»>mA» kSffMs . ItmOfd.

I. llahrosyw& d-eroLscv.
2. Thycdiray halts.
J. Poly tela glvriosak.
4: Rcunaxlctscv pavo.

5. Gorfyncv flcwago.

6. TriphcLencv fxnxhricu.

7. Agroiis spina.

S. Biphthjera. upriUnoy.

LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.
Edited by R. Bowdler Sharpe, LL.D., F.L.S., &c.

A HAND-BOOK

TO THE

ORDER

LEPIDOPTERA./

^^\'y^ BY

VV.' F. KIR BY, F.L.S., F.Ent.S.,

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, BRITISH MUSEUM.

Author of '*A Synonymic Ca/aJogtte of Lepidoptera He/erocera,^' ^^Etcropcan
Bulterfies and Aloths," "A Text- Book of Enlomol-gy," etc., etc.

MEARNS
VOL. V. COLLECTION

MOTHS.— PART III.

zzsziA-

LONDON:

EDWARD LLOYD, LIMITED,

12, S.MTSBURY SQUARE, FLEET STREET,

1897

PRINTED BY
WYMAN AM> bO.NS, LlMlTli-D.

EDITOR'S PREFACE.

With this volume Mr. Kirby brings to an end his review
of the Lepidoptera. In addition to the illustrations of British
Butterflies and Moths, which have been made the principal
subject of these entomological volumes of the Naturalist's
Library, a large number of exotic species have been figured
for the first time, while the author has taken the present
opportunity to revise the nomenclature of many genera
and species. His great knowledge of the Bibliography of
Entomology renders this portion of his studies of especial
interest.

R. BOWDLER SHARPE.
Chiswick, April, 1897.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

The present volume completes the series on the Order
Lepidoptera, as sketched out in the Preface to vol. ii. It
includes the Nodiice and Gcoinetne, among the lar^^er Moths,
and the Micro-Lepidoptera. The first two sections are treated
as fully as the preceding groups, all the more important
families being noticed or illustrated ; but in the case of the
Micro-Lepidoptera, which, though comparatively little studied,
probably far exceed the Macro- Lepidoptera in numbers, it
was naturally impossible to do more than describe and figure
a selection of species belonging to various families, without
extending the work to one or two more volumes.

A much larger number of species are described and figured
in this volume than in any of the preceding ones, and a con-
siderable number are here figured for the first time. In these
cases I have thought it best, as a rule, to reprint the original
description of the author who described the species.

As before, Newman's figures have occasionally been drawn
upon, in order to illustrate the subjects more fully than the
limited number of plates at our disposal would allow. As
regards the coloured plates, most of the figures on pi. clviii.,
and some of those on pi. clvi., are magnified ; but the real
dimensions are given in the text.

I am indebted to Mr. A. W. Kappel, F.L.S., the Librarian
of the Linnean Society, for kindly looking up the abstracts of
a paper by the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, which had been lost
sight of by Entomologists, and one of which I have reprinted
at pp. 267-269.

W. F. KIRBY.
Chiswick, April, 1S97.

THE MOTHS— LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA.

(Concluded.)

NOCTU^.

This name is applied to a very extensive and homogeneous
group of the larger Moths. The most comprehensive classifi-
cation of the NoctiicB was proposed by Guenee in 1852, in his
"Species G^ndraledesLdpidopt^res: Noctuellites"; but in 1857
another system was published by Lederer in his " Noctuinen
Europa's," in which he arranged the genera almost without
troubling himself to sort them into families. Later authors have
followed an intermediate course, and instead of dividing the
NoducB into groups, sub-groups, and a large number of families,
have divided them into a limited number of families only.
However, many small groups appear to be natural, and these
we propose to treat as Sub-families in the present work. The
following characters may be taken as of general application.

Laxva. — Cylindrical, naked or pubescent, rarely tufted or
hairy ; with sixteen legs, or with the first and second pairs of
pro-legs more or less rudimentary.

Pupa. — Subterranean ; or rarely enclosed in a cocoon.

Imago. — With moderately stout bodies (rarely slender).
Antennae filiform, or, rarely, pectinated ; proboscis usually well
i6 P

2 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

developed. Fore-wings triangular; hind-wings broader than
the fore-wings, more slender, and folded beneath them like a
fan when at rest ; nearly always differently, and usually
obscurely, coloured ; frenulum present. Flight nocturnal or
crepuscular ; in some families diurnal.

FAMILY XL. THYATIRID^.

Larva. — With sixteen legs, smooth or slightly humped, feed-
ing exposed on trees and shrubs, or between leaves slightly
connected with silk.

Pupa. — Usually enclosed in a slight cocoon among moss or
rubbish at the foot of the tree on which the larva has fed ;
more rarely in the mass of leaves towards the extremity of a
branch frequented by the larva.

Imago. — Moderately stout, downy ; antennae simple, slightly
thickened in the males ; wings moderately long and broad,
entire, and with the discoidal nervule rising almost from the
middle of the discoidal cell ; or in the hind-wings, sometimes a
little lower ; hind-wings, with the costal and sub-costal nervures
approximating, and almost or quite united above the end of
the cell.

This Family is now classed by many authors with the
Bombyces.

GENUS THYATIRA.

Thyatira, Ochsenheimer & Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 77
(1816); vi. (2), p. 161 (1825); Guende, Spec. Gdn.
L^pid. Noct. i. p. 10 (1852).

Eyes naked ; palpi long, hairy ; last joint naked, very long ;
antennae ciliated in the male; thorax with a double crest,
approximating in the middle ; abdomen slightly crested at the
base; wings rounded, marked with large spots; fore-wings

THYATIRA, 3

with two of the sub-costal nervules forking near the tip ; hind-
wings with the discoidal nervule rising near the upper median
nervule. Larva with deep incisions, and bifid elevations on
the back.

The type of this genus is widely distributed in Europe and
Northern and Western Asia. Species or varieties differing little
from the European form are likewise met with in India, and
in North America as far south as Mexico.

THE PEACH-BLOSSOM MOTH. THYATIRA BATIS.
{Plate CXXVIL, Fig. 2.)

Noctua batis, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 509, no. 72
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 308 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett. iv.
(i) p. 59, Taf. 86, figs. 6-8; iv. (2) 2, p. 54, Taf. 193,
figs. 7-9 (1786) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 65 (1799?).

Thyatira batis, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 162 (1825) ;
Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. pi. 72 (1825); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent.
Haust. iii. p. 48 (1829) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and
Moths, p. 144, pi. 32, figs, i-i b (1880); Buckler, Larvae
of Brit. Lepid. iv. pi. 54, figs. 2-2 b (1891) ; Barrett,
Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 190, pi. 116, figs. 2, 2 a-c (1895).

The Peach-blossom Moth, which is named from the colour
of the spots on the fore-wings, is one of the prettiest species
found in Britain, and is not rare. The fore-wings are olive-brown,
with dark waved transverse lines, darkest towards the base, and
with five pale rose-coloured spots on each wing. The largest
of these is at the base, and is clouded with brown ; two are
near the tip, and are sometimes united ; a fourth is situated at
the hinder angle, and has a brown spot in the middle, and the
smallest is on the inner margin. The hind-wings are ochreous-
grey, with a pale waved line near the middle, and are darker
in the females than in the males.

B 2

4 Lloyd's natural history.

The Moth is fairly common throughout the British Isles. It
expands about an inch and a half. The larva is brown, varied
with rusty red, and has an elevation on the third segment,
which is bifid at the extremity and directed forwards ; and
there are five smaller pointed elevations on the back, com-
mencing on the sixth segment, in front of the last of which
is a dark quadrilateral spot.

It feeds on bramble, and clings to the under surface of the
leaves.

GENUS HABROSYNE.

Habrosyne, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 272 (1822?).
Gonophora, Bruand, M^m. Soc. d'limul. Doubs. (2) i. p. 89
(1845) J ^^- Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2) vii. p. 42 (1849).

General characters of Thyatira, but the antennae are scarcely
ciliated, the palpi hairy, rather short, the last joint naked, and
the fore-wings with pale oblique lines, an accessory cell, and
with the sub-costal nervules well separated ; hind-wings with the
discoidal nervule and upper median nervule well separated at
their origin. The larvae are cylindrical and without elevations.

THE BUFF ARCHES. HABROSYNE DERASA.
{Plate CXXVIL, Fig. I.)

Nodua derasa, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2) p. 851,
no. 158 (1767) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i, p. 449, Taf. 142,
fig. I (1791?); iv. (2) 2, p. 54, Taf. 193, figs. 4-6
(1799?) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 66 (1799?).

Thyatira derasa, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2) p. 165
(1825); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 47 (1829);
Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lecid. iv. pi. 54, figs, i-i b
(1891).

HABROSYNE. 5

Gonophora derasa, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 143
(1880); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 186, pi. 116,
figs, i-ib (1895).
Tlie Moth is of about the same size as the preceding, and
is common in most parts of Central and Eastern Europe, as
well as in Northern and Western Asia. The fore-wings are
yellowish-grey at the base, and are crossed by two oblique
white bands, one running from the costa to a little beyond the
middle of the inner margin, and the other from the apex to the
hinder angle. The triangular area bounded by these bands is
clouded with brown and white, and there is a transverse series
of parallel fine zig-zag brown lines, forming very acute angles
on a whitish ground. The hind margins are brown, with two
rows of small white arches, surmounted by an ill-defined white
line. The fringes are also whitish. The hind-wings are dusky,
slightly tinged with ochreous, and have whitish fringes.

The larva feeds on bramble, and may be found till the end
of September. It is smooth, but has a few fine scattered hairs.
The head is large, and deep brownish-yellow like the body.
On the back of each segment is a coffee-brown hexagonal spot,
with a black line running longitudinally through it. Beneath
these is a line composed of blackish-brown dots, and the fifth,
sixth, and seventh segments have a pale yellowish spot on the
sides, bordered with black, and the third and twelfth segments
have an elevation on the back. The body is brownish-grey
beneath.

The day before their metamorphosis, the lar\se become
dingy brown. When at rest they often assume a curved
position.

The pupa is greyish-black, thickened in front, with very deep
incisions. The terminal spine is simple. The moth appears
at the same time as Thyatira batis, and, like it, is fairly
common, without being actually abundant.

Lloyd's natural history.

GENUS BOMBYCIA.

Beinbycia, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1810?).
Tethea, pt. Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 64 (18 16).
Falimpsestis, pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 273 (1822?).
Cymatophora^ pt. Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 77 (1825);

Guenee, Spec. Gen. L(^pid. Noct. i. p. 16 (1852), nojn

praocc.
Cer<p^acha, pt. Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 51

(1829).

The remaining European species of the Thyatiridce. differ
considerably from each other, but some authors include
them in one genus, and others separate them into several.
The names quoted above are only a few of those which have
been applied to them. The Moths are green, brown, and grey,
with transverse lighter or darker, and sometimes slightly zig-zag,
lines \ and they differ essentially from the foregoing genera in
the abdomen not being crested. The larvae mostly live
between leaves, and often rest with their bodies more or less
curved. The section to which Bombycia or belongs may be
distinguished by the naked eyes, moderately stout body,
which is slightly longer than the hind-wings (though more
slender than in the hairy-eyed species of the group), by the
hairy legs and palpi, and comparatively narrow wings.

THE POPLAR LUTE-STRING. BOMBYCIA OR.

Noctua or, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 165, no. 202 (1787);

Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 210 (1799?).
Nodua odogena^ Esper, Schmett. iv. {2), i. p. 388, Taf. 128,

fig- 5 (1790?); iv. (2) 2, p. 6, Taf. 180, fig. 5 (1794).
Cymatophora or, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 98 (1825) ;

Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 144, p). 32, figs.

BOMBYCIA.

2-2 b (i8So) ; Buckler, Larvpe of Brit. Lepid. iv. pi. 54,
figs. 6, 6 a (1891) ; Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. p. 198,
pi. 117, figs, 2-2 c (1896).
Ceropacha or, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 53 (1829).

This species expands about an inch and a half. It is
common in most parts of Central and Northern Europe, and
in Northern Asia.

The fore-wings are ashy-grey, sometimes slightly shot with a
peach-blossom tint. The base is very light-coloured, and is
bounded by a dark double stripe, beyond which is another
double dark zig-zag stripe. Beyond these stripes are two light
green spots on a pale ground, the inner of which is sometimes
entirely wanting. The outer is elongated, notched above and
with a small brown streak beneath. Beyond the central area is
another dark double zig-zag line, and then a pinkish gloss,
containing a whitish line, which commences at the apex in a
curved blackish streak, and is crossed by five blackish nervures.
The fringes are brown, streaked with black. The hind-wings
are yellowish-grey in both sexes, with darker hind margins,
and occasionally a lighter band in the middle. The fringes
are greyish-white.

The larva feeds on various species of poplar. It is pale
green, or yellowish green, with a rusty-brown head, a dark dorsal
line, and a yellowish spiracular line, in which the spiracles stand
out white.

8 Lloyd's natural history.

The pupa is found in late autumn and early spring at the
foot of the tree on which the larva has fed, between fallen
leaves which it has spun together.

FAMILY XLI. AGROTID.'E.

This and the following families of Noduce. differ from the
ThyatiridcR essentially by the discoidal nervule rising near
to or (rarely in the earlier families) from the same point
as the upper median nervule, in which latter case it resembles
a fourth median nervule, and the median nervure is then said
to be four-branched. Sometimes, however, this nervule rises
from the middle of the cell in the hind-wings.

There is a peculiar arrangement of markings found in the
fore-wings of a great number of Moths, but most often in the
NoctucB, which is so well marked that it is called the " Noctua
pattern."

The fore-wing is crossed by four transverse lines. One,
towards the base, is generally incomplete below, and is called
the half-line ; the next is the first transverse line, and is
situated before the middle. There is rather a wide space
between this and the second transverse line, or elbowed line,
and towards the hind margin is the sub-terminal line, which
not infrequently forms a W. These lines may be present or
absent, or straight or zig-zag, but some of them are nearly
always visible. Between the first and second transverse lines
are two markings, one usually placed in the cell and rounded ;
the other covering the end of the cell and somewhat kidney-
shaped. These are called the "orbicular stigma" and the
" reniform stigma " respectively ; and towards the inner margin,
below the orbicular stigma, we often find a third mark, forming
a long triangle or streak, and called the " claviform stigma."
Between the orbicular and reniform stigma, we often find

BRYOPHILA. 9

a more or less suffused transverse stripe, called the central
shade.

The AgrottdcB, as the name is here employed, correspond in
the main with the TrifidcB ; Bryophilidce, Bombycoidce and
Gefiuince of Guenee. In these the median nervure is usually
only three-branched, whence the name, TrtfidcB.

Larva. — Generally naked or downy, feeding on low plants,
and sometimes beneath the surface of the ground.

Fupa. — Usually subterranean.

Imago. — Usually rather stout; antennae rarely pectinated; size
moderate, or rather small ; colours generally subdued ; hind-
wings generally broader than the fore-wings, and of much
weaker structure ; the discoidal nervure usually separated
at its origin from the upper median nervule, and often more or
less rudimentary.

This is a very extensive family, including a great number of
sections, and to it belong by far the larger number of Noctiim
which inhabit temperate climes.

SUB -FAMILY I. BRYOPHILIN^.

The types of this sub-family are rather small and slender
Moths, and their wings are marbled with green, grey, brown,
and whitish. Their larvse feed on lichens.

GENUS BRYOPHILA.

Fcectlia, Schrank, Fauna Boica (2) ii. p. 157 (1802), nom.

prceocc.
Bryophila, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 47 (1825);
Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 22 (1852).
This is the typical genus of the sub-family. There are
several European species, some of which are British ; and
the genus is also fairly well represented in North America.

lO LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

THE MARBLED GREEN. BRYOPHILA MURALIS.

Nodiia nmralis, Forster, Nov. Spec. Ins. p. 74 (1771).
Nodua lichenis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 614, no. 102 (1775);

Esper, Schmett, iv. (i), p. 287, Taf. 118, fig. 8 (1789 ?).
Noctua glandifera, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien, p. 70, no. 2 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv.

fig. 24 (1799?).
Bryophila glandifera, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 58

(1825) ; Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 44 (1829);

Buckler, Larvae Brit. Lepid. iv. pi. 55, figs. 4-4 c

(1891).
Bryophila nmralis, Kirby, Tur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 152

(1880).

The Marbled Green.

This Moth expands from an inch to an inch and a quarter.
It is found in most parts of Europe and temperate Asia.
The fore-wings are pale green, with a transverse row of black
streaks, edged on the outer side with white. In the middle
of the wing is a second double dark line, filled in with dark
brown, and bordered likewise with white. This is connected
near the inner margin with the basal row of spots by a sinuated
black streak. The stigmata are bordered with black, as is
also the third transverse line. The sub-marginal line rises
from a black spot on the costa, and has two excavations filled
in with black. The fringes are marked triangularly with
black and white. The hind-wings are lighter in the male than

ACRONYCTA. II

in the female. They are speckled with white and ashy, and
are generally marked with a central lunule. Towards the
margins the ashy-grey colour becomes darker, and almost
constitutes a band between a sharply defined brown line and
the uniform white fringes.

The larva is found in spring on Jungermannia, especially
when growing on oak-trees ; and on lichens growing on walls.
It has a brown head, and a pale blue or grey dorsal line,
bordered with black. The body is dark yellow, barred with
black. It is full grown in July, and assumes the pupa state
in a firm cocoon under moss. The Moth appears about a
month later.

SUB-FAMILY II. ACRONYCTIN^.

These are stout-bodied Moths ot moderate size, with the
fore-wings varied with grey, black, brown, and sometimes
green. The hind-wings are grey, brown, or whitish. The
larvae differ much in structure and appearance, but are more or
less hairy, or tufted, and feed on trees. Several species are
remarkable for having a black dagger-shaped mark towards the
hinder angle of the fore-wings.

GENUS ACRONYCTA.

Acronicia, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 62 (18 16).
Acronyda, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 3 (1825);
Guende, Spec; Gen. L^pid. Noct. i. p. 41 (1852).

There are about a dozen British species usually included in
this genus. They differ much in the structure of their larvse,
so much so that some authors have referred them to different
families of Bombyces and Nodua. We figure one of the com-
monest species, A, psi (Linn.), but there are two other Euro-
pean species, A. tridens (Den. & Schiff.) and A. cuspis

12

|:.loyd's natural history.

(Hiibner), which resemble it so closely as to be hardly distin-
guishable in the imago state, though the larvae differ consider-
ably. A. tridens (the Dark Dagger) is common in England,
though less so than A. psi. A. cuspis is not British, though it
is not rare in many parts of the Continent.

THE COMMON DAGGER. ACRONYCTA PSI.

Nodua psi, Linnseus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 544, no. 96
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 314, no. 1181 (1761);
Esper, Schmett. iv. (i), p. 242, Taf. 115, figs, i, 2
{1789?).

Nodua tridens, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 4 (1799?).

Acronyda psi, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 30 (1825);
Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 39 (1829) ; Kirby,
Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 149, pi. 32, figs. 7-7 a
(1880); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. pi. 56, figs.
2-2 b (1891); Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 250, pi.
122, figs. 2-2 d (1896).

The Common Dagger.

The Common Dagger Moth expands about an inch and a
half. It is found in most parts of Europe, Northern Africa,
and Siberia. The head, and body are ashy-grey, with a broad
black line on the sides of the head and thorax. The fore-

LEUCANIIN^.

13

wings vary from whitish grey to brown, without any reddish or
yellowish tinge. At the base is a conspicuous black line, and
towards the hinder angle a mark shaped like a \p. On the
costa are several rather indistinct black streaks, and between
the stigmata is an ;v-shaped black mark. The orbicular stigma
is round, with a black edge, but the reniform stigma is very
faint. The fringes are greyish brown at the base, and white at
the tips. The hind-wings are more or less brownish, with the
ners'ures at the tip and the hind margin darker. The larva
feeds on beech, lime, poplar, alder, &c. It has a black head
with two yellow stripes, and the neck is thickly covered with
reddish-browTi and dark grey hairs. On the fifth segment is a
very long, black, erect, conical, fleshy, tubercle. The dorsal line
is broadly sulphur-yellow and terminates in a tapering eleva-
tion, which points backwards, on the twelfth segment. The
sides are black, with deep red, slightly curved, vertical streaks,
generally two on each segment, approximating above, and
there is a small white spot between them on four of the seg-
ments. The legs are yellowish-brown and above them runs a
whitish longitudinal stripe. The pupa is deep reddish-brown,
elongated, and obtuse at the extremity. It is enclosed in a
firm silky cocoon, in a cavity in rotten wood.

SUB-FAMILY III. LEUCANIIN^.

This is a well-marked group of moths called " Wains-
cots " by collectors. The body is generally stout, and the
fore-wings rather narrow, of an ochreous or reddish colour,
longitudinally but rather indistinctly striated, and often with-
out any markings but a few dots. The hind-wings are white
or grey. Most of the species are marsh-frequenting insects,
and the larvae feed on grass and reeds, sometimes in the
stems.

14 Lloyd's natural history.

GENUS LEUCANIA.

Heliophila^ Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1810?), nom. praocc.
Leucania, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 81 (1816);

Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 289 (1825); Guenee,

Spec. G^n. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 69 (1852).

This genus includes some of the commonest and best-known
species of the group.

The fore-wings are pale, oblong, and almost without mark-
ings. The species figured is distinguished from its allies by
its darker hind-wings.

THE SMOKY WAINSCOT. LEUCANIA IMPURA.

Nodua tmpura, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 396 (1804?).
Leucania impura, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 294

(1825), X. (2), p. 89 (1835); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent.

Haust. iii. p. 75 (1825); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and

Moths, p. 160 (1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv.

pl- 59, figs. 5-5 d (1891).
Leucania punctina, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 75

(1829).

The Smoky Wainscot.

The Smoky Wainscot has an expanse of from a little over an
inch and a quarter to an inch and a half. It is common in
Central Europe and Northern Asia.

HYPHILARA. 15

The fore-wings are greyish ochreous or reddish ochreous,
with whitish nervures, and three conspicuous black dots, the
first near the middle of the wing, and the others nearer the
hind margin. On the hind margin is a row of very minute and
indistinct black dots. The fringes are white. The hind-wings
are greyish-brown, paler towards the base, with a dark central
lunule, and white fringes.

The larva feeds on the leaves of various species of Carex.
It has a light brown head streaked with darker brown, and a
brown collar, bordered with white above, and with dusky beneath.
From this collar spring several longitudinal lines; a white
dorsal one, then a dull yellow band, and below this a broad
pale band, edged with dark brown, and containing two white
lines. The spiracles, which are blackish, stand on the lower
edge of this band. The ventral surface and the legs are
yellowish. It is rather a stout larva, and tapers at the ex-
tremity. It is still quite small in the autumn, and is full-grown
by the middle of May. The pupa is rather elongated, and of
a reddish-brown colour. The Moth generally appears about
July.

GENUS HYPHILARA.

Mythtmna, pt. Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 78 (1816) ;
Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2) p. 177 (1825); Guende,
Spec. G^n. L^pid. Noct. i. p. 68 (1852); Walker, List
Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ix. p. 72 (1856); nee Hiibner
{restr.),

Hyphilare^ Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 239 (1822 ?).

The species of this genus are of a deeper colour than those
of Leucania, and the fore-wings are broader ; and marked with
a white dot in the centre, and with more or less distinct traces
of transverse line§.

1 6 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

THE WHITE DOT. HYPHILARA ALBTPUNCTA.

Noctita alMpuncta, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz.
Schmett. Wien. p. 84 (1776) ; Hiibner, Eur, Schmett. iv

fig- 233 (1799?)-
Mythinuia albiptinda, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2) p. 187

(1825).
Leucania alhipimda, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 163

(1880); Buckler, Larvse of Brit. Lepid. iv. p. 24 (1891),

The White Dot.

This species measures about an inch and a quarter across
the wings. It is a local insect, occurring in many parts of
Central and Southern Europe, as well as in Western Asia. In
Britain it has only been taken at Folkestone.

The fore-wings are brick-red, with two distinct light transverse
lines, edged with dusky. The first of these is nearly straight,
and indicates the position of the claviform stigma by a small
angle. The orbicular and reniform stigmata are also scarcely
visible, but the outline of the latter can sometimes be traced
in fresh specimens, and at its extremity is a round white dot.
The nervures of the narrow, light, shining central area, are very
finely dotted with black and white. Beyond this the ground-
colour is darker, and then follows a yellowish line before the
uniform brown fringes. The hind-wings are dusted with
yellowish-grey or ashy-grey, with whitish fringes bounded by
a yellow line.

NONAGRiA. I^

The larva is fusiform, dull grey, sometimes tinged with
reddish, with a white dorsal line, edged with blackish, which
fades away behind. There is a sub-dorsal blackish stripe,
which is interrupted at the incisions, and generally commences
on the fifth segment, and below it is a white line. The
spiracles are bounded above by a longitudinal stripe, darker
than the ground-colour, and beneath by another stripe which
is lighter. The cervical plate is light brown, with the three
white longitudinal lines distinctly marked upon it. The head
is light brown, and marked with two converging brown longi-
tudinal lines. The body is set with scattered hairs.

The larvae hybernate while still small, and may be found
under stones in spring. They feed upon grass and low plants.
They enter the ground when about an inch and a quarter long,
generally at the beginning of May.

The pupa is yellowish-brown, and is enclosed in a slight
cocoon. The moth usually appears in July, but late speci-
mens may not appear till August.

GENUS NONAGRIA.

Nonagria, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 82 (1816);
Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 309 (1825) ; Guene'e,
Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 99 (1852).

The type of this genus is a brown and very hairy Moth, with
a long abdomen, extending considerably beyond the hind-
wings. The larva feeds in the stems of reeds.

THE REED MOTH. NONAGRIA ARUNDINIS.

Nodua arundinis, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 141, no. 54
(1787).
16 c

i§ Lloyd's natural history

Nodua typhcE, Esper, Schmett. iv. (2), i. p. 442, Taf. 140, figs.

3-5 (1789); Hlibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 415

(1804?).
Nonagria typhce, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 327

(1825), X. (2), p. 99 (1835) ; Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent.

Haust. iii. p. 71 (1829); Buckler, Larva; of Brit. Lepid.

iv. p. 47> Pl- 61, figs. 4-4 b (1891).
Nonagria artrndiiiis, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 155,

pi. 34, fig. I (1880).

The Keed Moth.

The Reed Moth is rather a large species, expanding from
an inch and a half to two inches. It is common throughout
Central Europe. The anennae are yellowish or brownish,

NONAGRIA. 19

finely ciliated in the males. The thorax and fore-wings vary
from yellowish -brown to greyish-yellow or reddish-brown,
with the markings sometimes clearly defined, but not unfre-
quently entirely obliterated. The nervures of the fore-wings form
white lines, but are dusted with darker in dark reddish-brown
specimens. At the point where the median nervure divides
is a kind of knot, generally with dark spaces behind it, then
a row of small dots, and beyond this a pale band and a row
of larger dots or streaks. The situation of the orbicular
stigma is marked by a pair of dots, and on the third nervure
are two larger dots, in addition to several fine points. The
fringes are usually darker, and are bounded by a row of small
lunules. The hind-wings are more or less yellowish, with
lighter nervures, with a grey or blackish shade between them
on the hind margin. The fringes are yellowish, and somewhat
dentated.

The larva is dull flesh-colour, and elongated, and attains
a length of from two to two and a half inches. It has
a pale median and two lateral dorsal lines. The head is
yellowish-brown, the neck brownish, and the anal plate dark
brown. It is shining, and devoid of hairs, and has blackish
spiracles. It • lives in June on the pith of the reed-mace
{Typha latifolia). When nearly full-grown it excavates a
chamber in the stem, in which to pass its metamorphosis,
and eats away the centre until only a thin layer of vegetable
tissue, no thicker than thin paper, separates it from the
exterior. When this is done, it returns along the gallery
which it has previously made, until it is ready to change into
the cylindrical, elongated, yellowish-brown pupa. This is
attached by the anal extremity to the wall of the gallery, and
hangs with its head downwards a short distance from the
opening.

The moth breaks throusih the membrane about the middle

20 Lloyd's natural history

of August, and leaves the empty pupa-case suspended in the
gallery in the reed-mace.

SUB-FAMILY IV. GLOTTULIN^.

This is an exotic group of moderate-sized moths, with the
antennae, palpi, proboscis, and legs all rather short, the thorax
pubescent, and the abdomen smooth and silky. The fore-
wings are blackish, or varied with bright spots and lines, and
the hind-wings are white or brown. One species, Brithys
pancratii, (Cyrilli), which inhabits South Europe, has dark
smoky brown fore-wings and white hind-wings. The larva
feeds on the leaves, stalks, and bulbs of Pancratium marithnum.
I have figured two handsome Indian species.

GENUS POLYTELA.

Polytela, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 113 (1852).

This genus contains some pretty East Indian moths, with
short, pilose palpi, setose antennae, and a moderately stout
abdomen, obtuse at the extremity, and extending a little
beyond the hind-wings.

POLVTELA GLORIOSiE.

{Plate CXXVIL, Fig. 3.)

Bonibyx gloriosce, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 587, no. 107 (1775).
Polytela gloriosce, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 113,

pi. 4, fig. 2 (1852) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.

ix. p. 138, no. I (1856); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 13,

pi. 145, figs. I, la (1884); Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind.

Moths, ii. p. 168, fig. 108 (1894).

RAMADASA. 21

This conspicuously-coloured Moth is common in many parts
of India and Ceylon, and measures about an inch and a
quarter across the wings.

The fore-wings are blue-black, with a large yellow spot
towards the tip, and another towards the hinder angle ; there
are several waved yellow transverse lines, bordered with black ;
the orbicular stigma is black in the centre, and ringed with
yellow, and the reniform stigma is marked with red, and
bordered with yellow, except below ; there are some large red
spots towards the base, and an irregular row of red spots
towards the extremity of the wing, but within the level of the
large spots at the tip and hinder angle ; the fringes are spotted
with yellow. The hind-wings are blackish, with yellow fringes,
and the body is black, with some slight yellow markings.

The larva is smooth, and cylindrical, and feeds on the bulbs of
Gloriosa and Amaryllis. It is purplish-black, with several
longitudinal rows of white spots on the back and sides. The
head and legs are red, and there is a red spot on the back of
the second segment. There are also purplish blotches on the
sides of the three thoracic and the two terminal segments.
The pupa is red.

GENUS RAMADASA.
Ramadasa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, P- <'>o3-

The type of this genus is a considerably larger Moth than
the last, with ascending palpi, and long fore-wings, with the
hind margin suddenly oblique below the tip ; the hind-wings
are longer than broad, and are slightly irregular in outline.
The moth was described by Walker as belonging to the
GloitulidcB, where we leave it ; but the genus has been since
referred by Mr. Moore to the AcotitiidcB, and by Sir George
Hampson (more appropriately) to the Palindiidce.,

22 LLOYDS NATUI^AL THSTORY.

RAMADASA PAVO.
{Plate CXXVIL, Fig. 4.)

Chasmina pavo, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ix. p. 147,
no. 2 (1856).

Ra7nadasa pavo, Moore, Proc. Zool Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 603,
pi. 59, fig. 8 ; id. Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 44 (1884) ; Hamp-
son, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 357, fig. 191 (1894).

This Moth is a native of Ceylon, and is also found in the
Andaman Islands and Northern India.

"Glaucous, very minutely speckled with brown, luteous
beneath. Head black above, with a luteous band. Palpi
testaceous, striped above with black. Proboscis tawny.
Antennae dull tawny. Thorax with a slight testaceous band in
front. Abdomen and hind-wings luteous, the former with
black spots along each side beneath. Tibiae and tarsi with
black spots and bands. Fore-wings luteous and dotted with
black along the basal part of the costa ; apical half of the
wings pale flesh-colour, divided from the glaucous part by a
ferruginous band, which is bordered with black on its inner
side ; the apical half contains some black streaks and dots,
which are spangled with emerald green or blue and purple.
Length of the body eight lines ; of the wings twenty lines."
( Walker)

SUB-FAMILY V. APAMEIN^.

The ApauieiniE are small or moderate-sized moths, generally
of dull colours, with somewhat short, ascending^ pilose palpi,
and rather distinctly marked fore-wings, the sub-terminal line
often forming a distinct W. The body is stout and pilose, and
the thorax is often crested, and the abdomen very long. The
larvae are stout, smooth, and cylindrical, hiding themselves at

GORTYNA. 23

the roots or in the stalks of plants, or under leaves. The pupce
are generally subterranean, and enclosed in a casing of
agglutinated earth.

The ApameincB are well represented in temperate climates,
and several of our British species are abundant, and some-
times very destructive.

GENUS GORTYNA.

Gortyna, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 82 (1816) ;
Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2) p. 330 (1825); Guenee,
Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 120 (1852).

These are stout-bodied moths, with the antennae crenulated
in the males, and with short ascending palpi. The thorax is
slightly crested, and the abdomen long and broad. The fore-
wings are varied with yellow or reddish, and the markings are
very distinct. The larvae feed, like those of Nonagria, inside the
stems of thistles, burdock, and similar plants ; and the pupse
are found in the same situation. The moths, of which only one
species (common in England) is generally distributed in Europe,
may be found in meadows in the daytime.

THE FROSTED ORANGE. GORTYNA FLAVAGO.
'.Plate C XX VI I., Fig. 5.)

Noctiia flavagOy Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.
Wien. p. 86, no. 5 (1776); Esper, Schmett. iv. (i), p. 213,
Taf. 112, figs. 2-4 (1788?), iv. (2) i. p. 671, Taf. 176,
fig. I (1795?); Hlibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. figs. 186, 187
(1799?)

Noctua ochracea, Hiibner, Beitr. Gesch. Schmett. i. (i), p. 19,
pi. 2, fig. M (1786).

24 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Gortyna flavago, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 335
(1825); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 70 (1829) ;
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 181, pi. 34, figs. 5,
5 a (1880) ; Buckler, Larvse of Brit. Lepid. iv. pi. 62,
figs, i-i c (1891).
The Frosted Orange Moth expands from an inch and a
quarter to nearly an inch and a half. The fore-wings are rich
yellow as far as the half-line, beyond which is a yellow dot, and
the remainder of the ground-colour up to the first transverse
line is reddish-brown. The central portion of the wings is
more or less yellow, marbled with reddish-brown, and the
upper stigmata are distinct and surrounded with brown, and
sometimes united on the median nervure ; there is also a
claviform stigma. There is a brown band near the hind
margin, from which it is separated by a more or less yellow
band, undulated on the inner side. The fringes are long, and
greyish-brown. The hind-wings are glossy whitish, with
a dusky crescent-shaped mark on the disc, and an indis-
tinct band posteriorly. The fringes are ashy-brown. The
thorax is reddish-brown, tinged here and there with deep
ochre-yellow, and with a raised crest. The abdomen is more
greyish-yellow, with darker incisions. The larva feeds in the
stems of Burdock {Arctiu?n lappa) and other thick-stemmed
plants, such as Verbascum thapsus, Scrophularia aqiiatica.
Spear Thistle, &c. It feeds on the pith, and there is a
hole in the side of the stem through which its excrement is
passed, and out of which the moth eventually emerges. It is
smooth, dull white, tinged with dark reddish on the back,
especially on the fifth, sixth, and seventh segments. The
head is yellowish-brown, and there is a dark brown collar and
a yellow median line. On the third segment are two large
black tubercles, with four smaller ones behind them, and on
the fourth segment four black tubercles arranged transversely.

XYLENA. 25

but from the fifth to the eleventh segments they are arranged
in a trapeziform manner, the two anterior ones being always
the largest ; and on the twelfth segment are four larger tubercles
arranged in a square. There is a black spot on the last
segment, which is lost in the anal fold. The sides are also
set with a number of tubercles. The legs are ringed with
black, and each of the pro-legs bears a black spot. The trans-
formations take place in the interior of the stem. The pupa
is elongated, and reddish-brown in colour. The moth appears
after three or four weeks, in August or September.

GENUS XYLENA.

Xykna, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (18 10?); Ochsenheimer,

Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 85 (18 16).
Xylina, pt. Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 3 (1826);

but not of later authors.
Xylophasia, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 174 (1829);

Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 135 (1852).

This genus includes comparatively large species, with long
and rather broad sub-triangular wings, with the hind margins
slightly denticulated ; the antennae long, slightly pubescent or
ciliated in the male ; the thorax slightly crested in front, and
the abdomen long, rather stout, and crested. There is an
apical tuft in both sexes, and large lateral tufts before the tip
in the male. The light W formed by the sub-terminal line on
the fore-wings is well marked in many of the species.

The larvee are stout, shining, cylindrical, with small warty
elevations ; they are generally found at the roots of plants, or
under stones. The pupa is enclosed in a brittle earthy
cocoon.

I have figured the type of this genus. One of the commonest
British and European Nodufz is the Dark Arches {X. polyodon,

26 Lloyd's natural history

Linn.), a species ver/ like the Light Arches in size and
appearance, but with much darker and more sharply defined
markings. The moths fly at dusk.

THE LIGHT ARCHES. XYLENA LITHOXYLEA.

Nodua lithoxyka, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 182, no. 299

(1787).
Nodua sublustris, pt. Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i. p. 408, Taf. 133,

fig. I (nee fig. 2) (1790?).
Xylina lithoxyka^ Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 47 (1825),

vi. (i), p. 412 (1827).
Xylophasia lithoxylea, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 175

(1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 232 (1881);

Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. p. 52, pi. d^^, fig. i

(1891).

The Light Arches.

This species measures fi.-om one inch and three-quarters to
two inches across the wings. It is common in Central Europe
and Western Asia.

The head and neck are yellowish ashy-grey, the former with
two grey streaks. The thorax is grey with a slight crest, and
a dark longitudinal stripe. The abdomen is yellowish-grey,
whitish above, with dark dorsal tufts. There are also reddish-
grey lateral and anal tufts. The antennae are long, brown and

NEURIA. 27

serrated, and the legs are brown, blackish beneath. The
ground-colour of the fore-wings is light grey or yellowish-grey.
The costa is streaked with dark brown in several places. All
the nervures are dotted or streaked with brown. There is
scarcely a trace of transverse striation, and the stigmata are
also only slightly indicated, but the central area of the wings
shows a dark irregularly-shaped blotch, which terminates in a
white spot on the inner side. Next comes a paler space,
containing a double row of brown dots. The sub-marginal
line forms a distinct W, and beyond it the wings are darkest,
being sometimes of a deep rusty brown tint. An indistinct
double streak connects the inner margin with the white spot
mentioned above. The fringes are dentated, and enclose
lighter lines. The hind-wings are yellowish, with brown
nervures and a central lunule, and a broad border of the same
colour. The fringes are whitish or brownish.

The first reliable account of the larva was published by
J. E. Robson in the Entomologisf s Weekly Intelligencer for
i860. He says: — "The larva of X. lithoxylea being marked
' unknown,! I beg to say I have bred the insect this summer
from a larva found at the roots of grass ; it was of large size ;
colour dirty white, with a bluish tinge below ; head and tail
black, with two rows of black shining spots on each segment,
one hair in each spot. I found it on the 8th of May ; it
seemed then nearly full fed; the perfect insect appeared on
the 8th of July."

GENUS NEURIA.

Neurta, Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, x. p. 241 (1841) ;
id. Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 166 (1852).

In this genus the antennae are short, and slightly ciliated,
especially in the male ; the palpi are short, slightly longer than
the head, and ascending; the last joint is conical. The body

28 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY

is Stout, and the abdomen extends beyond the hind-wings ; the
thorax has a bifid crest on each side in front. The wings are
rather long and broad, with the hind margins rounded ; but the
moths may be most easily recognised by the conspicuously
white nervures of the fore-wings. We have one species in
England.

THE BORDERED GOTHIC. NEURIA RETICULATA.

Noctua reticulata, De Villers, Ent. ii. p. 254 (1789).

Noctua calcatrippcB, Vieweg, Tab. Verz. Churmark Branden-
burg Schmett. ii. p. 71 (1790).

Noctua saponarice, Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. iv. p. 370
(1792); Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) 2, p. 76, Taf. 198, figs.

3, 4 (1799)-
Noctua typica, Hiibner, Eur, Schmett. iv. fig. 58 (1799?).
Hadena saponarice, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 303

(1825); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 188

(1829).
Mamestra saponarice, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 223

(1881).
Neuria saponarice, Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. p. 66,

pi. 66, figs. e;. q a (1891).

The Bordered Gothic.

This Moth is found in most parts of Central and Eastern

NEURIA. 29

Europe and in Siberia. It expands from an inch and a half to
an inch and three-quarters.

The head is brown, with brown antennse suffused with
white. The neck is yellowish, streaked with brown ; the thorax
is brown, and the tegulge are varied with ochreous. The
thorax is crested. The abdomen is pale grey, darker pos-
teriorly, and terminated by a brown anal tuft in the male.

The fore-wings are violet-brown, with conspicuous white
nervures. The nervures and transverse lines are white and
give a reticulated appearance to the wings. There is a hall
line and two transverse lines, bordered on both sides with
darker. The orbicular and reniform stigmata have white out-
lines, and the latter has a white central line. The claviform
stigma is large and blackish. The sub-marginal line is yellowish-
white ; it rises from an indistinct dark spot near the apex. On
the hind margin is a row of seven black lunules, bordered
within with whitish. The fringes are light brown internally,
and dark brown externally. The hind-wings are whitish-
brown, darker towards the hind margins, with yellowish fringes.

The female is larger than the male, with a stouter body, and
darker colouring, especially on the hind-wings.

The larva, which attains its full growth in July and August,
feeds on various low plants, especially on the unripe seeds ol
the catch-fly {Silene), and its presence may be detected by the
ear-shaped holes which it makes in the pods.

The larva is greyish- yellow or reddish, and only green when
young. It is conspicuously striped with brown, but the dorsal
line is only slightly paler. The spiracular line is light grey,
without markings, and so is the belly. The head is rather
large, spherical, and of a dull brown, and there is a brown
horny plate on the second, and another on the twelfth segment.

The pupa, which is shining reddish- brown, is formed in a
cocoon in the ground.

3o Lloyd's natural history.

GENUS MAMKSTRA.

Mamestra, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 76 (1816) ;
Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ii. (2), p. 127 (1825); Guenee,
Spec. G€n. Lepid. Noct, i. p. 188 (1852).

These are comparatively large, dark-coloured Moths, with
simple antennae. The fore- wings have the hind margin
rounded, hardly oblique, and entire, or slightly dentated ;
the abdomen is stout, longer than the hind-wings,
crested at least on the first segment, and tufted at the
extremity. The larvae feed on low plants, and conceal them-
selves during the day. The pupa is subterranean, and
enclosed in an earthen cocoon, as usual in the Family.

The most conspicuous species of the genus is here figured,
but the commonest and most destructive is the Cabbage
Moth, Mamestra brassicce (Linn.), Jwhich much resembles M.
persicaria;^ but is brown rather than black, and has the white
mark on the fore-wings much less distinctly defined.

THE DOT. MAMESTRA PERSICARI^.

Nodiia pcrsicaricn^ Linnseus, Faun. Suec. p. 319, no. 1208
(1761) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i. p. 390, Taf. 129, figs.
1-3 (1790?); Hubner, Eur. Schmett. iv. pi. 13, fig. 64
(1799?)

Mamestra persicaricE, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 156
(1825) ; Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 196
(1829); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 227, pi. 36,
figs. 8, a, b (1881) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv.
pi. 66, figs. 4-4 c (1S91).

The Dot is found throughout the greater part of Europe.
It expands from an inch and a half to nearly an inch and
three-quarters.

MAMESTRA. 3!

The head and thorax are deep black, with a few scattered
yellowish hairs. The abdomen is ashy-grey with a rust-
coloured crest on the first segment, and a blackish-brown one
on the following segments. The antennae are also blackish, and
finely serrated in the male. The legs are blackish-brown, ringed
with white, and tufted above, especially in the male.

The Dot.

The fore-wings are coloured like the thorax, and are some-
times deep black, and sometimes with a purplish gloss. The
transverse lines are usually distinct, yellowish, bordered with
black. There is a half-line near the base, and the first trans-
verse line forms three curves. This and the second transverse
line, which is composed of small lunules filled in with black
on the concave side, form the boundaries of the central area.
The orbicular stigma is edged with black, and has a black
nucleus. The claviform stigma is dark, short, and hollow.
The reniform stigma is conspicuously white, and contains a
brownish lunule. The sub-marginal line is yellow. The
fringes are black, with a border of yellow dots, and are them-
selves dotted with yellowish, and strongly dentated. The
hind-wings are yellowish grey on their basal half, with brown
nervures and a central spot. Externally they are dotted with
black. The fringes are yellowish white.

In some varieties the stigmata are more or less obsolete.

32 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY

The larva feeds on hop, and on various species of
Polygonum and Sambucus, but will also feed on various
other plants and trees. It attains its full growth in Sep-
tember or the beginning of October. In colour it may be
pale or dark green, brownish-green, or quite brown, with a
yellowish dorsal line. The head is green or brown, and there
is a brownish-green quadrangular spot immediately behind it,
edged with yellowish. On the fifth and sixth segments are
two dark green triangular spots, one immediately behind the
other, and on the twelfth segment is a similar oval spot, suc-
ceeded by an elevation. Below the dorsal line are two black
lines on each side, and on the belly are oblique whitish streaks,
shaded with dark green, which extend as far as the lower lateral
hne, and are directed forwards ; and there are similar oblique
lines directed backwards, above the second lateral line. The
belly is pale green.

The pupa hybernates in the ground. It is shining reddish-
brown. The moth appears in June or July of the next
year.

GENUS OLIGIA.

Oligia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 213 (1822?).
Miana, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 11 (1829);
Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 213 (1852).

This genus includes the smallest species of the Sub-family,
while Xylena includes the largest. The antennae are pubescent,
and more than half as long as the fore-wings, which are sub-
triangular, and rather broad ; the costa is nearly straight, and
the hind margin entire, gradually rounded and scarcely oblique ;
the hind-wings are rather broad, rounded, and entire; the
abdomen is rather slender, crested, and longer than the hind

OLIGIA. 33

The larvce are short and vermiform, taperhig at both ends,
and feed in the stalks or among tufts of grass near the roots.

The moths of this genus are very variable, and many of them
are common ; they fly at dusk.

THE CLOAKED MINOR. OLTGIA FURUNCULA.

Nodita fu7-uncula, Denis & Schififermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien. p. 89, no. 3 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv.

fig. S45(i8i8?).
Noctiia bicoloria, De Villers, Linn. Ent. ii. p. 28S (1789).
Nodiia victuncula, Hiibner, op. cit. fig. 96 (1799?).
Nodua humeralis, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 215, no. 149 (1S09)
Nodiia terminaits, Haworth, oJ>. at. no. 150 (1809).
Nodua mfuncula, Haworth, op. cit. p. 216, no. 152 (1809).
Apamea furuncula, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v, (2}, p. 92

(1825).
Miana humeralis, M. te7-ininalis et M. rufunctda, Stephens, 111.

Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 14 (1829).
Hadena fuj-uncula, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 236

(1881).
Mia?ia furiaiada, Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. p. 102,

pi. 68, figs. 4, 4 a (1891).

The Cloaked Minor is common in Europe and Northern
and Western Asia. It expands from about three-quarters of
an inch to a little over an inch.

It is very variable in colouring. The head and thorax are
whitish-grey, with a crest, and a brown-edged collar. The
antennae are dark brown and slender, slightly stouter in the
male than in the female. The abdomen is ashy-grey, with
small blackish tufts of hair on the middle of the back, and a
black anal tuft in the male. The legs are reddish or brownish,
ringed with white.

16 D

34 Lloyd's natural history.

The fore-wings are divided into two areas across the centre
of the wings by a straight white line passing between the
orbicular and the reniform stigmata. The inner area is some-
times brownish and sometimes reddish, but is always darker

The Cloaked, Flounced, and Pale Red Minors.

than the outer area. In this area are the first transverse line
and the orbicular stigma, both of which are, however, obscured
by the ground-colour. The reniform stigma is placed in the
paler area, which extends as far as the yellowish sub-marginal
line, near the fringes. It is reddish or brownish-white and
suffused, and the reniform stigma appears more or less white.
Beyond the sub-marginal line the ground-colour is blackish-
brown. The fringes are streaked alternately with darker and
lighter. The hind-wings are ashy-grey, darker towards the
hind margins, and sometimes reddish-grey, with rather paler
fringes.

We have figured the type and the two varieties, O. fert/iifialis
(the Flounced Minor) and O. rufuncula (the Plain Red Minor)
of Haworth and Stephens, both of which are found in Britain.

CARADRINA 35

The variety O. lerminaUs has a duller colour, and wants the
white line on the fore-wings, which are only slightly clouded,
and of a uniform ferruginous brown, with the hind margins
slightly clouded with rufous, and marked with a pale waved
striga. The hind-wings are deep brown with ashy cilia.

The variety O. rufuncula has two straight paler lines in the
middle of the ferruginous fore-wings, and another rather
obscure waved one near the hind margin. On the hind
margin itself is a row of very small triangular black spots.
The hind-wings are reddish-brown with rufous cilia.

SUB-FAMILY VI. CARADRININ/E.

These are small dull-coloured Moths, with a small head,
short antennae, palpi, and proboscis, and a smooth abdomen.
The fore-wings are oblong and entire, the hind-wings are
broad, rounded, and folded, varying from brown to whitish,
and without markings above. The larv^ are short and thick,
with a small bristly head. They feed on low plants, and the
moths are easily to be found among herbage in the day-
time. The pupse are subterranean, and construct earthen
cocoons.

GENUS CARADRINA.

Caradriiia, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 80 (1816);
Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 230 (1822 ?) ; Treitschke,
Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 246 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen.
L^pid. Noct. i. p. 241 (1852).

This genus may be distinguished from the others of the
Family by the rather short and broad wings, with the lines and
stigmata fairly well marked. There are s .veral closely allied
species in Europe.

36 Lloyd's natural history

THE MOTTLED RUSTIC. CARADRINA MORPHEUS.

Nodua morpheas, Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. iii. p. 302, no. 52
(1767).

Nodua sepit\ Hiibner, Eur. Schmet. iv. fig. 161 (1799?)

Caradrina morpheus, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 249
(1825); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 157
(1829) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 165
(1880) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. iv. p. iii. pi. 69,
figs. 2-2 b (1891).

Caradriiia sepii, Stephens, op. at. p. 158 (1829).

The Mottled Rustic.

The Mottled Rustic is common in Northern and Central
Europe. It expands about an inch and a quarter.

The head and thorax are dull yellowish-brown, the
abdomen being slightly paler, and the antennae are ash-
coloured. The legs are pale grey.

The fore-wings are yellowish brown with a confused pattern,
sometimes arranged in dark shades or stripes. Near the base
is a pale half-line, or a few dots. A dark shade represents
the first transverse line. The stigmata are edged with
yellowish, and are dark within, the orbicular stigma being
elongated, and the reniform stigma more or less obscured.
The second transverse line and the sub-marginal line are

AGROTIN.E. 37

faintly yellowish, and the marginal area is usually dark.
The fringes are ferruginous. The hind-wings are yellowish-
white in the male, with a brownish line in front of the
fringes. In the female they are completely covered with
grey dusting.

The larva feeds of Convolvulus, lettuce, dock, and other
low plants. It is reddish-brown, with a whitish dorsal line.
There is a fine yellowish sub-dorsal line, bordered with dark
brown, and a sagittate spot pointing backwards on each side
of segments five to twelve. Over the legs is a dark brown
band, in which stand the blackish spiracles. The belly and
legs are pale red, and the head is shining brown.

The pupa is shining dark reddish-brown, somewhat stout,
with two minute bristles at the extremity of the abdomen.

The moth is found from June to August.

SUB-FAMILY VII. AGROTIN.^.

This Sub-family is one of the most characteristic of this
division of the Noctuiz. The species are of moderate size,
with the antennae sometimes pectinated in the males, but
more often simply ciliated, the palpi well developed, with the
last joint short but distinct, and short legs, with rather long
spurs, and the tibiee, especially the front tibiae, generally set
with small spines. The fore-wings are generally brown or
reddish, with the " Noctua "-pattern well marked. The hind-
wings are brown or grey, and sometimes yellow. The abdomen
is stout, and dues not usually extend much beyond the hind-
wings.

The larva; are maggot-like, and feed on low plants, hiding
themselves under leaves in the daytime, or else they live under
the surface of the ground, and eat through the roots and destroy
the plants. Hence they are called " Cut-worms " in America.

38 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

GENUS AGROTIS.

Agrolis, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1810?); Ochsenheimer,
Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 66(1816) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur.
V. (i), p. 125 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct.
i. p. 257 (1852).

This genus includes a great number of species, in which
the fore-wings are rather long, with the claviform stigma well
marked. The hind-wings are broad, of an iridescent grey or
whitish colour, and are folded beneath the fore-wings, which
slightly overlap above them. We will notice two species,
one of which is the commonest and most destructive species
in Europe ; while the other, which is very similar to some of the
larger European species, forms an important article of food
with some Australian tribes.

THE COMMON DART. AGROTIS SEGETUM.

Nodua segetum, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien. p. 81, no. 12, and p. 252, no. 3, Taf. la, fig. 3,

Taf. lb, fig. 3 (1776).
Noctiia fuscosa, Esper, Schmett. iii. (i), p. 324, Taf. 64, fig. 4

(1782.?)
Nodua segdis, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 146 (1799?)
Agrotis segetum, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 155 (1825) ;

Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 115 (1829); Kirby,

Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 204, pi. 36, fig. 7 (i88o) ;

Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. v. pi. 71, figs, i-i b (1S93);

Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iii. p. 228, pi. 125, figs, i-i g

(1896).

The Common Dart, or Turnip Moth, is common in Europe
and Northern Asia. It measures from an inch and a quarter
to an inch and three-quarters across the wings.

AGROtlS.

i<)

The fore-wings are very variable in colour and may be
greyish mouse-colour, yellowish-brown, or coloured like
bark. The surface is covered with black specks, and in well-
marked specimens the following zig-zag transverse lines may
be distinguished ; the half-line near the base, commencing on
the costa, and ending midway between the costa and the

The Common Dart.

inner margin ; an entire first transverse line, which the clavi-
form stigma touches ; and the second transverse line, composed
of lunules with the concavity on the outer side, and beyond
which commences a pale band. In front of the grey fringes
is a yellowish line, bounded on the inner side by a row of
small triangular black spots. The orbicular and reniform
stigmata have blackish centres, and are bordered with brown.

40

LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY.

Larvae of the Common Dart Moth feeding on a turnip.

AGROTlg. 41

The hind-wings are snow-white in the male, with a narrow
brown border, and white fringes. In the female the hind-
wings are more or less dusted with grey.

The larva is usually brown and dusky grey, in alternate
stripes. There is a pale dorsal line, running from the head to
the extremity of the body, and bordered on each side by a
dark line. Next to this are four dull black dots on each
segment, the two anterior of which are the smallest and are
placed closest together. The spiracles are black, and there is
a black dot on each side of them. The legs and pro-legs
are brownish-grey. The head is convex, light brown,
with two stripes composed of dark brown dots. Both the
head and body are remarkably shining. It is a very ugly
larva.

It feeds on the roots of grass, corn, turnips, carrots,
cabbage, and many other plants, and is often very destructive.
The larva hybernates two or three inches below the sur-
face of the ground in an oval hollow, and in the spring
attacks the roots without coming to the surface. It remains
hidden during the day, and is only found on the roots at
night. It prefers young roots, and drags down the stem and
leaves under the ground.

The smooth brown pupa is formed in April, May, or June,
and the moth emerges about four weeks later.

THE BUGONG MOTH. AGROTIS SPINA.
I^Plate CXXVII., Fig. 7.)

Agrotis spina, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 269
(1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. x. p. 348,
no. 100 (1856).

This Moth, which expands from an inch and a quarter to
two inches, abounds in many parts of Australia, Tasmania, and'^

4^ tLOYDS NATURAt tiiSfoP.Y

New Zealand. It is a very variable species, with oblong'
greyish-brown fore-wings, sometimes unicolorous, sometimes
streaked and dotted with black, with the orbicular and reni-
form stigmata well marked, greyish, with a long and broad
black dash between them, and a black streak beyond. The
usual lines are double, and more or less distinctly marked ;
there is a pale line at the base of the fringes, preceded by a
row of black spots. The hind-wings are slightly transparent,
with the nervures and outer part of the wing blackish ;
on the under side is a large black spot near the apex.
The female is larger and darker, especially on the hind-
wings.

The following interesting narrative, which we quote from
Kirby and Spence (ed. vi. vol. i. p. 259) relates to Agrotis
spina and not to the butterfly named below (Cf. antea, vol. i.
p. 20) :—

" A species of butterfly also {^Eupla-a haniata, MacLeay), as
we learn from Mr. Bennett, congregates on the insulated
granitic rocks in a particular district, which he visited in the
months of November, December, and January, in such count-
less myriads (with what object is unknown), that the native
blacks, who call them Bugong, assemble from far and near to
collect them, and, after removing the wings and down by stir-
ring them on the ground previously heated by a large fire, and
winnowing them, eat the bodies, or store them up for use by
pounding and smoking them. The bodies of these butterflies
abound in an oil with the taste of nuts, and, when first eaten,
produce violent vomitings, and other debilitating effects ; but
these go off after a few days, and the natives then thrive and
fatten exceedingly on this diet, for which they have to contend
with a black crow, which is also attracted by the Bugongs in
great numbers, and which they despatch with their clubs, and
use as food."

tRlPHiENA.-

43

GENUS TRIPIIzENA,

Triphana, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 69 (1816);
Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 252 (1825); Guenee,
Spec. Gen. Lepid. i. p. 315 (1852).

In this genus, the palpi are short, and the antennae sHghtly
pubescent in the male. The abdomen is depressed, and
tufted at the tip ; it is a little longer than the hind-wings. The
fore-wings are rather long, sub-triangular, and brown or reddish-
brown ; but the hind-wings are bright yellow, with black
borders.

The Common Yellow Undcrwing.

The larvae are cylindrical, and like most of those of the sub-
family, they feed on low plants, and conceal themselves during
the day. The moths sit with their wings folded, as described
under Agrotls, and like the larvae, hide themselves during the
day, in outhouses, among long grass or hay, or among straw-
berry leaves, and if disturbed, suddenly expand their wings,
and fly off with a rapid though somewhat heavy flight, soon,
however, descending and disappearing in some situation where
the dark colour of the folded wings is likely to conceal them.

Several species are abundant in Europe and in England, one
of which is the Common Yellow Underwing, Triphcena pronuba

44 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

(Linn.). Guenee appropriately remarks that the species of
this genus, which has been accepted by all Entomologists,
exhibit a very strong family likeness. Nevertheless, Lederer
and those who have followed his arrangement, treat Triphcena
as a mere section of Agrotis. The type of the largest and
handsomest of the European species is figured on the accom-
panying plate.

THE BROAD-BORDERED YELLOW UNDER\VING.

TRIPH/ENA FIMBRL\.
{Plate CXXVIL, /VV 6 )
JVodua Jiinbria, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2), p. 842,
no. 113 (1767); Esper, Schmett. iv. (i), p 144, Taf 103,
figs. 1-6 (1789?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 102
(1799?), figs. 551, 552 (1804?).
Triphcena fimbria, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 266
(1825); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 105 (1829);
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 187, pi. 35, figs, i-i c
(1880) ; Buckler, Larvre of Brit. Lepid. v. pi. 74, figs. 2-2 b
(1893); pjarrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. iv. p. 5, pi. 137,
figs. 2, 2 a-d (1896).

The Broad-bordered Yellow Undcrwing is a native of
Central and Southern Europe and Asia Minor. It expands
from two inches to two inches and a quarter.

The fore-wings vary considerably, from the palest greenish
clay-colour to the darkest chestnut or reddish-brown, with
markings of varying intensity. The female, as is usual with
Moths, is much more variable than the male. There is a
curved half-line near the base, and the first transverse line is
oblique. Erom the base to this line the colouring is very dark.
The orbicular and reniform stigmata are placed on a paler area,
and are bordered with whitish ; they are sometimes connected ;
the former is very large. Between the orbicular stigma and

GRAPHIPHORA. 45

the second transverse line there is a dark band, usually tinged
with greenish. Beyond this the wings are lighter as far as the
sub-marginal line. Near the apex of the wings is a dark spot,
beyond which runs the sub-marginal line. The hind-wings are
bright yellow, approaching to orange, with a deep velvety black
sub-marginal band bordered with yellow, and yellow fringes.

The larva lives through the winter, and attains its full growth
in May. It feeds at the roots of primroses, Atriplex, and
potato, the tubers of which it bores into, and on various low
plants. It is very greedy and will attack and wound other
caterpillars, and drive them away. In spite of its short legs
and stout body it can move about very quickly.

The head is reddish-brown with dark lines, and the body
varies from light brown to yellowish grey. On the back is a
pale line bordered on each side with darker, and on each seg-
ment there are two oblique brown lines. The spiracles are
black on the middle segments. The anal plate is pale, and so
are the belly and legs.

The pupa is dark brown, and very convex anteriorly. It is
enclosed in a brittle earthen cell.

GENUS GRAPHIPHORA.

Graphiphora, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i(i8i6); Ochsenheimer,

Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 68 (1816); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent.

Haust. ii. p. 128 (1829).
Nocfua, pt. Linnreus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x) i. p. 50S (1758);

Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 206 (1825) ; Guenee,

Spec. Gen. L^pid. Noct. i. p. 321 (1852).

In this genus the antennae are most frequently simple, the
abdomen rather longer than the hind-wings, somewhat
flattened, and slightly tufted. The fore-wings are usually of
a light brown or reddish-brown colour, with very distinct

46 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

markings, the clnviform stigma only being usually indistinct
or obsolete. The hind-wings are brown or grey.

The larvcC, which feed on low plants, and hide themselves
under leaves during the daytime, as is the usual habit in this
Sub-family, are stout and cylindrical, with a small head, and
very distinct lines.

The name Nodua has been applied to this genus by many
recent authors, but in any case wrongl)'. It is true that
Schrank indicated the Agrotmce as the types of Nodua, but
Latreille afterwards indicated Triphcena fimbria (Linn.)
{ajitea, p. 43) as the type ; and this would stand as such,
but that Poda, Cuvier, and Lamarck had already indicated
another species as the type.

The type of Graphiphora is G. c.-nignim (Linn.), wrongly
called by Hiibner and others G. goihica (Linn.), which is a
different species. Another of the rather numerous species of
the genus is here figured.

THE DOUBLE-SPOTTED SQUARE-SPOT.

GRAPHIPHORA TRIANGULUM.

Nodua trianguhim, Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. iii. p. 306, no. 58
(1766); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (r), p. 240 (1825);
Buckler,' Larvce of Brit. Lepid. v. pi. 76, figs. 4-4 c

(1893).
Nodua Sigma, Knoch, Beitr. Lis. iii. p. 94, pi. 4, fig. 7 (1783) ;

Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) 2, p. 24, Taf 186, figs, i, 3

(1797?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 497 (1804?).
Graphiphora iriajigulufu, Stephens. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii.

p. 133 (1829).
Agroiis triangulum^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 191

(1880).
This Moth is common in most parts of Central and Eastern
Europe. It expands from an inch and a half to about on

GRAPHIPHORA.

47

inch and three-quarters. The head and collar are light
reddish brown, and the thorax is dark brown, varied with
ferruginous, and has a double crest. The abdomen is
brownish-grey, and reddish at the tip. The antennae are light
brown, serrated in the male, and filiform in the female. The
fore- wings are light reddish-brown, here and there shaded
with darker. Close to the base is a black spot, which is
divided from above by the black half-line. The first trans-
verse line is very distinct, and is pale, bordered with black on
both sides. The orbicular and reniform stigmata are both

The Double-Spotted Square-Spot.

ringed with lighter ; they are pale and merge into a pale
spot on the costa. Between the orbicular stigma and the first
transverse line there is a dark brown spot, and between the
stigmata there is another similar spot. Beyond the reniform
stigma follows the pale second transverse line, and beyond
this is the sub-marginal line, which rises from a dark brown
spot on the costa. The fringes are similar to the ground-
colour, with a double border. The hind-wings are brownish-
grey in both sexes, and are slightly reddish towards the base,
with white fringes, bounded by a black and a yellow line.

The larva feeds on various low plants in autumn. When
disturbed, it rolls itself into a ring. It hybernates, and is full-
grown in April. It is narrowed in front and stout behind,
and of a reddish ashy-grey colour, marbled with darker along

48 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY

the back. On both sides is a pale reddish stripe, and on the
back a pale longitudinal line bordered with black. On the
upper part of each segment, from the fourth to th"e eighth,
are two indistinct oblique brown streaks, which approximate
somewhat towards the incisions, and are best marked on the
eleventh and twelfth segments. When young, the larva is
green.

The pupa is dark brown, and the moth appears in June or
July.

SUB-FAMILY VIII. ORTHOSIIN.^.

This group much resembles the last, but the antennae are
generally strongly pectinated, dentated, or ciliated, at least in the
males. The body is stout and very hairy; and the extremity of
the abdomen is often depressed. The transverse lines of the
fore-wings, and the orbicular and reniform stigmata, are more
or less distinctly marked, and the reniform stigma is nearly
always marked with blackish below. In repose the fore-wings
cover the hind-wings, and slightly overlap.

The larvae are cylindrical, velvety, with a round head, and
without tubercles. They feed on trees or low plants, and hide
themselves during the day.

The moths, which have generally brown, reddish -brov/n, or
yellow fore-wings, and brown or grey hind-wings, mostly appear
in spring and autumn, and many of the rarest, as well as the
commonest, species are to be found sipping the flowers of
sallows and ivy. Many of the species are very variable.

GENUS CUrHANOA.

Ctiphanoa, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 230 (1822 ?).
TccniocajHpa, Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, viii. p. 477
(1839) ; id. Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 346 (1852).

CUPHANOA.

49

The species of this genus are of dull colour, and frequent
blossoming sallows in early spring. The proboscis and
palpi are rather short, but the third joint of the latter, though
short, is visible. The legs are short and very hairy. These
moths are usually called " Quakers " by collectors. They have
a general resemblance to the Bombyces, and were classed
with them by some of the older writers. They are moths
with stout hairy bodies ; and the abdomen, which extends a
little beyond the hind-wings, is obtuse in the male, and more
or less pointed in the female.

THE COMMON QUAKER. CUPHANOA CERASI.

Nfldua cerasi, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. p. 600, no. 42 (1781).
Nfldiia stabilis, Vieweg, Tab. Verz. Churmark Brandenburg

Schmett. ii. p. 14 (1789); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv.

fig. 171 (1799?)-
Orthosia stobilis, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 233

(1825); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 143 (1829).
TcBuiocampa stabiUs, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 173

(1880) ; Buckler, Larvse of Brit. Lepid. v, pi. 81, figs.

4, 4 a (1S90).

The Common Quaker.

The Common Quaker is an abundant species in Central
and Southern Europe. It expands from an inch and a quarter
to about an inch and a half

The fore-wings are reddish-ochrcous, with dull yellowish
t6 e

50 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

transverse lines with dark borders. The orbicular stigma
extends towards the reniform stigma, and the yellow lines
encircling them are sometimes connected, but there is usually
a central shade passing between them. The claviform stigma
is represented by a yellow dash. The sub-marginal line is
thick, yellowish, and bordered with brown ; and there is a
yellow line at the base of the unicolorous fringes, and a row
of small black dots in front of this line. In the female the
fore-wings are broader than in the male. The hind-wings are
uniform ashy grey or whitish, with an ashy grey shade against
the yellowish-white fringes, and a distinct central lunule.

The larva feeds on lime, beech, elm, poplar, oak, and some
fruit-trees. It is green, dotted with yellowish, with a yellowish
dorsal line extending to the twelfth segment, and a similar line
on each side, which is continued as far as the last pair of
pro-legs. On careful examination a third narrower line may be
detected between the dorsal and lateral lines, which consists of
a row of irregular dots. The head is green, and the front of
the next segment is yellowish. On the penultimate segment is
a short yellow transverse line, pointed at each end, and with
somewhat of a lunulated appearance. The back is set with
single fine hairs. The yellowish dots already mentioned are
slightly raised above the surface. When disturbed the larva
drops to the ground and twists itself violently, making its head
and tail meet alternately on each side.

The pupa is formed in an earthen cell in the ground, Y,'ithout
a cocoon. It is shining brown, with two points at the
extremity. The moth commences to develop in the pupa
before the end of the winter, and a few warm days in spring
will cause it to emerge, and the warmth of a room will often
bring it out in two or three days.

ORTHOSIA. 51

GENUS ORTHOSIA.

Orthosia, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 79 (1816);
Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 201 (1825) ; Guen^e,
Spec. G^n. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 358 (1852).

Orthosia much resembles Cuphanoa, but the antennae of the
males are pubescent, and simple, or occasionally serrated.
The third joint of the palpi is invisible, being entirely concealed
among the hairs of the second. The legs are longer and less
hairy than in the last genus. The lines and stigmata of the
fore-wings are well marked, and the wings are much sloped
when the moths are at rest.

The larvae are stout and cylindrical, velvety, and marbled,
with only the stigmatal line distinctly marked. They feed on
trees and low plants, and hide themselves during the day under
bark, or under bushes.

The species of Orthosia are found in summer and autumn,
instead of in spring. They are more prettily marked than
those of Cuphanoa.

THE YELLOW-LINE QUAKER. ORTHOSIA MACILENTA.

Nodua macilenta, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 418 (1804?).
Nodua flavilinea, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 243 (1809).
Orthosia Jlavi/inea, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 148,

pi. 19, fig. 2 (1829).
Orthosia macilenta, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 215

(1825) ; Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 68 (1829) ;

Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 176 (1880);

Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. v. pi. 92, figs. 6, 6 a (1893).

This is a common species in Central Europe. It expands
nearly an inch and a half.

The fore-wings are reddish-yellow or pale fulvous, usually

E 2

52 Lloyd's natural history.

with two black dots near the base in place of a half-line, and
a row of dots in the position of the iirst transverse line. The
orbicular stigma is seldom distinct, but it has a slight indication
of a dark centre. The reniform stigma is enclosed in a yellow
border, and is most distinct on its lower half, which is filled in
first with ferruginous, and then with black. The second trans-
verse line is also composed of dots. The sub-marginal line is
the most distinct ; it is hooked above, but runs for the rest a
straight course. It is yellow, with a ferruginous border on the
inner side. In front of the unicolorous dentated fringes is a
row of small triangular dots, with a yellow line separating them
from the fringes. The hind-wings are yellowish ashy grey with
a slight lunule, and yellow fringes.

The Yellow-line Quaker.

The head and thorax have the same colour as the fore-wings,
and the abdomen is yellowish-grey, with reddish-yellow hair on
the sides, and an anal tuft of the same in the male. The
antennae are slightly pectinated in the male.

The larva feeds on beech, oak, and birch. It is greyish-
brown, with numerous minute white dots, and several white
lines.

The pupa is formed in an excavation in the ground, and the
moth em.erges in August or September.

GENUS GL^A.

GlcEe, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i. (1810 ?).

Glcea, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 159 (1829).

GL^A. 53

Cerastis, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 84 (1816);
Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 395 (^1825); Guenee,
Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 377 (1852).

The Chestnuts may be known by their obtuse, ahiiost uni-
formly coloured wings, which are held nearly flat when at rest ;
and the broad, depressed, and rather short abdomen. There
are three British species, which are very similar, two of which
are common, and the third and largest {C. erythrocephala,
Denis & Schiffermiiller) rare.

The larvae are smooth, velvety, and cylindrical, and hide by
day among the low plants on which they feed. The moths
appear in late autumn and early spring.

Stephens rightly objects to the name Cerastis, as being too
similar to Cerastes to be retained.

THE CHESTNUT MOTH. GL.«A VACCINII.

Nodua vaccinil, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 832, no. 166

(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 320, no. 1212 (1761); Esper,

Schmett. iv. p. 549, Taf. 161, figs, r-6 (1791); Hiibner,

Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 177 (1799?).
Cerastis vaainii, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p, 401

(1825) ; Buckler, Larvas of Brit. Lepid. v. pi, 93, fig. 5-5 c

(1893).
Glcea vaccifiii, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 161

(1829).
Orrhodia vaccinii, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and IMoihs, p. 184,

pl- 34> fig- 9 (18S0).

The Chestnut Moth is common in most parts of Northern
and Central Europe, to Armenia and Siberia, it expands about
an inch and a quarter.

The fore-wings are yellowish rusty brown, with pale transverse

54 Lloyds natural iiisrofiV.

lines. Near the base is a half-line separated by a dark band
from the first transverse line. The usual stigmata are sur-
rounded by a grey or yellow edging. The orbicular stigma is
large, oblong and oblique, and the reniform stigma is blackish
on its lower part ; there is a dark central shade. Between the
second transverse Hne and the sub-marginal line there is also
a dark band. The fringes are yellow, streaked with brown,
and there is a silky lustre over the entire surface of the wings.
The hind-wings are ashy grey, with a reddish lustre, and
coppery fringes.

The Chestnut Moth.

The thorax is of the same colour as the fore-wings, and is
covered with thick smooth hair. The antennae are pale ferru-
ginous brown, finely dentated in the male, with white or
yellowish scales at the base. The abdomen is broad and flat,
grey and reddish, with a rusty brown anal tuft, and hair of the
same colour on the sides.

The larva feeds on the leaves of poplar, oak, elm, raspberry,
blackberry, Vacciniwn, and various low plants. It is purplish-
brown, with indistinct paler dorsal and sub-dorsal lines and
light grey spots. There is a greyish ochreous spiracular line,
and black spiracles. The belly is paler than the back, and has
a greenish tinge.

The pupa, which is reddish-brown, is formed in the ground.
The moth appears in October and November, and, after hyber-
nation, in March and April.

EUPSILIA. 55

GENUS EUrSILIA.

Eupsilia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 231 (1822?)
Scopelosoma, Curtis, Brit. Ent. xiv, p. 635 (1837); Guenee,
Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 385 (1852).

This genus resembles the last, but may easily be distinguished
by its larger size and dentated wings, with a conspicuous white
spot in the middle of the fore-wings. The larva is notorious
for its cannibalistic propensities.

THE SATELLITE. EUPSILIA SATELLITIA.

Nodua sakl/itia, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), i. (2), p. 855,

no. 176 (1767); Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i. p. 618, Taf. 169,

figs. 6-10 (1793?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. fig. 182

(1799?)
Nodua transversa, Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. iv. p. 418, no. 102

(1767).
Cerastis satellitia, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 414

(1825).
Ghr^a satellHia, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 163(1829).
Scopelosoma satel/itia, Curtis, Brit. Ent. xiv. pi. 635 (1837);

Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 183 (1880);

Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. v. pi. 84, fig. i (1893).

The Satellite is common in most parts of Europe and
Siberia. It expands from an inch and a half to an inch and
three-quarters.

It is very variable in colouring, but is most frequently
reddish-brown or ferruginous, though occasionally yellowish-
brown or greyish-brown specimens are met with. The head
and thorax are unicolorous, the latter being crested. The
antennae are of the same colour as the thorax, and are dentated
in the male, but only notched in the female. The abdomen is

50

Lloyd's natural history.

reddish or yellowish-grey, broad and flat, with paler hair on the
sides, and a pale anal tuft. The legs are grey, suffused with
reddish or yellowish.

The fore-wings are long and narrow, and are of almost
uniform width from the first transverse line. The usual lines
are distinct, and darker than the ground-colour. There is a
half-line, and the first transverse line is almost straight. The
central area is the darkest portion of the wings. The
orbicular stigma is hardly visible. Beyond it is a central shade.

which forms an angle towards the reniform stigma. The latter
is well marked, and is formed of a white or ochre-yellow spot,
convex towards the base, but excavated on its outer side. At
both ends are two white or yellow dots. Sometimes the spots
are yellow, and the dots white, or vice vena. The second
transverse line is zig-zag, and the sub-marginal line forms a faint
waved line. The outer band beyond it is pale. The fringes
are unicolorous, and bordered with a row of small yellowish
lunules. The whole surface of the wings is very shining. The

XANTHIA. 57

hind-wings are yellowish-grey, with a slight central spot, and
yellowish fringes.

The larva feeds on oak, beech, elm, pear, and other trees.
It is velvety-black, tending towards brown, with a rusty-brown
head. The cervical plate is black, and square, bordered on
each side with a fine yellow or white line. The sides and belly
are pale clay-colour. On the anal segment are two longitudinal
yellow streaks, and on the sides are two slight dark longitudinal
lines. On the second, third, fifth, and eleventh segments are
white spots above the legs. The legs are shining black, but
the pro-legs are of the same colour as the belly, with only a
black spot. The whole surface of the body is covered with
small scattered hairs. The moth appears in September and
October, and again in the spring after hybernation.

GENUS XANTHIA.

Xanthia^ Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1816); Ochsenheimer,
Schmett. Eur. iv. \\. 82 (18 16) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur.
V- (2), p. 341 (1825); Guence, Spec. Gen. Lcpid. Noct. i.
p. 389 (1852).

The type of this genus appears to be A^. sulphurago (Den. &
Schiff.), an East European species, but I have described
one of our British species. The moths of this genus are
all much alike, and have yellow or ochreous fore-wings, which
are broad, moderately long, and slightly pointed at the tip, the
hind-margin waved, and slightly more oblique below the middle
than above. The antennte are ciliated.

The larvae are velvety, and rather short and thick, witli the
abdomen not so short as in the preceding genera. When
young, they feed on the buds of trees ; but when older, they
descend to the ground, and hide themselves among low plants,
upon which they then feed.

58 Lloyd's natural history

They are called " Sallows," either from their yellow colour,
or because some of their larvae feed on sallow catkins. The
moths appear in September.

THE BARRED SALLOW. XANTHIA ICTERITIA.

Nodua fulvago, Linnjeus (nee Clerck), Faun. Suec. p. 312

(1761).
Nodua ideritia^ Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. iii. p. 296, no. 43

(1767).
Nodua cerago, Denis & SchiffermiiUer, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien. p. 86, no. 9 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv.

figs. 144, 145, 190(1804?)
XantJiia cerago, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v, (2) p. 370

(1825); Stephens, HI. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 64 (1829);

Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. v. p. 73, pl. 84, figs. 5-5 c

(1893).
Xafiihia gilvago, Stephens (nee. Den. & Schiff.), op. cii. iii.

p. 65 (1829).
Xanthia fulvago, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 182

(1880).
This Moth is common in Northern and Central Europe, and
in Northern Asia. Jt expands from an inch and a quarter to
an inch and a half

The fore-wings are Canary-yellow with several ferruginous
spots of different sizes. The transverse lines are broken up
into spots and streaks. In front of the position of the first
line there are two or three ferruginous spots. The centre of
the wing is crossed by a broad band, fading on the inner side,
and composed of three rows of reddish and rusty spots. In
the largest external spot are three yellow dots near the costa.
In the middle of the band, on the sub-costal nervure, is a small
dark-brown spot, usually centred with yellowish. This belongs
to the reniform stigma, which is generally indistinctly marked.

cosMiiNAi;.

59

The orbicular stigma is also seldom visible, and is often only
indicated by a fine line and pale patch. In front of the
yellowish-brown fringes is a row of dots. The hind-wings are
white, with fringes of the same colour. The head and the
crested thorax are pale yellow, the abdomen whitish, and the
antennae ferruuinous.

The Barred Sallow.

The larva feeds in early spring on the catkins of sallow, but
leaves them as it approaches its full growth, and then feeds on
plantain and other low plants, though it will also eat the young
shoots of the sallow when nothing else is available. It is
greyish-brown, with a black horny plate on the second segment
marked with three white lines, of which the middle one is
indistinct. There is a white dorsal line bordered on both sides
by fine pale lines, and a greyish spiracular line.

The pupa is enclosed in an earthen cocoon in the ground.
The moth appears in August.

SUB-FAMILY IX. COSMIIN.^.

The moths of this Sub-family are usually rather small, with
pubescent antennge, ascending and approximating palpi, and

6o Lloyd's natural history.

with the abdomen rather slender, pointed, and furnished with
an ovipositor in the female. The wings are usually orna-
mented with sharply-defined markings, and are sloped very
much when the insect is at rest.

The larvae are rather brightly coloured, and roll themselves
up in the leaves of trees, like those of Tortrices. Some, like
certain of the Orthosiincc, are called " Cannibals " by
collectors, for they are very fond of attacking and devouring
other larvcC.

The moths, which appear in July and August, fly actively
at dusk.

GENUS COSMIA.
Cosmia, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1816); Ochsenheimer,

Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 84 (18 16); Treitschke, Schmett.

Eur. V. (2), p. 379 (1825); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid.

Noct. ii. p. 8 (1852).

The species of Cosmia are comparatively small NoctiuF,
with simple antennae, approximating and slightly ascending
palpi, a short proboscis, smooth thorax, and a moderately
slender abdomen as long as the hind-wings. The wings are
rather long and broad, and the fore-wings are marked with
oblique or angulated pale lines, often rising in pale spots on
the costa.

The larvae are smooth, with well-marked incisions, and live
in a bunch of leaves drawn together with silk. The pupa is
very tapering at the tip, and is found between leaves, or in a
cocoon on the surface of the ground.

THE LESSER-SPOTTED PINION. COSMIA AFFINIS.

Nodua affinis, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2), p. 848,
no. 144(1767); Esper, Schmett. iv. (i), p. 414, Taf. 134,
fig- ^ (^790?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 201 (1799?).

C05MIA. 6 1

Cosmia affinis, Treitschke, Schmett. v. (2) p. 389 (1825);
Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 61 (1829); Kirby,
Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 179, pi. 33, fig. 13 (1880) ;
Buckler, Larvse of Brit. Lepid. v. p. 86, pi. 86, figs. 5-5 c
(1893)-

The Lesser-spotted Pinion.

This Moth, which is the type of the genus, is common in
Central and Southern Europe. It expands a little over an
inch.

The fore-wings are reddish-brown, varied with ferruginous
and blackish, with the lines pale grey and indistinct, whitish
towards the costa. The half-line is represented by a scarcely
visible dash, the first transverse line is also slender, often as
thin as a hair, and both these lines are sometimes entirely
wanting. The second transverse line is likewise not very
distinct, expanding into a greyish cloud on the costa ; it is
sharply bent outwards before the middle. The sub-marginal
line, which is frequently very indistinct or quite absent, is also
merged in a grey cloud on the costa. The central area is
trapeziform, bordered with reddish. The orbicular stigma is
centred with black, and the reniform stigma is shaped like
a figure of 8, each ring of the 8 being centred with black.
A dark central shade, which is slightly angulated, passes
between the stigmata. There is a row of indistinct blackish
dots near the fringes. The fringes are yellowish-brown, and
not dentated. The hind-wings are black, but yellowish
towards the base, with the fringes deep yellow.

62 Lloyd's natural iiisroRV.

The larva lives between the leaves of the elm, which it
weaves loosely together with a few silken threads, but it is
also sometimes met with on low plants. It is pale bluish-
green, sometimes slightly yellowish, especially just before its
metamorphosis, and the head is of the same colour as the
body. It is marked with five longitudinal white lines, three
on the back, and one on each side over the spiracles. The
three dorsal lines converge at the anal fold, where they become
nearly united. The segment behind the head bears a cervical
plate, and on the succeeding segments are small black tubercles
set with a few dark hairs. The spiracles are black. When
young the body is blackish, with a white median dorsal line.
After the second moult the five pale lines first appear in the
dark ground-colour ; and at the second moult the larva
becomes green.

The moth appears in July and x\ugust. It is closely allied
to another species, C. diffinis (Linn.), which is much more
distinctly marked with very conspicuous white spots on the
costa, from which the lines rise.

SUB-FAMILY X. HADENIN^.

This is an extensive group which has much resemblance to
the Apaiiieince, and, like these, the sub-terminal line of the fore-
wings generally forms a strongly-marked W. The moths are
of moderate size, often with marbled markings on the fore-wings,
and are usually grey, brown, or green. They are generally
hairy, with short palpi, and naked eyes.

The larvae are long and smooth, with no excrescences, except
that the penultimate segment is sometimes slightly raised.
They feed openly on low plants, and the pupa; are formed in
earthen cocoons in the ground.

EPIA. 63

GENUS EPIA.

Epia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 475 (1822 ?).
Dianthoecia, Boisduval in Silbermnnn, Revue Ent. ii. p. 245

(1834) ; id. Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 124 (1840); Guenee, Spec.

Gdn. L^pid. ii. p. 16 (1S52).

This is a well-marked group of moderate-sized moths, with
conspicuous brown-and-white marbled and festooned markings,
and the abdomen crested at the base, carinated, conical at the
extremity, and provided, in the female, with a prominent
ovipositor. The larvse are cylindrical, smooth, and velvety,
and live in the pods of different species of Dianthns, Lychnis,
Silene, Saponaria, and other Caryophyllaceous plants, feeding
on the seeds. The pup^ are subterranean. The moths fly
actively, at dusk, over the flowers on which their larvae feed.
Most of the British species are rather local, and are quite
as abundant on the coast as inland, several species being
found only on the sea-cliffs of the Isle of Man, and of the Hill
of Howth near Dublin, and in similar localities.

THE viper's BUGLOSS MOTH. EPIA IRREGULARIS.

Noctiia irregularis, Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. iii. p. 394, no. 65

(1767).
Nodua echti, Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. iv. p. 166 (1792);

Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 91 (1799 ?).
Noctua brecciaformis, Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) 2, p. 79, Taf 198,

fig 5 (1799?)-
Miselia echii, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 343 (1825).
Dianthoecia irregtdaris, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths,

p. 222 (1881).

The Viper's Bugloss Moth is a native of Southern and
Central Europe, and South-Eastern Siberia. Tt js exceedingly

64 Lloyd's natural hlstory

rare in Britain, having only been captured once or twice in the
South of England. It expands about an inch and a quarter.

The head and thorax are pale yellow, and the collar and
tegulae are bordered with yellow. The abdomen is greyish-
yellow, whitish on the sides, with a light brown anal tuft. The
antennae are light brown, slightly notched in the male, and
finer and filiform in the female. The legs are greyish-yellow.

The Viper's Bugloss Moth.

The fore-wings, on which all the transverse lines are dis-
tinctly marked, are pale yellow, extensively marbled with dark
brown and white. The half-line ends in a brown or black dot.
The first and second transverse lines are formed of brown
lunules, with the convexity directed inwards. The orbicular
stigma is distinctly yellow, ringed with white. The reniform
stigma is ear- shaped, with a dark centre. The claviform stigma
is represented by a black streak. The sub-marginal line is
white and clearly defined, and the marginal band is fawn-
coloured. The fringes are brown and whitish, and are edged
with a white line. The hind-wings are greyish-yellow towards
the base, with a slight lunule, and a curved line, beyond which
there is a brown band, and whitish fringes.

The larva feeds on Viper's Bugloss {Echiuui vulgare)^ and on
Gypsophila paniadata in July. It is yellowish-grey in colour,
and is obliquely striped with darker on the back.

The moth appears in May and June.

DIPHTHERA. 65

GENUS DIPHTHERA.

Dipht/iera, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. i (1816).
Agriopis, Boisduval, Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 123 (1840); Guenee,
Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. i. p. 58 ([852).

In this genus the antennae are pubescent and filiform, but
slightly denticulated at the base, which is furnished with a
strong tuft of hairs. The palpi are straight and rather long.
The body is stout and hairy, and the abdomen is slightly
crested. The legs are stout, with very thick tibi?e in the male,
and all the tarsi thickly spined below. The wings are entire,
with very distinct markings.

The larv£e are stout and cylindrical, and hide themselves
under the bark of trees during the day. The pupae are deeply
buried in the ground, and are enclosed in an earthen
cocoon.

There is a species belonging to the AcronydincB {Monia
orion, Esper) which has a very close resemblance to the type
of this genus, and to which, by some oversight, Ochsenheimer
and his successors have applied the name Dipht/iera, the
original type of which is the following species.

THE MARVEIL DU JOUR. DIPHTHERA APRILINA.
[Plale CXXVn., Fig. 8.)

Nodua aprilifia, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 514, no. 99

(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 313, no. 1178 (1761); Esper,
Schmett. iv. (i), p. 276, Taf. 118, figs. 1-3 (1789?).
N'octua runka, Denis & Scliiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien. p. 70, no. i (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig.

71 (1799?). figs- 721, 722 (1818?).
Miselia aprHina, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 411

(1825); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 25 (1829).

16 F

66 Lloyd's natural histohy.

Dichonia aprilina, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 215,

pi. 37, figs. 3-3 b (1880).
Agriopis aprilina, Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 30, pi.

9T, figs. 2, 2 a (1895).

The " Marveil du Jour " is common in Central and in some
parts of Southern and Eastern Europe. It expands from an
inch and a half to two inches.

The fore wings are of alight apple-green or sea-green, which
tends towards yellowish or almost white in old and worn speci-
mens. The costa is spotted with black and white, and from it
rise the black transverse lines, which are bordered with white.
The half-line is represented by two black spots towards the
base, and the first and second transverse lines are formed of a
number of lunules just touching at their extremities. Between
the indistinct stigmata runs a black central shade. The sub-
marginal line rises from a black hook near the apex of the
wings; it consists of a zig-zag black line, sometimes broken into
spots, and bordered with white on each side. The fringes are
chequered with black and white, and are bounded by black dots
on the inner side. The hind-wings are blackish with a central
and a sub-marginal band of lighter, succeeded by a black line
at the base of the brownish-white fringes. The head and thorax
are mostly green, the latter with a transverse black stripe in
front, and the abdomen is brown.

The larva feeds on oak at night, remaining hidden in the
-^hinks of the bark during the day.

It is smooth, greyish-brown, sometimes tinged with red. The
head is almost black, with yellowish dots. On the back is an
interrupted whitish median dorsal line intersecting the ground-
colour, which here takes the form of a series of lozenge-shaped
spots ; and on the sides is a pale spiracular line, bounded above
by a waved darker stripe,

PHI.OGOPHORA. 67

Tlic pupa is slender, and of a brown colour. The inotli
appears in September and October.

GENUS PHLOGOPHORA.

Trigonophora, pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 217

(1822?).
Phlogophora, pt. Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 369

(1825); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 83 (1829);

Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 62 (1852).
Soleiwptera, Duponchel, Cat. Lepid. d'Europe, p. 134 (1844),

110711. pi'aocc.
Brotohmia, Lederer, Noct. Eur. p. 115 (1857).

Palpi rather large, ascending, the third joint small, but
distinct. Antennae ciliated, and in the male, sub-dentate.
Thorax rather stout, with a short, pointed crest in front and a
larger one behind, which is bifid at the extremity ; abdomen
rather short, much more slender than the thorax, with rows of
small tufts on the back and sides, and a larger one at the
extremity. Fore-wings rather long, the tip rounded off, and
the hind margin oblique and excavated ; hind-wings slightly
indented. Wings folded round the body in repose.

The naked green larva feeds on a variety of plants, and the
pupa is found in the ground.

There is curious confusion about the title of this genus,
which was originally used in lather an extended sense, the
names Trigonophora and Phlogophora being originally
synonymous. Stephens selected Nodiia meticulosa, Linn., as
the type of Phlogophora, and this must stand. Duponchel,
however, in 1844, proposed a new and inadmissable name for
N. ineticulosa, and wrongly restricted Phlogophora to Noct 11 a
lucipara (Linn.) (already separated under the generic name of
Jluple.rici by Stei)hens), and N. empyrea, Hubner. Finally

F 2

68 '^loyd's natural history.

Lederer, in 1857, restricted the name TrigonopJiora to
Empyrea, and rejecting the name Solenoptera, Diip., pro-
posed a new genus for Nodua meiicu/osa, thus losing sight
of the name Phlflgoplwra altogether.

THE ANGLE-SHADES. PHLOGOPHORA METICULOSA.

Noctua nieiiculosa, Linnreus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 513

"o. 95 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 309, no. 1164 (1761)

Esper, Schmett. iv. (r), p. 220, Taf. ri2, figs. 5-7 (1790)

Hiibner, Eur. Schmett, iv. fig. 67 (1799?).
Phlogophora tiieticit/osa, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i)p. 373

(1825) ; Stephens, 111. Brit, Ent. Haust. iii. p. 83 (1829) ;

Buckler, Larvae of Brit, Lepid. vi. p. 30, pi. 91, figs. 3-3 g

(1895).
Habryntis meticulosa, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths,

p. 239, pi. 38, fig. 8(1881).

The Angle-Shades.

The Angle-Shades is common in most parts of Central
Europe and the Mediterranean region. It expands from an
inch and a half to two inches. The fore-wings are pale
ochreous, with a slight rosy tinge in front of the basal area,
and in the suffused sub-marginal line. The c&ntral area is
olive-brown, and triangular. It is bordered by the pale
transverse lines. The orbicular and reniform stigmata are

CUCULLIIDyt. 69

oblique, converging at their lower ends. The marginal area is
ochreous-grey, tinged with rose-colour towards the hind margin,
with two darker parallel transverse bars. The hind-v/ings are
whitish, sometimes with a faint rosy tinge posteriorly, as well
as a dusky central crescent and two or three faint dusky
waved lines.

The larva feeds on nettle, chickweed, hemlock, primrose,
mullein, and various other low plants, and if touched or
disturbed, at once feigns death, turning its head to one side,
and lying quite still. The insect is double-brooded, and the
autumnal larvcC hybernate after the last moult but one, and
pupate in early spring, the moth appearing in May or June ;
whilst the second brood, from eggs laid in July, appears about
September. The larva is grass-green, occasionally brownish,
thickly powdered with obscure whitish dots, with an inter-
rupted slender white dorsal line, and a pale spiracular line, the
spiracles being whitish, finely ringed with black.

The pupa, which is shining reddish-brown, with a fine apical
point, is enclosed in a slight cocoon in the ground.

FAMILY XLI. CUCULLIID.^.

Larva long, naked, cylindrical, brightly coloured, and
feeding exposed on the flowers or leaves of herbaceous plants
or trees.

Pupa varying in habits and structure, generally enclosed in
a cocoon, and sometimes, but not always, subterranean ; and
often furnished with» a prominent ventral appendage.

Imago with simple antennae, well-developed palpi, and
long proboscis. The thorax is stout, with the collar raised ;
the abdomen and wings are often long, pointed, and compara-
tively narrow. The wings are usually brown or grey, with
longitudinal streaks. The usual " Noctua "-pattern is rarely
visible.

70 LLOVDS NATURAL HISTORY.

These moths come freely to flowers at dusk, flying over
them somewhat in the manner of Sphinges, which some of
them considerably resemble in shape. They are generally
called " Sharks " by collectors.

At one time Ur. Butler proposed to transfer this family to
the Notodontidcc^ but has now decided to replace them in the
N'odiuz.

GENUS CALOCAMPA.

CucuIIia, pt. Schrank, Fauna Euica, ii. (2), p. 157 (1882).
Calocampa, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 172 (1829);
Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 115 (1852).

Antennae long, thickened, ciliated ; palpi short, compressed,
very scaly. Thorax scpiarc, slightly crested in front ; abdomen
depressed, slightly tufted at the extremity in the male.
Wings long ; fore-wings dentated ; hind-wings rather broad.
Wings folded longitudinally when at rest, like those of a
Lithosia.

Larva long, smooth, cylindrical, feeding in clusters on the
summit of low plants.

Pupa with two apical spines. It is deeply buried in the
ground, and forms no cocoon, but lines the cavity with silk.

THE SWORD-GRASS MOTH. CALOCAMPA EXOLETA.
{Plate C XX]' I II., Fig. 6, lama.)

Nodua cxsolela, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 513, no.

104 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 315, no. 1085 (1761).
Nocliia exolela, Esper, Schmett. iv. (2), i. p. 433, Taf, 138,

figs. 1-3 (1790?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 244

(1799?).
Xylina t.xokta^ Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 7 (1826).

^rnt't^ it Svtu LtmttUd

^. lyaUpda. paitiicL i^Ojloranqia ra:cleta,b^ri,x

CALOCAMPA.

71

Calocanipa e.xo/eia, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 173
(1829) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. vi. pi. 256 (1829) ; Kirby, Eur.
Butterflies and Moths, p. 243, pi. 38, figs. 12-12 b (1881) ;
Buckler, Larvas of Brit. Lepid. vi. pi. 96, figs. 2-2 d
('S9S)-

The Sword-grass Moth.

The Sword-grass Moth is common throughout the greater
part of Europe, Northern Africa, and Siberia. It expands
about two inches and a quarter. The head is pale grey, and
the thorax black, with scattered white hairs. The tegul^ are
white. The abdomen is covered with long grey hair above,
with a black shade in the middle, and yellowish-grey hair on
the sides, forming zig-zag tufts.

The fore-wings vary from dark brown to grey. On the
hind margin is a dark line containing four or five white dots
near the apex of the wings. From the base to the hind
margins, the whole of the wings are covered with numerous
fine longitudinal brown streaks on an ashy-grey ground.
The outer part of the wings is dark brown, especially in the
neighbourhood of the reniform stigma. There are no trans-
verse lines. The orbicular stigma is elongated, and similar in
shape to the reniform, but smaller. Both are surrounded by
slender dark lines, and the reniform stigma is shaded externally

72 Lloyd's natural history.

with black. Beyond the stigmata is the hghtest part of the
wings, with a double row of dots, one or two sagittate marks,
and an indistinct zig-zag sub-marginal line. The hind-margins
and fringes are dark brown. I'he hind-wings are dusky grey,
with light grey fringes, and the lunule of the under side
showing through.

The larva is very handsome, and has suggested the name
of the genus, Calocampa, which is derived from the Greek
KoKw, beautiful, and Ka/^inr], a worm. Stainton's opinion of
the larva is as follows : — "Any one who has not yet seen the
larva of C. exoleta has a treat in store. I have only once seen
it, and then I nearly screamed with delight. No figure can
give any idea of the beauty of the living larva." It is bright
green, with a pair of white spots on each side of the back,
each pair being connected by a black blotch. Below them is
a yellow stripe. This is succeeded by a space on which stands
a row of three white dots on each segment, ringed with black ;
and on most of the segments there is a fourth dot above the
middle one. Just over the legs there is a red stripe, bordered
with white. It feeds on a variety of plants, but prefers
lettuce, spinach, and asparagus. The larvae are very difficult
to rear, being liable to the attacks of ichneumons, and if the
pupae are not kept at exactly the proper degree of moisture,
the specimens are crippled. The larva is slow and sluggish
in its movements, and if touched, it contracts itself and emits a
green liquid.

The pupa is shining reddish brown, and so delicate that the
outlines of the moth are visible through it. It remains in this
state for about four weeks, the moth appearing on the wing in
September and October.

CUCULLIA. 73

GENUS CUCULLIA.

Cucullia, Schrank, B'auna Boica, ii. (2), p. 157 (1802); Ochscn-
heimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 87 (i8i6) ; Hiibner, Verz. bek.
Schmett. p. 246 (1822?); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v.
(3), p. 85 (1S26); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii.
p. 123 (1852).

In this genus, the antennae are simple, the palpi short and
ascending, and the proboscis long. The collar is hood-like,
and there are large lateral tufts on the thorax. The abdomen
is moderately stout, and longer than the hind-wings. The fore-
wings are long, narrow, and lanceolate, and, in the typical
species, the hind margin is rather strongly dentated. The
hind-wings are also long and rather pointed, but not much
narrower than the fore-wings.

The larvae are long and stout, with the incisions well-marked ;
the head is somewhat retractile and flattened. They feed on
low plants, preferring the flowers. The pupae are soft, with a
projection behind, and are enclosed in large solid oval cocoons
in the ground.

The types of this genus were indicated by Hiibner as C.
verbasci (Linn.) and C scrophularice (Den. & Schiff.).

THE MULLEIN MOTH. CUCULLLA. VERBASCL

Nodua vefbasd, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 515, no.

108 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 315, no. 1186 (1761);

Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i i. p. 437, I'af. 139, figs. 1-4

(1790?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 266 (1799?).
Nodua scrophularice, Esper (nee Den. & Schiff.), Schmett. iv.

(2) I p. 516, Taf. 154, fig. I (1791 ?).
Cticullia verbasd, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 127

(1826); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 85 (^1829);

74

LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY

Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, [j. 248, pi. 39,
1%''- 3^3 (^ (1881); Buckler, Larvre of Brit. Lepid. vi.
p. 67, pi. 97, figs, i-i d (1S95).

The Mullein Molh is coniuion in Central and Southern
Euroi)e, and in Western Asia. It expands about an inch and
three-quarters.

The Mullein Moth.

The head is bone-coloured m front, brown above ; the collar
is pale grey in front, varied with yellow, with tine brownish
transverse lines, and a broad brown band behind. The tegulae
are bordered with brown, and are marked with a few black
dots. The abdomen is yellowish-grey, with an interrupted
black dorsal line, which is continued on the thorax to the
collar. There is a reddish-yellow anal tuft. The antennae are
yellowish-brown.

The fore-wings are marked with a rather broad band of rich
brown on the costa and inner margin, the portion of the wings
between being dull yellow, like fossil wood. There is a series
of black dots running from the base in this area. Towards
the middle of the inner margin are two white lunules, one
above the other, and before and beyond these are two faint
white spots, one in the middle of the wing, and the other near
the fringes. The fringes themselves are brown, streaked with
white, deeply and acutely dentated, and there is a yellow line
on their inner edge. The hind-wings are darkest towards the

ARGYRITIS. 75

fringes, usually dark brown, but becoming more yellow towards
the base, and sometimes they are entirely [)ale. especially in
some male specimens. The fringes are yellow, bisected by a
dark line, and, like the fore-wings, deeply dentatcd.

The larva feeds on the leaves of various species of mullein,
fig-wort, and other low plants. It is smooth and pearly white,
with a blue, yellow, or green tinge, varying with the food. The
head is dotted with yellow and black. On each segment of the
body is a somewhat broad bright yellow transverse band,
bordered with several larger and smaller black spots.

The larvre have a great power of jurniiing, and are very
difficult to hold in the hand. When young they live gre-
gariously, but afterwards become solitary. Their numbers
are kept in check by ichneumon- flies, birds, and numerous
other foes.

The pupa is yellowish-brown, with the covers of the head
and eyes blackish. The moth appears in April and May.

GENUS ARGYRITIS.

Argyrifis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 247 (1822?);
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 657 (1857).

This genus resembles CuciiUia, Schrank, but the species may
be distinguished by their generally smaller size, short but
pointed wings, and brilliant silvery coloration. The larva is
pilose, and the segments are more or less expanded, or warty.
The species figured resembles a large Palparia.

ARGYRITIS ARGENTINA.

{Plate CXXVIIL, Fi\'. 8.)

Noctiia argenfina, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 162, no. 1S5

(1787); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 553 (1804?).

76 Lloyd's natural history

Cuiullia argentifia, Treitschke, Eur. Schmett. v. (3), p. 98
(1826) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 254 (1881).

This species is a native of Southern Russia and Siberia. It
expands an inch and a quarter.

The head and thorax are pale grey, and the abdomen is
milk-white. The antennae are white at the base, and brownish
above, and the legs are pale grey, darker at the joints. The
fore-wings are narrow and lanceolate, pale ochre-yellow, with
a broad silvery or pearly-white stripe running from the base
across two-thirds of the length of the wing ; the marginal por-
tion of the latter is varied with gilded yellow. Near the end of
the mother-of-pearl stripe, and on the edge of the white fringes,
is a row of black dots. The hind-wings are clear shining
milky white.

The larva feeds on a species of wormwood growing on the
steppes. It is sea-green, with seven bluish-white longitudinal
lines. It is expanded in the middle of each segment, and is
dotted with black in the incisions. The head is bluish-white.

FAMILY XLII. HELIOTHID.E.

Larvae cylindrical, with the incisions slightly marked. They
feed openly on low plants, often choosing the flowers.

Pupc'e conical at the extremity, and enclosed in cocoons.

Imago of small or moderate size, with simple antennae, and
stout palpi ; thorax stout, downy ; abdomen smooth, sub-
conical ; tibiae generally spined. Flight usually diurnal.

GENUS PERIPHANES.

Periphanes^ Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 247 (1822?);
Stephens, List Brit. Anim. Brit. Mas. v. Lepid. p. 127
(1852).

PERIPHANES. 77

C/ian'iiea, Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. pi. 76(1825); Stephens, 111.
Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 92 (1829); Guenee, Spec. Gen.
Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 167 (1852).

Antennae bimple, the basal joint pilose beneath ; palpi
thickly scaled; proboscis well developed; front with a truncated
cone-shaped projection. Thorax slightly crested in front ;
abdomen crested at the base, and more or less tufted on the
sides and at the tip ; fore-wings rather pointed ; legs short and
stout, pilose ; front tibiae very short, with two shining horny
spurs at the extremity, the inner one long and curved.

THE PEASE-BLOSSOM MOTH. PERIPHANES DELPHINII.
[Plate CXXVIIl., Fig. 7.)

Nodua de/phinii, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 518, no. 124
(1758); Esper, Schmett. iv. (i) p. 664, Taf 175, figs. 1-4
(1793?) J Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 204 (1799?),
fig. 622 (1804?).

Xylhia de/phinii, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 82 (1826).

Clinriiiea delphinii, Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. pi. 76 (1825) ;
Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 92 (1829) ; Kirby,
Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 257, pi. 39, fig. 8 (1881).

The Pease-blossom Moth is common in many parts of
Central and Eastern Europe, but has only been taken once or
tsvice in Britain. It expands about an inch and a quarter.

The fore-wings are of a beautiful purplish-red colour, paler in
some parts, and darker in others. The basal area is pale rose-
colour as far as the first transverse line. The first and second
transverse lines are both white, with a purple border on each
side. The central area is whitish towards the costa, but
becomes darker near the reniform stigma, which exists only as
a dark spot, from which a shade extends across the wing.
The hind margin is dull yellow, and so are the fringes. The

78 Lloyd's natttrat. history

hind-wings are wliitc at the base, espcrially in tlie male, with
dark nervures and a central spot, but are darker in the female.
In both sexes they are frequently tinged with rose colour. On
the hind margin is a grey band, which becomes lighter towards
the white fringes.

The larva feeds on larkspur {^Delphinium co?iso!ida), and is
often met with in fallow fields on the Continent. When
young the larvte live gregariously. They are violet-grey, the
head being marked with several black spots. There is a
narrow, sulphur-yellow dorsal line, and another on each side.
In addition, the surface of the body is covered with small
black tubercles, each bearing a fine hair.

The pupa is reddish-brown, with greenish wing-cases. It is
formed in the ground.

The moth is on the wing in May and June.

GENUS RHODOPHORA.
Alaria, Westwood in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 200

(1841) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 674

(1857), nam. pfcvocr.
RJwdophora, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 170

(1852).
Antennse simple, slightly pubescent in the male. Palpi
short, clothed with velvety scales, and indistinctly jointed.
Proboscis very slender ; front rounded. Thorax partly crested,
and not very stout. Abdomen smooth, and conical in the
male. Legs short ; front tibiae with at least one long spine.
Wings entire ; fore wings rather pointed at the tip. Larva
very long and slender, with transverse bands.

RHODOPHORA GAUR.'E,

{Plate CXXVIIL, Figs. 4 {imago), 5 [larva).)

Phahvna s^aiircs, Abljot & Smith, Lepid. Georg. ii. pi. 99 (iTgj),

CHLORITIEA. 79

Alaria ^^aiir,T^ Westwond in Jardine's Nat. I.ihr. pA-nt. Moths,

p. joo, pi. 24, riij:s. 4, 5 (1S41); Walker, List J.e])id. Ins.

Brit. Mus. -xi. p. 675, no. i (1857).
Porphyrinia niafutina, Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schniett. ill. p. 35,

figs- 557, 558 (1825).
RhodopJwra gaum^ Guenee, Spec. Gen. L^pid. Noct. ii. p. 170

(1852).

This delicately-tinted Moth is not uncommon in the Southern
United States, and measures rather more than an inch in
expanse.

The fore-wings are of a somewhat yellowish-white, with the
basal half, the fringes, the border, and a sub-terminal band,
which does not quite extend to the inner margin, pale rose-
colour. Hind- wings white, with a suffused pale rose-coloured
border. Under side of the fore-wings tinged with the same
colour. Head and thorax sulphur-yellow.

The larva is yellow, with a black transverse band on each
segment. The head is rusty- brown. The belly and legs are
white, with a black spot on each of the pro-legs. It feeds on
Gaura biennis in August.

The colours of the moth so closely resemble those of the
flowers of the plant on which it feeds, that when it settles on
them, it is scarcely distinguishable from them.

GENUS CHLORIDKA.

Chloridea,\Wt?,\.\sood in Jardine's Nat. Lihr. l^^xot. Moths, p. 198
(1841) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 77 ( 1S57).
Aspi/a, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 174 (-,852).

The antennae are long, slender, and simple ; the palpi
straight, approximating, squamous, and compressed, with the
third joint long, slender and beak-shaped ; the proboscis is
\s'eU- developed. The thorax is crested, and the abdomen js

8o Lloyd's natural history.

short and conical, and pointed in both sexes. The front tibins
are set with short spines beneath, but have no apical spur.
The fore-wings are long, pointed and triangular, with the hind
margin gradually curved ; and the hind-wings are long, and
rounded at the extremity.

The larvre are smooth and cylindrical, with the incisions
well-marked, and feed exposed on flowers ; and the pupa is
subterranean.

CHLORIDEA RHEXI^.
(P!afe CXXVIIL, Fig. f,.,

Phalana rhexice, Abbot & Smith, Lepid. Georgia, ii. pi. loo

(1797)-
Chloridea rhexice, Westwood in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot.

Moths, p. 198, pi. 24, fig. 3 (1841) ; Walker, List Lepid.

Ins. Brit. Mus. xi. p. 678, no. i (1857).
Aspila rhexm, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. f/S

(1852).

The fore-wings are green, with three nearly parallel oblitjue
yellowish lines ; the stigmata small, but distinctly marked, the
thorax green, and the abdomen white, with transverse dusky
bands. The hind-wings are white, tinged with reddish-brown
externally, but the fringes are yellowish. The antennae are
reddish beneath.

The larva is green, with a yellow upper and a white lower
lateral line, the last narrow ; between them is a row of small
reddish spots. It feeds on the buds and blossoms of RJiexia
virginica, and other plants, and also on tobacco, to which it is
very destructive by destroying the main shoot.

In Abbot's time, hand-picking and throwing hot sand or
wood-ashes upon the plants were resorted to for the destruc-
tion of the larvae. A specimen, which Abbot reared, spun a

HELIOTHIS. 8 1

slight cocoon in the ground on July 25th, and the moth
emerged on August 9th. It is a common species in the
Southern United States, and some authors consider it to be
identical with the West Indian C. vinscens (Fabr.).

GENUS HELIOTHIS.

Heliothis, Hiabner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810?); Ochsenheimer,
Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 91 (1816); Treitschke, Schmett.
Eur. V. (3), p. 215 (1826); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid.
Noct. ii. p. 177 (1852).

This genus includes species of moderate size, and of rather
varied colours, which fly by day. The antennse are simple
and pubescent, or ciliated ; the palpi ascending, and approxi-
mating, with the last joint distinct. The front of the head is
convex, and the proboscis is well-developed. The thorax and
abdomen are smooth and downy, and the latter is obtuse at
the extremity. The legs are long, and the front and hind
tibiae are set with small spines. The wings are rather broad,
and entire, and there is a conspicuous dark band on the under
side of the hind-wings.

The larvae, which are long, with a large head, feed openly
on low plants, preferring the flowers. Several of them are
noted for their cannibalistic propensities.

The pupie are conical and subterranean.

These moths belong rather to warm climates than to cold,
and several species are almost cosmopolitan, and extremely
destructive abroad, but very rare in England. Such are
H. armiger (Den. & SchifF.) and H. peltiger (Hiibner). The
species noticed below, which is the type of the genus, though
not very abundant, is less rare with us. It is found flying by
day in clover fields.

16 O

62 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

THE MARBLED CLOVER MOTH. HELIOTHIS DirSACEA.

Noctiia dipsacea, Linnasus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), i. (2), p. 856)

no. 185 (1767) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. (2), pp. 21, 641, Taf.

172, figs. 1-3, Taf. 185, figs. 1-6 (1797?); Hiibner, Eur.

Schmett. iv. fig. 311 (1799?).
Heliothis dipsacca, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 220

(1826) ; Stephens, III. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 109 (1830);

Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 255, pi. 39, fig. 7

(1881) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 75, pi. 99,

figs- 3-3 e (1895).

The Marbled Clover Moth.

The Marbled Clover is a common Moth in most parts of
Europe and Northern Africa, as well as in Northern and
Western Asia. It expands about an inch and a quarter.

The ground-colour of the fore wings is usually pale greenish
yellow, but specimens in which the green predominates, or
which are rusty yellow, with the markings suffused, are by
no means unfrequently met with. The head and thorax are
generally greenish-yellow, the former being a little darker,
while the abdomen is greyish-yellow, almost white beneath,
with some ferruginous hairs in the anal tuft. The antennae
are rusty brown, and the legs white, suffused with brown.

In distinctly marked specimens both the half-line and the
first transverse line are brown or black. A broad dark central
band crosses the wings over the reniform stigma, which is dark

HELIOTHIS. 83

grey. Beyond this is the second transverse line, which is
indicated by a few dots on a pale ground. The marginal
band contains a row of dots on the nervures, and an ill-defined
zig-zag line, tending to rusty brown, separates it from the area
preceding the fringes. The fringes are ferruginous brown,
with a row of black spots at the base. The hind-wings arc
yellowish-white, with a broad black central lunule, and a broad
black marginal band, containing a rather large white spot,
divided by a dark nervure. The fringes are bisected by a
brown line. Sometimes the markings of the hind-wings run
together, leaving the yellowish-white markings clouded or
broken up, and more rarely only two yellowish spots remain on
the wing.

The female is smaller than the male, and is usually duller
in colour.

The larva feeds on yellow snap-dragon {Lmaria), chicory,
plantain, red campion, and a variety of other low plants. It
is elongated, and tapers at both extremities. The larva is
straw-coloured, heavily streaked with reddish brown, with a
broad continuous violet-brown dorsal line. The sub-dorsal
line is straw-coloured, and is bordered below by a broad
sinuous violet-brown band. The spiracular line is yellow, also
bordered below with brown. On each segment is a reddish
transverse band. The head is paler than the body, and is
covered with black dots. It is found in July and August.

The pupa is dark brown, slightly glossy, dusted with
bluish. It is slender, attenuated towards the head, and has
a small tubercle on the front, and two sti.^f points at the
extremity.

The moth is double-brooded, being found in May and the
beginning of June, and again in July and August. It hovers
in the sun over flowering thistle-heads, clover, &c.

G 2

84 ixoyd's natural history.

GENUS ANARTA.

Attarta, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. ]). 30 (1S16);
Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 220 (1822 ?); Treitschke,
Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 200 (1826) ; Guenee, Spec. Gen.
Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 189 (1852).

Antennje slender, slightly pubescent. Palpi short, straight,
pilose. Head small ; front narrow, convex. Thorax and
abdomen short and pilose, the latter stout in the female. Legs
short ; tibiae pilose, without spines or spurs. Wings thick,
densely scaled ; hind-wings usually white or yellow.

Larvae short, cylindrical, naked, living exposed upon low
shrubs. They form cocoons of silk, mixed with fragments
of earth, &c.

The moths fly rapidly by day, and many species are Alpine
or Arctic in habitat.

THE BEAUTIFUL YELLOW UNDERWING. ANARTA MYRTILLL

Noctna myrtiUi, Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 311, no. 1168
(1761); Esper, Schmett. iv. (2), p. 582, Taf. 165, figs.
1-3 (1793 ?) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 98 (1799?).

Anarfa niyrtiili, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 201
(1826) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. pi. 145 (1826) ; Stephens, 111.
Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. iii (1830); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies
and Moths, p. 258 (i88r) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid.
vi. pi. 100, figs. 3, 3 a (1895).

The Beautiful Yellow Underwing is common in most parts
of Europe. It measures about an inch across the wings.

The head is brown, and the collar reddish-brown, striped
with yellowish -white, and so is the crested thorax. The
abdomen is black, dusted with yellow, and with yellowish- white
incisions. At the sides and extremity it is covered with

ANARTA. 85

reddish-brown hair. The antennaj are dark brown ; and the
legs are yellow, spotted with black. The fore-wings are straight
on the costa, and produced, but hardly pointed at the apex.
They are bright reddish-brown, marbled with white. The half-
line, the two transverse lines, and the sub-marginal line are all
distinctly white, and somewhat broad. From the base to the
first transverse line are a few whitish patches, suffused with
yellow. In the central area is a somewhat triangular white
spot. The greater part of the orbicular stigma is contained in
this spot, and is ringed with darker, with a dark spot in the

The Beautiful Yellow Underwing.

centre. The reniform stigma is beyond the white spot, and
from it extend several white rays as far as the second trans-
verse line. The sub-marginal line is very distinct, and
beyond it the wings are uniform reddish-brown as far as the
fringes, which are dark reddish-brown, and spotted with white.
The hind-wings are bright yellow towards the base, with a small
black lunule, and a broad velvety-black marginal band.

The larva lives on bilberry ( Vaccitiiuju myrtillus) and heath
(yCalluna vulgaris). It is of a beautiful grass-green, with a
bluish head, and numerous whitish markings. The dorcal line
is formed of a row of elongj^ted spots, and on each s'de is 9

86 Lloyd's natural history.

row of nearly semicircular spots, whilst a third series of spots
forms a zig-zag spiracular line. The spiracles are white, ringed
^vith black. It is found at the end of July, and in August.

The pupa is short and dark brown, and lies among fallen
portions of the food-plant in its cocoon.

The moth is generally developed in the same year, but
sometimes passes the winter in the pupa and emerges in April
or May of the following year. It flies by day on heaths.

FAMILY XLIII. AC-ONTIID^..

The " Minores " of Guenee include five families, all of which
are represented in Britain except the Hffmerosiidie. For the
present I am inclined to unite the first four under the name of
AcontiidiZ ; the fifth, the FhalanoidcE or Brep/iidtP, is very
distinct from the others, and will be noticed later on.

Larva. — Resembles that of the Geovietridie or Tortrices. Soli-
tary, smooth, without protuberances, with from ten to sixteen
legs, and feeding on low plants.

Pupa. — Contained in a slight cocoon under the surface of the
ground.

Imago. — Of small size, varied colour, and often flying by day ;
the body is slender, and scaly rather than downy; the pro-
boscis is moderately long. The abdomen is rarely crested, and
the legs are long, slender, and unarmed. The fore-wings are
broad, and are often provided with an accessory cell; the hind-
wings are broad, and frequently coloured more or less like the
fore-wings. In repose they are somewhat sloping, and are not
entirely covered by the fore-wings.

GENU.S EROTYLA.
^rotjla, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (i8ro?).

EROTYI.A. S7

Emf?ieh'a, Pliibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 254 (1822?).
Agrophila, Boisduval, Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 175 (1840) ; GuetK^e,
Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 204 (1852), 7tom. prceocc.

AntenncTS short, slender, setaceous ; palpi short, straight ; eyes
large. Thorax round, scaly ; collar rather large. Abdomen
rather long, slender, sub-conical, and carinated in the male,
Legs bare, rather stout. Wings entire, with long fringes ; fore-
wings oblong, smooth and silky, with the fringes unicolorous ;
hind-wings unicolorous above.

Larva long, smooth, with only two pairs of pro-legs. It
lives on low plants in dry places. The pupi^ are enclosed in
small earthen cocoons.

THE SPOTTED .SULPHUR MOTH. EROTYLA TRAP.EALIS.

Pyralis trabealis, Scopoli, Ent. Carniol. p. 40, no 610 (1763).
Nodua sulphuralis, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), i. (2),

p. 881, no. 333 (1766).
Nodua arahica, Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. iii. p. 143, no. 95 (1767).
Nodua sulphurea, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien. p. 93, no. 6 (1776) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i. p. 576,

Taf. 164, fig. 6 (1793 ?) ,; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 291

(1799?).
Erastria sulphurea^ Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p 251

(1826).
Erastria su/p/turalis, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii.

p. 117 (1830).
Emmelia irabealis, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 279

(1881).
Agrophila sulphuralis, Hellins, Entom. Monthly Mag. iv.

p. 115 (1867); Buckler, Lepid. Brit. Isl. vi. p. 89, pi. 100,

figs. 5-5 c (1895).

88 Lloyd's natural history

This Moth is common in Central Europe, Asia Minor, and
Siberia, but is local and rather scarce in Britain. It expands
from three-quarters of an inch to nearly an inch.

The pattern consists of a mixture of brownish-black and
sulphur-yellow. The head, collar and tegulse are sulphur-
yellow, bordered with brownish-black, and the thorax is black,
with yellow spots. The antennce are black. The abdomen
is brownish-grey with yellowish incisions, and the legs are
brown, yellowish beneath.

The Spotted Sulphur Moth.

The narrow fore-wings are sulphur-yellow, with five black
spots along the costa, from the fourth of which runs a narrow
blackish band transversely across the wings. This is some-
times dusted with yellow, and has a slight metallic lustre.
From the base to this line run two straight black bars across
the wings, one along the inner margin, and the other above
and parallel with the first. The stigmatal area is marked with
black spots. Beyond the transverse band is an undulating
yellow stripe, and in front of the fringes, which are brownish-
black varied with yellow, runs a straight yellow line. The
hind-wings are unicolorous brownish-black with white fringes.

The larva feeds on bind-weed (^Convolvulus atTetisis). It is
usuallygrass-green,sometimesbrown, with a black dorsal line, and
a double white line above the legs. The incisions are dark green.

EROTYLA. 89

The following very interesting description of the brown variety
of the larva is given by Mr. J. Hellins in the " Entomologists'
Monthly Magazine," and is quoted in Mr. Buckler's work : —

" Hiibner's figures of this species leave me little that is new
to say about it. Still, I feel much indebted to Mr. Brown for
enabling me to rear a larva which Mr. Buckler has figured.

" Unluckily, although the moth had laid several eggs, they
all perished in the Post Office save one, and the single larva
did not live to become a pupa, having been hatched on June
25th, and dying on August 15th.

"I potted for it a small plant of Convolvulus arvensis, and
on two little shoots of this, bearing in all not more than five or
six very small leaves, it fed and grew and moulted con-
tentedly during the first half of its fifty days' life, its longest
journey all that time not exceeding an inch and an half.

" Had the other eggs escaped squashing on their journey,
probably I might have had the pleasure of seeing both the
varieties which Hiibner figures, but the green one yet remains a
desideratum. My single larva was of the brown variety.

"When first hatched, it was a dingy grey little looper, with
a black transverse dorsal hump on each of the four middle
segments ; but at each moult these humps became less, till at
last there remained nothing but the usual dorsal dots, black
and distinct, and these too afterwards disappeared.

" When full-grown the larva is about an inch long ; the legs
twelve; the body cylindrical, thickest at the fourth segment j
the segmental divisions deeply indented. When at rest the
middle segments are generally arched, and the head bent
down. The colour is rich chocolate-brown ; dorsal line rather
darker, and edged with very fine paler lines ; sub-dorsal line
also darker, but scarcely visible ; spiracular stripe broad, of a
pale yellow, and with a fine brown thread running throughout
its length, immediately after the last moult. There were some

go LLOYD.S NATURAL HISTORY.

rich yellow and orange spots also in it, but these disappeared
in time, and the whole stripe grew paler."

The pupa is reddish brown, and is placed, in its cocoon,
between blades of grass.

The moth appears in May and June, and again in August.
It flies in dry open places in the sunshine.

GENUS TARACIIE.

Tarac/ie, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. \). 261 (1822?).

Acoiitia, pt. Ochsenheinier, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 91 (1816);
Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3) p. 237 (1826; nee
Hiibner); Guenee,Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 214(1852).

This genus includes a considerable number of pretty little
day-flying species, found in various parts of the world. It is
generally called Acontia ; but Hiibner restricted that name to
A. malvte (Esper), a yellow moth, an inch and a half in
expanse, which is found In South Europe.

In Tarac/ie the head is small, with the front convex, tlie
antenna short, cylindrical, almost smooth, the palpi short,
scaly, raised, and approximating; the third joint distinct. Pro-
boscis moderately long. Thorax round, smooth, clothed with
large smooth scales. Abdomen smooth, rather slender, cylin-
drical, and carinated. Wings entire, the fringes usually long
and bicolorous ; fore-wings thick, squamose, marbled with
black and white ; hind-wings with the hind margin waved.

The larvae, which have only two pairs of pro-legs, are very
long and slender, and feed on low plants. The pupse are
enclosed in small earthen cocoons.

Several exotic species have yellow hind-wings, as is the case
with the one we have figured.

CANNA. 91

TARACHE DISPAR.
{Plate CXXVIIL, Fig, i.)
Acoiitia dispar. Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 790,
no. 21 (1857).

This species is a native of South Africa.

"Male.— White. Head brown; palpi obliquely ascending;
third joint black, not more than one-fourth of the length of the
second. Abdomen luteous. Fore-wings brown, with a glaucous
tinge, and varied with dark brown ; some indistinct and in-
complete whitish undulating bands, and a large white costal
l)atch, which is beyond the middle, and contains a brown
costal spot and a black mark, the latter indicating the reniform
spot ; marginal lunules black. Hind-wings luteous ; discal
spot, discal band, and border brown. Length of the body five
lines ; of the wings twelve lines." ( Walker.)

GENUS CANNA.
Carina, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxiii. p. 790 (1865).
The antennc'e are simple, and the palpi are stout, pilose, and
ascending, with the third joint very short ; the proboscis is
well developed. The abdomen is tapering, much more slender
than the thorax, and not extending beyond the hind-wings ; it
has a small tuft at the extremity. The legs are stout and
hairy, with strong spurs, and the tarsi spiny beneath. The
wings are broad and entire, and the fore-wings are rectangular
at the apex.

CANNA MALACHITES.

{Pla'e CXXVIIL, Fig. 3.)

Telesilla malachites, Oberthiir, I^tudes d'Ent. v. p. 80, pi. 3,

fig. 9 (1880).
Carina splendens, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 188S, p. 412 ;
Butler, 111. Lepid. Heter. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 59, pi. 128,
fig. 4 (1889).

92 Lloyd's natural history.

Diphthera malachites^ Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii.
p. 294 (1894).

This is a beautiful Moth, which was first brought from the
Island of Askold, near the mouth of the Amoor, but it has
since been found in Northern India.

The head and front of the thorax are green ; the antennoe
and the hinder part of the thorax are rufous, and the abdomen
is white, with a tuft of stiff black hairs on the middle of the
back. The fore-wings are green, with the half-line, and the
two transverse lines white, more or less bordered with black.
The basal and central areas are rufous, the former marked below
with a black spot, and the latter containing a green spot on a
dusky ring near the costa, and greatly extended in the inner
margin. Towards the hind margin are two black spots con-
taining a white dot, and bordered inside with white, and out-
side with buff. The hind-wings are brown, more or less
clouded towards the hind margin.

GENUS BANKIA.

Bankta, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 231 (1852).

Antennae hardly ciliated ; palpi slightly ascending, thickly
scaled ; proboscis very slender. Thorax globular, thickly scaled.
Abdomen long, and thicker and more obtuse in the female
than in the male. Legs slender, almost bare, with rather long
scales. Fore-wings oblong ; hind-wings broad, rounded, the
lower discoidal nervule as thick as the sub-median nervules,
and rising above them from the discoidal, wliich is equally
thick.

THE silver-barred MOTH. BANKIA OLIVANA.

Tortrix olivana, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien. p. 126, no. i (1776).
Pyralis bankiatia^ Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 275, no i (1781)

BANKIA. 93

Noctiia argent ula, Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i, p. 559, Taf. 163,

fig. 3 (1792 ?).
Nodua olivea, Hubner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 292 (1799?).
Erastria argentula, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 255

(1826) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 278 (1881).
Erastria bankiana, Stephens, III. Brit. Ent, Haust. p. 1 17 (1830).
Bankia bankiana^ Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 94,

pi. loi, figs. 4, 4a (1895).

The Silver-barred Moth.

The Silver-barred Moth is found in Central Europe, and in
Asia Minor and Siberia. It expands about an inch.

The head and thorax are olive-green varied with white.
The collar is golden yellow. The antennje are rusty brown,
and the legs and abdomen brownish-grey, the latter with a
yellowish anal tuft.

The fore-wings are dark olive-green, approaching brown,
with two oblique silvery transverse lines, the first of which has
a silvery hook representing the orbicular stigma, and the
second a slight prominence representing the reniform stigma.
In front of the fringes is a straight silvery line, and a small
dull comma-like mark may be seen near the apex of the wings.
The hind-wings are grey.

The larva feeds on various grasses, especially annual

,j4 Lloyd's natural history.

meadow-grass {^Poa annua). It is yellowish-green, with a light
green head. There is a dark green dorsal line, and a yellow
sub-dorsal line, whilst the spiracles are flesh-coloured.

The pupa is short and stout, with two fine points at the
extremity. It is at first shining drab, but by the follow-
ing spring has become dark brownish-green. It is placed
in a cocoon close to the ground.

The moth is found from June to August.

Pyralis banktana, described by Fabricus in 1781, is certainly
the present species, and is represented by a specimen in the
existing Banksian Collection ; but the insect which he origin-
ally described under the same name in his '• Systema Entomo-
logics" (1775) is something quite different.

GENUS GALGULA.

Galgida, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 239 (1852);
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 817 (1857).

Antennae smooth, but a little thickened in the male. Palpi
short, ascending, the last joint distinct and pointed. Thorax
and abdomen scaly, the former long, and the latter short, and
pointed at the tip in the female. Legs, slender, bare. Wings
entire, smooth, silky, with rather short fringes ; the markings
rather indistinct. There is no accessory cell, the sub-costal
nervure forming two bifurcations opposite each other.

This genus belongs to Guenee's AnthophilidcB, which is the
fourth family into which he divides his Minores.

GALGULA PARTITA.
{Plate CXXVIir., Fig. 2.)
Galgula partita, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 239

(1854).
This is a little North American Moth, which measures rather
less than an inch across the wings.

fiUSTROTlA, 95

The fore-wings are pale grey, with the margins marked with
reddish, and the two central lines slightly visible, curved, and
brownish on the inner side. Before the first line, and after the
second, run rows of small black dots. The two upper stigmata
are faintly visible ; they are slightly darker than the ground-
colour, and surrounded with paler, and they are separated by
a large square mark which extends to the costa. The hind-
wings are pale grey, with the borders and nervures indistinctly
blackish, and the fringes paler. The under side is tinged with
pale brick- red.

GENUS EUSTROTIA.

Eustrotia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 253 (1822?).
Hydrelia, Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, v. p. 227 (1S41);
id. Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 234 (1882).

Antennae short, hardly pubescent ; palpi short, arched, scaly,
and divergent ; proboscis short. Thorax short, rounded, and
thickly scaled. Abdomen obtuse and carinated in the males,
thicker and rounded in the females. Legs stout with long
spurs. Wing entire, rounded, with long close fringes ; fore-wings
distinctly marked, with no accessory cell ; hind-wings broad,
unicolorous, with the hind margin slightly waved.

Larva slender, feeding on plants growing in swampy places.
Pupa contained in a slight web among grass and moss.

THE SILVER HOOK MOTH. EUSTROTIA UNCULA.

PhaUena uncula, Clerck, Icones, pi. 3, fig. 7 (1759).

Toririx uticana, Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 342, no. 1305

(1761).
Nodua unca, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien. p. 91, no. 4 (1776); Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i.

p. 580, Taf 164, fig. 7 (i793?)j Hiabner, Eur. Schmett

iv. tig. 293 (1799?;-

g6 Lloyd's natural history.

Erastria uma, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 253 (1826) ;

Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 117 (1830).
Erastria uncu/a, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 278

(1881).
Hydrelia uncana, Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 96,

pi. loi, fig. 5 (1895).

X

The Silver Hook Motli.

The Silver Hook Moth is common in Central and Northern
Europe, Asia Minor, and Siberia. It expands about an inch.

The head and collar are reddish-grey, and the rest of the
body is uniform ashy-grey. The antennae are dark brown and
filiform, and the legs are grey. The thorax is not crested.

The fore-wings are nearly triangular, with the hind margin
somewhat curved outwards, and the apex rather acute. The
costa is narrowly ashy-grey, below which is a broad, yellowish,
almost flesh-coloured, band, which runs to the apex, where it
terminates in a dark spot. The inner margin also is narrowly
bordered with grey, to which succeeds a flesh-coloured band.
The central area is shining brown. At the base of the wings
is a white nervure, usually filled up with silvery, which touches
a large silvery spot with a dark nucleus in the middle of the
wings. A broad transverse line, shaded with brown and silver,
stretches in front of the brownish fringes, up to which the
surface is uniform brown, but separated from them, first by a
dark line, and then by a white one. The hind-wings are
reddish ashy-grey with whitish fringes, enclosed by a double
ashy-grey line.

ANTHOPHII.A. 97

The moth flies in damp meadows in June and July, and is
very plentiful at Killarney, and is also found in some localities
in Devonshire and Cornwall.

The larva lives on grass, and especially on sedge {Carcx).
It rests, stretched out at full length, upon the blades of grass,
and loops in walking. When young, it is a tiny greenish
creature, with brown dots, each bearing a small fine hair.
After each moult the green colour becomes more intense, and
when full-grown it is slender, cylindrical, and about an inch in
length. It is then velvety-green, with a yellowish-green head.
There is a dark dorsal line, and a fine pale green sub-dorsal
line. The spiracular line is light yellow, and broad, and on it
the spiracles show brownish. The last segments are the palest,
and the ventral surface is also paler.

GENUS ANTHOPIIILA.

Antophila^ Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810?)

Anthophila, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 93 (1816);

Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 273 (1826); nee

Haworih ; nee Guenee, restr.
Ero?nene, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 256 (1822?).
Miera, Guen^e, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, x. p. 224 (1841) ;

id. Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 241 (1S52), nom precoee.
Thalpoehares, Lederer, Noct. Eur. p. 43 (1857).

These are small day-flying Noetuee, which are usually scarce
in collections, rather because they are likely to be over-
looked than from their actual rarity. They are found flying
in weedy places. The type of the genus is A. purpurina
(Den. & Schiff.), a South European Moth ; an allied species is
noticed below.

The antennae are short, and finely ciliated in the male.
Palpi rather short, ascending, scaly, with the last joint distinct
16 H

98 Lloyd's natural history.

The proboscis is long, and the eyes large and prominent.
Thorax globular, scaly ; abdomen nearly smooth. Fore-wings
rather pointed at the tips, with distinct lines ; stigmata not
conspicuous ; no accessory cell. Hind-wings rather small, and
uniformly coloured.

Larva stout, tapering at the ends ; head small. Feeding on low
plants, at the extremity of the stalks.

THE PURPLE marbled MOTH. ANTHOPHILA OSTRINA.

Nodua ostrina, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. figs. 399, 648

(1804?).
Anthophila ostrina, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 270

(1826); Curtis, Brit. Ent. iii. pi. 140 (1826); Stephens,

111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 119 (1830).
Trothisa ostrina, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 282

(1881).

The Purple Marbled Moth.

This Moth is found in Southern Europe and in some parts
of Central Europe, but is very scarce in England. It is also
found in Asia Minor, Northern Africa, and Siberia. It
expands about three-quarters of an inch.

The head and thorax are either white, varied with sulphur-
yellow, or dusted with brownish or reddish. The abdomen
is yellowish, pale brown, or ashy-grey, with white incisions.
The antennae are pale ferruginous, and the legs are whitish.

The fore-wings are pale yellow or sulphur-yellow, with a
darker yellow transverse line across the middle of the wings.
There is always a black dot representinsf the reniform stigma,

NOCTU/E QUADRIFID.E. 99

and generally another near the base. On the costa is a pale
area, succeeded by another transverse line rising from a dark
spot at the apex of the wings, and beyond this is a distinct
white zig-zag line. The fringes are white, intersected by two
fine yellow lines. The outer half of the wings is either
striated with red, or with red and grey, or is simply
yellowish-white. The hind-wings are yellowish-white, with
white fringes, and are sometimes dusted with ashy-grey.

The larva is said to feed on the shoots of thistles.

The moth appears in June.

DIVISION II.— NOCTU^ QUADRIFID^.

Larvce with the front pairs of pro-legs generally more or less
imperfectly developed, and looping in gait. They feed on
low plants or trees, but never beneath the ground, or in the
stems of plants.

Pupa usually enclosed in a silken cocoon ; rarely subter-
ranean ; frequently covered with a bluish effloresence.

Imago with long ascending palpi, with the last joint long,
and sometimes spatulate. Wings generally very large in pro-
portion to the size of the body, with the median nervure generally
four-branched. The hind-wings frequently participate in the
markings of the fore-wings. Wings more or less expanded in
repose.

This is a very large group of A^octucB, and includes the bulk
of the exotic species. For this Division, I propose to follow
Guen^e's arrangement almost in its entirety, for any modifica-
tions which have been proposed have been suggested only in
works dealing with local fauna?.

Guende divides the Quadrifida into eight tribes, of
which he gives the outline sketch ; —

u 2

loo Lloyd's natural history.

§ Discoidal nervule variable ; wings sloping. Moths with
silky wings, concolorous, or with ocellated markings. Dis-
coidal nervule as well developed as the others ... Sericece.

Moths of small size, with angulated or dentated wings, or
with metallic markings ; hind-wings differently coloured to the
fore- wings, with the discoidal nervule generally less developed
than the median nervules VariegatcB.

Abdomen depressed ; wings clouded ; hind-wings differently
coloured from the fore-wings ; discoidal nervule always less
developed than the median nervules, and separated from
them at its origin Intrusce.

§ § Discoidal nervule as strongly developed as the median
nervules, and rising near them ; wings more or less
expanded when at rest. Moths of moderate size ; the fore-
and hind-wings with similar colours and markings, or with
considerable markings on the under side Extensce.

Large or moderate-sized moths, the hind-wings differently
coloured to the fore-wings, and most frequently of two colours.

Limhatce.

Moths of large size, with the last joint of the palpi long and
linear ; wings broad, having similar colours and markings.

Patidce.

Moths with the last joint of the palpi moderately long, and
not spatulate ; abdomen smooth SerpentiiKB.

Moths resembling Pj7-alidcp, with very long palpi and long
legs. Wings slender, the fore- and hind-wings with similar
markings, and with distinct markings on the under surface.

Pseudo- Deltoidce.

Of these eight divisions, four only are represented in Europe
by a few genera and species.

EULEPIDOTIS. lOI

I.— NOCTU^ SERICE^.
These are pretty little moths, almost confined to tropical
America. They are divided into two families, the Palindiidce,
slender-bodied moths, with short and broad wings, with trans
verse lines or metallic markings, and angulated or sub-caudate
hind-wings, with a black spot near the middle of the hind
margin; and the DyopsiJce, which have stouter bodies, and
darker coloured and longer wings, with an ocellated spot near
the anal angle of the hind-wings. I have figured a represen-
tative of each of these families.

FAMILY PALINDIID^.

GENUS EULEPIDOTIS.
Eulepidofis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 291 (1822 ?).
Palindia, pt. Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 274
(1852).
The head is small, and the antennse and ascending palpi are
long and slender ; proboscis slender and rather short. The
abdomen is smooth, slender, and rather pointed. The legs
are long, with the hind tibire somewhat thickened. The wings
are broad, entire, with the hind margin of the fore-wings nearly
straight, and the hind-wings broad, and more or less angulated.

EULEPIDOTIS DETRACTA.
{Plate CXX/X., Fi\r. i.)
Palindia delrada, AValker, List Lep'd. Ins. Brit. Mus. xii.
p. 847, no. 7 (1857).
The following is Walker's description of this Brazilian
species : —

"Female. — White. Head and pro thorax pale brown. Abdo-
men slightly luteous towards the tip. Wings with a glaucous
tinge along the exterior border ; cilia pale brown. Fore-wings

102 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

with black dots along the costa, and with two slender, testaceous,
brown-bordered, bands, which are approximate hindward, and are
dilated on the costa ; an indistinct undulating grey line between
the second band and the border. Hind-wings slightly luteous,
with a black marginal line, a black posterior marginal dot, and
a white stripe, which includes, near the margin, an assemblage
of black points ; the latter are bounded in front and behind by
some little brown lines. Length of the body, 5-6 lines ; of the
wings, 12-14 lines."

FAMILY DYOPSID^.

GENUS LITOrROSOPUS.
Litoprosopus^ Grote, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. ii. p. 309 (1870).
The antennae are rather short, thick, and filiform ; the palpi
short, ascending, with the third joint long, smoothly scaled,
and sub-spatulate ; the proboscis is unusually stout and well
developed ; the abdomen is rather longer than the hind wings,
and tufted at the tip. The wings are entire ; the fore-wings
are long, and the hind-wings are marked with a large ocellated
spot.

LITOPROSOPUS HATUEY.
{.Plate CXXIX., Fig. 9.)

Noctiia hatuey, Poey, Cent. Lepid. Cuba, pi. 6 (1833).

Dyops hatuey, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 284
(1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 855,
no. 3 (1857) ; Gundlach, Entom. Cubana, p. 347 (1881).

The fore-wings are reddish-brown, with rather indistinct
black transverse lines, and sometimes a yellow spot at the
hinder angle, marked with shining blue specks. The hind-
wings are brown, yellowish at the base, and with a transverse
yellowish stripe. Towards the anal angle is a sub-ocellated
spot, with two shining blue spots in the centre, surmounted

NOCTU.« VARIEGATiE. IO3

by a red or buff crescent. The moth differs considerably in
the length and breadth of the wings.

This Moth, which is a native of North and Central America
and the West Indies, was first described from Cuba ; it expands
from two to three inches.

II.— NOCTU^ VARIEGATE.
This Division, which is fairly well represented in Europe, is
divided by Guenee into eight families, as follows : —
A. — Abdomen crested, or terminating in diverging pencils of
hair. Wings more or less angulated, with distinct lines
and spots.

a. Abdomen crested. Hind-wings without markings, and
concave, dentated, or polygonal. Antennce simple. Eriopida;.

b. Abdomen with two diverging pencils of hair at the tip.
Hind-wings with the discoidal nervure well marked. Antennae
of the male ciliated for half their length Eurhifiidtc.

c. Abdomen slightly crested. Wings scarcely angulated,
shining; hind-wings with the median nervure three-branched.

Placodidce.
B. — Abdomen inflated. Wings conical, usually furnished with
one or more velvety prominences on the inner margin.

a. Larvce with the first pairs of pro-legs short or wanting.
Palpi curved, but slender. ^V^ings often marked with metallic
spots riusiidcB.

b. Larvae with sixteen legs. Wings with no metallic spots.
Palpi very thick Calpidce.

c. Larvae resembling those of Noiodontidce. Wings silky,
not metallic. Antennae long, pectinated to half their length in

the male HetniceridcE.

C. — Wings entire, thick. Abdomen stout, conical. Palpi

straight, beak-like Hybl<zid<z.

I04 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

Larvpe with from twelve to sixteen legs. Abdonjen depressed
in the male. Wings angulated, with the orbicular stigma
punctiform Go7iopterid(e.

As before, we will proceed to notice some representative
genera and species of these eight families. The families
CalpidcB, Hemiceridce, and Gonopteridm have considerable
resemblance to the Notodontidce, and have been referred to
that family by some authors.

FAMILY ERIOPID^.

GENUS CALLOPISTRIA.
Cailopist?-ia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 216 (1822?);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 861 (1857).
Eriopis, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (i), p. 365 (1825);
Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 291 (1852).

Antennae slender, pubescent in the male, frequently nodose
at one third of their length. Palpi straight ; second joint
broad, very hairy, third small. Proboscis short and slender ;
front of the head tufted.

Body rather slender ; thorax with a bifid crest ; abdomen
conical, crested at the base, and pointed at the extremity in the
male. Legs clothed with woolly hair. Fore-wings dentated, with
a small tuft of projecting scales on the inner margin ; hind-wings
broad, with a more or less distinct concavity opposite the cell.
Discoidal nervule rising from the discocellular nervule close to
the cellular fold.

Larva smooth, cylindrical, with sixteen legs, feeding on
low plants.

Pupa smooth, shining, subterranean.

Two species are found in Europe, though not in Britain
An allied North American species is here figured.

/ Eulepidoiis deh^acia. 5. CriUoptstrta CLrgentUinea

2. Pliosia jrticroqcumrtuL. G Henaccras sicjllLcv.

3. E Lit ell a rufairiic. 7. HyhUira piverci..

4: PUtsicx gamrn(x<,LciJ^vcL. H. GonocLontcv CLcrriepieray.
.9. Litopro^vpus luiiuey.

EUTELIA. 105

CALLOPISTRIA ARGENTILINKA.
[I late CXX/.W, Fi-. 5.)

Callopisirid argentilinea, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.
xii. p. 863, no. 6 (1857).
" Male. — Ferruginous. Abdomen cinereous. Fore-wings with
several undulating pale red bands ; sub-marginal line pale red,
very zig-zag ; orbicular and reniTorm stigmata also pale red ;
three undulating, transverse silvery lines ; reniform stigma in
part with a silvery border ; a row of marginal black dots, with
silvery lunules ; cilia with pale dots. Hind-wings cinereous
red ; cilia with whitish streaks. Length of the body, 5 lines ;
of the wings, 1 2 lines " ( Walker).

FAMILY EURHIPIDy^^..

GENUS EUTELIA.

Eiitelia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 259 (1S22?); Walker,

List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 872 (1857).
Eurhipia^ Boisduval, Ind. Meth. p. 70 (1829) ; id. Gen. Ind.
Meth. p. 122 (1840); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii.
p. 305 (1852).
Antennae dentated in the male, and strongly pubescent to the
middle, and then simple to the tip ; a large tuft of hair at the
base. Palpi ascending, the second joint hairy, the third long,
naked, sub-spatulate. Proboscis short. Thorax crested, and with
a large raised collar. Abdomen stout, conical, much longer
than the hind-wings, with the terminal segments crested, and
a large cottony tuft on the third segment. Tip of the abdo-
men with six pencils of hairs, the lateral ones long and
diverging. Wings slightly angulated and dentated, with very
distinct markings. In repose the wings are folded and the
abdomen raised.

io6 Lloyd's natural history.

The larva is short, smooth, cylindrical, with a large head.
It feeds on trees.

Pupa short, obtuse, subterranean.

The Eurhipidm are a small family, though widely dis-
tributed. The only European species does not extend to
England.

EUTELIA (?) RUFATRIX.
[Plate CXXIX., Fig. 3.)
Penicillaria (?) rufatrix, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.
XV. p. 1775 (1858).

This species inhabits Jamaica.

" Red, mostly white beneath. Antennas stout, simple.
Tarsi with white bands. Fore wings with a few curved white
lines, with an oblique white band, which is widened towards
the interior border, with a sub-costal black streak, and a
black spot on the exterior border near the tip, which is
occupied by a testaceous white-bordered spot, and with a
black dot near the base of the interior border ; hind part of
the exterior border very oblique. Hind-wings white, with
broad red borders, which contain a short white line near the
interior angle ; interior border marked with black towards its
tip. Length of the body, 5 lines ; of the wings, i 2 lines "
( Walker).

This Moth stands in the British Museum under Etifelia, but
differs from the type of that genus in its much more angu-
lated fore-wings. A new genus should probably be formed for
its reception.

GENUS VARNIA.

Varnia, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vii. p. 69 (1S63);

Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 66 (1S84).
Dysodia, Hampson (nee Clemens), Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, i.

p. 368 (1892).

PLUSIID^. 107

Antennas simple; palpi ascending, scaly, rather long, and
pointed at the tip. Body very stout and hairy. Abdomen conical,
extending beyond the hind-wings. Wings small in comparison
with the size of the body, with small transparent spots ; fore-
wings oblong, hind-wings oval. An East Indian genus, referred
by some authors to the Thyrididce.

VARNIA IGNITA.
(Plate CLV., Fig. 6.)

Varnia ignita, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxiii.

p. 825 (1865).
Dysodia ignita, Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, i. p. 368,

fig- 249 (1892).
" Deep red, very stout, brown beneath. Head and fore
part of the thorax reddish-brown. Palpi smooth, stout,
obliquely ascending, larger than the breadth of the head ; third
joint lanceolate, about one fourth of the length of the second.
Abdomen extending rather beyond the hind-wings. Wings
minutely reticulated with black ; a dark reddish oblique
irregular band ; fringe with a few whitish streaks ; exterior
border slightly and irregularly dentate. Length of the body
8 lines; of the wings x6 lines. Hub. Silhet" {Walker).

FAMILY PLUSIID.F:.

Passing over the family Flacodidce, which includes a few
pretty Palgearctic and American species, most of which are
tinged with purple or rosy, we arrive at the Flusiida, one of
the most extensive and best-known families of the Quadrijidie.
Several species are here described and figured.

io8 Lloyd's natural history.

GENUS ABKOSTOLA.
Abrostola, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 88 (1816);

Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 96 (1829); Guenc^e,

Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 320 (1852).
The species of this genus are of moderate size, with the
thorax tufted and the abdomen crested. The fore-wings havo
no metallic spots or pale lines, and no tooth on the inner
margin ; but the stigmata are well-marked, and are bordered
with raised scales. The larvae feed on nettles, &:c., and are
provided with sixteen legs, but the first pair is imperfectly
developed, and they loop in walking. There is a hump on the
penultimate segment. The pupaj are enclosed in cocoons
made of silk mixed with moss and earth.

THE light SPECTACLK MOTH. ABROSTOLA TRIPLASIA.

Nodua triplasia, Linngeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 507, no. 118

(1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 318 (1761).
Nodua tripartita, Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. iii. p. 419 (1767).
Nodua iriplasia, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 269 (1799?).
Nodua asdepiadis, Esper (nee Den. & Schiff.), Schmett. iv. (2)

i. p. 616, Taf. 169, figs. 4, 5 (1793 ?)•
Nodua urticcB, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 625 (1804?).
Plusia urticce, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 145 (1826).
Abrostola urticce, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 97

(1829); Buckler, Larvce of Brit. Lepid. vi. pi. 102, fig. i

(1895)-
Abrostola tripartita, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 261

(1881).
The Light Spectacle Moth is found throughout the greater
part of Europe and Northern Asia, and is not uncommon in
England. It expands from an inch and a quarter to an inch
and a half,

ABROSTOLA, lOQ

The head and thorax are brown, and the latter is crested.
The abdomen is yellowish, with paler incisions, with brown
tufts in the middle, and a brown anal tuft. The antennae are
brown, and the legs are also brown with lighter rings. The
fore-wings are dark grey, suffused with greenish-white in the
basal area, and on the teguLne. All three stigmata are present,
and are connected by black spaces around the orbicular
and claviform stigmata, whilst between the orbicular and
reniform stigmata is a blackish space. There are two trans-
verse lines, beyond which is a greenish-white band with a
slight reddish lustre, whilst at the apex is a black spot bisected

The Light Spectacle Moth.

by a pale line. The fringes are bordered with dark brown,
slightly dusted with white, and dentated. The hind-wings are
brown, rather lighter towards the base, with a slight lunule.
The fringes are grey, intersected by two brown lines, and tipped
with white.

The larva feeds on nettles. It is grass-green, and the head
is heart-shaped. The three thoracic segments have double
white longitudinal streaks on the back and sides, and the
succeeding segments have each a dark green mark, pointed
behind, and surrounded with white, and similar oblique mark-
ings on the sides, the intervening spaces being dotted with
white. The legs are green, and above them are green and
white longitudinal lines, interrupted in the incisions. Some-
times the larva is brown instead of green.

Lloyd's natural history.

GENUS PLUSIA.

Plusia, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810) ; Ochsenheimer,
Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 89 (1816); Treitschke, Schmett.
Eur. V. (3) p. 134 (1826) ; Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct.
ii. p. 324 (1852).

The genus Plusia, the type of which is the Burnished Brass
Moth, P. chrysitis (Linn.), is represented by numerous species
in all parts of the world. They are moderately sized moths,
with the thorax and abdomen crested, and rather pointed fore-
wings, with metallic spots, often resembing letters ; or metallic
lines or blotches. There is no tooth on the inner margin, and
the stigmata are not bordered with raised scales. The hind-
wings are usually light brown, and rounded. The larvae, which
feed on low plants, are much attenuated in front, and the first
two pairs of pro-legs are absent. The pupae are soft, and are
enclosed in loose silken cocoons.

Many of the moths fly by day, and often at dusk. They
hover over flowers, and their flight is rapid when disturbed ;
but much less so than that of the Humming-bird Hawk Moth
i^Macroglossa stellataruni). (Cf. anfea, vol. iv. p. 8.)

THE BURNISHED BRASS MOTH. PLUSIA CHRYSITIS.

Nodua chrysitis, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 513, no. 90
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 311, no. 169 (1761); Esper,
Schmett. iv. (i), p. 186, Taf. 109, figs. 1-5 (1789?);
Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 272 (1799?), figs. 662, 663
(1804?).

Plusia chrysitis, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 169 (1826);
Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 105 (1830); Kirby,
Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 263 (1881); Buckler,
Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. pi. 102, fig. 3 (1895).

PLUSIA.

The Burnished Brass Moth is common throughout the
greater part of Europe as well as in Northern and Western Asia.
It expands from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half.

The Burnished Brass Moth.

The head is orange-yellow, and so is the collar, which is
bordered with grey, whilst the tegulae are varied with grey and
brownish. The thorax is grey, with a well-marked orange-
coloured crest. The abdomen is yellowish-brown, with three
tufts, the first of which is dark rusty brown, and the two others
yellowish-brown. The antennae are yellowish-brown and the
legs whitish-grey.

The fore-wings are short and broad, and strongly emarginate,
with pointed tips. They are greyish-brown or reddish-brown,
with a broad band near the base, usually of a golden-green
colour, but somewhat variable in tint, the green predominating
in some specimens, and the yellow in others. There is a
second band of the same colour beyond the middle, which is
placed obliquely, and is not uncommonly united to the first
by an oblong patch near the inner margin. Near the apex is a
deep brown transverse line, and the nervures are also of this
colour. The fringes are greyish-brown or reddish-brown. The
hind-wings are greyish-brown, with a metallic gloss, and rather
darker on the hind margin. The fringes are yellowish-grey.

The moth is double-brooded, and the larva is found in May
and June, and again in August and September. It feeds on a

112 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

variety of plants, including nettles, thistles, wild mint, &c. It
is green, with a number of fine white lines on the back. On
the thoracic segments is a white dorsal line, and on the sides a
broad white stripe. The whole of the body is set with fine
white hairs, and the incisions are yellowish. Sometimes there
is a green dorsal line, and green streaks on the sides. It
weaves a slight cocoon, and the pupa varies from dark reddish-
brown to blackish-brown.

THE GAMMA OR SILVER Y MOTH. PLUSIA GAMMA.
{Plate CXXIX., Fig. 4, larva.)

Nodua gamma, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 513, no.
91 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 312 (1761); Esper,
Schmett. iv. (i), p. 204, Taf. iii, figs. 1-4 (1789?);
Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 283 (1799?).

Flj^sia gamtna, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 1S5 (1826);
Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 103 (1830); Kirby,
Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 265, pi. 40, figs. 3-3 b
(1881) ; Buckler, Larvse of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. \12, pi. 102,
figs. 8-8 b (1895).

The Gamma Moth.

This common and well-known species has a wide range, extend-
ing throughout the Palsearctic Region from Greenland to Abys-
sinia and occurring also in North America. It has even been
seen fluttering in the sun at the top of Mont Blanc, no doubt

PLUSIA. 113

carried up by a current of air. It measures from an inch and
a third to upwards of an inch and a half in expanse.

It is variable in colouring, but is most frequently light or
dark grey varied with feriUginous, but may be bluish ashy-
grey, almost devoid of any rusty tint, or entirely rusty brown
approaching to black. The head and collar are brownish-
grey, and are bordered, like the tegulse and the crested thorax,
with light grey. The abdomen is light yellowish-grey, with
raised brown tufts. The antennse are light brown, and the
legs grey.

The fore-wings have a metallic gloss. There is a half-line
near the base, and then two zig-zag transverse lines, which
look like silvery threads. The basal area is the palest. From
the base to the second transverse line runs a white median
nervure, on which are seen, in the central area, traces of the
two stigmata, bordered with silver. Near the inner margin is
a shining silver or golden mark, resembling the letter Y, or
rather the Greek y. Below this mark the ferruginous tint is
darkest, merging into dull golden. The marginal area com-
mences beyond a pale transverse line. It is brownish, shaded
with golden. The fringes are somewhat dentated, greyish,
spotted with dusky brown. The hind-wings are yellowish-
brown at the base, with darker nervures, and a broad blackish
border. The fringes are white, dotted with brown.

The larva is found from spring to autumn. There are
sometimes three broods in one year, and the last may pass
the winter in any stage. The larva feeds on various low
plants, sometimes including grass. It is green, with fine
scattered hairs. The head is brownish-green. On the back
are fine whitish or yellowish lines, and above the legs is a
yellow stripe. The spiracles are dark green. Some speci-
mens are brownish-green, with indistinct lines. The pupa is
dark brown, and is enclosed in a white cocoon. Except in the
16 I

ti4 Lloyd's natural history.

case of hibernated specimens, the moth appears in a fortnight
or three weeks.

The larva has not proved injurious in Britain, but has been
so at times on the Continent, when it has appeared in large
numbers.

PLUSIA MICROGAMMA.

{Plate CXXIX., Fig. 2.)

Nodua mtcroganima, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 698

(1818?)
Pliisia viicrogamma, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 198
(1826) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 266
(1882).

This species is a native of Eastern Europe, and is also
found in some parts of Germany. It expands about an inch
and a quarter.

It is pale ashy-grey. The fore-wings are divided into three
areas by two silver transverse lines bordered with blackish.
The basal area, the costa, and the upper part of the marginal
band are very pale. The first transverse line first becomes
distinct below a whitish nervure, after which the central area
is darker. On this part stands a silver mark like a comma,
one of the arms of the usual y mark being wanting. There
are two stigmata towards the pale costa, of which the
orbicular is oval and indistinct, and the reniform is bordered
with black, with a silver centre. The marginal area is
broad, with a metallic lustre, and is darkest towards the sub-
marginal line. This is dull white, moderately curved, with
two obtuse teeth in the middle. Beyond this there are no
markings as far as the fringes, which are striped with dark and
light grey, and bordered with two white lines. The hind-
wings are pale yellow with a broad black marginal band, and
yellow and black fringes.

PLUS I A.

"5

THE SCARCE BURNISHED BRASS MOTH. PLUSIA CHRYSON.

Noctua chryson, Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i, p. 446, Taf. 141,

fig. 2 {1789).
Noctua orichalcea, Hiibner (nee Fabricius), Beitr. Schmett. ii.

p. 28, pi. 4, fig. W(i79o).
Plusia ortchalcea, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 173

(1826); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 105 (1830);

Warren, in Buckler's Larvse of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 100 (1895).
Plusia chryson, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 263

(1882).

The Scarce Burnished Brass Moth.

The Scarce Burnished Brass Moth has a wide range
throughout Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor, and
Siberia, but is local and rare in Britain. It expands about an
inch and three-quarters.

The head, collar, and thoracic crest are pale ferruginous,
and the thorax itself and the tegulse are violet-brown. The
abdomen is yellowish-grey, with a black line along the middle,
on which stand dark brown raised tufts of hair, the first and
third of which are the largest. The antennce are long, and
pale ferruginous, with white scales. The front legs are densely
hairy above, whitish beneath, and the hind-legs are yellowish -
white.

The fore-wings are of a delicate violet-brown, the costa and

I 2

ii6 Lloyd's natural history.

apex being the palest, with two transverse lines enclosing the
dark central area. The first of these consists of deep brown
curves, and the second passes through a large trapeziform
golden patch near the innermargin, and terminates in a small
white, C-shaped hook. The patch is shining greenish-golden,
and is bordered on the inner side by a dark shade, and on the
outer by a pale reddish, almost peach-blossom, marginal band.
The fringes are reddish-grey, and dentated. The hind-wings
have a metallic shine, and are pale yellowish-brown at the
base, and darker on the nervures and hind margins, with the
fringes striped with lighter and darker.

The larva feeds on hemp agrimony {^Eupatorium cannab'umni)
and Salbia glutinosa. When full-grown, it is green with a
dark green dorsal line, and fiine white sub-dorsal lines from
the third to the twelfth segment. On the sides are oblique
white lines. The spiracles are small and white, the last being
the largest. The anterior segments are very extensile. It
hides under the leaves of its food-plant during the day. The
pupa is brownish-black, with the under part of the wing-sheaths
pale green, but this colour changes to dull pink before the
moth appears. The perfect insect flies in July and August.

FAMILY CALPID^.
The moths of this family are easily recognised by their
pointed and often pectinated antennae, large hairy beak-like
palpi, and the waved or strongly toothed inner margin of the
fore-wings. The family is represented in South Europe by
one species, Calpe capucina (Esper) ; but the majority of the
species are American.

GENUS GONODONTA.
Goiiodonfa, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 163 (1822?)}
Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 364 (1S52).

GONODONTA. II7

In this genus the fore-wings are rather pointed, with two
teeth on the inner margin, and the hind-wings are rounded, and
most frequently black and yellow. The antennae are rather
long and thick, and very slightly ciliated. The larvce are
rather short, with a large head, and sixteen very long legs,
especially the claspers. The pupa is obtuse, and is enclosed
in a cocoon among leaves or moss.

GONODONTA ACMEPTER.\.
{Plate CXX/X., Fi^. 8.)
Fhahtna acmeptcra, Sepp, Surin. Vlind. i. pi. 49 (1848).

This species is found in Surinam. It expands an inch and
a half.

Fore-wings rich brown, purplish on the marginal area, which
is bounded within by some indistinct zig-zag light and dark
lines ; there is a broad yellowish-white costal band, ceasing
before the tip ; towards the base it tapers below, the space
between it and the costa being ferruginous. Hind-wings
orange, with a broad black border^ and yellowish-white fringes.
The head and the long, broad, compressed palpi are snow-
white, and the thorax is purplish-grey, with the abdomen
yellow, and spotted with black on the back.

The larva has fourteen legs, and is black, with numerous
transverse lines and small spots, which are white in the young
larva, and yellow in the full-grown larva. On the abdominal
segments are two lateral rows of large spots, which are yellow
in the young larva, and deep orange-red in the full-grown larva,
in which those of the lower row are very large and irregular in
shape. The larva forms a cocoon of leaves lined with silk.
It feeds on the lower shoots of Bnaisfelsia undulata, hiding
itself under the leaves, and dropping down at the least touch.

ii8 Lloyd's natural history.

FAMILY HEMICERIDyE.

GENUS HEMICERAS.

Hemiceras, Guen^e, Spec. G^n. L^pid. Noct. ii. p. 379 (1S52).

The antennae are long, pectinated for half of their length in
the male, and shortly verticillate in the female ; between them
is a diverging tuft of hair. The palpi are rather short, and the
abdomen is obtuse, and tufted at the tip. The wings are
entire, and the fore-wings are provided with one or two teeth
on the inner margin, and are marked with oblique transverse
lines. The larva is thick, with a large head and sixteen legs.
It has bifid tubercles on the fifth and eleventh segments,
and the sub-dorsal lines are much waved ; the pupa is sub-
terranean,

HEMICERAS SIGULA.
{,Plate CXXIX., Fig. 6.)

Hemiceras sigula^ Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 384
(1852) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 973
(1857).

This Moth is a native of Brazil. It expands about an inch
and a third.

The fore-wings are brown and rather pointed, with the hind
margin convex and obliquely curved, with a strong tooth at
the hinder angle, and a deep concavity between this and a large
rounded projection on the middle of the inner margin. Only
the first line is distinct ; it runs very obliquely outwards from
the costa to the tooth on the inner margin. The reniform
stigma is indistinctly visible, and a zig-zag line runs obliquely
from the costa near the tip, approximating to the first line on
the inner margin. The hind-wings are grey, darker towards the
margins, with a black line on the base of the fringes, and a
very distinct long patch of black scales before the extremity of

HYBLiEA. 119

the lowest median nervule. The cell of the hind-wings is
open. The head and thorax are purplish-grey, the abdomen
duller. There is a white transverse streak between the
antennre, which are strongly pectinated nearly to the tip.

FAMILY HYBL^ID^.

GENUS HYBL^A.

HyblcBu^ Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (2), p. 127 (1794); Guenee,
Spec. G^n. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 390 (1852).

This genus includes a few widely distributed tropical species,
with short, thick, simple antennae; palpi long, pointed, beak-like ;
thorax rounded ; rather short, stout, tufted legs, and broad,
oblong, brown fore-wings, and rounded hind-wings, with
fulvous markings.

HVBL^A PUERA.

{Plate CXXIX., Fi^. 7.)

Noctua puera, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 103, figs. D, E(i777).

Noctua saga, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 137, no. 29 (17S7).

Hyblcsa saga, Esper, Naturf. xxix. p. 204, Taf. 4, figs. 10, 11

(1S02).
Noctua iinxia, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 513(1804 ?).
Heliothis apricans, Boisduval, Faun. Madag. p. 98, pi. 15,

fig- 7 (1833).
Hyblaa puera, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 390

(1852); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 81, pi. 154, figs.

2, 2 a (1S84); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii.

p. 371, fig. 204 (1894).

This is a pretty Moth, measuring about an inch and a half

across the fore-wings, which are greyish-brown or reddish-brown,

with or without two triangular marks on the costa, and an

oblong blackish spot in the position of the claviform stigma.

I20 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

When the costal spots are present, they form the commence-
ment of two slightly marked transverse bands. The hind-win[ s
are black, with a curved orange band, more or less divided into
three, and bordered with red, and another orange spot on the
hind margin towards the anal angle. On the under side the
fore-wings are largely orange, and the hind-wings have two
black spots towards the anal angle. The abdomen is black,
with the segments narrowly bordered with fulvous.

" Larva with a few short silky hairs, dark purplish-grey
above, olive-green below ; with dorsal and lateral white lines ; a
subdorsal row of minute white dots and rings; a row of black
dots on lateral line ; head, and second segment, and front legs,
black. Feeds on Bignoniacea (Thwaites). Pupa dark reddish-
brown " [Moore).

This is one of the most widely-ranging of all the tropical
Nociu(B, being found in India, Burma, China, Ceylon, Java, to
North Australia, South Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, South
and Central America, and the West Indies ; Hiibner has even
figured it as European, but probably in error.

FAMILY GONOPTERID^.

GENUS SCOLIOPTERYX.

Scoliopieryx, Germar, Prodr. Ent. p. 14 (iSio); Walker, List

Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1009 (1S57).
Goiiopfera, Latreille, Fam. Nat. p. 476 (1S25); Guenee, Spec.

Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 405 (1852).
The Gonopteridtz are a small family remarkable for the
irregular outline of the fore-wings. Scoliopieryx, which includes
the only European representative, has short antennas, ciliated
in the male ; straight, woolly, thick palpi ; a prominent frontal
tuft ; short, strong, legs ; and broad, angulated, and strongly
dentated and excavated fore-wings. The larv» are long and

Yfym'utii

I. 2. SaoUopberyoc Ubatrujc.

3. Pcuvfy-dvcL sparsely

4. IVepliel^nxi edziso/.

5 AnihjOCiiJUt suhlnjucidoy.

6. MdjLCL disrj^trigcu

7. Syneda soda.

8. HypocalcL suhscdMrato.

SCOLIOPTERYX, 121

slender, with sixteen legs, and feed on trees ; and the pupag are
enclosed in oblong silken cocoons, between leaves at the ends
of the branches.

THE HERALD MOTH. SCOLIOPTERYX LIBATRIX.

{Plate CXXX., Figs i, 2.)

Bombyx Ubatrix, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 507, no. 54

(1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. i. p. 304 (1761) ; Esper, Schmttt.

iii- P- 357, Taf. 69, fig. 4 (1782 ?).

PhalcEiia Geomeira Saiidaria, Poda, Ins. Mus. Grcec. p. 92,

no. 29. pi. ii. fig. 8 (1761).
Noctna libalrix, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 436 (1804?).
Calpe libatrix, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 172 (1825).
Calvplra libatrix^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 50

■ (1829).
Scoliopteryx libairix, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p.

185, pi. 39, fig. I (1880).
Gonoplera libairix, Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. pi. 103,
fig- I (1895)-
The Herald Moth is common throughout Europe, Northern
and Western Asia, and North America. It expands from an
inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters.

The head and thorax are reddish, with a ferruginous crest.
The antennae are yellowish-brown. The abdomen is grey,
varied with reddish, and the legs are brown, spotted with white,
with the last joint of the tarsi white, except for a few brown
spots above.

The fore-wings are reddish-brown, marbled with red. There
is an irregular red patch at the base, a round white spot on the
disc, and two oblique transverse white bands, one a little before
the middle, and the other a little beyond it. From the outer
band to the apex the colour is grey speckled with dusky, and
traversed by a very faint waved whitish streak. The reddish

122 Lloyd's natural history.

patch is sprinkled with yellow, and there is a distinct row of
small white marks along the median nervure. The hind-wings
are ashy-grey, becoming darker towards the hind margin. The
fringes of the fore-wings are ferruginous, and those of the
hind-wings ashy-grey.

The larva feeds upon willows and poplars, about which the
moth may frequently be seen flying. The former is slender,
grass-green, with scattered minute hairs. The incisions are
yellow, and there is a white or yellowish lateral line and red
stigmata.

The pupa is black and very tapering, and is attached to the
cocoon by its terminal bristle. The cocoon is usually inter-
woven with leaves.

The moth appears in June or July from hybernated imagos
or pup^e, and again plentifully in October. It is common
from autumn to spring, concealed in weedy banks, under
bridges, between the chinks of palings or thatch, and in
out-houses.

III.— NOCTU^ INTRUST.
The Intrusts are a small group, including three families,

all represented in Britain. They are thus defined by

Guenee : —

A. — Larvce with the penultimate segment more or less promi-
nent, green, with distinct lines, or else with dull
uniform colours, and not looping when they walk. In
the moth the abdomen is flattened above in both sexes,
and the wings are thick and lustrous ... AmphipyridcB.

B.— Larvre fusiform, of varied colours, and somewhat looping.
Moths with the abdomen often inflated in the females,
and with the hind-wings well developed, but never brightly
coloured, or coloured like the fore-wings. ToxocatnpidiB.

C. — Larvae stout, cylindrical, resembling those of Orthosiidce in

AMPHIPYRA.

123

shape, and with sixteen legs. Moths resembhng Geo-
metrid(B, with slender bodies, short palpi, and slender,
silky wings ; the hind-wings are large, folded in repose,
and similarly coloured to the fore-wings, Stilbiidce.

FAMILY AMPHIPYRIDyE.
GENUS AMPHIPYRA.
Amphipyra, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 70 (1816);
Treitschke, Schmett, Eur. v. (2), p. 276 (1825); Guenee,
Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 411 (1852).

In this genus the antennae are simple ; the palpi long,
ascending, recurved, and approximating; the abdomen flattened,
with the extremity pointed ; the legs thick, with strong
spurs. The wings are rather broad, indented, or slightly
denticulated ; the fore-wings are oblong, with the hind margin
only slightly curved. The larvae are green, with distinct lines,
and the penultimate segment often humped ; they live exposed
on trees and low plants. The pupae are enclosed in cocoons
of silk or rubbish on the surface of the ground.

THE MOUSE MOTH. AMPHIPYRA TRAGOPOGONIS.

Noctua tragopogonis , Clerck, Icones, pi. i, fig. 5 (1759);

Linnjeus, Faun. Suec. p. 316 (1761); Esper, Schmett. iv.

(2) I, p. 622, Taf. 170, figs. I, 2 (1794?); Hiibner, Kur.

Schmett. iv. fig. 40 (1799 ?).
Noctua tetra (nee Fabr.), Haworth, Lepid. Brit. ii. p. 164,

no. 12 (1809).
Awphipyra tragopogonis^ Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. {i)p. 277

(1825); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 186(1880);

Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. pi. 103, fig. 2i~Z ^(1895).
Pyrophila tragopogonis, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii.

p. 165 (1829).
Pyrophila tetra, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 165 (1829).

124 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

This Moth is common throughout the greater part of
Europe, and Northern and Western Asia. It expands from an
inch and a quarter to an inch and a half.

The head, thorax, and fore-wings are dark brown, dusted
with numerous fine grey atoms, which give the whole insect a
bronzy gloss. The antennae are long and of a brown colour.
The abdomen is paler, and the legs are dark brown, tinged
with white.

The Mouse Moth.

The fore-wings are nearly devoid of markings, with only a
few slight indications of the usual transverse lines. There is
a black dot in the position of the orbicular stigma, and two
black dots in the place of the reniform stigma. These serve
readilyto distinguish the insect. Towards the uniform dark
fringes the colour becomes paler. The hind-wings are brown-
ish-yellow, with the base whitish or reddish, and a faint lunule.
The fringes are bordered with a fine dark double line filled
in with lighter.

The larva, which is full grown in May or June, lives on
Tragopogon prate?ise, Serraiiila, spinach, dock, larkspur, and
other low plants. It is smooth and green, with five longitu-
dinal white lines of about equal breadth, which converge at
the anal extiemity. Below the lowest lateral line are two
obliquely placed white dots, and there are also some minute
white points on each segment between the lines, each bearing
a fine hair. The pupa is dark brown, and the cocoon is rather
dense. The moth appears in May and June.

OPHIUSA. J 25

FAMILY TOXOCAMPID^.

GENUS OPHIUSA.

Ophi'usa, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 93 (1816) ;
Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 288 (1826 ; nee
Guenee).
Ophiussa, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 266 (1822 ?).
Toxoeampa, Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, x. p. 75 (1841) ;
id. Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 423 (1852).

The species of this genus are easily recognized by the
comparatively long and slender body, the conspicuous black or
brown collar, and the rather broad, brown, obtuse wings, with
the reniform stigma distinctly marked on the fore-wings, and
the hind-wings without markings. The legs are rather long,
with strong spurs.

The larvae are long, smooth, and velvety, tapering at the
ends, and with sixteen legs, but the first two pairs of pro-legs
are rather shorter than the others. They feed on low-growing
leguminous plants.

The pupee are conical, and are enclosed in cocoons among
the bushes on which the larvce feed.

THE SCARCE ELACK-NECK MOTH. OPHIUSA CRACC/E.

Noctua eraeecE, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien. p. 94, no. 3 {1776) ; Hiibner, Beitr. Gesch.

Schmett. i. (3), p. 30, Taf. 4, fig. W (1788); id. Eur.

Schmett. iv. figs. 320, 669, 670 (1S04?).
Ophiusa eraccce, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 295 (1826).
Toxoeampa eraeeee, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 277,

pi. 40, fig. 10 (1881); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi.

p. 117, pi. 104, figs. 2, 2a (1895).

This moth has a wide range, extending through Central
and Southern Europe and Northern and "Western Asia, but is

126 Lloyd's natural historv.

everywhere local, and is very rare in Britain. It expands
from an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters.

The head is grey with a black collar, and the thorax grey,
passing into brownish, with scattered black dots. The legs
and abdomen are yellowish-grey, the latter with a rather long
anal tuft. The antennas are brown, with white scales.

i

The Scarce Black-necked Moth.

The fore-wings are of a delicate bluish-grey colour, with a
reddish shine. The first transverse line consists of black zig-zags,
generally interrupted. There are slight traces of a half-line
and of a central shade, rising from dark marks on the costa.
The reniform stigma consists of several black spots arranged
in a crescent, the interspaces being filled in with brown. The
second transverse line is whitish, and the marginal area is
first light and then dark brown, beyond which is a whitish
sub-marginal line. The fringes are unicolorous, bordered with
a whitish line, in front of which are small black dots, and
minute lunules. The nervures are pale yellowish, and the
whole of the surface of the wings is dusted with black atoms.
The hind-wings are yellowish-grey, with paler nervures and
yellow-bordered fringes.

The larva lives on the tufted vetch {Vicia cracca) and the
wood vetch (K sylvatica), in June and July. When seen
from the side it appears of uniform width, but, when looked
at from above, it appears to taper to both extremities. It is
light brown with a dark brown dorsal stripe, widest on the

STILBIA. t27

middle segments, and on the eleventh. There are also severa^
dark brown sinuous lines on the sides. The anal extremity
is bifid. It loops in walking. The moth appears in July or
August.

FAMILY STILBIID^..
GENUS STILBIA.

Stilbia, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 124 (1S30) ;
Guen^e, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 433 (1852).
The few species of this genus are plainly coloured, with
long antennae, and short palpi, proboscis and thorax, and a
rather slender abdomen, about as long as the hind-wings.
The fore-wings are long and narrow, and the hind-wings are
broad, and folded closely to the body beneath the fore-wings.
The larvae are stout and cylindrical, feeding on grass in open
places in woods, and dropping down at the least alarm.

THE ANOMALOUS MOTH. STILBIA ANOMALA.

Phytometra anoviala, Haworth, Trans. Ent. Soc Lond. i.

p. 336 (1812).
Geometra hybridata, Hubner, Eur. Schmett. v. figs. 497, 498

(1814?).
Caradrina stagnicola, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (2), p. 258

(1825).
Stilbia anomalata, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 125

(1830); Curtis, Brit. Ent. xiv. pi. 631 (1837).
Sfi/bia anomala, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 164

(1880) ; Buckler, Larvee of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 118, pi. 104,

figs- 3-3 e (1895).
The Anomalous Moth is a native of England, France, and
Western Germany. It expands from an inch to an inch and a
half.

The head and collar are dark grey, the thorax black and the

128 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORV.

antennae grey. The abdomen is entirely white, and the legs
greyish-white, ringed with blackish beneath. The fore-wings
are lead-coloured, with a tinge of brownish, and a few black
spaces. The two transverse lines are darker than the ground-
colour; the first is dentated, and the second consists partly of
indistinct lunules. Along the hind margin the surface is
almost black to below the stigmata. Both the orbicular and
reniform stigmata are indistinct, bordered with black and
white, and streaked with brown within. The former is oblique
and very long. The space between the stigmata is the
blackest part of the wing, and that below them the lightest.

The Anomalous Moth.

The claviform stigma is represented by a light streak. The
marginal area has a light brown shade, and two fine sagittate
spots near the apex. The fringes are unicolorous, long, and
somewhat dentated. The wings have a strong metallic gloss.
The hind-wings are white, suffused with brownish, with the
fringes of the same colour, long, and bordered by a brown line.
The larva feeds on grass. It is either greenish-yellow, with
white dorsal and sub-dorsal lines edged with darker green, and
a white spiracular line edged above with smoky or light brown,
or with two purplish-brown lines enclosing a yellow dorsal line,
a yellow sub-dorsal line, finely bordered with darker brown, and
a greyish-white spiracular stripe, edged above with smoky. In
both varieties the spiracles are black, those on the second and
twelfth segments being the largest. The pupa is short, ochre-

rANTYDI.V. 129

yeliuw, with a darker stripe on the doLsal surface. The moth
appears in August and September.

IV. NOCTURE EXTENS.E.

This Division, like the last, is separated by Guenee into
three families of moderate extent ; but they are all unrepre-
sented in England. They are briefly tabulated as follows : —

A. — Abdomen of the male conical, smooth, or very fine'y
crested. Legs long and thick Folydcsmidiv.

B. — Abdomen broad, flattened, and stron-ly crested in both
sexes. All the wings with similar markings. Homnpteridcc.

C. — Abdomen neither flattened, downy, nor crested. Hind-
wings always more or less differently coloured to the
fore-wings, and often marked with very distinct lines
beneath Hypograinmido'.

A representative species of each of these families has been
figured.

FAMILY POLYDESMID.E:.

GENUS PANTYDIA.

Paufydia, Gue'nce, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 436 (1852).

The antennae are pubescent and crenulated in the male,
and simple in the female. The palpi are raised, the second
joint scaly, and the third shorter, slender, and filitbrm. The
proboscis is short and slender, and the abdomen is ."-mooth,
with parallel sides, and is truncated at the tip in the male, and
suddenly pointed in the female. The front legs are very
woolly, and the middle tibire are set with thick tufts of woolly
hair. The wings are dull-coloured, the fore-wings with the
sub-marginal line well-marked, the hind wings set with hairs on
the disc above, and all the wings bordered with brown below.
The three first sub-median nervules rise from the same point,
16 iv

1^0 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

PANTYDIA SPARSA.

{Plate CXXX., Fig. 3.)

Pajitydia sparsa, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 437
(1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1038,
no. I (1857).

This is an Australian Moth, which measures rather less than
an inch and a half in expanse.

The fore-wings are light grey, slightly tinted with greenish,
and marked with short black striae. The sub-terminal line is
slender, and nearly straight ; it is yellow, slightly bordered
with reddish, preceded by small cuneiform black marks on
each nervure, and followed by larger ones, marked with
reddish at the base, and interrupted in the middle of the wing.
The reniform stigma is indicated by a few black atoms. There
is a row of small terminal dots between each two nervures.

The hind wings are grey, paler towards the hind margin.
The under side is grey, with terminal dots, and a well-marked
black sub-terminal line. The second joint of the palpi is
brown, with the extremity white.

FAMILY HOMOPTERIDyE.

GENUS NEPHELINA.

Erebus [Omopterus), Gu^rin, Icon. R. Anim. ii. pi. 89, fig. 3

(larva), (1829); iii. p. 522 (1844).
Homoptera, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. iii. p. 8 (1852);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1052 (1857),

nom. pnTOCc.

The antennte are rather long, ciliated, and verticillate m

the male, but short and simple in the female. The palpi

are ascending, and the proboscis is of moderate length. The

body is stout, and, as well as the legs, is very hairy ; there

NEPHELINA. 131

is a large crest on the first segment of the abdomen, and small
ones on those following. The fore- and hind-wings are similarly
marked, and the hind margins are slightly denticulated.

The larvae are long and smooth, with a bifid hump on the
penultimate segment, and with sixteen legs, but the first pair
of pro-legs is rudimentary. The pupai are obtuse in front, and
conical and pointed behind, with a bluish-white or violet
efflorescence.

This genus includes a considerable number of brown or fawn-
coloured species, with darker lines and markings. Most of the
species are American ; but one or two East Indian species are
referred to the genus.

NEPHELINA EDUSA.

^Plate CXXX., Fig. 4.)

Noctua ed?isa, Drury, 111. Exot. Ent. ii. pi. 24, fig 4 (1773).
Erebus i^Omflpterens) putrescens, Guerin-Meneville, Icon. Regne

Anin. ii. pi. 89, fig. 3, larva (1829), iii. p. 522 (1844).
Homoptera cdusa, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 14
(1852).

This Moth, which is not uncommon in the United States,
expands rather more than two inches. It is of a light chestnut
brown, irrorated with darker ; and with some whitish markings
towards the base of the fore-wings. There is a large white or
bluish-white blotch towards the hind margin near the tip, and
another near the hinder angle of the fore-wings, and another
occupying the greater part of the hind margin of the hind-wings.
At the base of the abdomen is an ash-coloured spot.

The larva is flesh-coloured, with interrupted festooned
blackish lines, with two orange spots on the back. It lives
on "Golden Rod," and probably on oak. The pupa is entirely
covered with a bluish efflorescence.

132 ' LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

FAMILY HYPOGRAMMID^.

GENUS ANTHOCITTA.

Anthodtta, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 259 (1822?).
Hypogramma, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 34 (1S55);
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1095 (1857).
The antennae are simple, very slightly ciliated in the male.
The palpi are long, slender, bare, and up-curved, with the third
joint pointed, and nearly as long as the second. The proboscis
is short, and the abdomen smooth and conical. The legs are
rather long, nearly smooth, with a pencil of hairs at the base
of the intermediate tibis in the male. The wings are entire,
marbled with black and white, and with a white patch towards
the tip of the hind-wings. Median nervure four-branched, all
the branches rising close together at some distance from the
base.

ANTHOCITTA SUBLUCIOA.
{Plate CXXX., Fig. 5.)
Hypogranuna sublucida, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.
xiii. p. 1097, no. 5 {1857).
This Moth is a native of Brazil. " Brown. Body cinereous
beneath. Abdomen cinereous brown. Fore-wings with irregu-
lar transverse black undulating lines, and with a few black
patches ; a whitish band beyond the middle, white beneath, and
corresponding to the tips of the hind-wings. Hind-wings with
snow-white tips ; under side cinereous from the base to the
middle, where there are two slight brown bands. Length of
the body, nine lines ; of the wings, twenty-two lines " ( JValker).

V. NOCTURE LIMBAT^.

To this Division belong the largest of the European Noducs.
Although the larvae are provided with sixteen legs, they loop

CATEPHlD.t. 133

somewhat in walking. Of the five families into which this
section is divided, two are represented in Europe. They are
tabulated as follows : — -

A. — Size small or moderate. Antennas generally short, or of
moderate length.

a. Joints of the palpi distinct. Hind-wings with the disc or
the base white and diaphanous, or less thickly scaled than
the rest.

§ Thorax or abdomen crested Catephidce.

§§ Thorax and abdomen smooth BoUnidcc.

b. Palpi stout, prominent, with indistinct joints. Hind-
wings yellow, with a black border Hypocalidi^.

B. — Size generally large. Antenna long. Abdomen smooth,
tufted at the base.

a. Palpi rather slender, the third joint moderately long, not
spatulate. Hind-wings large, and generally brightly coloured.
All the wings distinctly banded beneath Cafoca/idce.

b. Palpi thick, the third joint long and spatulate. Fore-
wings pointed. Proboscis very strong. Legs spiny.

Opliideridce.
The last family will be noticed later, under the Division
Serpenii/ue.

FAAHLY CATEPHID.-E.

With the exception of the species of the genus Cocytodes,
Guenee, which are Indian Moths with brown and pointed fore-
wings, three inches or more in expanse, and dark hind-wings
with blue markings, the Moths of this family are compara-
tively small, with black and white hind-wings. Most of the
species are natives of the Old World, and one or two species
are found in Europe, but \ery rarely indeed in lilngland.

t34 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

GENUS .-EDI A.

Caieplim, pt. Ochsenbeimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 94 (1816) ;

Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 320 (1S26); fiec

Hubne}% rcsfr.
yEdia, pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Scbmett. p. 260 (1822?).
Aiwphia, Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France x. p. 81 (1841) ; id.

Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 45 (1852); Walker, List

Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1126 (1857).

Tbe antennae, palpi, and proboscis are all short, the antennns
filiform, the palpi ascending, and the proboscis stout. The
thorax is convex and woolly, with the collar raised. The ab-
domen is crested and tufted, and the legs are rather short.
The fore-wings are oblong, and the hind-wings rounded, with
spotted fringes, and a large white spot in the middle.

The larvae are long and cylindrical, with the penultimate
segment swollen. They live exposed on Convohmlacece. The
pupce are enclosed in cocoons, on the surface of the ground.

This is a small genus found in Europe, and in other
parts of the Old World. An African species is here figured.

/EDIA DISCISTRIGA.
[riate CXXX., Fig. 6.)

Ajiophia discisfriga, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii.
p 1128, no. 3 (1857).

This species is a native of Natal. "Brown, cinereous beneath
Second joint of the palpi whitish at the tip ; third joint full
half the length of the second. Thorax with whitish bands
Abdomen cinereous. Fore-wings partly whitish, with black
transverse irregular lines, and with the borders of the orbiculai
and reniform spots also black ; a white streak in the disc
behind the reniform spot; under side whitish for more than

SYNEDA.

135

half the length from the base, with two brown spots. Hind-
wings white towards the base, and with the cilia partly white.
Length of the body, six lines and a half; of the wings, fifteen
lines " ( Walker).

FAMILY BOLINID.^.

These are moderate-sized Moths, with oblong fore-wings
generally marked with pale transverse or oblique lines, and
rounded hind-wings more or less marked with white or yellow.
The markings are usually sharply defined. One or two species
are South European, but the greater number are exotic, and
chiefly North American.

GENUS SYNEDA.

Sy?ieda, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 71 (1S52);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1167 (1857).

The antenuc'e are short and filiform, but slightly thickened
in the male. The palpi are short, thick, and ascending, with
the last joint expanded. The thorax is densely scaled, and
the abdomen rather slender. The wings are entire and
rounded, with long fringes, and sharply-defined markings, the
fore- and hind-wings being differently coloured.

The larvae are stout, smooth, and cylindrical, with sixteen
legs, and feed on low plants. The pup^e are pointed at the
extremity.

SYNEDA SOCIA.

[Plate CXXX., Fig. 7.)

Syfieda soda, Behr, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. vi. p. 27 (1870).

This is a pretty Californian species, which expands from an

inch and a quarter to nearly an inch and three-quarters. The

fore-wings are brown, with the lines black ; the half-Hne is

curved, and sometimes preceded by a grey spot at the base ;

the first line is twice strongly angulaled inwards, and the central

136 '-.loyd's natural history,

area is yellowish-grey ; there is a pale streak at the end of tlie
cell, bordered on both sides with brown ; and beyond this the
second line makes a very acute V, and then a W, turning in-
wards and then downwards at a right angle below the streak to
the inner margin. The marginal area is grey, darker towards
the fringes, which are preceded by a festooned black sub-ter-
minal line. The hind-wings are orange, crossed by an irregular
Y-shaped mark, curving round by the anal angle to the inner
margin. The fringes are grey, and are preceded by a festooned
black line, on which stand two large black blotches.

FAMILY HYPOCALID.^.

This is a small family of exotic Moths, with oblong fore-
wings, and black and yellow hind-wings. They have much re-
semblance to some of our smaller European species of TripJmna.
The palpi are large, contiguous, compressed and scaly, and the
abdomen is black, with yellow markings, and slightly crested at
the base. The wings are subdentate.

The larva has sixteen legs, and is thick and cylindrical.

GENUS HYFOCALA.
Parthenos, pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 27S (1S22?)

11 om. prceocc.
Hypocala, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct, iii. p. 73 (1852);
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1173 (1857).
It is unnecessary to say more of this genus in addition t
the particulars given above.

HYPOCALA SUBSATURATA.
{PU-ile CXXX., Fig. 8.)
Hypocala siihsaturata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii.
p. 75 (1852).
This species, which is one of the larger members of the

CAT0CAI.lD.4i. 137

genus, inhabits Northern India, and measures an inch and
three-quarters across the wings. Fore-wings purpHsh-grey,
with more or less distinct brown or reddish transverse Hnes
and stigmata, the sub-terminal line slightly marked with buff on
the lower half. Hind-wings brown towards the base, and
blackish towards the hind margin; the hind and inner margins
mostly grey or yellow, and two diverging orange stripes running
from the base near the inner margin, and merging at two-thirds
of the length of the wing into a transverse orange band,
connected with or disconnected from a large oval spot in the
middle of the wing ; between this and the inner half of the
hind margin are two more yellow spots, one large, detached
from the border, and one small, resting on the border near the
anal angle. The head and thorax are grey, and the abdomen
yellow, with black transverse bands, the last segment being
wholly black above, except at the base, and followed by a
whitish apical tuft tipped with black.

FAMILY C.VTOCALID^.

This family includes a considerable number of large and
handsonie species, which are most numerous in Europe and
North America, though they have many representatives in other
parts of the world. The antennae are long and simple, the
thorax and abdomen are crested, and the wings are broad and
sub-dentate, the fore-wings being brown or grey, with darker
lines and markings, and the hind-wings are black, generally
more or less banded with red, yellow, or blue. The under
surface of all the wings is banded with black and white, even in
those species (chiefly American) in which the hind-wings are
wholly black above, except the white fringes.

The larvae live on trees, and loop their bodies in walking,
though they have sixteen legs. They are long, tapering at the

138 Lloyd's natural history.

ends, and are rather flattened, and spotted with black below.
The pupre are covered with a greyish bloom, and are enclosed
in hard cocoons, generally in the chinks of the bark of trees.

GENUS CATOCALA.

Nodua, pt, Linnseus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 508 (1758);

Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. d'Hist. Nat. p. 597 (1799);

Lamarck, Syst. Anini. sans Vertebres, p. 286 (1801).
Catocala, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (2), p. 158 (1802);

Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 94(1816); Hiibner,

Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 276 (1822?); Treitschke, Schmett.

Eur. V. (3), p. 328 (1826); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid.

Noct. iii. p. 80 (1852).
Hemigeometra^ Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 267 (1809).

The Red Underwings and the Clifden Nonpareil are among
the largest and handsomest of our British Moths. When at
rest, they sit on walls or tree-trunks, with the fore-wings
extended in a triangular form over the hind-wings, in which
position they are not easily distinguishable from their sur-
roundings. Some of the species fly by day as well as in the
evening.

The types of Nodua, as given by Cuvier, belong to the
third section of the N^oduce of Linnccus, and are his Nodua
pacta, chrysitis, gamma, and verba sd. The type of Lamarck is
N. sponsa (Linn.)j a species not distantly related to N. pada,
and, as already pointed out {antea, p. 46), Latreille's type of
Nodua was Triphczna fimbria (Linn.). Yet none of the
above-mentioned species can be taken as the type of Nodua,
which was fixed by Poda in 1761 as N. quadra, Linn, (our
CEonistis quadra, cf. vol. iii. p. 162).

CATOCALA. 139

THE CLIFDEN NONPAREIL. CATOCALA FRAXINL
{Hate CXXXL, Fig. 2.)
Nodua fraxini, Linnceus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), p. 512, no. 8g
(1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 310 (1761) ; id. Mus. Ludov.
Ulr. p. 387 (1764); Esper, Schmett. iv. (i), pp. 132,
363, Taf. loi, figs. 1-4 (1788?); Taf. 125 c, fig. i
(1790?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 327 (1804?).
Hemigeometra fraxini, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 267, no. i

(1809).
Catocala fraxini, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3) p. 329
(1826); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 131 (i«83o);
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 269, pi. 41,
figs. 3-3 b (188 1); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi.
p. 119, pi. 104, figs. 4-4 a (1895).
The Clifden Nonpareil, or Blue Underwing, is one of the
largest Moths found in this country, the expansion of the
wings sometimes reaching four inches. Its range extends
through Central and Eastern Europe and Siberia.

The head and thorax are light grey varied with darker grey
and yellowish. The abdomen is dark ashy-grey, ringed with
white, with raised tufts on the anterior segments. The body
and legs are white beneath. The antennae are brownish-grey.
The fore-wings are light grey, more or less dusted with
brownish and yellow. There are several whitish transverse
lines, bordered with brown. There is a half-line near the base,
and then comes the first transverse line, which consists of
curves and crescents. In the central area only the reniform
stigma can be distinguished as a faint dark mark. Below this
is a whitish or pale yellow diamond-shaped spot, and the inner
side of it is also edged with paler. The second transverse
line is whitish, bordered with brown and yellowish, and is very
zig-zag ; and beyond it is a brownish-grey sub-marginal line,

J4C' LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

outside which the wings have a somewhat bluish tint. The
fringes are dentated, spotted with grey and white, and fre-
quently varied with yellow ; and are bordered by a row of
small crescent-shaped spots, having the concavity directed
outwards. The hind-wings are black, with a broad greyish-
blue central band, and narrow white hind margins. The
fringes are white, bordered by a fine waved black line.

The larva most commonly lives on poplars, but will also
live on ash {Fraxi?ius), beech, birch, elm, oak, and other trees.
The transformations of all the Underwings are very similar, so
we will give those of the present species in full, as typical of
the others as well.

The eggs are laid in the autumn, and remain undeveloped
until the following May. It is likely that some larvae hatch
before the winter, and hibernate, as they are sometimes met
with rather advanced in development at the end of May.

The egg is black, with white reticulated markings, and with a
very broad, somewhat interrupted, band round the middle. A
few hours before the larva emerges, a slight movement may be
detected, and several small air-bubbles appear, probably caused
by a minute puncture made by the enclosed larva in com-
mencing to break its way out. On first emerging, the young
larva is yellowish, and blackish spots and short setiform hairs
can be detected by a lens. It is able to move about quickly,
and rests on the hinder legs with the body held erect. The egg
changes colour after the emergence of the larva, and becomes
uniform white and translucent. It is not eaten by the larva.

After the first moult the larva becomes greener, and twelve
black dots appear on the back. After the second moult, the
black dots become scattered over the whole surface, but are
only distinctly visible under a lens. These spots become more
distinct, and the colour greener, upon the third moult. After
the fuuiih moult, which takes place five days after the third,

CATOCAI.A. T.'T

the spots increase, and the colour approaches a ligh.t grey.
Up to this time it consumes the cast-off skin, with the
exception of the horny covering of the head. Aker the fifth
moult the larva becomes darker, and it grows rapidly. This
time it does not generally cat the cast skin, and looks for other
food at once, though some specimens will consume the slough.

The sixth moult is the last, when the full-grown larva is
about three inches in length, and rather slender in proportion.
It varies considerably in colour, and is sometimes uniform
ashy-grey, and sometimes nearly white, or varied with darker.
Some specimens are light flesh colour, and others are pale
brown. The whole of the surface is covered with distinct
black atoms, but there are no other markings. On the back
of the ninth segment is a small hump, which is black in dark
specimens, and generally dark blue in the paler ones, this
colour disappearing on the sides. Near this spot the colour is
paler, and is sometimes suffused with bluish. The sides have
white fleshy fringes. The head is large in proportion to the
slender anterior segments ; it is flat in front, yellowish, with a
dark brown border, and a slight notch above. The belly is
either white or bluish, with dark blue or brown spots. The
front pair of pro-legs is much shorter than the others, which
gives the larva a somewhat looping gait.

Like other larvae of the genus, the larva of this s]iecies is very
active, and if touched will lash about like a stranded fish. It
rests by day, in chinks of bark, or on a stout branch, and
feeds at night. Between the end of July and the middle of
August it prepares a large loose cocoon of strong threads
between leaves or in a wide chink of the bark, and, after a
week, it changes to a large, slender, plum-coloured pupa, with a
blue bloom like a plum. The moth appears after three weeks,
usually at night. By day it rests on trees and fences, but is
very shy and difficult to catch.

142 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

It is a rare insect in this country, and indigenous specimens
in good condition c.:e always regarded as a valuable addition
to the cabinet. It was first figured by Wilkes as a British
insect, and was said by him to have been found at Clifden,
in Buckinghamshire; whence the English name which he
assigned to it, and by which it is generally known by British
collectors. Though so rare, it has been taken almost anywhere
in England ; and a year or two ago, a specimen was found in
Hyde Park.

THE RED UNDERWING. CATOCALA NUPTA.
{PMe CXXX/., Fig. i.)
Nochia nupta, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), i. (2), p. 841,
no. 119 (1767); Esper, Schmett. iv. (i), pp. 119, 364,
Taf. 97, figs. A, B, 1-5 (1788?); Taf. 125c, fig. 4
(1790?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. figs. 329, 330
(1804?).
Heniigeometra nupta^ Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 26S, no. 2

(1809).
Catocala tiiipia, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 337
(1826); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 132 (1830);
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 269, pi. 41, fig. 4
{1881); Buckler, Larvse of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 121, pi. 104,
figs. 5-5 c (1895).
The Red Underwing expands about three inches across the
wings. It is found throughout Central and Eastern Europe,
Asia Minor, and Siberia.

The head and the slightly crested thorax are light grey,
dusted with yellowish and brown. The collar is striped with
darker. The abdomen is ashy-grey, with an anal tuft of the
same colour in the male, and with white hair on the sides and tip.
The antennae are grey, and the legs white. The body is white
beneath.

/. CcttoGdZd/ JUiptcty.
2. Cxj-tocaJUt fraa^vni/.

CATOCALA. 143

The fore-wings are light grey, with darker markings. The
whole surface, with the exception of a light transverse band in
the central area, is covered with brown and yellovvish atoms.
The half-line and the first transverse line are broad and
whitish, bordered with yellowish-brown. Then comes the
light transverse band already mentioned, in which a white
spot marks the position of the orbicular stigma. Near this is
the crescent-shaped reniform stigma, with the concavity out-
wards, enclosed and centred with brown and yellow, with a
pale yellow diamond-shaped spot attached to it beneath, as in
C. f rax int. The second transverse line is well marked, and
takes a sinuous course, bulging out in the form of an M oppo-
site the reniform stigma, and then forming rather irregular
zig-zags to the inner margin. It is yellowish on its inner side,
with brown borders. From this line to the fringes the surface
is mottled. The fringes are ashy-grey, dentated, and inter-
sected by two dark lines, and bordered by a row of detached
lunules. The hind-wings are deep red, with two black bands.
The narrower of these bands curves parallel to the hind margin,
and ends at a distance from the inner margin, or is continued
very faintly. The marginal band is wide, and is twice dentated
on its inner side. The fringes are white, slightly suffused with
brown.

The larva lives on willows, sallows, and poplars. It is
usually brownish-grey, with yellow spots and interrupted lines.
There are dark brown lines running obliquely over the seg-
ments, which are often abbreviated, and expanded in the
middle, but are often continued and narrowed. The entire
surface is covered with small depressions and elevations, each
of the latter bearing a short stiff hair, and on the sides are
whitish fringes. On the ninth segment is a fleshy flattened
hump. The belly is white or reddish, with large patches of
dark brown.

144 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

The pupa is reddish-brown and is covered with a purple
bloom. It is enclosed in a loose cocoon between leaves, or
in a crevice of the bark.

The moth is of frequent occurrence in the southern parts
of England, and is not rare even in the more northern
counties. Its time of appearance corresponds pretty closely
with that of C. fraxini. It often flies by day as well as at
night.

CATOCALA PACTA.

Noctiia pacta, Linm-eus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 512, no. 86

(1758); id. F'aun. Suec. p. 3io-(i76i); Hiibner, Eur.

Schmett. fig. 332 (1804?).
Nodua pacta suecica, Esper, Schmett. iv. (i), p. 365, Taf. 99 B,

figs. 1,2(1788?).
Catocala pacta, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 352 (1826) ;

Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 270 (1881).

This Moth is a native of Northern and Eastern Europe and
Siberia. It expands only from two inches to two inches and
a quarter, and is one of the smallest of the Red Undervvings.

The head and thorax are pale ashy-gre}', varied with whitish
hairs, with the collar and tegula; bordered with brown, and the
crest of the thorax also brown. The abdomen is blood-red,
with a grey anal tuft in the male. The antennae are light
brown, and the legs are whitish-grey, suffused with reddish.
The body is white beneath. The fore-wings are pale ashy-
grey, with brown markings bordered with white. There is a
half-line, and a first transverse line, the latter of which curves
towards the inner margin. The reniform stigma is formed of
a brownish lunule, edged with darker, with a brown transverse
streak in front. Below the reniform stigma, and touching the
second transverse line is a long brown-ringed clavifonn stigma.
The second transverse line and the sub-marginal zig-zag line,

I. Catocala^ neogcunay.
2. „ „ jlarvoy.

t3. CatocaXcv cuivcusixju.

CATOC.M.A. l/;5

which stands close to it, border a brown band. From this to
the fringes the ground-colour is pale ashy-grey. The fringes
are dark brownish, and very slightly dentated. In front of
them is a row of detached brown dots. The hind-wings are
pale red, with the black central band curving uninterruptedly,
but terminating at a distance from the inner margin. The
marginal band is broad externally, and narrows as it passes
inwards. The fringes are white, and dotted with brown.

The larva feeds on willow. It is ashy or reddish-grey,
shagreened on the sides with delicate transverse folds, gene-
rally with a faint M-shaped mark on the back of each segment.
The tubercles are yellowish, and there is a blackish or brownish
red elevation on the ninth segment, which is sometimes dusted
with orange. On the twelfth segment there is also a dark
brown bifid elevation. The spiracles are white, bordered with
black, and there are short grey lateral fringes. The belly is
pale grey with black spots. The head is flat, grey narrowly
bordered with black, with two small brown or orange-yellow
dots above. It is found in May. The pupa is slender,
brown with a blue efflorescence. The moth appears in August.

CATOCALA NEOGAMA.
{Plate CXXXIL, Fig. i ; larva. Fig. 2.)

PhalcEiia neogaina, Abbot & Smith, Lepid. Georg. ii. p. 175

pi. 68 (1797)-
Catocala neogama, Wcstwood in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot.

Moths, p. 202, pi. 26, figs. I, 2 (1841); Guenee, Si)ec.

Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 96 (1852); Walker, List Lepid.

Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1202, no. 45 (1857).

This species is a native of North America. It expands a
little over three inches.

The head and thorax are grey, the latter with dark trans-
16 L

146 Lloyd's natural rttsroRY

verse lines in front. The fore-wings are yellowish-grey',
clouded with ashy-green, brown, and whitish, and marked
with sinuous black lines, most of them running obliquely
across the wings. These represent the half-line, two trans-
verse lines, and the sub-marginal line. The central area is
pale, and contains a grey reniform stigma, centred with brown.
There is a double row of dark spots on the hind-margin.
The hind-wings are deep ochre-yellow, with two black bands,
neither of which extends as far as the inner margin. The
outer is the broader, and the inner is constricted in the
middle of its length. Beyond the outer band the wings are
yellow, with yellow fringes. Both the fore- and hind-wings
are distinctly dentated. The abdomen is yellow, like the
hind-wings.

The female is more clouded than the male, with a trace of
reddish.

The larva feeds on the Black American Walnut {/uglans
nigra), and, like its European allies, w^hen it has done feeding,
it descends from the leaves to the trunk of the tree, and
stretches itself along the bark, to which it bears so much
resemblance in colour and texture that it is scarcely distin-
guishable from it. It is greyish-brown, or reddish-brown, with
a black dorsal line, marked with a white spot on each segment,
and a sinuous black line above the spiracles. The head and
legs are concolorous.

CATOCALA AMASIA.
[Plate CXXXIL, Fig. 3.)
Pliahrna amasia, Abbot & Smith, Lepid. Georg. ii. pi. 90 (1797).
Catocala a?nasia, Westwood in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot.
Moths, p. 205, pi. 26, fig. 3 (1841) ; Guenee, Spec. Gen.
Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 103 (1852); A\'alker, List Lepid. Ins.
Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1204, no. 50 (1857).

NOCTU^ PATUL^. 147

This is also a North American species, but it is con-
siderably smaller than the last, the wings expanding hardly
more than two inches.

I'he head and thorax are light grey, and the abdomen
yellow. The fore-wings are ashy-grey, mottled with white,
and marked with dark spots and transverse streaks. The
central area is white, with a brown reniform stigma, centred
with black. The half-line, two transverse lines, and sub-
marginal line are all brown and dentated. In front of the
sub-marginal line is a row of zig-zag spots. The hind- wings
are light yellow, slightly tinged with reddish, with two curved
black bands; the inner narrow and ceasing at some distance
from the inner margin. The outer band is broader, and is
widely interrupted near the anal angle, but is then continued
to the inner margin.

The larva is grey, with dark lines along the sides. It feeds
on various kinds of American oaks. Abbot found it also on
the Bead Tree or Pride of China {Ale/ia azedarack). He
observed that it spun among the leaves in the beginning of
May, and that the moths emerged about the end of the same
month. He adds that the moth is often found sitting on the
trunks of large oaks in Georgia and Virginia. The pupa is of
a delicate lilac tint.

VI. NOCrU.-E PATUL./E.

In this Division, which includes the largest Nocluce known,
the antennae are simple, the palpi ascending, with the second
joint compressed, and the third long and linear. The proboscis
is stout, and the eyes large and prominent. The abdomen is
conical, moderately long, and stout. The wings are large,
broad, and generally dentated, and the fore- and hind-wing,
arc mure or less similar in markings, and are usually grey

L 2

148 ■ Lloyd's natural history.

reddish, brown, or black, and are sometimes ornamented with
ocellated spots.

The larvae have sixteen legs, the first pair of pro-legs some-
times rudimentary.

Guenee divides this tribe into four Families, as follows : —

A. — Wings with transverse lines, and the stigmata, when
present, of the usual form Erehidce.

B. — Reniform stigma forming an ocellated spot, or a spiral.

Oinmatophoridcc.

C. — Wings tawny or reddish beneath, with black lines or bands.

Hypopyridie.

D. — Wings angulated or falcate, with the sub-terminal line nearly
straight, and the front legs very hairy in the male.

Bendidce.

FAMILY EREBID.^.

The greater number of species of this rather extensive Family
are found in tropical America, though it has representatives in
Africa, India, and Australia. The fore-wings are frequently
long, and more or less pointed at the tip, and the hind-wings
are rounded and scalloped. In some genera, however, the
fore-wings are broad, and scarcely longer than the hind-wings,
the hind margin being hardly oblique. The dark brown or
blackish species of this Family are not uncommonly shot with
purple, which is likewise the case with many Lepidoptera of
similar colours, as is well seen in several European Satyrirue.

The larvse are stout and cylindrical, and the pupas are
enclosed in loose cocoons, on or under the surface of the
ground.

We will now notice examples of some of the more interest-
ing genera of this Family.

PLATE CXXXIU

y. Pco.sirui LcvjUuc.
Z. Letts ntngnft.

LET IS. 149

CENUS PEOSINA.

Peosina, GMtnte, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 131 (1852);
Walker, List Lepid. Lis. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1242 (1858).

The species of this genus are among the smallest of the
family, and inhabit the West Indies and South America. The
fore-wings are narrower than the hind-wings, and twice as long ;
they are usually streaked with white or yellowish, and there is
a conspicuous white patch on the outer side of the hind margin
of the hind- wings. The antenna are long, and ciliated in the
males, and the abdomen is as long as the hind-wings.

PEOSINA LKONTIA.
{Plate CXXXni., F/^^. 1.)
Noctua leontia, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. pi. 34, fig. 6 (1790).
Peosina leoiitia, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 132
(1852).

This species is a native of South America. It ex[)ands two
inches.

All the wings arc dark brown. The fore-wings have the
hind margins and the hinder angle slightly rounded, with a
scries of more or less distinct creamy white spots extending
longitudinally from the base to the middle of the wings. The
hind-wings have a large patch of pure white covering the apex
and half the hind margin, including the fringes.

GENUS LETIS.

Lefis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 274 (1822?); (Juende,
Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 145 (1852); Walker, List
Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1263 (1857).
This genus includes Tropical American species of consider-
able size, with long and moderately broad fore-wings, pointed

15° Lloyd's natural history.

at the tips, and with the hind margin obnque and dentated,
and broad dentated hind-wings. They are brown, grey, or
blackish, with sharply defined lines and stigmata. The species
are rather numerous, and the pupae are subterranean.

LETIS MAGNA.
{Plate C XXX I I I., Fig. 2.)

Noctiia , Zschach, Mus. Lesk. p. no, no. 2916 (1788).

Nodua magna, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. (5), p. 2544 (1791).
Letis aptissima, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 1272, no. 21 (185 8).

Walker's description of his L. aptissima is as follows : —
" Dark ferruginous. Thorax, with two slight black bands.
Abdomen blackish ferruginous. Wings with the transverse
lines black, angulose, few, distinct; middle band fawn-coloured
exteriorly, where it contains a zig-zag black line ; sub-marginal
band black, bordered with fawn-colour, macular, and widely
interrupted on the fore part of the fore-wings ; sub-marginal
lunules black, distinct. Fore-wings with the orbicular and
reniform spots black, the former nearly round, with a ferru-
ginous mark in the middle, the latter somewhat D-shaped.
Length of the body, twelve lines; of the wings, thirty-six
lines."

It is a native of Trinidad.

GENUS THVSANIA.

Thvsania, Dalman, Kongl. Vet. Akad. Stockholm, 1S24,

p. 407 ; Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 163

(1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1286

(1858).

This genus is easily recognisable by the very long grey

dentated wings, with blackish lines and markings. The antennae

PLATE CJCXXIV.

Wv/^ J i^S,.'ns liinttfd

ThysarvLa ag r ipp in cu.

THYSANIA. 151

are long and simple, and the palpi ascending. The few species
known inhabit tropical America and the West Indies, and that
which we here describe and figure is the largest of all the
NoducB ; and, indeed, one of the largest Moths known.

THE GREAT OWL MOTH. THYSANIA AGRIPPIN'A.

{Plate CXXXIV.)

Nodua strix, Fabricius {uec Linti.), Syst. Ent. p. 591, no. 2

(1775)-
Nodua agrippina, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 87, fig A, pi. 88,

fig A, (1776).
Syrnia strix, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. Taf. 162, 163

(1824?).
Thysania agrippina, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii.

p. 164(1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. ]\Ius. xiv,

p. 1287, no. 2 (1858).

This enormous IMoth, which is not uncommon in many parts
of South America, expands from seven to eight inches between
the tips of the wings. The wangs are creamy white, much
dentated, and crossed by numerous more or less regular zig-zag
black and brown lines, most sharply marked on the hind-wings.
On the fore-wings the stigmata are placed near together, the
orbicular stigma is annular, and the reniform stigma very large,
and filled up with blackish. The under surface is violet-black,
with white spots and markings. The abdomen is white,
bordered with black, and tipped with reddish. The larva,
which feeds on the india-rubber tree in April, is dark green,
with a broad black transverse band on each segment above, and
a white sub-dorsal stripe. The head is yellow. There is a row
of tufts of hair on the l)ack, and a short horn, resembling that
of a Sphinx larva, on the penultimate segment. When about
to become a pupa the larva turns red, Madame Mcrian's

152 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

• specimen formed a large wood-coloured cocoon on May 3, and
the moth emerged on June 7.

GENUS EREBUS,

Erebus^ Latreille, Consid. Generales, p. 365 (1810) ; Guenee,
Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 166 (1852); Walker, List
Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1289 (1858.)
This is another genus confined to tropical America and the
West Indies, and including only one or two large and bulky
species. The antennce are long and rather thick, and the
body very stout, but the abdomen is much shorter than the
hind-wings. The wings are dark brown, with black lines and
markings, and are very broad, with the hind-margins dentated.
The fore-wings are triangular, rather pointed at the tip, with
the hind-margin oblique ; the reniform stigma is represented by
an ocellated spot, and towards the anal angle of the hind-wings
is a peculiar mark, curved and rounded above, and trifid below.
The few species known of this genus are very similar, and have
been regarded by many authors as simply varieties of one
species.

EREBUS AGARISTA.

{^Plate CXXXV.)

Attacus agarista, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 170, figs. A, B

(1777)-
Ascalapha ornata odora, Hiibner [nee Linn.), Samml. Exot.

Schmett. i. Taf 195, 196 (1806 ?).
Erebus odora, var. B. agarista, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid.

Noct. iii. p. 168 (1852).

This fine South American Moth varies much in size, some

specimens expanding only three inches and a half, while others

measure more than six inches. It is closely allied to Erebus

odora (Linn.), and is perhaps not sufficiently distinct. The

1

CRISHNA. 153

male is brown, slightly dusted with grey, with many zig-zag
darker lines, of which the most distinct are the first transverse line
and the sub-terminal lines. The orbicular stigma consists of a
small and rather indistinct brown spot ; the reniform stigma is
black, and somewhat dusted with blue below, where it throws
off a projection like the stalk of a one-sided mushroom. It is
enclosed by an inner tawny and an outer brown outline.
There are two sub-terminal lines, rather faintly indicated, and
spotted with buff outside. The hind-wings have fewer lines,
but towards the anal angle is a large black outline, rounded
above, and tridentate beneath ; within, it is purplish-brown,
lighter above ; the prongs are bordered by buff arches, the
outermost filled up with blackish, and the innermost dusted
with buff The female is much paler, owing to its being more
strongly dusted with grey, and there is a moderately broad grey
or bluish-white band on all the wings, on which stands the
black zig-zag second transverse line.

FAMILY OMMATOPHORID/E.

This family, like the last, includes species of considerable
size, though most of them are much smaller than the Erebidce.
They are dark-coloured moths, generally with transverse white
markings, and the reniform stigma of the fore-wings is
represented by a conspicuous outline.

GENUS CRISHNA.

Fatuia, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 177 (1852)
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1299 (1858),
notn prcpflcc.

This genus includes two or three closely-allied species or
varieties, which inhabit India, Burma, China, Ceylon, Africa
and Madagascar. They have broad dentatcd wings, with the

154 LLOVD S N \TURAL HISTORY.

hind margin of the fore-wings rounded instead of obHque,
and with a very large central ocellus. The under surface is
conspicuously spotted with white, and the front tibias in the
males are furnished with a very large expansile tuft of soft hair,
a character found in many of the Qitadrifidce^ and even in our
own Catocala fraxitii, but which often escapes observation
because the tuft is not generally expanded ; and as tb.e
genus requires a new name, I have called it Crishna, in allusion
to the dark colour of the moths.

CRISHNA MACROPS.
(Plates C XX XVI., CXXXVII.)

Attacus tnacrops, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. iii. App. Anim. p. 225
(1768); Sparrman, Amoen. Acad. vii. p. 503, note k
(1769) ; Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. Taf. 22, fig. 2 (1776) ; Cramer,
Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 171, figs. A, B (1777).

Nodita bubo, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 591, no. 3 (1775).

Patiila mocrops., Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 177
(1852) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1300,
no. I (1S58); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 145, pi. 164,
fig. 5 (1885).

Nyctipao macrops, Hampson, Faim. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii.
p. 459(1894).

Var. (?) CRISHNA HOOPIS.

Patula boopis, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 178
(1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1301,
no. 2 (1858).

Var. (?) CRISHNA WALKER!.

En-bus bubo, Boisduval, Faune Madag. p. no (1833).

Patula walkeri, Butler. Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) xvi. p. 406 (1875).

'0»^k^^w'

-Vm^'

.1

I-

J

•J

^

NVCTIPAO. 155

This remarkable species, and its varieties or subspecies, have
a wide range, extending throughout the whole of Africa and
Madagascar, as well as India, Ceylon, and Burma. It expands
from five inches to five inches and a half.

The wings are much dentated, chocolate-brown, with a
purplish lustre, with darker zig-zag stripes, and spots on
both fore- and hind-wings. The fore-wings have a very large
and conspicuous ochre-yellow ocellus beyond the end of the
cell, circled with black, and containing a large comma-shaped
black spot in its outer half. It is traversed on its inner part by
a white line, and is marked on the lower part with three white
dusted streaks ; these white marks appear bright blue in certain
lights. There are six transverse lines, the first being the half
line, and the third and fourth are interrupted by the ocellus,
whilst the fifth is curved round its outer border, and isjiere
closely approximated to the sixth, beyond which is a row of
sub-marginal spots. The hind-wings have three dark lines, the
outermost corresponding to the sub-marginal spots of the fore-
wings.

The under side is paler than the upper, especially at the base,
with a double row of white sub-marginal sjjots, the innermost
row being much the largest. When the tibial tufts are fully
expanded, as in the specimen figured, they are extremely
conspicuous.

GENUS NYCTIPAO.

Nydipao, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmctt. p. 271 (1822 ?); Guenee,
Spec. Gen. L^pid. Noct. iii. p. 181 (1852); Walker, List
Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1303 (1858); Hampson,
Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 458 (1894).

This genus includes a number of East Indian species of
considerable size, with longer and narrower wings than the
species of Crishnq. They are dark brown or blackish, with

156 Lloyd's natural hlstory.

distinctly dentated wings, a large ocellus on the fore-wings,
and unusually conspicuous curved or zig-zag white or pale
markings.

NYCTIPAO CREPUSCULARIS.

{Plate CX XX VII I.)

Attacus crepnsailaris, Linnreus, Syst. Nat. (cd. x.), i. p. 509,

no. 65 (1758); id. Mus. Ludov. Ulricoe, p. 378 (1764) ;

Clerck, Icones, pi. 53, figs. 1-4 (1764) ; Drury, 111. Exot.

Ent. i. pi. 20, figs. I, 2 (1773); Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi.

159, fig- A (1777)-
Erebus crcpuscularis, Duncan in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot.

Moths, p. 196, pi. 25, fig. I (1841).
Nyctipao crepuscularis, Guenee, Spec. Ge'n Lepid. Noct. iii.

p. 182 (1S52); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p.

1304, no. 3 (1858); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 148, pi.

165, figs. I, I a (1885); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths,

ii. p. 461 (1894).
This richly marked Moth is found throughout India and
Ceylon, Burma, China and Japan, the Indo-Malayan Islands,
and the Philippines. It expands from four inches to four
inches and a half.

The wings are broad and much dentated, dark brown with
the abdomen paler. An ochre-yellow band crosses the wings
obliquely, and is intersected on the hind-wings by a brown line,
running on the fore-wings on the outer side of the ocellus,
where it becomes attenuated and finally lost in a white band,
which commences at the costa, and meets it at an angle.
Another ochreous line, but narrower, commences at the junc-
tion of the middle and outer thirds of the costa, and takes a
straighter course across the wings, ending on the inner margin
of the hind-wings. Opposite the ocellus it meets the first line
at an acute angle, but soon leaves it, and is continued nearly

r

CYLIGRA.MMA. 157

parallel with it. There is a very irregular, much dentated and
frequently interrupted, black-bordered, sub-marginal line, com-
mencing close to the apex of the fore-wings, and traversing
both fore- and hind-wings. Just within the commencement of
this line, on the costa of the fore-wings, is a triangular while
spot. The fore-wings have a large ocellus. The inner portion
of this consists of a deep ochreous mark, shaped like an inverted
comma, but bifid below and externally, and separated from the
rusty-brown main portion of the ocellus by a black border.
The whole of the ocellus is ringed with black, with a paler line
within the black. On it are a few bluish scales.

The female is brown, less varied with yellow, and the ochreous
band is less distinct. The fine transverse line is white, and is
bordered, especially on the hind-wings, with purplish- white
scales.

GENUS CYLIGRAMMA.

Cyligramina, Boisduval, Faune Madag. p. 109 (1833); Guenee,
Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 185 (1852); Walker, List
Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1308 (185S).

This genus replaces Nydipao in Africa and Madagascar, and
considerably resembles it, but the species are generally smaller,
the body is much more slender, and the fore-wings are scarcely
dentated. The abdomen is pointed, and rather short and
slender, and the eyes are very large and nearly contiguous in
the male.

CYLIC.RAMM.-V GE.MMAXS.
{Hate C XXX IX., Fig. i.)
JVycttpao gemmans, Guenee, Spec. Gen. L^pid. Noct. iii. p. 1S2
(1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1304,
no. I (1858); Hampson, Faun, Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 461
(1894).

153 LlOVD S NAXakAL historV.

I'his is a North Indian species, but it forms a transition to
the African genus Cyiigrofiuna, to which I reler it. The
common African C. latona (Cramer), which most resembles it,
has narrower and more pointed wings ; the pale band is
narrow, straight, oblique, and surmounted on the fore-wings by
a detached cross-bar ; and the dark transverse lines are zig-zag.
, C. goiunans is blackish brown, with two darker transverse
^ lines ; the first is distinct on the hind wings, and the second
curves outward on the fore-wings to form the outer border of
the large ocellus. The inner part of the ocellus consists of a
black outline, rounded towards the base, and marked with an
upper buff and a lower blue line; while outwardly it is triden-
tate, the upper indentation zig-zag, and the lower one broad,
shallow, and filled up with black, slightly dusted with blue.
Beneath the ocellus is a pale brown stripe, followed by a darker
one, and then by a broad yellowish-white band, curving
regularly round all the wings, and followed by some more or
less distinct pale speckles. The ground-colour of the
marginal area is paler than that of the centre of the wings.

CYLIGRAMMA DISTURBANS.

{Plate CXXXIX., Fig. 2.)

Nyctipao disti/rbans, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 1307, no. 9 (1858).

Walker gives no locality for this species ; but it has since
been received from Madagascar.

The following is his original description : —

"Female. — Ferruginous, somewhat paler beneath. Wings
hardly denticulated, with a straight, oblique, exterior, yellow
band, which is for the most part speckled with ferruginous, and
is mostly wholly ferruginous along the exterior border, which

l»^m^»*^*"

/. Cylvgrctnvnva^ ycriuruirus.
2. C/hqrcmunn JjJ?Uirbnns

bPlRAMiA. i^y

IS dilated into two large angles in each wing, and along which
the surface is blackish ; marginal lunules blacky under side with
the yellow band more regular, and accompanied by yellow
cuneate spots along its exterior border. Fore-wings with an
interior broad blackish band, which is dilated into a great
angle on the exterior side, and whose disc is partly ferruginous ;
it is contiguous to the ocellus, which is black, slightly lined
with yellow, is somewhat oblique and narrow, and has on the
hind-side its pupil truncated, and its border open.

" Length of the body, twelve lines ; of the wings, thirty-six
lines."

FAMILY HYPOPYRID.E.

The species of this Family have rather short and broad,
entire wings, with the fore- and hind-wings nearly similarly
coloured, brown, grey, or blackish, with distinct lines, and a
more or less spiral ocellus on the fore-wings. Most of the species
arc I'.ast Lidian, but one or two are African or Australian.

GENU.S .Sl'JRAMIA.

Spiraiiia^ (jucnee, Spec. Gen. Lcpid. Noct. iii. [). 194 (1852);

fLxmpson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. ]>. 552 (1894).
Spiramia, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mas. xiv. p. 13 18

(1858).

This genus is represented in India, China, Java, &:c., by
numerous closely allied forms, many of which are regarded by
some authors as referable to one or two variable species, a
question which cannot be decided with certainty until their
metamorphoses have been studied. They vary in colour from
pale ochreous to nearly black ; but are easily recognisable by
the peculiar spiral form of the ocellus on the fore-wings.

100 • LLOYDS NATURAL HISIORV.

SPIRAI\nA RECESSA.

{Plate CXL., Fig. i.)

Spiramia rccessa, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. ]\Ius. xiv.
p. 1322, no. 7 (1858).

Tliis species is a native of Australia.

" Male. — Brown ; more fawn-colour beneath. Palpi at the
base, and femora, with red hairs. Head and fore-part of the
thorax blackish-brown. Abdomen bright red, with black con-
nected abbreviated sub-triangular bands. Wings slightly paler
on the exterior part, where the transverse lines are more dis-
tinct, and especially so in the hind-wings, whose sub-marginal
lines are denticulated. Fore-wings with the ocellus rather nar
rower than that of S. retorta (Linn.), with a black border, which
is mostly enclosed in two testaceous lines, its excavated part
with a white marginal line ; the exterior lines nearly con-
tiguous to the ocellus, and, as usual, retracted in front ; an
irregular diffuse discal dark brown band, interrupted by the
ocellus. Length of the body, ten hnes ; of the wings, twenty-
six lines " ( Walker).

FAMILY BENDID.'E.

The BcndidcB are East Indian or South American species of
moderate size, with the fore- and hind-wings nearly similarly
coloured. The wings are generally more or less angulated,
and the fore-wings pointed. The eye-spot, which is so con-
spicuous in the preceding families, is small or obsolete.

GENUS HULODES.

Hulodes, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 207 (1852);
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1334 (1858).

/. SpiroJtvLcv recess Oy.
Z. ?hilod^s caran-ea
3. Tlermgui dern ens trims.
4; Yjeth^s insnlaris.

HULODES. l6l

Hylodes, Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 462 (1894),
nom. prceocc.

This genus includes the largest species of the family. They
are duUcoloured moths, with shaggy hair, the costa of the
fore-wings arched before the tip, and the hind margins more
or less denticulated or excavated.

The larva has sixteen legs, with the first pair of pro-legs
rudimentary.

HULODES CARANEA.
{Plate CXI.., Fig. 2.)

Noctiia caranea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 269, figs. E, F

(1780).
Hulodes caranea, Guenee, Spec. Gen. l.dpid. Noct. iii. p. 208

(1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1335,

no I (1858); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 155, pi. 166,

figs. 3, 3 a ;pl. 167, fig. 6 (1885).
Hylodes caratiea, Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 462,

fig. 260 (1894).

This species is found throughout India, Ceylon, and the
IndoMalayan Islands generally. It expands from two inches
and three-quarters to three inches and a quarter.

It is light umber-brown, with sparsely scattered dark brown
scales. The wings have a pale grey marginal border, in the
male extending from the apex of the fore-wings to the anal
angle of the hind-wings, with a straight, well-defined edge, 2nd
bordered by a slender brownish line. The female has two
dark brown sub-marginal lines, the inner one being very broac.

According to Thwaites and Moore the larva feeds on
Acanthads. It is olive-green above, paler beneath, with greyish-
white blotches, and a band of confluent blackish speckles on
the back and sides.

16 M

1 62 Lloyd's natural history.

VII. NOCTU^ SERPENTINA.

This Division includes moths of moderate or comparatively
large size, with ascending palpi, rarely spatulate, the abdomen
conical in the male, and not crested. The wings are thick and
broad, with well-defined markings, but not exhibiting the
" Noctua "-pattern very distinctly. The hind-wings are generally
differently coloured to the fore-wings, and are quadrifid, the
four median nervules rising almost together.

The larvae have from twelve to sixteen legs, and are naked,
and feed openly on trees and plants. The pupae are enclosed
in cocoons, and are generally not subterranean.

The Family Ophideridce^ placed by Guenee in the Limbatce
(cf. anteci, p. 133), is regarded by Mr. Moore as allied to the
LagopteridcB, and will consequently precede them in our arrange-
ment. The following somewhat discordant families are
included by Guenee in the Serpentines.

A. — Larvae with long pro-legs, the first pairs shorter or wanting.
Moths of large or moderate size, marked with simple
lines, the fore-wings velvety, and pointed at the tip.

Ophiusidce. (= Lagopteridce, Kirby).

B. — Larvae slender, with twelve legs. Moths with slender legs,
short palpi, and generally with ciliated antennae.

Euclididix.

C. — Larvae with from twelve to fourteen legs, and marked
with distinct lines. The moths are slender, with simple
antennae, and the wings pulverulent below. PoaphilidcR.

D. — Larvje with sixteen legs of equal length. The moths
have long antennae, the last joint being distinct and
slender ; compressed and very pilose legs ; and broad
wings, the hind-wings often more or less hairy
beneath Remigiidx.

OPHIDERIN/E. 163

Of these Families that of the Lagopteridce. is the largest and
most important, including more species than all the rest
together. Families A., B. and C. are represented in Europe
by a very few species.

FAMILY OPHI DERIDE.

The Ophiderid(B are large and usually brightly-coloured
moths, with stout antennae, and long, obliquely-ascending, palpi,
with the third joint often spatulate. The proboscis is short,
but very strong, and the thorax and the base of the abdomen
are pilose, but not crested. The wings are long and thick,
with pointed fore-wings tufted with hair at the base, and
dentated hind-wings. They may be divided into two well-
marked Sub-families.

SUB-FAMILY I. OPHIDERIN^.

These are moths with brown or green fore-wings, marked
with distinct lines, and with the inner margin projecting near
the base and at the hinder angle, and deeply concave between.
The hind-wings are yellow or orange, with black marginal and
central markings.

The larvae are stout and naked, with the first pair of pro-legs
rudimentary. They are frequently humped, and are not unlike
those of Notodontidce, a family to which the shape of the fore-
wings gives the moths some resemblance. The pupa is formed
between leaves.

This Sub-family is not very numerous in species, but is fairly
well represented in the tropics of both hemispheres. They
are very destructive to oranges in Australia, by sucking the
juice with their proboscis, though it is perhaps not quite
positively ascertained whether they actually puncture the fruit,
as has been asserted, or whether they only avail themselves of

M2

164 Lloyd's natural history.

some accidental abrasion. The Indian species and their
transformations have been well described and figured by
Mr. F. Moore in the " Transactions " of the Zoological Society
for 1881.

GENUS OTHREIS.

Othreis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 264 (1822 ?) ; Moore,

Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xi, p. 264 (1881).
Corycia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 265 (1822 ?)

This genus includes several species with brown fore-wings,
lined or mottled with darker, and orange-yellow hind-wings,
bordered with black on the hind margin, but not to the
anal angle. The incisions on the black border are spotted
with yellow, and there is a thick black curved mark towards
the anal angle.

OTHREIS SMARAGDIPICTA.

{Plate CXLL, Fig. 2.)

Opht'deres smaragdipicta, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.

xiii. p. 1229, no. 24 (1857).
Othreis smaragdipicta, Moore, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xi. p. 68
(1881).
This insect is a native of Borneo and the Malay Peninsula.
•' Ferruginous, varied with black. Abdomen luteous. Fore-
wings with a purplish tinge, with emerald-green marks along
the costa, with an interrupted emerald-green sub-marginal
band, and with a brighter green, irregular, angular, whitish-
bordered, discal stripe ; reniform spot elongated, narrow in the
middle, bordered with black. Hind-wings bright luteous, with
a short, broad, curved, black, discal band, and with a broad
black border, which is abbreviated and slightly interrupted
towards the interior angle. Length of the body, thirteen lines ;
of the wings, thirty lines " {y\,^alker).

3.

2. Othrei^ smxu^fuidjpictcu

3. GrapTn/jorui reguixi-.

ARCADES A. 1 65

GENUS ARGADESA.

Argadesa, Moore, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xi. p. 74 (18S1).

" Fore-wing in male and female with the exterior margin
oblique, and scalloped throughout its length ; palpi shorter,
and the third joint slender " {Afoore). The typical species is,
however, more easily recognised by the hind-wings, which are
bordered with black to the anal angle (the incisions being
yellow), and marked with an oval black spot.

ARGADESA MATERNA.
{Plalc CXLI., Fig. I.)

Noctua materna, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i (2), p 840, no. 117

(1767); Drury, 111. Exot. Ent. ii. pi. 13, fig. 4 (1773) ;

Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 174, fig. B (1777); iii. pi. 267,

fig. E (1780).
Noctua hybrida, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 593, no. 11 (1775).
Ophideres wa/^r/w, Boisduval, Faune Madag. p. 100(1833);

Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 113 (1852);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1221, no. 9

(1857); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 561

(1894).
Triphcena materna, Westwood in Jardine's Nat. Lib. Exot.

Moths, p. 201, pi. 25, fig. 2 (1841).
Argadesa ffiaferna, Moore, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. xi. p. 74,

pi. 12, figs 4, 4 a-d (transf.), pi. xiv. figs. 3, 3 a (1881) ;

id. Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p 133, pi. 161, fig. 2 (18S5).

This Moth has a range extending through India and Ceylon
as far as Burma, and including Java and the Andaman Islands.
It expands from two inches and a half to three inches and
three-quarters.

1 66 Lloyd's natural history.

The antennae are setiform, and the palpi yellow, tipped with
blue; the head is also tinged with blue. The fore-wings
are light brown, mottled with grey and green, glossy, and
changing colour in different lights. The hind-wings are orange-
yellow, each with a round, black central spot, and a rather
narrow black marginal band, dentated on the inner side, and
marked with about eight white spots on the fringes. The
thorax is olive-green, and the abdomen orange-yellow.

The larva, which is about two inches and a half long, lives
on the leaves of the Amoordah Beeloo, and a number of
other trees. It is reddish-brown, darker at the extremities, and
tending to olive-brown on the middle segments. There are
brownish dorsal and sub-dorsal lines, the latter interrupted
on the fifth and on the sixth segments by an eye-spot, which
is yellow in its upper, and purplish in its lower half, and
centred with pale violet. The back and sides are irregularly
mottled with pale violet and yellow, and on the twelfth segment
is a vermillion-coloured projection spotted with pale violet, and
with a broad yellow stripe on each side. The stigmata are
violet, and the legs are reddish-brown tipped with black.
The head is vermillion red.

The pupa is formed between the leaves, which are woven
together with coarse yellow silk.

GENUS GRAPHIGONA.

Graphigona, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p 1230

(1858).
This is a small South American genus, sufficiently distin-
guished by the broad margin of the fore-wings being straight
and obUque, and the inner margin slightly angulated near the
base, and then running to the hinder angle in a very long and
shallow curve.

PHYLLODINiE. 167

GRAPHIGONA REGINA.
{Plate CXLL, Fig. 3.)

Ophideres regina, Guen^e, Spec. G^n. L^pid. Noct. iii. p. iiS

(1852).
Graphigona regina. Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xui.

p. 1230, no. I (1858).

This is a South American species. It expands about three
inches and a half. The fore-wings are rich dark brown with
fine purplish striae, and a central lunule of the same colour,
marked outside by a large indistinct red spot. The hind-wings
are bright orange, with a few black hairs at the base, and a
black marginal band suffused with purple, decreasing towards
the anal angle. The fringes are black. The abdomen is
orange-coloured, with blackish hairs at the base, and the ex-
tremity grey.

The head and collar are ferruginous.

SUB-FAMILY II. PHYLLODIN/E.

The species of this Sub-family are confined to the Tropics
of the Old World, and though less numerous than the
Ophiderince, are divided into better marked genera. The hind
margins are not dentated, and, as well as the inner margin of
the fore-wings, are straight, or rounded, though the tip of the
fore-wings is often more or less pointed. The two principal
genera, not here figured, are East Indian, and the wings are
shorter and broader than in Miniodes, or Phyllodes. They
are dark brown insects, but hchyja, Hiibner [Pohi/nop/tora,
Guence), has a short blue band on the ui^per side of the hind-
wings ; and Lygniodes, Guenee, is glossed with blue above, and
is whitish beneath.

1 68 Lloyd's natural history.

GENUS MINIODES.

Mitiiodes, Guenee, Spec. Gtn. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 119 (1852);
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1231 (1S52) ;
Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 556 {1S94).

The antennce are thick, and strongly ciliated in the male ;
and the palpi are ascending, thick, and obtuse, but not spatu-
late. The abdomen is tufted in the male, but not crested ; and
the wings are moderately long and broad, but hardly pointed
at the tips of the fore-wings. The legs are strongly spined.

MINIODES DISCOLOR.
(Plate CXLIL, Fig i.)

Miniodes di:>coIor, Guenee, Spec. Gen. L^pid. Noct. iii. p. 119,
pi. 16, fig. 4 (1852) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.
xiii. p. 1232, no. i (1857).

This species is a native of West Africa. It expands from
three inches to three inches and a half.

The fore-wings are reddish-orange streaked with orange, and
more or less clouded with brown, so heavily in the male as to
cover much of the ground-colour.

The most conspicuous pale portions are the nervures, the
costa, the inner margin, and a patch near the hinder angle.
Three pure white spots finely ringed with black stand out
prominently ; the two smaller ones, which are round, being
placed obliquely near the costa, and the third, which is larger
and of an oval form, stands below them and nearly touches
the inner small spot. The hind-wings are dark rich rosy red,
with the fringes tinged with blackish, nearly to the anal angle,
as well as the hind margin in the male. The last joint of the
palpi is much longer in the male than in the female.

GENUS GLORIANA.
Miniodes, Sect. ii. Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. ii. p. 556 (1894).

Wrnuu^kitiu IfitMl

I. Miracdf^ cJli&cclnT:
2. Larfoptera. jiuw.

^

GLORIANA. 169

The type of this genus is a much stouter and more robust
insect than Afiniodes, with the palpi stouter, and the abdomen,
which extends considerably beyond the hind-wings, and the
base of the hind-wings, densely clothed with hair. The fore-
wings are very broad, and rather pointed ; they have some-
what of a leaf-like pattern, and the inner margin is strongly
convex. The antennae are simple, and the legs without spines.

I have been obliged to form a new genus for the beautiful
species described below, which has heretofore been referred
to two others, from both of which its structural characters
entirely separate it.

GLORIANA ORNATA.
(Plate CXLHI.)

Phyllodes ornaia, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lepid. Atkinson, ii. p. 166

(1882).
Miniodes ornaia, Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. ii.p. 556, fig. 315

(1894).
This Moth is a native of India. It expands from four inches
to five inches and a half The head and thorax are reddish-
brown, and the abdomen blue-black. The fore-wings are
chestnut-brown, thickly striated with dark brown, with about
five dusky transverse lines, and a blackish longitudinal streak
extending from the end of the cell to a little below the apex.
At the point where the transverse lines cross the streak they also
change their direction at an angle, and run nearly parallel to the
hind margin for the remainder of their course. Two pure white
spots are conspicuous at the end of the cell ; these are bor-
dered with black, and the lower and larger one is somewhat
triangular in shape. The hind-wings are blue-black, with a
broad ochre-yellow marginal band, which narrows and ceases
at some distance from the anal angle. The cilia are dark
brown.

lyo Lloyd's natural history.

GENUS PHYLLODES.

Iscliyja, pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 205 (1S22?).
Phyllodes, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, L^pid. p. 246 (1832);

Guen^e, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 120 (1852);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 1232 (1857);

Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 557 (1894).

This genus has simple antennas, short palpi, with the second
joint compressed, and the third joint small, and a long smooth
rather tapering abdomen. The legs are long, slender, and
naked, with the tibiae strongly spined. The fore-wings are
long, moderately broad, and pointed at the tips, before which
the costa is strongly arched ; they are brown, with leaf-like
markings. The hind-wings are oval, and strongly rounded,
and are black, or blue-black, with a large round white or rose-
coloured spot towards the anal angle, or else are bordered or
banded with yellow.

The species are not numerous, but are met with in India,
Burma, Ceylon, Java, Amboina, New Guinea, &c. The larva
has sixteen legs, but is a half-looper ; it has no protuberances,
and the pupa is beautifully marked with bronze.

PHYLLODES MALIGERA.

{Plate CXLIV.)

Phyllodes maligera, Butler, Ent. Monthly Mag. xx. p. 138
(1883); Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 137, pi. 163, figs.
2, 2 a (1885).

This fine Moth is a native of Ceylon, and expands upwards
of five inches. The fore-wings, which have the costa much
arched, and the tip strongly falcate, are of a purplish-grey, as is
also the head and thorax. The orbicular stigma is very small,

LAGOPTERA. I7I

orange, with a black centre, and the reniform stigma is very
large, constricted in the middle, and broader below than
above. A white black-bordered line runs obliquely from the
tip to the middle of the wing; and below it, the marginal area
is broadly yellowish -grey. The hind-wings and abdomen are
blue-black, the tip of the former with a whitish mark ; and
near the anal angle is a very large rose-coloured spot, contain-
ing a double, and rather irregular, white spot.

FAMILY LAGOPTERID^.

This Family, which corresponds to the Ophiusidce of Guenee,
originally included some genera with long wings and abdomen,
which have some resemblance to the Sphingida or NotodoiitidcB,
to which last family some of them (such as Crinodes, Herrich'
Schiiffer) probably belong. Otherwise, the family is very compact,
and includes a large number of species with rather short and
broad wings, the fore-wings having the costa arched, and the tip
rather pointed, and the four sub-median nervules of the hind-
wings of equal thickness, and rising almost at the same point.
The fore-wings are generally brown, grey, reddish, or yellowish,
and the hind-wings are often marked with white or bluish-white,
but are sometimes yellow.

The larvai are smooth and slender^ with the first pairs of
pro-legs more or less imperfectly developed. They feed openly
on plants, and the pupse are enclosed in cocoons, and are not
subterranean.

GENUS LAGOPTERA.

Lagoptera, Guenee, Spec. G^n. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 223(1852);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1350 (1858);

• Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 505 (1895).

Lagoptera was employed by Guenee to include several

Indian species, but has now been restricted by Sir George

172 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

Hampson to the beautiful Moth described below, which has a
very stout body, clothed, as is also the inner margin in the
male, with long hair ; and the abdomen is also heavily tufted
at the extremity. The markings of the moth are so conspicuous
that it cannot be mistaken for any other species.

LAGOPTERA JUNO.
{Plate CXLII., Fig. 2.)

Nocliia juno, Dalman, Anal. Ent. p. 52 (1823).

Ophideres elegans, Van der Hoeven, Nat. Tijdsclir. vii. p. 2S0,

pi. 5, figs. 6 a, b (1840).
Lagoptera multicolor^ Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii.

p. 226 (1852).
Lagoptera elegans^ Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv.

p. 1352, no. 4 (1858).
Lagoptera j'lmo, Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 508,

fig. 281 (1894).

This Moth is a native of China and Japan, Java and
Northern India. It expands from about three inches to three
inches and a quarter.

The fore-wings are reddish-brown, with four fine transverse
lines ; the three inner lines are brown, and the fourth, whicli is
submarginal, curving from the apex to the inner margin near
the hinder angle, is pale yellow. The reniform stigma is
black, bordered with yellowish, and is incomplete. There are
some black dots marked with white on the hind margin.
The hind-wings are pale red on the marginal area and grey at
the base, wath two broad black median bands, separated from
one another by a much narrower pale bluish band. The
abdomen is red, and the thorax is of the same colour as the
fore-wings.

nantesta. 173

GENUS NANTESIA.

Ascalapha, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1822?), fiotn. prceocc.
Ophioiks, Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, x. p. 77 (1841) ;
id. Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 227 (1S52), nom. prceocc.

The antennae are ciliated in the male, and simple in the
female, and the palpi are ascending and approximating, with
the second joint clothed with scales. The body is stout, the
collar is raised, and the abdomen is not longer than the hind-
wings. The wings are moderately long and broad, with the
" Noctua "-pattern distinctly indicated ; the tip is but slightly
pointed. The hind-wings are brown or yellow, sometimes with
a black mark. The larvce have the first two pairs of pro-legs
shorter than the others, and a bifid tubercle on the back of the
penultimate segment.

The only species which extends as far north as Temperate
Europe is the following.

THE LUNAR DOUBLE STRIPE. NANTESL^ LUNARLS.

Noctua liinaris, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. \'erz. Schmett.

Wien. p. 94, no. i (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv.

fig. 322 (1804?).
Noctua augur, Esper, Schmett. iv. (i), p. 67, Taf. 87, figs. 4-6,

Taf. 88, fig. I (17S7?),
Noctua meretrix, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. App. p. 507 (1781 ?).
Ophiusa hinaris, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 302

(1826).
Pseudophia lufiaris, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 275,

pi. 40, figs. 8-8 c (1881).

This Moth is found throughout Central and Southern
Europe and Northern Africa, but is a great rarity in the

174

LLDYDS NATURAL HISTORY

British Isles. It expands from two inches to two inches and
a quarter.

The head, thorax, and fore-wings vary from greenish-grey to
deep reddish-brown or dark brown, and the abdomen is paler,
with a dark anal tuft. The antennae are yellowish, with darker
tips in the male, and whitish-grey or brownish-grey in the
female.

-.-^T-ft

The Lunar Double Stripe.

The basal area of the fore-wings is the lightest, with a brown
dot at the base. The two transverse lines are yellowish,
bordered with brown, and are curved, and nearer together at
the inner margin than on the costa. In the place of the
orbicular stigma is a dark brown dot, and the reniform stigma
is small and lunular. The sub-marginal Une is yellowish
and much dentated. In front of the dentated unicolorous
fringes is a row of blackish dots. The hind-wings are yellowish-

EUCLIDIA.

175

brown towards the base, with a broad dark brown marginal
band, and Hght brown fringes, bounded by a dark sinuated
line.

The larva feeds on oak and aspen. The pro-legs increase
gradually, in length from the first to the last pair. The head
is flat and rather large, orange-coloured, with yellow lines.
Before the last moult, the larva is dark green with white dots, and
a red line just above the legs. On the fifth segment are two
raised red dots, and on the penultimate segment are two raised
red points. The anal plate is rather long. After the last
moult, the body is reddish- brown, with a very pale lateral line,
and the red spots become orange-coloured. Varieties are also
met with in which the colour is greyer, or blackish.

It undergoes its metamorphosis in the ground, in a slight
cocoon partly composed of dry leaves and moss. The moths
do not generally appear until the following May, but some
appear the same autumn from the earliest larvae. The moths
fly by day.

FAMILY EUCLIDIID^.

This is a small Family of moths, remarkable for their clear and
sharply-defined markings, which sometimes resemble geome-
trical figures. The European species are of small size, and
fly in meadows during the day-time, like the Skippers.

GENUS EUCLIDIA.
Eudidia, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810?); Ochsenheimer,
Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 96 (1816) ; Trcitschke, Schmett.
Eur. V. (3), p. 38S (1826) ; Guen^e, Spec. Gen. L^pid.
Noct. iii. p. 290(1852); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit.
Mus. xiv. p. 1457 (1S58).

These are small brown moths, with the abdomen as long as
the hind-wings, moderately stout, and slightly crested at the

176 Lloyd's natural history.

base. The wings are oblong and entire, and the insects are
not very unhke Hcsperiid<£ in appearance and habits, the
resemblance, however, being more pronounced in the species
figured than in E. givphica, (Linn.), a lighter-coloured moth,
which is the type of the genus. The larvae are long and
slender, and are provided with twelve legs.

THE MOTHER SHIPTON MOTH. EUCLIDIA ML

Noctua mi, Clerck, Icones, pi. 9, fig. 5 (1759) ; Linnreus, Faun.
Suec. p. 309 (1761) ; Esper, Schmett. iv. (i) p. 76, Taf. 89,
figs. 3,4(1787?); Hiibner, Beitr. Schmett. i. (3) p. 19,
Taf. 2, fig. N (1788); id. Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 346 (1804?).

Phytonietra mi, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 265, no. 32 (1809).

Eudidia mi, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 395 (1S26) ;
Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 139 (1831); Kirby,
Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 272, pi. 40, fig. 6 (1881) ;
Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 130, pi. 105, figs.
3-3 b (1895).

The Mother Shipton Moth.

This Moth is common throughout the greater part of Europe
as well as Northern and Western Asia. It expands about an
inch and a quarter.

The head and thorax are brownish-grey, varied with white
hairs, and with white tegulK. The antennae are ringed with
black and grey. The abdomen is grey, with a few yellowish
hairs and white incisions.

POAPHILID^. 177

The fore-wings are brownish-grey, with the central area
almost completely filled by a peculiar dark brown spot,
bordered with white. These borders are formed by the two
transverse lines, the first of which is oblique, whilst the second
has two large projections, and runs very irregularly. In the
basal area a large black dot, bordered with white, stands near
the inner margin, and in the central area are placed the
orbicular and reniform stigmata, the latter as a white dash,
often with a white longitudinal streak on its outer side. The
sub-marginal line is white, and curved inwards near the middle,
and the fringes are grey and white. The hind-wings are pale
yellow in the male, and bright yellow in the female, with a
black central band, which is connected with the base by black
streaks ; and there is a broad black marginal band spotted with
yellow. The fringes are grey and white externally, but entirely
white on the inner part.

The larva feeds on Medicago falcata^ and various species of
clover. It is slender, pink or lemon-yellow, with a fine
chocolate-brown double dorsal line, followed by several other
longitudinal stripes of the same colour. The spiracles stand
out blackish on the pale ground. The larvae feed at night,
remaining flat upon the stalks of the food plant during the day.

The pupa is purplish-brown, with darker incisions and
spiracles, with a violet bloom. It is enclosed in a cocoon, in
which portions of the food plant are woven.

The moth is double-brooded.

FAMILY POAPHILID^.

This Family is of limited extent, and is chiefly American.
One genus only is Euiopean, and with one exception these
species are confined to the extreme south of Europe. They
fly in dry meadows in the daytime, like the EuclidiidcE.
16 N

178 Lloyd's natural history.

GENUS PHYTOMETRA.

Fhytometra, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 254 (1809) ; Stephens
111. Brit. Ent. Haust. ii. p. 121 (1830); Guenee, Spec.
Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 297 (1852); Walker, List Lepid.
Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1466 (1858).

Frothymia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 282 (1822?).

In its larval characters this genus comes nearer to the last
family than to the x'^.merican genera with which Guenee
associates it. The types of Haworth's genus Fhytometra were
probably intended to be species of Fltisia, but Flusia may
have the priority ; and as Fhytometra viridaria does not con-
tradict the characters which Haworth assigned to his genus (as
is the case with many of the species which he included in it),
it seems better to retain Haworth's name as restricted by
Stephens, though Hiibner's later name, Frothymia, was uui-
typical, which Fhytometra certainly was not.

THE SMALL PURPLE-BARRED. PHYTOMETRA VIRIDARIA,

Geometra viridaria, Clerck, Icones, pi. 9, fig. 12 (1759).
Fhalana laccata, Scopoli, Ent. Carn. p. 363, no. 503 (1763).
Nodua spadiceata, Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. iii. no. 87 (1767).
Fhalcena purpurata, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 637, no. 91

(1775)-
Nodua cenea, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien. p. 85, no. 6 (1776) ; Hiibner, Beitr. Schmett. i. (3),

p. 10, Taf. I, fig. D (1788); id. Eur. Schmett. iv. fig. 350

(1804?).
Nodua iatru/icula, Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i, p. 557, Taf. 163,

fig. 2 (1792?)-
Fhytometra csnea, Haworth, Lepid. Brit, p. 266, no. 34

(1809); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust, iii. p. 121 (1830);

PHYTOMETRA. 1 79

Buckler, Larvge of Brit. Lepid. vi. p. 134, pi. 105,

figs- 5-5 c (1895).
Anthophila cznea, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 274 (1826).
Prothymia viridaria, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 280

(1881).

The Small Purple- Barred Moth.

This little Moth is common throughout the greater part of
Europe, as well as Northern and Western Asia. It expands
about three-quarters of an inch.

The body is shining bronzy-green or brownish-grey, with
rusty-brown filiform antennse, and grey legs dotted with black.
The fore-wings are shining bronzy-green or greyish-brown, with
a purplish-red line along the costa. In the centre of the
wings is a pale spot, beyond which is a purplish-red transverse
band, which gradually fades into the ground-colour externally.
There is a light green sub-marginal line, and beyond it, in front
of the fringes, is a second red band broader than the first, and
marked with seven rather indistinct small grey dots. In many
specimens the outer half of the fore-wings is entirely red, only
two fine green transverse lines remaining visible, whilst the
inner half is green dusted with red. Sometimes the first red
band is intersected by a fine green line. In the grey variety
either all the markings are faint, or the bands are darker, with
pale borders. The hind-wings are usually bronzy-green, with
a dull red band in the centre, and a second red band in front
of the fringes, and the tips white. In some varieties the
markings are suffused, or the hind-wings may be entirely
brownish-grey.

N 2

lao LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

The larva feeds on Polygala vulgaris. It is velvety-green,
with a fine darker green dorsal line, and three lateral lines of
the same colour. The spiracles are yellowish, with a pale line
below them, which becomes whitish on the last four segments.
It is covered with fine bristles.

The pupa is cylindrical, slender, bright reddish-brown, with
olive-brown head and wing-cases. It is enclosed in a cocoon
composed of tough pale-grey silk interwoven with portions of
the food plant. The moth is found from May to August and
the larva in August and September.

FAMILY REMIGIID^.

This Family is entirely exotic, and includes moths of
moderate size, generally with simple antennse and ascending
palpi. They are remarkable for their very hairy legs, besides
which the hind-legs, especially in the males, are usually
furnished with compressed oar-like tufts of hair on each side,
extending even to the tarsi. The hind-wings are also
frequently hairy beneath. They are moths with comparatively
stout bodies, and ample, but not very long, wings, and are
usually marked with distinct lines.

GENUS REMIGIA.

Remigia, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 313 (1852);
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv. p. 1493
(1858); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, ii. p. 525
(1S94).

This genus, as used by Guenee and Walker, includes a
number of species found in both hemispheres, and some have
a wide range throughout the Indo-Malayan and Ethiopian
regions. The following species differs from the types oi Remigia
in having the hind tarsi much less haiiy.

PSEUDO-DELTOIDiE. l8l

REMIGIA DEMONSTRANS.

(Plate CXL., Fig. 3.)

Remigia demonstrans, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xiv.
p. 1512, no. 26 (1858).

This species is found in the Navigators' Islands. " Cinereous-
testaceous. Head and fore part of the thorax somewhat
fawn-coloured. Hind tarsi not pilose. Fore-wings speckled
with brown, with two diffuse slightly-oblique dark brown bands,
the first bounded on the inner side by a straight whitish line,
and on the outer side by an undulating black line, the second
containing an undulating black line ; a row of exterior black
dots ; exterior border brown. Hind-wings with three brown
bands, the second and third connected in front ; exterior border
and cilia partly brown. Length of the body, eight to nine lines ;
of the wings, eighteen to twenty lines " ( Walker).

VIII. NOCTU^ PSEUDO-DELTOIDS.

This Family forms the transition from the preceding families
to the Delfoidce. The moths have rather slender bodies, the
antennae are often ciliated, and the palpi are long, ascending
and recurved, with the third joint long and linear. The wings
are broad, and often more or less angulated ; and the fore- and
hind-wings are generally similarly marked above, and are also
ornamented with distinct markings on the under surface. They
are very numerous in the Tropics, and especially in South
America, but there is only one European species, Zethes
tnsularis, Rambur, which was first discovered in Corsica.

Guen^e defines three families, as follows : —

A. — Wings more or less angulated.

a. Last joint of the palpi long, filiform, and upcurved.
Abdomen above hairy Focillidx.

i82 Lloyd's natural history.

/'. Palpi securiform, or recurved above the front. Abdomen
nearly smooth Amphigoni\J\dcE.

B. — Wings entire, or simply dentated, or pointed at the tip.

Ther7nesi\_i\dcB.

FAMILY FOCILLID^.
GENUS ZETHES.
Zct/ies, Rambur, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ii. p. 29 (1833) ;
Guenee, Spec. G^n. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 329 (1852);
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 1522 (1858).
This genus is widely distributed, though not numerous in
species. The wings are rather short and broad.

ZETHES INSULARIS.
(Plate CXL.y Fig. 4.)
Zethes insularis, Rambur, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ii. p. 29,
pi. 2, fig. I (1833) ; Duponchel, Lepid. France, Suppl. iii.
P- 553) P^- 47 (1836); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct.
iii. p. 330 (1852); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths,
P- 273. Pl- 57, fig- I (1881).
Nodua nattyi, Freyer, Neuere Beitr. Schmett. iii. p. 43, Taf.
222, fig. 2 (1837).
This Moth is a native of Corsica, Greece, Dalmatia, and Asia
Minor. It expands about an inch and a quarter.

The fore-wings are brown, dusted with grey, as far as the
second line. The half-line is brown, bordered outside with
whitish, but is short, and sometimes obsolete. The first trans-
verse line is brown and broad, especially on the costa, and
bordered with white on both sides ; it runs irregularly to the
costa. The second line is white, forming two curves outwards,
but converges obliquely towards the first line on the inner
margin ; the marginal area and a long patch running outwards

'y*mjnk.S^HS hmttui

1 FocUlcL plushcides. 5. Calynurux qiurvqu^Jj^.

2. Capnocles finxpalpis 6 Hypenn hLJagaJi/i.

'1 Ma/rotes rudrtoc 7. Alctstigophorixs p(xrr(v

4 MecccercLs hitctcUwia 3. Evudystue cyrux^ra.'

FOCILLA. 183

from the costa to the upper part of the second line are bluish-
grey. The sub-terminal line is yellowish, edged within by a
black line, and a row of black dots. The hind-wings are
lighter brown, with two slightly curved brown lines in the
centre, the pale marginal area being bounded by a zig-zag
yellowish line. There is an angular tooth on the hind margin
of all the wings, and the sub-terminal line is similarly angulated
outwards ; on the hind-wings this angle contains a brown
spot.

GENUS FOCILLA.

Focilia, Guende, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. iii. p. 333 (1852) ;
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 1528 (1858).
This American genus has longer and more pointed fore-
wings than Zethes (and thus approaches the Amp/u'gonitdce,
which have long and rather pointed fore-wings, with a strong
projection on the hind margin below the tip), and a strong
angular tooth or short tail in the middle of the hind margin on
the hind-wings.

FOCILLA PLUSIOIDES.
[Plate CXI. v.. Fig. i.)
Focilla plusioidcs, Walker, List Lepid. Lis. Brit. Mus. xv.
p. 1532, no. 7 (1858).
This species was taken at Santarem, on the Amazons, by the
late H. W. Bates.

" Male. — Ferruginous, cinereous beneath. Frontal tuft
bordered with white on each side. Pectus whitish. Abdomen
cinereous-brown. Wings with a glaucous bloom ; transverse
lines black and ferruginous, zig-zag, irregular, partly interrupted;
sub-marginal points black. Fore-wings with the basal and
interior lines broader than the others, and partly with whitish
borders, a whitish costal sub-apical patch accompanied by

184 Lloyd's natural history.

white costal marks, and having behind it a broad black oblique
streak, which extends to the cilia of the angle of the exterior
border ; reniform mark mostly ferruginous, variable as to shape,
bordered hindward with silvery white. Length of the body,
seven lines ; of the wings, eighteen lines " ( Walker.)

FAMILY THERMESIID^.
GENUS CAPNODES.

Capnodes, Guen^e, Spec. Gen. L^pid. Noct. iii. p. 374
(1852) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xv. p. 1600
(1858).
The two most important genera of the ThermesiidcE are
Thermesia, Hiibner, and Capnodes, Guen^e, both widely-
distributed genera ; and several of the species of Thermesia,
are extremely variable, rendering their separation a matter of
considerable difficulty.

CAPNODES FINIPALPIS.

{Pla/e CXLV., Fig. 2.)

Thermesia fitiipalpis, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xv.

p. 1574, no. 23 (1858).
Capnodes viaculicosta. Walker, id. xv. p. 1608 (1858); Moore,

Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 211 (1885).
Capnodes finipalpis, Hampson, 111. Lepid. Het. Brit. Mus. ix.
p. 116, pi. 166, figs. I, 8 (1893); id. Faun. Brit. Ind.
Moths, iii. p. 20, fig. 8 (1895).
This Moth is a native of Ceylon.

The following is Walker's description of his Capnodes
maculicosta : —

" Male. Orange fawn colour, cinereous beneath. Palpi
cinereous, hoary on the inner side ; third joint linear, whitish
at the tip, somewhat shorter than the second. Abdomen

PLATYDID^. 185

cinereous. Tarsi with white bands. Wings with the lines
diffuse, undulating, blackish, very indistinct ; exterior line with
elongated white points ; marginal points black. Fore-wings
with a white costal point near the base, with three white costal
sub-apical points, and with two intermediate large white costal
spots. Length of the body, eight lines; of the wings, seven-
teen lines."

The female {T. finipalpisy Walk.) is red-lead colour with
purplish fringes, and brown spots on the costa.

IX. NOCTU^ DELTOIDES.

This Division was formerly regarded by many authors (in-
cluding Guenee) as closely allied to the Pyrales, but is now
usually included in the NoducB. The moths are slender-
bodied, resembling Pyrales or Tortrices in form, and have very
long palpi, clothed with smooth hair, and extending consider-
ably beyond the head ; or securiform and upcurved. The legs
are long and slender, and the tibiae are without spurs, though
some of the species are furnished with large expansile tufts of
hair on the legs. The wings are broad, and not dentated ; the
fore-wings are generally more or less triangular. The antennae
of the males are pectinated, dentated, and ciliated, or are
simple, with a knot-like expansion in the middle. The larvae
have from t\vclve to sixteen legs, and the moths fly by night,
though many of them are easily disturbed during the daytime.

Guenee divides the Delioides into three families, the Flatydidce
Hypenidce, and Herminiidce. To these we have added the
AventiidcB, which Guende regarded as a separate division of the
Lepidoptera.

FAMILY PL.^TYDID.^.

This is a family including a small number of American and
East Indian species of comparatively large size, with ciliated or

1 86 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

pubescent, but not naked, antennse ; long, ascending, and
recurved palpi ; well-marked ocelli ; and long, slender legs, with
the front tibiae more or less thickened. The wings are broad, and
more or less angulated ; the fore- and hind-wings are similarly
marked, and the patterns are reproduced on the under surface.

GENUS EUCLYSTIS.

Eudystis, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett ii. Taf. 223 (1818 ?) ;

id. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 341 (1822?).
Macrodes, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr. p. 12

(1854); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 4

(1858).

This genus is remarkable for its slender body, not longer
than the wings, and its large size and broad wings, which give
it a somewhat geometriform appearance. The antennae are
long, approximating at the base, and shortly pectinated in the
male, each pectination bearing a long recurved cilium ; in the
female the antennae are moniliform, sub-quadrate, and furnished
with two short cilia.

EUCLYSTIS CTNARA.

{Plate CXLV., Fig. 8.)

Geofjietra cynara, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 15, figs. C, D

(1775)-
Euclystis cynaralis, Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. ii. Taf.

223 (1818?).
Macrodes cynaralis, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr.
p. 13 (1854); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 5
no. I (1858).
This Moth is recorded from Surinam, Cayenne, and Para.
It expands about two inches and a quarter.

The wings are slightly dentated, with an angular projection

CALYMMA. 1^7

near the middle of the hind-margin. They are blackish, varied
with reddish-brown and pale bluish-white, and with double
black and white sub-marginal lines. The fore- wings are marked
with fine waved zig-zag white lines, and the whole of the central
area is white tinged with grey, and contains two unequal and
remote white cellular spots, surrounded with grey. The
marginal area is spotted with red. The hind-wings are broad,
and nearly square ; blackish, with the middle of the marginal
area bluish-white. There is a central lunule circled with white,
and a fine waved line, angulated opposite the cell.

FAMILY HYPENID^.

The antennae are straight, and pectinated or ciliated, but
not nodose or tufted ; the palpi are long, pilose, and
straight ; the front of the head is furnished with a pointed pro-
jection ; and the legs are long, but without tufts of hair or
scales, though the fore-wings are often ornamented with clusters
of raised scales. The larvas are long and slender, with the
first pair of pro-legs rudimentary or absent. The pupa is en-
closed in a slight cocoon.

GENUS CALYMMA.

Calymma, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 281 (1S22?).
Dichrofiiia, Guen^e, Spec. G^n. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr. p. 18

(1854); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. xvi. p. 13 (1858);

Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iii. p. 72 (1895), "^^

Dichroma, Westwood.

The long, slender palpi, oblong fore-wings, and rounded
yellow hind-wings bordered with black, are sufficient characters
to distinguish this small East Indian genus, the type of which
is Nottua orosia, Cramer.

loo LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

CALYMMA QUINQUALIS.

(Plate CXLV., Fig. 5.)

Dichromia quinqualis, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvi.
p. 15, no 4 (1858).

This Moth is found in Java.

" Male. — Dark brown. Abdomen luteous. Fore-wings with
the exterior line fawn-colour, double, undulating, connected
with a pale fawn-coloured patch by the interior angle, and with
a broad curved, irregular streak of the same hue by the tip ;
marginal lunules black. Hind-wings luteous, with a broad
blackish border, the latter attenuated towards the interior angle,
which it does not reach. Length of the body, five lines ; of
the wings, twelve lines " ( IValker).

GENUS HYPENA.

Hypena, Schrank, Fauna Boica(2) ii. p. 163 (1802); Treitschke,
Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 21 (1829); Guenee, Spec. G^n. Lepid.
Delt. at Pyr. p. 21 (1858); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit.
Mus. xvi. p. 21 (1858).

This is a very extensive genus, well represented in many parts
of the world. The antennae are long and slender, fasciculated in
the male, and slightly ciliated in the female. The palpi are
long, thick, and scaly. The wings are generally of dull colours,
broad, and more or less pointed at the tips ; and are furnished
with small tufts of raised scales.

The larvae, which feed on low plants, are long, cylindrit al.
and multiform, and the first pair of pro-legs is wanting. The
pupa are enclosed in silken cocoons among leaves or moss.

We have three species of this genus in Britain, which are
called " Snouts," in allusion to their long beak-like palpi. There

HERMINIIDiE, 189

are a considerable number of species in North America, one of
which is here described and figured.

HYPENA BIJUGALIS.
{Plate CXLV., Fig. 6.)
Hypena biJKgalis, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 32,
no. 17 (1858).

This species is found in Nova Scotia.

" Female. — Pale cinereous. Palpi shorter than the thorax ;
their plumes not extending to the tip of the third joint. Fore-
wings blackish-brown for full half the length from the base,
except along the interior border ; the outline of this dark
part is slightly excavated, and bordered with white towards
the base on its hind side, and is slightly oblique on its
exterior side, where it has an obtuse indented tooth ; sub-
marginal line composed of diffuse blackish spots ; space
between it and the exterior border brownish ; marginal points
black, orbicular mark forming a black dot. Length of the
body, five lines ; of the wings, twelve lines " ( Walker).

FAMILY HERMINIID.<F:.

In this Family the antennae are pubescent, with two longer
cilia rising from each joint, and are often curved, or furnished
with tufts of hairs or scales. The palpi are generally arched,
but their structure differs in the sexes. The front legs are often
thickened, and provided with pencils of silky hair, or tufts of
woolly or scaly hairs. There is no frontal prominence, and the
wings are not furnished with tufts of raised scales.

The larvae are short and thick, with sixteen legs, and live
more or less concealed ; and the pup;t likewise vary in habit.

This is a larger family than the last, and contains a much
greater variety of well-marked genera. A Cuban species is
here figured.

I go LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

GENUS MASTIGOPHORUS.

Mastigophorus^ Poey, Cent. Lepid. pi. 8 (1832).
Mastygophora, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr. p. 93
(1854); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 149
(1858).
This genus is remarkable for the enormous length of the
palpi in the male, which are composed of three joints, each as
long as the abdomen. The first joint is straight, the second
and third recurved over the back, and the last joint is fringed
with long hair beneath ; there is a conspicuous tuft at the end
of the front tibiae. The median nervure is four-branched on
both the fore- and hind-wings, and there is one sub- median
nervure on the fore-wings, and two on the hind-wings. In
the female, the palpi are much shorter, and resemble those of
the genus Herniinia, Latreille y the second joint is the longest,
and the third is slightly recurved. The tuft at the end of the
tibiae is wanting.

MASTIGOPHORUS PARRA
(Plate CXLV., Fig. 7.)
Mastigophorus parra, Poey, Cent. Lepid. Cuba, pi. 8 (1832).
Mastygophora parralis, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Ldpid. Delt. et
Pyr. p. 94 (1854) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.
xvi. p. 149, no. I (1858).

This species is a native of Cuba. It expands about an inch.

It is dark brown, with four yellowish lines ; the first short,
the second curved, bordered with black outside, and followed
by a yellowish dash at the end of the cell ; beyond this are
two more much angulated lines, which, unlike the others, are
continued across the hind-wings, where, however, they are
nearly straight, the sub-terminal line only being angulated at
the anal angle. The under surface of the wings is dusted

LASPEYRIA. 191

with grey, and the tuft of hair at the end of the front tibiae is
black above, and whitish beneath.

The moth is attracted by hghts at Havannah, and rests on
the walls of the rooms with its wings flat, the hind-wings being
half covered by the fore-wings.

FAMILY AVENTIID^.

The single species included in this family is referred by
some authors to the Geometrce, and by others to the Deltoides ;
but it does not quite agree with either in its characters. The
eyes are naked, and ocelli are present. The antenna are
simple, and the palpi are ascending, with the second joint
broad and triangular, and the terminal joint very short. The
abdomen is rather slender, as long as the hind-wings, and
the femora are sparsely hairy. The fore-wings are rather
short and broad, with the tip hooked, and a deep concavity
below ; the hind-wings are rounded. The larva has twelve
legs, and is furnished with hairy filaments on the sides ; it is
rather short and thick, and feeds on lichens. The pupa is
enclosed in a slight cocoon.

GENUS LASPEYRIA.
Laspeyria, Germar, Syst. Gloss. Prodr. i. p. 13 (181 1).
Aventia, Duponchel, Lepid. France, vii. (2), p. 190(1829);
Lederer, Noct. Eur. p. 20S (1857).
This genus need not be further characterised.

THE BEAUTIFUL HOOK-TIP. LASPEYRIA FLEXULA.

Bombyx Jlcxula, Denis &: Schiffernniller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien. p. 64, no. 3 (1776); Hubner, Beitr. Schmett. i.

(i), p. 32, Taf. 4, fig. Z (1786); Esper, Schmett. iii. (2),

p. 31, Taf. 84, fig. 4(1789?).
Geometra shiuata, Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 287 (1777).

192 Lloyd's natural history.

Geometra flexularia^ Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. .19 (1797)-
Eufio/nos /lexnian'a, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (i), p. 4
(1827) ; Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 323 (1831).
Avcntia flexularia, Duponchel, Lepid. France, vii. (2), p. 192,

pi. 149, fig. I (1829).
Arentia flexida, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 285,
pi. 58, fig. 3 (1881).

The head and antennae are reddish-grey, the latter pectinated
in the male, and simple in the female. The thorax and
abdomen are pale grey, dusted with black, and the tegulse are
bordered with reddish.

The fore-wings have hooked tips, and are grey, dusted with
ferruginous, and crossed by two yellowish-white transverse
lines, bordered with brown, and angulated on the costa. In
the central area are two distinct black dots placed obliquely.
Sometimes there are also several smaller dots. Then comes
a row of indistinct small whitish lunules, concave on the inner
side. There is a sharply-defined yellowish line on the hind
margin before the fringes. The extreme hind margins are
rusty-brown, and so are the fringes, which are dotted with
black. All the nervures are whitish. The hind-wings are
yellowish-grey, and lighter than the fore-wings, with a straight
yellow transverse central line, shaded on both sides with brown.
Close to the reddish-brown hind-margin is a yellow line
preceded by a row of dots, and between these and the trans-
verse line is a fine white curved line. The fringes are brown,
with whitish tips.

The larva feeds on Lichen stellaris and L. parietmus. It
grows slowly, and requires six weeks to attain its full growth.
It is slender and grey, varied with green and black. The pupa
is ringed with brown and yellow, with brown wing-cases.

The moth is found in Britain and other parts of Europe in
July and August.

PARASCOTIA.

193

FAMILY BOLE'l'OBIID^.

This is a small Family which is placed by some authors in
the Geometrce, and by others in the NoctucB, near the Aveniiida.
The antennae of the male are pectinated and ciliated, with the
tip bare, the palpi large and hairy, and the wings festooned,
all marked alike. The legs are long, and the hind tibiae have
two pairs of long spurs.

The larvae are cylindrical, with small bristle-bearing warts,
and feed on lichens and fungi, and the pupa3 are subterranean.
They have twelve legs.

GENUS PARASCOTIA.

Farascotia, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 314 (1822?) ; Von
Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. i. p. 699 (1859).

Boletolna, Boisduval, Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 201 (1840); Guen^e,
Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 330 (1857);
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 497 (i860).

The only European species is the following :

THE WAVED BLACK MOTH. PARASCOTIA FULIGINARIA.
[Plate CXLVJI., Fig. i.)
-, Clerck, Icones, pi. 8, fig. 7 (1759).

Geometra fuliginaria, Linnreus, Faun. Suec. p. 327, no. 1247

(1761).
Geometra carbonaria, Denis & SchififermiJller, Syst. Verz.

Schmett. Wicn. p. 108, no. 5 (1776); Esper, Schmett. v.

p. 182, Taf. 32, figs. 3~6 (1794?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett.

v. fig. 151 (1803?).
Phalcena hmulata, Fabricius, Gen. Ins. p. 290 (1777).
Phalcena lignaria, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (2), p. 160, no. iii

(1794)-

16 p

T94 LLOYDS NATURAL HLSTORY

GnopJws carbonaria, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (i), p. 184

(1827).
Fidonia carbonaria, Stephens, III. Brit. Ent.Haust.iii. p. 149(1831).
Boletobia fuliginaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal.

i. p. 330 (1857) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths,

p. 285, pi. 58, fig. 4 (1881); Buckler, Larvre of Brit.

Lepid. vii. p. 47 (1897).
The Black Heath Moth is found throughout the greater
part of Europe and Siberia, but is rare in Britain. It expands
about an inch.

The groundcolour of the whole of the upper side is smoky
black. The antennae are yellow, ringed with black, with black
pectinations in the male ; but filiform in the female. The
abdomen is slender in the male, with yellowish tufts on the
sides ; and cylindrical in the female.

Three zig-zag yellowish transverse lines cross the fore-wings ;
the first consists of small curves, the second forms a strong
angle on the costa, and then approaches the first. The two
lines are shaded with black on the sides next to one another,
and bound the central area. In this there is a black lunule.
A third line runs not far from the hind-margin, and between
it and the second line, near the inner margin, is a large
indistinct yellowish spot. The fringes are bordered with small
black lunules, and are yellowish, streaked with black. The two
outer lines are continued on the hind-wings, and the second is
sometimes broken up into dots. There is a black central
lunule, and an indistinct yellowish patch at the anal angle.

The larva lives on Lichen parietinus, Bryiim murale, &c.
It is full-grown about the middle of June or the beginning of
July, and is then blue-black with several rows of orange-
coloured tubercles, each bearing long black curved hairs,
tipped with whitish. It undergoes its transformations in the
ground, or on the ground under the food plant

BREPHOS. 195

The pupa is shining greyish-green.

London coal-cellars are perhaps the most likely localities to
search for this rarity.

FAMILY BREPHID^.

Larva. — Long, slender, with sixteen legs, but the first two
pairs short and unfit for use ; feeding on trees.

Pupa. — Enclosed in a slight cocoon, among moss or bark.

Imago. — Without ocelli ; antennae dentated and pubescent,
or ciliated ; palpi replaced by a tuft of hairs ; proboscis short.
Body moderately stout, downy, with the thorax short, and the
abdomen linear in the male, and thick and obtuse in the female.
Legs slender, tufted, with rudimentary spurs. Fore-wings broad,
triangular, thickly and coarsely scaled, with an appendiculate
cell, and the sub-marginal nervure forked at the base ; hind-
wings brightly coloured, provided with a frenulum, and the
costal nervure inflated, throwing off, and running parallel with
the sub-costal for some distance, the latter only bifurcating near
the outer angle ; cell closed ; lower discoidal nervule running
half-way between the upper median nervule, and the upper
discoidal nervule ; two sub-marginal nervures present. Guenee
makes this family, under the name oi FhalcetioidcB, the fifth sub-
family of his Jilinores, but many later writers have regarded it
as an independent family, which should be separated both from
the Nodi/a, and from the Geo^netrce.

GENUS BREPHOS.
Hefnigeometra, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 267 (1809). Nee. sect,

typ.
Brephos, Hiibner. Tentamen, p. 2 (18 10); Ochsenheimer,
Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 96 (1S16); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur.
v. (3), p. 378 (1826); Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii.
p. 264 (1852).
Archiearis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 280 (1822?).

o 2

196 Lloyd's natural history.

As this is the only genus of the family, it is unnecessary to
characterise it. There are only three species known, all
European. Two of them are British ; the third, B. piieUa
(Esper), is common in South-central Europe, and feeds on aspen.

Concerning the commonest species, B. parthe7iias (Linn.)
described below, Guenee writes : " The larvje live in large trees,
and drop themselves down suspended by a thread, like many
Geometrce. They are found in autumn, chiefly in rather large
woods, and the moths fly in the earliest days of spring, or
rather at the end of winter, among the still leafless birch trees.
Their flight is active and sustained, but the sun is indispen-
sable to rouse them from their torpor, for his rays are scarcely
hidden, even for a moment, when the moths at once suspend
their flight, to resume it immediately upon his re-appearance.
It will be seen that these habits most resemble those of the
PhaliB7ud(B which fly in company with it in early spring, which is
in accordance with the shape and habits of the larvae."

THE ORANGE UNDERWING. BREPHOS PARTHENIAS.

Noctiia parthenias, Linnreus, Faun. Suec. p. 308, no 11 60
(1761); Esper, Schmett. iv. (i), p. 53, Taf. 85, figs. 5-8
(1786?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. pi. 74, figs. 341, 342
(1804?); Knoch, Beitr. Ins. ii. p. 71, pi. 3, fig. 8 (1782).

Phalcena fulvata, Pallas, Reise. iii. p. 732, no. 95 (1775).

Brephos part/ieftias, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. v. (3), p. 379
(1826); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 296, pi. 41,
fig. 8 (1881); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vi. pi. lor,
figs. 6-6 b (1895).

Brephos notha, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 137
(1831), nee Hub7ier.
The Orange Underwing is common in Central and Northern

Europe, and in Siberia, It expands from an inch and a quarter

to an inch and a half

BREPHOS. 197

The head, thorax, and upper surface of the abdomen are
black, with brownish, and occasional white hairs. The body
is long and slender, especially in the male, much like that
of a Geometra. The antennas of the female are setiform,
black ringed with white ; in the male they are fusiform, and
pectinated. The pectinations are black, like the dorsal
surface of the shaft, but appear lighter, as they are sur-
rounded by short brown hairs. The eyes are large and oval.
The pectus is clothed with long shaggy grey hair, and so is

The Orange Underwing.

the under surface of the abdomen in the male, but in the
female the grey hair is limited to the first segments, the hair
on the hinder segments being pale yellow, long and fine.

The fore-wings are marbled with grey and reddish-brown,
one colour sometimes predominating, and sometimes the other,
and the surface is powdered with black atoms. The first
transverse line is black and zig-zag, with an indistinct whitish
border towards the base. The central area is at first of the
ground-colour, and contains the annular orbicular stigma.
Then comes a more or less distinct narrow or broad transverse

190 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

band, on which, near the base, stands the black reniform stigma
on a bluish patch. The second transverse line and the sub-
marginal line enclose a band which is varied with ferruginous,
and usually with white on the costa and inner margin. Beyond
the sub-marginal line the wings are greyish-brown as far as the
striped brown and white fringes. Occasionally the whole of
the wings are dusted with brown, and the markings and paler
areas are thus rendered indistinct.

The hind-wings are orange, or deep pomegranate-yellow.
From the base a large, nearly triangular black spot extends
more than half across the wings towards the inner margin, and
to the outer angle of this spot is attached a smaller one. In
front of the hind margin is a narrow dentated black band,
whilst in the orange area there is often a round whitish spot.
The fringes are chequered with grey and white.

The above description applies to the male. In the female
the fore-wings are usually more varied with white, and have
lighter markings, and the yellow or orange of the hind-wings
is less intense. The black marginal band of the latter is often
broken up into lines and spots, and there is a second costal
spot at the apex of the black triangle. Finally the shorter and
more cylindrical abdomen, and the difference in the antenniie,
will serve at once to distinguish the sexes.

The larva feeds on birch, oak, and beech. It is smooth, and
pale green, with yellow longitudinal lines on the back, and a
broader yellow stripe on the sides. The head is rather large,
and dark green. The first pair of pro-legs are small, and
consequently the larva loops a little in walking.

Before its metamorphosis the larva changes its colour, the
green becomes paler, and the yellow lines turn to white. It
then bores its way into the bark, and covers the opening
with a web, or forms a very firm cocoon with leaves, moss,
or splinters of wood. The pupa is reddish-brown, and

GEOMETRvE. 199

elongated, with a slight elevation on each segment of the
abdomen.

The moth appears in February or March, and flies in the
day-time.

GEOMETRY.

This is an extremely natural group of Moths, and most of the
species belonging to it are easily distinguishable from those of
any other group. As a rule they are of moderate size, rarely
exceeding two or three inches in expanse, and have slender
bodies, and broad, brightly-coloured wings, the hind-wings being
nearly as large as the fore-wings, and more or less similarly
coloured. In the males the antennae are often strongly
pectinated ; but the bodies of the insects are seldom clothed
with rough hair, except in certain genera with stout instead of
slender bodies. The females of some species, especially those
which appear in winter or in early spring, are apterous.

But the most characteristic feature of the Geometrce is the
structure of the larvse, which have only ten legs, the first three
pairs of pro-legs being absent, or at least imperfectly developed.
These larvae fix themselves by their claspers and pro-legs to a
leaf or branch, and then stretch their bodies stiffly out, in
which position they often remain for a long time, when they
look deceptively like bits of dry stick. When walking, they
extend their bodies as far as they can reach, take hold with
their front legs, then draw up the hind ones, arching the back
as they do so, and then extend their bodies again, thus
proceeding by a succession of loops, whence they are called
Geometrce, or " Land Measurers " ; or, in English, " Loopers."

Guenee, in his " Uranides et Phalenites," published in 1857
(vide vol. iv. pp. xxx. 166), divided the Geometrce into twenty-
six families, of which seventeen are represented in Britain.
Dr. Packard, in his " Monograph of the Geometrid Moths or

200 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

PhalsenidcX of the United States " (1876 ; vide vol. iv. p. 205),
treats these as sub-families, and reduces the number to eight,
one, however, the GoniacidalincB, being new, i.e., founded on
American species unknown to Guenee. Mr. Meyrick, in his
" Handbook of British Lepidoptera " (vide vol. iv. pp. xxxix
184), and Sir George Hampson, in his "Fauna of BritisK
India: Moths," vol. iii. (cf. vol. iv. pp. xxxvi. 198), both
published in 1895, further reduce the families or sub-families
to five and six respectively; one of the latter, however, the
Or/hostixiincB, being unrepresented in Britain. On the other
hand, most of the German writers recognise only two families,
the Detidrometridcs and Phytometridcc, which Von Heinemann
characterises as follows : —

DENDROMETRIDyE.

Sub-costal nervure of the hind-wings rising from the base,
not touching the median, or only for a short distance, and
diverging from it long before the end of the discoidal cell.

PHYTOMETRIDjE.

Sub-costal nervure of the hind-wings rising from the median
nervure at, or just before, the end of the discoidal cell.

The Phytometi'idce include the Sionidcs, Eubolidce and
Larentid(Z of Guenee, the remaining families being included
under the Detidrometridce. I regard Guen^e's arrangement as
the most suitable for the purposes of the present work, and
propose to follow it, with some slight modifications.

FAMILY URAPTERYD^.
This family includes a number of species, with triangular
and rather pointed fore-wings, and angulated or sub-caudate
hind-wings. They are generally uniform in colour, and marked
with transverse or oblique lines. The body is rather woolly,
and the abdomen is tufted in the male. The only European

"snr

o.

]. Lars scxmhixcccricL.

2. Optsthx^grcvptis UxteolcLtcv.

J. AiLgerona prvLncLTvcL:

^. Angerona-fF) sospeUt.

3. Morioclenicv ohtusctta.

6. Pvngaecv (F) oc^uHctriay ( vuhcLer ^ide.)

LARS. 20I

species is the largest and most conspicuous of our Geometrcs^
but the foreign genera shade off into the Ennoinidce. A synop-
sis of the Urapterydce was published by Dr. A. G. Butler in
vol. 17 of the "Journal of the Linnean Society of London."

GENUS LARS.
Lars, Hiibner, Tentamen, p, 2 (1822 ?).
Urapteryx, Leach, Zool. Misc. i. p. 80 (1S14); Guence, Spec.

Gen. Lepid. Uran. et. Phal. i. p. 27 (1852).
Oiirapteryx, Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 134 (181 5).

The antennns are not pectinated, but are sometimes
pubescent in the males. The wings are white or yellow, with
transverse lines, and one or two sub-ocellated spots at the base
of the tail in the hind-wings. Several species are found in the
East Indies and in South America ; but they have all a strong
general resemblance to the European moth.

THE SWALLOW-TAILED MOTH. LARS SAMEUCARIA.

^Plate CXLVL, Fig. i.)

Geometra sambucaria, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x), i. p. 519,

no. 129 (1858); id. Faun. Suec. p. 322, no. 1222 (1761) ;

id. Mus. Ludov. Ulr. p. 391 (1764); Esper, Schmett. v.

p. 51, Taf. 8, figs. 1-8 (1794?); Hiibner, Eur, Schmett.

V. fig. 28 (1797?).
Uraptoyx sambucaria, Leach, Zool. Misc. i. p. 80, pi. 35, fig. 2

(1814); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 175

(1831); Curtis, Brit. Ent. xi. pi. 508 (1834); Kirby, Eur.

Butterflies and Moths, p. 305, pi. 43, fig. 6 (1881).
Accena sambucaria, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (r), p. 85

(1827).
Ourapteryx sambucaria, Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. pi. 106,

figs. I, I a (1897).
The Swallow-tailed Moth is common throughout the greater
part of Europe and Northern and Western Asia. It is one of

202 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY

the largest of the British Geometrce^ the expanded wings often
measuring two inches and a half across. The fore-wings are
pointed at the tip, and somewhat falcate, the hind-margin being
entire, while the hind-wings are prolonged into a rather acute
tail. The colour is delicate sulphur-yellow, shaded at the base
of the wings into satiny-white, and deepening towards the hind-
margin. The surface is marked with numerous dark evanescent
transverse streaks. The fore-wings are crossed by two yellow
transverse lines, and the hind-wings by one, which corresponds
to the first line of the fore-wings. At the base of the tail are
two small blackish spots, the larger of which is centred with
reddish. The fringes are ochre-yellow, inclining to reddish-
brown.

The larva feeds on the leaves of willow, lime, elder, pear,
and various other trees and shrubs. It is dark-brown, dark-
grey, or reddish or yellowish-brown, with waved longitudinal
darker lines. The head is flat and oval. The pupa is whitish,
yellowish-brown, or reddish-brown, with dark brown and grey
spots, and is enclosed in a web between leaves.

The moth appears in June and July. It flies at dusk, and
is not uncommon in suburban gardens and elsewhere.

FAMILY ENNOMID^.

This is an extensive family of moderate-sized Moths, with
the antennce generally pectinated, at least in the male, and
the wings frequently angulated or dentated. The colour is
generally of some shade of yellow, more or less varied with
darker lines and spots. The larvos have only ten perfect
legs, the three first pairs of pro-legs being usually absent, or
imperfectly developed, and not used for walking. The
larvae are often furnished with lateral appendages, or humps
on the back. They feed exposed on trees or shrubs, and
the pupce, which are very lively, are formed between leaves

OPISTHOGRAPTIS 203

or in the ground. One or two of these larvae are "cannibals,"
feeding on other larvce when they have an opportunity.

GENUS OPISTHOGRAPTIS.
Opisthograptis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 292 (1822?).
Kuinia, Duponchel, Lepid. France, vii. (2), p. 117 (1829);
Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 108 (1857).
The antennse are simple, the palpi short and hairy, and
the hind tibice are not swollen, but armed with short spurs.
The wings are entire, and the fore- and hind-wings are nearly
uniformly coloured. The larvse are remarkable for possessing
fourteen legs, having two rudimentary pairs in front of the
usual pair of pro-legs ; and dorsal and lateral appendages on
some of the hinder segments. They feed on trees, and the
pupte are enclosed in strong cocoons attached to the branches.

BRIMSTONE MOTH. OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA.
{Plaie CXLVL, Fig 2.)

Geometra luteolata, Linnsus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 525,

no. 168 (1758).
Geometra cratcegata, Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 336 (1761);

Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 32 (i297)-
Ennomos cratcegata, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (1), p. 41

(1827).
Riimia cratcegata, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 174

(1831); Buckler, Larvce of Brit. Lepid. vii. pi. 106,

fig.5-5 c (1897).
Rumia luteolata, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 305.

pi. 44, figs. 2-2 b (1881).

The Brimstone Moth is common throughout Europe, Asia
Minor, and Siberia. The wings expand from an inch to an
inch and two-thirds.

204 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORV.

It is deep sulphur-yellow, with two reddish-brown spots on
the costa of the fore-wings towards the base ; a third near the
middle, produced internally, and having a white mark in the
centre ; and a rather large one at the apex. Beyond the
middle of the wings is a transverse row of faint dusky marks^
and two or three others near the base. The hind-wings have
a reddish-brown central spot, generally with a white dot in the
middle, and several dusky marks. The fringes are spotted
with reddish-brown.

The larva feeds on hawthorn, sloe, apple, bramble, &c. It
is long and cylindrical, pale brown, with a bluish spot on each
side of the neck, and the spiracles on the sixth segment tinged
with red. On the back of the sixth segment is a bifid pro-
tuberance. The pupa is dark brown.

The Moth is found from April to October or November,
there being a succession of broods throughout the fine season
of the year.

GENUS ANGERONA.

Angerona, Duponchel, Lepid. France, vii. (2), p. iSo (1829);
Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 114 (1852).

The antennae are pectinated and ciliated in the male, the
head small, the palpi short and pointed, and the legs short, the
hind tibiae fusiform, vvith short spurs, the fore-wings entire,
and the hind-wings slightly scolloped. The larva is very long,
and the pupa is enclosed in a slight cocoon between leaves.

THE ORANGE MOTH. ANGERONA PRUNARIA.
(Plale CXLV/., F/g. 3.)

Geometra p)-unaria, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) p. 520, no. 133
(1758); Esper, Schmett. V. p. 91, Taf 17, figs. 1-7 (1794?);
Knoch, Beitr. Ins. ii. pp. 7, 133, Taf. i, fig. 3, Taf. 7
(1782); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. figs. 122, 123 (1800).

ANGERONA. 205

Phalcena sordiata, Fuessly, Schweiz. Ins. p. 41, no. 791 (1775);

Capieux, Naturforscher, xv. p. 65, Taf. 3, fig. 15 (1781).
Geometra cory/aria, Thunberg, Diss. Ins. Suec. i. p. 4 (1784);

Esper, Schmett. v. p. 95, Taf. 18, figs. 1-3 (1794?).
Enjwmos pninaria, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (i) p. 45

(1827).
Angerona prunaria, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 172

(1831); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 305, pi. 44,

figs. 3-3 d (1881); Buckler, Larvse of Brit, Lepid. vii.

pi 106, figs. 7-7b (1897).

The Orange Moth is common throughout the greater part of
Europe, as well as Northern and Western Asia.

It expands from an inch and three-quarters to two inches.
The male is orange, and the female pale yellow. The wings of
both sexes are covered with numerous blackish-brown trans-
verse streaks and dots, and there are similar markings also on
the legs and under side. In the middle of all the wings is a
long brown streak, which is sometimes lost in the surrounding
dark markings, but is seldom entirely wanting. The fringes
are spotted with brown.

The larva lives on plum, sloe, elm, hazel, plantain, honey-
suckle, lilac, &c.

When full-grown it is pale brown, shaded with dusky, or ashy-
grey, shaded with brown, with pale tubercles tipped with dark
brown, the largest of which, on the ninth segment, are whitish
on the sides.

It undergoes its metamorphosis in a slight cocoon between
leaves, bound together with threads. The pupa is reddish-
brown, with black, or dark brown wing-cases.

The moth appears in June and July. The specimen figured
illustrates the curious phenomenon called gynandromorphism,
sometimes met with in insects The riiiht side of this insect

2o6 Lloyd's naturai history.

is coloured like the ordinary male of the species, and the left
side like the ordinary female.

ANGERONA (?) SOSPETA,
{Plate CXLVL, Fig. 4.)
Nodua sospeta, Drury, 111. Exot. Ent. ii. pi. 22, fig. 3 (1773).
Venilia (?) sospeta, Westwood in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot.

Moths, p. 214, pi. 29, fig. 3 (1841).
Angerona sospetaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et
Phal. i. p. 115(1857).
This Moth is a native of Jamaica. It expands about two
inches and a half.

The wings are pale yellow, the fore-wings with several brown
spots, which tend to form two very irregular macular bands ;
on the hind-wings there is also a large transverse brown spot
running outwards from the inner margin. The head is pale
yellow, and the thorax and abdomen yellow, the former shad-
ing into brown posteriorly.

GENUS PHALA'INA.
PhalcBna, Linuceus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 495 (1758); Fabricius,

Syst. Ent. p. 619 (1775); Cuvier, Tabl. Elem. d'Hist.

Nat. p. 598 (1798); Lamarck, Syst. Anim. sans Vertebres,

p. 286(1801).
Hygrochroa, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 293 (1S22 ?) ;

Meyrick, Handbook Brit. Lepid. p. 283 (1895).
Pericallia, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 171 (1831 );

Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 146(1857),

n07n. p7-(?occ.

The antennce are rather short, but pectinated to the tips,

most strongly in the male. The palpi are short, broad, and

obtuse. The hind tibiae are enlarged at the extremity, and

the spurs are of equal length. The wings are broad and

PHAL.ENA. 207

brightly coloured, but with no spot or streak in the cells. The
larva is short, broad, and pubescent, with long filaments curv-
ing backwards on the eighth segment ; it feeds on shrubs.
The pupa is short, much thickened in the middle, and
enclosed in a very loose cocoon.

THE LILAC BEAUTY. PHAL.ENA SYRINGARL\.

Geometra syringaria, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 520,
no. 132 (1758); Esper, Schmett. v. p. 62, Taf. 11, figs. 3-7
(^795 ?) ; Hlibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 29 (1797?).

Ennomos syri?igaria, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (i), p. 52
(1827).

Pericallia syringaria, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 171
(1831); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 301, pi. 49,
figs. 2-2 b (1881) ; Buckler, Larvse of Brit. Lepid. vii.
pi. 107, figs. 3-3 b (1897).

The Lilac Beauty.

This species inhabits most parts of Northern and Central
Europe and Northern Asia. It expands from an inch and a
half to an inch and three-quarters.

The fore-wings have a pale violet triangular spot on the costa
close to the base, from which a transverse line of the same
colour runs towards the inner margin. On this line are two
more or less distinct black points on the costa. Towards the
apex of the wings is an olive-green spot bordered with white

208

LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

On the inner side of the triangle is a black dot, from which
runs a ferruginous line, which is continued on the hind-wings,
and is bordered by a fine pale violet line. Beyond this is a large
yellow spot in the centre of the wings, which extends as far as
the hind margin. The fringes are ferruginous. The hind-
wings have similar markings, but the violet line has several
black dots on the lower half. The margins of all the wings are
irregularly dentated.

The larva feeds on jasmine, willow, privet, lilac, &c. It is
somewhat stout, with a small head, and is buff or reddish-
brown, shaded with grey. There are two smooth, reddish-
yellow, fleshy tubercles on the sixth segment, and two smaller
black ones on the seventh, besides the horns on the eighth
segment. The pupa is shining dark brown, shaded with
darker, and with yellowish spots on the head and thorax. It
is generally suspended. The moth is found in May, and again
in July and August.

GENUS GEOMETRA.
Geometra, Linnseus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 519 (1758);

Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 271 (1809); Stephens, 111. Brit.

Ent. Haust. iii. p. 163 (1831); tiec Leach, Edinb.

Encycl. ix. p. 134 (18 r 5).
Eugonia, Hiibner, Verz, bek. Schmett. p. 291 (1822 ?) 720m.

prceocc.
Ennof/ios, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur, vi. (i), p. 3 (1825) ;

Guen^e, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 173 (1857).

The antennae are strongly pectinated in the male, and
dentated in the female ; the body is stout and woolly, and the
abdomen tufted ; and the wings are dentated, with a strong
tooth in the middle of the hind margin.

The larvse are long and tuberculate, and feed on trees ; the
pupae are enclosed by a few threads between leaves.

GEOMETRA. 209

This genus, with its stout body and dentated wings, repre-
sents a somewhat different group of the family to which it
belongs than the other species which are here noticed.

It is curious that neither of the types assigned to Geometra
by Leach are admissible; for Plagodis dolabraria was not
described by Linnaeus till 1767; and Eiitrapela lujiaria,
Denis & Schiffermiiller, was not a Linnean species; but
Stephens, while excluding P. dolabraria, employed Geometra
to include E. lunaria, and various allied species, including
G. a/niaria, a Linnean species of 1758, which therefore
becomes the type. The French Entomologists selected the
green Geometra papi'lionaria, Linn., as the type of Geometra ;
but three generic names had already been assigned to this
species : Tcrpne and Holothalassis of Hiibner, and Hipparchus
of Leach, the first of which will stand.

THE CANARY-SHOULDERED THORN. GEOMETRA ALNIARIA.

Geometra alniaria, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 519,

no. 131 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 32, no. 1230 (1761);

nee De?i. &> Schiff.
Geometra canaria, Hiibner, Beitr. Schmett. ii. (4), p. 99, pi. 4, fig.

Y (1. 2) (1790); Esper, Schmett. v. p. 100, Taf 19, figs. 2, 3

(1795 ?)> Stephens^ 111. Brit. Ent, Haust. iii. p. 165 (1S31).
Geometra tiliaria, Borkhausen, Eur. Schmett. v. p. 87 (1794);

Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 23 (1797?); Stephens, 111.

Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 164 (1831).
E?tnojjws tiliaria, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (2), p. 295

(1827); Buckler, Larvce of Brit. Lepid. vii. p. 4, pi. 108,

figs. 4, 4« (1897).
Eugonia ahiiaria, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 299

(1881).

This species is found throughout Temperate Euroi)e.
j6 p

2IO LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

It expands from an inch and a half to an inch and three-
quarters.

The head and thorax are clothed with bright canary-yellow
hair, and the wings are yellow, speckled with rusty brown,
with two nearly parallel, slightly curved, brown transverse lines.
Between these, near the costa, is a rusty-coloured comma-shaped
mark. The fringes are dark rust-colour, varied with yellowish.
The hind-wings have a brown lunule, and the second line is
sometimes continued on them.

The Canary-Shouldered Thorn.

The larva feeds on birch, lime, elder, oak, and fruit trees.
It is slender, dark brown, shaded alternately with lighter and
darker, and moderately marbled with whitish. On the seventh
segment are four transverse tubercles, and the sixth and ninth
have transverse dorsal ridges. The last segment ends in three
points directed backwards, the middle one being the smallest.

The pupa is light brown, with whitish incisions.

FAMILY CENOCHROMIID^..

This Family was established by Guen^e to include a few
genera of Exotic Moths, chiefly Australian, of rather large size.
The antennae are thick, and the flagellum pectinated in the
males, except at the tip. The palpi and proboscis are thick,
the body is stout, the thorax is woolly, and the abdomen
smooth. The legs are short and thick, with very short spurs

MONOCTENIA. 211

on the hind tibiae. The wings are rather long, and marked
with oblique lines; the fore-wings are rather pointed at the
base.

To the seven genera which Guenee placed in this Family
Walker added eight, some of which, however, are now referred
to the Bombyces. Later authors have added other genera,
some of which hardly appear to belong here. A species
belonging to one of Guenee's genera is here figured.

GENUS MONOCTENIA.
Monoctenia, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lcpid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 1S3
(1857).
Antennse long, pectinated in the male and dentated in
the female on one side only ; the abdomen depressed in the
male, and pointed in the female. The hind margins of the
wings are rather convex above the middle.

MONOCTENIA OBTUSATA.
{Plate CXLVL, Fig. 5.)
Monoctcnia ohfiisaia, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Erit. Mus. xxi.
p. 279, no. 2 (i860).
This Moth is a native of Australia.

" Pale cinereous. Head and legs reddish, varied with
testaceous. Abdomen minutely black-speckled ; anterior seg-
ments with a blackish point on each side. Wings irregularly
brown-speckled, the speckles here and there confluent ;
under side with an exterior broad, irregular, interrupted, pale
ferruginous band. Fore-wings acute, with a few black points ;
costa very slightly concave exteriorly ; exterior border trun-
cated along one-third of the length, very oblique from thence
to the interior angle ; under side with a large blackish discal
patch. Length of the body nine lines ; of the wings twenty-
four lines " ( Walker).

P z

212 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

FAMILY AMPHIDASYD^.

Antennae pectinated or plumose in the male, and simple in
the female ; proboscis and palpi very short, or wanting ; body
very stout and woolly ; female frequently apterous, or with
rudimentary wings.

Larva long and smooth, with ten legs, living openly on trees.
Pupa subterranean.

These moths much resemble Bomhyces in appearance.
They are single brooded, and appear in early Spring, and fly
at night.

GENUS ITIIYSTA.

Hhysia, Hiibner, Verz. bek Schmett. p. 319 (1822?).
Nyssia, Duponchel, Lepid. France, vii (2), p. 283 (1S29);
Guen^e, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 198 (1857).

The male has strongly plumose antennae, and a stout body,
while the wings are oblong, entire, and semi-transparent; those
of the female are rudimentary. The larva is long and cylindrical,
and the pupa subterranean.

THE BELTED BEAUTY. ITHYSIA ZONARIA.

Geometra zonaria, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett,
Wien. p. 100, no. 5 (1776); Esper, Schmett. v. p. 190,
Taf. 34, figs. 1-5 (1795?) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig.
179 (1800?), fig. 511 (1818).

Amphidasis zo^mria, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (i), p. 251
(1827).

Nyssia zonaria, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 391
(1835); Curtis, Brit. Ent. xiii. pi. 615 (1836); Buckler,
Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vii. pi. no, figs, i-i l> (1897).

Biston zonai'ia^ Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 332,
pi. 46, fig. II (1882).

BOARMIID^. 213

The Belted Beauty is found in Western Europe and the
Southern portions of Central Europe, and in Asia Minor. It
expands from an inch to an inch and a quarter.

The Belted Beauty, Male and Female.

The male is dark brown or blackish, with broad white-
bordered tegulae, and red incisions on the abdomen. The
fore-wings have white streaks running from the base, and a dark
brown spot between them. Before the hind-margin are two
slightly curved white transverse lines. The fringes are light
brown, bordered by a narrow white line. The hind-wings are
white, with dark brown nervures, and two dark brown transverse
bands, the second being bordered with white on the outer side.
The fringes are brown, dusted with white.

The female has the abdomen covered with black and white
hair, except on the sides, where it is red, and the incisions are
also red. The wings are reduced to short stumps.

The larva is full-grown in June. It feeds on Achillea mille-
folium, Salvia pra/ensis, Lonicera caprifoliuni, &c. It is light
greeri^ sprinkled with numerous fine yellow dots, and has
yellow incisions. On each side is a yellow spiracular line,
bordered below with black, and somewhat sinuated. The pupa
is dark brown, with a forked terminal point.

FAMILY BOARMIIDJE.

Antennae pectinated, at least in the male ; palpi short ; abdo-
men slender ; legs long, especially the hind tibiai, which are

214 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

often swollen. Wings broad, generally of dull colours, and
with similar markings, the hind margins dentated or sinuated.
The moths fly at early dusk.

Larvas with ten legs, and with few prominences ; pupse sub-
terranean, or enclosed in a leaf.

This is a very extensive family, both at home and abroad.
Some are common garden insects, like Cymatophora
rhomboidaria (Den. & Schiff.), and C. repandata (Linn.),
while other species frequent woods. We have figured two
interesting foreign species in preference to British ones.

GENUS PINGASA.

Ptngasa, Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 419 (1887).
Hypochroina, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal.

i. p. 472 (1857); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.

xxi. p. 427 (i860), nom. prceocc.
Pseudokrpna, pt. Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iii. p. 472

(1S95), 7iec Hiibner.

The antennte are pectinated in the male, but simple at the
extremity. The palpi are rather long, broad, and hairy, with
the third joint long and filiform ; the body is compara-
tively stout, as long as the hind-wings, and crested. The
wings are short, but very broad, more or less denticulated,
and with distinct markings beneath, especially towards the
hind margin.

The larvce of P. crenaria^ Guenee, a Ceylonese species, is
described by Mr. Moore as " with ten legs, looped, thickish,
olive-green, with purple-brown oblique lateral lines, and a
longitudinal sub-lateral line. Pupa pale purplish-brown, with
blackish speckles and segmental marks."

Hypocliroma of Guenee is a genus largely represented in the
Tropics of the Old World, but the name cannot be retained,

BRONCHELIA. 2I5

having been previously used by Herrich-Schaffer for another
genus of Geometne. Several sections are comprised under
this genus, which are separated by some authors. I have
figured the underside of one of the commonest and most
beautiful of the Australian species, which considerably re-
sembles Mr. Moore's genus Fingasa, under which I place it
provisionally.

PINGASA OCCULTARIA.

{Plate CXLVL, Fig. 6.)

Phalczna occultaria, Donovan, Ins. New Holland, pi. 36,

fig. 4 (1805).
Boarmia occultaria, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lepid. p. 257,

no. I (1832).
Hypochroma occultaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et
Phal. i. p. 281 (1857).

This Moth is a native of Australia and Tasmania. It
expands about an inch and three-quarters.

The wings are dentated, ashy- grey, finely dusted with black,
with the usual Hnes well marked, slender, black, and strongly
dentated, the sub-marginal line forming a large tooth. There
is a black dash at the end of the cell on all the wings. The
under side is pure white, with a blood-red line before the hind-
margin, which is entire and angulated on the hind-wings, but,
on the fore-wings, is reduced to two spots bordered with white
behind, with the marginal area blackish.

GENUS BRONCHELIA.

Bronc/ielia, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 286

(1857); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 460

(i860).

The species included in this genus are all Tropical American,

and are among the largest of the family, though not unlike our

2i6 Lloyd's natural history.

European Boarmiidce in colour and markings. The antennaj
are strongly pectinated for two-thirds of their length in the male,
and ciliated in the female. The palpi are thick and ascending,
with the third joint expanded. The abdomen of the male is
long and slightly conical, and in the female depressed and
obtuse. The hind tibiae are more or less swollen, with the last
pair of spurs very short. The wings are broad and strongly
dentated.

The larvae are short and thick, with the fourth segment
swollen, and the abdomen terminating in two small points ; the
head is small and round. They feed on trees.

BRONCHELIA SCOLOPACEA.
{Plate CXLVIL, Fig. 2.)

Noctua scolopacea, Drury, 111, Exot. Ent. ii. pi. 22, fig. i (1773);

Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 174, fig. D (1777).
Aids scolopacea, Duncan, Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 218, pi. 27,

fig. 2 (1841).
Bronchelia scolopacea, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxi.

p. 453, no. 7 (i860).

This species is a native of Jamaica. It expands about three
inches and a half.

The ground colour is brownish-grey. The wings are crossed
by a number of waved blackish transverse lines, partly bordered
with light brown and ash-colour. Between the lines the
ground-colour is thickly speckled with dark brown. On the
under side, the colour inclines to light greyish-yellow, and the
greater part of the outer half of the fore-wings is marked with
faint dark brown lines and streaks ; and the hind-wings are
slightly clouded with dark brown towards the tips. All the
wings are deeply dentated.

WymMK-kStms k

I Pca^ascciUL MzWICltwu
2. Brcnchefia^ scolop€Lce4j

4 Emnelea. vcsali^ ■

TERPNE. 217

FAMILY BOLETOBIID.^:.

This family has already been noticed under Dcltoides {anfea,
p. 193), to which Guenee himself suggested that it might not
inappropriately be referred.

FAMILY CHLOROCHROMID^.

Guenee called this family Geo?)ietn'd(e, but this name cannot
be retained, because the true types of Geometra, Linnaeus,
belong to Guenee's family Etinomidce. I have therefore chosen
Duponchel's very appropriate name of ChlorochromidcB.

The antennae are generally more or less pectinated in the
male ; the palpi and proboscis are slender ; the abdomen some-
times crested ; and the hind tibiae sometimes provided with a
single pair of spurs. The wings are generally rounded and
entire (rarely dentated or angulated), smoothly scaled, and of
a green colour, with transverse lines.

The larvae are more or less rugose, with two small points on
the head, neck, and at the extremity of the abdomen. The
pupa; are spun between leaves with threads.

GENUS TERPNE.

Geometra, pt. Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 519 (175S);
Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (i), p. 100 (1827) ; Boisduval,
Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 179 (1840); Guenee, Spec. Gen.
Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 343 (1857); Walker, List
Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mas. xxii. p. 506 (1861), 7iec Leach 6^
Stephens, restr.

Terpne, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810?).

Idolot/ialassis, Hiibner, Verz. bck. Schmett. p. 285 (1822).

Hipparchus, Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 134 (i 81 5) ; Stephens,
111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 177 (1831).

2i8 Lloyd's natural history.

The antennae are pectinated in the male, and ciliated in the
female ; the palpi are approximating, the abdomen long and
smooth, and the legs scaly, the hind tibite being furnished with
two pairs of spurs. The wings are broad, and the hind-wings
slightly dentated.

The larvae are pubescent, rugose, and granulose, with a small
head, and live on trees. The pupae are rugose, and enclosed
in transparent cocoons among moss.

THE LARGE EMERALD. TERPNE PAPILIONARIA.
{Plate CXLVIL, Fig. 3.)

Geometra papilionaria, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 522,
no. 151 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 326 (1761) ; Esper,
Schmett. v. p. 40. Taf 6, figs 1-4 (1795?); Hiibner, Eur.
Schmett. v. fig. 6 (1797) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (i),
p. 103 (1827); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 335,
pi, 47, fig. 3 (1882); Buckler, Larvte of Brit. Lepid. vii,
pi. 114, figs. 4-4^(1897).

Hipparchus papilionar'ms^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii.
p. 178(1831),

The Large Emerald Moth is found throughout Europe and
Northern Asia. It expands from two inches to two inches and
a half.

It is bright green, with a white band on the fore-wings, com-
posed of lunules bordered with deeper green. A second band
more distinct than the first, and also composed of lunules, runs
beyond the central area. In the central area, not far from the
costa, is a dark green lunule. The second transverse line is
continued on the hind-wings, and there is also a slight central
lunule.

The larva feeds on birch, beech, elm, &:c. It is green, with
a yellow lateral line, and a brownish-yellow head. On the

MACROTES. 219

third, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth and thirteenth segments,
there are pairs of conical elevations of a reddish-brown or rose-
colour.

The pupa is pale brownish or reddish above, and greenish-
yellow beneath, and is enclosed in a translucent white cocoon.

The moth appears from May to August.

FAMILY MECOCERID.^.

Antenna very long, with long, fine, close pectinations in
the male ; palpi scaly, longer than the head ; proboscis long
and spiral. Body rather slender ; abdomen laterally carinated in
the male, and fusiform in the female. Legs slender, long and
bare ; tarsi long ; hind tibiae with two pairs of rather distant
spurs. Wings ample ; rather delicate.

Larva with ten legs, very long and slender ; pupa placed on
the surface of the ground.

This is a small, but very curious, American family, including
only a few species,

GENUS MACROTES.

Afnefns, pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 303 (1822?);

Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 387 (1857);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvi. p. 6 (1858).
Macrotes, Westwood, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 212

(1841).

The antennae are very long, and bipectinated and strongly
ciliated to the tips in the male ; the palpi are very long, com-
pressed, and scaly, and the legs are very long and slender.
The abdomen is very long and slender, and the wings are
oblong, dentated, and angulated, with a large transparent spot
in the middle of the fore-wings.

220 Lloyd's natural history.

macrotes netrix.
^Plate CXLV., Fig. 3.)

Geometranetrix, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pi. 151, Fig. E (1777).
Phalnena netrix, Sepp, Surin. Vlind. i. p. 69, pi. 31 (1848).
Macrotes netrix^ Westwood in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths,

p. 212, pi. 29, fig. 2 (1841J.
Aiuetr'is netricaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal.

p. 388, pi. 15, fig. I (1857).

This curious Moth, which expands two and a quarter inches in
expanse, is bright green when alive, but soon fades to dull green
or olive. The costa and hind margin are narrowly reddish, and
there is a sub-marginal row of reddish dots. In the middle of
the hind-wings is a large transparent spot, bordered with black
and red.

The larva is very long and slender ; the head and legs are
black, and there are two white dots at the back of the head,
which is edged behind with orange ; the pro-legs are orange ;
the back is dotted with white, and there is a slender inter-
rupted si igmatic line. It feeds on a species of i^/h/j- (?). The
larva rests in the usual position assumed by the larvae of
Geomelrce, and drops down by a silken thread, when touched.
The pupa is green, very long and slender, and is said to rest
on the surface of the ground without a cocoon.

This insect is found in a great part of South America, and
in the West Indies.

GENUS MECOCERAS.

Mecoceras, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 388
(1857); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxii.p. 606 (1861).

This genus differs from the last in the wings being rounded,
and the hind-wings dentated, and in the antennas of the male
being less broadly pectinated, and simple at the extremity.

EUMELEA. 22 1

MECOCERAS BITACTARIA.
{^Plate CXLV., Fig. 2.)

Mecoceras bitadaria. Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxii.
p. 607, no. 2 (1861).

This species is a native of Jamaica.

" Dull pale cinereous yellow, with a greenish tinge. Head
and palpi ferruginous red ; vertex white ; front with two
yellow points ; second and third joints with yellow tips.
Abdomen with a row of black points. Wings minutely
black-speckled, with a middle nebulous incomplete brown
band, and with an exterior line of black points ; marginal
points ferruginous red, much more attenuated in the fore-
wings than in the hind-wings. Fore-wings subfalcate, with
a line of black points near the base, and with a black
discal dot. Hind-wings dentate, with two white connected
red-bordered discal spots; a red apical spot, towards which
the points are larger, and more distinctly white-bordered.
Length of the body, from eight to ten lines ; of the wings, from
twenty to twenty-four lines."— Walker.

FAMILY PALYAD^.

Antennae long and slender, rarely pectinated or ciliated.
Palpi and proboscis well-developed, the former broad, scaly,
and ascending, Abdomen and legs long and slender ; hind
tibiae not swollen, and furnished with two pairs of spurs. Wings
ample, smooth, entire.

This is another small Tropical family, represented in botli
hemispheres.

GENUS EUMELEA.

Eumelea, Duncan, Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 215 (1841);
Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 391 (1857);

222 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxii, p. 609 (1861)
Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iii, p. 320 (1895).

This genus is easily recognised by its very long simple antenuc^e,
very long and slender legs, with the hind femora and tibise of
the male set with bristles, and its very long tarsi. The wings
are rounded, and red or yellow ; and most of the described
forms are probably only colour-varieties of one species.

EUMELEA ROSALIA.
(Plate CXLVIL, Fig. 4.)

Geometra rosah'a, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 368, fig. F

(1781).
Ametris putiicearia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 303,

no. 2924 (1822 ?).
Eumelea rosalia, Duncan, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths,

p. 215, pi. 29, fig. 4 (1841); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind.

Moths, iii. p. 320, fig. 155 (1895).
Eumelea rosaliata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal.

p. 392 (1857).

This moth, and its numerous varieties or sub-species, is
found throughout the Indo-Malayan region. They expand
from two inches to two inches and a quarter ; and the wings
are rose-coloured, more or less blotched and mottled with
yellow, sometimes one colour predominating, and sometimes
the other.

FAMILY EPHYRID^.

These are rather small Moths, with the antennae of the male
pectinated for three-fourths of their length ; and with long legs,
the hind tibiae being armed with one pair of spurs. The wings,
which are extended in repose, are generally greenish, white, or
pale reddish, with an ocellated spot in the centre of each.

CYCLOPHORA. 223

The larvae are long and cylindrical, with a large head, and
feed on trees. The pup^ are green or testaceous, and are
suspended from a leaf by the tail, or attached by a thread
round the middle, like those of Butterflies, which they also
resemble in shape ; the front of the body being almost square,
and the extremity conical.

GENUS CYCLOPPIORA.

CyclopJiora, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810.?); Moore, Lepid.

Ceylon, iii. p. 441 (1887).
Leticophihalmia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 302 (1822?);

Meyrick, Handb. Brit. Lepid. p. 244 (1895).
Ephyra, Duponchel, Lepid. France, viii. (i), p. 20 (1830);

Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 405

(1852) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. x.xii. p. 624

( 1 86 1 ), nom. praocc.
Zonosoma, Lederer, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. lii. p. 174

(1853)-

This is the principal genus of the family. It is well repre-
sented in most parts of the world, and there are several British
species.

THE DINGY MOCHA. CYCLOPHORA ORBICULARIA.

Geometra orbicidaria, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 60 (1798 ?).
Cabera orbicularia, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (i), p. 364

(1827).
Ephyra orbiailan'a, Stephens, III. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 199

(1831); Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vii. p. 65, pl. 115,

figs. 9-9^ (1897).
Zonosoma orbkularia, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths,

P- 355 (1882).

224 Lloyd's natural history.

This species is found in most parts of Central Europe. It
expands about an inch.

The ground colour is pale grey, thickly sprinkled with
yellowish-brown and reddish-brown atoms. The usual trans-
verse lines are replaced by rows of brown dots. In the centre
of both fore- and hind-wings is a small reddish ring, filled in
with white. The hind-wings are nearly square.

The Dingy Mocha.

The larva feeds on sallow. It is bright apple-green, with a
light brown head. There is a light greyish dorsal line, finely
edged with dark green, as well as two waved greyish sub-dorsal
lines, and a white spiracular area sometimes blotched with pink
or pale violet, and black spiracles. On each segment from the
fifth to the ninth is an oblique smoky spot extending into
the spiracular area.

The pupa is greyish-white, with smoky streaks on the wing-
cases, and a light grey longitudinal line over the middle of the
back, with black dots on each side.

The Moth appears from May to August. It is the rarest
species of the genus found in England.

FAMILY ID^ID^.
This is a very extensive family, including Moths of small or
moderate size, with the antennae simple, or finely pectinated in
the male ; palpi short ; proboscis prominent ; abdomen smooth ;
and hind-tibiae often swollen in the male; often with only
one pair of spurs. The wings are generally rather short and

CRASPEDIA. 225

broad, white or yellow, with two transverse lines, and a central
spot. The hind-wings are rounded or angulated. The moths
are generally called " Waves " by collectors.

The larvae are slender and cylindrical, feeding concealed on
low plants, and the pupae are brown, and enclosed in fine
cocoons.

As the generic name Acidalia (Treitschke) is preoccupied, I
adopt the name used by Mr. Moore for this family.

GENUS CRASPEDIA.
Craspcdia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 312 (1822?).
Idcta, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (2), p. 258 (1828).
Acidalia, Duponchel, Lepid. France, viii. (i), p. 70 (1830);
Guenee, Spec. Gen. Ldpid. Uran. et Phal. i. p. 444
(1857), 7iec Treitschke, 7iec Hiihner.
The type of this genus is one of the most elegant of the
British species of this family.

THE LACE BORDER. CRASPEDIA ORNATA.

Phakzna ornata, Scopoli, Ent. Carn. p. 219, no. 545 (1763).
Geometra paludata, Linnjeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2), p. S73,

no. 277 (]767).
Geometra ornataria, Esper, Schmett. v. Taf. 51, fig. 3 (1795 ?) ;

Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 70 (1799?).
Idcea ornata, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (2), p. 283 (1828).
Ptychopoda ornata, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 307

(1831).
Acidalia ornata, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 353
(1882); Buckler, Larvse of Brit. Lepid. vii. p. 107,
pi. 118, figs. 4, 4 a (1897).

The Lace Border is common in most parts of Europe,
Western Asia, and Northern Africa. It expands about an inch.

16 Q

226 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

It is snow-white, witli a fine brown line near the base on the
fore-wings, dotted on the nervures, and followed by a zig-zag
shade. Next comes a broad band of white, and beyond this
a zig-zag curved line, varied with light brown and bluish-grey
spots, and intersected by a sinuated white line. The hind-
wings have a black central lunule, and the sub-marginal
markings are continued on them. The fringes are chequered
with brown and white.

The Lace Border,

The larva lives on mint and wild thyme. It is brownish
ochreous, with a fine light grey dorsal line, interrupted on each
segment from the fifth to the ninth by an X-shaped mark.
There is a dark brown sub-dorsal line, and a pale ochreous
spiracular line, bordered below with dusky.

The moth appears in May and June, and again in August.
It is a local insect on the chalk in the South of England.

FAMILY MICRONIID^.

This family is entirely exotic, and includes a number of
moderate-sized species, with short antennse, sometimes pecti-
nated in the males, slender palpi, a short abdomen, and short
stout legs. The wings are broad, and generally white, flecked
with grey, and marked with oblique or transverse darker lines.
The cells are very short. The fore-wings are usually pointed,
and the hind-wings angulated, often with black spots before
the angle.

X'

.5.

Z'

o.

x>

M

^-7^-:^!»

SKi-T^i-tw^y^^n limits

I. Acrvpteris strialccria. S.SpihU (jvossulnruitrv.

2 Epidesmioy tricolor: 6,7 ,^ ,, rktrvn

3 RhypariCL tnel^nccriCL. 8. P.sUoivcuicrv seruxnoy
4^ PcLudrtlvLCV rnxjuulosa .

ACROPTERIS. 227

The larvoa are little known, but it is said that they resemble
those of the Uraniidit^ thus justifying Sir George Hampson's
removal of them to that family. A typical species is, however,
figured here, in order to illustrate Guenee's series of families
of Geometrce.

GENUS ACROPTERIS.
Acropterts, Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. iv. p. 36 (1832) ;

Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iii. p. 114 (1895).
Micronia, pt. Guenee, Spec. Gdn. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. ii.

p. 22 (1857).

In this genus the fore-wings are rather longer, narrower, and
more pointed than in its allies, and the hind-wings have a less
pronounced angle, without black spots. The markings diverge
obliquely from the tip of the fore-wings.

ACROPTERIS STRIATA UI A.
{Plate CXLVHI., Fig. i.)

Geometra striataria, Clerck, Icones, pi. 55, fig. 4 (1759);

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), i. (2), p. 859, no. 197

(1767).
Micronia striataria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal,

ii. p. 28 (1857); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.

xxiii. p. 8t8 (1861); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867,

p. 646.
Acropteris striataria, Moore, Desc. Ind. Lepid. Atk. p. 257

(1887); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iii. p. 115

(1895).

This is an Indian Moth, with rather pointed fore-wings, and
a^igulated hind- wings. It expands about two inches. The wings
are white, the fore-wings dotted with black on the costa, and
there are several double brown streaks running from the base

Q 2

228 '-loyd's natural history.

of the fore-wings and the inner margin of the hind-wings, and
narrowing and converging towards the tip of the fore-wings.

FAMILY EROSIID.^.

This family was founded by Mr. F. Moore in his " Lepi-
doptera of Ceylon" (iii. p. 398). He defines it as follows : — •

"Fore-wing either long and narrow, or short and broad,
sometimes dentate ; hind-wing short, generally broad, dentate,
or notched ; in some, almost caudate. Both wings in some
genera longitudinally convoluted when at rest. Palpi slender,
porrect, or incumbent ; antennae short, curly, robust, velvety,
crenulated, rarely pectinate in the male.

" Larva with sixteen legs ; cylindrical, truncate at the end ;
with a few short fine hairs. Pupa short, stout ; head broad ;
formed in a slight web."

These moths are included by Guenee in the Microniido'^
while Sir George Hampson refers them to his izmAy Epiplemidcp,
which he places between the UrafiiidcB and the Geonietridcv.
They can hardly be true Geometrce.

FAMILY CABERID^.

This is a small family resembling the Idceida, with white,
yellowish, or brown wings, with darker transverse lines. The
antennae are generally pectinated, and the hind tibiae are not
swollen, but are always armed with two pairs of spurs in both
sexes. The larvse feed on trees, and the pupae are contained
in cocoons.

GENUS CABERA.
Sphecodes, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2 (18 10) nom. praocc.
Deilinia^ Hiibner, Vcrz. bek. Schmett. p. 310 (1822?); too
similar to Dilina.

CABER A. 229

Cabera, Treitschke, Schmelt. Eur. vi. (i), p. 343 (1827);
Guenee, Spec. Gen. L^pid. Uran. et. Phal. ii. p. 52
(1857)-
Three British species, two of which are very common, belong
to this, the typical genus of the family.

THE WHITE WAVE. CABERA PUSARIA.

Gfo/iietra pusaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 522, no. 150
(1758); id. Faun Suec. p. 329, no. 125 1 (1761); Clerck,
Icones, pi. 3, fig. 6 (1759); Esper, Schmett. v. p. 177,
Taf. 31, figs. 12-13 (1795?); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v.
fig. 87(1798?).

Cabera pusaria, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (i), p. 344 (1827) ;
Stephens, III. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 196 (1831); Kirby,
Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 311 (1881); Buckler,
Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vii. pi. 120, figs. 2-2 b (1897).

The White Wave.

The White Wave is common throughout the greater part of
Europe and Western Asia. It expands from an inch to an
inch and a quarter. It is white with three grey transverse
lines across the fore-wings, and two on the hind-wings. The
first and third lines are sharply defined, but the second is
somewhat less distinct. All the wings are sprinkled with grey
dots. The larva feeds on birch, beech, elm, willow, &c., and
is found from June to September. It is slender, and varies
much in colour, and may be green, yellowish, or brown. On
the last segment are two raised projections. Some specimens

230 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY

have a dorsal row of reddish-brown dots, whilst others have a
series of dashes or a line. There is generally a lateral row of
small brown dots. The pupa is shining brown. It is enclosed
in a slight cocoon in the ground.

FAMILY MACARIID/E.

These are rather small moths, with ciliated, but rarely pec-
tinated antennae, moderately long abdomen and legs, the latter
unarmed, but the tibiae half as long again as the femora, and
often swollen. The fore- wings are triangular, pointed, and
often concave below the tip ; the hind-wings are often dentated
or angulated.

The larvas are short and cylindrical, and feed on trees or
shrubs ; the pupse are enclosed in cocoons, on or under the
ground.

The moths of this family have considerable mutual re-
semblance ; and though the species are rather numerous, very
few are found in Europe.

GENUS MACARIA.
iVacoria, Curtis, Brit. Ent. iii. pi. 132 (1826); Guenee, Spec.
Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. ii. p. 66 (1857); Walker,
List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxiii. p. 878 (1861).
Se/niothisa, pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 298 (1822?).

Curtis' name may be retained for the species which he
figured, leaving Se/iiioi/u'sa, Hiibner, for those in which there
is a notch below the tip of the fore-wings.

THE TAWNY-BARRED ANGLE MOTH. MACARIA LITURATA.

Geomctra liturata, Clerck, Icones, pi. 6, fig. 6 (1759) ; Linnaeus,
Faun. Suec. p. 334 (1761) ; Hiibner, Beitr. Schmett. i. (4),
p. 29, Taf. 4, fig. X (1789); Esper, Schmett. v. p. 89,
Taf. 16, figs. 7-9 (1795?)-

MACARIA. 23 I

Geometra lituraria, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 54 (1798?);

fig. 314 (1802).
Macaria liturata, Curtis, Brit. Ent. iii. pi. 132 (1S26);

Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 320 (1831); Kirby,

Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 304 (1881) ; Buckler, Larvae

of Brit. I>epid. pi. 121, figs. 4-4 b (1897).
Ennomos lituraria, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (i) p. 12

(1S27).

C

The Tawny-Barred Angle Molh.

This Moth inhabits the greater part of Europe and
Northern and Western Asia. It expands about an inch and
a quarter.

The antennae are light brownish-yellow, slightly pectinated
in the male, and simple in the female. The fore-wings are
violet-grey, dusted with dark grey. On the costa are three
dark brown streaks, from which run zig-zag transverse lines.
Then follows an ochre-yellow band shaded with brownish, and
often indistinct towards the inner margin, with a ferruginous
streak on its outer side at the costa. The hind-wings have a
central lunule, and the transverse hncs are faintly continued
on them.

The larva feeds on the Scotch fir. It is green, with a brown
head, and dingy white dorsal and sub-dorsal lines, and a pure
white, or pale yellowish spiracular line.

The moth appears in ^lay, and again in July and August.

232 LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY.

FAMILY FIDONIID.^.

Moderate-sized moths, with pectinated antennae, hairy head
and palpi, the latter prominent, and beak-like ; the proboscis
short, and the body rather long and slender. The legs are
bare and slender, and the hind tibiae are not swollen. The
wings are broad, and generally dusted with dark specks. The
larvae are long -and cylindrical, and the pupce are generally
subterranean. The moths fly by day.

This is a Family of considerable extent. Several commoB
European species are heath-frequenting insects.

GENUS EPIDESMIA.

Epidesmia, Westwood in Jardine's Nat, Libr. Exot. Moths
p. 220 (1841).

The body is slender ; the head small ; the antennae long,
slender, and filiform ; the palpi nearly three times as long as
the head, compressed, slender, attenuated to the tip, and curved
downwards ; the spiral tongue long. The fore-wings are large,
and somewhat triangular, with the apex acute, and slightly
falcate. The median nervure of the fore-wings emits three
branches, the third of which is connected by a slender nervule
with the inner branch of the sub-costal nervure, a simple
longitudinal nervule extending from the base of the wing to
the extremity, through the middle of this cross vein. The
first and second branches of the sub-costal nervure do not
reach to the costal margin of the wing, but form small oblong
cells. The hind-wings are large, with the hind margin
slightly emarginate. The abdomen is slender, but somewhat
thickened towards the extremity. The legs are long and
slender, and the front coxae are elongated.

BOTYS. 233

EPIDESMIA TRICOLOR.
(Plate CXLVIIL, Fig. 2.)

Epidesmia tricolor, Westwood, Jardine's Nat. LiDr. Exot.

Moths, p. 220 (1841).
Panagra tricolor, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxiii.

p. 992, no. 8 (1861).

This species inhabits New South Wales. It expands two
inches and three-quarters.

The wings are brown, the fore-wings with a cream-coloured
transverse band just beyond the middle, which inclines some-
what towards the hinder angle ; the inner border of this band
is slightly concave, but the outer border is angulated just
below the middle. The hind-wings have a large central orange
patch, which is almost round. The cilia at the hinder angles
of all the wings are white. The thorax is brown, and the
abdomen cream-coloured.

GENUS BOTYS.

Botys, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii. p. 414 (1802), xiv.

p. 229 (1805); id. Consid. Gen. pp. 369, 441 (iSio);

nee Treitschke, Giienee.
Lythria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 300 (1S22 ?) ; Guenee,

Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. ii. p. 171 (1857).

The antennae in the male are short and plumose, and the
legs are short and hairy ; the hind tibiae hardly longer than the
femora, with two pairs of spurs. The wings are short and
velvety.

The larvae feed on low plants, and the pupte are sub-
terranean.

234 Lloyd's natural history.

thk purpi.e-liakred yellow moth. botys purpuraria.

Gcomctra purpuniria, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 522,

no. 147 (175S); id. Faun. Suec. p. 329, no. 1254 (1761);

Clerck, Icones, pi. 9, fig. 11 (1759); Esper, Schmett. v.

p. 173, Taf. 31, figs. 1-6 (1795?); Hiibner, Eur.

Schmett. v. figs. 138, 139 (1801 ?).
Geometra piirpurata, Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 341, no. 1302

(1761).
Aspilates purpuraria, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (i), p. 127

(1827); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 207 (1831).
Lythria purpuraria, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 358,

pi. 47, fig. 15 (1882) ; Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vii.

p. 144 (1897).

The Purple-Barred Yellow Moth.

This pretty species is common in most parts of Europe and
Asia Minor, but is rare in Britain. It expands about an inch.

The fore-wings are olive-green in the male, but are generally
more golden yellow in the female, with two deep rose-coloured
bands. The first, which is near the base, is curved inwards,
and usually ends about the middle, but it may be continued
across the wings, especially in the female. The second band
is sub-marginal, and runs entirely across the wing. There is
frequently a rose-coloured lunule in the central area, which is
connected with the outer band. The hind-wings are golden
yellow, somewhat suffused with olive-green on the inner
margin, and have a narrow rose-coloured marginal line.

EUSCHEMA. 235

The larva feeds on sloe, oak, and Polygonum. It is dull
green or deep rose-colour, with a broad yellowish-white spira-
cular stripe, on which stand the white spiracles, which are finely
nnged with black. The second segment is nearly black, with
yellowish-white dorsal and sub-dorsal lines. Of these the
dorsal line is continued uninterrupted to the extremity, but
the sub-dorsal lines do not extend far. The belly is bluish-
green.

FAMILY EUSCHEMIDtE.

This Family includes large East Indian moths, which were
placed by many authors among the Bombyces before their
metamorphoses were discovered. They form Guenee's family
Hazidce. The antennae are long, and bi-pectinated in both
sexes. I'he proboscis, palpi, and legs are stout, the hind tibiae
being inflated, channelled, and containing pencils of hairs. The
abdomen is moderately stout, and the wings are broad, entire,
and brightly coloured, the fore- and hind-wings being frequently
similarly coloured.

" Larva with ten legs ; when in repose stands erect with the

head and anterior segments bent downward; head rather

small. Pupa obtuse in front ; anal segment terminated with

numerous minute hooked bristles. The moth is diurnal in its

habits, remaining out in the evening till just after sunset"

{^Moore).

GENUS EUSCHEMA.

Eiisckema, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 175 (1S22?);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 404 (1854) ;

Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 422(1887); Hampson, Faun.

Brit. Ind. Moths, iii. p. 467 (1895).
Hazis, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lepid. p. 203 (1832) ;

Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Noct. ii. p. 188 (1857).
ffeleona, pt. Swainson, Zool. lUustr. (2), iii. pi. 116 (1833).
This genus is found from India to Australia.

236 Lloyd's natural history.

euschema discalis.
{Plate CXLIX., Fi^. 4.)
Euschema discalis, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p.
407, no. 5 (1854).

This Moth is found at Penang.

" Whitish. Disk of the front brown. Palpi towards the tips,
proboscis, and antennae black. Thorax with two blackish-blue
bands in front. Pectus and coxte with yellow hairs. Abdomen
pale yellow at the tip and beneath. Fore-wings blackish blue,
with three interrupted and irregular white hyaline bands ; a
large white mark on the hind border corresponding to the
white of the hind-wings. Hind-wings towards the base white ;
including a blackish-blue spot, beyond which they are blackish-
blue, and include two macular irregular yellow bands. Length
of the body, from eight-and-a-half to nine lines ; of the wings,
from thirty to thirty-two lines " ( Walker).

GENUS DYSPHANIA.
Dysphania, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 175 (1822?).
Heleona, pt. Swainson, Zool. Illustr. (2), iii. pi. 116 (1833).

This genus differs from Euschema by its longer and narrower
winiTs, and more transparent markings.

DYSPHANIA FENESTRATA.
{Plate CXLIX., Fig. i.)

Heleona fenestrata, Swainson, Zool. Illustr. (2) iii. pi. 116
(1833); Duncan in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 95,
pi. 4, fig. I (1841); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii.
p. 339 (1854).

Hazis velitaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. ii.
p. 191 (1857).

/ J)ysphjjnicL { enestrcitcL.
Z. Sajitjalxr qhii-ioscu,
x^. ^hfir/tca^ bdsolis.
"7. Euech/'mxty discaJis.

MILIONIA. 237

This species is a native of Australia. It expands about
three inches. The fore-wings are sub-hyaline, pale lilac, with
irregularly arranged dark purple spots ; and the costa and
hind margin are of the same colour. The hind-wings resemble
the fore-wings, but have fewer markings on the surface, and
have a broad marginal band, through the middle of which runs
a row of orange spots, some round, others angular, and one at
the anal angle nearly semi-circular. The head and body are
orange, and the antennae black.

GENUS MILIONIA.
Milionia, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 364
(1854); Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iii. p. 312
(1895).
Antennas slightly pectinated in the male, pilose beneath in
both sexes. Palpi short, stout, ascending. Abdomen shorter
than the hind-wings, and slightly tufted at the tip in the male.
Legs rather stout, hind tibi^ with four spurs of moderate
length, and dilated, with a fold containing a pencil of hair.
Fore-wings oblong, hind margin curved ; much longer than the
rounded hind-wings.

A genus of rather large and very richly-coloured East Indian
moths. They are velvety black, or deep purplish blue, with
broad bands of orange and crimson.

MILIONIA BASALIS.

{Plate CXLIX., Fig. 3.)

Milionia basalis, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 365,

no. 2 (1854).

This species is a native of Java, and is thus described : —

" Bright blue. Proboscis and antennre black. Thorax partly

brownish-black. Abdomen brownish-black, with a blue band

238 Lloyd's natural history

on the hind border of each segment. Legs partly black.
Wings black, streaked with bright blue towards the base.
Fore-wings with an oblique and slightly curved orange band in
the middle ; its hind end contiguous to the orange band near
the tips of the hind-wings in the male ; borders of the hind-
wings of the male with orange spots. Length of the body,
from six to seven lines ; of the wings, from twenty-three to
twenty-four lines " ( Walker).

GENUS SANGALA.
Sangala, Walker, List Lepid. Lis. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 384 {1854).

Antennae pectinated in the male, and serrated in the female.
Palpi shorter than the head ; third joint pointed, shorter than
the second. Body moderately slender, abdomen not longer
than the hind-wings. Legs slender, hind tibiae Avith two pairs
of spurs. Wings broad, entire, black, with brilliant blue or green
reflections, and red spots ; hind-wings with three sub-median
nervures.

A beautiful and easily recognised South American genus.

SANGALA GLORIOSA.

{Plate CXLrX., Fig. 2.)

Sangala ghriosn, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 384,
no. I (1854).

This Moth was first described from Bogota.

" Black. Abdomen bluish-black. Wings with bright deep
blue or green reflections. Fore-wings with a large transverse
oblong crimson spot near each tip. Length of the body, seven
lines ; of the wings, twenty lines " ( Walker).

PAN^THIA. 239

FAMILY ZERENID^.

This is a family of rather large or moderate-sized moths,
with broad wings, and slender downy bodies ; and usually spotted
with black on both wings and abdomen. The antennae are
simple or pectinated, the palpi short, and the proboscis well
developed. The legs are short, and the hind tibiae often
swollen. The larva2 are short and stout, and feed on trees
and shrubs ; the pupas are short and obtuse.

This is one of the prettiest and best-known families of the
Geometr(B.

GENUS PAN.^TIIIA.

PanatJiia, Guen(5e, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. ii. p. 196
(1857); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 1107
(1862).

This genus includes several species from the Malay Islands
and Australia.

PAN^THIA MACULOSA.
{Plate CXLVIIL, Fig. 4.)
Arycanda maculosa, Walker (MS.).

This Moth, which inhabits Sumatra, measures about two
inches and a half across the wings. The insect varies from
bluish-grey to dull blue, with numerous black spots and mark-
ings on the thorax and wings. The fore-wings have a large
spot at the base, five transverse bands, more or less broken up
into spots, and a row of oblong longitudinal spots on the hind
margin. The hind-wings have four macular bands, the third
occupying less than the upper half of the wing ; and
sub-marginal oval spots, as in the fore-wings. The abdomen is
yellow, with the base grey.

240 Lloyd's natural history.

GENUS RHYPARIA.

Ehyparia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 305 (1822?);

Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. at Phal. ii. p. 197

(1857); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. mo

(1862).

A widely-distributed genus, but not very numerous in species.

The antennae are more strongly pectinated than in most genera

of the family.

RHYPARIA MELANARIA.

{Plate CXLVIII., Fig. 3.)

Geometra melanaria, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 521,

no. 138 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 326, no. 1240 {1761);

Clerck, Icones, pi. 4, fig. 2 (1759); Esper, Schmett. v.

p. 115, Taf. 23, fig. I (1795 ?) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v.

fig. 86(1798?).
Zerene melanaria, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (2), p. 236

(1828).
Rhyparia melanaria, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 316,

pi. 45, fig- 7 (1882).
This species is found in most parts of Central and Northern
Europe, except the north-west ; and in Northern Asia. It
expands from an inch and three-quarters to two inches.

The fore-wings are dingy white, something like raw silk,
with rows of black spots of different sizes, which are generally
arranged more or less as follows : — At the base there are three
rows close together, and here the ground-colour is varied with
yellow, as is also the costa. In the central area there are
again three rows, with a larger spot at the commencement of
the first row, usually containing a white pupil. In the marginal
area are two rows, with small dots between them. The fringes
are chequered with black and white or yellowish, and are
bordered with a white line. The hind-wings are rich golden

SPILOTE. 241

yellow, with four rows of detached black spots, and the base is
sprinkled with black dots. The fringes are black and golden
yellow. The larva feeds on Vacciniuin. It is dark green
above, with a dark blue dorsal line, and white sub-dorsal lines,
spotted with black; then follows a broad yellow stripe on
the upper part of the sides, containing two blue lines, and
below this is a blue stripe containing two yellow lines.

GENUS SriLOTE.
Spilote^ Hiibncr, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810?).
Abraxas, Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 134 (18 19); Guenee,

Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. ii. p. 201 (1857);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Lrit. Mus. xxiv. p. 11 14 (1862).
Zerene, pt. Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (2), p. 217 (1828).

This is one of the most typical genera of the family, and
is very numerously represented in Europe and Asia.

THE MAGPIE MOTH. SPILOTE GROSSULARIATA,

{Plate CXLVIIL, Fig. 5; larvcc, Figs. 6, 7.)

Geometra gross ularia fa, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 525,

no. 167 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 331 (1861) ; Hiibner,

Eur. Schmett. v. figs. Si, 82 (1798?).
Zerene grossulariata, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (2), p. 237

(1828).
Abraxas grossulariafa, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii.

p. 247 (1831); Kirljy, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 314

pi. 45, figs. 5-5 d (1882); Buckler, Larvas of Brit.

Lepid. vii. p. 150, pi. 124, figs, i-i d (1897).

The Magpie Molh is common throughout the greater part
of Europe and Northern and Western Asia. It expands from
an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters.

The body is yellow, with black spots, and the wings are

16 R

242 Lloyd's natural history.

white. On the fore-wings are two yellow bands, one near
the base and the other beyond the middle, each bordered on
both sides by rows of black spots, which may be more or
less confluent. There is usually a row of black spots in the
central area, and another on the hind margin. The hind-
wings have an incomplete central row of spots, sometimes
connected by a faint yellow line, and another row on the
hind margin. The moth varies considerably, and the black
spots may almost disappear, or may be much more heavily
marked than usual.

The larva feeds on currant, raspberry, gooseberry, &c. It
is creamy white, with transverse black dorsal spots, black spots
on the sides, and an orange-coloured spiracular stripe. The
body is covered with short fine hairs. The pupa is dark
reddish-brown, or nearly black, with orange stripes.

The moth appears in July and August, and is common in
almost every garden.

GENUS PSILONAXA.

Fsilo/inxa, Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1893, p. 343.

This genus and its allies include white, black-spotted moths,
found in Eastern Europe, and in various parts of Asia.

PSILONAXA SERIARIA.

(Plate CXLVIIL, Fig. 8.)

Orthostixis /cefata, Bremer, Lepid. Ost. Sib. p. 84 (1864), ficc

Fabricius.
Orthostixis seriaria, Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxix.

(1) p. 196 (1866).
Zi'triie iaicoumaria, De I'Orza, Lepid. Jap. p. 48 (1869).
Orthostixis bremci-aria, Staudinger, Cat. Lepid. Eur. p. 155,
no. 2241 (1871).
.Xhi.s Moth inhabits Japan and Amurland, and measures two
inches across the wings, which are broad, silky-white, and

DICHROMA. 243

rounded, with the costa of the fore-wings considerably arched.
There is a double row of black spots, marginal and sub-
marginal, on all the wings, black spots at the end of the cells,
and three black spots nearer the base of the fore-wings, which
have also a short black line at the base of the costa.

FAMILY LIGIID^.

The antennas are thick, and usually pectinated ; the thorax
is short, hairy, and often crested ; the legs are stout ; and the
hind tibiae furnished with two pairs of spurs in both sexes ; and
the tarsi are often spiny. The wings are entire ; the fore-
wings long, and the hind-wings long and unusually narrow, and
usually destitute of markings.

This is a small Family, with representatives in different parts
of the world. Several species are found in Europe, and one
in England. Three South African species are here figured.

GENUS DICHROMA.
Dichroma, Westwood in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p.

224 (1841); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p.

1145 (1862).
Argyrophora, Guence, Spec. Gen. Lcpid. Uran. et Phal. ii. p.

230 (1857), nom. prceocc.

The antennae are slightly pectinated in the male, and simple
in the female ; the head and palpi are very scaly, and the
proboscis is long and convoluted. The legs are long, and the
tarsi spiny ; the hind tibiae are long and slender, with rather
long spurs. The fore-wings are prettily marked with silvery-
white.

DICHROMA EQUESTKALI3.
' [Plate CL:, Fig. I.)
Dichroina ctjNcsira/is, Westwood in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot.

R 2

244 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

Moths, p. 224, pi. 30, fig. I (1S41); Walker, List Lepid.
Ins. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 1147, ^^o- ^ (1862).
Argyrophora equestrinaria, Guenee, Spec. Ge'n. L^pid. Uran.
et Phal. ii. p. 232 (1S57).

This Moth is found at the Cape of Good Hope. It expands
a little over an inch.

The head and thorax are pea-green. The fore-wings are also
pea-green, with numerous silvery-white, more or less confluent,
lines and spots ; three of these are close to the base of the
wing, and are succeeded by a deeply angulated line. The
central area of the wing is marked with from eight to ten white
spots, the middle ones being elongated, and corresponding with
the position of the branches of the median nervure ; then
follows an oblique white sub-marginal line, strongly angulated
in the middle, running from the apex to the inner margin of
the wing, and sending out, on its outer side, eight straight
branches which reach to the hind margin of the wing. The
head, body, and hind-wings are silvery-white, slightly shaded
with brown.

DICHROMA HISTRIONALIS.
(Fiate CL.,fig. 2.)
Dichroma histrionalis^ Westwood, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot.
Moths, p. 227, pi. 30, fig. 2 (1841); Walker, List Lepid.
Ins. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 1146, no. 8 (1862).
Argyrophora htstrwnaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran.
et Phal. ii. p. 232 (1857).
This species is also found at the Cape of Good tlope. It
expands about an inch.

The head is white, with a fulvous patch on the vertex ; the
thorax white, varied with fulvous. The fore-wings are of a
beautiful golden fulvous tint, adorned with a number of silvery-
white marks, which are strongly relieved by being bordered

e" v<a.-„

WymMJiiiSfiHs ItmtUd

hlhjdiromob e/iuxistrcilis.

2. y, histrzorwdiyS .

3. „ ccrcvLoJzs.

DICHROMA. 245

with black scales ; the costa of the fore-wings is also white. At the
base of the fore-wings are two divergent white bars, the anterior
of which is deeply forked ; the upper bar of the fork is short,
and beyond it is an elongated mark ; across the central area
of the wings are four obliquely placed oval white spots, the
highest of which is double ; then follows a white sub-marginal
line, interrupted in the middle, with several straight white lines
running from it to the hind margin. The hind-wings and
abdomen are silvery-white, slightly shaded with brown.

DICHROMA ARCUALIS.
{Plate CL., Fig. 3.)

Dirhroma arcualts, Westwood in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot.

Moths, p. 228, pi. 30, fig. 3 (1841)^ Walker, List Lepid.

Ins. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 1147, '^o- 5 (1862).
Argyrophora arcuaria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et

Phal. ii. p. 232 (1857).

This, like the preceeding species, is also a native of the
Cape It expands an inch.

The fore-wings are of a rather pale brown, varied with
white markings. Close to the base is a strongly furcate mark,
the anterior branch of which is dilated ; parallel to the inner
margin is a slender white line, which is connected near the
middle of the wing with a series of white crcscentic marks,
placed obliquely, and extending upwards as far as the middle
of the wing, above which is a clavate spot. Beyond this, and
running obliquely to the apex of the wing, is a strongly
dentated white line; and there is a festooned sub-marginal
line gradually diminishing above, and ceasing before the apex.
The hind-wings and abdomen are white, slightly tinged with
brown.

246 Lloyd's natural history.

FAMILY HYBERNIlDyE.

Antennae short, slightly pectinated or ciliated ; palpi and
proboscis short or rudimentary ; body and legs slender ; wings
entire ; fore-wings rather pointed ; hind-wings broad, covered
by the fore-wings in repose. Female with obsolete or rudimen-
tary wings.

Larva moderately long, smooth and cylindrical ; feeding
exposed on trees or shrubs. Pupa short, enclosed in an ovoid
cocoon, and subterranean.

This is a small Family, chiefly European, the species of which
appear at the end of autumn, or in very early spring.

GENUS HYBERNIA.
Hybefnia, Latreille, Fam. Nat. p. 477 (1825); Guenee, Spec.

Gen. Ldpid. Uran. et Phal. ii. p. 249 (1857).
Ei'annis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett p. 320 (1826?).

This is the typical genus of the family. The male has
slightly pectinated antennas, and the female is with or without
rudimentary wings ; but the abdomen is not tufted.

THE MOTTLED UMBRE. HYBERNIA DEFOLIARIA.

Geometra defolian'a, Clerck, Icones, pi. 7, fig. 4 (1759);

Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 326, no. 1238(1761); Esper,

Schmett. V. p. 200, Taf. 36, figs. 1-7 (1795?); Hiibner,

Eur. Schmett. v. fig. 182 (1800?), fig. 510 (1818).
Fidonia defoliaria, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (i), p. 315

(1827).
Hyhernia defoliaria^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 155

(1831); Curtis, Brit. Ent. xv. pi. 703 (1838) ; Kirby, Eur.

Butterflies and Moths, p. 315, pi. 44, fig. 4 (1882);

Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. vii. pi. 125, figs. 5, 5a

(1895)-

HYHERNIA.

247

The ]\rottlc(l Umbrc is common in most parts of Central
and Northern Europe. It expands about an inch and three-
quarters.

■■''A"''
The Mottled Unibre. Male and Female.

The fore-wings are dull yellow, sprinkled with rusty-brown,
so heavily at the base as to form a somewhat curved band.
The palest portion of the wings is the central area, which
contains a distinct black lunule. This area is bounded by a
sharply defined dark brown transverse line, deeply indented
opposite the lunule, and beyond it is a ferruginous shade or
band. The hind-wings are dull yellowish-white, with a small
central dot.

The apterous female has a stout ochre-yellow body, with two
longitudinal rows of black spots.

The larva feeds on lime, oak, beech, birch, elm, sloe, white-
thorn, and various fruit trees. It is reddish-brown, with a
broad sulphur-yellow stripe on the sides, on which stands a
small reddish-brown streak on each segment. Between each
incision is a grey transverse streak.

FAMILY LARENTIID.'I':.

Antennae simple or slightly pectinated ; proboscis well
developed, abdomen often belted or spotted in the incisions.
Legs slender, naked, not swollen ; front tibico half as long as

248 Lloyd's natural history.

the femora ; hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs. Wings
usually entire, rarely dentated, fore-wings triangular, hind-wings
rounded ; the fore-wings usually marked with numerous zig-zag
lines ; the hind-wings nearly without markings.

Larva cylindrical, with a small head ; pupa enclosed in a
cocoon.

This is a very large Family, but most of the species are of
small or moderate size. Among them we find various
anomalies. One or two genera have apterous females, and
appear in winter, or early spring, like the HyberniidcB ; others have
large lobes on the hind-wings, giving them the appearance of
having six wings instead of four. Most of the larger species
are called " Carpets " by collectors, on account of their
festooned markings ; and these usually rest with the fore-wings
covering the hind ones. Many of the smaller species are
very similar, and mostly of dull colours, and rest with their
wings expanded, and these are known as " Pugs."

The two species of this family figured illustrate the style of
markings of the lighter and darker " Carpets " respectively.

GENUS MESOLEUCA.
Mesoleuca, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 326 (1826?).
Mela7ithia, Duponchel, Lepid. France, viii. (i), p. 252 (1830).
Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. ii. p. 380 (1852).

THE BEAUTIFUL CARPET. MESOLEUCA ALBICILLATA.

{Plate CLL, Fig. i.)

Geometra albiciUata, Linnoeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 527, no.

181(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 335, no. 1278 (1761);

Clerck, Icones, pi. i. fig. 12 (1759); Hubner, Eur.

Schmett. v. fig. 76 (1798?)
Zerene albicillata, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (2) p. 228

(1828).

RHUMAPTERA. 249

Xerene albicillata, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 249

(1831).
Larentia albicillata, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies & Moths, p. 381,

pi. 50, figs. 15-15 b (1882)

This species is found in Northern and Central Europe and
Northern Asia. It expands about an inch and a quarter.

The fore-wings are white, and the base chocolate-brown,
with two steel-blue transverse lines. In the central area is a
small brown dot. Beyond the middle of the costa is a broad
angular brown spot ; this forms the commencement of a sub-
marginal band, which is intersected by white or brownish lines,
most distinct towards the hind margins. The marginal band is
suffused with bluish-grey, with a white zig-zag line passing
through the middle. The fringes are brown and white. The
hind-wings are white, with a small brown central dot, a dotted
brown sub-marginal line, and a bluish-grey marginal band
intersected with white on its inner half. The fringes are grey
and white. The larva lives on raspberry and bramble from
July to September. It is green, with a series of red dots on
the head, and on the sides of the three succeeding segments.
On each segment from the fifth to the tenth is a bright reddish
triangular spot on the back near the incisions, the apex pointing
towards the head, bordered with dark brown, and with a
dark brown tapering streak through the middle. There is a
whitish spiracular line.

The pupa is shining chestnut-brown, with dark ochreous
brown on the face, wing-cases, back, and incisions. The
extremity has two small curved points.

GENUS RHUMAPTERA.

RJieumaptera, Hubner, Tentamen, p. 2 (1810?).
Eulype, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 328 (1826?).

250 Lloyd's natural history.

Melanippe, Duponchel, Lepid. France, viii. (i), p. 277 (1830);
Guenee, Spec. Gen. L^pid. Uran. et Phal. p. 386 (1857).

THE ARGENT AND SAELE MOTH. RHUMAPTERA HASTATA.
{.Plate CLL, Fig. 2.)
Geometra hasiata, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 527,
no. 180 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 335 (1761); Clerck,
Icones, pi. I, fig. 9 (1759); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. v.
fig. 256 (1801 ?).
Cidaria hastata, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (2), p. 207 (1828).
Melanippe hastata, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 248

(1831).
Larciitia hastata, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, ]i. 3S0,
pi. 48, fig. 8 (1882).

The Argent and Sable Moth is found in Northern and Central
Europe, Northern Asia, and America. It expands from an
inch and a quarter to an inch and a half.

The wings are white, with black transverse lines composed
of more or less confluent spots, arranged as follows : — The
base is black, usually intersected by a white line or spots ;
then comes a black band spotted with white ; and on the
hind margin is a black band more or less divided by a white
zig-zag line. The fringes are chequered with black and white.

The larva feeds on birch and sweet gale. It is dark brown
with a black dorsal line, and a series of horseshoe-shaped
golden-yellow spots on the sides, connected by dots of the
same colour, so as to form a chain.

The pupa is formed between leaves, and is at first shining
yellow, but afterwards becomes reddish-brown.

FAMILY EUBOLIID^.

Antennas simple or pectinated ; palpi and proboscis well
developed ; abdomen moderately long and stout : legs thick ;

ANAITIS. 251

front tibiae armed with a horny Spine at the extremity; wings
entire ; fore-wings pointed, with well-marked lines, and a dark
apical streak ; hind-wings narrower in the male than in the
female.

Larva long, with distinct lines, and prominent points on the
penultimate segment ; living exposed on low plants. Pupa
soft, oblong.

A small Family, but well represented in Europe.

GENUS ANAITIS.
Afiaitis, Duponchel, Lepid. France, viii. (i) p. 350 (1830) ;
Guen^e, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. ii. p. 495 (1857.)

This genus includes the largest and handsomest species of
the Family, one of which is British.

THE TREBLE BAR. ANAITIS PLAGIATA.

Geometra plagi'afa, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x), i. p. 526,

no. 174 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 334, no. 1271 (i 761) ;

Clerck, Icones, pi. 6, fig. i (1759) ; Hiibner, Eur. Schmett.

v. fig. 220 (1802 ?).
Lareniia plagiata, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (2), p. 82 (1828).
Anaitis plagiata^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iii. p. 243

(1831) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p, 359, pi. 50,

fig. II (1882).

The Treble Bar is common throughout Europe and Western
Asia. It expands about an inch and a quarter.

The fore-wings are pale bluish-grey, with several rusty-
brown waved lines. The first is situated near the base, and
rises from a spot of the same colour on the costa. This is
the first bar. The second bar, which is composed of three
lines, passes nearly through the middle of the wings. The
third bar, also composed of three lines, commences mid-

352

LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

way between the second bar and the apex, and is sinuous.
In addition to the three bars there are a double pale band
between the first and second bars, and two beyond the third
bar. The hind-wings are pale grey, suffused with brownish
towards the hind margins, with a double central line and a
faint discoidal spot.

The Treble iJar.

The larva feeds on St, John's Wort, It is coppery-brown,
with a darker dorsal and narrow pale yellow lateral line.

The pupa is brown and long, with a long proboscis-sheath.
It lies on the ground or among dry leaves, without a cocoon,

FAMILY SIONID^,

Antennas generally simple, palpi short and slender ; pro-
boscis and legs slender ; wings entire, concolorous, with few
markings ; hind-wings with the costal and sub-costal nervures
almost united; median nervules well separated. The moths
fly by day.

Larva rather short and cylindrical, feeding on low plants.
Pupa subterranean,

A Family of small extent ; one species is British {Bapfria
atrata (Linn.), and is called the Chimney Sweep, from its
smoky-black colour, the tips of the fore-wings only being
narrowly white. A more varied Continental species is here
figured.

HEDYLIDi«. 253

GENUS ODEZIA.

Odezia, Boisduval, Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 229 (1840); Guende,
Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. ii. p. 518 (1857).

ODEZIA TIBIALIS.

{Plate CLL, Fig. 4.)

Noctua tihiale, Esper, Schmett. iv. (2) i. p. 568, Taf. 164, fig. 2

(1790).
Geometra tibia/ata, 'Rnhn&r, Eur. Schmett. v. figs. 210, 211

(1800?).
Psodos tibialata, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vi. (2), p. 301 (1S28).
Baptria cethiopata, Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutsch. i. p. 823

(1859) nee Scopoli.
Odezia /ibiale, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 357 (1882).

This Moth is found in the southern parts of Central Europe,
and in some districts in North Germany. It expands from an
inch to an inch and a quarter,

It is brownish-black, with a cream-coloured band com-
mencing on the middle of the costa of the fore-wings, and
running obliquely till it ends in a point near the hinder angle.
I'he hind-wings have an indistinct pale brown median line.
The fringes are partly white.

FAMILY HEDYLID^.

Antennae short, finely pectinated in the male, head promi-
nent ; palpi straight, slender ; proboscis well developed ; body
slender, thorax short ; abdomen very long ; legs short and
slender ; wings entire, without transverse lines, and hind-wings
without markings.

A small South American family. Their large, rotmded wings
and slender bodies give them some resemblance to butterflies.

254 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

GENUS HEDYLE.

Hedyle, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran, et Phal. ii. p- 521
(1857) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxiv. p. 1463
(1862).
These Moths slightly resemble Butterflies of the subfamily

Jthomiifice.

HEDYLE LUCIVITTATA.
{Plate CLL, Fig. 5.)
Hedyle lucivittata. Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxvi.
p. 1745 (1862)

This species was found by the late H. W. Bates at Ega on the
Upper Amazons.

"Cinereous brown, whitish cinereous beneath. Palpi
obliquely ascending, not rising higher than the vertex ; third
joint conical, less than half the length of the second. Antennae
minutely setulose. Abdomen hardly extending beyond the
hind-wings. Wings elongate, ample, with a white, broad, discal
stripe ; under side mostly speckled with cinereous brown,
Fore-wings acute, with a large white sub-apical spot ; exterior
border bent in front, concave towards the costa, straight and
very oblique hindward. Length of the body, ten lines ; of the
wings, twenty-eight lines " ( IVa/ker).

FAMILY ERATINID.F:.

Antennae short, slightly pubescent in the male, and simple
in the female. Palpi slender, ascending, pointed. Proboscis
well-developed. Body rather stout, not extending to the anal
angle of the hind-wings. Legs rather short, not swollen ; hind
tibiie with two pairs of spurs. Wings entire ; fore-wings trian-
gular, adorned with bright colours; hind-wings long, narrow,
and often produced into a long tail.

MELANCHRCEA. 255

GENUS ERATINA.
Erateiua, Doubleday, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. v. p. iii (1848) ;
Saunders, op. cit. {2), v. p. 262 (i860) ; Guenee, Spec. Gen.
Lepid. Uran, et Phal. ii. p. 525 (1857) ; Walker, List
Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxv. p. 1466 (1862).
This genus is easily recognisable by the long, narrow, sub-
caudate or caudate wings, which give the Moths a curious resem-
blance to some of the tailed Lemoniidce.

ERATINA LEPTOCIRCATA.
{Plate CLL, Fig. 6.)
Erateina leptocircata, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal.
ii. p. 526 (1857); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.
xxv. p. 1467, no. I (1862).
This Moth is a native of New Grenada. It expands about
an inch and a half.

The wings are black, with the base cupreous ; the fore-
wings have a yellow transverse band extending from the middle
of the costa nearly to the hinder angle ; the hind-wings have a
longitudinal band, narrow at first, and sulphur-yellow, but
expanding, and shading into red. The hind-wings are produced
into a linear tail as long as the wing. At the base of the tail
are two black spots on the inner margin ; the fringes are yellow.

FAMILY MELANCHRCEID^.
Antennae strongly pectinated in the male; palpi short,
hairy. Legs slender ; hind tibiae with four long spurs. Wings
entire, black, with white markings. Body generally more or
less clothed with reddish hair, especially beneath. Costal
nervure free on all the wings. The larvae are Loopers.

GENUS MELANCHRCEA.

Melanchroia, Hiibner, Verz. bck Schmett. p. 173 (181S?);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins^ Brit. Mus. ii. p. 3S7 (1854).

256 Lloyd's natural history.

A genus confined to Tropical America. It was generally
referred to the Lithosiidce before the larva was known.

MELANCHRCEA ATEREA.

{Plate CLL, Fig. 3.)

Geometra aterea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 370, fig. F (1781).

Zygcena pylotisy Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 106, no. 47 (i787)'

Mdanchroia aterea, Hiibner, Exot. Schmett. ii. Taf. 176

(1824?).
Melanchroia pylotis^ Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii.
p. 389, no. 8 (1854).

This species is widely distributed in South America. It
expands about an inch. It is blacky with white fringes to all
the wings, and the fore-wings have a nearly round white
hyaline spot just beyond the middle, close to the costa.

FAMILY EMPLOCIID^

Antennae bipectinated in the male, and dentated in the
female. Palpi short and slender; proboscis well marked.
Legs scaly ; hind tibiaj with two pairs of spurs. Wings entire,
velvety, without transverse lines. Nervures stout, costal ner-
vure of the hind-wings bifid.

These are rather small Tropical American Moths, with black
or dark brown wings, marked with large white or yellow spots.
They have some resemblance to Lemoniidce, among the Butter-
flies.

GENUS EMPLOCIA.
Einplocia, Herrich-Schiiffer, Aussereurop. Schmett. i. figs. 318,

319 (1855) ; Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. ii.

P- 531 (1S57) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins, Brit. Mus. xxv.

p. 1472 (1S62).
Dcvara^ ^Valker, op. cit. vii. p. 1660 (1856).

^''-'-^

^

^

H.

Wrm^^*^'— i"*"^

/. Mesoleui'M. aJbwiUdixv.
2. Rhiimxtptetxi ha.-^tata.
.3. MeLcuiclndecL' (ttt:rf(o.

ft.IIidyJe Jncivitfatxjiy.
G.Erc( fuiay h'fyiocirciitcL.
7. Emplvriii. hr.-iprridxxricu.
Q.Aclirosis pyrrhulrtrLCL .

ACHROSIS. 257

ElMPLOCIA HESPERIDARIA.
{Plate CLL, Fig. 7.)
Emplocia hespen'daria, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et
Phal. ii. p. 532 (1857).

This a Brazilian species. It expands about an inch and a
half.

The wings are velvety blackish-brown. The fore-wings have
an oblique oval, semi-transparent, yellowish-white, spot beyond
the middle, near the costa, and an elongated reddish club-
shaped spot extending parallel to the inner margin, almost
to the hinder angle. The hind-wings are fulvous, with a black
marginal band, dentated on the inner side, continued as a fine
line along the inner margin. The fringes are tinged with dull
white as far as the middle. The abdomen is ochreous, with
black dots, and a fine black lateral line.

FAMILY HYPOCHROSIDiE.

Antennas bipectinated in both sexes ; palpi short, ascending,
proboscis stout. Body broad, depressed. Legs stout, with strong
spurs. Wings smooth, concolorous ; hind-wings much smaller
than the fore-wings. Under surface differently coloured from
the upper. Costal nervure of fore-wings bifid, or connected
with the sub-costal by an oblique nervule. Costal nervure of
hind-wings free, and the sub-costal arched.

A small family of East Indian moths.

GENUS ACHROSIS.

Achrosis, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et Phal. ii. p. 539
(1857); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxv. p. 1476
(1862).

Pagrasa, Walker, op. at. xxiv. p. 1086 (1862).

16 S

258 Lloyd's natural history.

This genus differs from Hypochrosis^ Guenee, the type of the
family, in having an obtusely-rounded projection on the hind
margin of the fore-wings.

ACHROSIS PYRRHULARIA.
{Plate CLL, Fig. S.)
Achrosis pyrrhularia, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Uran. et

Phal. ii. p. 539 (1S57); Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit.

Mus. XXV. p. 1477, no. I (1S62).
Pagrasa instabiia/a,\\z\kQr, op. cit. xxiv .p. 1086, no. i (1862);

Butler, 111, Lepid. Heter. Brit. Mus. vi. p. 82, pi. 119,

fig. 7 (1886).
Hypochrosis pyrrhularia, Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths

iii. p. 174(1895).

This species is a native of India and Java. It expands about
an inch and a half.

The wings are rather narrow, and the fore-wings project
slightly at the tip, and considerably in the middle of the hind
margin. They are strongly irrorated with black on the inner
half as far as an angulated pale line, which is bordered outside
with black. Towards the tip are two black spots on the costa,
outside the first of which is the commencement of another
pale line. There are also some black spots towards the hinder
angle, and on the thorax, while the abdomen is blackish, belted
with paler. The hind-wings are grey, dusted with black
towards the inner margin, adjoining which is the commence-
ment of a paler line.

PYRALES.

Antennae long, sometimes nodose, but never pectinated?
eyes naked ; palpi usually very long. Fore-wings long and
narrow ; hind-wings often broad and rounded ; the former rarely
with less than eleven or twelve nervures, and the latter with

CHRYSAUGE. 259

three sub-median, and usually seven other, nervures. Body
slender. Legs long, and strongly spurred.

The Pyrales include a large series of moths of small size
and delicate structure. Guenee's "Deltoides et Pyralites" (1854,
cf. vol. iv. pp. XXX. 166), treated only of the typical Pyrales ;
the Cravibi^ which most authors now include in the same main
group, being omitted. He divided the former into a number of
families, chiefly based on European species. His arrange-
ment was severely criticised by Lederer, who published a
valuable series of papers on the Fyralidie, very fully illustrated,
in the "Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift," vol. vii., for
1863. Lederer established some new families for foreign species,
but placed almost the whole of Guenee's series of genera in
a single family. Since then, entomologists have more or less
combined or rearranged Guenee's families, and various new
ones have been proposed for foreign species. In the case of
the Micro-Lepidoptera, it would be impossible for us to deal with
the families so fully as in the case of the Macro-Lepidoptera,
and we shall therefore only give a selection of some of the
more important genera, and indicate the families to which
they belong.

GENUS CHRYSAUGE. {ChlJsaugidcU.)

Chrysauge, Hiibner, Saraml.Exot. Schmett. ii. pi. 156 (1824?) ;
Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 367 (1854);
Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 331 (1863).

These are comparatively large and stout South American
moths, with short up-curved palpi, and rather broad black and
yellow wings. On the costa of the fore-wings of the male is a
rounded prominence, filled with hair beneath.

Walker extended this genus to include the family which we
have already discussed under the name of Cyllopodidce {a>itca,
vol. iii. p. 186)

s 2

26o Lloyd's natural history.

CHRYSAUGE CATENULATA.
{Plate CLIL, Fig. I.)

Chrysaiige cafenulata, Warren, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6j vii.
p. 423 (1891).

This Moth expands upwards of an inch and a half, and has
been received from San Paulo, in Brazil, and from British
Guiana. It is bright canary-yellow, with two slender black
lines on the fore-wings, the inner one oblique, and the outer
one waved, converging on the inner margin ; the fore-wings
are also bordered by a black line all round, except on the
costa, from the base to the second transverse line. Close to
the base is another black line. The hind-wings are yellow,
with a broad black border, broadest at the tip ; and within the
border is a black line, more or less detached from it. The
body is yellow, but the antennae and legs are black, and the
abdomen is clothed with long grey hair above. In the male,
the outer transverse line of the fore-wings rises from a black
glandular patch on the costa.

GENUS MAPETA. {Homalochroidcs.)

Mapeta, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. xxvii. p. 17 (April, 1863).
Hoinalochroa, Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 332 (Oct.
1863).

This is another South American genus, with longer and
narrower wings than the last, and remarkable for its very long
and slender palpi.

MAPETA XANTHOMELAS.
Plate CLIP, Fig. 2.)
Mapeta xa7itJwmeIas, Walker, op. cit. (April, 1863).
Homalochroa cestivalis, Lederer, op. cit. p. 333, Taf. 6, fig. 3
(Oct. 1863).

SEMNIA. 261

This Moth is found in many parts of South America and the
West Indies.

" Bright orange. Head whitish, black about the eyes.
Antennre, palpi, and legs black ; palpi, femora, and tibiae
whitish beneath. Apical part of the wings beneath and of the
fore-wings above whitish, with black-bordered veins, and with
a black fringe ; hind-wings deep black towards the tips.
Length of the body, from six to eight lines ; of the wings, from
sixteen to twenty lines " ( IValker).

GENUS SEMNIA. {ScmilUdcB^

Semnia, Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 28 {1823) ; id. Verz.

bek. Schmett. p. 353 (1824?); Walker, List Lepid. Ins,

Brit. Mus. xix. p. 833 (1859); Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon.

vii- p. Z2,Z (1863).

Another South American genus, resembling the Deltoidce

in general appearance, with moderately long palpi, and a

plumose tuft in the middle of the antennae of the male.

SEMNIA AURITALIS.
{^riate CLIL, Fig. 3.)
Semnia auritalis, Hiibner, Zutr. Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 28, figs
361, 362 (1823); Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 334,
Taf. 6, fig. 4 (1S63).
Seomnia auritalis, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xix.
p. 834, no. I (1859).
This is a Brazilian species. It expands about an inch.
The fore-wings are brown, with a dull leaden lustre, with a
large pale yellow spot on the inner margin at the base, which
extends more than half way to the costa. The hind-wings are
golden-yellow with a black marginal line, broad at the costa,
3,X\d attenuated towards the hinder angle.

20 2 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

GENUS VITESSA. {Pj'ralidce ?)

Vifcssa, Moore, Cat. Lepid. Ins. E. Ind. Co. ii. p. 299 (1858) ;

id. Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 255 (1S85); Wall<:er, List Lepid.

Ins. Brit. Mus. xxxi. p. 219 (1864); Hampson, Faun.

Brit. Ind. Moths, iv. p. 145 (1896).
A genus of large and handsome East Indian species, with
moderately long palpi, and broad wings. The abdomen is
expanded toward the tip, and strongly tufted. The genus is
of doubtful position, and should probably be placed in a
separate family. It was originally referred to the Liihosiidce,
or to the Hypsidce.

VITESSA SURADEVA.
{Plate CLIL, Fig. 4.)

Vifessa suradeva, Moore, Cat. Lepid. Ins. E. Ind. Co.
ii. p, 299, no. 6S7, pi. vii. A, fig. 7 (1S58) ; Hampson,
Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iv. p. 146, fig. 83 {1896).

This Moth is a native of Northern India. It expands
from about two inches and a half to two inches and three-
quarters.

Mr. Moore's description runs as follows: — "White. Fore-
wings yellow at the base, with four basal spots disposed
in two transverse rows, a patch across the middle of the
wing, which encloses a white spot, and broadly along the
veins to the exterior margin glossy black ; hind-wings with
anterior margin narrowly, and outer margin broadly, black.
Antennae, third joint of palpi, and spots on the thorax, black ;
head, thorax, a large abdominal tuft, first and second joints of
the palpi, and femur of anterior legs beneath yellow ; abdomen
white, with black bands, that at the extremity being broad.
Legs black, spotted with white ; cilia glaucous."

METAXMESTE. 263

GENUS CARDAMYLA. {PyralidcV ?)

Cardamyla, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mas. xvii. p. 282
(1859); Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 335 (1863).

A large and handsome Australian genus, somewhat re-
sembling Vitessa, but with broader wings, short upcurved palpi,
and the abdomen tufted at the tip, but not expanded,

CARDAMYLA CARINENTALIS.
(Plale CLir., Fig. 5.)

Cardaviyla carinenfaiis, Walker, op. cit. p. 282, no. i (1859) ;
Lederer, op. cit. p. 335, Taf. 6, fig. 9 (1863).

This is an Australian Moth.

" Black. Head and thorax luteous, partly black. Abdomen
with luteous and white bands, the latter colour predominating
beneath ; apical tuft pale testaceous, with black plumes towards
the base. Legs with white bands ; femora with luteous stripes ;
fore coxae with white lines. Fore-wings with whitish veins, and
with three undulating whitish lines ; first line basal ; second
and third widely separated ; a pale green intermediate band,
abbreviated by the costa, including a nearly round black spot ;
under side orange, with one discal and two costal black spots ;
exterior part black, including a curved orange line. Hind-
wings bright orange, with a black hindward spot and a black
marginal band, which. is widened in front. Length of the body,
from six lines and a half to seven lines ; of the wings, from
sixteen to seventeen lines " ( Walker).

GENUS METAXMESTE. {^HercynidcB.)
Mefaxmeste, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p, 352 (1822?),
Hercyna, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 179 (1829); -Guenee,
Spec, Gen. L^pid. Delt. et Pyr. p, 153(1854); Walker,

264 Lloyd's natural history.

List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 299 (1859); Ledercr,
Wien. Ent. Men. vii. p. 354 (1863).

This genus includes dark-coloured Alpine species, with short
broad wings, and thickly-scaled bodies. The wings frequently
have a silky lustre, and the moths swarm about among
the snow in the daytime, looking more like large black flies
than moths.

METAXMESTE PHRYGIALIS.
{Plate CLIL, Fig. 6.)

Pyralis phrygialis, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. vi. fig. 42 (1796?).
Pyralis sericealts, Hiibner, op. cit. vi. fig. 43 (1796?).
Fy rails rupicolah's, Hiibner, op. cit. vi. figs. 198, 200 (1803?).
Hercyna rtipicolalis, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 181 (1829).

This species is a native of the Alps, Pyrenees, and Ural
Mountains, &c. It expands about half an inch.

The fore- wings are olive-brown, with two broad, suffused,
bluish-grey transverse bands, and two dark stigmata; the
marginal line is spotted with dusky, and the fringes are grey,
and narrowly white at the tips. The hind-wings are greyish-
brown, with a light suffused curved band just beyond the
middle, and dark grey fringes.

GENUS ERCTA. {SteniidcE?)

Ercta, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvii. p. 425 (1S59);
Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 423 (1863).

A West Indian genus, with very long and slender body
and legs, short palpi, rather stout antennae, and long narrow
wings.

l\>A^i'/

I Chrysauge catervuldtcv.

2. Mapctiv TOJvthomeLcLS .

3. Sertmia. aiirvtaJzs.

4. Yilessa sofa/ievcL.

6. Cardcun^lci (xirtrieniah^.

7. Ercicv iLpul^iUs.

NYMPHULA. 265

ERCTA TIPULALTS.
{Plate CLIL, Fig. 7.)
Erda tipulalis, Walker, op. cit. p. 426, no. i (1859); Lederer,
op. cit. p. 424, Taf. 15, fig. 15 (1S63).

This species is found in Haiti.

" Brownish cinereous, whitish beneath. Wings with black
marginal points ; fore-wings fawn-colour along the costa and
along the exterior border ; an irregular blackish stripe extending
from the base to the tips at a little in front of the middle ;
orbicular mark forming a blackish dot ; reniform indicated by
a curved whitish black-bordered streak ; a broad whitish
nearly hyaline stripe along the interior border. Hind-wings
whitish, nearly hyaline, with a slight testaceous tinge along the
exterior border, and with a black marginal point. Length of
the body, five lines; of the wings, nine lines " (^Walker).

GENUS NYiMPHULA. {Hydrocampidcs).

Nymphula, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (2), p. 162 (1802);

Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 362 (1826?) ; Treitschke,

Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 127 (1829).
Nausinoe, Hiibner, op. cit. p. 363 (1826 ?).
Hydrocampa, Latreille, P"am. Nat. p. 478 (1825); Guen^e,

Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr. p. 273 (1S54); Lederer,

Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 451 (1S63).

The moths belonging to this genus and its allies arc rather
small, with long slender bodies, oblong fore-wings, and rounded
hind-wings, with sharply-defined white, brown, and yellowish
markings. They are called " China Marks " by collectors.
The larvae, which are rather stout, with a small retractile head,
feed on water-lilies, and live under the leaves in a case
comi)osed of two pieces of leaf.

266 LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY.

THE BEAUTIFUL CHINA MARK. NYMPHULA STAGNATA.

{Plate CLIIL, Fig. i.)

Pyralis potamogalis, Hubner, Vogel u. Schniett. Taf. 28

(1792) ; id. Eur. Schmett. vi. fig. 82 (1794).
Phahena potomogalis, Schrank, Fauna Boica, ii. (2), p. 62 (1802).
Gcometra stagnata, Donovan, Nat. Hist. Brit. Ins. ix. p. 9,

pl- Z'^2,, % 3 (1800).
Nymphiila nyviphaaUs, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 141

(1829).
Hydrocampa fiy?npJuTata, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust.
iv. p. 39 (1834).
This pretty Moth is a native of Northern Temperate Europe,
and Northern Asia, and is common in Britain. It expands
from three-quarters of an inch to an inch.

The wings are white and shining, the fore-wings with two
brown stripes extending from the base to beyond the middle,
the rest of the surface being reticulated with bands formed by
two brown approximating lines. There is a brown marginal
line, and the fringes are white. The hind-wings have two
brown transverse bands.

The moth varies in the arrangement of the bands, which are
sometimes almost completely obliterated.
The larva is said to feed on duckweed.

GENUS EUDIOPTIS. {Margaroniidce).
Eudioptis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 359 (1826?);

Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 43 (1834); Moore,

Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 323 (1886).
Phakellura, Guilding, Phil. Mag. vii. p. 206 (March, 1830) ;

id. Zool. Journ. v. p. 263 (June, 1830); Guenee, Spec,

Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Phal. p. 294 (1854).
Phacelhira, Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 400 (1863);

Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 297.

EUDIOPTIS. 267

This genus includes moderate-sized Moths, with compara-
tively stout bodies, tufted at the tip, and white, transparent, or
yellowish wings, the pale colour being more or less restricted
by brown costal and apical borders. They are all tropical or
sub-tropical, but inhabit both hemispheres.

EUDIOPTIS INDICA.

{Plate CLIIL, Fig. 2.)

Eudioptis itidica, Saunders, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. (2),

i. p. 163, pi. 12, figs. 5-7 (1S51) ; Moore, Lepid. Ceylon,

iii. p. 324 (1886).

Phakellura gazorialis, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr.

p. 297 (1854).
Phakellura indica. Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xvui.

p. 514, no. II (1859).
Glyphodes indica, Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, iv. p. 360
(1896).
This Moth is widely distributed in the tropical regions of the
Old World. It expands about an inch.

The wings are semi-transparent pearly-white and opalescent,
with a broad dark brown band along the costa of the fore-wings,
and along the hind-margins of all the wings, gradually attenuated
on the hind-wings, and ending at the anal angle.

The larva lives on cotton and other plants. It is pale grass-
green, with a yellow head. The pupa is dull chestnut-brown,
and is enclosed in a portion of leaf which has been drawn
together with silk threads.

The paper in which the name PhakeUiira originally occurs,
"The Natural History of Pcirophila, a Lepidopterous genus,
in its larva state inhabitating rivers, and furnished with
branchiae" ; by the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, B.A., F.L.S., &c. —
was read before the Linnean Society of London, on February 2,
1830; but for some reason was never published, except in the

268

LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY.

two abstracts quoted above, which, though incidentally referred
to by Poey and Westwood, escaped notice in Hagen's " Bib-
liotheca Entomologica." I therefore quote the abstract from
the "Philosophical Magazine."

" Mr. Guilding relates that the very singular litde moth upon
which he establishes this genus {PetropJiihi) occurs in myriads, in
its larval state, on the blocks of basaltic trap that occupy the bed
of the river of St. Vincent. Much as it differs in its habits from
the majority of Lepidoptera^ one European species he considers
to agree with it in its ceconomy, and to be perhaps referable to
the sub-genus which he would separate from Botys, which,
from the variety of forms in which it abounds, appears to him to
call for division. The types in Mr. Guilding's cabinet which
are most remarkable, and which he incidentally enumerates
and describes, are Gen. i. Chloephila, Spec, lineolata, found in
St. Vincent's ; Gen. 2. Kamptoptcra^ Spec. fuscesce?is, rare in
St. Vincent's ; Gen. 3. Flmkellura, Spec, hyalinafa (Fabr. Ent.
Syst. III. (2), 213?) abundant in the Antilles.

"It is the Boiys stratiotalis (Kirby & Spence, iv. 56, 74)
in which Mr. Guilding finds so close a resemblance to his
Pdrophila in many respects, that he is persuaded of their
near affinity, although there is a trifling difference in the
pupal spiracula and in the shape of the branchire.

" The larva obtaining its food on the rocks in the stream,
forms silken tunnels, under which it moves in safety, without
danger of being carried off by the current. When at maturity
the larva builds a more compact habitation, which, together
with the metamorphosis of the insect, the author minutely
describes ; as well as a small Trichopterous insect found in
great abundance in its society, and resembling it in ceconomy.

" Mr. Guilding thinks it probable that many of the European
Botydce found in fenny places, as B. levmata, sajnbucafa, &c.,
approach to the Petrophihv^ while those in hedges and gardens

mm^

Wynuin i: Salts lPn*t^

1. Nyrnphula^ stcufTiaJxL. 5. Hypcchalcicv CLherheJJxv.

2. Eu^optzs uTxJJ/XL. 6. PixLpcufvcv pirteHa

3..McLrcj(rrorvLcu arfxctvnjetxUs. 7. Eromerve/ oceUieci/.

4^ (i cdJ er^tcL meU^n.eJJMy. 8. DcTmcxvulxv rnux^rcneUxi/.

MARGARONIA. 269

should remain in a separate genus. His arrangement is as
follows : — Insecta Lepidoptera ; Sect. Nocturna ; Fam.
Botydcz ; Gen. Petropliila ; Spec, fluviatilis.

'■^P. argenteo-nivea,fuscescente adumbrata, alarum superiorum
strigis apicalibus angulatis, punctulis duabus intermediis,
lineisque baseos tribus subcommunibus fuscescentibus ; alarum
inferiorum plaga postica argenteo-iridescente, atro-maculata ;
abdomine fusco fasciato."

The report in the " Zoological Journal " is almost the same
as the above ; but the P^ditor objects to the name Petropliila,
as preoccupied in Botany.

GENU.S MARGARONIA. {MargarouUdce.)

Margarofiia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 358 (1826?);

Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xviii. p. 518 (1859);

Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, iii. p. 324 (1886).
Margarodes, Guenee, Spec. Gen. Lepid. Delt. et Pyr. p. 324

(1854); Lederer, Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. p. 398 (1863);

INIeyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1854, p. 296, jwm.

pI'CZOCC.

This is a widely distributed genus, chiefly tropical or sub-
tropical, including rather long-winged species, of a pearly-white
or grass-green colour, with hardly any markings.

MARGARONIA ARACHNEALIS.
^.Plate CLIIL, Fii^^. 3.)

Alargaronia arachncalis. Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.
xviii. p. 527, no. 21 (1859).

This Moth is found at Sierra Leone.

" Very vivid green. Body beneath, and legs white or glau-
cous. Head white about the eyes. Palpi blackish toward the
tips, white beneath. Antenna pubescent. Abdomen with a

270 Lloyd's natural history.

blackish apical tuft. Fore femora ochraceous towards the tips ;
fore tibiae cupreous-brown, with a broad white band. Wings
with a dark cinereous fringe. Fore-wings with a slender
cinereous costal line, with black marginal points, and with a
blackish discal dot. Hind-wings with the fringe greenish-
white towards the interior angle. Length of the body, six
lines ; of the wings, sixteen lines " ( JValker).

GENUS GALLERIA. {Gallcriidce)
Gnllcria, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. pp. 419, 462 (1798);
Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 369 (1826?); Treitschke,
Schmett. Eur. ix. (i) p. 42 (1832); Von Heinemann,
Schmett. Deutschl. (2) i. (2) p. 208 (1865).
The antennae of the male are furnished with a tuft of hair
beneath at the base ; the palpi are longer in the female than in
the male, and the wings are long and entire ; the fore-wings
with twelve nervures. The genus is typical of a small family
having sixteen-legged larvae, which are parasitic in bee-hives
and bees' nests.

GALLERL\ MELLONELLA.

(Plate CLIIL, Fig. 4.)

Tinea mellonclla, Linnjeus, Syst. Nat. (ed x.) i. p. 537, no. 257

(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 358, no. 1383(1761).
Tinea cereana, Linnceus, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) i. (2), p. 874,

no. 282 (1767).
Galleria cerella, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (i), p. 51 (1832).
Galleria cereana,'&\.Q'^\vQXi%, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 295

(1834).
Galleria mellonella, Curtis, Brit. Ent. xiii. pi. 587 (1836);

Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 412, pi. 6r, fig. 13,

(1883).
This Moth is a native of Europe and Western Asia. It
expands from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half.

HYPOCHALCIA. 27 1

The fore-wings are ashy-grey, varied with lighter and darker.
From the base to the middle the wings are tinged with whitish,
containing dark brown atoms. On the costa and along the
margins of the fringes are dark brown streaks. The inner
margin is pale yellowish, with a number of purplish-brown,
short, raised, felt-like streaks. The hind-wings are pale ashy-
grey, sometimes brownish-grey, with paler fringes edged outside
with white, and bordered on the inner side by a yellow line.

The female is larger than the male, and has a stout brownish-
grey abdomen, with an ovipositor. The fore-w^ngs are darker,
shorter and straighter, and the hind-wings are much paler,
alm.ost white, with only the marginal area shaded with grey,
and dark nervures.

The larva is stout, and dingy white, with very small brown
tubercles, each with a fine hair. The head is chestnut-brown,
the cervical plate is darker, and a whitish line is sometimes
indistinctly continued on the back.

It lives in bee-hives, where it feeds on the wax, and does
much mischief. The pupa is reddish brown.

GENUS HYPOCHALCIA. {P/iycidcv)

Hypochakia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 3OS (1S26?);
Von Heinemann, Schmett. Dcutschl. (2) i. (2) p. 165
(1865).

This genus belongs to an extensive family of small moths,
with long slender bodies, long narrow fore-wings, and broad
rounded hind-wings. They are allied to the Grass Moths, and
much resemble them in shape, though not in colour. They
are often called " Knot-horns " by collectors, because some
genera (including Fhycis, Fabricius, the type of which is
F, roborella, Denis & Schiffermiiller) have a tuft of scales on
the antennae of the male, near the base. In other genera, as

272 Lloyd's natural historV.

in Hypochalcia, which we are now considerhig, the antenna are
not tufted. The Phycidcc were a favourite group of the late
M. Ragonot ; and his monograph of the family is now being
published in vols. vii. and viii. of Romanoff's "Memoires " (vide
antea, vol. iv. pp. 190, 192). In Hypochalcia, the labial palpi
are long, and horizontally produced, with a long filiform
upturned terminal joint. The maxillary palpi are filiform,
parallel, and appressed to the face. The female is much
smaller than the male.

THE DINGY VENEER. HYPOCHALCIA AHENELLA.

(Plate CLIJL, Fig. 5 )

Tinea ahenella, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien. p. 135, no. 32 (1776) ; Zincken in Germar, Mag.

Ent. iii. p. 120 (1818).
Tinea aeneella, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii. figs. 41, 58 (1796?).
Phycis ahenella, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (i) p. 144 (1832).
Araxes ahenella^ Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 316

(1834).
The Dingy Veneer is found in Central and South Eastern
Europe. It expands from three-quarters of an inch to more
than an inch.

The fore-wings are greyish-brown, more or less dusted with
ochre-yellow, and crossed transversely by two broad, ill-defined,
dark cherry-red bands, which coalesce at the inner margin ; the
first of these is straight before the middle, and the second is
waved behind the middle. These bands are sometimes very
indistinct, and the whole of the surface of the wings is then
almost uniform. The hind-wings are yellowish-grey, with
whitish fringes.

CxENUS PALrARIA. {Pa/pariidcP.)
Crarnlus, Fabricius, Ent, Syst. Suppl. pp. 420, 464 (1793);
Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 135 (18 15); Zeller, Chilon, et

PALPARIA.

273

Cramb. p, 14(1863); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl.
(2) i. (2) p. 117 (1865); nee Latreille ; nee Haivorth.
Palparia, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 481 (18 12), nee Wing.

This genus is generally called Crambus ; but in 1810
Latreille fixed C. semi-riibellus of Scopoli (one of the Phyeidai)
as the type of that genus. I therefore adopt for it the very
expressive name applied by Haworth to Crambus, auct., and its
allies.

These are rather small moths, with very long, straight palpi,
narrow fore-wings, and broad hind-wings. The fore-wings are
streaked in various proportions with brown, ochreous, and
white ; and the hind-wings are uniform brown, or white. They
are called "Grass Moths" by collectors, and are readily disturbed
by anyone walking through a meadow, when their light wings
make them look very conspicuous ; but presently they vanish,
settling head downwards on a grass-stem, and folding their
wings so closely round the body that they may easily escape
observation.

Some of them, belonging to a group to which Hubner gave
the generic name of Catoptria, are remarkable for the broad
silvery stripes on the wings. One of these we have figured.

THE PEARL VENEER. PALPARIA PINELLA.

{Plate CLIIL, Fig. 6.)

Tinea pinella, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 539, no. 272

(1758); Clerck, Icones, pi. 4, fig. 15 (1759).
Tinea pifietella, Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 355 (1761).
Tinea eonehella, Hiibner, Vog. und Schmett. Taf. 44 (1792);

id. Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 38 (1800).
Chilo pinetelltis, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (i), p. 94(1832).
Crambus pinetellus, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 323

(1834); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 411, pi. 61,

fig. 10 (1883).

16 T

2 74 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

The Pearl Veneer is a native of Central and Northern
Europe, and the Eastern Mediterranean Region. It measures
about an inch in expanse. The fore- wings are yellowish-brown,
with the inner margin paler. From the base extends a long,
silvery-white triangle, to beyond the middle of the wings, and
between this and the hind-margin is a large oval silvery-white
spot. The hind-margin is dotted with black, and the fringes are
leaden grey. The hind-wings are white, with a slight bluish lustre.

The moth is found in pine woods in July and August.

GENUS OMMATOPTERYX. {Palpariidce>)
Eroviene, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 366 (1826?); Zeller,

Chilon. et Cramb. p. 52 (1863), nom. prceocc.
Euchromius, Guenee, Europ. Micro-Lepid. Ind. Meth. p. 86

(1845); Meyrick, Handb. Brit. Lepid. p. 396 (1895),

nom. prceocc.
This is one of the prettiest genera of the Family to which
it belongs ; and the only British species can easily be recog-
nised by the row of sub-marginal ocellated spots on the fore-
wings.

THE NECKLACE VENEER. EROMENE OCELLEA.
{Plate CLIIL, Fig. 7.)
Palparia ocellea, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 486 (1812).
Phycis funiciikna, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (i), p. 200

(1832).
Araxes ocellea, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 316

(1834)-

The Necklace Veneer is found in Temperate Europe, west
to Madeira, and eastwards to Asia Minor. It expands about
three-quarters of an inch.

The fore-wings are dull golden, dusted with black. There
is no first transverse line, but across the middle of the wings
runs a pale broad golden band, bordered on both sides with dull

DONACAULA. 275

brownish. In the middle of this band is a silvery transverse
streak. On the hind margin appears a similar golden and
silvery band, which cuts off a triangle at the apex.

Below this, along the fringes, are four velvety-black marks,
each ornamented with a golden spot, and fine golden streaks.
The fringes are yellowish-grey, and are separated from the
apical triangle by a silver line. The hind-wings are white.

It is not a common species in England.

GENUS DONACAULA. [Cht/onidcB.)
Chilo, Zincken in Germar, Mag. Ent. ii. p. t^Z (1817) ;

Treitschke, Schmett, Eur. viii. p. 293 (1830) ; ix. (i), p. 60

(1S32) nee Gitenee^ restr.
Topeutis, pt. Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 366 (1826?).
Schoenobius, pt. Duponchel, Cat. Meth. Lepid. d'Eur. p. 312

(1864) ; Zeller, Chilon. et Cramb. p. 3 (1863).
Donacaula, Meyrick, Handb. Brit. Lepid. p. 401 (1895).

This genus and its allies resemble Falparia, but are larger
moths, with narrower wings in proportion, and are found
among reeds, and other water-plants, in the stems of which the
larvae feed.

THE DARK HOOK-TIP VENEER. DONACAULA MUCRONELLA.

{Plate CLIIL, Fig. 8.)

Tinea mucronella, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien. p. 136 (1776).
Tinea straminella, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 284 (1802?).
Chilo ?nucronelljis, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (i), p. 67
(1832).

The Dark Hook-tip Veneer is a native of Central and South-
Eastern Europe. It expands about an inch.

The fore-wings are pale straw-colour, dusted with brownish,
with a dark shade from the base to the apex, and the costa in

T 2

276 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

front of this rather broadly paler. The hind-wings are yellowish-
white. There is a white anal tuft. The female is usually smaller
and paler yellow than the male, with snow-white hind-wings.

The moth appears at the end of May, and in June. The
larva lives in reeds.

FAMILY PTEROPHORID.^.

This Family was formerly placed at the end of the
Lepidoptera, between the Tinece and the Omeodidce ; but the
moths are now considered to be nearly allied to the Pyralida^
on account of their long, slender, body, antennae, and legs,
with strong spurs, and the long and rather narrow wings, which
are held extended like those of a Crane-Fly, or Daddy Long-
legs, which the moths greatly resemble when at rest. But the
chief character which distinguishes these moths from nearly
all other insects, is that, in most of the species, the fore-wings
are more or less deeply cleft in two, and the hind-wings are
divided, almost to the base, into three distinct feathers.

The larvse have sixteen legs, and are hairy, as are also some
of their pupae.

GENUS ALUCITA.

y4/?/^/Vrt!, Linn?eus, Syst.Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 542 (1758) ; Poda, Mus
Grsec. p. 94 (1761); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (2),
p. 225 (1833), 7iec Fabriciiis; nee Stephens.

F/erophorJis, pt. Geoffroy, Ins. Paris, ii. p. 90, (1762).

The type of this genus is the following : —

THE WHITE-PLUME MOTH. ALUCITA PENTADACTYLA.
{Flate CLVIIL, Fig. 9.)
Alucita pentadadyla^ Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 542,
no. 304 (1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 371, no. 1457 (1761) ,
Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. ix. fig. i (1800); Treitschke,
Schmett. Eur. ix. (2), p. 249 (^1833).

ORNEODES. 277

Ptcrophorus pentadadylus, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv.
p. 371 (1835) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 415,
pi. 62, fig. 19 (1883).

The White-Plume Moth is found throughout the greater
part of Europe and Northern and Western Asia. It expands
about an inch.

It is white with a silky gloss, only the eyes being black.
The wings are ample, and deeply cleft.

The larva feeds on sloe, and on various fruit trees. It is
pale green, with a white line on the back, and an ochre-yellow line
on the sides. On all the segments there are small raised dusky
dots, set with brown hairs.

The pupa is coloured like the larva, and is spotted with black,
the spots on the belly being smaller and reddish. On the back
there is a whitish grey pubescence.

FAMILY ORNEODID^.

The moths belonging to this Family differ from the Ptero-
phoridce by their much shorter and broader wings, each being cleft
almost to the base into six separate feathers. The moths rest
with their wings expanded, and in this position resemble small
Geotnetrce. The larva of the only British species is naked, and
lives in the buds of honeysuckle.

GENUS ORNEODES.

Orneodes, Latreille, Precis, p. 148 (1796) ; id. Hist. Nat. Crust.

Ins. iii. p. 418 (1802); xiv. p. 258 (1805); Treitschke,

Schmett. Eur. ix. (2) p. 254 {1833).
Ahicita, pt. LinnKUS, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 542 (1758);

Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 378 (1835), nee

Poda.

278 Lloyd's natural history.

the twenty-plume moth. orneodes hexadactyla.
{Plate CLVIIL, Fig. 10.)

Ahicita hexadactyla, Linnseus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 542,
no. 305 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 371, no. 1458 (1761) ;
Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 378 (1835); Curtis,
Brit. Ent. xv. pi. 695 (1838) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and
Moths, p. 415 (1883).

Alucita polydactyla, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. ix. fig. 28 (1803 ?) ;
Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 379 (1835).

Oriieodes polydadylus, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (2), p. 257
(1833).

The Twenty-Plume Moth is found in Temperate and Southern
Europe and Asia Minor. It expands from half an inch to two-
thirds of an inch across the wings.

Each of the wings is divided into six plumes. When arranged
together, the fore-wings show a rusty-yellow ground, with two
violet transverse bands, bordered with white. On the costal
area are five violet spots, two in front of the first band, one at
the commencement of the first band, a crescent-shaped spot
between the first and second bands, and lastly one which forms
the commencement of the second band. At the tips are small
dark dots on a light ground. The hind-wings are paler rusty-
yellow, with each of the six areas dotted with dark brown.

TORTRICES.

The Tortrices, or Bell Moths, are an extensive group of small
moths, with the fore-wings usually broad and truncated at the end,
and rounded hind-wings. The antennae are simple, the palpi
and fringes usually short, and the wings almost always entire.
The fore-wings are of bright or variegated colours, and the
hind-wings are almost always unicolorous white or brown.

TORTRIX. 279

When at rest the moths extend the fore-wings flat over the
hind-wings, which gives the insect somewhat of the shape of a
bell ; hence the name.

The larvae have sixteen legs, and many of them inhabit
rolled-up leaves (hence the name Tortrix), while others feed
on the seeds or roots of plants, and several infest fruit. The
Tortrices are often treated as forming one large compact family
{TortricidcB), but some authors have tried to divide them into
several. The few^ species which we have room to notice are
therefore noted under their genera, and the families to which
they have been referred are merely indicated.

GENUS TORTRIX. {Tortricidcs)

Tortfix, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 530 (1758); Poda,
Mus. Gra2c. p. 93 (1761); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. viii.
p. 45 (1830)-
The type of this genus is a very common and unmistakeablo

British insect.

THE GREEN OAK-TORTRIX. TORTRIX VIRIDANA.
[Plale CLIV., Fig. i.)
Tortrix viridana, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat, (ed. x.), i. p. 530, no.
203,(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 342, no. 1307 (1761);
Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. viii. p. 96 (1830) ; Stephens,
111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 68 (1834); Kirby, Eur. Butter-
flies and Moths, p. 412, pi. 61, figs. 18-18 b (1883).

The Green Oak Tortrix is found in Temperate and Southern
Europe. It expands three-quarters of an inch.

The fore wings are bright light green, with thecosta narrowly
yellowish, and the fringes of the same colour. The hind-wings
and abdomen are grey. The head and palpi are yellowish.

The larva lives on oak and sallow. It is light green, orna-

2»0 LLOYD S NATURAL HISTORY.

mented with several black dots. The head is shining black,
and the neck light brown. On the ninth segment is a brown
spot.

The pupa is shining dark brown, almost black, with a divided
terminal point.

GENUS GAURIS. {Tortricidcs.)
Gauris, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 374(1826?).
A pretty South American genus of Tortrices.

GAURIS CRAMERIANA.
{Plate CLTV., Fig. 2.)
Tortrix cravieriana^ Stoll in Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 348,
figs. I, K (1781); Duncan, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot.
Moths, p. 229, pi. 28, fig. 3. (1841).

This Moth is a native of Surinam, and measures about three-
quarters of an inch in expanse. The wings are brown, with
two oblique pale lines, the second broadly bordered on both
sides with black; the marginal area is reddish. The hind-
wings are lighter brown, and without markings.

GENUS ERNARMONIA. {CarpocapsidcE.)
Ernariiioiiia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 375 (1826?).
Carpocapsa, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 231 (i829);viii.
p. 160 (1830).
The species belonging to this group were named Carpocapsa
by Treitschke, because their larvc-e feed in acorns, apples, plums,
&c.

THE JUMPING-BEAN TORTRIX. ERNARMONIA SALTITANS.

(Plate CLIV., Fig. 2, ; fi'pa. Fig. 4; inpested bean. Fig. 5.)
Carpocapsa sallilans, Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) v.
p. 27 (1858).

^V|BF

^?»?f^

J.

>

J Torlria: vtrul/ri/ia "

2. G axvris cru rneruxn (i

3. FiTTWurtnarujay saUiian.s

ft. JnPsU'ci Benrt.

7 Chinujtorthilcu ioririoeUxv

6. ErcyfiJLOJile.'i wngdlutelbyy. rricth:

Q ' , , ferncde<.

RHACODIA, 281

This curious insect is a native of Mexico. It expands three-
quarters of an inch.

The fore-wings are greyish-white, varied with ashy, with
numerous short oblique dashes on the costa. The apex is
black, with a small oval white mark. On the inner margin
near the base is a small, square, blackish mark, and a large,
conical ashy spot beyond it, striated and margined with black.
The hind-margin is variegated with leaden-grey and white, with
a row of small, double, black dots. The hind-wings are brown.
The head and collar are brownish ; the palpi dusky outside,
and whitish inside. The larva lives in the seeds of a plant
called " Cal/igieaja," and is very lively, the infested seeds
appearing to jump about of their own accord.

GENUS RHACODIA. [PcroHcidce)

Rhacodia, HUbner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 384 (1826?).
Teras, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. vii. p. 239 (1829) ; viii. p. 247
(1830).

A curious genus, remarkable for the irregular outline of the
costa of the fore-wings. The palpi are also rather longer than
usual in the Tortrices.

THE NOTCH-WING. RHACODIA CAUDANA.
f^Plate CLIV., Fig. 6.)

Pyrahs caudana, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 651, no. 38 (1775).
Tortrix effradana., Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. vii. fig. 175 (1801).
Teras caudatia, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. viii. p. 248 (1830), x.

(3), p. 128 (1835); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths,

p. 412, pi. 61, fig. 16 (1883).

This Moth is a native of England, France, Germany and
Russia. It expands about three-quarters of an inch.

The fore-wings are pale purplish-grey, varied with light brick-

252 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY

red. The costa has, as it were, a piece taken out of the middle,
and the tips are hooked. There are small brown and white
spots distinctly defined, and these give the wings a mottled
appearance, and sometimes the dark spots run into faint bands.
The borders of the wings are pale brick-red. The hind-wings
are uniform white, slightly dusted with reddish in parts.

This insect is very variable, but may always be recognised
by its pecuhar shape. The green larva feeds on different kinds
of willow.

GENUS CIIIMATOPHILA. {Chiinatopllilidcr)

Oporinia^ HUbner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 387 (1826 ?) ;

Stephens, 111 Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 234 (1834), ^ti///.

prccOiX.
Cheiinafophila, Stephens, op. cit. p. 172 (1834), Von Heinemann,

Schmett. Deutschl. (2) i. (i), p, 64(1863).
Tortricodes, Guen^e, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2) iii. p. 305 (1S45).

A rather aberrant genus, with long and rather narrow wings,
and short palpi. The type is almost a cosmopolitan species.

THE CLOUDED WINTER TORTRIX.

CHIMATOPHILA TORTRICELLA.

{Plate CLIV., Fig. 7.)
Tinea fortricella, Hubner, Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 11 (1796 ?).
Diiirnea nuhilea, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 503 (181 2).
Tortrix hye/nano, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. vii. fig. 267 (1814?).
Leiiunatophila altcrnella., Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (i),

P- 39 (1832) ; id. x. (3), p. 154 (1835).
Opormia nubilea, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 234

(1834)-
Oporinia fortricella, id. i.e. p. 234 (1834).
LemmaiopJiila hyemella, Treitschke, Schmett Eur. x. (3), p. 154

(1835).

ENYPHANTES. 283

This species is a native of Central and Southern Europe. It
expands rather less than an inch.

The fore-wings are brownish-grey, varied with dark brown
and pale grey, with a dark central band, and another narrower
band nearer the base, which does not extend to the inner
margin. On the costa and at the apex are dark spots. Some-
times all the markings are indistinct. The hind -wings are light
brownish-grey.

It is found from October to April in woods.

GENUS ENYPHANTES. {Exapatidcv)

Enyphantes, HiAbner, Tentamen, p. 2 (iSio?).

Exapate, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 3S7 (1826 ?) ; Stain-
ton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 12 (1854); Von Heinemann,
Schmett. Deutschl. (2) i. (i), p. 65 (1863).

This genus, like the last, belongs to a Family of somewhat
doubtful position, but they are included by most recent authors
in the Torirlces, and not in the Tincue.

The tongue is absent, the antennce are ciliated in the male,
the spurs of the four hind \\\ivx, are very short, and the fore-
wings of the female are very short and narrow, while the hind-
wings are absent.

THE AUTUMNAL DAGGER. ENYPHANTES C0NGEL.4TELLA.
f^riate CLIV. Fig. 8, male; Fig. 9, feinak.)
Tinea congelatella^ Clerck, Icones, pi. 8, fig. 5 (1759).
Titiea ge/a^el/a, 'L'mnx.us, Faun. Suec. p. 370, no. 1450 (1761);

id. Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), i. (2), p. 883, no. 344 (1767).
Tortrix ge/atana, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 266

(1810?).
Levimatophila gelatella, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (i), p. 34
(1832); x. (3), p. 153 (183s).

2 84 LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

Cheimatophila gelatella, Curtis, Ent. Mag. i. p. 191 (1833).
Oxypate gelatella, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 235

(1834).
Exapate gelatella, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 12 (1852).
Exapate congelatella, Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl.

(2)i.(l), p. 66(1863).

This Moth is widely distributed in Europe. The male
expands nine lines and a half, but the female only expands
four lines.

The fore-wings are reddish ashy-grey, with a broad whitish
streak on the disc, in which are two dark brown spots, one
before, and the other beyond the middle. The apex is whitish,
and on the costa, near the apex, is a dark brown spot. The
hind-wings are greyish-brown.

The fore-wings of the female are very short and narrow, ot
a whitish-grey, with brownish margins.

The larva feeds on privet, whitethorn, &c.

FAMILY yEGERIID.E.

Antennje often pectinated, more or less thickened before
the tip, which tapers to a point ; proboscis generally long ;
palpi long, pointed, ascending ; abdomen long, and most fre-
quently slender, often with coloured belts, and tufted at the
tip. Legs slender, often thickly tufted, with long spurs on the
tibiae, one pair on the middle, and two pairs on the hind tibice.
Frenulum present. Wings long and narrow, the hind-wings
nearly always, and the fore- wings often, transparent, except at
the edges. Hind-wings with two or three sub-median nervures.
Flight diurnal (rarely nocturnal). The smaller species fly very
rapidly, and settle on leaves; the stout-bodied species are
sluggish, and rest on the trunks of the trees on which the larvae
have fed.

if:GERIA. 285

Larva vermiform, with sixteen legs, feeding in the stems
and roots of trees or low plants.

This is a Family of somewhat doubtful position. It was
originally included among the Sphmges, on account of the
shape of the antennae \ but recent authors have been more
inclined to refer it to the neighbourhood of the Pyrales and
TinecB. Thus Dr. Butler has placed it in some of his works
between the Pyrales and the Cramhi. Sir George Hampson
places it after the Cy m atop /i or idee (our Thyatiridce), and
before the TincegeriidcR and Syntotniida: (our ZygcBnince),
while Mr. Meyrick places it at the beginning of the Tineina.
Mr. Tutt divides the Tineites into three families : Tbieidcz^
Psychidcs, and Sesiidce ; which are succeeded by the Co-
chliopodidcB.

These insects are most easily obtained by rearing, for on
the wing they are readily mistaken for Hymenoptcra or Diptera.
Many species are now much less scarce in collections than
formerly, though some are still extremely rare. The commonest
is the Currant Clear-wing {Trochilium salmachus, Linn.), which
is often very destructive in gardens, and has now become
naturalised in most parts of the world.

GENUS ^GERIA.
Trochilhim, pt. Scopoli, Intr. Hist. Nat. p. 414(1776); Oken,

Naturg. Schul. p. 786 (1821); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent.

Haust. i. p. 137 (1828).
Algeria, Fabricius in Illiger. Mag. Insekt. vi. p. 288 (1807) ;

Leach, Edinb. Encycl. ix. p. 131 (18 15).
Sphecia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 127 (1818?).

These are stout-bodied moths, with thick yellow black-
belted bodies, and transparent wings, resembling wasps. They
are sluggish in their habits, and the abdomen is not tufted at
the extremity.

2S6 Lloyd's natural history.

THE HORNET CLEAR-WING. ^GERIA APIFORMIS.

f^Plale CLV. Fig. i.)

Sphinx apiformis^ Clerck, Icones, i. pi. 9, fig. 2 (1859);

Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 289, no. 1093 (1761); Esper,

Schmett. ii. (i), p. 122, Taf. 14, fig. 2 (1780) ; (2) p. 207,

Taf. 29, figs. 2, 3 (17S1 ?) : p. 234, Taf. 36, figs. 2, 3, 4,

II (1783).
Sphinx vespiformis, Hufnagel, Berlin. Mag. i. (2), p. 182, no. 14

(1766); Capieux, Naturf xviii. p. 222, pi. 5, figs. 7, 8

(1782).
Sphinx crabroniforinis, Denis & Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz.

Schmett. Wien. p. 305, no. 2, note (1776); Hiibner, Eur.

Schmett. ii. fig. 51 (1800?).
Sesia apifortnis, Laspeyres, Ses. Eur. p. 7 (1801); Ochsen-

heimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 121 (1808).
Trochilium apiformis, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 137

(1828); Curtis, Brit. Ent. viii. pi. 372, fig.** (1831);

Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 77, pi. 20, fig. 6

(1879).
Sphecia apiformis., Buckler, Larvse of Brit. Lepid. ii. p. 123,

pi. 27, fig. I, I a (1887).
Sphcecia apiformis^ Barrett, Lepid. Brit. Isl. ii. p. 106, pi. 57,

figs. 6, 6 a, b (1893).

The Hornet Clear-wing is common in most parts of Europe
and Northern and Western Asia. It expands about an inch
and a half.

The head is yellow ; the thorax brown, with four yellow spots,
and the abdomen yellow, with the first and fourth segments
black, and clothed with brown pubescence. The other seg-
ments are bordered with black, and the last three are brown
on the back, with a line of the same colour on the sides. All
the wings are transparent, with the borders, the nervures, and

WvnuuikSimt Umitti

I jEgeria apifomu,s

2. Memyihriis vespifornu^

3. Pyropterorv chrysidUorme.

4. Trochihiirny sphecUornte.

5. Th^ris izstiata.
a. Varnioy i^nitw.

MEMYTHRUS. 287

a transverse stripe on the fore-wings rusty-brown. The fringes
are tawny.

The larva Hves in the trunk and roots of willows and
poplars. It is whitish and pubescent, with a dusky dorsal line,
and a dark brown head.

The moth is found from May to July, sitting on the trunks
of poplars, &c., near the root, when it looks exactly like a
large wasp.

GENUS MEMYTHRUS.

Paranthrene, pt. Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 128 (1818?);

Newman, Ent. Mag. i. p. 83 (Sept. 1832); Walker, List

Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 13 (1856).
Memythrus, Newman, Sphinx Vespiformis, p. 53 (Jan. 1832).
Sciapteron, Staudinger, Ses. Berol. p. 43 (1854).

The antennas are pectinated and ciliated in the male ; the
body is moderately slender and tufted at the tip, and the fore-
wings are almost entirely opaque, except for a slight indication
of transparency at the base ; the hind-wings are transparent,
except the borders.

THE DUSKY CLEAR-WING. MEMYTHRUS VESPIFORMIS.

{Plate CLV., Fig. 2.)

Sphinx vespiformis, Linnaeus, Faun. Suec. p. 289 (1761).
Sphi?ix tabaniformis, Von Rottenburg, Naturf vii. p. no, no. 4

(1775)-
Spkipix asi/iformis, Denis & Schiffcrmtlller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.

Wien, p. 305, no. 9 (i-jjO); Esper, Schmett. ii. (2), p. 205,

Taf 29, fig. I (1782?).

Sesia asiliformis, Laspeyres, Ses. Eur. p. 10 (1801); Ochsen-

heimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 128 (180S); Barrett, Lepid.

Brit. Isl. ii. p. 78, pi. 55, figs, i, i a (1893).

288 Lloyd's natural history.

^geria asilifonm's, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 139

(1828).
Sciapteron fabaniformis, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths,

p. 77 (1879).

The Dusky Clear-wing is found throughout Europe and
Western Asia. It expands from an inch and a quarter to an
inch and a half.

The body is blue-black ; the head with two white spots in
front of the eyes, and a yellow ring behind. The thorax
has a yellow mark on each side, and a spot of the same colour
at the base of the fore-wings. The abdomen has four yellow
rings in the male, and three in the female. The anal tuft is
deep black, with two yellow longitudinal lines. The fore-
wings are brown and opaque, being almost entirely covered with
scales ; the hind-wings are transparent, with brown borders.

The larva lives in sallow, ash, and aspen.

At the beginning of the century this Moth used to be taken
occasionally in the neighbourhood of London ; but for some
unexplained reason, it appears to have entirely disappeared
from this country, almost the last specimens seen at large in
England having been taken by Mr. Doubleday in his garden
at Epping in 1858.

GENUS PYROPTERON.

Fyropteron, Newman, Ent. Mag. i. p. 75 (1832); Walker, List
Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 17 (1856).
Antennae rather slender, finely setose beneath, in themale; and
more slender, but slightly sub-clavate, in the female. The body
16 rather slender, and the abdomen is tufted at the extremity.
The fore-wings have a short hyaline streak in the cell, and a large
hyaline spot beyond ; the hind-wings are transparent, except at
the edges.

TROCHILIUM. 2S9

THE FIERY CLEAR-WING. PYRORTERON CHRYSIDIFOR.ME.
[Plate CI. v., fig. 3.)

Sphinx chrysidifonnis, Espcr, Schmett. ii. (i), p. 2[o, Taf. 30,

fig. 2 (1782).
Sphinx Jiainorrhoidalis, Cyrillo, Ent. Neap. i. pi. 4, fig. 3(1787).
Sesia chrysidiformis, Laspeyres, Ses. Eur. p. 15 (1801); Och-

senheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 143 (1S08); Kirby, Eur.

Butterflies and Moths, p. 83 (1879); I^-'^nett, Lepid.

Brit. Isl. ii. p. loi, pi. 57, figs. 4, 4a, b (1893).
^geria chrysidifor/nis, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 141

(1828).
Trochiliiim chrysidifoniiis, Buckler, Larv?e of Brit. Lepid. ii.

p. 45, pi. 27,' fig. 3, 3 a,b (1887).

The Eiery Clear-wing is found in Western and Southern
Europe. It is rare and local in England, but is met with
occasionally near Folkestone. It expands three-quarters of an
inch, or a little more.

The body is blue-black, with a yellowish-white front and
collar ; the thorax has a white spot on each side at the base
of the wings, and the abdomen has two white belts, one on the
fifth, and the other on the terminal segment. The anal tuft is
black. The borders, the nervures, and a cross mark in the
middle of the fore-wings are black. A triangular area between
the base and the central mark, and a rounded space beyond it,
are clear and transparent, the rest of the surface being bright
orange-red. The hind-wings are transparent, with a minute black
spot bordered with red in the middle of the costa.

The larva is said to live in the roots of Riimex crispus,
Artei/iisia campestris,, and Elychrysum.

GENUS TROCHILIUM.
Trochiliiim, Scopoli, Intr. Hist. Nat. p. 414 (1776); Newman,
Ent. Mag. i. p. 78(1832).
x6 u

290 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

Synafit/iedon, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 129 (181 8?);
Newman, oJ>. cit. p. 77 (1832); Walker, List Lepid. Ins.
Brit. Mus. viii, p. 19 (1856).

Antennae rather stout, serrated and pubescent beneath, in
the male, but not pectinated ; body rather slender ; abdomen
tufted at the tip. Fore-wings with three transparent areas, the
longitudinal area extending at least as far as the transverse
band ; the hind-wings transparent, except at the edges.

THE WHITE-BARRED CLEAR-WING. TROCH ILIUM SPHECIFORMIS.

{Plate CLV., Fig. 4.)
Sphinx spheciformis, Gerning, Frankf. Beytr. ii, p. t^t,, pi. i,

fig. 2 (1780); Esper, Schmett. ii (2) i, p. 212, Taf. 30,

fig. 4 (1782); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. ii, figs. 77, 78

(1802?).
Sphinx sphegiformis, Vieweg, Verz. Schmett. i. p. 15 (1789).
Sesia spheciformis, Laspeyres, Ses. Eur. p. 12 (1801); Och-

senheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii, p. 134 (1808); Kirby, Eur.

Butterflies and Moths, p. 78 (1879); Barrett, Lepid. of

Brit. Isl. ii, p. 82, pi. 55, figs. 3, 3a-c(i893).
Trochilium sphegiforniis, Buckler, Larvae of Brit. Lepid. ii. pp. 49,

127, pi. 28, figs. I, la (1887).

The White-barred Clear-wing is found throughout the greater
part of Europe and Northern Asia, but, like so many of this
Family, it is rare and local as a British species. It expands
about an inch.

The body is shining black, with a yellow longitudinal line
on each side of the thorax. The abdomen has a yellow belt
on the third segment above, and another on the fifth below ;
there is also a yellow spot on the surface of the basal segment.
The wings are transparent ; the fore-wings, with the nervures,
the hind margin, apex, and a broad transverse stripe in the

THYRIS. 291

outer third of the wing, blue-black. The hind-wings have the
hind margins, nervures, and a cross mark near the middle of
the costa also blue-black. The fringes are brownish ash-
colour.

The larva lives in the stems of the alder.

FAMILY THYRIDID^.

The antcnnce are thickened in the middle, and the basal
joint is also thickened. The proboscis is well developed, and
the ocelli are absent. The legs are stout and hairy, and the
hind tibiae are armed with two pairs of very long spurs. The
body is stout, and extends much beyond the hind-wings. The
wings are more or less dentated, and are adorned with vitreous
spots. The moths fly over flowers by day.

The larva feeds on pith in the stems of shrubs.

This Family has usually been included in the S//iifioes,
near the y£gen'idie, to which the typical genus is certainly
allied. Most of the forms included in this Family by recent
authors appear to have no connection with it. Among these is
Vamia (cf. an tea, p. loO, pi. 155, fig. 6), a genus more appro-
priately placed by its describer in the Nociiicr, than in juxta-
position with Thjris, as other Lepidopterists have proposed.

GENUS THYRIS.

T/iyris, Hofi'mannsegg, in Illiger, Mag. Insect, ii, p. 39, note

(1803) ; Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii, p. 114 (1808) •

Boisduval, Mon. Zyg. p. 16(1829).

The antennre are thicker in the male than in the female ; and

the abdomen is long and conical. The wings are dark, with

large transparent spots. The moths arc small, and are

chiefly found in Europe, Asia, and North America. They fly

over flowers in the daytime.

U 2

292 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

The larva is naked, with the head small, and the body
tapering in front. It lives in the stems of elder, &c., feeding
on the pith. The pupa is scabrous.

THYRIS USITATA.
i^Plate CLV., Fig. 5.)

Thyris ustfata, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) v. p. 367
(1879).

" Dark purplish brown, with cupreous reflections ; wings
spotted with golden yellow, most of the spots forming a sub-
marginal series ; primaries with two unequal and nearly central
hyaline white spots, the larger one in front of the smaller ;
secondaries with a broad, irregular hyaline white belt upon the
basal half, but not reaching the costal margin ; head, collar,
and palpi golden yellow at the sides ; tegulae edged internally
with yellow ; a snow-white spot on the shoulder ; abdomen
crossed by two slender white bands. Wings below nearly as
above ; the yellow spots larger and more numerous ; venter
crossed by two broad white belts " {Biifler).

This species is closely allied to the well-known European
Thyris feiiestrella (Scopoli). It is a native of Japan.

TINEyE.

This is by far the most extensive group of the Lepidoptera^
at least in temperate climates, and includes a third of our
British species. The Tiiie(z are moths of small size, usually
with simple antennae, rounded, or long and narrow, wings,
generally with long, or very long fringes, and sometimes with
very simple neuration. The structure of the head and palpi,
and the form of the hind-wings varies considerably.

The larvae, too, vary much in structure and habits ; they
may be wholly footless, or may have from ten to eighteen legs;
but sixteen is the normal number, as with most Lepidoptera,

4-

^s-^

^rnvanKSans Ltnut^^d

hAtyclua ajfpetidiailata. d.Adeia d^yc^-pUa,.
2. Cli/jt'eutis TtuiJct-an/f. 6*. Eyfwnvmenta jxideUo .

3.DuTtimvfageIla^ jucde^ 7. (%iysoclist<\ hniieeJla .
^- „ „ 7 ivinalc. H. GiutalUuia .s^ringella

d.CrcuiieriaiLcbilTteU/L.

CHOREUTIS. 293

except the Geonidra:. Tliey differ much in habits. The true
" Clothes-Moths " feed on wooUen fabrics, and form cases for
themselves ; but others form cases of the vegetable substances
on which they feed, and a great number of Tinecz mine in leaves.
They are divided into a considerable number of well-marked
Families, representatives of several of which are described or
figured in the present work.

GExNUS CHOREUTIS. {Choreutidcu.)
Afifliophiia, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 471 (181 2), 7iec Hilbner.
C/ioreietis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 373 (1826?); Von
Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2), ii. (i), p. 2 (1S70).

The Family to which this genus belongs is of somewhat
doubtful position, being classed by some authors with the
Pyrales, and by others with the Tincce. It includes small,
dull-coloured moths, with rather stout bodies and broad wings,
with short fringes. The palpi are ascending. The larvre have
sixteen legs, and feed among leaves spun together by a web ;
the pup?e are enclosed in cocoons. The moths fly by day, and
when at rest hold their wings partly open. The genus
Choreutis has long bristles on the under-surface of the two
first joints of the palpi, the last joint being slender and
pointed.

THE SILVER. DOTTED NETTLE-TAP. CHOREUTIS MYLLERANA.

{Plate CLVL, Fig. 2.)

Pyralis myJkrana, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (2), p. 277, no. 147

(1794)-
Tortrix angustana, Hi.ibner, Eur. Schmett. vii. fig. 204(1803?).
Anthophila mylleri, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 472, no. 5 (18 12);

Curtis, Brit. Ent. vii. pi. 320 (1830).
Anthophila punctosa, Haworth, op. cit. p. 472, no. 6 (1S12).
Choreiites scintilulalis, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. x. (3), p. 33

('835)-

2 94 Lloyd's natural history.

Simaethh niylkrafia, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 30

(1834).
Simacthis punctosa^ id. op. cit.

This Moth is a native of Temperate and Northern Europe,
including Britain. It expands about half an inch.

The fore-wings and body are black ; the former with three
clear white spots on the costa, and others towards the inner
margin. Between these are a few silvery or steel-blue dots.
In front of the fringes is a dull white or steel-blue line. The
hind-wings are dark brown, with whitish-grey fringes, and
occasionally traces of a white transverse line near the middle
of the inner margin.

GENUS ATYCHIA. {Atychudce)

Chmccra, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 2 (180S), nom.

prceocc.
Atychia, Latreille Gen. Crust. Ins. iv. p. 214 (1S09); Von

Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (i), p. 7 (1870).

Small stout-bodied moths, with a long abdomen. Ocelli
present. Palpi short and thick ; upcurved, with a short terminal
joint. Fore-wings short, parallel, rounded behind, with short
fringes, and twelve nervures, the sub-median nervure forming
a long fork at the base. Hind-wings with eight nervures, and
three sub-median nervures. In the male the antennae are
pectinated.

The larvae resemble those of the ^-Egeriida, and live in a tube-
like web at the roots of grass.

These Moths are chiefly South European, and we have no
representative of the Family in England. They were formerly
included in the Sphinges, but are now referred to the Tinece,
or regarded as a separate group preceding the latter.

EUPLOCAMUS.

295

ATYCHIA APPENDICULATA.

[Plate CLVL, Fig i.)

sphinx appendiculata, Esper, Schmett. ii. (2), p. 227, Taf. 35.

figs. 5, 6(1788?). .. ^ / ^

sphinx chimcBra, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. 11. fig. i (i797)-
Noctua chimccra, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. iv. figs. 3^4, S^S
(1S04?).
This Moth is found in South-eastern Europe and Western
Asia. It expands three-quarters of an inch.

The fore-wings are dark brown, dusted with ochre-yellow in
the male, with an oclire-yellow longitudinal stripe from the
base extending two-thirds across the wings, and expanded m
its o'uter part. The hind-wings are dark brown, with a white
band near the base, which does not reach either the costa or
inner mar-in. The female has darker fore-wmgs, with a
coppery lustre, and a narrow whitish costa and faintly indi-
cated longitudinal stripe; but no light spot on the hind-wings.

GENUS EUPLOCAMUS. (TiueidcB.)
Euplocamus, LatreiUe, Gen. Crust. Ins. iv. p. 223 (1809); Von
Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2), 11. (i), p. 35 (1870).
The species included in this genus are among the largest of
the European TinecE. They are conspicuously coloured, with
larc^e white or coloured spots and markings on a black ground ;
and the antennce of the males are furnished with very long
diverging cilia. The larv.^ live in rotten trees and tree-fungi
in spring, and the moths appear in summer.

EUPLOCAMUS BIENEKTI.
{Plate CLVIIL, Fig. 2.)
Euplocamus bicncrti, Staudinger, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. xiv. p. 207
(1870); Lederer, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. viii. p. 24, pi- 2,
figs. II, 12 (1872).

296 , Lloyd's natural history.

This species expands about an inch.

It is found in Asia Minor and Northern Persia. The fore-
wings are black, with yellow nervures, and the fringes are
broadly spotted with orange-yellow, as are also the costa and
hind margin, but less broadly, the rest of the wing being
thickly mottled with the same colour. The hind-wings are
light orange, with a broad black border ; the fringes are
yellowish. The body is black ; the long palpi, a spot towards
the back of the thorax, the transverse bands on the abdomen,
and the anal tuft are yellow ; the legs are also yellow, more or
less banded with black ; the hind-legs especially are very long,
and the hind tibiai are compressed, yellow, and very strongly
spurred. The antenna; are set with very long diverging hairs.

Except in colour, this species is closely allied to E.
aiithracinalis (Scopoli), a black South European species, with
yellow marks on the head and thorax, and large white spots
on the fore-wings.

GENUS TINEA. {TilieidcU.)
Tinea, Linnoeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 534 (175S) ; Poda, Mus.
Gra^c. p. 94 (1761) ; Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (i), p. 12
(1832); Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 24 (1854); Von
Heinemann, Scb.mett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (i), p. 40 (1870).
The head is clothed with woolly hair, and the antennre are
shorter than the wings. The wings are long, more or less oval,
and the hind-wings especially are often ratlicr narrow nnd
pointed, with long fringes. This genus includes the true
" Clothes Moths " ; but there are only a few species which
are destructive to clothes. Other species feed on grain, rotten
wood, fungi, &:c.

THE clothes moth. TINEA PELT, ION ELLA.

Tinea pellione/la, Linnceus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 536,
no. 254 (1758); id. Faun. Suec. p, 364, no. 1415 (1761);

ADEIA. 297

Treitschke, Schmctt. Eur. ix. (i), p. 15 (1832); Stephens,
111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 345 (1834) ; Stainton, Ins.
Brit. Tineina, p. ^^ (1854); Von Heinemann, Schmett.
Deutschl. (2), ii. (2), p. 54 (1S70); Kirby, Eur. Butterflies
and Moths, p. 413 (1883).
7}'fiea sarciteUa, Linnreus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.)i. p. 536, no. 255
(1758); id. Faun. Suec. p. 364, no. 1416 (1761).

The Clothes Moth is widely distributed, and probably
almost cosmopolitan. It expands about half an inch. The
fore-wings are light metallic golden brown, with one or two
fine dark dots in front of, and a larger one beyond, the middle.
The cilia are whitish. The hind-wings are pale grey, with a
yellowish shine, and yellowish-white fringes.

The larva feeds on wool, hair, fur, feathers, &c.

It attains a length of about a third of an inch and is
yellowish-white, rather shining and wrinkled. The head and
cervical plate are brown, the latter divided longitudinally by a
white line. There is a dark brownish-red dorsal line, which
ends in a red spot, and the ventral surface and legs are white.
The larva forms a portable case of the material upon which it
is feeding, and the yellowish-brown pupa is either formed in
this, ur in a slight cocoon.

GENUS A DEL A. {Ade/lcUe)

y/^tVrt, Latreille, Precis, p. 147 (1796) ; id. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins.

iii. p. 417 (1802), xiv. p. 255 (1805); Treitschke, Schmett.

El r. ix. (2), p. 112 (1S33); Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina,

p. 48 (1854) ; Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2),

ii. (i) p. 73 (1870).
This is a genus belonging to a family allied to the Tineidcc,
but distinguished by the very long and slender antennae of the

298 Lloyd's natural history.

males, and the beautiful golden-green or coppery colour of
most of the species. The moths fly by day in woods in
spring.

DE GEER'S long-horned MOTH. ADELA DEGEERELLA.
{Flale CLVL, Fig. 5.)

Tinea degeerella, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.) i. p. 540, no. 286

(1758); id. Faun. .Suec. p. 360. no. 1393 (1761); Clerck,

Icones, pi. 12, fig. 3 (1759)-
(?) Tinea sidizella, LinnjEu.s, Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.), i. (2) p. 896,

no. 427 (1767).
Tinea geerella, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 130 (iSoi), fig.

446 (1822).
Adela degeerella, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (2), p. 131

(1S33), X. (3) p. 207 (1835); Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent.

Haust. iv. p. 230 (1834) ; Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and

Moths, p. 413, pi. 62, fig. 10 (1883); Stainton, Ins. Brit.

Tineina, p. 50(1854); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl,

(2), ii. (i) p. 77 (1870).

This species is found throughout Europe and Asia Minor.
It expands about three-quarters of an inch.

The fore-wings are dull golden yellow with dark longitudinal
lines in the basal half and in front of the tips. Between these
is a golden yellow transverse band, bordered on each side with
dark violet, and slightly expanded on the inner margin. The
hind-wings are greyish-brown, suffused with violet. The long
antennie are, in the male, brownish-violet towards the base and
then white; in the female the basal half is dark violet and
much thickened, the rest of the antenn;!;^ being white.

The larva feeds in a flat case on Wood Anemone and other
low plants. It is yellowish-white, with a black head and a

HVrONOMRUTA. 299

blackish cervical plate. The third and fourth segments are
•potted with grey above.

GENUS HYPONOMEUTA. {HypOUOUlcutidcV?)
Yponomeuta, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. iii. p. 417 (1802),

xiv. p. 417 (1805); Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (i),

p. 208 (1832).
Hyp07io>neuta, Zeller, Isis, 1844, p. 199; Stainton, Ins. Brit.

Tineina,p. 58 (1854); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl.

(2) ii. (i), p. 107 (1870).

These are rather large moths for Tinea, and are easily
recognisable by their long white or grey wings, with rows of
conspicuous black dots. The larvce spin webs over their
food plant, and are often very destructive, the various species
feeding on apple, hawthorn, sloe, box, spindle-tree, &c.

THE SMALL ERMINE MOTH. HYPONOMEUTA PADELLA.

{Plate CLVL, Fig. 6.)

Tinea padelia, Linn.xus, Syst. Nat. (ed. x.), i. p. 535, no. 240

(1758) ; id. Faun. Suec. p. 354, no. 1364 (1761); Hiibner,

Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 87 (1801), figs. 393-395 (1816).
(?) Yponoiiieuta cogiiafeiia, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (i),

p. 220 (1832).
Yponoineuta padrlia, Stci)hens, 111. Brit. Ent. Ilaust. iv. p. 243

(1834).
Hyponommta padcl/a, Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Afoths,

p. 413(1883).
Hypononieiita padelliis, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 60 (1854).
Hyponoiiicuta variabilis, Zeller, Isis, 1844, p. 214; Von

Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2), ii. (1), p. 109(1870).

The Small P>mine Moth is found throughout the greater
part of Europe and Asia Minor, It expands from half to
three quarters of an inch.

300 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

The fore-wings are white with a greyish tinge, with three
rows of black dots. The fringes are pale grey or white,
with pale grey tips. The hind-wings are brownish grey with
lighter fringes.

The larva feeds on hawthorn and apple, and is grey, spotted
with black. It feeds gregariously, under a web.

GENUS CRAMERIA. {HypoiiomcutidcB^
Cramcria, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 168(1822?).
Cydosia, \Vestwood, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 193
(1841) ; Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 523
(1854); Guenee, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, (5), ix. p. 283
(1879).

Antennae simple ; palpi small ; proboscis long ; wings rather
long, entire, fore-wings rather narrow, hind -wings broad, but
considerably longer than broad ; discoidal cells open.

A small genus of handsome moths, formerly included with
the LithosiidcB.

CRAMERIA NOCILITELLA.
{Plate CLVL, Fig: 9.)
Tinea iiobilite/ia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pi. 264, fig. G (1779).
Cydosia nobiliiella, Westwood, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot.
Moths, p. 193, 1)1. 24, fig. 2 (1S41); Walker, List Lepid.
Ins. Brit. I^dus. ii. p. 524, no. 1 (1854); Guenee, op. cit.
p. 286(1879).
Cydosia cyanclla, Gucnec, I.e. p. 283 (1870).

This Moth is a native of the West Indies and South America.
It expands about an inch and a quarter.

The fore-wings are shining steel-blue, each with about
fourteen white spots, arranged for the most part in transverse
rows of threes ; in addition to these there are also several
minute white dots near the tips of the wings. Between the

DIURNEA. 301

white spots run three shining orange transverse bars, and there
is a spot of the same colour on the costa near the base. The
hind-wings are white, with a broad blackish marginal band.
The body is steel-blue, with six white spots on the thorax, and
the legs are black, with white marks.

There are several closely allied forms, which may or may
not be distinct species.

GENUS DIURNEA. {C/iiniabacchidcv.)

Diuniea, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 501 (181 2); Stephens, 111.
Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 237 (1S34) ; Curtis, Brit. Ent. xvi.

Pl- 743 (1839)-
Chimabache, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 402 (1S26?).
Chimabacc/ie, Zeller, Isis, p. iSi (1839); Stainton, Ins.

Brit. Tineina, p. 14 (1854) ; Von Heinemann, Schmett.

Deutschl. (2) ii. (i) p. 131 (1870).

This is a genus which is included in the Exapatidce by some
authors, while others place it in the Tinea, or treat it as belonging
to a distinct Family.

The head is hairy above ; the palpi are small, and the
proboscis is almost obsolete. Ocelli present. The female has
rudimentary wings. In Dhirnea, the ocelli are small, the face
and palpi are clothed with smooth hair, and the fore-wings of
the female are oval, and as long as the body, the hind- wings
being shorter and narrower.

THE MARSH DAGGER. DIURNEA FAGELLA,
{Plate CLVL, Fig. 3, male ; Fig. 4, female.)
Tinea fagella, Denis & SchifTermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett.
Wien. p. 135, no. 34 (1776); Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii

fig. 12 (1793?)-
LemmatopJiila fagella, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (i), p. 26

(•832).

30 2 LI.OYDS N-^TURAL HISTORY.

Dinrnea fagclla, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 237

(1834)."
ChimabaccJie fage/la, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 15 (1854);
Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2), ii. p. 132 (1870).

The Marsh Dagger is a native of Temperate and many parts
Southern Europe. The male expands upwards of an inch,
and the female two-thirds of an inch. The fore-wings are
whitish-grey or pale ashy-grey, with two dark brown transverse
stripes, commencing at the costa, but not reaching the hind-
margin. The first of these, which is near the base, is dentated,
and bordered on the inner side with white. The second is in
tlie middle of the wing, and on it are several dots. Behind it
is a faint light brownish spot. In front of the fringes, which
are streaked with brownish and whitish-grey, is another zig-zag
line of coarse scales, and from the first to the second transverse
line runs a waved longitudinal line, sometimes wanting. The
entire surface of the wings is, moreover, coarsely dusted with
brown, with here and there scattered blackish dots. The hind-
wings are uniform ashy-grey or whitish-grey, with grey and
white fringes. '

The female, which usually sits on the stems of trees, and is
unable to fly, but which can run very fast if disturbed, has
very long pointed palpi which, like the head and thorax, are
ashy-grey. The abdomen is brownish-grey, with whitish rings.
The fore-wings are lanceolate and raised. They resemble the
abdomen in colour, and are crossed by two black transverse
lines, the area between forming a dark band, which contains
three raised black dots forming a triangle. There are also
raised yellowish-brown atoms on the surface which make the
wings appear uneven. The hind-wings consist of pointed
stumps, and are pale ashy- grey.

The larva lives on oak, beech, birch, poplar, &c. The head

K^r/lt*"*

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Cryptophasch u-roro-toy, tnctle

, ferwaLe..

, Ixuryoy-
" ,excr&sc€/ueforrn£cihylarycu

CRYPTOrHASA. 303

is flat, light brown, with dark spots and streaks. The body is
flat, and white with a pale green or grey dorsal line, and two
rows of hardly visible white warts, set with white hair. The
cervical plate is whitish, with a brownish lustre.

The transformation takes place between leaves, in a delicate
cocoon, and the pupa is slender, light brown, with dark wing-
cases.

GENUS CRYPTOPHASA. {CryptophnsidiU?)
Cryptophasa, Lewin, Lepid. Ins. N. S.Wales, p. ii (1805);
Duncan, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p. 1 17 (1841).

The antennce are pectinated nearly to the tips in the male, l)ut
are simple in the female. The proboscis is obsolete, and the
palpi are cylindrical, curved upwards, and pointed. The wings
are glossy, with short fringes. The larva has sixteen legs, and
is long and cylindrical. It bores into the trunks of trees, and
emerges at night to provision its burrow with leaves, on which
it feeds.

These Moths, though now referred to the Ttnecs, more
resemble Bombyces or Noctucc in size and aj^pearance ; and
they are among the largest Tincce known.

CRYPTOPHASA IRRORATA.
(^Plate CLVII.)

Cryptophasa tr?'orafa, Lewin, Lepid. Ins. N. S.Wales, p. 11,
pi. 10 (1805); Duncan, in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Exot.
Moths, p. 117, pi. 10 (1841).

This remarkable species is a native of Australia.

It expands from an inch and three-quarters to two inches
and a quarter.

The fore-wings are dusky grey, thickly speckled with brown
and white atoms, with a conspicuous ear-shaped spot beyond
the middle of the wings and an angular patch of dark dots

304 LLOYD S NATURAL HLSTORY.

near the shoulders. The hind-wings are blackish with silvery
margins.

The eggs of this moth are laid on the bark of Casmirina,
where a branch is given off, and the white red-spotted larva, as
soon as it emerges, bores its way into the bark, and makes a
cylindrical passage to the centre of the stem, where it lives,
weaving over the entrance a convex cover formed of ends of
leaves, and its own excrement. This cover is securely attached
at its upper part, the lower end remaining movable, so that the
larva can pass in and out. After sunset it goes in search oi
food, which it conveys, a leaf at a time, to its dwelling, and
drags down into the cylindrical passage. In this manner the
larva spends the whole of the night, and towards daybreak
retires quickly to its retreat, where it lies hidden with its head
towards the entrance, feeding on the stored leaves. In this
p\assage the pupa is formed in January without a cocoon, and
the moth appears in about a fortnight, in February.

GENUS HARPELLA. {GclccJlUdiV^

Harpella, Schrank, P\iuna Boica, ii. (2), p. 168 (1802);

Zeller, Isis, 1839, p. 191 ; Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina,

p. 151 (1854); Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2),

ii. p. 371 (1870).
Alaho7iia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 418 (1826?);

Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 226 (1834).

The largest family of the Micro- Lepidoptera is that of the
Gelechiidcz, to which the present genus belongs. Harpelhx
includes one or two conspicuous species of bright colours, and
of large size for Tinece. In Harpella, the palpi are very long,
compressed, the second joint scaly, and the terminal joint
slender, pointed, and obliquely raised. The wings are oval,
rather broad, and rounded at the tips, with moderately long

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CECOPHORA. 305

fringes. The larvas have sixteen legs, and feed on rotten
wood under bark. The moths fly in woods in spring.

HARPELLA GEOFFRELLA.

{Plate CLVIIL, Fig. 3.)

Tinea geoffrelia, Linnaeus, vSyst. Nat. (cd. xii.), i. (2), p. 896,

no. 430 (1767).
Alabonia geoffroyella, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 227

(1834).
Harpel/a gcoffrclla, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 152 (1854);
Von Heinemann, Schraett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (i), p. 372
(1870).

This beautiful Moth is found in most parts of Central and
Southern Europe. It expands about three-quarters of an inch.

The fore-wings are yellow, clouded with brown in the
marginal third, and with two leaden-blue streaks rising from
the base. Beyond the middle are two conspicuous triangular
pale yellow spots, one on the costa, and the other on the inner
margin. The liind-wings are brown. It frequents hedges and
woods, where it flies about on sunny mornings.

GENUS CECOPHORA. {Gtcop/ioriche.)

QZaphora^ Latreille, Precis, p. 146 (1796) ; id. Hist. Nat. Crust.

Ins. iii. p. 417 (1802); xiv. p. 251 (1805); Curtis, Brit.

Ent. ix. pi. 408 (1832); Slej)hens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv.

p. 227 (1834) ; Zeller, Isis, 1839, p. 191, ncc Stainton, restr.
Dasycencs, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 524 (1829).
Dasycera, Stephens, Cat. Brit. Ins. ii. p. 199 (1829); Stainton,

Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 155 (1S54) ; Von Heinemann,

Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (i), p. 373 (1S70).

These are i)retty little black and yellow moths, with long

and moderately broad wings, and the hind-wings with lon<^

16 K "

3ot) tXOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY.

fringes. The antennae are thickened towards the base, and
hairy on tlie back ; t4ie palpi are up-curved, and the tips of the
wings are rounded.

The larvDS have sixteen legs, and feed on rotten wood
under bark.

THE LEAST YELLOW UNDER-WING. CECOPHORA SULPHURELLA,

{Hate CLV/IL, Fig. 4.)
Alucita siilphurella., Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 670, no. 19 (1775).
Tinea coniutella., id. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 492, no. 63 (1798).
Tinea orhonella, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 313 (18 16?).
Q^cofhora sulphurella^ Curtis, Brit. Ent. ix. pi. 408 (1832) ;

Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 228 (1834).
Dasycera sulphurella, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 154 (1854) ;
Von Heinemann, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (i), p. 373
(.870).
The Least Yellow Under-wing is found throughout the
greater part of Europe. It expands seven lines and a half.

The fore-wings are olive-brown, dusted with yellow, especially
towards the hind margin. From the base run two short yellow
longitudinal streaks, and there is a small pale yellow spot on
the costa, and a larger triangular spot of the same colour
beyond the middle of the inner margin, llie hind-wings are
pale ochre-yellow, with dark brown tips.

The larva lives in decayed wood. It is greyish-white, spotted
with blackish, with a reddish-brown head and second segment.

GENUS ERETMOCERA. {Tirupgeriidce.)
Eretniocera, Zeller, Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 1852, j). 96

(1854) ; Walsingham, Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond. 1881, p. 271 ;

1889, \). 19.
Exodoniorpha, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. xxix. p. 833

(1S64).

ERETMOCKRA. 307

The Ti7icBgcr!idceKXQ a Family of small tropical moths, regarded
as intermediate between the ^geriidcs and Gelechiidce. The
moths are brilliantly coloured, with long narrow wings, and
long fringes, a strong proboscis, and antennae long and heavily
fringed for the greater part of their length. The legs are long,
with two pairs of strong spurs on the hind tibiae ; and in several
species the legs and abdomen are more or less tufted.

There is a monograph of this group by Lord Walsingham in
the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for
1889.

Eretmocera has the antennge a little thickened in the middle,
and fringed on one side for two-thirds of its length; and a large
tuft at the tip of the abdomen.

ERETMOCERA L^ETISSIMA.
{Plate CLVIIL, Fi^. i.)

Erclinocera Iicfissi//ia, Zeller, Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh.'
1852. p. 100 (1854) ; Walsingham, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1889, p. 33, pi. 6, fig. 17.

Exodomorpha dtvisclla, Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus.
xxix. p. 833 (1864) ; Walsingham, toni. cit. p. 34 (1889).

This Moth inhabits tropical and sub-tropical Africa.

Walker's description of his E. diviseUa is as follows : — " Dark
purplish cupreous. Head beneath, and pectus on each side,
pale gilded yellow. Abdomen scarlet, with a pur[)lish cupreous
spot near the base, which is gilded yellow ; a purplish cupreous
spot on each side at the tip ; under side gilded yellow, with two
purplish bands ; first band near the base widely interrupted ;
second sub-apical, entire. Fore-wings with three pale yellow
dots ; first dot discal, near the base ; second costal, opposite
the third, which is near the end of the interior border. Hind-
wings gilded; costa and fringe red, the latter blackish cupreous

X 2

3o8 ■ Lloyd's natural history.

towards the tip of the wing. Length of the body, two lines and
three-quarters ; of the wings, five lines and a half."

GENUS GRACILLARIA. {Gracillariidce')
Gracillaria, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 527 (1829); Curtis, Brit.
Ent. X. pi. 479 (1S33) ; Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Elaust. iv.

P- 363 (1835)-
Gracilaria, Zeller, Isis, 1839, p. 208; id. Linn. Ent. ii. p. 312

(1847); Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 194 (1854); Von

Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii (2),

p. 616 (1817).
The Family to which this genus belongs has long antennae
and palpi, and long slender wings with very long fringes. The
larvae have only fourteen legs. The smooth head, and the
absence of a tuft of hair on the second joint of the palpi, dis-
tinguish Gracillaria from the allied genera.

THE small lilac MOTH. GRACILLARIA SVRINGELLA.

{Plate CLVL, Fig. 8.)

Tinea syringella, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (2), p. 328, no. 177

(1794) ; id. op. cit. Suppl. p. 496, no. 84 (179S).
Gracillana anastomosis, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 530 (1S29) ;

Curtis, Brit. Ent. x. pi. 479 (1S33).
Ornix ardecepennelia, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (2), p. 205

(1833)-
Gracilaria syringclia, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tin. p. 198 (1854)3
Kirby, Eur. Butterflies and Moths, p. 414 (1883) ; Von
Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (2),
p. 624 (1877).
The Small Lilac Moth has a wide range in Europe. It
expands half an inch.

The fore-wings are yellowish- white, with the base brown,

COLEOriTORA. 309

marbled with white. There is a brown blotch on the inner
margin near the base, and there are three oblique brown bands.
The tips of the wings are brownish, with two whitish spots on
the costa. The hind-wings are grey, with paler ciHa.

The larva mines the leaves of privet, ash and lilac, and is
whitish with a light-brown head.

GENUS COLEOPHORA. {CokophoridiS.)
CoIcopJiora, Hiibner, Tentamen, p. 2(1810?); Zellcr, Isis, 1839,
p. 191 (1839); id. Linn. Ent. iv. p. 191 (1849); Stainton,
Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 208 (1854); Von Heinemann &
Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (2), p. 530 (1877).
Porrecfnria, Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 533 (1829); Stephens, 111.
Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 284 (1835).

This is a large genus of small moths, with long and narrow
pointed wings, and very long fringes. The antennae are ex-
tended forward in repose, and have frequently a tuft of hair at
the base beneath. The hind tibiae are hairy, with two pairs of
spurs beyond the middle. ,

The larvEe have sixteen legs, and live in small cases on their
food-plants ; they feed on leaves or seeds.

The following species is the type of the genus.

THE GOOSE-FEATHER MOTH. COLEOPHORA ANATIPENNELLA.

{Plate CLVIIL, Fig. 5.)

Tinea ajiatipennella, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii.fig. 186 (i 801).

Ornix anatipennella, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix (2), p. 211

(1833); X. (3), p. 217 (1835).
Porrectaria anaiipennella, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv.

p. 285 (1834).
Cokophora anatipennella, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina p. 215

(1854) ; Von Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl,

(2) ii. (2), p. 583 (1877).

310 LLOVL) S NATURAL HISTORY.

The Goose-Feather Moth is a native of Northern and Central
Europe. It expands seven lines and a Iralf.

The fore-wings are pale ashy-grey, with numerous light brown
atoms towards the apex, and a few near the base. These do
not run into lines or spots, but remain distinct. The fringes
are ashy. The hind-wings are brownish. The antennae are
ringed with grey and white.

The larva lives on lime, hazel, sloe, oak, and other trees, and
has a dark brown case, shaped somewhat like a pistol, which
stands upright on the leaf.

GENUS CHRYSOCLISTA. {LaveruidcB^
ChrysocHsta, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 240 (1854) ; Von
Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Deutsclil. (2) ii. (j),
p. 432 (1877).
This is a beautiful genus, with tufts of metallic raised scales
on the wings. Tlie wings are long and narrow, and the hind-
wings, which are nearly as long as the fore-wings, have long
fringes. The lar\ a; have sixteen legs.

(.'HRVSOCLISTA MNNEELLA.

(Plate CLVJ., /-T- 7.)

Tinea h'nneella, Clerck, Icones, pi. 12, fig. 8 (1759); Linnceus,

Faun. Suec. p. 362, no. 1408 (1761).
Glyphipteryx linneclla, Curtis, Brit. Ent. iv.pl. 152 (1827);

Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent, Haust. iv. p. 271 (1834).
ChrysocUsta linnee//a, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 241 (1854);
Von Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (2),
P- 433 (1877)-
This species inhabits Central and Southern Europe. It
expands half an inch.

The fore-wings are deep orange, narrowly bordered with

ANTISPII.A. 311

dark brown, except at the tips, which are broadly dark brown.
From the base passes a silvery streak, and there is a silvery
mark below the costa, and two on the inner margin. The
hind-wings are dark purple. The fringes of all the wings are
blackish.

The larva lives under the bark of lime trees, and is yellowish-
white, with a light brown head.

GENUS ANTISl'ILA. {HellOZelidcB.)
Antispila, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 419 (1826);
Stainton, Man. Brit. Butt. & Moths, ii. p. 366 (1859);
id. Nat. Hist. Tineina, xi. p. 298 (1870) ; Von Heinemann
& Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (2), p. 515 (1877).

This genus includes a iew species with rather stout bodies,
short antennae, broad fore-wings, and lanceolate hind-wings,
with long fringes.

The footless larv?e mine in leaves, and pupate in flat cases
on the surface of the ground, or hang suspended by a thread
to a leaf.

ANTISPILA TREITSCHKIELLA.

{^riate CLVIIL, Fig. 7.)

CEcophora ireitschkiella, Duponchel, Lepid. France, Suppl. iv.

p. 319, pi. 77, fig. I (1842).
Elachista ireitschkiella, Fischer von Roslerstamm, Abbild.

Schmett. p. 297, pi. 100, fig. 4 (1843); Stainton, Ins.

Brit. Tineina, p. 250 (1854).
Antispila treitschkielia, Stainton, Nat. Hist. Tineina, xi. p. 318,

pi. 8, fig. 3 (1870) ; Von Heinemann «S: Wocke, Schmett.

Deutschl. (2) ii. (2), p. 515 (1S77).

This is a small bronzy-brown moth, not more than a
quarter of an inch in expanse, with a silvery band towards the
base ot the fore-wings, and two silvery spots beyond, that

3^2 Lloyd's natural history.

towards the costa round, and that towards the inner margin
triangular.

The larva mines in the leaves of the dogwood in autumn,
and the moth appears in the following June.

A similar, but much smaller, species, with no transverse band,
but with two triangular spots on the costa of the fore-wings,
and two others on the inner margin, mines in vine-leaves in
Southern Europe. A long and interesting account of its
habits, by Godeheu de Riville, the then governor of Malta, was
published as long ago as 1750 ; but though the original French
paper was afterwards printed in German in 1774, it was not
till 187 1 that the insect was re-discovered at Carrara by the
Hon. Beatrice de Grey ; and the moth was reared and
described by Stainton, who had provisionally named it Elachisia
(?) rivilleim 1854, and reprinted Riville's observations in his
" Tineina of Southern Europe," chap, xi., calling the insect
" The Lost Pleiad."

This is only another instance of the importance of studying
old records, from which much useful but forgotten information
can often be gathered by the present generation of naturalists.

GENUS LITHOCOLLETIS. {LithocoUctidcV^,

LifhocoL'efis, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmctt. p. 423 (1S26);
Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 264 (1S54) ; id. Nat. Hist.
Tineina, ii. p. 2 (1857); Von Heinemann & Wocke,
Schmett. Deutschl. (2) ii. (2), p. 662 (1877).

This is an extensive genus of small species with oval fore-
wings, and narrow lanceolate hind-wings. There is a tuft ot
hair on the head, and the palpi are short, slender, and
decumbent. The larvae have fourteen legs, and mine in the
leaves of trees.

MICROSETIA.

LITHOCOLLETIS SPINOLELLA.
{Plate CLVI/L, Fig. 6.)

Phalana hlancardella, Donovan, Brit. Ins. xi. p. 90, pi. 392,

fig. 2 (1806) nee Fahricius.
Argyromiges sylvella, Duncan in Jardine's Nat. Libr. Brit.

Moths, p. 262, pi. 30, fig. I (1835) ''^^ Curtis.
Elacliisfa spiiiolcUa, Duponchel, Lepid. France, xi. p. 535,

pi. 308, fig. 8 (1838) ; Herrich-Schiiffer, Schmett.

Eur. V. p. 332, fig. 797 (1854).
Elachista Iiihur/Ia, Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp. p. 1010 (1840).
LithocoIIetis spinoldia, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 273

(1854); id. Nat. Hist. Tineina, ii. p. 136, pi. 3, fig. 2 (1857).
LiihocoUeiis spinkokUa, Von Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett.

Deutschl. (2), ii. (2), p. 671 (1877).

This Moth is found throughout Central Europe. It expands
from three lines and a half to four lines and a half.

The fore-wings are saffron-yellow, more or less suffused with
grey, with a straight basal streak, a slightly curved transverse
band, three hooks on the costa, and two on the hind margins,
silvery-v/hite. The hind-wings are grey.

The larva mines the under-surface of the leaves of Salix
caprea and S. silesiaca, &:c.

GENUS MICROSETIA. {NeptlcitUdcE?)
Miavseiia, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv. p. 263 (1834).
Nepticula., Zeller, Linn. Ent. iii. p. 301 (1848); Stainton, Ins.
Brit. Tineina, p. 295 (1854); id. Nat. Hist. Tineina,
i. p. 2 (1855) ; Yon Heinemann & Wocke^ Schmett.
Deutschl. (2) ii. (2), p. 727 (1877).

The head is hairy, the antenna; rather thick, and not more
than two-thirds as long as the fore-wings ; the labial |)alpi are

314 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

short and drooping, and the maxillary palpi are composed of
several joints.

The larvae have eighteen rudimentary pro-legs, and mine in
leaves, but generally pupate outside the mine.

The moths are often marked with brilliant metallic spots,
and might be very conspicuous, but for their diminutive size.
They are the smallest known Lepidopfera, and the species
figured is the smallest of all.

THE NUT ^HNER. ]\IICROSETL\ MICROTHERIELLA.
{Plate CLVIII., Fig. 8.)
Nepticula niicrotheriella, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 302
(1854)- id. Nat. Hist. Tineina, i. p. 118, pi. 2, fig. 3
(1855); Von Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl.
(2) ii. (2), p. 747 (1S77).
This Moth is found in various parts of Europe, including
Britain. It expands only a line and three-quarters.

"Head and face yellowish, slightly mixed with fuscous.
Palpi whitish. Antenn;^ fuscous ; basal joint whitish. Anterior
wings fuscous, slightly tinged with purple, especially towards
the apex ; beyond the middle is a slightly oblique, rather
slender, whitish fascia ; cilia fuscous. Posterior wings grey,
with paler cilia.

*' The smallest Lepidopterous insect ! Appears in May and
August, but rarely met with in the perfect state ; the small
yellowish-green larva makes extremely narrow tortuous galleries
in the leaves of the nut and hornbeam, occurring in autumn
and July. It is sometimes so abundant that upwards of thirty
may be found in a single leaf! The rather firm cocoon is of
a pale buff colour " {Stainton).

GENUS MICROPTERYX. {Micropterj'gldce^
Alicroptenx, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 426 (1826?).

MICROPTERYX. 315

Micropteryx^ Zeller, Isis, 1839, p. 185; id. Linn. Ent. v. p. 322
(1S50); Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 42 (1854).

Eriocephala, Curtis, Brit. Ent. xvi. pi. 751 (1839); Von
Heinemann & Wocke, Schmett. Deutschl. (2), ii. (2),
p. 772 (1877); Meyrick, Handb. Brit. Lepid. p. 805

(1895).

This genus is one of the most remarkable of all the
Lepidoptera {vide antea, vol. 4, pp. xxxiii. xli. 125, 148).
The fore and hind-wings have the same number of nervures ;
the wing-cells are bisected, and there is an accessory cell
above them ; and the perfect insect is provided with mandibles,
but no tongue.

The moths are small green and purple insects, which
frequent flowers. The larvae are footless, and for a long time
were passed over by Micro-Lepidopterists as those of Cohoptcra.

This genus is usually called En'occphala, the name Micivp-
teryx being applied to another, which possesses a short
proboscis, but no mandibles, and wants the accessory cell
above the discoidal cells of the wings. But the type of
Micropteryx is J/, anreatella (Scopoli), and that of Eriocephala
is E. calthella (Linn.), both of which fall under the present
genHS, for which, of course, the former name must be retained.

MICROPTERYX AUREATELLA.
{Plate CLVIIL, Nq: II.)

Tinea aureatella, Scopoli, Ent. Carn. p. 254, no. 662 (1763).
Tinea allionella, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. (2), p. 321, no. 148

(•794)-
Tinea ammattella, Hiibner, Eur. Schmett. viii. fig. 388 (1816).
Adela anwianella, Treitschke, Schmett. Eur. ix. (2), p. 125

(1833)-
Lampronia ammanella^ Stephens, III. Brit. Ent. Haust. iv.
p. 362, pi. 41, fig. 2 (1835;.

3l6 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY.

Mia'opteryx allionella, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tineina, p. 43 (1854).
Eriocephala aurcatella, Von Heinemann &: Wocke, Scbmett.
Deutschl. (2), ii. (2), p. 774 (1S77).

This Moth is found in most parts of Temperate Euro])e. It
expands four hnes and a half.

The fore-wings are shining bright purple, with an almost
straight golden band near the base, and another oblique one
in the middle of the wings, which is curved behind. Between
this last and the apex is a golden spot. The fringes are
brownish-grey. The hind-wings are grcyi^h-purpIe, with
greyish fringes.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Abraxas. 241.

grossulariaia. 241.
Abrostola. 108.

tripartita. 108.

triplasia. loS.

urticce. loS.
AcKna sambucaria. 201.
Achrosis. 257,

pyrrhularia. 2 58.
Acidalia, 225.

ornata. 225.
acmeptera, Gonodonta.
117.

Phalnena. 1 17.
Acontia. 90.

dispar. 91,
AcontiidiTC. 21, 86.
Acronicla. 11.
Acronycta. 11.

ciispis. II, 12.

psi. II, 12.

tridens. 11, 12.
Acronyctina:. 11,65.
Acroptcris. 227.

striataria. 227.
Adela. 297.

ammanella. 315.

degeerella. 298.
Adelidre. 297.
^dia. 134.

discistriga. 134.
^geria. 2S5.

asiliformis. 28S.

chrysidiforniis. 2S9.
tabaniforniis. 2SS.
/EgeriidK. 284.
Knea, Antbojihila. 179.

Noctua. 1 78.

Phytometra. 178.
reneella, Tinea. 272.
aestivalis, Ilomalochroa.

260.
affinis, Cosmia. 60.

afiinis, Noctua, 60.
agarista, Attacus. 152.

Erebus. 152.
Agriopis. 65.
agrippina, Noclua. 15 1.

Thysania. 151.
x\grophiIa. Sj.

sulphuralis. 87.
Agrotidie. 8.
Agrotina\ 37.
Agrotis. 38.

segetum. 38.

spina. 41.

trianguluin. 46.
ahenella, Araxes. 272.

Hypochalcia. 272.

Phycis. 272.

Tinea. 272.
Alabonia. 304.

geoffroyella. 305.
Alaria. 78.

gaurre. 79.
albicillata, Geonietra.
248.

Larentia. 249.

Mesoleuca. 24S.

Xerene. 249.

Zerene. 248.
albipuncta, Hyphilara.
16.

Leucania. 16.

Mythimna. 16.

Noctua. 16.
Alcis scolopacca. 216.
allionella, Micropteryx.
316.

Tmca. 315.
alniaria, Eugonia, 209.

Geometra. 209.
alterneIla,LemmaiopliiIa.

282.
Alucita. 276, 277.

hexadactyla. 278.

AUicila pcntadactyla.
276.

sulphurella. 306.
Ametris. 219.

netricaria. 220.

punicearia. 222
Aniphipyridoe. 122, 123.
aniasia, Catocala. 146.

Phalcena. 146.
ammanella, Ade'a. 315.

Lampronia. 315.

Tinea. 315.
Amphidasyda;. 212.
Amphidasis zonaria. 212.
AmphigoniidcE. 182,183.
Amphipyra. 123.

Iragopogonib. 123.
Anaitis. 251.

jilagiata. 251.
Anarta. 84.

myrtilli. 84.
anastomosis, Graciilaria.

308.
anatipennella, Colco-
phora, 309.

Ornix. 309.

Porrectaria. 309.

Tinea. 309.
Angerona. 204.

prunaria. 204.

sospeta. 206.
Angle-shades. 6S.
angustana. Tortrix. 293
anomala, Phytometra.
127.

Stilbia. 127.
anomalata, Stilbia. 127
iVnomalous Moth. 127.
Anophia. 134.

discistrigp. 134.
Anthocitta. 132.

sublucida. 132.
Anthophila. 97, 293.

iiS

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Anlli()]>hila pcnea. 179.

myllcri. 293.

oslrina. 9b.

punctosa. 293.

purpurina. 97.
anthracinalis, Euploca-

mus. 296.
Antispila. 31 1.

rivillei. 312.
I trcilscbkiella. 311.
/ Antopliila. 97.
Apaniea furuncula. 33.
ApameiiiDe. 22.
apiformis, ^geria, 2S6.

Sesia. 286.

Sphsecia. 2S6.

Spbecia. 2S6.

Sphinx. 2S6.

Trochilium. 2S6.
appendiculata, Atychia.

295-

Sphinx. 295.
apricans, Heliothis. 119.
aprilina, Agriopis. 66.

Diclionia. 66.

Diphthera. 65.

INlisclia. 65.

Noctua. 65.
aptissima, Letis. 150.
aral^ica, Noctua. 87.
arachnealis, Margaronia.

269.
Araxes ahenella. 272.

ocellea. 274.
Archiearis. 195.
arcualis, Aigyrophora.
245.

Dicliroma. 245.
ardeKpennella, Omix.

30S.
Argadesa. 165.

materna. 165.
Argent and Sable. 250.
argenlilinea, Callopistiia.

argentina, Argyrilis. 75-

Cucullia. 76.

IS'octua. 75.
argentida, Eiastria. 93.

argentula, Noctua. 93.
Argyritis. 75.

argentina. 75.
Argyromiges sylvella.

313-
Argyrophora. 243.

arcualis. 245.

equestralis. 244.

histrionalis. 244.
armiger, Heliothis. 81.
arundinis. Noctua. 17.

Nonagria. 18.
Arycanda maculosa. 239.
Ascalapha. 173.

ornata odora. 152.
asclepiadis, Noctua. 108.
asiliformis, /Egeria. 2S8.

Sesia. 287.

Sphinx. 287.
Aspila. 79.

rhexiae. 80.
Aspilates purpuraria.

234-
aterea, Geometra. 256.

Mclanchroia. 256.
Attacus agarista. 152.

crepuscularis. 156.

macrops. 154.
atrata, Baptria. 252.
Atychia. 294.

appendiculata. 295.
Atychiidae. 294.
augur, Noctua. 173.
aureatella, Eriocephala.
316.

Micropteryx. 315.

Tinea. 315.
auritalis, Semnia. 261.
Autumnal Dagger. 283.
Aventia. 191.

flexula. 192.

flexularia. 192.
Avcntiidce. 185, 191.

Bankia. 92.

bankiana. 93.

olivana. 92.
bankiana, Bankia. 93,

Erastria. 93.

bankiana, Pyralis. 92.
Baptria ajthiopata. 253.

atrata. 252.
Barred Swallow. 58.
basalis, Milionia. 237.
batis, Noctua. 3.

Thyatira. 3.
Beautiful Carpet. 248.

China Mark. 266.

Yellow Underwing.
84.
Belted Beauty. 212.
Bendidcs. 148, 160.
bicoloria, Noctua. 33.
bienerti, Euplocamus.

295.
bijugalis, Hypena. 189.
Biston zonaria. 212.
bitactaria, Mecoceras.

221.
blancardella, Phala^na.

313-
Blue Underwing, 139.
Boarmiaoccultaria. 215.
Boarmiidas. 213.
Boletobia. 193.

fuliginaria. 194.
Boletobiid.«. 193, 217.
Bolinid;^. 133, 135.
Bombycia. 6.

or. 6.
Bombycoidre. 9.
Bombyx flexula. 191.

gloriosiTS. 20.

libatrix. 121.
boopis, Crishna. 154.

Patula. 154.
Bordered Gothic. 28.
Botydce. 268, 269.
Botys. 233, 268.

lemnata. 2C8.

purpuraria. 234.

sambucata. 268.

stratiotalis. 26S.
brccciKformis, Noctua.

bremeraria, Orthostixis.

242.
Brephidse.

86, 195.

ALPHABETICAL INDK5C.

3^0

Brephos. 195.

nolha. 196.

paithenias. 196.
Brimstone Moth. 203.
Brithys pancratii. 20.
Broad-Bordered VeKow

Underwing. 44.
Bronchelia. 215

scolopacea. 216.
Brotolomia. 6"].
Bryophila. 9.

glandifera. 10.

muralis. 10.
Bryophilid:^. 9.
Bryophilin.-e. 9.
bubo, Erebus. 154.

Noctua. 154.
Buff Arches. 4.
Bugong Moth. 41.
Burnished Brass Mo h.
1 10.

Cabbage Moth. 30.
Cabera. 22S.

orbicularia. 223.

]nisaria. 229.
CaberidK. 228.
calcatrippce, Noctua, 28.
Callopistria. 104.

argentilinea. 105.
Calocampa. 70.

exolela. 70, 71.
Calpe capucina. 1 16.

libatrix. 121.
CalpidK. 103, Ii5.
Calymma. 1S7.

quinqualis. 1S8.
Calyptra libatrix. \2\.
canaria, Geometra. 209.
Canary - Shouldered

Thorn. 209.
Canna. 91.

malachites. 91.

splendens. 91.
Capnodes. 184.

ilnipalpis. 184.

uiaculicosta. 184.
capucina, Calpe, 1 16.
Caradrina. 35.

Caradrina morphcus. 36.
sepii. 36.
stagnicola, 127.
CaradrinincC. 35.
caranea, Ilulodes. 161.
Hylodes. 161.
Noctua. 161.
carbonaria,Fidonia. 194.
Geometra. 193.
Gnophos. 194.
Cardamyla. 263.

carinentalis. 263.
carinentalis, Cardamyla.

263.
"Carpets." 248.
Carpocapsa. 2S0.
saltitans. 2S0.
Carpocapsidce. 280.
catenulata, Chrysauge.

260.
Catephia. 134.
CatephiidK. 133.
Catocala. 138.
amasia. 146.
fraxini. 139.
neogama. 145.
nupta. 142.
pacta. 142.
CatocalidK. 133, 137.
Catoptria. 273.
caudana, Pyralis. 28 1.
Rhacodia. 281.
Teras. 28 1,
cerago, Noctua. 58.

Xanthia. 58.
cerasi, Noctua. 49.

Cuphanoa. 49.
Cerastis. 53.
satellitia. 55.
vaccinii. 53.
cereana, Galleria. 270.

Tinea. 270.
cerella, Galleria. 270.
Ccropacha. 0.

or. 7.
Chariclea. 77.

delphinii. 77.
< hasmina pave. 22.
Cheima'.u[)hila. 2S2.

Cheimatojihila gelatella.

Chestnut Moth. 53.
Chilo. 275.

mucronellus. 275.

pinetellus. 273.
Chilonidaj. 275.
Chimabache. 301.
Chimabacchc. 301.

fagella. 302.
Chimabacchida;. 301.
Chimaera. 294.
chinicera, Noctua. 295.

Sphinx. 295.
Chimatophila. 282.

tortricella. 282.
Chimney Sweep. 252.
Chloephila. 268.

lineolata. 268.
Chloridea. 79.

rhexiiic. 80.

virescens. 81.
ChlorochromiilK. 217.
Choreutidx. 293.
Choreutis. 293.

myllerana. 293.

scintilulalis. 293.
Chrysauge. 259.

catenulata. 260.
Chrysaugidoe. 259.
chrysidiforme, Pyrop-

teron. 289.
chrysidiformis, /Egcria.
289.

Sesia. 289.

Sphinx. 289.

Trochilium. 289.
chrysitis, Noctua. 1 10.

riusia. no.
Chrysoclista. 310.

linneella. 310.
chryson, Noctua. 115.

riusia. 115.
Cidaria hastata. 250.
Clifden Nonpareil.

139-

Cloaked Minor, 33.
Clothes Moth. 290.
Clothes Moths. 293.

320

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Clouded Winter Tortrix.

2S2.
c. -nigrum, Graphiphura.

Cochliopodidie. 2S5.
Cocytodes, 133.
cognatella, Yponomeuta.

299.
Coleophora. 309.

anatipennella. 309.
Coleophoridoe. 309.
Common L^agger. 12.

Dart. 38.

Quaker. 49.

Yellow Underwing. 43.
conchella, Tinea. 273.
congelatella, Enyphantes.
283.

Exapate. 284.
cornutella, Tinea, 306.
Corycia. 164.
corylaria, Ceometra.

205.
Cosmia. 60.

aflinis. 60, 61.

dif finis. 62.
Cosmiinre. 59.
crabronilormis, Sphinx.

286.
cracca;, Noctua. 125.

Ophiusa. 125.

Toxocampa. 125.
Crambi. 259.
Crambus. 272.

semi-rubcllu-s. 273.

pinetellus. 273.
Crameria. 300.

nobilitella. 300.
crameriana, Gauris. 280.

Tortrix. 280.
Craspedia. 225.

ornata. 225.
cratiegata, Ennomus.
203.

Geometra. 203.

Rumia. 203.
crenaria, Pingasa. 214.
crepuscularis, Attacus,
156.

crepuscularis, Erebus.

156.

Nyctipao. 156.
Crishna. 153.

boopis. 154.

macrops. 154.

walkeri. 154.
Cryptophasa. 303.

irrorata. 303.
Cryptophasidffi. 303.
Cucullia. 70, 73.

argentina. 76.

scrophulari;!;. 73.

verbasci. 73.
CucuUiidse. 69.
Cuphanoa. 48.

cerasi. 49.
Currant Clearwing. 2S5.
cuspis, Acronycta. 11,12.
cyanella, Cydosia. 300.
Cyclophora. 223.

orbicularia. 223.
Cydosia. 300.

cyanella. 300.

nobilitella. 300.
Cyligramma. 157.

disturbans. 158.

gemmans. 157.

latona. 158.
Cyllopodidje. 259.
Cymatophora. 6.

or. 6.
CymatophoridiTC. 28 5.
cynara, Euclystis. 186.

Geometra. 1S6.
cynaralis, Euclystis. 186.

Macrodes. 186.

Dagger Moths. 12.
Dark Arches. 25.
Dagger. 12.

Hook-Tip Veneer. 275.
Dart. 38.
Dasycera. 305.

sulphurella. 306.
Dasycerus. 305.
defoliaria, Fidonia. 246.

Geometra. 246.

Ilybernia. 246.

degeerella, Adela. 298.

Tinea. 298.
De Gear's Long Horned

Moth. 298.
Deilinia. 228.
delphinii, Chariclea. 77.

Noctua. 77.

Periphanes. 77.

Xylina. 77.
Deltoides. 185.
demonstrans, Remigia.

181.
Dendrometrid.e. 200.
derasa, Gonophora. 5

Noctua. 4.

Thyatira. 4.
detracta, Eulepidotis.
loi.

Palindia. loi.
Devara. 256.
Dianthcecia. 63.

irregularis. 63.
Dichroma. 243.

arcualis. 245.

equestralis. 243.

histrionalis. 244.
Dichromia. 187.

quinqualis. 18S.
diffinis, Cosmia. 62,
Dilina. 228.
Dingy Mocha. 223.

Veneer. 272.
Diphthera, 65.

aprilina. 65.

malachites. 92.
dipsacea, Heliothis. 82.

Noctua. 82.
discalis, Euschema. 236.
discistriga, /Edia. 134.

Anophia. 134.
discolor, Miniodes. 168
dispar, Acontia. 91.

Tarache. 91.
disturbans, Cyligranmia.
158.

Nyctipao. 1 58.
Diurnea. 301.

fagella, 301.

nubilea. 282.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

321

divisella, Exodomorpha.

307-.

dolabraria, Plagodis.
209.

Donacaula. 275.
mucronella. 275,

Double-Spotted Square-
Spot. 46.

Dusky Clearwing. 287.

Dyops hatuey. 102.

Dyopsidre. 102.

Dysodiaignita. 107.

Dysphania. 236.
fenestrata. 236.

echii, Miselia. 63.

Noctua. 63.
edusa, Homoptera. 131.

Nephelina. 131.
effractana, Tortrix, 281.
Elachista hilarella. 313.

rivillei. 312.

spinolella. 313.

treitschkiella. 311.
elegans, Lagoptera. 172.

Ophideres. 172.
Emmelia. 86.

trabealis. 87.
Emplocia. 256.

hesperidaria. 257.
EmplociidLie. 256.
mpyrea, Noctua. 67.
Ennomidie. 202.
Ennonios. 20S.

cratregata. 203.
• flexularia. 192.

lituraria. 231.

prunaria. 205.

syringaria. 207.

tiliaria. 209.
Enyphantes. 283.

congelatella. 283.
Ephyra. 223.

orbicularia. 223.
Epia. 63.

irregularis. 63.
Epidesmia. 232.
tricolor. 233.
Epiplemid?e. 228.

16

equestralis, Arg}Tophora.
244.
Dichroma. 243.
Erannis. 246.
Erateina leptocircata.

255.
Eratina. 255.

leptocircata. 255-
Eratinidce. 254.
Erastria argentula. 93.

bankiana. 93.

sulphuralis. 87.

sulphurea. 87.

unca. 96.

uncula. 96.
Ercta. 264.

tipulalis. 265.
Erebidce. 148.
Erebus. 130, 152.

agarista. 152.

bubo. 154.

crepuscularis. 156.

odora, var, B. agarista.
152.

putrescens. 131.
Eretmocera. 306.

leetissima. 307.
Eriocephala. 315.

aureatella. 316.
Eriopidre. 103, 104.
Eriopus. 104,
Ernarmonia. 280,

saltitans. 280.
Eroniene. 97, 274.
Erosiidse. 228.
Erotyla. 86.

trabealis. 87.
Eubolidce. 200.
EuboIiicL^. 250.
Euchromius. 273.
Euclidia. 175.

glyphica. 176.

mi. 176.
Euclididce. 162.
Euclidiidse. I75'
Euclystis. 186.

cynara. 1S6.

cynaralis. 186.
Eudioptis. 266.

Eudio|itis indica. 267.
Eugonia. 208.

alniaria. 209.
Eulepidotis. lOl.

detracta. lOi.
Eulype. 249.
Eumelea. 221.

rosalia. 222.

rosaliata. 222.
Euplexia. 67.
Euplocamus. 295.

anthracinalis. 296.

bieiierti. 295.
Euploea hamata. 42.
Eupsilia.. _ 55.

satellitia. 55.
Eurhipia. 105.
Eurhipidae. 103.
Euschema. 235.

discalis. 236.
Euschemidcie. 235.
Eustrotia. 95.
uncula. 95.
Eutelia. 105.

rufatrix. 106.
Eutrapela lunaria. 209.
Exapate. 283.

congelatella. 284.

gelatella. 284.
Exapatidae. 301.
Exodomorpha. 306.

divisella. 307.
exoleta.Calocanipa 70.71.

Noctua. 70.

Xylina. 70.
exsoleta, Noctua. 70.
Extensa. 100, 129.

fagella, Chiniabacche.
302.

Diurnca. 301.

Lemmatophila. 301.

Tinea. 301.
fenestrata, Dysphania,
236.

Heleona. 236.
fenestrella, Thyris. 292.
Fidonia carbonaria. 194.

defoliaria. 246.

322

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Fidoniidoe. 232.
Fiery Clearwing. 289.
fimbria, Noctua. 44.

Triphaena. 44.
finipalpis, Capnodes.
184.

Thermesia. 184.
flavago, Gortyna. 23,
24.

Noctua. 23.
flavilinea, Noctua. 51.

Orthosia. 51.
flexula, Aventia. 192.

Bombyx. 191.
flexularia, Aventia. 192.

Ennomos. 192.

Geometra. 192.
Flounced Minor. 34.
fluviatilis, Petrophila.

269.
Focilla. 183.

plusioides. 183.
Focillidse. 181, 182.
fraxini, Catocala. 139.

Hemigeometra. 139.

Noctua. 139.
Frosted Orange. 23.
fuliginaria, Boletobia.
194.

Geometra. 193.
fulvago, Noctua. 58.

Xanthia. 58.
fulvata, Phalxna. 196.
funiculella, Phycis. 274.
furuncula. Apamea. 33.

Hadena. 33.

Miana. 33.

Noctua. 33.
fuscescens, Kamptop-

tera. 26S.
fuscosa, Noctua. 38.

Galgula. 94.

partita. 94.
Galleria. 270.

cereana. 270.

cerella. 270.

mellonella. 270.
CalleriidK. 270.

Gamma Moth. 112.
gamma, Noctua. 112.

Plusia. 112.
gaurcE, Alaria. 79.

Phalaena. 78.

Rhodophora. 78, 79.
Gauris. 280.

crameriana. 280.
gazorialis, Phakellura.

267.
geerella, Tinea. 298.
gelatana, Tortrix. 283.
gelatella, Cheimatophila.
284.

Exapate. 284.

Lemmatophila. 283.

Oxypate. 284.

Tinea. 283.
Gelechiidae. 304.
gemmans, Cyligramma.

157-
Nyctipao. 157.
Genuince. 9.
geoffrella, Harpella.

305-
Tinea. 305.
geoffroyella, Alabonia.

305-
Geometra. 20S, 217.
albicillata. 248.
alniaria. 209.
aterea. 256.
canaria. 209.
carbonaria. 193.
corylaria. 205.
crattegata. 203.
cynara. 186.
defoliaria. 246.
flexularia. 192.
fuliginaria. 193.
grossulariata. 241.
hastata. 250
hybridata, 127.
lituraria. 231.
liturata. 230.
luteolata. 203.
melanaria. 240.
netrix. 220.
orbicularia. 223.

Geometra ornataria. 225.

paludata. 225.

papilionaria. 209, 218.

plagiata. 251.

prunaria. 204.

purpuraria. 234.

purpurata. 234.

pusaria. 229.

rosalia. 222.

salictaria. 121.

sambucaria. 201.

sinuata. 191.

striataria. 227.

stagnata. 266.

syringaria. 207.

tibialata. 253.

tiliaria. 209.

viridaria. 178.

zonaria. 212.
Geometry. 199.
Geometridre. 228.
gilvago, Xanthia. 58.
Glgea. 52.

satellitia. 55.

vaccinii. 53.
Glcee. 52.
glandifera,Bryophila. 10.

Noctua. 10.
Gloriana. 168.

ornata. 169.
gloriosa, Sangala. 238.
gloriosre, Bombyx. 20.

Polytela. 20.
Glottulidce. 21.
Glottulinoe. 20.
Glyphipteryx linneella.

310.
Glyphodes indica. 267.
Gnophos carbonaria.

194.
Goniacidalinse. 200.
Gonodonta. 116.

acmeptera. 117.
Gonophora. 4.

derasa. 5.
Gonoptera. 120.

libatrix. 121.
Gonopteridas. 104,
120.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

323

Goose - Feather Moth.

309-
Gortyna. 23.

flavago. 23, 24.
Gracilaria. 308.

syringella. 308.
Gracillaria. 308.

anastomosis. 308.

syringella. 308.
Gracillariidae. 308.
Graphigona. 166.

regina. 167.
Graphiphora. 45.

c. -nigrum. 46.

gothica. 46.

triangulum. 46.
Great Owl Moth. 151.
Green Oak Tortrix. 279.
grossulariata, Abraxas.
241.

Geometra. 241,

Spilote. 2|I.

Zerene. 241.

Habrosyne. 4.

derasa. 4.
Ilabryntis meticulosa.

68.
Hadena saponari^e. 28.

furuncula. 33.
Hadeninre. 62.
Hsemerosiidte. 86.
haemorrhoidalis, Sphinx,

289.
hamata, Euploea. 42.
Harpella. 304.

geoffrella. 304.
hastata, Cidaria. 250.

Geometra. 250.

Larentia. 250.

Melanippe. 250.

Rhumaptera. 250.
hatuey, Dyops. 102.

Litoprosopus. 102.

Noctua. 102.
Hazidse. 235.
Hazis. 235,

velitaria. 236.
Iledyle. 254.

Hedyle liicivittata. 254.
Hedylidre. 253.
Ileleona. 235, 236.

fenestrata. 236.
Heliophila. 14.
Heliothidie. 76.
Heliothis. 81.

apricans. 119.

armiger. 81.

dipsacea. 82.

peltiger. 81.
Ileliozelidx. 311.
Hemiceras. 118.

sigula. 118.
Hemiceridce. 103, 118.
Ilemigeometra. 138,195.

fraxini. 139.

nupta. 142.
Herald Moth. 121.
llercyna. 263.

rupicolalis. 264.
Hercynidre. 263.
Herminiidns. 185, 1S9.
hesperidaria, Emplocia.

257.
hexadactyla,AIucita. 278.

Orneodes. 278.
hilarella, Elachista. 313,
Hipparchus. 209, 217.

Papilionarius. 218.
histrionaliSjArgyrophora.
244.

Dichroma. 244.
Ilolothalassis. 209, 217.
Homalochroa. 260.

cestivalis. 260.
Homalochroidye. 260.
Homoptera. 130.

edusa. 131.
liomopterid.-e. 129, 130.
Hornet Clearwing. 206.
Hulodes. 160.

caranea. 161.
humeralis, Miana. 33.

Noctua. 33.
Humming - Bird Hawk-
Moth, no.
hyalinata, Phakellura.
268.

Hybernia. 246.

defoliaria. 246.
Hyberniida;. 246.
Hyblnea. 119.

puera. 119.

saga. 119.
HyblajidiE. 103, 119.
hybrida, Noctua. 165.
hybridata, Geometra.

127.
Hydrelia uncana. 96.
Hydrocampa. 265.

nymphseata. 266.
Hydrocampidse. 265.
hyemana, Tortrix. 282.
hyemella,LemmatophiIa.

282.
Hygrochroa. 206.
Hylodes. 161.

caranea. 161.
Hypena. 188.

bijugalis. 189.
Hypenidse. 185, 187.
Hyphilara. 15,

albipuncta. 16.
Hyphilare. 15.
Hypocala. 136.

subsaturata. 136.
Hypocalidie. 133, 136.
Hypochalcia. 271.

ahenella. 272.
Hypochrosidae. 257.
Hypochrosis. 25S.

pyrrhularia. 258.
Hypochroma. 214.

occultaria. 215.
Hypogramma. 132.

sublucida. 132.
Hypogrammidit. 129,

132.
Hyponomeuta. 299.

padella. 299.

padellus, 299.

variabilis. 299.
Hyponomeutida;. 299,

300.
Hypopyridse. 148, 159.

icteritia, Noctua. 58.
Y 2

3-M

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

icteritia, Xanthia 58.
Idasa, 225.

ornata. 225.
IdseidK, 224.
ignita, Dysodia. 107.

Varnia. 107.
impura, Leucania. 14.

Noctua. 14.
indica, Eudioptis, 267.

Glyphodes. 267.

Phakellura, 267.
instabilata, Pagrasa. 258.
insularis, Zethes. 182.
Intrusffi. 100, 122.
irregularis, Dianthoecia.

63-

Epia. 63.
Noctua. 63.
irrorata, Cryptophasa.

303-
Ischyja. 170.
IthomiinDC. 254.
Ithysia. 212.

zonaria. 212.
Jumping Bean Tortrix.

280.
juno, Lagoptera, 172.
Noctua. 172.

" Knot-horns." 271.

Kamptoptera. 268.

fuscescens. 268.

laccata, Plialssna. 17S.
Lace Border. 225.
iKtata, Orthostixis. 242.
Ijttissima, Eretmocera.

^ 307-

Lagoptera. 171.
eicgans. 172.
' juno. 172.

multicolor. 172.
LagopteridK. 162,

Larentia albicillata. 249.

hastata. 250.

plagiata. 251.
I.,arentidiie. 200.
Larentiidie. 247.

Large Emerald. 218.
Lampronia ammanella.

315-
Lars. 201.

sambucaria. 201.
Laspeyria. 191.

flexula. 191.
latona, Cyligramma.

158.
latruncula, Noctua. 178.
Lavernidce. 310.
Least Yellow Under-

wing. 306.
Lemmatophila alternella.
282.
hyemella. 282.
fagella, 301.
lemnata, Botys. 268.
leontia, Noctua. 149.

Peosina. 149.
leptocircata, Erateina.

255-

Eratina. 255.
Lesser-Spotted Pinion.

60.
Letis. 149.

aptissima. 150.

magna. 150.
Leucania. 14.

albipuncta. 16,

impura, 14.

punctina. 14.
Leucaniince. 13.
Leucophthalmia. 223.
libatrix, Bombyx. 12 1.

Calpe. 121.

Calyptra. 121.

Gonoptera. 121.

Noctua. 121.

vScoliopteryx. 121.
Hclienis, Noctua. 10.
Light Arches. 26.

Spectacle Moth. 108.
Ligiidce. 243.
lignaria, Phalsena. 193.
Lilac Beauty. 207.
Limbatse. 100, 132.
lineolata, Chloephila.
268.

linneella, Chrysoclista.
310.

Glyphipteryx. 310.

Tinea. 310.
Lithocolletidse. 312.
LithocoUetis. 312.

spinicolella. 313.

spinolella. 313.
lithoxylea, Noctua. 26.

Xylena. 26.

Xylina. 26.

Xylophasia. 26.
Litoprosopus. 102.

hatuey. 102.
lituraria, Ennomos. 231.

Geometra. 231.
liturata, Geometra. 230.

Macaria. 230.
Loopers. 199.
Lost Pleiad. 312.
lucipara, Noctua. 67.
lucivittata, Hedyle. 254.
lunaria, Eutrapela. 209.
Lunar Double Stripe.

173-
lunaris, Nantesia. 173.

Noctua. 173.

Ophiusa. 173.

Pseudophia. 173.
lunulata, Phalcena. 193.
luteolata, Geometra.
203.

Opisthograptis. 203.

Rumia. 203.
Lygniodes. 1 67.
Lythria. 233.

purpuraria. 234.

Macaria. 230.

liturata. 230.
M.acariidce. 230.
niacilenta, Noctua. 51.

Orthosia. 5^-
macrops, Attacus. 154.

Crishna. 154.

Nyctipao. I54.

Patula. 154.
Macrodes. 1S6.

cynaralis. 186.

At.PHABETICAL INDEX.

325

Macroglossa stellatarum.

no.
Macrotes. 219.

netrix. 220.
maculicosta, Capnodes.

184.
maculosa, Arycanda.

239- .

Panoethia. 239.
magna, Letis. 150.

Noctua. 150.
Magpie Moth. 241.
malachites, Canna. 91.

Diphthera. 92.

Teiesilla. 91.
maligera, Pliyl lodes.

170.
Mamestra. 30.

brassicffi. 30.

persicarise. 30.

saponarice. 28.
Mapeta. 260.

xanthomelas. 260,
Marbled Clover. 82.

Green. lo.
Margarodes. 269.
Margaronia. 269.

arachnealis. 269.
Margaroniidoe. 266,

269.
Marsh Dagger. 301.
Marvel du Jour. 65.
Mastigophorus. 190.

parra. 190.
Mastygophora. 190.

parralis. 190.
materna, Argadesa. 165.

Noctua. 165.

Ophideres. 165.

Triphxna. 165.
matutina, Porphyrinia.

79-
Mecoceras. 220.

bitactaria. 221.
Mecoceridoe. 219.
melanaria, Geometra.
240.
Rhyparia. 240.
Zerene. 240.

Melanchrcea. 255.

aterea. 256.
Melanchroeidre. 255.
Melanchroia. 255.

aterea. 256.

pylotis. 256.
mellonella, Galleria.
270.

Tinea. 270.
Melanippe. 250.

hastata. 250.
Melanthia. 248.
Memythrus. 287.

vespiformis. 2S7.
meretrix, Noctua. 173.

Mesoleuca. 24S.

albicillata. 248.
Metaxmeste. 263.

phrygialis. 246.
meticulosa, Noctua. 67,
68.

Habryntis. 68.

Phlogophora. ^8.
mi, Euclidia. 176.

Noctua. 176.

Phytometra. 176.
Miana. 32.

furuncula. 33.

humeralis. 33.

rufuncula. 33.

terminalis. ^^.
Micra. 97.

microgamma, Noctua.
114.

Plusia. 114.
Micronia. 227.

striataria. 227.
Microniidre. 226.
Micropterix. 314.
Micropterygidre. 3 1 4.
Micropteryx. 314.

allionella. 316.

aureatella. 315.
Microsetia. 313.

microtheriella. 314.
microtheriella, Microse-
tia. 314.

Nepticula. 314.
Milionia. 237.

Milionia basalis. 237.
Miniodes. 168.

discolor. 168.

ornata. 169.
Minores. 86.
Miselia irregularis. 63.
INIoma orion. 65.
Monoctenia. 211.

obtusata. 211.
morpheus, Caradrina. 36.

Noctua. 36.
Mottled Rustic. 36.

Umbre. 246.
Mother Shipton. 176.
Mouse. 123.
mucronella, Donacaula.

.275-
Tinea. 275.
niucronelliis, Chilo. 275.
Mullein Moth. 73.
multicolor, Lagoptera.

172.
muralis, Bryophila. 10.

Noctua. 10.
myllerana, Choreutis.

293-

Pyralis. 293.

Simaethis 293.
mylleri, Anthophila. 293.
myrtilli, Anarta. 84.

Noctua. 84.
Mythimna. 15.

albipuncta. 16.

Nantesia. 173.

lunaris. 173.
nattyi, Noctua. 182.
Nausinoe. 265.
Necklace Veneer. 274.
netricaria, Ametris. 220.
netrix, Geometra. 220.

Macrotes. 220.

Phalaena. 220.
neogama, Catocala. 145.

Phalreiia. 145.
Nephelina. 130.

edusa. 131.
Nepticula. 313.

microtheriella. 314.

326

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Nepticulidx. 313.
Neuria. 27.

reticulata. 28.

saponarias. 28.
nobilitella, Crameria.
300.

Cydosia. 300.

Tinea. 300.
Noctua. 45, 46, 138.

renea. 178.

affinis. 60.

agrippina. 15 1.

albipuncta. 16.

aprilina. 65.

arabica. 87.

argentina. 75.

argentula. 93.

arundinis. 17.

asclepiadis. 108.

augur. 173.

batis. 3.

bicoloria. 33.

brecciaeformis. 6^.

bubo. 154.

calcatrippae. 28.

caranea. 161.

cerago. 58.

cerasi. 49.

chrysitis. HO.

chimrera. 295.

chryson. 1 15.

cracccE. 125.

delphinii. 77.

derasa. 4.

dipsacea. 82.

echii. 63.

edusa. 131.

empyrea. 67.

exoleta. 70.

exsoleta. 70.

flavago. 23.

flavilinea. 51.

fraxini. 139.

fulvago. 5^-

furuncula. 33.

fuscosa. 38.

gamma. 112.

glandifera. 10.

hatuey. 102.

Noctua humeralis. 33.
hybrida. 165.
icteritia. 58.
impura. 14.
irregularis. 63.
juno. 172.
latruncula. 178.
leontia. 149.
libatrix. 121.
lichenis. 10.
lithoxylea. 26.
lucipara. 67.
lunaris. 173.
macilenta. 51.
magna. 150.
materna. 165.
meretrix. 173-
meticulosa. 67, 68.
mi. 176.

microgamma. 1 14.
morpheus. 36.
muralis. lo.
myrtilli. 84.
nattyi. 182.
nupta. 142.
ochracea. 23.
octogena. 6.
olivea. 93.
or. 6.

orichalcea. 115.
ostrina. 98.
pacta. 144.
pacta suecica. 1^14.
parthenias. 196,
persicarite. 30.
psi, 12.
puera. 1 19.
quadra. 138,
reticulata. 28.
rufuncula. 33.
runica. 65.
saga. 119.
saponarice. 28.
satellitia. 55.
scolopacea. 216.
scrophularine. 73.
scgetis. 38.
segetum. 38.
sepii. 36.

Noctua sigma. 46.

sospeta. 206.

spadiceata. 178.

stabiiis. 49.

strix. 151.

sublustris. 26.

sulphurea. 87.

terminalis. 33.

tetra. 123.

tibiale. 253.

tragopogonis. 123.

transversa. 55.

triangulum. 46.

tridens. 12.

tripartita. 108.

triplasia. 108.

typhce. 18.

typica. 28.

unca. 95.

unxia. 1 19.

urticae. 108.

vaccinii. 53.

verbasci. 73,

victuncula. ^^.
Noctuas. I.

Deltoides. 185.

Extensce. 129.

Intrusae. 122.

Limbatse. 132.

Patuloe. 147.

Pseudo-Deltoidre. iSi.

Quadrifidse. 99.

Sericeae. loi.

Serpentinoe. 162.

Variegata;. 103.
Nocturna. 269.
Nonagria, 17.

arundinis. 17, 18.

typhce. 18.
Notch-Wing. 281.
notha, Brephos. 196.
nubilea, Diurnea. 282.

Oporinia, 282.
nupta, Catocala. 142.

Hemigeometra. 142

Noctua. 142.
Nut Miner. 314.
Nyctipao. 155.

crepuscularis. 156,

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

327

N)'ctipaodisturbans. 158.

gemmans. 157.

macrops. 154.
nymphsealis, Nymphula.

266.
nymphaeata, Hydro-

campa. 266.
Nymphula. 265.

nymphaealis. 266.

stagnata. 266.
Nyssia zonaria, 212.

obtusata, Monoctenia.

211.
occultaria, Boarmia. 215.

Ilypochroma. 215.

Phalcena. 215.

Pingasa. 215.
ocellea, Araxes. 274.

Ommatopteryx. 274.

Palparia. 274.
ochracea, Noctua. 23,
octogena, Noctua. 6.
Odezia. 253.

tibialata. 253.
odora, Erebus. 152.
QLcophora. 305.

sulphurella. 306.

treitschkiella. 311.
Qi^cophoridse. 305.
OEnochromiidge. 210.
CEonistis quadra. 138.
Oligia. 32.

furuncula. 33.

rufuncula. 34, 35.

terminalis. 34, 35.
olivana, Bankia. 92.

Tortrix. 92.
olivea, Noctua. 93.
OmmatophoridcE. 148,

15,3-
Ommatopteryx. 274.

ocellea. 274.
Omopterus. 130.

putrescens. 131.
Ophideres elegans. 172.

materna. 165.

regina. 167.

smaragdipicta. 164.

Ophideridse. 133, 163.
Ophiderinse. 163.
Ophiodes. 173.
Ophiusa. 125.

craccne. 125.

lunaris. 173.
Ophiusidse. 162.
Ophiussa. 125.
Opisthograptis. 203.

luteolata. 203.
Oporinia. 282.

nubilea. 282.

tortricella. 282.
or, Bombycia. 6.

Ceropacha. 7-

Cymatophora. 6.

Noctua. 6.
Orange Moth. 204.

Underwing. 196.
orbicularia, Cabera. 223.

Cyclophora. 223,

Ephyra. 223.

Geometra. 223.

Zonosoma. 223.
orbonella, Tinea. 306.
orichalcea, Noctua. 115.

Plusia. 115.
orion, Moma. 65.
ornata, Acidalia. 225.

Craspedia. 225.

Gloriana. 169.

Idcea. 225.

Miniodes. 169.

Phalaena, 225.

Phyllodes. 169.

Ptychopoda. 225.
ornataria, Geometra.

225.
Orneodes. 277.

hexadacyla. 278.

polydactylus. 278.
Orneodidte. 277.
Ornix anatipennella.

309-

ardexpennella. 308.
Orrhodia vaccinii. 53.
Orlhosiinoe. 48.
Orthosia. 51.

flavilinea. 51.

Orthosia macilenta. 51.

stabilis. 49.
Orthostixis brenieraria.
242.

Iretata. 242.

seriaria. 242.
Orthostixiin^^. 200.
ostrina, Anthophila. 98.

Noctua. 98.

Trothisa. 98.
Othreis. 164.

smaragdipicta. 164.
Ourapteryx sambucaria.

201.
Oxypate gelatella. 284.

pacta, Catocala. 144.

Noctua. 144.
pacta suecica, Noctua.

144.
padella, Hyponomeuta.
299.

Tinea. 299.

Yponomeuta. 299.
padellus, Hyponomeuta.

299.
Pagrasa. 257.

instabilata. 258.
Palimpsestis. 6.
Palindia, loi.

detracta. loi.
Palindiidce. 21, lOl.
Palparia. 75i 272.

ocellea. 274.

pinella. 273.
Palpariidae. 272, 274.
paludata, Geometra. 252.
Palyadre. 221,
Pana;thia. 239.

maculosa. 239.
Panagra tricolor. 233.
pancratii, Brilhys. 20.
Pantydia. 129.

sparsa. 130.
papilionaria, (jcomctra.
209, 218.

Hipparchus. 21S.

Tcrpne. 218.
Parascotia. 193.

328

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Parascotia fuliginaria.

193-
parra, Masligophorus.

190.
parralis, Mastygophora.

190.
parthenias, Brephos.
' 196.

Noctua. 196.
Parthenos. 136.
partita, Galgula. 94.
Patula. 1 53.

boopis. 154.

macrops. 154,

walkeii. 154.
Patulae. 100, 147.
pavo, Chasmina. 22.

Ramadasa. 22.
Peach- Blossom Moth. 3.
Pearl Veneer. 273.
Pease-Blossom Moth. 77.
pellionella, Tinea. 296.
peltiger, Ileliothis. 81.
Penicillariarufatrix. 106.
pentadactylus, Alucita.
276.

Pterophorus. 277.
Peosina. 149.

leontia. 149.
Pericallia. 206

syringaria. 206.
Periphanes. 76-

delphinii. 77.
Peroneidae. 281.
persicarice, Mamestra.

30-

Noctua. 30.
Petrophila. 267, 268,
269.

fluviatilis. 269.
Phacellura. 266.
Phakellura. 266.

gazorialis. 267.

hyalinata. 268.

indica. 267.
Phalx'na. 206.

acmeptera. 1 17.

amasia. 146.

blancardclia. 313.

Phaloena fulvata. 196.

gaurK. 78.

laccata. 178.

lignaria. 193.

lunulata. 193.

neogama. 145.

netrix. 220.

occultaria. 215.

ornata. 225.

purpurata. 178.

rhexiae. 80.

sordiata. 205.

syringaria. 207.

uncula. 95.
PhalaenoidcTS. 86.
Phlogophora. 67.

meticulosa. 68.
phrygialis, Mctaxmeste.
264.

Pyralis. 264.
Phycidce. 271.
Phycis. 271.

ahenella. 272.

funiculella. 274.

roborella. 271.
Phyllodes. 170.

ornata. 169.

maligera. 170.
PhyllocYne. 167.
Phytonntri. 178.

renea. 178.

anomala. 127.

mi. 176.

viridaria. 178.
Phytometridce. 200.
pinella, Palparia. 273.

Tinea. 273.
pinetella, Tinea. 273.
pinetellus, Chilo. 273.

Crambus. 273.
Pingasa. 214.

crenaria. 214.

occultaria. 215.
Placodidae. 103, 107.
plagiata, Anaitis. 251.

Cjeometra. 251.

Larentia. 251-
Plagodisdolabraria. 209.
Plain Red P.linor. 34.

Platydidse. 185.
Plusia. 1 10.

chrysitis. 1 10.

chryson. II 5.

gamma. 112.

microgamma. 1 14.

orichalcea. 115.

urticse. 108.
Plusiidae. 103, 107.
plusioides, Focilla. 183.
Poaphilidre. 162, 177.
Pcecilia. 9.
polydactyla, Alucita.

278.
polydactylus. Orncodcs.

278.
Polydesmidos. 129.
Polytela. 20.

gloriosse. 20.
Poplar Lute-String. 6.
Porphyrinia matutina.

79.
Porrectaria. 309.

anatipennella. 309.
potamogalis, Pyralis.

266.
Potamophora. 167.
Prothymia. 178.

viridaria. 179.
prunaria.Angerona. 205.

Ennomos. 205.

Geometra. 204.
Pseudo-DeltoidK. 100,

181.
Pseudophia lunaris. 173.
Pseudoterpna. 214.
psi, Acronycta. 11, 12.

Noctua. 12.
Psilonaxa. 242.

seriaria. 242.
Psodos tibialata. 253.
Psychidoe. 2S5.
Pterophorida;. 276.
Pterophorus. 276.

pentadactylus. 277.
Ptychopoda ornata. 225.
puera, Hybkva. 1 19.

Noctua. 119.
"Pugs." 24S.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

329

punctina, Leucania. 14.
punctosa, Anthophila.

293.
Simaethis. 293.
punicearia, Ametris.

222.
Purple-Barred Yellow.

234-
Marbled Moth. 98.
purpuraria, Aspilates.

234-
Botys. 234.
Geometra. 234.
Lythria. 234.
purpurata, Geometra.

234.
Phatena. 178.
purpurina, Anthophila,

97.

pusaria, Cabera. 229.

Geometra. 229.
putrescens, Erebus (Om-

opterus). 131.
pylotis, Melanchroia.
256.

ZygEena. 256.
Pyrales. 258.
Pyralidre. 262.
Pyralis bankiana. 92.

caudana. 281.

myllerana. 293.

phrygialis. 264.

potamogalis. 266.

rupicolatis. 264.

sericealis. 264.

trabealis. 87.
Pyrophila tetra. 123.
' tragopogonis. 123.
Pyropteron. 288.

chrysidiforem. 2S9.
pyrrhularia, Achrosis.
258.

Hypochrosis. 258.

quadra, Noctua. 138.

(Eonistis. 138,
Quadrifidae. 99.
quinqualis, Calymma,
188.

quinqualis, Dichromia.
188.

Ramadasa. 21.

pavo. 22.
recessa, Spiramia. 160.
Red Underwing. 142.
Reed Moth. 17.
regina, Graphigona.
167.

Ophideres. 167.
Remigia. 180.

demonstrans. 181,
Remigiidce. 162, 180.
reticulata, Noctua. 28.
retorta, Spiramia, 160,
Rhacodia. 281.

caudana. 281.
Rheumaptera. 249.
rhexice, Aspila. 80.

Chloridea. 80.

Phalsena. 80,
Rhodophora, 78.

gaurae. 78, 79.
Rhumaptera. 249,

hastata, 250.
Rhyparia. 240.

melanaria. 240.
rivillei, Antispila. 312,

Elachista, 312.
roborella, Phycis. 271.
rosalia, Eumelea. 222.

Geometra. 222.
rosaliata, Eumelea, 222.
rufatrix, Eutelia. 106.

Penicillaria. 106.
rufuncula, Miana. ;i2-

Noctua. 33.
Rumia. 203.

cratDsgata. 203,

luteolata. 203.
runica, Noctua. 65.
rupicolalis, Hercyna.
264.

Pyralis. 264.
saga, Hyblcea. 119.

Noctua, 119.
salictaria, Geometra,
121.

salictaria, "Sallows." 58.
salmachus, Trochilium.

285.
saltitans, Carpocapsa.
280,

Ernarmonia, 280.
sambucaria, Acsena. 201.
Geometra, 201.

Lars, 201,

Ourapteryx. 201.

Urapteryx. 201,
sambucata, Botys, 26S.
Sangala. 238,

gloriosa. 238,
saponarise, Hadena. 28.

Alamestra, 28,

Neuria, 28,

Noctua, 28.
sarcitella, Tinea. 297.
Satellite. 55.
satellitia, Cerastis. 55.

Eupsilia. 55,

Gloea. 55.

Noctua. 55.

Scopelosoma. 55.

Scarce Black - Neck

Moth, 125.

Burnished Brass Moth,

II5-.

Schosnobius, 275,
Sciapteron. 287.

tabaniformis. 28S.
scintilulalis, Choreutis,

293-
scolopacea, Alcis. 216.

Bronchelia. 216.

Noctua. 216.
.Scoliopteryx. 120.
Scopelosoma. 55.

satellitia. 55.
scropliulariie, Cucullia.

73-

Noctua. 73.
scgetis, Noctua. 38.
segetum, Agrotis. jS.

Noctua. 38.
Semiothisa. 230.
Semnia. 261.

auritalis. 261.

330

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Semniidiie. 261.
sepii, Caradrina. 36.

Noctua. 36.
»eriaria, Orthostixis.
242.

Psilonaxa. 242.
Sericeoe. 100.
sericealis, Pyralis. 264.
Serpentin3e. 100, 162.
Sesia apiformis. 2S6.

asiliformis. 287.

chrysidiformis. 289.

spheciformis. 290.
Sesiidse. 285,
sigma, Noctua. 46,
sigula, Hemiceras. 118.
Silver- Barred Moth- 92.
Silver Dotted Nettle-Tap.

293-

Hook Moth. 95.

Y Moth. 112.
Simaethis myllerana.
294.

punctosa. 294.
sinuata, Geometra. 191.
Sionidoe. 200, 252.
Small Ermine Moth.
299.

Lilac Moth. 308.

Purple-Barred. 178.
smaragdipicta, Ophi-
deres. 164.

Othreis. 164.
Smoky Wainscot. 14.
socia, Syneda. 135.
Solenoptera. 67.
sordiata, Phaliena. 205.
sospeta, Angerona. 206.

Noctua. 206.

Venilia. 206.
.spadiceata, Noctua. 178.
sparsa, Pantydia. 130.
Sphscia apiformis. 286.
Sphecia. 285.

apiformis. 286.
Sphecodes. 228.
spheciformis, Sesia. 290.

Sphinx. 290.

Trochilium. 290.

sphegiformis, Sphinx.
290.

Trochilium. 290.
Sphinges. 285.
Sphinx apiformis. 286.

appendiculata. 295.

asiliformis. 287.

chimsera. 295.

chrysidiformis. 289.

crabroniformis. 2S6.

haemorrhoidalis. 289.

spheciformis. 290.

sphegiformis. 290.

tabaniformis. 287.

vespiformis. 286, 287.
Spilote. 241.

grossulariata. 241.
spina, Agrotis. 41.
spinicolella,Lithocolletis.

313.

spinolella, Elachista.

313-

Lithocolletis. 313.
Spirama. 159.
Spiramia. 159.

recessa. 160.

retorta, 160.
splendens, Canna. 91.
Spotted Sulphur Moth.

87.
stabilis, Noctua. 49.

Orthosia. 49.

Tsniocampa. 49.
stagnata, Geometra. 266.

nymphula. 266.
stagnicola, Caradrina.

127.
stellatarum,Macroglossa.

no.
SteniidK. 264.
Stilbia. 127.

anomala. 127.

anomalata. 127.
Stilbiidre. 123, 127.
straminella, Tinea. 275.
striataria, Acropteris.
227.

Geometra. 227.

Micronia. 227.

stratiotalis, Botys. 268.
strix, Noctua. 151.

Syrnia. 151.
sublucida, Anthocitta.
132.

Hypogramma. 132.
sublustris, Noctua. 26.
subsaturata, Hypocala.

136.
sulphurago, Xanthia. 57.
sulphuralis, Agrophila.
87..

Erastria. 87.

Noctua. 87.
sulphurea, Erastria. 87.

Noctua. 87.
sulphurella, Alucita.
306.

Dasycera. 306.

Qicophora. 306.
sultzella, Tinea. 298.
suradeva, Vitessa. 262.
Swallow - Tailed Moth.

201.
Sword-Grass Moth. 70.
sylvella, Argyromiges.

313-
Synanthedon. 290.
Syneda socia. 135.
Syntomidoe. 285.
syringaria, Ennomos.
207.
Geometra. 207.
Pericallia. 207.
Phakena. 207.
syringella, Gracilaria.
308.
Gracillaria, 308.
Tinea. 308.
Syrnia strix. 151.

tabaniformis, Sphinx.

287.
Tsniocampa. 48.

stabilis. 49.
taicoumaria, Zerene.

242.
Tarache. 90.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

331

Tarache dispar. 91.
Tawny - Barred Angle.

230,
Teras. 281.

caudana. 281.
Telesilla malachites. 91.
terminalis, Miana. 33.

Noctua. 33.
Terpne. 209, 217.

papilionaria. 218.
Tethea. 6.
tetra, Noctua. 123.

Pyrophila. 123.
Thermesia. 184.

finipalpis. 184.
Thermesiidoe. 182, 184.
Thalpochares. 97.
Thyatira. 2, 4.

batis. 3,

derasa. 4.
Thyatiridie. 2, 285.
Thyrididse. 291.
Thyris. 291.

fenestrella. 292.

usitata. 292.
Thysania. 150.

agrippina. 1 51.
tibialata, Geometra. 253.

Odezia. 253.

Psodos. 253.
tibiale, Noctua. 253.
tiliaria, Ennomos. 209.

Geometra. 209.
Tincegeriid;^. 285, 306.
Tinea. 296.

reneella. 272.

ahenella. 272.

allionella. 315.

ammanella. 315.

anatipennella. 309.

aureatella. 315.

cereana. 270.

conchella. 273.

congelatella. 283.

cornutella. 306.

degeerella. 298.

fagella. 301.

geerella. 298.

gelatella. 2S3.

Tinea geoffrella. 305.

linneella. 310.

mellonella. 270.

nobilitella. 300.

orbonella. 306.

padella. 299.

pellionella. 296.

pinella. 273.

pinetella. 273.

sarcitella. 297.

straminella. 275.

sultzella. 298.

syringella. 308.

tortricella. 282.
Tinere. 292.
TineidiS. 285, 295.
Tineina. 285.
Tineites. 285.
tipulalis, Ercta. 265.
tortricella, Chimatophila.
282.

Oporinia. 282.

Tinea. 282.
Tortrices. 278.
Tortricidoe. 279, 280.
Tortricodes. 282.
Tortrix. 279.

angustana. 293.

crameriana. 280.

effractana. 281.

gelatana. 283.

hyemana. 282,

olivana. 92.

uncana. 95.

viridana. 279.
Toxocampa. 125.

craccre. 125.
Toxocampidre. 122, 125.
trabealis, Emmelia. 87.

Pyralis. 87.
tragopogonis, Amplii-
pyra. 123.

Noctua. 123.

Pyrophila. 123.
transversa, Noctua. 55.
Treble Bar. 251.
treitschkiella, Antispila.

311-
Elachista. 311.

treitschkiella, CEcophora.

311.

triangulum, Agrotis. 46.

Graphiphora. 46.

Noctua. 46.
tricolor, Epidesmia. 233.

Panagra. 233.
tridens, Acronycta. 11,
12.

Noctua. 12.
Trifidse. 9.
Trigonophora. 67.
tripartita, Abrostola.
108.

Noctua. 108.
Triphaena. 43.

fimbria. 44.

niaterna. 165.

pronuba. 43.
triplasia, Abrostola. 108.

Noctua. 108.
Trochilium. 285, 289.

apiformis. 286.

chrysidiformis. 289.

salmachus. 285.

spheciformis. 290.

sphegiformis. 290.
Trothisa ostrina. 98.
Turnip Moth. 38.
Twenty ■ Plume Moth.

278.
typhse, Noctua. 18.

Nonagria. 18.
typica, Noctua. 28,

Uraniidre. 228.
Urapterygidse. 200.
Urapterydae. 200.
Urapteryx. 201.

sambucaria. 201.
unca, Erastria. 96.

Noctua. 95.
uncana, Ilydrelia. 96,

Tortrix. 95.
uncula, Erastria. 96.

Eustrotia. 95,

Phalrena. 95.
unxia, Noctua. 1 19.
urtici.ie, Abrostola. loS.

332

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

urticre, Noctua. io8.

Plusia. io8.
usitata, Thyris. 292.

vaccinii, Cerastis. 53.

Glsea. 53.

Noctua. 53.

Orrhodia. 53.
variabilis, Hyponomeuta.

.299.
Variegatre. 100, 103.
Varnia. 106.

ignita. 107.
velitaria, Hazis. 236.
Venilia sospeta. 206.
verbasci, Cucullia. 73.

Noctua. 73-
vespiformis, Memythrus.
287.

Sphinx. 286, 287.
victuncula, Noctua. 33.
Vipers' Bugloss Moth. 63.
virescens, Chloridea. 81.
viridana, Tortrix. 279.
viridaria,Geometra. 178.

Noctua. 178.

Prothymia. 179.

Vitessa. 262.
suradeva. 262.

walkeri, Crishna. 154.
Patula. 154.
Waved Black Moth.

.193-

White-barred Clearvving.

290.
White Dot. 16.
White Plume Moth. 276.
White Wave. 229.

Xanthia. 57.

cerago. 58.

fulvago. 58.

gilvago. 58.

icteritia. 58.

sulphurago. 57.
xanthomelas, Mapeta.

260.
Xerene albicillata. 249.
Xylena. 25, 32.

lithoxylea. 26.

polyodon. 25.
Xylina. 25.

delphinii. 77-

Xylina exoleta. 70.

lithoxylea. 26.
Xylophasia. 25.

lithoxylea. 26.
Yellow-Line Quaker. 51.
Yellow Underwings. 43.
Yponomeuta. 299.

cognatella. 299.

padella. 299.

Zerene. 241.

albicillata. 248.

grossulariata. 241.

melanaria. 240.

taicoumaria. 242.
Zerenidffi. 239.
Zethes. 182.

insularis. 182.
zonaria,Amphidasis. 2T2.

Biston. 212.

Geometra. 212.

Ithysia. 212.

Nyssia. 212.
Zonosoma. 223.

orbicularia. 223.
Zygaena pylotis. 256.
Zygaeninae. 285.