uc-

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

DAVIS

GIFT OF

W. HARRY LANGE

LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.
EDITED BY R. BOWDLER SHARPE, LL.D., F.L.S., &c.

A HAND-BOOK

TO THE

ORDER
LEPIDOPTERA

BY

W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.ENT.S.,

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, BRITISH MUSEUM,

Author of tlA Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera" "European
Butterflies and Moths" "A Text-book of Entomology," etc., etc.

PART I.
BUTTERFLIES.— VOL. II.

LONDON :
EDWARD LLOYD, LIMITED,

12, SALISBURY SQUARE, FLEET STREET.
1896.

LIBRARY

DIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

PRINTED BY
VVYMAN AND SONS, LIMITED.

PREFACE.

WITH the present volume Mr. Kirby completes his survey of
the Butterflies, with the exception of the Hesperiidce, which
will be published in the third volume, where the author will
commence his review of the Moths.

Mr. Kirby is especially well-known as an authority on
entomological bibliography, and it is not surprising to find
that his recent researches into the nomenclature of Butterflies
have led him to arrive at conclusions concerning the proper
names of our British species somewhat different from those
adopted in most modern works. The confusion of nomencla-
ture in the Lepidoptera seems to be even greater than that which
recently existed among the Birds ; but even as Ornithologists
are gradually progressing towards an uniform system of
nomenclature, so it may be hoped that Lepidopterists also will
speedily arrive at definite conclusions as to the names which
the British species of Butterflies should bear. From this
point of view, I hope that Mr. Kirby's volume will be found
to contain some useful conclusions.

R. BOWDLER SHARPE.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

IN the Preface to the first volume of Lepidoptera I announced
my intention of completing the Butterflies in two volumes ;
but the amount of matter which I found it necessary to include
proved more considerable than I had expected, and the present
volume includes only Families II. to VI. of the Butterflies, viz.,
Libytheid&i Lemoniidce, Lyccenida, Pierida, and Equitidce ; the
Hesperiidtz being left over till the third volume.

As at present arranged, it is proposed to devote three
volumes to the remainder of the Lepidoptera, making five in
all, divided as follows : —

Vol. I. BUTTERFLIES : Nymphalidae.
,, II. „ Libytheidae to Equitidoe.

,, III. ,, Hesperiidae.

MOTHS : Pages, Burnets, Tiger-Moths, &c.
„ IV. ,, Hawk-Moths, Emperors, &c.
,, V. „ Owl-Moths, Loopers, Clothes Moths, &c.

The Family Equitidce. (usually called Papilionida), contain-
ing the true Swallow-Tailed Butterflies, is in a most chaotic
state, never having been sub-divided into genera like the
other Families. A thorough revision would have been be-
yond the scope of the present work ; but I have carefully
examined all the generic names which have been proposed
for any portions of this extensive Family, collated them with

VI AUTHORS PREFACE.

Felder's groups, and endeavoured as far as possible to fix
their types and limits, thereby bringing together a considerable
amount of very scattered information.

Many interesting observations on habits, &c., will be found
scattered through the present volume, including those of
Trogonoptera brookeana^ with which Sir Hugh Low has kindly
favoured me.

The uncertainty of nomenclature is much to be regretted.
Detailed explanations of the principles which have guided me
will be found in the Prefaces to my Synonymic Catalogues of
Odonata,) and of Rhopalocera Heterocera, and need not here be
repeated. I may, however, say that I have long been of
opinion that 1758, the date of the tenth edition of Linnaeus'
" Systema Naturae," should be regarded as the logical starting-
point of our nomenclature, and that I attach more importance
to the assignation of a, type to a genus, than even to a defi-
nition. As regards specific names, it is a pity that so old-
established a name as edusa has no claim to be retained for
the Clouded Yellow (see pp 214, 215). But it is interesting
to find that in some cases the Entomologists of the last genera-
tion had correctly applied Linnaeus' names (e.g., Camilla to the
White Admiral, and furiformis to the broad-bordered Bee
Hawk-Moth), whereas contemporary writers have preferred to
follow erroneous determinations of Continental Entomologists.
The first step towards arriving at correct conclusions, is to
eliminate obvious and palpable errors.

Now that the present work is so far advanced, I hope to
make arrangements for the speedy issue of the second edition
of my Catalogue of " Lepidoptera Rhopalocera."

W. F. KIRBY.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA (continued). I

A. LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA(aw//;;//*/) < ... i

FAMILY II. LIBYTHEID/E 1

Genus LIBYTMEA, Fabiicius. ... ... ••• 2

L. celtis (Fuessly). 4

L. bachmanii, Kirtl. ... ... ••• ••• 4

FAMILY III. LEMONIID/E 6

SUB-FAMILY I. NEMEOBIIN^E 9

Genus NEMEOBIUS, Steph.

N. lucina (L.). ... ll

SUB-FAMILY II. EUSELASIIN/E IS

Genus EUSELASIA, Iliibner l6

E. gelon (Stoll) J7

E. eflima (Hew.) J7

Genus HELICOPIS, Fabiicius X9

II. acis (Fabr.) 2O

H. cupido (L.) 2I

SUB-FAMILY III. LEMONIIN/E 22

Genus MESOSEMIA, Iliibner 23

M. philocles (L.) 24

M. bifasciata (Hew.) 24

Genus EURYBIA, Hubner. 25

E. salome (Cram.)

Genus ZEONIA, Swains

Z. faunus (Fabr.) 27

Z. chorineus (Cram.) ' 28

viii SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

PAGE

Genus DIORHINA, Morisse. ... 29

D. periander (Cram.) ... ... 29

Genus ANCYLURIS, Iliibner 30

A. meliboeus (Fabr.). ... 31

Genus ANTEROS, Hiibner. 35

A. formosus (Cram.). ... ... ... ... ... 35

A. achceus (Stoll). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 36

Genus LEMONIAS, Iliibner. 38

L. emylius (Cram.). ... 39

Genus NYMFHIDIUM, Fabr. 40

N. caricre (L.) 40

N. ethelinda, Hew. ... ... ... ... ... ... A\

Genus CATAGRAMMINA, Eates ... 42

C. tapaja (Saunders). ... ... ... ... 42

C. hewitsoni, Kirby. ... ... ... ... 43

Genus ISAPIS, Westw. ... ... ... ... ... 43

I. agyrtus (Cram.). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 43

SUB-FAMILY IV. STALACHTIN^L 44

Genus STALACHTIS, Iliibner 44

S. phlegia (Cram.) ... ... ... 45

FAMILY IV. LYC^ENIDyE 45

SUB-FAMILY I. LYC^NIN^l 47

Genus THECLA, Fabr 48

T. spini (Den. & Schifferm.) 49

T. w-album (Knoch). ... ... ... ... 50

T. pruni (L.) 53

Genus CALLOPHRYS, Billb. 54

C. rubi (L.). 54

Genus PSEUDOLYC^SNA, Wallengr 56

P. marsyas (L.). ... ... ... 56

Genus EVENUS, Hiibner 57

E. regalis (Cram.) 57

Genus ARCAS, Swains 58

A. imperialis (Cram.) ... 58

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. ix

PAGE

Genus MICANDRA, Schatz. 59

M. platyptera (Felder) 59

Genus EUNUEUS Hiibner 6°

E. minyas, Hiibner. 60

Genus HYPOLYC^ENA, Felder 61

H. erylus (Godart). 62

Genus AXIOCERSES, Hiibner 63

A. perion (Cram.). ••• 64

Genus ZEPHYRUS, Dalman 64

Z. betulae (L.) 65

Z. quercus (L.) 67

Genus HELIOPHORUS, Geyer 68

H. epicles (Godart) 69

Genus IALMENUS, Hiibner 7°

I. evagoras (Donovan) ... ••• ••• ••• 7°

Genus DEUDORIX, Hew 71

D. epijarbas (Moore) 71

Genus IOLAUS, Hiibner 73

I. helius (Fabr.) 73

Genus SITHON, Hiibner 74

S. nedymonda (Cram.). ... ... ... ... 74

Genus MYRINA, Fabr 75

M. silenus (Fabr.) 76

Genus LOXURA, Horsf. 77

L. atymnus (Cram.). 77

Genus PHASIS, Hiibner 77

P. there (L.) 78

Genus APHN/EUS, Hiibner. ... ... .. ... 79

A. orcas (Drury). ... ... ... ... ... So

Genus MILETUS, Hiibner. Si

M. polycletus(L.). Si

Genus LAMPIDES, Hiibner. 82

L. boeticus(L.) 82

Genus CUPIDO, Schrank. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 85

C. argiades (Pall.). 85

X SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

PAGE

Genus PLEBEIUS, L. ... 87

P. argus(L.) 88

Genus POLYOMMATUS, Latr. 90

P. corydon (Poda). ... ... 91

P. thetis(VonRottemb.) 93

P. icarus (Von Rottemb.). ... ... ... ... ... 96

P. alexis (Scop.). ... ... ... ... ... 99

P. salmacis, Steph. ... ... ... ... ... ... 100

P. artaxerxes (Fabr. ) 102

Genus CYANIRIS, Dalman. 103

C. argiolus (L.). ... ... ... ... ... 103

Genus ZIZERA, Moore ... ... 105

Z. minima (Fuessly). ... ... ... ,.. 105

Genus NOMIADES, Hubner 106

N. semiargus (Von Rottemb.). ... ... ... ... ... 106

N. arion (L.). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 108

N. alcon (Den. £ Schiffenn.) no

Genus SCOLITANTIDES, Iliibncr in

S. orion (Pall.). ... ... ... ... ... . . ... in

Genus CASTALIUS, Hubner 112

C. rosimon (Fabr.). ... ... ... ... ... ... 112

Genus Pi THECOPS, Horsf. 114

P. hylax (Fabr.). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 114

Genus LYC^ENESTHES, Moore 114

L. bengalensis, Mooro. ... ... ... ... ... ... 114

Genus LYC.^N A, Fabr 115

L. virgaurere (L.) 115

L. dispar, Haworih. ... ... ... ... ... ... 117

L. rutila (Werneb.). ... ... ... ... ... ... 121

L. hippothoe (L.). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 122

L. phkeas (L.). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 125

Genus TOMARES, Rambur. 127

T. ballus (Fabr.) 128

Genus FENISECA, Grote. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 128

F. tarquinius (Fabr.). ,., ... ... 128

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XI

TM< E

Genus AMBLYPODIA, Horsf. ... 130

A. apidanus (Cram.). ... ... 130

Genus OGYR is, West w 130

O. abrota (Doubleday & Hew.) 131

Genus CURETJS, Hubner 131

C. thetys (Drury) 131

Genus GERYDUS, Boisd 132

G. symethus (Cram.). ... ... ... ... 132

Genus LUCIA, Swains. ..... ... ... . ... ... ... ... 13.3

L. lucanus ^Fabr.). ... ... ... ... ... ... 133

SUB-FAMILY II. LIPTENIN/F,. 133

Genus LIPHYRA, Westw 136

L. brassolis, Westw. ... ... 136

FAMILY V. PIERID/E 137

SUB-FAMILY I. PIERIN/E 139

Genus APORIA, Iliibner 139

A. cratoegi(L-) ... ... 140

Genus PIERIS, Schrank 142

P. brassicse (L.). ... ... ... 144

P. chariclea (Steph.) 145

P. rapce (L.). 146

P. metra (Steph.) 148

P. napi, Linn. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 148

P. sabellicce (Steph.) 150

Genus PONTIA, Fabr. ... ... ... ... ... 151

P. daplidice (L.) 152

Genus MESAPIA, Gray 154

M. peloria (Hew.). 155

Genus BALTIA, Moore ••• 156

B. shawii (Bates) 156

B. butleri (Moore). 156

Genus DAVIDINA, Oberthiir 156

D. armandi, Oberthur 157

Genus METAPORIA, Butler. 158

M. agathoh (Gray). 158

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

PAGE

Genus PERRHYBRIS, Hiibncr 158

P. pyrrha (Fabr.) 159

Genus MYLOTHRIS, Htibner iCo

M. rhodope (Fabr.). 161

Genus BELENOIS, Hubner t6i

B. calypso (Drury). ... ... 161

Genus SCHATZIA, Kirby 162

S. socialis (Westw.). 162

Genus ARCHONIAS, Hubner 163

A. tereas (Godart). ... ... 16'-

Genus PEREUTE, Herr.-Schaff. 164

P. leucodrosime (Kollar) 164

Genus DELIAS, Hubner 165

D. belisama (Cram.). ... ... ... ... ... ... 166

D. eucharis (Drury). ... ... ... ... ... ... 167

D. coeneus (L.) 168

D. egialea (Cram.). ... ... ... ... ... ... 169

Genus PRIONERIS, Wall 171

P. thestylis (Doubleday) 171

Genus APPIAS, Hubner. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 172

A. zelmira (Cram.). ... ... ... ... ... ... 173

Genus MELETE, Swains. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 175

M. flippantha (Fabr.). ... ... ... ... ... ... 175

Genus ELODINA, Felder. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 175

E. egnatia (Godart). ... ... . . ... 176

Genus LEPTOSIA, Hubner. ... ... ... ... ... ... 176

L. xiphia (Fabr.). ... . . ... ... ... ... ... 177

Genus LEUCIDI A, Doubleday 177

L. elvina (Godart). .. .. ... ... . .. 177

SUB-FAMILY II. DISMORPHIN/E 177

Genus LEPTIDIA, Billb 178

L. sinapis (L.) 178

Genus DISMORPHIA, Hubner 180

D. egaena (Bates) ... 183

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Xlii

PAGE

Genus ACMETOPTERON, Godm. & Salv. 183

A. nemesis (Latr.). ., .. ... 183

Genus ENANTIA, Hiibner. 184

E. licinia (Cram.). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 184

Genus PSEUDOPIERIS, Godm. & Salv 184

P. nehemia (Boisd.). 184

SUB-FAMILY III. ANTHOCHARIN^! 185

Genus EUCHLOE, Hiibner. 185

E. cardamines (L.). ... ... ... ... ... ... 186

E. turritis (Ochsenh. ) 188

E. hesperidis, Newnh. ... ... ... ... ... ... 189

Genus PHYLLOCHARIS, Schatz 190

P. tagis (Hiibner). ... ... ... ... 191

Genus TERACOLUS, Swains. ... ... ... ... 192

T. subfasciatus, Swains. ... ... ... ... ... ... 193

Genus CALLOSUNE, Doubleday 194

C. danae (Fabr.) ... ... ... 196

Genus AB/EIS, Hiibner. ... ... ... ... ... 197

A. cebrenc (Boisd.). ... ... ... ... ... ... 197

Genus COLOTIS, Hiibner 198

C. amata (Fabr.) 198

Genus IDMAIS, Boisd 198

I. chrysonome (Klug) ... 199

Genus IXIAS, Hiibner. ... ... ... ... ... 199

I. pyrene (L.) 200

Genus HEBOMOIA, Hiibner. ... ... ... ... 200

H. leucippe (Cram.). ... ... ... ... 202

Genus ERONIA, Hiibner 202

E. cleodora (Hiibner). ... ... ... ... ... ... 203

Genus NEPHERONIA, Butler. ... ... ... ... 205

N. idotrea (Boisd.). ... ... ... ... ... ... 205

SUB-FAMILY IV. CALLIDRYIN/E 207

jenus NATHALIS, Boisd. ... ... ... ... ... 207

N. iole, Boisd. ... ... ... ... ... 208

XIV SYSTEMATIC INDEX

Genus EURYMUS, Swains. 208

E. hyale (L.) 211

E. kirbyi (Lewis) 215

E. philodice (Godart) 217

Genus MEGANOSTOMA, Reakirt , 219

M. cesonia (Stoll). ... ... ... ... 220

Genus COLI AS, Fabr 220

C. rhamni(L.) 221

Genus CATOPSILIA, Hubner 225

C. crocale (Cram.). ... ... ... ... ... 226

Genus CALLIDRYAS, Boisd. & Lecontc. 226

C. eubule(L.) 227

Genus SPILENOGONA, Butler 230

S. mexicana(Boisd.). n 230

Genus TERIAS, Swains 232

T. hecabe(L.) 233

FAMILY VI. EQUITID/K 234

SUB-FAMILY I. PARNASSIIN^ 236

Genus PARNASSIUS, Latr. 236

P. apollo (L.) 236

SUB-FAMILY II. THAIDIN/E 242

Genus THAIS, Fabr 242

T medesicaste (Fabr.). ... ... ... ... 243

SUB-FAMILY III. EQUITIN/E 249

Genus DRURYA, Auriv 250

D. antimachus (Drury). ... ... ... ... ... ... 250

Genus TROIDES, Hiibner. ... 251

T. priamus (L.) 252

Genus ^THEOPTERA, Rippon. ... ... ... ... 256

JE. victorise (Gray). ... ... ... ... 256

Genus SCHCENBERGIA, Pagenst. "... ... ... ... 257

S. paradisea (Staud.). ... ... ... ... 258

Genus TROGONOPTERA, Rippon. 259

T, brookeana (Wall,). .,. , ,. .,, ,.. 259

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XV

FAGB

Genus ORNITHOPTERA, Boisd 263

0. hippolytus (Cram.). ... ... ... ••' 266

Genus PAPILIO, Latr 267. 269

Sect. IV. Ascanides, Geyer 269

A. triopas (Godart). 269

Sect. V. Endopogon, Borsd 270

E. sesostris (Cram.). 270

Sed. VI. Hectorides, Hubner 270

II. ascanius (Cram.). ... ... ... ... ... ... 270

Sect. VII. Parides, Hubner 271

P. aeneas (L.) 271

Sect. VIII. Ithobalus, Hubner 272

1. polydamas (L.). 272

Sect. XIV. Eurytides, Hubner 272

E. dolicaon (Cram.) 272

Sect. XIX. B. Cosmodesmus, Haase 272

C. protesilaus (L.). 273

Sect. XX. Pazala, Moore. 273

P. glycerion (Gray). ... ... ... ... 273

Sect. XXI. Pathysa, Reakirt 274

P. antiphates (Cram.). ... ... 274

Sect. XXIII.-XXV. Iphiclides, Hubner 274

I. celadon (Lucas). ... ... ... ... ... ... 274

I. podalirius (L.). ... ... ... ... ... 275

Sect. XXVII. B. Dalchina, Moore 277

D. sarpedon (L.)- ••• ... ... ... ... 277

Sect. XXVII. C. Zetides, Hubner 277

Z. eurypylus (L.) 277

Sect. XXVII. D. Gen. innom 278

P. agamemnon, L. ... ... ... ... 278

Sect. XXVII. F. Idaides, Hubner. .:. 278

I. codrus (Cram.). ... ... ... ... 278

Sect. XXIX. A. Dabasa, Moore. 278

D. gyas (Westw.). 278

b

X\l SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Sect. XXIX. B. Meandrusa, Moore. ... ... ... 278

M. evan (Doubleday). ... 278

Sect. XXX. Gen. innom. ... ... 279

P. pylades, Fabr. ... ... ... 279

Sect. XXXI. A. Gen. innom. ... ... ... ... ... ... 279

P. leonidas, Fabr. ... ... ... ... ... 270

Sect. XXXIII. Gen. innom 279

P. idteoides, Gray. ... ... ... ... ... ... 279

Sect. XXXVI. Paranticopsis, \Vood-Mason and De NiceV 279

P. macareus (Godart). ... ... ... ... ... ... 279

Sect. XXXVII. Chilasa, Moore. 279

C. panope (L.) 279

Sect. XXXVII. pt. Euplceopsis, De NiceV 280

E. telearchus, Hew. ... ... ... ... 280

Sect. XXXVII. pt. Menamopsis, De Nicev 280

M. tavoyanus (Butler). ... ... ... 280

Sect. XXXVIII. Cadugoides, Moore 280

C. agestor (Gray). ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 280

Sect. XXXIX. Orpheides, Hubner 280

O. demoleus (L.) 280

Sect. XLI. Gen. innom. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 282

P. homerus, Fabr. ... ... ... ... ... 282

Sect. XLII. Heraclides, Hubner. 282

H. thoas (L.) 282

Sect. XLIII. Troilides, Hiibner. 283

T. torquatus (Cramer). ... ... ... ... 283

Sect. XLIV. B. Calaides, Hubner 283

C. androgeos (Cram.). ... ... 283

Sect. XLV. Priamides, Hubner. 284

P. pompeius (Fabr.) 284

Sect. XLVI. Gen. innom. 284

P. zagieus, Doubleday. ... ... ... 284

Sect. XLIX. Euphoeades, Hubner 284

E. glaucus (L.)- 284

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XV11

PACK

Sect. LI. A. Jasoniades, Hiibner. 285

J, xuthus (L.) 285

Sect. LI. B. C. Achivus, Barbut 286

A. machaon (L ). ... ... 286

Sect. LII. Pterurus, Scop. 289

P. troilus (L.) 289

Sect. LIV. Eques, L 290

E. nireus (L.) 290

Sect. LV. C. Gen. innom. ... 291

P. metope, L 291

Sect. LIX. Araminta, Moore 292

A. demotion (Cram.) ... ... 292

Sect. LX. A. Gen. innom. ... ... 293

P. polytes, L 293

Sect. LX. B. Charus, Moore 294

C. helenus, L. ... ... ... ... 294

Sect. LX. C. Tamera, Moore 295

T. castor (Westw.). 295

Sect. LX. E. Nestorides, Hiibner. 295

N. gambrisius (Cram.). ... ... ... 295

Sect. LXII. Laertias, Hiibner 296

L. ulysses (L.) 296

Sect. LXIII. Harimala, Moore 296

H. crino (Fabr.) 297

Sect. LXIV. A. pt. Achillides, Hiibner. 297

A. paris (L.) 297

Sect. LXIV. A. pt. Sarbaria, Moore 298

S. polyctor (Boisd.). ... 298

Sect. LXV. A.— C. Iliadcs, Hiibner , ... 299

I. agenor (L.); 299

Sect. LXV. D. pt. Saunia, Moore 301

S. protenor (Cram.) ... ... 301

Sect. LXV. D. pt. Panosmiopsis, Wood-Mason and De Niccv. ... 301

P. rhetenor (Westw.) 301

b

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

TAGS

Sect. LXV. D. pt. Pangeranopsis, Wood-Mason and De Niccv. ... 302

P. elephenor (Doubleday). ......... ...... 302

Sect. LXVI. pt. Pangerana, Moore. ... ............ 302

P. varuna (White). ............... ... 302

Sect. LXVI. pt. Atrophaneura, Rcakirt. ............ 302

A. semperi (Felder). ... ... ...... ... ... 302

Sect. LXVII. Gen. innom. .................. 303

P. nox, Swains ................ ...... 303

Sect. LXIX. pt. Pxnasmia, Moore ............... 303

P. dasarada, Moore. ... ... ... ...... ... 303

sect. LXIX. pt. Byasa, Moore ................... 304

B. philoxenus (Gray) .......... ... ... ... 304

Sect. LXXIII. Menelaides, Hiibner ................ 304

M. polydorus (L.). .................. 304

Sect. LXXIV. Tros, Barbut ................... 305

T. hector (L.) ...................... 305

Sect. LXXV. Pharmacophagus, Ilaasc. ... ......... 306

P. antenor (Drury) .................. 306

Genus BARONIA, Salvin ............ ......... 307

B. brevicornis, Salvin .......... ......... 307

SUB-FAMILY IV. LEPTOCIRCIN/U ............. 307

Genus LEPTOCIRCUS, Swains ................... 308

L, meges (Zinken-Sommer) ................ 308

LIST OF PLATES.

XXXVIII.— Fig. i.
Fig. 2.
Figs. 3, 4-
Figs. 5, 6.
Fig. 7.
Figs. 8, 9.
-Figs. I, 2.
Fig. 3-

XXXIX.-

XL.-

XLI.-

XLII.-

XLIIL-

XLIV.-

XLV.-

XLVI.-
XLVII.-

XLVIIL—
XLIX.— Fi
L.-

Figs. I, 2.
Fig. 3-
Figs, i, 2.
Figs. 3, 4.
Figs. 5, 6.
Figs. I, 2.
Figs. 3. 4.
-Figs, i, 2.
Figs. 3, 4.
•Figs. 1—3.
Figs. 4 — 6.
-Figs. 1—3.
Figs. 4 — 6.
Figs. 7—9.
-Figs. 1-3.
Figs. 4, 5-
-Figs, i, 2.
Figs. 3, 4.
Figs. 5, 6.
Figs, i, 2.
Figs. 3-5.
Figs. 6, 7.
Figs. 1—3.
Figs. 4, 5.
Figs. 6, 7.
Figs. 1—3.
Figs. 4, 5.

Libythea bachmani (p. 4).
Mesosemia bifa?ciata (p. 24).
Nemeobius lucina (p. ll).
Euselasia effima (p. 17).
Nymphidtum ethelinda (p. 41),
Lemonias emylius (p. 39).
Helicopis acis (p. 20).
Zeonia chorinseus (p. 28).
Ancyluris melibceus (p. 31).
Myrina silenus (p. 76).
Thecla pruni (p. 53).
Thecla w-album (p. 50).
Callophrys rubi (p. 54).
Pseudolycnena marsyas (p. 56).
Evenus regalis (p. 57).
Atcas imperialis (p. 58).
Anteros achoeus (p. 36).
Zephyrus betulas (p. 65).
Zephyrus quercus (p. 67).
Lampides bseticus (p. 82).
Cupido argiades (p. 85).
Polyommatus icarus (p. 96).
Polyommatus thetis (p. 93).
Plebeius argus (p. 88)
Nomiades arion (p. 108).
Nomiades alcon (p no).
Polyommatus corydon (p. 91).
Polyommatus alexis (p. 99).
Polyommatus salmacis (p. 100).
Polyommatus artaxerxes (p. 102).
Cyaniris argiolus (p. 103).
Zizera minima (p. 105).
Nomiades semiargus (p. 106).
Lycaena dispar (p. 117).
Lycaena virgaurea: (p. 115).

XX

LIST OF PLATES.

LI.—

LIL-
LIII.-

LIV.-

LV.-

LVL-
'LVIL-

LVIII.-

LIX.-

LX.

LXT.-

LXII.-

LXIIL-

LXIV.-

LXV.-

LXVI.-

LXVIL-

LXVIII.

-Figs, i, 2.
Figs. 3, 4.
Figs. 5, 6.
•Figs, i, 2.
Fig. 3-
•Fig. I.
Figs. 2, 3.
Figs. 4, 5.
-Figs. I, 2.
Figs. 3-5
-Fig. i.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3-
Figs. 4, 5.
•Figs, i, 2.
Fig.
•Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Lycsena hippothoe (p. 122).

Lycrena rutila (p. 121).

Lycrena phkeas (p. 125).

Pieris brassicse (p 144).

Pieris rapse (p. 146).

Pie- is chariclea (p. 145).

Pieris metra (p. 148).

Pieris sabellicse (p. 150).

Pieris napi (p. 148).

Pontia daplidice (p. 152).

Pereute leucodrosime (p. 164).

Schatzia socialis (p. 162).

Dismorphia egacnsis (p. 183).

Perrhybris pyrrha (p. 159).

Delias eucharis (p. 167).

Delias philyra (p. 168).

Delias belisama (p. 166).

Callosune danae (p. 196).

Hebomoia. leucippe (p. 202).

Euchloe cardamines (p. 186).

Leptidia sinapis (p. 1/8).

Sphoenogona mexicana (p. 230).

Callidryas eubule (p. 227).

Colias rhamni (p. 221).

Eurymus hyale (p. 211).

Eurymus kirbyi (p. 215).

Eurymus philodice (p. 217).

Parnassius apollo (p. 236).

Aporia cratoegi (p. 140).

Thais medesicaste (p. 243).

Leptocircus meges (p. 308).

Troides priarnus (p. 252).

Ornithoptera remus (p. 266).

Hectorides ascanius (p. 270).

Achillides paris (p. 297).

Iliades agenor (p. 299),

Parides aeneas (p. 271).

Achivus machaon (p. 286).

Iphiclides po^alir'us (p. 275).
(Frontispiece). Fig. i. Cosmodesmus protesilaus (p. 273).
Fig. 2. Iphiclides celadon (p 274^.

* Iphidides on plate.

3-
i.

2.

_ 3

-Figs. I — 4.

Fig. 5-
-Fig. i.

Figs. 2-4.
-Fig. i.

Figs. 2, 3.
-Figs. I, 2.

Fig. 3-
-Fig.

Fig.
-Fig.

Fig.
-Fig.

Fig.
-Fig-

Fig.
-Fig.

Fig.
-Fig.

Fig.

PLATE LXVIII.

/. Ipkidides protesilaus.
2. celadon,.

THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS-ORDER
LEPIDOPTERA.

THE BUTTERFLIES— LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA.

IN our first volume, we dealt with the extensive Family Nym-
phalida, in which the front legs are always more or less im-
perfect in both sexes. We have now to consider the remaining
Families of Butterflies, in all of which the front pair of legs
are fully developed in the females, and sometimes also in the
males, though in those which approach nearest to the Nym-
phalidcZ) the front legs are more or less imperfect in the males,
and are shorter than the other pairs of legs in the females.

FAMILY II. LIBYTHEID^E.

Egg. — Ampulliform, ridged, twice as high as broad (Doherty)*
Regularly elliptic, with sharply-round, prominent longitudinal
ribs (Scudder).

Larva. — Cylindrical, slightly pubescent, segments with four
transverse divisions ; head small, rounded.

Pupa.— Rather stout, ridged, suspended by the tail only.
Imago. — Of moderate size, with angulated and dentated wings,

* Dr. Scudder thinks that this description was taken from distorted
specimens ; but there is no reason why the eggs of the Indian and American
species should not differ in shape*

lo B

2 LLOVDS NATURAL

at least in the female ; colour, except in the Austro-Malayan
species, brown, with markings varying from reddish fulvous to
pale buff; or blue in some of the Eastern species just men-
tioned. Palpi very long, about four times as long as the head.
Front legs in male very small, the tarsi reduced to a single
joint, without claws ; front legs of the female almost perfectly
developed, but considerably smaller than the others.

Eange. — " The twelve or fourteen species of this Sub-family,
which it hardly appears necessary to divide into genera, are
singularly scattered over all the warmer parts of the globe,
except, I believe, the continent of Australia, and Polynesia.
The type of the genus, L. celtis (Fuessly), inhabits Southern
Europe and Asia Minor; the Ethiopian region has three
species; India and the Indo- Malayan Islands, three; the
Austro-Malayan and Australasian Islands, two or three ; two
are natives of the United States and the West Indies, and one
is found in Surinam and Brazil. It does not seem improb-
able that these few and widely-scattered congeners are but the
surviving members of what was at some former period a numer-
ous and generally prevalent group" (Trinieri). The same
opinion is expressed by Dr. Scudder, who mentions the
discovery of two fossil species in Colorado.

Habits. — The species frequent open places : road-sides, vine-
yards, forest glades, hedge-sides, &c., especially near water, and
they have a rather rapid flight.

We shall notice representatives of three different sections of
this small family.

GENUS LIBYTHEA.

Libythea,) Fabricius, in Illiger's Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 284 (1807);
Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. pp. 10, 170 (1819); Westwood,
Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 412 (1851); Schatz & Rober,
Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 226 (1892).

Type, Papilio celtis^ Fuessly.

LIDYTHEA. 3

Hypatus, Hiibner, Catal. Franck, p. 85 (1825); Scudder,
Butterflies of Eastern United States, p. 753 (1889).
Type, Papilio carineuta, Cramer.

Dr. Scudder considers the American species of this Sub-
family to be entitled to generic rank, and retains for them
Hiibner's name Hypatus, observing : " I have not been able to
study the Asiatic species, but the European and African are
certainly distinct from the American forms. I would call
attention to the abruptly lobate front margin of the hind-wing
in the European species (Libythea proper), and the close ap-
proximation of the third and fourth superior sub-costal nervules
of the fore-wings at their origin, to the gradually incrassating
antennce, in which the club can scarcely be separately distin-
guished, but may be said to occupy half the length of the
antennae, to the coarser, and owing to the comparative brevity
of the apical joint, the somewhat shorter palpi, and finally to
the deeply bifid termination of the eighth abdominal segment
in the male, with the irregular and thorny clasps, which are in
striking contrast to those of Hypatus. It may also be pointed
out that the larvce of Libythea are not thickened on the thoracic
segments, have no thoracic tubercle, and that the chrysalis
terminates at the anterior extremity in a single and not a
double protuberance ; in other words, there is no apical notch "
(Scudder, op. cit. pp. 155, 156).

But having regard to the very small number of species known,
and the much greater divergence of the species of the Austro-
Malayan group, which has not yet been separated as a distinct
genus, we have preferred to leave Libythea undivided in the
present work. The characters are therefore those of the
Family ; but the large Austro-Malayan species differ much in
shape and appearance from the species of other parts of the
world, and will probably have to be separated from them as
belonging to a different genus.

B 2

4 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

The type is

THE NETTLE-TREE BUITERFLY. L1BYTHEA CELTIS.

Papilio celtts, Fuessly, Arch. Ins. pi. 8, figs. 1-3, and pi. 14 (1782-
1783); Esper, Schmett. i. (2) p. 168, pi. 87, figs. 2, 3
(I783); P- I09) fig8- 2-8 (1800: transf.) ; Hiibner, Eur.
Schmett. i. pp. 447-449 (1799?).

LibytheaceltiS) Godart, Enc. Meth. Ins. ix. p. 170, no. i (1819) ;
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 43, pi. 13, fig. 9
(1879) ; Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 152, pi. 32, fig. 2 (1882 :
with transf.).

This Butterfly measures an inch and a half, or an inch and
three-quarters across the wings, which are brown, with fulvous
markings, and are strongly angulated ; towards the tips of the
fore-wings is a white spot on the costa, and a square blotch
obliquely below it, beyond the more extended tawny colouring
of the wing. The Butterfly has much of the appearance of a
small Vanessa, but its very long palpi are amply sufficient to
prevent it from being mistaken for any other European species.
It inhabits Southern Europe and Asia Minor. The larva and
pupa are both green, and the larva feeds on the nettle-tree,
Celtis australis, but will also eat cherry. It is double-brooded,
the Butterfly appearing in March and June, and it is not un-
common where its food-plant grows.

THE SNOUT BUTTERFLY. LIBYTHEA BACHMANII.
(Plate XXXVIII. Fig. i.)

Libythea bachmanii, Kirtland, Amer. Journ. Science (2), xiii.

p. 336, cum fig. (1852) ; Edwards, Butt. N. Amer. ii. Lib.

pi. i. (1874); Maynard, Butt. N. England, p. 31, pi. 8, figs.

36, 360(1886).
Hypatus bachmanii, Scudder, Butterflies of Eastern United

States, p. 760 (1889).

PLATE XXXVIH.

/. Libythea, bachmaju^. 5.6.Eiiselasicu effimcu.
2.Mesosemiou bifasciatcu. 7 . ^fymphzdium, e

LIBYTHEA. 5

Libythece motya, pt. Boisduval & Leconte, Lepid. Amer. Sept.
pi. 64, figs. 3, 4 (nee figs, i, 2) (1833).

This species is about the size of L. celtis^ but the fore-wings
are longer, the apex projecting in a more produced lobe, with
a concavity between the two angles, the upper angle being
nearly as long as the lower one. The hind-wings are less
denticulated than in L. celtis^ and project in a small rectangle
in the middle of the hind-margin. The colour is brown, with
rather brighter tawny markings than in L. celtis. On the fore-
wings the cell, and the greater part of the space between this
and the inner-margin is filled up with bright tawny colour, the
costa, apical region, and hind-margin remaining brown ; on the
apical region are three large white, or yellowish-white, spots.
Beneath the fore-wings are coloured as above, but paler.
The hind-wings are brown, with a curved tawny band a little
below the costa, and beneath they are of a purplish-grey, with
a yellowish-grey band running from the base, a little below the
centre, to the hind-margin.

The larva is cylindrical, green, with yellow lines and dots ;
the pupa is also green, sometimes tinged with blue or yellow,
and sprinkled with yellow dots, especially on the abdomen.

The larva feeds on sugar-berry or hack-berry (Celtis occi-
dentalis, L.), and probably on other plants ; and there is a suc-
cession of broods throughout the summer. It is common in
many parts of the Southern United States ; in the Northern
States it becomes rare and local, but touches Canada, having
been met with as far north as Southern Ontario. It frequents
gardens, meadows, road-sides, and other open places, and is
particularly fond of flying about raspberry blossoms.

The South American L. carinenta (Cramer), the type of the
genus or sub-genus Hypatus^ is a species very similar to Z.

6 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

bachmanii) but with the tawny portion of the fore-wings broken
up, more or less distinctly, into three spots.

The various species of the Austro-Malayan group inhabit
several of the Moluccan and Papuan islands, and extend to
the Philippines, though probably not to any other part of the
Indo-Malayan region, the Indian species of Libythea more
resembling the group of L. cettis. The Austro-Malayan
species are much larger than the others, expanding upwards
of two inches. In the male the apex of the fore-wings is
obtusely rounded, hardly lobate, the hind-margin being slightly
oblique, and nearly straight, or slightly concave, between the
apex and the anal angle. In the female there is a sl:ght apical
lobe, truncated, but not concave ; the hind-margin beneath is
more strongly concave than in the male. The hind-wings are
rounded, but hardly dentated or angulated, except that they
are somewhat produced at the anal angle in the female. The
palpi are much shorter and more hairy than in the more
typical species of the genus. The colour, too, differs con-
siderably ; the males are brown above, with more or less of
the base and centre of the wings filled up with violet-blue,
more or less cut by the nervures. Sometimes there are some
whitish spots on the fore-wings, and a reddish stripe on the
hind-wings. The females are brown with fulvous markings,
and sometimes with white spots on the fore-wings and a fulvous
bar on the hind-wings ; but these markings are all at or beyond
the end of the cell, the basal portion of the fore-wings being
always brown.

FAMILY III. LEMONIID.E.

Egg. — "Broader than high, tiarate or oblately spheroidal, more
or less deeply and densely reticulate, with converging septa

LEMONIID^E, 7

extending from the walls of the cells towards their centre "
(Scudder).

Larva (newly emerged). — " Body with chitinous dorsal and sub-
stigmatal shields on every segment, to which the haired
papillae are confined, and only sub-dorsal annul! " (Scudder).

Larva (full grown). — Short and stout, somewhat onisciform,
without spines or long hairs ; head at least half as broad as the
middle of the body.

Pupa. — Short and stout, sometimes pilose, and with a few
long bristly hairs, attached by the tail, and sometimes freely
suspended, as in the Nyinphalidce, but more frequently re-
cumbent, being secured by an additional thread across the
middle.

Imago. — Of small or moderate size, the largest species rarely
exceeding two inches in expanse, and of delicate structure ;
hind-wings with a pre-costal nervure ; very rarely with ocel-
lated spots. Front legs perfectly developed in the female,
but smaller than the others ; imperfectly developed in the
male, with the tarsi reduced to one or two joints, without
spines or claws.

The present group is generally regarded as of the rank of a
Family, though Dr. Scudder considers that it is not sufficiently
distinct from the Lyccenidce. to be considered as more than a
Sub-family. There are, however, many differences, and even
in pattern and general appearance the two groups are so dis-
similar that there are very few species belonging to either of
them which would be likely to be mistaken for the other, even at
the first glance, by anyone who was fairly well acquainted with
the general appearance of the Butterflies. There are, however,
a few Lemoniidcz which superficially resemble some of the
smaller Nymphalida. Again, the Lemoniidce and Lyccenidce may
be taken as in some measure representative of separate Faunas,

8 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

for the Lemo?iiidce, with the exception of a few somewhat aber-
rant Old World genera, are almost entirely confined to tropical
America, whereas the Lycanida are almost entirely an Old
World group, if we except the tropical American species allied
to Thecla. These, though numerous, are closely allied, and
cannot be considered as a set-off against the very numerous
and varied genera of the Old World.

To return to the Lemoniidte (or Erycinidce, as the Family is
often called).* The first attempt at a natural division of the
genera was made by Bates, in a catalogue of Erycinidce, com-
municated to the Linnean Society of London on June 20, 1867
(" Journ. Linn. Soc. Zoology," ix. pp. 367-459). In this paper
he divided the group into three Sub-families, which have been
generally accepted by entomologists, with some modifications.

In 1885 Messrs. Godman and Salvin, in their " Biologia Cen-
trali- Americana " Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, i. pp. 361, 362, re-
moved from Bates' first Sub-family, the Ncmeobiina, all the
New World genera which Bates had placed in it, transferring
them to Bates' third Sub-family, the Eryrinincz (Lemoniince of
Kirby), but combining with it Bates' second Sub-family, the
Eurygonin<z(EuselasiincB of Kirby), thus bringing together all the
genera in which the basal nervure is absent or rudimentary.
They remark : " We have not yet discovered satisfactory
characters whereby to separate the Old from the New World
genera of this Sub-family."

It is, however, clearly desirable to separate groups of species
geographically when this can be done; and, in 1892, Schatz
and Rober proposed to restrict the Ncmcobiina to the Old
World genera, and to reinstate Bates' Sub-family Eurygonina
or Euselasiince. But neither in the Lemoniidce, Lyccenidce,

* The alteration of the Family name was rendered necessary by the
rejection of the genus Erycina, Fabr., on account of this name being
pre-occupied in

NEMEOBIIN^E. 9

nor Hesperiidce, do the Sub-families rest on such important
differences as those which separate the Sub-families of the
Nymphalida, nor are they nearly so well marked.

Most of the species prefer to settle on leaves rather than
on flowers, and the position of the wings in repose varies a
good deal.

"The Family is remarkable for the wonderful diversity of
form and colouring which it presents, and the habits of the
species are almost equally varied. Some are of very slow, lazy
flight, whilst others are excessively rapid in their movements.
It may be stated, however, as an universal rule, that their flight
is short, never exhibiting the sustained motion which is charac-
teristic of the Nymphalid(Ki Salyridce, and other superior Families
of Butterflies. A large number of genera have the habit of set-
tling on the under side of leaves near the ground, extending
their wings flat on the leaf. In many genera, on the contrary,
the position of the wings in repose is vertical; and a few
species settle on the upper surface of leaves with the wings half
elevated " (Bates].

SUB-FAMILY I. NEMEOBIINME.

Egg. — More or less rounded, smooth, and slightly reticulated
or granular.

Larva. — Short, somewhat wood-louse-shaped, though longer
than in the Lyccenida, and set with small hairy warts.

Pupa. — Short, obtuse, rounded, slightly hairy, attached by the
tail, and a girth round the middle.

Imago. — Wings broad, rather short. The hind-wings some-
times with an angular projection; brown, with tawny, white, or red
markings ; fore-wings with the sub-costal nervure five-branched
(except in Polyccena, Staud. (4), and Simiskina^ Dist. (3) ; cells

TO LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

closed; hind-wings with no basal nervure,* and with the
sub-costal nervure and upper discoidal nervule rising from a
common stalk (except in Sitniskind).

Range. — About a dozen genera are at present admitted as
belonging to this Sub-family, but they are not numerous in
species, nor have they a very wide range. Of these, Nemeo-
bius, Steph., contains the only European species of the Family,
the well-known "Duke of Burgundy Fritillary"; another genus,
the few species of which likewise have a superficial resemblance
to small species of Melitaa, Fabr., is Polycana, Staud., which
is confined to Thibet and Western China; and all the other
genera are restricted to the Indo-Malayan and Austro-Malayan
regions, except that some of the former probably cross the
southern frontier of the Palaearctic region, and that the genera
allied to Abisara, Feld., have one or two representatives in Africa
and Madagascar, as well as in the East Indies.

HaMts. — Woodland insects, of low flight, preferring to settle
on bushes rather than on flowers. Some of the Indian and
Chinese species are met with at an elevation of at least 10,000
feet in the mountains.

GENUS NEMEOBIUS.

Nemeobius, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 28 (1827);
Westwood, Gen. D. Lepid. p. 419 (1851); Schatz &
Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 230 (1892).

Antennae distinctly clubbed ; eyes with short hairs ; palpi
slender, pointed ; fore-wings with the costa nearly straight,
hardly longer than the hind-wings; hind-margins gradually
curved and denticulated.

There is only one species, which is common in Central and
Southern Europe, and is also found in England.

* See Lemoniittv.

NEMEOBIUS. II

THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY. NEMEOBIUS

LUCINA.
(Plate XXXVIII. Figs. 3, 4.)

Papilio lurina, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 480, no. 135 (1758) ;
id. Faun. Suec. p. 280, no. 1061 (1761); Esper, Schmett.
i. pt. i, p. 206, pi. 16, fig. i (1777).

Nemeobius lucina, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 29
(1827); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 44, pi. 13,
fig. 10 (1879); Newman, Brit. Butt. p. 103 (1881); Lang,
Eur. Butterflies, p. 150, pi. 33, fig. i (1882); Barrett,
Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 102, pi. 15, figs, i, \a — le (1892);
Buckler, Larvae Brit. Lepid. i. p. 85, pi. 12, fig. 3 (1886).

Hamearis lucina, Curtis, Brit. Ent. vii. pi. 316 (1830).

The Duke of Burgundy Frittillary measures about an inch
and a quarter across the wings, which are brown, with three
rows of tawny spots across the fore-wings, the outermost con-
taining a row of black dots. On the hind-wings there are only
two rows, that nearest to the base on the fore-wings being
absent. The fringes are white, chequered with brown. There
are two rows of white spots on the under side of the hind-
wings.

The eggs are laid on either the upper or under side of the
leaves of the primrose or cowslip. The larva is blackish when
young, but, when full grown, it is of a dull green, with a dark,
somewhat macular, dorsal line. The hairs are black above and
paler beneath ; the head is brown.

The pupa is rather short, and is of a pale yellow colour, with
numerous black spots, more or less arranged in rows ; and the
insect passes the winter in this stage, the Butterfly appearing in
May and June ; and on the Continent there is a second brood,
which appears in August.

The Butterfly is found in sunny places in woods, and is also

12

found among bushes in hilly districts throughout Southern and
Central Europe. Its flight is weak, and it is usually seen in
open places, such as a sunny drive or a glade, never flying far,
and apparently restricted to a narrow area, probably in the
vicinity of the food-plant.

Exotic genera of Nemeobiince.

Most of the Asiatic and African species of Nemeobiina, except
those belonging to the two following genera, are considerably
larger than our European species. The Central Asian genus
Polycana most resembles Nemeobius in general appearance,
and the species are likewise very similar to small species of
Melitcea. They are brown Butterflies, with more or less con-
fluent tawny or reddish markings on the fore-wings ; the hind-
wings have a double row of spots, the sub-marginal row tawny,
or reddish, and the inner more yellowish. The under side
is dark brown, with a sub-marginal reddish line, and with
more or less extensive fulvous or pale yellow markings on the
fore-wings, and pale yellow or whitish markings on the hind-
wings. They are not much larger than Nemeobius ; nor is
Stiboges nymphidia, Butler, a Butterfly very dissimilar to the
Fritillaries in colour, which is found in Western China, Bhu-
tan, Penang, &c., and which is remarkable for its superficial
resemblance to some of the South American Lemoniidce, It is
dark brown, with a very broad white band covering the hind-
wings, except at the extreme base, to beyond the middle, and
extending over the fore- wings nearly to the costa, except at the
base, and across and beyond the lower part and end of the cell.

We may mention most of the principal tropical forms of this
Sub-family, as they are not very numerous. The genus Zemeros,
Boisduval, contains two or three species, common in the East
Indies, generally measuring rather less than two inches across
the wings, which are more p.r less dentated, and sometimes;

NEMEOBUNifc, 13

slightly produced at the outer angle of the hind-wings. Zemeros
flegyas (Cramer), from India, is brown, with many pale yellowish
spots, adjoining black ones, and arranged in more or less irregu-
lar transverse rows, on both sides of the wings. In Zemeros
albipunctata, Butler, from the Malay Peninsula and the adja-
cent islands, pale spots are present only towards the tips of
the fore-wings, and towards the hind-margins of the wings be-
neath. Another species, which inhabits the same localities
(Zemeros emesioides, Felder), has the wings hardly dentated,
and is marked with parallel alternate stripes of black and
fulvous, the latter being broader and paler on the under surface.

The genus Dodona, Hewitson, includes several North Indian
species, measuring from an inch and a half to two inches in
expanse. The fore- wings are broad and rather short, with the
hind-margin not very oblique, and the hind-wings are very
long, being gradually produced into a large lobe at the anal
angle. They are brown above, with transverse tawny bands in
the male, much resembling very large Butterflies of the Lycsenid
genus Aphnceus in colour ; the females are reddish-brown, with
a white oblique band on the fore-wings, beyond which the tip
is black.

Dicallaneura,) Butler, is another small but very pretty genus
containing a few species which are confined to the Papuan
islands. They are rather smaller than the species of Dodona,
with the costa of the fore-wings more rounded, and the hind-
wings shorter, with a broad rounded lobe before the anal angle.
In one species, D. pulchra (Guer.), from Waigiou, the male is
black above, with a pale blue transverse band on the fore-
wings, and the female is reddish-tawny on the hind-wings and
at the base of the fore-wings \ outwardly, the fore-wings shade
into yellowish tawny, and more than the apical third of the
fore-wings is black. On the hind-wings is a sub-marginal row
of black spots and streaks,

14 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTOPY.

In D. decorata (Hewitson), found in the Aru Islands, the male
is reddish-tawny, with a tawny oblique band on the fore-wings,
beyond which the apex is black, and the female is uniform
yellowish-tawny, except the broad black tip of the fore-wings,
and the sub-marginal black spots of the hind-wings. Both
species are elegantly marked beneath with pale lines and spots
on a tawny or reddish-brown ground.

The genus Tavi/a, Westwood, has the hind-wings rounded
or slightly dentated, but hardly lobate. The species inhabit
India and the Indo-Malayan region generally, and measure
about an inch and a half across the wings. They are brown,
red or banded, with unicolorous hind-wings, and many of them
are of a beautiful purplish-red colour, with spots and streaks
on the under-surface of a dull metallic blue. In some of the
species there is a large and conspicuous white or pale blue
spot on the inner-margin of the fore-wings above.

Abisara, Felder, contains rather large brown species, often
with broad white or pale bands on the fore-wings at least. On
the hind-wings some of these have a long tail, and are not
unlike species of the Satyrid genus Lethe, Hiibner. They are
found in the East Indies and Africa. Allied to these is a
rather isolated species, Saribia tepahi (Boisduval), the only
Butterfly belonging to the I.emoniida, which is found in Mada-
gascar, while it is remarkable for being the only Old World
species with three tails, or rather, two, in addition to the lobe at
the anal angle. It is a brown Butterfly, expanding from i ^
to \y± inches, and its diverging tails, though not its colour,
give it something of the appearance of the Tropical American
genus, Helicopis.

The Erydnida of the Old World are a small but interesting
group, and are one of the sections of Butterflies that require a
thorough revision of the genera and species. The various
existing genera, most of which we have noticed, are not in all

EUSELASIINVE. 15

cases sufficiently well-deQned, and there are some isolated
forms, such as Abisara gei-ontes (Fabricius), from West Africa (a
brown white-banded Butterfly, with tails, and with one or two
ocellated spots, a very unusual character in this Family), for
which new generic names are certainly required. But the domain
of entomology is very extensive, and it would be a great mistake
to imagine that it is anything like worked-out at present, even
in the case of insects so much studied and sought after as
Butterflies. The number of new and beautiful forms which
are discovered every year in almost all parts of the world
would alone dispel any such an idea.

The genus Siwiskina, Distant, which is distinguished from
all the other Nemeobiincz by the three-branched sub-costal
nervure, is placed by Schatz and Rober in the Eryrinidtz with
considerable hesitation. It includes only two brown and
tawny species from Malacca, measuring about an inch and a
half across the wings. The hind-margin of the hind-wings
projects at an angle considerably further from the anal angle
than in Abisara, &c. ; the under side of all the wings is brown
with darker lines, or yellowish-tawny with reddish lines. One
of the species was referred by Hewitson to the Lyoenid genus
Poritia, Moore, and the other was regarded by Distant as the
type of a new genus of Erycinidcz.

SUB-FAMILY II. EUSELASIIN^.

Egg. — Undescribed.

Larva. — Onisciform or cylindrical, clothed with a dense pile,
as well as with longer hairs.

Pupa. — Long or short, pilose or hairy.

Imago. — Wings broad, rather short; fore-wings with tho.

1 6 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

hind-margin entire, nearly straight, only slightly curved ; hind
wings generally rather long, sometimes dentated, or with
several tails, or with the anal angle produced. Prevailing
colours brown, with blue, tawny, or pale markings. Fore-
wings with the sub-costal nervure three, four, or five-branched
(within the limits of the genus Euselasia itself) ; cells closed ,
hind-wings with no basal nervure and with the upper radial
nervule rising from the upper disco-cellular. On the fore-
wings the upper disco-cellular nervule is absent, except in
Perophthalma, Westwood.

Range. — The few genera of this restricted group are confined
to South and Central America. With the exception of the
typical genus Euselasia^ the species are not numerous, though
some of the other genera are interesting.

GENUS EUSELASIA.

Euselasia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 24 (1816); Schatz
& Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 234 (1892).

Eurygona, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. pi. 21, fig. 3 (1836) ;
Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 437 (1851).

An extensive genus of small Butterflies, usually measuring
from an inch to an inch and a half across the wings. The
fore-wings are short and broad, and the hind-wings frequently
show a tendency to assume a somewhat oblong form ; but in a
few species the hind-wings are considerably drawn out almost
to a point at the anal angle, though they are never actually
tailed. In other species the hind-wings are slightly dentated.

We have already indicated the general coloration of the
species in our remarks on the Family. Several are striped and
occasionally imperfectly ocellated on the under surface in such
a manner as to give them a strong superficial resemblance, in
some cases, to Satyr ina of the genus Euptychia, and. in other

EUSELASIA. 1 7

cases, to some of the numerous South American species of
Lyccentda allied to Theda. The most remarkable of all, how-
ever, are one or two tawny species, such as E. opalescens and
O. pr&clara, of Hewitson, which are shot with a most splendid
and delicate mother-of-pearl iridescence, for which we may
seek in vain elsewhere in Butterflies, except in Ornithoptera
magellamts, Felder, Morpho sulkowskyi, Kollar, and in the
crimson spots of some of the South American Equiticles.

According to Messrs. Godman and Salvin, "all the species
of this genus have the habit of resting on the under surface of
leaves within a few feet of the ground."

The type is indicated by Dr. Scudder as —

EUSELASIA GELON.

Papilio gelon, Stoll, Pap. Exot. Suppl. pi. 5, figs. 2, 2^(1787).
Erycina gelont Godart, Enc. Method, ix. p. 568, no. 19

A rather inconspicuous brown Butterfly, with rounded wings,
expanding about an inch. There is a fulvous blotch towards
the anal angle of the hind-wings, both above and below. The
under surface is pale yellow, with three parallel brown lines. It
is found in Surinam. Dr. Scudder remarks that the larva "is
said by Bar to be nocturnal in habits, and processional, the
caterpillars following one another in a single rank; it is covered
with pile (velvet), and ' wholly resembles the caterpillar of a
small Bombyx! The chrysalis somewhat resembles that (/
Thecla." This processionary habit has previously only been
observed in the case of certain Moths (Bombyces).

As an illustration of this genus we have selected

EUSELASIA EFF1MA.

(Plate XXXVIII. Figs. 5, 6.)

Eurygona effima, Hewitson, Equatorial Lepidoptera, p. 46,

no. 83 (1869)
10 n

1 8 LLOYD'S NATURAL

The male is dark brown on the upper side, with the anal
angle of the hind-wings broadly white.

The under side is pale brown, darker towards the margins.
All the wings are crossed by three brown bands. The fore-
wings have also a sub-marginal brown band, marked with a
black spot in the middle. The hind-wings have a sub-marginal
row of black spots marked with white, of which the third spot
from the tip is the largest.

The insect measures rather less than an inch and a quarter
across the wings. It was brought from Ecuador by the late
Mr. Buckley, some years ago, but has not been figured before.
Mr. Hewitson compared it with a species which he had pre-
viously described from the Amazons, under the name of E.
euryone^ but which has no white on the upper side of the
wings, and with E. phcedica (Boisduval), from Cayenne and the
Amazons, which, however, has black sub-marginal semi-ocellated
spots on the under side, almost like a Euptychia.

The smaller genera of this Sub-family are very easy to
recognise.

Perophthalma tenera, Westwood, is an inconspicuous little
Butterfly, which measures about an inch across the wings, and
is common throughout South and Central America. It much
resembles a small Mesosemia, to which genus both Westwood
and Hewitson referred it. It is of a light reddish-brown colour,
with a large black eye in the middle of the fore-wings in a yel-
lowish ring, and bi-pupillated with white. The northern speci-
mens have a white band across the fore-wings, which is nearly
obsolete in Brazilian specimens ; and the hind-wings are more
or less ochraceous, or banded with ochraceous, above. It is a
gregarious insect, congregating in sunny openings in the forest,
and resting on the upper side of the leaves.

Hades noctula, Westwood, is common in cocoa plantations
in. Central America and Venezuela, settling on the under side

TlEUCOPtS. I Q

of the leaves. It is a black Butterfly, measuring about two
inches in expanse across the rounded wings; and Messrs. God-
man and Salvin remark on its resemblance to Morpheis ehren-
bergii, Hiibner, a species belonging to the Nymphalince, which
inhabits similar localities. On the under surface, H. noctula
has a red patch at the base of the wings, and there are traces
of grey radiating lines at and between the extremities of the
nervures on the hind-margins of all the wings.

The genus Methonella includes one or two broad-winged
species, measuring two inches, or rather less, across the wings,
which are black, with the centre more or less filled up with
fulvous. The hind-wings are rounded, and strongly dentated.

GENUS HELICOPIS.

Ilelicopis, Fabricius in Illiger, Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 285 (1807);
Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 423 (1851).

The present genus is regarded by Schatz and Rober as some-
what intermediate in its characters between the Euselasiince and
the Lemoniince^ though with preponderating affinities towards
the former. The antennae are long and slender, ringed with black
and white, and terminating in an oval club, pointed at the end,
and the front legs are much shorter than the others, and clothed
with short hair in the male, and with scales in the female. The
fore-wings are short and broad, and the hind-wings are as long
as the fore-wings, and throw out long tails at the ends of all the
nervules, that in the middle median nervule being the longest,
and curved outwards. The colours are black, fulvous, and
creamy-white, and the under side of the hind- wings is orna-
mented with metallic spots. The larva is thickly clothed with
soft hairs, and the pupa is attached by the tail, and a belt of
silk round the middle of the body.

These were among the first Butterflies which attracted the

c 2

2O

notice of Messrs. Bates and Wallace in the immediate neigh-
bourhood of Para. The former writes of them as follows, in
the first chapter of his "Naturalist on the Amazons : — " One
day we made our first acquaintance with two of the most beau-
tiful productions of Nature in this department, namely, the
Hdicopis cupido and H. endymion. A little beyond our house
one of the narrow green lanes which I have already mentioned
diverged from the Monguba avenue, and led, between enclo-
sures overrun with a profusion of creeping plants and glorious
flowers, down to a moist hollow, where there was a public well
in a picturesque nook, buried in a grove of Mukaja palm-trees.
On the tree-trunks, walls, and palings, grew a great quantity of
climbing Pothos plants, with large, glossy, heart-shaped leaves.
These plants were the resort of these two exquisite species, and
we captured a great number of specimens. They are of ex-
tremely delicate texture. The wings are cream-coloured ; the
hind pair have several tail-like appendages, and are spangled
beneath as if with silver. Their flight is very slow and feeble ;
they seek the protected under surface of the leaves, and in
repose close their wings over the back so as to expose the
brilliantly spotted under surface."

THE SILVER-SPOT BUTTERFLY. HELICOPIS ACIS.
(Plate XXXIX. Figs, i, 2.)

Papilio acis, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. app. p. 504 (1781).
Papilio gniduS) Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 64, no. 607 (1787).
Rusticus armatus gnidus, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. i. pi.

101 (1816 ?).
Papilio endymion, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 244, figs. C, F

(1779); Stoll, Suppl. Cramer, pi. iv. figs. 55, b (1787).
This is the largest and darkest species of the genus, and is

PLATE XXXIX.

\

\

\

1. Z.JIeUcopis ads
3. ZeonicL cfoorinceu£

HELICOPIS. 21

widely distributed in Tropical America. It measures about two
inches across the wings. The fore-wings are of a creamy-white,
with the base slightly tinged with yellow in the male, and more
broadly and deeply in the female (which is larger and darker
than the male) ; and the hind-margin and the outer half of the
costa are bordered with black. The hind-wings are similar,
but with a very broad black border, marked with a row of pale
sub-marginal lunules; the tails are black, the largest being
tipped with white; the under surface is pale, with silvery
metallic spots on the hind-wings.

The larva is white, clothed with long hairs of the same
colour, the head yellow, surmounted by a tuft of red hairs. It
feeds on the leaves of the Passion-flower, and changes into a
brown pupa, with a tuft of red hairs at the head and tail.

The type of the genus is

THE GOLDEN-SPOT BUTTERFLY. HELICOPIS CUPIDO.

Papilio cupidO) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10.), i. p. 482, no. 145

(1758); id. Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 313 (1764); Cramer, Pap.

Exot. ii. pi. 164, figs. D-G (1777); Stoll, Suppl. Cramer,

pi. iv. figs. A-C (1787).
Rusticus armatus cupido^ Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. i.

pi. 102 (1816?).

It is a much smaller insect than H. ads, and much paler. It
is of a creamy-white, with narrow black borders, and the base
of the fore-wings is yellowish, and the hind-margin of the hind-
wings is broadly pale yellow. The metallic spots of the under
side of the hind-wings are of a deep golden-brown. The head
of the larva is red, but otherwise it is very similar to that of
H. ads.

It is a common species in many parts of Tropical America.

22 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

SUB-FAMILY III. LEMONIIN^E.

Egg. — Deeply reticulated and filamentosed.

Larva. — More or less cylindrical, fasciculate.

Pupa. — Attached by the tail, and sometimes also by a girth
lound the middle of the body.

Imago. — Wings generally short and rounded; occasionally the
fore-wings are rather long or pointed, and the hind- wings are
sometimes dentated, or, if long, are frequently tailed. Wings
very various in colour (rarely vitreous), and with no characteristic
patterns except within generic limits. Fore-wings with the sub-
costal nervure four-branched, except in a few genera, most of
which used to be classed with the Nemeobiincz (Eurybta, Meso-
semia,) &c.), and in Isapsis, in which it is three-branched.
(This character, however, is not constant, for Mesosemia has
the sub-costal nervure four-branched in some species.) Disco-
cellular nervules generally more or less imperfectly developed.
Hind-wings with the basal nervure well developed.

Kange. — This extensive group is entirely confined to Tropical
America, with the exception of a very few species which are met
with in the United States, or which extend beyon-d the Tropical
portions of South America.

NOTE. — The species of this Sub-family have been divided in'.o sub-
ordinate groups by Schatz and Rober, according to the number and posi-
tion of the branches of the sub-costal nervure and other characters of minor
importance. But with the exception of Stalachtis, which seems to be suffi-
ciently distinct to be reinstated as a Sub-family, into which it was originally
formed by Bates, we are not inclined to regard these distinctions as of special
importance. Even the number of sub-costal branches is not always constant
in the larger genera.

The Lemoniince are very numerous and dissimilar, and we
cannot attempt to do more than discuss a limited number of
the most important ancl characteristic genera. Some of the

MESOSEMIA. 23

species are brown or black, but many are adorned with very
bright colours.

In the following genera the sub-costal nervure is usually five-
branched.

GENUS MESOSEMIA.

Sftsosemia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 20 (1816); West-
wood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 453 (1851); Godman and
Salvin, Biol. Centrali-Amer. Lepid. Rhop. i. p. 378 (1885);
Schatz and Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 237 (1892).
This is the largest genus of the whole Family, numbering
considerably over 100 species. They are of small or moderate
size, generally measuring from an inch to an inch and a half in
expanse. They are very numerous in South America, but only
sixteen are recorded from Central America. The fore-wings
are hardly longer than the hind-wings. The wings are rounded
and entire in most of the species, being very rarely pointed or
angulated, and never tailed. They are generally brown or
blue, brown banded with white or buff, or white banded with
brown, and most of the species have a round black eye just
before the middle of the fore-wings, with two or three white
pupils. By this character they can generally be recognised at
a glance ; but many of the white brown-banded species, which
have no eye spots, or else have a series towards the margins
of the wings, have much resemblance to various similarly-
coloured species of Euptychia^ or even Theda. Some species
have brown fore wings, and white, blue, or tawny hind-wings.
The sub-costal nervure is five-branched in most of the species,
but only four-branched in some, showing (as in the case of
Euselasid) either that this character is not of absolute generic
importance in the Lemoniidce, or that these genera require
further sub-division. The palpi, and also the front legs of the
male, are extremely short in this genus.
Dr. Scudder has shown that the type is

24 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

MESOSEMIA PHILOCLES.

Papilio philodes, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 483, no. 155
(1758) ; id. Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 351 (1764) ; Clerck, Icones,
pi. 45, fig. 3 (1764) ; Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 184, figs.
D, £(1779).

Erycina philocles^ Godart, Encycl. Meth. ix. p. 381, no. 80

Mesosemia philodes^ Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. ix.
p. 373 (1868).

This and several closely-allied local forms or representative
species, found in different parts of South America, have longer
and more pointed fore-wings than is usual in the genus ; this
character is most conspicuous in the males, in which the
fore-wings are black, with a short bluish-white band between
the central ocellus and the hind-margin, and the hind-wings
are also more or less broadly bordered with bluish-white
(the breadth varying in the different forms), but the base is
always brown. The female is slaty-grey, with blackish trans-
verse lines. There is a testaceous ring round the central eye
of the fore-wings, and the hind-margin of the hind-wings is
more or less broadly bordered with white.

As a representative of this genus we have figured

MESOSEMIA BIFASCIATA.

(Plate XXXVIII. Fig. 2.)

Mesosemia bifasciata^ Hewitson, Equatorial Lepidoptera, p. 94

(is??)-

Upper side, Male. — Blue-black; both wings crossed beyond the
middle by two broad parallel bands of indigo-blue. Anterior
wing with the usual black discal spot bordered with blue, and
marked by three minute white spots.

Underside. — Dark brown. Anterior wing indigo-blue in
middle; the discal spot as above, with a short black band

EURYBIA 25

between it and the base, two black spots below it, and a longer
band outside of it, also black, crossed by a sub-marginal band
of white. Posterior wing irrorate with white, a discal black
spot marked by two minute white spots, crossed obliquely in
the middle, from margin to margin, by a band of black ; a
very indistinct sub-marginal brown band.

Exp. — iT7^- inch.

Most nearly allied to M. meeda^ Hew., in the colouring of
the upper side.

This is a rare and little-known species from Ecuador, which
has not been figured before, and as the pamphlet in which it is
described is very scarce, we have thought it well to reprint the
original notice of the insect as it stands. M. meeda> with which
Hewitson compares it, is a Brazilian species.

GENUS EURYBIA.

Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 17 (1816); Latreille, Enc.

Meth. ix. p. 458 (1823); Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p. 416 (1851); Godman and Salvin, Biol. Centr.-Amer.

Lepid. Rhop. i. p. 374 (1885); Schatz and Rober, Exot.

Schmett. ii. p. 237 (1892).

The species belonging to this genus are among the largest of
the Lemoniince, measuring two or two and a half inches across
the wings, which are brown, more or less spotted with white,
on the fore-wings at least, and with more or less reddish sub-
marginal markings on the hind-wings, enclosing one or two
rows of black spots. In other species the fore-wings have a
large black eye in the middle, with a blue pupil, and a reddish
outer ring, and the hind-wings are more or less of a rich blue.
The wings are broad, the fore-wings not much longer than the
hind-wings, and the latter are rounded. The Brazilian E.
Carolina, Godart, differs in shape from the others, the fore-

26 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

wings being hooked, and the hind-margin of the hind-wings
almost rectangular. It is brown, with scattered red spots,
hardly arranged in rows, chiefly towards the base and middle
of all the wings; at about two-thirds of the length of the
fore-wings there is an interrupted row of white spots, partly
interspersed with the outermost red ones.
The type of Eurybia is

EURYBIA SALOME.

Papilio salome, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 12, figs. G II

(1775).
Eurybia salome, Godman and Salvin, Biol. Centrali-Amer

Lepid. Rhop. i. p. 376 (1885).
Papilio nicceus, Fabricius, Systema Entomologias, p. 482, no.

175 (i775)-
Eurybia niceeus, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 459, no. 2 (1823);

Lucas, Lepid. Exot. p. 144, pi. 79, fig. i (1835).
This is one of the smaller species, measuring about two
inches across the wings. It is brown, with an eye on the fore-
wings, and two white spots beyond the end of the cell ; the
hind-wings have a reddish marginal band spotted with black.
It is found from Nicaragua southwards to Ecuador and the
Amazons. Farther south it is replaced by a very similar, but
larger species, E. donna, Felder.

Among other genera with the costal nervure five-branched, is
Ithomiola, Felder (Compsoteria, Hew.), the species of which
are transparent, with dark nervures, and resemble small species
of the genus Ithomia. They have also much resemblance to
Dioptis, a genus of Moths which likewise resemble Ithomia.
They are found in Ecuador and other parts of Tropical America.
Nearly all the remaining genera of Lemoniina have the sub-
costal nervure of the fore-wings four-branched, and these have

ZEONIA. 27

been divided by subordinate characters of neuration and
structure. Thus, the following genus differs from the others
in having all the branches of the sub-costal nervure emitted
from the end of the cell.

GENUS ZEONIA.
Zeonia, Swainson, Zoological Illustrations, Ins. ser. ii. vol. 3,

pi. in (1833); Westvv. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 431 (1851);

Godman and Salvin, Biol. Centrali-Amer. Lepid. Rhop.

i. p. 388 (1885); Schatz and Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii.

p. 239 (1892).

The species of this genus may be recognised at once by the
transparent wings with black borders and the transverse stripe,
which, on the hind-wings, occasionally coalesces with the
border, and is sometimes separated from it. The long hind-
wings, of which the lower part is black, striped in the middle,
or bordered below with bright red or orange, and throwing
off a long narrow black tail from the outer angle, are charac-
acteristic. There is generally a shorter tail also (sometimes
reduced to a mere projection) nearer the anal angle. The
species, which inhabit various parts of South America, are not
numerous, and one only (Z. bogota, Saunders) is known to
extend to Central America, where it was found by Mr.
Champion frequenting sunny openings in the forest.

On- account of the shape and general colour of this genus,
the late Mr. Wilson Saunders has not inaptly compared
it to the East Indian genus Leptotircus, which belongs to
the Equitidce.
The type is

ZEONIA FAUNUS.

Papilio faunus, Fabricius, Systema Entomologiae, p. 532, no.

380 (i775)-
Papilio ociavius, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 9, no. 72 (1787).

28 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Zeonia heliconides. Swains. Zool. 111. Ins. (ii.), 3, pi. in (1833);
Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2), v. p. 99, pi. 10,
fig. 5 (^59).

This species, which is found in North Brazil, is the largest
of the genus, expanding nearly two inches. The black trans-
verse band is broad, and continued, apart from the border, on
the hind-wings ; the broad red band on the latter is transverse,
not extending to the anal angle, and is more orange than usual;
and the inner tail is very short and slender.

We have figured the following species : —

ZEONIA CHORINEUS.
(Plate XXXIX. Fig. 3.)

Papilio chorineus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 59, fig. A. (1775).
Papilio octavius, Herbat (nee Fabr.), Naturs. Schmett. iv. pi.

60, fig. 2 (179°)-

Ery cina octavius^ Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 564, no. 6 (1823);
Duncan, Nat. Libr. Foreign Butterflies, p. 185, pi. xxiv.
fig. 3 (1840).
Zeonia octavius, Morisse, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vi. p. 426

(1837).

This is one of the smaller species of Zeonia, expanding only
an inch and a half. It agrees with Z.faunus in the transverse
band, being continued on the hind-wings, but differs from it
by the very long and slender tail, and the much longer and
narrower hind-wings, with a very large red patch occupying the
whole of the inner marginal region within the tail. It inhabits
Surinam and the Amazon region.

The next section includes the genera in which one branch
of the sub-costal nervure of the fore-wings is thrown off before
the end of the cell ; and this is again divided into two sub-
sections, in the first of which the middle disco-cellular nervure

DIORHINA. 29

of the fore-wings is perfect. This sub-section includes some
of the largest and handsomest species of Lemoniincz. Most of
them are tailed species, and some of these are very like Zeonia
in shape, though generally with narrow white bands, instead of
broad transparent ones. These include the types of the old
genus Erycina^ and therefore some of the most typical forms
belonging to the Family. The fore-wings are usually short and
broad, scarcely extending beyond the hind-wings, which are
long, and often more or less tailed.

GENUS DIORHINA.

Diorhina, Morisse, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vi. p. 422 (1837);
Godman and Salvin, Biol. Centrali-Amer. Lepid. Rhop.
i. p. 390 (1885); Schatz and Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii.
p. 239 (1892).

This genus is closely allied to the next, and is chiefly dis-
tinguished from it by the longer palpi, the usually longer tails,
which are less curved outwards, and the absence of metallic
colour on the under side, notwithstanding that the males are
usually more or less blue above.

The type is

DIORHINA PERIANDER.

Papilio periander, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 188, fig. C (1777).
Erycina iphinoe, Godart, Enc. Me'th. ix. p. 565, no. 7

_

Ancyluris iphinoe^ Geyer j Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. iii.

pi. 46 (1824).
Diorhina laonome, Morisse, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vi. p. 422,

pi. 14, figs. 5, 6 (1837).
Diorhina periander, Staud. Exot. Schmett. i. p. 248, pi. 89

(1888).

This specieSj which measures rather less than tvvo inches in

3° LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

expanse, and has short obtuse tails, longer in the female than
in the male, appears to be common throughout the northern
part of South America, and it extends as far north as British
Honduras. The wings are dark brown or blackish, and in the
male the greater part is filled up with rich blue, bounding
which, on the fore-wings, is a more or less distinct whitish
line. Towards the extremity of the inner-margin of the hind-
wings, and across the base of the tail are some red bands.
The female is similar, but instead of the blue colour of the
male, it has two transverse white bands, that nearest the base
being the broadest.

GENUS ANCYLURIS.

AncyluriSj Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 23 (1816); Schatz

and Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 239 (1885).
Erycina, Fabricius, in Illiger, Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 266 (1807);

Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. p. n (1823); Westwood, Gen.

Diurn. Lepid. p. 428 (1851); Godman and Salvin, Biol.

Centrali-Amer. Lepid. Rhop. i. p. 392 (1885).

The name Erycina, having been used by Lamarck for a
genus of shells in 1805, cannot be retained in Lepidoptera.

As mentioned under the heading of the genus Diorhina^
Ancyluris differs by comparatively slight characters. The
wings are black above, banded with red, orange, or, more
rarely, white, and are sometimes adorned with blue markings ;
while the under surface is usually richly banded and suffused
with various metallic tints of blue and green. The species
measure somewhat less than two inches in expanse, and the
hind-wings are produced into a lobe or tail, turned outwards,
and usually much longer in the female than in the male. The
species are most numerous in the northern parts of South
America.

PLATE 'XL

1. 2. Ancyluris mekbceus.
3. MyrincL silervms.

ANCYLURIS. J 1

We have figured the typical species

ANCYLURIS MELIB^EUS.
(Plate XL. Figs, i, 2.)

Papilio melibtzus, Fabricius, Genera Ins. p. 277 (1877).
Erycina melib<zus> Godart, Enc. Method, ix. p. 565, no. 9

(1823).
Papilio pyretus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 144, figs. A, B (1777).

This species measures about two inches across the wings,
which are blackish, crossed by an oblique red band, curving
inwards to the inner margin of the hind-wings. On the latter
is a large curved red stripe near the base of the short obtuse
tail, forming the commencement of a second outer band. The
under side is dark brown, with brilliant broad metallic-blue
bands, varied with greenish-coppery, especially where the mark-
ings radiate towards the upper part of the hind-wings. There
is a red spot about the middle of the inner-margin of the hind-
wings, and a yellowish-white one lower down towards the anal
angle. The incisions, at least on the hind-wings, are spotted
with yellowish-white, both above and below.

There are several closely-allied species in various parts of
South America. The females of this group have longer tails,
more strongly curved inwards than in the males. In some of
the allied species the bands are broader than in A. welibceus,
and are replaced with orange. A. melibceus inhabits Surinan
and the Amazon district.

There are several other beautiful and interesting genera of
this sub-section, to some of which we must give a passing
notice. Necyria^ Westwood, includes species greatly resemb-
ling Ancyluris in colour and markings, but with broad wings,
the hind-wings being rounded and denticulated. The species

32 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

of Lyropterya^ Westwood, have more rounded wings still, with
whitish or greenish radiating markings or else a broad red band,
cut into stripes by the nervures and folds, on the hind-margins
of all the wings. There are also numerous red spots towards
the base, at least on the under surface of all the wings, and, more
rarely, above as well. The genus Cartea, Kirby, includes one
or two Amazonian species, with longer and narrower wings,
and represents a different class of colouring, which is not
unlike that found in various South American Bombyces,
belonging to the Lithosiida, &c. The species of Cartea are
black, with a broad fulvous band running from the base, and
covering a considerable portion of each wing. The margins
and the apical half of the fore-wings are free, and the apex ot
the fore-wings is crossed by an oblique yellow stripe. Felder
originally called this genus Orestias in 1862, but as that name
had been used by Valenciennes for a genus of fishes in 1839,
it became necessary to change it, and I therefore called it
after my kind old chief, the late Dr. Alexander Carte, the
Curator of the Museum of the Royal Dublin Society. But Dr.
Staudinger goes out of his way to inform his readers that the
name is derived from Carteia, the classical name of an ancient
town in Spain !

To this sub-section also belongs the curious little genus
Syrmatici) Hiibner. The fore-wings do not expand much
more than an inch, and extend much beyond the hind-wings,
which are very much produced, and terminate in a long tail.
The wings are entirely black, except a large white spot, cut by
the nervures, in the middle of the fore-wings ; and sometimes
there is also a white stripe nearer the base, extending to both
wings.

In the next sub-section, the first branch of the sub-costal
nervure of the fore-wings is emitted before the end of the cell,

LEMONIINjE. 33

but the middle disco cellular nervule is obsolete. The Butter-
flies which belong to it are generally smaller, and much less
brightly coloured than the majority of the preceding genera,
and many of them are black, with radiating white or bluish-
white markings, not unlike those which we meet with in
many South American Moths, and also in certain genera of
Hesperiidce. found in the same countries. One genus, Chamcz-
limnas, Felder, exhibits a still more remarkable resemblance
to the South American Moths of the genus Cyllopoda, Dai-
man, having long fore-wings, which are black, with a bright
yellow transverse band, and often a yellow basal stripe also, and
bright yellow hind-wings, with broad black borders.

The genus It hornets, Bates (Ithomiopsis, Felder), includes
larger species, measuring about two inches across the wings,
which have derived their name from their resemblance to
various species of the genus Ithomia, Hiibner (see vol. i.
p. 30). They are black, with orange-tawny and whitish sub-
hyaline markings, and some of the species much resemble those
of Stalachtis, Hiibner, (posted, p. 44), which itself much re-
sembles the IthomiincR.

The next section includes the great bulk of tropical Ameri-
can Lemoniidce, and is characterised by having two branches of
the sub-costal nervure of the fore-wings thrown off before the
end of the cell, and the middle disco-cellular nervule of the
hind-wings not emitted before the upper radial.

In the first sub-section, the palpi do not extend beyond the
head, and the antennae are not ringed or spotted with white.
Here again we meet with some tailed species, the handsomest
being Every dna calphurnia (Saunders) which expands two
inches and upwards, and is not unlike some of the species of
the genus Timetes, Boisd., among the Nymphalincz, in general
appearance. It is brown, with a white band, edged with light
blue in the male, running from the costa of the fore-wings to the

10 D

34 LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY.

middle of the hind-wings. Thence the band turns outwards,
becoming light blue, and coalesces with a narrow light blue bor-
der which runs down from the middle of the hind-margin of the
fore-wings, and borders the lower part of the hind-wings, which
is gradually produced into a long, but not very pointed tail,
which is likewise blue, except at the tip, where it is white.
Within this blue stripe and the brown inner margin is a choco-
late-coloured stripe, running up to the base of the hind-wings.
In the female the white band is broader and longer, and is
separated on its lower end by a red line from a white line which
runs from the base of the hind-wings to the inner edge of the
tail ; the latter, as well as the hind-margin of the hind-wings,
being bordered by a white line. The under side of this hand-
some Butterfly is bluish-white at the base, separated by a dusky
band from a whiter space, the outer part of the wings being
tawny, except for the narrow white edging of the hind-wings.

The present classification of the Lemoniina is very unsatis-
factory, and the sub-sections are certainly only tentative and
provisional. This may ba seen from the dissimilarity of the
various genera which are included with Huerycina in this group.
One of these is Barbicornis, Latreille, which differs from
Euerycina nearly as much as Syrmatia differs from Ancy Juris.
BarUcornis basalts, Godart, is a Brazilian Butterfly with such
slender antennae that some authors have regarded it as a Moth.
It expands about an inch and a half; the fore-wings extend far
beyond the hind-wings, and are adorned with two fulvous or
orange bands, one running from the base along the lower part
of the cell, and then running outwards, nearly parallel to the
inner-margin; and the other oblique, and sub-apical. The
hind-wings throw out a straight narrow tail, as long as the hind-
wings themselves, from the middle of the hind-margin. Several
genera of this sub-section, like some of those of the last, are
black, with sub-hyaline stripes ; but the largest and most impor-

ANTEROS. 35

tant is Lymnas, Blanchard, which includes about thirty species
of moderate-sized Butterflies, not generally expanding more
than an inch and a half across the wings, which are brown,
generally with large red spots on the under side, and with an
orange or yellow border to the hind-wings, and an oblique bar
across the fore-wings. Sometimes the oblique bar is replaced
by an orange tip to the fore-wings ; or there are no yellow
markings, but only large red spots towards the base, or perhaps
a red bar on the costa of the hind-wings.

The next sub-section only differs from the last in having the
antennae ringed or spotted with white. It includes a variety of
small and moderate-sized Butterflies. As an illustration of this
group we have figured a representative of the following genus.

GENUS ANTEROS.
Anteros, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 77 (1816); West wood,

Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 427 (1851); Schatz & Rober,

Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 349 (1892).

In this genus there is a conspicuous tuft of hair on the first
joint of the tarsi of the four hinder legs, more strongly developed
in the male than in the female. The hind-wings are generally
produced into a short obtuse tooth, and have also a short broad
tuft of hair at the anal angle. In some species the hind-wings
are produced into several tails, somewhat as in Helicopis (with
which genus they were formerly classed by some authors), but
shorter. The hind-wings are frequently adorned with metallic
silvery or golden spots and stripes.

The type is

ANTEROS FORMOSUS.

Papilio fornwsuS) Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 118, fig. G (1777).
Papilio crasus, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 117, no. 122 (1781).

D 2

36 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Papilio valens, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 67, no. 644 (1787).
Polyommatus valens, Godart, Enc. Mdth. ix. p. 644, no. 100

(1823); Perty, Delectus Anim. Artie, p. 153, pi. 30,

figs. 3, 36(1834?).

This is a small South American Butterfly, which was first
described from Surinam ; it measures about an inch across the
wings, which are brown above, and yellowish, spotted with red
and golden-green beneath. There is a white spot in the middle
of the fore-wings above in the male.

ANTEROS ACH^EUS.
(Plate XLIII. Figs, 3, 4.)

Papilio achczus, Stoll, in Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 352, figs. G,
H (1781) ; Donovan, Ins. Ind. pi. 41, fig. 4 (1800).

Polyommatus adieus, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 644, no. 99
(1823).

This Butterfly, which expands an inch and a half across the
wings, is found in Surinam and the Amazon district. The
upper side is brown, with two yellow oval spots on the fore-
wings, and two transverse curved streaks of the same colour on
the hind-wings, and at the anal angle a ferruginous spot. The
under side is yellow, with numerous ferruginous patches, each of
which is ornamented with several small spots of golden-yellow;
the hind-margin has a continuous ferruginous band bearing a
series of golden-yellow elongated spots. The body is brown
above and yellowish beneath.

It will be noticed that both the above species were classed
by Godart with the Lyccenidce.

The genus Ernests, Fabricius, includes dull-coloured species,
with more or less pointed brown, or reddish-brown wings, with

LEMONIIN& 37

blackish markings, and lighter beneath, with much more
distinct blackish lines and spots, the lines often zig-zag or
broken. The pupa of Emesis is suspended by the tail.
Among the other genera which belong here are many con-
taining small species, not much exceeding an inch in ex-
panse, such as Symmachia, Hiibn., Charis, Hiibn., Mesene,
Westwood, &c. Many of these are dark-coloured Butterflies,
some with large white spots, and others spotted all over with
small ones. Others are brown, banded with red, or brown
with numerous darker spots. But we have not space to notice
these Butterflies in detail, and must pass on to the next sub-
section, which includes several of the most interesting and
typical genera of the Lemoniincz, which are distinguished from
those which we have just been considering by the palpi being
longer than the head, especially in the females. We may
mention one or two of the more important genera in addition
to Lemonias and Nymphidium, of which we have figured
examples. One of these is Theope, Westwood, which is re-
markable for its curious superficial resemblance to Thecla,
except that the fore-wings are rather broader and more ob-
tuse, and the hind-wings are rounded and not tailed. The
upper side is black, with the hind-wings, except the border,
and more or less of the fore-wings towards the base and the
inner-margin of some shade of blue or purple. The under
side is buffy-brown, or yellowish, most frequently without
any markings. In some cases the upper side is varied with
orange-tawny instead of blue.

Pandemus pasiphae, Cramer, is a species resembling Theope
in shape, but very much larger, expanding about two inches.
The male is pale blue, with the apical region brown, bordered
within by two white spots. The female is white, with a yel-
lowish tinge, and the apex of the fore-wings brown ; the border
of the hind-wings is also brownish.

3s LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

GENUS LEMONIAS.

Lemonias, Hiibner, Sammlung Exot. Schmett. i. pis. 35-38
(1805?); Doubl. List Lepid. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 16 (1847);
Westwood, Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, p. 457
(1851); Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zoology, ix.
p. 213 (1867); Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-
Americana, Lepid. Rhop. i. p. 457 (1886); Schatz &
Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 253 (1892).

This is the typical genus of a large number of closely-allied
forms, many of which have a general resemblance to Lyccenidcz.
They are small and rather delicately-formed Butterflies, gener-
ally brown above, more or less varied with red, blue, tawny, or
yellow, and the under surface is of some paler colour spotted
with black. The fore-wings are triangular, broad, not much
longer than the hind-wings, and rarely pointed at the tips ; the
hind-wings are rounded and entire.

Hiibner used the name Lemonias for at least three totally
different genera in successive works, and the dates are doubt-
ful. It is true that, as Dr. Scudder points out, he indicated
Melitcza maturna, Linn., as the type in his " Tentamen," with
a binomial nomenclature ; but the date of this very rare tract
is doubtful, and is almost certainly later than 1807. But in his
" Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge," vol. i,, which was com-
menced in 1805, he figures four species of the present group as
"Lemonias maculata" viz., L. m. zygia, L. m. luciana, L, m.
alph<za> and L. m. epulus. The generic names of the first volume
of the "Sammlung " (apart from the objection that they are not
characterised) are often rejected because of their trinomial form,
" Lemonias maculata" &c. But this objection, if valid, would
also apply to many, if not most, of the Linnaean genera, and
would thus shake the very foundations of our nomenclature. In

LEMONIAS. 39

the present instance Lemonias has been applied by Doubleday
and all recent authors to a more or less restricted group, into
which the second of Hiibnsr's species will fall, even allowing for
his having figured two closely allied species as sexes. We have
figured the sexes of a species very closely allied to the types.

LEMONIAS EMYLIUS.

(Plate XXX VI IL /%. 8 £ , 9 ? • )

Papilio emylius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 66, figs. G, H

(1775).

Erytina emylius^ Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 577, no. 64

(1819).
Lemonias emylius, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 258, pi.

92 (1888).
Papilio crispus, Cramer, I.e. pi. 118, figs. D, E (1777).

This Butterfly measures about an inch or a little more across
the wings, which are black in the male, with a large red space
on the inner-margin of the fore-wings, and two small white
spots towards the tip ; the hind-wings are red, except broadly
along the costa, and more narrowly along the hind-margin.
The under side of the fore wings is pale yellow, and speckled
with black, except along the costa, and more broadly on the
hind-margin, where there is an irregular row of white spots.
The hind-wings are whitish, spotted and flecked with black,
especially towards the hind-margin. The female resembles
the male on the under side, except that the fore-wings are pale
yellow on the costa to the middle. On the upper side it is
black, with a sub-marginal row of white spots, within which are
numerous yellowish spots, and on the fore-wings is a broad
curved transverse yellowish bar just within the spots, extending
from the costa nearly across the wing. It is a common Butterfly
in South America.

46 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY,

GENUS NYMPHIDIUM.
Nymphidium^ Fabricius, in Iliiger, Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 286

1807); Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 447 (1851);

Godman and Salvin, Biol. Centrali-Americana, Lepid.

Rhop. i. p. 470 (1886); Schatz & Rober, Lepid. Exot.

ii. p. 254 (1892).

This is a very large genus, comprising nearly 100 species,
which will, no doubt, be sub divided sooner or later. They
are stouter insects than Lemonias, with longer and more pointed
fore-wings, and the hind-wings sometimes produced, and oc-
casionally even lobate, at the anal angle. The colour, how-
ever, is very different and characteristic, usually consisting of a
broad white or yellow band, commencing on the inner-margin
of the hind- wings, and occupying more or less of the centre of
the wings, till, towards the middle or apex of the fore-wings it
tapers and ceases. The borders are brown, often spotted with
white and orange-tawny. Of course there are variations in the
arrangement of the colours, but this is a fair sketch of the
most characteristic pattern. One or two of the larger species
are remarkably like some species of the genus Adelpha in
the NymphalintB, the size, markings, and pattern being almost
identical. In other cases, chiefly among the smaller species,
the pale colour occupies almost the whole of the wings, except
a narrow border.

The type of the genus is

NYMPHIDIUM CARICjE.

Papilio cariccz, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 484, no. 158
(1758), id. Mus. Ludov. Ulr. p. 324 (1764); Clerck,
Icones, pi. 20, fig. 2 (1764); Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi.
170, fig. E (1777); Sepp, Pap. Surinam, iii. p. 145,
pi in (1852).

Limnas subtilis carictz, Hiibner, Sammlung Exot. Schmett. i.
pi. 30 (1805?).

NYMPHIDIUM. 41

Eryrina carica, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 575, no. 53
(1823).

A common South American Butterfly, measuring from i^ to
i*4 inches in expanse. The wings are blackish, with a white
band covering the hind-wings from the base to beyond the
middle, and forming a large triangle, resting on the inner-
margin nearly to its base, and extending upwards to the middle
of the fore-wing. The broad dark borders are traversed first by
an orange-tawny band, and then by a sub-marginal row of large
black spots, darker than the ground-colour ; on the dark cos-
tal border above the white portion of. the fore-wings, are four
large reddish-tawny spots. The sexes differ little, except that
the female is rather pa^r, with the white portion of the hind-
wings extending to the base, and the fore-wings less acute at
the tips than in the male.

The larva is green, with black dots, a yellow lateral line,
and a tuft at the head and tail. The pupa is attached to a
leaf by the tail, and a girth around the body.

The larva feeds on a species of Inga, and like that of a
Butterfly allied to Thecla, which feeds on the same plant, is
always attended by small black ants. The larva and pupa
figured by Madame Merian as those of N. carica cannot be-
long to Nymphidium.

I have figured one of the largest and handsomest species
of this genus.

NYMPHIDIUM ETHELINDA.
(Plate XXX 71 II. Fig. 7).

Nymphidium ethelinda, Hewitson, Entomologist's Monthly

Magazine, vii. p. 6 (1870) ; id. Exotic Butterflies, iv.

Nymphidium, pi. 6, figs. 25, 26 (1871).

This species, which was brought from the province of Minas

Geraes in Brazil, measures somewhat less than two inches

across the wings in the male, and rather more in the female.

42 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

The male has dark brown fore-wings obscurely spotted with
black. The hind-wings are creamy-white, brown at the base,
and with a short black band at the apex. The female is white,
with the base of the wings brown. The costa and hind-margin
of the fore-wings are rather broadly brown, and the hind-wings
have a black sub-marginal line, surmounted with seven con-
nected lunules.

The following genus belonging to this section is sufficiently
remarkable to demand a detailed notice.

GENUS CATAGRAMMINA.

Catagramminci) Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. ix. p. 411
(1868) ; Schatz & Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 255 (1892).

CATAGRAMMINA TAPAJA.

Necyria tapaja^ Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2), v. p. 108,

pi. n, fig. 17 (1859).
Catagrammina tapaja^ pt. Bates, I.e. (1868).

This species derives its generic name from the resemblance of
the female to the genus Catagramma^ Boisd. ; it expands rather
less than two inches in the male, and rather more in the female.
The male is black, with a bright red transverse band, varying
in width, on the fore-wing^, and sometimes also on the hind-
wings. The female, however, has the basal two-thirds of the
fore-wings red or orange, more narrowly towards the costa. There
is a black stripe on the sub-median nervure, and in the dark
apical region of the wing is an oblique red or orange-yellow stripe
followed by a sub-marginal row of white spots, which are con-
tinued across the hind-wings. In fact, the female much
resembles Catagramma sinamara, Hewitson, to which we have
alluded (vol. i. p. 117) as the probable female of C. astarte^
Cramer. The resemblance of the male to a Catagramma is
much less striking. Very little is known of this rare and curious
mimicking Butterfly, but it is not unlikely that there may be
more than one species confounded under the name of C.

is APIS. 43

tapaja ; in which case the type of the species will be the insect
procured by Saunders from the Tapajos, with a red patch on the
hind-wings; and the specimen without this patch, which he
calls a variety, must be regarded as distinct. Bates gives the
additional locality of Ega ; and Dr. Staudinger has figured a
female from Teffe, which is the name of the river on which Ega
stands. From its larger size I suspect that it will prove to be the
female of a distinct species, corresponding to Saunder's variety,
in which case it may stand as follows :

CATAGRAMMINA HEWITSONI, H. Sp.

Necyria tapaja, var., Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2), v. p.

108, pi. n, fig. 1 8 (1859).
Catagrammina tapaja, pt. Bates, /. c. (1868); Staudinger, Exot.

Schmett. i. p. 262, pi. 92 (1888).

The male differs from that of C. tapaja, as explained above,
by the absence of a red blotch or band on the hind-wings ; and
the female by the black stripe on the sub-median nervure of the
fore-wings being replaced by a black stripe below the nervure,
and a corresponding blotch above.

The next section contains the species in which the sub-costal
nervure has only three branches. It only includes one genus.

GENUS ISAPIS.
Isapis, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 465 (1851); Schatz

& Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 258 (1892).
The type is

ISAPIS AGYRTUS.

Papilio agyrtus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 123, figs. B, C (1777).
Erycina agyrtus, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 590, no. 126 (1823).
Isapis agyrtus, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

pi. 72, fig. 5 (1851) ; Staud. Exot. Schmett. i. p. 246, pi. 89

(1888).

44 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

This is an inconspicuous little South American Butterfly,
measuring about an inch across the wings, which are brown,
with a broad fulvous bar running obliquely from the middle of
the costa of the fore-wings to the hind-margin, a little above the
hinder angle. On the under side of the wings a yellow band
runs just beyond the base, from the costa of the fore-wings to
the rounded-off anal angle of the hind-wings.

/. hera, Godman and Salvin, from Guatemala, is purplish-
black above, with longer wings ; and the basal band on the
under surface is fulvous instead of yellow.

SUB-FAMILY IV. STALACHTIN^E.
The upper radial of the hind-wings branches beyond the
middle disco-cellular nervule, thus rising from a common stalk
with the sub-costal. The lower disco-cellular nervule runs
into the upper median nervule. The palpi project beyond
the head, and the antennae are not ringed with white. The
larva is cylindrical, and the pupa is suspended by the tail, but
otherwise much resembles that of Nemeobius. There is but
one genus, containing less than twenty species, all Tropical
American.

GENUS STALACHTIS.
Stalachtis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett pp. 26, 27 (1816);

Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 466 (1851); Schatz &

Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 258 (1892).
The species of this genus are rather large Butterflies for
LemoniidcZ) expanding from two to three inches. They have long
rounded wings, and are reddish-tawny or orange, with black
markings and white spots, or are black, sometimes flushed
with purple, and streaked or spotted with hyaline-white or
bluish-white, and with orange sub-marginal markings. Some
of the species resemble Ithomiina among the Butterflies, but

LYOENID^E. 45

are rather stouter and broader-winged insects, while others re-
semble large Dioptidcz, among the Moths. The type is S. phlegia
(Cramer), a black Butterfly, with numerous white spots; it is
broadly reddish towards the base, and there is also a reddish
and incomplete sub-marginal band. The body is dotted with
white. The wings are shorter in this species than in others of
the genus.

FAMILY IV, LYC^ENID^E.

Egg.— Thick-shelled, echinoid or semi-echinoid, studded
with connected elevations, or punctuated, occasionally almost
smooth.

Larvae. — Onisciform, thickest in the middle, sometimes
downy, or with short fascicles of hairs ; head small, retractile ;
legs also small ; habits sluggish ; sometimes carnivorous or
cannibal.

Pupa. — Short, thick, rounded, very rarely slightly angulated,
the head and usually the terminal segment on the under sur-
face of the body. Usually attached by the tail, and by a belt
round the body ; rarely free, and found on or under the surface
of the ground.

Imago. — Of small or moderate size, and often of delicate
structure; wings densely scaled, always opaque; fore-wings
nearly always short and broad, sub-triangular, with three, four,
or five sub-costal branches ; hind-wings rounded, frequently
produced into a long tail, or with one or more slender filiform
tails, but very rarely dentated ; frequently with pale lines or
with ocellated spots beneath, those nearest the anal angle
often more or less metallic. Prevailing colours, red, blue,
brown, or white, very rarely green or yellow. Front legs in
both sexes usually smaller than the others, but of equal length
in both sexes, the front tarsi of the males usually unjointed,

46 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

and ending in a single claw, always with a row of short spines
beneath. Occasionally, however, the front legs are fully de-
veloped, even in the males.

Range. — This Family has numerous representatives in all
parts of the world, and several genera are both very numerous
in closely-allied species, and have a very wide range, though
there are also an unusual number of well-marked smaller
genera, including only one or two species, and of very limited
range. In Europe and North America the Family is numer-
ously represented by the three well-marked and almost cos-
mopolitan genera, Thccla, Lycczna^ and Polyommatus^ and one
or two smaller, but allied, genera. In the tropics of the Old
World the Family reaches its greatest development, both in
size and in the number of well-marked generic forms, includ-
ing nearly all those in which the hind-wing is produced into a
very long tail. Africa is very rich in Lyccznidcz, producing many
species of genera common to other parts of the world, while
others, including almost the whole of the Sub-family Lip-
tenince, are peculiar to the Ethiopian Region. In Tropical
America we find an immense number of species (in fact,
several hundreds) closely allied to Theda, and usually placed
under that genus, as they have not yet been satisfactorily
sub-divided. There are also a few very distinct and well-
marked genera, peculiar to Tropical America, of which the
most notable is Eumczus, Hiibner.

Habits. — The smaller species, the larvae of which feed on
low plants, flutter about flowers in meadows, and are fre-
quently very pugnacious, attacking and driving away Butterflies
much larger than themselves. Some of the larger species,
however, are capable of very strong and sustained flight.
Those which feed on trees fly about their food-plants, and
settle on the leaves in the manner of the Lemoniidce. Different
species fly at different times of the day, and some, probably,

47

even by night. On dull days, or in the evening, some species,
e.g., Pkbeius argus> may often be found asleep on the stalks
of grass or rushes.

NOTE. — Attempts have been made to sub-divide this Family, but this
cannot be satisfactorily accomplished without a much more extensive ac-
quaintance with the exotic forms than we at present possess. For the same
reason it is somewhat premature to sub-divide such genera as Thecla and
rolyommatits to any great extent. In the present work we shall follow
Schatz and Rober in dividing the Lyccenidce into two Sub-families only,
Lycanina and Liptenina.

SUB-FAMILY I.
Transformations, — See those of the Family.

Imago. — See generally those of the Family. Sub-costal ner-
vure of the fore-wings three-branched, rarely four-branched,
very rarely five-branched in the male. Upper radial of the
hind-wings rising from the disco-cellular nervule. Hind-
wings often tailed, and usually striated or ocellated beneath.

NOTE. — As this section contains the typical Lyccenina, and the other Sub-
family, the Liptenina, is aberrant, most of our preceding observations may
be taken as applicable rather to the former group than to the latter. Of
the numerous genera we have only space to notice those which are most
important and interesting. Very little has been recorded respecting the
habits and transformations of the Liptenina.

Mr. Distant, in his "Rhopalocera Malayana," p. 196, pro-
poses the following sub-divisions for the Malayan species : —

A. Posterior wings without filamentous tail-like appendages

near the anal angle: CURETARIA.

B. Posterior wings with filamentous or prominent tail-like

appendages near the anal angle. Posterior wings con-
vex, about as broad as long : CASTALARIA.

C. Posterior wings more or less elongate, distinctly longer

than broad : APHNARIA.

48 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

We may mention some of the characteristic genera of each
division :

CURFTARIA : Poritia> Cure/is, Zephyrus, Gerydus, Neopithe-
cops; also Eumcztis and Trichonis in Tropical America,
Ogyris in Australia, and the Liptenintz in Africa.

CASTALARIA : Castalius^ Catochrysops, Lampides, Ly canes-
thes.

APHNARIA: Splndasis^ Sithon, Hypolycana> Ambly podia,
Deudorix, Loxura.

But this division is only provisional, being founded on the
Butterflies of a small area, and it brings together forms more
unlike in some cases than those which it separates.

I shall now proceed to enumerate the more interesting
genera of Lyc&nince, in some detail.

A. Costal nervure three-branched.*

GENUS THECLA.

Thecla, Fabricius in Illiger, Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 286 (1807);
Leach, Edinburgh Encycl. ix. p. 129 (1815); Westwood,
Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 481 (1852); Schatz & Rober,
Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 264 (1892).

The original types of Thecla were T. betulce, T. spini, and
T. quercus; and Dr. Scudder and other recent authors have
agreed with me in accepting Papilio spini, Denis and Schif-
fermiiller, as the type.

This genus includes our smaller tailed Hair-streaks, of
which there are three species in Britain, and several others
on the Continent, and in Northern Asia. Most of these are

* As this character, besides being subject to exceptions, would separat*
closely-allied genera, I do not regard it ar of Sub-family importance.

THECLA. 49

brown, with one or more orange spots towards the anal angle
of the hind-wings beneath, and with white lines on the under
side, which has given rise to the name, " Hair-streaks," by
which they are popularly known. They have also a filiform
tail on the hind-wings. They are small Butterflies, measuring
from an inch to nearly an inch and a quarter across the wings.
The genus obtains its maximum of development in Tropical
America, but is not represented in the tropics of the Old
World.

The antennas are more or less distinctly clubbed, the eyes
are naked and finely hairy, and the palpi are rather long.
The fore-wings are short, broad, and triangular, with the sub-
costal nervure three-branched, the first two branches rising
before the end of the cell, and the third running to the rather
pointed tip of the wing. The hind-wings are rounded and
generally tailed. The Inrvre generally feed on trees and shrubs;
and the Butterflies are usually to be found flying about their
food-plants, or frequenting brambles and other flowers growing
in bushy places.

I. THE PALE BROWN HAIR-STREAK. THECLA SPINl.

Papilio spini) Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett
Wien, p. 186, no. 6 (1776); Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p.
68, no. 651 (1787); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. fig. 376, 377
(1803 ?).

Polyommatus spini) Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 650, no. 116
(1823).

Thecla spini, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust, i. p. 78 (1828);
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 60 (1879); Lang,
Butterflies Eur. p. 76, pi xvii. fig. 2 (1881).

Papilio queraiS) var. Esper, Schmett. i, (i), pi. 39, fig. 3

10

3D LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Papilio lynceus, Esper, I.e. p. 356(1777); Hiibner, /. c. figs
674, 675,692, 693 (1803 ?).

This species, which is the type of the genus, measures
father less than an inch and a quarter across the wings, which
Are brown, generally with one or two orange spots near the
anal angle of the hind-wings in the male, and more in the
female ; the hind-wings have a slender filiform tail, tipped with
white. On the under side a white line runs across all the
Wings, considerably beyond the middle, which is strongly W-
shaped towards the inner-margin of the hind^wings There is
also a white sub-marginal line on the hind-wings, on which
rests a row of orange spots, marked outside with black, and
towards the anal angle is a large blue spot, which is the most
characteristic marking in this species.

The larva is green, with two yellow lateral lines, and a dark
dorsal streak, spotted with pink. It is found in June, and
feeds on black-thorn, from which it derives its name, and also
on white-thorn.

The Butterfly is found in June and July in bushy places. It
is common in many parts of Central and Southern Europe,
and Northern Asia, but is somewhat local. It has been
erroneously reputed British.

II. THE WHITE LETTER HAIR-STREAK. THECLA W-ALBUM.

(Plate XLL Fig. 3,4-)
Papilio pruni, (nee L.), Lewin, Ins. Brit. i. pi. 44, figs, i, 2

(1795); Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 38, no. 48 (1803).
Papilio w-album, Knoch, Beitr. Ins. ii. p. 87, ph 6, figs, i, 2
(1782) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 380, 381
(1803?).
Polyommaius w-album, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 648, no. 1 1 2

(1823),

Theda pruni (nee Linn.), Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 77
(1828).

TIIECLA. 5 1

Tliecla w-atbum, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 59
(1879); Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 77, pi. xvii. fig. 3 (1881);
Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Butterflies and Moths, i, pi. 13,
fig. i (1886).

This is a smaller insect than the last, rarely expanding more
than an inch and a quarter. The upper side is dark brown
with a silky gloss, the fore-wings having a greyish patch
near the middle. Hind-wings with an orange spot at
the anal angle, and a slender tail tipped with white.
The under side is light brown, with a narrow transverse,
slightly interrupted, white line, placed towards the hind-
margin of the fore-wings, but starting rather beyond the
middle, on the hind-wings, and forming two acute angles

White-Letter Hair-streak (Thecla tv-almtm] variety.

posteriorly, in such a manner as to resemble the letter W.
Behind this is an irregular band of orange-red, widest towards
the anal angle, and bounded on the inner side by a black line,
which is sometimes edged internally with white. The hind-
margin itself is black. The Butterfly appears in July. A
variety is figured in the above woodcut.

The larva is green, with oblique yellowish-white lines ; the
head is black, and the body is clothed with fine hairs. It
feeds on elm in May and June. The pupa is brown, with a
white head.

$2 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

This Butterfly is widely distributed both in England, and on
the continents of Europe and Northern Asia, frequenting elm
trees and open bushy places. But it is local, and uncertain in
appearance, and is rarely common, though it occasionally
appears in amazing abundance, without any apparent reason.
Stephens' observations on this subject have often been quoted,
but are sufficiently interesting to be repeated here in full.

"This species is usually esteemed a scarce insect in the
neighbourhood of London, and previously to the last season I
never saw it alive ; but the boundless profusion with which the
hedges, for miles, in the vicinity of Riplcy, were enlivened by
the myriads that hovered over every flower and bramble-
blossom last July [1827], exceeded anything of the kind I have
ever witnessed ; some notion of their numbers may be formed
when I mention that I captured, without moving from the spot,
nearly 200 specimens in less than half-an-hour, as they suc-
cessively approached the bramble-bush where I had taken up
my position. How to account for their prodigious numbers I
am perfectly unable, as the same fields and hedges had been
carefully explored by me at the same, and different periods of
the year, for several preceding seasons, without the occurrence
of a single specimen in either of its stages ; and it is worthy of
remark, that the hedges to the north and north-east of the
village were perfectly free, although the brambles, &c., were in
plenty. A few specimens were also taken near Windsor, and
in Cambridgeshire, and I believe near Ipswich, during the
past season. The entomologists of this last town, Mr. Kirby
informs me, do not esteem it a scarce insect ; its usual time of
appearance is the end of June, and sometimes till the middle of
July."

This species was mistaken by the older British ento-
mologists for the next, which had not then been taken in
Britain.

PLATE XLI.

I . '2 . Th£oLa> priuu..
3. 4. „ w album.
5. 6. Callophrys rubl.

THECLA. 53

III. THE BLACK HAIR-STREAK. TIIECLA PRUNI.

(Plate XL1 Figs. I, 2.)

Papilio pruni, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 432, no. 147

(1758); id. Faun. Suec.p. 283 (1761); Esper, Schmett. i.

(»). P- 259, pi. 19, fig. 3; p. 353, pi. 39: fig. la (17??);

Hubner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 386, 387 (1803 ?).

Polyommatiis fritni, Godart, Enc. Meth. i. p. 647, no. in

" (1823).

Theclaprimi, Curtis, Brit. Ent. vi. pi. 264 (1829); Steph. 111.
Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 382 (1835); Kirby, Eur. Butter-
flies and Moths, p. 59, pi. 15, figs. $a— c (1879); Lang,
Butterflies Eur. p. 80, pi. 18, fig. i (1881) ; Buckler,
Larvae Brit. Butterflies and Moths, i. pi. 12, fig. 5 (1886).

This is another dark brown species, of about the same size
as the last, which it somewhat resembles; but there is a sub-
marginal orange band on the hind-wings, and sometimes also
towards the hinder angle of the fore-wings, especially in the
female. The under side is lighter brown, with a bluish-white,
slightly irregular line beyond the middle, which does not form
a W-mark on the hind-wings. There is a sub-marginal orange
band on all the wings, bordered with bluish-white, and ac-
companied on the hind-wing*, on the inner side, with a very
distinct row of round black dots between the nervures. The
hind-wings have a slender tail, as in the allied species. The
Butterfly is found in June.

The larva (vol. i. pi. 3, fig. 8) is green, with yellow spots and
stripes ; the head is small, and yellow. It feeds on black-thorn,
and perhaps on other trees, in May.

This species is found in Central Europe and the Altai Moun-
tains, but is an extremely local insect in the midland counties
of England, the principal locality being Monks' Wood, in
Huntingdonshire. Newman ("British Butterflies," pp. no,

54 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

in) states that specimens of this Butterfly, obtained from a
collector named Seaman, were distributed at a meeting of the
Entomological Club in September, 1828, under the impression
that they were T. w-album, then called T. pruni. Newman
noticed the difference, and succeeded in identifying the insect,
upon which Seaman gave out that the specimens were from
Yorkshire, which locality is given by Curtis, Stephens, and
even Duncan, although Stephens had corrected the error before
Duncan wrote.

I have taken this species in Germany, flying round detached
sloe-bushes, but not frequently, or in great abundance. By
far the commonest Theda in that country is T. ilicis, Esper,
which abounds in every oak-wood. This species has generally
an orange blotch towards the hinder angle of the fore-wings,
and an orange spot towards the anal angle of the hind-wings.
It resembles T. pruni, in the white hair-streak of the under
side not forming a W, but differs from it in wanting the round
black spots within the sub-marginal orange band on the under
side of the hind-wings. It has been reputed British, but
doubtless in error.

GENUS CALLOPIIRYS.
CtillopJirys, Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 80 (1820).

This genus differs from the other European Thechc by the
absence of a tail, though there is a slight notch before the anal
angle of the hind-wings. It is also distinguished at once by
the green colour of the under side of the wings.

I. THE GREEN HAIR-STREAK. CALLOPIIRYS RUDI.

(Plate XLT. Fi'°s. 5, 6.)

Papilio rubi, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 483, no 154
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 284(1761); Esper, Schmett.
i. (i), p. 279, pi. 2i, fig. 2 (1777); HQbner, Eur. Schmett.
i. figs. 364, 365 (1803?), fig. 786 (iSrS?).

CALLOPHRYS. 55

Polyommatus rttbi, Godart, Enc. Mcth. ix. p. 673, no. 175

(1823).

Theda ruli, Stephens, 111 Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 78 (1828);
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 59, pi. 15, fig 3
(1879); Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. Si, pi. xviii. fig. 3
(1881); Buckler, Larvae Brit. Butterflies and Moths, i.
p 89, pi. 13, fig. 3 (1886).

This Butterfly is the smallest British Hair-Streak, rarely
measuring much more than an inch across the wings. It
is of a rather light uniform brown above; the hind-wings
are not tailed, but slightly notched towards the anal angle.
The under surface is of a beautiful green ; and instead of a
white line, we find a more or less distinct and continuous
series of white dots, especially on the hind-wings.

The larva is pubescent, light green, or greenish-yellow, with
a row of triangular yellow spots on each side, and a white line
above the legs. It feeds on bramble, broom, and many other
plants in July. The pupa is dark brown, and hairy, and is
attached by the tail and by a belt round the middle.

The Green Hair-Streak is common throughout Europe and
Northern and Western Asia, and a closely-allied Californian
form (C. dumetorum, Boisduval) may not be truly distinct.
Our species is found in April and May, flying about the
brambles which grow in sunny places, on banks, road-sides,
heaths, &c., with the bright green opening leaves of which its
green under side harmonises well. In the south it is double-
brooded, a second brood appearing in August.

I have figured three of the largest and most beautiful of the
multifarious South American species placed provisionally
under Theda* It will be see.i at a glance that they belong to

* Some of the more ordinary-looking South American species exhibit

56 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

genera far removed from our European species ; and the
genera under which they will probably be classed are here
indicated, but without characters being given.

GENUS PSEUDOLYC/ENA.

Pseud olyccena, Wallengren, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forhandl.
Stockh. xv. p. 89 (1858).

I. PSEUDOLYCVENA MARSYAS.
(Plate X LI I. Figs. I, 2.)

Papilio tnarsyas, Linnseus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 482, no.

149 (1758); id. Mus. Ludov. Ulrica?, p. 315(1764);

Clerck, Icones, pi. 41, fig. i (1764); Cramer, Pap.

Exot. iv. pi. 332, fig. A, B (1780).
Polyoinmatus marsyas, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 620, no. n

Thecla warsyas, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 285, pi. 97

(1888).'

The present species, which is very common in Tropical
America, is one of the largest species of Lycanidct, found in
the New World, expanding about two inches and a half, or
even more. It is greenish-blue on the upper side, changing in
certain lights into violet, with the cos La of the fore-wings
narrowly, and the apical region broadly, black. Beneath, the
colour is glossy lilac, with seven or eight black spots in while
rings above and beyond the discoidal cell in each wing ; the
hind-wings have two black lines edged with white beyond the
spots, the innermost incomplete above ; towards the anal

curious aberrations of structure and habits ; in one species the front legs
are perfectly developed in both sexes, while another species has been
taken at light,

PLATE XI

\

3 4. Evenus regalia.

EVENUS. 5 7

angle are two rather large black spots, which are sometimes
also visible on the upper side.

The fore-wings are very long and rather pointed, and the
hind-margin is very oblique. Towards the anal angle are two
tails, the innermost much longer than the other. The body is
blue above, and white beneath, and the antennae are black,
with pale rings.

In the female the ground-colour is more greenish, and the
black border is continued round all the wings, though it is
narrower towards the apex of the fore-wings.

GENUS EVENUS.
Eienust Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 78 (1816).

I. EVENUS REGALIS.
(Plate XLIL Figs. 3, 4.)

Papillo ngatis, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 72, flgs. E, F (1775).
Papilio endymion^ Fabiicius, Spec. Ins. p. 115, no. 506

(1781).
Polyommatus endymion, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 622, no. 17

(1823).
Eudymion regalis, Swainson, Zool. Illustr. Ins. ii. pi. 85

Thtcla rcgalis, Slaudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 284, pi. 97
(1888).

This beautiful Butterfly is found in various parts of South
America. The male measures rather less than two inches
across the wings,, and the female rather more. It belongs to
one of the most gorgeous groups of Tropical American Lyc<znid<T.
The wings are of a very brilliant blue, with a tinge of green.
and are bordered with black, rather narrowly in the male, but
very broadlv in the female, which we fcave figured, and which

58 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

has more rounded wings than her mate. There is a large
blood-red spot at the anal angle of the hind-wings, which have
two moderately long tails of nearly equal length, which are
black, tipped with white. On the under side the green hue
predominates, and the whole is thickly powdered over with
gold-dust, giving it a very rich appearance. All the wings are
traversed near the middle by a broad black line, bordered out-
side with pale blue, and forming a W-shaped pattern on the
hind-wings. Beyond this, on the hind-wings, is a broad deep-
red, or ferruginous band, paler towards the hinder edge, and
sprinkled with blue atoms. Towards the hind-margins the
wings are darker than elsewhere.

GENUS ARCAS.
Areas, Swainson, Zool. Illustr. Ins. ii. pi. 88 (1833).

ARCAS IMPERIALIS.

(Plate XLIIL Figs. I, 2.)

Papilio imperialist Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 76, figs. E, F

(1775).

Papilio vemis, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 115, no. 507 (1781).
Polyommatus venus, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 623, no. 20

(1823).

Areas imperially Swainson, /. c. (1833).
Theda imperialis, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 284, pi. 97

(1888).

This species resembles Pseudolycana marsyas in having
two tails on the hind-wings, of which the innermost is much
longer than the other, but it differs from it in its much smaller
size (measuring scarcely an inch and a half across the fore-
wings), and the wings are much shorter, with the hind-margins
regularly curved. The upper surface is brilliant blue, with the

PLATE XLIII.

1.2. Areas -Lmp&rtodis.
3.4.An±eros cuchceas.

MICANDRA. 59

costa and hind-margin of the fore-wings black, and with two
black spots in the cell in the male. On the under surface the
colour is green, richly glossed with golden-yellow, and the
anterior portion of the hind-wings transversely streaked with
narrow black marks. The tails are wholly black.

It is found in Surinam, and in other parts of South and
Central America.

There are several other well-marked Tropical American
genera more distantly allied to T/iec/a, of which I shall only
mention two.

GENUS MICANDRA.

Micandra^ Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 265 (1892).
An insect of very remarkable form, with the fore-wings very
short and broad, the costa strongly arched, and the hind-
margin rounded outwards, so that the hinder angle is actually
further from the base than the apex. The hind-wings are
tailless, much rounded, and considerably broader than the
fore-wings, though about equally long.

MICANDRA PLATYPTERA.

Pseudolycana platyptera^ Felder, Reise d. Novara, Lepid. ii.

p. 246, no 285, pi. 28, figs. 6, 7 (1865).
Micandra platyptera, Staudinger, Exot Schmett. i. p. 288, pi.

97 (1886).

The fore-wings are shining greenish-blue in the male, with a
black border, narrowing to the hinder angle. In the middle
is a very large conical patch of dull greyish-blue scales, with the
pointed end directed towards the base. The hind-wings are of
the same blue, with the costa, and more narrowly, the hind-
margin, except towards the anal angle, black. On the under
side the fore-wings are blue, with the costa and hind-margin
bordered with black ; the hind-wings are blackish, covered with
slender white interrupted serpentine lines.

60 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

This curious species has been found in Venezuela, Colombiaj
and Peru.

The following genus diverges still more from Theda, and at
one time it was proposed to separate it as a distinct Family.

GENUS EUALEUS.

Eumceus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 67 (1816); West-
wood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 469 (1852) : Schatz &
Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 266 (1892).

Eumenia^ Lateille, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 826 (1823).

These are rather large Butterflies, generally expanding two
inches or more. They are more robustly formed than in
Theda, with broad rounded wings, not tailed or dentated. The
pattern is quite dissimilar from that of Thecla, being black, or
blue-black, with blue or green markings, consisting of a broad
band on the fore-wings, and at least one row of large sub-marginal
spots on the hind-wings ; beneath, the wings are ornamented
with at least three sub-marginal rows of spots on the hind-
wings ; and sometimes the whole surface of all the wings is
spotted. The species inhabit Central America and the West
Indies.

The young larva is cylindrical and tuberculate; the full-
grown larva is much flattened, but longer than usual in larvae of
this Family ; the pupa is stout, arched, and rounded-

The type is

EUM^EUS MINYAS.

Rusticus adolescent minvas, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. i.

pi. 97 (1805?)
Eumenia toxea, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 826 (1823); Lucas,

Le'p. Exot. p. 143, pi. 79, fig. 2 (1835).
This species is blue-black above, more or less broadly greenish-
blue at the base (the hind-margins being always black), and

HYPOLYC/ENA. 6 1

is black beneath. It has three sub-marginal rows of golden-
green spots on the hind-wings, both above and below, and
there is an orange blotch on the middle of the hind-margin of
the hind-wings beneath , the abdomen is also orange beneath,
except at the base.

It expands two inches or more, and is found in Mexico and
Honduias.

Only four Old-World genera, besides Thecla, are included
by Schatz and Rober as belonging to the section with the
sub-costal nervure three-branched. They are rather small and
delicate Butterflies, generally with two or three long slender
tails on the hind-wings ; and the wings have sometimes
metallic markings on the under side. We may notice the
two most important genera.

GENUS HYPOLYOENA.

Ilypolycana^ Felder, Wiener Ent Monatschrift, vi. p. 293
(1862); Hewitson, Illustr. Diurn. Lepid. p. 48 (1865);
Schatz & Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii..p. 265 (1892).

A rather extensive and wide-ranging genus, inhabiting the
Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions and Africa. It consists of
blue or brown insects, not unlike the typical European species
of Thecla in shape and appearance, and generally measuring
about an inch and a quarter across the wings, and having two
tails on the hind-wings, either of considerable length, in which
case one (usually the innermost) is longest ; or equal, and of
more moderate length. There are generally two or more
black spots, frequently ocellated, at the base of the tails. The
fore-wings are sub-triangular.

H. lara (Linn.), is a small and somewhat aberrant species
found in Eas^ Africa, from Abyssinia to the Cape, measuring

62 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

about an inch across the wings, which are glistening pale
ferruginous, with a row of large black sub- marginal eyes in
black rings in the lower part of all the wings. The anal angle
of the hind-wings is slightly produced, but not tailed. The
larva is described by Mr. Trimen as very broad and thick,
slightly narrower and thinner posteriorly; head very small.
It is green, with a lake-red head and dorsal line, and feeds on
Cotyledon cuncatum. The pupa is robust, rounded, and rather
tapering behind ; it is rather darker green than the larva, with
a faint red line on the hinder half of the back of the abdomen ;
it is attached to the under side of a leaf, head downwards.
" Mrs. Barber gave me the name of the larva's food-plant ;
and it is interesting to observe in her drawing how clearly the
green red-edged colouring of the insect accords with that of
the Cotyledon " (Trimen).

Dr. Scudder appears to have mistaken the type of this
species (a very unusual error in such a careful and painstaking
compilation as his " Historical Sketch of the Generic Names
Proposed for Butterflies "), and quotes only the three species
described by Felder, without any reference to the preceding
remarks, commencing : " Diversitatem M. [Myrincc] eryli,
Godt. et afrinium (sipyli, Feld, atoli, Fabr.)" &c. Felder
also refers to a preceding note relative to his Myrina thedoides,
which commences, " Species haec et ejus affines, M, eryhts,
Godt. et sipyluS) Feld., a Myrinis palporum articulo secundo
capite breviore, tertio longo aciculari arcuato antennisque
graciliter dentatis recedunt." I infer from this that Felder
regarded the following species as the type of his genus.

HYPOLYC^ENA ERYLUS.

Polyommatus erylus, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 633, no. 60 (1823).
Amblypodia erylus, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. Ind. Go's. Mus. p. 1 1 1,
no. 43 (1829).

AXtOCERSES. 63

et'ylus, Hewitson, Illustr. Diurii. Lepid. p. 49, no.

i, pi, 21, figs, i, 2, 4 (1866) ; Distant, Rhop. Malay, p.

285, pi 20, figs. 5, 6 (1885); Staudinger, Exot. Schmett.

i. p. 282, pi. 96 (1886).

This species, which expands from i^ to i^ inches, is
common throughout the Indo-Malayan Region, from India to
Celebes. The male is of a deep blue, with rather narrow
black borders, and a black patch of scales at the end of the
cell , the fringes of the hind-wings are white ; towards the
anal angle is a black spot bordered with white. Under side
greenish-grey, with a double dark line at the end of each cell,
followed by a common brown stripe, edged on both sides with
paler brown, and angulated towards the anal angle of the hind-
wings, where there are two rather long slender tails, on each
side of the base of which are two black spots, more or less
surrounded with white and orange. The female is brown
above, with a sub-marginal row of black spots partly surrounded
with orange, white, and black towards the anal angle of the
hind-wings. The under surface is nearly similar to the
male.

GENUS AXIOCERSES.

Axiocerses, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 72 (1816).
Ckrysorychia, Wallengren, Lepid. Rhop. Caffr. p. 44 (1857);

Trimen, South African Butteiflies, ii. p. 161 (1887).
This genus includes a few African Butterflies of small size,
measuring from an inch to an inch and a quarter a.ross the
wings. They are rather stout, hairy insects, of a brown or
black colour, with more or less of the surface of the wings red
or orange. The fore-wings are sub-triangular, and the anal
angle of the hind-wings is produced into a lobe. The under
surface of the wings is more or less varied with small metallic
golden or silvery spots.

64 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

The type of the genus is

AXIOCERSES PERION.

Papilio perion, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 379, figs. B, C

This is a red Butterfly, expanding an inch and a quarter
across the fore-wings, and with a rather long slender tail on
the hind-wings. In the fore-wings the costa and hind-margin
are broadly black, and there are two black bands across the
red part of the wing. The hind-wings are narrowly bordered
with black, and have a third short black band nearer the base
than the others. The under side is brown, with a sub-mar-
ginal row of small golden spots, and a similar sub-costal row
on the fore-wings. There are also three or four irregular rows
of larger transverse golden spots on ail the wing?.

The locality given by Cramer is Surinam ; but the Butterfly
is probably a native of West Africa.

B. Sub-costal nervure usually four-branched*
This section includes most of the typical Old-World
Lyccenida. Most of the genera are tailed, and marked with
ocellated spots beneath. The section is sparingly represented
in North America by a few species belonging to, or allied to,
European genera ; and in Tropical America we meet with only
a very few species allied to Plebdus ; the Lycccnidcz (except
so far as regards species allied to Thechi] being almost entirely
replaced in Tropical America by the allied Famiiy Lemoniida.

GENUS ZEPIIYRUS.
Ruralis, Barbut, Gen. Ins. p. 179(1781).
Zephynts, Dalman, K. Vet. Acad. Handl. Stockh. xxxvii. pp. 62,
90 (1816); Wallengren, Lepid. Skand. Rhop.p. 171 (1857);
De Niceville, Butterflies, Ind. iii. p. 299 (1890) ; Schatz&
Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 267 (1892).
* Vide suprh> p. 48.

PLATE XLIV.

V ^

1-3. Zephyr us betuuU&.
4^6. „ quercus.

ZEPHYRUS. 65

Dipsas, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep:d. p. 479 (1852);

Hewitson, 111. Diurn. Lepid. p. 64 (1868).
AurotiS) Dalm. /. c. pp. 63, 90(1816).

The type of Zephyrus is Z. betnlce, and that of Aurotis is
Z. quercus. Ruralis, used by Barbut for Z. betul<z> is hardly
admissible as a generic name.

Antennae with a long, gradually-formed club ; palpi short
and slender, hairy and scaly ; eyes hairy. Fore-wings with the
sub-costal nervure four-branched, the two first branches thrown
off before the end of the cell, the two last forming a small fork
at the apex; upper radial nervule branching from the sub-
costal nervure a little beyond the cell j fore-wings often with
a patch of raised scales in the male.

This is a Palaearctic genus of limited extent, ranging as
far as Northern India and California. There are only two
European species, which are considerably larger and more
robust than the species of Thecla. The genus attains its
maximum of development in Northern India, China, and
Japan. The colours are blue, green, orange, or brown, and
the sexes generally differ considerably, which is not the case in
Thecla.

The pupa of this genus is smooth, and appears not to be
attached, but to be placed on or under the surface of the
ground, among leaves.

The type is

I. HIE BROWN HAIR-STREAK. ZEPHYRUS BETUUE.

(Plate XLIV. Figs. i<?, 2?, 3 under- side.}

Papilio betula, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 482, no. 146
(1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 282 (1761); Esper, Schmett. i.
(i)p. 256, pi. 19, fig. i (1777); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett.
i. figs. 383-385(1803?).

10 F

66 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY. *

Polyommatus betulce, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 647, no. no

(1823).

Theda betulce, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 75 (1828);
Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 75, pi xvii. fig. i (1881); Bar-
rett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 43, pi. 7, fig. 2, 2^-^(1892);
Buckler, Larvae Brit. Butterflies and Moths, i. p. 184,
pi. 12, fig. 4(1886).
Zephyrus betulce, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 58, pi.

15, figs. 5fl, b (1879).

The Brown Hair-streak measures an inch and a half across
the wings, which are of a dark silky brown above, with a
blackish discoidal patch in the male, usually with a faint
yellowish band beyond it; in the female the latter is replaced
by a broad curved orange band. The hind-wings in both
sexes are clothed with fine silky hairs towards the inner-margin,
and the tail and the slightly projecting anvil angle are marked
with orange-yellow. The under side is dull orange, with a
deeper coloured marginal line, most distinctly marked on the
hind-wings ; and with two narrow transverse undulating white
lines edged with black, the anterior one abbreviated, and form-
ing only a dusky streak on the fore-wings, edged with white.
The antennae are ringed with white, and the club of the antennae
is tipped with ferruginous. The Butterfly appears about the
end of July, or the beginning of August.

The larva is green, with longitudinal white lines and oblique
yello.vish ones between them. It feeds on birch, blackthorn,
plum, and other trees, in spring ; the pupa is brown.

The Brown Hair-streak is a very common Butterfly through-
out Europe and Northern and Western Asia ; it is widely
distributed in England and the south of Ireland, but is rarely
abundant, except in certain localities in the south. It is found
along hedgerows and about bushes, and is liable to be over-
looked on the wing amongst a crowd of Epinephele janira and

ZEPHVRUS. 67

Hipparchia hyperanthus, which often fly in the same localities,
and which are still plentiful when it appears.

II. THE PURPLE HAIR-STREAK. ZEPHYRUS QUERCUS.

(Plate XLIV. Fig. 4^,5?, 6 under-side.}
Papilio quercus, Linnoeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 482, no.

148 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 283 (1761); id. Mus.

Lud. Ulr. p. 314 (1764); Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 262, pi.

19, fig. 2 (1777); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 368-370

(1803?).
Polyommatus quercus^ Godart, Enc. M-eth. ix. p. 651, no. 117

(1823).
Thecla betulce, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 76 (1828) ;

Lang. Butterflies Eur. p. 81, pi. 18, fig. 2 (1881);

Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Butterflies and Moths, i. p. 185,

pi. 13, fig. 2 (1886); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 51,

pi. 8, figs. 3, $a-c (1892).
Zephyrus quercus^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 58,

pi. 15, fig. 6 (1879).

The Purple Hair-streak is rather smaller than the last
species, rarely expanding more than an inch and a half across
the wings.

The male is purplish-blue above, with a narrow black
border. The female is brown, with a rich purple blotch
reaching half across the front part of the fore-wings, and
beneath nearly to the hinder angle. On the under side the
wings are of a light silky grey, traversed by a continuous
undulating white streak, edged with brown anteriorly; be-
yond this there is a double row of faint whitish crescents, with
a few dusky dots on the fore-wings, and the hind-wings are
ornamented with two fulvous spots, one at the anal angle, and
the other forming an ocellus with a yellow iris and a black
pupil. The Butterfly appears in July and August.

F 2

68 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

The larva is brownish-green, with a dark brown head, and
pinkish dots on the back ; it is sometimes tinged with reddish.
It feeds on oak, and is full-grown in June.

The Purple Hair-streak is common throughout Europe and
Western Asia, and is the only Hair-streak except Callophrys
rubi which is considered common in the British Islands ; it
appears, however, to be rare in most parts of Scotland. It
is always met with flying round oak trees, and sitting on the
leaves.

Several other allied species are found on the continent feed-
ing on oak, besides Zephyrus quercus. One of these is Thecla
ilicis (Esper), to which we have already alluded (antea, p. 54),
and another is a much rarer and more local insect, found only
in Southern Europe, Lcsosopis roboris (Esper), which is about
the same size as Z. quercus and much resembles it, being
purplish-brown above in the male, but the hind-wings are tail-
less, and instead of " hair-streaks " beneath, we find rows of
sub-marginal orange and white spots, separated by a row of
black dots.

We will now consider a series of beautiful and interesting
genera allied to Thecla and Zephyrus, and mostly including
tailed species, which inhabit the tropical regions of the Old
World.

GENUS HELIOPHORUS.
HeliophontS) Geyer, in Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. iv. p. 40

(1832).

Ilerda, Doubleday, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 25 (1847);
Hewitson, Illustr. Diurn. Lepid. p. 57 (1865); Schatz &
Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 267 (1892); De Niceville, Butt.
Ind. iii. p. 322 (1890).

A genus of small extent, confined to the Indo-Malayan
.Region, and mo.t numerous in North India. They are tailed

HELIOPHORUS. 69

species, resembling Zephyrus, but recognisable at once by the
very characteristic colouring of the under side. The males are
generally blue, green, or coppery above (at least at the base),
with black borders, and often with a sub-marginal orange-red
band (or rather a row of connected lunules above black spots)
on the hind-wings ; and the females are brown, with a short
transverse orange bar on the fore-wings, and a sub-marginal
orange band, as in the males ; the fringes are spotted with
black and white. The under side is of a peculiar greenish-
yellow, with obsolete (if any) markings, except towards the
margins. Towards the hinder angle of the fore wings are one or
two black spots surrounded with white, and sometimes edged
within with a white line ; the hind-wings have a sub-marginal
orange-red band bordered within with white, of which there is
sometimes a trace on the fore-wings also. The species are most
easily distinguished by the different colours of the upper side
in the male.

The type is

HELIOPHORUS EPICLES.

Polyommatus epides, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 666, no. 109

(1823).
Theda epides, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. p. 92, no. 25,

pi. i, fig. 3 (1829).
Ikrda epides, Hewitson, Illustr. Diurn. Lepid. p. 58, no. 4

(1865); De Niceville, Butterflies, Ind. iii. p. 225 (1890);

Leech, Butterflies of China, Japan, and Corea, p. ^18,

pi. 30, fig. 6 (1893).
Heliophorus belenus, Geyer, in Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett.

iv. p. 40, figs. 785, 786 (1832).

This is one of the commonest species of the genus through-
out Northern India, Burma, Java, and parts of China, It
measures rather less than an inch and a half across the wings,

70 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

which are brown, richly shot with violet in the male, which is
sometimes marked with an orange spot in the middle of the
fore-wings. The female is brown, with an orange spot, vary-
ing considerably in size and shape, on the fore-wings, and a
reddish-orange border on the hind-wings, also visible in the
male towards the anal angle. The orange-red border on the
under side of the hind-wings is variable in breadth.

GENUS IALMENUS.

lalf/ienus, Hiibner,Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 75 (1816); Hewitson,
Illustr. Diurn. Lepid. p. 53 (1865); Schatz & Rober,
Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 268 (1892).

The types of this genus are Australian species, somewhat
resembling Heliophorus, but much larger, and with spots at the
ends of the cells. The colours are also different.

The type is

IALMENUS EVAGORAS.

Papilio evagoras, Donovan, Ins. New PI oil. pi. 30, fig. i

(1805).
lalmenus evagoras, Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Schmett. i. figs. 175,

176 (1818); Staudingcr, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 274, pi. 95

(1886).
lalmenus evagoras, Anderson and Spry, Victorian Butterflies,

p. 97 (1894).
Myrina evagoras, Godart, Enc. Meih. ix. p. 593, no. 3

(1823).

This species, which is riot uncommon in Australia, measures
about an inch and a half across the wings, which are of a
silvery-green above in the male (paler in the female), with
broad black borders, and a black spot at the end of the cell of
the fore-wings, and a black streak at the end of that of the
hind-wings. Towards the anal angle of the hind-wings, near

DEUDORIX. 71

the base of the slender tail, which is longer than in Zephyrus
or Heliophorus, are two orange spots, separated by a cluster of
blue atoms. The under side is yellowish-ashy, with some
blackish spots in and near the cell, and a dusky line beyond,
forming a W above the two orange spots at the anal angle,
which are well-marked both above and below. The hind-
margins are black, preceded by a double reddish line, and the
tails are black, tipped with white. The antennae are black, ringed
with grey, and the body is ashy above, and yellowish beneath.

" The larvae feed gregariously on various species of wattle,
and are invariably attended by ants ; they seem to prefer young
or stunted trees. The chrysalides are placed side by side on a
common web " (Anderson and Spry). According to the figure,
the larva appears to be furnished with four rows of short fleshy
spines.

GENUS DEUDORIX.

Deudorix, Hewitson, Illustr. Diurn. Lepid. p. 16 (1863); Dis-
tant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 277 (1885); Schatz & Rober,
Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 268 (1892).

A considerable number of species, inhabiting various parts
of the tropics of the Old World, are referred to this genus,
which includes moderately-sized species with triangular fore-
wings, as in Thecla, and a conspicuous lobe at the anal angle
of the hind-wings, and a short tail near it. The species are of
various colours : brown, blue, red, or partly white above, and
brown, green, yellow, &c., below, with no specially character-
istic markings, except that the lobe at the anal angle of the
hind-wings is generally marked with a black spot beneath.

The following species may be regarded as the type : —

DEUDORIX EPIJARBAS.

Dipsas epijarbas, Moore, Cat. Lepid. Ins. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 32,
no. 40 (1857).

72 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

Deudorix epijarbas^ Hevvitson, Illustr. Diurn. Lcpid. p. 20,
pi. 7, figs. 1 6-1 8 (1863); Staudinger, Exot. Schmctt. i. p.
278, pi. 98 (1888).

This species, which is common in India, and is also said to
occur as far as Celebes, expands from an inch and a half to
nearly two inches. The male has dark brown foiv wings, with
a large triangular coppery-red patch extending fiom the base
nearly to the hind-margin, and occupying rather more than hall'
of the lower part of the wing. The hind-wings are of a duller red,
with a large brown patch at the base of the costa, and covering
the cell; the female is of a fulvous brown, and has more
rounded wings. The under side is of a rather dark brown,
with two whitish undulating lines, and also two short black
lines at the end of the cell of the fore wings. There are twc
black spots towards the anal angle of the hind wings, one on
the lobe, surmounted by a crescent-shaped spot of metallic
green, and the second above it, enclosed by a yellow ring.

Another Indian species, Deudjrix isocrates, Fabricius, is
brown above, blue towards the base in the male, and with t\\e
black spots at the anal angle of the hind wings, corresponding
to those below, on a pale ground. The under surface is grey,
with two short black lines at the ends of the eel's, two median
lines enclosing a darker space, and one or two more sub mar
ginal lines. It is remarkable for the unusual habit of the larva-,
which live gregariously in the interior of the pomegranate.
\\hen they are full fed, they cut a hole in the shell of the fruit,
and spin a web attaching it to the lice to prevent it falling off,
and then return to the interior, where they assume the pupa
Mate. (See \\Vstwood, Trans. Knt. Soc. London, ii. p. i, pi. i
(18370

IOLAUS. 73

Other larvae of this genus are known, but do not appear to
exhibit anything unusual in their habits.

GENUS IOLAUS.

lolaus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmctt. p. 81 (r8i6); West-
wood, Gen. Diurn. Lcpid. p. 480 (1852); Hewitson, 111.
Diurn. Lepid. p. 40 (1865); Schatz £ Rober, Exot.
Schmctt. ii. p. 269 (1892).

This is a genus common to Africa and the East Indies,
much resembling Deudorix, but with rather long palpi, and two
slender tails on the hind wings. The males have frequently a
tuft of bristles on the inner-margin of the fore-wings beneath,
and a corresponding round patch of scales on the upper side
of the hind-wings. The prevailing colours above are blue and
black ; beneath they are brown or white, more or less banded
towards the hind-margins, and with two black spots, often
marked with orange, towards the anal angle.

The type is

IOLAUS HEF.IUS.

Papilio kelius, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 112, no. 489 (1781).
Polyommatus /ictius, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 618, no. 3

(1823).

Papilio eurisus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 221, fig. D (1779).
lolaus eurisus, Hewitson, Illustr. Diurn. Lepid. Suppl. p. 40,

pi. 4, figs. 31, 32 (1869).

! This Butterfly, which is common in West Africa, measures
about an inch and a half across the wings, which are of a bright
blue above, with the apex of the fore-wings broadly black. The
hind \vin-s have three slender tails, tipped with white. The
unuer side is ashy-grey, with three; brown transverse lines ; the
spots at tin- anal angle stand in red rings, and the lower eye is
bordered behind by a cluster of blue atoms.

A South African species, /. si/(is, Westwood, is blue and black

74 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

above, with red spots at the anal angle of the hind-wings ;
beneath, it is white, with a slender incomplete red line. The
thick rounded pupa is remarkable for being " attached with
silk, by the tail only, horizontally on the under side of a leaf '»

( Trimen).

GENUS SITHON.

Sithon^ Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 77 (1816); Distant,
Rhopalocera Malayana, p. 253 (1885); Schatz & Rober,
Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 269 (1892).

Myrina, Latr. (nee Fabr.) Enc. Meth. ix. pp. n, 592 (1819-
1823); Horsf. Cat. Lepid. E. I. C. p. 116 (1829); West-
wood, Cat. Diurn. Lepid. p, 475 (1852) ; Hewitson, Illustr.
Diurn. Lepid. p. 27 (1863).

The types of this genus are confined to the Indo-Malayan
Region, and may be known from their allies by the sub-costal
nervure of the fore-wings having only three branches, the
first impinging on the costal nervure. The wings are rather
short and broad, and the hind-wings have a slender tail, and
the anal angle produced into a long lobe.

With these insects are frequently associated a number of
East Indian and African Butterflies, sometimes called Sithon
or Myrina, varying in the number of branches of the sub-costal
nervure ; most of them are remarkable for having a very long
tail on the hind-wings, and frequently a much shorter and more
slender one on each side. The Eastern species of this section
have been divided into a variety of genera (Biduanda^ Cheritra,
&c.) by Distant, Moore, and others. Most of these genera
will doubtless be retained ; but we have not space to discuss
them in detail here.

The true type of the genus Sithon is

SITHON NEDYMONDA.

Papilio nedymond, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 299, figs. E, F

MYRINA. 75

Theda nedymond, Horsf. Cat. Lepid. E. I. C. p. 96, no. 28

(1829).

Sithon nedymond, Distant, Rhopalocera Malayana, p. 253,
pi. 22, fig. i (1885); Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 277,
pi. 95 (1888).

$ (?) Theda chitra, Horsf. /. c. p. 97, no. 29, pi. i, fig. 5
(1829).

Sithon chitra, Distant, I.e. p. 454, pi. 23, fig. 15 (1885).

This species has been found in Java and Sumatra, as well as
in the Malay Peninsular, but is considered very rare every-
where. The wings are rather short and broad, and expand
about an inch and a quarter. They are black, with a rich
purplish-blue band covering the whole of the fore-wings, except
the costa, hind-margin, and the base of the inner-margin; and on
the hind-wings the outer third is of the same blue as far as the
tail and lobe, which remain black. The under surface is white,
with the borders broadly dusky ; towards the anal angle of the
hind-wings is a large fulvous blotch, spotted with metallic blue ;
above this a short dusky stripe runs from the band to the
inner-margin. The supposed female, S. chitra (Horsf.) is
brown above, with a white space at the anal angle of the hind-
wings, containing two black spots, the outer one marked with
blue. The fore-wings, and the upper part of the hind-wings
are orange, reddish towards the base, and the greater portion of
the rest of the hind-wings is white, with the spots towards the
anal angle black, bordered with blue and white.

GENUS MYRINA.
Myrina, Fabricius in Illiger, Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 286 (1807);

Trimen, S. African Butterflies, ii. p. 140 (1887); Schatz &

Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 269 (1892).
Myrina, sect. C. Lntreille, Enc. Meth. ix. pp. 1 1, 592 (1819-

1823).

76 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

A genus, the name of which was formerly used to include
the series of genera and species which we have discussed under
Sithon, the true types of Myrina being included with those
of Loxura. Myrina, as now understood, includes only a few
African species with very long palpi, gradually thickened
antennae, not distinctly clubbed, and a long spatulate tail. The
colours are black and blue above.

The type is

MYRINA SILENUS.
(Plate XL. Fig. 3.)

Papilio silenus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 531, no. 378 (1775).
Papilio alddes, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 96, figs. D, E (1776).
Myrina alcides, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 594, no. 4 (1823).

The present species, which expands about an inch and three
quarters, is dark brown above, with the basal area of the wings
shining violet-blue, which colour also extends to the borders of
the hind-wings, and to the tail. Beneath, the colour is brown
as far as the middle of the wings, where there is a narrow yellow
line, which is incomplete on the fore-wings.

This species is closely allied to the South African Myrina
ficedula, Trimen, in which the blue colouring of the fore-wings
is much more extended than in M. silenus, and there is a dis-
tinct ferruginous bar on the hind-margin of the fore-wings. This
species has been described and figured by many authors as
identical with the West African M. sihnus. The yellowish-
green, white-spotted larva of M. ficedula feeds on figs, and the
short broad pupa is "attached by the tail only, but in a
horizontal position, to leaves of the food-plant — usually on the
under side, or to its twigs " (Trimen}. Mr. Trimen adds,
respecting the larvae : " There is no doubt that their peculiar
colouring is highly protective, agreeing very thoroughly with
that of the terminal green shoots, the bract and occasional

LOXURA. 7 7

withered portions of which are ferruginous; while the con-
spicuous white spots most completely resemble the drops of
milk-like sap that exude from the stems and leaves on the
slightest wound. Moreover, both the larva (when in a slightly
contracted position) and the pupa bear a very strong resem-
blance to the small, rough, ashy-varied fruits of their food-
plant. I found that those pupae which were disclosed at large
on the plants were much greener and more like the little figs
than those which resulted from larvae kept captive in a dimly-
lighted breeding-cage."

GENUS LOXURA.

Loxura, Horsfield, Cat. Lepid. E. I. C. p. 119 (1829);
Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 474 (1852); Distant,
Rhopalocera Malayana, p. 280 (1885); Schatz & Rober,
Exot. Schmelt. ii. p. 270 (1888).

The species of this genus were formerly placed with those of
Myrina^ which they resemble in general appearance ; but they
are more slender Butte: flies, with much longer and slenderer
palpi, and the long tail is pointed and not spatulate at the ex-
tremity. They, moreover, inhabit India and the adjacent
islands, not Africa. The wings are fulvous, or ochraceous,
with brown or black borders, and the type is Loxura atynmus
(Cramer), which is found almost throughout the southern part
of the Indo-Malayan region, except, perhaps, in Sumatra.

GENUS PHASIS.
Phasis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 73 (1816).

) Hiibner, /. c. p. 73 (1816).

iS) Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. pi. 22, fig. 6 (1836) ;
Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 500(1852); Trimen,
S. African Butterflies, ii. p. 167 (1887).

Cigarftis, Donzel, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (2) v. p. 528 (1847);
Lucas, Expl. AlgeV. Zool. Hi. p. 362 (1849).

78 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Axiocerses, pt. Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lepid. p. 337 (1871);
Schatz & Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 271 (1892).

There are a considerable number of African species, usually
classed under the names Axiocerses or Zcritis, which we may
notice here. They are stout-bodied insects, and differ from
true Axiocerses in the sub-costal nervure being four or five-
branched. Ultimately they will be divided into several genera
(for although many genera have already been separated, the
remainder are far from homogeneous), for some of which the
names quoted above will be available, as their types mostly
represent different groups.

In general terms we may say that the species are of rather
small size, and of a coppery-red, or orange, with broad brown
borders. There is no tail in this group, but the hind-wings
are frequently more or less produced at the anal angle. They
are sometimes flushed with blue towards the base ; and many
of the species are marked with metallic spots beneath.

The type of Phasis is P. thero (Linnaeus), the largest species
of the group, sometimes expanding two inches. It is dark
brown above, with eight red spots on each of the fore-wings,
one in the cell, one beyond, a row of five on the disc, and a
larger one nearer the base towards the inner-margin ; the hind-
wings are dentated and sub-caudate (somewhat as in Lyccena
phlaas (Linn.) ), and the fore-wings are strongly emarginate on
the hind-margin below the middle. In fact, the general
appearance of the Butterfly is somewhat between a Lyccena
and a Libythea. The under side of the fore-wings is fulvous,
with black borders and markings ; the three black spots in the
cell are centred with silver. The hind-wings are brown, with
silvery-white spots, one of which (a large curved spot in the
middle) is very conspicuous. The orange spots of the upper
side vary in size and number, and some of them are confluent
in the female. It is a common South African Butterfly.

APHN^EUS. 79

The type of Aloeides is A. pierus (Cramer), another South
African Butterfly, dotted with grey or yellowish grey at the
base of the wings, and with a red patch near the anal angle
of the hind-wings, and in the female, also on the fore-wings.
The under side is brown, with slightly metallic spots, and the
fore-wings are fulvous in the centre, spotted with black and sil-
very. The Butterfly has rounded wings, and expands rather
less than an inch and a half.

The type of Zeritis is Z. neriene (Boisduval), a Gaboon
Butterfly, expanding about an inch and a half across the wings.
The upper side is unfigured ; the under side is tessellated with
square yellow and red spots, forming irregular alternate
bands, and partly separated by black lines, much in the fashion
of a Melitcea. A black zig-zag line runs near the hind-margins,
enclosing white spots on the fore-wings. The hind-wings are
rounded, not dentated or tailed.

The type of Cigar it is is C. zohra, Donzel, a North African
species very like Lyc&naphkeas. It expands an inch and a quar-
ter across the wings; the hind wings are sub-caudate in the
male, and have longer tails in the female. The fore-wings are
bright coppery-red, with a black hind-margin, two short black
bands in the cell, and a sub-marginal black band beyond. The
hind- wings are black, with two or three coppery bands, imper-
fectly separated, towards the hind-margin. The under side of
the hind-wings is dull yellowish-green, with irregular white
markings. These are not all the well-marked forms of this
heterogeneous African group, but will sufficiently serve to
illustrate it.

GENUS APHN^US.

Aphnaus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 81 (1816); He wit-
son, Illustr. Diurn. Lepid. p. 60 (1865); Trimen, S.
African Butterflies, ii. p. 146(1887); Schatz £ Rober,
Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 171 (1892).

So LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Spindasis, Wallengr. Lepid. Rhop. Caffr. p. 45 (1857).

This is a genus including several East Indian and African
species, with triangular fore-wings, and somewhat produced
and lobate hind-wings, furnished with two slender tails. The
upper side is more or less extensively marked with blue or
orange on a dark ground, and the under side is marked with
transverse bands, more or less silvery in the middle, or with
parallel lines arranged in pairs, and filled up with silver. Many
of the species are extremely similar. The larva and pupa are
more elongate than is usual in the Lycaznida.

The type is

APIIN^EUS ORCAS.

Papilio erects^ Drury, Illustr, Exot. Ent. iii. pi. 34, figs. 2, 3

(1782).
Hcsperia pindaruS) Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i) p. 262, no. 15

Papilio pindarus, Donovan, Ins. India, pi. 38, fig. 2 (1800).
Polyommatus orcas> Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 645, no. 102

(1823).

Aphntzus orcas, Hewitson, Illustr. Diurn. Lepid. p. 60, no. i
(1865).

This Butterfly, which measures an inch and a quarter in ex-
panse, is a native of We.>t Africa.

In the male the centre of all the wings is of a shining
greenish-blue, with the costa and hind-margin black. There are
three black spots in the cell of the fore-wings, and two red
spots at the anal angle of the hind-wings. The under side is
of a yellowish-grey, with broad silvery blotches and bands
bordered with chocolate-brown. On the lobe at the anal angle
of the hind-wings is a large black spot, bordered above with
orange. The female is uniform dark brown ; the fore-wings
with a pale spot at the end of the cell. The under side is

MILETUS. 8 1

rufous-yellow, and the spots are silvery-white, bordered with
pale brown.

GENUS MILETUS.

Miletus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816).

Theda, sect. Hypochrysops, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 243

(1860).
Hypochrysops, Felder, Reise Novara, Lepid. ii. p. 251 (1865);

Schatz & Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 272 (1892);

H, H. Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. 179.
This is one of the most characteristic genera of the Austro-
Malayan Region, and one of the most richly ornamented. On
the upper side it is generally blue, 01 blue and black, or brown,
frequently with a white blotch on the fore-wings, and
occasionally orange-tawny ; but beneath it is decorated with
red spots and bands bordered with silver, on a brown ground,
or with metallic blue lines and rows of spots bordered with
black or tawny, and set off by large masses of white on the
fore-wings.

The type is M. polydetus (Linnaeus), from Ceram and
Amboina, which expands about an inch and a half. The
male is of a rich blue above, with black borders, and the
female is black, with more or less of the base greenish-blue.
The under surface is dark brown, with numerous red bands
bordered with black, and then. with golden-green.

We now come to the immense group of small blue Butter-
flies, which have latterly been divided into numerous genera,
at least as regards the Indo-Malayan species. These genera
will be briefly noticed, with reference to those which contain
European (and especially British) species, and to one or two of
the more remarkable of the exotic forms. It must be remem-
bered that such names as Plcbeius^ Cupido, Lyc<zna> and
10 G

82 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Cyaniris were originally intended to include all the Blues,
and sometimes all the Lyccenida, or even the Hesperiida as
well,

The European species belonging to this group of Butterflies
are always of a blue or brown colour, generally with numerous
dark spots beneath, surrounded with paler colour. They are
distinguished from the Butterflies allied to Theda by the sub-
costal nervure of the fore-wings being four-branched, and from
the genera allied to Lycana, by the presence of the upper
disco-cellular nervule in the fore-wings.

GENUS LAMPIDES.

Lampides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p 70 (1816).
Polyommatus^ pt. Latreille, Hist. Nat Crust. Ins. xiv p. 116
(1805).

The comparatively large size, tailed hind-wings, and streaked
under side of the only British species of this genus, will pre-
vent its being mistaken for any other " Blue."

The name Lampides has been sufficiently often applied to
L. bceticus to warrant this species being regarded as the type.
Several recent authors have treated L. bccticus as the type of
Polyommatus Latr., but I consider that Latreille indicated
P c-vydon as the type of Polyommatus by figuring it ; and more-
over the name Polyommatus is wholly inapplicable to L. bceticus.

THE LARGE TAILED BLUE. LAMPIDES B^TICUS.

(Plate XLV. Figs, 1-3.)

Papilio baticus, Linnaeus, Syst Nat. i. (2) p. 789, no. 226

(1767); Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 319, pi. 27. figs. 30, b

(1777); i. (2) p. 181, pi. 91, fig. 3 (1784); Hiibner, Eur.

Schmett. i. figs. 373-375 (1803).

Polyommatus batica, Godart, Enc. Mdth. ix, p. 653, no. 122

(1823).
Lampides baticuSy Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 117 (1881).

PLATE XLV.

5.

6.

\ /

V f

/. 3. Lampides bceticus.

4^6. CapiAo aryutdes.

7_ 9. Polyomrnatus icarufi.

LAMPIDES. 83

Polyommatus bceticus, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 53

(1879).
Lycana fatica, Milliere, Icones, i. p. 245, pi. 4, figs. 1-6 (1861),

Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 99, pi. 22, fig. 2; pi. 28, fig. 5

(larva) (1881).
Lyccena bcetica> Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 65, pi. 10, figs.

i, la (1892).

This Butterfly expands about an inch and a quarter across
the fore-wings, which are violet-blue in the male, with narrow
brown borders, and grey fringes. There are generally two
black spots at the anal angle of the hind-wings, near which is
a slender tail. The female is brown, more or less blue at
the base of the fore-wings, and towards the inner-margin
of the hind-wings, and often has some zig-zag whitish
markings within the black sub-marginal spots, which are more
numerous than in the male, and are edged with white on the
inside. The under side is pale brown, with numerous white
streaks ; most of these are straight, and converge more or less
towards the inner-margin of the wings ; the dark sub-marginal
spots are edged within with white crescents, and beyond the
middle of the hind-wings is a broad, nearly straight, and
slightly irregular white band. The spots towards the anal
angle of the hind-wings are black, edged below with metallic
green, and broadly surrounded with orange.

The larva is green or reddish-brown, with a dark dorsal line,
and a white lateral line below the yellow spiracles ; the head is
black. The eggs are laid on the stems of the bladder-senna
(Colutea arborescens\ and on other leguminous plants. The
young larvae hatch in the following summer, when they pierce
the pods, and feed on the seeds. On reaching their full
growth they abandon the pods, and the pupa is usually
attached to a stem, or formed among the dried leaves of the
food-plant. The pupa is reddish or yellowish, with brown

o 2

84 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

dots, and obtuse at both ends, and is attached by a belt
round the middle.

The food of the larva varies in different parts of its range ;
it will feed on the common pea, the field pea, and lupine.

This species is common throughout Southern Europe, the
\vhole of Africa, and southern and eastern Asia, as far as China
and Japan ; and also throughout the eastern islands to
Australia and the Sandwich Islands. But in Europe it is one of
those Mediterranean species which have not crossed the Alps,
but are gradually extending their range northwards along the
west coast of Europe. In Germany the only recorded locality
(and that somewhat doubtful) is Aix-la-Chapelle ; but the

Lampides batica. Upper side of female.

Butterfly has long been known as at least an occasional visitant
to the Channel Islands. In 1859, the last of a series of
unusually fine and hot summers, to which many entomolo-
gists doubtless still look back with regret, this Butterfly re-
appeared in the Channel Islands, where it had not been seen
for twenty years ; and one day Mr. Henry Cooke, of Brighton,
where I was then living, told me that Mr. McArthur had
captured " a new Theda " on the Downs. I knew that there
were tailed Blues, and that it was not a likely locality for a
Theda, and was not surprised when the insect was identified.
The few specimens known to have occurred in England have
all been met with in the southern counties during August.
There is also a May brood on the continent. Many species,

CUPIDO. 85

much resembling this in shape and markings, are found in the
East Indies. Some of these, such as L. tzlianus, Fabric! is
(which some authors treat as the type of Lampides, considering
L. bceticus as generically distinct), are of a very pale blue,
almost white.

GENUS CUPIDO.

CupidO) Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (i) pp. 153, 209 (1801).
Everes, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 69 (1815); Moore,
Lepid. Ceylon, i. p. 85 (1881).

The type of this genus is a small blue Butterfly, with a
slender tail on the hind-wings, and spotted, not streaked, on the
under surface. The only species which Schrank described at
unusual length under Cupido was C. puer, which subsequently
proved to include two species, C. argiades and C. alsus, placed
together as male and female. The large space given to C puer,
in conjunction with the name, is sufficient to establish the
male (C. argiades) as the indubitable type of Cupido.

THE SMALL TAILED BLUE. CUPIDO ARGIADES.
(Plate XLV. Figs. 4-6.)

Papilio argiades, Pallas, Reise, i. p. 172, no. 66 (1771).
Papilio tiresias, Von Rottemburg, Naturforscher, vi. p. 23,

no. 10 (1775); Esper, Schmett, i. (r) p. 337, pi. 34, figs.

i, 2 (1777)
Cupido puer, $. Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (i) p. 215, no. 1374

(1801).
Var. Papilio polysperchon, Bergstrasser, Nomenclator, ii. pi. 44,

fig5- 3~5 ('779); Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. i. (2) p. 61

(1808),
Papilio tiresias, var. Esper, /. c. i. (i) p. 384, pi. 49, fig. 2

(1777); Hiibner, /. c. figs. 319-321 (1803?)

86 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Var. PapiKo coretas^ Ochsenheimer, Schmelt. Eur. i (2) p 60

(1808).
Polyommatus argiades> Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths,

P- 53. P1- 14, % ii (1879)-
Lycczna argiades, Lang, Butterflies Europe, p 101, pi. 22, fig. 5

(1882), Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl i. p. 68, pi. 10, figs 2,

2<3, b (1892).
Papilio amyntas, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p 533, no. 384 (1775);

Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 322-324 (1803).
Polyommatus amyntas, Godart, Enc Meth ix. p. 659, no. 146

(1823)

This Butterfly measures from four-fifths of an inch to rather
more than an inch. The male is violet-blue above, with a
narrow brown border , and the female is brown, more or less
blue at the base ; the fringes are white. There are some
brown spots towards the anal angle of the hind-wings, marked
with orange in the female. The under side is of a pale blue
or bluish-grey, with a sub-marginal row of black spots, edged
within by a more or less distinct orange band (obsolete in var.
coretas), and a row of black spots across the disc of the wing ;
there is a black lunule at the end of the discoidal cell of the
fore-wings.

The larva is pale green, with darker stripes, and brown and
white spots. It feeds on various species of Lotus, Trifolium,
&c., in June, and also from autumn to spring-

This species is widely distributed throughout Southern and
Central Europe, and the greater part of Asia, and is also said
to occur in North America and Australia. It frequents open
flowery places in hilly districts, often in company with Zizera
minima, of which Schrank supposed it to be the male. But
it has only recently been discovered to be a British species,
the first British specimens having been taken by the sons of

PLEBEIUS. 87

the Rev. O. Pickard Cambridge, on August i8th and 2oth,
1885, flying over a grassy place on Bloxworth Heath, Dorset.*
Two or three other captures of the Butterfly at Bournemouth,
Blackpool, &c., have also been recorded.

Mr. Pickard Cambridge has kindly permitted me to publish
an extract from a letter received from him, dated June 3, 1895
" We have never again met with L. argiades. I hardly nov,
think it can be indigenous. Those we found were probably
from a brood produced by an accidental early-summer immi-
gration of a few of the first Continental brood. If you re-
member, it was also taken at Bournemouth, fourteen miles
distant, within two days of our taking it here. Very likely it
might have been found at many other places along the south
coast that year if collectors had had their eyes open for it; and
probably it will turn up again at some future season in the
same way " In which case, I may add, it may succeed, sooner
or later, in establishing itself.

This species varies much in size, the first brood (var. poly-
sperchori] being much smaller than the others. The tails are
very slender, and are sometimes obsolete in small specimens.
The larger specimens might easily be passed over on the
wing as Plebeius argus, or Polyommatus icarus, and the smaller
ones as Zizera minima.

GENUS PLEBEIUS.
Plebeius, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed x p. 483(1758); Cuvier.

Tabl. Elem. d'Hist. Nat. p. 591 (1799).
Rusticus, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1810?).
Lycfsides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 69 (1816).

The type of this genus, the oldest of the Lycaenide genera,
was fixed by Cuvier (though he used only the plural form) as

* See " Entomologist," xviii., pp. 249-252 (October, 1885), and " Pro-
ceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club," viii.
PP 79-83» pi. 5 Coloured].

88 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

the Silver-Studded Blue. Thus restricted, it includes varioug
Butterflies, blue in the male, and brown in the female, with
rounded hind-wings, not tailed, on the under surface of which
the sub-marginal spots bear distinctly metallic markings.

THE SILVER-STUDDED BLUE. PLEBEIUS ARGUS.

(Plate XL VL Figs, 4, 5.)
Papilio argus, Linnceus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 483, no. 152

(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 283 (1761); Lewin, Ins. Brit.

i. p. 82, pi. 39, figs. 5-7 (1795).
Polyommatus agon, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 685, no. 213

(1823) • Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 32 (1879);

Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p 89, pi. u, figs, i, \a-c

(1892) ; Buck'er, Larvae of Brit. Butterflies and Moths,

i. p. 112, pi. 15, fig. 3 (1886).
Papilio cegon> Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst- Verz. Schmett

Wien. p. 185, no. 15 (1775); Hiibner, Europ. Schmett.

i. figs. 313-3*5 (1803?).
Polyommatus argus, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust i. p. 93

(1828).
Lycana argus, Wallengren, Lepid. Scand. Rhop. p. 206, no. 2

(1853).

Lycana cegon, Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 119 (1881), Lang,
Butterflies Eur. p. 103, pi. 23, fig. i (1882),

The Silver-Studded Blue is common throughout the greater
part of Europe and the Mediterranean Region, as well as in
Northern and Western Asia ; and allied species are met with
in various parts of Asia and North America. It is common
and widely distributed in England, but appears to be scarce
and local in Scotland and in the north of Ireland. It fre-
quents heaths and meadows, and I have often seen it asleep
in the evening, clinging to heath, rushes, or grass-stems.

PLEBEIU3. 89

The male is of a deep violet-blue, with rat«her broad brown
borders, and white fringes. The female is brown, more or
less blue at the base, and with a row of sub-marginal black
spots, surmounted with orange, on the hind-wings. The
under side is grey in the female, but tinged with blue, especi-
ally at the base, in the male. They are marked with numerous
ocellated spots, and on the hind-margin of the hind-wings is
an interrupted orange-tawny band, containing six bright silvery-
blue spots, crowned with a series of black crescents.

The larva is dull green, with the head and legs blackish, a
ferruginous line along the back, and oblique ones of the same
colour, bordered with white, on the sides. It feeds on broom,

Upper side of female.

sainfoin, and various kinds of trefoil and vetch. There are
two broods in the year, as in most of the small " Blues,"
the Butterflies appearing from May to August. The pupa
is dull green.

There is a closely-allied species, P. argyrognomon (Berg-
strasser), to which the Linnean name of argus is applied by
many authors. It is common on the Continent, but of doubt-
ful occurrence in England, and may be distinguished from our
Silver-Studded Blue by having only a very narrow black border
in the male. Both species are very variable on the Continent,
or else there are several closely-allied and ill-differentiated
species. The British form of P. argus does not appear to
vary.

90 LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY.

GENUS POLYOMMATUS.
Polyommatus, Latreille, Hist. Nat Crust. Ins. xiv. p. 116

(1805); id. Enc. Meth, ix. pp. u, 618 (1819-23);

Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 83 (1828).
Lycana, p. Fabricius, Illiger's Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 285 (1807);

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 129 (1815); Westwood

Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 488 (1852).

When Latreille established the genus Polyommatus he figured
P. corydon, and thus, in my opinion, permanently fixed the type.
Dr. Scudder disallows this, and selects P. baticus as the type
of Polyommatus, but this, being a streaked, and not primarily
a spotted species, cannot possibly be regarded as typical of a
genus deriving its name from its " many eyes."

As regards Lycana, Dr. Scudder considers that as Oken
restricted it to the "Blues" in a work published in 1815, L.
phlceas is not admissible as the type, but Oken's action, I take
it, is forestalled by Leach, who published an article in the same
year (1815) in which he divided the genus Lyccena (with Polyom-
matus as a synonym) into two sections, the first including the
Coppers and the second the Blues, commencing with P. corydon,
the type of Polyommatus, and thus restricting Lyccena (true) to
the Coppers. Subsequently Curtis indicated L. phlaas as the
type of the genus Lycana. The species which Dr. Scudder
selects as the type of Lyceena is Papilio endymion, Den. and
Schiff., a light blue species, with a brown female, with sub-
marginal spots bordered with white, which is found in many
parts of Southern and South-Central Europe, and which is
remarkable for having the hind-wings dentated in the female,
and slightly so towards the anal angle in the male.

In the present genus we may include all the British species
which are tail-less, and destitute of metallic markings beneath,
and which have well-marked orange sub-marginal spots on the
under side of the hind-wings. Most of the species belonging

POLYOMMATUS. Ql

to it are peculiarly attached to the chalk or lime-stone in Eng-
land, though of more general distribution on the Continent.
They may often be all found flying together in favourable
localities on the South Downs.

I. THE CHALK-HILL BLUE. POLYOMMATUS CORYDON.

(Plate XLVII. Figs. 5, 6.)
Papilio coridon^ Poda, Mus. Graec p. 77 (1761); Scopoli,

Ent. Cam. p. 179 (1763),
Papilio corydon, Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 335, pi. 33, fig. 4

(1777); i. (2) p. 134, pi. 79, fig. 1(1782); Hiibner, Europ.

Schmett. i. figs. 286-288 (1803?).

Papilio tiphys, Esper, Schmett. i. (2) p. 6, pi. 51, fig. 4 (1780).
Polyommatus corydon, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 693, no.

227 (1823) ; Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 88 (1828) ;

Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 48, pi. 14, figs.

%a-c (1879); Barrett, Lep. of Brit. Isl. i. p. 85, pi. 12

(1892); Buckler, Larvae of -Brit. Lepid. i. p. 191, pi. 14,

fig 3 (1886).
Lyccznacorydon, Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 131 (1881) ; Lang,

Butterflies Eur. p 121, pi. 26, fig. 6 (1882).
Var. Lyccena corydon, var. albicans^ Boisduval, Gen. et Ind.

Meth. p. 12, no. 96(1840); Herrich-Schaffer, Schmett.

Eur. i. App. p. 27, figs. 494, 495 (1851); Lang, Butterflies

Eur p. 122, pi. 26, fig. 8 (1882).

The Chalk-Hill Blue is common throughout Southern and
Central Europe and Western Asia Minor. In England it is
common in many places, but local, and is most frequently met
with in the chalky districts of the south, whence it derives its
name. On the Continent it is double-brooded, like most of
the allied species ; but it appears to be single-brooded in Eng-
land, appearing about the middle of July, at the same time that
the second brood of the other species is beginning to appear.

92 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

The Buttery is slightly larger than its allies, on the average,
expanding from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half
across the wings. The male is of a light silvery-blue with a
fine silky lustre, with a moderately broad dark border, bordered
on the inside with a row of black spots. The female is brown,
with a black discoidal spot and a sub-marginal orange band on
the hind-wings within the black spots. The under side is grey,
with discoidal lunules, a basal eye on the fore-wings, and a
sub-marginal row of orange spots. On the hind-wings there
are three basal spots, separated from the central row, so as
not to form a regular curve round the discoidal spot. The
fringes are broadly spotted with black and white, except on
the under side of the hind-wings, in which the fringes are
white.

This species varies very much in Southern Europe and Asia
Minor, and to a less extent with us. One of its varieties (P.
albicans] is nearly white above in the male.

The female is admittedly very difficult to distinguish from
that of the following species, with the second brood of which
it is usually found in company. The black spaces of the
fringes are, however, a little broader, and the orange sub- mar-
ginal spots are rather larger in P. corydon. Stain ton gives the
differences as follows: "P. corydon ? . Under side of hind-wings
with a distinct black spot in a white blotch near the middle,
faintly visible on the upper side. Besides, in P. corydon we find
the dark dashes in the white fringes broader and more conspi-
cuous than in P. adonis. A further point of distinction is that
the black spots of the under side are more conspicuous in P
corydon than in P. adonis"

The larva is green, with yellow dorsal and lateral lines ; it
feeds on various papilionaceous plants. "Pupa brownish-green,
unattached, on or under the ground " (Barrett).

Concerning the colours of the males of this and the follow-

PLATE XLVI.

V

\

thetis.

-. 5 . Plebeius

POLYOMMATUS. 93

ing species, Stainton writes: "P. adonis well deserves its name,
and is the most splendid Blue we have. P. corydon, however,
has a peculiar beauty of its own ; it reminds one of the soft,
silvery appearance of moonlight, whilst P. adonis recalls the
intense blue of the sky on a hot summer day." Mr. Barrett
also remarks respecting P. corydon : " A very beautiful insect,
of a colour very difficult to depict or describe, and rarely to be
seen in nature. I have seen the same colour in the sky in the
late twilight of a stormy day, on the patches of pale blue visible
between heavy clouds ; but no flower, and hardly any other
insect, seems to possess it. No doubt the peculiarity arises
largely from the presence of the white hairs, already men-
tioned, on the upper-side of the fore-wings, which this
species possesses in greater abundance than any other, except
the very singular P. dolus, a South European species."

P. dolus, Hiibner, above referred to, is a species found in
Southern France, which belongs to a different group to P.
corydon, and has central rows of spots on the under side of
the wings, but no sub-marginal spots, and a straight white
stripe running across the hind-wings beneath, from the base,
towards the middle of the hind-margin.

II. THE CLIFDEN BLUE BUTTERFLY. POLYOMMATUS
THETIS.

(Plate XLVL Figs. I, 3<?, 2?.)
Papilio thefts^ Von Rottemburg, Naturforscher, vi. p. 24, no. 1 1

(1775).

Papilio bellargiiS) Von Rottemburg, /. c. p. 25, no. 12 (1775) ;

Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 333, pi. 32, fig. 3 (1778); i. (2)

P 29, pi. 55, figs. 2, 6 (1780).
Polyommatus beltargus, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p,

48, pi. 14, fig. 7 (1879).

94 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

Lyccena beltargus, Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 120, pi. 26, fig. 4

(1882).
Papilio adonis > Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett

Wien. p. 184, no. n (1776); Hiibner, Europ. Schmett.

i. figs. 298-300 (1803 ?).
Polyommatus adonis , Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 691, no

223 (1823) , Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 99

(1828); Barrett, Lepid, of Brit. Isl. i. p. 81, pi. 13, figs, i,

irt^/"(i885) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. p. 106, pi.

15, fig. i (1886).

Lyccena adonis, Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 129 (1881).
Papilio hyadnthus, Lewin, Ins. Brit. i. pi. 37, figs. 4-6 (1795).
Var. Pap. ceronus, Esper, /. c i. (2) p 178, pi. 90, fig 2

(1784); p. 50, pi. 102, fig. i (1791 ?) Hiibner, /. c. figs.

295, 297 (1803?).
Lycana bellargus, var. ceronus, Lang, /. c. p. 121, pi. 26, fig. 5

(1882).

Var. Pap. rinnus, Hiibner, /. c. figs. 830, 831 (1827?).
Var. Polyommatus dory las, Stephens, /. c. p. 83 (1828).

This species is common in many places throughout Southern
and Central Europe, and the Mediterranean Region; and in the
southern parts of its range it is much more widely distributed,
and much more variable than in the north. It is found,
frequently with P. corydon, chiefly on a chalk or limestone soil,
and as a British insect, appears to be confined to the south
of England. It is, I believe, still to be taken abundantly in
certain localities close to Brighton, where five species of this
group, Polyommatus corydon. P. thetis, P. icarus, P. alexis, and
Zizera minima, may all be found flying together. Wherever I
have been collecting on the Rhine, at the right season, I
have found P. thetis fairly common in the flowery meadows
on the banks, where P. corydon, when it occurs at all, is
scarcer ; but I never saw P. thetis far from the banks of the

POLVOMMATUS. 95

river. It is a double-brooded Butterfly, both in England and
on the Continent, and is met with from May to September.

The Clifden Blue is a little smaller than P. corydon, the
largest specimens rarely measuring an inch and a half across
the wings. The male is of a brilliant sky-blue above, with
narrow black borders, and the fringes white, spotted with black.
There is often a sub-marginal row of small black dots on the
hind-wings. The female is brown above, more or less blue at the
base, and with a row of sub-marginal orange spots, which border
the black ones on the hind- wings ; the fringes are black and
white, as in the male. There is a black discoidal mark on the
fore-wings only. The under side is grey, with discoidal lunules,
a row of spots beyond, and a marginal row of orange spots,
bordered with black ones. The hind-wings have three basal
spots, forming, with the central row of eyes, nearly a circle
round the discoidal spot. For the differences between the
female and that of P. corydon, see that species (p. 92).

In the variety P cinnus, the spots of the under side are not
ocellated, and in var P. ceronus, the female is blue above,
instead of brown The true P. dorylas, of Denis and SchifTer-
miiller, with which Stephens confounded a variety of P.
thetis, is a European species which does not occur in the
north-west ; it resembles P. thetis in the shade of blue in the
male, but the fringes are white, and unspotted. Stephens'
description of his P. dory las, which is supposed to apply to a
variety of P thetis, is as follows : " The male is of a bright
blue above, and has a slender black marginal line as in P.
adonis, but the cilia are immaculate ; beneath, the anterior
wings are pale cinereous, and have a central transverse black
streak on the disc, followed by a waved row of black dots
faintly cinctured with whitish ; there is then a delicate inter-
rupted band of fulvous, terminated with a whitish margin ;
the posterior-wings resemble these of P. adonis ; but they are

96 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

without the black streak in the centre of the triangular dis-
coidal spot ; the ocelli are fewer in number, and the margin
has a few fulvous spots, and is banded with whitish ; the
cilia are immaculate. The female is brown above ; in other
respects she resembles the male "

The larva is green, with black bristles and numerous yellow
streaks. It feeds on various low plants (Lotus, Trifolium, &c.).

III. THE COMMON BLUE. POLYOMMATUS ICARUS

(Plate XLV. Figs. 7, 9<J, 8?.)
Papilio teams, Von Rottemburg, Naturforscher, vi. p. 21, no. 8

(i775); Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 333, pi. 32, fig. 4

(1778 ?) ; i. (2) p. 135, pi. 79, fig. 2 (1782 ?).
Papilio thetis, Esper, /. c. p. 332, pi. 32, fig. 2 (1778 ?).
Lyc&na icarus, Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 128 (1881);

Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 117, pi. 25, fig. 4 (1882).
Pdlyommatus icarus, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 48

(1879).

Papilio alexis, var. 2, Scopoli, Ent. Cam. p. 179 (1763).
Papilio alexis, Denis & Schiff. Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 184,

no. 12 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 292-294

(1803?).
Polyommatus alexis, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 690, no 222

(1823); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 91 (1827);

Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. i. p. 77, pi. u, figs. 2, 2a-jt

(1892); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. pp. in, 191,

pi. 15, fig. 2 (1886).
Papilio polyphemus, Esper, Schmett. i. (i), p. 387, pi. 50, figs

Var. Papilio icarinus, Scriba, Journ. Ent. iii. p. 216 (1791);

Meigen, Eur. Schmett. ii. p. 25, pi. 48, figs. 2«, b (1830).
Papilio icarus, var. Esper, /. c. i. (2) p. 29, pi. 55, fig. 5 (1780).
Lycana alexis, Herrich-Schaffer, Schmett. Eur. i. p. 120, fig. 246

(1844).

POLYOMMATUS. 97

Lycana icams v. icarinus^ Lang, /. c. p. 117, pi. 25, fig. 5

(1882).
Var. Polyommatus labienus, Jermyn, Butterfly - Collector's

Vade-Mecum, p. 58 (1825).
Var. Polyommatus thestylis, Jermyn, /. c. (1825).
Var. Polyommatus la: on, Jermyn, /. c. (1825).
Var. Polyommatus eros, Stephens, /. c. p. 91 (1827).
Var. Polyommatus icarius, Stephens, /. c. p. 93 (1827).

The Common Blue is the most widely-distributed and
abundant of all the species of this group throughout Europe
and Northern and Western Asia, and varies greatly. There
are two or more broods in the year, so that it may be found
throughout the fine season.

It generally expands rather less than an inch and a half, but
varies very much in size. The smallest specimen which I
have ever seen I took on the beach between Hove and Shore-
ham Harbour on July 18, 1865. It was recorded in the
"Entomologist's Monthly Magazine" (vol. ii., p. 92), and was
a male in excellent condition, measuring only 8^ lines across
the wings. Some years afterwards I lent it to a friend who
wished to draw it ; but on pressing him for its return, he in-
formed me that he had put the box aside and forgotten it, and
on opening it, found that the specimen had been destroyed
by mites.

The male is of a lilac-blue, with a narrow black border, and
white unspotted fringes. The hairs on the body and at the
base of the wings are likewise whitish. The female is brown,
more or less blue at the base (sometime^, however, the surface
is entirely purplish-blue), and ornamented with a row of
fulvous marginal spots, those on the hind-wings bordered
below with a row of black spots. On the under side the
wings are of a brownish-ash colour, with the base more or less
10 H

98 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

bluish or greenish, the fore-wings usually having £wo ocelli to-
wards the base (which are absent in the variety P. icarinus)
within the discoidal lunule, and a curved row of ocelli near the
middle, succeeded by a continuous row of dusky crescents,
edged with reddish-yellow externally, and beyond this there is
a row of small dusky spots on a whitish ground ; a black line
at the base of the fringes. The hind-wings have generally four
ocelli near the base ; an angular white spot near the middle,
frequently having a black streak in its centre; a curved band
of eight or nine ocelli, succeeded by a series of markings
similar to those on the fore-wings, but the crescents and
fulvous spots are larger and more conspicuous. A white
blotch near the middle unites the band of ocelli with the
fulvous crescents.

This species is so variable, not only in colour and markings,
but even in the form of the wings, that the older entomolo-
gists described several forms as new species, which are now
considered to be merely varieties of P. teams ; and others they
mistook for different Continental species wh'ch do not occur
in England. Thus, Stephens mistook a variety of P. icarus
for P. tithonus (Hiibner = P. eros, Ochsenheimer), a pale blue
species with broad brown borders, found in the Swiss Alps,
and almost impossible to be found in Britain. Specimens of
P. icarus are sometimes met with, in which the colouring of
both sexes are combined, the wings on one side exhibiting t-he
colours of the male, and on the other those of the female.
These are called gynandromorphous individuals. Variable as
this species is, it can yet be easily distinguished, in most cases,
from any of the allied British species.

The larva is green, pubescent, with a darker dorsal stripe,
and with lighter stripes on the sides; the pupa is also green.
The larva feeds on a variety of low plants.

PLATE XLVJII

1.2. Polyonuncutus alexis.
3—5 . „ scdmcLcis.

6. 7 . artaxerjces.

POLYOMMATUS. 99

IV. THE BROWN ARGUS. POLYOMMATUS ALEXIS.
(Plate XL VIII. Figs. I, 2.)

Fapilio alexis, Scopoli, Ent. Cam. p. 179 (1763); v°n Rot-

temburg, Nalurforscher, vi. p. 22, no. 9 (1776).
Papilio medon, Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. ii. p. 78, no. 41 (1786);

Von Rottemburg, /. c. no. 10 (1776); Espcr, Sclimett. i.

(1) P- 330, pl- 32, fiS- T (i779); i- (2) p. 29, pi. 55,

fig. 7 (1780).

Lyccena medon, Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 121 (1881).
fapitto agesliS) Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien, p. 184, no. 13 (1776) ; Hiibaer, Eur. Schmett. i. figs.

303-306(1803?).
Polyommatus agestis, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 689, no.

220 (1823) ; Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 94

(1827); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 73, pl. 10, figs. 3,

3<z, b (1892); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. p. 116, pi

1 6, fig. i (1886).
Papilio astrarche, Bergstrasser, Nomenclator, iii. p. 4, pl. 49,

figs. 7, 8(i779)-
Polyommatus astrarche, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p.

50, pl. 14, fig. 9 (1879).
Lyccena astrarche, Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 114, pl. 24, fig. 9

(1882).
Var. Lyccena astrarche, v. cestiva, Staud. Cat. Lepid. Eur.

ed. 2, p. n, no. 1556 (1871).
Var. PapiKo OIL-US^ Hiibner, /. c. figs. 988-992 (1841?).

The Brown Argus is common throughout the greater part of
Europe, the Mediterranean Region, and Northern and Western
Asia. The largest and brightest-coloured specimens come
from the Mediterranean Region, where the two broods pre-
sent constant differences in many localities. It is a local
insect in the south of England, where it is double-brooded,

II 2

100 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

occurring in May and August, like the allied " Blues," and it
is fond of chalky districts, though less exclusively confined to
them than are P. corydon and P. thetis. The Northern and
Scotch forms are noticed under separate headings. The variety
P. allous was figured from a specimen in which the usual red
sub-marginal spots were wanting.

The Brown Argus measures an inch or a little more across
the fore-wings, which are dark brown on the upper side in both
sexes, with a fine silky gloss, and white fringes. There is a
sub-marginal row of deep red spots on all the wings, and a
black discoidal spot on the fore-wings. The under side is greyish-
brown, with no bluish tinge towards the base, and no basal
spots on the fore-wings, but three are present on the hind-wings.
There are discoidal spots, a central row of spots beyond (all
conspicuously ringed with white), and the sub-marginal reddish
spots connected into a band, edged within by a black line of
crescents. Beyond this the wing is white, with a row of black
dots outside the reddish band, and a black line at the base of
the fringes ; a white dash runs from the middle of the hind-
wings to the reddish band.

The larva is green, with white hairs, a dark dorsal line, and
a pink line over the spiracles. It feeds on Helianthemum
vulgare and EroJium cicutarium. The green pink-striped pupa
is generally found on the ground amongst leaves.

V. THE DURHAM ARGUS. POLYOMMATUS SALMACIS.
(Plate XL VIIL Fig. 3 <J , 4, 5 ? •)

Polyommatus salmaris, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p.
235, note (1831); Westwood & Humphreys, Brit. But-
terflies, p. 115, pi. 37, figs. 1-3 (1841).

Polyommatus agestis, var. salmacis, Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl.
i. p. 74, pi. 10, figs. 3£--3/ (1892).

This is the usual form of Polyommatus akxis found in the

POLYOMMATUS. IOI

north of England, where it was first met with at Castle Eden
Dene, and subsequently in considerable numbers, on the mag-
nesian limestone district near Newcastle, in July ; it has also
been found in Yorkshire and Cumberland.

This insect differs from the typical P. alexis in the orange
spots of the upper side being more or less obsolete, especially
in the male, and in the black discoidal spot being edged with
white. The black spots on the under side are smaller than in
P. alexis. Stephens' original description is as follows : —

" Alis fusco-nigris,subtus fuscescentibus maculis subocellatis,
anticis supra in masculis puncto discoidali atro, in fceminis
albo, posticis utrinque fascia submarginali rubra. (Exp. alar.
$ i unc. i lin. ; ? i unc. 2 lin.) "

Duncan's more detailed description may also be quoted : —

"Silky brown above, with a macular posterior band of
orange-red on all the wings, somewhat obsolete in the male,
and a white spot on the disk of the primary wings, which, how-
ever, is occasionally wanting in both sexes, but especially in
the female. The fringe is white, slightly variegated with brown
at the base. The colour of the under side is greyish-brown,
the anterior wings with a discoidal white spot; beyond this is a
curved band of similar spots, with a minute dusky pupil, suc-
ceeded by a band of orange spots, bounded on both sides by
a dusky crescent, surmounted with white, the outer margin
denned by a dusky line; the hinder wings have a similar mar-
ginal band, several scattered white spots towards the base, a
larger one near the centre, and a very irregular row behind the
middle, with a broad white central patch connecting it with
the yellow band. Most of these spots have a minute dusky
pupil in the male, but greatly more conspicuous in the
female."

This and the following form appear to be only single-
brooded. A complete series of transitions has now been

[02 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

traced from P. alexis through P. sahnaris to P. artaxerxes ;
and there are no constant differences of larvse and food-plants
which were at one time expected to separate the extreme
forms.

VI. THE ARTAXERXES BUTTERFLY. POLYOMMATUS

ARTAXERXES.

(Plate XL VI I I. Figs. 6, 7.)

Hesperia artaxerxes, Fabricius, Entomologia Systematica,

iii. (i) p. 297, no. 129 (1783) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i.

%s. 95T~954 (1841?).
Polyominatus artaxerxes, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 68 8, no.

219 (1823); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 95

(1827).
Polyominatus agestis, var. artaxerxes, Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i.

p. 74, pi. 10, figs. y~Zf (l%92)'> Buckler, Larvae of

Brit. Lepid. i. p. 121, pi. 16, fig. i (1886).
Lyccen i astrarche, var. artaxerxes, Lang, Butterflies Eur. p.

115, pi. 24, fig. 10 (1882).

The present insect was always considered to be a perfectly
distinct species till recently, when its identity with P. alexis
and P. salmacis has been fully established by careful and re-
peated breeding experiments. The true P. ar!axerxes is
locally abundant in many parts of Scotland, and is single-
brooded, occurring in July and August. For many years,
Arthur's Seat, at Edinburgh, was the only known locality, and
some entomologists even undertook a journey to Edinburgh
(a most formidable undertaking a century ago) in order to obtain
specimens, while others had a drawing made of the insect, and
placed it in a corner of their cabinets, to do duty for the
original. In fact, the description of the Butterfly was taken by
Fabricius, as in the case of so many other species, from the
collection of drawings made by Jones of Chelsea.

PLATE XLIX.

/_<3. Cyardris curgwlus
4. 5. TA^ercu
6. 7. Nomicuies

CYANIRIS. 103

As in the other forms of the insect, P. artaxerxes is a brown
Butterfly with white fringes, and a sub-marginal band of red
spots, more or less obsolete in the male. There is a con-
spicuous white discoidal spot on the fore-wings. On the
under side, which is light brownish-grey, the discoidal spots,
the outer band of spots, and the basal spots on the hind-wings,
are all conspicuously white, without any black centres; the
sub-marginal band being more orange, pnler, and edged out-
side with a row of black dots ; beyond, the wings are whitish,
with a brown line at the base of the fringes.

There are one or two Alpine Butterflies with large white
spots on the underside of the wings — Agriades orbitulus (De
Prunner) and A. atys (Hiibner) — but they are allied to, if not
congeneric with, Nomiades semiargus (Von Rottemburg).

GENUS CYANIRIS.

CyaniriS) Dalman. K. Vet. Acad. Handl. Stockholm, xxxiii.
pp. 63, 94 (i 8 1 6) ; Scudder, Syst. Rev. Amer. Butterflies,
p. 34 (1872) ; Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, i. p. 74(1881).

Species of this genus are found in almost all parts of the
world, except South America and Australia. Many are very
closely allied, and the greater number are of a rather pale blue
in both sexes, with broad dark borders in the female. The
under surface is usually bluish-white with numerous black
spots, and rarely with any traces of a sub-marginal orange
band. The type is

THE AZURE BLUE. CYANIRIS ARGIOLUS.

(Plate XLIX. Figs, i, 3 $ Fig. 2 ? .)

Papilio argiolus, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 483, no. 153
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 284(1761); Herbst, Naturs.
Schmett. xi. pi. 310, figs. 4-6 (1804).

Papilio cleobis, Sulzer, Gescli. Ins. pi. 18, figs. 13, 14 (1776);
Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 360, pi. 40, fig. 3 (1778 ?); i. (2)
p. 27, pi. 54, figs. 4«, b (1780).

104 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

Papilio ads, Fabricius, Mantissa Ins. ii. p. 73, no. 687 (1787);

Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 272-271 (1803).
Polyommatus argiolus, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 678, no. 190

(1823); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 85 (1827);

Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 46, pi. 14, figs. 40, b

(1879); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. i. p. 88, pi. 13, figs.

2, za-e (1892); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. pp. 94,

188, pi. 14, fig. i (1886).
Lycana argiolus, Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 135 (1881);

Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 127, pi. 31, fig. i (1882).
The Azure Blue Butterfly is common in many parts of
England and Ireland, frequenting woods and thickets, where
its food-plants grow, in early spring/ and again in summer and
autumn. It is also common throughout Europe, North
Africa, and Northern and Western Asia, as far as the frontiers
of India ; and closely-allied species are found in North
America. It varies considerably in size, expanding from
rather less than an inch to nearly an inch and a half across the
wings. It is the earliest to appear of all the Blues, sometimes
being seen in April ; and it is still met with in various localities
quite close to London.

The fore-wings are of a light blue, somewhat inclining to lilac
above, with white fringes, slightly interrupted by the black ner
vures, and a black border, narrow in the male, but broad in the
female on the fore-wings ; on the hind-wings it is narrow. The
under side is of a pale blue, with black discoidal lunules, and
an outer row of black spots, not ocellated ; towards the base of
the hind-wings are several more spots. There are no distinct
sub-marginal spots.

The larva, which feeds on the flowers of holly, buck-thorn,
and ivy, is pubescent, of a greenish-yellow colour, deepest on
the back ; the head and legs are black ; the pupa is yellowish-
brown.

ZIZERA. 105

GENUS ZIZERA.
Zizera, Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, i. p. 78 (1881).

This genus includes very small Butterflies, with no sub-
marginal markings beneath, and no basal spots on the fore-
wings.

I. THE BEDFORD BLUE. ZIZERA MINIMA.

(Plate XLIX. Figs. 4, 5.)

Papilio minima, Fuessly, Verz. Schweitz. Ins. p. 31, no. 599
(1775); Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 338, pi. 34, fig. 3
(1778?).

Papilio alsus, Denis & Schiff. Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien, p. 184,
no. 9 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 278, 279

(1803?).

Ciipido ptier, $ Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (i) p. 215, no. 1374

(1801).
Polyommatus alsus, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 704, no. 246

(1823); Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 86 (1828);

Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. i. p. 92, pi. 14, figs, \a-\c

(1892).
Polyommatus mit.tm i, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 46,

pi. 14, fig. 3 (1879).

Lyccena alsus, Newm. Brit. Butterflies, p. 134 (1881).
Lycana minima, Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 128 (1882).

The Bedford Blue is the smallest of our British Blues, ex-
panding from two-thirds of an inch to an inch across the
wings, which aie brown above, with white fringes, and have a
faint bluish tint in the male. On the under surface they are
pearly-grey, slightly bluish or greenish at the base, with dis-
coidal spots, and a row of black eyes in white rings beyond ;
on the hind-wings there are several additional spots towards
the base. It is double-brooded, and is met with from May to
August.

IC6 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY-

The larva is green, with orange and yellow lines, and feeds
on Anthyllis vulneraria, and other vetches. The pupa is pale
grey, with black dots and dashes ; it is found on the ground,
unattached, according to some writers, but others say that it is
attached by a belt to a stalk of the food-plant.

The Butterfly is common throughout Europe and Northern
and Western Asia, but is very local in Britain, preferring a
chalk or limestone soil. In Switzerland it is frequently found
in company with Cupido argiades, which led Schrank to regard
it as the true female of that species.

GENUS NOMIADES.

NomiadtS) Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 67 (1816).
This name may be provisionally applied to a number of
species of moderate or large size, which are generally blue
above in the males, and brown in the females. The under
surface of the wings is marked with discoidal spots, at least on
the fore-wings, and at least one row of spots beyond, generally
largest on the fore-wings. There are no marginal markings,
or at least no red or orange ones, and not always discoidal
lunules, or basal spots on the hind-wings. Dr. Scudder has
indicated the type as N. semiargus ; but this species and its
allies will probably be separated ultimately from the group
represented by N. arion. The British species of this group
are on the verge of extinction in England.

THE MAZARINE BLUE. NOMIADES SEMIARGUS.

(Plate XLIX. Figs 6, 7.)

Papilio semiargus, Von Rottemburg, Naturforscher, vi. p. 20,

fio- 6 (J775); Herbst, Naturs. Schmett. xi. p. 177 (1804).

Papilio argioluS) Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 277, pi. 21, figs, i,

a, b (1778); Hubner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 269-271

(1803).

NOMIADES. 107

Papilio acis, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien, p. 182, no. 5 (1776); Herbst, /. c. pi. 310, figs.

la-c (1804).
Polyommatus ads, Gpdirt, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 703, no. 245

(1823); Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 86 (1828);

Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 94, pi. 14, figs. 2, 2a, b

(1881).
Polyommatus semiargus, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p.

46 (1879).
Lycana semiargus, Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 129, pi. 31, fig. 5

(1882).
Lyc&na acis, Newm. Brit. Butterflies, p. 133 (iSSi).

The Mazarine Blue Butterfly is common throughout the
greater part of Europe and Northern Asia, but has always
been a scarce and local insect in England Sixty or seventy
years ago, however, it used to be taken in most of the
counties of England and Wales, though only occasionally
common in very restricted localities. Since that time it has
gradually disappeared from its former haunts, and for many
years past only single specimens have been taken casually at
long intervals. Latterly even such captures have become very
rare, and the insect is supposed to be now almost, if not quite,
extinct as a British species It frequents dry meadows in June
and July, being single-brooded, and used to show a certain
preference for chalky localities, though by no means confined
to them. I have taken it in Germany among Polyommatus
t<:arus,but seldom commonly; and I could hardly tell the insects
apart, except in the net, or from a view of the under side. I
am therefore of opinion that collectors who would take the
trouble to net any blues they may notice, especially in out-of-
the-way parts of the country, may possibly meet with an oc-
casional specimen of this species. This advice has, I know,
been given before, and, doubtless, largely acted on without

io8 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

success ; but still I do not regard it as by any means hope-
less.

The Mazarine Blue expands about an inch and a quarter
across the wings. The male is dark purplish-blue, with a
moderately broad blackish border, and white fringes ; the
female is brown. The under side is of a dull ash-colour,
greenish at the base, with discoidal lunules (very narrow
on the hind-wings), and a single row of rather small black
eyes in white rings beyond.

The larva is covered with fine yellowish-green hair; the
dorsal and lateral streaks darker. The head, feet, and stig-
mata are dark brown. It feeds on Anthyllis vulneraria from
July to September.

N. cyllarus (Von Rottemburg) is an extremely pretty species
allied to N. semiargus, and it is not uncommon on the Conti-
nent, but is absent in the North-west. The male is of a bright
blue above ; and on the under side the eyes on the fore-wings
are much larger than those on the hind-wings, and the under
side of the hind-wings is of a beautiful green, from the base to
beyond the middle.

I. THE LARGE BLUE. NOMIADES ARION.
(Plate XLVIL Figs. I, 2.)

Papilio arion, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) p. 483, no. 151 (1758),
id. Faun. Suec. p. 283 (1761); Esper, Schmett. i. p. 266,
pi. 20, fig. 2 (1777); i- (2) P- 53, pl- 59, ng. 2 (1780);
Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 254-256 (1803 ?).

Polyommatus arion> Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 698, no. 235
(1823) ; Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 87 (1828) ;
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 45 (1879); Bar-
rett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 96, pl. 14, figs. 3, $a-c
(1892); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. pp. 185, 188
(1886).

PLATE XLVII.

s,

/. 2. Nomicules
3.4. „ alcon.

5.6. PotyoTnmcUus corydon/.

NOMIAUES. 109

Lycana arion^ Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 136(1881); Lang,

Butterflies Eur. p. 133, pi. 32, fig. 5 (1882).
Var. Folyommatus alcon, Stephens, /. c. p. 88 (1828).

The Large Blue is common throughout a great part of
Europe and Northern and Western Ash, and on the Con-
tinent is frequently found in company with three or four other
closely-allied species which do not occur in England. One
of these, N. areas (Von Rottemburg), is a very dark-coloured
species. Like N. semiargus, it was always very local in Eng-
land and Wales, the principal locality for many years having
been Barnwell Wold in Northamptonshire, where it is said to
have been finally exterminated by a dealer. As, however, it is
fond of waste ground, the advance of cultivation has been its
real enemy ; for it appears to have been taken occasionally in
most counties in the southern half of England. But for many
years it has been rapidly disappearing, and is apparently on the
verge of extinction as a British species, though it still lingers
on in certain restricted localities in Devonshire and Cornwall.

The Large Blue measures an inch and a half, or rather more,
across the wings, which are of a purplish-blue, with rather broad
black hind-margins, and the costa of the hind- wings black. The
fore-wings have a black discoidal lunule, beyond which is a row
of rather large black spots. The fringes are white above, but
spotted with brown on the nervures beneath. The hind-wings
have a sub-marginal row of black spots, and in some varieties
of the female are spotted almost as in the fore-wings. The
under side is greyish-brown, greenish towards the base, with dis-
coidal lunules, and a central row of black eyes beyond, ringed
with white, one or two more or less distinct rows of sub-marginal
spots, and some additional eyes towards the base of the hind-
wings. The Butterfly appears in July, and is fond of settling
on the blossoms of wild thyme, on which the larva, which is
imperfectly known, feeds.

110 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

The Butterfly called Polyommatus alcon by Stephens is con-
sidered to be only a variety of N anon, and not the Continental
species described below. The specimen, which is stated to have
been taken in Buckinghamshire, is said to have been nearly im-
maculate above, and to have measured an inch and a half
across :he wings. " Beneath brownish-ash, the anterior [wings]
with ocellated black dots as in the preceding, and a series
towards the hinder-margin, which has not the lunulated spots as
in P. arion ; the posterior wings also bear ocelli, as in the last-
named insect, and a series behind, but the hinder margin is
nearly immaculate. The female is nearly all brown above,
with some obsolete dots, but resembles the male beneath."

THE ALCON BLUE. NOMIADES ALCON.

(Plate XLVIL Figs. 3, 4.)
Fapilio alcon, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien, p. 182, no. 4 (1776); Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 72,

no. 683 (1787); Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. i. figs. 263-

265 (1803 ?).
Papilio areas, Esper (nee. Von Rottemburg), Schmett. i. (i)

p. 338, pl- 34, %s. 4, 5 (1778?).
Polyommatus alcon, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 699, no. 236

(1823); Duncan, Brit. Butterflies, p. 234, pi. 32, fig. 2

(1835); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 45 (1879).
Lyc&na alcon, Lang, Eur. Butterflies, p. 132, pi. 32, fig. 3

(1882).

As we have mentioned above, the present species was in-
cluded in the British lists on the strength of a specimen which
was suspected, even at the time it was described as N. alcon, to
be only a variety of N. arion. It is a rather scarce and local
species on the Continent, and I have occasionally taken it on
heaths in Northern Germany, where no other species of the
group of N. arion were to be met with.

SCOLITANTIDES. Ill

N. a/con measures rather less than an inch and a half in
expanse. The male is purplish-blue, with a moderately broad
black border on the hind-margins, and a discoidal spot on the
fore-wings. The female is blue, with the costa and hind-margin
of all the wings very broadly brown ; the fore-wings have a
discoidal lunule, and an obscure curved row of black spots.
The under side is brownish-ashy, with discoidal spots, an outer
row of eyes, and some basal spots on the hind-wings. There
is also a sub-marginal row of eyes ; all the eyes being rather
small, and uniform in size. The hind-wings are slightly bluish
towards the base. The transformations are unknown.

Having now completed the survey of the British "Blues,"
I will add a short notice of some of the more important
European and exotic genera which are still frequently grouped
with them under the magazine genus Polyommatus^ or Lyccena.

GENUS SCOLITANTIDES.

Scolitantides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 68 (1816).
This little group is considered by Ur. Scudder to be con-
generic with Pkbeius ; but the wings are rather longer and less
acute, and there are no metallic spots in the sub-marginal
markings of the hind-wings beneath. It includes a few Euro-
pean and East Indian species.

SCOLITANTIDES ORION.

Papilio orion, Pallas, Reise, i. p. 471 (1771).

Papilio tekphii, Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 363, pi. 41, fig. 2

(1778 ?) ; i. (2) p. 6, pi. 94, fig. (1790).
Papilio bathis, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 328-330 (1803 ?);

figs. 801, 802 (1827?).
Polyommatus orion, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 51

(.879).

i i 2 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Lycana orion, Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 108, pi. 24, fig. i (1882).
Polyommatus telephii^ Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 686, no. 215
(1823).

This is a widely distributed, but local species, inhabiting
many parts of Europe and Northern and Western Asia, and
frequenting rocky places in May and June. It is dark brown
above, with the fringes spotted with white, and the base of the
wings purplish-blue in the male, most broadly on the fore-
wings. There is a large black discoidal lunule on the fore-
wings. The hind-margins of the fore-wings are marked with
rows of more or less distinct bluish-white spots, and the hind-
wings are marked with indistinct black spots in bluish-white
rings. The under side is bluish-white, with large and con-
spicuous black spots, consisting of basal spots on both fore- and
hind-wings, discoidal lunules, a row of spots bayond, and a
double row of sub-marginal spots, separated on the hind-wings
by a broad orange band.

The larva is sea-green, with a violet dorsal line, and feeds
on Telephium.

GENUS CASTALIUS.

Castalius, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816); Moore,
Lepid. Ceylon, i. p. 82 (1881); Distant, Rhop. Malayana,
p. 214 (1884).

This genus includes a number of rather small East Indian
and African Butterflies of a white colour, slightly tinted with
blue, and with blackish borders, and black spots and bands
on the under side. The hind-wings are provided with a short
and slender tail. The type is

CASTALIUS ROSIMON.

Papilio rosimon, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 523, no. 341 (1775).
Papilio clyton, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 67, figs. F-G (1775).

CASTALIUS. 113

Papilio corldon, Cramer, /. c, iv. pi. 340, figs. C-F (1781).
Polyommatus rosimon^ Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 658, no. 141

(1823).
Castalius rosimon, Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, i. p. 83, pi. 36, fig.

2 (1881); Distant, Rhop. Malayana, p. 215, pi. 22, fig.

20 (1884).

This Butterfly is common in India and the adjacent islands ;
it measures about an inch and a half across the wings, which
are white, tinged with pale blue at the base, and with blackish
borders, broader in the female than in the male, which are
spotted with white on the hind-wings. There are large black
lunules at the end of the cell, and some large black spots and
markings, partly connected with the border. The under side
is white with some heavy black stripes and spots towards the
base, and three rows of black sub-marginal spots. It flies near
the ground, and frequently settles among grass and low
plants.

The genera Pepliphorus and Thysonotis, Hiibner, include a
number of beautiful and closely-allied species, found through-
out the Austro-Malayan Region ; they are extremely numerous
in New Guinea and the adjacent islands. These species
measure about an inch and a half across the wings, which
are of a light blue in the males, and brown in the females,
usually with a white band, broadest at the inner margin
of the hind-wings, and diminishing towards the costa of
the fore-wings ; on the under surface the borders of the
wings are broadly black. In the species of Peplipharus^ the
type of which is Papilio cyanea, Cramer, there is a marginal
row of eyes on the under side of the hind-wings. In Thyso*
notis (type, Papilio Jams, Cramer), the black borders of the
under side are transversed by broad stripes of metallic green or
blue.

10 I

ii4 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

GENUS PITHECOPS.

Pithecops, Horsfield, Cat Lepid. Mus. E. I. C. p 66 (1828);
Schatz & Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 272 (1892).

The type of this genus, P. hylax (Fabricms), is a small Butter-
fly from Java, with moderately long, rounded wings, hardly ex-
pand'ng more than three-quarters of an inch. It is dark brown
above, and whitish below, with no basal or discoidal markings,
but with a large blackish spot just before the extremity of the
costa. There are some small sub-marginal black dashes, and
within them, on the hind-wings, is a yellowish line. The first
sub-costal nervule anastomoses with the costal nervure, which
distinguishes this genus from the very similar Neopithecops (the
types of which are found in Ceylon and Singapore), in which
the sub -costal and costal nervures are distinctly separated.

GENUS LYCMINESTHES,

Lyccznesthes, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 773; id.
Lepid. Ceylon, i. p. 87 (1881); Distant, Rhop. Malay,
p. 232 (1884) ; Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p.
343; Schatz & Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 274 (1892).

The type of this genus is L. bengalensis, Moore, a Butterfly
which is common throughout India and the Indo-Malayan
region. It measures about an inch and a half across the
wings, which are dark purplish-blue above in the male, and
purplish-brown, with a bluish patch at the base, in the female ;
towards the anal angle is a small black spot. The under side
is pale greyish-brown, with irregular white lines partly enclosing
darker spaces, and a small orange spot with a black pupil
towards the anal angle of the hind-wings.

A great number of East Indian and African Butterflies,
resembling small species of Thecla, Plebeius, &c., have been,
rightly or wrongly, referred to this genus. Most of them are

LYC^NA. 115

remarkable for possessing two, or more often three, small pro1
jecting tufts of scales on the hind-margin of the hind-wings.

GENUS LYC^NA.
Lycana> Fabricius in Illiger, Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 285 (1807) ;

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 129 (1815); Curtis, Brit.

Ent. i. pi. 12 (1824); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i.

p. 79 (1828).
PolyommatuS) pt. Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xiv. p. 116

(1805).

Chrysophanus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 72 (1816); West-
wood, G'jn. Diurn. Lepid. p. 497 (1852) ; Schatz &
Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 274 (1892).
I have already, in my remarks on the genus Folyommatus^
explained my reasons for regarding L. phl&as as the type of
Lyccena.

The present genus differs from those which we have already
noticed, in which the sub-costal nervure is four-branched, by the
absence of the upper disco-cellular nervule on the fore-wings,
and by the brilliant coppery-red colour of most of the species.
They are widely distributed in Europe and Asia, and in addi-
tion to their bright coppery colour, many are flushed with
purple. Others are slightly tailed ; but these peculiarities are
but slightly indicated in any of our British species, all of which,
with one exception, are now excessively rare, if not actually
extinct in Britain.

I. THE SCARCE COPPER. LYC^ENA VIRGAURE^E.

(Plate L. Figs.^ 5.)

Papilio virgaurece, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 484, no.
181 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 285 (1766) ; Esper,
Schmett. i. (i) p. 287, pi. 22, figs. 2a, £(1777) ; Hiibner,
Europ. Schmett. i. figs. 359-361 (1803?), figs. 884-887
(1827?).

I 2

n6 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Polyommatus virgaurece, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 669, no.

166(1823); Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 86, pi. 19, fig. i

(1881).
Lycczna virgaurea, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 83,

pi. 9 (1828); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 56,

pi. 15, figs, i a-c (1879).

Chrysophanusvirgaurea, Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 55 (1892).
The present species is common in many parts of Europe
and Western Asia, and was stated by Stephens, on the authority
of older writers, to be found in marshes in Cambridgeshire and
Huntingdonshire, frequenting the flowers of the Golden Rod
in August. These localities have long been destroyed, and
the insect, if it ever existed there, has probably been exter-
minated, with so many others ; but it must have always been a
great rarity in this country. One or two British specimens
have been recorded in more recent times, but Mr. Barrett
thinks that they were probably accidentally introduced with
plants, or otherwise, The last recorded specimen was taken
at Cromer, not a very unlikely locality. On the Continent it
frequents flowery slopes, open places in woods, &c., where its
brilliant colour renders it very conspicuous. It may easily be
distinguished from all other European species by the white
markings on the under side.

The Scarce Copper measures about an inch and a quarter
across the wings, which are in the male of a brilliant copper
above, slightly inclining to yellow, with a narrow black
border ; towards the border of the hind-wings are some small
black dots. The female is dull copper, with discoidal lunules, a
spot in the cell on the fore-wings, and two rows of large black
spots on the fore-wings, and three rows on the hind ones, the
innermost incomplete. On the under side the fore- wings are
coppery, with two small black spots in the cell within the dis-
coidal lunule, and a row of small black spots beyond ; the

PLATE L.

3.

\

\

dispar.
4. 5. n virgaurece.

LYC^ENA. TI7

hind-wings are light brown, often greenish or yellowish, with
an orange stripe at the anal angle. Across the wings runs an
irregular white band, generally broken into two large spots,
and nearer the base are several small black spots.

The larva is pubescent, and of a dull green, with a yellow
dorsal line and pale green streaks on the sides. It feeds on
Golden Rod, Rumex, &c., in June and September, the Butter-
fly being double-brooded (on the Continent), and appearing
there from May to August.

II, THE LARGE COPPER. LYC^ENA DISPAR.

(Plate L. Figs, i <? ; 2,3?.)
Papilio hippothoe (nee Linn.), Lewin, Ins. Brit. i. pi. 40 (1795) ;

Donovan, Nat. Hist. Brit. Ins. vii. p. 3, pi. 217 (1798);

Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. i. figs. 966-968 (1841 ?).
Papilio dispar, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 40, no. 51 (1803).
Lycczna dispar^ Curtis, Brit. Ent. i. pi. 12 (1824); Stephens,

111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 81 (1828) ; Kirby, Eur. Butter-
flies and Moths, p. 55 (1879).
Polyommatus dispar, Boisd. Icones, i. pi. 10, figs. 1-3 (1833) ;

Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 90, pi. 19, fig. 4 (1881).
Polyommatus hippothoe^ Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 114

(1881).
Chrysophanus dispar, Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 56, pi. 9,

figs, i, la, b (1892).

Some difference of opinion exists as to whether the Large
Copper is a distinct species, or only a local insular form of
the following. It was probably known to English entomolo-
gists for some time before the end of the last century, but
Wilkes does not mention it, writing in 1745; and the first
notice by an English writer is by Lewin, in 1795, who says
that his specimens were taken "on a moorish piece of ground

n8 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

near Cambridge." Haworth, in 1803, who first described the
British insect as a distinct species, says that it was taken by
his friends, Mr. W. and Dr. F. Scrimshire, in reedy places in
Cambridgeshire; and formerly in Wales, by the celebrated
botanist Hudson. (Apropos of this last, and unconfirmed, state-
ment, I may say that I have been told that Butterflies some-
what resembling this species have been seen by persons riding
through the country on the borders of Wales. Without
attaching any importance to casual reports of this kind, I
think it my duty to record them, in case of their giving a clue
which may possibly be worth following up.) Donovan re-
corded the insect from Scotland, which Haworth says is an
error. Curtis sta'es, in 1824, that it was first discovered in
Wales by Hudson, and was subsequently captured in con-
siderable abundance by Messrs. Standish, who went to Whittle-
sea Mere, Huntingdonshire, in expectation of finding it. They
informed him that the end of July was undoubtedly the right
season for this insect, although they met with it at the
beginning of August, flying among reeds ; it was very active,
and in windy weather concealed itself amongst the highest
reeds, where they found the Butterfly just emerged from the
chrysalis, drying its wings.

At that time the Butterfly was probably generally distributed
over the fens of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, but
Whittlesea Mere and Yaxley Fen (about two miles apart,
though standing on opposite sides of the boundary between
the counties just mentioned) continued to be the two chief
localities for the Butterfly, until they were drained. It was
also recorded from Holme Fen in the same neighbour-
hood, as well as from Bardolph Fen in Norfolk, and
Benacre in Suffolk, but strange to say, never seems to have
been very common in the two latter counties. It was already
noted by West wood, in 1841, as getting scarce, owing

LYCVENA IIQ

to the immense numbers taken by former collectors, and
the drainage of the fens having nearly, if not quite, ex-
terminated the species. Its disappearance has also been
attributed to a great flood (probably due to the draining
operations) which drowned all the broods. But whatever the
cause, it is said to have become practically extinct in Cam-
bridgeshire after 1845, and in Huntingdonshire after 1847 or
1848. In Miller and Skertchley's interesting book on " The
Fenland," we read (p. 594) : " Nearly eighty years ago, Mr.
J. C. Dale recorded taking a specimen at Bardolph Fen, but
the whole district has altogether changed since then. In
1851, the year Whittlesea Mere was drained, Mr. Wagstaff took
a solitary specimen at Bottisham Fen." How greatly the
district has been changed, not only for zoology but for
botany, may be seen in the fact that a plant once so abundant
everywhere in the fens as the Bog-Myrtle, is now all but
extinct in Cambridgeshire, the only locality known for it in
the county at present being near March. Mr. Barrett records
the occurrence of casual specimens subsequently to 1851 in
Staffordshire (?), Somersetshire, and Suffolk. The last authen-
ticated specimen is said to have been picked up dead among
sedges, at Slapton Lee in Devonshire, in 1865, In the year
1859 the insect was stated, on unreliable authority, to have
reappeared in the fens at Ranworth, in Norfolk. The Butter-
fly is now looked upon as hopelessly extinct ; but I have been
told by a gentleman who knows the fens well, that he is
aware of one locality where it may possibly still linger. Its
re-discovery as a British species, though highly improbable,
cannot be looked upon as absolutely impossible. Abroad, it
has been stated to occur in the Pontine Marshes, near Rome ;
near Moscow; and in Egypt or Nubia. The last record cer-
tainly requires confirmation; in the other cases, highly-coloured
specimens of Z. nitila may have Leen mistaken for it. The

120 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Corcan form of the insect (var. Z. aurata, Leech) appears to be
quite as near to true Z. dispar (though somewhat smaller) as
to Z. rutila.

The Large Copper measures an inch and three-quarters, or
two inches across the wings. The male is of a brilliant
coppery-red, with a narrow black border, and well-marked long
discoidal spots, within which is a black spot in the cell on
the fore-wings. The female is of a more orange colour above,
with one, and often two, black spots in the cell of the fore-
wings, within the discoidal spot ; beyond the cell is a row of
large black spots. The hind-wings are blackish, with the
nervures more or less orange, and a broad coppery sub-
marginal band, indented by black spots resting upon the
border. On the under side the fore-wings are of a paler
copper, with the hind-margin greyish, intersected by a black
line, and preceded by a row of black spots between the
nervures. All the other spots on the wings are ringed with
white ; there are two in the cell, and a third at its extremity,
and a curved row of large spots beyond. The hind-wings are
blue, with four or five basal eyes, an ocellated discoidal
streak, a row of large spots beyond, and a broad orange sub-
marginal band, bordered on both sides with a row of black
spots, not ocellated. The whitish hind-margin, which is inter-
sected by a black line at the base of the fringes, is narrower
than on the fore-wings.

" The caterpillar is somewhat hairy, bright green, with in-
numerable white dots ; it feeds upon a kind of dock. {Rumex
hydrolapathum, the great water-dock, and R. aquaticus
(Stainton).] The chrysalis is at first green, then pale ash-
coloured, with a dark dorsal line, and two abbreviated white
ones on each side; and lastly, sometimes deep brown"
(Stephens).

When I «se4 to visit the late Mr. Henry Doublcday, a.t

LYCvENA. 121

Epping, he showed me the dock-plant still growing, on which
he used to rear Lycana dispar. It was the nearest connecting
link with the living insect which ever came in my way. A
detailed account of the life-history of this insect is given by
Newman, but is too long to quote here. It is much to be
regretted that the breed of this interesting Butterfly was not
kept up, like that of the Gipsy Moth, Porthetria dispar (\^\\-\n\
but the entomologists of the time seem to have been quite
taken by surprise, and wholly unprepared for its sudden and
utter extinction, though this was foreshadowed as early as 1841
in Humphrey and Westwood's " British Butterflies."

III. THE DARK-UNDERWING COPPER. LYC^ENA RUTILA.
(Plate LI . //^. 3, 4-)

Papilla hippothoC) Denis & Schiffermiiller (nee. Linn.), Syst.
Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 1 8 1, no. 2 (1775); Esper, Schmett.

i- (0 P- 35°> pl- 38> fiSs- i a> b O??8); Hiibner, Europ.
Schmett. i. figs. 352-354 (1803?).
Polyommatus hippothoe^ Godart, Enc. Mcth. ix. p. 668, no. 165

Lycana hippothoe^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 82

(1828).

Papilio rutilust Werneburg, Beitr. Schmett. i. p. 391 (1864).
Lyccena dispar^ var. rutUus, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths,

P- 55, P1- J4, fig- 12 (1879).
Polyommatus dispar, var. rutilus^ Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 91,

pl. 20, fig. i (1881).

The Dark-Underwing Copper was introduced into the British
lists by Stephens on the strength of a specimen from Beck-
with's collection (locality unrecorded), and another, from an
Old collection called the Kentish Cabinet, from its consisting

122 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

almost entirely of specimens from that county. Curiously
enough, no confirmation of the insect being British was forth-
coming till a year or two ago, when Mr. Bethune-Baker exhi-
bited a series of Lyccena dispar and L. rutila which had been
captured together, many years ago, by his late father ; but the
locality was not recorded. Stephens expressly asserts that no
specimens agreeing with this species had been met with among
hundreds taken ^t Whittlesea Mere; and Mr. Bethune-Baker's
specimens possibly came from some locality which was de-
stroyed still earlier than the Mere.

This insect is common through Central and Eastern Europe,
and Northern and Western Asia in July and August. In
Western Europe, however, it becomes very local, though it is
less exclusively confined to marsh-lands than L. dispar.

The Dark-Underwing Copper is so similar to the Large
Copper that many entomologists do not consider it to be truly
distinct. It is of a smaller average size, of a less reddish
colour in the male, and the spots are all much smaller and
less numerous, there being generally only one basal spot
within the discoidal lunule on the fore-wings above. The
under surface is generally greyish-ashy, sometimes more or
less tinged with blue at the base, and the hind-wings are black
in the female, with a sub-marginal orange band, but rarely
orange along the nervures. The orange sub-marginal band be-
neath is likewise much narrower in both sexes than in L. dispar.

Larva green, with a paler lateral stripe. It feeds on various
species of Rumex and on Polygotium bistortum (Lang).

IV. THE PURPLE-EDGED COPPER. LYC^ENA HIPPOTHOE.

(Plate LI. Figs, i, 2.)

Papilio hippothoe^ Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 274 (1760); Esper,
Schmett. i. (i) p. 292, pi. 22, fig. 3 (1777); p. 342,

pi. 35* fiS-

PLATE LI.

1. 2. Lyccencu hippothoe.

5.6.

LYC^ENA. 123

Papilio chryseiS) Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien. p. 181, no. 3 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i.

figs- 337, 338> 355 (l8°3?) ; Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 41,

no. 53 (1803).
Papilio euridice. Von Rottemburg, Naturforscher, vi. p. 28,

no. 17 (i775); Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 329, pi. 31,

fig- 3(i773).
Lycana hippothoe, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 55,

pi. 14, fig. 12 (1879).

Polyommatus hippotlioe, Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 92, pi. 20,

fig. 4 (1881).
Polyommatus chryseis, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 667, no. 163

(1823).

Chrysophanus chryseis, Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 60 (1892).
Lycana chryseis, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 80

(1828).
Var. Papilio eurybia, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. i. (2) p.

81 (1808).
Polyommatus eurybia, Freyer, Neuere Beitr. ii. pi. 163, fig. 4

" (1836).
Papilio euridice, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 339-342

(1803?); Esper, Schmett. i. (2) p. 120, pi. 116, figs. 6,

7 (1806?).
Polyommatus euridice^ Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 668, no. 164

(1823).
Polyommatus hippothoe, var. eurybia, Lang, Butterflies Eur.

p. 92, pi. 20, fig. 5 (1881).

The Purple-edged Copper Butterfly was recorded by all the
older writers on entomology as British. It is common in many
parts of Europe and Northern and Western Asia, frequenting
flowery meadows near woods and grassy slopes from June to
August. It appears to have formerly inhabited the south of
England, but is probably now extinct. Epping Forest, and

124 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Ashdown Forest in Sussex, are mentioned as its localities in
Britain. The former is very doubtful, and the latter, though
said to have produced many varieties in former times, has been
little visited lately by entomologists. I have also seen a pair
in the collection of the late Mr. T. Marshall, of Leicester, who
told me that he picked them out of a quantity of L. dispar
received from Cambridgeshire at a time when the latter insect
was selling for threepence a specimen, and I therefore see no
reason to doubt the British origin of the specimens of L. hip-
pothoe also. Mr. C. W. Dale has lately called attention to an
old record of the occurrence of this species near London.
As regards Ashdown Forest, I may take the present oppor-
tunity of mentioning that repeated reports have reached the
Brighton entomologists of the occurrence of " Large Coppers "
in out-of-the-way parts of Sussex. I heard of such reports
about 1859, and again in 1892. If there is any truth in them,
I expect they will be found to relate to the present species
rather than to L. dispar.

The Purple-Edged Copper measures about an inch and a
quarter across the wings, which are of a bright copper-red in
the male, with slender discoidal lunules, and rather broad
borders, glossed with purple. On the hind-wings is a narrow
sub-marginal coppery band. The female varies on the fore-
wings from brown shot with copper, to rather dull copper, and
is marked with one or two irregular rows of black spots. The
hind-wings are brown, with a sub-marginal orange or copper
streak enclosing black spots. On the centre, which is some-
times tinged with copper, is generally a row of still darker
spots.

The fore-wings are orange beneath, with the hind-margin ashy-
grey. There are two eyes in the cell before the discoidal one,
and two rows of eyes beyond, the outer one slightly obsolete.
The hind-wings are bluish at the base, and marked with

LYC.ENA. 125

numerous ocellated spots ; there is also a sub-marginal orange
band. The fringes are white, with the base brown.

In the Alpine variety Z. eurybia, the male is of a paler copper,
with a much narrower black border, riot shot with violet, and
the female is darker, both above and below, than in typical
Z. hippothoe.

The larva is green, with a darker dorsal stripe, and two
paler lateral lines. It feeds on Rumex acetosa and R. oltusa
in June.

V. THE SMALL COPPER. LYC^ENA PHLJEAS.

(Plate LI. Figs. 5, 6.)
Papilio phlceas, Linnaeus, Fauna Suecica, p. 285 (1761) ; Esper,

Schmett. i. (i) p. 287, pi. 22, fig. i (1777); Hiibner,

Europ. Schmett. i. figs. 362, 363 (1803?).
Polyommatus phtceas, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 670, no. 167

(1823); Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 115 (1881); Lang,

Butterflies Eur. p. 95, pi. 21, fig. 4 (1881).
Lyccena phlaas, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 79 (1828) ;

Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 56, pi. 15, figs. 2a, b

(1879).
Chrysophanus phlceas, Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. p. 62, pi. 9, figs.

2, 2a-j (1892); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. p. 91,

pi. 13, fig. 4 (1886).
Var. Polyommatus schmidtii, Gerhard, Mon. Lye. pi. 10, figs.

3*. b (l853)-
Papilio phlceas, Esper, Schmett. i. (2) p. 58, pi. 60, fig. 5 (1780) \

Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. i. figs. 636, 637 (1818?).
Polyommatus phlaas^ var. schmidtii^ Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 96,

pi. 22, fig. i (1881).
Var. Papilio timeus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 186, E, F

Hesperia eleus, Fabricius, Ent Syst. Suppl. p. 430 (1798).

i26 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Polyommatus elens, Gerhard, Mon. Lye. pi. 5, fig. i (1853).
Polyommatus turdcus^ Guerin, /. c. figs. $a~c (1853).

This is the only species of the genus which was ever generally
common in England. It is abundant throughout the British
islands from April to October (there being a succession of
broods), as well as throughout Europe, Asia as far as the
Himalayas, and again in North America. It is found in
meadows, heaths, gardens, &c., often in company with Poly-
ommalus icarus.

The Small Copper is one of the smaller species of the genus,
generally measuring about an inch across the wings, which are
similarly coloured in both sexes. The fore-wings are bright
copper-red, with broad dark brown borders, a black spot at the
end of the cell, and another nearer the base, and a row of
black spots beyond. The hind-wings are black, with a sub-
marginal copper band, spotted with black on the outside. On
the under side the fore-wings are paler coppery, with greyish
hind-margins, preceded by a more or less developed row of
black spots ; the spots as above, but slightly ocellated, and
with two spots in the cell within the discoidal spot. The hind-
wings are brownish-grey, with several more or less distinct
black dots, and an orange sub-marginal band.

The larva is green, with more or less distinct dorsal and
lateral lines ; the head is reddish or yellowish. It feeds on
Rumex acetosa, and on other species of sorrel. The pupa is
whitish, speckled with black or brown, " suspended by the tail
and a silken girth to the stem or leaf of its foodplant"
(Barrett}.

This is a very variable species, the spots of the upper side
being sometimes almost absent, and at other times agglomerated
together into large blotches. Very frequently the copper sub-
marginal band on the hind- wings is preceded by a row of blue
spots.

TOMAkES, 127

The variety L. schmidtii is an albino form, in which the copper
colour of the wings is replaced with white ; L. timeus (Cramer)
is a large dark Southern form with short tails.

On the Continent, this species is frequently accompanied by
another species of similar size and habits, but much duller in
colour — Lycana dorilis (Hofnagel) or L. dree (Hiibner). It is
said to have been once taken at Ilfracombe, but cannot be
supposed to be indigenous in England. The male is brown
above, spotted with black, and with traces of a copper band
towards the anal angle of the hind-wings. The female has the
centre of the fore-wings filled up with rather pale copper,
spotted with black, and there is a sub-marginal copper band on
all the wings, enclosing black spots on the hind-wings. The
under side is greenish yellow, spotted with black, and there is a
pale sub-marginal orange band on the hind-wings,

GENUS TOMARES.

Tomares, Rambur, Faune Ent. Andalusie, ii. p. 261 (1839).
Thomares, Rambur, Cat. Lepid. Andal. i. p. 33 (1858).
Thestor^ Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 73 (1816); Lederer,

Wien. Ent. Mon. i. p. 26(1857); Schatz & Rober, Exot.

Schmett. ii. p. 274 (1892).

This genus is generally called Thestor, but Dr. Scudder has
shown that Papilio protumnus. Linn., a South African species,
is the true type of the genus Thestor.

Tomares includes a number of small brown Butterflies with
orange rather than coppery markings, which inhabit the Medi-
terranean Region and Central Asia. They are remarkable for
their stout femora, and short stout tibiae, with a strong spine at
the extremity, which led Schatz and Rober to consider them

ia LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

somewhat intermediate between the Lycanidce and Lemoniida.
In Lyc&na, &c., the legs are slender, and no such spine is
present. The type of this genus is T. ballus (Fabricius), which
inhabits Southern France and Spain in very early spring. The
male is brown, with traces of a sub-marginal orange band at
the anal angle of the hind-wings. The female has orange fore-
wings, with brown borders, and brown hind-wings with a broad
orange sub-marginal band. The under side of the fore-wings
is like the upper side of the female, but the base is green, and
the orange markings are more coppery, and marked with three
rows of black spots. The hind-wings are green, with a broad
border of pale brown. The larva is yellowish-white, with a row
of reddish dorsal spots bordered with brownish-red, and bi-
sected by a blue line. It feeds on Lotus hispidus in May.

GENUS FENISECA.

Feniseca, Grote, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. ii. p. 308 (1869),
Scudder, Butterflies East. United States, pp. 1009-1014
(1889); Schatz & Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 275
(1892).

The type of this genus is a small black-and-tawny North
American Butterfly, with long slender pointed palpi, com-
paratively short and stout antennae, a slightly concave hind-
margin to the fore-wings, and rounded hind-wings. It is
mentioned here on account of the peculiar habits of the larva.
The type is,

THE WANDERER. FENISECA TARQUINIUS.

Hesptria tarquinius> Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (i) p. 319,

no. 207 (1793).
Papilio tarquinius, Donovan, Insects of India, pi. 44, fig. I

(1800).
Erycina tarquinius, Godart, Enc. Meth, ix. p. 556, no. 580

FENISECA. 129

Polyommatus targuinius, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn.

Lepid. pi. 77, fig- 8(1852).
Feniscca tarquiniust Scudder, Butterflies Eastern United

States, pp. 1009-1026 (1889).
roJyommatus cratcegi, Boisduval & Leconte, Lepid. Amdr. Sept.

p. 228, pi. 37, figs. 1-5 (1833).
Polyommatus por senna, Scudder, Proc. Essex Institute, iii. p.

163, no. 12 (1862).

Feniseca tarquinius is widely distributed over North America,
from Canada to Florida. It measures rather less than an inch
and a half across the wings. The male is dark brown, with an
irregular longitudinal tawny band on the fore-wings, marked
with a dark line interrupted towards the base. There is a
broad tawny patch in the middle of the hind-margin of the
hind-wings, marked with a sub marginal row of black dots.
The fore-wings of the female are tawny, irregularly bordered
with brown, and crossed by two interrupted longitudinal black
bands. The hind-wings are bordered with tawny, and marked
with a double row of black dots. The under side of the tore-
wings is similar to the upper side, but paler ; the hind-wings are
reddish-yellow, with darker spots, slightly surrounded with
white.

The larva is green, with white longitudinal lines ; it is ex-
clusively carnivorous, and feeds on aphides. Ants, which are
in the habit of milking the larvae of other Lycanida, attack
and destroy these. The pupa is greyish, the back darker and
tuberculated, the hinder extremity pointed and slightly curved.
"The chrysalis is an odd-looking object, and the anterior half
with its bizarre markings bears, when viewed laterally, head
downward, a curious resemblance to a monkey's face, as
pointed out by Miss Morton. It is far more irregular in surface
and form than any other of our Chrysophanides, the abdomen
being basally hunched, and laterally expanded, and the seg-

10 K

130 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

ments provided with transverse series of low tubercules ; besides
which the last segment, with the preceding, form a separately
curved, transverse sub-spatulate pad for the cremastral hooks "
(Scudder).

A similar strange resemblance to a monkey's face has also
been pointed out by Dr. Holland in the case of the pupa of an

African Lycaenid.

GENUS AMBLYPODIA.

Amblypodia, Hors field, Cat. Lepid. Mus. E. Ind. Co. p. 98
(1829); Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 477 (1852);
Schatz & Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 274 (1892).
This genus and its allies (among which the most important
is Arhopald) Boisduval), include a great number of handsome
species found throughout the Indo-Malayan and Austro-
Malayan Regions, from India to New Guinea. They are of
considerable size, usually expanding from an inch and a half
to considerably over two inches, and are generally of some
shade of blue above, most frequently inclining to deep purple
or violet, with black borders, broadest in the females, and the
hind- wings have usually a strong short tail before the anal angle.
The under surface is of a darker or lighter brown, with light
bands enclosing darker spaces, often more or less chain-like,
and usually forming distinctly ocellated spots towards the base,
and in the cell of the fore-wings. On the under side of the
hind-wings there are usually some greenish or bluish mark-
ings about the base of the tail. The type is Amblypodia
apidanus (Cramer), a violet-blue species found in Java, with
the base of the costa marked with red. It is useless to give
a detailed description of a single species of a group containing
so many closely-allied forms.

GENUS OGYRIS.

iS) Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 472 (1852) ; Schatz
& Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 275 (1892).

CURETIS. I3T

A genus peculiar to Australia, including a few species of
large and handsome Butterflies, generally measuring nearly two
inches in expanse, and blue or green above, with broad black
borders (sometimes wholly brown or black in the females), and
with the hind-wings shorter than the fore-wings, and not tailed,
but strongly dentated. The sub-costal region of the fore-
wings is transversely banded beneath with white, blue, brown,
or black, and occasionally with red, and the hind-wings are
generally irregularly banded or spotted with brown, on a bluish-
grey ground. The type is Ogyris abrota (Doubled. & Hew.),
a very deep purple species, expanding rather more than an inch
and a half across the wings. It is bordered with black, and the
fore-wings are distinctly dentated as well as the hind-wings. The
wings are nearly black beneath, with only some slight transverse
bluish-white markings in the cell of the fore-wings. The female
has black fore-wings, with a large round yellow spot in the
middle; the base of the fore-wings, and the hind- wings are light
brown.

GENUS CURETIS.

Curetis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 102 (1816); Schatz
& Rober, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 276 (1892).

Anops, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. pi. 23, fig. i (1836);
Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 473 (1852).

A curious little genus, including a number of closely-allied
forms, found throughout the Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions.
They expand rather less than two inches across the broad sub-
triangular fore-wings, which are more or less pointed at the tip ;
the hind-wings are rounded, or else with a rectangular pro-
jection in the middle of the hind-margin. The type is an
Indian species, Curetis thetys (Drury), the male of which is
coppery-red above, with a rather narrow black border ; the
female is brown, with a large white blotch on each wing. The

K 2

i$2 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

hind-wings are almost white beneath. In this species, the
margins of the wings are regularly curved. The other species
of the genus differ chiefly in the outline of the wings, and the
width of the dark border, the females being sometimes marked
with orange-yellow instead of white ; but in all cases, the under
surface is white or yellowish-white, with very slight transverse
darker markings, if any are present.

GENUS GERYDUS.

Gerydus, Boisduval, Spec. Ge'n. Lepid. i. pi. 23, fig. 2 (1836) ;
Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 205 (1884).

Miletus, pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816); West-
wood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 502 (1852); Schatz & Rober,
Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 276 (1892).

This genus and several of its allies are dull-coloured brown
and white species, with slender bodies and rather long wings.
Most of them are found in the East Indies. In the type of
Gerydus^ the first joint of all the tarsi is unusually long, com-
pressed, and spatulate. The type is,

GERYDUS SYMETHUS.

Papilio symethus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 149, figs. B, C

(1777); Stoll. Suppl. Cramer, pi. 37, figs. 3, 3^(1790).
Polyommatus symethus^ Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 675, no. 180

(1823).
Gerydus symethns, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. pi. 23, fig. 2

(1836); Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 205, pi. 20, fig. 2,

pi. 22, fig. 14 (1884).

The present species, which is a native of Java and Malacca,
has rather long greyish-white fore-wings, with the base, and
the basal half of the costal area bluish-grey, and all the borders
of the wings broadly black. The hind-wings are bluish-grey

LIPTENIN^E. 133

with an oblique whitish streak in the centre, and the costa
blackish. The female has longer hind-wings, and the central
whitish area of the wings more extended. The fore-wings
beneath are pale brownish, varied with white towards the
extremity of the inner-margin ; the hind-wings are greyish or
yellowish-grey, with light brown fasciae bordered with whitish.

This species has been erroneously stated to inhabit ants'
nests. I imagine the error to have arisen from the fact that
the larvse of many Lyccznidce, and possibly of this species too,
exude a substance which is attractive to ants.

GENUS LUCIA.

Lucia, Swainson, Zool. 111. ii. p. 135 (1833); Westwood, 111.
Diurn. Lepid. p. 501 (1852).

The type of this species is Lucia lucanus (Fabricius), a small
Australian Butterfly with rounded wings, which are yellow above,
with broad black borders, and a black spot in the middle of
the fore-wings. The latter are yellowish beneath, with square
brown spots, and the hind-margin brown. The hind-wings are
red beneath, irrorated with yellow, and marked with some
square brown spots.

Schatz and Rober erroneously give Lachnocnema bibulus,
(Fabricius), a small brown South African Butterfly, as the type
of this genus.

SUB-FAMILY II. LIPTENIN^E.

Under this heading, Schatz and Rober propose to include a
number of African genera which agree in having the sub-costal
nervure always five-branched. With them they enumerate the
abnormal Eastern genus Liphyra. Until recently, very few of
these aberrant African Lyccenida. were known, but within the
last twelve years a great number have been described and

134 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

figured in Grose Smith and Kirby's " Rhopalocera Exotica,"
and several additional species have appeared in the works of
other authors. In most cases, the wings are rounded and
entire, or but slightly scalloped.

Many of these species are tawny, with broad black borders,
and have much resemblance to species of Acrcein®, which they
evidently mimic. Thus, the species of Mimacrcea, Butler,
expand considerably over two inches across the wings, which
are yellowish or reddish beneath, with radiating black and
yellowish streaks on the outer half of the wings, and with
numerous black spots towards the base of the hind-wings.

The typical species of the genus Liptena, Westwood, are
smaller than Mimacrcea, not attaining two inches in expanse of
wing. They are red or tawny, with broad black borders, and a
transverse white or yellow transverse fascia towards the tip of
the fore-wings, while the border of the hind-wings is spotted
with white beneath, both above and below. On the under side,
they are reddish or yellowish, with transverse black and white
markings towards the costa of all the wings. These Butterflies
appear to mimic the common African Moths belonging to the
genus Atetis, Westwood.

Other genera with black and red, or black and tawny
markings, but containing smaller species, are Pseuderesia,
Butler, Alcsna, Boisduval (long included in the Acrccince, not-
withstanding its very different appearance), and Durbania,
Trimen.

There are three genera of blue Butterflies of this group, re-
placing in Africa the species of Theda, &c., which are so
numerous in other parts of the world. They vary in size from
an inch and a half to over two inches in expanse. These
genera are Phytala and Epitola, Westwood, and Heivitsonia,
Kirby. Epitola contains a considerable number of rather dis-
cordant species, and will ultimately require sub-dividing. The

LIPTENIN^E. 135

larger species have the fore-wings long and sub-falcate, with
yellowish or whitish radiating markings on the hind-wings ; but
in the majority of the smaller species, the fore-wings are rather
short and broad, with the under side of the wings brown or grey,
and obscurely marked.

The genus Vanessula, Dewitz, is rather aberrant. The single
species, V. milca (Hewitson), has long and slightly angulated
fore-wings. It expands rather more than an inch and a half,
and is a native of West Africa. The wings are black, crossed
by a broad continuous band of pale red, which is narrowed
and angulated towards the costa of the fore-wings.

The species of Tingra, Boisduval, are of moderate size, and
of a white or yellow colour, with broad black borders above,
and numerous black spots above and below. Those of Pentila^
Boisduval, are similarly coloured, but with fewer spots, and
the under side of the hind-wings is marked with transverse
lines.

The species of Teriomima and Citrinophila, Kirby, are small
white and yellow Butterflies, with broad black borders, and are
deceptively similar to some of the Pieridce which inhabit the
same countries; indeed, some of them have actually been
described as Pieridce. Many dark-coloured species have also
been included in Teriomima.

Larinopoda^ Butler, was originally described as a genus of
Pierida; it includes a number of milky-white Butterflies, with
black borders, easily recognised by two very conspicuous
characters, viz., the possession of one or more large round
black spots on at least the under side of the hind-wings, and
the tufted tawny legs.

Deloneura immaculata, Trimen, from the Bashee River,
South Africa, is a pale ochreous-yellow Butterfly, wholly without
markings, and measuring rather more than an inch and a half
across the win°:s.

136 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Aslaugci) Kirby, is a genus including only two species from
West Africa, A. vininga (Hewitson) and A. marginalis, Kirby.
The wings are long, thick, somewhat obtuse, and in the first
species, produced at the tip of the fore-wings, with a very con-
vex hind-margin, while the hind-margin of the hind-wings is
rounded and convex in the middle, and triangularly toothed
below, before the anal angle. A. vininga is dark blue above,
and dark grey below ; A. marginalis, which some authors
regard as the female of the former, has regularly rounded oval
wings, and is tawny-yellow, with broad black borders.

The only Asiatic species of this group is a very remarkable
Butterfly.

GENUS LIPHYRA.

Liphyra, Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1864, p. 31 ;

Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 204 (1884); Schatz & Rober,

Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 282 (1892).
SterosiS) Felder, Reise Novara, Lepid. ii. p. 219 (1865).

The single species of this genus has a wide range from India
to Halmahe'ra. It is a very large stout brown and tawny
Butterfly, nearly three inches across the wings, much more
resembling a species of the South American genus Brassolis
(whence its name), or some large species of Hesptriida than
any other known Lycanidce.

LIPHYRA BRASSOLIS.

Liphyra brassolis, Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1864,
p. 31 ; Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 204, pi. 22, fig. 18 (1884);
Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 269, pi. 94 (1886).

Sterosis robusta^ Felder, Reise Novara, Lepid. ii. p. 219, pi. 27,
figs. 10, ii (1865).

This is a Butterfly with a very stout body, short thick

PIERIDJE. 137

antennae, and broad densely-scaled wings of a dull ochre-
yellow colour, with broad brown borders, large black connected
spots on the fore-wings, and several small brown spots in the
middle of the hind- wings. The fore-wings are considerably
longer than the hind-wings. The under side is dull ochreous-
yellow, rather darker towards the hind-margins, especially on
the fore-wings, and with some dark spots in the middle of
the latter, less connected than on the upper side. The
female has brown fore-wings, with the hind-margin forming a
rectangle, and a large ochreous-tawny longitudinal irregular
band running from the base parallel to the inner margin, and
a tawny spot at the end of the cell. The hind-wings are
tawny, with brown borders, and black blotches. The under
side is brown, lighter on the fore-wings except in the centre,
and on the costal area of the hind-wings.

FAMILY V. PIERID^.

Egg. — "Very tall and slender, tapering toward a much
smaller rounded summit, either squarely truncated at the base,
or appearing as much or nearly as much so at the summit, so
as to render the egg sub-fusiform, provided with a variable
number of distinct longitudinal ribs, and crossed by frequent
transverse finer raised lines " (Scudder).

Larva. — Smooth or downy, cylindrical, slightly tapering at
the ends, not spiny, nor furnished with retractile tentacles.

Pupa. — Angulated, slender, the head more or less pointed ;
attached by the tail, and a girth round the body ; sometimes
boat-shaped.

Imago. — Of moderate size, rarely much less than two inches
in expanse, and still more rarely exceeding three inches; wings
rounded, very rarely pointed, sub-dentate or sub-caudate.

138 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Prevailing colours white and yellow, sometimes black, varied
with red or yellow, rarely red or blue, over the greater part of
the wings, often with the apex orange or yellow, never with any
approach to ocellated spots, except towards the end of the
cells on the under surface of some of the yellow species.
Structure moderately robust ; flight rapid, except in some of
the smaller species, but rarely high. Wings with closed cells,
sub-median nervure un-branched, sometimes bifid at the base.
Fore-wings with no internal nervure, but the hind-wings always
with one, and, in many cases, with streaks resembling nervures
between the nervures on the under-side of the wings, thus
giving the appearance of three sub-median nervures. Inner-
margin of the hind-wings usually forming a gutter to receive
the abdomen.

Six perfect legs in both sexes, without spurs, claws bifid.

Range. — The greater number of genera and species of this
family inhabit the Tropics of the Old World ; but the Alpine
and Arctic genus Eurymus extends as far to the north and south
as any Butterflies exist. The small white and yellow Butter-
flies belonging to Terias and its allies, and the larger ones
belonging to Catopsilia, &c., inhabit the tropics of both
Hemispheres. Several remarkable genera are peculiar to
Tropical America; some of these have longer wings than
usual, and mimic various species of IthomiincR. "Orange-
tips " are peculiarly characteristic of Africa, though similarly-
marked species are found in Europe, Asia, North America,
and Chili.

Habits. — The Pieridcc inhabit woods and meadows. Their
flight is often rapid, but not generally very lofty. The more
delicate species, which have a weak flight, are often very local.

Classification. — Fourteen genera of Pierida were admitted by
Boisduval in 1836 ; and sixteen by Doubleday in the

APORIA. 139

"Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera," in 1847. In 1870 Dr. A.
G. Butler published a revision of the family in the "Cistula
Entomologica," in which he enumerated forty-eight genera,
primarily classified according to the number of branches of the
sub-costal nervure ; and in 1886 Schatz again revised the Family,
not admitting all Butler's genera, but including Pseudopontia,
Plotz, which is certainly a Moth. Schatz divides the Pieridce,
into four families, which appear on the whole to be natural,
and which will therefore in the main be adopted in the present
work.

Schatz, however, places his four groups in the following
order : Dismorphidce^ Pieridce^ Dryadce, and Charidce. I
have re-arranged these divisions as Sub-families, in what
appears to me to be a more natural' sequence : Pieri?ice, JDis-
morpliince> Anthocharince, and Callidryince.

SUB-FAMILY I. PIERIN^E.

Antennae generally with a well-marked club. Palpi gene-
rally extending beyond the head, and clothed with long stiff
hairs in front. Terminal joint pointed, as long as or longer
than the middle joint, rarely smaller. Pre-costal nervure always
distinctly present. Sub-costal nervure generally with three or
four branches.

This is the typical group of the Pierida. The species are
generally of a white colour, and the hind-wings are rounded,
more or less dentated only in one or two genera allied to
Pereute. The sections of the old genus Pieris are mostly
treated as sub-genera by Schatz, but the more important of
these will be here enumerated as separate genera.

GENUS APORIA.

Aporia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 90 (1816); Schatz,
Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 60 (1886).

140 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Pieris, pt. Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (i) pp. 152, 160 (1801);

Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 25 (1827); Curtis, Brit.

Ent. viii. pi. 360 (1831).
Pontia, pt. Fabricius, Illiger, Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 283 (1807);

Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 50 (1870).
Leuconea^ Donzel, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vi. p. 80 (1837).

Antennae with an abrupt, obconic, slightly compressed club ;
palpi short, the basal joint long, recurved, cylindrical ; second
about half the length of the first, the terminal one slender,
short, linear, as long as the second. Wings thinly clothed
with scales, especially in the female, which is almost sub-
diaphanous ; cells broad, of about equal length on the fore-
and hind-wings ; sub-costal nervure four-branched, the third and
fourth branches forming a rather wide fork ; upper discoidal
nervure emitted about half-way between the cell and the base
of this fork ; fringes almost absent ; larvae gregarious, feeding
under a web when young.

I consider that there is but one species of this genus, for the
Asiatic species which have been associated with it by various
authors are much more densely scaled, and have well-developed
fringes, and appear to me to be much more closely allied to
the genus Metaporia,

THE BLACK-VEINED WHITE. APORiA CRAT^EGI.
(Plate LXIL, Fig. 2.)

Papilio cratagi, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 467, no. 57 (1758);

id. Faun. Suec. p. 269 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett, i. p. 47,

pi. 2, fig. 3 (1777) ; Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. i. figs. 399

400 (1803 ?).
Pieris cratczgi, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 154, no. 127 (1819);

Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Le'pid. i. p. 445 (1836); Steph. 111.

Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 27 (1827); Curtis, Brit. Ent. viii.

pi. 360 (1831).

APORIA. 141

Aporia cratcegi^ Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 167 (1881),
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 8, pi. 4, figs. 2a-c
(1878); Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 27, pi. 6, fig. i ; pi. 15,
fig. i (transf.: 1881); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 18,
pi. i, figs. 2, 2a-c (1892); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i.
pi. 2, fig. i (1886) ; Rye, Handb. Brit. Macro. Lepid. p.
9, pi. 2, fig. 2 (1892).

This Butterfly is a very common species throughout Europe
and Northern and Western Asia, but is always more or less
uncertain in appearance. On the Continent it ranks among
destructive insects ; and Pallas mentions his having seen it in
such abundance in Siberia, that it looked like flakes of snow.
It frequents meadows in the neighbourhood of woods, gardens,
&c., and has a strong flight. It is very common on the lower
slopes in Switzerland, where it flies with Parnassius apollo,
which it much resembles on the wing, at a little distance, when
the red spots of the latter are inconspicuous. It was always
considered a local insect in the south of England and Wales
(it is unknown in Scotland and Ireland), but less than a
century ago, was common in many localities as near London
as Chelsea and Muswell Hill. Until recently, it was still
abundant in the New Forest, and in various parts of Kent, &c. ;
but within the last quarter of a century, it has disappeared
almost suddenly from all its old haunts, and is now thought to
be on the very verge of extinction as a British species. There
is only one brood, which appears on the wing in early summer,
and does not last very long. It is supposed that the dis-
appearance of this Butterfly is due to the multiplication of
insect-eating birds, in consequence of the Wild Birds' Protec-
tion Act. It feeds on common trees, and admirably illustrates
the well-known fact that the range of insects is by no means
co-extensive with that of the plants on which they feed. A
fjw years more will probably decide whether the Butterfly will
actually disappear from England, or recover itself, and again
become comparatively common with us.

142 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

The Black-veined White Butterfly measures about two
inches and a half across the wings, which are of a uniform
white, thinly scaled, and semi-diaphanous in the female, with
the nervures and the terminal nervures of the wing narrowly
black, but not incrassated, though the nervules frequently
terminate in dusky triangles on the hind-margin. The cilia
are so short as to be almost obsolete.

The larva (vol. i. pi. 3, fig. 3) feeds on hawthorn, sloe, and
various fruit-trees. The female lays her eggs on the ends of
the branches, with a coating of varnish so effectually weather-
proof, that they remain in security (sometimes, it is said, for
several years) till circumstances favour the exclusion of the
larvae. (If this is correct, it goes far to account for the
periodicity of the insect.) The larvae are black when young,
and live gregariously under a common white web. Subse-
quently, they become clothed with short hair, and striped with
reddish-brown on the sides. The pupa (vol. i. pi. 3, fig. 4) is
yellow or white, streaked and spotted with black.

GENUS PIERIS.

Pieris, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (i) pp. 152, 164 (1801);

Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xiv. p. in (1805); id.

Enc. Meth. ix. pp. n, 119 (1819); Boisduval, Spec. Gen.

Lepid. i. p. 434 (1836); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p. 42 (1847) ; Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. pp. 60, 61 (1886).
Fotitid) pt. Fabricius, Illiger, Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 283 (1807);

Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 14 (1827).
Manapium, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1810?).
Catophaga, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 93 (1816).
Ganoris, Dalman, Vetensk. Acad. Handl. Stockh. xxxvii. pp

61, 86 (1816).

Bv!t for the mythological associations of the name Danaus,

PIERIS. 143

I should have accepted Pieris brassica (Linn.) as the type of
that genus (cf. vol. i. pp. 18, 19). It is, however, the type
of Mancipiwtii Ganoris^ and, I think, Catophaga. I cannot
follow Dr. Scudder in making the East Indian Appias panlina
(Cramer) the type of Catophaga^ as the name too obviously
relates to the destructive habits of our common European
Cabbage Whites. I think, however, that Dr. Scudder has
shown that the types of Pieris and Pontia are P. raped (Linn.)
and P. daplidice (Linn.) respectively, and as I do not propose
to separate P. brassicce and P. rapa generically in the present
work, I retain Pieris as the name of the genus in which I place
them. At the same time I am glad to have the opportunity of
figuring Pieris chariclea, P. metra, and P. sabellicce (Stephens),
and I have therefore given them separate places, though I see
no reason to regard them as anything more than the early
broods of the common species.

Characters. — Antennae nearly as in Aporia ; palpi short, nearly
cylindrical, with the terminal joint longer than the second;
wings opaque, the apex of the anterior wings obtusely angu-
lated ; cells of the fore-wings longer than those of the hind-
wings, sub-costal nervure four-branched, the third and fourth
forming a very sharp fork ; upper discoidal nervule emitted
much nearer the cell than the base of this fork ; fringes well
developed. Larvae often gregarious, but not living under a
web. Pupa pointed above.

This genus includes our common White Cabbage Butterflies,
and is fairly well represented in the Northern Hemisphere,
attaining its maximum of variety and development in Northern
and Central Asia. The species of this genus are very abund-
ant, and are often very destructive in gardens to cabbages,
Indian Cress (generally, but improperly, called Nasturtium), and
other cruciferous plants. Occasionally these Butterflies cross
the Channel in vast flights.

144 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

THE LARGE WHITE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. PIERIS BRASSICyF.
(Plate LI L Figs. I<?,2?.)

Pieris brassic^ Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 467, no. 58 (1758);

Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 52. pi. 3, fig. i (1777); Hiibner,

Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 401-403 (1803).
Pieris brassiccz, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 158, no. 138 (1819);

Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 521, no. 121 (1836);

Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 165 (1881); Kirby, Eur.

Butterflies and Moths, p. 8, pi. 4, figs. 3^, b (1878);

Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 28, pi. 6, fig. 2, pi. 15, fig. 2

(transf. 1881); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. i. p. 21, pi. i,

figs, i, \a-c (1892) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i.

p. 148, pi. 2, fig. 2 (1886); Rye, Handb, Brit. Micro.

Lepid. p. u, pi. 2, figs. 3, 4 (1895).

Pontia brassiccB) Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 15 (1827).
It is hardly necessary to say more of this insect than that
it is generally common throughout the Palaearctic Region,
frequenting fields and gardens, and that there is a succession
of broods throughout the year. There is a permanent form in
the Canary Islands, P. cheiranthi (Hiibner), with larger and
confluent black spots on the wings ; and forms intermediate
between this and the ordinary type occur in the Himalayas
(P. nepalensiS) Gray) and in Madeira (P. wollastoni, Butler).
It is an insect of fairly strong flight.

This Butterfly generally measures from two and a half to
two and three-quarter inches across the wings, which are white
above, with a black triangular patch, somewhat indented on
the inner edge, at the tip of the fore-wings. There is also a
rather large spot on the costa of the hind-wings towards the
tip, and in the female there are two large spots on the disc of
the fore- wings, and a black streak about the middle of the
inner-margin. On the under side both sexes are nearly alike ;
the colour inclines to yellow, especially on the hind-wings,

PLATE LII.

1.2. Pieris brassruxe.
3. „ rapcp.

PLATE LIII.

4.

\

\

/. Pieris diarvd^ew.
2.3. „ m.etras.
4.5.

PIERIS. 145

which are also sprinkled with black scales. The two discal
spots on the fore-wings reappear below in both sexes ; the other
dark markings are obsolete ; the fringes are yellowish, slightly
waved with black. The body and antennae are white beneath
and black above ; the thorax is clothed with hoary pubescence
above.

The larva is green, with yellow lines on the back and sides ;
it is thickly covered with black tubercular points, each with a
hair in the centre. It feeds on cabbages, Tropceolum^ migno-
nette, and many other plants, and is very liable to the attacks
of small Ichneumons, or rather Braconidce. The yellow
cocoons of one of the most destructive of these parasites
(Apanteks glomeratus] may often be seen clustered round a
dead larva. The pupa is greenish, with yellow streaks, and
numerous black dots. The egg is figured (vol. i. pi. i, fig. 4).

Pupa of P. brassic<zt

THE EARLY WHITE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. PIERIS CHARICLEA.

(Plate LI I I. Fig. i.)
Pontia charidea, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 17,

pi. 3, figs, i, 2.

This Butterfly, which occurs in May and June, is considered
to be only the spring brood of P. brassica^ and although the
10 it

I46 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

larvae have been said to differ, that of P. brassier is known to
be variable, and therefore too much importance cannot be
attached to this statement, even if correct. The perfect insect
is generally rather smaller than typical P. brassicce, measuring
from 2 to 2J/2 inches across the wings; it is similarly marked,
but the apical patch on the fore-wings is of a light brown,
approaching to ash-colour, especially in the female, and the
inner edge of the patch is not indented, but regularly concave ;
the fringe is yellowish-white. On the under side the tips of
the fore-wings are clear yellow, and the hind-wings are deep
yellow, very thickly dusted with black.

THE SMALL WHITE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. PIERIS

(Plate LI I. Fig. 3.)

Papilio rapce, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 488, no. 59 (1758);
id. Faun. Suec. p. 270 (1761); Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p.
55, pi. 3, fig. 2 (1777) : Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs.
404, 405 (1803?)

PierisrapcR) Godart, Enc. Me'th. ix. p. 161, no. 144 (1819);
Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 520, no. 120 (1836); New-
man, Brit. Butterflies, p. 161 (1881); Kirby, Eur. Butter-
flies and Moths, p. 8, pi. 4, figs. 4*7, b (1878); Lang,
Butterflies Eur. p. 30, pi. 6, fig. 4, pi. 15, fig. 3 (1881);
Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. i. p. 22, pi. 2, 2a-e (1892);
Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. pp. 19, 152, pi. 2, fig. 3
(1886); Rye, Brit. Macro-Lepid. i. p. 12, pi ii. figs. 5-6
(1895).
Pontia rapes, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 1 8 (1827).

This species, like P. brassic^ is found throughout the Palae-
arctic Region, and is frequently very destructive, although the
eggs are laid singly and not gregariously. It is probably the
most abundant of all our Butterflies, and frequents fields and
gardens. In Southern Europe, and in Northern and Western

WfcRIS. 147

Asia, many closely-allied races are met with, some of which are
probably simply local forms of this Butterfly, while others are
to be ranked as distinct species. Rather more than thirty
years ago, this Butterfly was introduced into North America
(where, however, several closely-allied species are truly indi-
genous), and has since spread over the country, and become
very destructive. It has also developed a yellow variety
(P. novanglice, Scudder), which is very rarely observed in any
other part of its range.

The Small White Butterfly measures from ij£ to nearly 2^
inches across the wings, which are coloured nearly as in P.
brassica. The wings are rather more yellowish than in the last-

Upper side of female.

named species, the fore-wings having an ash-coloured blotch
at the tip, much smaller and paler than in P. brassiccz. The
male has a black spot on the disc (often wanting), and the
female has two ; the patch on the inner-margin is less distinct.
On the hind-wings there is a black spot on the costa towards
the tip. On the under side, the fore-wings have two black
spots, the tip is yellow, and the base dusted with blackish.
The hind-wings are rather bright yellow, dusted with black,
and there is a narrow orange streak at the base of the costa.

The larva is pale green, with yellow dots on the sides. It
feeds on cabbage, mignonette, &c. ; and there is probably a

L 2

148 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

succession of broods throughout the year. The pupa is greenish,
spotted with black.

HOWARD'S WHITE BUTTERFLY. PIERIS METRA.

(Plate LI II. Figs. 2, 3.)

Pontia metra, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 19 (1827).
Pieris metra, Westwood, Brit. Butterflies, p. 26, pi. 5, figs. 5, 6
(1841).

This insect is found in April and June, and is considered to
be undoubtedly a mere var.'ety of P. rapa, as the pupa does not
differ.

The wings are white or cream-colour, the fore-wings being
much pointed at the tip, with the base black, and the tip more
or less clouded with dusky. The male has one black spot on
the fore-wings above, and the female two ; but these are fre-
quently more or less obsolete. The hind-wings are white, with
the base black, and a dusky spot towards the end of the costa.
On the under side the tip of the fore-wings is yellow ; the base
is blackish, and there are two obsolete spots on the disc ; the
hind-wings are rather bright yellow, thickly dusted with blackish,
and there is a pale orange streak at the base of the costa ; the
fringes are white.

THE GREEN-VEINED WHITE BUTTERFLY. PIERIS NAPI.

(Plate LI V. Figs, i, 2.)
Papilio napi) Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 468, no. 60 (1758) ;

id. Faun. Suec. p. 271 (1761); Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p.

57, pi. 3, fig, 3 (1777); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs.

406, 407 (1803?).
Pieris napi, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 161, no. 145 (1819);

Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 518 (1836); Newman, Brit.

Butterflies, p. 160 (1881) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and

Moths, p. 7, pi. 4. fig. 5 (1878); Lang, Butterflies Eur.

p. 31* P1- 7, fig. i, pi. 15, fig. 3 (1881); Barrett, Lepid.

Brit. Isl. i. p. 24, pi. 3 (1892); Buckler, Larvae of Brit.

PLATE LIV.

\

PIERIS. 149

Lepid. i. pp. 20, 156, pi. ii. fig. 4 (1886); Rye, Brit.
Macro-Lepid. i. p. 13, pi. iii. figs. 1-5 (1895).
Pontianapi, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 20 (1827).

Var. P. bryonice.

Var. Papilio bryonice, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. i. (2) p.

151 (1808).

Pieris bryonice, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 162, no. 146 (1819).
Papilio napi, var. Esper, Schmett. i. (2) p. 87, pi. 64, figs. 3-5

(1783) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. fig. 407* (1803?).
Pieris napi, var. bryonice, Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 32, pi. 7,

fig. 2 (1881).

Var. P. napcece.

Var. Papilio napcece, Esper, Schmett. i. (2) p. 119, pi. 116, fig.
5 (1800?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. fig. 664, 665 (1818?).
Pontia napcece, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 21 (1827).
The Green-veined White is as widely distributed as the other
species of Pieris, but is not quite so abundant, and is per-
haps rather more fond of lanes and clearings in woods. It is
also very variable, and like the other species, is found through-
out the summer, being at least double-brooded.

It is about the size of P. rapce, expanding from an inch
and a half to nearly two inches. The wings are white, with
the base blackish, and the tip of the fore-wings and a spot
towards the end of the costa on the hind-wings brown or
blackish. The male has a black spot on the disc of ^the fore-
wings, and the female has two. On the under side the tips of
the fore-wings, and the hind-wings are sulphur-yellow, with the
nervures more or less strongly incrassated with dusky-green.
In the female the two black spots on the disc are reproduced.

This is an extremely variable insect, and one of its forms (P.
sabellicce, Stephens) will be considered separately. Another
form, P. napcece (Esper), is larger than the typical form, the

Tijo LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

markings are blacker than usual, and on the under side of the
hind-wings, which are rather pale, only the three first nervures
are dilated and greenish, the rest being short and blackish.
P. bryonice, (Ochsenheimer) is of a deep smoky-yellow, much
irrorated with black, and with the nervures and spots dilated.
It is an Alpine race, of the female, common in the Swiss Alps ;

Upper side of male.

but specimens approaching it are sometimes met with in the
North of Scotland and in some parts of Ireland.

The larva is dull green, paler on the sides, and with yellowish
stigmata. It is covered with white warts, tipped with black,
and tufted with short hairs. It feeds on various Crucifera,
and especially on watercress. The pupa is greenish-yellow,
with prominent angles.

THE DUSKY-VEINED WHITE BUTTERFLY. FIERIS SAEELLIC^E.

(Plate LIIL Figs. 4, 5.)
Pontla saM'tica, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p, 21, pi. 3,

figs. 3, 4 (1827).

This is a form of P. napi which occurs in June, and is not
uncommon, but is no longer supposed to be a distinct species.
It expands about an inch and three-quarters. The wings are
shorter and more rounded than in typical P. napi, the fore-
wings approaching those of Euchloe cardamines in shape. " It

PONTIA. 151

has the upper surface of all the wings of a yellowish-white, with
broad dusky irrorated nervures, broadest towards the hinder
margin. The male has the base of the anterior wings and a
single irregular spot in the fourth marginal cell dusky. The
female has the base and tips of the same wings, a spot in the
fourth and sixth marginal cells, and the inner edge of the wings
of the same colour. Both sexes have a similarly- coloured spot
on the upper margin of the posterior wings above. Beneath,
all the wings are adorned with very broad dusky nervures,
. . . varying in different specimens, and the dilated
nervure on the upper edge of the discoidal cell is destitute of
the insulated yellow spot which every specimen of P. napi
that has passed under my examination possesses" (Stephens).

GENUS PONTIA.

Politicly Fabricius, in Illi0rer, Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 283 (1807) ;

Curtis, Brit. Ent. i. pi. 48 (1824).
Synchloe, pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 94 (1816) ; Kirby,

List Brit. Rhop. p. i (1858) ; Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 38,

51 (1870); Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 61 (1886).
Mandpiunit pt. Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 22 (1827);

Duncan, Brit. Butterflies, p. 124 (1835).

Antennae with a well-marked club ; sub-costal nervure with
only three branches ; lower disco-cellular nervules much
straighter than in Piet is ; wings white, the hind-wings marbled
with green beneath.

A small genus, almost confined to Europe and Northern and
Western Asia. One species, P. callidice (Esper), is a thoroughly
mountain form, reaching the height of 8,000 feet in the Alps,
and 16,000 in the Himalayas. It may be known by the dull
green colour of the hind-wings beneath, with white sagittate
spots.

152 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

THE BATH WHITE. PONTIA DAPLIDICE.

(Plate LIV. Figs. 3<J, 4, 5?-)
Papilio daplidice. Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) p. 468, no. 62

(1758); Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 62, pi. 3, fig. 5 (1777)

Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 414, 415 (1803?); figs.

777, 778 (1825).
Pieris daplidice, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 128, no. 29 (1829) ;

Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 544, no. 154 (1836);

Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 158 (1881) : Kirby, Eur.

Butterflies and Moths, p. 7, pi. 4, fig. 6 (1878); Lang,

Butterflies Eur. p. 33, pi. 7, fig. 4 (1881) ; Barrett, Lepid.

Brit. Isl. i. p. 26, pi. 4, figs, i, i a-d (1892); Buckler,

Larvse of Brit. Lepid. i. p. 21, pi. 3, fig. i (1886) \ Rye,

Brit. Macro-Lepid. i. p. 14, pi. iii. figs. 6, 7 (1895).
Pontia daplidice, Curtis, Brit. Ent. i. pi. 48 (1824) ; Stephens,

111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 22 (1827).
Papilio edusa, Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 255 (1777).
Var. Papilio bellidice, Brahm, in Illiger, Mag. Insekt. iv. p. 362

(1805) ; Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. i. (2) p. 354 (1808).
Papilio belemida, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 931, 934 (i 841 ?).
Pieris daplidice, var. bellidice, Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 34,

pi. 8, fig. i (1881).

The Bath White is common in many parts of Europe,
the Mediterranean Region generally, and Northern and Western
Asia, but it is commonest in the South. Although it has long
been known as an occasional inhabitant of most of the southern
counties of England, it has always been of extreme rarity with
us. It is found in May and August, but the spring brood is
much less frequently met with in Central Europe than the
autumn brood. It has a heavier flight than the species of
Pieris, and is fond of resting on low flowers on waste ground,
or in stubble fields. It derives its name from a young lady
having once executed a piece of needlework on which she

PONTIA. 153

represented a specimen of the Butterfly which had been taken
at Bath. In recent times more specimens appear to have
been captured about Dover than anywhere else in England,
which lends colour to the. surmise that most of the so-called
" British " specimens were blown over, or otherwise introduced,
from the Continent.

This Butterfly measures about an inch and three-quarters
across the wings, which are white above, with a marginal black
band on the fore-wings, spotted with white, running from the
apex to below the middle of the hind-margin. Near the hinder
angle is usually a detached black spot, largest in the female,
and a broad black band, divided by a white line, runs from

Larva and pupa of P. daplidice.

the costa just beyond the end of the cell. The hind-wings are
unspotted in the male, except for the markings of the under
side showing indistinctly through, but are usually more or less
heavily bordered with black in the female, with a row of white
spots between the broad dusky nervures. The fore-wings
beneath are coloured as above, except that the dark markings
are greenish. The hind-wings are green beneath, varied with
yellowish, and dusted with black, with a row of large white
spots on the hind-margin, an irregular transverse white band,
and three white basal spots. The spring brood, P. bellidice^
has the dark sub-marginal band narrower, and more interrupted

154 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

with whitish. The spot towards the hinder angle of the fore-
wings is absent, and the hind-wings are less varied with yellow
beneath, and consequently greener.

The larva is dull blue, yellowish on the sides, and dotted
with black. The head is green, spotted with yellow. It feeds
on wild mignonette (Reseda lutea) and allied plant?. The pupa
is at first greenish, but afterwards grey.

GENUS MESAPIA.

Mesapia, Gray, LiF.t Lepid. Ins. Brit Mus. i. p. 92 (1856);
Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 59 (1886); Kirby, Entomo-
logist, xxvii. p. 101 (1894).

Here I propose to insert some very aberrant mountain
genera from the Himalayas and Central Asia, about which
but little is known at present. Mesapia was for some time
supposed to be one of the Equitidcz allied to Parnassius ;
but Schatz referred it provisionally to the Pieridce ; and an
examination of the essential characters proves it to possess
bifid claws, and an internal nervure on the hind-wings.
Mesapia resembles the genera Aporia and Metaporia in neura-
tion, but the density of the scaling, and the hairy fringes of the
wings will distinguish it from the former ; and the long hairs
at the base of the wings, the very long club of the antennse,
and the peculiarities of neuration will amply separate it from
.both. I reprint here my description of the genus and species
in full. " Palpi long, rather pointed ; antennae long, moderately
stout, with a large but gradually formed pyriform club. Body
and base of wings clothed with very long slender hairs ; fringes
with shorter hairs ; claws of front tarsi distinctly bifid ; wings
short, rounded, densely scaled, the fore-wings very broad, sub-
triangular ; costal nervure about two-thirds of the length of the
wing ; sub-costal nervure four-branched, the first branch emitted

MESAPIA. 155

at about three fourths of the length cf the cell, and running
obliquely to the costa, the second emitted at or a little before
the end of the cell, and slightly arched, the third emitted a
little beyond the cell, and running to the costa just before the
apex, the fourth emitted about half-way between the end of the
cell and the apex, and running to the hind-margin just below
the latter. Disco-cellular nervules oblique, the discoidal and
median nervules nearly straight. Hind-wings with the upper
sub-costal nervule emitted at half the distance between the
base and the upper disco-cellular nervules, the nervules running
to the hind margin straight, and at nearly equal distances apart;
a well-marked basal cell ; two sub-median nervures."

MESAPIA PELORIA.

Pieris peloria, Hewitson, Exot. Butterflies, i. pi. 2, figs. 15, 1 6

(1853).

Mesapia peloria, Kirby, Entomologist, xxvii. p. 101 (1894).
Aporia lama, Alpheraky, in Romanoffs Mem. Le*pid. ii. p.
404 (1887).

Greenish-white, with the nervures broadly margined with
grey, and grey spots on the nervures on the hind-margin of the
hind-wings. Under side of hind-wings yellowish-white, tinged
with orange, with all the nervures strongly bordered with brown,
as is also a fold so strongly marked as to look like an additional
sub-median nervure below the median ; costal area and basal
cell orange.

The Butterfly measures an inch and a half across the wings.
It is found at a great elevation in the mountains of Chinese
Tartary and N.E. Thibet.

This is the only known species of the genus. Mesapia shcm'tt,
Bates, from Yarkand, is also a true Pierid, but it is the

156 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

type of the genus Baltia, Moore, which differs from all the
genera allied to Pieris and Aporia by the very large club of the
antennae, and the short, broad, hind-wing cells, which are almost
truncated at the end, and scarcely angulated. Mr. Moore has
described a second species of Baltia from Lahore, under the
name of Synchloe butleri. The references to these species are
as follows : —

BALTIA SHAWII.

Mesapia shawii. Bates, in Henderson and Hume, Lahore to

Yarkand, p. 305 (1873).
Baltia shawii, Moore, 2nd Yarkand Exped. Lepid. p. 3, pi.

i, fig. 5 (1879); Kirby, Entomologist, xxvii. p. 100

(1894).
Pieris shawii, Groam-Grshimailo in Romanoff's Mem. Lepid.

iv. p. 222, pi. 10, figs. 2a, b (1890).

BALTIA BUTLERI.

Synchloe butleri^ Moore, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 256, pi. n, figs.

6, 6a.

These species are white, with blackish apical markings, and
have much more superficial resemblance to Pontia than to
Mesapia.

GENUS DAVIDINA.

Davidina, Oberthiir, Etudes d'Ent. iv. pp. 19, 108 (1878);
Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 59 (1886) ; Leech, Butterflies
of China, p. 474 (1893).

The type of this genus is a very remarkable Butterfly, found
at a great elevation in the mountains of Central China. The
genus is imperfectly known, and I will therefore only charac-
terise it here as far as the figures enable me to do so.

Palpi long ; antennae about one-third as long as the costa of

DAVIDINA. 157

the fore-wings, apparently with a long gradually formed fusi-
form club; wings moderately broad, oval, rounded at the tips,
with long cells of nearly equal length ; hind-wings nearly as
long as the fore-wings. Costal nervure about two-thirds of the
length of the costa ; sub-costal nervure five-branched, the first
branch emitted just before the end of the cell, the second a
little beyond, nearly parallel to it, the third emitted a little
beyond it, and slightly diverging from it, the fourth and fifth
forming a rather large fork at the extremity of the wing. The
discoidal nervules both rise from the end of the cell, and from
the base of the median nervure rises a well-marked nervure in
the cell, which forks in the middle, the upper branch reaching
the end of the cell between the discoidal nervures, while the
lower one is continuous with the upper median nervule.
Hind-wings with a similar forked nervure in the cell, and ap-
parently with three sub-median nervures, the two lowest con-
fluent for a short distance from the base.

It is not quite clear whether the forked cellular nervure and
the third sub median nervure are true or false. If perfect, the
structure is very remarkable ; if false, we meet with a well-
marked false third sub-median nervure in most of the allied
genera of Pieridce, and sometimes with obsolete traces of neura-
tion in the cell. In certain families of Moths (Zeuzerida, &c.)
the cell is still divided by nervures ; but, with the possible ex-
ception of Davidina^ this character has become almost obsolete
in Butterflies.

DAVIDINA ARMANDI.

Davidina armandi, Oberthiir, Etudes d'Ent. iv. pp. 19, 108,
pi. 2. fig. i (1879); Leech, Butterflies of China, p. 474,
Pi- 33, % 9(1893)-
The Butterfly measures about two and a quarter inches across

the wings, which are yellowish-white, suffused with blackish

158 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

along the black nervures and along the hind-margin; the
fringes are also black. On the under side the wings are yel-
lowish-grey, with black nervures.

This genus, like Mesapia and Baltia, was originally placed
fa the Equitidce. D. armandi flies among the rocks after
the manner of Parnassius^ to which these three genera have
been thought to be allied.

GENUS METAPORIA.
Metaporia, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 38, 51 (1870).

Front-wings sub-pyriform, second sub-costal nervule not
so near end of cell as in Aporla ; upper disco-cellular oblique,
nearly as long as lower, which is perpendicular and feebly
arched; second and third median branches rather near together.
Hind-wings sub-pyriform, the cell broader and less pointed,
disco-cellulars of equal length, the upper oblique, the lower
less so. Body moderately hairy ; palpi slender, hairy beneath ;
antennae with distinct flattened club (Butler).

This genus contains a number of Indian Butterflies, more
or less pale in the cells of the wings, and broadly dark along
all the nervures. The type is M. agathon (Gray), from North
India, a Butterfly of about three inches in expanse, which
might either be described as white, with black spots widely
separated by the nervures and a transverse black band beyond
the cell ; or black, with the cells and intermediate spaces be-
neath white, and a double series of long spots beyond.

GENUS PERRHYBRIS.

PerrhybriS) Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 91 (1816) ; Herr.-
Schaff. Corresp. Blatt Regensb. xxi. pp. 104, 127 (1867);
Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 61 (1886).

Pierisl pt. Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 37, 49 (1870).

PERRHYBRIS. 159

A Tropical American genus, with moderately long wings, and
the sub-costal nervure three-branched (or, rarely, four-branched).
Sexes dissimilar, the males white above, with black borders,
and the females resembling species of Heliconius, Lycorea, &c.,
as do also the males to some extent, on the under surface of
the hind-wings. The type is

PERRHYBRIS PYRRHA.
(Plate LV. Figs. 4$, 5?.)

Papilio pyrrha, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 464, no. 95 (1775);

Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 63, figs. A, B (1775).
Papilio iphigenia, Schulzens, Naturforscher, ix. p. 108, pi. 2

(1776); Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 256 (1777); Donovan,

Nat. Rep. iii. pi. 81 (1825).
Pieris pyrrha, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 156, no. 129 (1819);

Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lepid, i. p. 440 (1836).
Pieris iphigenia, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 156, no. 129 (1819).
Perrhybris eieidias, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. (1824),
Perrhybris pyrrha, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 36, pi. 20

(1884).

Female.

Papilio pamela, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 319, fig. A (1780).
Pieris pamela, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 156, no. 131 (1819).

This is a common Tropical American species, measuring
about two inches and a half in expanse. In the male the
wings are white above, with the tip of the fore-wings trian-
gularly black to below the middle of the hind-margin, above
which it is deeply indented by the white ground-colour. The
hind-wings have a rather narrow black band on their lower half.
The fore-wings are coloured beneath as above ; the hind-wings
are white, tinted with pale yellowish towards the base, and with
three black bands running from the base and inner- margin far

160 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

into the wings ; the first costal narrow, the second and third
broader, parallel, the second running from the base of the inner-
margin, and the third parallel to it below, and separated from
it by a red band; the fourth broader than above, and covering
the lower half of the hind-margin to the anal angle ; the ner-
vures above it are also expanded into blackish triangular spots
on the margin. The female is black, tawny, and yellow. On
the fore-wings the lower part of the cell is tawny, separated from
the costa by a black band, expanding at the end, and from
the tawny lower part of the wing by a black band running from
the base, and curving round as far as the outer half of the inner-
margin ; this again is separated from the black apex by a broad
irregular yellow band, running somewhat obliquely from the
costa. The hind-wings are tawny, with the costa narrowly,
and the hind-margin broadly, black ; between them is a short
black streak. The fore-wings are coloured beneath nearly as
above, but are paler, and the black markings are less extensive;
the hind-wings are coloured nearly as in the male, but the pale
portion of the wing is more strongly tinged with yellow, and
the hind-margin is broadly bordered with black, as on the
upper side of the female.

GENUS MYLOTHRIS.

Mylothris, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 90 (1816) ; Butler,
Cist. Ent. i. pp. 34, 42 (1870) ; Schatz, Exot. Schmett.
ii. p. 61 (1886); Trimen, S. Afr. Butterflies, iii. p. 28
(1889).

Antennae moderately long, with flattened club ; palpi long,
slender, hairy beneath ; sub-costal nervure three-branched, the
first two branches emitted before the end of the cell. Wings
ample, delicate, of a silky white or yellow (often more or less
orange at the base) with round black spots at the ends of the

BELENOIS. l6 1

nervures, generally coalescing into a band at the tip of the
fore-wings. Larva clothed with short hairs.

Pupa. — "Head with frontal process large and curved up-
wards ; a dorsal series of prominent tubercles (larger on
thorax) along middle line of back, and two laterally-project-
ing claw-shaped processes on each side of the basal half of
abdomen" (Trimen).

The type of this genus is the West African M. rhodope
(Fabricius), in which the male has yellow fore- wings and white
hind-wings; and the female is white, with a reddish spot at the
base of th? fore-wings. The hind-margins are spotted with
black on the nervures, and the tip of the fore-wing is narrowly
bordered with black.

GENUS BELENOIS.

Beknois, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 92 (1816); Butler,
Cist. Ent. i. p. 50(1870) ; Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 61
(1886).

Antennae with an oval flattened club; wings shorter, broader,
more scalloped, and more densely scaled than in the last genus;
costa straight, and very slightly serrated. Sub-costal nervure
of the fore-wings four-branched, the fourth branch well marked;
disco-cellular nervules oblique, the lower one shorter on all the
wings than the middle one.

The type is B. calypso, Drury, a common West African
Butterfly. It measures from 2 to 2^ inches across the
wings, which are white, with a broad black border, spotted
with white on the under side of the fore-wings, and a black
bar running from the base of the costa of the fore-wings,
which is produced into a transverse bar at the end of the
ceil. The hind-wings are tinged with yellow beneath, and are
bordered with a row of connected yellow spots, edged on each
10 M

1 62 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

side by a row of black ones. There is also a round black
spot at the end of the cell, which is sometimes visible above.
In the male, the black marginal bands of the upper surface are
incomplete and macular.

GENUS SCIIATZIA.

Eucheira (nee Dejean), Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. i. p.
44 (1834); Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 34, 42 (1870); Schatz,
Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 62 (1886).'

Head and body very hairy, antennae with a gradually-formed
club ; wings with very long cells ; fore-wings triangular,
rounded off at the angles ; hind-wings oval, likewise much
rounded ; fore-wings with the sub-costal nervure four-branched,
the two first branches emitted before the end of the cell, the
third and fourth forming a long fork; upper disco-cellular
nervule (rarely present in the Pieridce) distinct, but short, so
that the first discoidal nervure rises from the cell, and not
beyond it.

The type is a Mexican species, remarkable for the gregarious
nest-building habits of the larva ; a habit which is somewhat
uncommon in Butterflies, though more frequent in Moths.

It is necessary to change the name of the genus, on account
of the Coleopterous genus Eucheirus, Dejean, and I have there
fore been glad to name it after the late eminent Lepidopterist,
Dr. Schatz, whose work on the families and genera of Butter-
flies is one of the most valuable contributions to systematic
entomology that has ever appeared.

SCHATZIA SOCIALIS.

(Plate LV. Fig. 2.)

feucheira socialis^ Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, i. p.
44, pi. 6 (1835); Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 26
£1884).

ARCHONIAS. 163

This Butterfly expands about two inches across the wings,
which are blackish above, with a transverse row of greyish-
white spots running across the wings, and a row of smaller
ones between these and the hind-margin ; there is also a large
white spot at the end of the cell of the fore-wings. On the
under side the wings are of a more brownish-black, with the
white spots on the fore -wings much extended and confluent;
on the hind-wings they are nearly obsolete.

The larvae and pupae live gregariously in a large bag-like nest
of very strong silk, which is suspended to the branches of trees,
and from which the caterpillars must make excursions in search
of food, as in the case of Moths with similar habits. These
cases appear more to resemble the nests formed by the
gregarious larvae of the African genus Anaphe, Walker (one of
the Bombyces) than any others which have been described.

GENUS ARCHONIAS.

ArchonlaSy Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Schmett. iii. p. 19 (1825);

Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 63 (1886).
Euterpe, Swainson, Zool. 111. Ins. ii. p. 74 (1831); Boisduval,

Spec. Gdn. Ldpid. i. p. 404 (1836) ; Doubleday, Gen

Diurn. Lepid. p. 33 (1847); Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 34,

42 (1870).

Body hairy ; palpi and antennae slender, the latter termi-
nating in a flattened club ; wings moderately broad and long,
sub-costal nervure four-branched, the second branch emitted
beyond the cell ; cells long, rather narrow ; disco-cellular
nervules nearly straight.

The species of this genus are not very numerous. They
inhabit tropical America, and mimic the genus of Equitidce
called Priamides, by Hiibner, which inhabits the same coun-
tries. The type is Arckonias tereas (Godart). The species,

M 2

164 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

which are very similar to each other, are black, with a white
blotch on the fore-wings, and a broad scarlet band, more or
less broken into spots, on the hind-wings, the under surface
of which is paler, and marked with red spots at the base, and
greenish-yellow spots on the hind-margin. The red band is
present, but paler.

The allied genus Catasticta^ Butler, differs little in structure,
but has the second branch of the sub-costal nervure emitted
from the end of the cell. The fore-wings are more pointed
than in Archonias, the hind-margin being often slightly con-
cave instead of curved, and the wings are more distinctly
dentated. The Butterflies differ very much in appearance,
however, being black, banded and spotted with white, yellow,
buff, or some other pale colour.

GENUS PEKEUTE.

Pereute^ Herrich-Schaffer, Corresp. Blatt. Regensb. xxi. pp.
105, 138 (1867); Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 34, 40 (1870);
Schatz, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 63 (1886).

Antennae long, terminating in a flattened club ; wings ample,
rounded, with the sub-costal nervure only three-branched, the
lower disco-cellular nervule angulated.

The species are black, varied with bluish-grey, and spotted
with red or yellow. They inhabit various parts of South
America, and I have figured a species from New Granada,
which is closely allied to the type of the genus.

PEREUTE LEUCODROSIME.

(Plate LV. Fig. i.)
Euterpe leucodrosime, Kollar, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien,

Math. Nat. Cl. i. p. 358> P1- 44, figs. 3, 4 (1850),
Euterpe c<zsarea> Lucas, Rev. Zool. 1854, p. 194.

/. Pereute Leucedrvsime. 3. DLsmorphicL egacnsis
2. SchatzicL socialis. 4.5. Perrhwhris nvrrhjcu.

DELIAS. 165

This Butterfly measures rather more than two inches and a
half across the wings, which are black above, with a broad red
band, slightly cut by the nervures on the fore-wings, running
from the costa obliquely across the outer part of the cell and
the disc to the inner-margin, above the hinder angle. The
basal area of the wings is bluish-grey towards the inner-margin
of the fore-wings, and over the whole of the hind-wings to
beyond the middle. There are some red spots at the base
of the wings beneath.

P. callinice (Felder), from New Granada and Venezuela,
which is the type of the genus Pereufe, differs from P. leucodrosime
in having only the hind-wings grey at the base above, and in
wanting the red spots on the under side.

P. charops (Boisduval), from Mexico, has red markings
only in the female ; the male has diffused bluish markings on
the fore-wings above ; and beneath a yellow band running from
the costa of the fore-wings, and then curving broadly across
the wing to the hind-margin ; and a yellow costal stripe on the
hind-wings.

GENUS DELIAS.

Delias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. v. pp. 91, 92 (1816) ;

Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 34, 40 (1870); Schatz, Exot.

Schmett. ii. p. 63 (1886).
Thyca, Wallengren, Oefv. Vet. Akad. Forh. Stockh. 1858, p.

76; Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) iv. p. 344 (1867).
General structure as in Pereute; wings generally longer ; sub-
costal nervure three-branched, the first branch emitted before
the end of the cell ; the cells long and narrow, the lower disco-
cellular nervule on both pairs of wings straight and oblique ;
pre-costal nervule of the hind-wings curved outwards instead of
inwards, as is the case in Pereute.

The larvae are clothed with long detached hairs, and the

1 66 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

pupae are armed with a row of strong spines on the ventral
surface.

This is one of the most extensive and characteristic genera
among those inhabiting the Indo- and Austro- Malayan Regions,
to which it is exclusively confined. Notwithstanding its close
structural affinity to Pereute, there is little outward resemblance
between the genera ; for Delias^ notwithstanding the many
forms which it assumes, has always the unmistakable appear-
ance of a true Pierid. Most of the species are black above,
varied with bluish-grey, and often marked with red or yellow
at the base or on the hind-wings beneath ; or they are white,
more or less bordered with black, and with the hind-wings
bordered beneath with a row of red, orange, or yellow spots,
or banded with red. They have a weaker flight than would be
supposed from their appearance, and are easily captured.

I will first discuss the species which I have figured to illustrate
the genus, and will then proceed to notice some of the more
interesting forms which are not figured in the present work.

DELIAS BELISAMA.
(Plate LVII. Fig. I.)

Papiliolelisama, Cramer, Pap.Exot. iii. pi. 258, figs. A-D(i779).
Pieris belisama, Godart, Enc. Me'th. ix. p. 147, no. 104 (1819);
Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Ldpid. i. p. 464 (1836).

This species, which is common in Java and Sumatra,
measures about two inches and a half across the wings. The
male is yellowish-white above, with the costa and apex of the
fore-wings, and the hind-margin of the hind-wings rather broadly
black. The female is ochreous-yellow, with very broad black
borders. The under side of the fore-wings is black, with a
whitish streak at the end of the cell, and a row of four or Eve
white or yellow spots towards the tip. The hind-wings are
orange-yellow beneath, with a red streak, bifid at the end, at

PLATE LVII.

Deltas

2 .

3 . Hebonwia

PLATE LVI.

3.

1.2. Delias eucharis.
•3.

DELIAS. 167

the base, and a black border, serrated on the inner side, and
containing a row of rounded spots of the same shade as the
ground-colour. The body is whitish or yellowish; antennae
black. The larva, which feeds on a species of Discorea during
the rainy season in Java, from December to February, is green
and yellow, with very long separate hairs ; pupa brown, with
a row of black hooks on the ventral surface.

DELIAS EUCHARIS.

(Plate L VI. Figs, i, 2.)

Papilio eucharis, Drury,Ill. Exot. Ent. ii. pi. 10, figs. 5, 6 (1773) j

Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pis. 201, figs. B C ; p. 202, fig. C

(1782).

Papilio hypareie, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 474, no. 136 (1775).
Pieris epicharis, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 153, no. 122 (1819) j

Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 456 (1836).
Mandpium vorax Hyparete^ Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett.

i. pi. 136(1824?).

This species, which must be well known to everyone who
has seen a case of Butterflies from India, measures about
three inches across the wings. The latter are of a slightly bluish-
white tint in the male, and yellowish-white in the female, with
the nervures broadly black, except on the upper side of the
hind-wings in the male. The marginal area is marked off by
a transverse black line, outside which is a series of large oval
spots, separated by the nervures. On the fore-wings these are
of the ground-colour in the male, but tinged with yellow
towards the tip in the female ; on the hind-wings they are
pink. The under side of the fore-wings is similar to the upper,
except that the sub-marginal spots are more decidedly yellow,
especially in the female ; the hind-wings are yellow beneath,
nearly to the sub-marginal line ; and the sub-marginal spots
are of a brighter red than above, and bordered with whitish.
The body is white.

1 68 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

The larva is reddish-brown, with long black detached hair
(but shorter than in D. belisama\ and a white collar, behind
which is a black blotch dotted with white. The pupa is
yellowish-green, with black markings on the dorsal surface, and
strong black teeth on the ventral surface. The larva feeds on
lime (citrus) and guava.

DELIAS C/ENEUS.*
(Plate L VI. Fig. 3.)

Papilio ceneus, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 271 (1764).
Papilio hyparete, var. (?), Linn. I.e. p. 247 (1764); Clerck,
Icones, pi. 38, fig. 3 (1764); Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi.
216, figs. A, B (1779); iv. pi. 339, figs. E, F (1781).
Papilio plexariS) Donovan, Ins. New Holl. pi. 18, fig. 2 (1805).
Pieris plexariS) Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 149, no. 110(1819).
Pieris philyra, Godart, I.e. p. 150, no. 113(1819); Boisduval,
Spec. Ge'n. Lepid. p. 462 (1836).

This Butterfly, which measures rather more than two inches
and a half across the wings, is common in Australia, Papua,
Amboina, and Ceram. It is the type of Hiibner's genus,
Cathamia^ which he regarded as distinct from true Delias.

The male is bluish-white above, with a black border, broadest
at the tip of the fore-wings, which are crossed by a curved row
of oval white spots. The female is nearly black above, but
dull white towards the base, and with a series of white apical
spots on the fore-wings, as in the male. The under side is
black, with the base broadly yellow, dusted with black. On
die fore-wings there is a white spot at the end of the cell,
and a sub-marginal row of large yellow spots, largest towards
the tip. The hind-wings have seven long reddish-brown spots
beyond the middle, becoming lighter on the outer side. These
are sometimes so extensive as to make the hinder part of the

* Delias pkilyra on plate.

DELIAS. 169

wing from the middle of the discoidal cell appear almost
entirely reddish-brown, with broad black nervures, and a black
border.

The type of the genus Delias is

DELIAS EGIALEA.

Papilio cgialea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 189, figs. D, E (1777);

iii.pl. 256, figs. E, F(i779>

Pieris egialea, Boisduval, Spec. Gdn. Le'pid. p. 450 (1836).
Delias egialea, Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 34, pi. 20

This Butterfly, which is common in Java and Sumatra,
measures two inches and a half across the wings, or a little
more. The male is bluish-white, dusted with blackish at the
base ; the costa and apical half of the fore-wings (narrowing to
the hinder angle), and a broad border to the hind-wings, are
black ; the inner- margin of the hind-wings is tinged with
yellow, especially towards the anal angle. On the under side,
the fore-wings are brown, with a white band, narrower and
whiter than above ; the hind- wings are red at the base, beyond
which they are yellow, partly divided into spots by broad black
incrassated nervures, and bordered with black. The female
has black fore-wings, with a broad orange central band above
and below ; the hind-wings are white above, shading into yel-
low on the basal half, and black beyond ; on the under side
they resemble the male, except that the yellow portion is re-
placed by orange.

AUSTRO-MALAYAN SPECIES OF DELIAS.

Some of these species are remarkably handsome. One of
the most beautiful is D. aruna (Boisduval), which inhabits
Papua and the Moluccas. It has broad wings, measuring up-

1 70 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

wards of three inches in expanse. The male is of a rich
orange above, with the hind-margins, the costa, and apical
region of the fore- wings black; the under side is black, the fore-
wings with a yellow sub-costal line from the base, a grey spot
at the end of the cell, and a whitish dash on the inner-margin;
the hind-wings have a broad red band near the base, interrupted
along the sub-costal nervure. The female is black above, pale
yellow towards the base, with the outer half of the cell of the
fore-wings filled up with white both above and below. The fore-
wings are coloured beneath as in the male, but are marked with
a sub-apical row of white spots, represented by one or two de-
tached spots on the hind-wings, which otherwise differ from the
colour of the upper surface chiefly by possessing a red patch
near the base of the costa.

Two very pretty, but rather smaller, species with black under
sides, inhabit Australia. One of these is D. nigrina (Fabricius),
which measures about 2 ^ inches across the wings. The male
is white, with the tip of the fore-wings black, crossed by a row
of white spots ; the female has black fore-wings, with a row of
grey sub-apical spots, and bluish towards the base on the inner-
marginal area ; the hind-wings are bluish, with a broad black
border. The under side is black ; the fore-wings with a sub-
apical macular yellow band, and the hind-wings with a red streak
near the base of the costa, and a narrow curved red stripe run-
ning across the middle of the wing.

Delias aganippe (Donovan) is a larger insect ; white, with
broad black borders, marked with large greyish-white blotches;
on the fore-wings of the female are two large black spots. The
under side is black and white, with blotches of orange and
crimson. The larva is brown, with white spots and hairs, and
feeds on the native cherry (Exocarpus).

Delias dorimene (Cramer) represents a different section of
the genus. It is found in Ceram and Amboina, and measures.

PRIONERIS. 171

about two inches across the wings. The fore-wings are black-
ish, with some sub-apical white spots, most distinctly seen be-
neath, where they are tinged with yellow, and the hind-wings
are white above, with a black border, and yellow below, with a
narrow and incomplete black border, spotted with yellow.

GENUS PRIONERIS.

PrioneriS) Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) iv. p. 383 (1867);
Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 33, 39 (1870) ; Schatz, Exot.
Schmett. ii. p. 64 (1886).

The Butterflies of this genus resemble Delias^ but the sub-
costal nervure is four-branched, with the two first nervules
emitted before the end of the cell. The wings are generally
more pointed than in Delias^ and the costa is strongly serrated
in the males. Apart from other differences, Prioneris may be
distinguished from Appias by the absence of an anal tuft.

The species are large and conspicuous, though not numerous,
and are confined to India and the Indo-Malayan Islands. The
type is,

PRIONERIS THESTYLIS.

Pieris thestylis, Doubleday, in Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 76 (1842);

id. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. pi. 6, fig. 2 (1847).
Prioneris thestylis, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) iv. p.

194, no. i (1867); Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 35,

pi. 20 (1884).

Female.

Pieris seta, Moore, Cat. Lepid. Ins. Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 78
(1857); id. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1857, p. 102, pi. 44,
% 3-

A large and handsome Butterfly, with rather pointed wings,
expanding from three to four inches ; it inhabits North India.

172 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

The male is white above, with the costa, apical third, and hind-
margin of the fore-wings black, marked with long white spots
and streaks between the nervures. The hind-wings are white,
with a narrower black border, containing round white spots, very
narrowly separated from the ground-colour. On the under side
of the fore-wings, the white portion is broken up into spots by
the strongly incrassated black nervures, and the spots towards
the apex are tinged with yellow. The hind-wings are black,
with the inner-margin and the base of the costa broadly yellow,
the cell filled up with yellow, and two rows of yellow spots be-
yond, one discal, and the other marginal.

We quote Mr; Moore's original description of the female, as
it has been confounded with some of the allied species :

" Upper side blackish-brown ; fore-wings with two rows of
narrowish white marks ; two lengthened marks between median
and sub-median veinlets, and four small spots within discoidal
cell ; hind-wings with a marginal row of whitish spots ; another
row from anterior margin widening towards the anal angle ;
abdominal margin broadly whitish, the latter tinged with yellow;
also white linear mark in discoidal cell. Under side as in the
upper side, but with all the markings on the hind-wings
yellow."

GENUS APPIAS.
Appias, Hubner,Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 91 (1816); Butler, Cist.

Ent. i. pp. 37, 49 (1870); Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 310

(1885).
Tachyris, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) iv. p. 361 (1867);

Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 64 (1886).

This genus includes a considerable number of Indo-Malayan

and Austro-Malayan species, distinguished by having the anal

valves of the male elongated and provided with a tuft of long

and stiff hairs at each side of the base beneath. " The species

APPIAS. 173

are of moderate size, and are, generally speaking, of uniform
colours. The fore-wings are sub-triangular and rather pointed,
with the sub-costal nervure four-branched ; the hind-wings are
oval, and rather produced towards the anal angle ; larva hairy,
and with four or six longitudinal rows of spines ; pupa with two
lateral spines " ( Wallace}.

This large genus includes several sections, which many
writers are inclined to treat as of generic rank. The following
species is the true type of the genus,

APPIAS ZELMIRA.

Papilio zelmirci) Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 320, figs. C-D (1780).

This is an Indian Butterfly, measuring about two inches
across the wings. The male is white, with the nervures,
especially the branches of the sub-costal nervure, broadly black
towards the hind-margin, or expanding into black triangular
spots ; on the under side of the hind-wings nearly all the
nervures are black. The costa of the fore-wings is dusted with
bluish-grey, especially beneath, and the base of the costa of
the hind-wings is yellow beneath. The female is brown, with
sub-marginal white spots, and two large white spaces on the
fore-wings, and one on the hind-wings. On the under side,
the nervures are not black as in the male. The fore-wings are
greenish in the cell and towards the tips, with a black streak
from the end of the cell meeting a black oblique sub-apical
streak. On the hind-wings, the base of the costa is stained
with orange, the hind-margin is yellowish-green, and a yellowish-
green band runs from the sub-median nervure near the base to
the border, a little below the tip.

The type of the genus Tachyris, Wallace, is T. nero (Fab-
ricius), from the Malay Peninsula and the adjacent islands.
It measures about three inches across the wings, which are

174 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

rather pointed, and are of a bright red, varying in tint above
in different specimens of the male sex. On the under side they
are more of an orange-red, inclining to greenish-yellow on the
costa of the fore-wings, and along the inner-margin and nervures
of the hind-wings. The female is of a darker red above, with
narrow irregular black borders, and an oblique black streak
running outwards from the middle of the costa of the fore-wings ;
there are also some irregular blackish marks opposite the hind-
margin on the fore-wings. Beneath, the fore-wings are tawny,
with the costa greenish-yellow, and the apical region black,
crossed by a whitish band; there are also some blackish mark-
ings towards the hinder angle; the hind-wings are reddish-grey,
with an irrregular dusky band.

There are several allied species, in which the upper side is
red, blue, or brown, at least in the males. The female of T.
zarinda (Boisduval), a Celebesian species, is dark brown, with
a row of yellowish-white sub-marginal spots, and a broad white
band within, crossing the lower part of the fore-wings and the
upper part of the hind-wings. The male of these species is
red, like that of T. nero, but the wings are still more
acute.

In most species, the fore-wings are less pointed than in T.
nero and its allies. They are frequently white, with black
borders, and often with the hind-wings yellow beneath. These
average about two inches in expanse. In some species, with
pointed wings, the sub-costal nervure is only three-branched,
either in both sexes, or in the female, the male being four-
branched, as in true Appias. These form the genus Saletara>
Distant, the type of which is S. nathalia (Felder), from Malacca,
Sumatra, Celebes, &c. Other species, in which the fore-wings
are less acute, and the hind-wings are varied, at least beneath,
with yellow, orange, or green markings, form the genus
Huphina> Moore.

ELODINA. 175

GENUS MELETE.

Me/efe, Swainson, Zool. 111. Ins. ii, pi. 79 (1833).

Daftonurat Butler, Cat. Fabr. Diurn. Lepid. p. 209 (1869);

id. Cist. Ent. i. pp. 37,50(1870); Schatz, Exot. Schmett.

ii. p. 64 (1886).

Palpi and antennae long and slender, the latter with a
gradually formed club; abdomen not tufted, but with a pair of
strong anal hooks in the male ; wings broad, the fore-wings
somewhat produced at the tip, but not longer than the hind-
wings ; hind-margin slightly concave ; hind-wings somewhat
oval. Sub-costal nervure four-branched, the two first branches
emitted before the end of the cell ; disco-cellulars of nearly
equal length, the upper ones oblique, the lower straight.

This is a Tropical American genus much resembling some of
the smaller species of Appias in size and shape, but with a
peculiar facies which renders it easily recognisable. The
Butterflies measure about two inches or a little more across
the wings, which are of a white or yellow colour, with the hind-
margins narrowly black. The costa is also narrowly black to
the middle, and sends off a black bar across the end of the
cell, at least on the under surface. There are several closely-
allied species ; in the type, M. flippantha (Fabricius), which is
a Brazilian Butterfly, the fore-wings are white, and the hind-
wings are yellow.

GENUS ELODINA.

Elodina, Felder, Reise d. Novara, ii. p. 215 (1865); Butler,
Cist. Ent. i. pp. 34, 40 (1870); Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii.
p. 65 (1886).

Antennae short, with a flattened club ; fore-wings short,
rather pointed ; sub-costal nervure three-branched, the first
branch emitted before the end of the cell ; only the lowest

176 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

disco-cellular nervule present on the fore-wings, the second
discoidal nervule rising from the end of the cell ; hind-wings
rounded.

This genus is confined to Australia and the Indo-Australian
Region generally, and includes a few silky-white species, more
or less bordered with black (often only at the tips of the fore-
wings), and measuring about an inch and a half across the
wings. The type is E. egnatia (Godart), from Australia and
the Moluccas.

GENUS LEPTOSIA.

Leptosia^ Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 95 (1816); Distant,

Rhop. Malay, p. 287 (1885).
Pontia, Boisduval (nee Fabricius), Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 430

(1836); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 40 (1847);

Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 65 (1886).
Nychitona, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 34, 41 (1870).

Antennae long, with a compressed spindle-shaped club;
palpi very short ; wings rounded at the tips ; sub-costal ner-
vure three-branched, with two branches emitted before the
end of the cell, the second discoidal nervule rising from or
close to the end of the cell.

A small but very well-marked genus, confined to the tropics
of the Old World. The species measure about an inch and
a half across the wings, which are white, with the tip of the
fore-wings black, and generally a round black spot on the disc,
opposite the middle of the inner-margin. The under surface
of the hind-wings is more or less mottled with green. The
insects have a very weak flight, and resemble Leplidia sinapis in
their habits. They have a superficial likeness to the latter species,
except for the broader wings, and as in the Wood White, too,
spotless forms of the species of Leptosia are sometimes met

DISMORPHIN^E. 177

with. The type is L. xiphia (Fabricius), a common East
Indian species.

GENUS LEUCIUIA.

Leucidici) Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 77 (1847);
Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 35, 43 (1870); Schatz, Exot.
Schmett. ii. p. 66 (1886).

Antennae with the club gradually formed ; palpi very short,
scaly, and bristly ; wings rounded ; sub-costal nervure four-
branched, the first joint emitted much before the end of the
cell, the second a little beyond; sub-costal nervures of the
hind-wings stalked.

This genus contains a few South American species. They
are the smallest of the Pieridcs^ scarcely measuring an inch
across the wings. They are small white Butterflies, the type,
Z. elvina (Godart), being white or yellow, with the fore-wings
narrowly bordered with black • another species, Z. brephos
(Hiibner), is almost pure white.

On account of the resemblance presented by Leptidia to
Dismorphia on the one hand, and to Euchloe on the other, we
place here Schatz's Sub-family Dismorphince.

SUB-FAMILY II. DISMORPHIN^E.

Antennae slender, with a gradually-thickened, spindle-shaped,
or a suddenly-formed, distinct club. Palpi short, not reaching
beyond the head, with short scales above and on the sides, and
hairy in front. The middle and terminal joints are very small.
The sub-costal nervure five-branched, the branches very short,
and placed at equal distances. A pre-costal nervure present.

The species of this group are delicate Butterflies, with long
wings. Most of the South American forms mimic species
of Ithomiincz.

JQ N

iy3 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

GENUS LEPTIDIA.

idici) Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 76 (1820).
Leptosia^ pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 95 (1816) ; West

wood, Butterflies of Great Britain, p. 28 (1855); Butler

Cist. Ent. i. pp. 39, 54 (1870).
Leucophasia, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust i. p. 24 (1827) ;

Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Le'pid. i. p. 428 (1836); Double-

day, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 38 (1847); Schatz, Exot.

Schmett. ii. p. 57 (1886).
Leptorici) Westwood, Brit. Butterflies, p. 41 (1841).

Cells of the wings very short ; sub-costal nervure five-
branched, all the branches emitted beyond the end of the
cell ; first discoidal nervule emitted from the end of the cell ;
antennae short, slender, with a well-marked flattened club.

Wings narrow, elongate-oval, thickly clothed with scales.

This genus only includes a few species, much resembling
each other, and is confined to Europe and Northern and
Western Asia. It has a slight superficial resemblance to the
African and Indian genus to which Dr. Scudder correctly re-
stricts the name Leptosia, but this has much broader, shorter,
and rounder wings.

THE WOOD WHITE. LEPTIDIA SINAPIS.
(Plate LVIIT. Fig. 5.)

Papilio sinapls, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 468, no. 61 (1758); id.

Faun. Suec. p. 271 (1761); Esper, Schmett. i. (i) p. 59,

pi. 3, fig. 4 (1777); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 410-

411 (1803?).
Papilla candidus, Retzius, Gen. Spec. Ins. p. 30, no. 4

(1789).
Pier Is sinapis, Godart, Enc, Meth. ix. p. 155, no. 148

(1819)

LEPTIDIA 179

Lcucophasia sinapis, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust i. p. 24
(1827); Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lepid, p. 429 (1836); New-
man, Brit. Butterflies, p. 154 (1881); Kirby, Eur. Butter-
flies and Moths, p. 5, pi. 4, figs. la-c (1878); Lang,
Butterflies Eur. p. 45, pi. 10, fig. 4 ; pi. 16, fig. i (transf.
iSSi); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. i. p. 30, pi. 5, figs, i,
la-c (1892) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. p. 25,
pi. 3, fig. 3 (1886).
Leptoria Candida, Westw. Brit. Butterflies, p. 32, pi. 6, figs.

11-13 (1841).
Var. Papilio lathy ri^ Hiibner, Eur. Schmelt. i. figs. 797, 798

(1818?).

Var. Leucophasia sinapis, var. diniensis, Boisduval, Gen. Ind.
Meth. p. 6, no. 33 (1840); Lang, ut supra, p. 46, pi. 10,
fig. 5(188 r ).
Var. Papilio erysimi, Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. i. p. 132

(1788).

The Wood White Butterfly is common throughout a great part
of Northern and Western Asia, and is in many localities very
abundant; but in North-western Europe, including England,
Wales, and Ireland, it is extremely local, and has disappeared
from many localities where it was formerly found ; in Scotland
it is unknown. It has a low weak flight about bushes and
open places in woods, but rarely strays far from the shelter of
the trees. It is double-brooded, appearing from May to
August.

It measures about an inch and a half across its long and
narrow wings, which, together with its slender body, have been
thought to give it somewhat the appearance of a Dragon-fly.
The wings are of a milky-white above, with an ash-coloured
blotch at the tip of the fore-wings ; on the under surface, the tip of
the fore-wings and the under side of the hind-wings are greenish,
mixed with scattered black scales. The whitest specimens are

N 3

i So LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY

called Z. diniensis, the greenest Z. lathyri, and those in which
the dark apical blotch is wanting, are called Z. erysimi.

The larva is green, with a deep yellow lateral line. It feeds
on Lotus corniculatus, Lathyrus pratensis, &c. The pupa is

Upper side of var. L. erj-sim?.

Under side or L. sinapis.

fusiform, of a greenish colour, with a yellow streak on the
sides, and with white spots on the stigmata.

GENUS DISMORPHIA.

Dismorphia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 10 (1816) ; Butler,

Cist. Ent. i. pp. 39, 54 (1870); Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii.

p. 57 (1886).
Leptalis, Dalman, Anal. Ent. p. 40 (1823); Boisduval, Spec.

Gen. Lepid. i. p. 412 (1836); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn.

Lepid. p. 35 (1847).

Palpi very short ; antennae long and slender, very gradually
thickening into a spindle-shaped club. Fore-wings generally
long, rather narrow, and sometimes pointed ; hind-wings long,
sometimes very largely developed in the male, being not only

181

much broader, but longer than the fore-wings. Cells long ;
sub-costal nervure five-branched ; the first sub-costal nervure
emitted before, at, or beyond the end of the cell, the others
always beyond ; the first discoidal nervure emitted from the
end of the cell. Many of the species resemble various species
of IthomiincRi or of the genus Actinote in the Acraina ; but
they vary much in form, and may easily be divided into several
genera. Under the generic name Moschoneura, Dr. Butler
has separated some small species with oval wings, in which all
the sub-costal nervules are emitted beyond the end of the cell,
and the first discoidal nervule is emitted much beyond the
end of the cell.

The type of Moschoneura is M. methymna (Godart), a
Brazilian species, measuring nearly two inches across the wings,
which are long, narrow, and rounded. They are yellow, with
very broad, smoky black borders; on the inner side of the
dark apical area is a broad oblique greyish band, whiter be-
neath. On the under side of the hind-wings the dark border
bears an inner tawny and an outer stone-coloured marginal
stripe.

More recently, Messrs. Godman and Salvin have given the
following table of the genera into which they divide the Central
American species : —

A- First sub-costal branch of the primaries tin! ted ivith the
costal.

a. First sub-costal branch of the primaries emitted beyond
the end of the cell.

A. Sub-costal branch of the secondaries in the <?
emitted far beyond the end of the cell. (Type,
Papillo ai/ip/iio^Cj Cramer.)

DlSMORPHIA

l32 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

U. Sub-costal branch of the secondaries in the <?
emitted at the end of the cell. (Type, Picris
nemesis, Latr.)

ACMETOPTERON.

b. First sub-costal branch of the primaries emitted at the
end of the cell. (Type Papilio indite, L.)

ENANTIA.

D. First sub-costal branch of the Primaries free. (Type,
Pier is nehemia, Boisd.)

PSEUDOPIERIS.

The type of Dismorphia is Z>, lais (Cramer), a rather scarce
Butterfly from Surinam, which measures about two and one-
third inches across the wings. The fore-wings are black, with
a red bar from the base running along the upper part of the
cell, and curving downwards at its extremity. There is another
red band on the inner-margin, and a large red spot towards
the hinder angle ; there is also a yellow sub-apical band. On
the hind-wings, the costal area is white, the middle of the wing
red, and the marginal area black,

D. amphione (Cramer), which many authors regard as the
type of Dismorphia, is very like the last species, and also occurs
in Surinam ; but the fore-wings are broadly streaked with red
at the base, and they have a yellow band at the end of the cell,
and some yellow sub-apical spots.

L. astynome, Dalman, the type of the genus Leptalis, re-
sembles D. amphione, but has much longer and narrower wings,
expanding from 2^ to 2^4 inches. The fore-wings are black
with a short sub-costal fulvous stripe, and a longer broad fulvous
band towards the inner-margin ; beyond is an oblique yellow
band, and two yellow spots at the tip. The hind-wings are
yellow in the middle, shading into fulvous, bordered with black

DISMORP1IIA. 183

above, below, and on the hind-margin ; the costa is pale yellow,
and the lower border rusty-brown. It is a native of Brazil.
We have figured the following species of this genus : —

DISMORPHIA EGAENA.*

(Plate LV. Fig. 3.)

Leptalis egaena, Bates, Journ. Ent. i. p. 230, no. 2 (1861); id.
Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. xxiii. p. 566, pi. 57, fig. 7
(1862).

This species was brought by the late Mr. Bates from Ega,
on the river Ega or Tefie, a tributary of the Upper Amazon.
It is remarkable for the close resemblance of the female to
Mechanitis egaensis, Bates, a Butterfly found in the same
locality. JD. egaena measures from 2 to 2^ inches across the
wings, which are long and narrow, except the hind-wings in the
male. The fore-wings are black, with red longitudinal streaks
towards the base, a large black discoidal spot, bordered within
with red, and outwardly by the first of two oblique bands of
yellow spots ; the hind-wings are dull black, streaked with red
on both sides of the median nervure and its branches in the
female, but in the male only below it. In the male, the wing
is light brown above the median nervure, and marked with a
very large white space, extending to the costa, but not to the
hind-margin.

The type of Acmetopteron, Godman and Salvin, is A.
nemesis (Latreille), a common species from Mexico to Bolivia
and Venezuela, which measures from 2 to 2^/2. inches across
the wings. The fore-wings are longer than the hind-wings,
and are drawn out into a sharp point ; the hind-wings
are nearly rectangular in the female. In the male, the fore-
wings are black, with the nervures yellowish at the base, and
two oblique rows of greenish-yellow spots on the disc. The

* D. egaensis on plate,

184 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

hind-wings have the costal area and cell silvery-grey, and the
lower part of the wing yellow, edged above with black towards
the base. In the female, the fore-wings are black on the costal
area, and over the cell and beneath it creamy-yellow ; an ob
lique creamy-yellow band crosses the wing beyond the cell,
and there are two small yellow spots near the top ; the hind-
wings are yellow, narrowly bordered with black.

The type of Enantia, Hiibner, is E. lidnia (Cramer), which
is found in Surinam and on the Upper Amazon. The wings
expand about two inches, and are somewhat oval. They are
white, with narrow black borders in the male, and broad black
borders in the female, and the hind-wings are yellow beneath,
with two longitudinal dusky stripes. In the male the fore- wings
are narrow, but in the female they are as broad as the hind-wings.

E. melite (Linn.), which Messrs. Godman and Salvin have
taken as the type of Enantia, has rather narrow fore-wings,
especially in the female ; it measures two inches in expanse.
In the male the fore-wings are orange, with a black band
running from the base through the middle of the wing to the
lower end of the black apical border ; there are two yellow
spots near the tip, and a black bar at the end of the cell. The
hind-wings have a pale costa, and a black border. The female
is yellow, with black borders to the fore-wings and sometimes
to the hind-wings, and a black bar at the end of the cell on
the fore-wings. The under side of the hind-wings is yellow,
with two dusky stripes. It is common in South America.

The type of Pseudopieris^ Godm. & Salv. is P. nehemia
(Boisduval), a common species in Mexico and South America.
It measures about an inch and a half across the wings, and much
resembles an immaculate Pieris rape?, both in size, shape, and
colour, being of a greenish-white, very narrowly bordered with
brown at the tips of the fore-wings. On the under side, the
hind-wings and tip of the fore-wings are buff.

EUCHLOE. 185

SUB-FAMILY III. ANTHOCHARINME.

Antennae with a distinct club, rarely with a gradually-formed
one. Palpi projecting beyond the head, with long, stiff hairs
in front, but rarely scaly. Terminal joint pointed, generally
shorter than the middle joint ; in a few cases rounded. Sub-
costal nervure four- or five-branched. Pre-costal nervure al-
ways present.

Schatz calls this group "Chariden," but this is doubtless
only an abbreviation of Anthocharis, and is the more objection-
able because there is a genus Charts in the Lemoniidce.

This Sub-family is less numerous in species than the typical
PierincE, and the species are of moderate size, rarely large,
and are mostly of a white or yellow colour, with a band at the
tip of the fore-wings of an orange, yellow, red, blue, or white
colour, more or less edged with black outside, and sometimes
inside. It is represented in England by one of our prettiest
and most familiar spring Butterflies, the Orange-Tip.

GENUS EUCHLOE.

Euchloe, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 94 (1866) ; West-
wood, Brit. Butterflies, p. 30(1841); Butler, Cist. Ent.
i- PP- 39, 53 (1870).

Anthocharis, pt. Boisduval, Spec. Gen. L£pid. i. p. 555 (1836);
Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 55 (1847); Schatz, Exot.
Schmett. ii. p. 70 (1886).
Antennae short, with a distinct club. Wings white or yellow,

tipped with orange in the male. Sub-costal nervure five

branched, the two first branches emitted before the end of the

cell, the upper radial thrown off a little beyond the cell, the

middle disco-cellular nervule well marked.

Larva pubescent, green, cylindrical, tapering at the ends ;

pupa boat-shaped.

iS6 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

This genus is confined to the Palrcarctic Region. Most of
the species are more or less similar to our own, but in some of
the Central Asian species the orange colour of the male extends
over nearly the whole of the fore-wings.

THE ORANGE-TIP BUTTERFLY. EUCHLOE CARDAMINES.

(Plate LVIIL Figs. I, 2 <?, 3, 4 ?.)
Papilio cardamineS) Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) p. 468, no. 63

(1758) ; ed. Faun. Suec. p. 271 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett.

i. (i) p. 64, pi. 4, fig. i (1777); p. 318, pi. 27, fig. 2

(1778); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 419, 420, 424,

425 (1803?); figs. 791, 792 (1824?).
Pleris cardamineS) Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 125, no. 22

(1819).

Pontia cardamines, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 23 (1827).
Anthocharis cardamines, Boisduval, Spec. Gc'n. Lepid. i. p.

564 (1836); Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 156 (1881);

Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. i. p. 28, pi. 4, figs. 2, 2a-l>

(1892); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Butterflies and Moths, i.

p. 159, pi. 3, fig. 2 (1886).
Euchloe cardamines^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 6,

no. 4, pi. 4, figs. 70, b (1878) ; Lang, Butterflies Eur. p.

39, pi. 20, fig. i, pi. 15, fig. 5 (transf.) (iSSi); Rye,

Handb. Brit. Macro-Lepid. p. 16, pi. iv. (1895).
The Orange-Tip Butterfly is common throughout Europe and
Northern and Western Asia. It appears in April, May, and
June, and is said to be occasionally double-brooded. It has
a fluttering but sustained flight, though not very strong or
lofty, and is found most abundantly in meadows, especially if
somewhat damp, but may also be seen in lanes, open places ir.
woods, and gardens. It is fond of perching on flowering
umbelliferous plants, with the wings raised, when the orange
patch is drawn down under the hind-wings, and only the

PLATE LVin

/. 2. EtLchloe cardcLmui&s 6
3, 4. „ „ g

5, LepticbLo; sinapis.

fcUCHLOE. 187

extreme mottled green tip of the fore-wings is left visible
beyond the mottled green hind-wings ; thus the Butterfly is
lost to view among the similarly-coloured leaves and flowers
of the plant. This habit was first recorded about thirty years
ago by the late Mr. T. W. Wood. Accidental varieties are
not uncommon; the ground-colour of the wings is some-
times white, and sometimes more or less tinged with yellow.
Gynandromorphous specimens have also been met with, ex-
hibiting the male colouring with the orange spot on one
side of the wings, and the ordinary plainer colour of the

Tupa of Euchloe cardamines*

female, without the spot, on the other. Specimens are met
with in some localities and during certain seasons, which are
much smaller than the usual individuals ; and according to my
own experience I am inclined to think that the female varies
in size more than the male.

The Orange-Tip measures from one and a quarter to nearly
two inches across the wings. The wings are white above, some-
times slightly tinged with yellow. The fore-wings are blackish
at the base, and brown, spotted with white on the margin, at the
apex ; there is a black spot at the end of the discoidal cell, and
the male has a bright orange patch over the outer half of the fore-

1 83 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORV.

wing. According to the late Mr. Jenner Weir, the orange spot
extends to the hinder angle in Continental, but not in British,
specimens. On the hind-wings the markings of the under sur-
face show indistinctly through. On the under surface the orange
spot of the male is smaller, and the tip of the fore-wings, and
the whole of the hind-wings are of a bright green, dusted with
yellow and mottled with white. The antenna are white, ringed
with dusky.

The larva is green, slightly pubescent, very finely dusted with
black, and with a white lateral stripe. It feeds on Cardamine
impatiens and various other cruciferous plants in July. The
pupa is greenish-yellow, and is remarkable for its curious
boat-shaped form, thick in the middle, and pointed at both
ends.

I append full particulars of one or two forms generally re-
garded as mere varieties of E. cardamines, but which some
authors consider to be distinct species.

EUCHLOE TURRITIS.

Pontia turritis, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 156

(1816).
Euchloe turritiS) Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 6, no.

5 (1878); Newnham, Ent. Record, v. pp. 97, 146 (1894).
Euchloe cardamineS) var. turritis, Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 89

(1882).

Ochsenheimer remarks, respecting this insect: "A very small
aberration, from Italy, is distinguished by having the central
spot on the edge of the orange-coloured spot, whereas in
P. cardamines it is placed within it. I have seen both sexes
under the name P. turritis in the collection of the Abbe
Mazzola."

In the first edition of my "European Butterflies and Moths"
I treated this insect as a distinct species, on the strength of in-

EUCHLOE. 189

formation received from the late Mr. J. Watson, that it had a
different plumule. But after Mr. Watson's death, his intimate
friend, Mr. B. B. Labrey, told me that he believed that Mr.
Watson had wrongly identified the Butterfly which he called
E. turritis, and I therefore withdrew the insect as a species
from later editions of my work. Within the last year or two,
however, the question has been revived, and is still sub judice.

EUCHLOE HESPERIDIS.

Euchloe hesperidis, Newnham, Ent. Record, v. pp. 97, 219
(1894); cf. torn. tit. pp. 146, 172.

Mr. Barrett, writing of E. cardammes, says (Lepid. of Brit.
Isl. i. p. 29): "There is also a recurrent small variety, a quarter
of an inch less in expanse in both sexes ; and in Surrey this
variety occurred year after year, a day or two earlier in the
spring than the ordinary form, with great regularity. It is not
certain, however, that this is the rule."

Mr. Newnham has lately proposed the name E. hesperidis for
this small form, considering it as a distinct species ; and there
has been some correspondence respecting this and other forms
allied to E. cardamines^ in the Journal quoted above. I abstract
Mr. Newnham's observations on the subject.

"E. hesperidis varies in expanse from i-^- inches to i-f$
inches, whereas E. cardamines varies from iT7¥ to iff. It
differs from E. cardamines in having the discoidal spot of the
fore-wings at the junction of the white and orange spaces
instead of well within the orange space. It differs from the true
E. turritis by its smaller size, and by having the costa dotted
with black. The females resemble small females of E. car-
damines, and expand from i-^ff to iT6g-. Both sexes appear
much more slender than E. cardamines, even allowing for
difference of size. Under a powerful microscope the plumules

IQO LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

of E. hesperidis are narrower and proportionately much longer
than those of E. cardamines, while the whole appearance of the
wing is much more even, and not nearly so rou^h as is the case
in the latter species."

This form occurs in Surrey; Sussex; Church Stretton, Salop
(where Mr. Newnham finds it much rarer than E. cardainines
and apparently restricted to a small area), Llandago (common
and generally distributed : A. Nesbitt), Glamorganshire, Hasle-
mere, Pembroke, &c.

Further observations are much needed to determine whether
tins insect has any real claim to be regarded as distinct from E.
cardamines or not. One point must not be overlooked. That
E. cardamines sometimes appears in a dwarf form in some
localities is certain ; and yet it is quite possible that E. hes-
peridis may be a distinct species, normally smaller than E. car-
damines. It would therefore be necessary, before attempting to
decide the point, to make sure that our specimens are really what
are called E. hesperidis^ and not simply dwarfed E. cardamines.

Dr. Scudder proposes to restrict the name Anthocharis,
Boisduval, to the small American and Japanese group impro-
per y called Midea by Herrich-Schaffer. The two principal
species are A. genutia (Fabricius), from North America (the
type), and A. scolymus, Butler, from Japan. They are white
species, with an orange sub-apical spot on the fore-wings of the
male above, and the hind-wings marbled with green and white
beneath ; b it they differ from Euchloe in the longer fore-wings,
which are strongly po'nted at the tips.

GENUS PIIYLLOCHARIS.

Phyllo:haris, Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 71 (1886).
This genus is intended to include some European species
which have hitherto been inclu Jed in Euchloe, but which differ

PIIYLLOCIIARIS, ICJI

from that genus in various ^trjctural characters, as well as
in the want of any " orange t p " to the fore-wings ; con-
sequently both sexes resemble females of Euchloe. They
are while above, with similar markings, and on the under
surface they are green, sometimes varied with yellow, and
with silvery-white markings. The sub-costal nervure of
the fore-wings is five-branched, only the first branch being
thrown off before the end of the cell, and the second
at or beyond the end of the latter. The first radial nervule
only separates from the sub-costal at about one-third of its
length, and the middle disco-cellular nervule is either very short
or wanting, whereas it is well marked in Euchloe. On the hind-
wings the lower radial is almost straight. The type is Phyl-
locharis tagis (Hiibner), a small species, not measuring more
than about an inch and a quarter across the wings. It is white
above, with the tip of the fore-wings black, spotted with white,
and a black streak at the end of the cell, narrower than in the
allied species, in which it more resembles Pontia daplidice.
The under side is green, or greeaish-yellow, with white, rarely
silvery, spots.

The larva is green, pubescent, with a white lateral band, bor-
dered above with a red one. The pupa is pale flesh-colour,
darker at the hinder end. The ends are pointed, but it is
more blender than the pupa of Euchloe.

The Butterfly is found in Southern France, Spain, and
Portugal, Corsica, and Sardinia, and in each country it ex-
hibits slight local variations.

There is a small genus, Zegris, Rambur, confined to the ex-
treme South of Europe, and Western Asia, in which the orange
in the apical area is reduced to a long oval patch, surrounded
with black, and with the tip of the wing pale greenish. The

192 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

hind-wings are yellowish beneath, more or less varied with
white, and crossed by a broad green band curving from the
base towards the hind-margin across the middle of the wing ;
there are also green patches branching from or more or less
connected with it.

Another " Orange-Tip " which deserves a passing notice is
Eroessa chiknsis (Guerin). It is the only true Orange-Tip in
South America, and it is a Chilian species of great rarity, being
remarkable for its resemblance to the African genus Callosune.
It measures nearly two inches across the fore-wings, which are
white, with the apical half of the fore-wings black, closed by a
broad orange band, and the hind-wings are spotted with black
at the ends of the nervures. On the under side the hind-mar-
gin of the fore-wings is spotted with white, and the hind-wings
are of a greenish or yellowish-white, with irregular transverse
black markings. Structurally it is distinguished from Callosune
by the five-branched sub-costal nervure of the fore-wings.

GENUS TERACOLUS.

Teracotus, Swainson, Zool. 111. ii. pi. 115 (1823); Butler, Cist.

Ent.i. pp. 36, 47 (1870); Trimen, South African Butterflies,

iii. p. 80 (1889); Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 72 (1892).
PtychopteryX) Wallengren, Lepid. Rhop. Caffr. p. 17 (1857);

Butler, Lepid. Exot. i. p. 45 (1870) ; id. Cist. Ent. i. pp.

36, 47 (1870).
Thespia, Wallengren, CEfv.Vet. Acad. Forh. Stockh. 1858, p. 77.

This and the following genera, Callosune, Abais, and Colotis,
form a little group peculiar to Africa and South-western Asia
as far as India, where they represent the Palsearctic g nus
Euchloe. They are very numerous in species, which, though
differing very much in outward appearance, present few tan-
gible characters by which they can be satisfactorily separated

TERACOLUS. 1 93

into genera ; and hence they have been united into a single
genus by Dr. Butler, in which he has been followed by Mr.
Trimen, who formerly treated Idmais as distinct. Schatz, how-
ever, though admitting the absence of well-marked generic
characters, keeps the three genera provisionally separate, be-
cause most of the species belonging to each can readily be
separated at a glance by their colour and pattern ; and he
thinks it probable that these differences may be correlated in
their earlier stages. Mr. Trimen, while including all the species
under the single genus Teracolus^ divides them into nineteen
sections ; and although it is not likely that all these will ulti-
mately be raised to generic rank, yet the mass of species which
they include will certainly be sub-divided sooner or later, and
therefore I prefer to treat the three best known genera sepa-
rately, giving the generic characters, which mostly apply to all
three, under the genus Callosune. The characters of Mr. Tri-
men's first division, in which he includes only the type of Tera-
cohis, are given by him as follows : —

"General structure robust; wings thick. Antennae rather
short and thick, with broad blunt club. Fore-wings acute in
both sexes ; hind-wings with a fringe of hairs on costa near base.*
First and second sub-costal nervules of fore-wings closely ap-
proximate ; hind-wings with discoidal cell rather more than
half their length ; costa and costal nervure strongly arched ;
second sub-costal nervule originating some distance before ex-
tremity of discoidal cell."

Teracolus subfasriatus, Swain son (Ptychopteryx bohemani,
Wallengren), though widely distributed in Southern Africa,

* Mr. Trimen remarks in a note : " This fringe of hairs (which occurs
in both sexes) is quite peculiar to T. siibfasciatns, no other species in the
same genus possessing it. This character occurs, however, in Eronia leda."
Ought it not to be considered generic, as Wallengren, who first discovered it>
thought it to be ?

10 n

194 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

where it flies very swiftly in March and April, appears to be a
local insect, and is generally scarce in European collections.

It measures from 2 to 2^ inches across the fore-wings,
which are of a sulphur-yellow colour above in the male, the
tip of the fore-wings being narrowly black, between which
and the end of the cell, which is marked by a small black dot,
is a short black band running from the costa ; the under side
of the wings is greenish -white. The female varies from pale
yellow to nearly white, and the apical spot of the fore wings
is orange.

GENUS CALLOSUNE.

Anthocharis, sect. 3, Callosune, Djubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.

p. 57 (1847).

Callosune, Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 72 (1886).
Anthopsyche> Wallengren, Lep. Rhop. Caffr. p. 10 (1857).

Antennae with an oval flattened club ; palpi rather short,
bristly beneath ; fore-wings triangular, with the tip slightly
rounded off; hind-wings rounded; fore-wings with the sub-
costal nervure four branched, the two first branches emitted
near together before the end of the cell, the upper discoidal
nervule rising from the end of the cell, the upper disco-cellular
nervule being thus rendered obsolete, as is also the case on
the hind-wings.

Pupa less boat-shaped than in Euchloe, and with prominent
wing-covers.

This genus is met with throughout Africa, the Mediterranean
district excepted,* but in Asia Minor it is not found, though it
extends through Arabia to India and Ceylon, where, however,
the species are far less numerous than throughout Africa south
of the Sahara.

* The single Algerian species of the group belongs rather to Abccis>

CALLOSUNE. 1 95

In Callosune, the wings are broader and shorter than in
Euchloe> the hind-wings are frequently bordered or spotted with
black on the hind-margin above, but are not tesselated with
green beneath, being generally uniformly coloured, with but
little pattern. They are white or yellow, sometimes merely
with an orange apical spot on the fore-wings, narrowly bordered
outside with black, but more frequently, the apical region is
black, with more or less of its centre filled up or spotted with
red, orange, violet, blue, or (in the females sometimes) white.
Some species are more or less heavily marked with black at the
junction of the wings, and are also barred with black on the
hind-wings, and one or two of the females have extensive dusky
markings, leaving very little of the white ground-colour visible.
Thus C. achine (Cramer), the type of Wallengren's genus
Anthopsyche? is one of these orange-tipped species, with dark
markings towards the junction of the wings, and a black
bar on the hind- wings in both sexes, broadest in the female.
The under side is white, with an orange streak on the hind-
wings. It is common and widely distributed throughout a
large part of Eastern and Southern Africa. A dwarf form,
sometimes measuring as little as i^ inches across the wings,
has been taken by Mr. Trimen in the Knysna district, and it
is interesting to note that the females, which otherwise vary in
this species more than the males, are likewise most variable in
size. According to Mr. Trimen's measurements, he has met with
females both smaller and larger than any males, though the
average size seems to be about the same. These observations
may be compared with our remarks on Euchloe cardamines
(antea^ p. 187).

The Indian species are far less numerous and varied than
the African ones, and have all red or orange tips. One of

* This group is closely allied to, if not idcnticcal with, Abais.

O 2

196 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

these was selected by Dr. Scudder as the type of the genus
Callosune.

CALLOSUNE DANAE.

(Plate LVIL Fig. 2.)

Papilio danae, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 476, no. 144 (1775);

Donovan, Ins. Ind. pi. 26, fig. 2 (1800).
Papilio eborea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 352, figs C-F

(1781).

Picris danae, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 124, no. 20 (1819).
Anthocharis danae, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. p. 570

(1836).
Callosune danae, Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, i. p. 129 (1880).

This species, which is not uncommon in India and Ceylon,
measures about i^ inches across the wings, which are white
above, with the apical half of the fore-wings of a deep red,
bordered with black, narrowly outside, but broadly inside.
The black colouring extends to the hinder angle ; and there is
also a row of more or less connected black marginal spots on
the hind-wings. On the under side an irregular row of black
spots crosses the disc of all the wings, which is more or less
visible on the upper side in the female.

This species was formerly confounded with its African
representative (C. anna (Wallengren); C. dnerascens (Butler)) ;
but this is a larger insect, much more shaded with grey at the
base of the wings, especially in the female, which is very dark.
This insect furnishes an instance of a fact that is very notice-
able in looking through the localities given by Mr. Trimen for
South African Butterflies, namely, that the South African
Fauna is a continuation of that of the East Coast, and not
of the West Coast. Thus in the present instance, C. anna is
not recorded from any locality on the West Coast further north
than Damara Land ; but on the East Coast it has been met
with as far north as Zanzibar

AB^IS. 197

Its range, therefore, coincides with that of many birds which
mark the South African Region as defined by Dr. Bovvdler
Sharpe.

GENUS AB^IS.
Ab(cist Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 97 (1816).

The type of this genus (with which Anthopsyche, Wallengren,
referred to under Callosune, is probably synonymous) is a
female Butterfly figured by Cramer, from Sierra Leone. It
may be a variety of a common West African Orange-Tip
figured by Drury as Papilo arethusa (Drury, 111. Exot. Ent. ii.
pi. 19, figs. 5, 6), but does not quite agree with any specimen
at present in the British Museum.

AB^EIS CEBRENE.

Anthocharis cebrene^ Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 583

(1836).
Papilio arethusa (nee Drury), Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 210,

figs. E,F (1779).

This Butterfly measures i^ inches across the wings, which are
dull white, stained with ferruginous towards the base. The fore-
wings have a rather broad umber-brown border, a small black
discoidal spot, and some large black spots on the inner-margin,
which are continued on the hind-wings in an irregular row
on the disc. The border of the hind-wings is composed of
rather large contiguous spots. The under side of the fore-wings
is orange at the base, and rufous towards the hind-margin ; the
intermediate white space is marked with a black spot towards
the inner-margin. The hind-wings are brown, slightly tinged
with pink, paler in the middle, and reddish on the costa. The
discoidal spot is black and red, a short black line runs perpen-
dicularly from the costa, while below the middle of the wing
is a straight black transverse bar. The male will be white,

TgS f.LOYD's NATURAL HISTORY.

with a black discoidal spot, and a bright red tip on the fore-
wings, bordered with black on both sides ; the hind-wings
probably with a marginal row of black spots.

GENUS COLOTIS.
Colotis, Htibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 97 (1816).

GENUS IDMAIS.

IdmaiS) Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 584(1836); Double-
day, Gen. Ditirn. Lepid. p. 59 (1847); Schatz, Exot.
Schmett. ii. p. 73 (1886).

Under these names are included a number of African,
Arabian, and Indian Butterflies, which present no very salient
characters to distinguish them from Callosune^ except their
general colour and markings. Instead of " Orange Tips," we
have here moderate sized or rather small Butterflies, with more
delicate and rounded wings than in Eurymus, and of a paler
orange or yellow colour, generally with much slighter dark
borders. Several of Mr. Trimen's sections of Teracolus will
fall under this genus, which is used to include various dis-
cordant groups of species, differing almost as much from each
other as they do from Callosune. Those which most nearly
approach the latter genus are Pontia en's, Klug, and its allies.
This is a white species found in Africa and Arabia, with broad
black bands covering the junction of the wings, and coalescing
with the lower end of the black sub-marginal band, which is
spotted with pinkish-white towards the tips ; the female is
yellower, and the dark markings are much less extended.

The type of Colotis is C. amata (Fabricius), a common Indian
Butterfly, measuring about an inch and a half across the wings.
This Butterfly is not unlike a small Eurymus above, being of
a. brick-red colour in the male, and yellow in the female, with

IXIAS. 19*;

broad black borders, bearing a double row of pale spots of the
ground-colour.

The type of Idmais, Boisduval, is an Arabian Butterfly (/.
chrysonome (Klug), which measures about an inch and a half
across the wings. It is orange, rather lighter on the hind-wings
than on the fore-wings, and dusted with bluish-grey at the base
in the male. The fore-wings have the costa and nervures dis-
tinctly black, a black spot at the end of the cell, and a row of
connected black spots beyond. The hind-wings are unspotted
in the middle. There is a black border, better defined on the
fore-wings than on the hind-wings, and marked between the
nervures with semi-detached orange or yellow spots. The
under side of the fore-wings is orange, with the costa and hind-
margin greenish-yellow ; the hind-wings are greenish-yellow,
with three transverse rows of rather indistinct reddish spots.
It is allied to one of the most beautiful species of this group,
and the only one which extends to the Palaearctic Region, /..
fausta (Olivier), which is common in Western Asia, including
Asia Minor and Northern India. It measures about an inch
and three-quarters across the wings, which are of a peculiar
reddish-orange colour, hardly like that of any other Butterfly ;
the under surface is much paler. The fore-wings have a black
discoidal spot, and an incomplete double row of marginal
spots, sometimes forming a border ; there are also traces of
marginal spots on the hind-wings.

GENUS IXIAS.

Ixias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett.p. 95 (1816); Butler, Cist.
Ent. i. pp. 37, 48 (1870) ; Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 309
(1885); Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 73 (1886).

Thestias, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 590 (1836); Double-
day, Gen, Piurn. Lepid. p, 60 (1847).

2oo LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

This is - genus of " Orange-Tips " which, with Hebomoia,
practically replaces Callosune in the Indo-Malayan Region,
and extends to some of the Austro-Malayan Islands, though in
India and Ceylon the ranges of these three genera overlap.
There are no African species, though Wallengren erroneously
referred Callosune annce to this genus.

The body and palpi are rather hairy, the antennae slender,
with a pear-shaped club. The wings are broad, more robust
than in Callosune, yellow or white, with the apical half of the
fore-wings black, filled up with a large orange or yellow band
(sometimes white in the females), and the" hind-wings are bor-
dered with black. Beneath, the wings are generally yellow,
more or less flushed with brown, and frequently with traces of
rust-coloured eyes with silvery pupils. They are generally
larger insects than Callosune, averaging about two inches in
expanse. The sub-costal nervure of the fore-wings is four-
branched, with two branches emitted before the end of the
cell, and the third and fourth forming a larger fork than in
Callosune ; but the most important character is that the first
discoidal nervule is thrown off from the sub-costal nervure
distinctly beyond the cell, instead of rising from the cell, as
in the last-named genus.

The type is Ixias pyrene (Linn.), one of the largest yellow
species, which is common in India and South China.

GENUS HEBOMOIA.

Hebomoia> Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. 95, 96 (1816);

Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 62 (1847); Butler,

Cist. Ent. ii. pp. 37, 48 (1870) ; Schatz, Exot. Schmett.

ii. p. 73 (1886).

This genus not only includes the largest " Orange-Tips," but

alsp the largest species of the Pieridce. They average about

IIEBOMOIA. 201

four inches across the wings, which are white or yellow, and
more or less reddish or orange towards the tip of the fore-wings,
the orange tip, however, being absent in the females of some
of the species. They are not very numerous ; the type, H,
glaurippe, Linn., a white "Orange-Tipped" species, being
found throughout India, Malacca, South China, Java, &c.
The hind-wings are white above, and the under side is yellow-
ish-grey, with dusky mottlings, giving it somewhat of the ap-
pearance of a dead leaf when at rest. It is an insect of very
rapid flight. The female is yellower, with a row of marginal
and sub-marginal black spots on the hind-wings. Other species
inhabit the Indo-Malayan and several of the Austro-Malayan
Islands, as far as the Moluccas and Bouru.

The body is stout, hairy, and rather short ; the palpi are
short, scaly, clothed with long and stiff hairs beneath, and the
terminal joint is very sun 11. The antennae are long, not clubbed,
as in all the other genera of this group, but only very gradually
thickened towards the end. The sub costal nervure of the fore-
wings is four-branched, the two first branches being thrown off
close together before the cell, while the first almost touches the
costal nervure ; the third and fourth form a fork towards the
tip of the wing. The cell of the fore-wings is rather broad, and
the upper discoidal nervule is thrown off from the cell, the
upper disco cellular nervule being distinctly present ; the cell
of the hind-wings is narrower and more pointed.

The larva of H. glaurippe is stout, tapering at both ends. It
is green, with a pale red-dotted stripe on the sides, and is
shagreened on the upper surface. It feeds on a species of
Capparis in Java and Ceylon. The pupa, which is likewise
green, is boat-shaped, like that of Euchloe ; it is much arched,
and is produced into a long point at both ends.

I have 'figured one of the handscmest species of this genus,
which is founcj in Amboina and Ceram,

2C2 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

HEBOMOIA LEUCIPPE.
\PlateLVII. Fig. 3.)

Papilio kncippe, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 36, figs. A-C (1775).
Pieris kudppe, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 118, no. i (1819).
Iphias kucippe, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 596 (1836);
Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. pi. 8, fig. 2
(1847).
Hebomoia kudppe^ Doubleday & Hewitson, /. c. p. 63 (1847).

This is a rather larger Butterfly than H. glandppe^ measuring
more than four inches across the wings. The fore-wings are
of a deep red colour, clouded with greenish-yellow at the base,
and with the nervures and margins black ; the female has a
detached row of red sub-marginal spots. The hind-wings are
citron-yellow, with a dentated or macular black border in the
female, usually preceded by a curved row of black spots ; but
in the male, the hind-wings are only marked with one or two
sub-marginal spots towards the costa. The under side is deep
fulvous in both sexes, sprinkled with black points, and marked
with short transverse dusky lines, most numerous in the female.
The head and thorax are brown, the abdomen yellow. The
antennee are black, tipped with reddish.

Although this Butterfly has been well known to entomolo-
gists for more than a century, it is still rather sea ce in collec-
tions.

GENUS ERONIA.

Eronia, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. pi. 127 (1824?);
Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 604 (1836); Double-
day, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 64 (1847); Butler, Cist. Ent.
i. pp. 38, 72 (1870); Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 74
(1886); Trimen, S. African Butterflies, iii. p. 169 (1889).

The genus Eronia is typical of a group of Butterflies of

ERONIA. 203

moderate extent, which is confined to the tropics of the Old
World. The African species are extremely dissimilar, and evi-
dently belong to several genera, while the Eastern group is more
compact. The costa of the fore-wings is arched, and the sub-
costal nervure is five-branched, the two first branches rising near
together before the end of the cell, and the others separating
towards the tip of the wing. Three of the African groups have
received names : Eronia (type E. ckodora^ Hiibner) ; Dryas-
Boisduval (pre-occupied), proposed for Eronia leda^ Double-
day, which Butler and Trimen both include in Eronia ; and
Nepheronia, Butler, intended to include the remaining African
and Eastern species. Mr. Trimen has lately proposed to in-
clude the African species in Eroma, and to leave the name
Nepheronia to the Eastern species, but this is impossible, for
Dr. Butler expressly indicated N. idotaa, Boisduval, as the type
of his genus. I therefore propose to employ these two genera
in the sense in which they were used by Dr. Butler, quot-
ing the characters, which he gives for them, and noticing
the types and some of the principal forms which they
include.

Dr. Butler characterises Eronia as follows, specifying
E. deodora, Hiibner, as the type, but including E. teda,
Doubleday, in the genus :

"Front wings broad, sub-triangular, with strongly arched
costa ; first and second sub-costals emitted near together at
some distance before end of cell, the third at a great distance
beyond end of cell, the fourth and fifth forming a short fork
to the apex ; upper [the second, the first being obsolete] disco-
cellular about one-third the length of lower, both arched, and
forming a nearly perpendicular line ; median branches at
nearly equal distances apart.

" Hind-wings : Upper disco-cellular about one-quarter the
length of lower, oblique ; the lower disco-cellular also oblique,

204 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

strongly angulated and curved ; second and third median
branches rather near together.

" Body robust ; metathorax clothed with long silky hairs ;
palpi short, densely hairy; antennae moderately long, rather
thick, with gradually formed club."

The type of this genus, Eronia deodora, Hiibner, is a widely-
distributed species in Southern and Eastern Africa. It is a
Butterfly expanding from two to nearly three inches across the
wings, which are short, broad, and slightly dentated, the tip of
the fore-wings being slightly pointed. The wings are white or
yellowish-white, with a rather broad black border, broadest in
the female, somewhat irregular on the inner edge, and widened
at the tip of the fore-wings, where it is marked with one or
two small white spots. On the under side the borders are
silvery-grey, more or less bordered with black, especially on the
inner edge, and sometimes dusted with ferruginous ; the fore-
wings are white, and there is a yellow spot on the border to-
wards the tip ; the hind-wings are bright yellow, with variable
scattered brown and silvery-grey markings, the largest and most
constant being on the costa.

Mr. Trimen mentions that Mrs. Barber and Mr. Mansel
Weale have found the larva on Camparis zeyheri. It resembles
that of a Callosune, and is difficult to find, the reddish-yellow
lateral stripe matching in tint the edge of the leaves.

The other species, Dryas leda, included by Dr. Butler in
typical Erottia, is a very different-looking Butterfly, inhabiting
East Africa, and the warm districts of South Africa. The wings
are rather more regularly rounded, and less denticulated than in
E. chodora, and the tip of the fore-wings is less pointed. The
wings are sulphur-yellow, with a large " orange-tip " on the
fore-wings, slightly edged with black on the outside. On the
under side the fore-wings are white, with the tip and hind-wings
of a deeper yellow than above, flecked with brown and ferru-

NEPHERONIA. 20j

ginous, the larger spots sometimes having silvery centres.
The female is p.iler, with the " orange-tip " much smaller, or
obsolete.

As Mr. Trimen remarks, this Butterfly much resembles
another form inhabiting portions of South Africa, a true
" Orange-Tip," Callosune auxo, Lucas, but this is generally an
inch smaller, and may be distinguished at once by the sub-
costal nervure being only four-branched.

The Eronia group seems largely to take the place of the
Butterflies of the East Indian and South American Callidryas
group, which has only one or two representatives in Africa,
just as Callosune replaces the genus Euchloe of the Palsearctic
Region.

GENUS NEPHERONIA.

Nepheroniat Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 38, 53 (1870); Distant,
Rhop. Malay, p. 319 (1885).

Dr. Butler proposed this genus to include the African N.
idotcea (Boisduval), which he indicated as the type, N. thalassina
(Boisduval), Ar. argia (Fabricius), N. buque'ii (Boisduval), N.
pharis (Boisduval), and N. chione (Doubleday), and the Asiatic
N. hippia (Fabricius), N. iobcta (Boisduval), N. bcebera (Esch-
scholtz), and allies. The characters given for Nepheronia are
as follows :

"Front wings occasionally sub-pyriform (N. pharis and
N. chione) ; upper disco-cellular strongly excavated, more than
half the length of lower, which is oblique and slightly angu-
lated.

"Hind-wings: Upper disco- cellular more than half the
length of the lower, very oblique ; lower disco-cellular rather
less oblique and waved ; second and third median branches
wide apart.

" Body moderately robust, slightly hairy ; palpi and antennae

206 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

short, the latter slender with gradually formed compressed club,
sometimes flattened."

The genus Nepheronia^ as thus constituted, includes at least
three well-marked groups of almost generic value.

In the typical group the species are of considerable size,
measuring about three inches across the wings, which are
broad and only slightly denticulated, with the hind-margin of
the fore-wings slightly concave, and therefore the tip some-
what prominent. The colour is white, greenish-white, or
yellow, with more or less extensive black borders. The type is
N. argia (Fabricius), in which the male is greenish- white, with a
moderately broad black border at the tip of the fore-wings,
gradually diminishing, and not extending to the hinder angle,
The females are white or yellow, with broad black borders,
greatly indented on the inner side, and on the hind-wings al-
most macular. The yellow form of the female is N. idotaa
(Boisduval) ; the type of Nepheronia. N. argia is a common
West African species, but there are several allied species found
in various parts of Africa.

The next group is represented by N, pharis, Boisduval, and
N. chione, Doubleday. These are much smaller Butterflies,
only measuring about two inches across the wings, which are
of a pure white, very slightly bordered with black towards
the tips of the fore-wings. The wings are entire, broad, and
rounded, and the Butterflies are delicately formed, and re-
semble those of the genus Leptosia. The outer half of the
hind-wings is mottled with greenish beneath. These Butter-
flies are found in West Africa, and are rather scarce in col-
lections.

In the Eastern species of Nepheronia we again meet with
larger Butterflies, measuring two and a half or three inches and
more in expanse. The wings are longer than in the African
species, and in the fore- wings the costa is less arched, and the

NATHAL1S. 207

hind-margin more oblique ; the hind-wings, too, are distinctly
narrower. These Butterflies are green, with black borders and
black nervures. The females are greenish-white, with the
nervures so broadly black as to break up the ground-colour
into long rays, thus mimicking the Danaince of the genus Tiru-
mala and its allies, which inhabit the same countries.

SUB-FAMILY IV. CALLIDRYIN.E.

•

Antennae short, gradually thickened towards the extremity,
rarely with a distinct club. Palpi not extending much beyond
the head, and clothed with large depressed scales ; the middle
and terminal joints short, the last joint thickened, or slightly
pointed. Sub-costal nervure with three- or four-branched. Pre-
costal nervure absent, or else but slightly developed. Body
generally rather short and stout, and clothed with hair.

This group includes the Brimstones and Clouded Yellows,
which are characteristic of the Northern Hemisphere, though
one species of the latter is found in South Africa, and others
have reached the extreme south of South America, apparently
along the chain of the Andes. Two other groups, represented
respectively by Eurema and Catopsilia of Hiibner, abound in
most tropical countries, while the remaining genera are con-
fined to limited areas, chiefly in the tropics.

GENUS NATHALIS.

NathaliS) Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 589 (1856);
Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 54 (1847); Butler,
Cist. Ent. i. pp. 34, 41 (1870); Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii.
p. 69 (1886).

This is a small and very isolated little genus peculiar to
North America and the northern parts of South America.

208 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

The antennae are short, with a well-marked club (an unusual
character in this Family), and the palpi are long, pointed, and
hairy rather than scaly. The claws of the tarsi are without
appendages, as in Euryimis.

The fore-wings are rather long and somewhat narrow ; the
hind-wings are somewhat rounded. The sub-costal nervure of
the fore-wings is three-branched (not four-branched, as Dr.
Butler states), the second branch being emitted close to the
end of the cell ; the upper discoidal nervule separating from
the sub-costal some distance beyond the cell. The lower disco-
cellular nervule is strongly angulated outwards in both the fore-
and hind-wings, the upper median nervule being strongly
arched. The pre-costal nervure of the hind-wings is rudi-
mentary.

The type, Nathalis u>/e, Boisduval, which inhabits the
Southern United States, is a small Butterfly, expanding about
an inch across the wings. It is of a sulphur-yellow colour
above, with the fore-wings black at the tip, and with a black
spot towards the hinder-angle ; the hind-wings are also some-
times marked with black marginal spots. The under side is
greenish, dusted with black. The larva is at present undes-
cribed.

GENUS EURYMUS.

Eurymus, Swainson; Horsfield, Cat. Lepid. E. Ind. Mus.
pp. 129, 134 (1829); Swainson, Zool. 111. (2) ii. pi. 60
(1831?); Scudder, Butterflies of East. U. S. p. 1096
(1889).

Colias, pt. Fabricius, in Illiger, Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 284(1807);
Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. pp. 10, 89 (1819); Boisduval,
Spec. Gen. Meth. i. p. 634 (1836); Doubleday, Gen.
Diurn. Lepid. p. 72 (1847); Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 35,
43 (1870); Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 68 (1866).

EURYMUS. 209

Eriocolias, Watson, Entomologist, xxviii. p. 167 (1895).

Antennae short, red, with a large but gradually-formed club.
Palpi long, compressed, scaly, and somewhat bristly, the terminal
joint short. Tarsi without appendages. Wings rather short and
broad; the hind-wings rounded, the fore-wings with the cell
rather short and broad, the hind-wings with the cell rather long
and narrow. Fore-wings with the apex slightly rounded off, the
sub-costal nervure four-branched, the first branch emitted before
the end of the cell, the second emitted at or beyond the end of
the cell, the third and fourth forming a small fork at the tip of
the wing. The upper radial is thrown off from the sub -costal
considerably beyond the cell. Middle disco cellular short,
straight ; lower one long, slightly curved on the fore-wings,
oblique, and somewhat angulated.

The Clouded Yellows form a very distinct group, and are
very numerous in species, especially in Central Asia. The
males are generally of a yellow colour, varying from light
sulphur-yellow to deep orange, the latter being sometimes
flushed with purple, so deep, in one or two instances, as to ap-
pear almost black. Some species are of a dull green. Some
of the females are coloured like the males, and others are
white; and in many cases the same species exhibits two
constant forms of the female, one yellow and one white.
There is always a black central spot on the fore-wings, and
generally a large reddish spot on the hind-wings; on the under
side these are replaced by a rusty ring with a silver pupil, or by
two similar contiguous markings, one smaller than the other.
The wings are almost always more or less bordered with black,
the border being often veined or spotted with the ground-
colour, or with some paler colour; it is often veined in the male
and spotted in the female.

The larvae are green, smooth, pubescent, and feed on Legu-
ininosce. The pupa is pointed in front

IP p

210 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

Mr. Watson's new genus, Eriocolias^ is intended to include
the group of E. hyale, in which the border is often streaked,
but never spotted in the male. The principal character is that
the males have, on the upper side of the hind-wings, " between
the costal and sub-costal nervures, a patch of modified scales
of a smaller size, and much more numerous than the sur-
rounding ones, usually of the same ground-colour." In the old
genus Colias (our Eurymus\ Mr. Watson proposes to retain
the orange species in which these scales are wanting (E.
chrysothcme [Esper], &c.,) and the sub-groups represented by
Evrymus phicomone, Esper (improperly indicated as the type,
as it is not even one of the species mentioned in Illiger's Maga-
zine) ; C. kirbyi, Lewis, and C. palceno, Linn.

Pending a critical examination of the numerous species of this
genus, which might probably reveal other characters of greater
importance among them, we content ourselves here with call-
ing attention to Mr. Watson's new genus, without adopting at
present a sub-division which would separate species so much
resembling each other as E. hyale and E. chrysotheme, solely on
a secondary sexual character, however well-marked or constant.

The Clouded Yellows are found throughout the Northern
Hemisphere, as far as the Himalayas. Isolated species are
found in the Nilghiris ; South Africa, and in the mountains or
in the southern part of South America ; but they appear to be
entirely absent from the insular portion of the Indo-Malayan
Region, and from the whole of the Austro-Malayan Region,
the reputed occurrence of a species of Eurymus in the Sandwich
Islands being now regarded as an error.

Dr. Butler's genus Scalidoncura , which includes some small
species found in the Andes of South America, is chiefly
characterised by the shortness of the upper radial nervule on
the fore-wings, which only separates from the sub-costal nervure
near its extremity.

EURYMUS. 2 I 1

These Butterflies have strong wings, and though they do not
rise to a great distance from the ground, the flight of E. hyak
is stronger, more rapid, and more sustained than that of any
other British Butterfly. Alpheraky has recorded that one of
his Cossacks galloped two miles after E. aurora, Esper, one of
the largest of the orange Siberian species, measuring over two
inches across the wings, before he could capture it. The
largest and handsomest species of this genus inhabit Central
and Western Asia.

THE CLOUDED YELLOW. EURYMUS HYALE.
(Plate LX. Figs. 2, 3.)

Papilio hyak, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 469 (1758);
id. Faun. Suec. (ed. ii.) p. 272 (1764); Scopoli, Ent.
Cam. p. 173 (1763); Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz.
Schmett. Wien. p. 165, no. 3 (1776) ; Esper, Schmett. i. p.
71, pi. 4, fig. 3; p. 317, pi. 26, fig. 3 (i777); Hubner,
Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 329-331 (1803?).

Papilio croceus, Fourcroy, Ent. Paris, ii. p. 250 (1785).

Papilio edusa, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 23, no. 240 (1787);
Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. i, (2) p. 173 (1.808).

Fapilio ekctra, Lewin (nee Linn.), Ins. Brit. i. pi. 31 (1795).

Colias edusa, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 101, no. 38 (1819);
Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Ldpid. i. p. 638 (1836) ; Stephens,
111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 12 (1827) ; Kirby, Eur. Butter-
flies and Moths, p. 10, pi. 3, figs, ^a-d (1878) ; Newman,
Brit. Butterflies, p. 143 (1881); Lang, Butterflies Eur. p.
61, pi. 14, fig. ij pi. 16, fig. 2 (larva) (1881); Barrett,
Butterflies of Brit. Isl. i. p. 35, pi. 6 (1892); Buckler
Larv?e of Brit. Lepid. p. 9, pi. i, fig. 3 (1886).

Colias croceus, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lepid. p. 490, no. i (1871).

Colias hyak, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lepid. Suppl. p. 799, no. i
(1877).

P 2

212 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

Var. Eurymus helice.

Var. Papitio helice^ Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 440, 441

(1803?); Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 12, no. n (1803).
Colias edusa, var. helice, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p.

13, pi. 2*, fig. 3 (1827); Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 62, pi.

14, fig. 2 (1881).

Var. Colias clirysotheme, Stephens (ncc E<pcr), /. c. p. n, pi. 2*,

figs, i, 2 (1827).
Var. Colias myrmidone^ Westwood and Humphreys (nee Esper),

Brit. Butterflies, p. 139, pi. 42, figs. 1-3 (1841).

The Clouded Yellow Butterfly measures from i J/z to upwards
of 2 inches across the wings, which are of a rich chrome-yellow
above, sometimes nearly orange, and occasionally with a slight
purple flush. There is a broad black border (broadest at the
tip of the fore-wings), which is veined in the male and spotted
in the female with sulphur-yellow ; at the end of the cell is a
round black spot. The hind-wings are sometimes more or less
dusky, especially in the female; there is a large red dish -yellow
spot at the end of the cell, and in the female, the black border,
which hardly extends to the anal angle, is more or less spotted
on the inner side with yellow. The fringes of the wings, as
well as the antennae, are rose-colour. On the under side, the
fore-wings are paler, with the black spot reproduced, and a more
or less distinct row of black spots on the disc ; the tip is greenish.
The hind-wings are green, with a central silvery spot, surrounded
with rusty red, and a smaller one adjoining; there is also a
row of rose-coloured dots on the disc.

This inject is extremely variable, and some of its numerous
varieties have been mistaken for the East European species,
E. chrysotheme and E. myrmidone (Esper), which could not
reasonably be expected to be found in England at all. There
js a pale greenish-white form of the female, which is sometimes

EURYMUS.

2I3

taken in England, but is much commoner in Southern Europe ;
it is known as var. E. helice.

The larva is deep green, with a white line on the sides,
spotted with yellow. The pupa is greenish, striped with
yellow. The larva feeds on clover in summer. The Butterfly is

E. kyale ? , and var. E. helice.

double-brooded on the Continent, but is rarely seen in England
except in autumn. It is a very common species throughout
Europe, Northern Africa, and a great part of Asia ; in Southern
and Eastern Africa it is replaced by a closely-allied species,
E. electra (Linn.) ; and it is not impossible that the two species

214 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

may occur together at the limits of their respective ranges, in
East Central Africa. E. electra is a more reddish insect than
E. hyale, with a strong pink lustre in certain lights; and Mr.
Trimen states that the larva is more distinctly striped with dark
and light green, and has no orange spots on the white lateral
line.

E. hyak is chiefly found in clover fields and along railway
banks ; and we have already spoken of its extremely rapid
flight.

The confusion in the names of our two well-known species
of Clouded Yellow is much to be regretted. When Fabricius
discriminated between these and E. palano (Linnaeus), he
applied the Linnean name hyale to the wrong species, using
edusa (a discarded synonym of his own for Pontia daplidice)
in its place. But even if the Clouded Yellow were not the true
E. hyak (Linn.), Fourcroy's name of croceus would have to be
adopted instead of the later edusa, Fabr. The original Linnean
description of C. hyale runs as follows :

" P.D. alis integerrimis rotundatis flavis ; posticis macula
fulva, subtus puncto sesquiahero argenteo " (" Hab. in Europci,
Africa ").

It is clear from the last locality, that Linnaeus confounded
E. electra with it, though he afterwards separated the latter as a
distinct species, calling it "fulvous," not yellow, which the much
deeper colour of E. electra will readily account for. E, electra is,
however, so like our Clouded Yellow, that some authors have
been inclined to regard it as the same species as E. hyak.

Both our Clouded Yellows are very rare in Scandinavia,
where E. palceno, Linnaeus, a sulphur-yellow or greenish-yellow
Butterfly with moderately broad black borders, and other
species of the genus occur ; but Linnaeus includes E. hyak in
his " Fauna Suecica," and describes it as follows :

" Similimus Pal&noni^ sed Alae magis flavse. Alae primores

PLATE LXI.

L 2. Eurymus kirbyi .
3. „ philodice.

EURYMUS. 215

flavse, apice nigrse, nigredine fascia quasi lutea in duas partes
dissecta. Secundariae supra in mediopuncto s. macula ferruginea,
cui subtus opposita puncta duo argentea approximata, annulo
ferrugineo cincta ; altero puncto valde parvo. Antennae et
margo ciliaris alarum rubra ut in sequente " (Palseno).

I regard this description as undoubtedly referable to the
female of our Clouded Yellow, in which the spotting of the
border is often divided into two patches, and which is much
yellower than either E. palccno or the Pale Clouded Yellow.
All the figures originally quoted by Linnaeus (Petiver's and
RcesePs) represent the female of the Clouded Yellow, to which
I have ventured to restore the original name of hyale ; and it
was recognised as that species by most of Linnaeus' contem-
poraries, though Geoffroy and Scopoli confounded the Pale
Clouded Yellow with it as a variety, or as the female, while
others mistook it for E. palceno (Linn.).

THE PALE CLOUDED YELLOW. EURYMUS KIRBYI.
(Plate LX 7. Fi's. I, 2.)

Papilio hyale ?, Scopoli, Ent. Cam. p. 173, no. 455 (1763) ;
Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 13, no. 243 (1787); Ochsen-
heimer, Schmett. Eur. i. (2) p. 181 (1808).

Papilio palano, Denis & Schiffermiiller (nee Linn.), Syst.
Verz. Schmett. Wien. p. 165, no. 2 (1776); Esper, Schmett.
i. (i) p. 68, pi. 4, fig. 2 (1777) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i.
figs. 438, 439 (1803?).

Colias /tya/e, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 99, no. 33 (1819) ; Bois-
duval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 650 (1836); Stephens, 111.
Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 13 (1827) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. vi. p.
642 (1829) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 9, pi. 5,
figs. 3«, b (1878); Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 141 (1881);
Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 5 3, pi. 12, fig. 3; pi. 16, fig. 2 (larva)
(1881) ; Barretr, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. i. p. 32, pi. 5, figs. 2,
2(7-^(1892); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. p. 16(1886).

216 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Colias sareptensis, var. Kirbyit Lewis, Discussion on the Law of
Priority, p. 34 (1872).

The Pale Clouded Yellow is a Butterfly of rather smaller ave-
rage size than the last species. The wings are of a sufficiently
bright yellow on the upper side, but with no tendency towards
orange, and the females are often whitish. There is a broad
black border on the fore-wings, irregularly spotted with yellow,
which is incomplete at the hinder angle ; on the hind-wings it
is narrow, often incomplete, and there is frequently a second
narrow macular line within it. The fore-wings are marked with
a black discoidal spot, and the hind-wings with a large orange
one. The under side is of a deeper yellow than the upper, espe-
cially on the hind-wings ; there is a sub -marginal row of rusty-
brown spots, a black discoidal spot on the fore-wings, and two
contiguous silvery spots surrounded with ferruginous on the
hind-wings. The antennas and fringes are reddish.

The larva (vol. i. pi. 3, fig. 2) is velvety-green, with two yellow
lateral lines, and black dots on each segment. It feeds on
clover, trefoil, &c. The pupa is also green, with a yellow line
on the sides. The Butterfly is double-brooded in many places,
but is rarely seen in England till the autumn.

The Pale Clouded Yellow is found throughout a large part
of the Palaearctic Region, but not beyond it, unless its reported,
but doubtful, occurrence in South Africa should be confirmed.
It is a rather scarce insect with us, and is found chiefly in clover
and lucerne fields in the south of England, and is uncertain in
appearance, though commoner than formerly. In many parts
of Germany it is a much commoner insect than E. hyate, and
much more regular in appearance ; and in ordinary years it is
one of the commonest autumn Butterflies, not much less com-
mon, sometimes, than the White Cabbage Butterflies. My own
experience is that its flight is much less rapid than that of E.
hyale, though in England it is said to fly with equal or greater

EURYMUS. 2 t 7

rapidity, perhaps because, being a much rarer insect, it is more
hotly pursued.

In Eastern Europe, and throughout Northern and Central
Asia as far as the Himalayas and Japan, there are a cluster of
species or varieties closely allied to this, which some authors
associate with it, and others regard as distinct. Among these
is E. era/e, Esper, in which the black border of the fore-wings
is continued to the hinder angle ; another is the form known as
E. sareptensiS) Staudinger, which is thus described: "Alls an-
ticis margine postico lato nigro ; $ saturatius flavus."

It is much to be regretted that this species has always been
confounded either with E. hyak or E. palano, two Linnean
species about the identification of which there never ought to
have been any doubt. There is consequently no old name that
belongs to it at all, and I have therefore no alternative but
either to adopt for it the name of E. sareptensis (as I once pro-
posed to do), or of some other allied Eastern form with which
it may not after all be truly identical; or to adopt the name of
E. kirbyi, given to it in jest by the late Mr. Arnold Lewis.

THE SCARCE CLOUDED YELLOW. EURYMUS PIIILODICE.

(Plate LX I. Fig. 3.)
Piipilio palcenO) Cramer (nee Linn.), Pap. Exot. i. pi. 14, figs.

F,G(i775)-

Colias dorippe, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 101, no. 36 (1819).

Zerene anthyale, Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 21, figs,
307, 308 (1823).

Colias europome, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 10, pi. i
(1827).

Eurymus philodice, Swainson, Zool. 111. ii. (2) pi. 60 (1831 ?).

Colias philodice, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 100, no. 55 (1819);
Boisduval & Leconte, Lepid. Amer. Sept. p. 64, pi. 21,
figs. 1-3 (1833); Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 647
(1836); Scuddcr, Butterflies East. U.Scp. nn (1889).

218 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

The present species, which is very common in North
America, measures two inches and upwards across the wings.
As regards our two British Clouded Yellows it may be regarded
as somewhat intermediate between them, being of a sulphur-
yellow colour, like the male of E. kirbyi, but with a continuous
black border, lined with yellow in the male, and spotted with
yellow in the female, like that of E. hyale. There is a black
discoidal spot on the fore-wings, and a rather broad rust-
coloured spot on the hind-wings ; the antennae and fringes are
reddish. Beneath, the discoidal spots are all pupilled with
silvery, that on the hind-wings being double, and there is a row
of ferruginous spots on the disc.

This Butterfly has the habit of congregating in great numbers
on damp mire. I have not heard of our European species
of Eiirymus acting thus.

The larva is green, more or less varied with rosy, and feeds
on a variety of leguminous plants. The pupa is green, irrorated
with yellowish-white.

This Butterfly was confounded by many of the older ento-
mologists, both in England and on the Continent, with the
European E. palceno (Linn.) ; but this insect is of a greener
yellow in the male, and whiter in the female. The American
species was originally introduced into our British lists on the
strength of specimens in the cabinets of Francillon and Swain-
son, both of whom were in close correspondence with Abbot,
the famous Georgian entomologist, from whom their specimens
were almost certainly received.

Hiibner figured E. palceno under the name of europome^
which Haworth adopted, and gave an unsatisfactory descrip-
tion, taken, as Haworth admits, from a German specimen.

Stephens' figures, derived from specimens obtained from the
collections of Francillon and Marsham, undoubtedly represent
the American insect; and between 1820 and 1840 various

MEGANOSTOMA. 2IQ

accounts were published of its having been taken in company
with E. hyale and E. kirbyi between Brighton and Lewes ;
near York ; near Ipswich ; and in the West of England, near
the confluence of the Avon and the Severn, in August and
September. Dr. Scudder thinks that the Butterfly might have
been introduced into England, maintained itself for a few
years, and then died out again ; but it is more probable that
the first reputed British specimens were American, and that
when attention was called to the subject, specimens of one or
other of our British species were mistaken for it. Similar
errors constantly occur even at the present day, (an instance is
mentioned in the " Entomologist's Monthly Magazine " for
July, 1895, of a specimen of Pontia daplidice being found in
an old Staffordshire collection labelled " sinapis,") and such
errors must have been far more common fifty or sixty years
ago when there were hardly any books on Natural History,
even on British Butterflies, than now, when they are plentiful.
It is not likely that a Butterfly, said fifty or sixty years ago to
have been taken in all parts of the country, should have dis-
appeared so utterly that not a single specimen has been heard
of since. Besides, it is positively asserted by the Rev. W. T.
Bree, in " Loudon's Magazine of Natural History " for May,
1832 (vol. v. p. 333, note), that the so-called specimens of
E. europome, said to have been taken between Brighton and
Lewes, were only E. kirbyi.

GENUS MEGANOSTOMA.

Meganostoma^ Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, ii. p. 356
(1863); Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 36, 46 (1870); Schatz,
Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 69(1886).

Antennae short, with the club gradually formed ; palpi
moderately long. Fore-wings pointed, the cell rather short ;

220 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

sub-costal nervure four-branched, the second branch rising at
or a little before the end of the cell, the fourth running to the
tip or to the costa just before it, the upper radial nervule sepa-
rating from the sub-costal a little less than half way between the
cell and the tip. On the hind-wings, which are rounded, the
cell is longer and very pointed; and the pre-costal nervule
is rudimentary. The claws are without appendages, but the
middle and hind tarsi in the females are said to possess two
delicate membranous three-jointed structures, which Reakirt
terms "Eupronychia." They are very delicate and easily lost,
and are therefore difficult to find except in very fresh specimens.
This is a purely American genus, and differs considerably
from Eurymus both in shape and pattern. The commonest
species is M. cesonia (Stoll) which inhabits the Southern United
States. It is a yellow species, shading more or less into orange,
but on the fore-wings the base is black, and the hind-margin
likewise, the centre of the wing being crossed by a broad
yellow band, on which the black discoidal spot is pi iced. The
inner side of the border is very irregular; on the costa it extends
narrowly to the black at the base, and on the inner-margin in-
wards for half its length ; but between, it forms a series of rect-
angles, the yellow colouring extending squarely into it in the
middle half way to the hind-margin. Another species, J\L
eiirydice, Boisduval, which is found in California, resembles
this, but is more of an orange -yellow; the fore-wings are beauti-
fully flushed with purple, and the hind-wings have no black
border. The female much resembles that of Colias rhamni,
except in shape. Other species are found in Venezuela, Bolivia
&c.

GENUS COLIAS.

Colias, Fabricius, in Illiger, Mag. f. Insckt. vi. p. 284 (1807);
Latreille, Consid. Generates, p. 440 (1810) ; id. Enc.
Mcth. ix. pp. 10, 89 (1819).

PLATE LX

\

\

/. Colias
2.3. Eurymua hyale.

COLT AS. 221

Gonepieryx, Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 128 (1815); Doubl.

Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 69 (1847) ; Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp.

35> 45 (l87°); Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 68 (1886).
Rhodocera, Boisduval & Leconte, Lepid. Amer. Sept. p. 70

(1833); Boisd. Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 597 (1836).
Body stout, hairy ; palpi and antennae short, the latter thick,
with the club gradually formed. Fore-wings with the costa
strongly arched, and ending in a projecting point ; hind-wings
with a short projection at the end of the second median ner-
vule ; the lower disco cellular nervule much curved on all the
wings. Fore-wings with the sub costal nervure four-branched,
the second branch emitted some distance before the end of the
cell ; the upper radial a little beyond. The fourth sub-costal
nervule runs to the costa just above the projecting tip. The
pulvillus between the claws of the tarsi is long and narrow.

This genus is common throughout the Palaearctic Region,
but does not extend beyond it. It attains its maximum of
development in the south-west in C. deopaira (Linn.), with a
fiery-orange centre to the fore-wings of the male; and in the
more subdued, but more generally diffused rich orange of the
Canarian C. ck-.intk (Hiibner).

THE BRIMSTONE BUTTERFLY. COLIAS RHAMNI.

(Plate LX. Fi«. I.)
Papilio rhawni) Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 470, no. 73

(1758); id. Faun. Suec. (ed. ii.) p. 272 (1764); Esper,

Schmett i. (i) p. 73, pi. 4, fig. 4 (1777); Hiibner, Eur.

Schme't. i. figs. 442-444 (1803 ?).

Colias rhamni, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 89, no. 2 (1819).
Gonepterya rhamni, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 8

(1827); Curtis, Brit. Ent. iv. pi. 173 (1827) ; Kirby, Eur.

Butterflies and Moths, p. n, pi. 4, tig. 9 (1878); Lang,

222 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

Butterflies Eur. p. 65, pi. 14, fig. 4, pi. 16, fig. 4 (transf.)
(1881) ; Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. i. p. 40, pi. 7, figs, i,
\ci-d (1892); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lep.J. i. p. 145,

pi. I, fig 2 (l886).

Rhodocera rhamni, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 602,
pi. 6, fig. 7 (1836); Newman, Brit. Butterflies, p. 147
(1881).

The Brimstone Butterfly, which measures two and a quarter
or two and a half inches across the wings, may at once be
recognised by its arched and pointed fore-wings and its slightly
tailed hind-wings. They are of a bright sulphur-yellow in the
male, and greenish-yellow in the female, with a small orange
spot at the end of the cell in all the wings, and with small
ferruginous spots at the ends of the nervules. The under side
is of a somewhat glaucous-greenish. The antennae are red,
and the thorax is clothed with long white silky hairs. (A
side view of the bifid claws will be found in vol. i. pi. i,

%• 13)-

The following account of its transformations is given by
Stephens. "The caterpillar io green, with a paler line on each
side of the belly, and very small scale-like black dots on the
back, which give that part a bluish aspect ; the fore part of the
body is thick and rounded, the hind part compressed. It feeds
upon the Rhamnus catharticus (or buck-thorn) and the Rh.
frangulus (berry-bearing alder) ; and is said to occupy three
or four days in changing to the pupa state ; the pupa or
chrysalis is very gibbous in the middle, acuminated before, and
green with a clearer line on each side, and a reddish or fulvous
spot in the middle ; it is vertically suspended on a perpendicular
branch, with a loose silken streak round its middle. The perfect
insect is produced in about fifteen days."

The Brimstone miy be considered as the typical Butterfly
par excellence% for it must have been this species rather than the

COLIAS. 223

species of Eurymus, as Dr. Scudder suggests,* which gave rise
to the idea of "the butter-coloured fly." Common everywhere
throughout the greater part of the Palaearctic Region, in open
woods and lanes, almost all the year round, it could hardly
have failed to attract general attention. It is not, however, an
inhabitant of the extreme north of Europe, and in the British
Islands it scarcely reaches Scotland. In Ireland it is found at
Killarney, and has been reputed to occur in Wicklovv. It varies
little in size and colour, though, very rarely, individuals exhibit
a slight trace of orange-red on the fore-wings which is perhaps the
reason that some authors still persist in regarding the splendid
Mediterranean C. deopatra (Linn.), to which we have already
alluded, as a variety. It is double -brooded, and owing to the
strong texture and thick scaling of its wing^, it is comparatively
rare to meet with rubbed or broken specimens.

Exotic genera allied to Colias.

The first of these which we have to mention, is Amynthia,
Swainson, which greatly resembles Colias^ which it replaces in
Tropical America (including the West Indies), but is very much
larger, the species measuring from three to four inches across the
wings. The type, A. mcerula (Fabricius), is almost the counter-
part of Colias rhamni, except that the discoidal spot on the
fore-wings is black, and that on the hind-wings pale orange,
speckled with black. Another species, A. clorinda (Godart), is
greenish-white, with a sulphur-yellow blotch extending from the
costa over the outer half of the cell in the male ; at the end of
the cell is an orange spot. On the fore-wings, the second
branch of the sub-costal nervure is emitted before the end of
the cell, and on the hind-wings, the short tooth on the hind-

* In forrr.er times, C. rhamni would have been more abundant than at
present ; but when there were no clover- fields, Euryinus would have been
much scarcer.

924 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

margin is placed at the upper, instead of the middle, median
nervule, and the space between this and the anal angle is
slightly dentated.

Recent authors have proposed to restrict the use of Bois-
duvaPs name Rhodocera to one of the largest of the Pieridce, R.
menippe (Hiibner), which is not an uncommon species in South
America. It expands about 3^ inches across the wings,
which are of a yellowish-green, with a black spot at the end of
the cell on the fore-wings, and an orange spot on the hind-
wings. The fore-wings have a conspicuous orange-"tip," the
inner edge of which extends obliquely beyond the cell ; it is
narrowly bordered with black at the apex, along the upper half
of the hind-margin, and as far as it extends. The fore-wings
are strongly arched, and are slightly pointed, not from the
extreme apex being acute, but from the hind-margin being
somewhat concave below the tip ; the hind-wings are regularly
rounded, and scalloped, but with no short tail. The antennae
are red, as in most of the allied genera.

Kricogonia^ Reakirt, is another small genus of the group
found in the Southern States of America, Mexico, and the
West Indies. The antennae are distinctly clubbed, the palpi
are rather long, and the fourth branch of the sub-costal nervure
runs to the tip of the fore-wings, which are nearly rectangular
at the tip, while the hind-wings are rounded. The type, K.
lyside (Godart), measures about two inches across the wings,
which are white above, with the base and, more faintly, the
tip of the fore-wings tinged with sulphur-yellow. On the under
side the hind-wings are greenish- white.

Dercas, Uoubleday, is a small genus characteristic of the
Indian Region. The wings are unusually short and broad, as
are also the wing-cells; the fore-wings have a short, but
prominent hook at the tip, and the hind-wings, which are
almost square, have a projecting tooth at the end of the upper

CATOi>SILlA. 225

median nervule, as in Amynthia. The type, D. verhuelli,
Van der Hoeven, which inhabits North India and South China,
measures about 2^ inches across the wings, which are sulphur-
yellow above,. with the tip and hind-margin of the fore- wings
rather narrowly blackish ; a short ferruginous stripe on the
disco cellular nervules of the fore-wings, and a slightly oblique
yellowish line, most distinct below, running from the apical
blotch on the fore-wings to beyond the middle of the hind-
wings.

GENUS CATOPSILIA.

Catopsilia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 98 (1816) ; Butler,
Lepid. Exot. p. 154 (1873) ; Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 295
(1885); Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 67 (1886).

Antennae moderately stout, longer than in Colias and its
allies, but shorter and thicker than in typical Pieris, &c. :
gradually thickened into a club, truncated at the tip. Wings
moderately long and broad, the fore-wings with the costa arched,
and the apex more or less distinctly rectangular, the hind-
margin slightly oblique ; hind-wings rounded. Sub-costal
nervure four-branched, the first branch emitted about the middle
of the cell, the second near the end of the cell, the third and
fourth forming a rather large fork ; the fourth running to the
hind-margin a little below the tip, the upper radial nervule
separating at about one-third of the distance beyond the cell.
Hind-wings with the pre-costal nervure obsolete. The males
have a tuft of silky hairs near the base of the inner-margin of
the fore-wings, and a patch of raised scales above the sub-
costal nervure of the hind-wings.

The larvae are slender, cylindrical, and granulated. They aro
green or grey, with black spots, and feed on Cassia. The pupa
is moderately stout, pointed at both ends, but not curved, and
with a conical hump on the back.

These Butterflies are confined to the tropics of the Old
10 Q

226 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

World, where they are extremely abundant. They are grega-
rious, sometimes assembling in large numbers on damp sand
(cf. vol. i. p. Ixiv.). They have a very rapid and powerful
flight, and frequently migrate in large flocks. The Butterflies
are of a white or yellow colour, and some of them very closely
resemble American species of allied genera. They are prob-
ably not all strictly speaking, congeneric; thus the Malayan
and Australian C. scylla (Linn.), a conspicuous Butterfly with
white fore-wings narrowly bordered with black, and orange
hind-wings, has a much stouter larva, and a stouter and more
regularly-formed pupa, with the thoracic hump rounded off.

The type of the genus is C. crocale (Cramer), another very
abundant Indo-Malayan and Australian species, which measures
about 2^ or 3 inches across the wings. The male is greenish-
white, with the greater part of the costa and hind-margin
narrowly bordered with black ; the base of all the wings is
broadly sulphur-yellow, the outer limits of this colour being
very irregular, and narrowly produced for some distance below
the black edging of the costa of the fore-wings, and along the
inner-margin of the hind-wings. The female is of a more
creamy white, tinged with ochreous towards the base, and with
the costa of the fore-wings and the hind-margins of all the wings
more broadly edged with black. From the costa of the fore-
wings an irregular black mark descends over the disco-cellular
nervules, and towards the tip the black markings are broader,
forming the commencement of a spotted band.

GENUS CALLIDRYAS.

Callidryas, Boisduval & Leconte, Ldpid. Amer. Sept. p. 73
(1833); Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 605 (1836);
Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 66 (1847); Butler,
Cist. Ent. i. pp. 36, 46 (1870); id. Lepid. Exot. pp. 22,
155 (1870-1873).

CALLIDRYAS. 227

This genus nearly resembles Catopsilia, but there is no brush
of hairs on the wings of the male, though there is a patch of
raised scales towards the base of the hind-wings, and the upper
radial nervure rises at only one-fourth of the distance beyond
the cell. The species inhabit Tropical America, one or two
extending as far north as the Southern United States. They
are all of a yellow, orange, or red colour, some of them, such as
C. solstitia, Butler, from Chili, and C. avellaneda, Herrich-
Schaffer, from Cuba, being blotched with red and yellow in
such an extraordinary manner as to look more like clumsily-
executed daubs than natural Butterflies. The type of the
genus is

CALLIDRYAS EUBULE.
(Plate LIX. Figs. 2 (imago), 3 (lawa), 4 (pupa).)

Papilio eubule^ Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2) p. 743, no.
102 (1767); Abbot & Smith, Lepid. Georgia, i. pi. 5

(1797)-

Callidryas eubuh, Boisduval & Leconte, Lepid. Amer. Sept. p.
74, pi. 24 (1833) ; Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 613,
pi. 6, fig. 6 (1836); Butler, Lepid. Exot. i. p. 58, pi. 22,
figs. 7-10 (1871).

This is a common Butterfly in the United States. It measures
about three inches across the wings, which are of a fine sulphur-
yellow above, unspotted, or with a linear brown border to part
of the costa and hind-margin of the fore-wings, and brown dots
on the ends of the nervures on the hind-wings. Beneath, there
is a brown spot centred with silvery at the end of the cell of the
fore- wings, and two larger contiguous silvery spots, in ferruginous
rings, on the hind-wings; there are also some irregular brown or
ferruginous lines or dots scattered over the under side of the
wings. The female is of a somewhat deeper yellow both above
and below, with the dark edging of the fore-wings rather broader,

Q 2

223 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

and a rather large black spot at the end of the cell ; on the
under side a ferruginous line runs round all the wings, and
there are two silvery discoidal spots in ferruginous rings on the
fore-wings as well as on the hind-wings. The body is yellow,
with greenish hairs on the thorax, the antennae and terminal
joint of the palpi are rose-colour, varied with brown.

The larva is green, with a yellow line on each side, sur-
mounted by a blue one. It is covered with small black
granules, and feeds on different species of Cassia. The
pupa is also green, changing to brown before the emergence
of the Butterfly. As will be seen by the figure, the anterior
projection is very conspicuous, and the ventral surface is
much rounded, but the upper surface of the body is slightly
concave, without the hump on the thorax, which is so con-
spicuous in the pupa of Catopsilia.

The remaining genera of this group all belong to Tropical
America. Aphrissa, Butler, differs from Callidryas chiefly by
its longer palpi, especially in the female. The type, A. statira
(Cramer), a South American species, is rather smaller, and of a
paler yellow than Callidryas eubnle ; towards the hind-margins,
which are narrowly bordered with black, the colour shades into
whitish ; the under side is marked only with a silvery discal
spot on the hind-wings, ringed with brown. In the female, the
border is rather broader, and there is a black discoidal spot on
the fore-wings above, and a corresponding spot beneath, centred
with silvery \ there is also a series of slight disconnected brown
sagittate spots on the disc, following a short zig-zag line run-
ning from the inner edge of the brown apex of the fore-
wings.

The next genus, Phabis, Hiibner, has a tuft of silky hairs in

CALLIDRYAS. 229

the male above the sub-costal nervure, near the base of the hind-
wings, instead of on the inner-margin of the fore-wings, as in
Catopsilia ; the wings are rounded, and the fore-wings are rather
longer than the hind-wings, with the apex generally rounded off,
and the hind-margin regularly curved and slightly oblique ; the
type is P. hersilia (Cramer), which is common in South and
Central America. In this genus the males of most of the species
are of an orange-yellow above, and the females are slightly
bordered or spotted towards the margins with brown, and are
marked with a black or brown discoidal spot on the fore-wings.
On the under surface both sexes present the characteristic
silvery discoidal spots, bordered with ferruginous, and are more
or less varied with incomplete ferruginous zig-zag lines and
mottlings.

Another small genus, allied to P/uebis, is Rhabdodryas, God-
man & Salvin, which differs from Phcebis in having an additional
patch of closely-packed scales between the costal and sub- costal
nervures of the hind-wings. The type is R. statira (Cramer), a
yellow species, easily distinguished from any other Butterfly of
this group by having a straight black line running across all the
wings beneath. It is found in South America.

The last genus of this group has been called Metura by Dr.
Butler, but this name had been previously used by Walker for
a genus of Moths belonging to the family Psychidce., and I there-
fore prefer to substitute the name Parura^ at Dr. Butler's sug-
gestion, for the present genus. The type will be P. tipris (Fab-
ricius). The males have a tuft of hair above the sub-costal
nervure of the hind wings near the base, as in Phabis, but the
fore-wings are shorter and broader in proportion, the costa
being much more strongly arched, and the hind-margin much
straighter and scarcely oblique ; the hind-wings are produced
into a short broad pointed tail at the anal angle. The Butter-
flies are qf considerable size, frequently exceeding three inches

230 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

in expanse, and are yellow or orange, with very large discoidal
spots on the fore-wings, at least in the females, in which sex
the hind-wings are sometimes bordered with red. The type,
P. ripris (Fabricius), is sulphur-yellow in both sexes. They are
all Tropical American species.

GENUS SPH^NOGONA.
Sphcenogona, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 35, 44 (1870).

The present genus, which is confined to the warmer parts
of America, chiefly differs from the succeeding ones in having
the hind-wings produced into an angle or short tail about
the middle median nervule. The sub-costal branch on the
hind-wings is emitted beyond the cell.

Dr. Butler (/. c. p. 44) indicated S. ectriva as the type of the
genus, in which Dr. Scudder has followed him ; but previously
(/. c. p. 35) he had stated simply, that the genus "includes
6". ectriva, bogotana, and allies." The true type would appear
not to be S. ectriva, but S. bogotana, Felder ; for not only
was S. ectriva, in 1870, only a manuscript name of Double-
day's ; but when Dr. Butler described the species shortly after-
wards, he only did so by briefly comparing it with S. salome,
Felder, also an unfigured species at that time (which Felder,
when describing it, compared with his own S. bogotana\ and
this, again, Dr. Butler had already compared with S. bogstana,
Felder. The species of Sphcenogona are generally yellow or
white, with broad black borders, deeply indented on the fore-
wings with the ground-colour. As a representative of this
genus we have figured

SPH^NOGONA MEXICANA.

(Plate LIX. Fig. I.)

Terias meocicana, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 655, no. 3,
pi. 19, fig. i (1836); Godman & Salvln, Biol. Centr.-Amer.
I^epid. Rhop. ii. p. 157 (1889).

PLATE LIX.

/ . Sphcenogona

2. CcJUdryas eubiiLe

larvcu.

SPH^ENOGONA. 231

Abais mexicana, Geyer; Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. v. p. 29,
figs. 917, 918 (1837).

This species, which inhabits Mexico, as its name denotes,
measures about i^ inches across the wings, which are white,
with a broad black border ; the latter is very irregular, and is
deeply indented by the ground-colour in the middle on the
fore-wings. In the male the hind-wings are broadly yellow
along the costal area. This species is closely allied to S. bogo-
tana, Felder, the type of the genus ; but in S. bogotana the
deep white indentation on the middle of the band of the fore-
wings is much narrower, and the costa of the hind-wings is not
yellow in the male.

As the male of his S. mexicana^ Boisduval described a yel-
low species, which has since been named S. boisduvaliana
by Reakirt.

American genera allied to Sphcznogona.

In Pyrisitia, Butler, the fore-wings are slightly pointed, and
the hind-wings are sub-quadrate, the hind-wings showing a
slight tendency to form a rectangle on the hind-margin, but
with no projecting tooth. The type is P. proterpia (Cramer),
a South American species, remarkable for its bright orange
colour and for the broad black costal area of the fore-wings.

Another genus, Xanthidia, Boisduval, differs from all the
other American genera by the male possessing a patch of felted
scales on the under side of the hind-wings between the median
and sub-median nervures. It includes several rather large yel-
low and orange species, with broad black borders and broad
rounded wings. The type is X. nicippe (Cramer), which is com-
mon in many parts of North America. It measures about two
inches across the wings, which are of a bright orange colour,
with broad black regular borders, and a black streak at the end
of the cell of the fore-wings. The female is of a much palqr

232 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

yellow, and the border is much narrower and more incomplete.
The larva is green, with a darker dorsal stripe and a white
band on the sides, marked with five yellow dots. It feeds on
Ononis and Trifolium, The pupa is green, slightly arched,
and sprinkled with ferruginous points.

Eurema, Hiibner, is another American genus, including
smaller species, rarely attaining the expanse of an inch and a
half. They are yellow or white, with rather narrow fore-wings
and broad rounded hind-wings. In several species the fore-wings
are yellow and the hind-wings white. They are more or less
bordered with black, and the males have always a black stripe
towards the inner-margin of the fore-wings, which band is not
unfrequently edged with a narrower orange stripe. The type is
E. delta (Cramer), a North American species. It is yellow,
marked as described, but there is a large black triangular mar-
ginal blotch towards the tip of the hind-wings above instead of
a border; on the under side the hind-wings and the tip of the
fore-wings are of a dull greyish-red. The larva is green, with a
white lateral stripe, and feeds on Trifolium, &c. The pupa is
also green.

GENUS TERIAS.

Terias, Swainson, Zool. 111. i. pi. 21 (1822); Horsfield, Cat.
Lepid. E. I. Co. p. 134 (1829); Boisduval, Spec. Gen.
Lepid. i. p. 651 (1836); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p.
76 (1847); Butler, Cist. Ent. i. pp. 35, 44 (1870); Dis-
tant, Rhop. Malay, p. 302 (1886).

Body slender, rather hairy; palpi short, compressed; antennae
short, slender, with a gradually formed club. Wings rather short
and broad, cells broad, lower disco-cellular nervules arched;
fore-wings rounded, or more or less pointed at the tips ; hind-
wings rounded. Fore-wings with the sub-costal nervure four-
branched, the first branch emitted a,t about a quarter of an inch

1ERIAS. 233

before the end of the cell, the second near the end of the cell,
the third and fourth forming a rather long fork; upper discoidal
nervule thrown off at about one-third of the distance between
the cell and the tip of the wings. Hind-wings with the pre-costal
nervule more or less obsolete ; sub-costal nervure bifurcating
about the end of the cell.

The larva is moderately slender, cylindrical, and pubescent ;
the pupa is straight, pointed at the ends, and very convex on
the back.

This genus includes an immense number of small white and
yellow Butterflies, which inhabit the warmer parts of Asia and
Africa. There are several well-marked groups among them,
which must ultimately be divided into genera like their
American allies. Many species have a wide distribution, and
are very variable. They are all of a white or yellow colour,
sometimes with only the tip of the fore-wings black, at other
times with black borders varying in shape and width. On the
under side they are generally more or less flecked with brown
or ferruginous. The type, Terias hecabe (Linnaeus), is a widely-
distributed East Indian Butterfly, with broad black borders,
which are broader towards the tip of the fore-wings, but below
the middle of the border it is deeply and squarely indented by
the yellow ground-colour in the manner of Sphceiwgona mexi-
cana (cf. plate lix. fig. i). The border of the hind-wings is
narrower and regular. This is a very variable species. On
the under side it is distinctly spotted, but in the closely-allied
T. san, Horsfield, and in some allied species, there is a large
square reddish-brown blotch at the tip of the fore-wings
beneath. The larva of T. hecabe is green, with a pale yellow
lateral stripe. It feeds on various species of /Eschynomene,
especially ^. sesban.

In another specie?, representing a different group, T. Candida
(Cramer), the wings are yellow above and below in the male,

234 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

and white above in the female, with a broad regular black
border, not indented, which is continued narrowly along the
costa of the fore-wings, and is represented by a brown shade
along the inner-margin of the hind-wings. Other species have
a black band, varying in width, on the inner-margin of the
fore-wings, resembling what we find in the genera Nathalis
and Eurema.

FAMILY VI. EQUITID.E.

Egg, — Dome-shaped, flattened at the base, slightly rugose,
more ovate in the Parnassiincc, and reticulate.

Larva. — Cylindrical, with a Y-shaped retractile tentacle behind
the head;* smooth or granulated, sometimes humped towards
the head, not hairy or bristly, but occasionally furnished with
rows of fleshy tubercles.

Pupa. — Attached by the tail, generally in an upright position,
and secured by a girth round the middle of the body.

Imago. — Of large or moderate size ; wings strong, often tailed ;
pattern generally simple and uniform, not variegated, and very
rarely with well-marked ocellated spots ; sub-costal nervure of
fore-wings four-branched (rarely five-branched) ; lower radial
nervure appearing like a fourth branch of the median; median
and sub-median nervures connected by a short cross- nervule
near the base ; sub-median nervure throwing off a short fork
near the base to the inner-margin ; hind-wings with but one
sub-median nervure, the lower sub-median, or internal ner-
vure, so conspicuous in the Pieridce, being always absent.
Six perfect legs in both sexes, the tibiae furnished with a leaf-
like projection ; the claws always simple, except in Leptorircus,
in which they are sometimes bifid.

* This is technically called an osrnaterium, and always emits a strong
odour.

EQUITID7E 235

Range. — The species formerly included in the genus Papilio
and its immediate allies are sparingly represented all over the
world, but attain their maximum of size, beauty, and variety in
the Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions. The genera which
most nearly resemble the Pieridce,, on the other hand, are
mountain insects, and, with the exception of Parnassius, which
extends to the Rocky Mountains, are almost entirely confined
to Europe and Northern and Western Asia.

Habits. — Most of the larger and more typical species of this
family feed on trees, and others on Umbellifera. They frequent
woods and gardens, and have a lofty, sailing flight, but as they
frequently rest on tall flowers or flowering shrubs, they are less
difficult to capture than might be supposed. As already men-
tioned, the white species which resemble Pieridce frequent
mountain slopes, and their larvae feed on saxifrages and other
low plants.

I believe that Dr. Scudder is right in regarding the Camber-
well Beauty, Vanessa antiopa of our first volume (p. 92), as the
true type of the genus Papilio^ Linn., for Schrank assigned that
name to the Nymphalidtz before Latreille restricted it to the
Linnean Equites. But the genus need not carry the Family
name with it, and the Nymphalidte may retain that title. The
present Family may be called Eqiiitidcc^ which course I have
decided to adopt in the present volume, pending the final sub-
division of the great genus Papilio, Latreille (nee Schrank), into
natural genera.

The Equitidce, form several very distinct groups, which may
be treated as Sub-families. Schatz defines three, but they are
more readily separable by their general appearance than by the
characters which he assigns to thern,

236 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

SUB-FAMILY PARNASSIIN^.

Palpi moderately long, not extending beyond the head ;
wings rounded, white or yellow, often with red spots ; fore-
wings with the sub-costal nervure four or five-branched, with
no transverse nervule connecting the median and sub-median
nervures at the base ; hind-wings with no transverse nervule
connecting the costal and sub-costal nervures. These Butterflies
frequent mountains and steppes ; the pubescent larvae feed on
saxifrages and similar plants, and the pupa is enclosed in a
rough cocoon on the surface of the ground, or is subterranean.
Several authors have remarked on the Moth-like characteristics
of this group of Butterflies.

GENUS PARNASSIUS.

Parnassius, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. xiv. p. no (1805);

id. Enc. Meth. ix. pp. 9, 79 (1819); Boisduval, Spec. Gen.

Lepid. i. p. 394 (1836); Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. i. p.

26 (1847); Elwes, P. Z. S. 1886, pp. 6-53, pis. i.-iv. ;

Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 48 (1886).
Body hairy ; antennae short ; club variable in form ; wings
rounded, often semi-transparent towards the tips, from the
presence of hair-like scales ; fore-wings with the sub-costal
nervure four-branched, the upper radial nervule rising con-
siderably beyond the cell; hind-wings with the inner-margin
considerably concave. Female with a horny pouch at the ex-
tremity of the abdomen.

THE APOLLO BUTTERFLY. PARNASSIUS APOLLO.

(Plate LXIL Fig. i.)

Papilio apollo, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 461, no. 41
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 268 (1761); Esper, Schmett.
i. (i) p. 41, pi. 2, fig. i (1777); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett
i. figs. 396, 397 (1803?), figs. 730, 731 (1818?)

PLATE LXII

apollc,
cratcecft.

PARNASSiUS. 237

Parnassius apollo, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 79, no. i (1819);
Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 395 (1836); Newman,
Brit. Butterflies, pp. 175, 176 (1881); Kirby, Eur. But-
terflies and Moths, p. 4, pi. 3, figs. 1^-^(1878); Lang,
Butterflies Eur. p. 16, pi. 2, fig. i, pi. 4, fig. i (pouch) ;
pi. 5, fig. 6 (transf.) (1881); Austaut, Les Parnassiens, pp.
86, 193 (1889).

Ordinary European specimens of this well-known Butterfly
measure from 2^ to 3^ inches across the wings, which
are white, slightly tinged with yellow. The fore-wings are
marked with five black spots, one in the cell, one at its ex-
tremity, two or three beyond, and a larger one just beyond
the middle of the inner-margin. The base is thickly dusted
with black; the hind-margin is semi-transparent, as if var-
nished, being covered with fine hair-like scales ; within this
is a moderately broad dusky line, more or less distinct. The
hind-wings are white, with the inner-margin thickly dusted
with black, and clothed with long white hair, and there are
two dusky zig-zag sub-marginal stripes. There are also two
very conspicuous large red spots in black rings, and generally
with whitish centres : one below the costa, towards the base,
and one beyond the cell ; towards the latter, a black bar,
sometimes marked with red, at least on the under side, runs
from the inner margin. On the under side there is an addi-
tional row of red spots, bordered with black externally, at the
base. The body is black with white hairs above, and yellowish
beneath ; the antennae are black, ringed with white, with a black
ovoid club.

The larva is velvety-black, with two rows of deep orange
spots on each side; the incisions are glossed with blue, and
the whole body is clothed with short black hair. It feeds on
the Orpine (Seduui telephiuui] and on various other species of
saxifrages, &c.

238 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

The pupa is spun up between leaves, thus being placed in a
slight cocoon.

This Butterfly is found throughout the greater part of
Europe and Northern and Central Asia, in summer and
autumn, in mountainous regions. In Scandinavia it occurs in
the plains, but in the Alps it is one of the commoner Butter-
flies on the lower slopes, from about 1,000 to 5,000 feet above
sea-level. In Spain it is found at a great elevation in the
Sierra Nevada, in Andalusia; and the spots of these indi-
viduals are of a yellowish-white instead of red colour. In
West Central Europe it becomes rare; in the Vosges it is
very scarce and local, if it occurs at all. It is absent from
North Germany, and in Western Germany it is only met with
in a few localities near Coblenz, between the Mosel and the Ahr.
Many reports have been published of its having been taken in
England and Scotland, but it could hardly occur in some of
them (such as Dover) except by direct importation with plants
or otherwise, and several of the principal Scotch reports are
now known to have been erroneous. At present there is no
justification for including it in the British lists. The largest
European specimens have been said to come from Silesia,
where, however, it is now almost, if not quite, extinct. The
great Siberian Parnassius hesebolus, Nordmann, which is
generally considered to be a variety of P. apollo, sometimes
expands nearly four inches.

The other two European species are much more local in the
Alps. P. delius (Esper) is smaller on an average than P. apollo^
and flies in damper places at a higher elevation; it may be distin-
guished by having the sub-costal spots beyond the cell marked
with red. P. mnenwsyne (Linnaeus) is also a local Butterfly, and
in Prussia Proper it is found on the plains, though elsewhere in
Central Europe it is a mountain Butterfly. It has no red spots,
but only two black ones, in and at the end of the cell of the fore-

PARNASSIUS. 239

wings, and some blackish markings towards the inner margin of
the hind-wings. The club of the antennae is very long, and
gradually formed, and this species and its allies will certainly be
separated as a distinct genus by future entomologists.

The foreign species of Parnassius are usually very similar to
the red-spotted European ones ; and, as already mentioned, one
or two are found in the Rocky Mountains and California. At
the other end of their range they do not cross the Mediterranean
though they are found in Spain, Italy, Greece, and Armenia ;
but in Central Asia they are very numerous. Some species,
such as P. stubbendorfii, Menetries, which is found in the Altai,
are almost entirely white, without red, and even without black
spots; others, such as P. eversmanni, Menetries, from East
Siberia and Alaska, are yellow, at least in the male ; for the white
P. wosnesenskit, Menetries, is believed to be the female. Most
of the species, however, resemble P. apollo and P. delius so
much, that one description, unless detailed, would fit them all ;
some, however, such as P. apollonius, Eversmann, which
frequents salt-marshes in Central Asia, have a row of three
or more red or yellow spots on each wing. Two of the
Indian species may be noticed : P. charltonius. Gray, a scarce
species, as large as P. apollo, found at a great elevation, which
has a row of sub-marginal black spots, with blue pupils, on the
hind-wings beyond the two large red eyes : and P. hardwickii,
Gray, a much smaller and commoner species, hardly reaching
two inches in expanse, which is similarly marked, but the red
spots are smaller in proportion, and there are, moreover, red
spots on the fore-wings as well.

There are two other small genera of this Sub-family besides
Parnassius. Doritis, Fabricius, is distinguished by the five-
branched sub-costal nervure of the fore-wings. D. apollina
(Herbst) measures about two inches across the wings, which
are semi-transparent yellowish-grey (whiter on the fore-wings in

246 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

the male), with two very large black spots on the fore-wings,
one in, and one at the end of the cell, and the hind- wings have
a sub-marginal row of black eyes with blue pupils, marked
within by a row of red spots. The larva feeds on Aristolochia,
and the pupa is found under moss and stones. The Butterfly
appears from January to March in Asia Minor and Syria. It
has also been reported to occur in European Turkey and in
some of the Greek Islands.

Hyptrmntstra, Heydenreich, has the sub-costal nervure of
the fore-wings four-branched, as in Parnassius^ but the upper
disco cellular nervule is well marked, the upper radial nervule
rising from the discoidal cell, and not from the sub-costal, as
in the preceding genera. The type, H. helios (Nickerl) is com-
mon on the steppes of Turkestan and North Persia, and the pupa
is said to bury itself deep in the ground. The Butterfly measures
about one and a half inches across the wings, which are of a yel-
lowish-white, with black spots arranged nearly as in Parnassius^
the two beyond the cell on the fore-wings marked with red; the
hind-wings are marbled with green beneath, which gives the
insect somewhat the appearance of a Pontia.

These two genera have no horny pouch in the female, as in
Parnassius ; but we may notice two outlying genera which pos-
sess it, though Schatz includes them in the Equitina^ because
they have a crbss-nervule near the base on the fore-wings be-
tween the median and sub-median nervures, and one on the
hind-wings between the costal and sub-costal nervures. The
sub-costal nervure of the fore-wings is five-branched in both
genera.

Eurycus, Boisduval, is a small genus, including one or two
species from Australia and New Guinea. The type, E. cressida
(Fabricius), is common in Australia, and is remarkable for the
dissimilarity of the sexes. It averages about three inches in
expanse, the female being rather smaller than the male. This

EURYAfcES. 241

is exceptional in Butterflies, though it is the case in Drurya
antimachus (Drury), and in some other Butterflies. The male
has longer and narrower wings than the female. The fore-
wings are smoky-hyaline, broadly black at the base, and more
narrowly round the margins, with two very large roundish black
spots, one in, and one at the end of, the cell. The hind-wings
are slightly dentated, and are black, with a transverse white
band, divided by the nervures across the middle ; about its
centre is a black spot, of moderate size, at the end of the cell.
On the black space beyond the white band is a row of sub-
marginal red spots, and there is a row of marginal yellowish-
white spots. The female is really very similar in markings, but
has a very different appearance, being of a yellowish smoky-
hyaline, more strongly yellowish towards the base, where it is
black in the male. On the fore-wings the apex is broadly
dusky, and the black spots in and at the end of the cell are
very small. On the hind-wings the white band is hardly dif-
ferentiated from the general colouring of the wing, and the
sub-marginal spots are yellow instead of red. The female has
some resemblance to the common Australian Acrcea andro-
macha (Fabricius), which it is thought to mimic.

The genus Euryades, Felder, which is confined to the
Argentine Republic and the neighbouring countries of South
America, is intermediate between Eurycus and some of the
more typical groups of South American Equitina, but it may be
distinguished by its peculiar neuration, the upper disco-cellular
nervule of the fore-wings being, instead of all the disco-cellu-
lars, very short, and the fourth sub-costal nervule rising from
the third beyond the cell, and the fourth and fifth forming a
rather short fork. The horny pouch of the female, too, is
peculiar. The fore-wings are triangular, and the hind-wings
are dentated, and, in some of the species, tailed. The type
is E. corethrus (Boisduval).

10 R

$42 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

SUB-FAMILY THAIDIN^.

Palpi long, projecting beyond the head ; antennae short ;
uings dentated or tailed; sub-costal nervure of the fore-wings
five-branched; median and sub-median nervures of the fore-
wings not connected by a short cross-nervure near the base,
except in Teinopalpus, but the hind-wings with the costal and
sub-costal nervures thus connected.

A very small, but interesting group, confined to the Mediter-
ranean Region, Bhutan, China, and Japan. They are so well
marked that it is hardly necessary to distinguish them here by
more than their outward characters.

GENUS THAIS.

Thais, Fabricius in Illiger's Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 283 (1807);

Latreille, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 9 (1819); Boisduval, Spec.

Gdn. Lepid. i. p. 382 (1836); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn.

Lepid. p. 30 (1847); Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 50

(1886.)

Moderate-sized Butterflies, expanding about two inches
across the wings, which are broad, and not very long. They
vary from yellowish-white to ochreous, and are ornamented
with festooned markings on the hind-margins, somewhat like
those on the under surface of the genus Cethosia in the
NymphalidcR (cf. vol. i. p. 48). The fore-wings are banded or
spotted with black, chiefly towards the costa, and are often
more or less spotted with red ; the hind-wings are more or less
clouded or spotted with black, chiefly towards the base and
inner-margin, and have always a sub-marginal row of red spots.
The hind-wings are always dentated, and sometimes sub-
caudate.

The larvae are cylindrical, rather short, and covered with
fleshy spines and short hairs. They feed on different species

PLATE LXIII.

/

L Thcus medesiccuste.
Z.Leptocircus mzges.

I

f"

THAIS. 243

of Aristolochia, either singly, or in small companies. The
pupa is cylindrico-conical, somewhat angular in front.

The species are all found in spring and early summer in
the Mediterranean Region. The type is T. polyxena (Denis
and Schiffermiiller), which is found in South France, Italy,
Austria, and South-eastern Europe and Western Asia generally.
It is a longer-winged insect than the species figured, and has
only one red spot (if any) on the costa of the fore-wings. The
larva is yellowish, with a brown dorsal band, six rows of
reddish-yellow spines tipped with black, and black dots on the
sides. It feeds on Aristolochia dematidis in August, and the
Butterfly appears in early spring.

THAIS MEDESICASTE.
(Plate LXIII. Fig. I.)

Papilio medesicaste, Fabricius in Illiger's Mag. Insekt. ii. p. 181

(1803); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. fig. 632 (1818).
Thais medesicaste, Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 84 (1819); Bois-

duval, Spec. G6i. Lepid. i. p. 388 (1836); Kirby, Eur.

Butterflies and Moths, p. 3 (1878).
Papilio rumina^ Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. i. figs. 394, 395

(1803?).
Papilio rumina Europcc australis^ Esper, Schmett. i. (2) p.

115, pi. 72, fig. 4 (1782?).
Thais rumina^ var. mcdesicaste, Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 24,

pi. 3, ng. 4(1881).

Var. Thais honnorafii.
Var. Thais honnoratii, Boisduval, Icones, p. 18, pi. 3, figs. 3-5,

(183*).

Thais medesicaste, var. honnoratii^ Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid,
i, p. 389, pi. 5, fig. 4 (1836).

R 2

244 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Thais rumina^ var. honnoratii, Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 24,
pi. 3, % 5 (1881).

This species, which is common in Southern France in May,
is the smallest of the genus, expanding an inch and a half or
an inch and three-quarters. It is of a yellowish-white or pale
ochreous-yellow ; the fore-wings with a series of five broad black
bands running from the cosla, the first, third, and fifth marked
A ith red ; the base is also more or less black. The second and
fifth bands are narrower, and converge with the first, to the
inner-margin, the outermost of these bands being again marked
with red. Towards the hind-margin are two continuous fes-
tooned black bands, the ends of the outermost touching the
margin. The hind-wings are more or less black at the base,
close to which a red spot is generally visible, and there are some
small black spots on the disc. Beyond is a row of red spots,
bordered within with black, and there are two sub-marginal
lines which form crescents, but not the abrupt festoons of those
on the fore-wings. Towards the tip of the fore-wings is a
transparent spot. The under side is similar, but paler, and the
light portions of the hind-wings have a peculiar white glazed
appearance. The body is black, with yellow spots on the
abdomen.

The larva, which feeds on various species of Aristo?ochiat is
variable in colour, being reddish-yellow, brown, or dull reddish-
green, with rows of interrupted black lines. It has six rows of
fleshy orange-yellow spines, tufted with black at the end.

This Butterfly is frequently considered to be a local form
of the Spanish Thais rumina (Linn.), which differs by its
larger size and deep ochreous colour. The Rev. Douglas
C. Timins, who observed T. medesicaste in South France,
writes : — " It is less sluggish than some of the other species
of the genus, but seldom flies after two or three o'clock,
and prefers localities where the beautiful rose-coloured cistua

THAIS. 245

grows." He adds : " There is a variety of this species figured
under the name of Thais honnoratii, by Boisduval, which
appears to be only found in the neighbourhood of Digne ; it is
smaller than the type ; the crimson spots are much enlarged
upon the lower wings, and upon the upper wings are much
more numerous and also larger than in the type ; the second
and third costal bands are very small. This variety is exceed-
ingly rare, and specimens fetch about £i each in the Paris
dealers' shops. I have been told, however, by an old French
entomologist, that they have been known to fabricate this
variety by selecting small individuals of T. medesicaste and dex-
terously colouring them by means of crimson scales borrowed
from other specimens, the black scales of the second and
third costal bands being neatly removed, and their place sup-
plied by yellow scales. I have followed most authors in giv-
ing T. honnoratii as a variety of T. medesicaste ; if, however,
this is the case, it is rather curious that it should only have
appeared in one locality out of several in which T. medesicasle
abounds. The statement, moreover, that it has been reared
from a larva identical with that of T. medesicaste must be
received with caution. I knew a French collector who had at
one time two thousand larvae of T. medesicaste^ and not one
produced T. honnoratii." (Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1867, p.

103.)

Digne, although one of the most famous localities for Lepi-
doptera in France, appears, for some reason or other, to be
but little visited by English entomologists.

The remaining genera of this Sub-family are rare in col-
lections, being mostly confined to localities more or less diffi-
cult of access, and may be dealt with briefly.

246 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Litehdorfict) Criiger, may be structurally distinguished from
Thais by the presence of a short upper disco-cellular nervule
(which is absent in Thais) on the fore-wings, and the much
shorter middle disco-cellular. The species are confined to North
China, including the Amur district and Japan, and are larger
than Thais, usually expanding more than two inches across
the wings. The fore-wings are more triangular, and the hind-
wings sub-caudate. The species are of an ochreous-yellow, with
alternating longer or shorter bands running from the costa of
the fore-wings, some of the longer ones extending to the costal
region of the hind-wings. The latter have a row of red spots
towards the hind-margins beneath, though on the upper surface
there is sometimes only a large red blotch towards the anal
angle. Outside this is a black band, marked with a row of
blue spots, beyond which is a sub-marginal row of ochreous
spots, sometimes tinged with reddish, the incisions being also
marked with ochreous. At the end of the upper median
nervule is a short tail. The larva is black, with yellow spots
and incisions, and the pupa more resembles that of Achivus
machaon in form than that of Thais.

The genus Sericinus, Westwood, inhabits the same localities
as Luehdorfia^ but its range is less extensive, as it is unknown
in Japan. There are a cluster of closely-allied forms, which
some writers consider to be distinct, while others consider
them all to be varieties of S. telamon (Donovan). They are
white or yellowish-white Butterflies, measuring from two to two
and a half inches across the wings. The latter are more or
less banded, and spotted with black, and are sometimes
marked with one or more small red spots. Towards the anal
angle of the hind-wings is a red band, narrowly edged inside
with black, and outside broadly with black, spotted with blue.
In the female the black bands often expand and anastomose
to such an extent as to cover a large portion of the wings,

DHUTANITIS. 247

and the red and black, blue-spotted band towards the anal
angle is extended sub-marginally nearly to the costa of the
hind-wings ; nearer the base is a red spot on the costa in the
female. The hind-wings are very slightly dentated, but are
produced into a single long tail at the end of the upper median
nervule. The larva, which feeds on Aristolochia, is black, with
hair-bearing warts, and resembles that of a Thais. There are
two hairy projections on the sides of the neck, besides the
retractile fork which we find on the back of the neck of the
larvae of all this Family. The pupa has a row of spines down
the back ; the head is bifid, and the opposite extremity is
obtuse.

Armandia thaidina, Blanchard, is a large Butterfly, with
long and rather narrow wings, found in Western China. It
was first brought from Mou-pin by the French missionary, Abbe
David, who was the first to make known the natural history
treasures of the far interior of China. It measures rather more
than three inches across the wings, which are black, crossed
by slightly undulated thread-like white transverse lines. The
hind-wings are black towards the anal angle, with a broad red
bar, some blue flecks beyond it, and a few deep orange sub-
marginal dashes outside. The hind-wings are dentated, and the
median nervules terminate in three long tails, that at the end
of the upper median nervule being the longest (half as Ion'
as the length of the rest of the wing), and spatulate.

Bhutanitis UdderdaHi, Atkinson, much resembles Armandit
thaidina, and is placed by some authors in the same genus
The structural characters appear to be slight, and the colour is
much the same, but A. Udder da Hi is a considerably larger
Butterfly, measuring nearer four inches than three across the
wings, which are much broader, and of a much deeper black
with whiter striae. On the hind-wings the orange-ochreous sub-
marginal dashes are replaced by large spots of the same colour.

24*

the long tail is not spatulate, but linear, and is preceded by
two short tails at the ends of the lower sub costal and the dis-
coidal nervules, making five tails in all. In A. thaidina they
are merely indicated by notches. B. lidderdalii was first taken
by the celebrated hunter and naturalist, Lidderdale, in Bhutan,
at a height of 5,000 feet above the sea. It has since been taken
by others, but is still very scarce in collections. Nothing seems
to be yet recorded concerning the early stages of these two re-
markable Butterflies.

To this Sub-family I add another very beautiful species
from North India and South China, which Schatz places in
the next Sub-family. It seems to me, however (pending a
thorough revision of the Equit'idce^ which cannot be much
longer delayed), to have considerable affinity to Armandia and
Bhutanitis, and hence I place it near them. It is true that the
fore-wings are broad, sub-triangular, and rather pointed, instead
of forming a long rounded oval; but the hind- wings are very
similar in shape, and, what is of more consequence, the short
upper disco-cellular nervule on the fore-wings, and the very
long incurved middle one are almost precisely of the same form.

The sexes of Teinopalpus impenalis, Hope, differ very con-
siderably. The species measures from three and a quarter to four
and a half inches across the wings. In the male the wings are
of a silky green, with some darker, rather ill-defined stripes on
the fore-wings ; the hind-wings have a large orange band,
bordered with black, running from the costa for half the length
of the wing ; on the outside the black colour extends nearly to
the tip ; it is bordered externally by a suffused lilac-white
stripe, which, beyond the orange band, runs obliquely to the
inner-margin, being edged internally with black. On the
under side the wings are green towards the base, but the outer
two-thirds of the fore-wings are suffused with a rich orange;
the orange band of the hind-wings is more extended, and

EQUITIN/E. 249

the lower and outer part of the wing is varied with lilac-
white. At the end of the upper median nervule is a long,
slender tail, and a shorter one at the end of the lowest. The
female is much larger than the male, and is broadly banded
with green and lilac ; and the orange band on the hind-wings
is wanting. There are three long tails on the hind-wings, the
shortest in the middle, and the longest nearest to the anal
angle.

This splendid Butterfly is found in the forests at Sikkim, at
a height of from 6,000 to 10,000 feet, and has also been met
with in Central China. The male flies, in the morning, about
high trees, but may be attracted by ordure, or may descend to
water, like Apatura iris. The female is very rarely taken, as is
the case with many other Butterflies, of which the habits of the
males are well known. The pupa has been found attached to
the leaves of Daphne nipaknsis^ on which the larva no doubt
feeds. It is a shrub resembling the mezereon, which grows at
a height of from 7,000 to 9,000 feet in the mountain forests,
and is used for paper making.

SUB-FAMILY III. EQUITIN.-E.

Palpi short; antennae generally long and slender, with the
club more or less gradually formed. Fore-wings with the
costal nervure nearly always five-branched, and with the upper
disco cellular nervule well developed. Median nervure with a
short cross-nervule near the base, which rarely extends as far as
the sub-median; hind-wings, with the pre-costal nervure bifid (as
is also the case in the genera Seridnus^ Westwood, and Teino-
palpus, Hope, but not in any other genera placed in the pre-
ceding Sub-families ; and with a cross-nervule connecting the
costal and sub-costal nervures near the base) Hind-wings often
dentated and tailed.

250 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

This Sub-family, as above restricted, corresponds exactly
to the genus Papilio^ as understood by Felder.

Three genera are now recognised by most Continental and
English writers, but the real number is much larger.

GENUS DRURYA.

Drurya, Aurivillius, Entomol. Tidskrift, ii. p. 44 (1881);
Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 40 (1886); Rippon, Icones
Ornith. p. iv.* (1892).

Club of the antennae gradually formed; collar well developed;
fore-wings very long, the hind-margin gradually concave ; sub-
costal nervure five-branched, the third rising just before the cell;
hind-wings short, rounded, slightly dentated, the inner-margin
straight, not concave or folded ; abdomen extending beyond
the hind-wings.

The type of this genus is the famous Papilio antimachus,
Drury, a specimen of which was brought to Europe by Smeath-
man from Sierra Leone, and figured by Drury in 1782, and sub-
sequently by Donovan in his " Naturalist's Repository." This
specimen is now in the Sydney Museum, and no other was
brought to Europe till 1864, though it is now known to occur,
though always sparingly, over a large portion of Tropical West
Africa, even as far inland as Stanley Falls on the Congo. The
wings are very long and narrow (less so in the female, which is
smaller than the male), expanding from seven to nine inches.
The fore-wings are black, with large tawny spots and markings
towards the base, and the hind-wings are tawny, with a row of
black sub-marginal spots. It has been supposed to mimic
some unknown, and probably extinct species of the Sub-family
Acraina. Its nearest ally is a West African Butterfly, which
has been described as Papilio ridleyanus, White, and which
both in size, shape, and colour, much resembles Gnesia zete*

(Linn.).*

* £/. vol. i. p. 38.

TROIDES. 251

GENUS TROIDES.

Troides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 88 (1816).
Ornithoptera, Rippon, Icones Ornithopterorum, p. i (1891).

With this genus we commence the series of Butterflies usually
included in Boisduval's genus Ornithoptera^ or Bird-winged But-
terflies, which Mr. Rippon is now engaged in illustrating in his
" Icones Ornithopterorum." They include many of the largest
and most beautiful Butterflies in the world, and their range ex-
tends from China and India to North Australia. But only the
genera Ornithoptera, Boisduval, and Trogonoptera^ Rippon, are
found in the Indo-Malayan Region ; the others belong exclu-
sively to the Austro-Malayan Region. I have published a paper
on this group in Nature for January 10, 1894, from which
the accompanying figures have been taken, with the kind per-
mission of the editor. I have not attempted here to reproduce
all the information contained in that paper, though I have added
some new matter which did not appear in it.

Here I may emphasise the fact that in dividing the Linnean
Equites into genera, Hiibner usually employed classical patro-
nymics. In my determination of the types of these genera I
have taken into consideration two points to which previous
authors seem to have paid but little attention. Firstly, the
applicability (if any) of the name itself, which cannot be ignored
in cases where there is a direct connection between the names
of genera and species j and secondly (though this is of much
less consequence), the species figured under these names
by Hiibner himself. If, therefore, I ignore the types which
some previous authors have affixed to Hiibner's genera, it is
usually on these grounds.

So far as is known, most of the species of this group agree
in the large anal claspcrs of the males, the large collar, the
long and rather pointed fore-wings, and the generally rounded
and scalloped hind-wings, the tuberculate larvae, &c.

252 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

The genus Troides may be briefly defined as follows. Antenna;
with a large, but gradually-formed club ; fore-wings black, with
green, blue, or orange bands in the male, and the hind-wings
greenish, blue, or orange. Female black, more or less marked
with large white or yellowish-white spots. On the fore-wings of
the male is a large patch of raised scales. The third sub-costal
nervule of the fore-wings rises considerably before the cell in
both sexes, and the fourth and fifth sub-costals rise from a very
short stalk just beyond the cell. Sides of the thorax red, abdo-
men yellow in male, yellowish- white in female.

TROIDES PRIAMUS.

(Plate LXIV. Fig. i.)

Papillo priamttSj Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p; 458, no, i

(1758) ; id. Mus. Ulr. p. 182 (1764); Clerck, Icones, pi.

17, fig. i (1764); Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pi. 23, figs. A, B

(J775); Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 25, no. i (1819).
Troides prianms, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. taf. 116,

117 (1824).
Ornithoptera priamus, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 173

(1836); Rippon, Icones Ornith. p. 4, pi. la, \b (1891).
? Papilla panthous, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 461, no.

16 (1758); Clerck, Icones, pi. 19 (1764); Cramer, Pap.

Exot. ii. pi. 123, fig. A; pi. 124, fig. A (1777); Godart,

Enc. Me'th. ix. p. 25, no. 2 (1819).

This species, which appears to be confined to the islands of
Amboina and Ceram, is not only one of the largest of the
present group, but one of the largest Butterflies known. It
measures from eight to ten inches across the wings. The
male has velvety black fore-wings, with a bright green or
bluish-green sub-costal band running from the base nearly
to the tip. A narrower green band, just above the inner-
margin, runs from the base, and curves round opposite the

i. Troides

PLATE LX1V

2 . Orwthoptt-rit, r&nus

TROIDES.

253

hind-margin for about two-thirds of its length. Above this
is a large patch of raised scales opposite the inner-margin.
The hind-wings are green, with a narrow black border,
waved on the inner side, and a row of large round black
dots on the disc, near which are sometimes some small
orange ones. On the under side the fore-wings have the end

Troides richmondia>

of the cell, and a great part of the disc between the broad
black nervures, green, crossed on the outer side by a broad
black bar. On the hind-wings the marginal black band is
broader, and the inner-margin is black; the sub-marginal spots
curve round to the costa, and within them is a large orange
spot above the cell. The head and thorax are black, the latter
spotted with red below the win^s, and with a green longitudinal

254 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY*

line above ; the abdomen is yellow, with small black dots on
the sides. The female is dark brown, with a row of long white
spots on the disc ; on the fore-wings many of these are inter-
rupted, and on the hind-wings they are divided by a row of
black spots, beyond which the white of the inner portion of
these long spots is replaced by buff. Head and body as in the
male, but the stripe on the thorax above is of a much paler

Troides richmondia, tf Var.

green, and the abdomen is of a much paler yellow, often shaded
into grey above.

The larva of T. priamus has not been described ; but as the
Butterfly has been seen flying about Mangifora indica, it has
been thought likely that it may feed on that tree.

There are a great number of species closely allied to thisy
but locally constant, chiefly differing in size, and in the different
arrangement of the green bands in the male, and of the white
spots in the female. The smallest species is T. richmondia,

TROIDES. 255

(Gray), which is common in Queensland and New South
Wales.

From the green species (in some of which the green sub-
costal band is shot with coppery-red in certain lights) we pass
on to T. urvillianus (Boisduval), in which the green is replaced
by rich deep blue, showing a green or coppery iridescence on
the band in certain lights. It has lately been found in New
Guinea, New Ireland, Duke of York Island, and the Solomon
Islands. The larva, which feeds on Arisfolochia, the favourite

Troides Hchwondia, <$.

food of so many tropical and sub-tropical Butterflies, is black,
with carmine tentacles, and fleshy spines, the latter tipped with
black.

Another remarkable species is T. crotsus (Wallace), from the
island of Batchian, one of the Northern Moluccas. Here the
green or blue of the species we have already mentioned is
replaced by a brilliant golden orange, shading into green in
certain lights. Mr. Rippon proposes the name Priamoptera

256 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

for T. urvillianus and T. crossus. T. lydius (Felder), which
inhabits Gilolo or Halmahera, an island not far from Batchian,
has the sub-costal band of the male of a very deep coppery-
red, but both in this species and in T. croesus, the only other
mark on the fore-wings, except a short dash at the base of the
inner-margin, is the very large oval blotch of scales. The hind-
wings are paler than the band of the fore-wings, and varied
with yellow. The female of T. cmsus does not differ much
from the ordinary females of this genus ; but that of T. lydius
is black, with the cell and two complete rows of long spots,
concave at the extremity, and the inner row very large, between
the nervures beyond the cell. The hind-wings are yellowish-
brown, with the base, nervures, a sub-marginal band of nearly
connected spots, and another on the hind-margin, black.

GENUS ^THEOPTERA.
&theoptera, Rippon, Icones Ornith. p. 4 (1891).

Fore-wings of the male very long, narrow, and pointed.
Hind-wings very long in both sexes ; in the male, with the fold
of the inner-margin enclosing scent-scales. Fore-wings with
the third sub-costal nervule rising from the end of the cell in
both sexes ; the fourth and fifth sub-costals separating at about
one-third of the distance from the cell to their extremity in the
male, and at a quarter of the distance in the female.

^E. victoria (Gray), the type of this genus, is found in
Guadalcanar, one of the Solomon Islands. The male measures
six inches across the fore-wings, which are black, with the basal
third of the wings green and yellow, except on the costa ; and
another blotch of the same colour near the costa before the
apex, divided by the nervures. The hind-wings are green,
bordered ^utside by a yellow band, on which stand three
orange spots (also visible below, where they have black spots

SCHCENBERGIA. 257

beneath and beyond them) ; and beyond these is a narrow
bJack border. The female is black, with much broader wings;
it measures seven inches in expanse.

There is a row of large white central spots, and another of
sub-marginal spots on all the wings ; on the fore-wings a yellow
band, white at the extremity, runs along the cell, and another
along the inner-margin ; on the costa of the hind-wings is a
yellow band. The larva is dark brown, with long carmine
fleshy spines ; the retractile fork is yellow.

The closely-allied & regime (Salvin), which is found in the
neighbouring island of Malayta is larger ; the male has more
black on the hind-wings, and the yellow band is replaced by
three orange spots surrounded with green in the dark part of
the wing.

These Butterflies, as well as Troides urvillianus^ are found
flying about the sweet-smelling white flowers of Cerbera
odollam, a plant which is allied to the oleander, and is
common in the East Indies.

GENUS SCHCENBERGIA.
Schoenbtrgia, Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. xlvi. p. 35

(1893)-

The fore-wings of the male of this very curious genus
resemble those of the last as regards neuration, but are broader,
and the hinder angle, which is completely rounded off in
sEtheoptem^ is more distinct. The hind-wings, however, have
a very short costa, and very long hind- and inner-margins.
They are almost rectangular at the apex, and thence fall almost
straight to the base of a very long and slender tail. The cell
reaches almost to the hind-margin, the nervures beyond being
so short as almost to suggest the idea that the wings have been
trimmed with a pair of scissors. The females are not specially
remarkable.

10 s

258 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

The only known species is Schcenlergia paradisea^ Staudinger,
which is found in the Finisterre Mountains of New Guinea

at a height of about 1,500 feet. The male, which measures
five inches in expanse, has black fore-wings, with two broad

TROGONOPTERA. 259

green bands glossed with golden-yellow, one below the costa,
and the other between the cell and the sub-median nervure,
curving upwards opposite the hind-margin. There is also a
short green band on the inner-margin The hind-wings are
green, more suffused with orange-yellow than the fore-wings,
and narrowly bordered outside with black, the base and inner-
margin being very broadly bordered with black.

The females are larger, and are black, with two rows of
white spots on the fore-wings, decreasing in size, and converg-
ing towards the hinder angle. Hind-wings with a pale sub-
marginal band, extending across the lower half of the wing, but
much incurved towards the costa ; the outer part is yellow,
shading within to bluish-grey and whitish ; across it runs a row
of black spots.

GENUS TROGONOPTERA.
Trogonoptera, Rippon, Icones Ornith. part ii. (1890).

Fore-wings longer and narrower than in Sthotnbergia, the
apex rounded off, the hinder angle well-marked; cell very long
and narrow ; third sub-costal thrown off in both sexes at the
end of the cell ; fourth and fifth forking at about one-fifth of
the distance from the cell to their extremities. Hind-wings
slightly oval, dentated, and in the male slightly projecting at
the anal angle. No patch of raised scales on the fore-wings of
the male, but the abdominal fold on the hind-wings is very
large, enclosing scent-scales.

TROGONOPTERA BROOKEANA.

Ornithoptera brooJdana^ Wallace, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) iii.

p. 104 (1855); Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. i. p. 42, pi. 2,

(1886).
Ornithoptera brookeana, Hewitson, Exot. Butterflies, i. pi. i,

fig. i (1855); Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 330, pi. 27 A, fig.

4, pi. 270, fig. i (1885).

s 2

260

LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

Papilio trogon, Snellen Van Vollenhoveu, Tidschr. v, Ent. iii.

p. 69, pi. 6 (1860).
Ornithoptera (Trogonoptera) brookeana, Rippon, Icones Ornith.

part ii. (1890).

This splendid Butterfly is not only the single green species of
the group found on the continent of Asia, but the only known
green Indo-Malayan species, except T. trojana. It was first

Trogonoptera drookcana, <?.

discovered by Dr. A. R. Wallace, near the coal-mines of Simun-
jon, in Sarawak, and named by him after Rajah Brooke. It has
since been met with in Sumatra as well as in Borneo, and in
Perak and Malacca in the Malay Peninsula. It measures from
six to eight inches across the fore-wings, which are black, with a

TROGONOPTERA. 26 1

row of large green sub-marginal triangles, each intersected by a
nervure ; on the hind-wings the whole centre is green, In the
female, which is very rare indeed in comparison to the male, the
green is much more glossed with brassy, and is bordered within
with blue, which is seldom the case in the male, and the green
markings which disappear towards the costa in the male, are, in
the female, replaced by long bifid grey streaks between the
nervures. The body is black, with a broad crimson collar, and
with crimson spots on the sides of the thorax below the wings.
The names given to this species by Van Vollenhoven, and to
the genus by Mr. Rippon, were suggested by the resemblance
in colour to the beautiful black and green tropical American
birds called Trogons.

The only other species of this genus, T. trojana, Staudin-
ger, has shorter and squarer green spots. It is found in the
Island of Palawan, and is at present very rare in collections.

Nothing appearstobe known of the early stages QiT.brookeana.
Various interesting notes on its habits may be found in the
works of my friends Messrs. Distant and Rippon, which I do
not draw upon, as Sir Hugh Low has very kindly favoured me
with the following account of its habits as observed by himself
in Perak, &c. : —

" I first met with Ornithoptera brookeana on the Island of
Labuan, about the time that it was first collected by Wallace,
but I only saw one specimen of it. It was in an open space in
a magnificent forest, and I was not able to capture it, though
I saw it in the same place on two different days. The fine
jungle which at that time covered the island has since been
utterly destroyed, so that I imagine the insect is no longer to
be found there. I never met with it in the neighbouring
islands of Kuraman or on Pulo Daat, where I collected many
other fine species. I saw one specimen fly rapidly past me on
the mainland in the neighbourhood of Kina Balu, in an open

262 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

country, and as those are the only occasions on which 1 came
upon it during my long residence in Borneo, and as my nume-
rous native collectors never brought me specimens of it, I
imagine it must be a rare insect in the country in which Wal-
lace first discovered and captured it.

"In 1878, on visiting 'Gopeng,' a village of miners in the
' Kinta ' district of the State of Perak, in the Malay Peninsula,
I was very much delighted, as I descended from my elephant,
to see a fine specimen of this Butterfly settle in the most
leisurely and confident manner on a patch of black mud in
the middle of the village street, and quite close to me On the
following morning, as I walked through the valley in which the
open pits of the tin miners were excavated, the beautiful
creatures were flying about in all directions, as many as six or
seven being visible at a time. Their flight was straight, rather
slow, and heavy, very different from that I had seen on Kina
Balu. It flew generally about ten feet above the ground, to
which it frequently descended, resting on damp spots. It was
easily caught, and at my request my people secured a great
many specimens for the museum at Singapore, by knocking
them over with their cotton jackets and waist-cloths taken off for
the purpose. At one place I noticed a great number of the
wings of the Ornithoptera lying round a saturated piece of plank
close to a little rill of water near a Chinese gardener's hut, and,
passing the spot shortly afterwards, I saw a cat of the ' knotted
tailed ' race peculiar to Malaya watching for the Butterflies as
they settled on the end of the plank nearest to the water, and
catching them most deftly with its paws. It ate the body of
the one I saw it catch, leaving the beautiful wings to be strewn
by the wind on the surface of the ground around its breakfast
table. I ascertained that the plank was used by the Chinese
occupants of the hut for cutting up and cleaning their fish and
pork, and as it was saturated with moisture and the juices of

ORNITHOPTERA. 263

the chopped food, its attraction for the Butterflies was ac-
counted for. I again visited Gopeng five years ago, but the
beautiful Butterfly was no longer to be seen in the valley,
which had been entirely altered in character by the extension
of the works of the miners.

" The only other place in which I met with the insect in
Perak was at another mining centre called * Chandariang,' in the
Betang Padang district, about ten miles from Gopeng. There
were a good many specimens flying, like those at Gopeng, about
ten feet or less from the surface of the ground in the neigh-
bourhood of a pool of water; all the specimens observed in
both places were males, with one exception. The female was
resting on the flowers of a beautiful Taxonia, on the edge of the
jungle, about fifteen feet from the ground.

"Mr. Leonard Wray, who is the curator of the excellent
Museum of the State of Perak, and a most zealous and scien-
tific naturalist, lately sent me two specimens from Perak, but
did not mention the district in which they had been collected.
Mr. Kiinsller was in charge of the Singapore Museum when
I took the specimens from Perak to it, and he subsequently
visited the State and revelled in collecting and sending home
large quantities of insects for sale, and he was also a very
successful botanical collector for Dr. King, the director of the
Royal Botanical Gardens at Calcutta."

GENUS ORNITHOPTERA.

Ornithoptera, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lepid. p. 33 (1832) ;
id. Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 173 (1836) ; Doubleday, Gen.
Diurn. Lepid. p. 3 (1846); Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p.
40 (1886).

Fore-wings long, sub-triangular, the apex rather pointed ;
hind-wings rounded and dentated. Fore-wings with the third
branch of the sub-costal nervure generally rising at the cell.

264 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

rarely before or after it, the third and fourth nervurcs rising
beyond the cell from a longer or shorter stalk. There is no
patch of raised scales on the fore-wings of the males, but scent-
producing scales are concealed in the fluffy abdominal fold ;
colours black and yellow.

The species of this group are characteristic of the Indo-
Malayan Region, though some of them extend to the Moluccas,
&c. The type is O. Helena (Linn.), which inhabits the Moluccas
and the Papuan Islands. It is a large species, with black fore-
wings in the male, and yellow hind-wings, very broadly black
at the base, and on the hind-margin. The female is of a

Ornilhoplera po in pens, larva.

lighter brown, with a large buff or yellowish spot, divided by
the nervures, in the middle of the hind-wings.

Many species have black or brown fore-wings, more or less
rayed with grey along the nervures, especially in the females ;
and golden-yellow hind-wings, with a narrow black border, fes-
tooned on the inner side ; and, in the females, there is a row of
large black spots, sometimes touching the incurves of the bor-
der, and sometimes perfectly distinct. Among these is O.
pompeus (Cramer), found in Java and Borneo. We have figured
the larva and pupa ; the former feeds on Aristolcchia, and is
yellowish, with a broad whitish dorsal stripe, dilated to a band
on the sixth segment, and with eight rows of fleshy spines; the

ORNITHOPTERA.

265

pupa is yellowish. Another and very similar species of this
group is O. rhadamanihus, Boisduval, which is fotind all over
India, South China, and Indo-China. For this species and its
allies, the name Fachlioptera, Reakirt, may be retained, if they
are generically distinct from Ornithoptera, the type of which is
O. Helena (Linn.). Other yellow species, such as O. ruficollis,
Butler, from the Malay Peninsula, have a red collar ; others,
like O. amphrysus (Cramer), have the fore-wings more or less

pupa.

rayed with yellow in the males ; and the male of one species,
O. magellanus^ Felder, from the Philippines, exhibits a won-
derful iridescence of the most delicate pale silvery blue or
green over the golden-yellow hind-wings. This is quite unique
in the group, though something resembling it is seen in some
South American Butterflies belonging to the genus Priamides
in the Equitin^ and to the genus Enselasia in the Lemoniidae.
Even Morpho sulkowskyi will not compare with Ornithoptera
wagellanus for metallic beauty.

266 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

We have figured one of the largest and finest species of Orni-
thoptera, which differs somewhat from the other species of the
genus. It is a native of the Moluccas, and was first brought
from the island of Amboina, which has always been famous for
its splendid Butterflies, and from which nearly all the Moluccan
Butterflies known to the entomologists of the last century were
obtained.

ORNITHOPTERA HIPPOLYTUS.*

(Plate LXIV. Fig. 2.)

Paptiio panthouS) ?, Clerck (nee Linn.), Icones, pi. 18 (1764).
Papilio hippolytus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 10, figs. A, B ;

pi. u, figs. A, B (1775).
Papilio remus, Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 250 (1777); Cramer, /. c.

ii. pi. 135, fig. A; pi. 136, fig. A (1777); iv. pi. 386, figs.

A, B (1782); Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 26, no. 3 (1819).
Ornithoptera remits, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. p. 176, no. 3

(1836).
Ornithoptera (Pompeoptera) hippolytus, Rippon, Icones Ornith.

part i. (1890).

This is one of the largest species of the group, sometimes
measuring nearly eight inches across the wings in the female.
The fore-wings are black, with a slight greenish reflection, and
with greyish-white rays bordering the nervures on each side
(best marked in the females), and extending into the outer part
of the cell. In the male, the hind-wings are black, dusted with
grey, and bordered with a row of large yellow spots, running
from the base of the costa round to the anal angle. On the
under side the hind-wings are white, except the marginal black
and yellow markings. In the female, the yellow spots are en-
larged and lengthened so as to form a band, separated into
spots by the nervures, and extending from just beyond the cell

* 0. remits on plate.

PAPILIO. 267

to the narrow, irregular, and partly macular border ; the inci-
sions are pale yellow. This yellow band is marked with a row
of large black spots between the nervures ; and, nearest the
anal angle, the pale spots are longest, and are mostly white with-
in the black spots. On the under side, which we have figured,
the white is more extended, and invades the outer part of the
cell.

This fine Butterfly has been met with in Amboina, Ceram,
Ternate, Celebes, the Sula Islands, Morty Island, and Halma-
hera.

There is one African Butterfly which is now considered to
belong to Ornithoptera, or to an allied genus. This is Papilio
zalmoxis, Hewitson, which measures about seven inches across
the wings, which are broader and more rounded than in the
typical Eastern Butterflies of this group. The male is of a
rather pale blue, with black borders, slightly spotted with blue
on the hind-wings, and with black lines between the nervures
towards the margins, and a black costa on the fore-wings. The
male is now fairly common in collections from West Africa, but
the female, which is of a yellowish-grey instead of blue, is still
very rare in our Museums.

THE GENUS PAPILIO, LATREILLE.

We have already mentioned that Linnaeus originally included
all the Lepidoptera^ and afterwards all the Butterflies under the
genus Papilio* dividing it into various sub-genera, &c., among
which were Eques&b&Nyniphalis. In 1801 Schrank restricted
Papilio to Nymphalis ; but in 1805, Latreille, who set aside

* Cf. vol. i. p. 3, et seq.

268 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Schrank's work in the most capricious manner, even while
quoting it, arbitrarily transferred the name Papilio to Eques ;
and in this sense Papilio (the real type of which Dr. Scudder,
with apparent reason, argues to be Vanessa antiopd)* has since
been used. for the bulk of the Linnean Equites. Boisduval
shrank from sub-dividing this vast mass of species into genera,
and contented himself with dividing it into groups ; and in this
he has been followed by Felder, Oberthiir, Distant, Godman
and Salvin, Schatz, and other writers. Hiibner, however, divided
the few species known to him into genera, and among recent
authors, Moore and Scudder have done the same for Indian
and North American species ; and in this they have been fol-
lowed by some few writers who have dealt with the Lepidop-
tera of those countries. Under these circumstances, I think
it will be most useful to enumerate the principal groups of
Latreille's genus Papilio under the names which have been as-
signed to any of them, with a brief sketch of their most obvious
characteristics. It must be noted that although Boisduval did
not indicate any characters for his groups of Papilio, definite
characters were assigned by Felder to the various sections into
which he divided the genus, and his essay still remains the
most comprehensive summary of the whole series of species.f
We commence by giving the most important references to
Papilio as used by Latreille and his followers.

* See Scudder's '-'Historical Sketch of the Names Proposed for Butter-
flies," pp. 238-240. It is true that in his "Butterflies of the Eastern United
States " he has accepted Papilio in the usual sense, and has proposed the
new genus E^lvanessa for Papilio anliopa, Linn. ; but he does so under
protest, and apparently in ignorance of Barbut's genus, Achivus.

f Since the above remarks were written, the Hon. W. Rothschild has
published " A Revision of the Papilios of the Eastern Hemisphere, exclusive
of Africa" (" Novitates Zoologicae," ii. pp. 167-463) Here he divides the
genus into groups, but does not give generic names. Although convinced
that the various sections recognised in the present volume, in addition to
many others not specified, should have generic titles, I have refrained from
naming the new genera, as Mr. Rothschild is working out the group.

ASCANIDES. 269

GENUS TAriLIO, LATREILLE (NEC SCHRANK).
Papitto, pt. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 458 (1858);
Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii. p. 387 (1803); xiv.
p. 108 (1805) ; id. Enc. Meth. ix. pp. 9, 25 .(1819) ; Bois-
duval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 9 (1836) ; Doubleday, Gen.
Diurn. Lepid. p. 5 (1846); Felder, Verz. Zool. Bot. Ges.
Wien. xiv. p. 289 (1864); Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lepid. pp.
517, 637> 8°9> 86° (l87 I~l877) > Oberthiir, Etudes
d'Ent. iv. (1879) • Schatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 42
(1886) ; Rothschild, Nov. Zool. ii. pp. 167-463 (1895).
The multifarious species included in the old genus Papilio
have short palpi, and long antennae, with a gradually-formed
club. On the fore-wings the third branch of the sub-costal
nervure rises from the end of the cell, and the fourth and
fifth form a long fork, generally separating further beyond the
cell than in the preceding genera. The upper disco-cellular
nervule is rather shorter than the others. The fore-wings are
generally triangular or produced towards the tip; the hind-
wings are often dentated or tailed.

It would be useless to go much into detail ; the shape of
the wings and the structure of the larva differ very much in
the different sections.

In the following sketch I have followed Felder's grouping,
with his numbers, referring to later authors for species discovered
since, and supplying generic names, so far as they exist. I
have not, however, attempted to include the whole of Felder's
seventy-five sections, and some of them, among which are the
three first, include Ornithoptera, &c., which I have already
discussed. This will explain the omission of several numbers in
the series. All the named genera are, however, included.

[iv.] AscanideS) Geyer. The type, A. triopas (Godart) is a
small black Butterfly, from Guiana and the lower Amazons,
not expanding much more than two inches across the long and

270 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

narrow fore-wings ; the hind-wings are short, oval, and dentated,
with white incisions. There are two yellowish-white patches,
more or less divided into spots by the nervures, one towards
the tip, and one about the middle of the fore-wings ; and the
centre of the hind-wings is pale yellow. The collar and pectus
are dotted with red.

[v.] Endopogon, Boisduval (apud Felder). Includes a large
number of Tropical American Butterflies, with triangular fore-
wings, with the hind-margin more or less oblique, and the hind-
wings somewhat produced, and strongly dentated, with white
incisions. They are black, and the males generally have a dull
green mark, sometimes enclosing a white spot ; and the hind-
wings have a large red spot or band in the middle, often show-
ing a beautiful violet iridescence. In the female, there is
generally a white spot on the fore-wings, and the red spot of the
hind-wings is paler; sometimes the hind-wings are spotted with
red at the base beneath. The type is indicated by Dr. Scudder
as E. scsostris (Cramer), a species nearly four inches in expanse,
with a large green spot on the fore-wings of the male, but no
red spot on the hind-wings. It is common in South America.

[vi.] Hectorides, Hiibner. A handsome group of Tropical
American Butterflies, with rather long, but not pointed, fore-
wings, and shorter hind-wings, produced towards the anal
angle; strongly dentated, and with a rather long tail ; they are
black with red and white markings.

We have figured the type

HECTORIDES AgCANIUS.

(Plate LXV. Fig. I.)

Papilio ascanius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 140 (1775); Drury,
111. Exot. Ent. iii. pi. 9, fig. i (1782) ; Godart, Enc. Mdth.
ix. p. 73, no. 137 (1819); Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Ldpid, i.
p. 306 (1836),

PLATE LXV

/. Kectorid&s ascanius.
pcuris.

•

PA RIDES. 271

Hcdorides ascanius> Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. pi.
105 (1824).

This is a Brazilian Butterfly, measuring four inches across
the wings, which are black, crossed by a broad white band,
shading into red on the outside on the hind-wings, which are
also marked with a row of sub-marginal red lunules ; the
incisions are white. The pectus, and under side of the abdomen
are spotted with red.

[viz.] Parities, Hiibner. A tropical American group, much
resembling Endopogon (q.v.), but with pink instead of white
incisions.

We have figured a representative species.

PARIDES .ENEAS.
(Plate LXVL Fig 2.)

Pafilio ccneas, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 461, no. 15
(1758); id. Mus. Ulr. p. 197 (1754) ; Cramer, Pap, Exot.
iii. pi. 279, figs. C, D (1780); Godart, Enc. Meth. ix.
p. 33, no. 24 (1819); Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p.
286 (1836).
Papilla <zneides, ?, Esper, Ausland. Schmett. pi. 15, fig. 4

(1785?)-
? Princeps dominans marcius^ Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett.

i. pi. 122 (1816?).
Papilio martins, Boisduval, /. c. p. 286 (1836).

This Butterfly is common in Guiana and on the Lower
Amazons, and measures over three inches across the wings. The
fore-wings are rather pointed, with the hind-margin very
oblique ; and the hind-wings are rounded and dentated. The
colour is black, with a nearly square green spot on the inner-
margin of the fore-wings, and with three white spots obliquely
above and beyond it. The hind-wings are red from the base
to beyond the middle, and the incisions are also red. On the
under-side, the hind-wings are marked with five red spots, and

2J2 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

the pectus is spotted with red. The female is black, with a
large white spot, divided by the nervures, in the middle of the
fore-wings, and a row of bright crimson sub-marginal spots on
the hind-wings.

[VIIL] Ithobalus, Hiibner. This is another genus peculiar
to America, but very unlike the foregoing. The species much
resemble each other ; the type is /. polydamas (Linn.), which
is common throughout the warmer parts of America. The
fore-wings are broad with the costa arched, the tip produced,
but rounded off, and the hind margin very oblique, The hind-
wings are ample, rounded, and strongly dentated, but not
tailed. The colour is a greenish-black, with pale yellow
incisions ; and a row of greenish-yellow spots, smallest towards
the tip of the fore-wings, runs parallel with the hind-margin of
the fore-wings, and curves across the disc of the hind wings.
On the under-side there are some larger yellow sub-marginal
spots on the lower half of the fore-wings, and a row of sub-
marginal red lunules on the hind- wings ; the pectus and
abdomen are also marked with red. The larva is stout, slug-
shaped, of a dirty yellow, with long, pointed, fleshy spines of a
pale pink ; it feeds on Aristolochia. The pupa is green,
with a long, conical protuberance on the back of the thorax.

[xiv.] Eury tides, Hiibner. The type of this genus, E.
dolicaon (Cramer), is a fine South American Butterfly, nearly
four inches in expanse. The fore-wings are creamy-white,
with broad black borders, with an oblique row of creamy
spots towards the apex of the fore-wings, and a double sub-
marginal row of spots on the hind-wings. The fore-wings are
broad, with the hind-margin concave below the tip, and a
broad black band at the base of the costa, and then curving
across the middle of the cell ; the hind-wings are furnished
with a long slender tail on the upper median nervule.

[xix. B.] Cosmodesmus^ Haase. We may, perhaps, restrict

PAZALA. 273

this name, used by Haase with a very wide extension, to the
following species and its allies.

COSMODESMUS PROTESILAUS.*

(Plate LX VI II. Fig. I (Frontispiece}.}

Pafilio prolesilaus, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 463,

no. 29 (1758); id. Mus. Ludov. Ulr. p. 209 (1764);

Clerck, Icones, pi. 27, fig. 2 (1764); Cramer, Pap. Exot.

iii. pi. 202, figs. A, B (1779); Godart, Enc. Meth, ix.

p. 50, no. 73 (1819); Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i.

p. 262 (1836).

This species, and those related to it, are fine swallow-tailed
Butterflies of Tropical America, measuring four inches across
the wings. The fore-wings are broad, but not very long, and
the hind-margin is not very oblique. They are white, shading
into greenish at the base, and on the costa of the fore-wings
there are a number of black bars, some short and some long,
running from the costa of the fore-wings ; the hind-margin is
black, and a stripe, bifid above, runs obliquely to meet it at
the hinder angle. The hind-wings are imperfectly bordered
with incomplete black bands and lines ; at the anal angle is a
long spot, black below and red above, and beyond it the lower
part of the wing projects in a lobe, throwing off a very long tail
from the upper median nervule. There are several closely-
allied species (or varieties of the same) in South America. The
larva of C. protcsilaus is said much to resemble that of Iphi-
clidcs podaliriitS) and to feed on a tree like a Magnolia.

[xx.] Pazala, Moore. The type of this genus is the North
Indian P. glycerion (Gray). It measures about 2^ inches
across the wings, which are white, with ten narrow black
stripes, partly coalescing, running from the costa of the fore-
wings ; stripes 3-6 crossing the cell, the rest longer, reaching.
or nearly reaching the inner-margin. The hind-wings have
* Itliiclidcs protesilaus on plate.

10 T

274 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

two or three sub-marginal black lines, meeting in a broad black
space at the base of the long slender tail. On this space are
two or three blue lunules, and on its inner side, close to the
anal angle, is a yellow lunule, surmounting a smaller black one.

[XXL] Pathysa, Reakirt. The type of this genus is T. anli-
phates (Cramer). It is a common and variable species through-
out the Indo-Malayan Region. It is a creamy-white Butterfly,
rather less than three inches in expanse, with black bars across
the cell of the fore-wings, which are greenish towards the base ;
and a black border, separated from two broad black bands
from the costa by greenish streaks. The hind-wings have a
festooned black marginal line, and a long slender black tail,
edged with yellow ; at the end of the inner margin is a black
spot, marked with blue on the under side. On the latter the
hind-wings are green towards the base, streaked and spotted
with black, and yellow beyond ; the tail is streaked with white.
The larva, which feeds (in Java) on a species of Uvaria, is
cylindrical with a bifid tail ; yellow, with reddish-brown trans-
verste stripes,and reticulated with brown ; it has two separated
lateral stripes, the upper greenish, and the lower reddish. The
pupa is dull green, with brown and yellowish markings.

[xxni.-xxv.] Iphidides, Hiibner. Under this genus we
may provisionally place several of Felder's sections, in which
the fore-wings are broad, rather pointed, with the hind-margin
more or less oblique, while the hind-wings are strongly den-
tated towards the anal angle, but not so distinctly lobate as in
Cosmodesmus, and terminating in a long sender tail. We
have figured two species, the second of which is the type of
the genus.

irillCLTDFS CELADON.
(Plate LXV1II. Fig. 2 (Frontispiece].']

Papilio sinotij Cramer (nee FaLricius), Pap. Exot. iii. pi 317
figs. E, F (1780).

1PIIICLIDES. 275

Papilio celadon, Lucas, Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 130.

This Butterfly, which inhabits Jamaica and Cuba, measures
a little more than three inches across the wings. It is black, with
a row of green sub-marginal spots running round all the wings,
and five green bands running from the costa of the fore-wings ;
the first three extend to the hind-wings ; the first is narrow and
basal ; the second is also narrow ; the third is very broad, and
bifid above ; and beyond are two short bands, one just before,
and the other just after, the end of the cell. There is a con-
spicuous red spot on the middle of the inner-margin of the
hind-wings ; on the under side the second green stripe is
bordered outside with red.

There are several black and green species, much resembling
this, both in America and Africa. The breadth of the third
green band will distinguish /. celadon from any of the others.

THE SCARCE SWALLOW-TAIL. IPHICLIDES PODALIRIUS.
(Plate LXVIL Fig. 2.)

Papilio podalirius, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 463, no. 29
(1758); id. Mus. Ludov. Ulr. p. 208 (1764); Esper,
Schmett. i. (i) p. 36, pi. i, fig. 2 (1777); Hiibner,
Exot. Schmett. i. figs. 388, 389 (1803?) ; Godart, Enc.
Meth. ix. p. 50, no. 74 (1819); Boisduval, Spec. Gen.
Lepid. i. p. 245 (1836); Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i.
p. 6 (1827); Curtis, Biit. Ent. xiii. pi. 578 (1836); New-
man, Brit. Butterflies, p. 3 (1881); Kirby, Eur. Butter-
flies and Moths, p. 2, pi. 2, figs, i, 1^-^(1878); Lang,
Butterflies Eur. p. i, pi. i, fig. i, pi. 5, fig. i (transf.)
(1881); Barrett, Lepid. of Brit. Isl. i. p. 16 (1892).

Papilio podalirius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 152, fig. B (1777).

Var. Papilio feisthamelii^ Duponchel, Lepid. France, Suppl. i.
p. 7, pi. i, fig. i ; pi. 2, fig. i (1832); Kcrrich-Schaffer
Schmett. Eur. i. Nachtrag, p. 34, figs. 414-416 (1848).

T 2

276 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

This Butterfly measures from 2*4 to 3^ inches across the
wings. It is yellowish-white, with seven black streaks running
from the costa of the fore-wings, the first basal divided by a
pale line, the third and fifth short, the rest crossing the wing,
or nearly so, the two last being close together, and the last
marginal. The hind-wings are dentated and tailed, the inner-
margin is dusky, and there is a black streak from the costa to
the eye-spot, which is situated on the inner-margin towards the
anal angle, and is black, with a large blue pupil, and is sur-
mounted by an orange stripe, bordered above with yellow.
There is a festooned black marginal line, enclosing blue lunules,
and the space between this and the eye-spot is also blackish,
except a patch of yellow below the eye ; the incisions, and
tip of the slender tail, are also yellow. On the under side, the
hind-wings are lighter, and the principal black streak is double,
and intersected by a yellowish line.

The larva is thickest just before the middle, tapering most
behind. It is smooth and green, dotted with red, with yel-
lowish-white lines and intermediate oblique streaks. It feeds
on almond, sloe, plum, apple, pear, and oak in June and Sep-
tember, but seems to prefer the sloe. The pupa is pale yellow.

The Butterfly is double-brooded, being found from May to
August. It is far less widely distributed than Achiviis viachaon,
inhabiting Central and Southern Europe, North Africa, and
Western Asia as far as Persia and the Altai. Spanish speci-
mens are whiter, with broader dark markings, and are called /.
feisthamelii. In France it is known as "Le Flambe," from the
flame-like shape of its markings, and in Germany as the " Segel-
falter" or Sail-Butterfly, either from its sail-like wings, or from
its sailing flight. In Holland, North-Western Germany, and
on the north coast of Germany it is either absent or extremely
rare ; and although it is traditionally a British insect, it seems
to have disappeared about the time that entomology began to

2ETIDES. 277

be studied in England. It is most often found in woods and
bushy places in hilly districts, but does not extend very high up
the mountains, and it shuns the neighbourhood of towns, being
easily exterminated or driven away by clearing and cultivation.

[xxvn. B.] Dalchina, Moore. The type of this genus is
D. sarpedon (Linn.), a common Indian species, widely dis-
tributed in the Indo-Mahyan and Austro-Malayan Regions.
There are also a number of closely-allied forms, which may or
may not be distinct species. It measures about three inches
across the wings ; the fore-wings are considerably produced,
the hind-margin being very oblique ; and the hind-wings are
also considerably produced towards the anal angle, but not
tailed. The wings are black, with a broad glaucous green
band running obliquely from near the tip of the fore-wings,
where it is macular, to below the middle of the hind- wings,
where it tapers downwards ; there is a sub-marginal row of five
green spots on the hind-wings. On the under side the green
is mixed with whitish, and there are several red spots marked
with black on the hind-wings.

The larva is smooth, rather short and stout; dark green,
with paler incisions. The pupa is strongly ridged ; grass-
green, striped with yellow. The larva feeds on cinnamon and
soursop.

This is a Butterfly of lofty and rapid flight, not always easy
to catch, as it flies about the tops of the trees.

[xxvn. c.] Zetides, Hiibner. The type of this genus is Z.
eurypylus (Linn.). This species and its allies are black, with
the hind-wings less produced than in Dalchina, and tail less.
These Butterflies, which are found throughout the Indo-
Malayan and Austro-Malayan Regions, expand about three
inches across the wings, and are black, with a common green
band, more or less macular on the hind-wings, a row of sub-
marginal green spots, and green transverse streaks in the cell

278 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

of the fore wings. Here, too, the hind-wings are spotted with
red beneath as in Dalchin.t.

[xxvii. D.] Another East Indian genus allied to the last,
but which has not yet received a generic name, is represented
by Papilio agamemnon, Linn., in which the wings are black,
thickly spotted with green, the green band being entirely broken
up into spots, and the hind-wings are sub-caudate.

[xxvii. F.] Idaides, Htibner. The type of this genus, /.
codrus (Cramer), is a large Butterfly measuring about five
inches in expanse, which is found in Amboina and Ceram.
The fore wings are rather pointed, the hind-margin being
oblique, and the hind-wings are regularly scalloped, with a
moderately long broad tail. It is blackish, with the hind-wings
broadly grey towards the base, and with a curved row of round
green spots running from the tip to the middle of the inner-
margin of the fore- wings.

[xxix. A.] The type of Dabasa, Moore, is D. gyas, West-
wood, a rare North Indian Butterfly. - It is very dark brown,
with indistinct, sub-marginal, ferruginous lunules, rather pointed
fore-wings, and a moderately long tail on the hind-wings. The
female has a broad white band from the end of the cell of the
fore-wings to the inner-margin ot the hind-wings, and a row of
sub-marginal yellow spots. The white band is edged above
with yellow spots, and there are also some on the costa of the
fore-wings above it.

[xxix. B.] Meandrusci) Moore, is another peculiar Indo-
Malayan genus, the type of which is M. evan, Doubleday. It
is a large tawny Butterfly, five inches in expanse, with broad
black borders spotted with tawny ; the fore-wings are extremely
falcate, and the hind-wings have a long tail. The under side
is of a dirty yellow.

[xxx.] (Unnamed.) Includes some white African species,
with broad black white-spotted borders, and dentated hind

CHILASA. 279

wings , on the under side of the wings are some red spots.
This genus is represented by Papilio py lades, Fabricius, and its
allies.

[xxxi. A.] Includes another African Butterfly, Papilio
famidas, Fabricius, with less strongly dentated hind-wings.
The wings are black, with large green spots on the fore-wings,
and the middle of the hind-wings green, followed by one or
two rows of sub-marginal spots. It has some resemblance to
the genus Tirumala among the Danaincc.

[xxxi. B. AND xxxii.] These include Papilio ridleyanus,
White, and Drurya antimachus (Drury), of which we have
already spoken (antea, p. 250).

[XXXIIL] Includes Papilio idceoides, Gray, a rare Philippine
Butterfly, measuring nearly six inches in expanse. It has
greyish-white rounded wings, with black marginal and sub-
marginal spots, and larger spots towards the base. It is very
similar to Hestia idea (Linn.) among the Danaina.

[XXXVL] Paranticopsis, Wood-Mason and De Niceville. The
type of this genus is P. macareus, Godart, a Butterfly about
three inches in expanse, with black wings, slightly dentated,
but not tailed, and with longitudinal greenish-white stripes. It
is found in North India, Java, and Borneo, and much re-
sembles some of the green Danain(sy which inhabit the same
countries.

[xxxvn.] Chilasa, Moore. The type ot this genus is
C.panope (Linnaeus), an Indian Butterfly, measuring nearly four
inches across the wings, which are brown, with sub-marginal rows
of white spots, which are rather long towards the tip of the
fore-wings. The hind-margin of the hind-wings is dull yellowish
beneath. Nearly all the Equitina which mimic Danaince have
more or less dentated hind-wings; but much easier and more
certain tests to distinguish them are the apparently four-
branched median neivure on all the wings, and the fully

280 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

developed front legs in the Equitidcz. An allied species is C.
dissimilis (Linn.), which is covered with pale buff spots and
markings on a blackish ground.

[xxxvn. PT.] Enplaiopsis, De Niceville (Isamiopsis, Moore).
This genus includes a number of Indo-Malayan Butter-
flies, generally very rare in collections, which mimic the
brown, blue-flushed Danaince allied to Euplota. The type is
the North Indian P. tekarchus (Hewitson), one of the largest
species, expanding 4^ inches. The fore-wings are of a rich
purple, triangular, and pointed at the tip, with a blue spot in
the cell, a row of long blue spots beyond, and a sub-marginal
row of white ones ; the hind-wings are brown.

[xxxvu. PT.] Menamopsis, De Niceville. This genus, like
the last, includes a few North Indian species resembling
Danaina of the Euplaa group. The type is M. tavoyanus
(Butler), from Tenasserim, which measures 3^ inches across
the fore-wings, which are much longer than the hind-wings,
and rounded. It is brown, with blue streaks on the fore-wings
in and beyond the cell, and between the nervures on the disc.
The hind wings have an inner sub- marginal row of white
streaks, and an outer row of yellow ones, the largest at tha
anal angle surmounted by a black crescent.

[xxxvin.] Cadugoides, Moore. This is another Indo-Malayan
genus, resembling species of the Danaincz. The type, C. agestor
(Gray), which is found in Sumatra, and also in the South-
western Himalayas, measures 3^ inches across the wings. It
is grey, with black nervures, and black borders dotted with
grey ; the hind-wings are more or less reddish.

[xxxix.] Orpheides, Hiibner. The two principal species of
this genus, O. demoleus (Linn.) and O. erithonius (Cram.)
inhabit Africa and India respectively, and are among the most
abundant Butterflies of their respective countries. O. demokus,
found throughout Africa, except in the north (for its alleged

ORPHEIDES. 281

occurrence in Egypt probably means Upper Egypt or Nubia)
measures from 3 to 4% inches across the wings, which are
black, with the fore-wings rather short and broad, and the hind-
margin slightly oblique; the hind-wings are rather long, and
strongly dentated, but not tailed. There is a row of pale
yellow sub-marginal spots on all the wings ; the incisions are
yellow, and a row of rather large yellow spots runs obliquely
across the fore-wings, coalescing into a band on the hind-
wings, where it reaches the middle of the inner-margin. On
the fore-wings there are two large spots towards the end of the
cell, and also two short oblique rows of small spots between
the cell and the sub-marginal spots, the main band rising
below the interspace ; the base is dusted with yellow towards
the base. On the hind-wings there is a large black eye-spot
beyond the band, on the costa, enclosing red and blue lunules;
beyond the band on the inner-margin a blue crescent sur-
mounts a black space bordered below with reddish. On the
under-side the yellow markings are larger, and more extended,
the base being streaked with yellow, and there are several blue
and black lunules on the hind-wings bordering the dark space
between the two large eye-spots.

Mr. Trimen describes the larva as dark-coloured when
young, and clothed with short spines ; when larger, it is pale
yellowish-green, with purplish markings, and a white line on
the sides. There are two small tubercles on each side of the
retractile fork, which is crimson, and emits a very strong odour;
and two similar tubercles on the anal segment; it feeds on
Umbtllifera, as well as on a great variety of trees. The pupa
is rather long, with the head bifid; there are four rows of
tubercles on the abdomen, and many tubercles elsewhere.
The colour of the pupa assimilates itself to its surroundings.*

* For detailed particulars, cf. Trimen, "South African Butterflies," iii.
r,p. 225, 226.

282 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

The East Indian species, O. erithonius (Cramer), has the
central band much broader and more irregular, especially on
the hind-wings, where the eye-spot on the costa is very slightly
marked, and that on the inner-margin has become a large red
spot.

[XLI.] This genus has not yet received a name. It includes
some handsome West Indian tailed Butterflies, among which is
Papilio ho/nerus, Fabricius, a very local Butterfly in Jamaica, and
one of the largest of all the American Equitida, expanding 5 }£
or 6 inches. It is black, with a very broad yellow band on all
the wings, bifid towards the costa of the fore-wings. The
fore-wings have two or three yellow spots towards the tip ; and
beyond the yellow band on the hind-wings is an outer row of
blue dusting, and some orange-red sub-marginal lunules.

[XLII.] Heradides, Hiibner. This is another genus peculiar
to America. It includes large and handsome Butterflies,
measuring from four to six inches across the wings. The type is
H. thoas (Linn.). The fore-wings are rather long and pointed,
the hind-margin being slightly concave, as well as oblique, and
the hind-wings are strongly dentated, with a broad spatulate
tail. The wings are black, with a broad yellow band, more or
less macular, at least on the fore-wings, where it often bifurcates
towards the costa, and broadest on the inner-margin of the
hind-wings. The hind-wings have a curved row of yellow
lunules on the disc, followed by a more or less distinct black,
blue, and red eye-spot towards the inner-margin; the tail is
often streaked with yellow. On the under side the yellow
markings are more extended, and the principal black band on
the hind-wings is marked with blue and reddish crescents.
The larva of H. cresphontes (Cramer), the common North
American species, in which the yellow band is narrower and
more broken into spots than in the Southern species of the
genus, fee Js on orange, like so many of the American Equitidce.

CALAIDES. 283

It is brown, with large white blotches on the back, irregularly
marked with brown. The pupa is light brown, dotted with
blackish.

[XLIII.] Troilides, Hiibner. The type of this genus is T. tor-
quatus (Cramer), a common South American Butterfly,
measuring from two and a half to three inches in expanse. In
the male the fore-wings are much shorter and broader than in
the last genus, and much less pointed, the hind-margin being
only slightly oblique. The hind-wings are much more strongly
dentated, the tail is shorter and more distinctly spatulate, and
the two projections between this and the anal angle are longer
than in Heraclides, more like two short tails. There is a very
broad pale yellow band running obliquely from the upper
median nervule of the fore-wings ; on the hind-wings it extends
nearly to the base. There is also a broad oblique sub-apical
pale yellow band on the fore-wings, and a row of sub-marginal
yellow lunules on the hind-wings ; the incisions are also yellow.
On the under side of the hind-wings there are rows of blue
lunules and red spots within the yellow lunules. The female is
brown, with a large white spot covering the basal half of the
lower median nervule. The hind-wings are strongly dentated
and tailed, with pink incisions, and a red band on the disc,
divided into spots by the nervures.

[XLIV. B.] CalaidcS) Hiibner. The type is C. androgeus
(Cramer), a fine Butterfly common in Tropical America, which
measures over five inches in expanse. The fore wings are
long, but rounded off at the tip, and the hind-margin is oblique
and concave. The hind-wings are strongly dentated, and
have a moderately long tail, pointed (not spatulate) at the end
of the upper median nervule; and the other nervures on each
side of the tail exhibit well-marked, but shorter, projections.
A broad yellow band, commencing beyond the cell of the fore-
wings, runs obliquely across the wings, and on the hind-wings

284 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

extends nearly to the base. The hind-wings have a double
row of yellow crescents, and towards the anal angle is an
orange lunule. The female is bluish-black, with or without
an oblique yellow transverse band on the fore-wings, and
with a double row of greenish sub-marginal lunules on the
hind-wings. The middle tail is hardly longer than the others.
The larva is brown, with pinkish-white markings, and feeds on
a species of Malva. The pupa is brown and grey.

[XLV.] Priainides, Hiibner. This is another South American
genus, much resembling Parides in appearance, but much
larger and more robust ; the type is P. pompeius (Fabricius).
The wings expand from three to five and a half inches ; the
fore-wings are produced at the tip, with the hind-margin more
or less concave, and the hind- wings are strongly dentated, but
not tailed. The wings are black, the fore-wings often with one
or two large whitish spots toward the inner-margins ; the hind-
wings with a rather broad sub-marginal band, more or less
divided into spots, at least towards the anal angle. Sometimes
the outer part of the fore-wings is paler. The larva is brown,
with white longitudinal dashes, and short fleshy spines ; head
and legs yellow. The pupa is brown, with a bifid head. The
larva feeds on the lime tree ( Citrus).

[XLVI.] This genus has not yet received a name. It includes
Papilio zagreus, Doubleday, and one or two other rare South
American species, measuring about four inches in expanse.
They have broad rounded wings, the hind-wings being very
slightly scalloped, and are black, with tawny markings ar-
ranged in the same way as in the genus Lycorea, Doubleday,
in the Danaina (see vol. i. p. 29).

[XLIX.] Euphceades, Hiibner. The type of this genus is the
fine North American species, E. gfauais (Linn.), a yellow
Swallow-tail, three or four inches in expanse, with black bjixbrs

JASONIADES. 285

crossed by a row of yellow spots on the fore-wings, and yellow
lunules on the hind-wings, the black space within the latter
dusted with blue. Four black bands run from the costa
of the fore-wings, the two outermost short, the basal one and
the next long, uniting above the black border of the hind-
wings ; between this and the border is an orange mark on the
inner-margin. The hind-wings are strongly dentated, and the
tail is rather long and slender. This typical form is often called
Papilio t urmis, Linn. The true E.gtaucus is a large dimorphic
and melanic form of the female, most frequently found along
with the type in the Southern United States. The larva, which
feeds on Prunust has the thoracic segments much thickened.
It is green above, and whitish below, with seven oblique
greenish stripes on the sides, and an interrupted red lateral
line. Between the fourth and fifth segments is a transverse
band, yellow before, and black behind ; on the third segment
is a lateral yellow eye-spot, pupilled with blue. The head is
flesh-colour, with a yellow collar. The pupa is varied with
brown.

[LI. A.] Jasoniades, Hiibner. The type of this genus is
f. xuthus (Linn.), a Butterfly found in Siberia and Northern
Asia generally, which has been erroneously reputed European.
It measures three or four inches across the wings, and re-
sembles a large pale Achivus machaon, but all the nervures
are broadly black, leaving only long or triangular cream-
coloured spots between, and there is a row of sub-marginal
lunules of the same colour. There is a small orange eye-spot
at the anal angle of the hind-wings, yellow beneath, and en-
closing a black pupil. The spring brood is smaller and paler.
The larva, which feeds on Umbellifcra^ is green, with broken
black transverse bands, ending in hooks or spots below. The
retractile fork is yellow.

286 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

[LI. R, C.] GENUS ACIIIVUS.

Achivus, Barbut, Genera Insectorum, p. 169 (1781).
Princeps, Hiibner, Tentamcn, p. i (iSic?).
AmaryssiiS) Dalman, CEf. K. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. xxxvii.
pp. 60, 85 (1816).

The type of this genus is regarded by most authors as the
type of PapiliO) Linnaeus. It is a well-known European and
Mediterranean insect, and is represented by various closely-
allied forms as far as the Himalayas, and throughout Central
and Northern Asia, to Alaska and California. A closely-allied
species, but darker, and with shorter tails (A. hospiton, Gene)
is confined to Corsica and Sardinia. The largest and hand-
somest of this cluster of imperfectly segregated species is the
Japanese A. hippocrates (Felder).

THE SWALLOW-TAIL. ACHIVUS MACHAON.

(Plate LXVIL Fig. I.)
Papilio machaon, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 462, no. 27

(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 267 (1761); Esper, Schmett.

i. (i) p. 31, pi. i, fig. i (1777); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett.

i. figs. 390, 391 (1803?); Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 57,

no. 89 (1819); Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 328

(1836); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 6 (1827);

Newir.an, Brit. Butterflies, p. 150 (1881); Kirby, Eur.

Butterflies and Moths, p. 2, pi. 2, figs. 3, $a-d (1878);

Lang, Butterflies Eur. p. 7, pi. i, fig. 4, pi. 5, fig. 3

(transf. 1881); Barrett, Butterflies of Brit. Isl. p. n, pi.

i, \a-c (1892) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. i. p. i, pi.

i, fig. i (1886).

The Swallow-tail Butterfly, our only undoubted British repre-
sentative of the great Family of the Equitida^ measures from
three to five inches in expanse, and is our largest Butterfly, if

PLATE LXVII.

\

\

\

1 . Achivus
2. IphicHcLes podalzrius

ACHIVUS. 287

we except the Purple Emperor, which sometimes equals small
specimens of A. machaon in size. The wings areyellow and black,
dusted with yellow ; the fore-wings are strongly arched, rather
pointed at the tip, with the hind-margin oblique, and the hind-
wings are not very strongly dentated, but have a long pointed tail
at the end of the upper median nervule. On the fore-wings,
the base and hind-margin are broadly black, dusted with yellow,
the latter divided by a row of long yellow spots. The nervures
are broadly black, especially towards the costa, and there are
transverse black streaks in and at the end of the cell. The hind-
wings are black along the inner-margin for the greater part of
its length, and have a black curve at the end of the cell ; the
border is broadly black with the incisions yellow, and a sub-mar-
ginal row of yellow lunules, within which is a row of ill-defined
spots of blue dusting. At the anal angle is a large round red
spot, with a blue crescent above, and a triangular blue spot
below, and enclosed by a black ring incomplete below.

The full-grown larva (vol. i. pi. 3, fig. i) has the front seg-
ments somewhat thickened; it is of a yellowish-green, with
black incisions and a black band, spotted with orange, on each
segment ; the sides are also streaked and spotted with black,
and the spinacles are yellow ; the head is yellow, with black
markings, and the retractile fork on the neck is red. The early
stages are extremely interesting, as they much resemble those
of the adult larva in Ornithoptera, &c. The newly-hatched
larva is black, with the incisions dark green, and the seventh
and eighth segments creamy-white. It has two rows of pale
pink tubercles on each side, which afterwards turn black.
After the first moult, the tubercles on the white patch become
tipped with black, and after the second moult the orange spots
begin to appear ; but the fleshy tubercles are not lost till after
the fourth moult. The pupa is green, with a streak of yellow
along each side, and an irregular row of yellow spots on the

288

LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

back. It is straight, with somewhat projecting wing-cases, and
a pointed projection on the thorax.*

The larva feeds on a variety of umbelliferous plants, and is
often found in gardens on the Continent, feeding on the com-
mon carrot, but its favourite food in England is Pcucedamtm
palustre. The Butterfly is found from May to August, and
the insect may be met with in all stages during the summer
months.

Fifty or a hundred years ago this Butterfly appears to have
been fairly common in many parts of the South of England,
though it is doubtful if it extended further north than York-
shire. But drainage and cultivnt'on have driven it away almost

Achivus mac ha on, pupa.

everywhere, and it is now practically confined to the undrained
fens of the Eastern counties, being most abundant and gene-
rally distributed in Norfolk, though it is also found in some
parts of the adjoining counties. In the fen district proper it
is now very local. It is found in meadows and on the edges of
woods, and though not a mountain Butterfly, is fond of career-
ing about hill-sides. The tails are very fragile, and a large pro-
portion of netted specimens have them damaged, though the
Butterflies themselves may be otherwise uninjured.

* Cf. the long and interesting account ot the transformations of this
insect given by Buckler.

$89

[LII.] Ptenirus, Scopoli. Dr. Scudder formerly selected
Papilla troilus, Linn , as the type of this "magazine" genus ;
but he afterwards withdrew it, and suggested P. troilus as the
type of E'.tphwadeS) in which we do not follow him. P. troilus
may be taken as typical of a small group of North American
Butterflies, measuring about four inches across the wings. The
fore- wings are narrower and more produced than in Achivus,
the hind-margin being much more oblique ; and the hind-wings
are more rounded, with a broader, but not spatulate tail. The
wings are black, often more or less suffused with blue, and are
frequently marked with rows of yellow spots, or narrow yellow
bands, and there is a red eye-spot at the anal angle. On the
under side the outer half of the hind-wings is marked with
red and blue spots and streaks. The typical P. troilus (Linn.)
measures 3^ inches across the wings, which are black, with
small greenish-yellow sub-marginal lunules ; the hind-wings
are dusted with bluish-grey on the disc, and there is a small
orange eye-spot at the anal angle. The under side of the
fore-wings has a yellow spot at the end of the cell and
two rows of yellow sub-marginal spots ; the hind-wings are
brown, with two rows of orange-red spots (the innermost row
large and nearly round), the space between the bands being
dusted with bluish-grey. It inhabits the Southern United
States. A closely allied, and much more widely diffused species
is P. ilioneus, Smith and Abbot, in which the spots are yellower,
and the blue dusting more extended, sometimes as far as the
lower half of the fore-wings ; towards the tip of the costa of
the hind-wings is a large orange spot above. The larva is
green above and reddish below, the colours being separated
by a yellow lateral line ; there is a black collar, and on the
third segment two pink spots containing black spots marked
with a blue ring ; and on the fourth segment are two smaller
pink spots pupilled with white. The hinder segments are

V

290 ' LLOYD'S NATURAL Hisrok?.

marked with transverse rows of black spots (about four on
each). The Jarvce feed on sassafras, and are called "mellow
worms " from their peculiar odour.

[LIV.] Equcs, Linnaeus. I propose to restrict this name to
Eques nirens (Linn.), the representative of a very distinct
African group, and almost the only species originally placed in
Eques by Linnaeus which has not yet been made the type of a
genus. In these Butterflies the fore-wings are moderately
broad, with the costa arched, and the hind-margin oblique,
and the hind-wings are contracted in a series of obtuse pro-
jections to the anal angle, which is lobate or sub-caudate.
The wings are black, with a green or bluish-green band, vary-
ing in width, running obliquely from beyond the middle of the
costa of the fore-wings to above the anal angle of the hind-
wings. There are also frequently some green spots towards
the tip of the fore-wings, and the inner-margin of the hind-
wings. The under surface is sometimes obscurely marked,
while in other species there is a narrow white or yellowish-
white band or row of spots towards the hind-margin of the
hind-wings ; the body is dotted with white. The larva of the
South African E. lyccus (Doubleday), as described and figured
by Mr. Trimen, is green, with the thoracic segments very
much enlarged, and the "widest portion of the back on the
third thoracic and first abdominal segment is occupied by a
sub-ovate patch or shield of pale bluish-green, crossed mesially
by a thin whitish line, closely irrorated generally with white
dots, and bearing near its posterior edge a transverse row of
four small pinkish-lilac spots." The projections on the first
thoracic segment are short ; but there are two rather long
yellow projections on the anal segment. It feeds on orange
as \vell as on various native trees. The pupa is green, with
two projections on the head, and the wing-cases are very pro-
minent.

EQUES. 291

[LV. & LVI. c.] This unnamed genus includes the remarkable
group of Papilio me rope, Cramer. They are large Butterflies,
measuring from 3^ to nearly 5 inches across the wings, and
are confined to Africa and Madagascar. In the males the
upper side is pale sulphur-yellow, the fore-wings with the costa
narrowly and the hind-margin more broadly black, with a pale
yellow spot near the tip; on the hind-wings there are some
black spots towards the hind-margin, and three large black
spots, one near the end of the costa, one above the anal angle,
and one beyond the cell ; sometimes these are united into a
continuous border. The under side of the hind-wings is of a
rather shining yellowish-grey. The fore-wings are rather short
and broad, the costa being strongly arched, and the hind-
margin not very oblique, and slightly concave ; the hind-wings
are almost rectangular at the outer angle, where there is a long,
slightly spatulate tail. The females, however, have rounded and
scalloped hind-wings, without a tail, and are black, with white,
buff, red, or orange markings, corresponding with those of various
species of Danaina of the genera Limnas and Amauris^ which
abound in the same localities. This is one of the most inter-
esting cases known of the phenomenon called " mimicry,"
more especially as the Madagascar representative of the group
(Papilio meriones, Felder), which is distinguished by having
a broad black band on the costa, and also one or two East
African forms, have black and pale yellow tailed females almost
identical with the males in shape, colour, and pattern.

Respecting the habits of the West African Papilio merope,
Surgeon-Captain Clements writes ("On a Collection of
Sierra Leone Lepidoptera," by W. Schaus, F.Z.S., and W.
G. Clements, Surgeon-Captain A.M.S., p. 6): " Of the females
of P. merope I obtained but one variety. This is indistinguish-
able on the wing from Amauris niavius ; the male keeps with-
in the shady parts of the forest, and has a bold, lofty, and sailing

u 2

292 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

flight. Selecting an open glade it will fly rapidly up and do\Vil
for a space of some 300 yards, coming fearlessly near to one's
net, which it generally manages to evade by a quick double,
and finally approaching a tuft of grass, or the projecting
branch of a tree, disappears. It almost invariably selects a
broad bladed grass, striped with brown and yellow, and hang-
ing pendent from its extremity with the wings folded, the
upper ones being covered over and concealed by the lower, it
cannot be seen until it is again startled into flight."

The larva of the South African Fapilio cenea, Stoll, is slug-
shaped, bluish-green, with short tubercles (white, and longer in
the young larva) on the second and anal segments ; the retrac-
tile fork crimson-lake, tipped with greenish-white. The pupa is
also green, slender in front, with the two usual processes con-
tiguous, and meeting in a point; it is wide in the middle and
pointed again at the hinder end. The larva feeds on Vepris
lanceolata.

Although the females of these Butterflies resemble highly-
protected insects, yet they themselves are well protected other-
wise, the green pupa resembling a leaf, and the under side of
the Butterfly resembling in colour the shrubs among which it
perches.

[LIX.] Araminta, Moore. The type of this genus is A.
demotion (Cramer), which is met with throughout the greater
part of the Indo-Malayan Region. It measures nearly five
inches across the wings. The fore-wings are considerably
produced, the hind-margin being very oblique, and the hind-
wings are rounded and scalloped, with a long and somewhat
spatulate tail. A pale green band runs obliquely from near
the base of the inner-margin of the hind-wings nearly to the
tip of the fore-wings, where it grows much narrower, and
becomes broken into spots. On the hind-wings are some sub-
marginal green lunules, and at the anal angle is a round black

ARAM INT A. 293

spot in a red ring. The presence of this red and black eye-
spot at the anal angle on the upper side sufficiently distin-
guishes this group from any other black and green East Indian
Butterflies. The larva is green, with the thoracic segments
somewhat thickened behind, and two short whitish horns on
the first and last segments ; segment seven has a whitish trans-
verse band, dotted with reddish, and surmounted by two
small white horns; the fourth, fifth, and ninth have similar
transverse bands; the belly is white, varied with red. The
pupa is grey, much arched, with a bifid head, a long spine on
the pectus, and the lateral ridges of the abdomen strongly
serrated beneath. The larva feeds on a species of Fagara
called " Sampang " in Java.

[LX. A.] This genus includes a number of East Indian
Butterflies of moderate size, to which some authors have
improperly proposed to restrict the generic name Laertias,
Hiibner. One of the commonest species is Papilio polytes,
Linn. The sexes are very dissimilar. The male, which
Linnaeus called Papilio pammon, has broad and rather short
fore-wings, the hind-margin being oblique to the level of the
hind-wings, which are ample, dentated, and furnished with a
spatulate tail. The wings are black, the fore-wings with a row
of white marginal spots, and the hind-wings with a t'ansverse
and slightly curved white band, divided into spots by the
nervures ; sometimes the anal angle is marked with orange
above, but always on the under side, where there is also a sub-
marginal row of orange lunules. The female (the true P.
polytes, Linn.), instead of the white band on the hind-wings,
has a large white spot in the middle of the latter, below which
is a red spot at the anal angle and a row of rather large red
sub-marginal spots. The nervures of the fore-wings are bordered
with white on the disc. There is a second form of the female
(Papilio romulus^ Cramer), with extensive red markings on the

294 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

hind-wings instead of the large white spot. Many forms closely
allied to P. polytes, differing chiefly in the extent of the mark-
ings, are found in the East. Some are tailed, and others tail-
less ; they measure rather more than three inches across the
wings.

The larva of P. polytes is green above, with cream-coloured
bands and markings on several segments ; the anterior seg-
ments are inflated. Beneath, it is cream-coloured. It feeds
on different species of Citrus. The pupa is green or brown.

[LX. B.] Chants, Moore. This genus, the type of which is
C. helenus (Linn.), much resembles the last in shape, and
is also tailed, but the species are considerably larger, often
measuring four or five inches across the wings, and are dif-
ferently coloured. They inhabit various parts of the Indo- and
Austro-Malayan Regions, and are black above, with a very large
creamy-white spot on the hind-wings, which is narrow above,
and extends from the costa over the upper and outer half of the
wings, but without reaching the hind-margin. On the under
side there are one or two black spots, more or less completely
bordered with red towards the anal angle, with some blue
lunules between these and the white patch ; these markings are
sometimes partially reproduced above, while in other species
they are very much reduced. Sometimes the red markings
are replaced by yellow. The larva of C. helenus is dark green
above, and flesh-coloured below ; the hinder part of the thora-
cic segments is much thickened. In front of the inflation is a
flesh-coloured spot, with two black pupils on each side of the
upper surface ; and behind the inflation is a flesh-coloured
band. Beyond the middle is a broad oblique pinkish-white
band, and another transverse band of the same colour between
this and the end of the body. The food-plant is probably
Citrus, but has not been recorded. The pupa is brown, much
curved, with a bind head-

NESTORIDES, 295

[LX. c.] Tamerat Moore. The type of this genus, T. castor
(Westwood), is a North Indian species remarkable for the dis-
similarity of the sexes. It measures about 3^ inches across the
wings, which are black, with the incisions spotted with white.
The hind-wings are dentated, but not tailed, and in the male,
are ornamented with a large quadrifid creamy-white spot
towards the tip. The female is brown, with sub-marginal
white spots. The fore-wings have a rather large white spot at
the end of the cell, and are dusted with grey on the lower half
of the disc. The hind-wings are strongly dusted with greenish-
grey in the cell, and between the nervures, except towards the
hind-margin.

[LX. E.] Nestor ides ) Hiibner. This genus includes a num-
ber of very large and handsome species which are confined to
the Austro-Malayan Region. The type, N. gambrisius (Cram.),
is found in Amboina and Ceram. It is a fine Butterfly,
measuring six inches in expanse. The male is black, with
yellow incisions, and three or four yellow spots towards the
tip of the fore-wings ; beyond these, the wing is dusted with
yellow. The hind-wings are strongly dentated, with a broad
yellow band over the end of the cell, and coppery dusting
beyond. The female is black ; on the fore-wings, the end of
the cell, and the spaces between the nervures on the disc are
white, shading into buff; the hind-wings have a rather narrow
tawny band across the end of the cell, and are dusted with
blue beyond.

The only species of this genus which is really common in
collections is N. tzgeus (Donovan), from Australia. It
measures upwards of four inches across the wings, which are
broad, but the fore-wings are not produced, the hind-margin
being only slightly oblique ; the hind-wings are ample, strongly
dentated, but not tailed. The male is bhck, with an oblique
row of spots across the tip of the fore-wings, and the hind

296 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

wings have a curved creamy-white band running from the
costa nearly to the anal angle, which is marked with a red
spot. On the under side, the white band of the hind-wings
has disappeared, but there is a row of large red sub-marginal
spots, followed within by a row of blue lunules. In the female,
the outer part of the fore-wings is grey (whiter beneath), with a
dark blotch at the end of the cell, and shading into brown on
the margins ; the hind-wings are coloured on both sides
nearly as on the under side of the male ; but the whole centre
of the wing is rilled up with a large irregular sub-triangular
space, extending both to the costa and to the inner-margin.
" When young, the larvae are brown, with patches of white, and
covered with spines ; but when full-fed, they are dull green,
with blotches of brown, edged with white on both sides, and
the spines much reduced in size. The fourth and fifth seg-
ments are considerably thickened, and the caterpillar is soft
and flabby to the touch. The chrysalis is green, speckled with
black, and is attached to the food-plant " (Anderson and Spry,
"Victorian Butterflies," p. 16). The lame feed on orange,
and are sometimes very destructive, and the long rose-
coloured retractile tentacles emit a disagreeable odour of
putrid oranges.

[LXII.] LaertiaS) Hiibner. We now come to one of the
most splendid genera of Austro-Malayan Equitidce, represented
by L. ulysses (Linn.), from Amboina. They measure four
inches and upwards across the wings ; the fore-wings are not
very long, but rather pointed, the hind margin being regularly
oblique ; the hind-wings are long towards the lower part, and
strongly dentated, with a long spatulate tail. The wings are
black, with a rich cobalt-blue patch covering at least the basal
half of the wings ; in the female, the blue is much duller,
and less extended.

[LXIII.] Harimala, Moore. With this genus, we commence

ACHILLIDES. 297

the beautiful group of Equitidcz in which the wings are pow-
dered with metallic green. Harimala is represented both
in the Indo-Malayan and Austro-Malayan Regions, but the
type, H. crino (Fabricius), is found in India, Ceylon, and
Cochin China. It is a comparatively small species, not
measuring more than about 3^ inches across the wings,
which are slightly falcate, the hind-margin being concave as well
as oblique ; the hind-wings are dentated and tailed. The wings
are black, dusted with golden-green, and are crossed by a blue
band, running from the costa of the fore-wings beyond the cell,
where it is narrowest, and curving round to the inner-margin
on the hind-wings; below it there is a black spot in a red
ring, and a row of green lunules between it and the spatulate
tail. On the under side the wings are brown, with sub-mar-
ginal rows of red, bluish, and grey lunules. The larva is slug-
shaped, with the anterior segments convexly scutellated, and a
pair of short fleshy tubercles on the anterior and anal seg-
ments. The pupa is curved, and the head is broad in front.
The larva feeds on the satin-wood tree.

[LXIV. A, PT.] GENUS AC1IILLIDES.
AchillideS) Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85 (1816).

ACHILLIDES PARIS.
(Plate LXV. Fig. 2.)

Fapilio paris, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 459, no. 3 (1758); id.
Mus. Ludov. Ulr. p. 184 (1764); Clerck, Icones, pi. 13,
fig. i (1764); Drury, 111. Ex. Ent. i. pi. 12, figs, i, 2
(i773); Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 103, figs. A, B (1777);
Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 67, no. 116 (1819); Boisduval,
Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 208 (1836).
The genus Achillide$ is remarkably like Charts in the dis-

298 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY,

tribution of colours, though the colours themselves are very
different ; and unlike Chants, the species are restricted to the
Indo-Malayan Region, being particularly numerous in India
and Java. The commonest and most anciently known species
is A. pans (Linn.), which is found in India and China, and
measures about four inches across the wings, which are shaped
nearly as in Harimala^ but the fore-wings are longer, with the
costa more strongly arched, the tips more produced, and the
hind-margin more oblique ; the hind-wings are more narrowed
behind than in Harimala^ but strongly dentated, and furnished
with a long spatulate tail. The wings are black, dusted with
golden-green, coalescing to form traces of a sub-marginal band
towards the inner-margin of the fore-wings ; the hind-wings have
a large bluish-green patch on the costa, extending over the
upper half of the wing, but not reaching to the hind-margin,
opposite to which they exhibit several concavities; on its lower
and inner edge it is connected with the inner-margin by a
golden-green stripe, below which is a round black eye-spot in a
red ring, surmounted by a blue crescent. The under side is black,
with a broad whitish suffused sub-marginal band, intersected by
the black nervures on the fore-wings. On the hind-wings, there
is a sub-marginal row of red lunules, bordered with blue ones ;
the incisions are white. In the Javanese A. arjuna (Horsf.),
the patch on the hind-wings is of a more greenish-blue, and
extends in a point towards the anal angle. The larva of A.
arjuna is green, with slender oblique and transverse white lines,
and the thoracic segment but slightly raised ; the pupa is yel-
lowish-green. The larva feeds on a species of Citrus.

[LXIV. A., PT.] Sarbaria, Moore. The type of this genus,
which forms part of the same sub-section as the last in Felder's
arrangement, and which most authors would not consider
generically distinct, is S. polyctor (Boisduval), a well-known
North Indian species, measuring 3^ inches across the wings.

PLATE LXVI.

ag

enor.

ILIADES. 299

It is bronzy-green, with a broad sub-marginal band of green
streaks on the fore-wings ; the hind-wings have a large blue
patch, dentated on the outer side, before the tip, and two large
red sub-marginal crescents on each side of the base of the tail.
[LXV. A-C.] Iliades, Hiibner. This genus includes a number
of large and handsome Butterflies, most of which measure five
inches in expanse of wing. They are extremely characteristic
of the Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions. I have figured the
female of one of the commonest species.

ILIADES AGENOR.
(Plate LXV. Fig. 2.)

Papilio agenor, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) p. 460, no. 13 (1758) ;
id. Mus. Ludov. Ulr. p. 194 (1764); Clerck, Icones, pi. 15
(1764); Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 32, figs. A, B (1775);
Godart, Enc. Meth. ix. p. 28, no. 9 (1819); Distant, Rhop.
Malay, p. 339, pi. 29, fig. i (1885).

This species belongs to a small group of closely- allied forms
in which the males are almost all alike, and the females differ
greatly. Boisduval united them all under one species, to
which he applied the name of Papilio memnon ; but Dr.
Wallace ("Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond." xxv. pp. 46, 47) recognised
two species, with polymorphic females. More recent authors
(Messrs. Butler and Distant, for example) are inclined to
recognise a larger number of species, thinking that it will be
found possible ultimately to separate the males into species as
well as the females. It is a parallel case to that of Papilio
merope^ Cramer, which we have already noticed (anteci, p. 291).
The present species belongs to the group of forms which are
peculiar to continental India, and to which Dr. Wallace applied
the name of Papilio androgeos, Cramer. They differ from the
forms found in Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Lombock, in

300 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

having red markings towards the anal angle of the hind-wings
beneath.

The fore-wings are much produced and rather narrow, the
hind-margin being very oblique, and slightly concave ; the
hind-wings are ample, rounded, and scalloped. There are
always large red (or more rarely, yellow) spots at the base of
the wings beneath, and in the females, at the base of the fore-
wings above.

The male is black, thickly dusted with blue on the nervures
towards the hind-margins ; on the under side of the hind-
wings there is a sub-marginal row of large round black spots
bordered inside with red lunules, and a large red blotch enclos-
ing two or three black spots towards the anal angle. The
female has brown fore-wings, with the nervures broadly
bordered with grey, and a large red spot in the cell at the base ;
the hind-wings are black at the base, to the end of the cell,
with the disc white ; there is a row of sub-marginal black spots,
outside which, and towards the anal angle, the white is strongly
stained with yellow. The under side of the wings is marked
with large red spots at the base, as in the male, and the anal
angle is stained with yellow instead of red.

The cluster of forms which Dr. Wallace places together under
the name of Papilio memnon have no red spots at the anal
angle, though Wallace figures a female from Java hardly dif-
fering from typical /. agenor. The females generally have
the greater part of the hind-wings white on the upper side,
and some of the forms are furnished in addition with long
spatulate tails. /. memnon (Cramer) is the type of the genus,
but when its true female has been accurately determined, it
will have to take its name (most of these doubtful forms
having been figured under different names by Cramer and
others) ; for the description and locality assigned by Linnaeus
to his Pafilio m$mnon^ as well ^s Petiver's figure, which he

t>ANOSMIOPSI3, 361

quotes, show that it is a species peculiar to the Philippine
Islands, being generally known by the name of /. euialthion,
Hiibner. The male differs from /. agenor and its allies in
having the black sub-marginal spots on the hind-wings broadly
surrounded with red ; the female is black, veined with grey,
with a transverse red band, varied with white, towards the
base of the wings.

The larva of /. memnon (Cramer) is daik green and
smooth, with the thoracic segments dilated. There is a green
or buff band (the first marked with a black spot on each
side) before and behind the inflation ; an oblique white band
just beyond the middle, and a transverse one between this
and the extremity of the body. The pupa is green, with
three yellow lines on the abdomen ; the head is produced
and bifid.

The food plant is not recorded.

[LXV. D., PT.] Saunia, Moore. This is another small genus,
which is almost confined to India, China, and Japan. The
type is S. protenor (Cramer), one of the commonest and most
widely-distributed species ; it expands from four to six inches
across the wings. The fore-wings are shaped as in Iliades,
but the hind-wings are longer, not tailed, and the hind-margin
regularly waved. The wings are blue-black, the fore-wings
ve:ned with black, and the hind-wings have a black spot towards
the anal angle, surrounded with reddish. The female, which is
much larger than the male, has browner fore-wings, and the
hind-wings have a large red patch at the anal angle, enclosing
a black spot ; and a second red ring below it. In the male,
these markings appear on the under side only.

[LXV. D., PT.] Panosmiopsis, Wood-Mason and De Niceville,
P. rhetcnor (Westwood), the type of this genus, much resembles
Saunia protenor (Cramer). It measures four inches across the
wings, whidi are of a dark brown, the fore-wings striated with

3°2 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

black nemires, and the hind-wings dusted with blue. In the
male, the costa of the hind-wings has a short greenish-yellow
stripe at the base, and a black spot in a red or peach-coloured
rim at the anal angle ; in the female there is a cluster of similar
spots at the anal angle.

[LXV. D., PT.] Pangeranopsis, Wood-Mason and De Niceville,
is a generic name that has been proposed for another North
Indian species, P. elephenor (Doubleday), which much resem-
bles Panosmiopsis prote?ior, but the fore-wings are lorge:,
greenish-black rather than blue-black, and the blue-black hind-
wings are narrower and more produced, with a red and black
eye-spot at the anal angle. Beneath, the hind-wings have two
very large red patches towards the anal angle, and some large
red sub-marginal lunules on the hind-margin.

[LXVI., PT.] Pangerana, Moore. The type of this genus is P.
varuna (White), which is found in North India and also at
Penang. This Butterfly measures from four to five inches across
the wings, the female being larger and paler than the male, and
with broader wings. The hind-wings are, however, narrower
than in the preceding genera, and less strongly scalloped. They
are blue-black, with grey rays between the nervures towards the
hinder angle of the fore-wings, especially on the under side. In
the female the fore-wings are greyer, with the nervures and
black lines on the interspace showing more distinctly than in
the male. The collar, a tuft between the eyes, the pleura, and
the abdomen beneath, are scarlet, and the abdomen is spotted
with black.

[LXVI., PT.] Atrophaneura, Reakirt. The type of this genus is
A. semperi (Felder), a curious Butterfly, confined to the Philip-
pine Islands, which measures about four inches across the wings.
The body is red, and the wings are black ; the fore-wings are
long and narrow, and considerably produced at the tips, the
hind-margin being very oblique ; the hind-wings are much ex-

303

ponded below, nncl are dentated and sub caudate, 'o'r furnished
with a strong tooth at the outer angle ; the inner half of the
wing is brown at the base, and dirty white beyond. On the
under side of the hind-wings is a large red blotch at the
outer angle, with some black spots in the middle and on the
hind-margin ; and there are several more red spots towards
the margins above the large patch. In the female, the white
inner marginal space is absent, and the red markings of the
under surface are at least faintly visible above, but frequently
there are two rows of sub-marginal pink spots. This very
curious Butterfly is still scarce in collections.

[LXVIL] The type of this still un-named genus is Papilio nox,
Swainson. This, and the few allied species, are peculiar to the
Malay peninsula and the adjacent islands of Borneo and Suma-
tra, and are remarkable for their dark colour, very long fore-
wings, rounded at the tips, and long narrow rounded hind-
wings.

[LXIX., FT.] Pccnasmia, Moore. We now come to two pecu-
liarly-shaped genera which are restricted to North India.
Ptznasinia dasarada (Moore) is the type of one genus. It ex-
pands 5% inches across the wings; the fore-wings are long,
narrow, and rounded at the tips, and the hind-wings are very
long and narrow, forming three large lobes on the hind-margin,
and then expanding into a very broad tail, slightly constricted
at the base ; within this are two more lobes, one at the inner-
margin, and one between this and the tail. The fore-wings are
dark grey, with the nervures, intermediate lines, and a series of
longitudinal lines in the cell, black ; there are several large
square white spots on the hind-wings, which are scarcely marked
with red on the upper side ; but on the under side the three
on the hind-margin are white, that on the tail is red, and the
three at the anal angle and on each side of it are red, more or
less marked with white on the inner side.

364 LLOYD'S NATURAL

[LXIX., PT.] Byasa, Moore. B. philoxenus (Gray), the type of
this genus, much resembles Pcenasmia dasarada, but the wings
are broader and shorter, expanding only 4^ inches. The
body is red ; the fore-wings are coloured as in Pcenasmia
dasarada ; and on the hind-wings, the tail is short, almost
round, and much constricted at the base. Towards the tip is
a large white spot, divided in two by a line at its lower end ;
there is a red spot on the tail, one on the inner lobe, one at
the anal angle, and one on the inner-margin, one on the
hind-margin between the white spot and the outer lobe at the
base of the tail, and one between the curve beyond this and
the spot at the anal angle.

The larva of B. philoxenus is pale purplish-brown, with
several short tubercles on each segment, and a short, broad,
white oblique band on the side of the seventh and eighth.
The pupa is broad, reddish ochreous in colour, with the head
bifid in front, the thorax curved above and beneath, the wing-
cases expanded laterally ; and the dorsal segments with folia-
ceous lateral appendages. The larva has been found feeding
on a creeping pitcher-plant, at an elevation of about 6,200
feet ; and the pupa is said to squeak when touched, an un-
usual habit in Butterflies, though well known in Manduca
atropos, and several other Sphingida. The pupa has not
been described.

[LXXIIL] Menelaides, Hiibner. This genus includes a num-
ber of Indo-Malayan and Austro-Malayan Butterflies, most of
which are smaller and less peculiarly shaped than those which
we have just been considering ; several of them much re-
semble the female of Papilio polytes, Linn The type is M.
polydorus (Linn.), which is found in the Moluccas and Australia.
It has broad, black wings, three or four inches in expanse, and
the fore-wings are rayed with greyish-white, the rays towards
the hinder angle coalescing into a large blotch. The hind'

TROS. 305

wings have a broad white patch crossing the end of the cell,
and a row of large red sub-marginal spots. The hind-wings
are long, with the hind-margin much waved, and sub-caudate.
The larva feeds on Aristolochia, and much resembles that of a
Thais. It is dark red, with several rows of short carmine
fleshy spines; about the middle is a transverse white band
slightly tinted with rose-colour. The pupa resembles that of
Tros hector.

[LXXIV.] Tros, Barbut. The type of this genus is T. hector
(Linn.), a handsome and rather isolated Butterfly, which is
common in India and Ceylon. It measures about four inches
across the wings, which are rather long and narrow ; the tip of
the fore-wings is rather pointed, and the hind-margin oblique.
The hind-wings are long, dentated, and with a moderately long
and rather broad, but hardly spatulate, tail. The wings are
black, the fore-wings with two rows of long and mostly bifid
white spots, one near the tip, and the other running from
before the middle of the costa to the hinder angle ; the aind-
wings have two rows of large round red sub-marginal spots,
the innermost turning inwards at a right angle to the inner
margin at the end of the fold. The head, the body beneath,
and the greater part of the abdomen are red.

The larva is smooth and green, with the hinder thoracic seg-
ments slightly thickened. The lower part of the body is brown
in front and white behind. On the upper surface there is a
narrow greyish band on the third segment, a transverse brown
band on the fourth, and an oblique white band, varied with
brown, on the seventh, which rises to the eighth ; the extremity
of the ninth segment is also whitish. The pupa is pale grey,
reticulated with brownish, with a bifid head, a projection on
the pectus, and the ventral surface of the abdomen serrated.
The larva feeds on the lime, and also on another species of
Citrus^ called " Jurok " in Java.

<o X

306 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORV.

[LXXV.] PharmacophaguS) Haase. I propose to restrict this
generic name, used by Haase in a very wide sense, to P.
anterior (Drury), the largest and handsomest Butterfly found in
Madagascar. It measures six or seven inches across the wings ;
the fore-wings are long, with the costa not much arched, the tip
rounded off, and the hind-margin very oblique, and slightly
concave. The hind-wings are half as long again as broad,
and very strongly scalloped, with a long, broad, slightly
spatulate tail. The antennae have a stout but gradually-formed
club. The thorax and antennae are black above, the head
and most of the under surface of the body red ; the abdomen
red and white. The wings are black, the fore-wings with
three large pure white spots in the cell, and two rows of large
white spots on the disc. On the hind wings there are two large
white spots in the cell, two small ones above, and a curved
row of small ones below ; there is also a row of large red sub-
marginal lunules running from the tip to the anal angle ; and
on the inner-mnrgin, opposite the end of the abdomen,
which only extends two-thirds of the length of the hind-wings,
is a red spot, marked above and below with white.

Among the recently discovered species, which were un-
known to Felder, Papilio laglaizii, Depuiset, from New
Guinea and the Aru Islands, deserves special mention from
its curious resemblance to Alcidis metaurus (Hopffer), a Moth
belonging to the Nyctahmoniidce. It measures about 3^
inches across the wings, which are greenish-black, with a pale
bluish-green band on all the wings, much wider on the hind-
wings than on the fore-wings. The fore-wings have a short
subapical band of the same colour, and on the hind-wings,
the incisions and the short tail are white.

LEPTOCIRCIN^E. 307

GENUS BARONIA.

Baronia, Salvin, Trans. Ent. Soc. London. 1893, p. 331.

Under the name of Baronia brevicornis, Mr. Salvin has
described a new form of Butterfly from Western Mexico (Sierra
Madre del Sur, near Chilpancingo, at an altitude of about 4,500
feet), which is remarkable for its very short antennae, with a
long club, and the long hair-like frontal scales, which are drawn
down between the eyes. The sub-costal nervure of the fore-wings
is three-branched, " the first branch arising at a distance from
the end of the cell about equal to its width, and the second
the same distance beyond; the usual third branch from the
end of the cell is wanting, as well as either the first or second
before the end of the cell ; the upper disco-cellular nervule is
short, and the middle disco-cellular about twice as long as the
lower." The wings are brown, the fore-wings with rows of
ochreous spots, those towards the tip whitish in the female,
and the hind-wings with the upper part of the cell and the
space above nearly to the costa yellowish-ochreous, and with
several additional spots of the same colour.

SUB-FAMILY IV. LEPTOCIRCIN^E.

I have ventured to separate the anomalous genus, Lepto-
circus, Swainson, as a distinct Sub-family. The head and body
are very thick, the abdomen short, the eyes large and pro-
minent, the palpi very short and thick, with long stiff hairs in
front, and the antennae thickening into a club, which is slightly
curved upwards. In one species only, L. curius (Fabricius),
the claws of the tarsi are bifid, as in the Pierida ; in the others
they are simple. The fore-wings are short, sub-triangular, with
the tip rather pointed, and the hind-margin oblique ; the outer
part is hyaline, except at the edges. The hind-wings are long,
folded, and produced into a very long tail. On the fore-wings

x 2

308 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

thesub-costal nervure is five-branched, with two branches thrown
off near together before the end of the cell ; the third and fourth
fork half way between the rather pointed cell and the tip,
while the fifth forks just beyond the cell. The upper disco-
cellular nervule is present, the first discoidal nervule being
emitted from the cell. There is a short internal nervure and
an oblique cross-nervule connecting the median and sub-
median nervures near the base. On the hind-wings the pre-
costal nervule is present, and curved, and there is a cross-
nervure connecting the costal and sub-costal nervures at the
base ; the second sub-costal nervule is absent ; the cell is very
small, and all the remaining nervures are very long, the upper
median nervule running down to the extremity of the tail.

GENUS LEPTOCIRCUS.

Leptocircus, Swainson, Zool. 111. Ins. ii. p. 106 (1832 ?) ;
Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 380 (1836); Double-
day, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 22 (1847); Schatz, Exot.
Schmett. ii. p. 47 (1886).

This genus includes only a few species, very similar to each
other, which have a wide range over the Indo-Malayan Region,
but do not appear to extend beyond it, except to Celebes. I
have figured the type, which is also one of the commonest
species ; it is found in India, Malacca, Java, &c. The species
of Leptocircus are said to hover over water in company with
Dragonflies, which some observers say they resemble on the
wing.

LEPTOCIRCUS MEGES.
(Plate LXIIL Fig. 2.)
Erydna curius> Godart (nee Fabricius), Enc. Moth, ix. p. 827

(1823).

Papilio meges, Zinken-Sommer, Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Cur
xv. p. 161, pi. 15, fig. 8 (1831).

LEPTOCIRCIN^E. 309

Lamproptera curius. Gray, in Griffith's Animal Kingdom, xv.

pi. 102, fig. 4 (1832).
Leptocircus curlus, Swainson, Zool. 111. Ins. ii. pi. 106 (1833);

Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 381, pi. 7, fig. i ; pi.

17, fig. i (1836).
Leptocircus meges, Doubleday, Zoologist, i. pp. 1 10, 1 1 1, cum. fig.

(1843) ; Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 385, pi. 32, fig. 3 (1886).
Leptocircus virescenS) Butler, Cat. Lep. Fabr. p. 259 (1870).

This species measures rather less than two inches across the
wings, which are black. The fore-wings are hyaline on the
outer half, traversed by the black nervures, and a green band
runs straight from the costa of the fore-wings, at about one-
third of their length, to the middle of the hind-wings.

The earliest known species of the genus, L. curius (Fabr.) is
smaller, with shorter tails, and a white transverse band instead
of a green one ; it inhabits Java and Siam.

With this genus we conclude our second volume, and our
account of the more typical Butterflies. Our next volume will
commence with the Hesperiidcz, or Skippers, which may be
regarded as intermediate between Butterflies and Moths ; fol-
lowed by an account of those families of Moths which appear
to be most nearly allied to the Butterflies.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Aboeis. 192, 194, 195, 197.

cebrene. 197.

mexicana. 231.
Abisara. 10, 14, 15.

gerontes. 15.
abrota, Ogyris. 131.
achceus, Anteros. 36.

Papilio. 36.

Polyommatus. 36.
Achillides. 297.

arjuna. 298.

paris. 297, 298.
achine, Anthopsyche. 195.

Callosune. 195.
Achivus. 268, 289.

hippocrates. 286.

hospiton. 286.

machaon. 276,285,286,287,289.
acis, Helicopis. 20, 21.

Lycrena. 107.

Papilio. 20, 104, 107.

Polyommatus. 107.
Acmetopteron. 182, 183.

nemesis. 182, 183.
Acroea andromachu. 241.
Acrreinoe. 134, 181, 250.
Actinote. 181.
Adelpha. 48.
adonis, Lycrcna. 94.

Papilio. 94.

Polyommatus. 92, 93, 94, 95.
cegcus, Nestorides. 295.
oegon, Lycoena. 88.

Papilio. 88.

Polyommatus. 88.

aelianus, Lampides. 85.
seneas, Papilio, 271.
ceneides, Papilio. 271.
restiva, Lycrena. 99.
^theoptera. 256, 257.

victorire. 256.
agamemnon, Papilio. 278.
aganippe, Delias. 170.
agathon, Metaporia. 158.
agenor, Iliades. 299, 300, 301.

Papilio. 299.
agcstis, Papilio. 99.

Polyommatus. 99, 101, 102.
agestor, Caclugoides. 280.
Agriades atys. 103.

orbitulus. 103.
agyrtus, Erycina. 43.

Isapis. 43.

Papilio. 43.
AkTena. 134.

albicans, Lycnena. 91, 92.
albipunctata, Zemeros. 13.
alcides, Myrina. 76.

Papilio. 76.
Alcidis metaurus. 306.
Alcon Blue. no.
alcon, Lycrena. no.

Nomiades. no.

Papilio, no.

Polyommatus. IOO, HO.
Aletis. 134.
alexis, Lycsena. 96.
Papilio. 96, 99, 105.

Polyommatus. 94, 96, 99, 100
IOI, 102.

312

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

allous, Papilio. 99.

Polyommatus, loo.
Aloeides. 77, 79.
Aloeides pierus. 79.
alphcea, Lemonias maculata. 38.
alsus, Cupido. 85.

Lycaena. 105.

Polyommatus. 105.
Amaryssus. 286.
amata, Colotis. 190.
Amauris, 291.
Amauris niavius. 291.
Amblypodia. 48, 130.

apidanus. 130.

erylus. 62.
amphione, Dismorphia. 181, 182.

Papilio. 181.

amphrysus, Ornithoptcra. 265.
amyntas, Papilio. 86.

Polyommatus. 86.
Amynthia. 223, 225.

clorinda. 223.

maerula. 223.
Anaphe. 163.
Ancyluris. 30, 31, 3 \.

iphinoe. 29.

melibceus. 31.
androgeos, Papilio. 299.
androgeus, Calaidcs. 283.
andromacha, Acraea. 241.
annse, Callosune. 196, 200.
Anops. 131.

antenor, Pharmacophagus. 306.
Anteros. 35.

achaeus. 36.

formosus. 35.
Anthocharinae. 139, 185.
Anthocharis. 185, 190, 194.

cardamines. 186.

cebrene. 197.

danae. 196.

genutia. 190.

scolymus. 190.
Anthopsyche. 194, 19$, 197.

achine. 195.
anthyale, Zerene. 217.
antimachus, Drurya. 240, 241,
250, 279-

Papilio. 250.

antiopa, Papilio. 235, 268.

Vanessa. 235, 268.
antiphates, Pathysa. 274.
Apatura iris. 249.
Aphnaeus. 13, 79.

orcas, 80.

Aphnaria. 47, 48.
Aphrissa. 228.

statira. 228.

apidanus, Amblypodia. 130,
apollina, Doritis. 239
Apollo Butterfly. 236.
apollo, Papilio. 236.

Parnassius. 141, 236, 237, 238,

239-

apollonius, Parnassius. 239.
Aporia. ^139, 143, 154, 156.

crataegi. 140, 141.

Lama. 155.
Annas. 171, 172, 174, 175.

paulina. 143.

zelmira. 173.
Araminta. 292.

dcmolion. 292.
Areas. 58.

imperialis. 58-
areas, Nomiades. 109.

Papilio. no.
Archonias. 163, 164.

tereas. 163.
arethusa, Papilio. 197.
argia, Nepheronia. 205, 206.
argiades, Cupido. 85, 106.

Lycaena. 86, 87.

Papilio. 85.

Polyommatus. 86.
argiolus, Cyaniris. 103.

Lycaena. 104.

Papilio. 103, 106.

Polyommatus. 104.
Argus, Brown. 99, 100.

Durham. 100.
argus, Lyccena. 88.

Papilio. 88.

Plebeius. 47, 87, 88, 89.

Polyommatus. 88, 89.
Arhopala. 130.
aiion, Lycaena. 109.

Nomiades. 106, 108, no.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

arion, Papilio. 108.

Polyommatus. 108, HO.
arjuna, Achillides. 298.
armandi, Davidina. 157, 158.
Armandia. 247, 248.

thaidina. 247, 248.
Artaxerxes Butterfly. 102.
artaxerxes, Hesperia. 102.

Lycrena. 102.

Polyommatus. 102, 103.
aruna, Delias. 169.
Ascanides. 269.

triopas. 269.
ascanius, Hectorides. 270, 271,

Papilio. 270.
Asian ga. 136.

marginalis. 136.

vininga. 136.
astarte, Catagramma. 42.
astrarche, Lycxna. 99, 102.

Papilio. 99.

Polyommatus. 99.
astynome, Leptalis. 182.
Atrophaneura. 302.

semperi. 302.
atropos, Manduca. 304.
atymnus, Loxura. 77.
atys, Agriades. 103.
aurata, Lycoena. 120.
aurora, Eriocolias. 21 1.
Aurotis. 65.
auxo, Callosune. 205.
avellaneda, Catopsilia. 227.
Axiocerses. 63, 78.

perion. 64.
Azure Blue. 103, 104.

bachmanii, Hypatus. 4.

Libythea. 4.
oyetica, Lampides. 84.

Lyccena. 83.
bceticus, Lampides. 82, 85.

Papilio. 82.

Polyommatus. 83, 90.
ballus, Thestor. 128.

Tomares. 128.
Baltia. 159, 158.

butleri. 156.

shawii. 156,

Barbicornis. 34»

basalis. 34.
Baronia. 307.

brevicornis. 307.
basalis, Barbicornis. 3|.
Bath White. 152.
Bedford Blue. 105.
belemida, Papilio. 152.
Belenois. 161.

calypso. 161.
belenus, Heliophorus. 69.
belisama, Delias. 166, 168.

Papilio. 1 66.

Pieris. 1 66.
bellargus, Lycoena. 94.

Papilio. 93.

Polyommatus. 93.
bellidice, Papilio. 152.

Pieris. 152.

Pontia. 153.

bengalensis, Lycoenesthes. 114.
betulie, Papilio. 66.

Polyommatus. 66.

Thecla. 48, 66.

Zephyrus. 66.
Bhutanitis. 247, 248.

lidderdalii. 247, 248.
bibulus, Lachnocnema. 133.
Biduanda. 74.
bifasciata, Mesosemia. 24.
Black Hair-streak. 53.
Black-veined White. 140, 142.
Blue, Alcon. no.

Azure. 103, 104.

Bedford. 105.

Chalk-hill. 91.

Common. 96, 97.

Large. 108, 109.

Large Tailed. 82.

Mazarine. 106, 107, 108.

Silver-studded. 88.

Small Tailed. 85.
bcebera, Nepheronia. 205.
bohemani, Ptychopteryx. 193.
boisduvaliana, Sphrenogona. 231.
Bombyces. 17, 32, 163.
bogota, Zeonia. 27.
bogotana, Sphrenogona, 230, 231,
brassicpe, Papilio. 144.

3T4

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

brassicce, Pieris. 143, 144, 145,
146, 147. (

Pontia. 144.
Brassolis. 136.
brassolis, Liphyra. 136.
brephos, Leucidia. 177.
brevicornis, Baronia. 307.
Brimstone Butterfly. 221, 222.
brookeana, Ornithoptera. 259, 260,
261.

Trogonoptera. 259, 260, 261.
Brown Argus. 90, 100.

Hair-streak. 65.
bryonice, Papilio. 149.

Pieris. 149, 150.
buquetii, Nepheronia. 205.
butleri, Baltia. 156.

Synchloe. 156.
Byasa. 304.

philoxenus. 304.

Cabbage Butterflies. 143.
Cadugoides. 280.

agestor. 280.
cceneus, Delias. 168.
ceesarea, Euterpe. 164.
Calaides. 283.

androgeus. 283.
callidice, Pontia. 151.
Callidryas. 205, 226, 228.

eubule. 207, 228.
Callidryinse, 139, 207.
callinice, Pereute. 165.
Callophrys. 54.

dumetorum. 55.

rubi. 54, 68.

Callosune. 192, 194, 196, 200,
204, 205.

achine. 195.

annoe. 196, 200.

auxo. 205.

cinerascens. 196.
calphurnia, Euerycina. 33.
calypso, Belenois. 161.
Camberwell Beauty. 235.
Candida, Leptoria. 179.

Terias. 233.
candidus, Papilio. 178.
cardamines, Anthocharis. 186.

cardamines, Euchloe. 150, 186,
187, 188, 189, 190, 195.

Papilio. 1 86.

Pieris. 186.

Pontia. 1 86.
caricse, Erycina. 41.

Limnas subtilis. 40.

Nymphidium. 40, 41.

Papilio. 40.
carinenta, Papilio. 3.

Libythea. 5.
Carolina, Eurybia. 25.
Cartea. 32.
Castalaria. 47, 48.
Castalius. 48, II2J

rosimon. 112, 113.
castor, Tamera. 294.
Catagramma astarte. 42.

sinamara. 42.
Catagrammina. 42.

hevvitsoni, 43.

tapaja. 42.
Catasticta. 164.
Catochrysops. 48.
Catophaga. 142, 143, 228.
Catopsilia. 139, 207, 225, 227
229.

avellaneda. 227.

crocale. 226.

scylla. 226.

solstitia. 227.
cebrene, Aboeis. 197.

Anthocharis. 197.
celadon, Iphiclides. 274, 275.

Papilio. 275.
celtis, Libythea. 2, 4, 6.

Papilio. 2, 4.
cenea, Papilio. 292.
ceneus, Papilio. 168.
ccronus, Lyccena. 94.

Papilio. 94, 95.

Polyommatus. 95.
cesonia, Meganostoma. 220.
Cethosia. 242.
Chalk-hill Blue. 91.
Chamaelimnas, 33.
Charidae. 139.

Charis. 37, 185, 294, 297,
298

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

3*5

chariclea, Pieris. 143, 145.

Fontia. 145.

charltonius, Parnassius. 239.
charops, Pereute. 165.
Charus helenus. 294.
cheiranthi, Pieris. 144.
Cheritra. 74.
Chilasa, 279.

dissimilis. 280.

panope. 279. ;

chilensis, Eroessa. 192.
chione, Nepheronia, 205, 2o5.
chitra, Sithon, 75.

Thecla. 75.
chorineus, Papilio, 28.

Zeonia. 28.
chryseis, Chrysophanus. 123.

Lyoena. 123.

Papilio. 123.

Polyommatus. 123.
chrysonome, Idmais. 199.
Chrysophanidi. 129.
Chrysophanus. 115*

chryseis. 123.

dispar. 117.

phlceas. 125.

virgaureoe. 1 16.
Chrysorychia. 63.
chrysotheme, Colias. 212.

Eurymus. 210, 212.
Cigaritis. 77, 79.

zohra. 79-

:inerascens, Callosunc, 19$.
cinnus, Papilio. 94, 95.

Polyommatus. 95.
cipris, Parura. 229, 230.
circe, Lycyena. 127.
Citrinophila. 135.
cleobis, Papilio. 103.
cleobule, Colias. 221.
cleodora, Eronia. 203, 204.
cleopatra, Colias. 221, 223.
Clifden Blue Butterfly. 93, 95.
clorinda, Amynthia. 223.
Clouded Yellows. 207, 209, 210,

211, 212, 214, 215, 217, 218.
clyton, Papilio. 112.
codrus, Idaides. 278.
Colias. 208, 210, 220, 223, 225.

Colias chrysotheme. 212.

cleopatra. 221, 223.

croceus. 211, 214.

dorippe. 217.

edusa. 21 1, 212.

europome. 217, 218.

helice. 212.

hyale. 21 1, 215.

kirbyi. 210, 216.

myrmidone. 212.

palseno. 210.

philodice. 217.

rhamni. 220, 221, 223.

sareptensis. 216.
Colotis. 192, 198.

amata, 198.

Common Blue. 96, 97.
Compsoteria. 26.
Copper, Dark-undervving. 121,122

Large. 117, 120, 122, 124.

Purple-edged, 122, 123, 124.

Scarce. 115, 116.

Small. 125, 126.
coretas, Papilio. 86.
corethrus, Euryades. 241.
coridon, Papilio. 113.
corydon, Lyaiena. 91.

Papilio. 91.

Polyommatus. 82, 91, 92, 94,

95, 100.
Cosmodesmus. 272, 274.

protesilaus. 273.
cratoegi, Aporia. 140, 141.

Papilio. 140.

Pieris. 140.

Polyommatus. 129.
cresphontes, Heraclides. 282.
cressida, Eurycus. 240.
crino, ITarimala. 297.
crispus, Papilio. 39.
crocale, Catopsilia. 226.
croceus, Colias. 211,214,

Eurymus. 214.

Papilio. 211.
croesus, Papilio. 35.

Troides. 255, 256.
Cupido. 81, 85.

alsus. 85;

argiades. 85, 106.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Cupido puer. 85, 105.
cupido, Helicopis. 20, 21.

Papilio. 21.
Curetaria. 47> 48.
Curetis. 48, 131.

thetys. 131.
curius, Erycina. 308.

Lamproptera. 309.

Leptocircus. 307, 309.
cyanea, Papilio. 113.

Pepliphorus. 113.
Cyaniris. 82, 103,

argiolus. 103.
Cyllopoda. 33.
cyllarus, Nomiades. 108

Dabasa. 278.

gyas. 278.
Dalchina. 277, 278.

sarpedon. 277.
danae, Anthocharis. 196.

Callosune. 196.

Pieris. 196.

Danaime. 207, 279, 280, 284, 291.
danis, Papilio. 113, 196.

Thysonotis. 113.
daplidice, Pontia. 143, 152, 153,

191, 214, 219.
Daptonura. 175.
Dark-underwing Copper. 121,

122.

dasarada, Paenasmia. 303, 304.
Davidina. 156, 157.

armandi. 157, 158.
decorata, Dicallaneura. 14.
delia, Eurema. 232.
Delias. 165, 168, 169, 171.

ag-anippe. 170.

aruna. 169.

belisama. 166, 168.

caeneus. 168.

dorimene. 170.

eucharis. 167.

egialea. 169.

nigrina. 170.

philyra, 168.

delius, Parnassius. 238, 239.
Deloneura immaculata. 135.
(Jemoleus, Orpheides. 280.

demolion, Araminta. 292.
Dercas. 224.

verhuelli. 225.
Deudorix. 48, 71, 73.

epijarbas. 71, 72.

isocrates. 72.
Dicallaneura. 13.

decorata. 14.

pulchra. 13.
diniensis, Leptidia. 180.

Leucophasia. 179, 180.
Dioptidae. 45.
Dioptis. 26.
Diorhina. 29, 30.

laonome. 29.

periander. 29.
Dipsas. 65.

epijarbas. 71.
Dismorphia. 177, 180, iSl, 182.

amphione. 181, 182.

egaena. 183.

lais. 182.
Dismorphidae. 139.
dispar, Chrysophanus. 117.

Lycaena. 117, 120, 121, 122,
124.

Papilio. 117.

Polyommatus. 117.

Porthetria. 12 1.
dissimilis, Chilasa. 280.
Dodona. 13.
dolicaon, Eurytides. 272.
dolus, Polyommatus, 93.
donna, Eurybia. 26.
dorilis, Lycaena. 127.
dorimene, Delias. 170.
dorippe, Colias. 217.
Doritis. 239.

apollina. 239.

dorylas, Polyommatus. 94, 95.
Drurya. 250.

antimachus. 240, 241, 250,

279.

Dryadoe. 139.
Dryas. 203.

leda. 203, 204.
dumetorum, Callophrys. 55.
Durbania. 134.
Durham Argus. 100,

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

317

Dusky-veined White Butterfly.
150.

Early White Cabbage Butterfly.

145-

eborea, Papilio. 196.
ectriva, Sphoenogona. 230.
edusa, Colias. 211, 212.

Eurymus, 214.

Papilio. 152, 211.
cffima, Eurygona. 17.

Euselasia. 17.
cgacna, Dismorphia. 183.

Leptalis. 183.
egaensis, Dismorphia. 183.

Mechanitis. 183.
egialea, Delias. 169.

Papilio. 169.

Pieris. 169.
egnatia, Elodina. 176.
ehrenbergii, Morpheis. 19.
eieiclias, Perrhybris. 159.
electra, Eurymus. 213, 214.

Papilio. 211.

elephenor, Pangcranopsis. 302.
eleus, Hesperia. 125.

Pplyommatus. 126.
Elodina. 175.

egnatia. 176.
elvina, Leucidia. 177.
emalthion, Thaclcs. 301.
emesioides, Zemeros. 13.
Emesis. 36, 37.
emylius, Erycina. 39.

Lemonias. 39.

Papilio. 39.
Enantia. 182, 184.

licinia. 184.

melite. 182, 184.
Endopogon, 270, 271.

sesostris. 270.
endymion, Ilelicopis. 20.

Papilio. 20, 57, 90.

Polyommatus. 57.
epicharis, Pieris. 167.
epicles, Heliophorus. 69.

Ilerda. 69, 71.

Polyommatus. 69.

Thecla. 69.

epijarbas, Deudorix. 71, 72.

Dipsas. 71.
Epinephele janita. 66.
Epitola. 134.

epulus, Lemonias maculata. 38.
Eques. 267, 288, 290.

lyoeus. 290.

nireus. 290.
Equites. 235, 251, 268.
Equilidae. 17, 27, 154, 158, 163,
234, 235, 240, 241, 242, 248,
279, 280, 282, 285, 296,
297.

Equitinae. 265.
crate, Eurymus. 217.
Eriocolias. 209, 210.

hyale. 210.
eris, Pontia 198.
erithonius, Orpheides. 280, 282.
Eroessa chilensis. 192.
Eronia. 202, 203, 205.

cleodora. 203, 204.

leda. 203.

eros, Polyommatus. 97, 98.
Erycina. 8, 29, 30.

agyrtus. 43.

caricxj. 41.

curius. 308.

emylius. 39.

gelon. 17.

iphinoe. 29,

meliboeus. 31.

octavius. 28.

philocles. 24.

tarquinius. 128.
Erycinidoe. 8, 14, 15.
erylus, Amblypodia. 62.

Hypolyccena. 62, 63.

Myrina. 62.
erysimi, Leptidia. 180.

Leucophasia. 188.

Papilio. 179.

ethelinda, Nymphidiurn. 41.
eubule, Callidryas. 227, 228.

Papilio. 227.
cucharis, Delias. 167.

Papilio. 167.
Eucheira. 162.

socialis. 162.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Euchloe. 177, 185, 190, 191, 194,
195, 201, 205.

cardamines. 150, 186, 187, 188,
189, 190, 195.

hesperidis. 189. 190.

turritis. 188, 189.
Eudymion regalis. 57.
Euerycina. 34.

calphurnia. 33.
Eumceus. 46, 48, 160.

minyas. 60.
Eumenia. 46, 60.

toxea. 60.
Euphceades, 284.

glaucus. 283, 284.
Euplcea. 280.
Euplceopsis. 280, 289.

glaucus. 284, 285.

telearchus. 280.
Euptychia. 16, 18, 23.
Eurema. 207, 232, 234,

delia. 232.
euridice, Papilio. 123.

Polyommatus. 123.
eurisus, lolaus. 73.

Papilio. 73.
europome, Colias. 217, 218.

Eurymus. 218, 219.
Euryades. 241.

corethrus. 241.
Eurybia. 22, 25.

Carolina. 25.

donna. 26.

nicaeus. 26.

salome. 26.
eurybia, Papilio. 123, 125.

Polyommatus. 123.
Eurycus. 240, 241.

cressida. 240.

euryclice, Meganosloma. 220.
Eurygona. 16.

effima. 17.
Eurygoninee. 8.

Eurymus. 138, 198, 208, 210, 218,
220, 233.

aurora, 211

chrysotheme. 210, 212.

croceus. 214

edusa. 214.

Eurymus electra. 213, 214.

erate. 217.

europome. 218, 219.

helice. 212, 213.

hyale. 210, 211, 214, 216, 217,
218, 219.

kirbyi. 211, 215, 218, 219.

myrmidone. 212.

paloeno. 214, 215, 217.

phicomone. 210.

philodice. 217.

sareptensis. 217.
euryone, Euselasia. 18.
eurypylus, Zetides. 277.
Eurytides. 272.

dolicaon. 272.
Euselasia. 16, 23, 265.

effima. 17.

euryone. 18.

gelon. 17.

opalescens. 17.

phoedica. 18.

prceclara. 17.
Euselasiinre. 8, 15, 19.
Euterpe. 163.

ccesarea. 164.

leucodrosime. 164.
Euvanessa. 268 note,
evagoras, lalmenus. 70,

Myrina. 7°-

Papilio. 70.
evan, Meandrusa. 278.
Evenus. 57.

regalis. 57.
Everes. 85.
eversmanni, Parnassius. 239.

faunus, Papilio. 27.

Zeonia. 27, 28.
fausta. Idmais. 199.
feisthamelii, Iphiclides. 276.

Papilio. 275.
Feniseca. 128.

tarquinius. 128, 129.
ficedula, Myrina. 76.
flegyas, Zemeros. 13.
fiippantha, Melete. 175.
formosus, Anteros. 35.

Papilio. 35.

ALriiAtSEf ICAL INDEX.

gambrisius, Nestoridcs. 295.
Ganoris. 142, 143.
gelon, Erycina. 17.

Euselasia. 17.

Papilio. 17.

genutia, Anthocharis. i£O.
gerontes, Abisara. 15.
Gerydus. 48, 132.

symethus. 132.
Gipsy Moth. 121.
glaucippe, Hebomoia. 201, 202.
glaucus, Euphceades. 284, 285.
glycerion, Pazala. 273.
Gnesia zetes. 250.
gnidus, Papilio. 20.
Golden-Spot Butterfly. 20.
Gonepteryx. 221.

rhamni. 221.
Green Hair-streak. 54.
Green-veined White Butterfly. 148,

149.
gyas, Dabasa. 278.

Hades noctula. 18, 19.
Hair-streaks. 48, 49.

Black. 53.

Brown. 65.

Green. 54.

Pale Brown. 49.

Purple. 67, 68.

White-letter. 50, 51.
Hamearis lucina. n.
hardwickii, Parnassius. 239.
Harimala. 296, 297, 298.

crino. 297.
Ilebomoia. 200.

glaucippe. 201, 202.

leucippe. 202.
hecabe, Terias. 233.
hector, Thais. 305.

Tros. 305.
Hectorides. 270.

ascanius. 270, 271.
helena, Ornithoptera. 264, 265.
helenus, Charus. 294.
helice, Colias. 212.

Eurymus. 212, 213.

Papilio. 212.
heliconides, Zeonia. 28.

II el i con i us. 159.
Helicopis. 14, 19, 35.

acis. 20, 21.

cupido. 20, 21.

endymion. 20.
Heliophorus. 68, 70.

belenus. 69.

epicles. 69.

helios, Hypermnestra. 240.
helius, lolaus. 73.

Papilio. 73.

Polyommatus. 73.
hera, Isapis. 44.
Ileraclides. 282, 183.

cresphontes. 282.

thoas. 282.
hersilia, Phcebis. 229.
hesebolus, Parnassius. 238.
Ilesperia artaxerxes. 102.

eleus. 125.

pindarus. 80.

tarquinius. 128
hesperidis, Euchloe. 189, 190.
Hesperiidae. 33, 82, 136, 309.
Ilestia idea, 279.
hewitsoni, Catagrammina. 43.
Ilewitsonia. 134.
Hipparchia hyperanthus. 67.
hippia, Nepheronia. 205.
hippocrates, Achivus. 286.
hippolytus, Ornithoptera 266.

Pompeoptera. 266.
hippothoe, Lycocna. 121-125.

Papilio. 117, 121, 122, 266.

Polyommatus. 117, 121, 123,

124.

homerus, Papilio. 282.
honnoratii, Thais. 243, 244, 245.
hospiton, Achivus. 286.
Howard's White Butterfly. 148.
Huphina. 174.
hyacinthus, Papilio. 94.
hyale, Colias, 211, 215.

Eriocolias. 210.

Eurymus. 210, 211, 213, 214,
216.

Papilio. 211, 215.
hylax, Pithecops. 114.
hyparete, Mancipium. 167.

320

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

hyparete, Papilio. 167, 168.
Hypatus. 3, 5.

bachmanii. 4.

hyperanthus, Ilipparcliia. 67.
Hypermnestra. 240.

helios. 240.
Hypochrysops. 81.
Hypolyoena. 48, 6 1.

erylus. 62, 63.

lara. 6l.

lal menus. 70.

evagoras. 70.
icarinus, Papiiio. 96.
icarus, Lycaena. 96, 97.

Papilio. 96, 98.

Polyommatus, 87, 94, 96, 97,

98, 107, 126.
idoeoides, Papilio. 279.
Idaides. 278.

codrus. 278.
idea, Hestia. 279.
Idmais. 193, 198, 199.

chrysonome. 199.

fausta. 199.

idotaea, Nepheronia. 203, 205, 206.
Ilerda. 68.

epicles. 69.
Iliades. 299, 301.

agenor. 299, 300, 301.

memnon. 300, 301.
ilicis, Thecla. 54, 68.
ilioneus, Pterurus. 289.
immaculata, Deloneura. 135.
imperialis, Areas. 58.

Papilio. 58.

Teinopalpus. 248.

Thecla. 58.

iobsea, Nepheronia. 2o3.
lolaus. 73.

eurisus. 73.

helius. 73.

silas. 73.

iole, Nathalis. 208.
Iphias leucippe. 202.
Iphiclides. 274.

celadon. 274, 275.

feisthamelii. 276.

podalirius, 273, 275.

Iphiclides protesilaus. 273.
iphigenia, Papilio. 159.

Pieris. 159.
iphinoe, Ancyluris. 29.

Erycina. 29.
iris, Apatura. 249.
Isamiopsis. 280.
Isapis. 22, 43.

agyrtus. 43.

hera. 44.

isocrates, Deudorix. 72.
Ithobalus. 272.

polydamas. 272.
Ithomeis. 33.
Ithomia. 26.

Ithomiinje. 33, 44, 138, 177, 181.
Ithomiopsis. 33.
Ixias. 199.

pyrene. 200.

janira, Epinephelc. 66.
Jasoniades. 285.
xuthus. 285.

kirbyi, Colias. 210, 216.

Eurymus. 215, 217, 218, 219.
Kricogonia. 224.

lyside. 224.

labienus, Polyommatus. 97.
Lachnocnema bibulus. 133.
lacon, Polyommatus. 97.
Lceosopis roboris. 68.
Laertias. 293, 296.

ulysses. 296.
laglaizii, Papilio. 306.
lais, Dismorphia. 182.
lama, Aporia. 155.
Lampides. 48, 82, 85.

oelianus. 85.

bseticus. 82, 84, 85.
Lamproptera curius. 309.
laonome, Diorhina. 29.
lara, Hypolycoena. 61.
Large Blue. 108, 109.
Large Copper. 117, 120, 122, 124.
Large Tailed Blue. 82.
Large White. 144.
Larinopoda. 135.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

,21

lathyri, Lcptidia. 180.

Leucophasia. 180.

Papilio. 179.
leda, Dry as. 203, 204.

Eronia. 203.
Lemonias. 38, 39, 40.

alphoea. 38.

emylius. 39.

epulus. 38.

luciana. 38.
Lemoniidce. 6, 8, 12, 14, 23, 33,

34, 44, 128, 185, 265.
Lemoniinse. 21.
leonidas, Papilio. 279.
Leptalis. 180, 182.

astynome. 182.

egaena. 183.
Leptidia^ 177, 178.

diniensis. 180.

erysimi. 180.

lathyri. 180.

sinapis. 178, 219.
Leptocircus. 27, 234, 307, 309.

meges. 308, 309.

virescens. 309.
Leptoria. 178.

Candida. 179-
Leptosia. 176, 178, 2o5.

xiphia. 177.
Leucidia. 177.

brephos. 177.

elvina. 177.
leucippe, Hebomoia. 2O2.

Iphias. 202.

Papilio. 202.

Pieris. 202.
leucodrosime, Euterpe. 164*

Pereute. 164, 165.
Leuconea. 140.
Leucophasia. 178.

diniensis. 179, iSo.

erysimi. 1 80.

lathyri. 180.

sinapis. 179.
Lethe. 14.
Libythea. 2, 3, 6, 78.

bachmanii. 4.

carinenta. 5.

celtis. 2, 4, 5, 6.

10

Libythea motya. 5.
Libytheidye. I.
licinia, Enantia. 184.
lidderdalii, Bhutanitis. 247, 248.
Limnas. 291.
caries. 40.
Liphyra. 133, 136.

brassolis. 1 36.
Liptena. 134.
Lipteninse. 46, 47, 48, 133.
Lithosiidae. 32.
Loxura. 48, 74, 77.

atymnus. 77.
lucanus, Lucia. 133.
Lucia. 133.

lucanus. 133.
luciana. Lemonias. 38.
lucina, Ilamearis. u.

Nemeobius. n.

Papilio. u.
Luehdorfia. 246.
lyceus, Eques. 290.
Lyoeides. 87.

Lyoena. 46, 78, 81, 82, 90, 115,
128, 159, 284.

acis. 107.

adonis. 94.

segon. 88.

zestiva. 99.

albicans. 91, 92.

alcon. i [o.

alexis. 96.

alsus. 105.

argiades. 86, 87, 104.

argus. 88.

arion. 109.

artaxerxes. 102.

astrarche. 99, 102.

aurata. 120.

bsetica. 83.

bellargus. 94.

ceronus. 94.

chryseis. 123.

circe. 127.

corydon. 91.

dispar. 117, 120, 121, 122, 124

hippothoe. 12 1, 123, 124, 125.

icarinus. 97.

icarus. 96, 97.

322

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Lycacna medon. 99.

minima. 105.

orion. 1 12.

phkeas. 78, 79, 90, 115, 125.

rutila. 119, 120, 121, 122.

semiargus. 107.

schmidtii. 127.

timeus. 127.

virgaureoe. 115, 116.
Lycsenesthes. 48, 114.

bengalensis. 114.
Lycoenidoe. 45, 128.
lydius, Troides. 256.
Lymnas. 35.
lynceus, Papilio. 50.
Lyropteryx, 32. _
lyside, Kricogonia. 224.

macareus, Paranticopsis. 279.
machaon, Achivus. 246, 276, 286.

Papilio. 286.
maerula, Arnynthia. 223.
magellanus, Ornithoptera. 17,265.
Mancipium. 142, 143, 151-

vorax hyparete, 167.
Manduca atropos. 304.
marcius, Papilio. 271.
marginalis, Aslauga. 136.
marsyas, Papilio. 56.

Polyommatus. 56.

Pseudolyccena. 56, 58.

Thecla. 56.
maturna, Melitaea. 38.
Mazarine Blue. 106, 107, 108.
Meandrusa. 278.

evan. 278.

Mechanitis egaensis. 183.
medesicaste, Papilio. 243.

Thais. 243, 244, 245.
medon, Lycxna. 99.

Papilio. 99.
meeda, Mesosemia. 25.
Meganostoma. 219.

cesonia. 220.

eurydice. 220.
meges, Leptocircus. 308, 309.

Papilio. 308.
Melete- 175.

flippantha. 175.

melibocus, Ancyluris. 31.

Erycina. 31.

Papilio. 31.
Melitoea. 10, 12, 79.

maturna. 38.
melite, Enantia. 182, 184.

Papilio. 182.
memnon, Iliades. 300, 301.

Papilio. 299, 300, 301.
Menamopsis, 280.

tavoyanus. 280.
Menelaides. 304.

polydorus. 304.
menippe, Rhodocera. 224.
meriones, Papilio. 291.
merope, Papilio. 291, 299.
Mesapia. 154, 156, 158.

peloria. 155.

shawii. 155, 156.
Mesene. 37.
Mesosemia. 18, 22, 23.

bifasciata, 24.

meeda. 25.

philocles. 24.
Metaporia. 140, 154, 158.

agathon. 158.
metaurus, Alcidis. 306.
Methonella. 19.
methymna, Moschoneura. i8l,
metra, Pieris. 143, 148.

Pontia. 148.
Metura. 229.
mexicana, Aboeis. 231.

Sphsenogona. 230, 231, 233.

Terias. 230.
Micandra. 59.

platyptera. 59.
Midea. 190.
milca, Vanessula. 135,
Miletus. 132.

polycletus. 81.
Mimacrzea. 134.
minima, Lycoena. 105.

Papilio. 105.

Polyommatus. 105.

Zizera. 86, 87, 94, 105.
minyas, Eumceus. 60.
mnemosyne, Parnassius. 238.
Morpheis ehrenbergii. 19.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

323

Morpho sulkowskyi. 17, 265.
Moschoneura. iSr.

methymna. 181.
motya, Libythea. 5>
Mylothris. 160.

rhodope. 161.
Myrina. 74, 75.

alcides. j6.

erylus. 62.

evagoras. 70.

ficedula. 76.

silenus. 76.

thecloides. 62.
myrmidone, Colias. 212.

Eurymus. 212.

napseoe, Papilio. 149.

Pieris. 149.

Pontia. 149.
napi, Papilio. 148, 149.

Pieris. 148, 151.

Pontia. 149.
nathalia, Saletara. 174.
Nathalis. 207, 234.

iole. 208.
Necyria. 31.

tapaja. 42, 43.
nedymond, Papilio. 74.

Thecla. 75.

nedymonda, Sithon. 74, 75.
nehemia, Pieris. 182.

Pseudopieris. 182, 184.
Nemeobiinoe. 8, 9, 12, 15, 22.
Nemeobius. 10, 12, 44.

lucina. 1 1.
nemesis, Acmetopteron. 182, 183.

Pieris. 182.
Neopithecops. 48, 114.
nepalensis, Pieris. 144.
Nepheronia. 203, 205, 2o5.

argia. 205, 206.

boebera. 205.

buquetii. 205.

chione. 205, 206.

hippia. 205.

idotcea. 203, 205, 206.

iobcea. 205.

pharis. 205, 206.

thalassina. 205.

neriene, Zeritis. 79.
nero, Tachyris. 173, 174.
Nestorides. 295.

Eegeus. 295.

gambrisius. 295.
Nettle-tree Butterfly. 4.
niaivius, Amauris. 291.
niciieus, Eurybia. 26.

Papilio. 26.
nicippe, Xanthidia. 231.
nigrina, Delias. 170.
nireus, Eques. 290.
noctula, Hades. 18, 19.
Nomiades. 106.

alcon. no, in.

areas. 109.

arion. 106, 108, no.

cyllarus. 108.

semiargus. 103, 106, 108, 109.
novangliae, Pieris. 147.
nox, Papilio. 303.
Nychitona. 176.
Nyctalemoniidoe, 306.
Nymphalidre. I, 7, 9, 12, 235,

242.

Nymphalinre. 19, 33, 40.
Nymphalis. 267.
nymphidia, Stiboges. 12.
Nymphidium, 37, 40.
Nymphidium caricee. 40, 41.

ethelinda. 41.

octavius, Erycina. 28.

Papilio. 27, 28.

Zeonia. 28.
Ogyris. 48, 130.

abrota. 131.

opalesccns, Euselasia. 17.
Orange-Tip Butterfly. 185, 186,

IS/, 192, 2OO, 2OI, 205.

orbitulus, Agriades. 103.
orcas, Aphiucus. 80.

Papilio. So.

Polyommatus. 80.
Orestias. 32.
orion, Lyci-ena. 112.

Papilio. in.

Polyommatus. 1 1 1 .

Scolitantides. 1 1 1

324

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Ornithoptera. 251, 265, 267, 269,
287.

amphrysus. 265.

brookeana. 259, 260, 261.

helena. 264, 265.

hippolytus, 266.

magellanus. 17,265.

pompeus. 264, 265.

priamus. 252.

remus. 266.

rhadamanthus. 265.

ruficollis. 265.
Orpheides. 280.

demoleus. 280.

erithonius 280, 2^2.

Pachlioptera. 265.
Poenasmia, 303.

dasarada. 303, 304.
pabeno, Colias. 210.

Eurymus. 214, 215, 217.

Papilio. 215, 217, 218.
Pale Brown Hair-streak. 49.
Pale Clouded Yellow. 215, 216.
pamela, Pieris. 159.
pammon, Papilio. 293.
Pandemus pasiphae. 37.
Pangerana. 302.

varuna. 302.
Pangeranopsis. 302.

elephenor. 302.
panope, Chilasa. 279.
Panosmiopsis. 301.

rhetenor. 301.
panthous, Papilio. 252, 266.
Papilio. 235, 250, 267, 268, 269,
286.

achseus. 36.

acis. 20, 104, 107.

adonis. 94.

segon. 88.

reneas. 271.

seneides. 271.

agamemnon. 278.

agenor. 299.

agestis. 99.

agyrtus. 43-

alcides. 76.

Papilio alcon. 1 10.
alexis. 96, 99.
allous. 99.
alsus. 105.
amphione. 181.
amyntas. 86.
anclrogeos. 299.
antimachus. 250.
antiopa. 235, 268.
apollo. 236.
areas. I IO.
arethusa. 197.
argiades. 85.
argiolus. 103, 106.
argus. 88.
arion. 108.
ascanius. 270.
astrarche. 99.
boeticus. 82.
bathis. ill.
belemida. 152.
belisama. 166.
bellargus. 93.
bellidice. 152.
betuloe. 65.
brassicce. 144.
bryonice. 149.
candidus. 178.
cardamines. 186.
caricce. 40.
carinenta. 3.
celadon. 275.
celtis. 2, 4.
cenea. 292.
ceneus. 168.
ceronus. 94, 95.
chorineus. 28.
chryseis. 123.
cinnus. 94, 95.
cleobis. 103.
clyton. 112.
coretas. 86.
coridon. 113.
corydon. 91.
cratregi. 140.
crispus. 39.
croceus. 211,
croesus. 35.
cupido. 21.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

325

Papilio cyanea. 113.
danae. 196.
danais. 113.
daplidice. 152.
dispar. 117.
eborea. 196.
edusa. 152, 211.
egialea. 169.
elcctra. 21 1.
emylius. 39.
endymion. 20, 57, 90
crysimi. 179.
eubule. 227.
cucharis. 167.
euridice. 123.
eurisus. 73-
eurybia. 123, 125.
evagoras. 70.
faunus. 27.
feisthamelii. 275.
formosus. 35.
gelon. 17.
gnidus. 20.
hclice. 212.
helius. 73.

hippothoe. 117, 121, 122,
homerus. 282.
hyacinthus. 94.
hyale. 21 1, 215.
hyparete. 167, 168.
icarus. 96, 98.
idreoides. 279.
imperialis. 58.
iphigenia. 159.
laglaizii. 306.
lathyri. 179.
leonidas. 279.
leucippe. 202.
lucina. n.
lynceus. 50.
marcius, 271.
marsyas. 56.
medesicaste. 243.
medon. 99.
meges. 308.
meliboeus. 31.
melite. 182.
mcmnon. 299, 300, 301.
meriones. 291.

Papilio merope. 291, 299.
minima. 105.
napreoe. 149.
napi. 148, 149.
nedymond. 74.
nicoeus. 26.
nox. 303.
octavius. 27, 28.
orcas. 80.
orion. in.
palaeno. 215, 217, 218.
pamela. 1 59.
pammon. 293.
panthous. 252, 266.
paris. 297.
periander. 29.
perion. 64.
philocles. 24.
phlreas. 125.
pindarus. 80.
plexaris. 168.
podalirus. 275.
polyphemus. 96.
polysperchon. 85.
polytes. 293, 294, 304.
priamus. 252.
protesilaus. 273.
protumnus. 127.
pruni. 50, 53.
pylades; 279.
pyretus. 31.
pyrrha. 159.
quercus. 49, 67.
rapre. 146.
regal is. 57.
remus. 266.
rhamni. 221.
ridleyanus. 240, 279.
romulus. 295.
rosimon. 1 12.
rubi. 54.
rumina. 243.
rutilus. 121.
salome. 26.
scmiargus. 106.
silenus. 76.
sinapis. 178.
sinon. 274.
spini. 48, 49.

326

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Papilio symethus. 1 32.
tarquinius. 128.
telephii. in.
thetis. 93, 96.
timeus. 125.
tiphys. 91.
tiresias. 85.
trogon. 260.
troilus. 289.
turnus. 285.
valens. 36.
venus. 58.
virgaurese. 115.

w-album. 50.
zagreus. 284.

zalmoxis. 267.

zelmira. 1 73.

paradisea, Schcenbergia. 258.
Paranticopsis. 279.

macareus. 279.
Parides. 271, 284.
paris, Achillides. 297, 298.

Papilio. 297.
Parnassiinse. 234, 236.
Parnassius. 154, 158, 236, 239,
240.

apollo. 141, 236, 237, 238,

239. .

apollonius. 239.

charltonius. 239.

delius. 238, 239.

eversmanni. 239.

hardwickii. 239.

hesebolus. 238.

mnemosyne. 238.

stubbendorfi. 239.

wosnesenskii. 232.
Parura. 229.

cipris. 229, 230.
pasiphae, Pandemus. 37 •
Pathysa. 274.

antiphates. 274.
paulina, Appias. 143.
Pazala. 273.

glycerion. 273.
peloria, Mesapia. 155.

Pieris. 155.
Pentila. 135.
Pepliphorus. 113.

Pepliphorus cyanea. 113.
Pereute. 139, 164, 165, 166.

callinice. 165.

charops. 165.

leucodrosime. 164, 165.
periander, Diorhina. 29.

Papilio. 29.
perion, Axiocerscs. 64.

Papilio. 64.

Perophthalma tenera. 18.
Perrhybris. 158.

eieidias. 159.

pyrrha. 159.
phsedica, Euselasia. 18.
pharis, Nepheronia. 205, 206.
Pharmacophagus. 306.

antenor. 306.
Phasis. 77, 78.

thero. 78.

phicomone, Eurymus. 210.
philocles, Erycina. 24.

Mesosc .nia. 24.

Papilio. 24.
philodice, Colias. 217.

Eurymus. 217.
philoxenus, Byasa. 304.
philyra, Delias. 168.

Pieris. 168.
phlccas, Chrysophanus. 125.

Lycnena. 78, 79, 90, 115,
125.

Papilio. 125.

Polyommatus. 125.
phlegia, Stalactis. 45.
Phoebis. 228.

hersilia. 229.
Phyllocharis. 190.

tagis. 191.
Phytala. 134.

PieridEE. 135, 137, 138, 139, 154,
157, 162, 177, 185, 200, 224,
234, 235, 307.
Pierinre, 139

Pieris. 139, 140, 142, 143, 151,
156, 158, 225.

belisama. 166.

bellidice. 152.

brassiere. 143, 141, 145, 146,
147.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

327

Pieris bryonice. 149, 150.

cardamines. 186.

chariclea. 145.

cheiranthi. 144.

cratoegi. 140.

danae. 196.

daplidice. 152.

egialca. 169.

epicharis. 167.

iphigenia. 159.

leucippe. 202.

metra. 143, 148.

napceoe. 149.

napi. ^48, 149, 150, 151.

nehemia. 182.

nemesis. 182.

nepalensis. 144.

novanglire. 147.

pamela. 159.

peloria. 155.

philyra. 168.

plexaris. 168.

pyrrha. 159.

rapre. 143, 146, 148, 149,
184.

sabellicoe. 143, 149, 150.

shawii. 156.

sinapis. 178.

thestylis. 171.

wollastoni. 144.
pierus, Aloeides. 79.
pindarus, Ilesperia. So.

Papilio. 80.
Fithecops. 1 14.

hylax. 114.
platyptera, Micandra. 59.

Pseudolyccena. 59.
Plebeius. 81, 87, ill, 114.

argus. 47, 87, 88, 89.

argyrognomon. 88.
plexaris, Papilio. 168.

Pieris. 1 68.
podalirius, Iphiclides. 273, 274.

Papilio. 275.
Polycrena. 9, 10, 12.
polycletus, Miletus. Si.
polyctor, Sarbaria. 298.
polydamas, Ithobalus. 272.
polydorus, Menelaides. 304.

Polyommatus. 46, 47,82, 90, III,

US-

achceus. 36.

acis. 107.

adonis. 92, 93, 94, 95.

regon. 88.

agestis. 99, 100, 102.

alcon. 109, no.

alexis. 94, 96, 99, 100, 101,

102.

allous. 100.
amyntas. 86.
argiades. 86.
argiolus. 104.
argus. 88, 89.
arion. 108, no.
artaxerxes, 102, 103.
astrarche. 99.
bretica. 82.
bseticus. 83, 90.
bellargus. 93.
betulre. 66.
ceronus. 95.
chryseis. 123.
cinnus. 95.
corydon. 82, 85, 91, 92, 04, 95,

100.

cratoegi. 129.

clispar. 117, 121.

dolus. 93.

dorylas. 94, 95.

eleus. 126.

endymion. 57.

epicles. 69.

eros. 97, 98.

euridice. 123.

eurybia. 123.

belius. 73.

hippothoe. 117, 121, 123, 124.

icarus. 87, 94, 96, 97, 98, 107,

126.

labienus. 97.
lacon. 97.
marsyas. 56.
minima. 105.
orcas. 80.
orion. HI.
phlceas. 125.
porsenna. 129,

328

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Polyommatus pruni. 53.

quercus. 67.

rosimon. 113.

rubi. 55.

rutilus. 121.

salmacis. 100, 102.

schmidtii. 125.

semiargus. 107.

spini. 49.

symethus. 132.

tarquinius. 129.

telephii. 112.

thestylis. 97.

thetis. 93, 94, 95, loo.

tithonus. 98.

turcicus. 126.

valens. 36.

venus. 58.

virgaurese. 116.

w-album. 50.
polyphemus, Papilio. 96.
polysperchon, Papilio. 85, 87.
polytes, Papilio. 293, 294, 304.
polyxena, Thais. 243.
pompeius, Priamides. 284
Pompeoptera hippolytus. 266.
pompeus, Ornithoptera. 264, 265.
Pontia. 140, 142, 143, 151, 156,
176, 240.

bellidice. 153.

brassicae. 144.

callidice. 151.

cardamines. 186.

chariclea. 145.

daplidice. 143, 152, 153, 191,
214.

eris. 198.

metra. 148.

napoese. 149.

napi. 149.

rapoe. 146.

sabellicse. 1 50.

turritis. 188.
Poritia. 15, 18.
porsenna, Polyommatus. 129.
Porthetria dispar. 121.
prreclara, Eusclasia. 17.
Priamides. 163, 265, 284.

pompeius. 284.

priamus, Ornithoptera. 252.

Papilio. 252.

Troides. 252, 254.
Priamoptera. 255.
Princeps. 286.
Prioneris. 171.
Prioneris thestylis. 171.
protenor, Saunia. 301, 302.
proterpia, Pyrisitia. 231.
protesilaus, Cosmodesmrs. 273.

Iphiclides. 273.

Papilio. 273.
protumnus, Papilio. 127.

Thestor. 127.
pruni, Papilio. 50. 53.

Polyommatus. 53.

Thecla. 50, 53, 54.
Pseuderesia. 134.
Pseud olycaena. 56.

marsyas, 56, 58.

platyptera. 56.
Pseudopieris. 182, 184.

nehemia. 182, 184.
Pseudopontia. 139.
Psychidoe. 229.
Pterurus. 289.

ilioneus. 289.

troilus. 289.
Ptychopteryx. 192.

bohemani. 193.
puer, Cupido. 85, 105.
pulchra, Dicallaneura. 13.
Purple-edged Copper. 122, 123.
Purple Emperor. 287.
Purple Hair-streak, 67, 68.
pylades, Papilio. 279.
pyrene, Ixias. 200.
pyretus, Papilio. 31.
Pyrisitia. 231.

proterpia. 231.
pyrrha, Papilio. 159.

Perrhybris. 159.

Pieris, 159.

quercus, Papilio. 49, 67.
Polyommalus. 67.
Thecla. 48.
Zephyrus. 65, 67, 98.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

329

raprc, Papilio. 146.

Pieris. 143, 146, 148, 149,

184.
regalis, Endymion. 57.

Evenus. 57.

Papilio. 57.

Thecla. 57.

reginre, ^theoptera. 257.
remus, Ornithoptera. 266.

Papilio. 266.
Rhabdodryas. 229.

statira. 229.

rhadamanthus, Ornithoptera. 265.
rhamni, Colias. 220, 221, 223.

Gonepteryx. 221.

Papilio. 221.

Rhodocera. 222.
rhetenor, Panosmiopsis. 301.
Rhodocera. 221, 224.

menippe. 224.

rhamni. 223.
rhodope, Mylothris. 161.
richmondia, Troides. 253, 254.
ridleyanus, Papilio. 250,279.
roboris, Lceosopis. 68.
robusta, Sterosis. 136.
romulus, Papilio. 293.
rosimon, Castalius. 112, 113.

Papilio. 112.

Polyommatus. 113.
rubi, Callophrys, 54, 68.

Papilio. 54.

Polyommatus. 55.

Thecla. 55.

ruficollis, Ornithoptera. 265.
rumina, Papilio. 243.

Thais. 243, 244.
Ruralis, 64, 65.
Rusticus, 87.
rutila, Lycoena. 119, 120, 121,

122.

rutilus, Lycoena. 121.
Papilio. 121.
Polyommatus. 121.

sabellic^, Pieris. 143, 149, 150.

Pontia. 150.
Saletara. 174.

Saletara nathalia. 174-

salmacis, Polyommatus. loo, IO2.

salome, Eurybia. 26.

Papilio. 26.
Sarbaria. 298.

polyctor. 298.
sareptensis, Colias. 216.

Eurymus. 217.
Saribia tepahi. 14.
sarpedon, Dalchina. 277.
Satyridte. 9, 1 6.
Saunia protenor. 301, 302.
Scalidoneura. 210.
Scarce Clouded Yellow. 217.
Scarce Copper, 115, 116.
Scarce Swallow-Tail. 275.
Schatzia. 162.

socialis. 162.
Schoenbergia. 257, 259.

paradisea. 258.
schmidtii, LyoEiia. 127.

Polyommatus. 125.
Scolitantides. in.

orion. 1 1 1 .

scolymus, Anthocharis. 190.
scylla, Catopsilia. 226.
semiargus, Lycaena. 107.

Nomiades. 103, 106, 108
109.

Papilio. 106.

Polyommatus. 107.
semperi, Atrophaneura. 302.
Sericinus. 246, 249.

telamon. 246.
sesostris, Endopogon. 270.
seta, Pieris. 171.
shawii, Baltia. 156.

Mesapia. 155, 156.

Pieris. 156.
silas, lolaus. 73.
silenus, Myrina. 76.

Papilio. 76.

Silver-spot Butterfly. 20.
Silver-studded Blue. 88.
Simiskina. 9, 10, 15.
sinamara, Catagramma. 42.
sinapis, Leptidia. 176, 178, 219

Leucophasia. 179.

Papilio. 178.

330

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

sinapis, Pieris. 173.
sinon, Papilio. 274.
Sithon. 48, 74, 76.

chitra. 75.

nedymonda. 74, 75.
Skippers. 309.
Small Copper. 125, 126.
Small Tailed Blue. 85.
Small White Cabbage Butterfly.

146.

Snout Butterfly. 4.
socialis, Schatzia. 162.
solstitia, Catopsilia. 227.
Sphrenogona. 204, 230, 321.

bogotana. 230, 231.

boisduvaliana. 231.

ectriva. 230.

mexicana. 230, 231, 233.
Spindasis. 80.
spini, Papilio. 48, 49.

Polyommatus. 49.

Thecla. 48, 49.
Stalachtinre. 44.
Stalachtis. 22, 33, 4 j.

phlegia. 45.
statira, Aphrissa. 228.

Rhabdodryas. 229.
Sterosis. 136.

robusta. 136.
Stiboges nymphidia. 12.
stubbendorfi, Parnassius. 2^9.
subfasciatus, Teracolus. 193.
sulkowskyi, Morpho. 17, 205.
symethus, Gerydus. 132.

Papilio. 132.

Polyommatus. 132.
Symmachia. 37.
Synchloe. 151.

butleri. 156.
Syrmatia. 32, 34.

Tachyris. 172, 173.

nero. 173, 174.

zarinda. 174-
Tamera. 295.

castor. 295.
tapaja, Catagrammina. 42, 43.

Necyria. 42, 43.
tarquinius, Erycina. 128.

tarquinius, Feniscca. 128, 129

Hesperia. 128.

Papilio. 128.

Polyommatus. 129.
Taxila. 14.

tavoyanus, Menamopsis. 280.
Teinopalpus. 242, 248, 249.

imperialis. 243.
telamon, Sericinus. 246.
telearchus, Euplceopsis. 280.
telephii, Papilio. ill.

Polyommatus. 112.
tenera, Perophthalma. 18.
tepahi, Saribia. 14.
Teracolus. 192, 193, 198.

subfasciatus. 193.
tereas, Archonias. 163.
Terias. 138, 232.

Candida. 233.

hecabe. 233.

mexicana, 230.

sari. 233.
Teriomima. 135.
Thaidince. 242.
thaidina, Armandia. 247, 248
Thais. 242, 246, 247, 305.

hector. 305.

honnoratii. 243, 244, 245.

medesicaste. 243, 244, 245.

polyxena. 243.

rumina. 243, 244.
Thecla. 8, 17, 23, 37, 41, 46, 47
48, 55, 59, 66, 61, 64, 65, 68,
71, 75, 81,82, 114, 134.

bctulie. 48, 66.

epicles. 69.

ilicis. 54, 68.

imperialis. 58.

marsyas. 56. x

nedymond. 75.

pruni. 50, 53, 54.

quercus. 48.

regalis. 57.

rubi. 55.

spini. 49.

w-album. 50, 51, 54.
thecloides, Myrina. 62.
Theope. 37.
thero, Phasis. 78.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

331

Thespia. 192.
Thestias. 199.
Thestor. 127.

protumnus. 127.
thestylis, Pieris. 171.

Polyommatus. 97.

Prioneris. 171.
thetis, Papilio. 93, 96.

Polyommatus. 93, 95, ICO.
thetys, Curetis. 131.
thoas, Heraclides. 2o2.
Thomares. 127.
Thyca. 165.
Thysonotis. 113.

danis. 113.
Timetes. 33.
timeus, Lyccena. 127.

Papilio. 125.
Tingra. 135.
tiphys, Papilio. 91.
tircsias, Papilio. 85.
Tirumala. 207, 279.
tithonus, Polyommatus. 98.
Tomares. 127.

ballus. 128.

torquatus, Troilides. 283.
toxea, Eumenia. 60.
turcicus, Polyommatus. 125.
turnus, Papilio. 285.
turritis, Euchloe. 188, 189.

Pontia. 188.
Trichonis. 48.
triopas, Ascanides. 269.
trogon, Papilio. 260.
Trogonoptera. 251, 259.

brookeana. 259, 260, 261.

trojana. 260, 261.
Troides. 251, 252.

croesus. 255, 256.

lydius. 256.

priamus. 252, 254.

richmondia. 253, 254, 255.

urvillianus. 255, 256, 257.
Troilides. 283.

torquatus. 283.
troilus, Papilio. 289.

Pterurus. 289.

trojana, Trogonoptera. 260, 261.
Tros. 305.

Tros hector. 305.

ulysses, Laertias. 296.
urvillianus, Troides. 255, 256,
257.

valens, Papilio. 36.

Polyommatus. 36.
Vanessa. 4.

antiopa. 235, 268.
Vanessula. 135.

milca. 135.

varuna, Pangerana. 302.
venus, Papilio. 58.

Polyommatus. 58.
verhuelli, Dercas. 225.
victorias, yEtheoptera. 256.
vfninga, Aslauga. 136.
virescens, Leptocircus. 309.
virgaurere, Chrysophanus. 116.

Lycoena. 115, 116.

Papilio. 115.

Polyommatus. II 6.

W-album, Papilio. 50.

Polyommatus. 50.

Thecla. 50, 51, 54.
Wanderer. 128.
White Cabbage Butterflies. 143.
White-letter Hair-streak. 50, 51.
wollastoni, Pieris. 144.
Wood- White. 178, 179.
wosnesenskii, Parnassius. 239.

Xanthidia. 231.
nicippe. 231.
xiphia, Leptosia. 177.
xuthus, Jasoniades. 285.

zagreus, Papilio. 284.
zalmoxis, Papilio. 267.
zarinda, Tachyris. 174.
Zegris. 191.
zelmira, Appias. 173.

Papilio. 173.
Zemeros; 13.

albipunctata. 13.

emesioides. 13.

flegyas. 13.

332 ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Zeonia. 27, 29. Zeritis. 77, 78, 79.

bogota. 27. neriene. 79.

chorineus. 28. zetes, Gnesia. 25.

faunus. 27, 28. Zeticles. 277.

heliconides. 28. curypylus. 277.

octavius. 28. Zeuzeridre. 157.

Zephyrus. 48, 64. 68, 69, 71 Zizera. 105.

betulse. 65, 66. minima. 85, 87, 94, 105.

quercus. 65, 67, 68. zohra, Cigaritis. 79.

Zerene anthyale. 217. zygia, Lemonias maculata. 38.

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A hand-book to the
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