  Lepid.  Amer.  Sept. 

p.  228,  pi.  37,  figs.  1-5  (1833). 
Folyommahis  porsenna,  Scudder,  Proc.  Essex  Institute,  iii.  p. 

163,  no.  12  (1862). 
Feniseca  tarquifiius  is  widely  distributed  over  North  America, 
from  Canada  to  Florida.  It  measures  rather  less  than  an  inch 
and  a  half  across  the  wings.  The  male  is  dark  brown,  with  an 
irregular  longitudinal  tawny  band  on  the  fore-wings,  marked 
with  a  dark  line  interrupted  towards  the  base.  There  is  a 
broad  tawny  patch  in  the  middle  of  the  hind-margin  of  the 
hind-wings,  marked  with  a  sub  marginal  row  of  black  dots. 
The  fore-wings  of  the  female  are  tawny,  irregularly  bordered 
with  brown,  and  crossed  by  two  interrupted  longitudinal  black 
bands.  The  hind-wings  are  bordered  with  tawny,  and  marked 
with  a  double  row  of  black  dots.  The  under  side  of  the  fore- 
wings  is  similar  to  the  upper  side,  but  paler ;  the  hind-wings  are 
reddish-yellow,  with  darker  spots,  slightly  surrounded  with 
white. 

The  larva  is  green,  with  white  longitudinal  linc^:  it  is  ex- 
clusively carnivorous,  and  feeds  on  aphides.  Ants,  which  are 
in  the  habit  of  milking  the  larvae  of  other  Lyccenidcc^  attack 
and  destroy  these.  The  pupa  is  greyish,  the  back  darker  and 
tuberculated,  the  hinder  extremity  pointed  and  slightly  curved. 
"The  chrysalis  is  an  odd-looking  object,  and  the  anterior  half 
with  its  bizarre  markings  bears,  when  viewed  laterally,  head 
downward,  a  curious  resemblance  to  a  monkey's  face,  as 
pointed  out  by  Miss  Morton.  It  is  far  more  irregular  in  surface 
and  form  than  any  other  of  our  Chrysopha?iides^  the  abdomen 
being  basally  hunched,  and  laterally  expanded,  and  the   scg- 

10  K 


130  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

ments  provided  with  transverse  series  of  low  tubercules  ;  besides 

which  the  last  segment,  with  the  preceding,  form  a  separately 

curved,  transverse  sub-spatulate  pad  for  the  cremastral  hooks  " 

(Scudde)'). 

A  similar  strange  resemblance  to  a  monkey's  face  has  also 

been  pointed  out  by  Dr.  Holland  in  the  case  of  the  pupa  of  an 

African  Lycaenid. 

GENUS  AMBLYPODIA. 

Amblypodia,  HorsTield,  Cat.  Lepid.  Mus.  E.  Ind.  Co.  p.  98 
(1829);  Westwood,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  477  (1852); 
Schatz  &  Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  274  (1892). 
This  genus  and  its  allies  (among  which  the  most  important 
is  Arhopala,  Boisduval),  include  a  great  number  of  handsome 
species  found  throughout  the  Indo-Malayan  and  Austro- 
Malayan  Regions,  from  India  to  New  Guinea.  They  are  of 
considerable  size,  usually  expanding  from  an  inch  and  a  half 
to  considerably  over  two  inches,  and  are  generally  of  some 
shade  of  blue  above,  most  frequently  inclining  to  deep  purple 
or  violet,  with  black  borders,  broadest  in  the  females,  and  the 
hind-wings  have  usually  a  strong  short  tail  before  the  anal  angle. 
The  under  surface  is  of  a  darker  or  lighter  brown,  with  light 
bands  enclosing  darker  spaces,  often  more  or  less  chain-like, 
and  usually  forming  distinctly  ocellated  spots  towards  the  base, 
and  in  the  cell  of  the  fore-wings.  On  the  under  side  of  the 
hind-wings  there  are  usually  some  greenish  or  bluish  mark- 
ings about  the  base  of  the  tail.  The  type  is  Amblypodia 
apidanus  (Cramer),  a  violet-blue  species  found  in  Java,  with 
the  base  of  the  costa  marked  with  red.  It  is  useless  to  give 
a  detailed  description  of  a  single  species  of  a  group  containing 
so  many  closely-allied  forms. 

GENUS   OCiYRIS. 
Ogyris,  Westwood,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  472  (1852);  Schatz 
&  Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  275  (1892). 


CURETIS.  13  T 

A  genus  peculiar  to  Australia,  including  a  few  species  of 
large  and  handsome  Butterflies,  generally  measuring  nearly  two 
inches  in  expanse,  and  blue  or  green  above,  with  broad  black 
borders  (sometimes  wholly  brown  or  black  in  the  females),  and 
with  the  hind-wings  shorter  than  the  fore-wings,  and  not  tailed, 
but  strongly  dentated.  The  sub-costal  region  of  the  fore- 
wings  is  transversely  banded  beneath  with  white,  blue,  brown, 
or  black,  and  occasionally  with  red,  and  the  hind-wings  are 
generally  irregularly  banded  or  spotted  with  brown,  on  a  bluish- 
grey  ground.  The  type  is  Ogyris  abrota  (Doubled.  &  Hew.), 
a  very  deep  purple  species,  expanding  rather  more  than  an  inch 
and  a  half  across  the  wings.  It  is  bordered  with  black,  and  the 
fore-wings  are  distinctly  dentated  as  well  as  the  hind-wings.  The 
wings  are  nearly  black  beneath,  with  only  some  slight  transverse 
bluish-white  markings  in  the  cell  of  the  fore-wings.  The  female 
has  black  fore-wings,  with  a  large  round  yellow  spot  in  the 
middle;  the  base  of  the  fore-wings,  and  the  hind-wings  are  light 
brown. 

GENUS    CURETIS. 

Ctiretis,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  102  (1816);  Schatz 
&  Rober,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  276  (1892). 

Anops^  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  pi.  23,  fig.  i  (1836); 
Westwood,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  473  (1852). 

A  curious  little  genus,  including  a  number  of  closely-allied 
forms,  found  throughout  the  Indo-  and  Austro-Malayan  Regions. 
They  expand  rather  less  than  two  inches  across  the  broad  sub- 
triangular  fore-wings,  which  are  more  or  less  pointed  at  the  tip  ; 
the  hind-wings  are  rounded,  or  else  with  a  rectangular  pro- 
jection in  the  middle  of  the  hind-margin.  The  type  is  an 
Indian  species,  Curetis  thetys  (Drury),  the  male  of  which  is 
coppery-red  above,  with  a  rather  narrow  black  border ;  the 
female  is  brown,  with  a  large  white  blotch  on  each  wing.     The 

K  2 


132  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

hind- wings  are  almost  white  beneath.  In  this  species,  the 
margins  of  the  wings  are  regularly  curved.  The  other  species 
of  the  genus  differ  chiefly  in  the  outline  of  the  wings,  and  the 
width  of  the  dark  border,  the  females  being  sometimes  marked 
with  orange-yellow  instead  of  white  ;  but  in  all  cases,  the  under 
surface  is  white  or  yellowish-white,  with  very  slight  transverse 
darker  markings,  if  any  are  present. 

GENUS  GERYDUS. 

Gerydi/s,  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  pi.  23,  fig.  2  (1S36) ; 

Distant,  Rhop.  Malay,  p.  205  (1884). 
Miletus^  pt.  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  71  (1816);  West- 
wood,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  502  (1852);  Schatz  &  Rober, 
Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  276  (1892). 
This  genus  and  several  of  its  allies  are  dull-coloured  brown 
and  white  species,  with  slender  bodies  and  rather  long  wings. 
Most  of  them  are  found  in  the  East  Indies.     In  the  type  of 
Gerydus,  the  first  joint  of  all  the  tarsi  is  unusually  long,  com- 
pressed, and  spatulate.     The  type  is, 

GERYDUS    SYMETHUS. 

Papilio  symethus,  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  ii.  pi.    149,  figs.  B,  C 

(1777);  StoU.  Suppl.  Cramer,  pi.  37,  figs.  3,  3^(i79o)- 
Polyominatus  symethus,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  675,  no.  180 

(1823). 
Gerydus  symethus,  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Le'pid.  i.  pi.  23,  fig.  2 

(1836);    Distant,   Rhop.    Malay,  p.    205,    pi.    20,   fig.    2, 

pi.  22,  fig.  14  (1884). 

The  present  species,  which  is  a  native  of  Java  and  Malacca, 

has  rather  long  greyish-white  fore-wings,  with  the  base,  and 

the  basal  half  of  the  costal  area  bluish-grey,  and  all  the  borders 

of  the  wings  broadly  black.     The  hind-wings  are  bluish-grey 


LlPTENIN^.  J33 

with  an  oblique  whitish  streak  in  the  centre,  and  the  costa 
blackish.  The  female  has  longer  hind-wings,  and  the  central 
whitish  area  of  the  wings  more  extended.  The  fore-wings 
beneath  are  pale  brownish,  varied  with  white  towards  the 
extremity  of  the  inner-margin  ;  the  hind-w'.ngs  are  greyish  or 
yellowish-grey,  with  light  brown  fasciae  bordered  with  whitish. 

This  species  has  been  erroneously  stated  to  inhabit  ants' 
nests.  I  imagine  the  error  to  have  arisen  from  the  fact  that 
the  larvce  of  many  Lyccenidce,  and  possibly  of  this  species  too, 
exude  a  substance  which  is  attractive  to  ants. 

GENUS    LUCIA. 

Lucia,   Swainson,  Zool.  111.  ii.  p.   135(1833);  Westwood,  111. 
Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  501  (1852). 

The  type  of  this  species  is  L^icia  lucanus  (Fabricius),  a  small 
Australian  Butterfly  with  rounded  wings,  which  are  yellow  above, 
with  broad  black  borders,  and  a  black  spot  in  the  middle  of 
the  fore-wings.  The  latter  are  yellowish  beneath,  with  square 
brown  spots,  and  the  hind-margin  brown.  The  hind-wings  are 
red  beneath,  irrorated  with  yellow,  and  marked  with  some 
square  brown  spots. 

Schatz  and  Rober  erroneously  give  Lach7ioc7iema  bibidus, 
(Fabricius),  a  small  brown  South  African  Butterfly,  as  the  type 
of  this  [renus. 


&^ 


SUB-FAMILY    II.     LIPTENIN^. 

Under  this  heading,  Schatz  and  Rober  propose  to  include  a 
numbjr  of  African  genera  which  agree  in  having  the  sub-costal 
nervure  always  five-branched.  With  them  they  enumerate  the 
abnormal  Eastern  genus  Liphyra.  Until  recently,  very  few  of 
these  aberrant  African  Lyaenida  were  known,  but  within  the 
last  t'.velve  years  a  great  number  have  been   described   and 


134  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

figured  in  Grose  Smith  and  Kirby's  "Rhopalocera  Exotica," 
and  several  additional  species  have  appeared  in  the  works  of 
other  authors.  In  most  cases,  the  wings  are  rounded  and 
entire,  or  but  slightly  scalloped. 

Many  of  these  species  are  tawny,  with  broad  black  borders, 
and  have  much  resemblance  to  species  of  AcrcBinm^  which  they 
evidently  mimic.  Thus,  the  species  of  Mimacrcea,  Butler, 
expand  considerably  over  two  inches  across  the  wings,  which 
are  yellowish  or  reddish  beneath,  with  radiating  black  and 
yellowish  streaks  on  the  outer  half  of  the  wings,  and  with 
numerous  black  spots  towards  the  base  of  the  hind-wings. 

The  typical  species  of  the  genus  Liptena^  Westwood,  are 
smaller  than  Miuiacrcea^  not  attaining  two  inches  in  expanse  of 
wing.  They  are  red  or  tawny,  with  broad  black  borders,  and  a 
transverse  white  or  yellow  transverse  fascia  towards  the  tip  of 
the  fore-wings,  while  the  border  of  the  hind-wings  is  spotted 
with  white  beneath,  both  above  and  below.  On  the  under  side, 
they  are  reddish  or  yellowish,  with  transverse  black  and  white 
markings  towards  the  costa  of  all  the  wings.  These  Butterflies 
appear  to  mimic  the  common  African  Moths  belonging  to  the 
genus  Aktis,  Westwood. 

Other  genera  with  black  and  red,  or  black  and  tawny 
markings,  but  containing  smaller  species,  are  Pseuderesia^ 
Butler,  AlcEna,  Boisduval  (long  included  in  the  Aareince,  not- 
withstanding its  very  different  appearance),  and  Durdania, 
Trimen. 

There  are  three  genera  of  blue  Butterflies  of  this  group,  re- 
placing in  Africa  the  species  of  T/iecla,  &c.,  which  are  so 
numerous  in  other  parts  of  the  world.  They  vary  in  size  from 
an  inch  and  a  half  to  over  two  inches  in  expanse.  These 
genera  are  Phytala  and  Epttola,  Westwood,  and  Heivitsonia^ 
Kirby.  Epitola  contains  a  considerable  number  of  rather  dis- 
cordant species,  and  will  ultimately  require  sub-dividing.     The 


LIPTENINiE.  135 

larger  species  have  the  fore-wings  long  and  sub-falcate,  with 
yellowish  or  whitish  radiating  markings  on  the  hind-wings  ;  but 
in  the  majority  of  the  smaller  species,  the  fore-wings  are  rather 
short  and  broad,  with  the  under  side  of  the  wings  brown  or  grey, 
and  obscurely  marked. 

The  genus  Va?iessula,  Dewitz,  is  rather  aberrant.  The  single 
species,  V.  mika  (Hewitson),  has  long  and  slightly  angulated 
fore-wings.  It  expands  rather  more  than  an  inch  and  a  half, 
and  is  a  native  of  West  Africa.  The  wings  are  black,  crossed 
by  a  broad  continuous  band  of  pale  red,  which  is  narrowed 
and  angulated  towards  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings. 

The  species  of  Tingra,  Boisduval,  are  of  moderate  size,  and 
of  a  white  or  yellow  colour,  with  broad  black  borders  above, 
and  numerous  black  spots  above  and  below.  Those  of  Pentila^ 
Boisduval,  are  similarly  coloured,  but  with  fewer  spots,  and 
the  under  side  of  the  hind-wings  is  marked  with  transverse 
lines. 

The  species  of  Teriomima  and  Cifrinophila,  Kirby,  are  small 
white  and  yellow  Butterflies,  with  broad  black  borders,  and  are 
deceptively  similar  to  some  of  the  Pieridce.  which  inhabit  the 
same  countries;  indeed,  some  of  them  have  actually  been 
described  as  Pieridce.  Many  dark-coloured  species  have  also 
been  included  in  Teriomima, 

Lariiiopoda^  Butler,  was  originally  described  as  a  genus  of 
Pieridce;  it  includes  a  number  of  milky-white  Butterflies,  with 
black  borders,  easily  recognised  by  two  very  conspicuous 
characters,  viz.,  the  possession  of  one  or  more  large  round 
black  spots  on  at  least  the  under  side  of  the  hind-wings,  and 
the  tufted  tawny  legs. 

Delotieiira  immaculata^  Trimen,  from  the  Bashee  River, 
South  Africa,  is  a  pale  ochreous-yellow  Butterfly,  wholly  without 
markings,  and  measuring  rather  more  than  an  inch  and  a  half 
across  the  win2;s. 


136  LF-OYd's    natural    mSTOUV. 

Aslaiiga,  Kirby,  is  a  genus  including  only  two  species  from 
West  Africa,  A.  vininga  (Hewitson)  and  A.  uiarginalis,  Kirby. 
The  wings  are  long,  thick,  somewhat  obtuse,  and  in  the  first 
species,  produced  at  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings,  with  a  very  con- 
vex hind-margin,  while  the  hind-margin  of  the  hind-wings  is 
rounded  and  convex  in  the  middle,  and  triangularly  toothed 
bjlow,  before  the  anal  angle.  A.  vininga  is  dark  blue  above, 
and  dark  grey  below ;  A.  marginalis^  which  some  authors 
regard  as  the  female  of  the  former,  has  regularly  rounded  oval 
wings,  and  is  tawny-yellow,  with  broad  black  borders. 

The  only  Asiatic  species  of  this  group  is  a  very  remarkable 
Butterfly. 

GENUS   LIPHYRA. 

Liphyra,   Westwood,  Proc.   Ent.  Soc.   London,  1864,  p.  31 ; 

Distant,  Rhop.  Malay,  p.  204  (1884);  Schatz  &  Rober, 

Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  282  (1892). 
Sfcrjsis,  Felder,  Reise  Novara,  Lepid.  ii.  p.  219  (1865). 

The  single  species  of  this  genus  has  a  wide  range  from  India 
to  Halmahcra.  It  is  a  very  large  stout  brown  and  tawny 
Butterfly,  nearly  three  inches  across  the  wings,  much  more 
resembling  a  species  of  the  South  American  genus  Brassolis 
(whence  its  name),  or  some  large  species  of  Hesperiidce  than 
any  other  known  Lyccenidce. 

LIPHYRA    BRASSOLIS. 

Llp/iyra  hj'assolis,  Westwood,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  London,  1S64, 
p.  31 ;  Distant,  Rhop.  Malay,  p.  204,  pi.  22,  fig.  18  (18S4); 
Staudinger,  Exot.  Schmett.  i.  p.  269,  pi.  94  (1886). 

Sterosis  rohnsta^  Felder,  Reise  Novara,  Lepid.  ii.  p.  219,  pi.  27, 
figs.  10,  II  (1865). 

This  is  a   Butterfly    with    a   very  stout  body,   short   thick 


PIERID/E.  137 

antennDS,  and  broad  densely-scaled  wings  of  a  dull  ochre- 
yellow  colour,  with  broad  brown  borders,  large  black  connected 
spots  on  the  fore-wings,  and  several  small  brown  spots  in  the 
middle  of  the  hind-wings.  The  fore-wings  are  considerably 
longer  than  the  hind-wings.  The  under  side  is  dull  ochreous- 
yellow,  rather  darker  towards  the  hind-margins,  especially  on 
the  fore-wings,  and  with  some  dark  spots  in  the  middle  of 
the  latter,  less  connected  than  on  the  upper  side.  The 
female  has  brown  fore-wings,  with  the  hind-margin  forming  a 
rectangle,  and  a  large  ochreous-tawny  longitudinal  irregular 
band  running  from  the  base  parallel  to  the  inner  margin,  and 
a  tawny  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  The  hind-wings  are 
tawny,  with  brown  borders,  and  black  blotches.  The  under 
side  is  brown,  lighter  on  the  fore-wings  except  in  the  centre, 
and  on  the  costal  area  of  the  hind- wings. 


FAMILY   V.     PIERID^. 

Egg. — "Very  tall  and  slender,  tapering  toward  a  much 
smaller  rounded  summit,  either  squarely  truncated  at  the  base, 
or  appearing  as  much  or  nearly  as  much  so  at  the  summit,  so 
as  to  render  the  egg  sub-fusiform,  provided  with  a  variable 
number  of  distinct  longitudinal  ribs,  and  crossed  by  frequent 
transverse  finer  raised  lines  "  {Sciidde?'). 

Larva. — Smooth  or  downy,  cylindrical,  slightly  tapering  at 
the  ends,  not  spiny,  nor  furnished  with  retractile  tentacles. 

Pupa. — Angulated,  slender,  the  head  more  or  less  pointed; 
attached  by  the  tail,  and  a  girth  round  the  body ;  sometimes 
boat-shaped. 

Imago. — Of  moderate  size,  rarely  much  less  than  two  inches 
in  expanse,  and  still  more  rarely  exceeding  three  inches;  wings 
rounded,    very   rarely    pointed,    sub-dentate    or   sub-caudate. 


13S  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

Prevailing  colours  white  and  yellow,  sometimes  black,  varied 
with  red  or  yellow,  rarely  red  or  blue,  over  the  greater  part  of 
the  wings,  often  with  the  apex  orange  or  yellow,  never  with  any 
approach  to  ocellated  spots,  except  towards  the  end  of  the 
cells  on  the  under  surface  of  some  of  the  yellow  species. 
Structure  moderately  robust ;  flight  rapid,  except  in  some  of 
the  smaller  species,  but  rarely  high.  Wings  with  closed  cells, 
sub-median  nervure  un-branched,  sometimes  bifid  at  the  base. 
Fore-wings  with  no  internal  nervure,  but  the  hind-wings  always 
with  one,  and,  in  many  cases,  with  streaks  resembling  nervures 
between  the  nervures  on  the  under-side  of  the  wings,  thus 
giving  the  appearance  of  three  sub-median  nervures.  Inner- 
margin  of  the  hind-wings  usually  forming  a  gutter  to  receive 
the  abdomen. 

Six  pel  feet  legs  in  both  sexes,  without  spurs,  claws  bifid. 

Range. — The  greater  number  of  genera  and  species  of  this 
family  inhabit  the  Tropics  of  the  Old  World ;  but  the  Alpine 
and  Arctic  genus  Eiirymiis  extends  as  far  to  the  north  and  south 
as  any  Butterflies  exist.  The  small  white  and  yellow  Butter- 
flies belonging  to  Terias  and  its  allies,  and  the  larger  ones 
belonging  to  Cafopsi/ia,  &c.,  inhabit  the  tropics  of  both 
Hemispheres.  Several  remarkable  genera  are  peculiar  to 
Tropical  America ;  some  of  these  have  longer  wings  than 
usual,  and  mimic  various  species  of  IthoniiincE.  "Orange- 
tips  "  are  peculiarly  characteristic  of  Africa,  though  similarly- 
marked  species  are  found  in  Europe,  Asia,  North  America, 
and  Chili. 

Habits. — The  Fieridce  inhabit  woods  and  meadows.  Their 
flight  is  often  rapid,  but  not  generally  very  lofty.  'J'he  more 
delicate  species,  which  have  a  weak  flight,  are  often  very  local. 

Classification. — Fourteen  genera  of  Fieridce  were  admitted  by 
Boisduval    in    1836;    and    sixteen    by    Doubleday    in    the 


APORIA. 


139 


"Genera  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera,"  in  1847.  In  1870  Dr.  A. 
G.  Butler  published  a  revision  of  the  family  in  the  ''Cistula 
Entomologica,"  in  which  he  enumerated  forty-eight  genera, 
primarily  classified  according  to  the  number  of  branches  of  the 
sub-costal  nervure  ;  and  in  1886  Schatz  again  revised  the  Family, 
not  admitting  all  Butler's  genera,  but  including  Pseicdopontia^ 
Plotz,  which  is  certainly  a  Moth.  Schatz  divides  the  Pieridce 
into  four  familieSj  which  appear  on  the  whole  to  be  natural, 
and  which  will  therefore  in  the  main  be  adopted  in  the  present 
work. 

Schatz,  however,  places  his  four  groups  in  the  following 
order :  Dismorphidce^  Pieridce,  DryadcE,  and  CharidcE.  I 
have  re-arranged  these  divisions  as  Sub-families,  in  what 
appears  to  me  to  be  a  more  natural'  sequence :  Pierince^  Dis- 
morphince^  Anthocharince^  and  Callidryince, 

SUB-FAMILY   I.     PIERIN^. 

Antennae  generally  with  a  well-marked  club.  Palpi  gene- 
rally extending  beyond  the  head,  and  clothed  with  long  stiff 
hairs  in  front.  Terminal  joint  pointed,  as  long  as  or  longer 
than  the  middle  joint,  rarely  smaller.  Pre-costal  nervure  always 
distinctly  present.  Sub-costal  nervure  generally  with  three  or 
four  branches. 

This  is  the  typical  group  of  the  Pieridce.  The  species  are 
generally  of  a  white  colour,  and  the  hind-wings  are  rounded, 
more  or  less  dentated  only  in  one  or  two  genera  allied  to 
Pereute.  The  sections  of  the  old  genus  Pieris  are  mostly 
treated  as  sub-genera  by  Schatz,  but  the  more  important  of 
these  will  be  here  enumerated  as  separate  genera. 

GENUS  APORIA. 
Aporia,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  90  (1816);  Schatz, 
Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  60  (1886). 


I40  I.I.OYDS    NATURAL    HISTORV. 

Pleris,  pt.  Schrank,  Fauna  Boica,  ii.  (i)  pp.  152,  160  (1801); 

Steph.  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  25  (1827);   Curtis,  Brit. 

Ent.  viii.  pi.  360  (1831). 
Ponfia,  pt.  Fabricius,  liliger,  Mag.  Insekt.  vi.  p.   283  (1807); 

Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  p.  50  (1870). 
Leuconea,  Donzel,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  vi.  p.  80  (1837). 

Antennae  with  an  abrupt,  obconic,  slightly  compressed  club  ; 
palpi  short,  the  basal  joint  long,  recurved,  cylindrical ;  second 
about  half  the  length  of  the  first,  the  terminal  one  slender, 
short,  linear,  as  long  as  the  second.  Wings  thinly  clothed 
with  scales,  especially  in  the  female,  which  is  almost  sub- 
diaphanous  ;  cells  broad,  of  about  equal  length  on  the  fore- 
and  hind-wings ;  sub-costal  nervure  four-branched,  the  third  and 
fourth  branches  forming  a  rather  wide  fork ;  upper  discoidal 
nervure  emitted  about  half-way  between  the  cell  and  the  base 
of  this  fork ;  fringes  almost  absent ;  larvae  gregarious,  feeding 
under  a  web  when  young. 

I  consider  that  there  is  but  one  species  of  this  genus,  for  the 
Asiatic  species  which  have  been  associated  with  it  by  various 
authors  are  much  more  densely  scaled,  and  have  well-developed 
fringes,  and  appear  to  me  to  be  much  more  closely  allied  to 
the  genus  Metaporia. 

THE    BLACK-VEINED    WHITE.       APORU    CRATiEGI. 
{Plate  LXIP,  Fig.  2.) 

Papilio  cratagi\  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.  i.  p.  467,  no.  57  (1758); 

id.  Faun.  Suec.  p.   269  (i 761) ;  Esper,  Schmett,  i.  p.  47, 

pi.  2,  fig.  3  (1777) ;  Fliibncr,  Europ.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  399 

400  (1803  ?). 
Pieris  crat<2gi^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  154,  no.  127  (1819); 

Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  445  (1836);  Steph.  III. 

Brit.  Ent.    Haust.  i.  p.  27  (1827);  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  viii. 

pi.  360  (1831). 


PLAIE     LI] 


-^^=^^- 


1.2.  Pier  is   hrassicce. 
3.       ,;        rccpcp 


APORIA.  141 

Apjria  crafa^gt,  Newman,  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  167  (1881), 
Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  8,  pi.  4,  figs.  2a-c 
(1878) ;  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  27,  pi.  6,  fig.  i  ;  pi.  15, 
fig.  I  (transf. :  1881);  Barrett.,  Lepid.  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  18, 
pi.  I,  figs.  2,  2a-c  (1892);  Buckler,  Larv^  of  Brit.  Lepid.  i. 
pi.  2,  fig.  I  (1886) ;  Rye,  Handb.  Brit.  ALicro.  Lepid.  p. 
9,  pi.  2,  fig.  2  (1892). 
This  Butterfly  is  a  very  common  species  throughout  Europe 
and  Northern  and  Western  Asia,  but  is  always  more  or  less 
uncertain  in  appearance.  On  the  Continent  it  ranks  among 
destructive  insects ;  and  Pallas  mentions  his  having  seen  it  in 
such  abundance  in  Siberia,  that  it  looked  like  flakes  of  snow. 
It  frequents  meadows  in  the  neighbourhood  of  woods,  gardens, 
&:c,,  and  has  a  strong  flight.  It  is  very  common  on  the  lower 
slopes  in  Switzerland,  where  it  flies  with  Farnassius  apollo^ 
which  it  much  resembles  on  the  wing,  at  a  little  distance,  when 
the  red  spots  of  the  latter  are  inconspicuous.  It  was  always 
considered  a  local  insect  in  the  south  of  England  and  Wales 
(it  is  unknown  in  Scotland  and  Ireland),  but  less  than  a 
century  ago,  was  com.mon  in  many  localities  as  near  London 
as  Chelsea  and  Muswell  Hill.  Until  recently,  it  was  still 
abundant  in  the  New  Forest,  and  in  various  parts  of  Kent,  &c. ; 
but  within  the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  it  has  disappeared 
almost  suddenly  from  all  its  old  haunts,  and  is  now  thought  to 
be  on  the  very  verge  of  extinction  as  a  British  species.  There 
is  only  one  brood,  which  appears  on  the  wing  in  early  summer, 
and  does  not  last  very  long.  It  is  supposed  that  the  dis- 
appearance of  this  Butterfly  is  due  to  the  multiplication  of 
insect-eating  birds,  in  consequence  of  the  Wild  Birds'  Protec- 
tion Act.  It  feeds  on  common  trees,  and  admirably  illustrates 
the  well-known  fact  that  the  range  of  insects  is  by  no  means 
co-extensive  with  that  of  the  plants  on  which  they  feed.  A 
fjw  years  more  will  probably  decide  whether  the  Butterfly  will 
actually  disappear  from  England,  or  recover  itself,  and  again 
become  comparatively  common  with  us. 


142  LLOYDS   NATURAL    HISTORY. 

The  Black-veined  White  Butterfly  measures  about  two 
inches  and  a  half  across  the  wings,  which  are  of  a  uniform 
white,  thinly  scaled,  and  semi-diaphanous  in  the  female,  with 
the  nervures  and  the  terminal  nervures  of  the  wing  narrowly 
black,  but  not  incrassated,  though  the  nervules  frequently 
terminate  in  dusky  triangles  on  the  hind-margin.  The  ciUa 
are  so  short  as  to  be  almost  obsolete. 

The  larva  (vol.  i.  pi.  3,  fig.  3)  feeds  on  hawthorn,  sloe,  and 
various  fruit-trees.  The  female  lays  her  eggs  on  the  ends  of 
the  branches,  with  a  coating  of  varnish  so  effectually  weather- 
proof, that  they  remain  in  security  (sometimes,  it  is  said,  for 
several  years)  till  circumstances  favour  the  exclusion  of  the 
larvae.  (If  this  is  correct,  it  goes  far  to  account  for  the 
periodicity  of  the  insect.)  The  larvae  are  black  when  young, 
and  live  gregariously  under  a  common  white  web.  Subse- 
quently, they  become  clothed  with  short  hair,  and  striped  with 
reddish-brown  on  the  sides.  The  pupa  (vol.  i.  pi.  3,  fig.  4)  is 
yellow  or  white,  streaked  and  spotted  with  black. 

GENUS   PIERIS. 

Pieris^  Schrank,  Fauna  Boica,  ii.   (i)  pp.    152,   164  (1801); 

Latreille,  Hist.   Nat.  Crust.  Ins.  xiv.  p.   iii  (1805);  id. 

Enc.  Meth.  ix.  pp.  11,  119  (1819);  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen. 

Lepid.  i.  p.  434  (1836);   Doubleday,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid. 

p.  42  (1847) ;  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  pp.  60,  61  (1886). 
Fofifia,  pt.  Fabricius,  Illiger,   Mag.  Insekt.  vi.  p.   283  (1807); 

Steph.  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  14  (1827). 
Mancipiiufi,  Hiibner,  Tentamen,  p.  i  (18 10?). 
Catophaga,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  93  (18 16). 
Gajioris,  Dalman,  Vetensk.  Acad.  Handl.  Stockh.  xxxvii.  pp 

61,86  (1816). 

B't  for  the  mythological  associations  of  the  name  Danaus^ 


PIERIS.  143 

I  should  have  accepted  Pieris  brassica  (Linn.)  as  the  type  ot 
that  genus  {cf.  vol.  i.  pp.  18,  19).  It  is,  however,  the  type 
of  Mancipium^  Ganoris,  and,  I  think,  Catophaga.  I  cannot 
follow  Dr.  Scudder  in  making  the  East  Indian  Appias  pauiina 
(Cramer)  the  type  of  Catophaga^  as  the  name  too  obviously 
relates  to  the  destructive  habits  of  our  common  European 
Cabbage  Whites.  I  think,  however,  that  Dr.  Scudder  has 
shown  that  the  types  of  Pieris  and  Pontia  are  P.  rapce  (Linn.) 
and  P.  daplidice  (Linn.)  respectively,  and  as  I  do  not  propose 
to  separate  P.  brassiccB  and  P,  rapce  generically  in  the  present 
work,  I  retain  Pieris  as  the  name  of  the  genus  in  which  I  place 
them.  At  the  same  time  I  am  glad  to  have  the  opportunity  of 
figuring  Pieris  chariclea,  P.  metra,  and  P.  sabellicce  (Stephens), 
and  I  have  therefore  given  them  separate  places,  though  I  see 
no  reason  to  regard  them  as  anything  more  than  the  early 
broods  of  the  common  species. 

Characters. — Antennae  nearly  as  in  Aporia  ;  palpi  short,  nearly 
cylindrical,  with  the  terminal  joint  longer  than  the  second; 
wings  opaque,  the  apex  of  the  anterior  wings  obtusely  angu- 
lated ;  cells  of  the  fore-wings  longer  than  those  of  the  hind- 
wings,  sub-costal  nervure  four-branched,  the  third  and  fourth 
forming  a  very  sharp  fork  ;  upper  discoidal  nervule  emitted 
much  nearer  the  cell  than  the  base  of  this  fork ;  fringes  well 
developed.  Larvae  often  gregarious,  but  not  Hving  under  a 
web.     Pupa  pointed  above. 

This  genus  includes  our  common  White  Cabbage  Butterflies, 
and  is  fairly  well  represented  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere, 
attaining  its  maximum  of  variety  and  development  in  Northern 
and  Central  Asia.  The  species  of  this  genus  are  very  abund- 
ant, and  are  often  very  destructive  in  gardens  to  cabbages, 
Indian  Cress  (generally,  but  improperly,  called  Nasturtium),  and 
other  cruciferous  plants.  Occasionally  these  Butterflies  cross 
the  Channel  in  vast  flights. 


144  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

THE    large    white    CABEAGE    BUTTERFLY.         PIERIS    BRASSICiT". 

{Plate  LI  I.  Figs.  I  J,  2?.) 
Pieris  brassiccp^    Linn.   Syst.  Nat.    i.   p.   467,   no.   58   (1758); 

Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (i)  p.  52.  pi.  3,  fig.  i  (1777);  Hiibner, 

Eur.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  401-403  (1803). 
Pie /'is  brass  ices,  Goi^^ixt,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  158,  no.  138  (1819); 

Boisd.   Spec.   Gen.    Lepid.   i.    p.    521,    no.    121   (1836); 

Newman,  Brit.   Butterflies,  p.   165  (1881)  ;    Kirby,   Eur. 

Butterflies  and   Moths,  p.   8,   pi.   4,    figs.  3.7,   b  (1878); 

Lang,   Butterflies  Eur.  p.  28,  pi.  6,   fig.   2,  pi.   15,  fig.  2 

(transf.  1881);  Barrett,  Lepid.  of  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  21,  pi.  i, 

figs.   I,    la-c  (1892)  ;  Buckler,   Larvae  of  Brit.   Lepid.   i. 

p.   148,  pi.   2,  fig.  2  (1886);  Rye,   Handb,   Brit.  M^cro. 

Lepid.  p.  II,  pi.  2,  figs.  3,  4  (1895). 
Pofiiia  brassicce^  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  15  (1827). 
It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  more  of  this  insect  than  that 
it  is  generally  common  throughout  the  Palsearctic  Region, 
frequenting  fields  and  gardens,  and  that  there  is  a  succession 
of  broods  throughout  the  year.  There  is  a  permanent  form  in 
the  Canary  Islands,  P.  cheiranihi  (Hiibner),  with  larger  and 
confluent  black  spots  on  the  wings  ;  and  forms  intermediate 
between  this  and  the  ordinary  type  occ  ir  in  the  Himalayas 
{P.  nepalensis^  Gray)  and  in  Madeira  {P  wollasloni,  Butler). 
It  is  an  insect  of  fairly  strong  flight. 

This  Butterfly  generally  measures  from  wo  and  a  half  to 
two  and  three-quarter  inches  across  the  wing  ,  which  are  wliite 
above,  with  a  black  triangular  patch,  somew  "-^t  indented  on 
the  inner  edge,  at  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings.  There  is  also  a 
rather  large  spot  on  the  costa  of  the  hind-wings  towards  the 
tip,  and  in  the  female  there  are  two  large  spots  on  the  disc  of 
the  fore-wings,  and  a  black  streak  about  the  middle  of  the 
inner-margin.  On  the  under  side  both  sexes  are  nearly  alike ; 
the  colour  inclines  to  yellow,   especially  on   the    hind-wings. 


PLATE    LIII, 


/.  Pieris  chccrLcljea^. 
2.3.      „         metray. 


4.5. 


saheUiece 


PIER  IS. 


45 


which  are  also  sprinkled  with  black  scales.  The  two  discal 
spots  on  the  fore-wings  reappear  below  in  both  sexes  ;  the  other 
dark  markings  are  obsolete ;  the  fringes  are  yellowish,  slightly 
waved  with  black.  The  body  and  antennae  are  white  beneath 
and  black  above ;  the  thorax  is  clothed  with  hoary  pubescence 
above. 

The  larva  is  green,  with  yellow  lines  on  the  back  and  sides ; 
it  is  thickly  covered  with  black  tubercular  points,  each  with  a 
hair  in  the  centre.  It  feeds  on  cabbages,  Tropaolum^  migno- 
nette, and  many  other  plants,  and  is  very  liable  to  the  attacks 
of  small  Ichneumons,  or  rather  BracofiidcE.  The  yellow 
cocoons  of  one  of  the  most  destructive  of  these  parasites 
{Apaiiteles  glonieraiiis)  may  often  be  seen  clustered  round  a 
dead  larva.  The  pupa  is  greenish,  with  yellow  streaks,  and 
numerous  black  dots.     The  egg  is  figured  (vol.  i.  pi.  i,  fig.  4). 


Pupa  of/*,  brassiccs, 

THE    EARLY    WHITE  CABBAGE    BUTTERFLY.      PIERIS    CIIARICLEA. 

{Plate  LI  11.  Fig.  i.) 
Pontia  chariclea^   Stephens,    111.   Brit.   Ent.   Haust.   i.  p.    17, 
pi.  3,  figs.  I,  2. 
This  Butterfly,  which  occurs  in  May  and  June,  is  considered 
to  be  only  the  spring  brood  of  P.  brassicip.^  and  although  the 
10  t 


146  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

larvae  have  been  said  to  differ,  that  of  P.  brassicce  is  known  to 
be  variable,  and  therefore  too  much  importance  cannot  be 
attached  to  this  statement,  even  if  correct.  The  perfect  insect 
is  generally  rather  smaller  than  typical  P.  brassicce,  measuring 
from  2  to  2^  inches  across  the  wings;  it  is  similarly  marked, 
but  the  apical  patch  on  the  fore-wings  is  of  a  light  brown, 
approaching  to  ash-colour,  especially  in  the  female,  and  the 
inner  edge  of  the  patch  is  not  indented,  but  regularly  concave  ] 
the  fringe  is  yellowish-white.  On  the  under  side  the  tips  of 
the  fore-wings  are  clear  yellow,  and  the  hind-wings  are  deep 
yellow,  very  thickly  dusted  with  black. 

THE   SMALL   WHITE   CABBAGE    BUTTERFLY.      PIERIS   RAP^. 
{Plate  LIT.  Fig.  3.) 

Papilio  raped,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  i.  p.  488,  no.  59  (1758); 
id.  Faun.  Suec.  p.  270  (1761);  Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (i)  p. 
55)  pl-  3)  fig-  2  (1777)  :  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  figs. 
404,  405  (1803?) 

Pteris  rapce,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  161,  no.  144  (1819); 
Boisd.  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  520,  no.  120  (1836);  New- 
man, Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  161  (1881);  Kirby,  Eur.  Butter- 
flies and  Moths,  p.  8,  pi.  4,  figs.  4*2,  b  (1878);  Lang, 
Butterflies  Eur.  p.  30,  pi.  6,  fig.  4,  pi.  15,  fig.  3  (1881); 
Barrett,  Lepid.  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  22,  pi.  2,  2a-e  (1892); 
Buckler,  Larvae  of  Brit.  Lepid.  i.  pp.  19,  152,  pi.  2,  fig.  3 
(1886);  Rye,  Brit.  Macro-Lepid.  i.  p.  i2,  pi  ii.  figs.  5-6 

.  (1895)- 

Pontta  rapce,  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  18  (1827). 

This  species,  like  P.  brassicce,  is  found  throughout  the  Palae- 
arctic  Region,  and  is  frequently  very  destructive,  although  the 
eggs  are  laid  singly  and  not  gregariously.  It  is  probably  the 
most  abundant  of  all  our  Butterflies,  and  frequents  fields  and 
gardens.     In  Southern  Europe,  and  in  Northern  and  Western 


f»rfeRis.  147 

Asia,  many  closcly-allicd  races  are  met  with,  some  of  which  are 
probably  simply  local  forms  of  this  Butterfly,  while  others  are 
to  be  ranked  as  distinct  species.  Rather  more  than  thirty 
years  ago,  this  Butterfly  was  introduced  into  North  America 
(where,  however,  several  closely-allied  species  are  truly  indi- 
genous), and  has  since  spread  over  the  country,  and  become 
very  destructive.  It  has  also  developed  a  yellow  variety 
{F.  novanglice^  Scudder),  which  is  very  rarely  observed  in  any 
other  part  of  its  range. 

The  Small  White  Butterfly  measures  from  i^  to  nearly  2^ 
inches  across  the  wings,  which  are  coloured  nearly  as  in  F. 
brassicce.  The  wings  are  rather  more  yellowish  than  in  the  last- 


Upper  side  of  female. 

named  species,  the  fore-wings  having  an  ash-coloured  blotch 
at  the  tip,  much  smaller  and  paler  than  in  F.  brassiae.  The 
male  has  a  black  spot  on  the  disc  (often  wanting),  and  the 
female  has  two  ;  the  patch  on  the  inner-margin  is  less  distinct. 
On  the  hind-wings  there  is  a  black  spot  on  the  costa  towards 
the  tip.  On  the  under  side,  the  fore-wings  have  two  black 
spots,  the  tip  is  yellow,  and  the  base  dusted  with  blackish. 
The  hind-wings  are  rather  bright  yellow,  dusted  with  black, 
and  there  is  a  narrow  orange  streak  at  the  base  of  the  costa. 

The  larva  is  pale  green,  with  yellow  dots  on  the  sides.     It 
feeds  on  cabbage,  mignonette,  &c.  ;  and  there  is  probably  a 

L    2 


148  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

succession  of  broods  throughout  the  year.  The  pupa  is  greenish, 
spotted  with  black. 

Howard's  white  butterfly,     pieris  metra. 

[Plate  LIII.  Fio-s,2,  3.) 
Pimtia  mdra,  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  19  (1827). 
Pieris  metra^  Westwood,  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  26,  pi.  5,  figs.  5,  6 
(1841). 

This  insect  is  found  in  April  and  June,  and  is  considered  to 
be  undoubtedly  a  mere  variety  of  7^.  rapce.,  as  the  pupa  does  not 
differ. 

The  wings  are  white  or  cream-colour,  the  fore-wings  being 
much  pointed  at  the  tip,  with  the  base  black,  and  the  tip  more 
or  less  clouded  with  dusky.  The  male  has  one  black  spot  on 
the  fore-wings  above,  and  the  female  two ;  but  these  are  fre- 
quently more  or  less  obsolete.  The  hind-wings  are  white,  with 
the  base  black,  and  a  dusky  spot  towards  the  end  of  the  costa. 
On  the  under  side  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings  is  yellow  ;  the  base 
is  blackish,  and  there  are  two  obsolete  spots  on  the  disc  ;  the 
hind-wings  are  rather  bright  yellow,  thickly  dusted  with  blackish, 
and  there  is  a  pale  orange  streak  at  the  base  of  the  costa  ;  the 
fringes  are  white. 

THE   green-veined    WHITE    BUTTERFLY.       PIERIS    NAPL 
[Plate  LI V.  Figs,  i,  2.) 
Papilio  napi,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  i.  p.  468,  no.  60  (1758) 
id.  Faun.  Suec.  p.  271  (1761);  Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (i)  p 
57^  P^-  3j  figj  3  (1777);  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  figs 
406,  407  (1803?). 
Pieris   napi,  Godart,   Enc.  Meth.   ix.  p.  161,  no.  145  (1819) 
Boisd.  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  518  (1836);  Newman,  Brit, 
Butterflies,  p.   160  (188 1)  ;  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and 
.      Moths,   p.  7,  pi.  4-  fig-  5  (1878);  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur, 
p.  31,  pi.   7,  fig.   I,  pi.   15,  fig.  3  (1881);  Barrett,  Lepid 
Brit.  isl.  i.  p.  24,  pi.  3  (1892);  Buckler,  Larv?e  of  Brit 


PIERIS.  149 

Lepid.  i.   pp.   20,  156,  pi   ii.   fig.   4   (1886);  Rye,  Brit. 
Macro-Lepid.  i.  p.  13,  pi.  iii.  figs.  1-5  (1895). 
Pontia  7iapi,  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  20  (1827). 

Var.  P.  bryonicc. 

Var.  Papilio  bryonice^  Ochsenheimer,  Schmett.  Eur.  i.  (2)  p. 

151  (1808). 
Pierls  bryon'CB^  God:irt,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  162,  no.  146  (1819). 
Papilio  7tapi,  var.  Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (2)  p.  87,  pi.  64,  figs.  3-5 

(1783)  ;  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  fig.  407*  (1803?). 
Pieris  napi^  var.  bryoiiice^  Lang,  Butterflies   Eur.  p.   32,  pi.  7, 

fig.  2  (1881). 

Var.  P.  napcECE. 

Var.  Papilio  napcca^  Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (2)  p.   119,  pi.  116,  fig. 

5  (1800?);  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  fig.  664,  665  (1818?). 

Pontia  iiapcece,  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  21  (1827). 

The  Green-veined  White  is  as  widely  distributed  as  the  other 
species  of  Pieris,  but  is  not  quite  so  abundant,  and  is  per- 
haps rather  more  fond  of  lanes  and  clearings  in  woods.  It  is 
also  very  variable,  and  like  the  other  species,  is  found  through- 
out the  summer,  being  at  least  double-brooded. 

It  is  about  the  size  of  P.  rapce,  expanding  from  an  inch 
and  a  half  to  nearly  two  inches.  The  wings  are  white,  with 
the  base  blackish,  and  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings  and  a  spot 
towards  the  end  of  the  cosla  on  the  hind-wings  brown  or 
blackish.  The  male  has  a  black  spot  on  the  disc  of  the  fore- 
wings,  and  the  female  has  two.  On  the  under  side  the  tips  of 
the  fore-wings,  and  the  hind-wings  are  sulphur-yellow,  with  the 
nervures  more  or  less  strongly  incrassated  with  dusky-green. 
In  the  female  the  two  black  spots  on  the  disc  are  reproduced. 

This  is  an  extremely  variable  insect,  and  one  of  its  forms  {P. 
sabcllic(V,  Stephens)  will  be  considered  separately.  Anotlier 
form,  P.  7iapceie  (Esper),  is  larger  than  the  typical  form,  the 


i^o  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

markings  are  blacker  than  usual,  and  on  the  under  side  of  the 
hind-wings,  which  are  rather  pale,  only  the  three  first  nervures 
are  dilated  and  greenish,  the  rest  being  short  and  blackish. 
P.  bryonies,  (Ochsenheimer)  is  of  a  deep  smoky-yellow,  much 
irrorated  with  black,  and  with  the  nervures  and  spots  dilated. 
It  is  an  Alpine  race,  of  the  female,  common  in  the  Swiss  Alps  ; 


Upper  side  of  male. 

but  specimens  approaching  it  are  sometimes  met  with  in  the 
North  of  Scotland  and  in  some  parts  of  Ireland. 

The  larva  is  dull  green,  paler  on  the  sides,  and  with  yellowish 
stigmata.  It  is  covered  with  white  warts,  tipped  with  black, 
and  tufted  with  short  hairs.  It  feeds  on  various  Cruciferce, 
and  especially  on  watercress.  The  pupa  is  greenish- yellow, 
with  prominent  angles. 

THE   DUSKY-VEINED    WHITE    BUTTERFLY.       TIERIS    SAEELLIC/E. 

[Plafe  LIII.  Figs.  4,  5.) 
Po7it'ia  saMUca,  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  21,  pi.  3, 
figs-  3,  4  (I'^^zy). 
This  is  a  form  of  P.  7iapl  which  occurs  in  June^  and  is  not 
uncommon,  but  is  no  longer  supposed  to  be  a  distinct  species. 
It  expands  about  an  inch  and  three-quarters.  The  wings  are 
shorter  and  more  rounded  than  in  typical  P.  napi,  the  fore- 
wings  approaching  those  of  Euchloe  cardamiiies  in  shape.     "  It 


PONTIA.  151 

has  the  upper  surface  of  all  the  wings  of  a  yellowish-white,  with 
broad  dusky  irrorated  nervures,  broadest  towards  the  hinder 
margin.  The  male  has  the  base  of  the  anterior  wings  and  a 
single  irregular  spot  in  the  fourth  marginal  cell  dusky.  The 
female  has  the  base  and  tips  of  the  same  wings,  a  spot  in  the 
fourth  and  sixth  marginal  cells,  and  the  inner  edge  of  the  wings 
of  the  same  colour.  Both  sexes  have  a  similarly-coloured  spot 
on  the  upper  margin  of  the  posterior  wings  above.  Beneath, 
all  the  wings  are  adorned  with  very  broad  dusky  nervures, 
.  .  .  varying  in  different  specimens,  and  the  dilated 
nervure  on  the  upper  edge  of  the  discoidal  cell  is  destitute  of 
the  insulated  yellow  spot  which  every  specimen  of  P.  napi 
that  has  passed  under  my  examination  possesses"  {SiepJmis), 

GENUS  PONTIA. 

Fofitia,  Fabricius,  in  Illi^er,  Mag.   Insekt.  vi.  p.  283  (1807); 

Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  i.  pi.  48  (1824). 
Sy?icIiioe,  pt.  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  94  (1816) ;  Kirby, 

List  Brit.  Rhop.  p.  i  (1858) ;  Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  38, 

51  (1870);  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  61  (1886). 
Mancipmm^  pt.  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  22  (1827); 

Duncan,  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  124  (1835). 

Antennae  with  a  well-marked  club ;  sub-costal  nervure  with 
only  three  branches  ;  lower  disco-cellular  nervules  much 
straighter  than  in  Pietis  ;  wings  white,  the  hind-wings  marbled 
with  green  beneath. 

A  small  genus,  almost  confined  to  Europe  and  Northern  and 
Western  Asia.  One  species,  P.  calUdice  (Esper),  is  a  thoroughly 
mountain  form,  reaching  the  height  of  8,000  feet  in  the  Alps, 
and  16,000  in  the  Himalayas.  It  may  be  known  by  the  dull 
green  colour  of  the  hind-wings  beneath,  with  white  sagittate 
spots. 


152  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTOKV. 

THE    I3ATH    WHITE.       PONTIA    DAPLIDICE. 

{Plate  LI V.  Figs.  3c?,  4,  5  20 

Papilio  daplidice^   Linn.   Syst.  Nat.    (ed.    x.)  p.   468,    no.   62 

(1758);  Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (i)  p.  62,  pi.  3,  fig.  5  (1777) 

Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  414,  415  (1803?);   fig>. 

777,  778  (1825). 
Pieris  dapHdice,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  128,  no.  29  (1829) ; 

Boisduvalj  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  544,  no.  154  (1836); 

Newman,  Brit.   Butterflies,  p.   158   (1881):  Kirby,  Eur. 

Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  7,  pi.  4,  fig.  6  (1878);  Lang, 

Butterflies  Eur.  p.  33,  pi.  7,  fig.  4  (1881) ;  Barrett,  Lepid. 

Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.   26,   pi.  4,  figs,  i,    i  a-d  (1892);  Buckler, 

Larvae  of  Brit.  Lepid.  i.  p.  21,  pi.  3,  fig.  i  (1886);  Rye, 

Brit.  Macro-Lepid.  i.  p.  14,  pi.  iii.  figs.  6,  7  (1895). 
Poiitia  daplidice,  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  i.  pi.  48  (1824);  Stephens, 

111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  22  (1827). 
Papilio  ediisa,  Fabricius,  Gen.  Ins.  p.  255  (1777). 
Var.  Papilio  bellidice,  Brahm,  in  Illiger,  Mag.  Insekt.  iv.  p.  362 

(1805) ;  Ochsenheimer,  Schmett.  Eur.  i.  (2)  p.  354  (1S08). 
Papilio  belemida^  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  931,  934  (1841?). 
Pieris  daplidice,  var.  bellidice^   Lang,   Butterflies    Eur.  p.   34, 

pi.  8,  fig.  I  (18S1). 
The  Bath  White  is  common  in  many  parts  of  Europe, 
the  Mediterranean  Region  generally,  and  Northern  and  Western 
Asia,  but  it  is  commonest  in  the  South.  Although  it  has  long 
been  known  as  an  occasional  inhabitant  of  most  of  the  southern 
counties  of  England,  it  has  always  been  of  extreme  rarity  with 
us.  It  is  found  in  May  and  August,  but  the  spring  brood  is 
much  less  frequently  met  with  in  Central  Europe  than  the 
autumn  brood.  It  has  a  heavier  flight  than  the  species  of 
PieriSj  and  is  fond  of  resting  on  low  flowers  on  waste  ground, 
or  in  stubble  fields.  It  derives  its  name  from  a  young  lady 
having  once  executed  a  piece  of  needlework  on  which  she 


PLATE     LIV. 


1^2       ,^^^ 


^'Y^^ 


VVY1 


-^ 


/.  2.  Pi^rus   rwLfrt. 
3.5..  PoTvticL    dapUxUce . 


PONTIA. 


153 


represented  a  specimen  of  the  Butterfly  which  had  been  taken 
at  Bath.  In  recent  times  more  specimens  appear  to  have 
been  captured  about  Dover  than  anywhere  else  in  England, 
which  lends  colour  to  the  surmise  that  most  of  the  so-called 
"  British  "  specimens  were  blown  over,  or  otherwise  introduced, 
from  the  Continent. 

This  Butterfly  measures  about  an  inch  and  three-quarters 
across  the  wings,  which  are  white  above,  with  a  marginal  black 
band  on  the  fore-wings,  spotted  with  white,  running  from  the 
apex  to  below  the  middle  of  the  hind-margin.  Near  the  hinder 
angle  is  usually  a  detached  black  spot,  largest  in  the  female, 
and  a  broad  black  band,  divided  by  a  white  line,  runs  from 


Larva  and  pupa  of  P.  daplidice. 

the  costa  just  beyond  the  end  of  the  cell.  The  hind-wings  are 
unspotted  in  the  male,  except  for  the  markings  of  the  under 
side  showing  indistinctly  through,  but  are  usually  more  or  less 
heavily  bordered  with  black  in  the  female,  with  a  row  of  white 
spots  between  the  broad  dusky  nervures.  The  fore-wings 
beneath  are  coloured  as  above,  except  that  the  dark  markings 
are  greenish.  The  hind-wings  are  green  beneath,  varied  with 
yellowish,  and  dusted  with  black,  with  a  row  of  large  white 
spots  on  the  hind-margin,  an  irregular  transverse  white  band, 
and  three  white  basal  spots.  The  spring  brood,  P.  hdlidice^ 
has  the  dark  sub-marginal  band  narrower,  and  more  interrupted 


154  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

with  whitish.  The  spot  towards  the  hinder  angle  of  the  fore- 
wings  is  absent,  and  the  hind-wings  are  less  varied  with  yellow 
beneath,  and  consequently  greener. 

The  larva  is  dull  blue,  yellowish  on  the  sides,  and  dotted 
with  black.  The  head  is  green,  spotted  with  yellow.  It  feeds 
on  wild  mignonette  {Reseda  luted)  and  allied  plant?.  The  pupa 
is  at  first  greenish,  but  afterwards  grey. 

GENUS   MESAriA. 

Mesapia,  Gray,  LiF.t  X.epid.  Ins.  Brit.  Mus.  i.  p.  92  (1856); 
Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  59  (1886);  Kirby,  Entomo- 
logist, xxvii.  p.  loi  (1894). 

Here  I  propose  to  insert  some  very  aberrant  mountain 
genera  from  the  Himalayas  and  Central  Asia,  about  which 
but  little  is  known  at  present.  Mesapia  was  for  some  time 
supposed  to  be  one  of  the  Equitidce  allied  to  Paniassms ; 
but  Schatz  referred  it  provisionally  to  the  Piei'idce ;  and  an 
examination  of  the  essential  characters  proves  it  to  possess 
bifid  claws,  and  an  internal  nervure  on  the  hind-wings. 
Mesapia  resembles  the  genera  Aporia  and  Metaporia  in  neura- 
tion,  but  the  density  of  the  scaling,  and  the  hairy  fringes  of  the 
wings  will  distinguish  it  from  the  former ;  and  the  long  hairs 
at  the  base  of  the  wings,  the  very  long  club  of  the  antennce, 
and  the  peculiarities  of  neuration  will  amply  separate  it  from 
both.  I  reprint  here  my  description  of  the  genus  and  species 
in  full.  "  Palpi  long,  rather  pointed  ;  antennae  long,  moderately 
stout,  with  a  large  but  gradually  formed  pyriform  club.  Body 
and  base  of  wings  clothed  with  very  long  slender  hairs  ;  fringes 
with  shorter  hairs ;  claws  of  front  tarsi  distinctly  bifid ;  wings 
short,  rounded,  densely  scaled,  the  fore-wings  very  broad,  sub- 
triangular  ;  costal  nervure  about  two-thirds  of  the  length  of  the 
wing  ;  sub-costal  nervure  four-branched,  the  first  branch  emitted 


MESAPIA.  155 

at  about  three-fourths  of  the  length  of  the  cell,  and  running 
obliquely  to  the  costa,  the  second  emitted  at  or  a  little  before 
the  end  of  the  cell,  and  slightly  arched,  the  third  emitted  a 
little  beyond  the  cell,  and  running  to  the  costa  just  before  the 
apex,  the  fourth  emitted  about  half-way  between  the  end  of  the 
cell  and  the  apex,  and  running  to  the  hind-margin  just  below 
the  latter.  Disco-cellular  nervules  oblique,  the  discoidal  and 
median  nervules  nearly  straight.  Hind-wings  with  the  upper 
sub-costal  nervule  emitted  at  half  the  distance  between  the 
base  and  the  upper  disco-cellular  nervules,  the  nervules  running 
to  the  hind  margin  straight,  and  at  nearly  equal  distances  apart; 
a  well-marked  basal  cell ;  two  sub-median  nervures." 

MESAPIA    PELORIA. 

Fieri's  peiona,  Hewitson,  Exot.  Butterflies,  i.  pi.  2,  figs.  15,  16 

(1853). 

Mesapia peloria,  Kirby,  Entomologist,  xxvii.  p.  loi  (1894). 
Aporia   iania,  Alpheraky,  in    Romanoff's  Mem.  Lepid.  ii.  p. 
404  (1887). 

Greenish-white,  with  the  nervures  broadly  margined  with 
grey,  and  grey  spots  on  the  nervures  on  the  hind-margin  of  the 
hind-wings.  Under  side  of  hind-wings  yellowish-white,  tinged 
with  orange,  with  all  the  nervures  strongly  bordered  with  brown, 
as  is  also  a  fold  so  strongly  marked  as  to  look  like  an  additional 
sub-median  nervure  below  the  median ;  costal  area  and  basal 
cell  orange. 

The  Butterfly  measures  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the  wings. 
It  is  found  at  a  great  elevation  in  the  mountains  of  Chinese 
Tartary  and  N.E.  Thibet. 


This  is  the  only  known  species  of  the  genus.   Mesapia  shawii, 
Bates,    from   Yarkand,  is   also   a   true  Pierid,  but   it  is  the 


15^  Lloyd's  natural  historvt. 

type  of  the  genus  Baltia,  Moore,  which  differs  from  all  the 
genera  allied  to  Pieris  and  Aporia  by  the  very  large  club  of  the 
antennae,  and  the  short,  broad,  hind-wing  cells,  which  are  almost 
truncated  at  the  end,  and  scarcely  angulated.  Mr.  Moore  has 
described  a  second  species  of  Baltia  from  Lahore,  under  the 
name  of  Synchloe  butleri.  The  references  to  these  species  are 
as  follows  : — 

baltl\  shawil 

Mesapia  shaivii,  Bates,  in  Henderson  and  Hume,  Lahore  to 

Yarkand,  p.  305  (1873). 
Baltia  shawii^  Moore,  2nd  Yarkand  Exped.  Lepid.  p.  3,  pi. 

I,    fig.    5    (1879);    Kirby,   Entomologist,   xxvii.   p.    100 

(1894).  _ 
Pieris  shaivii^  Groam-Grshimailo  in  Romanoffs  Mem.  Lepid. 
iv.  p.  222,  pi.  10,  figs.  2(7,  b  (1890). 

BALTIA    BUTLERL 

SyiicJiloe  butieri^  Moore,  P.  Z.  S.  1882,  p.  256,  pi.  11,  figs. 
6,  6(7. 

These  species  are  white,  with  blackish  apical  markings,  and 
have  much  more  superficial  resemblance  to  Poiitia  than  to 
Mesapia. 

GENUS  DAVIDINA. 

Davidi?ia^  Oberthiir,  Etudes  d'Ent.  iv.  pp.  19,  108  (1878) ; 
Schatz,  F^xot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  59  (1886) ;  Leech,  Butterflies 
of  China,  p.  474  (1893). 

The  type  of  this  genus  is  a  very  remarkable  Butterfly,  found 
at  a  great  elevation  in  the  mountains  of  Central  China.  The 
genus  is  imperfectly  known,  and  I  will  therefore  only  charac- 
terise it  here  as  far  as  the  figures  enable  me  to  do  so. 

Palpi  long ;  antennae  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  costa  of 


DAVIDINA.  157 

the  fore-wings,  apparently  with  a  long  gradually  formed  fusi- 
form club;  wings  moderately  broad,  oval,  rounded  at  the  tips, 
with  long  cells  of  nearly  equal  length ;  hind-wings  nearly  as 
long  as  the  fore-wings.  Costal  nervure  about  two-thirds  of  the 
length  of  the  costa ;  sub-costal  nervure  five-branched,  the  first 
branch  emitted  just  before  the  end  of  the  cell,  the  second  a 
little  beyond,  nearly  parallel  to  it,  the  third  emitted  a  little 
beyond  it,  and  slightly  diverging  from  it,  the  fourth  and  fifth 
forming  a  rather  large  fork  at  the  extremity  of  the  wing.  The 
discoidal  nervules  both  rise  from  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  from 
the  base  of  the  median  nervure  rises  a  well-marked  nervure  in 
the  cell,  which  forks  in  the  middle,  the  upper  branch  reaching 
the  end  of  the  cell  between  the  discoidal  nervures,  while  the 
lower  one  is  continuous  with  the  upper  median  nervule. 
Hind-wings  with  a  similar  forked  nervure  in  the  cell,  and  ap- 
parently with  three  sub-median  nervures,  the  two  lowest  con- 
fluent for  a  short  distance  from  the  base. 

It  is  not  quite  clear  whether  the  forked  cellular  nervure  and 
the  third  sub-median  nervure  are  true  or  false.  If  perfect,  the 
structure  is  very  remarkable ;  if  false,  we  meet  with  a  well- 
marked  false  third  sub -median  nervure  in  most  of  the  allied 
genera  of  FieridcE,  and  sometimes  with  obsolete  traces  of  neura- 
tion  in  the  cell.  In  certain  families  of  Moths  {Zeuzeridce,  &c.) 
the  cell  is  still  divided  by  nervures ;  but,  with  the  possible  ex- 
ception of  Davidina^  this  character  has  become  almost  obsolete 
in  Butterflies. 

DAVIDINA    ARMANDI. 

Davidina  armandi^  Oberthiir,  Etudes  d'Ent.  iv.  pp.  10,  108, 
pi.  2.  fig.  I  (1879);  Leech,  Butterflies  of  China,  p.  474, 
pl.  ZT^^  fig-  9(1893)- 
The  Butterfly  measures  about  two  and  a  quarter  inches  across 

the  wings,  which  arc  yellowish-white,  suffused  with  blackish 


158  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

along  the  black  nervures  and  along  the  hind-margin ;  the 
fringes  are  also  black.  On  tlie  under  side  the  wings  are  yel- 
lowish-grey, with  black  nervures. 

This  genus,  like  Mesapia  and  Baltia^  was  originally  placed 
?n  the  Equitidce.  D.  armandi  flies  among  the  rocks  after 
the  manner  of  Parnassius^  to  which  these  three  genera  have 
been  thought  to  be  allied. 

GENUS     METAPORIA. 
Metaporia,  Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  38,  51  (1870). 

Front-wings  sub-pyriform,  second  sub-costal  nervule  not 
so  near  end  of  cell  as  in  Aporia ;  upper  disco-cellular  oblique, 
nearly  as  long  as  lower,  which  is  perpendicular  and  feebly 
arched;  second  and  third  median  branches  rather  near  together. 
Hind-wings  sub-pyriform,  the  cell  broader  and  less  pointed, 
disco-cellulars  of  equal  length,  the  upper  oblique,  the  lower 
less  so.  Body  moderately  hairy ;  palpi  slender,  hairy  beneath  ; 
antennae  with  distinct  flattened  club  {Butler). 

This  genus  contains  a  number  of  Indian  Butterflies,  more 
or  less  pale  in  the  cells  of  the  wings,  and  broadly  dark  along 
all  the  nervures.  The  type  is  M.  agathon  (Gray),  from  North 
India,  a  Butterfly  of  about  three  inches  in  expanse,  which 
might  either  be  described  as  white,  with  black  spots  widely 
separated  by  the  nervures  and  a  transverse  black  band  beyond 
the  cell ;  or  black,  with  the  cells  and  intermediate  spaces  be- 
neath white,  and  a  double  series  of  long  spots  beyond. 

GENUS    PERRHYBRIS. 

Perrhyhris^  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  91  (1816) ;  Herr.- 
Schaff".  Corresp.  Blatt.  Regensb.  xxi.  pp.  104,  127  (1867); 
Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  61  (1886). 

Pieris^  pt.  Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  37,  49  (1870). 


PERRHYBRIS.  1 59 

A  Tropical  American  genus,  with  moderately  long  wings,  and 
the  sub-costal  nervure  three-branched  (or,  rarely,  four-branched). 
Sexes  dissimilar,  the  males  white  above,  with  black  borders, 
and  the  females  resembling  species  of  HeUconius^  Lycorea,  &c., 
as  do  also  the  males  to  some  extent,  on  the  under  surface  of 
tlie  hind-wings.     The  type  is 

PERRHYBRIS    PYRRIIA, 
{Plate  LV.  Figs.  4J,  5?.) 

Fapilio  pyrrha^  Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent,  p.  464,  no.  95  (1775); 

Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  i.  pi.  ^t^^  figs.  A,  B  (1775). 
Papilio  iphigenia,  Schulzens,  Naturforscher,  ix.  p.  108,  pi.  2 

(1776);  Fabricius,   Gen.   Ins.   p.   256  {1777);  Donovan, 

Nat.  Rep.  iii.  pi.  81  (1825). 
Pieris  pyrrha^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  156,  no.  129  (1819) ; 

Boisd.  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid,  i.  p.  440  (1836). 

Fieris  iphigenia^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  156,  no.  129  (18 19). 

Perrhybris  eieidias^  Hiibner,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  (1824), 

Perrhybris  pyrrha,  Staudinger,  Exot.  Schmett.  i.  p.  36,  pi.  20 

(1884). 

Female. 

Papilio  Pamela.,  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  iv.  pi.  319,  fig.  A  (1780). 
Pieris  Pamela^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth,  ix.  p.  156,  no.  131  (18 19). 
This  is  a  common  Tropical  American  species,  measuring 
about  two  inches  and  a  half  in  expanse.  In  the  male  the 
wings  are  white  above,  with  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings  trian- 
gularly black  to  below  the  middle  of  the  hind-margin,  above 
which  it  is  deeply  indented  by  the  white  ground-colour.  The 
hind-wings  have  a  rather  narrow  black  band  on  their  lower  half. 
The  fore-wings  are  coloured  beneath  as  above  ;  the  hind-wings 
are  white,  tinted  with  pale  yellowish  towards  the  base,  and  with 
three  black  bands  running  from  the  base  and  inner  margin  far 


i6o  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

into  the  wings ;  the  first  costal  narrow,  the  second  and  third 
broader,  parallel,  the  second  running  from  the  base  of  the  inner- 
margin,  and  the  third  parallel  to  it  below,  and  separated  from 
it  by  a  red  band;  the  fourth  broader  than  above,  and  covering 
the  lower  half  of  the  hind-margin  to  the  anal  angle;  the  ner- 
vures  above  it  are  also  expanded  into  blackish  triangular  spots 
on  the  margin.  The  female  is  black,  tawny,  and  yellow.  On 
the  fore-wings  the  lower  part  of  the  cell  is  tawny,  separated  from 
the  costa  by  a  black  band,  expanding  at  the  end,  and  from 
the  tawny  lower  part  of  the  wing  by  a  black  band  running  from 
the  base,  and  curving  round  as  far  as  the  outer  half  of  the  inner- 
margin  ;  this  again  is  separated  from  the  black  apex  by  a  broad 
irregular  yellow  band,  running  somewhat  obliquely  from  the 
costa.  The  hind-wings  are  tawny,  with  the  costa  narrowly, 
and  the  hind-margin  broadly,  black ;  between  them  is  a  short 
black  streak.  The  fore-wings  are  coloured  beneath  nearly  as 
above,  but  are  paler,  and  the  black  markings  are  less  extensive; 
the  hind-wings  are  coloured  nearly  as  in  the  male,  but  the  pale 
portion  of  the  wing  is  more  strongly  tinged  with  yellow,  and 
the  hind-margin  is  broadly  bordered  with  black,  as  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  female. 

GENUS   MYLOTITRIS. 

Afy/ofhris,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  90  (1816) ;  Butler, 
Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp  34,  42  (1870) ;  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett. 
ii.  p.  61  (1886) ;  Trimen,  S.  Afr.  Butterflies,  iii.  p.  28 
(1889). 

Antennae  moderately  long,  with  flattened  club ;  palpi  long, 
slender,  hairy  beneath  ;  sub-costal  nervure  three-branched,  the 
first  two  branches  emitted  before  the  end  of  the  cell.  Wings 
ample,  delicate,  of  a  silky  white  or  yellow  (often  more  or  less 
orange  at  the  base)  with  round  black  spots  at  the  ends  of  the 


BELENOIS.  161 

nervures,  generally  coalescing  into  a  band  at  the  tip  of  the 
fore-wings.     Larva  clothed  with  short  hairs. 

Pupa. — *'  Head  with  frontal  process  large  and  curved  up- 
wards ;  a  dorsal  series  of  prominent  tubercles  (larger  on 
thorax)  along  middle  line  of  back,  and  two  laterally-project- 
ing claw-shaped  processes  on  each  side  of  the  basal  half  of 
abdomen"  {Tri;iien). 

The  type  of  this  genus  is  the  West  African  M.  rhodope 
(Fabricius),  m  which  the  male  has  yellow  fore-wings  and  white 
hind-wings;  and  the  female  is  white,  with  a  reddish  spot  at  the 
base  of  th3  fore- wings.  The  hind-margins  are  spotted  with 
black  on  the  nervures,  and  the  tip  of  the  fore-wing  is  narrowly 
bordered  with  black. 

GENUS   BELENOIS. 

Belenois^  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  92  (1816);  Butlerj 
Cist.  Ent.  i.  p.  50(1870) ;  Schatz,  Exot  Schmett.  ii.  p.  61 
(1886). 

Antennce  with  an  oval  flattened  club;  wings  shorter,  broader, 
more  scalloped,  and  more  densely  scaled  than  in  the  last  genus; 
costa  straight,  and  very  slightly  serrated.  Sub-costal  nervure 
of  the  fore-wings  four-branched,  the  fourth  branch  well  marked; 
disco  cellular  nervules  oblique,  the  lower  one  shorter  on  all  the 
wings  than  the  middle  one. 

The  type  is  B.  calypso,  Drury,  a  common  West  African 
Butterfly.  It  measures  from  2  to  2^^  inches  across  the 
wings,  which  are  white,  with  a  broad  black  border,  spotted 
with  white  on  the  under  side  of  the  fore-wings,  and  a  black 
bar  runnmg  from  the  base  of  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings, 
which  is  produced  into  a  transverse  bar  at  the  end  of  the 
cell.  The  hind-wings  are  tinged  with  yellow  bcneatli,  and  are 
bordered  with  a  row  of  connected  yellow  spots,  edged  on  each 
10  M 


i62  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

side  by  a  row  of  black  ones.  There  is  also  a  round  black 
spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  which  is  sometimes  visible  above. 
In  the  male,  the  black  marginal  bands  of  the  upper  surface  are 
incomplete  and  macular. 

GENUS   SCIIATZIA. 

Eucheira  (nee  Dejean),  Westwood,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  i.  p. 
44  (1834);  Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  34,  42  (1870);  Schatz, 
Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  62  (1886). 

Head  and  body  very  hairy,  antennae  with  a  gradually-formed 
club ;  wings  with  very  long  cells ;  fore-wings  triangular, 
rounded  off  at  the  angles ;  hind-wings  oval,  likewise  much 
rounded  ;  fore-wings  with  the  sub-costal  nervure  four-branched, 
the  two  first  branches  emitted  before  the  end  of  the  cell,  the 
third  and  fourth  forming  a  long  fork ;  upper  disco-cellular 
nervule  (rarely  present  in  the  Pieridcc)  distinct,  but  short,  so 
that  the  first  discoidal  nervure  rises  from  the  cell,  and  not 
beyond  it. 

The  type  is  a  Mexican  species,  remarkable  for  the  gregarious 
nest-building  habits  of  the  larva ;  a  habit  which  is  somewhat 
uncommon  in  Butterflies,  though  more  frequent  in  Moths. 

It  is  necessary  to  change  the  name  of  the  genus,  on  account 
of  the  Coleopterous  genus  Eiicheiriis^  Dejean,  and  I  have  there 
fore  been  glad  to  name  it  after  the  late  eminent  Lepidopterist, 
Dr.  Schatz,  whose  work  on  the  families  and  genera  of  Butter- 
flies is  one  of  the  most  valuable  contributions  to  systematic 
entomology  that  has  ever  appeared. 

SCHATZLY    SOCIALIS. 
^riate  L  V.  Fig.  2.) 
Eucheira  socialis,  Westwood,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  London,  i.  p. 
44,  pi.   6  (1835);    Staudinger,   Exot.   Schmett.  i.   p.    26 
C1884). 


PLATE    LV. 


/.  Fereute   l^evLCodrvsuney.       3.  Bismvrphui  egaensis 


ARCHONIAS.  163 

This  Butterfly  expands  about  two  inches  across  the  wings, 
which  are  blackish  above,  with  a  transverse  row  of  greyish- 
white  spots  running  across  the  wings,  and  a  row  of  smaller 
ones  between  these  and  the  hind-margin  ;  there  is  also  a  large 
white  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  fore-wings.  On  the 
under  side  the  wings  are  of  a  more  brownish-black,  with  the 
white  spots  on  the  fore-wings  much  extended  and  confluent; 
on  the  hind-wings  they  are  nearly  obsolete. 

The  larvae  and  pupae  Hve  gregariously  in  a  large  bag-like  nest 
of  very  strong  silk,  which  is  suspended  to  the  branches  of  trees, 
and  from  which  the  caterpillars  must  make  excursions  in  search 
of  food,  as  in  the  case  of  Moths  with  similar  habits.  These 
cases  appear  more  to  resemble  the  nests  formed  by  the 
gregarious  larvce  of  the  African  genus  Afiaphe,  Walker  (one  of 
the  Bombyces)  than  any  others  which  have  been  described. 

GENUS   ARCHONIAS. 

Anhonias,  Hiibner,    Zutr.    Ex.    Schmett.  iii.    p.    ig  (1S25) ; 

Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  63  (1886). 
Euterpe,  Swainson,  Zool.  111.  Ins.  ii.  p.  74  (1831);  Boisduval, 

Spec.  Gen.   Lepid.   i.  p.  404   (1836) ;    Doubleday,  Gen 

Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  33  (1847);  Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  34, 

42  (1870). 

Body  hairy ;  palpi  and  antennae  slender,  the  latter  termi* 
nating  in  a  flattened  club  ;  wings  moderately  broad  and  long, 
sub-costal  nervure  four-branched,  the  second  branch  emitted 
beyond  the  cell  ;  cells  long,  rather  narrow  ;  disco-cellular 
nervules  nearly  straight. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  not  very  numerous.  They 
inhabit  tropical  America,  and  mimic  the  genus  of  Equitidcc 
called  Priamides,  by  Hiibner,  which  inhabits  the  same  coun- 
tries.    The  type  is  Archonias  icrcas  (Godart).     Ihe  species, 

M  2 


1 64  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

which  are  very  similar  to  each  other,  are  black,  with  a  white 
blotch  on  the  fore-wings,  and  a  broad  scarlet  band,  more  or 
less  broken  into  spots,  on  the  hind-wings,  the  under  surface 
of  which  is  paler,  and  marked  with  red  spots  at  the  base,  and 
greenish-yellow  spots  on  the  hind-margin.  The  red  band  is 
present,  but  paler. 

The  allied  genus  Catasticla^  Butler,  differs  little  in  structure, 
but  has  the  second  branch  of  the  sub-costal  nervure  emitted 
from  the  end  of  the  cell.  The  fore-w>ngs  are  more  pointed 
than  in  Archofiias,  the  hind-margin  being  often  slightly  con- 
cave instead  of  curved,  and  the  wings  are  more  distinctly 
dentated.  The  Butterflies  differ  very  much  in  appearance, 
however,  being  black,  banded  and  spotted  with  white,  yellow, 
buff,  or  some  other  pale  colour. 

GENUS   PEEEUTE. 

Pereuie,  Herrich-Schaffer,  Corresp.  Blatt.  Regensb.  xxi.  pp. 
105,  138  (1867);  Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  34,  40  (1870); 
Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  i.  p.  6^,  (1886). 

Antenna  long,  terminating  in  a  flattened  club  ;  wings  ample, 
rounded,  with  the  sub-costal  nervure  only  three-branched,  the 
lower  disco-cellular  nervule  angulated. 

The  species  are  black,  varied  with  bluish-grey,  and  spotted 
with  red  or  yellow.  They  inhabit  various  parts  of  South 
America,  and  I  have  figured  a  species  from  New  Granada, 
which  is  closely  allied  to  the  type  of  the  genus. 

PEREUTE    LEUCODROSIME. 

{Plate  LV.  Fig,  i.) 

Euterpe  leucodrosiine,   Kollar,    Denkschr.   Akad.  Wiss.   Wien. 

Math.  Nat.  CI.  i.  p.  358,  pi.  44,  figs.  3,  4  (1850). 
Euterpe  ccesarea,  Lucas,  Rev.  Zool.  1854,  p.  194. 


DELIAS.  165 

This  Butterfly  measures  rather  more  than  two  inches  and  a 
half  across  the  wings,  which  are  black  above,  with  a  broad  red 
band,  slightly  cut  by  the  nervures  on  the  fore-wings,  running 
from  the  costa  obliquely  across  the  outer  part  of  the  cell  and 
the  disc  to  the  inner-margin,  above  the  hinder  angle.  The 
basal  area  of  the  wings  is  bluish-grey  towards  the  inner-margin 
of  the  fore-wings,  and  over  the  whole  of  the  hind-wings  to 
beyond  the  middle.  There  are  some  red  spots  at  the  base 
of  the  wings  beneath. 

P.  callinice  (Felder),  from  New  Granada  and  Venezuela, 
which  is  the  type  of  the  genus  Z'^;'^///.?,  differs  from/*,  leucodrosime 
in  having  only  the  hind-wings  grey  at  the  base  above,  and  in 
wanting  the  red  spots  on  the  under  side. 

P.  charops  (Boisduval),  from  Mexico,  has  red  markings 
only  in  the  female  ;  the  male  has  diffused  bluish  markings  on 
the  fore-wings  above ;  and  beneath  a  yellow  band  running  from 
the  costa  of  the  fore-wings,  and  then  curving  broadly  across 
the  wing  to  the  hind-margin  ;  and  a  yellow  costal  stripe  on  the 
hind-wings. 

GENUS    DELIAS. 

Delias,   Hiibner,  Verz.   bek.  Schmett.  v.  pp.  91,  92   (1816) ; 

Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  34,    40  (1870);   Schatz,  Exot. 

Schmett.  ii.  p.  d^y  (1886). 
Thyca,  Wallengren,  Oefv.  Vet.  Akad.  Forh.  Stockh.  1858,  p. 

76;  Wallace,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  (3)  iv.  p.  344  (1867). 
General  structure  as  in  Pereute;  wings  generally  longer  ;  sub- 
costal nervure  three-branched,  the  first  branch  emitted  before 
the  end  of  the  cell ;  the  cells  long  and  narrow,  the  lower  disco- 
cellular  nervule  on  both  pairs  of  wings  straight  and  oblique ; 
pre-costal  nervule  of  the  hind-wings  curved  outwards  instead  of 
inwards,  as  is  the  case  in  Pereute. 
The  larvae  are  clothed  with  long    detached  hairs,  and  the 


1 66  Lloyd's  natural  ttistory. 

pupre  are  armed  with  a  row  of  strong  spines  on  the  ventral 
surface. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  characteristic  genera 
among  those  inhabiting  the  Indo-  and  Austro- Malayan  Regions, 
to  which  it  is  exclusively  confined.  Notwithstanding  its  close 
structural  affinity  to  Fereute,  there  is  little  outward  resemblance 
between  the  genera ;  for  Delias^  notwithstanding  the  many 
forms  which  it  assumes,  has  always  the  unmistakable  appear- 
ance of  a  true  Pierid.  Most  of  the  species  are  black  above, 
varied  with  bluish-grey,  and  often  marked  with  red  or  yellow 
at  the  base  or  on  the  hind-wings  beneath  ;  or  they  are  white, 
more  or  less  bordered  with  black,  and  with  the  hind-wings 
bordered  beneath  with  a  row  of  red,  orange,  or  yellow  spots, 
or  banded  with  red.  They  have  a  weaker  flight  than  would  be 
supposed  from  their  appearance,  and  are  easily  captured. 

I  will  first  discuss  the  species  which  I  have  figured  to  illustrate 
the  genus,  and  will  then  proceed  to  notice  some  of  the  more 
interesting  forms  which  are  not  figured  in  the  present  work. 

DELIAS     BELISAMA. 

{Plate  LVII.   Fig.  i.) 

Papiliohelisama,  Cramer,  Pap.Exot.  iii.  pi.  2 5 8, figs.  A-D(i779). 

Pieris  beltsama,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  147,  no.  104  (1819); 

Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  464  (1836). 

This   species,    which  is   common    in    Java    and   Sumatra, 

measures  about  two  inches  and  a  half  across  the  wings.     The 

male  is  yellowish-white  above,  with  the  costa  and  apex  of  the 

fore-wings,  and  the  hind-margin  of  the  hind-wings  rather  broadly 

black.     The  female  is  ochreous-yellow,  with  very  broad  black 

borders.     The  under  side  of  the  fore-wings  is  black,  with  a 

whitish  streak  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  a  row  of  four  or  f.ve 

white  or  yellow  spots  towards  the  tip.     The  hind-wings  are 

orange-yellow  beneath,  with  a  red  streak,  bifid  at  the  end,  at 


DELIAS.  167 

the  base,  and  a  black  border,  serrated  on  the  inner  side,  and 
containing  a  row  of  rounded  spots  of  the  same  shade  as  the 
ground-colour.  The  body  is  whitish  or  yellowish;  antennee 
black.  The  larva,  which  feeds  on  a  species  of  Discorea  during 
the  rainy  season  in  Java,  from  December  to  February,  is  green 
and  yellow,  with  very  long  separate  hairs ;  pupa  brown,  with 
a  row  of  black  hooks  on  the  ventral  surface, 

DELIAS  EUCHARIS. 

{Plate  LV I,    Figs,  i,  2.) 

Papilio eiicharis^V)xM\)\\W..  Exot.  Ent.  ii.  pi.  10,  figs.  5,  6  (1773) ; 

Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  iii.  pis.  201,  figs.  B  C  ;  p.  202,  fig,  C 

(1782). 
Papilio  hyparete^  Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.  p.  474,  no.  136  (1775). 
Pieris  epicharis^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  153,  no.  123  (i8ig)  ; 

Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  456  (1836). 
Ma7iciphim  vorax  Hyparete^  Hiibner,  Samml.  Exot,  Schmett. 

i.  pi.  136(1824?). 
This  species,  which  must  be  well  known  to  everyone  who 
has  seen  a  case  of  Butterflies  from  India,  measures  about 
three  inches  across  the  wings.  The  latter  are  of  a  slightly  bluish- 
white  tint  in  the  male,  and  yellowish-white  in  the  female,  with 
the  nervures  broadly  black,  except  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
hind-wings  in  the  male.  The  marginal  area  is  marked  off  by 
a  transverse  black  line,  outside  which  is  a  series  of  large  oval 
spots,  separated  by  the  nervures.  On  the  fore-wings  these  are 
of  the  ground-colour  in  the  male,  but  tinged  with  yellow 
towards  the  tip  in  the  female ;  on  the  hind-wings  they  are 
pink.  The  under  side  of  the  fore-wings  is  similar  to  the  upper, 
except  that  the  sub-marginal  spots  are  more  decidedly  yellow, 
especially  in  the  female ;  the  hind-wings  are  yellow  beneath, 
nearly  to  the  sub-marginal  line  ;  and  the  sub-marginal  spots 
are  of  a  brighter  red  than  above,  and  bordered  with  whitish. 
The  body  is  white. 


1 68  LLOYDS    NATURAL   HISTORY. 

The  larva  is  reddish-brown,  with  long  black  detached  hair 
(but  shorter  than  in  D.  beHsa??ia),  and  a  white  collar,  behind 
which  is  a  black  blotch  dotted  with  white.  The  pupa  is 
yellowish-green,  with  black  markings  on  the  dorsal  surface,  and 
strong  black  teeth  on  the  ventral  surface.  The  larva  feeds  on 
lime  {citrus)  and  gnava. 

DELIAS   CiENEUS.* 
{Plate  LVL   Fig.  3.) 
Fapiilo  ce?ieus,  Linn.  Mus.  Lud.  Ulr.  p.  271  (1764). 
Papilio  hyparete^  var.  (?),  Linn.   I.e.  p.   247    (1764);  Clerck, 
Icones,  pi.  38,  fig.  3  (1764);  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  iii.  pi. 
216,  figs.  A,  B  (1779);  iv.  pi.  339,  figs.  E,  F{i78i). 
Papilio plexaris,  Donovan,  Ins.  New  Holl.  pi.  18,  fig.  2  (1805). 
Fieris  pkxaris,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  149,  no.  110(1819). 
Fieris  philyra,  Godart,  I.e.  p.  150,  no.  113(1819);  Boisduval, 
Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  p.  462  (1836). 
This  Butterfly,  which  measures  rather  more  than  two  inches 
and  a  half  across  the  wings,  is  common  in  Australia,  Papua, 
Amboina,  and  Ceram.      It  is  the   type  of  Hiibner's   genus, 
Cathcemia^  which  he  regarded  as  distinct  from  true  Delias. 

The  male  is  bluish-white  above,  with  a  black  border,  broadest 
at  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings,  which  are  crossed  by  a  curved  row 
of  oval  white  spots.  The  female  is  nearly  black  above,  but 
dull  white  towards  the  base,  and  with  a  series  of  wliite  apical 
spots  on  the  fore-wings,  as  in  the  male.  The  under  side  is 
black,  with  the  base  broadly  yellow,  dusted  with  black.  On 
ihe  fore-wings  there  is  a  white  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell, 
and  a  sub-marginal  row  of  large  yellow  spots,  largest  towards 
the  tip.  The  hind-wings  have  seven  long  reddish-brown  spots 
beyond  the  middle,  becoming  lighter  on  the  outer  side.  These 
are  sometimes  so  extensive  as  to  make  the  hinder  part  of  the 
*  Delias  pkilyra  on  plate. 


PLATE     LVI . 


/ .  2 .  Bellas  eu^rh  oris . 
3.       „         philyrcv. 


DELIAS.  169 

wing  from  the  middle  of  the  discoidal  cell  appear  almost 
entirely  reddish-brown,  with  broad  black  nervures,  and  a  black 
border. 

The  type  of  the  genus  Delias  is 

DELIAS    EGIALEA. 

Papilio  egialea^  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  ii.  pi.  189,  figs.  ]),  E  (1777); 

iii.pl.  256,  figs.  E,  F(i779) 
Fieris  egialea,  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  p.  450  (1836). 
Delias  egialea^   Staudinger,    Exot.    Schmett.    i.  p.   34,  pi.   20 

(1885). 

This  Butterfly,  which  is  common  in  Java  and  Sumatra, 
measures  two  inches  and  a  half  across  the  wings,  or  a  litile 
more.  The  male  is  bluish-white,  dusted  with  blackish  at  the 
base  ;  the  costa  and  apical  half  of  the  fore-wings  (narrowing  to 
the  hinder  angle),  and  a  broad  border  to  the  hind-wings,  are 
black ;  the  inner-margin  of  the  hind-wings  is  tinged  with 
yellow,  especially  towards  the  anal  angle.  On  the  under  side, 
the  fore-wings  are  brown,  with  a  white  band,  narrower  and 
whiter  than  above ;  the  hind- wings  are  red  at  the  base,  beyond 
which  they  are  yellow,  partly  divided  into  spots  by  broad  black 
incrassated  nervures,  and  bordered  with  black.  The  female 
has  black  fore-wings,  with  a  broad  orange  central  band  above 
and  below ;  the  hind-wings  are  white  above,  shading  into  yel- 
low on  the  basal  half,  and  black  beyond ;  on  the  under  side 
they  resemble  the  male,  except  that  the  yellow  portion  is  re- 
placed by  orange. 

Austro-Malayan  Species  of  Delias. 

Some  of  these  species  are  remarkably  handsome.  One  of 
the  most  beautiful  is  D.  aruna  (Boisduval),  which  inhabits 
Papua  and  the  Moluccas.     It  has  broad  wings,  measuring  up- 


1 70  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

wards  of  three  inches  in  expanse.  The  male  is  of  a  rich 
orange  above,  with  the  hind-margins,  the  costa,  and  apical 
region  of  the  fore-wings  black;  the  under  side  is  black,  the  fore- 
wings  with  a  yellow  sub-costal  line  from  the  base,  a  grey  spot 
at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  a  whitish  dash  on  the  inner-margin; 
the  hind-wings  have  a  broad  red  band  near  the  base,  interrupted 
along  the  sub-costal  nervure.  The  female  is  black  above,  pale 
yellow  towards  the  base,  with  the  outer  half  of  the  cell  of  the 
fore-wings  filled  up  with  white  both  above  and  below.  The  fore- 
wings  are  coloured  beneath  as  in  the  male,  but  are  marked  with 
a  sub-apical  row  of  white  spots,  represented  by  one  or  two  de- 
tached spots  on  the  hind-wings,  which  otherwise  differ  from  the 
colour  of  the  upper  surface  chiefly  by  possessing  a  red  patch 
near  the  base  of  the  costa. 

Two  very  pretty,  but  rather  smaller,  species  with  black  under 
sides,  inhabit  Australia.  One  of  these  is  D.  7iigrma  (Fabricius), 
which  measures  about  2  Yi  inches  across  the  wings.  The  male 
is  white,  with  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings  black,  crossed  by  a  row 
of  white  spots  ;  the  female  has  black  fore-wings,  with  a  row  of 
grey  sub-apical  spots,  and  bluish  towards  the  base  on  the  inner- 
marginal  area ;  the  hind-wings  are  bluish,  with  a  broad  black 
border.  The  under  side  is  black  ;  the  fore-wings  with  a  sub- 
apical  macular  yellow  band,  and  the  hind-wings  with  a  red  streak 
near  the  base  of  the  costa,  and  a  narrow  curved  red  stripe  run- 
ning across  the  middle  of  the  wing. 

Delias  aganippe  (Donovan)  is  a  larger  insect ;  white,  with 
broad  black  borders,  marked  with  large  greyish-white  blotches; 
on  the  fore-wings  of  the  female  are  two  large  black  spots.  The 
under  side  is  black  and  white,  with  blotches  of  orange  and 
crimson.  The  larva  is  brown,  with  white  spots  and  hairs,  and 
feeds  on  the  native  cherry  {Exocarpus). 

Delias  dorimeiie  (Cramer)  represents  a  different  section  of 
the  genus.     It  is  found  in  Ceram  and  Amboina,  and  measures 


PRIONERIS.  171 

about  two  inches  across  the  wings.  The  fore-wings  are  black- 
ish, with  some  sub-apical  white  spots,  most  distinctly  seen  be- 
neath, where  they  are  tinged  with  yellow,  and  the  hind-wings 
are  white  above,  with  a  black  border,  and  yellow  below,  with  a 
narrow  and  incomplete  black  border,  spotted  with  yellow. 

GENUS   PRIONERIS. 

Prionerls^  Wallace,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  (3)  iv.  p.  383  (1867); 
Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  33,  39  (1870);  Schatz,  Exot. 
Schmett.  ii.  p.  64  (1886). 

The  Butterflies  of  this  genus  resemble  Delias^  but  the  sub- 
costal nervure  is  four-branched,  with  the  two  first  nervules 
emitted  before  the  end  of  the  cell.  The  wings  are  generally 
more  pointed  than  in  Delias^  and  the  costa  is  strongly  serrated 
in  the  males.  Apart  from  other  differences,  Frio?ieris  may  be 
distinguished  from  Appias  by  the  absence  of  an  anal  tuft. 

The  species  are  large  and  conspicuous,  though  not  numerous, 
and  are  confined  to  India  and  the  Indo-Malayan  Islands.  The 
type  is, 

PRIONERIS    THESTYLIS. 

Pieris  thestylis^  Doubleday,  in  Gray,  Zool.  Misc.  p.  76  (1842); 

id.  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  pi.  6,  fig.  2  (1847). 
Prioneris  thestylis^  Wallace,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  (3)  iv.  p. 

194,  no.  I  (1867);  Staudinger,  Exot.  Schmett.  i.  p.  35, 

pi.  20  (1884). 

Female. 

Pieris  sefa^  Moore,  Cat.  Lepid.   Ins.  Mus.  E.  I.  Co.  i.  p.  78 
(1857);  id.  Proc.   Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  1857,  p.  102,  pi.  44, 
fig-  3- 
A  large  and  handsome  Butterfly,  with  rather  pointed  wings, 

expanding  from  three  to  four  inches ;  it  inhabits  North  India. 


172  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

The  male  is  white  above,  with  the  costa,  apical  third,  and  hind- 
margin  of  the  fore- wings  black,  marked  with  long  white  spots 
and  streaks  between  the  nervures.  The  hind-wings  are  white, 
with  a  narrower  black  border,  containing  round  white  spots,  very 
narrowly  separated  from  the  ground-colour.  On  the  under  side 
of  the  fore-wings,  the  white  portion  is  broken  up  into  spots  by 
the  strongly  incrassated  black  nervures,  and  the  spots  towards 
the  apex  are  tinged  with  yellow.  The  hind-wings  are  black, 
with  the  inner-margin  and  the  base  of  the  costa  broadly  yellow, 
the  cell  filled  up  with  yellow,  and  two  rows  of  yellow  spots  be- 
yond, one  discal,  and  the  other  marginal. 

We  quote  Mr.  Moore's  original  description  of  the  female,  as 
it  has  been  confounded  with  some  of  the  allied  species : 

"  Upper  side  blackish-brown ;  fore-wings  with  two  rows  of 
narrowish  white  marks  ;  two  lengthened  marks  between  median 
and  sub-median  veinlets,  and  four  small  spots  within  discoidal 
cell ;  hind-wings  with  a  marginal  row  of  whitish  spots ;  another 
row  from  anterior  margin  widening  towards  the  anal  angle ; 
abdominal  margin  broadly  whitish,  the  latter  tinged  with  yellow; 
also  white  linear  mark  in  discoidal  cell.  Under  side  as  in  the 
upper  side,  but  with  all  the  markings  on  the  hind-wings 
yellow." 

GENUS  APPIAS. 
Appias,  Hubner,Verz.bek.  Schmett.  p.  91  (1816);  Butler,  Cist. 

Ent.  i.  pp.  37,  49  (1870);  Distant,  Rhop.  Malay,  p.  310 

(1885). 
Tachyris,  Wallace,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  (3)  iv.  p.  361  (1867); 

Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  64  (1886). 

This  genus  includes  a  considerable  number  of  Indo-Malayan 

and  Austro-Malayan  species,  distinguished  by  having  the  anal 

valves  of  the  male  elongated  and  provided  with  a  tuft  of  long 

and  stiff  hairs  at  each  side  of  the  base  beneath.     "  The  species 


APPIAS.  173 

are  of  moderate  size,  and  are,  generally  speaking,  of  uniform 
colours.  The  fore-wings  are  sub-triangular  and  rather  pointed, 
with  the  sub-costal  nervure  four-branched ;  the  hind-wings  are 
oval,  and  rather  produced  towards  the  anal  angle ;  larva  hairy, 
and  with  four  or  six  longitudinal  rows  of  spines  ;  pupa  with  two 
lateral  spines  "  ( Wallace). 

This  large  genus  includes  several  sections,  which  many 
writers  are  inclined  to  treat  as  of  generic  rank.  The  following 
species  is  the  true  type  of  the  genus, 

APPIAS    ZELMIRA. 

Papilio  zeljiiira,  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  iv.  pi.  320,  figs.  C-D  (1780). 

This  is  an  Indian  Butterfly,  measuring  about  two  inches 
across  the  wings.  The  male  is  white,  with  the  nervures, 
especially  the  branches  of  the  sub-costal  nervure,  broadly  black 
towards  the  hind-margin,  or  expanding  into  black  triangular 
spots ;  on  the  under  side  of  the  hind-wings  nearly  all  the 
nervures  are  black.  The  costa  of  the  fore-wings  is  dusted  with 
bluish-grey,  especially  beneath,  and  the  base  of  the  costa  of 
the  hind-wings  is  yellow  beneath.  The  female  is  brown,  with 
sub-marginal  white  spots,  and  two  large  white  spaces  on  the 
fore-wings,  and  one  on  the  hind-v/ings.  On  the  under  side, 
the  nervures  are  not  black  as  in  the  male.  Tlie  fore-wings  are 
greenish  in  the  cell  and  towards  the  tips,  with  a  black  streak 
from  the  end  of  the  cell  meeting  a  black  oblique  sub  apical 
streak.  On  the  hind-wings,  the  base  of  the  costa  is  stained 
with  orange,  the  hind-margin  is  yellowish-green,  and  a  yellowish- 
green  band  runs  from  the  sub-median  nervure  near  the  base  to 
the  border,  a  little  below  the  tip. 

The  type  of  the  genus  Tachyris,  Wallace,  is  T.  iiero  (Fab- 
ricius),  from  the  Malay  Peninsula  and  the  adjacent  islands. 
It  measures  about  three  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are 


174  Lloyd's  natural  itistoRV. 

rather  pointed,  and  are  of  a  bright  red,  varying  in  tint  abovd 
in  different  specimens  of  the  male  sex.  On  the  under  side  they 
are  more  of  an  orange  red,  inchning  to  greenish-yellow  on  the 
costa  of  the  fore-wings,  and  along  the  inner-margin  and  nervures 
of  the  hind-wings.  The  female  is  of  a  darker  red  above,  with 
narrow  irregular  black  borders,  and  an  oblique  black  streak 
running  outwards  from  the  middle  of  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings ; 
there  are  also  some  irregular  blackish  marks  opposite  the  hind- 
margin  on  the  fore-wings.  Beneath,  the  fore-wings  are  tawny, 
with  the  costa  greenish-yellow,  and  the  apical  region  black, 
crossed  by  a  w^hitish  band;  there  are  also  some  blackish  mark- 
ings towards  the  hinder  angle;  the  hind-wings  are  reddish-grey, 
with  an  irrregular  dusky  band. 

There  are  several  allied  species,  in  which  the  upper  side  is 
red,  blue,  or  brown,  at  least  in  the  males.  The  female  of  T. 
zarinda  (Boisduval),  a  Celebesian  species,  is  dark  brown,  with 
a  row  of  yellowish-white  sub-marginal  spots,  and  a  broad  white 
band  within,  crossing  the  lower  part  of  the  fore-wings  and  the 
upper  part  of  the  hind-wings.  The  male  of  these  species  is 
red,  like  that  of  T.  nero^  but  the  wings  are  still  more 
acute. 

In  most  species,  the  fore-wings  are  less  pointed  than  in  T. 
fiero  and  its  allies.  They  are  frequently  white,  with  black 
borders,  and  often  with  the  hind-wings  yellow  beneath.  These 
average  about  two  inches  in  expanse.  In  some  species,  with 
pointed  wings,  the  sub-costal  nervure  is  only  three-branched, 
either  in  both  sexes,  or  in  the  female,  the  male  being  four- 
branched,  as  in  true  Appias.  These  form  the  genus  Saletaraj 
Distant,  the  type  of  which  is  6*.  nathalia  (Felder),  from  Malacca, 
Sumatra,  Celebes,  &c.  Other  species,  in  which  the  fore-wings 
are  less  acute,  and  the  hind-wings  are  varied,  at  least  beneath, 
with  yellow,  orange,  or  green  mai  kings,  form  the  genus 
Hupliina,  Moore. 


ELODINA.  175 

GENUS   MELETE. 

Jlfckte,  Swainson,  Zool.  111.  Ins.  ii.  pi.  79  (1833). 

Da^tojinra,  Butler,  Cat.  Fabr.   Diuni.  Lepid.  p.  209  (1869) ; 

id.  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  37,  50(1870);  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett. 

ii.  p.  64  (1886). 

Palpi  and  antennoe  long  and  slender,  the  latter  with  a 
gradually  formed  club;  abdomen  not  tufted,  but  with  a  pair  of 
strong  anal  hooks  in  the  male;  wings  broad,  the  fore-wings 
somewhat  produced  at  the  tip,  but  not  longer  than  the  hind- 
wings  ;  hind-margin  slightly  concave ;  hind-wings  somewhat 
oval.  Sub-costal  nervure  four-branched,  the  two  first  branches 
emitted  before  the  end  of  the  cell ;  disco-cellulars  of  nearly 
equal  length,  the  upper  ones  oblique,  the  lower  straight. 

This  is  a  Tropical  American  genus  much  resembling  some  of 
the  smaller  species  of  Appias  in  size  and  shape,  but  with  a 
peculiar  facies  which  renders  it  easily  recognisable.  The 
Butterflies  measure  about  two  inches  or  a  little  more  across 
the  wings,  which  are  of  a  white  or  yellow  colour,  with  the  hind- 
margins  narrowly  black.  The  costa  is  also  narrowly  black  to 
the  middle,  and  sends  off  a  black  bar  across  the  end  of  the 
cell,  at  least  on  the  under  surface.  There  are  several  closely- 
allied  species ;  in  the  type,  M.  fiippantha  (Fabricius),  which  is 
a  Brazilian  Butterfly,  the  fore-wings  are  white,  and  the  hind- 
wings  are  yellow. 

GENUS   ELODINA. 

Elodina,  Felder,  Rcise  d.  Novara,  ii.  p.  215(1865);  Butler, 
Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  34,  40  (1870);  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii. 
p.  65  (1886). 

Antennas  short,  with  a  flattened  club ;  fore-wings  short, 
rather  pointed ;  sub-co^al  nervure  threc-brhnched,  the  first 
branch   emitted  before  the  end  of  the  cell;    only  the  lowest 


176  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

disco-cellular  nervule  present  on  the  fore-wings,  the  second 
discoidal  nervule  rising  from  the  end  of  the  cell ;  hind-wings 
rounded. 

This  genus  is  confined  to  Australia  and  the  Indo-Australian 
Region  generally,  and  includes  a  few  silky-white  species,  more 
or  less  bordered  with  black  (often  only  at  the  tips  of  the  fore- 
wings),  and  measuring  about  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the 
wings.  The  type  is  E.  egriatia  (Godart),  from  Australia  and 
the  Aloluccas. 

GENUS    LEPTOSIA. 

Leptosia^  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  95  (18 16);  Distant, 

Rhop.  Malay,  p.  287  (1885). 
Pontia,  Boisduval  (nee  Fabricius),  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  430 

(1836);  Doubleday,   Gen.   Diurn,  Lepid.   p.  40  (1847); 

Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  65  (1886). 
Nychitona,  Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  34,  41  (1870). 

Antennae  long,  with  a  compressed  spindle-shaped  club ; 
palpi  very  short ;  wings  rounded  at  the  tips ;  sub-costal  ner- 
vure  three- branched,  with  two  branches  emitted  before  the 
end  of  the  cell,  the  second  discoidal  nervule  rising  from  or 
close  to  the  end  of  the  cell. 

A  small  but  very  well-marked  genus,  confined  to  the  tropics 
of  the  Old  World.  The  species  measure  about  an  inch  and 
a  half  across  the  wings,  which  are  white,  with  the  tip  of  the 
fore-wings  black,  and  generally  a  round  black  spot  on  the  disc, 
opposite  the  middle  of  the  inner-margin.  The  under  surface 
of  the  hind-wings  is  more  or  less  mottled  with  green.  The 
insects  have  a  very  weak  flight,  and  resemble  Lepiidia  sinapis  in 
their  habits.  They  have  a  superficial  likeness  to  the  latter  species, 
except  for  the  broader  wings,  and  as  in  the  Wood  White,  too, 
spotless  forms  of  the  species  of  Leptosia  are  sometimes  met 


PLATE    LVn 


/  Delicts  beliscuma 
2.  CaJlosune  dcuxaje. 


DISMORPHIN/E.  I77 

with.     The   type  is   Z.    xiphia   (Fabriciiis),  a  common   East 
Indian  species. 

GENUS  LEUCIDIA. 

Leucidia^  Doubleday,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  77  (1847); 
Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  35,  43  (1870);  Schatz,  Exot. 
Schmett.  ii.  p.  (i(i  (18S6). 

Antennae  with  the  club  gradually  formed ;  palpi  very  short, 
scaly,  and  bristly ;  wings  rounded ;  sub-costal  nervure  four- 
branched,  the  first  joint  emitted  much  before  the  end  of  the 
cell,  the  second  a  little  beyond;  subcostal  nervures  of  the 
hind-wings  stalked. 

This  genus  contains  a  few  South  American  species.  They 
are  the  smallest  of  the  Pieridce^  scarcely  measuring  an  inch 
across  the  wings.  They  are  small  wlute  Butterflies,  the  type, 
Z.  elvina  (Godart),  being  white  or  yellow,  with  the  fore-wings 
narrowly  bordered  with  black  ;  another  species,  L.  brephos 
(Hiibner),  is  almost  pure  white. 

On  account  of  the  resemblance  presented  by  Leptidia  to 
Dismorphia  on  the  one  hand,  and  to  Euchloe  on  the  other,  we 
place  here  Schatz's  Sub-family  Dis7norphi?ice. 

SUB-FAMILY   II.     DISMORPHIN^. 

Antennae  slender,  with  a  gradually-thickened,  spindle-shaped, 
or  a  suddenly-formed,  distinct  club.  Palpi  short,  not  reaching 
beyond  the  head,  with  short  scales  above  and  on  the  sides,  and 
hairy  in  front.  The  middle  and  terminal  joints  are  very  small. 
The  sub-costal  nervure  five-branched,  the  branches  very  short, 
and  placed  at  equal  distances.     A  pre-costal  nervure  present. 

The  species  of  this  group  are  delicate  Butterflies,  with  long 
wings.  Most  of  the  South  American  forms  mimic  species 
of  Ithomiince. 

10  N 


173  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

GENUS   LEPTIDIA. 

Le/tiJia,  Billberg,  Enum   Ins.  p.  76  (1820). 

Leptosia^  pt.  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  95  (1816) ;  West 
wood,  Butterflies  of  Great  Britain,  p.  28  (1855);  Butler 
Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  39,  54  (1870)- 

Leucophasia^  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  24  (1827); 
Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  428  (1836);  Double- 
day,  Gen.  Diurn.  Eepid.  p.  38  (1847);  Schatz,  Exot. 
Schmett.  ii.  p.  57  (1SS6). 

Leptoria^  Westwood,  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  41  (1841). 

Cells  of  the  whigs  very  short ;  sub-costal  nervure  five- 
branched,  all  the  branches  emitted  beyond  the  end  of  the 
cell ;  first  discoidal  nervule  emitted  from  the  end  of  the  cell ; 
antennas  short,  slender,  with  a  well-marked  flattened  club. 

Wings  narrow,  elongate-oval,  thickly  clothed  with  scales. 

This  genus  only  includes  a  few  species,  much  resembling 
each  other,  and  is  confined  to  Europe  and  Northern  and 
Western  Asia.  It  has  a  slight  superficial  resemblance  to  the 
African  and  Indian  genus  to  which  Dr.  Scudder  correctly  re- 
stricts the  name  Leptosia^  but  this  has  much  broader,  shorter, 
and  rounder  wings. 

THE    WOOD    WHITE.       LEPTIDIA    SINARIS. 
{Plate  L  VI IT.  Fig.  5.) 

Papilio  s'uiapis^   Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  i.  p.  468,  no.  61  (1758);  id. 

Faun.  Suec.  p.  271  (1761);  Esper,  Schmett.  i.  (i)  p.  59, 

pi.  3,  fig.  4   (1777);  Hiibner,  Eur.   Schmett.  i.  figs.  410- 

411  (1803?). 
Papilio    ca?ididus,    Retzius,    Gen.    Spec.     Ins.    p.    30,    no.    4 

(1789). 
Pieris    sinapis,    Godart,    Enc,    T^Ieth.    ix.    p.    155,    no.    148 

(1819) 


LEPTIDIA  179 

LcucnpJiasia  sinapis^  Stcplicns,  111.  Crit.  Ent.  Hanst.  i.  p.  24 
(1827)  ;  Boisd.  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  p.  429  (1836)  ;  New- 
man, Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  154  (1881);  Kirby,  Eur.  Butter- 
flies and  Mollis,  p.  5,  pi.  4,  figs.  \a~c  (1878);  Lang, 
Butterflies  Eur.  p.  45,  pi.  10,  fig.  4  ;  pi.  16,  fig.  i  (transf. 
1S81);  Barrett,  Lep'd.  of  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  30,  pi.  5,  figs,  i, 
\a-c  (1892) ;  Buckler,  Larvoe  of  Brit.  Lepid.  i.  p.  25, 
pi.  3,  fig.  3  (1886). 
Lepioria  Candida,   Westw.   Brit.   Butterflies,  p.    32,   pi.   6,   figs. 

11-13  (1841). 
Var.  Papilio  lathyri,  Hiibner,   Eur.   Schmett.  i.  figs.   797,  798 

(1818?). 
Var.  Leucophasia  shtapis,  var.  diniensis,  Boisduval,  Gen.  Ind. 
Meth.  p.  6,  no.  33  (1840);  Lang,  uf  supra,  p.  46,  pi.  10, 
fig.  5(iS8i). 
Var.  Papilio  eryslmi,    Borkhauien,    Eur.    Schmett.   i.    p.    132 
(1788). 
The  Wood  White  Butterfly  is  common  throughout  a  great  part 
of  Northern  and  Western  Asia,  and  is  in  many  localities  very 
abundant ;  but  in  North-western  Europe,  including  England, 
Wales,  and  Ireland,  it  is  extremely  local,  and  has  disappeared 
from  many  localities  where  it  was  formerly  found  ;  in  Scotland 
it  is  unknown.     It  has  a  low  weak  flight  about  bushes  and 
open  places  in  woods,  but  rarely  strays  far  from  the  shelter  of 
the    trees.      It   is   double-brooded,    appearing   from    May  to 
August. 

It  measures  about  an  inch  and  a  half  across  its  long  and 
narrow  wings,  which,  together  with  its  slender  body,  have  been 
thought  to  give  it  somewhat  the  appearance  of  a  Dragon-fly. 
The  wings  are  of  a  milky-white  above,  with  an  ash-coloured 
blotch  at  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings ;  on  the  under  surface,  the  tip  of 
the  fore-wings  and  the  under  side  of  the  hind- wings  are  greenish, 
mixed  with  scattered  black  scales.     The  whitest  specimens  arc 

N    2 


i8o 


LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 


called  L.  diniens'is^  the  greenest  L.  lafhyri,  and  those  in  which 
the  dark  apical  blotch  is  wanting,  are  called  L.  erysinii. 

The  larva  is  green,  with  a  deep  yellow  lateral  line.     It  feeds 
on  Lotus  corniculatus^  Lat/iyri/s  pratensis^  &c.     The   pupa  is 


Upper  side  of  var.  Z.  erjsim?. 


Under  side  ot  L.  sinapis. 

fusiform,  of  a  greenish  colour,  with  a  yellow  streak  on  the 
sides,  and  with  white  spots  on  the  stigmata. 

GENUS   DISMORPHIA. 

Dismorphia,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  io(i8i6) ;  Butler, 

Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  39,  54  (1870);  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii. 

p.  57  (1886). 
Leptalis^  Dalman,  Anal.  Ent.  p.  40  (1823);  Boisduval,  Spec. 

Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  412  (1836);  Doubleday,  Gen.  Diurn. 

Lepid.  p.  35  (1847). 

Palpi  very  short ;  antennae  long  and  slender,  very  gradually 

thickening  into  a  spindle-shaped  club.     Fore-wings  generally 

long,  rather  narrow,  and  sometimes  pointed ;  hind-wings  long, 

sometinies  very  largely  developed  in  the  male,  being  not  only 


13ISM0RPH1A.  iSl 

much  broader,  but  longer  than  the  fore-wings.  Cells  long  ; 
sub-costal  nervure  five-branched  ;  the  first  sub-costal  nervure 
emitted  before,  at,  or  beyond  the  end  of  the  cell,  the  others 
always  beyond ;  the  first  discoidal  nervure  emitted  from  the 
end  of  the  cell.  Many  of  the  species  resemble  various  species 
oi  ItlioiniincB^  or  of  the  genus  Actinote  in  the  Acnciua^ ;  but 
they  vary  much  in  form,  and  may  easily  be  divided  into  several 
genera.  Under  the  generic  name  Moschoueura,  Dr.  Butler 
has  separated  some  small  species  with  oval  wings,  in  which  all 
the  sub-costal  nervules  are  emitted  beyond  the  end  of  the  cell, 
and  the  first  discoidal  nervule  is  emitted  much  beyond  the 
end  of  the  cell. 

The  type  of  Moschoneiira  is  M.  methymna  (Godart),  a 
Brazilian  species,  measuring  nearly  two  inches  across  the  wings, 
which  are  long,  narrow,  and  rounded.  They  are  yellow,  with 
very  broad,  smoky  black  borders ;  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
dark  apical  area  is  a  broad  oblique  greyish  band,  whiter  be- 
neath. On  the  under  side  of  the  hind-wings  the  dark  border 
bears  an  inner  tawny  and  an  outer  stone-coloured  marginal 
stripe. 

More  recently,  Messrs.  Godman  and  Salvin  have  given  the 
following  table  of  the  genera  into  which  they  divide  the  Central 
American  species : — 

A.  First  sab-costal  branch  of  the  primaries  united  with  the 
costal. 

a.  First  sub-costal  branch  of  the  primaries  emitted  beyond 
the  end  of  the  cell. 

A.  Sub-costal    branch   of  the  secondaries  in  the   o 
emitted  far  beyond  the  end  of  the  cell.     (Type, 

Papilio  aniphio'.ie^  Cramer.) 

DiSMORPHIA 


Io2  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

C.  Sub-costal  branch  of  the  secondaries  in  the  S 
emitted  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  (Type,  Pun's 
fie/nesis,  Latr.) 

ACMETOPTERON. 

^.  First  sub-costal  branch  of  the  primaries  emitted  at  the 
end  of  the  cell.     (Type  FapiUo  melite,  L.) 

Enantl\. 

D.  First  sub-costal  branch   of  the   t)rlniaries  free.     (T)'pe, 
Pieris  jieheniia,  Boisd.) 

PSEUDOPIERIS. 

The  type  of  Dismorphia  is  D.  lais  (Cramer),  a  rather  scarce 
Butterfly  from  Surinam,  which  measures  about  two  and  one- 
third  inches  across  the  wings.  The  fore-wings  are  black,  with 
a  red  bar  from  the  base  running  along  the  upper  part  of  the 
cell,  and  curving  downwards  at  its  extremity.  There  is  another 
red  band  on  the  inner-margin,  and  a  large  red  spot  towards 
the  hinder  angle  ;  there  is  also  a  yellow  sub-apical  band.  On 
the  hind-wings,  the  costal  area  is  white,  the  middle  of  the  wing 
red,  and  the  marginal  area  black. 

D.  amp]iio7ie  (Cramer),  which  many  authors  regard  as  the 
type  of  Dismorphia^  is  very  like  the  last  species,  and  also  occurs 
in  Surinam ;  but  the  fore-wings  are  broadly  streaked  with  red 
at  the  base,  and  they  have  a  yellow  band  at  the  end  of  the  cell, 
and  some  yellow  sub-apical  spots. 

Z.  astynome,  Dalman,  the  type  of  the  genus  Leptatis,  re- 
sembles D.  amphione,  but  has  much  longer  and  narrower  wings, 
expanding  from  2}i  to  2^  inches.  The  fore-wings  are  black 
with  a  short  sub-costal  fulvous  stripe,  and  a  longer  broad  fulvous 
band  towards  the  inner-margin ;  beyond  is  an  oblique  yellow 
band,  and  two  yellow  spots  at  the  tip.  The  hind-wings  are 
yellow  in  the  middle,  shading  into  fulvous,  bordered  with  black 


DISiMORPHIA.  183 

above,  below,  and  on  the  hind-margin;  the  costa  is  pale  yellow, 
and  the  lower  border  rusty-brown.     It  is  a  native  of  Brazil. 
We  have  figured  the  following  species  of  this  genus  : — 

DISMORPHIA    EGAENA.* 
{^Plate  LV.  Fig.  3.) 
LeptaUs  egaena^  Bates,  Journ.  Ent.  i.  p.  230,  no.  2  (1061);  id. 
Trans.    Linn.  Soc.    Lond.    xxiii.    p.    566,    pi.    57,    fig,   7 

(.862). 

This  species  was  brought  by  the  late  l^.Ir.  Bates  from  Ega, 
on  the  river  Ega  or  Teffe,  a  tributary  of  the  Upper  Amazon. 
It  is  remarkable  for  the  close  resemblance  of  the  female  to 
Mechanitis  egae?isis,  Bates,  a  Butterfly  found  in  the  same 
locality.  D.  egaena  measures  from  2  to  2^  inches  across  the 
wings,  which  are  long  and  narrow,  except  the  hind-wings  in  the 
male.  The  fore-wings  are  black,  with  red  longitudinal  streaks 
towards  the  base,  a  large  black  discoidal  spot,  bordered  within 
with  red,  and  outwardly  by  the  first  of  two  oblique  bands  of 
yellow  spots ;  the  hind-wings  are  dull  black,  streaked  with  red 
on  both  sides  of  the  median  nervure  and  its  branches  in  the 
female,  but  in  the  male  only  below  it.  In  the  male,  the  wing 
is  light  brown  above  the  median  nervure,  and  marked  with  a 
very  large  white  space,  extending  to  the  costa,  but  not  to  the 
hind-margin. 

The  type  of  Acmetoptero7i,  Godman  and  Salvin,  is  A. 
neniesis  (Latreille),  a  common  species  from  Mexico  to  Bolivia 
and  Venezuela,  which  measures  from  2  to  2^  inches  across 
the  wings.  The  fore-wings  are  longer  than  the  hind-wings, 
and  are  drawn  out  into  a  sharp  point;  the  hind-wings 
are  nearly  rectangular  in  the  female.  In  the  male,  the  fore- 
wings  are  black,  with  the  nervures  yellowish  at  the  base,  and 
two  oblique  rows  of  greenish-yellow  spots  on  the  disc.     The 

•  D,  e^aensis  on  plate. 


184  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

hind-wings  have  the  costal  area  and  cell  silvery-grey,  and  the 
lower  part  of  the  wing  yellow,  edged  above  with  black  towards 
the  base.  In  the  female,  the  fore-wings  are  black  on  the  costal 
area,  and  over  the  cell  and  beneath  it  creamy-yellow ;  an  ob 
lique  creamy-yellow  band  crosses  the  wing  beyond  the  cell, 
and  there  are  two  small  yellow  spots  near  the  top  ;  the  hind- 
wings  are  yellow,  narrowly  bordered  with  black. 

The  type  of  Enatitia^  Hi.ibner,  is  E.  Ucinia  (Cramer),  which 
is  found  in  Surinam  and  on  the  Upper  Amazon.  The  wings 
expand  about  two  inches,  and  are  somewhat  oval.  They  are 
white,  with  narrow  black  borders  in  the  male,  and  broad  bhck 
borders  in  the  female,  and  the  hind- wings  are  yellow  beneath, 
with  two  longitudinal  dusky  stripes.  In  the  male  the  fore-wings 
are  narrow,  but  in  the  female  they  are  as  broad  as  the  hind-wings. 

E.  melite  (Linn.),  which  Messrs.  Godman  and  Salvin  have 
taken  as  the  type  of  Enanfia,  has  rather  narrow  fore-wings, 
especially  in  the  female ;  it  measures  two  inches  in  expanse. 
In  the  male  the  fore-wings  are  orange,  with  a  black  band 
running  from  the  base  through  the  middle  of  the  wing  to  the 
lower  end  of  the  black  apical  border ;  there  are  two  yellow 
spots  near  the  tip,  and  a  black  bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  The 
hind-wings  have  a  pale  costa,.  and  a  black  border.  The  female 
is  yellow,  with  black  borders  to  the  fore-wings  and  sometimes 
to  the  hind-wings,  and  a  black  bar  at  the  end  of  the  cell  on 
the  fore-wings.  The  under  side  of  the  hind-wings  is  yellow, 
with  two  dusky  stripes.     It  is  common  in  South  America. 

The  type  of  Pscudopieris,  Godm.  &  Salv.  is  P.  nchemia 
(Boisduval),  a  common  species  in  Mexico  and  South  America. 
It  measures  about  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the  wings,  and  much 
resembles  an  immaculate  Picris  rapcu^  bo'h  in  size,  shape,  and 
colour,  being  of  a  greenish-white,  very  narrowly  bordered  with 
brown  at  the  tips  of  the  fore-wings.  On  the  under  side,  the 
hind-wings  and  tip  of  the  fore-wings  are  buff. 


PLATE    LVin. 


/.  2.  EvLchloe  ccwdcLmines  6 
5.  LeptidicL  sinapis. 


EUCHLOE.  185 

SUB-FAMILY    III.     ANTHOCHARIN/E. 

Antennae  with  a  distinct  club,  rarely  with  a  gradually-formed 
one.  Palpi  projecting  beyond  the  head,  with  long,  stiff  hairs 
in  front,  but  rarely  scaly.  Terminal  joint  pointed,  generally 
shorter  than  the  middle  joint ;  in  a  few  cases  rounded.  Sub- 
costal nervure  four-  or  five-branched.  Pre-costal  nervure  al- 
ways present. 

Schatz  calls  this  group  "Chariden,"  but  this  is  doubtless 
only  an  abbreviation  oi  Anthocharis^  and  is  the  more  objection- 
able because  there  is  a  genus  CJiaris  in  the  Lemoiiiida. 

This  Sub-family  is  less  numerous  in  species  than  the  typical 
Pieritice^  and  the  species  are  of  moderate  size,  rarely  large, 
and  are  mostly  of  a  white  or  yellow  colour,  with  a  band  at  the 
tip  of  the  fore-wings  of  an  orange,  yellow,  red,  blue,  or  white 
colour,  more  or  less  edged  with  black  outside,  and  sometimes 
inside.  It  is  represented  in  England  by  one  of  our  prettiest 
and  most  familiar  spring  Butterflies,  the  Orange-Tip. 

GENUS    EUCHLOE. 

Euchloe^  Pliibner,    Verz.   bek.  Schmelt.  p.  94  (1866)  ;  West- 
wood,  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  30(1841);  Butler,  Cist.   Ent. 

i.  PP-  39,  "^^  (1870)- 
AnthocJiaris^  pt.  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  555  (1836) ; 

Doubl.  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  55  (1847);  Schatz,  Exot. 

Schmett.  ii.  p.  70  (1886). 
Antennse  short,  with  a  distinct  club.  Wings  white  or  yellow, 
tipped  with  orange  in  the  male.  Sub-costal  nervure  Ave 
branched,  the  two  first  branches  emitted  before  the  end  of  the 
cell,  the  upper  radial  thrown  off  a  little  beyond  the  cell,  the 
middle  disco-cellular  nervule  well  marked. 

Larva  pubescent,  green,  cylindrical,  tapering  at  the  ends  j 
pupa  boat-shaped. 


1 86  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

This  genus  is  confined  to  tlie  Palxarctic  Region.  Most  of 
the  species  are  more  or  less  similar  to  our  own,  but  in  some  of 
the  Central  Asian  species  the  orange  colour  of  the  male  extends 
over  nearly  the  whole  of  the  fore-wings. 

THE    ORANGE-TIP    BUTTERFLY.       EUCIILOE   CARDAI\IINES. 

{Plate  LVIIL  Figs,  i,  2  c?,  3,  4  ?•) 

Papilio  cardamiiies,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  p.  468,  no.   63 

(1758)  ;  ed.  Faun.  Suec.  p.  271  (1761)  ;  Esper,  Schmett. 

i.  (i)  p.    64,  pi.  4,  fig.  I    (1777);  p.  318,   pi.  27,  fig.    2 

(1778);    Hiibner,  Eur.   Schmett.    i.  figs.  419,  420,  424, 

425  (1803?);  figs.  791,  792  (1824?). 
Pieris  cardainines,   Godart,   Enc.   Meth.    ix.   p.    125,  no.    22 

(1819). 
Pontia  cardami7ies,  Steph.  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  23  (1827). 
Anthocharis  cai-damines^   Boisduval,   Spec.   Gc'n.  Lepid.  i.  p. 

564  (1836);  Newman,  Brit.    Butterflies,  p.   156  (1881); 

Barrett,  Lepid.  of  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.   28,  pi.  4,  figs.   2,  2a-b 

(1892);  Buckler,  Larvae  of  Brit.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  i. 

p.  159,  pi.  3,  fig.  2  (1886). 
Eiichloe  cardamines^  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  6, 

no.  4,  pi.  4,  figs.  7(7,  b  (1878) ;   Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p. 

39,   pi.  20,  fig.    I,   pi.   15,  fig.  5   (transf.)  (18S1);  Rye, 

Handb.  Brit.  Macro-Lepid.  p.  16,  pi.  iv.  (1895). 
The  Orange-Tip  Butterfly  is  common  throughout  Europe  and 
Northern  and  Western  Asia.  It  appears  in  April,  May,  and 
June,  and  is  said  to  be  occasionally  double-brooded.  It  has 
a  fluttering  but  sustained  flight,  though  not  very  strong  or 
lofty,  and  is  found  most  abundantly  in  meadows,  especially  if 
somewhat  damp,  but  may  also  be  seen  in  lanes,  open  places  in 
woods,  and  gardens.  It  is  fond  of  perching  on  flowering 
umbelliferous  plants,  with  the  wings  raised,  when  the  orange 
patch   is  drawn  down  under  the    hind-wings,    and   only    the 


EUCIILOE.  187 

extreme  mottled  green  tip  of  the  fore-wings  is  left  visible 
beyond  the  mottled  green  hind-wings  ;  thus  the  Butterfly  is 
lost  to  view  among  the  similarly-coloured  leaves  and  flowers 
of  the  plant.  This  habit  was  first  recorded  about  thirty  years 
ago  by  the  late  Mr.  T.  W.  Wood.  Accidental  varieties  are 
not  uncommon ;  the  ground-colour  of  the  wings  is  some- 
times white,  and  sometimes  more  or  less  tinged  with  yellow. 
Gynandromorphous  specimens  have  also  been  met  with,  ex- 
hibiting the  male  colouring  with  the  orange  spot  on  one 
side   of  the  wings,  and  the  ordinary  plainer   colour   of  the 


Pupa  of  EiuJiloe  cardam'mes:^ 

female,  without  the  spot,  on  the  other.  Specimens  are  met 
with  in  some  localities  and  during  certain  seasons,  which  are 
much  smaller  than  the  usual  indi\'iduals ;  and  according  to  my 
own  experience  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  female  varies 
in  size  more  than  the  male. 

The  Orange-Tip  measures  from  one  and  a  quarter  to  nearly 
two  inches  across  the  wings.  The  wings  are  white  above,  some- 
times slightly  tinged  with  yellow.  The  fore-wings  are  blackish 
at  the  base,  and  brown,  spotted  with  white  on  the  margin,  at  the 
apex ;  there  is  a  black  spot  at  the  end  of  the  discoidal  cell,  and 
the  male  has  a  bright  orange  patch  over  the  outer  half  of  the  fore- 


i83  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

wing.  According  to  the  late  Mr.  Jenner  Weir,  the  orange  spot 
extends  to  the  hinder  angle  in  Continental,  but  not  in  British, 
specimens.  On  the  hind-wings  the  markiiigs  of  the  under  sur- 
face show  indistinctly  through.  On  the  under  surface  the  orange 
spot  of  the  male  is  smaller,  and  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings,  and 
the  whole  of  the  hind-wings  are  of  a  bright  green,  dusted  with 
yellow  and  mottled  with  white.  The  antennce  are  white,  ringed 
with  dusky. 

The  larva  is  green,  slightly  pubescent,  very  finely  dusted  with 
black,  and  with  a  white  lateral  stripe.  It  feeds  on  Caj-daniine 
iinpaticns  and  various  other  cruciferous  plants  in  July.  The 
pupa  is  greenish-yellow,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  curious 
boat-shaped  form,  thick  in  the  middle,  and  pointed  at  both 
ends. 

I  append  full  particulars  of  one  or  two  forms  generally  re- 
garded as  mere  varieties  of  E.  cardamines^  but  which  some 
authors  consider  to  be  distinct  species. 

EUCHLOE    TURRITIS. 

Pontia    tiirritiSy    Ochsenheimer,    Schmett.    Eur.    iv.    p.     156 

(1816). 
Euchloe  iurritis,  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  6,  no. 

5  (1878);  Newnham,  Ent.  Record,  v.  pp.  97,  146  (1894). 
Euchloe  cardamines^  var.  iurrUis,  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur,  p.  89 

(1882). 
Ochsenheimer  remarks,  respecting  this  insect:  "A  very  small 
aberration,  from  Italy,  is  distinguished  by  having  the  central 
spot  on  the  edge  of  the  orange-coloured  spot,  whereas  in 
F.  cardaniines  it  is  placed  within  it.  I  have  seen  both  sexes 
under  the  name  P.  iurritis  in  the  collection  of  the  Abbe 
Mazzola." 

In  the  first  edition  of  my  "European  Butterflies  and  Moths" 
I  treated  this  insect  as  a  distinct  species,  on  the  strength  of  in- 


EUCHLOE.  189 

formation  received  from  the  late  Mr.  J.  Watson,  that  it  had  a 
different  plumule.  But  after  Mr.  Watson's  death,  his  intimate 
friend,  Mr.  B.  B.  Labrey,  told  me  that  he  believed  that  Mr. 
Watson  had  wrongly  identified  the  Butterfly  which  he  called 
E.  tiirniis,  and  I  therefore  withdrew  the  insect  as  a  species 
from  later  editions  of  my  work.  Within  the  last  year  or  two, 
however,  the  question  has  been  revived,  and  is  still  sub  judice. 

EUCHLOE    HESPERIDIS. 

Euchloe  hesperidis,  Newnham,  Ent.  Record,   v.  pp.   97,    219 
(1894);  cf.  io/n.  cit.  pp.  146,  172. 

Mr.  Barrett,  writing  of  E.  cardaniines,  says  (Lepid.  of  Brit. 
Isl.  i.  p.  29):  "There  is  also  a  recurrent  small  variety,  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  less  in  expanse  in  both  sexes  ;  and  in  Surrey  this 
variety  occurred  year  after  year,  a  day  or  two  earlier  in  the 
spring  than  the  ordinary  form,  with  great  regularity.  It  is  not 
certain,  however,  that  this  is  the  rule." 

Mr.  Newnham  has  lately  proposed  the  name  E,  hesperidis  for 
this  small  form,  considering  it  as  a  distinct  species ;  and  there 
has  been  some  correspondence  respecting  this  and  other  forms 
allied  to  E.  cardaniijies^  in  the  Journal  quoted  above.  I  abstract 
Mr.  Newnham's  observations  on  the  subject. 

"^.  hesperidis  varies  in  expanse  from  1-^-^  inches  to  if"^ 
inches,  whereas  E,  ca7'damines  varies  from  if^^  to  i-[-|.  It 
differs  from  E.  cardamines  in  having  the  discoidal  spot  of  the 
fore-wings  at  the  junction  of  the  white  and  orange  spaces 
instead  of  well  within  the  orange  space.  It  differs  from  the  true 
E.  tiirritis  by  its  smaller  size,  and  by  having  the  costa  dotted 
with  black.  The  females  resemble  small  females  of  E.  car- 
damines, and  expand  from  ij\  to  i/^.  Both  sexes  appear 
much  more  slender  than  E.  cardamines^  even  allowing  for 
difference  of  size.     Under  a  powerful  microscope  the  plumules 


TQO  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

of  E.  hesperidis  are  narrower  and  proportionately  mucli  longer 
than  those  of  E.  cardamiues^  while  the  whole  appearance  of  the 
wing  is  much  more  even,  and  not  nearly  so  rou^h  as  is  the  case 
in  the  latter  species." 

This  form  occurs  in  Surrey;  Sussex;  Churcli  Stretton,  Salop 
(where  Mr.  Newnham  finds  it  much  rarer  than  E.  cardaniines 
and  apparently  restricted  to  a  small  are:^),  Llandago  (common 
and  generally  distributed  :  A.  Neshitt).^  Glamorganshire,  Hasle- 
mere,  Pembroke,  &c. 

Further  observations  are  much  needed  to  determine  whether 
this  insect  has  any  real  claim  to  be  regarded  as  distinct  from  E. 
cardaniines  or  not.  One  point  must  not  be  overlooked.  That 
E.  cardaniines  sometimes  appears  in  a  dwarf  form  in  some 
localities  is  certain ;  and  yet  it  is  quite  possible  that  E.  hes- 
peridis may  be  a  distinct  species,  normally  smaller  than  E.  car- 
daniines. It  would  therefore  be  necessary,  before  attempting  to 
decide  the  point,  to  make  sure  that  our  specimens  are  really  what 
are  called  E.  hesperidis^  and  not  simply  dwarfed  E.  cardaniijies. 


Dr.  Scudder  proposes  to  restrict  the  name  A?ifhochariSj 
Boisduval,  to  the  small  American  and  Japanese  group  impro- 
perly called  Midea  by  Herrich-Schaffer.  The  two  principal 
species  are  A.  genutia  (Fabricius),  from  North  America  (the 
type),  and  A.  scolynius^  Butler,  from  Japan.  They  are  white 
species,  with  an  orange  sub-apical  spot  on  the  fore-wings  of  the 
male  above,  and  the  hind-wings  marbled  with  green  and  white 
beneath  ;  b  it  they  differ  from  Euchloe  in  the  longer  fore-wings, 
which  are  strongly  pointed  at  the  tips. 

GENUS    PHYLLOCHARIS. 
Phyllocharis^  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  71  (1886). 
This  genus  is  intended  to  include  some  European  species 
which  have  hitherto  been  included  in  Etichloe^  but  which  differ 


PIIYLLOCIIARIS. 


KJI 


from  that  genus  in  various  :  Ir  ictural  characters,  as  well  as 
in  the  want  of  any  "orange  lip"  to  the  fore-wings;  con- 
sequently both  sexes  resemble  females  of  EucJiloe.  They 
are  white  above,  with  similar  markings,  and  on  the  under 
surface  they  are  green,  sometimes  varied  with  yellow,  and 
with  silvery-white  markings.  The  sub-costal  nervure  of 
the  fore-wings  is  five-branched,  only  the  first  branch  being 
thrown  off  before  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  the  second 
at  or  beyond  the  end  of  the  latter.  The  first  radial  nervule 
only  separates  from  the  sub-costal  at  about  one-third  of  its 
length,  and  the  middle  disco-cellular  nervule  is  either  very  short 
or  wanting,  whereas  it  is  well  marked  in  Euchloe.  On  the  hind- 
wings  the  lower  radial  is  almost  straight.  The  type  is  Fhyl- 
locharis  tagis  (Hiibner),  a  small  species,  not  measuring  more 
than  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  across  the  wings.  It  is  white 
above,  with  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings  black,  spotted  with  white, 
and  a  black  streak  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  narrower  than  in  the 
allied  species,  in  which  it  more  resembles  Pontia  daplidice. 
The  under  side  is  green,  or  greenish-yellow,  with  white,  rarely 
silvery,  spots. 

The  larva  is  green,  pubescent,  with  a  white  lateral  band,  bor- 
dered above  with  a  red  one.  The  pupa  is  pale  flesh-colour, 
darker  at  the  hinder  end.  The  ends  are  pointed,  but  it  is 
more  slender  than  the  pupa  of  Eicchloe. 

The  Butterfly  is  found  in  Southern  France,  Spain,  and 
Portugal,  Corsica,  and  Sardinia,  and  in  each  country  it  ex- 
hibits slight  local  variations. 


There  is  a  small  genus,  Zegris,  Rambur,  confined  to  the  ex- 
treme South  of  Europe,  and  Western  Asia,  in  which  the  orange 
in  the  apical  area  is  reduced  to  a  long  oval  patch,  surrounded 
with  black,  and  with  the  tip  of  the  wing  pale  greenish.     The 


192  LLOYDS    NATURAL    MLSTORY. 

hind-wings  are  yellowish  beneath,  more  or  less  varied  with 
white,  and  crossed  by  a  broad  green  band  curving  from  the 
base  towards  the  hind-margin  across  the  middle  of  the  wing ; 
there  are  also  green  patches  branching  from  or  more  or  less 
connected  with  it. 

Ano' her  "  Orange-Tip  "  which  deserves  a  passing  notice  is 
Ej'ocssa  chilensis  (Guerin).  It  is  the  only  true  Orange-Tip  in 
South  America,  and  it  is  a  Chilian  species  of  great  rarity,  being 
remarkable  for  its  resemblance  to  the  African  genus  Callosune. 
It  measures  nearly  two  inches  across  the  fore-wings,  which  are 
white,  with  the  apical  half  of  the  fore-wings  black,  closed  by  a 
broad  orange  band,  and  the  hind-wings  are  spotted  wiih  black 
at  the  ends  of  the  nervures.  On  the  under  side  the  hind-m.ir- 
gin  of  the  fore-wings  is  spotted  with  white,  and  the  hind-wings 
are  of  a  greenish  or  yellowish-white,  with  irregular  transverse 
black  markings.  Structurally  it  is  distinguished  from  Callosujie 
by  the  five-branched  sub-costal  nervure  of  the  fore-wings. 

GENUS   TERACOLUS. 

Temcohts,  Swainson,  Zool.  111.  ii.  pi.  115  (1823) ;  Butler,  Cist. 

Ent.i.  pp.  36,  47  (1870);  Trimen,  South  African  Butterflies, 

iii.  p.  80  (1889);  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  72  (1892). 
Ptychopteryx^  Wallengren,  Lepid.  Rhop.  Caffr.  p.  17  (1857); 

Butler,  Lepid.  Exot.  i.  p.  45  (1870) ;  id.  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp. 

36,  47  (1870). 
jy/^-y//^,  Wallengren,  (Efv.Vet.  Acad.  Forh.  Stockh.  1858,  p.  77. 

This  and  the  following  genera,  Callosune^  Abceis,  and  Colotis, 
form  a  little  group  peculiar  to  Africa  and  South-western  Asia 
as  far  as  India,  where  they  represent  the  Palcearctic  g  nus 
Eucliloe.  They  are  very  numerous  in  species,  which,  though 
differing  very  much  in  outward  appearance,  present  few  tan- 
gible characters  by  which  they  can  be  satisfactorily  separated 


TERACOLUS.  I93 

into  genera ;  and  hence  they  have  been  united  into  a  single 
genus  by  Dr.  Butler,  in  which  he  has  been  followed  by  Mr. 
Trimen,  who  formerly  treated  Idmais  as  distinct.  Schatz,  how- 
ever, though  admitting  the  absence  of  well-marked  generic 
characters,  keeps  the  three  genera  provisionally  separate,  be- 
cause most  of  the  species  belonging  to  each  can  readily  be 
separated  at  a  glance  by  their  colour  and  pattern  ;  and  he 
thinks  it  probable  that  these  differences  may  be  correlated  in 
their  earlier  stages.  Mr.  Trimen,  while  including  all  the  species 
under  the  smgle  genus  Teracolus,  divides  them  into  nineteen 
sections ;  and  although  it  is  not  likely  that  all  these  will  ulti- 
mately be  raised  to  generic  rank,  yet  the  mass  of  species  which 
they  include  will  certainly  be  sub-divided  sooner  or  later,  and 
therefore  I  prefer  to  treat  the  three  best  known  genera  sepa- 
rately, giving  the  generic  characters,  which  mostly  apply  to  all 
three,  under  the  genus  Callosuiie.  The  characters  of  Mr.  Tri- 
men's  first  division,  in  which  he  includes  only  the  type  of  Tera- 
colus,  are  given  by  him  as  follows  : — 

"General  structure  robust;  wings  thick.  Antennae  rather 
short  and  thick,  with  broad  blunt  club.  Fore-wings  acute  in 
both  sexes  j  hind-wings  with  a  fringe  of  hairs  on  costa  near  base.* 
First  and  second  sub-costal  nervules  of  fore-wings  closely  ap- 
proximate;  hind-wings  with  discoidal  cell  rather  more  than 
half  their  length ;  costa  and  costal  nervure  strongly  arched ; 
second  sub-costal  nervule  originating  some  distance  before  ex- 
tremity of  discoidal  cell." 

Teracolus  subfasciatiis^  Swainson  {Ptychopteryx  bohemani^ 
Wallcngren),   though  widely  distributed  in  Southern  Africa, 


*  Mr.  Trimen  remarks  in  a  note  :  *'  This  fringe  of  hairs  (which  occurs 
in  both  sexes)  is  quite  peculiar  to  T.  siihfasciatns ,  no  other  species  in  the 
same  genus  possessing  it.  This  character  occurs,  however,  in  Eronia  leda.'" 
Ought  it  not  to  be  considered  generic,  as  Wallcngren,  who  first  discovered  it, 
thought  it  to  be  ? 


'194  Lloyd's  natural  historY. 

where  it  flies  very  swiftly  in  March  and  April,  appears  to  be  a 
local  insect,  and  is  generally  scarce  in  European  collections. 

It  measures  from  2  to  2}^  inches  across  the  fore-wings, 
which  are  of  a  sulphur-yellow  colour  above  in  the  male,  the 
tip  of  the  fore-wings  beinpj  narrowly  black,  between  which 
and  the  end  of  the  cell,  which  is  marked  by  a  small  black  dot, 
is  a  short  black  band  running  from  the  costa ;  the  under  side 
of  the  wings  is  greenish-white.  The  female  varies  from  pale 
yellow  to  nearly  white,  and  the  apical  spot  of  tlie  fore  wings 


GENUS   CALLOSUNE. 

Anthocharis^  sect.  3,  Ca/losune,  Djubleday,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid. 

p.  57  (1847). 
Callosutte,  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  72  (1886). 
Anthopsyche,  Wallengren,  Lep.  Rhop.  Caffr.  p.  10  (1857). 

Antennse  with  an  oval  flattened  club;  palpi  rather  short, 
bristly  beneath ;  fore-wings  triangular,  with  the  tip  slightly 
rounded  off ;  hind-wings  rounded ;  fore-wings  with  the  sub- 
costal nervure  four  branched,  the  two  first  branches  emitted 
near  together  before  the  end  of  the  cell,  the  upper  discoidal 
nervule  rising  from  the  end  of  the  cell,  the  upper  disco-cellular 
nervule  being  thus  rendered  obsolete,  as  is  also  the  case  on 
the  hind-wings. 

Pupa  less  boat-shaped  than  in  Euchloe^  and  with  prominent 
wing-covers. 

This  genus  is  met  with  throughout  Africa,  the  Mediterranean 
district  excepted,*  but  in  Asia  Minor  it  is  not  found,  though  it 
extends  through  Arabia  to  India  and  Ceylon,  where,  however, 
the  species  are  far  less  numerous  than  throughout  Africa  south 
of  the  Sahara. 

*  The  single  Algerian  species  of  the  group  belongs  rather  to  Abccis. 


CALLOSUNE. 


195 


In  Callosune^  the  wings  are  broader  and  shorter  than  in 
Euchloe^  the  hind-wings  are  frequently  bordered  or  spotted  with 
black  on  the  hind-margin  above,  but  are  not  tesselated  with 
green  beneath,  being  generally  uniformly  coloured,  with  but 
little  pattern.  They  are  white  or  yellow,  sometimes  merely 
with  an  orange  apical  spot  on  the  fore- wings,  narrowly  bordered 
outside  with  black,  but  more  frequently,  the  apical  region  is 
black,  with  more  or  less  of  its  centre  filled  up  or  spotted  with 
red,  orange,  violet,  blue,  or  (in  the  females  sometimes)  white. 
Some  species  are  more  or  less  heavily  marked  with  black  at  the 
junction  of  the  wings,  and  are  also  barred  with  black  on  the 
hind-wings,  and  one  or  two  of  the  females  have  extensive  dusky 
markings,  leaving  very  little  of  the  white  ground-colour  visible. 
Thus  C.  achine  (Cramer),  the  type  of  Wallengren's  genus 
Anthopsyche^'^'  is  one  of  these  orange-tipped  species,  with  dark 
markings  towards  the  junction  of  the  wings,  and  a  black 
bar  on  the  hind-wings  in  both  sexes,  broadest  in  the  female. 
The  under  side  is  white,  with  an  orange  streak  on  the  hind- 
wings.  It  is  common  and  widely  distributed  throughout  a 
large  part  of  Eastern  and  Southern  Africa.  A  dwarf  form, 
sometimes  measuring  as  little  as  i^  inches  across  the  wings, 
has  been  taken  by  Mr.  Trimen  in  the  Knysna  district,  and  it 
is  interesting  to  note  that  the  females,  which  otherwise  vary  m 
this  species  more  than  the  males,  are  likewise  most  variable  in 
size.  According  to  Mr.  Trimen's  measurements,  he  has  met  with 
females  both  smaller  and  larger  than  any  males,  though  the 
average  size  seems  to  be  about  the  same.  These  observations 
may  be  compared  with  our  remarks  on  Euchloe  carda/iii?ies 
(a?ifea,  p.  187). 

The  Indian  species  are  far  less  numerous  and  varied  than 
the  African  ones,  and  have  all  red  or  orange  tips.     One  of 

*  This  group  is  closely  allied  to,  if  not  identical  with,  Abccis, 

O    2 


196  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

these  was  selected  by  Dr.  Scudder  as  the  type  of  the  genus 
Callo^une, 

CALLOSUNE   DANAE. 

{Plate  LV II.  Fig.  2.) 

Papilio  danae^  Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.  p.  476,  no.  144(1775); 

Donovan,  Ins.  Ind.  pi.  26,  fig.  2  (1800). 
Papilio   eborea,   Cramer,    Pap.    Exot.    iv.    pi.    352,    figs    C-F 

(1781). 

Picris  danae^  Godart,   Enc.   Meth.  ix.  p.    124,  no.  20   (1S19). 
Anthocharis    danae^    Boisduval,    Spec.    Gen.    Lepid.    p.    570 

(1836). 
Callosune  dcmae^  Moore,  Lepid.  Ceylon,  i.  p.  129  (1880). 

This  species,  which  is  not  uncommon  in  India  and  Ceylon, 
measures  about  i}^  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are  white 
above,  with  the  apical  half  of  the  fore-wings  of  a  deep  red, 
bordered  with  black,  narrowly  outside,  but  broadly  inside. 
The  black  colouring  extends  to  the  hinder  angle  ;  and  there  is 
also  a  row  of  more  or  less  connected  black  marginal  spots  on 
the  hind-wings.  On  the  under  side  an  irregular  row  of  black 
spots  crosses  the  disc  of  all  the  wings,  which  is  more  or  less 
visible  on  the  upper  side  in  the  female. 

This  species  was  formerly  confounded  with  its  African 
representative  (C  anncc  (Wallengren);  C.  cinemscens  (Butler)) ; 
but  this  is  a  larger  insect,  much  more  shaded  with  grey  at  the 
base  of  the  wings,  especially  in  the  female,  which  is  very  dark. 
This  insect  furnishes  an  instance  of  a  fact  that  is  very  notice- 
able in  looking  through  the  localities  given  by  Mr.  Trimen  for 
South  African  Butterflies,  namely,  that  the  South  African 
Fauna  is  a  continuation  of  that  of  the  East  Coast,  and  not 
of  the  West  Coast.  Thus  in  the  present  instance,  C.  annce  is 
not  recorded  from  any  locality  on  the  AVest  Coast  further  north 
than  Damara  Land ;  but  on  the  East  Coast  it  has  been  met 
with  as  far  north  as  Zanzibar 


AT^^IS.  197 

Its  range,  therefore,  coincides  with  that  of  many  birds  which 
mark  the  South  African  Region  as  defined  by  Dr.  Bowdier 
Sharpe. 

GENUS  AB.EIS. 
AhcEis^  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  97  (18 16). 

The  type  of  this  genus  (with  which  Anthopsyche^  Wallengren, 
referred  to  under  Callosime,  is  probably  synonymous)  is  a 
female  Butterfly  figured  by  Cramer,  from  Sierra  Leone.  It 
may  be  a  variety  of  a  common  West  African  Orange-Tip 
figured  by  Drury  as  Papilo  arethusa  (Drury,  111.  Exot.  Ent.  ii. 
pi.  19,  figs.  5,  6),  but  does  not  quite  agree  with  any  specimen 
at  present  in  the  British  Museum. 

AC^IS   CEBRENE. 

AntJwcliaris  cehrene^  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.   583 

(1836). 
Papilio  arethusa  (nee  Drury),  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  iii.  pi.  210, 

figs.  E,  F  (1779)- 
This  Butterfly  measures  i^  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are 
dull  white,  stained  with  ferruginous  towards  the  base.  The  fore- 
wings  have  a  rather  broad  umber-brown  border,  a  small  black 
discoidal  spot,  and  some  large  black  spots  on  the  inner-margin, 
which  are  continued  on  the  hind-wings  in  an  irregular  row 
on  the  disc.  The  border  of  the  hind-wings  is  composed  of 
rather  large  contiguous  spots.  The  under  side  of  the  fore-wings 
is  orange  at  the  base,  and  rufous  towards  the  hind-margin ;  the 
intermediate  white  space  is  marked  with  a  black  spot  towards 
the  inner-margin.  The  hind-wings  are  brown,  slightly  tinged 
with  pink,  paler  in  the  middle,  and  reddish  on  the  costa.  The 
discoidal  spot  is  black  and  red,  a  short  black  line  runs  perpen- 
dicularly from  the  costa,  while  below  the  middle  of  the  wing 
is  a  straight  b^ick  transverse  bar.     The   male  will  be  white, 


T98  Lloyd's  natural  iiisiory. 

with  a  black  discoidal  spot,  and  a  bright  red  tip  on  the  fore- 
wings,  bordered  with  black  on  both  sides  ;  the  hind-wings 
probably  with  a  marginal  row  of  black  spots. 

GENUS   COLOTIS. 
Colotis^  Htibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  97  (1816). 

GENUS   IDMAIS. 

Idinnis,  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  584(1836);  Double- 
day,  Gen.  Diiirn.  Lepid.  p.  59  (1847);  Schatz,  Exot. 
Schmett.  ii.  p.  73  (1886). 

Under  these  names  are  included  a  number  of  African, 
Arabian,  and  Indian  Butterflies,  which  present  no  very  salient 
characters  to  distinguish  them  from  Callosune^  except  their 
general  colour  and  markings.  Instead  of  "  Orange  Tips,"  we 
have  here  moderate  sized  or  rather  small  Butterflies,  with  more 
delicate  and  rounded  wings  than  in  E^irymus,  and  of  a  paler 
orange  or  yellow  colour,  generally  with  much  slighter  dark 
borders.  Several  of  Mr.  Trimen's  sections  of  Teracolus  will 
fall  under  this  genus,  which  is  used  to  include  various  dis- 
cordant groups  of  species,  differing  almost  as  much  from  each 
other  as  they  do  from  CaUosu7ie.  Those  which  most  nearly 
approach  the  latter  genus  are  Fontia  eris,  Klug,  and  its  allies. 
This  is  a  white  species  found  in  Africa  and  Arabia,  with  broad 
black  bands  covering  the  junction  of  the  wings,  and  coalescing 
with  the  lower  end  of  the  black  sub-marginal  band,  which  is 
spotted  with  pinkish-white  towards  the  tips ;  the  female  is 
yellower,  and  the  dark  markings  are  much  less  extended. 

The  type  of  Colotis  is  C.  amata  (Fabricius),  a  common  Indian 
Butterfly,  measuring  about  an  inch  and  a  half  across  the  wings. 
This  Butterfly  is  not  unlike  a  small  Eiirynins  above,  being  of 
a  brick-red  colour  in  the  male,  and  yellow  in  the  female,  with 


J 


IXIAS.  icjij 

broad  black  borders,  bearing  a  double  row  of  pale  spots  of  the 
ground-colour. 

The  type  of  Idmais^  Boisduval,  is  an  Arabian  Butterfly  (/. 
chryso7iome  (Klug),  which  measures  about  an  inch  and  a  half 
across  the  wings.  It  is  orange,  rather  lighter  on  the  hind-wings 
than  on  the  fore-wings,  and  dusted  with  bluish-grey  at  the  base 
in  the  male.  The  fore-wings  have  the  costa  and  nervures  dis- 
tinctly black,  a  black  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  a  row  of 
connected  black  spots  beyond.  The  hind-wings  are  unspotted 
in  the  middle.  There  is  a  black  border,  better  defined  on  the 
fore-wings  than  on  the  hind-wings,  and  marked  between  the 
nervures  with  semi-detached  orange  or  yellow  spots.  The 
under  side  of  the  fore-wings  is  orange,  with  the  costa  and  hind- 
margin  greenish-yellow ;  the  hind-wings  are  greenish-yellow, 
with  three  transverse  rows  of  rather  indistinct  reddish  spots. 
It  IS  allied  to  one  of  the  most  beautiful  species  of  this  group, 
and  the  only  one  which  extends  to  the  Palsearctic  Region,  /. 
fausta  (Olivier),  which  is  common  in  Western  Asia,  including 
Asia  Minor  and  Northern  India.  It  measures  about  an  inch 
and  three-quarters  across  the  wings,  which  are  of  a  peculiar 
reddish-orange  colour,  hardly  like  that  of  any  other  Butterfly ; 
the  under  surface  is  much  paler.  The  fore-wings  have  a  black 
discoidal  spot,  and  an  incomplete  double  row  of  marginal 
spots,  sometimes  forming  a  border ;  there  are  also  traces  of 
marginal  spots  on  the  hind-wings. 

GENUS   IXIAS. 

Ixias^  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  95  (1816);  Butler,  Cist. 
Ent.  i.  pp.  37,  48  (1870)  ;  Distant,  Rhop.  Malay,  p.  309 
(1885);  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  73  (1886). 

Thesiias,  Boisduval,  Spec.  G(^n.  Lepid.  i.  p.  590  (1836);  Double- 
day,  Gen,  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  60  (1847). 


200  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HLSTORY. 

This  is  »  genus  of  "  Orangc-Tips  "  which,  with  Heho77ioia^ 
practically  replaces  Callostine  in  the  Indo-Malayan  Region, 
and  extends  to  some  of  the  Austro-Malayan  Islands,  though  in 
India  and  Ceylon  the  ranges  of  these  three  genera  overlap. 
There  are  no  African  species,  though  Wallengren  erroneously 
referred  CaiIosu?ie  a?i72ce  to  this  genus. 

The  body  and  palpi  are  rather  hairy,  the  antennae  slender, 
with  a  pear-shaped  club.  The  wings  are  broad,  more  robust 
than  in  Callosuiie,  yellow  or  white,  with  the  apical  half  of  the 
fore-wings  black,  filled  up  with  a  large  orange  or  yellow  band 
(sometimes  white  in  the  females),  and  the  hind-wings  are  bor- 
dered with  black.  Beneath,  the  wings  are  generally  yellow, 
more  or  less  flushed  with  brown,  and  frequently  with  traces  of 
rust-coloured  eyes  with  silvery  pupils.  They  are  generally 
larger  insects  than  Caihsiine,  averaging  about  two  inches  in 
expanse.  The  sub-costal  nervure  of  the  fore-wings  is  four- 
branched,  with  two  branches  emitted  before  the  end  of  the 
cell,  and  the  third  and  fourth  forming  a  larger  fork  than  in 
Callosiuie  ;  but  the  most  important  character  is  that  the  first 
discoidal  nervule  is  thrown  off  from  the  sub-costal  nervure 
distinctly  beyond  the  cell,  instead  of  rising  from  the  cell,  as 
in  the  last-named  genus. 

The  type  is  Ixias  pyretie  (Linn.),  one  of  the  largest  yellow 
species,  which  is  common  in  India  and  South  China. 

GENUS   HEBOMOIA. 

Ilehomoia,  Hi.ibner,  Verz.  bek.   Schmett.  pp.  95,  96  (1816); 

Doubleday,   Gen.   Diurn.   Lepid.  p.   62   (1847);  Cutler, 

Cist.  Ent.  ii.  pp.  37,  48  (1870);  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett. 

ii.  p.  73  (1886). 

This  genus  not  only  includes  the  largest  "  Orange-Tips,"  but 

alsp  the  largest  species  of  the  Pieridce.     They  average  about 


IIEBOMOIA.  20 1 

four  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are  white  or  yellow,  and 
more  or  less  reddish  or  orange  towards  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings, 
the  orange  tip,  however,  being  absent  in  the  females  of  some 
of  the  species.  They  are  not  very  numerous ;  the  type,  H. 
ghmcippe,  Linn.,  a  white  "Orange-Tipped"  species,  being 
found  throughout  India,  Malacca,  South  China,  Java,  &c. 
The  hind-wings  are  white  above,  and  the  under  side  is  yellow- 
ish-grey, with  dusky  mottlings,  giving  it  somewhat  of  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  dead  leaf  when  at  rest.  It  is  an  insect  of  very 
rapid  flight.  The  female  is  yellower,  with  a  row  of  marginal 
and  sub-marginal  black  spots  on  the  hind-wings.  Other  species 
inhabit  the  Indo-Malayan  and  several  of  the  Austro-Malayan 
Islands,  as  far  as  the  Moluccas  and  Bouru. 

The  body  is  stout,  hairy,  and  rather  short ;  the  palpi  are 
short,  scaly,  clothed  with  long  and  stiff  hairs  beneath,  and  the 
terminal  joint  is  very  small.  The  antennae  are  long,  not  clubbed, 
as  in  all  the  other  genera  of  this  group,  but  only  very  gradually 
thickened  towards  the  end.  The  sub  costal  nervure  of  the  fore- 
wings  is  four-branched,  the  two  first  branches  being  thrown  off 
close  together  before  the  cell,  while  the  first  almost  touches  the 
costal  nervure ;  the  third  and  fourth  form  a  fork  towards  the 
tip  of  the  wing.  The  cell  of  the  fore-wings  is  rather  broad,  and 
the  upper  discoidal  nervule  is  thrown  off  from  the  cell,  the 
upper  disco  cellular  nervule  being  distinctly  present ;  the  cell 
of  the  hind-wings  is  narrower  and  more  pointed. 

The  larva  of  H.  glaucippe  is  stout,  tapering  at  both  ends.  It 
is  green,  with  a  pale  red-dotted  stripe  on  the  sides,  and  is 
shagreencd  on  the  upper  surface.  It  feeds  on  a  species  of 
Capparis  in  Java  and  Ceylon.  The  pupa,  which  is  likewise 
green,  is  boat-shaped,  like  that  of  Etichloe ;  it  is  much  arched, 
and  is  produced  into  a  long  point  at  both  ends. 

I  have  figured  one  of  the  handsomest  species  of  this  genus, 
\yhich  is  found  in  Amboin^i  and  Cerani, 


202  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

HEBOMOL\    LEUCIPPE. 
{Plate  LVn.  Fi^.  3.) 
Papilio  kucippe,  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  i.  pi.  36,  figs.  A-C  (17 75)' 
Pieris  lencippe,  Godart,  Enc.  Mdth.  ix.  p.  118,  no.  i  (18 19). 
Iphias  lauippe,  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  596  (1836); 
Doubleday  &  Hewitson,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  pi.  8,  fig.  2 

(1847). 
Hebomoia  leucippe^  Doubleday  &  Hewitson,  /.  c.  p.  63  (1847). 

This  is  a  rather  larger  Butterfly  than  H,  glaiicippe^  measuring 
more  than  four  inches  across  the  wings.  The  fore-wings  are 
of  a  deep  red  colour,  clouded  with  greenish-yellow  at  the  base, 
and  with  the  nervures  and  margins  black ;  the  female  has  a 
detached  row  of  red  sub-marginal  spots.  The  hind-wings  are 
citron-yellow,  with  a  dentated  or  macular  black  border  in  the 
female,  usually  preceded  by  a  curved  row  of  black  spots ;  but 
in  the  male,  the  hind-wings  are  only  marked  with  one  or  two 
sub-marginal  spots  towards  the  costa.  The  under  side  is  deep 
fulvous  in  both  sexes,  sprinkled  with  black  points,  and  marked 
with  short  transverse  dusky  lines,  most  numerous  in  the  female. 
The  head  and  thorax  are  brown,  the  abdomen  yellow.  The 
antennae  are  black,  tipped  with  reddish. 

Although  this  Butterfly  has  been  well  known  to  entomolo- 
gists for  more  than  a  century,  it  is  still  rather  sea  ce  in  collec- 
tions. 

GENUS    ERONIA. 

Eronia,  Hiibner,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  pi.  127  (1824?); 

Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.   Lepid.  i.  p.  604  (1836);  Double- 

'      day.  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  64  (1847);  Butler,  Cist.  Ent. 

i.  pp.  38,  72  (1870);    Schatz,    Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  74 

(1886);  Trimen,  S.  African  Butterflies,  iii.  p.  169  (1889). 

The  genus  Eronia  is  typical  of  a  group  of  Butterflies  of 


ERONIA.  203 


moderate  extent,  which  is  confined  to  the  tropics  of  the  Old 
World.     The  African  species  are  extremely  dissimilar,  and  evi- 
dently belong  to  several  genera,  while  the  Eastern  group  is  more 
compact.     The  costa  of  the  fore-wings  is  arched,  and  the  sub- 
costal nervure  is  five-branched,  the  two  first  branches  rising  near 
together  before  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  the  others  separating 
towards  the  tip  of  the  wing.     Three  of  the  African  groups  have 
received  names :  Eronia  (type  E,  chodora,  Hiibner) ;  Dryas- 
Boisduval  (pre-occupied),  proposed  for  Eronia  kda,  Double- 
day,  which  Butler  and  Trimen  both  include  in  Eronia;  and 
Nepheronia,  Butler,  intended  to  include  the  remaining  African 
and  Eastern  species.     Mr.  Trimen  has  lately  proposed  to  in- 
clude the  African  species  in  Eronia,  and  to  leave  the  name 
Nepheronia  to  the  Eastern  species,  but  this  is  impossible,  for 
Dr.  Butler  expressly  indicated  N.  idotcm,  Boisduval,  as  the  type 
of  his  genus.     I  therefore  propose  to  employ  these  two  genera 
in  the  sense  in  which  they  were  used  by  Dr.  Butler,  quot- 
ing   the   characters,  which  he  gives   for  them,  and  noticing 
the   types   and   some    of    the    principal    forms    which   they 

include. 

Dr.  Butler  characterises  Eronia  as  follows,  specifying 
E.  cleodora,  Hiibner,  as  the  type,  but  including  E.  leda, 
Doubleday,  in  the  genus  : 

"  Front  wings  broad,  sub-triangular,  with  strongly  arched 
costa ;  first  and  second  sub-costals  emitted  near  together  at 
some  distance  before  end  of  cell,  the  third  at  a  great  distance 
beyond  end  of  cell,  the  fourth  and  fifth  forming  a  short  fork 
to  the  apex ;  upper  [the  second,  the  first  being  obsolete]  disco- 
cellular  about  one-third  the  length  of  lower,  both  arched,  and 
forming  a  nearly  perpendicular  line  ;  median  branches  at 
nearly  equal  distances  apart. 

"  Hind-wings :  Upper  disco-cellular  about  one-quarter  the 
length  of  lower,  oblique ;  the  lower  disco-cellular  also  obliciue, 


204  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

Strongly  angulated  and  curved;  second  and  third  median 
branches  rather  near  together. 

"  Body  robust ;  metathorax  clothed  with  long  silky  haiis  ; 
palpi  short,  densely  hairy;  antennae  n:oderately  long,  rather 
thick,  with  gradually  formed  club." 

The  type  of  this  genus,  E^-onia  cleodora,  Hiibner,  is  a  widely- 
distributed  species  in  Southern  and  Eastern  Africa.  It  is  a 
Butterfly  expanding  from  two  to  nearly  three  inches  across  the 
wings,  which  are  short,  broad,  and  slightly  dentated,  the  tip  of 
the  fore-wings  being  slightly  pointed.  The  wings  are  white  or 
yellowish-white,  with  a  rather  broad  black  border,  broadest  in 
the  female,  somewhat  irregular  on  the  inner  edge,  and  widened 
at  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings,  where  it  is  marked  with  one  or 
two  small  white  spots.  On  the  under  side  the  borders  are 
silvery-grey,  more  or  less  bordered  with  black,  especially  on  the 
inner  edge,  and  sometimes  dusted  with  ferruginous ;  the  fore- 
wings  are  white,  and  there  is  a  yellow  spot  on  the  border  to- 
wards the  tip  ;  the  hind-wings  are  bright  yellow,  with  variable 
scattered  brown  and  silvery-grey  markings,  the  largest  and  most 
constant  being  on  the  costa. 

Mr.  Tiimen  mentions  that  Mrs.  Barber  and  Mr.  Mansel 
Weale  have  found  the  larva  on  Capparis  zeyhe?-i.  It  resembles 
that  of  a  Callosune,  and  is  difficult  to  find,  the  reddish-yellow 
lateral  stripe  matching  in  tint  the  edge  of  the  leaves. 

The  other  species,  Dryas  leda,  included  by  Dr.  Butler  in 
typical  Eroniay  is  a  very  different-looking  Butterfly,  inhabiting 
East  Africa,  and  the  warm  districts  of  South  Africa.  The  wings 
are  rather  more  regularly  rounded,  and  less  denticulated  than  in 
E.  ckodora,  and  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings  is  less  pointed.  The 
wings  are  sulphur-yellow,  with  a  large  "orange-tip"  on  the 
fore-wings,  slightly  edged  with  black  on  the  outside.  On  the 
under  side  the  fore-wings  are  white,  with  the  tip  and  hind-wings 
of  a  deeper  yellow  than  above,  flecked  with  brown  and  ferrij- 


Kepheronia.  2o^ 

ginous,  the  larger  spots  sometimes  having  silvery  centres. 
The  female  is  paler,  with  the  "  orange-tip  "  much  smaller,  or 
obsolete. 

As  Mr.  Trimen  remarks,  this  Butterfly  much  resembles 
another  form  inhabiting  portions  of  South  Africa,  a  true 
"  Orange-Tip,"  Callosune  auxo^  Lucas,  but  this  is  generally  an 
inch  smaller,  and  may  be  distinguished  at  once  by  the  sub- 
costal neivure  being  only  four-branched. 

The  Eronia  group  seems  largely  to  take  the  place  of  the 
Butterflies  of  the  East  Indian  and  South  American  Callidryas 
group,  which  has  only  one  or  two  representatives  in  Africa, 
just  as  Callosune  replaces  the  genus  Euchloe  of  the  Paloearctic 
Region. 

GENUS   NEPHERONIA. 
Nepheronia^  Butler,  Cist.  Ent.   i.  pp.  38,  53  (1S70);    Distant, 
Rhop.  Malay,  p.  319  (1885). 

Dr.  Butler  proposed  this  genus  to  include  the  African  A\ 
idotci^a  (Boisduval),  which  he  indicated  as  the  type,  N.  thalassina 
(Boisduval),  N.  argia  (Fabricius),  N.  buqueHi  (Boisduval),  N. 
pilaris  (Boisduval),  and  N.  chione  (Doubleday),  and  the  Asiatic 
N.  hippia  (Fabricius),  N.  ioboea  (Boisduval),  N.  dicbcra  (Esch- 
scholtz),  and  allies.  The  characters  given  for  Nephcronia  are 
as  follows : 

"Front  wings  occasionally  sub-pyriform  {N.  pharis  and 
N.  chione) ;  upper  disco-cellular  strongly  excavated,  more  than 
half  the  length  of  lower,  which  is  oblique  and  slightly  angu- 
latcd. 

"Hind-wings:  Upper  disco- cellular  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  lower,  very  oblique ;  lower  disco-cellular  rather 
less  oblique  and  waved ;  second  and  third  median  branches 
wide  apart. 

"  Body  moderately  robust,  slightly  hairy  ;  palpi  and  antennas 


2o6  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

short,  the  latter  slender  with  gradually  formed  compressed  club, 
sometimes  flattened." 

The  genus  Nepheronia^  as  thus  constituted,  includes  at  least 
three  well-marked  groups  of  almost  generic  value. 

In  the  typical  group  the  species  are  of  considerable  size, 
measuring  about  three  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are 
broad  and  only  sh\ghtly  denticulated,  with  the  hind-margin  of 
the  fore-wings  slightly  concave,  and  therefore  the  tip  some- 
what prominent.  The  colour  is  white,  greenish-while,  or 
yellow,  with  more  or  less  extensive  black  borders.  The  type  is 
N.  argia  (Fabricius),  in  which  the  male  is  greenish- white,  with  a 
moderately  broad  black  border  at  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings, 
gradually  diminishing,  and  not  extending  to  the  hinder  angle. 
The  females  are  white  or  yellow,  with  broad  black  borders, 
greatly  indented  on  the  inner  side,  and  on  the  hind-wings  al- 
most macular.  The  yellow  form  of  the  female  is  N.  idotcsa 
(Boisduval) ;  the  type  of  Nepheronia.  N.  argia  is  a  common 
West  African  species,  but  there  are  several  allied  species  found 
in  various  parts  of  Africa. 

The  next  group  is  represented  by  N.  pharis^  Boisduval,  and 
N.  chmie^  Doubleday.  These  are  much  smaller  Butterflies, 
only  measuring  about  two  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are 
of  a  pure  white,  very  slightly  bordered  with  black  towards 
the  tips  of  the  fore-wings.  The  wings  are  entire,  broad,  and 
rounded,  and  the  Butterflies  are  delicately  formed,  and  re- 
semble those  of  the  genus  Leptosia.  The  outer  half  of  the 
hind-wings  is  mottled  with  greenish  beneath.  These  Butter- 
flies are  found  in  West  Africa,  and  are  rather  scarce  in  col- 
lections. 

In  the  Eastern  species  of  Nepheronia  we  again  meet  with 
larger  Butterflies,  measuring  two  and  a  half  or  three  inches  and 
more  in  expanse.  The  wings  are  longer  than  in  the  African 
species,  and  in  the  fore-wings  the  costa  is  less  arched,  and  the 


NATHALIS.  20f 

hind-margin  more  oblique  ;  the  hind-wings,  too,  are  distinctly 
narrower.  These  Butterflies  are  green,  with  black  borders  and 
black  nervures.  The  females  are  greenish-white,  with  the 
nervures  so  broadly  black  as  to  break  up  the  ground-colour 
into  long  rays,  thus  mimicking  the  Daiiaincc  of  the  genus  Tiru- 
mala  and  its  allies,  which  inhabit  the  same  countries. 


SUB-FAMILY  IV.     CALLIDRYIN.ii:. 

Antennae  short,  gradually  thickened  towards  the  extremity, 
rarely  with  a  distinct  club.  Palpi  not  extending  much  beyond 
the  head,  and  clothed  with  large  depressed  scales ;  the  middle 
and  terminal  joints  short,  the  last  joint  thickened,  or  slightly 
pointed.  Sub-costal  nervure  with  three-  or  four-branched.  Pre- 
costal  nervure  absent,  or  else  but  slightly  developed.  Body 
generally  rather  short  and  stout,  and  clothed  with  hair. 

This  group  includes  the  Brimstones  and  Clouded  Yellows, 
which  are  characteristic  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere,  though 
one  species  of  the  latter  is  found  in  South  Africa,  and  others 
have  reached  the  extreme  south  of  South  America,  apparently 
along  the  chain  of  the  Andes.  Two  other  groups,  represented 
respectively  by  Eureiiia  and  Catopsilia  of  Hiibner,  abound  in 
most  tropical  countries,  while  the  remaining  genera  are  con- 
fined to  limited  areas,  chiefly  in  the  tropics. 

GENUS  NATHALIS. 

Nathalis,  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  589  (1836); 
Doubleday,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  54  (1847);  Butler, 
Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  34,  41  (1870);  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii. 
p.  69  (1886). 

This  is  a  small  and  very  isolated  little  genus  peculiar  to 
North  America  and  the  northern  parts  of  South  America. 


^oS  Lloyd's  natUraL  historV, 

The  antennae  are  short,  with  a  well-marked  club  (an  unusual 
character  in  this  Family),  and  the  palpi  are  long,  pointed,  and 
hairy  rather  than  scaly.  The  claws  of  the  tarsi  are  without 
appendages,  as  in  Eurynius. 

The  fore-wings  are  rather  long  and  somewhat  narrow  ;  tlie 
hind-wings  are  somewhat  rounded.  The  sub-costal  nervure  of 
the  fore-wings  is  three-branched  (not  four-branched,  as  Dr. 
Butler  states),  the  second  branch  being  emitted  close  to  the 
end  of  the  cell ;  the  upper  discoidal  nervule  separating  from 
the  sub-costal  some  distance  beyond  the  cell.  The  lower  disco- 
cellular  nervule  is  strongly  angulated  outwards  in  both  tlie  fore- 
and  hind-wings,  the  upper  median  nervule  being  strongly 
arched.  The  pre-costal  nervure  of  the  hind-wings  is  rudi- 
mentary. 

The  type,  Nathalis  iole,  Boisduval,  which  inhabits  the 
Southern  United  States,  is  a  small  Butterfly,  expanding  about 
an  inch  across  the  wings.  It  is  of  a  sulphur-yellow  colour 
above,  with  the  fore-wings  black  at  the  tip,  and  with  a  black 
spot  towards  the  hinder-angle ;  the  hind-wings  are  also  some- 
times marked  with  black  marginal  spots.  The  under  side  is 
greenish,  dusted  with  black.  The  larva  is  at  present  undes- 
cribed. 

GENUS  EURYMUS. 

Eiiry/nus,  Swainson;  Horsfield,  Cat.  Lepid.  E.  Ind.  Mus. 
pp.  129,  134  (1829);  Swainson,  Zool.  111.  (2)  ii.  pi.  60 
(1831?);  Scudder,  Butterflies  of  East.  U.  S.  p.  1096 
(1889). 

Colias,  pt.  Fabricius,  in  Illiger,  Mag.  Insekt.  vi.  p.  284(1807); 
Latreille,  Enc.  Meth,  ix.  pp.  10,  89  (1819) ;  Boisduval, 
Spec.  Gen.  Meth.  i.  p.  634  (1836);  Doubleday,  Gen. 
Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  72  (1847);  Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  35, 
43  (1S70)  j  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  68  (1866). 


PLATE    LIX 


2.  CalU/lryds  eubule. 

3.  ,,  ,;  Ixzrvcu. 

4.  ..  „         pupcL. 


EURYMUS. 


209 


Eriocolias,  Watson,  Entomologist,  xxviii.  p.  167  (1895). 

Antennae  short,  red,  with  a  large  but  gradually-formed  club. 
Palpi  long,  compressed,  scaly,  and  somewhat  bristly,  the  terminal 
joint  short.  Tarsi  without  appendages.  Wings  rather  short  and 
broad;  the  hind-wings  rounded,  the  fore-wings  with  the  cell 
rather  short  and  broad,  the  hind-wings  with  the  cell  rather  long 
and  narrow.  Fore-wings  with  the  apex  slightly  rounded  off,  the 
sub-costal  nervure  four-branched,  the  first  branch  emitted  before 
the  end  of  the  cell,  the  second  emitted  at  or  beyond  the  end  of 
the  cell,  the  third  and  fourth  forming  a  small  fork  at  the  tip  of 
the  wing.  The  upper  radial  is  thrown  off  from  the  sub-costal 
considerably  beyond  the  cell.  Middle  disco-cellular  short, 
straight ;  lower  one  long,  slightly  curved  on  the  fore-wings, 
oblique,  and  somewhat  angulated. 

The  Clouded  Yellows  form  a  very  distinct  group,  and  are 
very  numerous  in  species,  especially  in  Central  Asia.  The 
males  are  generally  of  a  yellow  colour,  varying  from  light 
sulphur-yellow  to  deep  orange,  the  latter  being  sometimes 
flushed  with  purple,  so  deep,  in  one  or  two  instances,  as  to  ap- 
pear almost  black.  Some  species  are  of  a  dull  green.  Some 
of  the  females  are  coloured  like  the  males,  and  others  are 
white;  and  in  many  cases  the  same  species  exhibits  two 
constant  forms  of  the  female,  one  yellow  and  one  white. 
There  is  always  a  black  central  spot  on  the  fore-wings,  and 
generally  a  large  reddish  spot  on  the  hind-wings;  on  the  under 
side  these  are  replaced  by  a  rusty  ring  with  a  silver  pupil,  or  by 
two  similar  contiguous  markings,  one  smaller  than  the  other. 
The  wings  are  almost  always  more  or  less  bordered  with  black, 
the  border  being  often  veined  or  spotted  with  the  ground- 
colour, or  with  some  paler  colour;  it  is  often  veined  in  the  male 
and  spotted  in  the  female. 

The  larvce  are  green,  smooth,  pubescent,  and  feed  on  Legu- 
minosce.     The  pupa  is  pointed  in  front. 


2IO  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

Mr.  Watson's  new  genus,  EriocoUas^  is  intended  to  include 
the  group  of  E,  hyale,  in  which  the  border  is  often  streaked, 
but  never  spotted  in  the  male.  The  principal  character  is  that 
the  males  have,  on  the  upper  side  of  the  hind-wings,  "  betweeri 
the  costal  and  sub-costal  nervures,  a  patch  of  modified  scales 
of  a  smaller  size,  and  much  more  numerous  than  the  sur- 
rounding ones,  usually  of  the  same  ground-colour."  In  the  old 
genus  CoHas  (our  Eurynuis)^  Mr.  Watson  proposes  to  retain 
the  orange  species  in  which  these  scales  are  wanting  i^E. 
chrysotluine  [Esper],  &c.,)  and  the  sub-groups  represented  by 
Eiirymus  phicouione^  Esper  (improperly  indicated  as  the  type, 
as  it  is  not  even  one  of  the  species  mentioned  in  Illiger's  Maga- 
zine) ;   C.  kirbyi,  Lewis,  and  C.  palcB/io,  Linn. 

Pending  a  critical  examination  of  the  numerous  species  of  this 
genus,  which  might  probably  reveal  other  characters  of  greater 
importance  among  them,  we  content  ourselves  here  with  call- 
ing attention  to  Mr.  Watson's  new  genus,  without  adopting  at 
present  a  sub-division  which  would  separate  species  so  much 
resembling  each  other  as  E.  hyale  and  E.  chrysoiheme^  solely  on 
a  secondary  sexual  character,  however  well-marked  or  constant. 

The  Clouded  Yellows  are  found  throughout  the  Northern 
Hemisphere,  as  far  as  the  Himalayas.  Isolated  species  are 
found  in  the  Nilghiris ;  South  Africa,  and  in  the  mountains  or 
in  the  southern  part  of  South  America  ;  but  they  appear  to  be 
entirely  absent  from  the  insular  portion  of  the  Indo-Malayan 
Region,  and  from  the  whole  of  the  Austro-Malayan  Region, 
the  reputed  occurrence  of  a  species  of  Eiirymus  \\\  the  Sandwich 
Islands  being  now  regarded  as  an  error. 

Dr.  Butler's  genus  Scaiido?ini7'a  which  includes  some  small 
species  found  in  the  Andes  of  South  America,  is  chiefly 
characterised  by  the  shortness  of  the  upper  radial  nervule  on 
the  fore-wings,  which  only  separates  from  the  sub-costal  nervure 
near  its  extremity. 


PLATE    1,X 


1.  Colias  rhcanrvi. 
2  .  3.  Ejirymus    hyale . 


EURYMUS.  2  I  I 

These  Butterflies  have  strong  wings,  and  though  they  do  not 
rise  to  a  great  distance  from  the  ground,  the  flight  of  E.  hyale 
is  stronger,  more  rapid,  and  more  sustained  than  that  of  any 
other  British  Butterfly.  Alpheraky  has  recorded  that  one  of 
his  Cossacks  galloped  two  miles  after  ^.  aurora,  Esper,  one  of 
the  largest  of  the  orange  Siberian  species,  measuring  over  two 
inches  across  the  wings,  before  he  could  capture  it.  The 
largest  and  handsomest  species  of  this  genus  inhabit  Central 
and  Western  Asia. 

THE    CLOUDED    YELLOW.       EURYMUS    HYALE. 
{Plate  LX.  Figs.  2,  3.) 

Papilio  hyale,  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  i.  p.  469  (1758); 
id.  Faun.  Suec.  (ed.  ii.)  p.  272  (1764);  Scopoli,  Ent. 
Carn.  p.  173  (1763);  Uenis  &  Schiffermiiller,  Syst.  Verz. 
Schmett.  Wien.  p.  165,  no.  3  (1776) ;  Esper,  Schmett.  i.  p. 
71,  pi.  4,  fig.  3;  p.  317,  pi.  26,  fig.  3  (1777);  Hubner, 
Eur.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  329-331  {1803  ?). 

Papilio  croceus,  Fourcroy,  Ent.  Paris,  ii.  p.  250  (1785), 

Papilio  edusa,  Fabricius,  Mant.  Ins.  ii.  p.  23,  no.  240  (1787); 
Ochsenheimer,  Schmett.  Eur.  i,  (2)  p.  173  (1808). 

Papilio  electra,  Lewin  (nee  Linn.),  Lis.  Brit.  i.  pi.  31  (1795). 

Colias  ednsa,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  loi,  no.  38  (1819); 
Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  638  (1836) ;  Stephens, 
111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  12  (1827) ;  Kirby,  Eur.  Butter- 
flies and  Moths,  p.  10,  pi.  3,  figs.  4^-^(1878) ;  Newman, 
Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  143  (1881);  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p. 
61,  pi.  14,  fig.  i;  pi.  16,  fig.  2  (larva)  (1881);  Barrett, 
Butterflies  of  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  35,  pi.  6  (1892);  Buckler 
Larvre  of  Brit.  Lepid.  p.  9,  pi.  i,  fig.  3  (1886). 

Colias  croceus,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  490,  no.  i  (187 1). 

Colias  hyale,  Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lepid.  Suppl.  p.  799,  no.  i 
(1877)- 

V  2 


2  12  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY, 

Var.  Eitrynius  helice. 

Var.  Fapilio  helice^  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  figs.   440,  441 

(1803?);  Haworth,  Lepid.  Brit.  p.  12,  no.  11  (1803). 
Colias  ediisa,  var.  helice,  Stephens,  111.   Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.   p. 

13,  pi.  2*,  fig.  3  (1827);  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  62,  pi. 

14,  fig.  2  (18S1). 

Var.  Colias  cJirysoiheme,  Stephens  (nee  Esper),  /.  ^.  p.  11,  pi.  2", 

figs.  I,  2  (1827). 
Var.  Colias  niyrinidojie^  Westwood  and  Humphreys  (nee  Esper), 

Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  139,  pi.  42,  figs.  1-3  (1841). 

The  Clouded  Yellow  Butterfly  measures  from  1-/1  to  upwards 
of  2  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are  of  a  rich  chrome-yellow 
above,  sometimes  nearly  orange,  and  occasionally  with  a  slight 
purple  flush.  There  is  a  broad  black  border  (broadest  at  the 
tip  of  the  fore-wings),  which  is  veined  in  the  male  and  spotted 
in  the  female  with  sulphur-yellow ;  at  the  end  of  the  cell  is  a 
round  black  spot.  The  hind-wings  are  sometimes  more  or  less 
dusky,  especially  in  the  female ;  there  is  a  large  reddish-yellow 
spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  in  the  female,  the  black  border, 
which  hardly  extends  to  the  anal  angle,  is  more  or  less  spotted 
on  the  inner  side  with  yellow.  The  fringes  of  the  wings,  as 
well  as  the  antennae,  are  rose-colour.  On  the  under  side,  the 
fore-wings  are  paler,  with  the  black  spot  reproduced,  and  a  more 
or  less  distinct  row  of  black  spots  on  the  disc ;  the  tip  is  greenish. 
The  hind-wings  are  green,  with  a  central  silvery  spot,  surrounded 
with  rusty  red,  and  a  smaller  one  adjoining;  there  is  also  a 
row  of  rose-coloured  dots  on  the  disc. 

This  insect  is  extremely  variable,  and  some  of  its  numerous 
varieties  have  been  mistaken  for  the  East  European  species, 
E.  chrysotheme  and  E.  niyrmidone  (Esper),  which  could  not 
reasonably  be  expected  to  be  found  in  England  at  all.  There 
is  a  pale  greenish-white  form  of  the  female,  which  is  sometimes 


EURYMUS.  213 

taken  in  England,  but  is  much  commoner  in  Southern  Europe; 
it  is  known  as  var.  E.  helice. 

The  larva  is  deep  green,  with  a  white  line  on  the  sides, 
spotted  with  yellow.  The  pupa  is  greenish,  striped  with 
yellow.     The  larva  feeds  on  clover  in  summer.    The  Butterfly  is 


E.  hyale   ? ,  and  var.  E.  helice. 


double-brooded  on  the  Continent,  but  is  rarely  seen  in  England 
except  in  autumn.  It  is  a  very  common  species  throughout 
Europe,  Northern  Africn,  and  a  great  part  of  Asia ;  in  Southern 
and  Eastern  Africa  it  is  replaced  by  a  closely-allied  species, 
E.  elecira  (Linn.) ;  and  it  is  not  impossible  that  the  two  species 


2  14  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

may  occur  together  at  the  limits  of  their  respective  ranges,  in 
East  Central  Africa.  E.  electra  is  a  more  reddish  insect  than 
E.  hyale,  with  a  strong  pink  lustre  in  certain  lights;  and  Mr. 
Trimen  states  that  the  larva  is  more  distinctly  striped  with  dark 
and  light  green,  and  has  no  orange  spots  on  the  white  lateral 
line. 

E.  hyale  is  chiefly  found  in  clover  fields  and  along  railway 
banks ;  and  we  have  already  spoken  of  its  extremely  rapid 
flight. 

The  confusion  in  the  names  of  our  two  well-known  species 
of  Clouded  Yellow  is  much  to  be  regretted.  When  Fabricius 
discriminated  between  these  and  E.  palccito  (Linnaeus),  he 
applied  the  Linnean  name  hyale  to  the  wrong  species,  using 
edusa  (a  discarded  synonym  of  his  own  for  Pontia  dapUdice) 
in  its  place.  But  even  if  the  Clouded  Yellow  were  not  the  true 
E.  hyale  (Linn.),  Fourcroy's  name  of  croceus  would  have  to  be 
adopted  instead  of  the  later  edusa^  Fabr.  The  original  Linnean 
description  of  C.  hyale  runs  as  follows  : 

"P.D.  alis  integerrimis  rotundatis  flavis ;  posticis  macula 
fulva,  subtus  puncto  sesquiaLero  argenteo  "  ("  Hab.  in  Europn, 
Africa ''). 

It  is  clear  from  the  last  locality,  that  Linnaeus  confounded 
E.  electra  with  it,  though  he  afterwards  separated  the  latter  as  a 
distinct  species,  calling  it  "  fulvous,"  not  yellow,  which  the  much 
deeper  colour  of  E.  electra  will  readily  account  for.  E.  electra  is, 
however,  so  like  our  Clouded  Yellow,  that  some  authors  have 
been  inclined  to  regard  it  as  the  same  species  as  E.  hyale. 

Both  our  Clouded  Yellows  are  very  rare  in  Scandinavia, 
where  E.  palceno,  Linnaeus,  a  sulphur-yellow  or  greenish-yellow 
Butterfly  with  moderately  broad  black  borders,  and  other 
species  of  the  genus  occur  ;  but  Linnceus  includes  E.  hyale  in 
his  "  Fauna  Suecica,"  and  describes  it  as  follows  : 

"  Similimus  Palcetwfii^  sed  Alae  magis  flavse.     Alae  primores 


PLATE    LXl 


k/^/-. 


3. 


J .  ? .  Biirmius  hif^byi . 
.V.        „  phiiociice. 


EURYMUS.  2  I  5 

flavce,  apice  nigral,  nigredine  fascia  quasi  lutea  in  duas  partes 
dissecta.  Secundari?s  supra  in  mediopuncto  s.  macula  ferruginea, 
cui  subtus  opposita  puncta  duo  argentea  approximata,  annulo 
ferrugineo  cincta ;  altero  puncto  valde  parvo.  Antennae  et 
margo  ciliaris  alarum  rubra  ut  in  sequente  "  (Pateno). 

I  regard  this  description  as  undoubtedly  referable  to  the 
fem?.le  of  our  Clouded  Yellow^  in  which  the  spotting  of  the 
border  is  often  divided  into  two  patches,  and  which  is  m.uch 
yellower  than  either  E.  palccno  or  the  Pale  Clouded  Yellow. 
All  the  figures  originally  quoted  by  Linn^us  (Petiver's  and 
Roesel's)  represent  the  female  of  the  Clouded  Yellow,  to  which 
I  have  ventured  to  restore  the  original  name  of  hyale  ;  and  it 
was  recognised  as  that  species  by  most  of  Linn^us'  contem- 
poraries, though  Geoffroy  and  Scopoli  confounded  the  Pale 
Clouded  Yellow  with  it  as  a  variety,  or  as  the  female,  while 
others  mistook  it  for  E.  palcj^no  (Linn.). 

THE    PALE    CLOUDED    YELLOW.       EURYMUS    KIRBYL 
{Plate  LXI.  Fi^s.  I,  2.) 

Papilio  Jiyale  ¥,  Scopoli,  Ent.  Carn.  p.  173,  no.  455  (1763); 
Fabricius,  Mant.  Ins.  ii.  p.  13,  no.  243  (1787);  Ochsen- 
heimer,  Schmett.  Eur.  i.  (2)  p.  iSi  (1808). 

Papilio  pahino,  Denis  &  Schiffermiiller  (nee  Linn.),  Syst. 
Verz.  Schmett. Wien.  p.  165,  no.  2  (1776);  Esper,  Schmett. 
i.  (i)  p.  68,  pi.  4,  fig.  2  (1777) ;  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i. 
figs.  438,  439  (1803?). 

Colias  hyale^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  99,  no.  2,?,  (1819) ;  Bois- 
duval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  650  (1836) ;  Stephens,  111. 
Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  13  (1827) ;  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  vi.  p. 
642  (1829) ;  Kirby,  Eur.  Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  9,  pi.  5, 
figs.  3c7, /'(1878);  Newman,  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  141  (1881); 
Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  53,  pi.  12,  fig.  3;  pi.  16,  fig.  2  (larva) 
(1881) ;  Barrett,  Lepid.  of  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  32,  pi.  5,  figs.  2, 
2a-e  (1892);  Buckler,  Larvae  of  Brit.  Lepid.  i.  p.  16  (1886). 


2i6  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

Colias  sarepte?isis,  var.  Kirbyi^  Lewis,  Discussion  on  the  Law  of 
Priority,  p.  34  (1872). 

The  Pale  Clouded  Yellow  is  a  Butterfly  of  rather  smaller  ave- 
rage size  than  the  last  species.  The  wings  are  of  a  sufficiently 
bright  yellow  on  the  upper  side,  but  with  no  tendency  towards 
orange,  and  the  females  are  often  whitish.  There  is  a  broad 
black  border  on  the  fore-wings,  irregularly  spotted  with  yellow, 
which  is  incomplete  at  the  hinder  angle ;  on  the  hind-v>'ings  it 
is  narrow,  often  incomplete,  and  there  is  frequently  a  second 
narrow  macular  line  within  it.  The  fore-wings  are  marked  with 
a  black  discoidal  spot,  and  the  hind-wings  with  a  large  orange 
one.  The  under  side  is  of  a  deeper  yellow  than  the  upper,  espe- 
cially on  the  hind-wings  ;  there  is  a  sub-marginal  row  of  rusty- 
brown  spots,  a  black  discoidal  spot  on  the  fore-wings,  and  two 
contiguous  silvery  spots  surrounded  with  ferruginous  on  the 
hind-wings.     The  antennae  and  fringes  are  reddish. 

The  larva  (vol.  i.  pi.  3,  fig.  2)  is  velvety-green,  with  tw^o  yellow 
lateral  lines,  and  black  dots  on  each  segment.  It  feeds  on 
clover,  trefoil,  &c.  The  pupa  is  also  green,  with  a  yellow  line 
on  the  sides.  The  Butterfly  is  double-brooded  in  many  places, 
but  is  rarely  seen  in  England  till  the  autumn. 

The  Pale  Clouded  Yellow  is  found  throughout  a  large  part 
of  the  Paloearctic  Region,  but  not  beyond  it,  unless  its  reported, 
but  doubtful,  occurrence  in  South  Africa  should  be  confirmed. 
It  is  a  rather  scarce  insect  with  us,  and  is  found  chiefly  in  clover 
and  lucerne  fields  in  the  south  of  England,  and  is  uncertain  in 
appearance,  though  commoner  than  formerly.  In  many  parts 
of  Germany  it  is  a  much  commoner  insect  than  E.  hyak,  and 
much  more  regular  in  appearance  ;  and  in  ordinary  years  it  is 
one  of  the  commonest  autumn  Butterflies,  not  much  less  com- 
mon, sometimes,  than  the  White  Cabbage  Butterflies.  JNIy  own 
experience  is  that  its  flight  is  much  less  rapid  than  that  of  E. 
hjaie,  though  in  England  it  is  said  to  fly  with  equal  or  greater 


EURYMUS.  2  [  7 

rapidity,  perhaps  because,  being  a  much  rarer  insect,  it  is  more 
hotly  pursued. 

In  Eastern  Europe,  and  throughout  Northern  and  Central 
Asia  as  far  as  the  Himalayas  and  Japan,  there  are  a  cluster  of 
species  or  varieties  closely  allied  to  this,  which  some  authors 
associate  with  it,  and  others  regard  as  distinct.  Among  these 
is  E.  ei-ate,  Esper,  in  which  the  black  border  of  the  fore-wings 
is  continued  to  the  hinder  angle  ;  another  is  the  form  known  as 
E.  sareptcnsis^  Staudinger,  which  is  thus  described :  "  Alis  an- 
ticis  margine  postico  lato  nigro  ;   $  saturatius  flavus." 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  this  species  has  always  been 
confounded  either  with  E.  hyale  or  E.  pakeno^  two  Linnean 
species  about  the  identification  of  which  there  never  ought  to 
have  been  any  doubt.  There  is  consequently  no  old  name  that 
belongs  to  it  at  all,  and  I  have  therefore  no  alternative  but 
either  to  adopt  for  it  the  name  of  E.  sarepte?isis  (as  I  once  pro- 
posed to  do),  or  of  some  other  allied  Eastern  form  with  which 
it  may  not  after  all  be  truly  identical;  or  to  adopt  the  name  of 
E.  kirbyi,  given  to  it  in  jest  by  the  late  Mr.  Arnold  Lewis. 

THE   SCARCE   CLOUDED   YELLOW.       EURYMUS    PHILODICE. 

{Plate  LXL  Fig.  3.) 

Papilio  palccno^  Cramer  (nee  Linn.),  Pap.  Exot.  i.  pi.  14,  figs. 

F,G(i775)- 

Colias  dorippe,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  10 1,  no.  36  (1819). 

Zcj-ene  anthyale,  Hiibner,  Zutr.  Exot.  Schmett.  ii,  p.  21,  figs. 
307,  308  (1823). 

Colias  europonie^  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  10,  pi.  i 
(1827). 

Etiryimts philodice^  Swainson,  Zool.  111.  ii.  (2)  pi.  60  (1831?). 

Colias philodice^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  100,  no.  55  (1819); 
Boisduval  &  Leconte,  Lepid.  Amer.  Sept.  p.  64,  pi.  21, 
figs.  1-3  (1833);  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  647 
(1836);  Scudder,  Butterflies  East.  U.S.  p.  11 11  (1889). 


2i8  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

The  present  species,  which  is  very  common  in  North 
America,  measures  two  inches  and  upwards  across  the  wings. 
As  regards  our  two  British  Clouded  Yellows  it  may  be  regarded 
as  somewhat  intermediate  between  them,  being  of  a  sulphur- 
yellow  colour,  like  the  male  of  E.  kirbyi,  but  with  a  continuous 
black  border,  lined  with  yellow  in  the  male,  and  spotted  with 
yellow  in  the  female,  like  that  of  E.  hyale.  There  is  a  black 
discoidal  spot  on  the  fore-wings,  and  a  rather  broad  rust- 
coloured  spot  on  the  hind-wings  ;  the  antennce  and  fringes  are 
reddish.  Beneath,  the  discoidal  spots  are  all  pupilled  with 
silvery,  that  on  the  hind-wings  being  double,  and  there  is  a  row 
of  ferruginous  spots  on  the  disc. 

This  Butterfly  has  the  habit  of  congregating  in  great  numbers 
on  damp  mire.  I  have  not  heard  of  our  European  species 
of  Euryimis  acting  thus. 

The  larva  is  green,  more  or  less  varied  with  rosy,  and  feeds 
on  a  variety  of  leguminous  plants.  The  pupa  is  green,  irrorated 
with  yellowish- white. 

This  Butterfly  was  confounded  by  many  of  the  older  ento- 
mologists, both  in  England  and  on  the  Continent,  with  the 
European  E.  palccno  (Linn.) ;  but  this  insect  is  of  a  greener 
yellow  in  the  male,  and  whiter  in  the  female.  The  American 
species  was  originally  introduced  into  our  British  lists  on  the 
strength  of  specimens  in  the  cabinets  of  Francillon  and  Swain- 
son,  both  of  whom  were  in  close  correspondence  witli  Abbot, 
the  famous  Georgian  entomologist,  from  whom  their  specimens 
were  almost  certainly  received. 

Hiibner  figured  E.  palcc7io  under  the  name  of  europoiiie^ 
which  Haworth  adopted,  and  gave  an  unsatisfactory  descrip- 
tion, taken,  as  Haworth  admits,  from  a  German  specimen. 

Stephens'  figures,  derived  from  specimens  obtained  from  the 
collections  of  Francillon  and  Marsham,  undoubtedly  represent 
the  American   insect  ;    and  between    1820   and  1840  various 


MEGANOSTOMA.  219 

accounts  were  published  of  its  having  been  taken  in  company 
with  E.  hyale  and  E.  kirbyi  between  Brighton  and  Lewes  ; 
near  York ;  near  Ipswich ;  and  in  the  West  of  England,  near 
the  confluence  of  the  Avon  and  the  Severn,  in  August  and 
September.  Dr.  Scudder  thinks  that  the  Butterfly  might  have 
been  introduced  into  England,  maintained  itself  for  a  few 
years,  and  then  died  out  again ;  but  it  is  more  probable  that 
the  first  reputed  British  specimens  were  American,  and  that 
when  attention  was  called  to  the  subject,  specimens  of  one  or 
other  of  our  British  species  were  mistaken  for  it.  Similar 
errors  constantly  occur  even  at  the  present  day,  (an  instance  is 
mentioned  in  the  "  Entomologist's  Monthly  Magazine "  for 
July,  1895,  of  a  specimen  of  Pontia  dapUdice  being  found  in 
an  old  Staffordshire  collection  labelled  "  sinapis,")  and  such 
errors  must  have  been  far  more  common  fifty  or  sixty  years 
ago  when  there  were  hardly  any  books  on  Natural  History, 
even  on  British  Butterflies,  than  now,  when  they  are  plentiful. 
It  is  not  likely  that  a  Butterfly,  said  fifty  or  sixty  years  ago  to 
have  been  taken  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  should  have  dis- 
appeared so  utterly  that  not  a  single  specinien  has  been  heard 
of  since.  Besides,  it  is  positively  asserted  by  the  Rev.  W.  T. 
Bree,  in  "  Loudon's  Magazine  of  Natural  History  "  for  May, 
1832  (vol.  V.  p.  T^n^  note),  that  the  so-called  specimens  of 
E.  europome^  said  to  have  been  taken  between  Brighton  and 
Lewes,  were  only  E.  kirbyi. 

GENUS    MEGANOSTOMA. 

Meganosioma,  Reakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia,  ii.  p.  356 
(1863);  Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  2>^,  46  (1870);  Schatz, 
Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  69  (1886). 

Antennae    short,    with   the   club    gradually    formed  ;    palpi 
moderately  long.     Fore-wings  pointed,  the  cell  rather  short ; 


2  20  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

sub-costal  nervure  four-branched,  the  second  branch  rising  at 
or  a  Httle  before  the  end  of  the  cell,  the  fourth  running  to  the 
tip  or  to  the  costa  just  before  it,  the  upper  radial  nervule  sepa- 
rating from  the  sub-costal  a  little  less  than  half  way  between  the 
cell  and  the  tip.  On  the  hind-wings,  which  are  rounded,  the 
cell  is  longer  and  very  pointed ;  and  the  pre-costal  nervule 
is  rudimentary.  The  claws  are  without  appendages,  but  the 
middle  and  hind  tarsi  in  the  females  are  said  to  possess  two 
delicate  membranous  three-jointed  structures,  which  Reakirt 
terms  "Eupronychia."  They  are  very  delicate  and  easily  lost, 
and  are  therefore  difficult  to  find  except  in  very  fresh  specimens. 
This  is  a  purely  American  genus,  and  differs  considerably 
from  Eurymus  both  in  shape  and  pattern.  The  commonest 
species  is  M.  cesonia  (Stoll)  which  inhabits  the  Southern  United 
States.  It  is  a  yellow  species,  shading  more  or  less  into  orange, 
but  on  the  fore-wings  the  base  is  black,  and  the  hind-margin 
likewise,  the  centre  of  the  wing  being  crossed  by  a  broad 
yellow  band,  on  which  the  black  discoidal  spot  is  placed.  The 
inner  side  of  the  border  is  very  irregular;  on  the  costa  it  extends 
narrowly  to  the  black  at  the  base,  and  on  the  inner-margin  in- 
wards for  half  its  length  ;  but  between,  it  forms  a  series  of  rect- 
angles, the  yellow  colouring  extending  squarely  into  it  in  the 
middle  half  way  to  the  hind-margin.  Another  species,  AT. 
eurydice^  Boisduval,  which  is  found  in  California,  resembles 
this,  but  is  more  of  an  orange-yellow;  the  fore-wings  are  beauti- 
fully flushed  with  purple,  and  the  hind-wings  have  no  black 
border.  The  female  much  resembles  that  of  Colias  rhamni^ 
except  in  shape.  Other  species  are  found  in  Venezuela,  Bolivia 
&c. 

GENUS   COLIAS. 

Colias^  Fabricius,  in  Illiger,  Mag.  f.  Insekt.  vi.  p.  284  (1807); 
Latreille,  Consid.  Generales,  p.  440  (1810)  ;  id.  Enc. 
Meth.  ix.  pp.  10,  89  (18 1 9). 


COLT  AS.  221 

Gonepteryx^  Leach,  Edinb.  Encycl.  ix.  p.  128  (1815);  Doubl. 

Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  69  (1847);  Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp. 

35,  45  (1870);  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  68  (1886). 
Rhodocera^  Boisduval  &  Leconte,  Lepid.  Amt'r.   Sept.  p.   70 

(1833);  Boisd.  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  597  (1836). 
Body  stout,  hairy  ;  palpi  and  antennae  short,  the  latter  thick, 
with  the  club  gradually  formed.  Fore-wings  with  the  costa 
strongly  arched,  and  ending  in  a  projecting  point ;  hind-wings 
with  a  short  projection  at  the  end  of  the  second  median  ner- 
vule  ;  the  lower  disco  cellular  nervule  much  curved  on  all  the 
wings.  Fore-wings  with  the  sub  costal  nervure  four-branched, 
the  second  branch  emitted  some  distance  before  the  end  of  the 
cell ;  the  upper  radial  a  little  beyond.  The  fourth  sub-costal 
nervule  runs  to  the  costa  just  above  the  projecting  tip.  The 
pulvillus  between  the  claws  of  the  tarsi  is  long  and  narrow. 

This  genus  is  common  throughout  the  Palsearctic  Region, 
but  does  not  extend  beyond  it.  It  attains  its  maximum  of 
development  in  the  south-west  in  C.  cleopatra  (Linn.),  with  a 
fiery-orange  centre  to  the  fore-wings  of  the  male ;  and  in  the 
more  subdued,  but  more  generally  diffused  rich  orange  of  the 
Canarian  C.  clechiile  (Hiibner). 

THE    BRIMSTONE    BUTTERFLY.       COLL\S    RHAMNL 

{Plate  LX.  Fio.  i.) 

rapilio   rhanini^  Linn.  Syst.   Nat.   (ed.   x.)  i.  p.  470,  no.  73 

(1758);  id.  Faun.  Suec.  (ed.  ii.)  p.  272  (1764);  Esper, 

Schmett.  i.  (i)  p.  73,  pi.  4,  fig.  4  (1777);  Hiibner,  Eur. 

Schmett.  i.  figs.  442-444  (1803  ?). 
Colias  rhaumi^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  89,  no.  2  (18 19). 
Gonepterya  rha?nni^  Stephens,  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.    8 

(1827);  Curtis,  Brit.  Ent.  iv.  pi.  173  (1827);  Kirby,  Eur. 

Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.   11,  pi.  4,  fig.  9  (1878) ;  Lang, 


222  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

Butterflies  P2ur.  p.  65,  pi.  14,  fig.  4,  pi.  16,  fig.  4  (transf.) 

(1881) ;  Barrett,  Lepid.  of  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  40,  pi.  7,  figs,  i, 

\a-d  (1892);  Buckler,   Larv?e  of  Brit.  Lepid.   i.  p.  145, 

pi.  I,  fig   2  (1886). 

Rhodocera  rhanuii,  Boisduval,   Spec.   Gen.   Lepid.  i.  p.    602, 

pi.  6,   fig.   7   (1836);  Newman,   Brit.   Butterflies,  p.   147 

(1881). 

The  Brimstone  Butterfly,  which  measures  two  and  a  quarter 

or  two  and  a  half  inches  across  the  wings,  may  at  once  be 

recognised  by  its  arched  and  pointed  fore-wings  and  its  slightly 

tailed  hind-wings.     They  are  of  a  bright  sulphur-yellow  in  the 

male,  and  greenish-yellow  in  the  female,  with  a  small  orange 

spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  in  all  the  wings,  and  with  small 

ferruginous  spots  at  the  ends  of  the  nervules.     The  under  side 

is   of  a  somewhat  glaucous-greenish.     The  anlennse  are  red, 

and  the  thorax  is  clothed  with  long  white  silky  hairs.     (A 

side  view  of  the  bifid  claws  will  be   found  in  vol.  i.  pi.  i, 

fig-  i3)- 

The  following  account  of  its  transformations  is  given  by 
Stephens.  "  The  caterpillar  is  green,  with  a  paler  line  on  each 
side  of  the  belly,  and  very  small  scale-like  black  dots  on  the 
back,  which  give  that  part  a  bluish  aspect ;  the  fore  part  of  the 
body  is  thick  and  rounded,  the  hind  part  compressed.  It  feeds 
upon  the  Rhamims  catharticus  (or  buck-thorn)  and  the  Rh. 
frangulus  (berry-bearing  alder) ;  and  is  said  to  occupy  three 
or  four  days  in  changing  to  the  pupa  state ;  the  pupa  or 
chrysalis  is  very  gibbous  in  the  middle,  acuminated  before,  and 
green  with  a  clearer  line  on  each  side,  and  a  reddish  or  fulvous 
spot  in  the  middle  ;  it  is  vertically  suspended  on  a  perpendicular 
branch,  with  a  loose  silken  streak  round  its  middle.  The  perfect 
insect  is  produced  in  about  fifteen  days." 

The  Brimstone  miy  be  considered  as  the  typical  Butterfly 
par  excellence^  for  it  must  have  been  this  species  rather  than  the 


COLIAS.  223 

Species  of  Eurymus,  as  Dr.  Scudder  suggests,*  which  gave  rise 
to  the  idea  of  "the  butter-coloured  fly."  Common  everywhere 
throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  Palsearctic  Region,  in  open 
woods  and  lanes,  almost  all  the  year  round,  it  could  hardly 
have  failed  to  attract  general  attention.  It  is  not,  however,  an 
inhabitant  of  the  extreme  north  of  Europe,  and  in  the  British 
Islands  it  scarcely  reaches  Scotland.  In  Ireland  it  is  found  at 
Killarney,  and  has  been  reputed  to  occur  in  Wicklow.  It  varies 
little  in  size  and  colour,  though,  very  rarely,  individuals  exhibit 
a  slight  trace  of  orange-red  on  the  fore-wings  which  is  perhaps  the 
reason  that  some  authors  still  persist  in  regarding  the  splendid 
Mediterranean  C.  cleopaira  (Linn,),  to  which  we  have  already 
alluded,  as  a  variety.  It  is  double-brooded,  and  owing  to  the 
strong  texture  and  thick  scaling  of  its  wings,  it  is  comparatively 
rare  to  meet  with  rubbed  or  broken  specimens. 

Exotic  genera  allied  to  Colias. 

The  first  of  these  which  we  have  to  mention,  is  Ainynihia^ 
Swainson,  which  greatly  resembles  Colias,  which  it  replaces  in 
Tropical  America  (including  the  West  Indies),  but  is  very  much 
larger,  the  species  measuring  from  three  to  four  inches  across  the 
wings.  The  type,  A.  mcerida  (Fabricius),  is  almost  the  counter- 
part of  Colias  rhanmi,  except  that  the  discoidal  spot  on  the 
fore-wings  is  black,  and  that  on  the  hind-wings  pale  orange, 
speckled  with  black.  Another  species,  A.  clorinda  (Godart),  is 
greenish-white,  with  a  sulphur-yellow  blotch  extending  from  the 
costa  over  the  outer  half  of  the  cell  in  the  male  ;  at  the  end  of 
the  cell  is  an  orange  spot.  On  the  fore-wings,  the  second 
branch  of  the  sub-costal  nervure  is  emitted  before  the  end  of 
the  cell,  and  on  the  hind-wings,  the  short  tooth  on  the  hind- 

*  In  former  times,  C.  rhamni  would  have  been  more  abundant  than  at 
present ;  but  when  there  were  no  glovgr-fields,  Etirynius  would  have  been 
much  scarcer. 


924  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

margin  is  placed  at  the  upper,  instead  of  the  middle,  median 
nervule,  and  the  space  between  this  and  the  anal  angle  is 
slightly  dentated. 

Recent  authors  have  proposed  to  restrict  the  use  of  Bois- 
duval's  name  Rhodocera  to  one  of  the  largest  of  the  Pieridcc^  R. 
7nenippe  (Hiibner),  which  is  not  an  uncommon  species  in  South 
America.  It  expands  about  3^  inches  across  the  wings, 
which  are  of  a  yellowish-green,  with  a  black  spot  at  the  end  of 
the  cell  on  the  fore-wings,  and  an  orange  spot  on  the  hind- 
wings.  The  fore-wings  have  a  conspicuous  orange-"tip,"  the 
inner  edge  of  which  extends  obHquely  beyond  the  cell ;  it  is 
narrowly  bordered  with  black  at  the  apex,  along  the  upper  half 
of  the  hind-margin,  and  as  far  as  it  extends.  The  fore-wings 
are  strongly  arched,  and  are  slightly  pointed,  not  from  the 
extreme  apex  being  acute,  but  from  the  hind-margin  being 
somewhat  concave  below  the  tip  ;  the  hind-wings  are  regularly 
rounded,  and  scalloped,  but  with  no  short  tail.  The  antennae 
are  red,  as  in  most  of  the  allied  genera. 

Kricogonia^  Reakirt,  is  another  small  genus  of  the  group 
foujid  in  the  Southern  States  of  America,  Mexico,  and  the 
West  Indies.  The  antennae  are  distinctly  clubbed,  the  palpi 
are  rather  long,  and  the  fourth  branch  of  the  sub-costal  nervure 
runs  to  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings,  which  are  nearly  rectangular 
at  the  tip,  while  the  hind-wings  are  rounded.  The  type,  K. 
lyside  (Godart),  measures  about  two  inches  across  the  wings, 
which  are  white  above,  with  the  base  and,  more  faintly,  the 
tip  of  the  fore-wings  tinged  with  sulphur-yellow.  On  the  under 
side  the  hind-wings  are  greenish-white. 

Dercas^  Doubleday,  is  a  small  genus  characteristic  of  the 
Indian  Region.  The  wings  are  unusually  short  and  broad,  as 
are  also  the  wing-cells ;  the  fore-wings  have  a  short,  but 
prominent  hook  at  the  tip^  and  the  hind-wings,  which  are 
almost  square,  have  a  projecting  tooth  at  the  end  of  the  upper 


CATOfSILtA.  22^ 

median  nervule,  as  in  Amyiithia.  The  type,  D.  verhiieUi, 
Van  der  Hoeven,  which  inhabits  North  India  and  South  China, 
measures  about  2^  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are  sulphur- 
yellow  above,  with  the  tip  and  hind-margin  of  the  fore-wings 
rather  narrowly  blackish ;  a  short  ferruginous  stripe  on  the 
disco  cellular  nervules  of  the  fore-wings,  and  a  slightly  oblique 
yellowish  line,  most  distinct  below,  running  from  the  apical 
blotch  on  the  fore-wings  to  beyond  the  middle  of  the  hind- 
wings. 

GENUS   CATOPSILIA. 
Catopsilia^  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  98  (1816) ;  Butler, 
Lepid.  Exot.  p.  154  (1873) ;  Distant,  Rhop.  Malay,  p.  295 
(1885);  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  67  (1886). 

Antennae  moderately  stout,  longer  than  in  Colias  and  its 
allies,  but  shorter  and  thicker  than  in  typical  Fierls,  Sic.  : 
gradually  thickened  into  a  club,  truncated  at  the  tip.  Wings 
moderately  long  and  broad,  the  fore-wings  with  the  costa  arched, 
and  the  apex  more  or  less  distinctly  rectangular,  the  hind- 
margin  shghtly  oblique;  hind-wings  rounded.  Sub-costal 
nervure  four-branched,  the  first  branch  emitted  about  the  middle 
of  the  cell,  the  second  near  the  end  of  the  cell,  the  third  and 
fourth  forming  a  rather  large  fork ;  the  fourth  running  to  the 
hind-margin  a  little  below  the  tip,  the  upper  radial  nervule 
separating  at  about  one-third  of  the  distance  beyond  the  cell. 
Hind-wings  with  the  pre-costal  nervure  obsolete.  The  males 
have  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs  near  the  base  of  the  inner-margin  of 
the  fore-wings,  and  a  patch  of  raised  scales  above  the  sub- 
costal nervure  of  the  hind-wings. 

The  larvce  are  slender,  cylindrical,  and  granulated.  They  arQ 
green  or  grey,  with  black  spots,  and  feed  on  Cassia.  The  pupa 
is  moderately  stout,  pointed  at  both  ends,  but  not  curved,  and 
with  a  conical  hump  on  the  back. 

These  Butterflies  are  confined  to  the  tropics  of  the  Old 

10  Q 


220  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

World,  where  they  are  extremely  abundant.  They  are  grega- 
riouSj  sometimes  assembling  in  large  numbers  on  damp  sand 
{cf.  vol.  i.  p.  Ixiv.).  They  have  a  very  rapid  and  powerful 
flight,  and  frequently  migrate  in  large  flocks.  The  Butterflies 
are  of  a  white  or  yellow  colour,  and  some  of  them  very  closely 
resemble  American  species  of  allied  genera.  They  are  prob- 
ably not  all  strictly  speaking,  congeneric;  thus  the  Malayan 
and  Australian  C.  scylla  (Linn.),  a  conspicuous  Butterfly  with 
white  fore-wings  narrowly  bordered  with  black,  and  orange 
hind-wings,  has  a  much  stouter  larva,  and  a  stouter  and  more 
regularly-formed  pupa,  with  the  thoracic  hump  rounded  off. 

The  type  of  the  genus  is  C.  crocale  (Cramer),  another  very 
abundant  Indo-Malayan  and  Australian  species,  which  measures 
about  2^  or  3  inches  across  the  wings.  The  male  is  greenish- 
white,  with  the  greater  part  of  the  costa  and  hind-margin 
narrowly  bordered  with  black  ;  the  base  of  all  the  wings  is 
broadly  sulphur-yellow,  the  outer  limits  of  this  colour  being 
very  irregular,  and  narrowly  produced  for  some  distance  below 
the  black  edging  of  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings,  and  along  the 
inner-margin  of  the  hind-wings.  The  female  is  of  a  more 
creamy  white,  tinged  with  ochreous  towards  the  base,  and  with 
the  costa  of  the  fore-wings  and  the  hind-margins  of  all  the  wings 
more  broadly  edged  with  black.  From  the  costa  of  the  fore- 
wings  an  irregular  black  mark  descends  over  the  disco-cellular 
nervules,  and  towards  the  tip  the  black  markings  are  broader, 
forming  the  commencement  of  a  spotted  band. 

GENUS  CALLIDRYAS. 
Caiiidryas,  Boisduval  &  Leconte,  Lepid.  Amer.  Sept.  p.  73 
(1833);  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  605  (1S36); 
Doubleday,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p.  66  (1847);  Butler, 
Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  36,  46  (1S70);  id.  Lepid.  Exut.  pp.  22, 
155  (1870-1873). 


CALLIDRYAS.  2  27 

This  genus  nearly  resembles  Catopsilia,  but  there  is  no  brush 
of  hairs  on  the  wings  of  the  male,  though  there  is  a  patch  of 
raised  scales  towards  the  base  of  the  hind-wings,  and  the  upper 
radial  nervure  rises  at  only  one-fourth  of  the  distance  beyond 
the  cell.  The  species  inhabit  Tropical  America,  one  or  two 
extending  as  far  north  as  the  Southern  United  States.  They 
are  all  of  a  yellow,  orange,  or  red  colour,  some  of  them,  such  as 
C.  solstitia,  Butler,  from  Chili,  and  C.  avellaneda^  Herrich- 
Schaffer,  from  Cuba,  being  blotched  with  red  and  yellow  in 
such  an  extraordinary  manner  as  to  look  more  like  clumsily- 
executed  daubs  than  natural  Butterflies.  The  type  of  the 
genus  is 

CALLIDRYAS    EUEULE. 
{Plate  LIX.  Figs.  2  [imago],  3  {larva),  4  [pupa].) 
Papilio  euhule,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  xii.)    i.  (2)  p.   743,   no. 
102  (1767);    Abbot  &   Smith,    Lepid.   Georgia,   i.   pi.   5 

(1797)- 
Callidryas  eiihule,  Boisduval  &  Leconte,  Lepid.  Amer.  Sept.  p. 
74,  pi.  24  (1833) ;  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Le'pid.  i.  p.  613, 
pi.  6,  fig.  6  (1836);  Butler,  Lepid.  Exot.  i.  p.  58,  pi.  22, 
figs.  7-10  (1871). 

This  is  a  common  Butterfly  in  the  United  States.  It  measures 
about  three  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are  of  a  fine  sulphur- 
yellow  above,  unspotted,  or  with  a  linear  brown  border  to  part 
of  the  costa  and  hind-margin  of  the  fore-wings,  and  brown  dots 
on  the  ends  of  the  nervures  on  the  hind-wings.  Beneath,  there 
is  a  brown  spot  centred  with  silvery  at  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the 
fore-wings,  and  two  larger  contiguous  silvery  spots,  in  ferruginous 
rings,  on  the  hind-wings;  there  are  also  some  irregular  brown  or 
ferruginous  lines  or  dots  scattered  over  the  under  side  of  the 
wings.  The  female  is  of  a  somewhat  deeper  yellow  both  above 
and  below,  with  the  dark  edging  of  the  fore-wings  rather  broader, 

Q   3 


2  28  LLOYDS   NATURAL   HISTORY. 

and  a  rather  large  black  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell ;  on  the 
under  side  a  ferruginous  line  runs  round  all  the  wings,  and 
there  are  two  silvery  discoidal  spots  in  ferruginous  rings  on  the 
fore-wings  as  well  as  on  the  hind-wings.  The  body  is  yellow, 
with  greenish  hairs  on  the  thorax,  the  antennae  and  terminal 
joint  of  the  palpi  are  rose-colour,  varied  with  brown. 

The  larva  is  green,  with  a  yellow  line  on  each  side,  sur- 
mounted by  a  blue  one.  It  is  covered  with  small  black 
granules,  and  feeds  on  different  species  of  Cassia.  The 
pupa  is  also  green,  changing  to  brown  before  the  emergence 
of  the  Butterfly.  As  will  be  seen  by  the  figure,  the  anterior 
projection  is  very  conspicuous,  and  the  ventral  surface  is 
much  rounded,  but  the  upper  surface  of  the  body  is  slightly 
concave,  without  the  hump  on  the  thorax,  which  is  so  con- 
spicuous in  the  pupa  of  Catopsilia. 


The  remaining  genera  of  this  group  all  belong  to  Tropical 
America.  Aphrissa,  Butler,  differs  from  Callidryas  chiefly  by 
its  longer  palpi,  especially  in  the  female.  The  type,  A.  statira 
(Cramer),  a  South  American  species,  is  rather  smaller,  and  of  a 
paler  yellow  than  Callidryas  eiihule  ;  towards  the  hind-margins, 
w^hich  are  narrowly  bordered  with  black,  the  colour  shades  into 
whitish  ;  the  under  side  is  marked  only  with  a  silvery  discal 
spot  on  the  hind-wings,  ringed  with  brown.  In  the  female,  the 
border  is  rather  broader,  and  there  is  a  black  discoidal  spot  on 
the  fore-wings  above,  and  a  corresponding  spot  beneath,  centred 
with  silvery  ;  there  is  also  a  series  of  slight  disconnected  brown 
sagittate  spots  on  the  disc,  following  a  short  zig-zag  line  run- 
ning  from   the  inner   edge  of  the   brown  apex  of  the  fore- 


winss 


The  next  genus,  Fhcebis^  HLibner,  has  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs  in 


CALLIDRYAS.  229 

the  male  above  the  sub-costal  nervure,  near  the  base  of  the  hind- 
wings,  instead  of  on  the  inner-margin  of  the  fore-wings,  as  in 
Catopsilia  ;  the  wings  are  rounded,  and  the  fore-wings  are  rather 
bnger  than  the  hind-wings,  with  the  apex  generally  rounded  off, 
and  the  hind-margin  regularly  curved  and  slightly  oblique  ;  the 
type  is  P.  hersilia  (Cramer),  which  is  common  in  South  and 
Central  America.  In  this  genus  the  males  of  most  of  the  species 
are  of  an  orange-yellow  above,  and  the  females  are  slightly 
bordered  or  spotted  towards  the  margins  with  brown,  and  are 
marked  with  a  black  or  brown  discoidal  spot  on  the  fore-wings. 
On  the  under  surface  both  sexes  present  the  characteristic 
silvery  discoidal  spots,  bordered  with  ferruginous,  and  are  more 
or  less  varied  with  incomplete  ferruginous  zig-zag  lines  and 
mottlings. 

Another  small  genus,  allied  to  Phcehis,  is  Rhabdodryas,  God- 
man  &  Salvin,  which  differs  from  Phcebis  in  having  an  additional 
patch  of  closely-packed  scales  between  the  costal  and  sub-costal 
nervures  of  the  hind-wings.  The  type  is  P.  statira  (Cramer),  a 
yellow  species,  easily  distinguished  from  any  other  Butterfly  of 
this  group  by  having  a  straight  black  line  running  across  all  the 
wings  beneath.     It  is  found  in  South  America. 

The  last  genus  of  this  group  has  been  called  Metura  by  Dr. 
Butler,  but  this  name  had  been  previously  used  by  Walker  for 
a  genus  of  Moths  belonging  to  the  family  Psychidce,  and  I  there- 
fore prefer  to  substitute  the  name  Parura,  at  Dr.  Butler's  sug- 
gestion, for  the  present  genus.  The  type  will  be  P.  cipris  (Fab- 
ricius).  The  males  have  a  tuft  of  hair  above  the  sub-costal 
nervure  of  the  hind-wings  near  the  base,  as  in  Phcebis,  but  the 
fore-wings  are  shorter  and  broader  in  proportion,  the  costa 
being  much  more  strongly  arched,  and  the  hind-margin  much 
straighter  and  scarcely  oblique ;  the  hind-wings  are  produced 
into  a  short  broad  pointed  tail  at  the  anal  angle.  The  Butter- 
flies are  of  considerable  size,  frequently  exceeding  three  inches 


230  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

in  expanse,  and  are  yellow  or  orange,  with  very  large  discoidal 
spots  on  the  fore-wings,  at  least  in  the  females,  in  which  sex 
the  hind-wings  are  sometimes  bordered  with  red.  The  type, 
P.  cipris  (Fabricius),  is  sulphur-yellow  in  both  sexes.  They  arc 
all  Tropical  American  species. 

GENUS   SPH^NOGONA. 
Sphce7iogona^  Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  35,  44  (1S70). 

The  present  genus,  which  is  confined  to  the  warmer  paits 
of  America,  chiefly  differs  from  the  succeeding  ones  in  having 
the  hind-wings  produced  into  an  angle  or  short  tail  about 
the  middle  median  nervule.  The  sub-costal  branch  on  the 
hind-wings  is  emitted  beyond  the  cell. 

Dr.  Butler  (/.  c.  p.  44)  indicated  S.  edriva  as  the  type  of  the 
genus,  in  which  Dr.  Scudder  has  followed  him ;  but  previously 
(/.  c.  p.  35)  he  had  stated  simply,  that  the  genus  "includes 
S.  edriva^  bogotana,  and  allies."  The  true  type  would  appear 
not  to  be  S.  edriva^  but  S.  bogota?ia,  Felder ;  for  not  only 
was  S.  edriva,  in  1870,  only  a  manuscript  name  of  Double- 
day's  ;  but  when  Dr.  Butler  described  the  species  shortly  after- 
wards, he  only  did  so  by  briefly  comparing  it  with  5.  salome, 
Felder,  also  an  unfigured  species  at  that  time  (which  Felder, 
when  describing  it,  compared  with  his  own  S.  bogofana),  and 
this,  again.  Dr.  Butler  had  already  compared  with  S.  bogotana, 
Felder.  The  species  of  Sphcenogona  are  generally  yellow  or 
white,  with  broad  black  borders,  deeply  indented  on  the  fore- 
wings  with  the  ground-colour.  As  a  representative  of  this 
genus  we  have  figured 

SPIL^NOGONA    MEXICANA. 
^Plate  LIX.  Fig.  i.) 
Terias  mexkana,  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  655,  no.  3, 
pi.  19,  fig.  I  (1836);  Godman  &Salv!n,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer. 
Lepid.  Rhop.  ii.  p.  157  (1889). 


SPH.T.NOGONA.  23' 

AbcBis  7)iexicana^  Geyer;  Hiibner,  Zutr.  Exot.  Schmett.  v.  p.  2g, 
figs.  917,  918  (1837). 

This  species,  which  inhabits  Mexico,  as  its  name  denotes, 
measures  about  i^  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are  white, 
with  a  broad  black  border  ;  the  latter  is  very  irregular,  and  is 
deeply  indented  by  the  ground-colour  in  the  middle  on  the 
fore-wings.  In  the  male  the  hind-wings  are  broadly  yellow 
along  the  costal  area.  This  species  is  closely  allied  to  S.  bogo- 
tafid,  Felder,  the  type  of  the  genus  ;  but  in  S.  bogotana  the 
deep  white  indentation  on  the  middle  of  the  band  of  the  fore- 
wings  is  much  narrower,  and  the  costa  of  the  hind-wings  is  not 
yellow  in  the  male. 

As  the  male  of  his  S.  mcxicaU'i^  Boisduval  described  a  yel- 
low species,  which  has  since  been  named  S.  hoisdiivoliaiia 
by  Reakirt. 

American  genera  allied  to  Sphce?iogona, 

In  Pyrisitia^  Butler,  the  fore-wings  are  slightly  pointed,  and 
the  hind-wings  are  sub-quadrate,  the  hind-wings  showing  a 
slight  tendency  to  form  a  rectangle  on  the  hind-margin,  but 
with  no  projecting  tooth.  The  type  is  P.  proferpia  (Cramer), 
a  South  American  species,  remarkable  for  its  bright  orange 
colour  and  for  the  broad  black  costal  area  of  the  fore-wings. 

Another  genus,  XantJiidia^  Boisduval,  differs  from  all  the 
other  American  genera  by  the  male  possessing  a  patch  of  felted 
scales  on  the  under  side  of  the  hind-wings  between  the  median 
and  sub-median  nervures.  It  includes  several  rather  large  yel- 
low and  orange  species,  with  broad  black  borders  and  broad 
rounded  wings.  The  type  is  X  nicippe  (Cramer),  which  is  com- 
mon in  many  parts  of  North  America.  It  measures  about  two 
inches  across  the  wings,  which  are  of  a  bright  orange  colour, 
with  broad  black  regular  borders,  and  a  black  streak  at  the  end 
of  the  cell  of  the  fore-wings.     The  female  is  of  a  much  paler 


232  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

yellow,  and  the  border  is  much  narrower  and  more  incomplete. 
The  larva  is  green,  with  a  darker  dorsal  stripe  and  a  white 
band  on  the  sides,  marked  with  five  yellow  dots.  It  feeds  on 
Ononis  and  Trifolinni.  The  pupa  is  green,  slightly  arched, 
and  sprinkled  with  ferruginous  points. 

Eurema,  Hiibner,  is  another  American  genus,  including 
smaller  species,  rarely  attaining  the  expanse  of  an  inch  and  a 
half.  They  are  yellow  or  white,  with  rather  narrow  fore-wings 
and  broad  rounded  hind-wings.  In  several  species  the  fore-wings 
are  yellow  and  the  hind-wings  white.  They  are  more  or  less 
bordered  with  black,  and  the  males  have  always  a  black  stripe 
towards  the  inner-margin  of  the  fore-wings,  which  band  is  not 
unfrequently  edged  with  a  narrower  orange  stripe.  The  type  is 
E.  delia  (Cramer),  a  North  American  species.  It  is  yellow, 
marked  as  described,  but  there  is  a  large  black  triangular  mar- 
ginal blotch  towards  the  tip  of  the  hind-wings  above  instead  of 
a  border;  en  the  under  side  the  hind-wings  and  the  tip  of  the 
fore-wings  are  of  a  dull  greyish-red.  The  larva  is  green,  with  a 
white  lateral  stripe,  and  feeds  on  Trifolium^  &c.  The  pupa  is 
also  green. 

GENUS  TERIAS. 
Terias,  Swainson,  Zool.  111.  i.  pi.  21  (1822);  Horsfield,  Cat. 
Lepid.  E.  I.  Co.  p.  134  (1829);  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen. 
Ldpid.  i.  p.  651  (1836);  Doubleday,  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  p. 
76  (1847);  Butler,  Cist.  Ent.  i.  pp.  35,  44  (1870);  Dis- 
tant, Rhop.  Malay,  p.  302  (1886). 

Body  slender,  rather  hairy;  palpi  short,  compressed;  antennae 
short,  slender,  with  a  gradually  formed  club.  Wings  rather  short 
and  broad,  cells  broad,  lower  disco-cellular  nervules  arched; 
fore-wings  rounded,  or  more  or  less  pointed  at  the  tips  ;  hind- 
wings  rounded.  Fore-wings  with  the  sub-costal  nervure  four- 
branched,  the  first  branch  emitted  at  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch 


lERIAS.  233 

before  the  end  of  the  cell,  the  second  near  the  end  of  the  cell, 
the  third  and  fourth  forming  a  rather  long  fork;  upper  discoidal 
nervule  thrown  off  at  about  one-third  of  the  distance  between 
the  cell  and  the  tip  of  the  wings.  Hind-wings  with  the  pre-costal 
nervule  more  or  less  obsolete;  sub-costal  nervure  bifurcating 
about  the  end  of  the  cell. 

The  larva  is  moderately  slender,  C3lindrical,  and  pubescent ; 
the  pupa  is  straight,  pointed  at  the  ends,  and  very  convex  on 
the  back. 

This  o-enus  includes  an  immense  number  of  small  white  and 
yellow  Butterflies,  which  inhabit  the  warmer  parts  of  Asia  and 
Africa.  There  are  several  well-marked  groups  among  them, 
which  must  ultimately  be  divided  into  genera  like  their 
American  allies.  Many  species  have  a  wide  distribution,  and 
are  very  variable.  They  are  all  of  a  white  or  yellow  colour, 
sometimes  with  only  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings  black,  at  other 
times  with  black  borders  varying  in  shape  and  width.  On  the 
under  side  they  are  generally  more  or  less  flecked  with  brown 
or  ferruginous.  The  type,  Terias  /^^<f<2/'^  (Linnaeus),  is  a  widely- 
distributed  East  Indian  Butterfly,  with  broad  black  borders, 
wliich  are  broader  towards  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings,  but  below 
the  middle  of  the  border  it  is  deeply  and  squarely  indented  by 
the  yellow  ground-colour  in  the  manner  of  Sphceuogona  mexi- 
cana  {cf.  plate  lix.  fig.  i).  The  border  of  the  hind-wings  is 
narrower  and  regular.  This  is  a  very  variable  species.  On 
the  under  side  it  is  distinctly  spotted,  but  in  the  closely-allied 
T.  sa?'t\  Horsfield,  and  in  some  allied  species,  there  is  a  large 
square  reddish-brown  blotch  at  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings 
beneath.  The  larva  of  T.  hecabe  is  green,  with  a  pale  yellow 
lateral  stripe.  It  feeds  on  various  species  of  yEschynome?ie, 
especially  ^.  sesha?i. 

In  another  species,  representing  a  different  group,  T.  ca?idida 
(Cramer),  the  wings  are  yellow  above  and  below  in  the  male, 


234  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

and  white  above  in  the  female,  with  a  broad  regular  black 
border,  not  indented,  which  is  continued  narrowly  along  the 
costa  of  the  fore-wings,  and  is  represented  by  a  brown  shade 
along  the  inner-margin  of  the  hind-wings.  Other  species  have 
a  black  band,  varying  in  width,  on  the  inner-margin  of  the 
fore-wings,  resembling  what  we  find  in  the  genera  Nathalis 
and  Eureina. 

FxVMILY  VI.     EQUITID/E. 

Egg,— Dome-shaped,  flattened  at  the  base,  slightly  rugose, 
more  ovate  in  the  Parnassiincc^  and  reticulate. 

Larva. — Cylindrical,  with  a  Y-shaped  retractile  tentacle  behind 
the  head;*  smooth  or  granulated,  sometimes  humped  towards 
the  head,  not  hairy  or  bristly,  but  occasionally  furnished  with 
rows  of  fleshy  tubercles. 

Pupa. — Attached  by  the  tail,  generally  in  an  upright  position, 
and  secured  by  a  girth  round  the  middle  of  the  body. 

Imago. — Of  large  or  moderate  size ;  wings  strong,  often  tailed ; 
pattern  generally  simple  and  uniform,  not  variegated,  and  very 
rarely  with  well-marked  ocellated  spots ;  sub-costal  nervure  of 
fore-wings  four-branched  (rarely  five-branched) ;  lower  radial 
nervure  appearing  like  a  fourth  branch  of  the  median;  median 
and  sub-median  nervures  connected  by  a  short  cross- nervule 
near  the  base ;  sub-median  nervure  throwing  off  a  short  fork 
near  the  base  to  the  inner-margin ;  hind-wings  with  but  one 
sub-median  nervure,  the  lower  sub-median,  or  internal  ner- 
vure, so  conspicuous  in  the  Pieridce,  being  always  absent. 
Six  perfect  legs  in  both  sexes,  the  tibice  furnished  with  a  leaf- 
like projection ;  the  claws  always  simple,  except  in  Leptocirais, 
in  which  they  are  sometimes  bifid. 

*  This  is  technically  called  an  osmaterium,  and  always  emits  a  strong 
odour. 


EQUITID/E  235 

Eange. — The  species  formerly  included  in  the  genus  Papilio 
and  its  immediate  allies  are  sparingly  represented  all  over  the 
world,  but  attain  their  maximum  of  size,  beauty,  and  variety  in 
the  Indo-  and  Austro-Malayan  Regions.  The  genera  which 
most  nearly  resemble  the  Pieridce,  on  the  other  hnnd,  are 
mountain  insects,  and,  with  the  exception  of  Pariiassius^  which 
extends  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  are  almost  entirely  confined 
to  Europe  and  Northern  and  Western  Asia. 

Habits. — Most  of  the  larger  and  more  typical  species  of  this 
family  feed  on  trees,  and  others  on  UnibeUiferce.  They  frequent 
woods  and  gardens,  and  have  a  lofty,  sailing  flight,  but  as  they 
frequently  rest  on  tall  flowers  or  flowering  shrubs,  they  are  less 
difficult  to  capture  than  might  be  supposed.  As  already  men- 
tioned, the  white  species  which  resemble  Pieridce  frequent 
mountain  slopes,  and  their  larvce  feed  on  saxifrages  and  other 
low  plants. 


I  believe  that  Dr.  Scudder  is  right  in  regarding  the  Camber- 
well  Beauty,  Vanessa  antiopa  of  our  first  volume  (p.  92),  as  the 
true  type  of  the  genus  Papilio^  Linn.,  for  Schrank  assigned  that 
name  to  the  Nyniphalidce  before  Latreille  restricted  it  to  the 
Linnean  Eqiiites.  But  the  genus  need  not  carry  the  Family 
name  with  it,  and  the  Nymphalidce  may  retain  that  title.  The 
present  Family  may  be  called  Equitidcc^  which  course  I  have 
decided  to  adopt  in  the  present  volume,  pending  the  final  sub- 
division of  the  great  genus  Papilio,  Latreille  (nee  Schrank),  into 
natural  genera. 

The  Equitidce.  form  several  very  distinct  groups,  which  mny 
be  treated  as  Sub-families.  Schatz  defines  three,  but  they  are 
more  readily  separable  by  their  general  appearance  than  by  the 
characters  which  he  assigns  to  them. 


236  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

SUB-FAMILY  PARNASSIINiE. 

Palpi  moderately  long,  not  extending  beyond  the  head ; 
wings  rounded,  white  or  yellow,  often  with  red  spots ;  fore- 
wings  with  the  sub-costal  nervure  four  or  five-branched,  with 
no  transverse  nervule  connecting  the  median  and  sub-median 
nervures  at  the  base ;  hind-wings  with  no  transverse  nervule 
connecting  the  costal  and  sub-costal  nervures.  These  Butterflies 
frequent  mountains  and  steppes ;  the  pubescent  larvae  feed  on 
saxifrages  and  similar  plants,  and  the  pupa  is  enclosed  in  a 
rough  cocoon  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  is  subterranean. 
Several  authors  have  remarked  on  the  Moth-like  characteristics 
of  this  group  of  Butterflies. 

GENUS   PARNASSIUS. 

farnassms,  1.3.h-ei\\e,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.  Ins.  xiv.  p.  no  (1805); 

id.  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  pp.  9,  79  (18 19);  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen. 

Lepid.  i.  p.  394  (1836);  Doubl.  Gen.  Diurn.  Lepid.  i.  p. 

26  (1847);  Elwes,  P.  Z.  S.   1886,  pp.   6-53,  pis.   i.-iv.  ; 

Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p.  48  (1886). 
Body  hairy ;  antennae  short ;  club  variable  in  form  ;  wings 
rounded,  often  semi-transparent  towards  the  tips,  from  the 
presence  of  hair-like  scales;  fore-wings  with  the  sub-costal 
nervure  four-branched,  the  upper  radial  nervule  rising  con- 
siderably beyond  the  cell ;  hind-wings  with  the  inner-margin 
considerably  concave.  Female  with  a  horny  pouch  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  abdomen. 

THE   APOLLO    BUTTERFLY.       PARNASSIUS    APOLLO. 
(P/a/e  LXII.  Fig.   i.) 
Papilio  apollo,  Linneeus,  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  i.  p.  461,  no.  41 
(1758);  id.  Faun.  Suec.  p.  268  (1761);  Esper,  Schmett. 
i.  (i)  p.  41,  pi.  2,  fig.  I   (1777);  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett. 
i.  figs.  396,  397  (1803?),  figs.  730,  731  (1818?) 


PLATE    LXII. 


/.  PamassijuLS  ctpoUo. 


PARNASSIUS.  237 

Paniassius  apoilo,  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  79,  no.  i  (]8i9); 
Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  395  (1836);  Newman, 
Brit.  Butterflies,  pp.   175,   176  (1881);  Kirby,  Eur.  But- 
terflies and  Moths,  p.  4,  pi.  3,  figs.  1^-^(1878);  Lang, 
Butterflies  Eur.  p.   16,  pi.  2,  fig.  i,  pi.  4,  fig.  i    (pouch) ; 
pi.  5,  fig.  6  (transf.)  (1881);  Austaut,  Les  Parnassiens,  pp. 
86,  193  (1889). 
Ordinary  European  specimens  of  this  well-known  Butterfly 
measure   from    2^    to  3^  inches  across    the   wings,    which 
are  white,   slightly  tinged   with  yellow.      The   fore-wings  are 
marked  with  five  black  spots,  one  in  the  cell,  one  at  its  ex- 
tremity, two  or  three  beyond,  and  a  larger  one  just  beyond 
the  middle  of  the  inner-margin.     The  base  is  thickly  dusted 
with  black;    the   hind-margin   is  semi-transparent,  as   if  var- 
nished, being  covered  with  fine  hair-like  scales ;  within  this 
is  a  moderately  broad  dusky  line,  more  or  less  distinct.     The 
hind-wings  are  white,  with  the  inner-margin    thickly   dusted 
with  black,  and  clothed  with  long  white  hair,  and  there  are 
two  dusky  zig-zag  sub-marginal   stripes.     There  are  also  two 
very  conspicuous  large  red  spots  in  black  rings,  and  generally 
with  whitish  centres :  one  below  the  costa,  to\Nards  the  base, 
and  one  beyond  the  cell ;    towards  the  latter,  a  black  bar, 
sometimes  marked  with  red,  at  least  on  the  under  side,  runs 
from  the  inner-margin.     On  the  under  side  there  is  an  addi- 
tional row  of  red  spots,  bordered  with  black  externally,  at  the 
base.   The  body  is  black  with  white  hairs  above,  and  yellowish 
beneath ;  the  antennae  are  black,  ringed  with  white,  with  a  black 
ovoid  club. 

The  larva  is  velvety-black,  with  two  rows  of  deep  orange 
spots  on  each  side;  the  incisions  are  glossed  with  blue^  and 
the  whole  body  is  clothed  with  short  black  hair.  It  feeds  on 
the  Orpine  {Sedum  tekphhwi)  and  on  various  other  species  of 
saxifrages,  &c. 


238  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

The  pupa  is  spun  up  between  leaves,  thus  being  placed  in  a 
slight  cocoon. 

This  Butterfly  is  found  throughout  the  greater  part  of 
Europe  and  Northern  and  Central  Asia,  in  summer  and 
autumn,  in  mountainous  regions.  In  Scandinavia  it  occurs  in 
the  plains,  but  in  the  Alps  it  is  one  of  the  commoner  Butter- 
flies on  the  lower  slopes,  from  about  1,000  to  5,000  feet  above 
sea-level.  In  Spain  it  is  found  at  a  great  elevation  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  in  Andalusia;  and  the  spots  of  these  indi- 
viduals are  of  a  yellowish-white  instead  of  red  colour.  In 
West  Central  Europe  it  becomes  rare;  in  the  Vosges  it  is 
very  scarce  and  local,  if  it  occurs  at  all.  It  is  absent  from 
North  Germany,  and  in  Western  Germany  it  is  only  met  with 
in  a  few  localities  near  Coblenz,  between  the  Mosel  and  the  Ahr. 
Many  reports  have  been  published  of  its  having  been  taken  in 
England  and  Scotland,  but  it  could  hardly  occur  in  some  of 
them  (such  as  Dover)  except  by  direct  importation  with  plants 
or  otherwise,  and  several  of  the  principal  Scotch  reports  are 
now  known  to  have  been  erroneous.  At  present  there  is  no 
justification  for  including  it  in  the  British  lists.  The  largest 
European  specimens  have  been  said  to  come  from  Silesia, 
where,  however,  it  is  now  almost,  if  not  quite,  extinct.  The 
great  Siberian  Parnassius  hesebolus,  Nordmann,  which  is 
generally  considered  to  be  a  variety  of  F.  aj^ol/o,  sometimes 
expands  nearly  four  inches. 

The  other  two  European  species  are  much  more  local  in  the 
Alps.  F.  delius  (Esper)  is  smaller  on  an  average  than  F.  apollo^ 
and  flies  in  damper  places  at  a  higher  elevation;  it  may  be  distin- 
guished by  having  the  sub-costal  spots  beyond  the  cell  marked 
with  red.  F.  nmeniosyne  (Linnceus)  is  also  a  local  Butterfly,  and 
in  Prussia  Proper  it  is  found  on  the  plains,  though  elsewhere  in 
Central  Europe  it  is  a  mountain  Butterfly.  It  has  no  red  spots, 
but  only  two  black  ones,  in  and  at  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  fore- 


PARNASSIUS.  239 

wings,  and  some  blackish  markings  towards  the  inner  margin  of 
the  hind-wings.  The  dub  of  the  antennae  is  very  long,  and 
gradually  formed,  and  this  species  and  its  allies  will  certainly  be 
separated  as  a  distinct  genus  by  future  entomologists. 

The  foreign  species  of  Pcwnassius  are  usually  very  similar  to 
the  red-spotted  European  ones  ;  and,  as  already  mentioned,  one 
or  two  are  found  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  California.  At 
the  other  end  of  their  range  they  do  not  cross  the  Mediterranean 
though  they  are  found  in  Spain,  Italy,  Greece,  and  Armenia ; 
but  in  Central  Asia  they  are  very  numerous.  Some  species, 
such  as  P.  stiihbendorfii^  Menetries,  which  is  found  in  the  Altai, 
are  almost  entirely  white,  without  red,  and  even  without  black 
spots;  others,  such  as  P.  eversjuanni^  Menetries,  from  East 
Siberia  and  Alaska,  are  yellow,  at  least  in  the  male  ;  for  the  white 
P.  zvGsnesenskii^  Menetries,  is  believed  to  be  the  female.  Most 
of  the  species,  however,  resemble  P.  apollo  and  P.  delius  so 
much,  that  one  description,  unless  detailed,  would  fit  them  all ; 
some,  however,  such  as  P.  apoUonius^  Eversmann,  w^hich 
frequents  salt-marshes  in  Central  Asia,  have  a  row  of  three 
or  more  red  or  yellow  spots  on  each  wing.  Two  of  the 
Indian  species  may  be  noticed :  P.  charltonius^  Gray,  a  scarce 
species,  as  large  as  P.  apollo^  found  at  a  great  elevation,  which 
has  a  row  of  sub-marginal  black  spots,  with  blue  pupils,  on  the 
hind-wings  beyond  the  two  large  red  eyes  :  and  P.  hardwickii^ 
Gray,  a  much  smaller  and  commoner  species,  hardly  reaching 
two  inches  in  expanse,  which  is  similarly  marked,  but  the  red 
spots  are  smaller  in  proportion,  and  there  are,  moreover,  red 
spots  on  the  fore-wings  as  well. 

There  are  two  other  small  genera  of  this  Sub-family  besides 
Parnassins.  Dorilis^  Fabricius,  is  distinguished  by  the  five- 
branched  sub-costal  nervure  of  the  fore-wings.  D.  apollina 
(Herbst)  measures  about  two  inches  across  the  wings,  which 
are  semi-transparent  yellowish-grey  (whiter  on  the  fore-wings  in 


240  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

the  male),  with  two  very  large  black  spots  on  the  fore-wings, 
one  in,  and  one  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  the  hind- wings  have 
a  sub-marginal  row  of  black  eyes  with  blue  pupils,  marked 
within  by  a  row  of  red  spots.  The  larva  feeds  on  Aristolochia^ 
and  the  pupa  is  found  under  moss  and  stones.  The  Butterfly 
appears  from  January  to  March  in  Asia  Minor  and  Syria.  It 
has  also  been  reported  to  occur  in  European  Turkey  and  in 
some  of  the  Greek  Islands. 

Hyper7n?icstra,  Heydenreich,  has  the  sub-costal  nervure  of 
the  fore-wings  four-branched,  as  in  Farnassius,  but  the  upper 
disco-cellular  nervule  is  well  marked,  the  upper  radial  nervule 
rising  from  the  discoidal  cell,  and  not  from  the  sub-costal,  as 
in  the  preceding  genera.  The  type,  H.  helios  (Nickerl)  is  com- 
mon on  the  steppes  of  Turkestan  and  North  Persia,  and  the  pupa 
is  said  to  bury  itself  deep  in  the  ground.  The  Butterfly  measures 
about  one  and  a  half  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are  of  a  yel- 
lowish-white, with  black  spots  arranged  nearly  as  in  Farftassius^ 
the  two  beyond  the  cell  on  the  fore-wings  marked  with  red;  the 
hind-wings  are  marbled  with  green  beneath,  which  gives  the 
insect  somewhat  the  appearance  of  a  Fontia. 

These  two  genera  have  no  horny  pouch  in  the  female,  as  in 
Farnassius  ;  but  we  may  notice  two  outlying  genera  which  pos- 
sess it,  though  Schatz  includes  them  in  the  Equitince,  because 
they  have  a  cross-nervule  near  the  base  on  the  fore-wings  be- 
tween the  median  and  sub-median  nervures,  and  one  on  the 
hind-wings  between  the  costal  and  sub-costal  nervures.  The 
sub-costal  nervure  of  the  fore-wings  is  five-branched  in  both 
genera. 

Euryms,  Boisduval,  is  a  small  genus,  including  one  or  two 
species  from  Australia  and  New  Guinea.  The  type,  E.  cressida 
(Fabricius),  is  common  in  Australia,  and  is  remarkable  for  the 
dissimilarity  of  the  sexes.  It  averages  about  three  inches  in 
expanse,  the  female  being  rather  smaller  than  the  male.     This 


EURYADES.  i4i 

is  exceptional  in  Butterflies,  though  it  is  the  case  in  Drurya 
antimachus  (Drury),  and  in  some  other  Butterflies.  The  male 
has  longer  and  narrower  wings  than  the  female.  The  fore- 
wings  are  smoky-hyaline,  broadly  black  at  the  base,  and  more 
narrowly  round  the  margins,  with  two  very  large  roundish  black 
spots,  one  in,  and  one  at  the  end  of,  the  cell.  The  hind-wings 
are  slightly  dentated,  and  are  black,  with  a  transverse  white 
band,  divided  by  the  nervures  across  the  middle ;  about  its 
centre  is  a  black  spot,  of  moderate  size,  at  the  end  of  the  cell. 
On  the  black  space  beyond  the  white  band  is  a  row  of  sub- 
marginal  red  spots,  and  there  is  a  row  of  marginal  yellowish- 
white  spots.  The  female  is  really  very  similar  in  markings,  but 
has  a  very  different  appearance,  being  of  a  yellowish  smoky- 
hyaline,  more  strongly  yellowish  towards  the  base,  where  it  is 
black  in  the  male.  On  the  fore-wings  the  apex  is  broadly 
dusky,  and  the  black  spots  in  and  at  the  end  of  the  cell  are 
very  small.  On  the  hind-wings  the  white  band  is  hardly  dif- 
ferentiated from  the  general  colouring  of  the  wing,  and  the 
sub-marginal  spots  are  yellow  instead  of  red.  The  female  has 
some  resemblance  to  the  common  Australian  Acrcca  a?idro- 
macha  (Fabricius),  which  it  is  thought  to  mimic. 

The  genus  Euryades^  Felder,  which  is  confined  to  the 
Argentine  Republic  and  the  neighbouring  countries  of  South 
America,  is  intermediate  between  Eiirycus  and  some  of  the 
more  typical  groups  of  South  American  Equitincr.,  but  it  may  be 
distinguished  by  its  peculiar  neuration,  the  upper  disco-cellular 
nervule  of  the  fore-wings  being,  instead  of  all  the  disco-cellu- 
lars,  very  short,  and  the  fourth  sub-costal  nervule  rising  from 
the  third  beyond  the  cell,  and  the  fourth  and  fifth  forming  a 
rather  short  fork.  The  horny  pouch  of  the  female,  too,  is 
peculiar.  The  fore-wings  are  triangular,  and  the  hind-wings 
are  dentated,  and,  in  some  of  the  species,  tailed.  The  type 
is  E.  coretJu-us  (Boisduval). 

10  R 


J42  Lloyd^s  natural  history. 

SUB-FAMILY    THAIDIN^. 

Palpi  long,  projecting  beyond  the  head ;  antennae  short ; 
Kings  dentated  or  tailed ;  sub-costal  nervure  of  the  fore-wings 
five-branched ;  median  and  sub-median  nervures  of  the  fore- 
ivings  not  connected  by  a  short  cross-nervure  near  the  base, 
except  in  Teinopalptis^  but  the  hind-wings  with  the  costal  and 
sub-costal  nervures  thus  connected. 

A  very  small,  but  interesting  group,  confined  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean Region,  Bhutan,  China,  and  Japan.  They  are  so  well 
marked  that  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  distinguish  them  here  by 
more  than  their  outward  characters. 

GENUS   THAIS. 

Thais,  Fabricius  in  Illiger's  Mag.  Insekt.  vi.  p.  283  (1807); 

Latreille,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  9  (1819);    Boisduval,   Spec. 

Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.   382  (1836);    Doubleday,  Gen.  Diurn. 

Lepid.  p.  30  (1847);    Schatz,   Exot.   Schmett.  ii.  p.   50 

(1886.) 
Moderate-sized  Butterflies,  expanding  about  two  inches 
across  the  wings,  which  arc  broad,  and  not  very  long.  They 
vary  from  yellowish-white  to  ochreous,  and  are  ornamented 
with  festooned  markings  on  the  hind-margins,  somewhat  like 
those  on  the  under  surface  of  the  genus  Cethosia  in  the 
Nymphalidce{cf.  vol.  i.  p.  48).  The  fore-wings  are  banded  or 
spotted  with  black,  chiefly  towards  the  costa,  and  are  often 
more  or  less  spotted  with  red  ;  the  hind-wings  are  more  or  less 
clouded  or  spotted  with  black,  chiefly  towards  the  base  and 
inner-margin,  and  have  always  a  sub-marginal  row  of  red  spots. 
The  hind-wings  are  always  dentated,  and  sometimes  sub- 
caudate. 

The  larvae  are  cylindrical,  rather  short,  and  covered  with 
fleshy  spines  and  short  hairs.     They  feed  on  difl"erent  species 


/.  THmzs  med^siciiste. 
2 .  Lepto circus  m^^es- 


tHAIS.  243 

of  Arisfolochia,  either  singly,   or  in   small  companies.     The 
pupa  is  cylindrico-conical,  somewhat  angular  in  front. 

The  species  are  all  found  in  spring  and  early  summer  in 
the  Mediterranean  Region.  The  type  is  T.  polyxena  (Denis 
and  Schiffermiiller),  which  is  found  in  South  France,  Italy, 
Austria,  and  South-eastern  Europe  and  Western  Asia  generally. 
It  is  a  longer-winged  insect  than  the  species  figured,  and  has 
only  one  red  spot  (if  any)  on  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings.  The 
larva  is  yellowish,  with  a  brown  dorsal  band,  six  rows  of 
reddish-yellow  spines  tipped  with  black,  and  black  dots  on  the 
sides.  It  feeds  on  Aristolochia  deiiiatidis  in  August^  and  the 
Butterfly  appears  in  early  spring. 

THAIS    MEDESICASTE. 
{Plate  LXIII.  Fig.  i.) 

Papilio  medesicaste^  Fabricius  in  Illiger's  Mag.  Insckt.  ii.  p.  iSi 

(1803);  Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett.  i.  fig.  632  (1818). 
Thais  medesicaste^  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  84  (18 19);  Bois- 

duval.  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  388  (1836);  Kirby,  Eur. 

Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  3  (1878). 
Fapilio   runiina,   Iliibner,   Eur.    Schmett.   i.    figs.   394,    395 

(1803?). 
Fapilio  riwiifta  Eitropce  austfaiis^    Esper,  Schmett.  i.   (2)  p. 

115,   pi.    72,  fig.   4  (1782?). 
Thais  ruf?ii?ia,  var.  riiedesicaste^  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.   24^ 

pi.  3,  fig.  4  (1881). 

Var.  Thais  hoiinoratii, 

Var.  Thais  honnoratii,  Boisduval,  Icones,  p.  18,  pi.  3,  figs.  3-5,. 

(1832). 
Thais  7nedesicasfe,  var.  honnoratii,  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid. 

i.  p.  389,  pi.  5,  fig.  4  (1836). 

R    2 


244  LLOYD  S    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

Thais  rumi7ia^  var.  houfioratii,  Lang,  Butterflies  Eur.  p.  24, 
pi.  3,  fig.  5  (1881). 

This  species,  which  is  common  in  Southern  France  in  May, 
is  the  smallest  of  the  genus,  expanding  an  inch  and  a  half  or 
an  inch  and  three-quarters.  It  is  of  a  yellowish-white  or  pale 
ochreous-yellow  ;  the  fore-wings  with  a  series  of  five  broad  black 
bands  running  from  the  costa,  the  first,  third,  and  fifth  marked 
A  ith  red ;  the  base  is  also  more  or  less  black.  The  second  and 
fifth  bands  are  narrower,  and  converge  with  the  first,  to  the 
inner-margin,  the  outermost  of  these  bands  being  again  marked 
with  red.  Towards  the  hind-margin  are  two  continuous  fes- 
tooned black  bands,  the  ends  of  the  outermost  toucliing  the 
margin.  The  hind-wings  are  more  or  less  black  at  tlie  base, 
close  to  which  a  red  spot  is  generally  visible,  and  there  are  some 
small  black  spots  on  the  disc.  Beyond  is  a  row  of  red  spots, 
bordered  within  with  black,  and  there  are  two  sub-marginal 
lines  which  form  crescents,  but  not  the  abrupt  festoons  of  those 
on  the  fore-wings.  Towards  the  tip  of  tlie  fore-wings  is  a 
transparent  spot.  The  under  side  is  similar,  but  paler,  and  the 
light  portions  of  the  hind-wings  have  a  peculiar  white  glazed 
appearance.  The  body  is  black,  with  yellow  spots  on  the 
abdomen. 

The  larva,  which  feeds  on  various  species  of  Arisiolochia^  is 
variable  in  colour,  being  reddish-yellow,  brown,  or  dull  reddish- 
green,  with  rows  of  interrupted  black  lines.  It  has  six  rows  of 
fleshy  orange-yellow  spines,  tufted  with  black  at  the  end. 

This  Butterfly  is  frequently  considered  to  be  a  local  form 
of  the  Spanish  Thais  ricmina  (Linn.),  which  difl'ers  by  its 
larger  size  and  deep  ochreous  colour.  The  Rev.  Douglas 
C.  Timins,  who  observed  T.  viedesicaste  in  South  France, 
writes: — "It  is  less  sluggish  than  some  of  the  other  species 
of  the  genus,  but  seldom  flies  after  two  or  three  o'clock, 
and  prefers  localities  where  the  beautiful  rose-coloured  cistua 


THAIS. 


245 


grows."     He  adds  :  ''  There  is  a  variety  of  this  species  figured 
under  the    name    of    Thais  hoimoratii,    by   Boisduval,  which 
appears  to  be  only  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Digne  ;  it  is 
smaller  than  the  type  ;  the  crimson  spots  are  much  enlarged 
upon  the  lower  wings,  and  upon  the  upper  wings  are  much 
more  numerous  and  also  larger  than  in  the  type  ;  the  second 
and  third  costal  bands  are  very  small.     This  variety  is  exceed- 
ingly rare,  and  specimens  fetch  about  £\   each  in  the  Paris 
dealers'  shops.     I  have  been  told,  however,  by  an  old  French 
entomologist,   that  they  have  been    known    to    fabricate   this 
variety  by  selecting  small  individuals  of  T.  medesicaste  and  dex- 
terously colouring  them  by  means  of  crimson  scales  borrowed 
from  other  specimens,   the  black  scales  of  the  second  and 
third  costal  bands  being  neatly  removed,  and  their  place  sup- 
plied by  yellow  scales.      I  have  followed  most  authors  in  giv- 
ing T.  hon7ioratii  as  a  variety  of  T.  medesicaste;  if,  however, 
this  is  the  case,  it  is  rather  curious  that  it  should  only  have 
appeared  in  one  locality  out  of  several  in  which  T.  medesicaste 
abounds.     The  statement,  moreover,  that  it  has  been  reared 
from  a  larva    identical  with  that  of    T.  medesicaste   must  be 
received  with  caution.     I  knew  a  French  collector  who  had  at 
one  time  two  thousand  larvae  of  T.  medesicaste,    and  not  one 
produced  T.  honiwratUy     (Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  London,  1867,  p. 
103.) 

Digne,  although  one  of  the  most  famous  localities  for  Lepi- 
doptera  in  France,  appears,  for  some  reason  or  other,  to  be 
but  httle  visited  by  English  entomologists. 


The  remaining  genera  of  this  Sub-family  are  rare  in  col- 
lections, being  mostly  confined  to  localities  more  or  less  diffi- 
cult of  access,  and  may  be  dealt  with  briefly. 


246  LLOYD'S    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

Luehdorfia,  Criiger,  may  be  siructurally  distinguished  from 
Thais  by  the  presence  of  a  short  upper  disco-cellular  nervule 
(which  is  absent  in  Thais)  on  the  fore-wings,  and  the  much 
shorter  middle  disco-cellular.  The  species  are  confined  to  North 
China,  including  the  Amur  district  and  Japan,  and  are  larger 
than  Thais,  usually  expanding  more  than  two  inches  across 
the  wings.  The  fore-wings  are  more  triangular,  and  the  hind- 
wings  sub-caudate.  The  species  are  of  an  ochreous-yellow,  wilh 
alternating  longer  or  shorter  bands  running  from  the  costa  of 
the  fore-wings,  some  of  the  longer  ones  extending  to  the  costal 
region  of  the  hind-wings.  The  latter  have  a  row  of  red  spots 
towards  the  hind-margins  beneath,  though  on  the  upper  surface 
there  is  sometimes  only  a  large  red  blotch  towards  the  anal 
angle.  Outside  this  is  a  black  band,  marked  with  a  row  of 
blue  spots,  beyond  which  is  a  sub-marginal  row  of  ochreous 
spots,  sometimes  tinged  with  reddish,  the  incisions  being  also 
marked  with  ochreous.  At  the  end  of  the  upper  median 
nervule  is  a  short  tail.  The  larva  is  black,  with  yellow  spots 
and  incisions,  and  the  pupa  more  resembles  that  of  Achiviis 
machaon  in  form  than  that  of  Thais. 

The  genus  Sericimis,  Westwood,  inhabits  the  same  localities 
as  Liiehdorfia,  but  its  range  is  less  extensive,  as  it  is  unknown 
in  Japan.  There  are  a  cluster  of  closely-allied  forms,  which 
some  writers  consider  to  be  distinct,  while  others  consider 
them  all  to  be  varieties  of  S.  telamon  (Donovan).  They  are 
white  or  yellowish-white  Butterflies,  measuring  from  two  to  two 
and  a  half  inches  across  the  wings.  The  latter  are  more  or 
less  banded,  and  spotted  with  black,  and  are  sometimes 
marked  with  one  or  more  small  red  spots.  Towards  the  anal 
ang^e  of  the  hind-wings  is  a  red  band,  narrowly  edged  inside 
with  black,  and  outside  broadly  with  black,  spotted  with  blue. 
In  the  female  the  black  bands  often  expand  and  anastomose 
to  such  an  extent  as  to  cover  a  large  portion  of  the  wings, 


BHUTANITIS.  247 

and  the  red  and  black,  blue-spotted  band  towards  the  anal 
angle  is  extended  sub-marginally  nearly  to  the  costa  of  the 
hind-wings;  nearer  the  base  is  a  red  spot  on  the  costa  in  the 
female.  The  hind-wings  are  very  slightly  dentated,  but  are 
produced  into  a  single  long  tail  at  the  end  of  the  upper  median 
nervule.  The  larva,  which  feeds  on  Aristolochia,  is  black,  with 
hair-bearing  warts,  and  resembles  that  of  a  Thais.  There  are 
two  hairy  projections  on  the  sides  of  the  neck,  besides  the 
retractile  fork  which  we  find  on  the  back  of  the  neck  of  the 
larvae  of  all  this  Family.  The  pupa  has  a  row  of  spines  down 
the  back  ;  the  head  is  bifid,  and  the  opposite  extremity  is 
obtuse. 

Armafidia  i/iaidina,  Blanchard,  is  a  large  Butterfly,  with 
long  and  rather  narrow  wings,  found  in  Western  China.  It 
was  first  brought  from  Mou-pin  by  the  French  missionary,  Abbd 
David,  who  was  the  first  to  make  known  the  natural  history 
treasures  of  the  far  interior  of  China.  It  measures  rather  more 
than  three  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are  black,  cro-sed 
by  slightly  undulated  thread-like  white  transverse  lines.  The 
hind-wings  are  black  towards  the  anal  angle,  with  a  broad  red 
bar,  some  blue  flecks  beyond  it,  and  a  few  deep  orange  sub- 
margmal  dashes  outside.  The  hind-wings  are  dentated,  and  tlie 
median  nervules  terminate  in  three  long  tails,  that  at  the  end 
of  the  upper  median  nervule  being  the  longest  (half  as  Ion' 
as  the  length  of  the  rest  of  the  wing),  and  spatulate. 

Bhiitanitis  lidderdalii^  Atkinson,  much  resembles  Armandit 
thaidina,  and  is  placed  by  some  authors  in  the  same  genus 
The  structural  characters  appear  to  be  slight,  and  the  colour  is 
much  the  same,  but  A.  lidderdalii  is  a  considerably  larger 
Butterfly,  measuring  nearer  four  inches  than  three  across  the 
wings,  which  are  much  broader,  and  of  a  much  deeper  black 
with  whiter  striae.  On  the  hind-v/ings  the  orange-ochreous  sub- 
marginal  dashes  are  replaced  by  lar^e  spots  of  the  same  colour. 


248  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

the  long  tail  is  not  spatulate,  but  linear,  and  is  preceded  by 
two  short  tails  at  the  ends  of  the  lower  sub  costal  and  the  dis- 
coidal  nervules,  making  five  tails  in  all.  In  A.  thaidina  they 
are  merely  indicated  by  notches.  B.  Uddenialii  was  first  taken 
by  the  celebrated  hunter  and  naturalist,  Lidderdale,  in  Bhutan, 
at  a  height  of  5,000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  has  since  been  taken 
by  others,  but  is  still  very  scarce  in  collections.  Nothing  seems 
to  be  yet  recorded  concerning  the  early  stages  of  these  two  re- 
markable Butterflies. 

To  this  Sub-family  I  add  another  very  beautiful  species 
from  North  India  and  South  China,  which  Schatz  places  in 
the  next  Sub-family.  It  seems  to  me,  however  (pending  a 
thorough  revision  of  the  EquitidcE^  which  cannot  be  much 
longer  delayed),  to  have  considerable  affinity  to  Arniandia  and 
Bhuianltis,  and  hence  I  place  it  near  them.  It  is  true  that  the 
fore-wings  are  broad,  sub-triangular,  and  rather  pointed,  instead 
of  forming  a  long  rounded  oval;  but  the  hindwings  are  very 
similar  in  shape,  and,  what  is  of  more  consequence,  the  short 
upper  disco-cellular  nervule  on  the  fore-wings,  and  the  very 
long  incurved  middle  one  are  almost  precisely  of  the  same  form. 

The  sexes  of  Teinopalpus  inipena/is,  Hope,  differ  very  con- 
siderably. The  species  measures  from  three  and  a  quarter  to  four 
and  a  half  inches  across  the  wings.  In  the  male  the  wings  are 
of  a  silky  green,  with  some  darker,  rather  ill -defined  stripes  on 
the  fore-wings ;  the  hind-wings  have  a  large  orange  band, 
bordered  with  black,  running  from  the  costa  for  half  the  length 
of  the  wing ;  on  the  outside  the  black  colour  extends  nearly  to 
the  tip ;  it  is  bordered  externally  by  a  suffused  hlac-white 
stripe,  which,  beyond  the  orange  band,  runs  obliquely  to  the 
inner-margin,  being  edged  internally  with  black.  On  the 
under  side  the  wings  are  green  towards  the  base,  but  the  outer 
two-thirds  of  the  fore-wings  are  suffused  with  a  rich  orange; 
the   orange  band  of  the  hind-wings   is  more  extended,   and 


EOUITIN^.. 


249 


the  lower  and  outer  part  of  the  wing  is  varied  with  lilac- 
white.  At  the  end  of  the  upper  median  nervule  is  a  long, 
slender  tail,  and  a  shorter  one  at  the  end  of  the  lowest.  The 
female  is  much  larger  than  the  male,  and  is  broadly  banded 
with  green  and  lilac  ;  and  the  orange  band  on  the  hind-wings 
is  wanting.  There  are  three  long  tails  on  the  hind-wings,  the 
shortest  in  the  middle,  and  the  longest  nearest  to  the  anal 
angle. 

This  splendid  Butterfly  is  found  in  the  forests  at  Sikkim,  at 
a  height  of  from  6,000  to  10,000  feet,  and  has  also  been  met 
with  in  Central  China.  The  male  flies,  in  the  morning,  about 
high  trees,  but  may  be  attracted  by  ordure,  or  may  descend  to 
water,  like  Apaiura  iris.  The  female  is  very  rarely  taken,  as  is 
the  case  with  many  other  Butterflies,  of  which  the  habits  of  the 
males  are  well  known.  The  pupa  has  been  found  attached  to 
the  leaves  of  DapJme  7iipalensis,  on  which  the  larva  no  doubt 
feeds.  It  is  a  shrub  resembling  the  mezereon,  which  grows  at 
a  height  of  from  7,000  to  9,000  feet  in  the  mountain  forests, 
and  is  used  for  paper  making. 

SUB-FAMILY  III.     EQUITIN.E. 

Palpi  short;  antenn?e  generally  long  and  slender,  with  the 
club  more  or  less  gradually  formed.  Fore-wings  with  the 
costal  nervure  nearly  always  five-branched,  and  with  the  upper 
disco  cellular  nervule  well  developed.  Median  nervure  with  a 
short  cross-nervule  near  the  base,  which  rarely  extends  as  far  as 
the  sub  median;  hind-wings,  with  the  pre-costal  nervure  bifid  (as 
is  also  the  case  in  the  genera  Sericinus,  Westwood,  and  Teino- 
palpus,  Hope,  but  not  in  any  other  genera  placed  in  the  pre- 
ceding Sub-families ;  and  with  a  cross-nervule  connecting  the 
costal  and  sub-costal  nervures  near  the  base)  Hind-wings  often 
dentated  and  tailed. 


250  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

This  Sub-family,  as  above  restricted,  corresponds  exactly 
to  the  genus  Papilio^  as  understood  by  Felder. 

Three  genera  are  now  recognised  by  most  Continental  and 
English  writers,  but  the  real  number  is  much  larger. 

GENUS  DRURYA. 
Drurya^    Aurivillius,    Entomol.    Tidskrift,   ii.   p.  44   (1881); 
Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett  li.  p.  40  (1886);  Rippon,  Icones 
Ornith.  p.  iv  *  (1892). 

Club  of  the  antennce  gradually  formed;  collar  well  developed; 
fore-wings  very  long,  the  hind-margin  gradually  concave ;  sub- 
costal nervure  five-branched,  the  third  rising  just  before  the  cell; 
hind-wings  short,  rounded,  slightly  dentated,  the  inner-margin 
straight,  not  concave  or  folded ;  abdomen  extending  beyond 
the  hind-wings. 

The  type  of  this  genus  is  the  famous  Papilio  antimachus, 
Drury,  a  specimen  of  which  was  brought  to  Europe  by  Smeath- 
man  from  Sierra  Leone,  and  figured  by  Drury  in  1782,  and  sub- 
sequently by  Donovan  in  his  "Naturalist's  Repository."  This 
specimen  is  now  in  the  Sydney  Museum,  and  no  other  was 
brought  to  Europe  till  1864,  though  it  is  now  known  to  occur, 
though  always  sparingly,  over  a  large  portion  of  Tropical  West 
Africa,  even  as  far  inland  as  Stanley  Falls  on  the  Congo.  The 
wings  are  very  long  and  narrow  (less  so  in  the  female,  which  is 
smaller  than  the  male),  expanding  from  seven  to  nine  inches. 
The  fore-wings  are  black,  with  large  tawny  spots  and  markings 
towards  the  base,  and  the  hind-wings  are  tawny,  with  a  row  of 
black  sub-marginal  spots.  It  has  been  supposed  to  mimic 
some  unknown,  and  probably  extinct  species  of  the  Sub-family 
Ac?'cei?i(B.  Its  nearest  ally  is  a  West  African  Butterfly,  which 
has  been  described  as  Papilio  ridleyafius^  White,  and  which 
both  in  size,  shape,  and  colour,  much  resembles   Gnesia  zeta 

(Linn.).* 

•  Of.  vol.  i.  p.  38. 


TROIDES.  251 

GENUS   TROIDES. 

Troides,  Hiibner,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  88  (18 16). 

Oriiithoptera^  Rippon,  Icones  Ornithopterorum,  p.  i  (1891). 
With  this  genus  we  commence  the  series  of  Butterflies  usually 

included  in  Boisduval's  genus  Ornithoptera^  or  Bird-winged  But- 
terflies, which  Mr.  Rippon  is  now  engaged  in  illustrating  in  his 

"  Icones  Ornithopterorum."  They  include  many  of  the  largest 
and  most  beautiful  Butterflies  in  the  world,  and  their  range  ex- 
tends from  China  and  India  to  North  Australia.  But  only  the 
genera  Ornithoptera,  Boisduval,  and  Trogonoptem,  Rippon,  are 
found  in  the  Indo-Malayan  Region  ;  the  others  belong  exclu- 
sively to  the  Austro-Malayan  Region.  I  have  published  a  paper 
on  this  group  in  Nature  for  January  10,  1894,  from  which 
the  accompanying  figures  have  been  taken,  with  the  kind  per- 
mission of  the  editor.  I  have  not  attempted  here  to  reproduce 
all  the  information  contained  in  that  paper,  though  I  have  added 
some  new  matter  which  did  not  appear  in  it. 

Here  I  may  emphasise  the  fact  that  in  dividing  the  Linncan 
Equiies  into  genera,  Hiibner  usually  employed  classical  patro- 
nymics. In  my  determination  of  the  types  of  these  genera  I 
have  taken  into  consideration  two  points  to  which  previous 
authors'  seem  to  have  paid  but  little  attention.  Firstly,  the 
applicabihty  (if  any)  of  the  name  itself,  which  cannot  be  ignored 
in  cases  where  there  is  a  direct  connection  between  the  names 
of  genera  and  species ;  and  secondly  (though  this  is  of  much 
less  consequence),  the  species  figured  under  these  names 
by  Hiibner  himself.  If,  therefore,  I  ignore  the  types  which 
some  previous  authors  have  affixed  to  Hiibner's  genera,  it  is 
usually  on  these  grounds. 

So  far  as  is  known,  most  of  the  species  of  this  group  agree 
in  the  large  anal  claspcrs  of  the  males,  the  large  collar,  the 
long  and  rather  pointed  fore-wings,  and  the  generally  rounded 
and  scalloped  hind-wings,  the  tuberculate  larva?,  &q. 


252  LLOYDS    NATURAL   HISTORY. 

The  genus  Troides  may  be  briefly  defined  as  follows.  Antennae 
with  a  large,  but  gradually-formed  club  ;  fore-wings  black,  with 
green,  blue,  or  orange  bands  in  the  male,  and  the  hind-wings 
greenish,  blue,  or  orange.  Female  black,  more  or  less  marked 
with  large  white  or  yellowish-white  spots.  On  the  fore-wings  of 
the  male  is  a  large  patch  of  raised  scales.  The  third  sub-costal 
nervule  of  the  fore-wings  rises  considerably  before  the  cell  in 
both  sexes,  and  the  fourth  and  fifth  sub-costals  rise  from  a  very 
short  stalk  just  beyond  the  cell.  Sides  of  the  thorax  red,  abdo- 
men yellow  in  male,  yellowish-white  in  female. 

TROIDES   PRIAMUS. 

{.Plate  LXIV.  Fig.   i.) 

Papil'io  priamus,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)   i.  p.  458,  no.  i 

(1758) ;  id.  Mus.  Ulr.  p.  182  (1764);  Clerck,  Icones,  pi. 

17,  fig.  I  (1764);  Cram.  Pap.  Exot.  i.  pi.  23,  figs.  A,  B 

(1775);  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  25,  no.  i  (1819). 
Troides  pr'uvmis^  Hiibner,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  taf.  116, 

117  (1824). 
Ornithoptera  priamus^  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  173 

(1836);  Rippon,  Icones  Ornith.  p.  4,  pi.  \a,  \h  (1891). 
%     Papilio  panthons,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  i.  p.  461,  no. 

16  (1758);  Clerck,  Icones,  pi.  19  (1764);  Cramer,  Pap. 

Exot.  ii.  pi.  123,  fig.  A:  pi.  124,  fig.  A  (1777);  Godart, 

Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  25,  no.  2  (18 19). 
This  species,  which  appears  to  be  confined  to  the  islands  of 
Amboina  and  Ccram,  is  not  only  one  of  the  largest  of  th.e 
present  group,  but  one  of  the  largest  Butterflies  known.  It 
measures  from  eight  to  ten  inches  across  the  wings.  The 
male  has  velvety  black  fore-wings,  with  a  bright  green  or 
bluish-green  sub-costal  band  running  from  the  base  nearly 
to  the  tip.  A  narrower  green  band,  just  above  the  inner- 
margin,  runs  from  the  base,  and  curves  round  opposite  the 


/.  Tr aides    pruxjniis. 


PLATE      LXIV. 


2 .  Ornithopirm    rtimu^ 


XROIDES. 


253 


hind-margin  for  about  two-thirds  of  its  length.  Above  this 
IS  a  large  patch  of  raised  scales  opposite  the  inner-margin. 
The  hind-wings  are  green,  with  a  narrow  black  border, 
waved  on  the  inner  side,  and  a  row  of  large  round  black 
dots  on  the  disc,  near  which  are  sometimes  some  small 
orange  ones.     On  the  under  side  the  fore-wings  have  the  end 


Troides  richinondia^  $, 

of  the  cell,  and  a  great  part  of  the  disc  between  the  broad 
black  nervures,  green,  crossed  on  the  outer  side  by  a  broad 
black  bar.  On  the  hind-wings  the  marginal  black  band  is 
broader,  and  the  inner-margin  is  black;  the  sub-marginal  spots 
curve  round  to  the  costa,  and  within  them  is  a  large  orange 
spot  above  the  cell.  The  head  and  thorax  are  black,  the  latter 
spotted  with  red  below  the  wings,  and  with  a  green  longitudinal 


2  54  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

line  above ;  the  abdomen  is  yellow,  with  small  black  dots  on 
the  sides.  The  female  is  dark  brown,  with  a  row  of  long  white 
spots  on  the  disc  ;  on  the  fore-wings  many  of  these  are  inter- 
rupted, and  on  the  hind-wings  they  are  divided  by  a  row  of 
black  spots,  beyond  which  the  white  of  the  inner  portion  of 
these  long  spots  is  replaced  by  buff.  Head  and  body  as  in  the 
male,  but  the  stripe  on  the  thorax  above  is  of  a  much  paler 


Troides  richmondiay  ^  Var. 

green,  and  the  abdomen  is  of  a  much  paler  yellow,  often  shaded 
into  grey  above. 

The  larva  of  T.  priamus  has  not  been  described  ;  but  as  the 
Butterfly  has  been  seen  flying  about  A[a?igifera  i/idica,  it  has 
been  thought  likely  that  it  may  feed  on  that  tree. 

There  are  a  great  number  of  species  closely  allied  to  this, 
but  locally  constant,  chiefly  differing  in  size,  and  in  the  different 
arrangement  of  the  green  bands  in  the  male,  and  of  the  white 
spots  in  the  female.     The  smallest  species  is   T.  richmofidia^ 


TROIDES.  255 

(Gray),  which   is    common    in    Queensland    and   New  South 
Wales. 

From  the  green  species  (in  some  of  which  the  green  sub- 
costal band  is  shot  with  coppery-red  in  certain  lights)  we  pass 
on  to  T.  nrvillianus  (Boisduval),  in  which  the  green  is  replaced 
by  rich  deep  blue,  showing  a  green  or  coppery  iridescence  on 
the  band  in  certain  lights.  It  has  lately  been  found  in  New 
Guinea,  New  Ireland,  Duke  of  York  Island,  and  the  Solomon 
Islands.     The  larva,  which  feeds  on  Afisfolochia,  the  favourite 


Tr aides  richnwndia,  (S. 

food  of  so  many  tropical  and  sub-tropical  Butterflies,  is  black, 
with  carmine  tentacles,  and  fleshy  spines,  the  latter  tipped  with 
black. 

Another  remarkable  species  is  T.  crccsus  (Wallace),  from  the 
island  of  Batchian,  one  of  the  Northern  Moluccas.  Here  the 
green  or  blue  of  the  species  we  have  already  mentioned  is 
replaced  by  a  brilliant  golden  orange,  shading  into  green  in 
certain  lights.     Mr.  Rippon  proposes  the  name  Priamoptera 


256  LLOYD*S    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

for  T.  iirvillianus  and  T.  crcesus.  T.  lydius  (Felder),  which 
inhabits  Gilolo  or  Halmahera,  an  island  not  far  from  Batchian, 
has  the  sub-costal  band  of  the  male  of  a  very  deep  coppery- 
red,  but  both  in  this  species  and  in  T.  crasus,  the  only  other 
mark  on  the  fore-wings,  except  a  short  dash  at  the  base  of  the 
inner-margin,  is  the  very  large  oval  blotch  of  scales.  The  hind- 
w^ngs  are  paler  than  the  band  of  the  fore-wings,  and  varied 
with  yellow.  The  female  of  T.  cra'sus  does  not  differ  much 
from  the  ordinary  females  of  this  genus ;  but  that  of  T.  lydius 
is  black,  with  the  cell  and  two  complete  rows  of  long  spots, 
concave  at  the  extremity,  and  the  inner  row  very  large,  between 
the  nervures  beyond  the  cell.  The  hind-wings  are  yellowish- 
brown,  with  the  base,  nervures,  a  sub-marginal  band  of  nearly 
connected  spots,  and  another  on  the  hind-margin,  black. 

GENUS   ^THEOPTERA. 
/Etheopiera,  Rippon,  Icones  Ornith.  p.  4  (1891). 

Fore-wings  of  the  male  very  long,  narrow,  and  pointed. 
Hind-wings  very  long  in  both  sexes  ;  in  the  male,  with  the  fold 
of  the  inner-margin  enclosing  scent-scales.  Fore-wings  with 
the  third  sub-costal  nervule  rising  from  the  end  of  the  cell  in 
both  sexes ;  the  fourth  and  fifth  sub-costals  separating  at  about 
one-third  of  the  distance  from  the  cell  to  their  extremity  in  the 
male,  and  at  a  quarter  of  the  distance  in  the  female. 

^.  victoria,  (Gray),  the  type  of  this  genus,  is  found  in 
Guadalcanar,  one  of  the  Solomon  Islands.  The  male  measures 
six  inches  across  the  fore-wings,  which  are  black,  with  the  basal 
third  of  the  wdngs  green  and  yellow,  except  on  the  costa  ;  and 
another  blotch  of  the  same  colour  near  the  costa  before  the 
apex,  divided  by  the  nervures.  The  hind-wings  are  green, 
Imrdered  outside  by  a  yellow  band,  on  which  stand  three 
orange  spots  (also  visible  below,  where  they  have  black  spots 


PLATE    LXV 


/.  Hectorides  ascamiis. 
2.AchJlUd£s  pans. 


SCHCENDERGIA.  257 

beneath  and  beyond  them) ;  and  beyond  these  is  a  narrow 
bJack  border.  The  female  is  black,  with  much  broader  wings; 
it  measures  seven  inches  in  expanse. 

There  is  a  row  of  large  white  central  spots,  and  another  of 
sub-marginal  spots  on  all  the  wings  ;  on  the  fore-wings  a  yellow 
band,  white  at  the  extremity,  runs  along  the  cell,  and  another 
along  the  inner-margin  ;  on  the  costa  of  the  hind-wings  is  a 
yellow  band.  The  larva  is  dark  brown,  with  long  carmine 
fleshy  spines  ;  the  retractile  fork  is  yellow. 

The  closely-allied  /E  regincs.  (Salvin),  which  is  found  in  the 
neighbouring  island  of  Malayta  is  larger ;  the  male  has  more 
black  on  the  hind-wings,  and  the  yellow  band  is  replaced  by 
three  orange  spots  surrounded  with  green  in  the  dark  part  of 
the  wing. 

These  Butterflies,  as  well  as  Troides  tirvilliaitus^  are  found 
flying  about  the  sweet-smelling  white  flowers  of  Cerhera 
odollaniy  a  plant  which  is  allied  to  the  oleander,  and  is 
common  in  the  East  Indies. 

GENUS  SCHCENBERGIA. 
ScJi(£7ibergia,  Pagen steelier,  Jahrb.  Nassau.  Ver.  xlvi.  p.  35 
(1893). 
The  fore-wings  of  the  male  of  this  very  curious  genus 
resemble  those  of  the  last  as  regards  neuration,  but  are  broader, 
and  the  hinder  angle,  which  is  completely  rounded  off  in 
/Etheoptera^  is  more  distinct.  The  hind-wings,  however,  have 
a  very  short  costa,  and  very  long  hind-  and  inner-margins. 
They  are  almost  rectangular  at  the  apex,  and  thence  fall  almost 
straight  to  the  base  of  a  very  long  and  slender  tail.  The  cell 
reaches  almost  to  the  hind-margin,  the  nervures  beyond  being 
so  short  as  almost  to  suggest  the  idea  that  the  wings  have  been 
trimmed  with  a  pair  of  scissors.  The  females  are  not  specially 
remarkable. 

10  S 


258 


LLOYD'S    NATURAL    HISTORY. 


The  only  known  species  is  Schcenhergia  paradisca,  Staudinger, 
which  is  found  in  tlie  Finisterre  Mountains  of  New  Guinea 


ScJhvnrir^la  faradisca,  J". 

at  a  height  of  about  1,500  feet.     The  male,  which  measures 
ftve  inches  in  expanse,  has  black  fore-wings,  with  two  broad 


TROGONOPTERA. 


259 


green  bands  glossed  with  golden-yellow,  one  below  the  costa, 
and  the  other  between  the  cell  and  the  sub-median  nervure, 
curving  upwards  opposite  the  hind-margin.  There  is  also  a 
short  green  band  on  the  inner-margin  The  hind-wings  are 
green,  more  suffused  with  orange-yellow  than  the  fore-wings, 
and  narrowly  bordered  outside  with  black,  the  base  and  inner- 
margin  being  very  broadly  bordered  with  black. 

The  females  are  larger,  and  are  black,  with  two  rows  of 
white  spots  on  the  fore-wings,  decreasing  in  size,  and  converg- 
ing towards  the  hinder  angle.  Hind-wings  with  a  pale  sub- 
marginal  band,  extending  across  the  lower  half  of  the  wing,  but 
much  incurved  towards  the  costa  ;  the  outer  part  is  yellow, 
shading  within  to  bluish-grey  and  whitish  ;  across  it  runs  a  row 
of  black  spots. 

GENUS  TROGONOPTERA. 
Tro^onopfera,  Rippon,  Icones  Ornlth.  part  ii.  (1890). 
Fore-wings  longer  and  narrower  than  in  Schoenbergia,  the 
apex  rounded  off,  the  hinder  angle  well-marked ;  cell  very  long 
and  narrow ;  third  sub-costal  thrown  off  in  both  sexes  at  the 
end  of  the  cell ;  fourth  and  fifth  forking  at  about  one-fifth  of 
the  distance  from  the  cell  to  their  extremities.  Hind-wings 
slightly  oval,  dentated,  and  in  the  male  slightly  projecting  at 
the  anal  angle.  No  patch  of  raised  scales  on  the  fore-wings  of 
the  male,  but  the  abdominal  fold  on  the  hind-wings  is  very 
large,  enclosing  scent-scales. 

TROGONOPTERA    BROOKEANA. 

Ornithoptera  hrookiana^  Wallace,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  (2)  iii. 

p.  104  (1855);  Staudinger,  Exot.  Schmett.  i.  p.  42,  pi.  2, 

(1886). 
Ornithoptera  hrookeana^  Hewitson,   Exot.   Butterflies,  i.  pi.  i, 

fig.  I  (1855);  Distant,  Rhop.  Malay,  p.  .-^.so,  pi.  27  A,  fig. 

4,  pl.  27^,  fig.  I  (1885). 

S  2 


2  6o 


LLOYDS    NATURAL    HLSTORY. 


Papilio  trogon^  Snellen  Van  Vollenhovcn,  Tidschr.  v.  Ent.  iii. 

p.  69,  pi.  6  (i860). 
Ornithoptera  {Trogonoptcra)  drookeana,  Rippon,  Icones  Ornith. 

part  ii.  (1S90). 
This  splendid  Butterfly  is  not  only  the  single  green  species  of 
the  group  found  on  the  continent  of  Asia,  but  the  only  known 
screen   Indc-Malayan  species,  except  T.  trojana.     It  was  lust 


Trogonoptera  oioehana,  <?, 

discovered  by  Dr.  A.  R.  Wallace,  near  the  coal-mines  of  Simun- 
jon,  in  Sarawak,  and  named  by  him  after  Rajah  Brooke.  It  has 
since  been  met  with  in  Sumatra  as  well  as  in  Borneo,  and  in 
Perak  and  Malacca  in  the  Malay  Peninsula.  It  measures  from 
six  to  eight  inches  across  the  fore-wings,  which  are  black,  with  a 


TROGONOPTERA.  26 1 

row  of  large  green  sub-marginal  triangles,  each  intersected  by  a 
nervure;  on  the  hind-wings  the  whole  centre  is  green.  In  the 
female,  which  is  very  rare  indeed  in  comparison  to  the  male,  the 
green  is  much  more  glossed  with  brassy,  and  is  bordered  within 
with  blue,  which  is  seldom  the  case  in  the  male,  and  the  green 
markings  which  disappear  towards  the  costa  in  the  male,  are,  in 
the  female,  replaced  by  long  bifid  grey  streaks  between  the 
nervures.  The  body  is  black,  with  a  broad  crimson  collar,  and 
with  crimson  spots  on  the  sides  of  the  thorax  below  the  wings. 
The  names  given  to  this  species  by  Van  Vollenhoven,  and  to 
the  genus  by  Mr.  Rippon,  were  suggested  by  the  resemblance 
in  colour  to  the  beautiful  black  and  green  tropical  American 
birds  called  Trogons. 

The  only  other  species  of  this  genus,  T.  troJa?2a,  Staudin- 
gcr,  has  shorter  and  squarer  green  spots.  It  is  found  in  the 
Iskmd  of  Palawan,  and  is  at  present  very  rare  in  collections. 

Nothing  appears  to  be  known  of  the  early  stages  <d{T.hi'ookea?ia. 
Various  interesting  notes  on  its  habits  may  be  found  in  the 
works  of  my  friends  Messrs.  Distant  and  Rippon,  which  I  do 
not  draw  upon,  as  Sir  Hugh  Low  has  very  kindly  favoured  me 
with  the  following  account  of  its  habits  as  observed  by  himself 
in  Perak,  &c.  :  — 

"  I  hrst  met  with  Ornithoptera  hrookcana  on  the  Island  of 
Labuan,  about  the  time  that  it  was  first  collected  by  Wallace, 
but  I  only  saw  one  specimen  of  it.  It  was  in  an  open  space  in 
a  magnificent  forest,  and  I  was  not  able  to  capture  it,  though 
I  saw  it  in  the  same  place  on  two  different  days.  The  fine 
jungle  which  at  that  time  covered  the  island  has  since  been 
utterly  destroyed,  so  that  I  imagine  the  insect  is  no  longer  to 
be  found  there.  I  never  met  with  it  in  the  neighbouring 
islands  of  Kuraman  or  on  Pulo  Daat,  where  I  collected  many 
other  fine  species.  I  saw  one  specimen  fly  ra[)idly  past  me  on 
the  mainland  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Kiiia  Pahi,  in  an  open 


262  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

country,  and  as  those  are  the  only  occasions  on  which  I  came 
upon  it  during  my  long  residence  in  Borneo,  and  as  my  nume- 
rous native  collectors  never  brought  me  specimens  of  it,  I 
imagine  it  must  be  a  rare  insect  in  the  country  in  which  Wal- 
lace first  discovered  and  captured  it. 

"In  1878,  on  visiting  'Gopeng,'  a  village  of  miners  in  the 
'  Kinta '  district  of  the  State  of  Perak,  in  the  Malay  Peninsula, 
I  was  very  much  delighted,  as  I  descended  from  my  elephant, 
to  see  a  fine  specimen  of  this  Butterfly  settle  in  the  most 
leisurely  and  confident  manner  on  a  patch  of  black  mud  in 
the  middle  of  the  village  street,  and  quite  close  to  me  On  the 
following  morning,  as  I  walked  through  the  valley  in  which  the 
open  pits  of  the  tin  miners  were  excavated,  the  beautiful 
creatures  were  flying  about  in  all  directions,  as  many  as  six  or 
seven  being  visible  at  a  time.  Their  flight  was  straight,  rather 
slow,  and  heavy,  very  different  from  that  I  had  seen  on  Kina 
Balu.  It  flew  generally  about  ten  feet  above  the  ground,  to 
which  it  frequently  descended,  resting  on  damp  spots.  It  was 
easily  caught,  and  at  my  request  my  people  secured  a  great 
many  specimens  for  the  museum  at  Singapore,  by  knocking 
them  over  with  their  cotton  jackets  and  waist-cloths  taken  off  for 
the  purpose.  At  one  place  I  noticed  a  great  number  of  the 
wings  of  the  Ornithoptera  lying  round  a  saturated  piece  of  plank 
close  to  a  little  rill  of  water  near  a  Chinese  gardener's  hut,  and, 
passing  the  spot  shortly  afterwards,  I  saw  a  cat  of  the  *  knotted 
tailed '  race  peculiar  to  Malaya  watching  for  the  Butterflies  as 
they  settled  on  the  end  of  the  plank  nearest  to  the  water,  and 
catching  them  most  deftly  with  its  paws.  It  ate  the  body  of 
the  one  I  saw  it  catch,  leaving  the  beautiful  wings  to  be  strewn 
by  the  wind  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  around  its  breakfast 
table.  I  ascertained  that  the  plank  was  used  by  the  Chinese 
occupants  of  the  hut  for  cutting  up  and  cleaning  their  fish  and 
pork,  and  as  it  was  saturated  with  moisture  and  the  iuices  of 


ORNITHOPTERA.  263 

the  chopped  food,  its  attraction  for  the  Butterflies  was  ac- 
counted for.  I  again  visited  Gopeng  five  years  ago,  but  the 
beautiful  Butterfly  was  no  longer  to  be  seen  in  the  valley, 
which  had  been  entirely  altered  in  character  by  the  extension 
of  the  works  of  the  miners. 

"  The  only  other  place  in  which  I  met  with  the  insect  in 
Perak  was  at  another  mining  centre  called  '  Chandariang,'  in  the 
Betang  Padang  district,  about  ten  miles  from  Gopeng.  There 
were  a  good  many  specimens  flying,  like  those  at  Gopeng,  about 
ten  feet  or  less  from  the  surface  of  the  ground  in  the  neigli- 
bourhood  of  a  pool  of  water;  all  the  specimens  observed  in 
both  places  were  males,  with  one  exception.  The  female  was 
resting  on  the  flowers  of  a  beautiful  Taxonia,  on  the  edge  of  the 
jungle,  about  fifteen  feet  from  the  ground. 

"Mr.  Leonard  Wray,  who  is  the  curator  of  the  excellent 
Museum  of  the  State  of  Perak,  and  a  most  zealous  and  scien- 
tific naturalist,  lately  sent  me  two  specimens  from  Perak,  but 
did  not  mention  the  district  in  which  they  had  been  collected. 
Mr.  Kiinstler  was  in  charge  of  the  Singapore  Museum  when 
I  took  the  specimens  from  Perak  to  it,  and  he  subsequently 
visited  the  State  and  revelled  in  collecting  and  sending  home 
large  quantities  of  insects  for  sale,  and  he  was  also  a  very 
successful  botanical  collector  for  Dr.  King,  the  director  of  the 
Royal  Botanical  Gardens  at  Calcutta." 

GENUS     ORNITHOPTERA. 

Ornithoptera^  Boisduval,  Voy.  Astrolabe,  Lepid.  p.  -^t,  (1832)  ; 

id.  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  173  (1836) ;  Doubleday,   Gen. 

Diurn.  Lepid.  p.   3  (1846);  Schatz,  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  p. 

40  (1886). 

Fore-wings  long,   sub-triangular,   the  apex  rather  pointed ; 

hind-wings  rounded  and  dentated.      Fore-wings  with  the  third 

branch  of  the  sub-costal  ncrvure  generally  rising  at  the  cell. 


264 


LLOVDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 


rarely  before  or  after  it,  the  third  and  fourth  nervurcs  rising 
beyond  the  cell  from  a  longer  or  shorter  stalk.  There  is  no 
patch  of  raised  scales  on  the  fore- wings  of  the  males,  but  scent- 
producing  scales  are  concealed  in  the  fluffy  abdominal  fold ; 
colours  black  and  yellow. 

The  species  of  this  group  arc  characteristic  of  the  Indo- 
Malayan  Region,  though  some  of  them  extend  to  the  Moluccas, 
&c.  The  type  is  O.  hehiia  (T  jnn.),  which  inhabits  the  Moluccas 
and  the  Papuan  Islands.  It  is  a  large  species,  with  black  fore- 
wings  in  the  male,  and  yellow  hind-wings,  very  broadly  black 
at  the  base,  and   on   the  hind-margin.     The  female  is   of  a 


Oniitliopeia  J^ciii/ciis,  laiva. 

lighter  brown,  with  a  large  buff  or  yellowish  spot,  divided  by 
the  nervures,  in  the  middle  of  the  hind-wings. 

]\Iany  species  have  black  or  biown  fore-wnngs,  more  or  less 
rayed  with  grey  along  the  nervurcs,  especially  in  the  females ; 
and  golden-yellow  hind-wings,  with  a  narrow  black  border,  fes- 
tooned on  the  inner  side  ;  and,  in  the  females,  there  is  a  row  of 
large  black  spots,  sometimes  touching  the  incurves  of  the  bor- 
der, and  sometimes  perfectly  distinct.  Among  these  is  O. 
ponipeus  (Cramer),  found  in  Java  and  Borneo.  We  have  figured 
the  larva  and  pupa ;  the  former  feeds  on  Aristolcchia,  and  is 
yellowish,  with  a  broad  whitish  dorsal  stripe,  dilated  to  a  band 
on  the  sixth  segment,  and  with  eight  rows  of  fleshy  spines;  the 


ORNITHOPTERA. 


265 


pupa  is  yellowish.  Another  and  very  similar  species  of  this 
group  is  O.  rliadamaitihus^  Boisduval,  which  is  found  all  over 
India,  South  China,  and  Indo-China.  For  this  species  and  its 
allies,  the  name  Fachliopfera^  Reakiit,  may  be  retained,  if  they 
are  generically  distinct  from  OrnitJioptera^  the  type  of  which  is 
O.  Jielena  (Linn.).  Other  yellow  species,  such  as  O.  mficollis, 
Butler,  from  the  Malay  Peninsula,  have  a  red  collar ;  others, 
like  O.  ampJirysus  (Cramer),  have  the  fore-wings  more  or  less 


O.  pcm/ens,  pupa. 


rayed  with  yellow  in  the  males  ;  and  the  male  of  one  species, 
O.  ?iiagclla?iiis,  Felder,  from  the  Phili[)pines,  exhibits  a  won- 
derful iridescence  of  the  most  delicate  pale  silvery  blue  or 
green  over  the  golden-yellow  hind-wings.  This  is  quite  uni^pie 
in  the  group,  though  something  resembling  it  is  seen  in  some 
South  American  Butterflies  belonging  to  the  genus  Prianiides 
in  the  Eqtiitince^  and  to  the  genus  Euselasia  in  the  Lemoniiche. 
Even  Mofpho  sulkoivskyi  will  not  compare  with  OrfiilJioptera 
magellanus  for  metallic  beauty. 


266  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

We  have  figured  one  of  the  largest  and  finest  species  of  Orni- 
ihoptera^  which  differs  somewhat  from  the  other  species  of  the 
genus.  It  is  a  native  of  the  Moluccas,  and  was  first  brought 
from  the  island  of  Amboina,  which  has  always  been  famous  for 
its  splendid  Butterflies,  and  from  which  nearly  all  the  Moluccan 
Butterflies  known  to  the  entomologists  of  the  last  century  were 
obtained. 

ORNITHOPTERA    HIPPOLYTUS.* 

{riate  LXIV,  Fig.  2.) 

Papilio panthous,  ?,  Clerck  (nee  Linn.),  Icones,  pi.  18  (1764). 

Fapilio  hippolyfus,  Cramer,  Pap.   Exot.  i.  pi.   10,  figs.  A,  B; 

pi.  II,  figs.  A,  B  (1775)- 
Papilio  remus,  Fabricius,  Gen.  Ins.  p.  250  (1777);  Cramer,  /.  c. 

ii.  pi.  135,  fig.  A;  pi.  136,  fig.  A  (1777);  iv.  pi.  386,  figs. 

A,  B  (1782);  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  26,  no.  3  (1819). 
Ornithoptera  retnus,  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  p.  176,  no.  3 

(1836). 
Ornithoptera  {Po/npeoptera)  hippolytus^  Rippon,  Icones  Ornith. 

part  i.  (1890). 
This  is  one  of  the  largest  species  of  the  group,  sometimes 
measuring  nearly  eight  inches  across  the  wings  in  the  female. 
The  fore-wings  are  black,  with  a  slight  greenish  reflection,  and 
with  greyish-white  rays  bordering  the  nervures  on  each  side 
(best  marked  in  the  females),  and  extending  into  the  outer  part 
of  the  cell.  In  the  male,  the  hind-wings  are  black,  dusted  with 
grey,  and  bordered  with  a  row  of  large  yellow  spots,  running 
from  the  base  of  the  costa  round  to  the  anal  angle.  On  the 
under  side  the  hind -wings  are  white,  except  the  marginal  black 
and  yellow  markings.  In  the  female,  the  yellow  spots  are  en- 
larged and  lengthened  so  as  to  form  a  band,  separated  into 
spots  by  the  nervures,  and  extending  from  just  beyond  the  cell 

*  0.  remus  on  plate. 


PAPILIO.  267 

to  the  narrow,  irregular,  and  partly  macular  border ;  the  inci- 
sions are  pale  yellow.  This  yellow  band  is  marked  with  a  row 
of  large  black  spots  between  the  nervures  ;  and,  nearest  the 
anal  angle,  the  pale  spots  are  longest,  and  are  mostly  white  with- 
in the  black  spots.  On  the  under  side,  which  we  have  figured, 
the  white  is  more  extended,  and  invades  the  outer  part  of  the 
cell. 

This  fine  Butterfly  has  been  met  with  m  Amboina,  Coram, 
Ternate,  Celebes,  the  Sula  Islands,  Morty  Island,  and  Halma- 
hera. 


There  is  one  African  Butterfly  which  is  now  considered  to 
belong  to  Ornithoptera^  or  to  an  allied  genus.  This  is  Papilio 
zai/noxis,  Hewitson,  which  measures  about  seven  inches  across 
the  wings,  which  are  broader  and  more  rounded  than  in  the 
typical  Eastern  Butterflies  of  this  group.  The  male  is  of  a 
rather  pale  blue,  with  black  borders,  slightly  spotted  with  blue 
on  the  hind-wings,  and  with  black  lines  between  the  nervures 
towards  the  margins,  and  a  black  costa  on  the  fore-wings.  The 
male  is  now  fairly  common  in  collections  from  West  Africa,  but 
the  female,  which  is  of  a  yellowish-grey  instead  of  blue,  is  still 
very  rare  in  our  Museums. 


THE   GENUS    PAPILIO,    Latreille. 

We  have  already  mentioned  that  Linnaeus  originally  included 
all  the  Lepidoptera^  and  afterwards  all  the  Butterflies  under  the 
genus  Papilio*  dividing  it  into  various  sub-genera,  &c.,  among 
\s\\\<:\\\^ti^  Eqiies2iX\A  Nymphalis.  In  1801  Schrank  restricted 
Papilio  to  Nyuiphalis ;  but  in  1805,  Latreille,  who  set  aside 

*  Cf.  vol.  i.  p.  3,  et  seq. 


268  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

Schrank's  work  in  the  most  capricious  manner,  even  while 
quoting  it,  arbitrarily  transferred  the  name  Papilio  to  Eqiies ; 
and  in  this  sense  Papilio  (the  real  type  of  which  Dr.  Scudder, 
with  apparent  reason,  argues  to  be  Vanessa  antiopa)*  has  since 
been  used  for  the  bulk  of  the  Linnean  Equites.  Boisduval 
shrank  from  sub-dividing  this  vast  mass  of  species  into  genera, 
and  contented  himself  with  dividing  it  into  groups  ;  and  in  this 
he  has  been  followed  by  Feldcr,  Obcrthiir,  Distant,  Godman 
and  Salvin,  Schatz,  and  other  writers.  Hiibner,  however,  divided 
the  few  species  known  to  him  into  genera,  and  among  recent 
authors,  Moore  and  Scudder  have  done  the  same  for  Indian 
and  North  American  species  ;  and  in  this  they  have  been  fol- 
lowed by  some  few  writers  who  have  dealt  with  the  Lepidop- 
tera  of  those  countries.  Under  these  circumstances,  I  think 
it  will  be  most  useful  to  enumerate  the  principal  groups  of 
Latreille's  genus  Papilio  under  the  names  which  have  been  as- 
signed to  any  of  them,  with  a  brief  sketch  of  their  most  obvious 
characteristics.  It  must  be  noted  that  although  Boisduval  did 
not  indicate  any  characters  for  his  groups  of  Papilio^  definite 
characters  were  assigned  by  Felder  to  the  various  sections  into 
which  he  divided  the  genus,  and  his  essay  still  remains  the 
most  comprehensive  summary  of  the  whole  series  of  species. t 
We  commence  by  giving  the  most  important  references  to 
Papilio  as  used  by  Latreille  and  his  followers. 

*  Sec  Scudder's  '•  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Names  Proposed  for  Butter- 
flies," pp.  238-240.  It  is  true  that  in  his  "Butterflies  of  the  Eastern  United 
States  "  he  has  accepted  Papilio  in  the  usual  sense,  and  has  proposed  the 
new  genus  Etivanessa  for  Papilio  andopa,  Linn.  ;  but  he  does  so  under 
protest,  and  apparently  in  ignorance  of  Barbut's  genus,  Achivus. 

t  Since  the  above  remarks  were  written,  the  Hon.  W.  Rothschild  has 
published  "  A  Revision  of  thePapilios  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere,  exclusive 
of  Africa  "  ("  Novitates  Zoologiciie,"  ii.  pp.  167-463)  Here  he  divides  the 
genus  into  groups,  but  docs  not  give  generic  names.  Although  convinced 
that  the  various  sections  recognised  in  the  jiresent  volume,  in  addition  to 
many  others  not  specified,  should  have  generic  titles,  I  have  refrained  from 
naming  the  new  genera,  as  Mr.  Rothschild  is  working  out  the  group. 


ASCANIDES.  269 

GENUS  TAriLIO,  Latreille  (nec  Sciirank). 
Papilio,   pt.   Linnaeus,   Syst.    Nat.   (ed.  x.)   i.  p.  458  (1858); 
Latreille,  Hist.  Nat.  Crust.   Ins.  iii.  p.   387  (1803);  xiv. 
p.  108  (1805)  ;  id.  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  pp.  9,  25  (1819)  ;  Bois- 
duval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  9  (1836) ;  Doiibleday,  Gen. 
Diurn.  Lepid.  p.   5   (1846);  Felder,  Verz.  Zool.  Bot.  Gcs. 
Wien.  xiv.  p.  289  (1864);   Kirby,  Cat.  Diurn.  Lepid.  pp. 
517,  637,    809,    860    (1871-1877);     Oberthiir,    Etudes 
d'Ent.    iv.    (1879)  ;     Schatz,    Exot.    Schmett.     ii.    p.    42 
(1886);  Rothschild,  Nov.  Zool.  ii.  pp.  167-463  (1895). 
The  multifarious  species  included  in  the  old  genus  Papilio 
have  short  palpi,  and  long  antennae,  with  a  gradually-formed 
club.     On  the  fore-wings  the  third  branch  of  the  sub-costal 
nervure  rises  from  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  the  fourth  and 
fifth  form  a  long  fork,  generally  separating  further  beyond  the 
cell  than  in  the  preceding  genera.     The  upper  disco-cellular 
nervule  is  rather  shorter  than  the  others.     The  fore-wings  are 
generally  triangular  or  produced  towards  the  tip;    the  hind- 
wings  are  often  dentated  or  tailed. 

It  would  be  useless  to  go  much  into  detail ;  the  shape  of 
the  wings  and  the  structure  of  the  larva  differ  very  much  in 
the  different  sections. 

In  the  following  sketch  I  have  followed  Felder's  grouping, 
with  his  numbers,  referring  to  later  authors  for  species  discovered 
since,  and  supplying  generic  names,  so  far  as  they  exist.  I 
have  not,  hov/ever,  attempted  to  include  the  whole  of  Felder's 
seventy-five  sections,  and  some  of  them,  among  which  are  the 
three  first,  include  Or?iithoptera,  &c.,  which  I  have  already 
discussed.  This  will  explain  the  omission  of  several  numbers  in 
the  series.     All  the  named  genera  are,  however,  included. 

[iv.J  Ascanides,  Geyer.  The  type,  A.  triopas  (Godart)  is  a 
small  black  Butterfly,  from  Guiana  and  the  lower  Amazons, 
not  expanding  much  more  than  two  inches  across  the  long  and 


270  LLOYD'S    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

narrow  fore-wings ;  the  hind-wings  are  sliort,  oval,  and  dentated, 
witli  white  incisions.  There  are  two  yellowish-white  patches, 
more  or  less  divided  into  spots  by  the  nervures,  one  towards 
the  tip,  and  one  about  the  middle  of  the  fore-wings ;  and  the 
centre  of  the  hind-wings  is  pale  yellow.  The  collar  and  pectus 
are  dotted  with  red. 

[v.]  Endopogon,  Boisduval  (apud  Felder).  Includes  a  large 
number  of  Tropical  American  Butterflies,  with  triangular  fore- 
wings,  with  the  hind-margin  more  or  less  oblique,  and  the  hind- 
wings  somewhat  produced,  and  strongly  dentated,  with  white 
incisions.  They  are  black,  and  the  males  generally  have  a  dull 
green  mark,  sometimes  enclosing  a  white  spot ;  and  the  hind- 
wings  have  a  large  red  spot  or  band  in  the  middle,  often  show- 
ing a  beautiful  violet  iridescence.  In  the  female,  there  is 
generally  a  white  spot  on  the  fore-wings,  and  the  red  spot  of  the 
hind-wings  is  paler;  sometimes  the  hind-wings  are  spotted  with 
red  at  the  base  beneath.  The  type  is  indicated  by  Dr.  Scudder 
as  E.  sesostris  (Cramer),  a  species  nearly  four  inches  in  expanse, 
with  a  large  green  spot  on  the  fore-wdngs  of  the  male,  but  no 
red  spot  on  the  hind-wings.     It  is  common  in  South  America. 

[vl]  Hedorides^  Hiibner.  A  handsome  group  of  Tropical 
American  Butterflies,  with  rather  long,  but  not  pointed,  fore- 
wings,  and  shorter  hind-wings,  produced  towards  the  anal 
angle;  strongly  dentated,  and  with  a  rather  long  tail ;  they  are 
black  with  red  and  white  markings. 

We  have  figured  the  type 

HECTORIDES   ASCANIUS. 
^Plate  LXV.  Fig.  i.) 

Papilio  ascaniuSj  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  i.  pi.  14a  (1775);  Drury, 
111.  Exot.  Ent.  iii.  pi.  9,  fig.  i  (1782) ;  Godart,  Enc.  Mdth. 
ix.  p.  73,  no.  137  (1819) ;  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Ldpid.  i. 
p.  306  (1836), 


PLATE     LXVI. 


7 .  LUcLdes  cujenor. 
2.Pcuri(ies  ceneas. 


PARIDES.  271 

TTedorides  ascantuSy  Hiibner,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett.  ii.  pi. 
105  (1824). 

This  is  a  Brazilian  Butterfly^  measuring  four  inches  across 
the  wings,  which  are  black,  crossed  by  a  broad  white  band, 
shading  into  red  on  the  outside  on  the  hind-wings,  which  are 
also  marked  with  a  row  of  sub-marginal  red  lunules ;  the 
incisions  are  white.  The  pectus,  and  under  side  of  the  abdomen 
are  spotted  with  red. 

[vii.]  Fiuides,  Hiibner.  A  tropical  American  group,  much 
resembling  Endopogon  (q.v.),  but  with  pink  instead  of  white 
incisions. 

We  have  figured  a  representative  species. 

PARIDES   iENEAS. 
{Plate  LXVL  Fig  2.) 
PafUio  cdueas,  Linn.   Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  i.   p.  461,   no.    15 
(1758);  id.  Mus.  Ulr.  p.  197  (1754) ;  Cramer,  Pap  Exot. 
iii.   pi.   279,   figs.  C,  D  (1780);  Godart,   Enc.  Meth.   ix. 
p.  ^T,,  no.  24  (1819);  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p. 
286  (1836). 
Papilio  {BHeides,   $,   Esper,   Ausland.  Schmett.  pi.  15,  fig.    4 

(1785?). 
?   Prbiceps  domina7is  maj'cms^  Hiibner,  Samml.  Exot.  Schmett. 

i.  pi.  122  (1816  ?). 
Papilio  uiarcms,  Boisduval,  /.  c.  p.  286  (1836). 

This  Butterfly  is  common  in  Guiana  and  on  the  Lower 
Amazons, and  measures  over  three  inches  across  the  wings.  The 
fore-wings  are  rather  pointed,  with  the  hind-margin  very 
oblique ;  and  the  hind-wings  are  rounded  and  dentated.  The 
colour  is  black,  with  a  nearly  square  green  spot  on  the  inner- 
margin  of  the  fore-wings,  and  with  three  white  spots  obliquely 
above  and  beyond  it.  The  hind-wings  are  red  from  the  base 
to  beyond  the  middle,  and  the  incisions  are  also  red.  On  the 
under-side,  the  hind-wings  are  marked  with  five  red  spots,  and 


272  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

the  pectus  is  spotted  with  red.  The  female  is  black,  with  a 
large  white  spot,  divided  by  the  ncrvures,  in  the  middle  of  the 
fore-wings,  and  a  row  of  bright  crimson  sub-marginal  spots  on 
the  hind-wings. 

[viil]  Ilhoba/iis,  Hiibncr.  This  is  another  genus  peculiar 
to  America,  but  very  unlike  the  foregoing.  Tiie  species  much 
resemble  each  other;  the  iy^o.  \s  I.  poly  da  mas  {\Aun.),  which. 
is  common  throughout  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  The 
fore-wings  are  broad  with  the  costa  arched,  the  tip  produced, 
but  rounded  off,  and  the  hind  margin  very  oblique,  The  hind- 
wings  are  ample,  rounded,  and  strongly  dentaled,  but  not 
tailed.  The  colour  is  a  greenish-black,  with  pale  yellow 
incisions ;  and  a  row  of  greenish-yellow  spots,  smallest  towards 
the  tip  of  the  fore-wings,  runs  parallel  with  the  hind-margin  of 
the  fore-wings,  and  curves  across  the  disc  of  the  hind  wings. 
On  the  under-side  there  are  some  larger  yellow  sub-marginal 
spots  on  the  lower  half  of  the  fore-wings,  and  a  row  of  sub- 
marginal  red  lunules  on  the  hind-wings ;  the  pectus  and 
abdomen  are  also  marked  with  red.  The  larva  is  stout,  slug- 
shaped,  of  a  dirty  yellow,  with  long,  pointed,  fleshy  spines  of  a 
pale  pink ;  it  feeds  on  AristoIocJiia.  Tlie  pu[)a  is  green, 
with  a  long,  conical  protuberance  on  the  back  of  the  thorax. 

[xiv.]  Euryiides,  Hilbner.  The  type  of  this  genus,  E. 
doUcaoti  (Cramer),  is  a  fine  South  American  Butterfly,  nearly 
four  inches  in  expanse.  The  fore-wings  are  creamy-white, 
with  broad  black  borders,  witli  an  oblique  row  of  creamy 
spots  towards  the  apex  of  the  fore-wings,  and  a  double  sub- 
marginal  row  of  spots  on  the  hind-wings.  The  fore-wings  are 
broad,  with  the  hind-margin  concave  below  the  tip,  and  a 
broad  black  band  at  the  base  of  the  costa,  and  then  curving 
across  the  middle  of  the  cell ;  the  hind-wings  are  furnished 
with  a  long  slender  tail  on  the  upper  median  nervule. 

[xix.  B.]  Cosmodesmiis,  Haase.     We  may,  perhaps,  restrict 


PAZALA.  273 

this  nnme,  used  by  Haase  with  a  very  wide  extension,  to  tl.e 
following  species  and  its  allies. 

COSMODESMUS     PROTESILAUS.* 

{Plate  LX VIII.  Fig.  i   {Frontispiece).) 

Papilio  profesilaus,    Linnceus,  Syst.    Nat.    (ed.   x.)   i.   p.   463, 

no.    29  (1758);    id.  Mus.   Ludov.   Ulr.    p.    209   {1764); 

Clerck,  Icones,  pi.  27,  fig.  2  (1764);  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot. 

iii.   pi.    202,   figs.   A,  B   (1779);  Godart,   Enc.   Meth,  ix. 

p.  50,  no.   73  (1819);  Boisduval,   Spec.  Gc'n.   Lepid.   i. 

p.  262  (1836). 
This  species,  and  those  related  to  it,  are  fine  swallow-tailed 
Butterflies  of  Tropical  America,  measuring  four  inches  across 
the  wings.  The  fore-wings  are  broad,  but  not  very  long,  and 
the  hind-margin  is  not  very  oblique.  They  are  white,  shading 
into  greenish  at  the  base,  and  on  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings 
there  are  a  number  of  black  bars,  some  short  and  some  long, 
running  from  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings  ;  the  hind-margin  is 
black,  and  a  stripe,  bifid  above,  runs  obliquely  to  meet  it  at 
the  hinder  angle.  The  hind-wings  are  imperfectly  bordered 
with  incomplete  black  bands  and  lines  ;  at  the  anal  angle  is  a 
long  spot,  black  below  and  red  above,  and  beyond  it  the  lower 
part  of  the  wing  projects  in  a  lobe,  throwing  off  a  very  long  tail 
from  the  upper  median  nervule.  There  are  several  closely- 
allied  species  (or  varieties  of  the  same)  in  South  America.  The 
larva  of  C.  pi'otesilaus  is  said  much  to  resemble  that  of  IpJii- 
clides podalirius,  and  to  feed  on  a  tree  like  a  Magnolia. 

[xx.]  Pazala,  Moore.  The  type  of  this  genus  is  the  North 
Indian  F.  glycerion  (Gray).  It  measures  about  2}^  inches 
across  the  wings,  which  are  white,  with  ten  narrow  black 
stripes,  partly  coalescing,  running  from  the  costa  of  the  fore- 
wings;  stripes  3-6  crossing  the  cell,  the  rest  longer,  reaching, 
or  nearly  reaching  the  inner-margin.  The  hind-wings  have 
*   ItJiicUdcs piotcsilaus  on  plate. 

10  T 


2  74  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

two  or  three  sub-marginal  black  lines,  meeting  in  a  broad  black 
space  at  the  base  of  the  long  slender  tail.  On  this  space  are 
two  or  three  blue  lunules,  and  on  its  inner  side,  close  to  the 
anal  angle,  is  a  yellow  lunulc,  surmounting  a  smaller  black  one. 

[xxl]  Falhysa,  Reakirt.  The  type  of  this  genus  is  T.  anii- 
phates  (Cramer).  It  is  a  common  and  variable  species  through- 
out the  Indo-Malayan  Region.  It  is  a  creamy-white  Butterfly, 
rather  less  than  three  inches  in  expanse,  with  black  bars  across 
the  cell  of  the  fore-wings,  which  are  greenish  towards  the  base ; 
and  a  black  border,  separated  from  two  broad  black  bands 
from  tlie  costa  by  greenish  streaks.  The  hind-wings  have  a 
ft^stooncd  black  marginal  line,  and  a  long  slender  black  tail, 
edged  with  yellow  ;  at  the  end  of  the  inner  margin  is  a  black 
spot,  marked  with  blue  on  the  under  side.  On  the  latter  the 
hind-wings  are  green  towards  the  base,  streaked  and  spotted 
with  black,  and  yellow  beyond  ;  the  tail  is  streaked  with  white. 
The  larva,  which  feeds  (in  Java)  on  a  species  of  Uvaria^  is 
cylindrical  with  a  bifid  tail ;  yellow,  with  reddish-brown  trans- 
verse stripes,and  reticulated  with  brown  ;  it  has  two  separated 
lateral  stripes,  the  upper  greenish,  and  the  lower  reddish.  The 
pupa  is  dull  green,  with  brown  and  yellowish  markings. 

[xxin.-xxv.]  IpliicUdes^  Hiibner.  Under  this  genus  we 
may  provisionally  place  several  of  Felder's  sections,  in  which 
the  fore-wings  are  broad,  rather  pointed,  with  the  hind-margin 
more  or  less  oblique,  while  the  hind-wings  are  strongly  den- 
tated  towaids  the  anal  angle,  but  not  so  distinctly  lobate  as  in 
Cosmodesimis,  and  terminating  in  a  long  slender  tail.  We 
have  figured  two  species,  the  second  of  which  is  the  type  of 
the  genus. 

iniTCLIDF.S    CELADON. 
{Plate  LX  VI 1 1.   F/jr.  2  {Fro;i/is/ierc).) 
Papilio  sinon^  Cramer  (nee  Fabricius),  Pap.  Exot.  iii.  pi   317 
figs.  E,  F(i7.^'o). 


PLATE    LXVII. 


2, 


/ .  AchiA/izs    mULdvCLOTL 
2 .  IphiclixLes  podaUrius 


IPIIICLIDES.  275 

Papilio  celadon^  Lucas,  Rev.  Zool.  1852,  p.  130. 

This  Butterlly,  which  inhabits  Jamaica  and  Cuba,  measures 
a  little  more  than  three  inches  across  the  wings.  It  is  black,  with 
a  row  of  green  sub-marginal  spots  running  round  all  the  wings, 
and  five  green  bands  running  from  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings ; 
the  first  three  extend  to  the  hind-wdngs  ;  the  first  is  narrow  and 
basal ;  the  second  is  also  narrow ;  the  third  is  very  broad,  and 
bifid  above ;  and  beyond  are  two  short  bands,  one  just  before, 
and  the  other  just  after,  the  end  of  the  cell.  There  is  a  con- 
spicuous red  spot  on  the  middle  of  the  inner-margin  of  the 
hind-wings ;  on  the  under  side  the  second  grccn  stripe  is 
bordered  outside  with  red. 

There  are  several  black  and  green  species,  much  resembling 
this,  both  in  America  and  Africa.  The  breadth  of  the  third 
green  band  will  distinguish  /.  celadon  from  any  of  the  others. 

THE    SCARCE    SWALLOW-TAIL.       IPHICLIDES    PODALIRIUS. 
{Plate  LXVII.   Fig.  2.) 

Fapilio  podalirius^  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  i.  p.  463,  no.  29 
(1758);  id.  Mus.  Ludov.  Ulr.  p.  208  (1764);  Esper, 
Schmett.  i.  (i)  p.  36,  pi.  i,  fig.  2  (1777);  Hiibner, 
Exot.  Schmett.  i.  figs.  388,  389  (1803?)  ;  Godart,  Enc. 
Meth.  ix.  p.  50,  no.  74  (1819);  Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen. 
Lepid.  i.  p.  245  (1836);  Steph.  111.  Brit.  Ent.  Hauat.  i. 
p.  6  (1827);  Curtis,  Biit.  Ent.  xiii.  pi.  578  (1836);  New- 
man, Brit.  Butterflies,  p.  3  (1881);  Kirby,  Eur.  Butter- 
flies and  Moths,  p.  2,  pi.  2,  figs,  i,  1(7-^(1878);  Lang, 
Butterflies  Eur.  p.  i,  pi.  i,  fig.  i,  pi.  5,  fig.  i  (transf.) 
(1881);  Barrett,  Lepid.  of  Brit.  Isl.  i.  p.  16(1892). 

Papilio podalirius^  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  ii.  pi.  152,  fig.  B  (1777). 

Var.  Fapilio  feisthamelii^  Duponchel,  Lepid.  France,  Supi)l.  i. 
p.  7,  pi. I,  fig.  i;  pi.  2,  fig.  I  (1832);  Iierrich-Schiiffer 
Schmett.  Eur.  i.  Nachtrag,  p.  34,  figs.  414  416  (1848). 


276  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

This  Jjuttcrfly  measures  from  2 3^  to  33^  inches  across  the 
wings.  It  is  yellowish-white,  with  seven  black  streaks  running 
from  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings,  the  first  basal  divided  by  a 
pale  line,  the  third  and  fifth  short,  the  rest  crossing  the  wing, 
or  nearly  so,  the  two  last  being  close  together,  and  the  last 
marginal.  The  hind-wings  are  dentated  and  tailed,  the  inner- 
margin  is  dusky,  and  there  is  a  black  streak  from  the  costa  to 
the  eye-spot,  which  is  situated  on  the  inner-margin  towards  the 
anal  angle,  and  is  black,  with  a  large  blue  pupil,  and  is  sur- 
mounted by  an  orange  stripe,  bordered  above  with  yellow. 
There  is  a  festooned  black  marginal  line,  enclosing  blue  lanules, 
and  the  space  between  this  and  the  eye-spot  is  also  blackish, 
except  a  patch  of  yellow  below  the  eye ;  the  incisions,  and 
tip  of  the  slender  tail,  are  also  yellow.  On  the  under  side,  the 
hind-wings  are  lighter,  and  the  principal  black  streak  is  double, 
and  intersected  by  a  yellowish  line. 

The  larva  is  thickest  just  before  the  middle,  tapering  most 
behind.  It  is  smooth  and  green,  dotted  with  red,  with  yel- 
lowish-white lines  and  intermediate  oblique  streaks.  It  feeds 
on  almond,  sloe,  plum,  apple,  pear,  and  oak  in  June  and  Sep- 
tember, but  seems  to  prefer  the  sloe.     The  pupa  is  pale  yellow. 

The  Butterfly  is  double-brooded,  being  found  from  May  to 
August.  It  is  far  less  widely  distributed  than  AcJiivus  viachaon^ 
inhabiting  Central  and  Southern  Europe,  North  Africa,  and 
Western  Asia  as  far  as  Persia  and  the  Altai.  Spanish  speci- 
mens are  whiter,  with  broader  dark  markings,  and  are  called  /. 
feistJiainelii.  In  France  it  is  known  as  "Le  Flambe,"  from  the 
flame-like  shape  of  its  markings,  and  in  Germany  as  the  "  Segel- 
falter"  or  Sail-Butterfly,  either  from  its  sail-like  wings,  or  from 
its  sailing  flight.  In  Holland,  North-Western  Germany,  and 
on  the  north  coast  of  Germany  it  is  either  absent  or  extremely 
rare ;  and  although  it  is  traditionally  a  British  insect,  it  seems 
to  have  disappeared  about  the  time  that  entomology  began  to 


ZETIDES.  277 

be  Studied  in  England.  It  is  most  often  found  in  woods  and 
busby  places  in  hilly  districts,  but  does  not  extend  very  high  up 
the  mountains,  and  it  shuns  the  neighbourhood  of  towns,  being 
easily  exterminated  or  driven  away  by  clearing  and  cultivation. 

[xxvii.  B.]  Dalchhta,  Moore.  The  type  of  this  genus  is 
D.  sarpedon  (Linn.),  a  common  Indian  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed in  the  Indo-Maliyan  and  Austro-Malayan  Regions. 
There  are  also  a  number  of  closely-allied  forms,  which  may  or 
may  not  be  distinct  species.  It  measures  about  three  inches 
across  the  wings ;  the  fore-wings  are  considerably  produced, 
the  hind-margin  being  very  oblique  ;  and  the  hind-wings  are 
also  considerably  produced  towards  the  anal  angle,  but  not 
tailed.  The  wings  are  black,  with  a  broad  glaucous  green 
band  running  obliquely  from  near  the  tip  of  the  fore-wings, 
where  it  is  macular,  to  below  the  middle  of  the  hind-wings, 
where  it  tapers  downwards  ;  there  is  a  sub-marginal  row  of  five 
green  spots  on  the  hind-wings.  On  the  under  side  the  green 
is  mixed  with  whitish,  and  there  are  several  red  spots  marked 
with  black  on  the  hind-wings. 

The  larva  is  smooth,  rather  short  and  stout;  dark  green, 
with  paler  incisions.  The  pupa  is  strongly  ridged ;  grass- 
green,  striped  with  yellow.  The  larva  feeds  on  cinnamon  and 
soursop. 

This  is  a  Butterfly  of  lofty  and  rapid  flight,  not  always  easy 
to  catch,  as  it  flies  about  the  tops  of  the  trees. 

[xxvii.  c]  Zetides^  Hiibner.  The  type  of  this  genus  is  Z. 
eiirypyliis  (Linn.).  This  species  and  its  allies  are  black,  with 
the  hind-wings  less  produced  than  in  Dalchiiia^  and  taillcsi. 
These  Butterflies,  which  are  found  throughout  the  Indo- 
Malayan  and  Austro  Malayan  Regions,  expand  about  three 
inches  across  the  wings,  and  are  black,  with  a  common  green 
band,  more  or  less  macular  on  the  hind  wings,  a  row  of  sub- 
marginal  green  spots,  and  green  transverse  streaks  in  the  cell 


27S  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

of  the  fore  wings.  Here,  too,  the  liind-wings  are  spotted  with 
red  beneath  as  in  Dakhina. 

[xxvn.  D.]  Another  East  Indian  genus  alhed  to  the  last, 
but  which  has  not  yet  received  a  generic  name,  is  represented 
by  Papilio  agametnnon,  Linn.,  in  which  the  wings  are  black, 
thickly  spotted  with  green,  the  green  band  being  entirely  broken 
up  into  spots,  and  the  hind-wings  are  sub-caudate. 

[xxvn.  F.]  Idaides,  Hubner.  The  type  of  this  genus,  /. 
codrus  (Cramer),  is  a  large  Butterfly  measuring  about  five 
inches  in  expanse,  which  is  found  in  Amboina  and  Ceram. 
The  fore  wings  are  rather  pointed,  the  hind-margin  being 
oblique,  and  the  hind-wings  are  regularly  scalloped,  with  a 
moderately  long  broad  tail.  It  is  blackish,  with  the  hind-wings 
broadly  grey  towards  the  base,  and  with  a  curved  row  of  round 
green  spots  running  from  the  tip  to  the  middle  of  the  inner- 
margin  of  the  fore- wings. 

[xxix.  A.]  The  type  of  Babasa,  Moore,  is  D.  gyas,  West- 
wood,  a  rare  North  Indian  Butterfly.  It  is  very  dark  brown, 
with  indistinct,  sub-marginal,  ferruginous  lunules,  rather  pointed 
fore-wings,  and  a  moderately  long  tail  on  the  hind-wings.  The 
female  has  a  broad  white  band  from  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the 
fore-wings  to  the  inner-margin  ot  the  hind-wings,  and  a  row  of 
sub-marginal  yellow  spots.  The  white  band  is  edged  above 
with  yellow  spots,  and  there  are  also  some  on  the  costa  of  the 
fore-wings  above  it. 

[xxix.  D.]  Jllca/idnisa,  Moore,  is  anotlier  peculiar  Indo- 
Malayan  genus,  the  type  of  which  is  JI.  evan,  Doubleday.  It 
is  a  large  tawny  Butterfly,  five  inches  in  expanse,  with  broad 
black  borders  spotted  with  tawny  ;  the  fore-wings  are  extremely 
falcate,  and  the  hind-wings  have  a  long  tail.  The  under  side 
is  of  a  dirty  yellow. 

[xxx.]  (Unnamed.)  Includes  some  white  African  species, 
with    broad   black  white-spotted  borders,  and  dontated   hind 


CHI  LAS A.  279 

wings ,  on  the  under  side  of  the  wings  are  some  red  spots. 
This  genus  is  represented  by  Fapilio pylades,  Fabricius,  and  its 
allies. 

[xxxi.  A.]  Includes  another  African  Butterfly,  Fapilio 
leonidas^  Fabricius,  with  less  strongly  dentated  hind-wings. 
The  wings  are  black,  with  large  green  spots  on  the  fore-wings, 
and  the  middle  of  the  hind-wings  green,  followed  by  one  or 
two  rows  of  sub-marginal  spots.  It  has  some  resemblance  to 
the  genus  Tiriunala  among  the  Danaincc. 

[xxxi.  b.  and  XXXII. ]  These  include  Papilio  ridkyanus^ 
White,  and  Dnirya  antiniachus  (Drury),  of  which  we  have 
already  spoken  {antea^  p.  250). 

[xxxiii.]  Includes  Papilio  idceoidcs,  Gray,  a  rare  Philippine 
Butterfly,  measuring  nearly  six  inches  in  expanse.  It  has 
greyish-white  rounded  wings,  with  black  marginal  and  sub- 
marginal  spots,  and  larger  spots  towards  the  base.  It  is  very 
similar  to  Hestia  idea  (Linn.)  among  the  DanaiiicE. 

[xxxvi.]  Paranticopsis,  Wood-Mason  and  De  Niceville.  The 
type  of  this  genus  is  P.  7tiaca?'eus,  Godart,  a  Butterfly  about 
three  inches  in  expanse,  with  black  wings,  slightly  dentated, 
but  not  tailed,  and  with  longitudinal  greenish-white  stripes.  It 
is  found  in  North  India,  Java,  and  Borneo,  and  much  re- 
sembles some  of  the  green  Danaince^  which  inhabit  the  same 
countries. 

[xxxvii.]  Chilasa^  Moore.  The  type  ot  this  genus  is 
C.panope  (Linn?eus),  an  Indian  Butterfly,  measuring  nearly  four 
inches  across  the  wings,  which  are  brown,  with  sub-marginal  rows 
of  white  spots,  which  are  rather  long  towards  the  tip  of  the 
fore  wings.  The  hind-margin  of  the  hind-wings  is  dull  yellowish 
beneath.  Nearly  all  the  Equitince  which  mimic  Danaincc  have 
more  or  less  dentated  hind-wings;  but  much  easier  and  more 
certain  tests  to  distinguish  them  are  the  apparently  four- 
branched    median   nervure    on   all    the   wings,  and   the    fully 


2^0  LLOYD'S    NATURAL    HISTORV. 

developed  front  legs  in  the  Equitidce.  An  allied  species  is  C. 
dissinii/is  (Linn.),  which  is  covered  with  pale  buff  spots  and 
markings  on  a  blackish  ground. 

[xxxvn.  PT.]  Euploeopsis,  De  Niceville  (ylsamiopsis^  Moore). 
This  genus  includes  a  number  of  Indo-Malayan  Butter- 
flies, generally  very  rare  in  collections,  which  mimic  the 
brown,  blue  flushed  Da/taince  allied  to  Euphva.  The  type  is 
the  North  Indian  P.  tekarchus  (Hewitson),  one  of  the  largest 
species,  expanding  4^  inches.  The  fore-wings  are  of  a  rich 
purple,  triangular,  aiid  pointed  at  the  tip,  with  a  blue  spot  in 
the  cell,  a  row  of  long  blue  spots  beyond,  and  a  sub-marginal 
row  of  white  ones ;  the  hind-wings  are  brown. 

[xxxvn.  PT.]  Metiamopsis,  De  Niceville.  This  genus,  like 
the  last,  includes  a  few  North  Indian  species  resembling 
Danaince.  of  the  Enplxa  group.  The  type  is  M.  tavoyanus 
(Butler),  from  Tenasserim,  which  measures  3^  inches  across 
the  fore-wings,  which  are  much  longer  than  the  hind-wings, 
and  rounded.  It  is  brown,  with  blue  streaks  on  the  fore-wings 
in  and  beyond  the  cell,  and  between  the  nervures  on  the  disc. 
The  hind  wings  have  an  inner  sub-marginal  row  of  white 
streaks,  and  an  outer  row  of  yellow  ones,  the  largest  at  the 
anal  angle  surmounted  by  a  black  crescent. 

[xxxviil]  Cadugoides,  Moore.  This  is  another  Indo-Malayan 
genus,  resembling  species  of  the  Danaiiia.  The  type,  C.  agestor 
(Gray),  which  is  found  in  Sumatra,  and  also  in  the  South- 
western Himalayas,  measures  3^  inches  across  tlie  wings.  It 
is  grey,  with  black  nervures,  and  black  borders  dotted  with 
grey  ;  the  hind-wings  are  more  or  less  reddish. 

[xxxLX.]  OrpJieidcs,  Hiibner.  The  two  principal  species  of 
this  genus,  O.  denwkiis  (Linn.)  and  O.  cntlioniiis  (Cram.) 
inhabit  Africa  and  India  respectively,  and  are  among  the  most 
abundant  Butterflies  of  their  respective  countries.  O.  denwkiis, 
found  throughout  Africa,  except  in  the  north  (for  its  alleged 


ORPHEIDES.  281 

occurrence  in  Egypt  probably  means  Upper  Egypt  or  Nubia) 
measures  from  3  to  4%  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are 
black,  with  the  fore-wings  rather  short  and  broad,  and  the  hind- 
margin  slightly  oblique;  the  hind-wings  are  rather  long,  and 
strongly  dentated,  but  not  tailed.  There  is  a  row  of  pale 
yellow  sub-marginal  spots  on  all  the  wings ;  the  incisions  are 
yellow,  and  a  row  of  rather  large  yellow  spots  runs  obliquely 
across  the  fore-wings,  coalescing  into  a  band  on  the  hind- 
wings,  where  it  reaches  the  middle  of  the  inner-margin.  On 
the  fore-wings  there  are  two  large  spots  towards  the  end  of  the 
cell,  and  also  two  short  oblique  rows  of  small  spots  between 
the  cell  and  the  sub-marginal  spots,  the  main  band  rising 
below  the  interspace ;  the  base  is  dusted  with  yellow  towards 
the  base.  On  the  hind-wings  there  is  a  large  black  eye-spot 
beyond  the  band,  on  the  costa,  enclosing  red  and  blue  lunules; 
beyond  the  band  on  the  inner-margin  a  blue  crescent  sur- 
mounts a  black  space  bordered  below  with  reddish.  On  the 
under-side  the  yellow  markings  are  larger,  and  more  extended, 
the  base  being  streaked  with  yellow,  and  there  are  several  blue 
and  black  lunules  on  the  hind-wings  bordering  the  dark  space 
between  the  two  large  eye-spots. 

Mr.  Trimen  describes  the  larva  as  dark-coloured  when 
young,  and  clothed  with  short  spines ;  when  larger,  it  is  pale 
yellowish-green,  with  purplish  markings,  and  a  white  line  on 
the  sides.  There  are  two  small  tubercles  on  each  side  of  the 
retractile  fork,  which  is  crimson,  and  emits  a  very  strong  odour; 
and  two  similar  tubercles  on  the  anal  segment;  it  feeds  on 
Uj/ibellifenc,  as  well  as  on  a  great  variety  of  trees.  The  [)upa 
is  rather  long,  with  the  head  bifid;  there  are  four  rows  of 
tubercles  on  the  abdomen,  and  many  tubercles  elsewhere. 
The  colour  of  the  pupa  assimikiles  itself  to  its  surroundings.* 

*  For  detailed  particulars,  cf.  Triincn,  "South  African  Uuttcillics/"  iii. 
IT-  225,  226. 


282  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

The  East  Indian  species,  O.  erithonius  (Cramer),  has  the 
central  band  much  broader  and  more  irregular,  especially  on 
the  hind-wings,  where  the  eye-spot  on  the  costa  is  very  slightly 
marked,  and  that  on  the  inner-margin  has  become  a  large  red 
spot. 

[xLi.]  This  genus  has  not  yet  received  a  name.  It  includes 
some  handsome  West  Indian  tailed  Butterflies,  among  which  is 
Papilio  hofjieriis,  Fabricius,  a  very  local  Butterfly  in  Jamaica,  and 
one  of  the  largest  of  all  the  American  Equi/id(C,  expanding  5^2 
or  6  inches.  It  is  black,  with  a  very  broad  yellow  band  on  all 
the  wings,  bifld  towards  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings.  The 
fore-wings  have  two  or  three  yellow  spots  towards  the  tip  ;  and 
beyond  the  yellow  band  on  the  hind-wings  is  an  outer  row  of 
blue  dusting,  and  some  orange-red  sub-marginal  lunules. 

[xlil]  Heraclides^  Hiibner.  This  is  another  genus  peculiar 
to  America.  It  includes  large  and  handsome  Butterflies, 
measuring  from  four  to  six  inches  across  the  wings.  The  type  is 
H.  thoas  (Linn.).  The  fore-wings  are  rather  long  and  pointed, 
the  hind-margin  being  slightly  concave,  as  well  as  oblique,  and 
the  hind-wings  are  strongly  dentated,  with  a  broad  spatulate 
tail.  The  wings  are  black,  with  a  broad  yellow  band,  more  or 
less  macular,  at  least  on  the  fore-wings,  where  it  often  bifurcates 
towards  the  costa,  and  broadest  on  the  inner-margin  of  the 
hind-wings.  The  hind-wings  have  a  curved  row  of  yellow 
lunules  on  the  disc,  followed  by  a  more  or  less  distinct  black, 
blue,  and  red  eye-spot  towards  the  inner-margin  \  the  tail  is 
ofien  streaked  with  yellow.  On  the  under  side  the  yellow 
markings  are  more  extended,  and  the  principal  black  band  on 
the  hind-wings  is  marked  with  blue  and  reddish  crescents. 
The  larva  of  H.  crcsphontes  (Cramer),  the  common  North 
American  species,  in  which  the  yellow  band  is  narrower  and 
more  broken  into  spots  than  in  the  Southern  species  of  the 
genus,  feevls  on  orange,  like  so  many  of  the  American  Equitidce. 


CALAIDES.  28 


It  is  brown,  with  large  white  blotches  on  the  back,  irregularly 
marked  with  brown.  The  pupa  is  light  brown,  dotted  with 
blackish. 

[xLiii.]  Troilidcs,  Hiibner.  The  type  of  this  genus  is  T.  tor- 
quatiis  (Cramer),  a  common  South  American  Butterfly, 
measuring  from  two  and  a  half  to  three  inches  in  expanse.  In 
the  male  the  fore-wings  are  much  shorter  and  broader  than  in 
the  last  genus,  and  much  less  pointed,  the  hind-margin  being 
only  slightly  oblique.  The  hind-wings  are  much  more  strongly 
dentated,  the  tail  is  shorter  and  more  distinctly  spatulate,  and 
the  two  projections  between  this  and  the  anal  angle  are  longer 
than  in  Heraclides,  more  like  two  short  tails.  There  is  a  very 
broad  pale  yellow  band  running  obliquely  from  the  upper 
median  nervule  of  the  fore-wings  ;  on  the  hind-wings  it  extends 
nearly  to  the  base.  There  is  also  a  broad  oblique  sub-apical 
pale  yellow  band  on  the  fore-wings,  and  a  row  of  sub-marginal 
yellow  lunules  on  the  hind-wings  ;  the  incisions  are  also  yellow. 
On  the  under  side  of  the  hind-wings  there  are  rows  of  blue 
lunules  and  red  spots  within  the  yellow  lunules.  The  female  is 
brown,  with  a  large  white  spot  covering  the  basal  half  of  the 
lower  median  nervule.  The  hind-wings  are  strongly  dentated 
and  tailed,  with  pink  incisions,  and  a  red  band  on  the  disc, 
divided  into  spots  by  the  nervures. 

[xLiv.  13.]  Calaides^  Hiibner.  The  type  is  C.  androgcus 
(Cramer),  a  fine  Butterfly  common  in  Tropical  America,  which 
measures  over  five  inches  in  expanse.  The  fore  wings  are 
long,  but  rounded  off  at  the  tip,  and  the  hind-margin  is  oblique 
and  concave.  The  hind-wings  are  strongly  dentated,  and 
have  a  moderately  long  tail,  pointed  (not  spatulate)  at  the  end 
of  the  upper  median  nervule;  and  the  other  nervures  on  each 
side  of  the  tail  exhibit  well-marked,  but  shorter,  projections. 
A  broad  yellow  band,  commencing  beyond  the  cell  of  the  fore- 
wings,  runs  obliquely  across  the  wings,  and  on  the  hind-wings 


284  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

extends  nearly  to  the  base.  The  liind-wings  have  a  double 
row  of  yellow  crescents,  and  towards  the  anal  angle  is  an 
orange  lunule.  The  female  is  bluish-black,  with  or  without 
an  oblique  yellow  transverse  band  on  the  fore-wings,  and 
with  a  double  row  of  greenish  sub-marginal  lunules  on  the 
hind-wings.  The  middle  tail  is  hardly  longer  than  the  others. 
The  larva  is  brown,  with  pinkish-while  markings,  and  feeds  on 
a  species  oi  Afalva.     The  pupa  is  brown  and  grey. 

[xLV.]  Priaiiiiiks^  Hiibner.  This  is  another  South  American 
genus,  much  resembling  Parides  in  appearance,  but  much 
larger  and  more  robust ;  the  type  is  P.  poiiipeius  (Fabricius). 
The  wings  expand  from  three  to  five  and  a  half  inches  ;  the 
fore-wings  are  produced  at  the  tip,  with  the  hind-margin  more 
or  less  concave,  and  the  hind-wings  are  strongly  dentated,  but 
not  tailed.  The  wings  are  black,  the  fore-wings  often  with  one 
or  two  large  whitish  spots  toward  the  inner-margins  ;  the  hind- 
wings  with  a  rather  broad  sub-marginal  band,  more  or  less 
divided  into  spots,  at  least  towards  the  anal  angle.  Sometimes 
the  outer  part  ot  the  fore-wings  is  paler.  The  larva  is  brown, 
with  white  longitudinal  dashes,  and  short  fleshy  spines  ;  head 
and  legs  yellow.  The  pupa  is  brown,  with  a  bifid  head.  The 
larva  feeds  on  the  lime  tree  {Citrus). 

[xlvl]  This  genus  has  not  yet  received  a  name.  It  includes 
Papilio  zagrcus,  Doubleday,  and  one  or  two  other  rare  South 
American  species,  measuring  about  four  inches  in  expanse. 
They  have  broad  rounded  wings,  the  hind-wings  being  very 
slightly  scalloped,  and  are  black,  with  tawny  markings  ar- 
ranged in  the  same  way  as  in  the  genus  Lycorea,  Doubleday, 
in  the  Danaincc  (see  vol.  i.  p.  29). 

[xLix.]  Eiiphd'adeSj  Hiibner.  The  type  of  this  genus  is  the 
fine  North  American  species,  E.  ghiuais  (Linn.),  a  yellow 
Swallow-tail,  three  or  four  inches  in  expanse,  with  black  bjrders 


JASONIADES.  285 

crossed  by  a  row  of  yellow  spots  on  the  fore-wings,  and  yellow 
lunulas  on  the  hind-wings,  the  black  space  within  the  latter 
dusted  with  blue.  Four  black  bands  run  from  the  costa 
of  the  fore-wings,  the  two  outermost  short,  the  basal  one  and 
the  next  long,  uniting  above  the  black  border  of  the  hind- 
wings;  between  this  and  the  border  is  an  orange  mark  on  the 
inner-margin.  The  hind-wings  are  strongly  dentated,  and  the 
tail  is  rather  long  and  slender.  This  typical  form  is  often  called 
Papilio  tur7ius^  Linn.  The  true  E.glaucits  is  a  large  dimorphic 
and  melanic  form  of  the  female,  most  frequently  found  along 
with  the  type  in  the  Southern  United  States.  The  larva,  which 
feeds  on  F/inius,  has  the  thoracic  segments  much  thickened. 
It  is  green  above,  and  whitish  below,  with  seven  oblique 
greenish  stripes  on  the  sides,  and  an  interrupted  red  lateral 
line.  Between  the  fourth  and  fifth  segments  is  a  transverse 
band,  yellow  before,  and  black  behind ;  on  the  third  segment 
is  a  lateral  yellow  eye-spot,  pupilled  with  blue.  The  head  is 
flesh-colour,  with  a  yellow  collar.  The  pupa  is  varied  with 
brown. 

[li.  a.]  Jasoniadcs^  Hiibner.  The  type  of  this  genus  is 
/.  xuthus  (Linn.),  a  Butterfly  found  in  Siberia  and  Northern 
Asia  generally,  which  has  been  erroneously  reputed  European. 
It  measures  three  or  four  inches  across  the  wings,  and  re- 
sembles a  large  pale  Achivus  machaon^  but  all  the  nervures 
are  broadly  black,  leaving  only  long  or  triangular  cream- 
coloured  spots  between,  and  there  is  a  row  of  sub-marginal 
lunules  of  the  same  colour.  There  is  a  small  orange  eye-spot 
at  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind-wings,  yellow  beneath,  and  en- 
closing a  black  pupil.  The  spring  brood  is  smaller  and  paler. 
The  larva,  which  feeds  on  Umbel lifei'c^^  is  green,  with  broken 
black  transverse  bands,  ending  in  hooks  or  spots  below.  The 
retractile  fork  is  yellow. 


286  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

[LI.  P,.,  C]    GENUS   ACIIIVUS. 

Achmis^  Barbut,  Genera  Insectorum,  p.  169  (17S1). 
Priuceps,  Hiibncr,  Tentanicn,  p.  i  (1810?). 
Aiiuvyssus,  Dabiian,  CEf.  K.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.  Stockh.  xxxvli. 
pp.  60,  85  (1816). 

The  type  of  this  genus  is  regarded  by  most  authors  as  the 
type  of  Fapiilo,  Linnaeus.  It  is  a  welbknown  European  and 
Mediterranean  insect,  and  is  represented  by  various  closely- 
alhed  forms  as  far  as  the  Himakayas,  and  throughout  Central 
and  Northern  Asia,  to  Alaska  and  Cahfornia.  A  closely-allied 
species,  but  darker,  and  with  shorter  tails  {A.  hospiton,  Gene) 
is  confined  to  Corsica  and  Sardinia.  The  largest  and  hand- 
somest of  this  cluster  of  imperfectly  segregated  species  is  the 
Japanese  A.  hippocrates  (Felder). 

THE  swallow-tail.       ACHIVUS   MACHAON. 

{Plate  LXVII.  Fig.  i.) 

Papilio  machii07i,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  i.  p.  462,  no.  27 

(1758);  id.  Faun.  Suec.  p.  267  (1761);  Esper,  Schmett. 

i.  (i)  p.  31,  pi.  I,  fig.  I  (1777);    Hiibner,  Eur.  Schmett. 

i.  figs.  390,  391   (1803?);  Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  57, 

no.  89  (1819);  Boisduval,   Spec.   Gen.  Lepid.   i.   p.  328 

(1836);  Stephens,  Ilk  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  i.  p.  6  (1827); 

Newn.an,  Brit.  Butterflies,  p.    150  (1881);    Kirby,   Eur. 

Butterflies  and  Moths,  p.  2,  pk  2,  figs.  3,  T^a-d  (1878); 

Lang,  Butterflies   Eur.   p.  7,   pk    i,    fig.    4,    pk  5,  fig.   3 

(transf.  1881);   Barrett,  Butterflies  of  Brit.  Isk  p.  11,  pi. 

I,  i^-^  (1892) ;  Buckler,  Larvae  of  Brit.  Lepid.  i.  p.  i,  pk 

I,  fig.  I  (1886). 
The  Swallow-tail  Butterfly,  our  only  undoubted  British  repre- 
sentative of  the  great  Family  of  the  EquitidtE^  measures  from 
three  to  five  inches  in  expanse,  and  is  our  largest  Butterfly,  if 


ACHIVUS.  287 

we  except  the  Purple  Emperor,  which  sometimes  equals  small 
specimens  o(A.  inac]iao7i  in  size.  The  wings  areyellow  and  black, 
dusted  with  yellow ;  the  fore-wings  are  strongly  arched,  rather 
pointed  at  the  tip,  with  the  hind-margin  oblique,  and  the  hind- 
wings  arc  not  very  strongly  dentated,  but  have  a  long  pointed  tail 
at  the  end  of  the  upper  median  nervule.  On  the  fore-wings, 
the  base  and  hind-margin  are  broadly  black,  dusted  with  yellow, 
the  latter  divided  by  a  row  of  long  yellow  spots.  The  nervures 
are  broadly  black,  especially  towards  the  costa,  and  there  are 
transverse  black  streaks  in  and  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  The  hind- 
wings  are  black  along  the  inner-margin  for  the  greater  part  of 
its  length,  and  have  a  black  curve  at  the  end  of  the  cell ;  the 
border  is  broadly  black  with  the  incisions  yellow,  and  a  sub-mar- 
ginal row  of  yellow  lunules,  within  which  is  a  row  of  ill-defined 
spots  of  blue  dusting.  At  the  anal  angle  is  a  large  round  red 
spot,  with  a  blue  crescent  above,  and  a  triangular  blue  spot 
below,  and  enclosed  by  a  black  ring  incomplete  below. 

The  full-grown  larva  (vol.  i.  pi.  3,  fig.  i)  has  the  front  seg- 
ments somewhat  thickened;  it  is  of  a  yellowish-green,  with 
black  incisions  and  a  black  band,  spotted  with  orange,  on  each 
segment ;  the  sides  are  also  streaked  and  spotted  with  black, 
and  the  spinacles  are  yellow ;  the  head  is  yellow,  with  black 
markings,  and  the  retractile  fork  on  the  neck  is  red.  The  early 
stages  are  extremely  interesting,  as  they  much  resemble  those 
of  the  adult  larva  in  Ornithoptera^  &c.  The  newly-hatched 
larva  is  black,  with  the  incisions  dark  green,  and  the  seventh 
and  eighth  segments  creamy-white.  It  has  two  rows  of  pale 
pink  tubercles  on  each  side,  which  afterwards  turn  black. 
After  the  first  moult,  the  tubercles  on  the  white  patch  become 
tipped  with  black,  and  after  the  second  moult  the  orange  spots 
begin  to  appear ;  but  the  fleshy  tubercles  are  not  lost  till  after 
the  fourth  moult.  The  pupa  is  green,  with  a  streak  of  yellow 
along  each  side,  and  an  irregular  row  of  yellow  spots  on  the 


288  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

back.  It  is  straight,  with  somewhat  projecting  wing-cases,  and 
a  pointed  projection  on  the  thorax.* 

The  larva  feeds  on  a  variety  of  umbelhferous  plants,  and  is 
often  found  in  gardens  on  the  Continent,  feeding  on  the  com- 
mon carrot,  but  its  favourite  food  in  England  is  Pciicedanum 
palustre.  The  Butterfly  is  found  from  May  to  August,  and 
the  insect  may  be  met  with  in  all  stages  during  the  summer 
months. 

Fifty  or  a  hundred  years  ago  this  Butterfly  appears  to  have 
been  Hiirly  common  in  many  parts  of  the  South  of  England, 
though  it  is  doubtful  if  it  extended  further  north  than  York- 
shire. But  drainage  and  cultivnton  have  driven  it  away  almost 


Achivus  mac  ha  oil,  pupa. 
everywhere,  and  it  is  now  practically  confined  to  the  undrained 
fens  of  the  Eastern  counties,  being  most  abundant  and  gene- 
rally distributed  in  Norfolk,  though  it  is  also  found  in  some 
parts  of  the  adjoining  counties.  In  the  fen  district  proper  it 
is  now  very  local.  It  is  found  in  meadows  and  on  the  edges  of 
woods,  and  though  not  a  mountain  Butterfly,  is  fond  of  career- 
ing about  hill-sides.  The  tails  are  very  fragile,  and  a  large  pro- 
portion of  netted  specimens  have  them  damaged,  though  the 
Butterflies  themselves  may  be  otherwise  uninjured. 

*  Cf.  the  long  and  interesting  account  ot   the  tiansfurmations  of  this 
insect  given  by  Bucklec. 


PxfcRtjRUS.  289 

[lii.]  Pkrunis^  Scopoli.  Dr.  Scudder  formerly  selected 
Papilio  troi/i(s,  Linn.,  as  the  type  of  this  "magazine"  genus  ; 
but  he  afterwards  withdrew  it,  and  suggested  F.  troilus  as  the 
type  of  Enphocades^  in  which  we  do  not  follow  him.  P.  troilus 
may  be  taken  as  typical  of  a  small  group  of  North  Ameiican 
Butterflies,  measuring  about  four  inches  across  the  wings.  The 
fore-wings  are  narrower  and  more  produced  than  in  AcJiivus^ 
the  hind-margin  being  much  more  oblique  ;  and  the  hind-wings 
are  more  rounded,  with  a  broader,  but  not  spatulate  tail.  The 
wings  are  black,  often  more  or  less  suffused  with  blue,  and  are 
frequently  marked  with  rows  of  yellow  spots,  or  narrow  yellow 
bands,  and  there  is  a  red  eye-spot  at  the  anal  angle.  On  ihe 
under  side  the  outer  half  of  the  hind-wings  is  marked  with 
red  and  blue  spots  and  streaks.  The  typical  P,  troilus  (Linn.) 
measures  3^  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are  black,  with 
small  greenish-yellow  sub-marginal  lunules  ;  the  hind-wings 
are  dusted  with  bluish-grey  on  the  disc,  and  there  is  a  small 
orange  eye-spot  at  the  anal  angle.  The  under  side  of  the 
fore-wings  has  a  yellow  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  and 
two  rows  of  yellow  sub-marginal  spots ;  the  hind-wings  are 
brown,  with  two  rows  of  orange-red  spots  (the  innermost  row 
large  and  nearly  round),  the  space  between  the  bands  being 
dusted  with  bluish-grey.  It  inhabits  the  Southern  United 
States.  A  closely  allied,  and  much  more  widely  diffused  species 
is  P.  ilio7ieus^  Smith  and  Abbot,  in  which  the  spots  are  yellower, 
and  the  blue  dusting  more  extended,  sometimes  as  far  as  the 
lower  half  of  the  fore-wings  ;  towards  the  tip  of  the  costa  of 
the  hind-wings  is  a  large  orange  spot  above.  The  larva  is 
green  above  and  reddish  below,  the  colours  being  separated 
by  a  yellow  lateral  line ;  there  is  a  black  collar,  and  on  the 
third  segment  two  pink  spots  containing  black  spots  marked 
with  a  blue  ring ;  and  on  the  fourth  segment  are  two  smaller 
pink    spots  pupilled    with  white.     The  hinder  segments  are 

u 


290  LLOYDS    NAT\JRAL    HISTORY. 

marked  with  transverse  rows  of  black  spots  (about  four  on 
each).  Tlie  Jarva?  feed  on  sassafras,  and  are  called  "mellow 
worms  "  from  their  peeuliar  odour. 

[liv.]  Equts,  Linnceus.  I  propose  to  restrict  this  name  to 
Eques  iiirens  (Linn.);  the  representative  of  a  very  distinct 
African  group,  and  almost  the  only  species  originally  placed  in 
Eques  by  Linnaius  which  has  not  yet  been  made  the  type  of  a 
genus.  In  these  Butterflies  the  fore-wings  are  moderately 
broad,  with  the  costa  arched,  and  the  hind-margin  oblique, 
and  the  hind-wings  are  contracted  in  a  series  of  obtuse  pro- 
jections to  the  anal  angle,  which  is  lobate  or  sub-caudate. 
The  wings  arc  black,  with  a  green  or  bluish-green  band,  vary- 
ing in  width,  running  obliquely  from  beyond  the  middle  of  the 
costa  of  the  fore-wings  to  above  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind- 
wings.  There  are  also  frequently  some  green  spots  towards 
the  tip  of  the  fore-wings,  and  the  inner-margin  of  the  hind- 
wings.  The  under  surface  is  sometimes  obscurely  marked, 
while  in  other  species  there  is  a  narrow  white  or  yellowish- 
white  band  or  row  of  spots  towards  the  hind-margin  of  the 
hind-wings  ;  the  body  is  dotted  with  white.  The  larva  of  the 
South  African  E.  lyceus  (Doubleday),  as  described  and  figured 
by  Mr.  Trimen,  is  green,  with  the  thoracic  segments  very 
much  enlarged,  and  the  "  widest  portion  of  the  back  on  the 
third  thoracic  and  first  abdominal  segment  is  occupied  by  a 
sub-ovate  patch  or  shield  of  pale  bluish-green,  crossed  mesially 
by  a  thin  whitish  line,  closely  irrorated  generally  with  white 
dots,  and  bearing  near  its  posterior  edge  a  transverse  row  of 
four  small  pinkish-lilac  spots."  The  projections  on  the  first 
thoracic  segment  are  short ;  but  there  are  two  rather  long 
yellow  projections  on  the  anal  segment.  It  feeds  on  orange 
as  v/ell  as  on  various  native  trees.  The  pupa  is  green,  with 
two  projections  on  the  head,  and  the  wing-cases  are  very  pro- 
mineut. 


EQUES.  291 

[lv.  iv:  LVi.  c]  This  unnamed  genus  includes  the  remarkable 
group  of  Papilio  merope,  Cramer.  They  are  large  Butterflies, 
measuring  from  3^  to  nearly  5  inches  across  the  wings,  and 
are  confined  to  Africa  and  Madagascar.  In  the  males  the 
upper  side  is  pale  sulphur-yellow,  the  fore-wings  with  the  costa 
narrowly  and  the  hind-margin  more  broadly  black,  with  a  pale 
yellow  spot  near  the  tip  ;  on  the  hind-wings  there  are  some 
black  spots  towards  the  hind-margin,  and  three  large  black 
spots,  one  near  the  end  of  the  costa,  one  above  the  anal  angle, 
and  one  beyond  the  cell ;  sometimes  these  are  united  into  a 
continuous  border.  The  under  side  of  the  hind-wings  is  of  a 
rather  shining  yellowish-grey.  The  fore-wings  are  rather  short 
and  broad,  the  costa  being  strongly  arched,  and  the  hind- 
margin  not  very  oblique,  and  slightly  concave  ;  the  hind-wings 
are  almost  rectangular  at  the  outer  angle,  where  there  is  a  long, 
slightly  spatulate  tail.  The  females,  however,  have  rounded  and 
scalloped  hind-wings,  without  a  tail,  and  are  black,  with  white, 
buff,  red,  or  orange  markings,  corresponding  with  those  of  various 
species  of  Danaince  of  the  genera  Liinnas  and  Ainauris^  which 
abound  in  the  same  localities.  This  is  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting cases  known  of  the  phenomenon  called  "  mimicry," 
more  especially  as  the  Madagascar  representative  of  the  group 
{^Papilio  7ne?'iones^  Felder),  which  is  distinguished  by  having 
a  broad  black  band  on  the  costa,  and  also  one  or  two  East 
African  forms,  have  black  and  pale  yellow  tailed  females  almost 
identical  with  the  males  in  shape,  colour,  and  pattern. 

Respecting  the  habits  of  the  West  African  Papilio  inerope^ 
Surgeon-Captain  Clements  writes  ("  On  a  Collection  of 
Sierra  Leone  Lepidoptcra,"  by  W.  Schaus,  F.Z.S.,  and  W. 
G.  Clements,  Surgeon-Ca})tain  A.M.S.,  p.  6):  "  Of  the  females 
of  P.  merope  I  obtained  but  one  variety.  This  is  indistinguish- 
able on  the  wing  from  Amauris  7iiaviiis  ;  the  male  keeps  with- 
in the  shady  parts  of  the  forest,  and  has  a  bold,  lofiy,  and  sailing 

U  2 


292  Lloyd's  natural  historV. 

flight.  Selecting  an  open  glade  it  will  fly  rapidly  up  and  down 
for  a  space  of  some  300  yards,  coming  fearlessly  near  to  one's 
net,  which  it  generally  manages  to  evade  by  a  quick  double, 
and  finally  approaching  a  tuft  of  grass,  or  the  projecting 
branch  of  a  tree,  disappears.  It  almost  invariably  selects  a 
broad-bladed  grass,  striped  with  brown  and  yellow,  and  hang- 
ing pendent  from  its  extremity  with  the  wings  folded,  the 
upper  ones  being  covered  over  and  concealed  by  the  lower,  it 
cannot  be  seen  until  it  is  again  startled  into  flight." 

The  larva  of  the  South  African  rapilio  ceiiea,  Stoll,  is  slug- 
shaped,  bluish-green,  with  short  tubercles  (white,  and  longer  in 
the  young  larva)  on  the  second  and  anal  segments ;  the  retrac- 
tile fork  crimson-lake,  tipped  with  greenish-white.  The  pupa  is 
also  green,  slender  in  front,  with  the  two  usual  processes  con- 
tiguous, and  meeting  in  a  point ;  it  is  wide  in  the  middle  and 
pointed  again  at  the  hinder  end.  The  larva  feeds  on  Vepris 
lanceolata. 

Although  the  females  of  these  Butterflies  resemble  highly- 
protected  insects,  yet  they  themselves  are  well  protected  other- 
wise, the  green  pupa  resembling  a  leaf,  and  the  under  side  of 
the  Butterfly  resembling  in  colour  the  shrubs  among  which  it 
perches. 

[llx.]  Araniifiia,  Moore.  The  type  of  this  genus  is  A. 
deinoliofi  (Cramer),  which  is  met  with  throughout  the  greater 
part  of  the  Indo-Malayan  Region.  It  measures  nearly  five 
inches  across  the  wings.  The  fore-wings  are  considerably 
produced,  the  hind-margin  being  very  oblique,  and  the  hind- 
wings  are  rounded  and  scalloped,  with  a  long  and  somewhat 
spatulate  tail.  A  pale  green  band  runs  obliquely  from  near 
the  base  of  the  inner-margin  of  the  hind-wings  nearly  to  the 
tip  of  the  fore-wings,  where  it  grows  much  narrower,  and 
becomes  broken  into  spots.  On  the  hind-wings  are  some  sub- 
marginal  grejn  lunules,  and  at  the  anal  angle  is  a  round  black 


ARAMINTA. 


293 


spot  in  a  red  ring.  The  presence  of  this  red  and  black  eye- 
spot  at  the  anal  angle  on  the  upper  side  sufficiently  distin- 
guishes this  group  from  any  other  black  and  green  East  Indian 
Butterflies.  The  larva  is  green,  with  the  thoracic  segments 
somewhat  thickened  behind,  and  two  short  whitish  horns  on 
the  first  and  last  segments  ;  segment  seven  has  a  whitish  trans- 
verse band,  dotted  with  reddish,  and  surmounted  by  two 
small  white  horns;  the  fourth,  fifth,  and  ninth  have  similar 
transverse  bands ;  the  belly  is  white,  varied  with  red.  The 
pupa  is  grey,  much  arched,  with  a  bifid  head,  a  long  spine  on 
the  pectus,  and  the  lateral  ridges  of  the  abdomen  strongly 
serrated  beneath.  The  larva  feeds  on  a  species  of  Fagara 
called  "  Sampang  "  in  Java. 

[lx.  a.]  This  genus  includes  a  number  of  East  Indian 
Butterflies  of  moderate  size,  to  which  some  authors  have 
improperly  proposed  to  restrict  the  generic  name  La'ertias^ 
Hiibner.  One  of  the  commonest  species  is  Papilio  polytes^ 
Linn.  The  sexes  are  very  dissimilar.  The  male,  which 
Linn?eus  called  Papilio  p amnion^  has  broad  and  rather  short 
fore- wings,  the  hind-margin  being  oblique  to  the  level  of  the 
hind-wings,  which  are  ample,  dentated,  and  furnished  with  a 
spatulate  tail.  The  wings  are  black,  the  fore-wings  with  a  row 
of  white  marginal  spots,  and  the  hind-wings  with  a  transverse 
and  slightly  curved  white  band,  divided  into  spots  by  the 
nervurcs  ;  sometimes  the  anal  angle  is  marked  with  orange 
above,  but  always  on  the  under  side,  where  there  is  also  a  sub- 
marginal  row  of  orange  lunules.  The  female  (the  true  P. 
polyfes,  Linn.),  instead  of  the  white  band  on  the  hind-wings, 
has  a  large  white  spot  in  the  middle  of  the  latter,  below  which 
is  a  red  spot  at  the  anal  angle  and  a  row  of  rather  large  red 
sub-marginal  spots.  The  nervures  of  the  fore-wings  are  bordered 
with  white  on  the  disc.  There  is  a  second  form  of  the  female 
(Papilio  romulus^  Cramer),  with  extensive  red  markings  on  the 


294  LLOYDS    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

hind  wings  instead  of  the  large  white  spot.  Many  forms  closely 
allied  to  P.  polytcs^  differing  chiefly  in  the  extent  of  the  mark- 
ings, are  found  in  the  East.  Some  are  tailed,  and  others  tail- 
less ;  they  measure  rather  more  than  three  inches  across  the 
wings. 

The  larva  of  F.  polytes  is  green  above,  with  cream-coloured 
bands  and  markings  on  several  segments ;  the  anterior  seg- 
ments are  inflated.  Beneath,  it  is  cream-coloured.  It  feeds 
on  different  species  of  Citrus.     The  pupa  is  green  or  brown. 

[lx.  b.]  C/ianis,  Moore.  This  genus,  the  type  of  which  is 
C.  helenus  (Linn.),  much  resembles  the  last  in  shape,  and 
is  also  tailed,  but  the  species  are  considerably  larger,  often 
measuring  four  or  five  inches  across  the  wings,  and  are  dif- 
ferently coloured.  They  inhabit  various  parts  of  the  Indo-  and 
Austro-Malayan  Regions,  and  are  black  above,  with  a  very  large 
creamy-white  spot  on  the  hind-wings,  which  is  narrow  above, 
and  extends  from  the  costa  over  the  upper  and  outer  half  of  the 
wings,  but  without  reaching  the  hind-margin.  On  the  under 
side  there  are  one  or  two  black  spots,  more  or  less  completely 
bordered  with  red  towards  the  anal  angle,  with  some  blue 
lunules  between  these  and  the  white  patch  ;  these  markings  are 
sometimes  partially  reproduced  above,  while  in  other  species 
they  are  very  much  reduced.  Sometimes  the  red  markings 
are  replaced  by  yellow.  The  larva  of  C.  helenus  is  dark  green 
above,  and  flesh-coloured  below ;  the  hinder  part  of  the  thora- 
cic segments  is  much  thickened.  In  front  of  the  inflation  is  a 
flesh-coloured  spot,  with  two  black  pupils  on  each  side  of  the 
upper  surface ;  and  behind  the  inflation  is  a  flesh-coloured 
band.  Beyond  the  middle  is  a  broad  oblique  pinkish-white 
band,  and  another  transverse  band  of  the  same  colour  between 
this  and  the  end  of  the  body.  The  food-plant  is  probably 
Citrus,  but  has  not  been  recorded.  The  pupa  is  brown,  much 
curved,  with  a  bifid  head. 


NESTOR  IDES.  295 

[lx.  c]  Tamer a^  Moore.  The  type  of  this  genus,  T.  castor 
(Westwood),  is  a  North  Indian  species  remarkable  for  the  dis- 
similarity of  the  sexes.  It  measures  about  2t%  inches  across  the 
wings,  which  are  black,  with  the  incisions  spotted  with  white. 
The  hind-wings  are  dentated,  but  not  tailed,  and  in  the  male, 
are  ornamented  with  a  large  quadrifld  creamy-white  spot 
towards  the  tip.  The  female  is  brown,  with  sub-marginal 
white  spots.  The  fore-wings  have  a  rather  large  white  spot  at 
the  end  of  the  cell,  and  are  dusted  with  grey  on  the  lower  half 
of  the  disc.  The  hind-wings  are  strongly  dusted  with  greenish- 
grey  in  the  cell,  and  between  the  nervures,  except  towards  the 
hind-margin. 

[lx.  e.]  Nestorides^  Hiibner.  This  genus  includes  a  num- 
ber of  very  large  and  handsome  species  which  are  confined  to 
the  Austro-Malayan  Region.  The  type,  N.  gambrisius  (Cram,), 
is  found  in  Amboina  and  Ceram.  It  is  a  fine  Butterfly, 
measuring  six  inches  in  expanse.  The  male  is  black,  with 
yellow  incisions,  and  three  or  four  yellow  spots  towards  the 
tip  of  the  fore-wings ;  beyond  these,  the  wing  is  dusted  with 
yellow.  The  hind-wings  are  strongly  dentated,  with  a  broad 
yellow  band  over  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  coppery  dusting 
beyond.  The  female  is  black ;  on  the  fore-wings,  the  end  of 
the  cell,  and  the  spaces  between  the  nervures  on  the  disc  are 
white,  shading  into  buff;  the  hind-wings  have  a  rather  narrow 
tawny  band  across  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  are  dusted  with 
blue  beyond. 

The  only  species  of  this  genus  which  is  really  common  in 
collections  is  N.  cegeus  (Donovan),  from  Australia.  It 
measures  upwards  of  four  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are 
broad,  but  the  fore-wings  are  not  produced,  the  hind-margin 
being  only  slightly  oblique  ;  the  hind-wings  are  ample,  strongly 
dentated,  but  not  tailed.  The  male  is  blick,  with  an  oblicpic 
row  of  spots  across  the  tip   of  the  fore-wings,  and  the  hind 


296  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

wings  have  a  curved  creamy-white  band  running  from  the 
costa  nearly  to  the  anal  angle,  which  is  marked  with  a  red 
spot.  On  the  under  side,  the  white  band  of  the  hind-wings 
has  disappeared,  but  there  is  a  row  of  large  red  sub-marginal 
spots,  followed  within  by  a  row  of  blue  lunules.  In  the  female, 
the  outer  part  of  the  fore-wings  is  grey  (whiter  beneath),  with  a 
dark  blotch  at  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  shading  into  brown  on 
the  margins  ;  the  hind-wings  are  coloured  on  both  sides 
nearly  as  on  the  under  side  of  the  male ;  but  the  whole  centre 
of  the  wing  is  filled  up  with  a  large  irregular  sub-triangular 
space,  extending  both  to  the  costa  and  to  the  inner-margin. 
"  When  young,  the  larvae  are  brown,  with  patches  of  white,  and 
covered  with  spines ;  but  when  full-fed,  they  are  dull  green, 
with  blotches  of  brown,  edged  with  white  on  both  sides,  and 
the  spines  much  reduced  in  size.  The  fourth  and  fifth  seg- 
ments are  considerably  thickened,  and  the  caterpillar  is  soft 
and  flabby  to  the  touch.  The  chrysalis  is  green,  speckled  with 
black,  and  is  attached  to  the  food-plant  "  (Anderson  and  Spry, 
"Victorian  Butterflies,"  p.  16).  The  larvae  feed  on  orange, 
and  are  sometimes  very  destructive,  and  the  long  rose- 
coloured  rctraclile  tentacles  emit  a  disagreeable  odour  of 
putrid  oranges. 

[lxii.]  Laertias,  Hiibner.  We  now  come  to  one  of  the 
most  splendid  genera  of  Austro-Malayan  Eijuitidce^  represented 
by  L.  ulysses  (Linn.),  from  Amboina.  They  measure  four 
inches  and  upwards  across  the  w^ngs ;  the  fore-wings  are  not 
very  long,  but  rather  pointed,  the  hind  margin  being  regularly 
oblique ;  the  hind-wings  are  long  towards  the  lower  part,  and 
strongly  dentated,  with  a  long  spatulate  tail.  The  wings  are 
black,  with  a  rich  cobalt-blue  [  atch  covering  at  least  the  basal 
half  of  the  wings ;  in  the  female,  the  blue  is  much  duller, 
and  less  extended. 

[lxiii.]  ITariimila^  Moore.     With  this  genus,  we  commence 


ACHILLIDES.  297 

the  beautiful  group  of  EqiiifidiE  in  which  the  wings  are  pow- 
dered with  metallic  green.  Harimala  is  represented  both 
in  the  Indo-Malayan  and  Austro-Malayan  Regions,  but  the 
type,  H.  crino  (Fabricius),  is  found  in  India,  Ceylon,  and 
Cochin  China.  It  is  a  comparatively  small  species,  not 
measuring  more  than  about  35^  inches  across  the  wings, 
which  are  slightly  falcate,  the  hind-margin  being  concave  as  well 
as  oblique  ;  the  hind-wings  are  dentated  and  tailed.  The  wings 
are  black,  dusted  with  golden-green,  and  are  crossed  by  a  blue 
band,  running  from  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings  beyond  the  cell, 
where  it  is  narrowest,  and  curving  round  to  the  inner-margin 
on  the  hind-wings ;  below  it  there  is  a  black  spot  in  a  red 
ring,  and  a  row  of  green  lunules  between  it  and  the  spatulate 
tail.  On  the  under  side  the  wings  are  brown,  with  sub-mar- 
ginal rows  of  red,  bluish,  and  grey  lunules.  The  larva  is  skig- 
shaped,  with  the  anterior  segments  convexly  scutellated,  and  a 
pair  of  short  fleshy  tubercles  on  the  anterior  and  anal  seg- 
ments. The  pupa  is  curved,  and  the  head  is  broad  in  front. 
The  larva  feeds  on  the  satin-wood  tree. 

[LXIV.   A,  PT.]     GENUS   ACHILLIDES. 
Achil/ides,  Iliibncr,  Vcrz.  bek.  Schmclt.  p.  85  (1S16). 

ACHILLIDES    PARIS. 
{Plate  LXV.  Fig.  2.) 
Papilio  parts ^  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.    i.   p.  459,   no.  3  (1758);  id. 
Mus.  Ludov.  Ulr.  p.  184  (1764);    Clcrck,  Icones,  pi.   13, 
fig.    I   (1764);  Drury,  111.   Ex.    Ent.   i.    pi.    12,  figs,   i,   2 
(1773);  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  ii.  pi.  103,  figs.  A,  B  (i777); 
Godart,  Enc.  Melh.  ix.  p.  67,  no.  116  (1819);  Boisduval, 
Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  208  (1836). 
The  genus  Achillides  is  remarkal)ly  like   C/iarus  in  the  dis- 


298  Lloyd's  natural  iiistorv. 

tribution  of  colours,  though  the  colours  themselves  are  very 
different ;  and  unlike  Chants^  the  species  are  restricted  to  the 
Indo-Malayan  Region,  being  particularly  numerous  in  India 
and  Java.  The  commonest  and  most  anciently  known  species 
is  A.  parts  (Linn.),  v/hich  is  found  in  India  and  China,  and 
measures. about  four  inches  across  the  wings,  which  are  shaped 
nearly  as  in  Harimala,  but  the  fore-wings  are  longer,  with  the 
costa  more  strongly  arched,  the  tips  more  produced,  and  the 
hind-margin  more  oblique ;  the  hind-wings  are  more  narrowed 
behind  than  in  Harimala^  but  strongly  dentated,  and  furnished 
with  a  long  spatulate  tail.  The  wings  are  black,  dusted  with 
golden-green,  coalescing  to  form  traces  of  a  sub-marginal  band 
towards  the  inner-margin  of  the  fore- wings  ;  the  hind-wings  have 
a  large  bluish-green  patch  on  the  costa,  extending  over  the 
upper  half  of  the  wing,  but  not  reaching  to  the  hind-margin, 
opposite  to  which  they  exhibit  several  concavities;  on  its  lower 
and  inner  edge  it  is  connected  with  the  inner-margin  by  a 
golden-green  stripe,  below  which  is  a  round  black  eye-spot  in  a 
red  ring,  surmounted  by  a  blue  crescent.  The  under  side  is  black, 
with  a  broad  whitish  suffused  sub-marginal  band,  intersected  by 
the  black  nervures  on  the  fore-wings.  On  the  hind-wings,  there 
is  a  sub-marginal  row  of  red  lunules,  bordered  with  blue  ones; 
the  incisions  are  white.  In  the  Javanese  A.  arjjina  (Horsf.), 
the  patch  on  the  hind-wings  is  of  a  more  greenish-blue,  and 
extends  in  a  point  towards  the  anal  angle.  The  larva  of  A. 
arjuiia  is  green,  with  slender  oblique  and  transverse  white  lines, 
and  the  thoracic  segment  but  slightly  raised ;  the  pupa  is  yel- 
lowish-green.    The  larva  feeds  on  a  species  of  Citrus. 

[lxiv.  a.,  pt.]  Sarbaria,  Moore.  The  type  of  this  genus, 
which  forms  part  of  the  same  sub-section  as  the  last  in  Felder's 
arrangement,  and  which  most  authors  would  not  consider 
generically  distinct,  is  S.  polydor  (Boisduval),  a  well-known 
North  Indian  species,  measuring  3)^  inches  across  the  wings, 


ILIADES.  299 

It  is  bronzy-green,  with  a  broad  sub-marginal  band  of  green 
streaks  on  the  fore-wings  ;  the  hind- wings  have  a  large  blue 
patch,  dentated  on  the  outer  side,  before  the  tip,  and  two  large 
red  sub-marginal  crescents  on  each  side  of  the  base  of  the  tail. 
[lxv.  a-c]  Iliades,  Hiibner.  This  genus  includes  a  number 
of  large  and  handsome  Butterflies,  most  of  which  measure  five 
inches  in  expanse  of  wing.  They  are  extremely  characteristic 
of  the  Indo-  and  Austro-Malayan  Regions.  I  have  figured  the 
female  of  one  of  the  commonest  species. 

ILIADES    AGENOR. 

{Plate  LXV.  Fig.  2.) 

Papilio  ag€72or,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (ed.  x.)  p.  460,  no.  13  (1758) ; 
id.  Mus.  Ludov.  Ulr.  p.  194  (1764);  CIcrck,  Icones,  pi.  15 
(1764);  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.  i.  pi.  32,  figs.  A,  B  (1775); 
Godart,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  28,  no.  9  (1819);  Distant,  Rhop. 
Malay,  p.  339,  pi.  29,  fig.  i  (1885). 

This  species  belongs  to  a  small  group  of  closely-allied  forms 
in  which  the  males  are  almost  all  alike,  and  the  females  differ 
greatly.  Boisduval  united  them  all  under  one  species,  to 
which  he  applied  the  name  of  Papilio  menmo?i ;  but  Dr. 
Wallace  ("Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond."  xxv.  pp.  46,  47)  recognised 
two  species,  with  polymorphic  females.  More  recent  authors 
(Messrs.  Butler  and  Distant,  for  example)  are  inclined  to 
recognise  a  larger  number  of  species,  thinking  that  it  will  be 
found  possible  ultimately  to  separate  the  males  into  species  as 
well  as  the  females.  It  is  a  parallel  case  to  that  of  Papilio 
merope.,  Cramer,  which  we  have  already  noticed  {a7iiea^  p.  291). 
The  present  species  belongs  to  the  group  of  forms  which  are 
peculiar  to  continental  India,  and  to  which  Dr.  Wallace  applied 
the  name  ol  Papilio  androgeos^  Cramer.  They  differ  from  the 
forms     found   in   Java,    Sumatra,    Borneo,   and  Lombock,    in 


300  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

having  red  markings  towards  the  anal  angle  of  the  hind-wings 
beneath. 

The  fore-wings  are  much  produced  and  rather  narrow,  the 
hind-margin  being  very  oblique,  and  slightly  concave ;  the 
hind-wings  are  ample,  rounded,  and  scalloped.  There  are 
always  large  red  (or  more  rarely,  yellow)  spots  at  the  base  of 
the  wings  beneath,  and  in  the  females,  at  the  base  of  the  fore- 
wings  above. 

The  male  is  black,  thickly  dusted  with  blue  on  the  nervures 
towards  the  hind-margins  ;  on  the  under  side  of  the  hind- 
wings  there  is  a  sub-marginal  row  of  large  round  black  spots 
bordered  inside  with  red  lunules,  and  a  large  red  blotch  enclos- 
ing two  or  three  black  spots  towards  the  anal  angle.  The 
female  has  brown  fore-wings,  with  the  nervures  broadly 
bordered  with  grey,  and  a  large  red  spot  in  the  cell  at  the  base ; 
the  hind-wings  are  black  at  the  base,  to  the  end  of  the  cell, 
with  the  disc  white  ;  there  is  a  row  of  sub-marginal  black  spots, 
outside  which,  and  towards  the  anal  angle,  the  white  is  strongly 
stained  with  yellow.  The  under  side  of  the  wings  is  marked 
with  large  red  spots  at  the  base,  as  in  the  male,  and  the  anal 
angle  is  stained  with  yellow  instead  of  red. 

The  cluster  of  forms  which  Dr.  Wallace  places  together  under 
the  name  of  Fafilio  meninon  have  no  red  spots  at  the  anal 
angle,  though  Wallace  figures  a  female  from  Java  hardly  dif- 
fering from  typical  /.  agenor.  The  females  generally  have 
the  greater  part  of  the  hind-wings  white  on  the  upper  side, 
and  some  of  the  forms  are  furnished  in  addition  with  long 
spatulate  tails.  /.  inemnon  (Cramer)  is  the  type  of  the  genus, 
but  when  its  true  female  has  been  accurately  determined,  it 
will  have  to  take  its  name  (most  of  these  doubtful  forms 
having  been  figured  under  different  names  by  Cramer  and 
others) ;  for  the  description  and  locality  assigned  by  Linnceus 
to  his  Pd/'ilio  mcmnon^  as  well  as  Petiver's  figure,  which  he 


PANOSMIOPSIS.  301 

quotes,  show  that  it  is  a  species  pecuh"ar  to  the  Philippine 
Islands,  being  generally  known  by  the  name  of  /.  enialthioti, 
Hubner.  The  male  differs  from  /.  agefior  and  its  allies  in 
having  the  black  sub-marginal  spots  on  the  hind-wings  broadly 
surrounded  with  red  ;  the  female  is  black,  veined  with  grey, 
with  a  transverse  red  band,  varied  with  white,  towards  the 
base  of  the  wings. 

The  larva  of  /.  meuinoii  (Cramer)  is  daik  green  and 
smooth,  with  the  thoracic  segments  dilated.  There  is  a  green 
or  buff  band  (the  first  marked  with  a  black  spot  on  each 
side)  before  and  behind  the  inflation;  an  oblique  white  band 
just  beyond  the  middle,  and  a  transverse  one  between  this 
and  the  extremity  of  the  body.  The  pupa  is  green,  with 
three  yellow  lines  on  the  abdomen ;  the  head  is  produced 
and  bifid. 

The  food  plant  is  not  recorded. 

[lxv.  d.,  pt.]  Saunia,  Moore.  This  is  another  small  genus, 
which  is  almost  confined  to  India,  China,  and  Japan.  The 
type  is  S.  protenor  (Cramer),  one  of  the  commonest  and  most 
widely-distributed  species  ;  it  expands  from  four  to  six  inches 
across  the  wings.  The  fore-wings  are  shaped  as  in  Iliades, 
but  the  hind-wings  are  longer,  not  tailed,  and  the  hind-margin 
regularly  waved.  The  wings  are  blue-black,  the  fore-wings 
veined  with  black,  and  the  hind-wings  have  a  black  spot  towards 
the  anal  angle,  surrounded  with  reddish.  The  female,  which  is 
much  larger  than  the  male,  has  browner  fore-wings,  and  the 
hind-wings  have  a  large  red  patch  at  the  anal  angle,  enclosing 
a  black  spot ;  and  a  second  red  ring  below  it.  In  the  male, 
these  markings  appear  on  the  under  side  only. 

[lxv.  d.,  pt.]  Fa?ws])iiopsis^  Wood-Mason  and  De  Niceville. 
P.  rhetcnor  (Westwood),  the  type  of  this  genus,  much  resembles 
Saunia  protenor  (Cramer).  It  measures  four  inches  across  the 
wings,  which  are  of  a  dark  brown,  the  fore-wings  striated  with 


302  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

black  nervures,  and  the  hind-wings  dusted  with  blue.  In  the 
male,  the  costa  of  the  hind-wings  has  a  short  greenish-yellow 
stripe  at  the  base,  and  a  black  spot  in  a  red  or  peach-coloured 
rim  at  the  anal  angle  ;  in  the  female  there  is  a  cluster  of  similar 
spots  at  the  anal  angle. 

[lxv.  d.,  pt.]  Pimgcranopsis^  Wood-Mason  and  De  Niceville, 
is  a  generic  name  that  has  been  proposed  for  another  North 
Indian  species,  P.  ekphenor  (Doubleday),  which  much  resem- 
bles Fanosmiopsis  protenor^  but  the  fore-wings  are  longer, 
greenish-black  rather  than  blue-black,  and  the  blue-black  hind- 
wings  are  narrower  and  more  produced,  with  a  red  and  black 
eye-spot  at  the  anal  angle.  Beneath,  the  hind-wings  have  two 
very  large  red  patches  towards  the  anal  angle,  and  some  large 
red  sub-marginal  lunules  on  the  hind-margin. 

[lxvl,  pt.]  Pangcnma^  Moore.  The  type  of  this  genus  is  P. 
varuna  (White),  which  is  found  in  North  India  and  also  at 
Penang.  This  Butterfly  measures  from  four  to  five  inches  across 
the  wings,  the  female  being  larger  and  paler  than  the  male,  and 
with  broader  wings.  The  hind-wings  are,  however,  narrower 
than  in  the  preceding  genera,  and  less  strongly  scalloped.  They 
are  blue-black,  with  grey  rays  between  the  nervures  towards  the 
hinder  angle  of  the  fore-wings,  especially  on  the  under  side.  In 
the  female  the  fore-wings  are  greyer,  with  the  nervures  and 
black  lines  on  the  interspace  showing  more  distinctly  than  in 
the  male.  The  collar,  a  tuft  between  the  eyes,  the  pleura,  and 
the  abdomen  beneath,  are  scarlet,  and  the  abdomen  is  spotted 
with  black. 

[lxvl,  pt.]  Alrophancura^  Reakirt.  The  type  of  this  genus  is 
A.  semperi  (Felder),  a  curious  Butterfly,  confined  to  the  Philip- 
pine Islands,  which  measures  about  four  inches  across  the  wings. 
The  body  is  red,  and  the  wings  are  black ;  the  fore-wings  are 
long  and  narrow,  and  considerably  produced  at  the  tips,  the 
hind-margin  being  very  oblique ;  the  hind-wings  are  much  ex- 


t^NASMlA.  303 

pnnded  below,  and  are  dcntated  and  sub-caudalc,  or  furniblicd 
with  a  strong  tooth  at  the  outer  angle ;  the  inner  half  of  the 
wing  is  brown  at  the  base,  and  dirty  white  beyond.  On  the 
under  side  of  the  hind-wings  is  a  large  red  blotch  at  the 
outer  angle,  with  some  black  spots  in  the  middle  and  on  the 
hind-margin ;  and  there  are  several  more  red  spots  towards 
the  margins  above  the  large  patch.  In  the  female,  the  white 
inner  marginal  space  is  absent,  and  the  red  markings  of  the 
under  surface  are  at  least  faintly  visible  above,  but  frequently 
there  are  two  rows  of  sub-marginal  pink  spots.  This  very 
curious  Butterfly  is  still  scarce  in  collections. 

[lxvil]  The  type  of  this  still  un-named  genus  is  Papilio  nox, 
Swainson.  This,  and  the  few  allied  species,  are  peculiar  to  the 
Malay  peninsula  and  the  adjacent  islands  of  Borneo  and  Suma- 
tra, and  are  remarkable  for  their  dark  colour,  very  long  fore- 
wings,  rounded  at  the  tips,  and  long  narrow  rounded  hind- 
wings. 

[lxix.,  pt.]  Pccnasniia,  Moore.  We  now  come  to  two  pecu- 
liarly-shaped genera  which  are  restricted  to  North  India. 
Fcenasniia  dasarada  (Moore)  is  the  type  of  one  genus.  It  ex- 
pands 5^/2  inches  across  the  wings;  the  fore-wings  are  long, 
narrow,  and  rounded  at  the  tips,  and  the  hind-wings  are  very 
long  and  narrow,  forming  three  large  lobes  on  the  hind-margin, 
and  then  expanding  into  a  very  broad  tail,  slightly  constricted 
at  the  base  ;  within  this  are  two  more  lobes,  one  at  the  inner- 
margin,  and  one  between  this  and  the  tail.  The  fore-wings  are 
dark  grey,  with  the  nervurcs,  intermediate  lines,  and  a  series  of 
longitudinal  lines  in  the  cell,  black  ;  there  are  several  large 
square  white  spots  on  the  hind-wings,  which  are  scarcely  marked 
with  red  on  the  upper  side ;  but  on  the  under  side  the  three 
on  the  hind-margin  are  white,  that  on  the  tail  is  red,  and  the 
three  at  the  anal  angle  and  on  each  side  of  it  are  red,  more  or 
less  marked  with  white  on  the  inner  side. 


j04  LLoVd's    NAtURAL    HlStOkV. 

[lxix.,  tt.]  Jjjdsa,  Moore.  B.  />/i//o.vc;nis  (Gray),  the  type  of 
this  genus,  much  resembles  Pamasiuia  dasarada,  but  the  wmgs 
are  broader  and  shorter,  expanding  only  43^  inches.  The 
body  is  red ;  the  fore-wings  are  coloured  as  in  Pcenasniia 
dasanida ;  and  on  the  hind-wings,  the  tail  is  short,  almost 
round,  and  much  constricted  at  the  base.  Towards  the  tip  is 
a  large  while  spot,  divided  in  two  by  a  line  at  its  lower  end  ; 
there  is  a  red  spot  on  the  tail,  one  on  the  inner  lobe,  one  at 
the  anal  angle,  and  one  on  the  inner-margin,  one  on  the 
hind-margin  between  the  white  spot  and  the  outer  lobe  at  the 
base  of  the  tail,  and  one  between  the  curve  beyond  this  and 
the  spot  at  the  anal  angle. 

The  larva  of  B.  philoxenus  is  pale  purplish-brown,  with 
several  short  tubercles  on  each  segment,  and  a  short,  broad, 
white  oblique  band  on  the  side  of  the  seventh  and  eighth. 
The  pupa  is  broad,  reddish- ochreous  in  colour,  with  the  head 
bifid  in  front,  the  thorax  curved  above  and  beneath,  the  wing- 
cases  expanded  laterally ;  and  the  dorsal  segments  with  folia- 
ceous  lateral  appendages.  The  larva  has  been  found  feeding 
on  a  creeping  pitcher-plant,  at  an  elevation  of  about  6,200 
feet ;  and  the  pupa  is  said  to  squeak  when  touched,  an  un- 
usual habit  in  Butterflies,  though  well  known  in  Ma?idHca 
atropos,  and  several  other  Sphingidce.  The  pupa  has  not 
been  described. 

[lxxiii.]  Menelaidcs,  Hiibner.  This  genus  includes  a  num- 
ber of  Indo-Malayan  and  Austro-Malayan  Butterflies,  most  of 
which  are  smaller  and  less  peculiarly  shaped  than  those  which 
we  have  just  been  considering ;  several  of  them  much  re- 
semble the  female  of  Papilio  po/ytes,  Linn  The  type  is  M. 
polydonis  (Linn.),  which  is  found  in  the  Moluccas  and  Australia. 
It  has  broad,  black  wings,  three  or  four  inches  in  expanse,  and 
the  fore-wings  are  rayed  with  greyish-white,  the  rays  towards 
the  hinder  angle  coalescing  into  a  large  blotch.     The  hind- 


TROS.  305 

^vings  have  a  broad  white  patch  crossing  the  end  of  the  cell, 
and  a  row  of  large  red  sub-marginal  spots.  The  hind  wings 
are  long,  with  the  hind-margin  much  waved,  and  sub-caudate. 
The  larva  feeds  on  Aristolochia,  and  much  resembles  that  of  a 
Thais.  It  is  dark  red,  with  several  rows  of  short  carmine 
fleshy  spines ;  about  the  middle  is  a  transverse  white  band 
slightly  tinted  with  rose-colour.  The  pupa  resembles  that  of 
Tros  hector. 

[lxxiv.]  Tros,  Barbut.  The  type  of  this  genus  is  T  hector 
(Linn.),  a  handsome  and  rather  isolated  Butterfly,  which  is 
c  )mmon  in  India  and  Ceylon.  It  measures  about  four  inches 
across  the  wings,  w^iich  are  rather  long  and  narrow  ;  the  tip  of 
the  fore-wings  is  rather  pointed,  and  the  hind-margin  oblique. 
The  hind-wings  are  long,  dentated,  and  with  a  moderately  long 
and  rather  broad,  but  hardly  spatulate,  tail.  The  wings  are 
black,  the  fore-wings  with  two  rows  of  long  and  mostly  bifid 
white  spots,  one  near  the  tip,  and  the  other  running  from 
before  the  middle  of  the  costa  to  the  hinder  angle ;  the  hind- 
wings  have  two  rows  of  large  round  red  sub-marginal  spots, 
the  innermost  turning  inwards  at  a  right  angle  to  the  inner 
margin  at  the  end  of  the  fold.  The  head,  the  body  beneath, 
and  the  greater  part  of  the  abdomen  are  red. 

The  larva  is  smooth  and  green,  with  the  hinder  thoracic  seg- 
ments slightly  thickened.  The  lower  part  of  the  body  is  brown 
in  front  and  white  behind.  On  the  upper  surface  there  is  a 
narrow  greyish  band  on  the  third  segment,  a  transverse  brown 
band  on  the  fourth,  and  an  oblicjue  white  band,  varied  with 
brown,  on  the  seventh,  which  rises  to  the  eighth  ;  the  extremity 
of  the  ninth  segment  is  also  whitish.  The  pupa  is  pale  grey, 
reticulated  with  brownish,  witli  a  bifid  head,  a  projection  on 
the  pectus,  and  the  ventral  surface  of  the  abdomen  serrated. 
The  larva  feeds  on  the  lime,  and  also  on  another  species  of 
Citrus^  called  "  Jurok  "  in  Java. 

«o  X 


3o6  Lloyd's  natural  history. 

[lxxv.]  Pharmacophagus^  Haase.  I  propose  to  restrict  this 
generic  name,  used  by  Haase  in  a  very  wide  sense,  to  P. 
antenor  (Drury),  the  largest  and  handsomest  Butterfly  found  in 
Madagascar.  It  measures  six  or  seven  inches  across  the  wings  ; 
the  fore-wings  are  long,  with  the  costa  not  much  arched,  the  tip 
rounded  off,  and  the  hind-margin  very  oblique,  and  slightly 
concave.  The  hind-wings  are  half  as  long  again  as  broad, 
and  very  strongly  scalloped,  with  a  long,  broad,  slightly 
spatulate  tail.  The  antennce  have  a  s'out  but  gradually-formed 
club.  The  thorax  and  antennae  are  black  above,  the  head 
and  most  of  the  under  surface  of  the  body  red  ;  the  abdomen 
red  and  white.  The  wings  are  black,  the  fore-wings  with 
three  large  pure  white  spots  in  the  cell,  and  two  rows  of  large 
white  spots  on  the  disc.  On  the  hind  wings  there  are  two  large 
white  spots  in  the  cell,  two  small  ones  al)ove,  and  a  curved 
row  of  small  ones  below ;  there  is  also  a  row  of  large  red  sub- 
marginal  lunules  running  from  the  tip  to  the  anal  angle ;  and 
on  the  inner-margin,  opposite  the  end  of  the  abdomen, 
which  only  extends  two-thirds  of  the  length  of  the  hind-wings, 
is  a  red  spot,  marked  above  and  below  with  white. 


Among  the  recently  discovered  species,  which  were  un- 
known to  Felder,  Fapilio  laglaizii^  Depuiset,  from  New 
Guinea  and  the  Aru  Islands,  deserves  special  mention  from 
its  curious  resemblance  to  Alcidis  metaiirus  (Hopffer),  a  Moth 
belonging  to  the  NyctahmofiiidcE.  It  measures  about  3^ 
inches  across  the  wings,  which  are  grcenish-black,  with  a  pale 
bluish-green  band  on  all  the  wings,  much  wider  on  the  hind- 
wings  than  on  the  fore-wings.  The  fore-wings  have  a  short 
subapical  band  of  the  same  colour,  and  on  the  hind-wings, 
the  incisions  and  the  short  tail  are  white. 


LEPTOCIRCIN^..  307 

GENUS  BARONIA. 

Baronia^  Salvin,  Trans.  Eat.  Soc.  London,  1893,  p.  331. 

Under  the  name  of  Baro7iia  brevlcornis,  Mr.  Salvin  has 
described  a  new  form  of  Butterfly  from  Western  Mexico  (Sierra 
Madre  del  Sur,  near  Chilpancingo,  at  an  altitude  of  about  4,500 
feet),  which  is  remarkable  for  its  very  short  antennae,  with  a 
long  club,  and  the  long  hair-like  frontal  scales,  which  are  drawn 
down  between  the  eyes.  The  sub-costal  nervure  of  the  fore-wings 
is  three-branched,  "  the  first  branch  arising  at  a  distance  from 
the  end  of  the  cell  about  equal  to  its  width,  and  the  second 
the  same  distance  beyond;  the  usual  third  branch  from  the 
end  of  the  cell  is  wanting,  as  well  as  either  the  first  or  second 
before  the  end  of  the  cell ;  the  upper  disco-cellular  nervule  is 
short,  and  the  middle  disco-cellular  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
lower."  The  wings  are  brown,  the  fore-wings  with  rows  of 
ochreous  spots,  those  towards  the  tip  whitish  in  the  female, 
and  the  hind-wings  with  the  upper  part  of  the  cell  and  the 
space  above  nearly  to  the  costa  yeliowish-ochreous,  and  with 
several  additional  spots  of  the  same  colour. 

SUB-FAMILY  IV.     LEPTOCIRCIN/R. 

I  have  ventured  to  separate  the  anomalous  genus,  Lepto- 
cinus,  Swainson,  as  a  distinct  Sub-family.  The  head  and  body 
are  very  thick,  the  abdomen  short,  the  eyes  large  and  pro- 
minent, the  palpi  very  short  and  thick,  with  long  stiff  hairs  in 
front,  and  the  antennae  thickening  into  a  club,  which  is  slightly 
curved  upwards.  In  one  species  only,  L.  curius  (Fabricius), 
the  claws  of  the  tarsi  are  bifid,  as  in  the  PieridLU,  ;  in  the  others 
they  are  simple.  The  fore-wings  are  short,  sub- triangular,  with 
the  tip  rather  pointed,  and  the  hind-margin  oblique  ;  the  outer 
part  is  hyaline,  except  at  the  edges.  The  hind-wings  are  long, 
folded,  and  produced  into  a  very  lung  tail.     On  the  fore-wings 

X  2 


3o8  LLOYD'S    NATURAL    HISTORY. 

thesub-costal  ncrvure  is  five -branched,  with  two  branches  thrown 
off  near  together  before  the  end  of  the  cell ;  the  third  and  fourth 
fork  half  way  between  the  rather  pointed  cell  and  the  tip, 
while  the  fifth  forks  just  beyond  the  cell.  The  upper  disco- 
cellular  nervule  is  present,  the  first  discoidal  nervule  being 
emitted  from  the  cell.  There  is  a  short  internal  nervure  and 
an  oblique  cross-nervule  connecting  the  median  and  sub- 
median  ncrvures  near  the  base.  On  the  hind-wings  the  pre- 
costal  nervule  is  present,  and  curved,  and  there  is  a  cross- 
nervure  connecting  the  costal  and  sub-costal  nervures  at  the 
base ;  the  second  sub-costal  nervule  is  absent ;  the  cell  is  very 
small,  and  all  the  remaining  nervures  are  very  long,  the  upper 
median  nervule  running  down  to  the  extremity  of  the  tail. 

GENUS  LEPTOCIRCUS. 
Leptocircus,   Swainson,    Zool.    111.    Ins.    ii.    p.    io6    (1832?); 
Boisduval,   Spec.  Gen.  Lepid.  i.  p.  380  (1836);  Double- 
day,   Gen.    Diurn.    Lepid.  p.   22   (1847);    Schatz,    Exot. 
Schmett.  ii.  p.  47  (1886). 
This  genus  includes  only  a  few  species,  very  similar  to  each 
other,  which  have  a  wide  range  over  the  Indo-Malayan  Region, 
but  do  not  appear  to  extend  beyond  it,  except  to  Celebes.     I 
have  figured  the  type,  which  is  also  one  of  the  commonest 
species ;  it  is  found  in  India,  Malacca,  Java,  <S:c.     The  species 
of  Leptocircus  are  said  to  hover  over  water  in  company  with 
Dragonflies,  which  some  observers  say  they  resemble  on  the 
wing. 

LEPTOCIRCUS   ]\IEGES. 
(Plate  LXIIL  Fig.  2.) 
Erycina  airius,  Godart  (nee  Fabricius),  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  p.  827 

(1823). 
Papi/io  meges,  Zinken-Sommer,  Nova  Acta  Acad.  Nat.   Cur 
XV.  p.  161,  pi.  15,  fig.  8  (1831). 


LEPTOCIRCIN.1^. 


309 


Lamproptera  curins,  Gray,  in  Griffith's  Animal  Kingdom,  xv. 

pi.  102,  fig.  4  (1832). 
Lepiocircus  ciirius^  Swainson,  Zool.  111.  Ins.  ii.  pi.  106  (1833) ; 

Boisduval,  Spec.  Gen.  Le'pid.  i.  p.  381,  pi.  7,  fig.  i  ;  pi. 

17,  fig.  I  (1836). 
Lepiocircus  meges,  Doubleday,  Zoologist,  i.  pp.  1 10, 1 1 1,  cum.  fig. 

(1843);  Distant,  Rhop.  Malay,  p.  385,  pi.  32,  fig.  3  (1886). 
Lepiocircus  virescens^  Butler,  Cat.  Lep.  Fabr.  p.  259  (1870). 

This  species  measures  rather  less  than  two  inches  across  the 
wings,  which  are  black.  The  fore-wings  are  hyaline  on  the 
outer  half,  traversed  by  the  black  nervures,  and  a  green  band 
runs  straight  from  the  costa  of  the  fore-wings,  at  about  one- 
third  of  their  length,  to  the  middle  of  the  hind-wings. 

The  earliest  known  species  of  the  genus,  Z.  curius  (Fabr.)  is 
smaller,  with  shorter  tails,  and  a  white  transverse  band  instead 
of  a  green  one ;  it  inhabits  Java  and  Siam. 


With  this  genus  we  conclude  our  second  volume,  and  our 
account  of  the  more  typical  Butterflies.  Our  next  volume  will 
commence  with  the  Hesperiidce^  or  Skippers,  which  may  be 
regarded  as  intermediate  between  Butterflies  and  Moths ;  fol- 
lowed by  an  account  of  those  families  of  Moths  which  appear 
to  be  most  nearly  allied  to  the  Butterflies. 


ALPHABETICAL   INDEX. 


Aboeis.     192,  194,  195,  197. 

cebrene.     197. 

mexicana.     231. 
Abisara.     10,  14,  15. 

gerontes.     15. 
abrota,  Ogyris.      131. 
achceus,  Anteros.     36. 

Papilio.     36, 

Polyommatus.     36. 
Achillides.     297. 

arjuna.     298. 

paris.     297,  298. 
achine,  Anthopsyche.     195. 

Callosune.      195. 
Achivus.     268,  289. 

hippocrates.     286. 

hospiton.     2S6. 

machaon.   276,285,286,287,289. 
acis,  Helicopis.      20,  21. 

Lyccxna.     107. 

Papilio.     20,  104,  107. 

Polyommatus.      107. 
Acmetopteron,     182,  183. 

nemesis.     182,  183. 
Acra^a  andromachu.     241, 
Acreeinoe.     134,  181,  250. 
Actinote.     181. 
Adelpha.     48. 
adonis,  Lyca.-na.     94. 

Papilio.     94. 

Polyommatus.     92,  93,  94,  95. 
cegeus,  Nestorides.     295. 
cegon,  Lyccena.     88. 

Papilio.     88. 

Polyommatus.     83. 


oelianus,  Lampides.     85. 
apneas,  Papilio,  271. 
reneides,  Papilio.     271. 
oestiva,  Lyca.'na.     99. 
iEtheoptera.     256,  257. 

victorioe.     256. 
agamemnon,  Papilio.     27S. 
aganippe,  Delias.     170. 
agathon,  Metaporia.      158. 
agenor,  Iliades.     299,  300,  301. 

Papilio.     299. 
agcstis,  Papilio.     99. 

Polyommatus.     99,  loi,  102. 
agestor,  Cadugoides.     2S0. 
Agriades  atys.      103. 

orbitulus.      103. 
agyrtus,  Erycina.     43. 

Isapis.     43. 

Papilio.     43. 
AInena.     134. 

albicans,  Lycnena.  91,  92. 
albipunctata,  Zcmeros.  13. 
alcides,  Myrina.     76. 

Papilio.     76. 
Alcidis  metaurus.     306. 
Alcon  Blue.     no. 
ulcon,  Lyc;\;na.      no. 

Nomiades.      no. 

Papilio,  no. 

Polyommatus.     109,  no. 
Alctis.      134. 
alexis,  Lycrena.     96. 
Papilio.     96,  99,  105. 

Polyommatus.     94,  96,  99,   100, 
lOl.  102. 


312 


ALrHABETICAL   INDEX. 


allous,  Papillo.     99. 

Polyommatus,  100. 
Aloeides.     77,  79. 
Aloeides  pierus.     79. 
alphcea,  Lemonias  maculata,     38. 
alsus,  Cupido.    85. 

Lycoena.     105. 

Polyommatus.     105, 
Amaryssus.     286. 
amata,  Colotis.     190. 
Amauris,  291. 
Amauris  niavius.     291, 
Amblypodia.     48,  1 30. 

apidanus.     130. 

erylus.     62. 
amphione,  Dismorphia.     181,  1S2. 

Papilio.     181. 
amphrysus,  Ornithoptera.     265, 
amyntas,  Papilio.     86. 

Polyommatus.     86. 
Amynthia.     223,  225. 

clorinda.     223, 

masrula.     223, 
Anaphe.     163. 
Ancyluris.     30,  3I>  31* 

iphinoe.     29. 

melibceus.     31. 
androgeos,  Papilio.     299. 
androgeus,  Calaidcs.     283. 
andromacha,  Acrrea.     241. 
annce,  Callosune.     196,  200. 
Anops.     131. 

antenor,  Pharmacophagus.     306. 
Anteros.     35. 

achoeus.     36. 

formosus.     35. 
AnthocharinK.     139,  1S5. 
Anthocharis.     185,  190,  194. 

cardamines.     186. 

cebrene.     197. 

danae.     196. 

genutia.     190. 

scolymus.      1 90. 
Anthopsyche.     194,  195,  197. 

achine.     195. 
anthyale,  Zercne.     217. 
antimachus,    Drurya.      240,     241, 
250,    279. 

Papilio.     250. 


antiopa,  Papilio.     235,  268. 

Vanessa.     235,  268. 
antiphates,  Pathysa.     274. 
Apatura  iris.     249. 
AphiicTeus.     13,  79. 

orcas,  80. 
Aphnaria.     47,  48. 
Aphiissa.     228. 

statira.     228. 
apidanus,  Amblypodia.     1 30, 
apollina,  Doritis.     2.39 
Apollo  Butterfly.     236. 
apollo,  Papilio,     236. 

Parnassius.     141,  236,  237,  23S, 

239- 
apollonius,  Parnassius.     239. 
Aporia.     139,  143,  154,  156. 

crataegi.     140,  141. 

lama.     155. 
Arpias.     171,  172,  174,  175. 

paulina.     143. 

zelmira.     173. 
Araminta.     292. 

demolion.     292. 
Areas.     58. 

imperialis.     58. 
areas,  Nomiades.      IC9, 

Papilio.     1 10. 
Archonias.     163,  164. 

tereas.     163. 
aretlmsa,  Papilio.     197. 
nrgia,  Nepheronia.     205,  2o5. 
argiades,  Cupido.     85,  106. 

Lyecena.     S6,  S7. 

Papilio.     85. 

Polyommatus.     S6. 
argiolus,  Cyaniris.     103. 

Lycrena.      104. 

Papilio.      103,  106. 

Polyommatus.     104. 
Argus,  Brown.     99,  100. 

Durham.     100. 
argus,  Lyecena.     88. 

Papilio.     88. 

Plebeius.     47,  87,  88,  89. 

Polyommatus.     88,  89. 
A  rh  opal  a.     130. 
aiion,  Lyexna.     109. 

Nomiades.     106,  108,  iio. 


ALrHABETICAL    INDEX, 


313 


arion,  Papilio.     108. 

Polyommatus.      108,  no. 
arjuna,  Achillides.     298. 
armandi,  Davidina.      157,  158. 
Armandia.     247,  248. 

thaidina,     247,  248. 
Artaxerxes  Butterfly.      102. 
artaxerxes,  Ilesperia.     102. 

Lyciiena.     102. 

Polyommatus.      102,  103. 
aruna,  Delias.     169. 
Ascanidfcs.     269. 

triopas.     269, 
ascanius,  Hectorides.     270,  271. 

Papilio.     270. 
Aslauga.     136. 

niarginalis.      136. 

vininga.      136. 
astarte,  Catagiamma,     42. 
astrarche,  Lyaiena.     99, 102. 

Papilio.     99. 

Polyommatus.     99. 
astynome,  Leptalis.     182. 
Atrophaneura.     302. 

semperi.     302. 
atropos,  Manduca.     304. 
atymnus,  Loxura.     77. 
atys,  Agriades.     103. 
aurata,  Lyc^ena.     120. 
aurora,  Eriocolias.     21 1. 
Aurotis..  65. 
auxo,  Callosune.     205. 
avellaneda,  Catopsilia.     227, 
Axiocerses.     63,  78. 

perion.     64. 
Azure  Blue.     103,  104. 

bachmanii,  Hypatus.     4. 

Libythea.     4. 
DcCtica,  Lampides.     84. 

LycKna.     S;^. 
bxticus,  Lampides.     82,  85. 

Papilio.     82. 

Polyommatus.     83,  90. 
ballus,  Thcstor.     128. 

Tomares.      128. 
Baltia.      159,  158. 

butleri.      156. 

sbawii.     156. 


Barbicornis.     34. 

basalis.     34. 
Baronia.     307. 

brevicornis.     307. 
basalis,  Barbicornis.     3  «. 
Bath  White.     152. 
Bedford  Blue.      105. 
belemida,  Papilio.     152. 
Belenois.     161. 

calypso.      161. 
belenus,  Pleliophorus.     69. 
belisama,  Delias.     166,  16S. 

Papilio.      166. 

Pieris.      166. 
bellargus,  Lyccena.     94. 

Papilio.     93. 

Polyommatus.     93. 
bcllidice,  Papilio.      152. 

Pieris.     152. 

Pontia.      153. 
bcngalensis,  Lyccenesthes.     114. 
bctulie,  Papilio.     66. 

Polyommatus.     66, 

Thecla.     48, 66. 

Zephyrus.     66. 
Bhutanitis.     247,  248. 

lidderdalii.     247,  24S. 
bibulus,  Lachnocnema.      133. 
Biduanda.     74. 
bifasciata,  Mesosemia.     24, 
Jjlack  Llair-streak.     53. 
Black-veined  White.      140,  142. 
Blue,  Alcon.     no. 

Azure.     103,  104. 

Bedford.      105. 

Chalk-hill.     91. 

Common.     96,  97. 

Large.     108,  109. 

I>arge  Tailed.     82. 

Mazarine.     106,  107,  108. 

Silver-studded.     88. 

Small  Tailed.     85. 
ba-bcra,  Nephcronia.     205. 
lx)hcmani,  Ptychoptcryx.      193. 
l)oisduvaliana,  Sphoenogona.     231. 
Bombyces.     17,  32,  163. 
bogota,  Zeonia.     27. 
l)ogotana,  Sphxnogona,     230,  231. 
brassiere,  Papilio.     144. 


3M 


ALPHABETICAL   INDEX. 


brassicce,    Pieris.      143,    144,    145, 
146,  147. 

Pontia.      144. 
Brassolis.     136, 
brassolis,  Liphyra.     136. 
brephos,  Leucidia.     177. 
brevicornis,  Baronia.     307. 
Brimstone  Butterfly.     221,  222. 
brookeana,  Ornithoptera.    259,  260, 
261. 

Trogonoptera.     259,  260,  261. 
Brown  Argus.     99,  100. 

Ilair-streak.     65. 
bryonice,  Papilio.      149. 

Pieris.     149,  150. 
buquetii,  Nepheronia.     205. 
butleri,  Baltia.     156. 

Synchloe.     156. 
Byasa.     304. 

philoxenus.     304. 

Cabbage  Butterflies.     143. 
Cadugoides.     280. 

agestor.     280. 
coeneus,  Delias.     168. 
ccesarea,  Euterpe.     164. 
Calaides.     283. 

androgens.     283. 
callidice,  Pontia.      15 1. 
Callidryas.     205,  226,  22S. 

eubule.     207,  228. 
Callidryince,     139,  207. 
callinice,  Pereute.     165. 
Callophrys.     54. 

dumetorum.     55. 

rubi.     54,  68. 
Callosune.       192,     194,    196,    200, 
204,  205. 

achine.     195- 

annx.     196,  200. 

auxo.     205. 

cinerascens.     196. 
calphurnia,  Euerycina.     33. 
calypso,  Belenois.     161. 
Camberwell  Beauty.     235. 
Candida,  Leptoria.     179. 

Terias.     233. 
candidus,  Papilio.     178. 
cardamines,  Anthocharis.     186. 


cardamines,    Euchloe.       150,    186, 
187,  188,  1S9,  190,  195. 

Papilio.     186. 

Pieris.     186. 

Pontia.     1 86. 
caricse,  Erycina.     41. 

Limnas  subtilis.     40. 

Nymphidium.     40,  41. 

Papilio.     40. 
carinenta,  Papilio.     3, 

Libythea.     5. 
Carolina,  Eurybia.     25. 
Cartea.     32. 
Castalaria.     47,  48. 
Castalius.     48,  1 12.^ 

rosimon.  112,  113. 
castor,  Tamera.  294. 
Catagramma  astarte.     42. 

sinamara.     42. 
Catagrammina.     42. 

hewitsoni,     43. 

tapaja.     42. 
Catasticta.     164. 
Catochrysops.     48. 
Catophaga.     142,  143,  228. 
Catopsilla.      139,    207,    225,    227, 
229. 

avellaneda.     227. 

crocale.     226. 

scylla.     226. 

solstitia.     227. 
ccbrene,  Abceis.      197. 

Anthocharis.  197. 
celadon,  Iphiclides.     274,  275. 

Papilio.     275. 
celtis,  Libythea.     2,  4,  6. 

Papilio.     2,  4. 
cenea,  Papilio.     292. 
ceneus,  Papilio.     168. 
ceronus,  Lyccena.     94. 

Papilio.     94,  95. 

Polyommatus.     95. 
cesonia,  Meganostoma.     220. 
Cethosia.     242. 
Chalk-hill  Blue.     91. 
Chamcelimnas,     33. 
Charidce.     139. 

Charis.       37,     185,    294,    297, 
298 


ALPHABETICAL    INDEX. 


3^5 


chariclea,  Pieris.     143,  145. 

Pontia.     145. 
charltonius,  Parnassius.     239, 
charops,  Pereute.     165. 
Charus  helenus.     294. 
cheiranthi,  Pieris.     144. 
Cheritra.     74. 
Chilasa,  279. 

dissimilis.     280, 

panope.     279.  I 

chilensis,  Eroessa.     192. 
chione,  Nepheronia,  205,  2o5. 
chitra,  Sithon,  75. 

Thecla.     75. 
chorineus,  Papilio,  28. 

Zeonia.     28. 
chryseis,  Chrysophanus.     123. 

Lyccena.     123. 

Papilio.      123. 

Polyommatus.     123. 
chrysonome,  Idmais.     199, 
Chrysophanidi.     129. 
Chrysophanus.      1 1 5. 

chryseis.      123. 

dispar.     117. 

phlceas.     125. 

virgaureoe.  116. 
Chrysorychia.  6;^, 
chrysotheme,  Colias.     212. 

Eurymus.     210,  212. 
Cigaritis.     77,  79. 

zohra.     79. 
:inerascens,  Callosune,  195. 
cinnus,  Papilio.     94,  95. 

Polyommatus.     95. 
cipris,  Parura.     229,  230. 
circe,  Lycoena.     127. 
Citrinophila.     135. 
clcobis,  Papilio.      103. 
cleobule,  Colias.     221. 
clcodora,  Eronia.     203,  204. 
Cleopatra,  Colias.     221,  223. 
Clifden  Blue  Pultcrfly.     93,  95. 
clorinda,  Amynthia.     223. 
Clouded  Yellows.     207,  209,  210, 

211,  212,  214,  215,  217,  21S. 
clyton,  Papilio.     112. 
codrus,  Idaides.     278. 
Colias.     208,  210,  220,  223,  225. 


Colias  chrysotheme.     212, 

Cleopatra.     221,  223. 

croceus.     211,  214. 

dorippe.     217. 

edusa.     211,  212. 

europome.    217,  21 8. 

helice.     212. 

hyale.     211,  215. 

kirbyi.     210,  216. 

myrmidone.     212, 

palreno.     210. 

philodice.     217. 

rhamni.     220,  221,  223. 

sareptensis.     216. 
Colotis.      192,  198. 

amata,  198. 
Common  Blue.     96,  97. 
Compsoteria.     26. 
Copper,  Dark-undervving.   121,  122 

Large.      1 17,  120,  122,  124. 

Purple-edged,  122,  123,  124. 

wScarce.     115,  116. 

Small.     125,  126. 
coretas,  Papilio.      86. 
corethrus,  Euryades.     24I. 
coridon,  Papilio.     113. 
corydon,  Lycoena.     91. 

Papilio.     91. 

Polyommatus.      82,   91,  92,   94, 
95,  100. 
Cosmodesmus.     272,  274. 

protesilaus.     273. 
cratregi,  Aporia.      140,  141. 

Papilio.      140. 

Pieris.      140. 

Polyommatus.      129. 
cresphontes,  Heraclidcs.      2o2. 
cressida,  Eurycus.     240, 
crino,  itariniala.     297. 
crispus,  Papilio.     39. 
crocale,  Calopsilia,     226. 
croceus,  Colias.     211,  214. 

Eurymus.     214. 

Papilio.     211. 
crnesus,  Papilio.     35. 

Troides.     255,  256. 
Cupido.     81,  85. 

alsus.     85; 

argiades.     85,  106. 


3i6 


ALriTADETICAL    INDEX. 


Cupido  pucr.     85,  105. 
cupido,  Helicopis.     20,  21. 

Papilio.     21. 
Curetaria.     47,  48. 
Curetis.     48,  131. 

thetys.     131. 
curius,  Erycina.     30S. 

Lamproptcra.     309. 

Leptocircus.     307,  309. 
cyanea,  Papilio.      113. 

repliphorus.     1 13. 
Cyaniris.     82,  103, 

argiolus.     103. 
Cyllopoda.     33. 
cyllarus,  Noniiades.     ic3 

Dabasa.     278. 

gyas.     278. 
Dalchina.     277,  278. 

sarpedon.     277. 
danac,  Anthocharis.     196. 

Callosune.     196. 

Pieris.     196. 
Danainoe.     207,  279,  2S0,  284,  291. 
danis,  Papilio.     113,  196. 

Thysonotis.      113. 
daplidice,  Pontia.     143,   152,    153, 

191,  214,  219. 
Daptonura.     175. 
Dark-undervving    Copper.         121, 

122. 
dasarada,  Prenasmia.     303,  304. 
Davidina.     156,  157. 

armandi.     157,  158. 
decorata,  Dicallancura.     14. 
delia,  Eurema.     232. 
Delias.     165,  168,  169,  171. 

aganippe.     170. 

aruna.     169. 

belisama.      166,  16S. 

cseneus.     168. 

dorimene.     170. 

eucharis.      167. 

egialea.     169. 

nigrina.     170. 

philyra,     168. 
delius,  Parnassius.     238,  239. 
Deloneura  immaculata.      135. 
demoleus,  Orpheides.     2S0. 


demolion,  Araminfa.     292. 
Dercas.     224. 

verhuelli.     225. 
Deudorix.     48,  71,  73. 

epijarbas.     71,  72. 

isocrates,     72. 
Dicallancura.     13. 

decorata.     14. 

pulchra.     13. 
diniensis,  Leptidia.     180. 

Leucophasia.     179,  iSo. 
Dioptidoe.     45. 
Dioptis.     26. 
Diorhina.     29,  30. 

laonome.     29. 

periander.     29. 
Dipsas.     65. 

epijarbas.     7 1. 
Dismorphia.     177,  180,  lol,  1S2. 

amphione.     181,  182. 

egaena.     183. 

lais.     182. 
Dismorjihidoe.     139. 
dispar,  Chrysophanus.      1 17. 

Lyc?ena.      117,    120,    121,    122, 
124. 

Papilio.      117. 

Polyommatus.     117. 

Porthetria.     121. 
dissimilis,  Chilasa.     2S0. 
Dodona.     13. 
dolicaon,  Eurytides.     272. 
dolus,  Polyommatus,  93. 
donna,  Eurybia.     26. 
dorilis,  Lyccena.      127. 
dorimene,  Delias.     170. 
dorippe,  Colias.     217. 
Doritis.     239. 

apollina.     239. 
dorylas,  Polyommatus.     94,  95. 
Drurya.      250. 

antimachus.       240,      241,     250, 
279. 
Dryadce.     139. 
Dryas.     203. 

leda.     203,  204. 
dumetorum,  Callophr3-s.     55. 
Durbania.      134. 
Durham  Argus.      100, 


ALPHADETICAL   INDEX. 


317 


Dusky-veined 
150. 


White      Butterfly. 


Early    White    Cabbage    Butterfly. 

145- 
eborea,  Papilio,      196. 
ectriva,  Sphrcnogona.     23a. 
edusa,  Colias.     211,  212. 

I'Airymus,  214. 

rapilio.     152,  211. 
crfima,  Eurygona,      17. 

Euselasia.      17. 
cgacna,  Dismorphia.     1S3. 

Leptalis.      183. 
egaensis,  Dismorphia.     1S3. 

Mechanitis.     183. 
egialea,  Delias.     169. 

Papilio.      169. 

Pieris.      169. 
egnatia,  Elodina.     176. 
ehrenbergii,  IMorpheis.     19, 
eieidias,  Perrhybris.     159. 
clectra,  Eurymus.     213,  214. 

Papilio.     211. 
elephenor,  Pangeranopsis.     302. 
eleus,  Hesperia.     125. 

Polyommatus.     126, 
Elodina.     175. 

egnatia.     176. 
elvina,  Leucidia.     177. 
emaithion,  Thades.     301. 
emesioides,  Zemerus.     13. 
I-^mcsis.     36,  37. 
emylius,  Erycina.     39. 

Lemonias.     39. 

Papilio.     39. 
Enantia.     182,  1S4. 

licinia,      184. 

mclitc.     182,  1S4. 
Endopogon,  270,  271. 

sesoslris.     270. 
endymion,  Ilelicopis.     20. 

Papilio.     20,  57,  90. 

Polyommatus.     57. 
e'picharis,  Pieris.     167. 
epicles,  Ileliophorus.     69. 

Ilerda.     69,  71. 

Polyommatus.     69. 

Thccla.     69. 


epijarbas,  Deudorix.     71,  72. 

Dipsas.     71. 
Epinephele  janiia.     66. 
Epitola.     134. 

cpulus,  Lemonias  maculata.     38. 
Eques.     267,  288,  290. 

lycieus.     290. 

nireus.     290. 
Equites.     235,  251,  26S. 
Equitidc-e.     17,  27,    154,   15S,  163, 
234,  235,   240,  241,  242,  248, 
279,     280,     282,     283,     296, 
297. 
Equitinoe.     265. 
crate,  Eurymus.     217. 
Eriocolias.     209,  210. 

hyale.     210. 
eris,  Pontia      198. 
criihonius,  Orpheidcs.     280,  2S2. 
Eroessa  chilensis.     192. 
Eronia.     202,  203,  205. 

cleodora.     203,  204. 

leda.     203. 
eros,  Polyommatus.     97,  98. 
Erycina.     8,  29,  30. 

agyrtus.     43. 

caricx.     41 

curius.     30S. 

emylius.     39. 

gelon.     17. 

iphinoe.     29. 

meliboeus.     31, 

octavius.     28. 

philocles.     24. 

tarquinius.      128. 
Erycinidaj.     8,  14,  15. 
crylus,  Amblypodia.     62. 

Hypolycxna.     62,  6^. 

Myrina.     62. 
erysimi,  Leptidia.      180. 

Leucophasia.      1S8. 

Papilio,      179. 
ethclinda,  Nymphidium.     41. 
cubule,  Callidryas.      227,  228. 

Papilio.     227. 
cu'-haiis,   Delias.     167. 

Papilio.      167. 
Euchcira.     162. 

socialis.      162. 


3i8 


ALPHABETICAL    INDEX. 


Euchloe.     177,  185,  190,  191,  194, 
195,  201,  205. 

cardamincs.      150,  1S6,  1S7,  1S8, 
189,  190,  195. 

hesperidis.     189,  190, 

tunitis.      1S8,  189. 
Kudymion  regalis.     57, 
Euerycina.     34. 

calphurnia.     33. 
Eunvxus.     46,  48,  160, 

niinyas.     60. 
Eumcnia.     46,  60. 

toxea.     60. 
Euphoeades,     284. 

glaucus.     283,  2S4. 
Euploea.     280. 
Euploeopsis.     280,  2S9. 

glaucus.     284,  285, 

telearchus.     280. 
Euptychia.      16,  18,  23. 
Eurema.     207,  232,  234, 

delia.     232. 
euridice,  Papilio.     123. 

Polyommatus.     123. 
eurisus,  lolaus.     73- 

Papilio.     73. 
europome,  Colias.     217,  218. 

Eurymus.     218,  219. 
Euryades.     241. 

corcthrus.     241. 
Eurybia.     22,  25. 

Carolina.     25. 

donna.     26. 

nicKus.     26. 

Salome.     26. 
eurybia,  Papilio.      123,  125. 

Polyommatus.     123. 
Eurycus.     240,  241. 

cressida.     240. 
eurydice,  Meganosloma.     2Z0, 
Eurygona.      16. 

enima.      17. 
Eurygonince.     8. 

Eurymus.     138,  198,  208,  210,  218, 
220,  233. 

aurora,  211 

chrysothcme.      2lo,  212. 

croceus.     214 

edusa.     214. 


Eurymus  elcctra.     213,  214. 

erate.     217. 

europome.     218,  219. 

helice.     212,  213. 

hyale.     210,  211,  214,  216,  217, 
218,  219. 

kirbyi.     211,  215,  218,  219. 

myrmidone.     212. 

paloeno.     214,  215,  217. 

phicomone.     210. 

philodice.     217. 

sareptensis.     217. 
euryone,  Euselasia.     18. 
eurypylus,  Zetides.     277. 
Eurytides.     272. 

dolicaon.     272. 
Euselasia.     16,  23,  265. 

effima.     17, 

euryone.      18. 

gelon.     17. 

opalescens.     17. 

phxdica.     18. 

prseclara.     17. 
Euselasiinne.     8,  15,  19. 
Euterpe.     163. 

coesarea.     164. 

leucodrosime.  164. 
Euvanessa.  268  note, 
evagoras,  lalmenus.  70, 

Myrina.     70. 

Papilio.     70. 
evan,  Meandrusa.     278. 
Evenus.     57. 

regalis.     57. 
Everes.     85. 
eversmanni,  Parnassius.     239. 

faunus,  Papilio.     27. 

Zeonia.     27,  28. 
fausta.  Idmais.      199. 
feisthamelii,  Iphiclides.     276. 

Papilio.     275. 
Eeniseca.      128. 

tarquinius.      128,  129. 
ficedula,  Myrina.     76. 
flcgyas,  Zemeros.     13, 
flippantha,  Melete.     175, 
formosus,  Anteros.     35. 

Papilio.     35. 


ALMIADETICAL    INDEJt. 


V9 


gnmbrisius,  Nesloridcs.     295. 
Ganoris.     142,  143. 
gelon,  Erycina.     17. 

Euselasia.     17. 

Papilio.     17. 
genutia,  Antliocharis.     190. 
gerontcs,  Abisara.      15. 
Geryclus.     48,  132. 

symethus.     132. 
Gipsy  Moth.     121. 
glaucippe,  Hebomoia.     201,  202. 
glaucus,  Euphoeades.     2S4,  2S5. 
glycerion,  Pazala.     273. 
Gnesia  zetes.     250. 
gnidus,  Papilio.     20. 
Golden-Spot  Butterfly.     20. 
Gonepteryx.     221. 

rhamni.     221. 
Green  Hair-strealc.     54. 
Green-veined  White  Butterfly.    148, 

149. 
gyas,  Dabasa.     278. 

Hades  noctula.     18,  19. 
Hair-streaks.     48,  49. 

Black.     53. 

Brovvn.     65. 

Green.     54. 

Pale  Brown.     49. 

Purple.     67,  68. 

White-letter.     50,  51. 
Hamearis  lucina.     ii. 
hardwickii,  Parnassius.     239. 
Harimala.     296,  297,  298. 

crino.     297, 
Hebomoia.     200. 

glaucippe.     201,  202. 

ieucippe.     202. 
hecabe,  Terias.     233. 
hector,  Thais.     305. 

Tros.     305. 
Ilcctorides.     270. 

ascanius.     270,  271. 
helena,  Ornilhoptera.     264,  265. 
helenus,  Charus.     294. 
helicc,  Colias.     212. 

Eurymus.     212,  213. 

Papilio.     212. 
heliconidcs,  Zconia.     28. 


Heliconius.      159. 
Helicopis.     14,  19,  35. 

acis.     20,  21. 

cupido.     20,  21, 

endymion.     20. 
Heliophorus.     68,  70. 

belenus.     69. 

epicles.     69. 
helios,  Hypermnestra.     240. 
helius,  lolaus.     73. 

Papilio.     73. 

Polyomniatus.     73. 
hera,  Isapis.     44. 
Heraclides.     282,  iS^. 

cresphontes.     282. 

thoas.     282. 
hersilia,  Phoebis.     229. 
hesebolus,  Parnassius.     23S. 
Hesperia  artaxerxes.      102. 

eleus.     125, 

pindarus.     80. 

tarquinius.      128 
hesperidis,  Euchloe.      189,  190. 
Hesperiidee.     33,  82,  136,  309. 
Hestia  idea,  279. 
hewitsoni,  Catagrammina.     43. 
Hewitsonia.     134. 
Hipparchia  hyperanthus.     6y. 
hippia,  Nepheronia.     205. 
hippocrates,  Achivus.     286. 
hippolytus,  Ornithojitera      266. 

Pom[)eoptera.     266. 
hippothoe,  Lycacna.      121- 125. 

Pajiilio.      117,  121,  122,  266. 

Polyommatus.     117,     121,     123, 
124. 
homerus,  Papilio.     2S2. 
lionnoratii,  Thais.     243,  244,  245. 
hospiton,  Achivus.     2S6. 
Howard's  White  Butterfly.      148. 
Hujihina.      174. 
liyacinthus,  Pa])ilio.     94. 
hyale,  Colias,  211,  215. 

Eriocolias.     210. 

Eurymus.     210,   211,    213,    214, 
216. 

Papilio.     211,  215. 
liylax,  Pithccops.      1 14. 
byparctc,  Maiicijiiuni.      1C7. 


320 


ALPHABETICAL   iNDEJi. 


hyparete,  Papilio.     1G7,  168. 
Hypatus.     3,  5. 

bachmanii.     4. 
hyperanlhus,  Ilipparcliia.     C'j, 
Ilypermnestra.     240. 

helios.     240. 
Hypochrysops.     Si. 
Hypolyccena.     48,  61, 

erylus.     62,  63. 

lara.     61. 

lal  menus.     70. 

evagoras.     70. 
icarinus,  Papiiio.     96. 
icarus,  Lycaena.     96,  97. 

Papilio.     96,  98. 

Polyommatus,     Sy,   94,    96,    97, 
98,  107,  126. 
idoeoides,  Papilio.     279. 
Idaides.     278. 

codrus.     278. 
idea,  Hestia.     279. 
Idmais.     193,  198,  199. 

chrysonome.     199. 

fausta.     199. 
idotcea,  Nephcronia.    203,  205,  206. 
Ilerda.      68. 

epicles.     69. 
Iliades.     299,  301. 

agenor.     299,  300,  301, 

memnon.     300,  301. 
ilicis,  Thecla.     54,  68. 
ilioneus,  Pterurus.     289. 
immaculata,  Deloneura.     135, 
imperialis,  Areas.     58. 

Papilio.     58. 

Teinopalpus.     248. 

Thecla.     58. 
iobxa,  Nephcronia.     2c3. 
lolaus.     ^T,. 

euri>iis.      73. 

helius.      73. 

silas.     73. 
iole,  Nathalis.       2oS. 
Iphias  ]cucipi~»c.     202. 
Iphiclides.     274. 

celadon.     274,  275. 

feisthaiTiclii.     276. 

pcjdaHnuo,     273,  275. 


Iphiclides  protesilaus.     273. 
iphigenia,  Papilio.     159. 

Pieris.     159. 
iphinoe,  Ancyluris.     29. 

Erycina.     29. 
iris,  Apatura.     249. 
Isamiopsis.     280. 
Isapis.     22,  43. 

agyrtus.     43. 

hera.     44. 
isocrates,  Ueudorix.     72. 
Ithobalus.     272. 

polydamas.     272, 
Ithomeis.     33. 
Ithomia.     26. 

Ithomiin.-e.     33,  44,  138,  177,  i8j. 
Ithomiopsis.     23' 
Ixias.     199. 

pyrene.     200. 

janira,  Epinephele.     66. 
Jasoniades.     285. 
xuthus.     285. 

kirbyi,  Colias.     210,  216. 

Eurymus.     215,  217,  218,  219. 
Kricogonia.     224. 

lyside.     224. 

labienus,  Polyommatus.     97. 
Lachnocnema  bibulus.     133. 
iacon,  Polyommatus.     97, 
Loeosopis  roboris.     6S, 
Laertias.     293,  296. 

ulysses.     296. 
laglaizii,  Papilio.     306. 
lais,  Dismorphia.      182. 
lama,  Aporia.      155. 
Lampides.     48,  82,  ^'^. 

relianus.     85. 

bceticus.     82,  84,  85. 
Lamproptera  curius.     309, 
laonome,  Diorhina.     29. 
lara,  Ilypolycixina.     61. 
Large  Blue.      108,  109. 
Large  Copper.     117,120,122,124. 
Large  Tailed  Blue.     82. 
Large  White.     i^\. 
Larinopoda.     135. 


ALPHABETICAL   INDEX. 


lathyri,  Leptidia.     i8o. 

Leucophasia.     i8o. 

Papilio.     179. 
leda,  Dryas.     203,  204. 

Eronia.     203. 
Lemonias.     38,  39,  40. 

alphcea.     38. 

emylius.     39. 

epulus,     38. 

luciana.     38. 
Lemoniidce.     6,  8,   12,  14,  23,  33, 

34,  44,  128,  185,  265. 
Lemoniince.     21. 
leonidas,  Papilio.     279. 
Leptalis.     180,  182. 

astynome.     182. 

egaena.      183. 
Leptidia.     177,   17S. 

diniensis.      180. 

erysimi.     180. 

lathyri.     180. 

sinapis.      178,  219. 
Leptocircus.     27,  234,  307,  30^. 

meges.     308,  309. 

virescens.     309. 
Leptoria.     178. 

Candida.     179. 
Leptosia.     176,  178,  2o5. 

xiphia.     177. 
Leucidia.     177. 

brephos.      177. 

elvina.     177. 
'eucippe,  Ilebomoia.     202, 

Iphias.     202. 

Papilio.     202. 

Pieris.     202. 
leucodrosime,  Euterpe.     164, 

Pereute.     164,  165. 
Leuconea.     140. 
Leucophasia.     178. 

diniensis.     179,  180. 

erysimi.     180. 

lathyri.      1 80. 

sinapis.      1 79. 
Lethe.     14. 
Libythea.     2,  3,  6,  78. 

bachmanii.     4. 

carinenta.     5. 

celtis.     2,  4,  5,  6. 

10 


Libythea  motya.     5. 
Libytheid^e.      I. 
licinia,  Enantia.      184. 
lidderdalii,  Bhutanitis.     247,  248. 
Limnas.     291. 
caric.ie.     40. 
Liphyra.     133,  136. 

brassolis.      1 36. 
Liptena.     134. 
Liptenipoe.     46,  47,  48,  133. 
Lithosiidoe.     32. 
Loxura.     48,  74,  77. 

atymnus.     77. 
lucanus,  Lucia.     133. 
Lucia.      133. 

lucanus.     133. 
luciana,  Lemonias.     38. 
lucina,  Ilamearis.      11, 

Nemeobius.      11. 

Papilio.     II. 
Luehdorfia.     246. 
lya^us,  Eques.     290. 
Lycsides.     8y . 

Lycrena.     46,  78,  81,  82,  90,  115, 
128,  159,  284. 

acis.     107. 

adonis.     94. 

segon.     88. 

restiva.     99, 

albicans.     91,  92, 

alcon.     I  [o. 

alexis.     96. 

alsus.     105. 

argiades.     86,  Sy,  104. 

argus.     88. 

arion.     109. 

artaxerxes.     102. 

astrarche.     99,  102. 

aurata.     120. 

bxtica.     83. 

bellargus.     94. 

ceronus.     94. 

chryseis.     123. 

circe.     127. 

corydon.     9 1. 

dispar.      117,  120,  12 1,  122,  124 

hiiipothoe.     121,  123,  124,  125. 

icarinus.     97. 

icarus.     96,  97. 


322 


ALPHABETICAL   INDEX 


Lycocna  medon.     99. 

minima.     105. 

orion.      112. 

phloeas.     78,  79,  90,  1 15,  125. 

rutila.     119,  120,  121,  122. 

semiargus.      107. 

schmidtii.     127. 

timeus.      127. 

virgaurece.     115,  116. 
Lyccenesthes.     48,  114, 

bengalensis.      114. 
Lycoenidoe.     45,  12S. 
lydius,  Troides.     256. 
Lymnas.     35. 
lynceus,  Papilio.     50. 
Lyropteryx,  32. 
lyside,  Kricogonia.     224. 

macarens,  Paranticopsis.     279. 
machaon,  Achivus.     246,  276,  286. 

Papilio.     286. 
mrerula,  Amynthia.     223. 
magellanus,  Ornithoptera.    17,265. 
Mancipium.     142,  143,  1 5 1. 

vorax  hyparete,  167. 
Manduca  atropos.     304. 
marcius,  Papilio.     271. 
marginalis,  Aslauga.      136. 
marsyas,  Papilio.     56. 

Polyommatus.     56. 

Pseudolycrena.     56,  58. 

Thecla.     56. 
maturna,  Melitxa.     38. 
Mazarine  Blue.      106,  107,  loS. 
Meandrusa.     278. 

evan.     278. 
Mechanitis  egaensls.     183. 
medesicaste,  Papilio.     243, 

Thais.     243,  244,  245. 
medon,  Lycania.     99, 

Papilio.     99. 
meeda,  Mesosemia.     25. 
Mcganostoma.     219. 

cesonia.     220. 

eurydice.     220. 
meges,  Leptocircus.     308,  309. 

Papilio.     308. 
Melete.     175. 

flippantha.     175. 


meliboeus,  Ancyluris.     31. 

Erycina.     31. 

Papilio.     31. 
Melitxa.     10,  12,  79. 

maturna.     38. 
melite,  Enaniia.     182,  184. 

Papilio.     1S2. 
memnon,  Iliades.     300,  301. 

Papilio.     299,  300,  301. 
Menamopsis,     2S0. 

tavoyanus.     280. 
Menelaides.     304. 

polydorus.     304. 
menippe,  Rhodocera.     224. 
meriones,  Papilio.     291. 
merope,  Papilio.     291,  299. 
Mesapia.     154,  156,  158. 

peloria.     155. 

shawii.      155,  156. 
Mesene.     37. 
Mesosemia.     18,22,23. 

bifasciata,     24. 

meeda.     25. 

philocles.     24. 
Metaporia.     140,  154,  158. 

agathon.     158. 
metaurus,  Alcidis.     306. 
Methonella.     19. 
mcthymna,  Moschoneura.     i8r. 
metra,  Pieris,     143,  148. 

Pontia.      148. 
INIetura.     229, 
mexicana,  Abceis.     231. 

Sphaenogona.     230,  231,  233. 

Terias.     230. 
Micandra.     59. 

platyptera.     59. 
Midea.     190. 
milca,  Vanessula.     13J. 
Miletus.     132. 

polycletus.  81. 
Mimacr?ea.  134. 
minima,  Lycrena.     105. 

Papilio.     105. 

Polyommatus.      105. 

Zizera.     86,  87,  94,  105. 
minyas,  Euma^us.     60. 
mnemosyne,  Parnassius.     23S. 
Morpheis  ehrenbergii.     19. 


ALriTAEETICAL    INDEX. 


,23 


^Torpho  sulkowskyi.     17,  265. 
Moschoneura.      18  r. 

methymna.      iSl. 
motya,  Libytliea.     5, 
Mylothris.      160, 

rhodope.     1 61. 
Myrina.     74,  75. 

alcides.     76. 

erylus.     62. 

evagoras.     70. 

ficedula.     76. 

silenus.     76. 

thecloides.     62. 
myrmidone,  Colias.     212. 

Eurynius.     212. 

napoece,  Papilio.     149, 

Pieris.      149. 

Pontia.      149. 
napi,  Papilio.      148,  149. 

Pieris.      148,  151. 

Pontia.     149. 
nathalia,  Saletara.      174. 
Nathalis.     207,  234. 

iole.     20S. 
Necyria.     31. 

tapaja.     42,  43. 
nedymond,  Papilio.     74. 

Thecla.     75. 
nedymonda,  Sithon.     74,  75. 
nehemia,  Pieris.     182. 

Pseudopieris.      182,  184. 
Nemeoljiinx.     8,  9,  12,  15,  22. 
Nemeobius.      10,  12,  44. 

lucina,      1 1. 
nemesis,  Acmetopteron.     1S2,  1S3, 

Pieris.      182. 
Neopithecops.     48,  114. 
nepalensis,  Pieris.     144. 
Nepheronia.     203,  205,  206. 

argia.      205,  206. 

bcebera.     205. 

buquetii.      205. 

chione.     205,  206. 

hippia.      205. 

idotoea.     203,  205,  206. 

iobcca.     205. 

pharis.     205,  206. 

thalassina.     205. 


neriene,  Zeritis.     79. 
nero,  Tachyris.     173,  174. 
Nestorides.     295. 

a;geus.     295. 

gambrisius.     295. 
Nettle-tree  Butterfly.     4. 
niaivius,  Amauris.     291. 
nicLieus,  Euryl;ia.     26. 

Papilio.     26. 
nicippe,  Xanthidia.     23 T. 
nigrina,  Delias.     170. 
nireus,  Eques.     290. 
noctula,  Hades.     18,   19. 
Nomiades.     106. 

alcon.     no,  iii. 

areas.      109. 

arion.     106,  108,  no. 

cyllarus.     108. 

semiargus.     103,  106,  loS,  109. 
novangliiie,  Pieris.     147. 
nox,  Papilio.     303. 
Nychitona.     176. 
Nyctalemoniidce,  306. 
Nymphalidce.     I,    7,    9,    12,    235, 

242. 
Nymplialinos.     19,  33,  40. 
Nymphalis.     267. 
nymphidia,  Stiboges.      12, 
Nymphidium,  37,  40. 
Nymphidium  caricre.     40,  41. 

ethelinda.     41. 

octavius,  Erycina.     28. 

Papilio.     27,  28. 

Zeonia.     28. 
Ogyris.     48,  130. 

abrota.     131. 
opalesccns,  Euselasia.      17. 
Ornngc-Tip    Butterfly.      185,    1S6, 

187,  192,  200,  201,  205. 
orbitulus,  Agriades,      103. 
orcas,  Aphnieus.     80. 

Papilio.     80. 

Polyommatus.     80. 
Orestias.     32. 
orion,  Lycivna.     112. 

Papilio.      III. 

Polyommatus.     ill. 

Scolitantides.     1 1 1 

Y    7 


324 


ALPHABETICAL    INDEX. 


265. 


Ornithoptera.     251,  265,  267,  269, 
287. 

amphrysus.     265. 

brookeana.     259,  260,  261. 

Helena.     264,  265. 

hippolytus,  266. 

magellanus.      17,265. 

pompeus.     264,  265. 

priamus.     252. 

remus.     266. 

rhadamanthus. 

ruficollis.     265. 
Orpheides.     2S0. 

demoleus.     2S0. 

erithonius      280,  2C2. 


Pachlioptera.     265. 
Poenasmia,     303, 

dasarada.     303,  304. 
paloeno,  Colias.     210. 

Eurymus.     214,  215,  217. 

Papilio.     215,  217,  218. 
Pale  Brown  Hair-streak.     49. 
Pale  Clouded  Yellow.     215,  216. 
pamela,  Pieris.      159. 
pammon,  Papilio.     293. 
Pandemus  pasiphae.     37. 
Pangerana.     302. 

varuna.     302. 
Pangeranopsis.     302. 

elephenor.     302. 
panope,  Chilasa.     279. 
Panosmiopsis.     301. 

rhetenor.     301. 
panthous,  Papilio.     252,  266. 
Papilio.     235,  250,  267,  268,  269, 
286. 

achyeus.     36. 

acis.     20,  104,  107. 

adonis.     94. 

segon.     88. 

reneas.     271. 

scneides.     271. 

agamemnon.     27S, 

agenor.     299. 

agestis.     99. 

agyrtus.     43. 

alcides.     76. 


Papilio  alcon.     no. 
alexis.     96,  99. 
allous.     99. 
alsus.     105. 
amphione.     181. 
amyntas.     86. 
androgeos.     299. 
antlmachus.     250. 
antiopa.     235,  26S, 
apollo.     236. 
areas.     I  lo. 
arethusa.     197. 
argiades.     85. 
argiolus.     103,  106. 
argus.     88. 
arion.     108. 
ascanius.     270. 
astrarche.     99, 
bceticus.     82. 
bathis.     III. 
belcmida.      152. 
belisama.      166. 
bellargus.     93. 
bellidice.     152. 
betulre.     65. 
brassiccc.     144. 
bryonioe.     149. 
candidus.     178. 
cardamines.     1S6. 
caricoe.     40. 
carinenta.     3. 
celadon.     275. 
celtis.     2,  4. 
cenea.     292. 
ceneus.     16S. 
ceronus.     94,  95. 
chorineus.     28. 
chryseis.     123. 
cinnus.     94,  95. 
cleobis.     103. 
clyton.     112. 
coretas.     86. 
coridon.     iij* 
corydon.     91. 
cratcegl.     14a 
crispus.     39. 
croceus.     2 1 1. 
Croesus.     35. 
cupido.     21. 


ALPIIAEETICAL    INDEX. 


325 


Papilio  cyanea.     113. 
danae.     196. 
danais.     113. 
daplidlce.     152. 
dispar.     117. 
eborea.     196. 
edusa.     152,  211. 
egialea.     169. 
electra.     21 1, 
eniylius.     39. 
endymion.     20,  57,  90 
crysimi.      179. 
eubule.     227. 
cucharis.      167. 
euridice.      123. 
eurisiis.     73. 
eurybia.     123,  125, 
evagoras.     70. 
faunus.     27. 
feisthamelii.     275. 
formosus.     35. 
gelon,     17. 
gnidus.     20. 
helice.     212. 
helius.     73. 

hippothoe.      117,  121,  122. 
homerus.     282. 
hyacinthus.     94. 
hyale.     21 1,  215. 
hyparete.     167,  1 68. 
icarus.     96,  98. 
ida:oides.     279. 
impcrialis.     58. 
iphigenia.      159, 
laglaizii.     306. 
lathyri.     179. 
Iconidas.     279. 
leucippe.     202. 
lucina.     Ii. 
lynceus.     50. 
marcius,     271. 
niarsyas.     56. 
medesicastc.     243. 
medon.     99. 
meges.     308. 
metiboeus.     31. 
inelite.     182. 
mcmnon.   299,  300,  301. 
meriones.     291. 


Papilio  merope.     291,  299. 
minima.     105. 
napoeoe.     149, 
napi.     148,  149. 
ncdymond.     74. 
nicreus.     26. 
nox.  ^  303. 
octavius.     27,  28. 
orcas.     80. 
orion.     iii. 
palxno.     215,  217,  218. 
pamela.     159. 
pammon.     293. 
panthous.     252,  266, 
paris.     297. 
periander.     29. 
perion.     64. 
philocles.     24. 
phlseas.     125. 
pindarus.     80. 
plexaris.      168. 
podalirus.     275. 
polyphemus.     96. 
polysperchon.     85. 
polytes.     293,  294,  304. 
priamus.     252. 
protesilaus.     273. 
protumnus.     127. 
pruni.     50, 53. 
pylades;     279. 
pyretus.     31. 
pyrrha.      159. 
quercus.     49,  G^, 
rapx.      146. 
regal  is,     57. 
remus.     266. 
rhamni.     221. 
ridleyanns.     240,  279. 
romulus.     295. 
rosimon.     112. 
rul)i.     54. 
rumina.    243. 
rutilus.     121. 
Salome,     26. 
scmiargus.     106. 
silenus.     76. 
sinapis.     178. 
sinon.     274. 
spini.     48,  49. 


326 


ALPHABETICAL    INDEX. 


Papilio  symethus.     1 32, 

larquinius.     128. 

telephii.     iii. 

thetis.     93,  96, 

timeus.     125. 

tiphys.     91. 

tiresias.     85. 

trogon.     260. 

troilus.     289. 

tuinus.     285. 

valens.     36. 

venus.     58. 

virgaurese.      115. 

w-album.     50. 

zagreus.     284. 

zalmoxis.     267, 

zelmira.     173. 
paradisea,  Schoenl^ergia.     25S. 
Paranticopsis.     279. 

macareus.  279. 
Parides.  271,  284. 
paris,  Achillides.     297,  298. 

Papilio.     297. 
Parnassiinae.     234,236. 
Parnassius.     154,     158,    236,    239, 
240. 

apollo.      141,    236,      237,    238, 

239.  . 

apollonius.     239. 

charltonius.     239. 

delius.     238,  239. 

eversmanni.     239. 

hardwickii.     239. 

hesebolus.     238. 

mnei'nos}Tie.     238. 

stubbendorfi.     239. 

wosnesenskii.     232. 
Parura.     229. 

cipris.     229,  230. 
pasiphae,  Pandemus.     37, 
Pathysa.     274. 

antiphates.     274. 
paulina,  Appias.     143. 
Pazala.     273. 

glycerion.     273. 
peloria,  Mesapia.     155. 

Picris.     155. 
Pentila.     135. 
Pepliphorus.     1 13. 


Pepliphorus  cyanea.     113. 
Pereute.     139,  164,  165,  166. 

callinice.     165. 

charops.      165. 

Icucodrosime.      164,  165. 
periander,  Diorhina.     29. 

Papilio.     29. 
perion,  Axiocerscs.     64, 

Papilio.     64. 
Perophthalma  tenera.     18. 
Perrhybris.     158. 

eieidias.     159. 

pyrrha.      159. 
phoedica,  Eusclasia.     18. 
pharis,  Nepheronia.     205,  206. 
Pharmacophagus.     306. 

antenor.     306. 
Phasis.     77,  78. 

thero.     78. 
phicomone,  Eurymus.     210, 
philocles,  Erycina.     24. 

Mesosc  .Ilia.     24. 

Papilio.     24. 
philodice,  Colias.     217. 

Eurymus.     217. 
philoxenus,  Byasa.     304. 
philyra,  Delias.      168. 

Pieris.     168. 
phlccas,  Chrysophanus.      125. 

Lycrena.       78,    79,    90,    115, 
125. 

Papilio.     125. 

Polyommatus.  125. 
phlegia,  Stalactis.  45. 
Phoebis.     228. 

hersilia.     229. 
Phyllocharis.      190. 

tagis.      191. 
Phy  tala.     1 34. 

Pieridce.     135,  137,  138,   139,  154, 
157,  162,   177,   185,  200,  224, 
234,  235,  307. 
Pierinre,  139 

Pieris.     139,    140,   142,    143,    151, 
156,  158,  225. 

belisama.      166. 

bellidice.      152. 

brassicne.      143,    141,    145,    146, 
147. 


ALniABETICAL   INDEX. 


327 


Pierls  hryoniiie.     I49>  ^S*^* 
card  amines.     1S6. 
chariclea.     145. 
cheiranthi.     144, 
cratoegi.     140. 
danae.     196. 
daplidice.     152, 
egialca.     169. 
epicharis.     167. 
iphigenia.     159. 
leucippe.     202. 
metra.     143,  148. 
naprex.     149. 
napi.     148,  149,  150*  I5I« 
nehemia.     182. 
nemesis.     182. 
nepalensis.     144. 
novanglioe.     147. 
pamela.     159' 
peloria.     155* 
philyra.      168. 
plexaris.     168. 
pyrrha.     159. 
rapoe.       143.    U^j    MS,    I49i 

184. 
sabellicoe.     143,  I49>  ^S^' 
shawii.     156. 
sinapis.      178. 
thestylis.  _  171. 
woUastoni.     144. 
pierus,  Aloeides.  _  79. 
pindarus,  Hesperia.     So. 

Papilio.     80. 
Pithecops.      1 14. 

hylax.     114. 
platyptera,  Micandra.     59. 

Pseudolycoena.     59. 
Plcbeius.     81,  87,  III,  114. 
argus.     47,  87,  88,  89. 
argyrognomon.     88. 
plexaris,  Papilio.     168. 

Pieris.     168. 
podalirius,  Iphiclides.     273,  274. 

Papilio.     275. 
Polycrena.     9,  10,  12. 
polycletus,  IMilclus.     81. 
polyctor,  Sarbaria.     298. 
polydamas,  Ithobalus.     272. 
polydorus,  Menelaidcs.     304. 


Polyommatus.     46,47,82,90,111, 

115. 

achceus.     36. 

acis.     107. 

adonis.     92,  93,  94,  95. 

£Egon.     88. 

agestis.     99,  100,  102. 

alcon.     109,  1 10. 

alexis.       94,    96,   99,    lOO,    loi, 

102. 
allous.     100. 
amyntas.     S6. 
argiades.     86. 
argiolus.     104. 
argus.     88,  89. 
arion.      108,  no. 
artaxerxes,  102,  103. 
astrarche.     99. 
bretica.     82. 
breticus.     83,  90. 
bellargus.     93. 
betulai.     66. 
ceronus.     95. 
chryseis.     123. 
cinnus.     95. 
corydon.    82,  85,  91,  92,  94,  95, 

100. 
cratsegi.     129. 
dispar.      117,  12I. 
dolus.     93. 
dorylas.     94,  95. 
eleus,     126. 
endymion.     57. 
epicles.     69. 
eros.     97,  98. 
euridice.     123. 
eurybia.     123. 
liclius.     73. 

hippothoe.     117,  121,  123,  124. 
icarus.     S7,  94,  96,  97,  98,  107, 

126. 
labienus.     97. 
lacon.     97. 
marsyas.     56. 
minima.     105. 
orcas.     80. 
orion.     III. 
phlxas.     125. 
porscnna.     129. 


328 


ALPHABETICAL    INDEX. 


Polyommatus  pruni.     53. 

quercus.     67. 

rosimon.      113. 

rubi.     55. 

rutilus.     121. 

salmacis.     lOO,  102. 

schmidtii.     125. 

semiargus.     107. 

spini.     49. 

symethus.     132. 

tarquinius.      129, 

telephii.      112. 

thestylis.     97. 

thelis.     93,  94,  95,  100. 

tithonus.     98. 

turcicus.     126. 

valens.     36. 

venus.     58. 

virgaurece.     116. 

w-album.     50. 
polyphemus,  Papilio.     96. 
polysperchon,  Papilio.     85,  Sy. 
polytes,  Papilio,     293,  294,  304. 
polyxena,  Thais.     243. 
pompeius,  Priamides.     284 
Pompeoptera  hippolytus.     266. 
pompeus,  Ornithoptera.     264,  265. 
Pontia.     140,    142,    143,  151,    156, 
176,  240. 

bellidicc.      153. 

brassicc^.     144. 

callidice.      151. 

cardamincs.      186. 

chariclca.      145. 

daplidice.      143,    152,    153,    191, 
214. 

eris.     198. 

mctra.     148. 

napa^ce.     149. 

napi.     149. 

rapcie.     146. 

sabellicoe.      150. 

tunitis.      1S8. 
Poritia.     15,   18. 
porsenna,  Polyommatus.     129. 
Porthetria  dispar.     121. 
prreclara,  Euselasia.      17. 
Priamides.     163,  265,  284. 

pompeius.     284. 


priamus,  Ornithoptera.     252, 

Papilio.     252. 

Troides.     252,  254. 
Priamoptera.     255. 
Princeps.     286. 
Prioneris.      171. 
Prioneris  thestylis.     17 1, 
protenor,  Saunia.     301,  302. 
proterpia,  Pyrisitia.     231. 
protesilaus,  Cosmodesmrs.     273. 

Iphiclides.     273. 

Papilio.     273. 
protumnus,  Papilio.     127. 

Thestor.     127. 
pruni,  Papilio.     50,  53. 

Polyommatus.     53. 

Thecla.     50,  53,  54. 
Pseuderesia.     134. 
Pseudolycsena.     56. 

marsyas,     56,  58. 

platyptera.     56. 
Pseudopieris.     182,  1S4. 

nehemia.     182,  1S4. 
Pseudopontia.     139. 
Psychidx.    229. 
Pterurus.     289. 

ilioneus.     289. 

troilus.     289. 
Ptychopteryx.     192. 

bohemani.      193. 
puer,  Cupido.     85,  105. 
pulchra,  Dicallaneura.     13. 
Purple-edged  Copper.      122,  123. 
Purple  Emperor.     287. 
Purple  Hair-streak,  67,  68. 
pylades,  Papilio.     279. 
pyrene,  Ixias.     200. 
pyretus,  Papilio.     31. 
Pyrisitia.     231. 

proterpia.     231. 
pyrrha,  Papilio.     159. 

Perrhybris.     159. 

Pieris.     159. 


quercus,  Papilio.     49,  67. 
Polyommatus.     67. 
Thecla.     48. 
Zephyrus.     65,  67,  98. 


ALPHABETICAL   INDEX. 


329 


rapre,  Papilio.     146. 

Picris.        143,     146,     148,     149, 
184. 
regalis,  Endymion.     57. 

Evenus.     57. 

Papilio.     57. 

Thecla.     57. 
regino?,  ^'Etheoptera.     257. 
remus,  Ornithoptera.     266. 

Papilio.      266. 
Rhabdodryas.     229. 

statira.     229. 
rhadamanthus,  Ornithoptera.     265. 
rhamni,  Colias.     220,  221,  223. 

Gonepteryx.     221. 

Papilio.     221. 

Rhodocera.     222. 
rhetenor,  Panosmiopsis.     301. 
Rhodocera.     221,  224. 

menippe.     224. 

rhamni.     223. 
rhodope,  Mylothris.     i6r. 
richmondia,  Troides.  253,  254. 
ridleyanus,  Papilio.     250,  279. 
roboris,  Lceosopis.     68. 
robusta,  Sterosis.     136. 
romulus,  Papilio.     293. 
rosimon,  Castalius.     112,113. 

Papilio.     112. 

Polyommatus.     1 13. 
rubi,  Callophrys,  54,  68. 

Papilio.     54. 

Polyommatus.     55. 

Thecla.     55. 
ruficollis,  Ornithoptera.     2C5. 
rumina,  Papilio.     243. 

Thais.     243,  244. 
Ruralis,     64,  65. 
RusticLis,  87. 
rutila,    Lycx-na.      119,     120,    I2l, 

122. 
rutilus,  Lycoena.     121. 

Papilio.     121. 

Polyommatus.     12 1. 


sabellicix:,  Pieris.     143,  149,  150. 

Pontia.     150. 
Saletara.     174. 


Saletara  nathalia.     174. 

salmacis,  Polyommatus.     100,   102. 

Salome,  Eurybia.     26. 

Papilio.     26. 
Sarbaria.     298. 

polyctor.     298. 
sareptensis,  Colias.     216. 

Eurymus.     217. 
Saribia  tepahi.     14. 
sarpedon,  Dalchina.     277. 
Satyridie.     9,  16. 
Saunia  protenor.     301,  302. 
Scalidoneura.     210. 
Scarce  Clouded  Yellow.     217. 
Scarce  Copper,  115,  116. 
Scarce  Swallow-Tail.     275. 
Schatzia.     162. 

socialis.      162. 
Schoenbergia.     257,  259. 

paradisea.     258. 
schmidtii,  Lycrena.     127. 

Polyommatus.     125. 
Scolitantides.     ill. 

orion.      iii. 
scolymus,  Anthocharis.     190. 
scylla,  Catopsilia.     226. 
semiargus,  Lyccena.      107. 

Nomiades.        103,      106,       loS 
109. 

Papilio.      106. 

Polyommatus.     107. 
semperi,  Atrophaneura.     302. 
Scricinus.     246,  249. 

telamon.     246. 
sesostris,  Endopogon.     270. 
seta,  Pieris.      171. 
shawii,  Baltia.      156. 

Mesapia.      155,  156. 

Pieris.      156. 
silas,  lolaus.     73. 
silenus,  Myrina.     76. 

Papilio.     76. 
Silver-spot  Butterfly.     20. 
Silver-studded  Blue.     88. 
Simiskina.     9,  10,  15. 
sinainara,  Catagramma.     42. 
sinapis,  Leptidia.     176,  178,  219 

Leucophasia.      179. 

Papilio.      178. 


330 


ALPHABETICAL   INDEX. 


sinapis,  Pierls.  178. 
sinon,  Papilio.  274. 
Sithon.     48,  74,  76. 

chitra.     75. 

nedymonda.     74,  75. 
Skippers.     309. 
Small  Copper.     125,  126, 
Small  Tailed  Blue.     85. 
Small    White    Cabbage   Butterfly. 

146. 
Snout  Butterfly.     4. 
socialis,  Schatzia.     162. 
solstitia,  Catopsilia.     227. 
Sphxnogona.     204,  230,  321. 

bogotana.     230,  231. 

boisduvaliana.     231. 

ectriva.     230. 

mexicana.     230,  231,  233, 
Spindasis.     80. 
spini,  Papilio.     48,  49. 

Polyommatus.  49. 

Thecla.    48,  49. 
Stalachtinpe.     44. 
Stalachtis.     22,  33,  44. 

phlegia.     45. 
statira,  Aphrissa.     22S. 

Rhabdodryas.     229. 
Sterosis.     136. 

robusta.      136. 
Stiboges  nymphidia.     12. 
stubbendorfi,  Parnassius.     239. 
subfasciatus,  Teracolus.     193. 
sulkowskyi,  Morpho.     17,  203. 
symethus,  Gerydus.     132. 

Papilio.     132. 

Polyommatus.      132, 
Symmachia.     37. 
Synchloe.     151. 

butleri.     156. 
Syrmatia.     32,  34. 

Tachyris.     172,  173. 

nero.      173,  174. 

zarinda.     174. 
Tamera.     295. 

castor.     295. 
tapaja,  Catagrammina.     42,  43, 

Necyria.     42,  43. 
tarquinius,  Erycina.     128. 


tarquinius,  Feniseca.     12S,  129 

Hesperia.     128. 

Papilio.     128. 

Polyommatus.   129. 
Taxila.     14. 

tavoyanus,  Menamopsis.     2S0. 
Teinopalpus.     242,  248,  249. 

imperialis.     243. 
telamon,  Sericinus.     246. 
telearchus,  Euploeopsis.     2S0. 
telephii,  Papilio.      in. 

Polyommatus.     112. 
tenera,  Perophthalma.     18. 
tepahi,  Saribia.     14. 
Teracolus.     192,  193,  19S. 

subfasciatus.      193. 
tereas,  Archonias.     163. 
Terias.     138,  232. 

Candida.     233. 

hecabe.     233. 

mexicana,     230. 

sari.     233. 
Teriomima.     135. 
Thaidinc-e.     242. 
thaidina,  Armandia.     247,  24S 
Thais.     242,  246,  247,  305. 

hector.     305. 

honnoratii.     243,  244,  245. 

medesicaste.     243,  244,  245. 

polyxena.     243. 

rumina.     243,  244. 
Thecla.     8,  17,  23,  37,  41,  46,  47 
48,  55>  59.  66,  61,  64,  65,  68, 
71,  75,  81,  82,  114,  134. 

betuUe.     48,  66. 

epicles.     69. 

ilicis.     54,  68. 

imperialis.     58. 

marsyas.     56. 

nedymond.     75. 

pruni.    50,  53,  54. 

quercus.     48. 

regalis.     57. 

rubi.     55. 

spini.     49. 

w-album.     50,  51,  54. 
thecloides,  Myrina.     62. 
Theope.     37. 
thero,  Phasis.     78. 


ALPHABETICAL    INDEX. 


331 


Thespia.  192. 
Thestias.  199. 
Thestor.     127. 

protumnus,     127. 
thestylis,  Pieris.      171. 

Polyommatus.     97. 

Piioneris.      17 1, 
thetis,  Papilio.     93,  96. 

Polyommatus.     93,  95,  lOO. 
thetys,  Curetis.     131. 
thoas,  Heraclides.     2S2. 
Thomares.      127. 
Thyca.      165. 
Thysonotis.     113, 

danis.  1 13. 
Timetes.  33. 
timeus,  Lyccena.     127. 

Papilio.     125. 
Tingra.      135. 
tiphys,  Papilio.     91. 
tiresias,  Papilio.     85. 
Tirumala.     207,  279. 
tithonus,  Polyommatus.     9S. 
Tomares.     127. 

ballus.      1 28, 
torquatus,  Troilides.     283. 
toxea,  Eumenia.     60. 
turcicus,  Polyommatus.     126. 
turnus,  Papilio.     285. 
turritis,  Euchloe.     188,  1S9. 

Pontia.     188. 
Trichonis.     48. 
triopas,  Ascanides.     269. 
trogon,  Papilio.     260. 
Trogonoptera.     251,  259. 

brookeana.     259,  260,  261. 

trojana.     260,  261, 
Troides.     251,  252. 

croesus.     255,  256. 

lydius.     256. 

priamus.     252,  254. 

richmondia.     253,  254,  255. 

urvillianus.     255,  256,  257. 
Troilides.     283. 

torquatus.     283. 
troilus,  Papilio.     289. 

Ptcrurus.     289. 
trojana,  Trogonoptera.     260,261. 
Tros.     305. 


Tros  hector.     305. 

ulysses,  Laertias.     296. 
urvillianus,    Troides.       255, 
257. 


256, 


valens,  Papilio.     36. 

Polyommatus.     36. 
Vanessa.     4. 

antiopa.     235,  268. 
Vanessula.     135. 

milca.     135. 
varuna,  Pangerana.      302. 
venus,  Papilio.     58. 

Polyommatus.     58. 
verhuelli,  Dercas.     225. 
victorioe,  ^theoptera.     256. 
vininga,  Aslauga.     136. 
virescens,  Leptocircus.     309. 
virgaurece,  Chrysophanus.      116. 

Lyccena.     115,  116. 

Papilio.     115. 

Polyommatus.     II 6. 

W-alhum,  Papilio.      50. 

Polyommatus.     50. 

Thecla.     50,  51,  54. 
Wanderer.      128. 
White  Cabbage  Butterflies.     143. 
White-letter  Ilair-streak.     50,  51. 
wollastoni,  Pieris.     144. 
Wood- White.     178,  179. 
wosnesenskii,  Parnassius.     239. 

Xanthidia.     231. 
nicippe.     231. 
xiphia,  Leptosia.      177, 
xuthus,  Jasoniades.     285. 

zngreus,  Papilio.     284. 


zalmoxis,  Papilio 
zarinda,  Tachyris 
Zcgris.      191. 
zelmira,  Appias. 

Papilio.      173. 
Zemeros;     13. 

albipunctata.     13 

emesioides.     13. 

(Icgyas.     13. 


267. 
174. 


n- 


332 


ALPHABETICAL    INDEX. 


Zeonia,     27,  29. 

bogota.     27. 

chorineus.     28. 

faunus.     27,  28. 

heliconides.     28. 

octavius.     28. 
Zephyrus.     48,  64,  68,  69,  71 

beluli?.     65, 66. 

quercus.     65,  67,  68. 
Zerene  anthyale.     217, 


Zeritis.     77,  78,  79. 

neriene.     79. 
zetes,  Gnesia.     25, 
Zetides.     277. 

eurypylus.     277. 
Zeuzeridre.     157. 
Zizera.      105. 

minima.     85,  87,  94,  105. 
zobra,  Cigaritis.     79. 
zygia,  Lemonias  maculata.     3S. 


1