Oat : wat ett ATi on ae HY Taw A eR. tp meyNe sites Aa Ane AA eddy) Disbei-xitaiy ‘ niet SOLAN AM TON REIN Pte eerie Dey Ned Cy Meine by My aN CHF oe \ een ee Lon srr PO nt am SN ee eee aed man" Epa a mg hat ~ eating ten ee ered LI OT ans Rear iy." ee PL DR a lOO LL Pho af sod eae Dette’ ee ie ie ee ee ao hee Nae ren te Me a Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. y YW hy" an ep: > HANDLING EMPTY APPLE BOXES Pacific Northwest Packing and Storage Houses j H STEERER ey pee a g \ , q : te , a d eo —y ry ; ij ot ‘ ; ' 3 = & J J ; of bed corel Lc tl UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Agricultural Marketing Service Marketing Research Report No. 71 Washington, D.C. June 1954 ING 5 SN OS AP Ae Or AU NI PNP a een For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U. S$. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price 30 cents This ts the third cf five Tepexrus to be published mize he Agricultural Marketing Service from data submitted by the Wash- ington State Apple Commission in fulfillment of its contract with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The first two) reports are Marketing Research Report No. 49 "Apple Handling Methods and Equipment in Pacific Northwest Apple Packing and Storage Houses," and Marketing Research Report No. 68 "Innovations in Apple Han- dling Methods and Equipment." The other reports are expected to cover: (1) The effect of apple handling methods on storage space utilization, and (2) piantwiae materials-handling costs. After these reports are issued, a summary is planned. "Methods and Costs of Loading Apples in the Orchard in the Pacific Northwest," Marketing Research Report No. 55, published by the Agricultural Research Service of the Department in January 1954, summarizes another phase of the study. Some of the results of this research are available now in summary form through the U. S. Department of Agriculture film entitled "Apple Handling Methods." A print of this film may be obtained on a loan basis from: Visual Aids Service Universivy of iilinowts 7133 South Wright Street Champaign, Ill. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research on which this report is based was conducted by the Washington State Apple Commission's Research Department under a contract with the United States Department of Agriculture. The contract was administered by William H. Elliott, Transportation and Facilities Branch, Marketing Research Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, U. S. Depart- Meme, Of vAzriIculGure:. The study was made under authority of the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 (RMA, Title II). Acknowledgment is made to Frederick C. Winter, associate professor of industrial engineering, Columbia University, and consulting industrial engineer, Transportation and Facilities Branch, for reviewing the manu- script and making many helpful suggestions. The authors express their appreciation to the operators of apple storage and packing plants in the State of Washington, who made their facilities available and otherwise gave assistance; and to the manufac- turers and distributors of supplies and equipment, who cooperated in the mescanch. Credit is due Earl W. Carlsen, who supervised the research, and the other employees of the Research Department, Washington State Apple Commission, who gave valuable service in assembling and analyzing data and preparing the report, as follows: William C. Dower, Walter E. Nelson, and Clarence H. Engberg. CONTENTS SUTIMAT fic 5a 7 SARS es yeh Se Pee vets ope Pont ten tte East ih cater oh Inne erro es nae SO Introduction sie Sore os SG Sho ea tone oat rome atol ces (nn mer oe en Methods and equipment for moving empty boxes from storage and loading them On road trucks and. orchard trarlers! a. ..-u omen. Manuel method ya... Bp” RAT as NAP ee cy ioy BYonty shale accent ues Clamp-type 2-wheel end fren See Mia "eh / Sapte. ohn eae ae okanren tape eure industriel fogk-litt, truck and alee. Soar iMerie avs sue Comparison of methods and types of equipment for ee eee boxes from storage and ikea then On road trucks omorchard erainkersurc were or ee vs Sabha Wiestare aa) teruiok Sahara! £0 Qiebemet mc agAget ato tae Methods and ae al for sOneae empty boxes from eae to the Packie. Aime. sa. ie. Set etiecy aie stot eae ton ecole steno state Clamp-type Demet hand truck Ane. n@mrerattl« SCOMViC Ol: e-mail sy ie ninelaremt Industrial forklift truck, pallets, and monoralliconveyor.. . Clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks or industrial fork-lift trucks and gua levo mand woeel iCOnVeVOrsuicm. ae) ions Miele Biers Meee nach mbes G Comparison of methods and types of equipment for owine empty boxes @romrsvonage to the packing dine... ne ok ee Meptntoy onic Methocs and equipment for moving empty boxes from the aumeine area at the beginning of the washing and packing line to BEOBBEE SLOSS Weltss ie BP Se Tee BS). co? PET Gane) Wise eat eee teeter on ante Cilamp-type 2-wheel nena cruel Sie oy vs sh het (Ssh verdita ist epee omben mene one utlekuee Industrial fork-Lift truck and maeusl NP er re er a ee eres chlor Beit conveyor in combination with clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck . Comparison of met-rods and equipment for ia empty boxes from the dumping area to Storage. 2 22". ora lel ei Vor ep toin on at Rmontre Methods and equipment for moving empty boxes from the dumping area to box-house storage by use of road trucks or orchard trailers .. Comparison of comoinations of types of materialis-handling equipment used Por nandling. empty DOMES « =.) sacnis rnc | otinel epencrn lemmiren cine am oem: PDC IG UXre axee oj 26, Ge es fo er %. ef ee age Riven co Wormers eh yeu momme! aren cure te/ mer Seen gel gicha(etches hn (i a enn ce mr Cre ry Cl GG Ge Geto oc TL SUMMARY Methods and equipment for moving and handling empty apple boxes at storage houses in Washington State were studied to provide a guide to the industry in utilizing the practices that are most efficient and least expensive. Handling of empty boxes accounts for a substantial part of the costs of the apple storage operation. Moving empty apple boxes from storage and loading them on road trucks or orchard trailers is accomplished in three ways: Manually, or by using clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks, or by using industrial fork-lift trucks and pallets. iIn the manual operation, boxes are moved out of box houses and loaded on trucks. By the other two methods, boxes are moved from storage points inside the warehouse. When the manual methcd is used, 2.99 man-hours of labor per 1,000 empty boxes are required. . Labor and equipment costs by this method are $3.44 per 1,000 empty boxes, which is the highest cost of the three methods tested in this study. Clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks provide the least expensive method for placing boxes on rodd trucks and orchard trailers. Costs by this method are $1.35 per 1,000 empty boxes. These costs relatively are low because the hand trucks can handle 18-box unit loads and incur very low cost for equipment. industrial Tork-lift trucks andpallets are relatively efficient for this operation, requiring only 0.80 man-hour of labor per 1,000 empty boxes. However, equipment costs are high, amounting to $1.20 per 1,000 empty boxes. Combined labor and equipment costs of this method total $2.24, or $0.89 higher than the method using the 2-wheel hand truck, Four combinations of equipment are used for moving empty boxes from storage to the packing line: (1) Clamp-type @-wheel hand truck and mono- rail conveyor; (2) industrial fork-lift truck, pallets, and monorail conveyor; (2) clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck and gravity roller conveyor; and (4) industrial fork-lift truck, pallets, and gravity roller conveyor. Labor requirements by the 2 hand truck methods--(1) and (3)--are the same, 1.96 man-hours per 1,000 empty boxes. The 2 methods utilizing fork-lift trucks and pallets--(2) and (4)--also are the same, 1.65 man-hours. Total Costs for labor and equipment are Hignest for the fork-lift truck in comodination with the monorail conveyor, and lowest for the clamp-type e-wheel hand truck in comoination with the gravity wheel conveyor. Of the 3 methods used to move empty containers from the dumping area at the beginning of the washing and packing line to storage, 1 is paced by the rate at which the boxes are emptied of their fruit--about 300 boxes perm hour per line. This method involves the use of belt conveyors in combination with clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks. When this operation is - iii - performed by the other 2 methods, which utilize hand trucks alone and fork-lift trucks and pallets, it is assumed that the workers and equipment are shifted to other duties when boxes are not available for handling. Only 0.50 man-hour of labor is required to move 1,000 empty boxes from the dumping area to storage by an industrial fork-lift truck. To per- form these operations by belt’ conveyors and hand trucks, 2.40 man-hours of laber are required. Bul, in spite of the superior ability or che sndustmiat fork-lift truck in keeping labor costs down, the use of clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks alone shows a cost of $1.79 per 1,000 empty boxes for labor and equipment, or $0.63 less than for fork-lift trucks. Costs for the method using belt conveyors and hand trucks total $3.66 per 1,000 boxes. At packing and storage houses where field boxes are used, empty boxes usually. are moved from the dumping area to storage by road trucks or orcnard trailers. These boxes are moved from the dumping area onto the road trucks or orehard trailers by hand’ trucks.) The loaded trucksiijor trailers are driven to the storage point where the empty boxes are removed manually and placed in box houses. Exclusive of driving time between packinghouse and box-house storage point and the cost of operating the road truck or orchard trailer, this method requires 4.49 man-hours of labor per 1,000 empty boxes and costs $5.13 for labor and equipment. Labor and equipment costs per 1,000 empty boxes for performing the 3 cycles of operations--moving empty boxes from storage to road trucks or orchard trailers, moving empty boxes from storage to the packing line, and moving boxes from dumping area to storage--by use of the 3 principal types or combinations of types of equipment are as follows: Type of equipment and method Costs Dollars Manual handling and clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck. . 11.63 Cilempst ype 2-=wheel hand. truck seit s) 2 a. Saeee bas 6.15 Industrial fork-Lift truck and palletes 4. suse a uke G.22 At higher wage rates than those used in computing these costs, the advantage of the clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck decreases. At a wage rate of $0.25 per hour above the current rate, the difference in cost between this method and thet using fork-lift trucks is reduced from $2.07, when current wage rates are used, to $1.65 ver 1,000 empty boxes handled. = HANDLING EMPTY APPLE BOXES IN PACIFIC NORTHWEST PACKING AND STORAGE HOUSES By D. Loyd Hunter, industrial engineer Raoul S. Duerden, industrial engineer Francis Kafer, research analyst Washington State Apple Commission and Joseph ®. Herrick, Jr., agricultural economist Transportation and Facilities Branch Marketing Research Division Agricultural Marketing Service INTRODUCTION Millions of boxes and other containers are used each year to market the Nation's apple crop. As apples for the fresh market seldom are handled in bulk, some of tnese boxes are used to handle the fruit all the way from the orchard through the packinghouse and on through the terminal market. These boxes, as well as cartons and baskets, must be handled many times before they are packed with apples and transported to consuming areas. in Washington State where about 4O million boxes of loose or unpacked apples are harvested each year, an equivalent number of empty containers must be handled between packinghouse storage areas and the orchard. As most of this fruit moves directly from the orchards into storage, for pre- cooling before packing, boxes generally are used only once during the season to bring fruit from the orchard. The standard Northwest apple box used for moving packed fruit to terminal markets also is used as a field container. Empty boxes are hauled first from storage to the orchard by road brucks }or trailers. These boxes usually are stored in large outdoor box piles or box houses (fig. 1). The houses are constructed during or at the end of the previous packing season as boxes are emptied in the packinghouse or made by boxmakers. Some empty boxes are stored in packinghouse cold- storage rooms after the fruit has been shipped out (fig. 2). At the orchard these boxes are scattered about under the fully laden wuees..) -Ahter Taetboxes! are fadled. they are hauled towthe warehouse and: placed in storage. Later in the season they are moved to the packing line. After the apples are dumped in the washer the empty boxes are sent either to the packing line to be used as containers for packed fruit or, in the case of old standard buxes and field boxes, are returned to box houses or storage rooms. Although much of the work of handling empty containers, other than that required during the harvesting and packing seasons, can be done during periods when speed is not one of the primary considerations, Figure 1.--Empty boxes stored in houses at apple packing plant. Figure 2.--Pallet loads, each containing 72 empty apple boxes, stored in cold-storage room. as when fruit is being moved into storage, these handlings are necessary and constitute one of the significant items of cost to plant operators. Although a number of different types of containers are used for han- dling apples, the standard Northwest apple box is the principal container used in Washington State. Cartons, which generally come flat or knocked down, usually are handled with other supplies as part of the packing operation. Therefore, in: the, sections that: follow, only, che: scandard apple box and fiela box are considered. - 3- The standard apple box is used both for picking and as a shipping container. But, if it becomes weatherbeaten, soiled, or otherwise damaged Line VeOuUrSe Oh dwsvuse as a ytaeld 7box, it willvquate likely serve only in shuttling back and forth between the packinghouse and the orchard. The standard apple box has inside dimensions of 103 by 113 by 1&3 inches. It is made of shook 9/32 of an inch thick on the sides and 11/16 of an inch on the ends (fig. 3). The bottom is made of thinner shook. The field box has the same inside dimensions as the standard box but the bottom and ends, ane made of Chbicker materiral and the corners) are reinforced with corner posts (fig. 4). In the operations discussed in this report, all empty boxes are handled without tops. Figure 3.--Standard apple box. Figure 4.--Field apple box. By most handling methods, empty standard and field boxes are: nested or built imto s-box-units by placing 1 box inside of ;2 boxes that are fitted tegether. (Illustrations are shown in some of the figures of handling operations.) Nesting the boxes permits 3 boxes to be handled as a unit, and IM steraze 3 0exes occupy the space..ol 2. The study on which this report is based was undertaken to develop methods for increasing the productivity of workers employed in apple pack- ing and storage houses to handle empty containers. The comparative effi- ciency of various methods and types or combinations of types of materials- handling equipment, currently used in Washington State apple houses for performing the different operations, was measured under variable conditions On sisnificance to the industry. Although this study was made in Washington State, the data snould be applicable to commercial (nonfarm) apple houses in other areas. If adjusted and interpolated these data also may ove applicable to operations in farm storages which usually are of smaller capacity. Lele Time studies of handling operations of empty boxes, as performed by the use of various methods and types of equipment, were made at selected plants to determine: (1) The elapsed time required to handle given volumes of boxes; (2) the total man-hours of labor Ke quaned: (3) the total machine- hours of equipment use; and (4) the causes and magnitude of delays, wait time, and other unproductive time occurring during the performance of these operations. Elapsed times were determined to provide a basis for comparing the speeds at which identifiable operations are performed by the use of various methods, and for computing labor and equipment inputs. Labor and equipment inputs provide at least one basis for comparing the relative effi- ciency of methods used for performing an operation. Standard data on labor requirements per 1,000 empty boxes for identifiable operations are shown in the Appendix. These data were compiled through time studies of actual operations. Data on prevailing wage rates in Washington State apple plants during the 1951-52 season were obtained through interviews with plant managers, labor union officials, and others. Based on these data, a wage rate of $1.15 per hour is assumed to be the average rate for unskilled workers and this rate is used in the sections that follow for computing labor costs under current conditions. As the operation of industrial lift trucks in- volves accuracy in judging distances, either when driving the truck in the cold room or when maneuvering it in crowded areas, packing plants usually pay operators of industrial trucks from $0.10 to $0.20 per hour more than they pay regular workers. A wage rate of $1.30 per hour is, therefore, assumed to be the average rate for semiskilled workers. This rate is used for computing labor costs under current conditions where semiskilled labor is employed. Because of trends in wage rates, cost comparisons made by use of current wage rates may not adequately reflect the comparative efficiency of various methods and types of equipment during some future period. Therefore, to show cost relationships if wages should be increased further, an increase of $0.25 per hour was made in current rates both for unskilled and semiskilled workers. Wage rates under these assumed conditions would be $1.40 per hour for unskilled workers and $1.55 per hour for semiskilled workers. These rates are used In the sections that Follow for computing labor costs under assumed conditions. / The costs of ownership and operation of various types of materials- handling equipment, which have been used for computing total equipment costs for performing handling operations, were obtained through accounting ily) For a more complete discussion of wage rates, see "Apple Handling Methods and Equipment in Pacific Northwest Packing and Storage Houses," Marketing Research Report No. 49, U. S. Dept. of Agr., Prod. and Mktg. Adm., June 1953. = 5 = analyses made in selected plants and through cost records maintained on special forms py cooperating plant operators. Other data were obtained through surveys of equipment manufacturers, insurance companies, and tax officials. Combined hourly costs of ownership and operation of selected types of equipment used for handling empty boxes are shown in table 1. Table 1.--Estimated costs of ownership and operation of specified types of materials-handling equipment used for handling empty containers in Washington State apple-packing and -storage plants, 1952 y/ Assumed : Cost of ownership : CO8t of , Total mie GPiequtonent : Sad : Repl asomart cnnual sopaneiion: sia A : ; ; Per year , Per hour .Per hour , hour Clamp=typeuc=wheel sand trucks) 4) <1. 2) < js)/@: Je iejce? oh sh slel 6 a : 74.10 : 2/ hoo Bi itiheOd 0.017 : 0.007 0.02) Belticonvey orci etic sia chieilie i cinee euacieel (oie cenieliiay si etiie 75 feet : 1,200.00 : bf 675 : 3/ 114.00 sl? 0095 2265 Gravity wheel conveyor... 5 -- e+e ce sete ees : 100 feet : 385.00 : L/ 675 : 5/ 41.99 062 + .013 + .075 NonoratiMconsyors) | Seah ea Sec Sua i ois cc ane malo pteet : 430.00 2/615 1 5/ 48.02 072 : .028 + 100 Industrial fork-lift truck (,000-pound capacity--eleotric). : 1 ; 7,271.00 : 2/ 00 3 6/ 807 016 2.02 “ 26 ; 2.28 Pallets: (0= by USeinch):|. © ss 2 0 sis os 0 6 so oe ae 1/ 2.8 : 62.70: B/ 3-64 5/ 7.02 1.92 £401) 32,02 i/ For additional details and other types of equipment,see "Apple Handling Methods and Equipment in Pacific Northwest Packing and Storage Houses," Marketing Research Report No. 49, U. S. Dept. Agre, PMA, June 1953. : 2/ Estimated hours that equipment is used annually. 3/ Based on 20-year depreciation period, interest on investment at 5 percent, and 2-percent allowence for insurance and taxes. L/ Based on a packing period of 90 days at Ts hours per day. 2, Based on 15-year depreciation period, interest on investment at 5 percent, and 2=-percent allowance for insurance and texes. 6/ Based on O-year depreciation period for chassis and 7-year life of battery, interest on investment at 5 percent, and 2-percent allowance for insurance and taxes. 7/ This is the number of pallets required to handle 1,000 unpacked boxes of apples, 8 boxes per pallet. B/ Based on the number of hours of labor required per 1,000 boxes in all groups or cycles of handling operations. Labor and equipment costs for handling empty boxes by specified methods and types of equipment have been computed to provide a basis for comparing the relative efficiency of the several methods. These cost ‘com- putations were necessary because comparisons cannot be made on the basis of physical inputs of labor and equipment; that is, man-hours of labor and machine-hours of equipment use cannot be totaled as a2 basis for making comparisons. Therefore, the labor and equipment inputs were converted to dollar costs and comparisons are between methods on the basis of combined costs for labor and equipment. The 5 principal types of equipment used to handle empty containers are: (1) Clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks; (2) belt conveyors; (3) gravity roller conveyors; (4) monorail conveyors; and (5) industrial fork-lift trucks and pallets. Manual handling methods also are used tc perform some operations. ‘ Clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks probably outnumber all other types of equipment used for handling empty boxes (fig. 5). The clamp truck has two arms which grasp the boxes and clamp in from the sides when motivated by a foot-operated lever. By use of this equipment 13 empty boxes usually are picked up, transported, and released as a unit load (fig. 6). Belt conveyors in apple packing and storage houses in the State of Washington usually are constructed of wood or metal frames, and have wood Figure 6.--The nesting of boxes--1 box placed inside of 2--makes it possible for a hand truck to hold a unit load that extends beyond the clamping arms. or steel rollers, over which) 12-1 )to Figure 5.--Clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck. jh-inch belts are pulled to provide the conveying surface. When used for handling empty boxes, these con- veyors are generally built to specifications required by plant conditions. Gravity-type wheel conveyors also are used for handling enipty boxes in some operations. The boxes roll on small diameter wheels mounted sev- erel inches apart on two parallel metal rails. In general, this type cf conveyor is used to move empty boxes from the dumping area to the packing stations. A monorail conveyor system is comprised of an endless overhead chain conveyor equipped with hooks or carriers on which empty boxes are hooked for transporting them to the packing stations. This type of conveyor moves at a rate which permits boxes to be put on or taken off at any point along the route it serves. An advantage of the monorail system is that it - 7 - can be used to carry all types of empty containers to the packers. Monorail | conveyors also are utilized to carry boxes to and from outside storage areas adjacent to the packinghouse. Industrial fork-lift trucks used in the apple packing and storage houses are of the same general design as those used in other industries (fig. 7). They usually are equipped with 4-inch forks of sufficient length to handle the standard 40- by 4S-inch and 36- by 40-inch pallets. Pallet loads of 72 empty standard boxes can be handled by this equipment. : 4 | 4 4 Figure 7.--Industrial fork-lift truck. Data were developed for the following cycles of operations: (1) Moving empty boxes out of storage and loading them on road trucks and orchard trail- ers; (2) moving empty boxes from storage to the packing line; (3) moving empty boxes from the dumping area, at the beginning of the washing and pack- ing line, to storage; and (4) moving empty boxes from the dumping area to storage by road trucks and orchard trailers. Before the harvest season, empty boxes are removed from storage piles and loaded on road trucks and orchard trailers for transit to the orchard. 2/ Various methods are used to load the boxes, all of which involve manual handling. In one of these methods, one worker hands boxes to another worker Pu The number of boxes hauled by road trucks and orchard trailers varies, but generally the trailer hauls about as many boxes a trip as the road truck. The usual load is 432 boxes. Lote who in turn passes them along in "bucket brigade" fashion from the top or various parts of the box pile to a worker on the road truck or trailer who stows them in. hauling position. Boxes also are loaded on road trucks and trailers from storage rooms or from small piles that are made by boxmakers. When the loading is by clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks or by industrial fork-lift trucks, boxes are handled in 18- and 72-box units, respectively. Only when fruit is moved to the packing line in field boxes or old standard boxes is it necessary to move empty standard boxes from storage to the packing line to supply the packers with the necessary new boxes. Boxes are moved to the packing line from storage by use of: (1) Overhead monorail conveyor alone; (2) industrial fork-lift trucks in conbination with overhead monorail conveyors; (3) clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks in combination with gravity wheel conveyors; or (4) fork-lift trucks in com- bination with gravity wheel conveyors. After fruit as brought from storage to packing line and dumped, the "dumper" 3/in plants that do not use pallets generally places the new or clean boxes on a gravity conveyor or an overhead monorail conveyor which carries the boxes ito the packers. Field boxes or old boxes ane nested and stacked for hand trucking to storage. In plants that use pallets ("pallet- ized" plants), empty boxes are handled in the same way as in unpalletized plants, except that the boxes are placed on pallets instead of in stacks and are removed by industrial fork-lift trucks. These boxes are stored in fruit storage rooms or in large open storage areas where they are held until the next harvest season. The last cycle in handling operations of empty boxes involves the movement of boxes to storage by a road truck or orchard trailer. These operations are required when doxes are stacked in box houses some. distance from the packing plant (fig. 1). Boxes are placed on the road truck or orchard trailer by an industrial fork-lift truck and pallets or clamp-type e-wheel hand trucks. When boxes are unloaded into a box house for storage, the road truck backs up to the desired unloading position and the boxes are handed in 3-box units from one worker to another in a bucket brigade until whey are placed in’ the “correct position in the= box house. Methods of handling empty containers by clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks and industrial fork-lift trucks are similar to methods used for handling boxes of fruit by this equipment. Obviously, the productive labor required 3/ The worker responsible for dumping the fruit from the boxes on the conveyor, which carries the fruit to the washing equipment, is called the "dumper." In some plants this dumping operation is performed automatically by a machine. - 9 - per 1,000 boxes differs considerably because both types of equipment carry a greater number of empty boxes than full ones. However, the pro- ductive Veber, ona per-trip basis was found tc, bei so nearly alike for empty containers and loose-packed boxes that no significant difference could be detected. tor this reason, the productive labor requirements, for han- dling empty boxes by use of hand trucks and fork-lift trucks, have been derived) Prom: the productive labor requirements for handling loose fruit by the same type of equipment (see Appendix). Time studies were made of the various phases of handling empty containers and the data obtained were supplemented with data from ratio- delay studies. 4/ Ratio-delay studies were used to obtain averages over a longer period than would have been practicable by time study techniques and are, therefore, vased on a much larger sample. By No atitenpe. is made in this report to determine’ the costs of handling empty tray-pack cartons and bonding-type cartons, as the work involved is done largely as a packing-room operation. Carton handling involves mov- ing the stock of unassembled cartons from storage points into the packing room. When the cartons are brought as "flats" to the packing area, the packer forms the cartons just before packing apples in them. When cartons are set up before being brought to the packing area, a worker other than the packer forms the carton by stapling or gluing the bottom. The han- dling of the flat cartons within the packing rocm is not assigned a standard time as this task is usually performed by a worker who also does other miscellaneous jobs. 4/ The ratio-delay study (more recently called work sampling) refers to a method by which Che relative time that equipment, materials, ‘or personnedare in specified statessain the- course of an operation’ or process is estimated on the basis of a sample of random observations of the activity. 5/ Handling boxes was an integral part of ratio-delay studies, be- cause empty boxes were frequently handled by workers from other work crews in the plant. Ratio-delay observations covered details of empty box han- ailing, such as placing empty boxes on monorail, removing boxes from tonorail, and waiting for work. Therefore, data cn specific operations can’be “broken out" and comoined. ea ore METHODS AND EQUIPMENT FOR MOVING EMPTY BOXES FROM STORAGE AND LOADING THeM ON RCAD TRUCKS AND ORCHARD TRAILERS Empty boxes are commonly moved to and loaded on road trucks and orchard trailers from two types of storages--large oox houses or regular cold-storage roomrs that have been emptied of fruit (figs. 3 and 2). When box houses are being broken down, the roof of the house must be removed, broken boxes mended, and the nails in the roof boards remcved (fig. 9). These operations, are in addition to the loading of jtrucks, andy trawlers. The roofs of box houses usually are mace by overlapping boards of l-inca lumber laid to make a “pat and board" roof. Occasionally box houses are not rooted) a’ practice that may not. beadyvisable waere preeiputatuon ds heavy and humidity high. Figure 8.--Box house storage with roof at a commercial apple packing and storage plant. A 2-day log kept of all the work performed at 1 vox house showea that the actual loading of boxes on road trucks and orchard trailers required about 50 percent of the crew's time. Large crews are used for this opera- tion because of the assignment of workers, bired in acyance of the approach- ing warehouse receiving season, who are, not inceded al the tine for) other tasks. Time required to load boxes from these houses on road trucks and orchard trailers may vary considerably because of the different methods used. “Kor example, when boxes inthe “upper parm, of ithe box house are being loaded on the road truck, the 3-box units usually are handed down from one worker to another and then stacked by hand on the road truck bed. But, when boxes from the lower part of a house are being loaded on the truck, the 3-box units usually are handed by a worker on the ground to a worker on the road truck, who in turn places the boxes in position on the truck ved. Figure 9.--Workers removing the roof from a box house. When boxes are moved from a warehouse storaye room and loaded on a road truck or orchard trailer by clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks or indus- trial fork-lift trucks, ‘they are carried’ in’ unit’ Woads ‘of 1G and (2. boxes), respectively. Although road truck and crchard trailer loads of empty boxes Vary tai the number of boxes, “10 1s assumed tor, purposes’ of) this analysis, that a truck or trailer load consists of 432 empty boxes. Manual Method The manual method of preaking out empty apple boxes from storage in box piles: and loading them on road trucks or orchard trailers involves the Likting: of 3-box* units: from the, stack.) handing: on. passing’ the; units along’ for conveyance, and positioning them»on, the’ truck or traiher, bed. Occasionally roller conveyors are used in the loading operation (fig. 10). Because of variations in elapsed times required to load trucks and wrablens when bOxesiane removed) from different’ isections. of) box piles, establishing "standards" was found to be impractical. Therefore, average data are used as a basis for computing labor requirements. The manual method illustrated in table 2 employs a 5-man crew. These WORKeGS lowe jGaeiI GFeSpecyive DOstulons: On tne mex, house and, on the road pe eens Figure 10.--Loading empty boxes on a road truck. Table 2.--Lebor required for a 5-man crew to remove manually 1,000 empty boxes from outdoor box storege piles end load them on road trucks and orchard trailers oe : : Productive : Wait : Total t W Ss Pera oe : orker : time 4 time : labor : Number : Man—-hours Man-hours Man-hours Setcuus anduclLeanupen com sweciea Workers : Productive : Wait <= Tote = 3 : time! 3) time oA EDON ks : Number : Man-hours Man-hours Men-hours Sacuprancecleanupemeycememees So. S685 A ines ce eee al i Ors We Oes3 Onz7, Pick up pallet load (72 boxes) of aie boxes : : in storége room by fork-lift truck. .. ae 1 : .06 £10) .06 Transport pallet load 100 feet from storége to : : CALUIET Dy LOn eal detscreU TUCK is. forse, ssi ies), 6 en ot fol aI : -20 -O -20 Release load from fork-lift truck on carrier : See ee Me foratiee Co emer s Sflier ss” oo lusts, carats its aes 07 aly aoe CONS ie SS OU, EO Car Nema = HOUS. giaadiles co! wise se! elas (a) fey 0 he, ~ ATS Var yt i ROR Bi, _-80 RAPS COs LINC cis seto meee <0 Wis wie le” to Loin on ols Soe Lule : Sees nn + 1/ Worker waits during handling by fork-lift truck. Figure 14.--Transporting 72 empty boxes on a pallet from storage room to road truck by fork-lift truck. Comparison of Methods and Types of Equipment for Moving Empty Boxes from Storage and Loading Them on Road trucks jor, Orchard] Trailers Comparative labor and equipment costs for moving 1,000 empty boxes from storage and loading them on road trucks and orchard trailers by the 3 methods discussed are shown in table 5. The first 2 of these methods, which involve loading manually and by clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks, cover the moving of empty boxes from box piles and storage rooms and loading them on road trucks or orchard trailers, and are typical of the 1ethods used in conventional-type plants. The fork-lift truck and pallet method involves moving empty boxes from cold-storage rooms of the plant to, the road truck. As a rule, plants that use fork-lift trucks do’ not store empty boxes in outdoor box piles. Although these methods are not strictly comparable because of differences in storage conditions, manual loading from box piles shows the greatest costs. The most economical method of moving empty boxes out of storage is by use of the clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck. The fork-lift truck and pallet method requires an expenditure of $2.24 to move 1,000 empty boxes out of storage--$0.89 per 1,000 empty boxes more than thé hand-truck method. But, if a plant uses fork-lift trucks for fruit- handling operations and has no hand trucks, the low labor cost of moving boxes by industrial trucks would make it desirable to use this equipment. Sate Table 5.--Comparative labor and equipment costs for moving 1,000 empty boxes from storage and loading them on road trucks and orchard trailers, by 3 specified methods r : : Labor and equipment 3 : ellepesd at Peed ; Labor and equipment costs Method * time * Equipment * Total # : ‘i Pabor(Guelota loots : : ne : labor : Equipment : ay/ : Current : Assumed : : : : : = Wages wages Hours : Machine-hours Man-hours : Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars Manual loading boxes’ from box pile =. <<<: + « « «0 « « 6: O52 = 0.0 2.99 : 0.0 3b 3 hh h.19 3 workers hand-truck stacks (18 boxes) 100 feet from : : : Rrormeys] Serr og OG 6 COLO 6°00 6.6'0 SD 6 bdo. 6.00 0.Nd8 258) we 2/ 1.15 1.15 : 203 1.32 1.35 1.64 1 fork-lift truck moves pallet loads of 72 boxes from : : B epcyaedrb GOO 0 6 GOl.0 6 G dG 1O Oo abou One 6.6.0 08 oll/ %F 3/66 80 : 4/ 1.20 1.04 2.24 24h 1/ Computed from ourrent wage rates. 2/ Clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck only. 3/ l,000-pound capacity electric industrial fork-lift truck requiring 0.33 machine-hour and 13.9 pallets, )0- by 48-inch, requiring 0.33 machine-hour, or a total of 0.66 machine-hour. Does not include setup and cleanup time. L/ Calculated as follows: 0.33 machine-hour x $2.28 / 0.33 machine-hour x $1.35 (hourly cost per 13.9 pallets) = $1.20. Me oe METHODS AND #QUIPMENT FOR MOVING EMPTY BOXES FROM STORAGE TO THE PACKING LINE As most of the apple packing plants in Washington State use new Srandand boxeseas fLeld boxes, fruit is packed wim these boxes after loose fruit has been dumped from them (figs. 15 and 16). Therefore, at some plants empty boxes seldom are moved from storage to the packing line. However, plants that pack apples in cartons and plants that store loose LeU in Old boxes orn-freld containers but wack tne fruit: for market in new boxes, must move the cartons or new boxes from storage to the packing line. Because cartons are handled as flats in the storage room and not as made-up boxes, they are considered to be packing suppiies and, as men- tioned earlier, the bandling methods used are not covered in this report. Figure 15.--After the worker dumps fruit from new standard boxes, the empty boxes are placed on a roller conveyor which carries them to the packing stations. | Plants in which new wooden boxes are moved from storage to the packing dine use hand trucks or fork-=lift trucks in combinaticn either with monorail conveyors or wheel conveyors for this cycle of operations. The rate at which the fruit is Figure 16.--A dumping station at which umped into ee washer determines the worker who dumps the fruit hangs The ave at which wOxes are Lo be the empty boxes on an overhead monorail brought to the packing line. This conveyor. rate usually approximates 250 to 300 boxes per hour. Because of this relatively slow pace, workers assigned to the task usually fill in some of their time by doing other work. When these workers cannot be assigned to other tasks, considerable wait time results. Variations in the rate at which boxes must be supplied to the packing line, depending on the size of fruit being run, the number of a LS ac sorters, the number of packers, and the number of sizing tubs on the packing line, also infiuence this wait: tame. 7 hor purposes, cn, amaiycis aie mis assumed that 210 empty boxes are delivered to the packing line per hour over a transportation distance of) 50) feet. Clamp-Type 2-Wheel Hand Truck and Monorail Conveyor The method commonly used to move empty boxes from storage to the packing line by use of 2-wheel hand trucks and monorail conveyor, utilizes one man to truck the empty boxes in 18-box loads to a bank near a monorail conveyor where the Load is released. This worker then hangs veevenpey, boxes from the stack on the hooks of the monorail conveyor (fig. 17). Figure 17.--A worker hanging empty boxes froma. bank on the hooks of a monorail conveyor. When a worker is assigned full time to this. task and only one ine is supplied by the monorail conveyor, considerable wait time results. In table 6, which shows the labor required for this particular method, it is assumed that the worker is also assigned other tasks. Therefore, only that part of his time required to do the productive work involved is shown. Use of this method requires 1.96 man-hours of labor to hand truck 1,000 boxes from 2 storage position and place them on the monorail con- veyor. As a plant that dumps apples at a rate of 300 boxes per line per hour requires only 210 empty boxes per hour for packing operations 2 eye Table 6.--Labor required for 1 worker to move 1,000 empty boxes from storage to the pecking line by clamp—type 2-wheel hand truck and monorail conveyor Operaticn Woe ke resus Productive : Wait : Total : time : time : labor : Number : Man-hours Man-hours Man-hours Pick up 18-box loads in storage area by clamp- : type 2-wheel hand truck (crowded area). .... : 1 pits! (0) sala 0.0 0.11 Transport 18—box loads 50 feet from temporary : : storage to monorail conveyor by clemp—type : : 2-wneel hand truck. ° ° e ° ° ° ° ° ° © ° ° ° ° : ak : SEIS) O ID) Release 18-box loads at monorail conveyor by : : clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck (open area)... : al : 09 20 -09 Remove new boxes from bank and hang on hooks of : MON OMA NCOMVE VOR torn cnce ke hieiersit se iuieliso teu aeiiuart ve: queauie I : Nyaa -O V4). Total man-hours . the worker woo trucks the voxes and hangs them on a conveyor has more than one haiti Or Ris time available for other jobs: industrial Fork-Lift Truck, Pallets, and Monorail Conveyor fin the method using Tork-Lift trucks, 72-box pallet loads are picked up) in Che storage area, transported: a distance’ of 50 feet from storage POs2ct1ONn CoO a location near the. monorail conveyor, and ‘released. ~AL this point a second: worker transfers the boxes fromthe pallets to the monorail Conveyor. ;Secause consideraole extraltime ts available it. jis assumed (that both workers are assigned to other jobs when not prcductively engaged in these operations. Table 7.---Labor required for a 2-man crew to move 1,000 empty boxes from storege to the vacking line by industrial fork-Jift truck, pallets, and monorail conveyor : : Productive : Wait: Total Openavion : wel : time : time : Jabor : Number : Man—hours Man-hours Man-hours Pick up 72-—box pallet load of empty boxes in 5 : storage area, by fork-Jift truck. .......: al OL O6 C20 0.06 Transport 72-box load 50 feet from temvorery : storage to monorail conveyor, by fork-lift : : truck e ° ° ° e e ° e e e ° ° ° e ° ° ‘. 1 ° AD Up) 20 sale Release 72-—box load at monorail conveyor, by : : HO Te Kes baetiat ie erel CHA an ever Cree Ned Cciuivalne-yopition veiinial wecturanaisibltel ike al : ~03 AO) 03 Remove new boxes from pallet and hang them on : hooks of monorg CONVEYOR sissie enc m sisi ies vendecet ie 1 : ail <0 Dea: TOLMAN = OUTS eseate cis ci el hea MUN cert eure eee = : 1365 (0) WO SOO a When a fork-lift truck is used in combination with a monorai. conveyor for moving empty boxes from the storage point to the packing line, 1.65 man- hours of labor are required per 15000 voxes, whichis O,si7 man-hournwmsless than the time required to do the jobd with 2-wheel hand trucks (table 7). Clamp-Type 2-Wheel Hand Trucks or Industrial Fork-Lift Trucks and Pallets, and Wheel Conveyors Although monorail conveyors are used in some plants to move empty boxes to the packers, gravity-type wheel conveyors are more commonly used for this purpose. Wheel conveyors extend from a point outside the packing room, where empty boxes are placed on them, into the room alongside the packing stations. Packers remove empty boxes from the conveyor line as mneeded* Under comparable conditions, and when used in combination with hand trueks- or fork-lift trucks, labor requirements per 1000 boxes by wheel conveyors are no greater to move empty boxes to the packing line than with monorail conveyors. The labor necessary to place boxes on a wheel conveyor or to Hook them on a monorail conveyor does not differ greatly, therefore, the amount of time required for each operation is assumed to be the same. Although labor requirements are the same, there is a difference in equip- ment costs. Comparison of Methods and Types of Equipment for Moving Empty Boxes from Storage to the Packing Line Moving empty boxes from storage to the packing line by clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks in combination with monorail or wheel conveyors is less expensive than by fork-lift trucks and pallets in combination with conveyors (table &). Furthermore, the cost of using wheel conveyors is less than the cost of using monorail conveyors. The difference in cost of using the two types of conveyors under the current wage-rate assumption amounts to $0.72 per 1,000 boxes, and is due to costs of equipment. Even though fork-lift- truck metnods are more expensive than the hand-truck methods, and monorail conveyors are more expensive than wneel conveyors, these costs are not the only factors that should enter into the determination of which method to use for handling empty containers. If equipment is already on hand for use in handling fruit, it also may be desirable to use this equipment to handle empty boxes. In addition, the convenience of the monorail conveyor for handling cifferent types of packages at the same time also should be considered. sen taes Table 8.--Comparative labor and equipment costs for moving 1,000 empty boxes from storage to the packing line, by specified methods Lab a i t vga Mata ee tee Labor and equipment costs 3 : required Method : Workers : Equipment B Total : Tabor: Total cost 3 2 + ime a, 2 labor : Equipment : 2/ : Current : Assumed 5 2 $ 2 3 wages 3% wages : Number : Machine-hours Men-hours +: Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars 18-box unit loads hand trucked by worker 50 feet from tempo-: 1 : 3/ 6-72 1.96 sel 8 2225 3.73 4.22 rary storage to monorail conveyor. Worker hangs empty : : , boxes on monorail conveyor. 61.0.0 OG da SO BN Ge bao Bae On Ord 72-box pallet loads moved by fork-lift truck 50 feet from temporary storage to monorail conveyor. Second worker : 3 H hangs empty boxes on monorail conveyor. ....-++.++s+e+: 2 : h/ 5.24 1.65 : 2.30 1.93 h.23 64 18-box unit loads hand trucked by worker 50 feet from tempo- : rary storage to wheel conveyor. Worker places boxes on and : : 8 pushes them down wheel conveyor. ...++-+++seeeee? 1 : 5/ 6.72 1.96 B 276 2.25 3.01 3.50 72=-box pallet loads moved from temporary storage by forx-lift: truck 50 feet to wheel conveyor. Second worker places boxes: 3 : on and pushes them down wheel conveyor. Oe Oled SoMa Olowoed 2 : 6/ 5h 1.65 : 1.58 1.93 3.51 392 VW Conveyor equipment time used is based on the assumption that 210 boxes per hour are needed at the paoking line. / Computed from current wage rates. EY 300-foot monorail conveyor 4.76 machine-hours, clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck 1.96 machine-hours, total 6.72 machine-hours. 300-foot monorail conveyor (}.76 machine-hours, },,000-pound capacity electric industrial fork-lift truok 0.2) machine-hours, 13.9 pallets (lO- by 48-inch) 0.2); machine-hour, total 5.2) machine-hours. 5/ 200-foot gravity wheel conveyor '\.76 machine-hours, clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck 1.96 machine-hours, total 6.72 machine-hours. 200-foot gravity wheel conveyor }.76 machine-hours, };,000-pound capacity electric fork-lift truck 0.2} machine-hours, 13.9 pallets (4O- by 48-inch) 0.2); machine-hour, total 5.2) machine-hours. Ole METHODS AND EQUIPMENT FOR MOVING EMPTY BOXES FROM THE DUMPING AR#A AT THE BEGINNING OF THe WASHING AND PACKING LINE TO STORAGE A common practice in Washington State apple packing and storage houses is to pack apples into the same boxes from which loose fruit has been dumped. Exceptions are plants that use cartons for shipping containers and plants that use a special field container. In plants that pack apples in the boxes from which loose fruit is dumped, there is an accumulation of extra boxes because one-third fewer boxes are required for packed fruit than for loose fruit. These extra boxes must be moved from the dumping area to storage. Empty boxes usually are moved from the dumping area to storage by clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks alone or fork-lift trucks and pallets. Occasionally they are moved by belt conveyors in combination with clamp- type e-wheel hand trucks. The worker who dumps the fruit nests the empty boxes in 3-box units and stacks the units 6 high either on pallets or in single stacks beside his station (fig 18). After stacks are built, empty Sad Figure 18.--Dumper nesting empty boxes. Three-box units are stacked 6 boxes high, either on pallets or in stacks for hand trucks. boxes usually are set aside near the dumping area in a temporary bank of supply. Later they are moved to permanent storage. For the purposes of analysis it is assumed that a transportation distance of 40 feet is = 28 required to move the boxes from the dumping area into temporary storage position and 110 feet to move them to final storage. Clamp-Type 2-Wheel Hand Truck The method of moving empty boxes from the dumping area by the clamp- type 2-wheel hand truck requires only 1 worker to move fruit into the temporary bank (fig. 19). As boxes accumulate slowly, 1 worker is adequate. It is assumed that when this worker is not productively occupied by this task, his time is utilized by perfornm- ing other jobs. Otherwise the work- er waits a considerable part of the time. When the stacks of empty boxes are moved to final storage 110 feet away, 3 hand truckers are used. Empty boxes usually are not tiered or piled high in storage rooms unless there is an unusually large number of boxes, to] bemstored. By this method 1.52 man-hours of labor are required to move 1,000 empty boxes from dumping area to storage (table 9). Nearly one- third of this labor as used in mov- ing Lruatv from the: dumping station to temporary storaze position. Industrial Fork-Lift. Truck and Pallets When fork-lift trucks and pallets are used to move empty boxes to storage, it is assumed, as with the clamp-type 2-wheel hand-truck Figure 19.--An 18-box load of empty boxes method, that a fork-lift truck picks being moved from dumping area to up pallet loads of empty boxes in temporary storage by clamp-type 2-wheel the qumping area and moves them 0 hand truck. feet to temporary storage. Later pallet Loads are moved: 110 feet to permanent storage. It also is assumed that the time of the fork- lift truck operator is fully occupied by assignment to other work when he is not productively engaged in these operations. Under this assumption only the time actually used in moving empty boxes from dumping area to storage is charged against the operation. The work of both the man who dumps fruit and that of the operator of the fork-lift truck proceeds more smoothly if gravity-type conveyors or roiler dollies are used to accumulate.more than ey Te Table 9.--Labor required for a 3-nan crew tc move 1,000 empty boxes frem the dumping area to ‘storage by clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks Gperation iwenberen: Productive : Nait : «=Total = : time : time ‘cu labore ae : Number : Man-hours Man-hours Man-hours Pick up 18—box loads of empty boxes by clamp- : : type 2-wheel hand truck at conveyor (open : : QCA); see ah Se ie sees oe, 3g) ug erred yeas i =2 20309 0.0 0.09 Transport 18-box loeds 40 feet to temporary : 2 LoFH CG. © Gti Geno (6) a OScby tS Shoe Son LARD oeOUS 2 Olle otic 1 : 229 -O 229 Release 18-—box loads at temporary stcrage : : (crowded saree in. pect) Coots ect erence wa ents 1 : ann .O qual Pick up 18-box loads at temporary storage by : clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks (crowded aree) . : 3 e aalak AG) sual: Transport 18-—box loeds 110 feet by clamp-tyve g g 2-wheel hand trucks from temporary bank to : : SLOUAP Esa Tata sh eee ess. 52 sunt sail ew bem eens 3 : Sa W205 79 Release 18-box loads in storage area (congested : A Crowdedared)) yori oa iceteimemeet <3. 3 Soh ay ees 3 : oils} s 0 all Lota laMari MOUS a wisn Metron co. «le, ol ademas esau Seller cei, -05 1.52 1/ Caused by crew interference. Figure 20.--Pallet loads of empty boxes are accumulated on roller dollies. - 25 1 pallet load of empty boxes at a time (fig. 20). But the use of the conveyors or doilies has little effect on labor requirements and only little extra expense is involved. Lator required to move 1,000 empty boxes from the dumping area to storage by fork-lift truck and pallets amounted to 0.50 man-hour (table 10). This is only one-third of the labor required by the method using the clamp- type 2-wheel hand truck. Table 10.-—-Labor required for 1 worker to move 1,000 empty boxes from the dumping area to storage by fork-lift truck and pallets re ee ne ee POG roauctive : "eit — 2) Wotal © * Gt ae IG ne time gbor : Numher : Man-hours Mar-hours Man—hours Pick up 72—box pallet load af fork-Lift truck : at dumping area... é Set well ton el 1 : 0393 9.9 0.03 Transvort 72-—box pallet load 40 feet ake fork- : lift truck to temporary bank. ... . seus i : »14 a) lh Release 72—box pallet load at temporary storage. : al : 203 78) -03 Pick up 72-box pallet load by fork-lift truck : at temporary storage area... POR Cea 1 : 703 -O 03 Tran sport 72—box pallet loed 110 feet 2 fork- : : ALEt. truck to storage: room... . .'. ee el sues a: : 221 8) BALL Release load in storage (average lst, 2d, and : : PO tIe rs)! eee ee ga eluate, vet cere any ye ek : 06 Ae) 5062 nies nef Lota ma n=WOurSiis css fore ie ce sell oho sel eer ais = : 2 50 tS 0 «50 Belt Conveyor in Combination with Clamp-Type 2-Wheel Hand Truck In a few plants empty boxes are moved from the dumping area to storage by belt conveyors in combination with clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks. All these plants operate 2 or more packing lines. In this method a belt con- veyor is installed to run overhead in front of a mechanical dumper or a worker who dumps fruit (fig 21). This worker, after dumping the fruit, places the empty boxes on the belt conveyor which moves them to storage. For comparative purposes it is assumed that the boxes are conveyed 75 feet by the belt conveyor to a work table where they are removed by a worker who also builds the boxes into units of 3 boxes each and stacks them 6 high (fig. 22). They are then moved by hand truck to a storage position 75 feet away . Moving empty boxes from the dumping area to storage by belt conveyor in combination with clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks requires 2.40 man-hours per U,COO boxes (table 11). Of the total dabor, (© percent is used in removing the boxes from the belt conveyor, nesting them in groups of 3, and stacking them 6 high. In this operation some wait time occurs because Figure 21.--A mechanical dumper feeding empty boxes onto a belt conveyor which moves them to the storage room. Figure 22.--Worktable to which boxes are carried by a belt conveyor. On arrival at this table, boxes are removed, nested, and stacked 6 high. the worker removing the boxes from the belt does not receive the boxes at aifasc enough’ rate’ vo. keep him fully occupied. Lt us assumed) thac. tne worker performing the hand-trucking operation is transferred to other work when not productively employed in handling empty boxes, so no wait timevonwinis parc /OCeUrs - EO Table 11.--Labor required for a 2-yan crew to move 1,0CO emoty boxes from the dumping area to storage by a belt conveyor and clamp—type 2-wheel hand trucks ee a a Ce ne aie ; Productive : Wait: Total Operation Workers : : es ue : es time SL ae cuIne enna: labor : Number : Man-hours Man-hours Man-hours Nest (at work table) empty boxes into 3-box R 2 units and stack them into 18-box unit loads : 2 ONUPOOT yen emra een ener an stole, sma oawe gh mua deh s 1 eae 0.42 W/ V67 Pick up 18—box load at work table by clamp-— 2 type 2-wheel hand truck (open area) ......: ] : -09 20 .09 Transport 18—box load 75 feet to storage .... : Al oil (0) soi Release load in storage room (congested area). . : 1 : SUS aia (9) Pals Maa oh Pobakl wma n= MOUS ui Waele uier oneness si ite ital dinel vie miroe es = a undliloJs) 42 EERO 1/ Assuming worker receives boxes from 2 pecking lines where the rate of dumping for each line is 300 boxes per hour. Comparison of Methods and Equipment for Moving Empty Boxes from the Dumping Area to Storage Of the 3 methods of moving empty boxes from the dumping area to storage the use of hand trucks is the most economical. The hand-truck method incurs labor and equipment costs of $1.79 per 1,000 boxes compared with $3.66 by belt conveyor in combination with the clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks (table 12). Labor costs are lowest by fork-lift trucks--only $0.65 per 1,000 boxes. Where the labor factor is relatively important Che fork lant uruck method would: probably be best ymbut the decision. to use fork-lift trucks would depend primarily on whether or not a plant has found fork-Llift trucks to be desirable for other materials-handling Operations.) (Hendiling only emouy containers by fork-litt- trucks and) pal— ews could not, be: justified because on Tairhy nigh) cost) chithe equipment: The nequipmenu Costs would needa to be shared by other operations. SO On= Table 12.--Comparative labor and equipment costs for moving 1,000 empty boxes from the dumping area to storage, by 3 specified methods = Labor and equipment required : Labor and equipment costs Method : workers Equipment : init S Total 3 i ee mores cost : egae : Pane : qehoe : Equipment : V/ : Current : Assumed : : : : : t wages : wages : Number : Machine-hours Man-hours Man-hours : Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars 1 worker hand trucks 18-box loads 40 feet from dumping area to temporary storage. Later, 3 workers hand-truck boxes 110 feet to : ; : Tiss SLO oD BNSEe 5 Bo < Oo nian Be) Ps SeAdlae 0.05 152 : 0.0) 1.75 1.79 2.17 1 fork-lift truck operator moves 72=box pallet : : loads 40 feet fram dumping area to temporary 2 : 3 storage. Later, fork-lift truck operator moves :; 3 : pallet loads 110 feet to storage. ...2e+-s: 1 : 3/ 1.00 Ae) 50 : 1.62 -65 2.47 2.60 Boxes moved by belt conveyor 75 feet from dump- ing area to worktable. One worker nests boxes : . into 3=box units and builds loads 6 high for ; =e hend trucker. Ome worker hand-trucks 18=box : : : loads! 75 feet to storage. 0s) < cmisteichic. 6 = 2 L/ 4.06 2 2.140 90 2.76 3266 4.26 1/ Computed from current wage rates. 2/ Clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks only. 3/ h,000-pound capacity electric fork-lift truck requiring 0.50 machine-hour, and 13.9, LO- by 48-inch, pallets requiring 0.50 machine- hour or a total of 1.00 machine-hour. L/ 75-foot belt camveyor 3.33 machine-hours,clamp=-type 2-wheel hand truck 0.73 machine-hour, total 4.06 machine-hours. ie oae METHODS AND EQUIPMENT FOR MOVING EMPTY BOX#S FROM THe DUMPING AREA TO BOX-HOUSE STORAGE BY US& OF ROAD TRUCKS OR ORCHARD TRAILERS Read trucks and orchard tramfers frequently are used to haul empty boxes from the packinghouse to permanent storage in box houses, particu- larly at the conventional-type plants where industrial trucks are not used. Plants using fork-lift trucks and pallets apparently find it more desirable to store empty boxes on pallets in a cold-storage room or outside in an open area rather than in box houses (fig. 23). Se Figure 23.--Pallet loads of 72 empty boxes stored near a warehouse. In moving empty boxes by road trucks or orchard trailers, rrom the dumping area to box houses for stor- ase, the @oading of trucks and trail— ers is accomplished by clamp-type e-wheel hand trucks. One worker hand- trucks 1é-box unit loads from the dumping area to a temporary bank. Other workers hand-truck these unit loads from the tempcrary storage bank PLO: POSHELOM OR. LOe.CEUCK.OrLrad ler ved (fig. 24). The carrier is then dimven GOune locauson sellected | for the wox house, where 3-bex units are handed from worker to worker and finally placed into the box house Figure 24.--Hand-trucking 18-box stacks (fiz. 25.) of empty boxes unto posttton on an orchard trailer. ="20n = _Figure 25.--Moving 3-box units of empty boxes from an orchard trailer into a box house. | For purposes of this analysis it is assumed that 1 worker hanc-trucks 13-box stacks from the dumping area to the temporary storage position, a distance of 40 feet. As the worker's time is not completely occupied in performing this task, his extra time is chargeable against other opera- tions to which he is assigned. When the orchard tratiher or road truck is in a position for loading, 2 workers hand-truck the boxes 30 feet from ther Gcemporary., sank, onto, the: vehicle. When the ven. cle vacrives at tne box house, 3 men remove the yoxes from the trailer or truck and place them in final storage position. The operation of building the box house is athe reverse of tearing it down. There are a number of variations in the method of building the house; some workers stand on the ground or truck, the remainder at various heights on the box house. Total labor required to move 1,000-empty boxes from the dumping area to box-house storage is 4.49 man-hours, when the boxes are moved by clamp- type 2-wheel hand trucks from the dumping area to temporary storage and from temporary storage to position on an orchard trailer or road ibmuUcks. and are unloaded from the trailer or truck and manually placed in a box house by a 3-man crew (table 13). The time required to move the trailer or road truck between the packinghouse and box house is not included. Most of the labor required for moving boxes to box-house storage-- about 57 percent--is used in building the box house. The small amount of wait time involved in building the box house and a small aniount of time lost because of crew interference in hand trucking from temporary storage to the orchard trailer or road truck bring the total waiu mime senO.s7 amam— hour, about 8 percent of the total labor. Table 13.--Labor required for a 3-man crew to move 1,000 empty boxes from the dumping area to hox-house storage by clamp—tynve 2-wheel hand truck and manual method, when trucks and orcherd trailers are used to cart boxes from the packinghouse to the box house 1/ : leh Xoyahs (or dl : We j : Operation i Workers in ae : Es : eee : Nurber : Man—hours Man-hours Man-hours Pick up 18—box loads at dumping area by clamp- : Q type 2-wheel hand truck (open area) ......: u OZ OD 0.0 0.09 Transport loads 40 feet from dumping area to : : CEMPONATY mSPONALS We tea kath o1) ies. culisr teh Refine) wren tenons 1 : 229 AG) 229 Release loads at temporary storage (crowded Si : area) e e ° ° e ° e 2 e e e e e e e e es e e e e : 1 : cay 10) ral tal Pick up 18-box loads at temporary storage by : : clamn-type 2-wheel hand trucks (crowded area) . : 2 : dy 0 Aslal Transport, 30.beet. toy road truck. «06 asin tie 2 : 123 Bh .03 26 Release loads on road truck or trailer bed : : (erowded vance nate cen ater i ewe ra sey Meaty ewan Rericel s 2 : Anlal .O asta Manually unlcad box units from truck or trailer :; A anidiorace them am abOx MOUSE iis fs Mi ve. ation ver cen vel's 3 : 223 AG VE Pads) Put tOnebox tN OUSeeroOtiant.. - siusiiial ie cries rpilateliven isi nem aie 3 : 295 0) 95 i Total man—hours e e @ ° ° e ° ° e ° e ° e e 5 er ° Bae ° 37 Q 4.49 i/ Labor requirements shorn do not include transit time of workers between the packing- house and box house. 2/ Crew interference. At current wage rates, labor and equipment costs for moving 1,000 empty boxes from the dumping area to the storage point and building the box house are $5.18. Equipment use accounts for only a very small part of these costs as the operation is almost completely manual (table 14). The Cost (or Che road truck.or the orchard: trailer is; mot included. Table 14.--Labor end equipment costs for moving 1,000 empty boxes from the dumping area to box-house storage by clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck and manual method, wher road trucks and orchard trailers are used to cart boxes from packinghouse to box house : Labor and equipment required : Labor and equipment costs Method , Rorkens ‘ Equipment f Wait : Total : ROA Hs ; Labor _. _Tovel cost aa 3 : APA : eae : nee : Equipment : 1 : Curr 2 Assum : S of 3 : : : = wages 3; wages : Number : Machine-hours Man-hours Man-hours : Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars 1 worker hand-trucks 18-box loads 0 feet from dumping area to temporary storage. Two men hand-truck loads 40 feet to truck or trailer. g : 5 Three men unload truck or trailer to box pile. .: 3 : 2), 0.97 0.37 helig 7 OsO02 516 5.18 6.31 i/ Computed from current wage rates. 2/ Clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck only. S82 = COMPARISON OF COMBINATIONS OF TYPES OF MATERIALS -HANDLING EQUIPMENT US@D FOR HANDLING EMPTY BOXES Comparative labor and equipment requirements and their costs for handling 1,000 empty boxes through 3 specified cycles of operations by the materials-handling methods discussed, are shown in table 15. The 2 cycles of operations are: (1) Moving empty boxes from storage and load- ing them on road trucks and orchard trailers; (2) moving empty boxes from storage to packing line; and (3) moving empty boxes from dumping area to storage. Costs forsthe 3 cycles of operations have been combined for tie methods that might be used by plants equipped with certain types of equip- ment. These groupings are: (1) Manual labor and clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck; (2) clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck; and (3) industrial fork-lift truck and pallets. As these groupings are somewhat arbitrary, an individual plant operator should recombine the data for the operations as performed in his plant before deciding to shift to other methods. One of the major fac- tors that should be considered by plant operators in selecting the type of equipment for handling empty boxes is its potential efficiency for fruit- handling operations. For example, a plant operator should not invest funds in costly equipment for handling only empty containers if other equipment is used for handling unpacked and packed boxes of fruit. Labor and equipment costs are lowest for handling 1,000 empty boxes through the 3 cycles of operations wnen clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks are used, the total cost being $6.15. When industrial fork-lift trucks and pallets are used, these costs are increased to $8.22 per 1,000 empty boxes even though the labor costs are the lowest of the 3 equipment combinations. Manual handling at the box house combined with the use of clamp-type 2-wheel -hand trucks increases the costs for performing these 3 cycles of operations to $11.63 per 1,000 empty boxes, or $5.48 above the lowest cést method. According to these figures, the clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck has the advantage over other types of equipment vy a fairly wide margin. But this advantage decreases as the cost of labor increases and, at a wage rate of $0.25 per hour above the current wage rate, the advantage of the hand truck is reduced to $1.65 per 1,000 empty boxes handled. wx U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1954 O - 304219 - 33 - Table 15.--Comparative labor and equipment costs for handling 1,000 empty boxes through 3 specified cycles of operations, by use of specified types and combinations of types of equipment a/ Type of equipment and oyoles of operations Manual labor and clamp-type 2-wheel. hand truck: Moving from storage and loading onto road trucks and orchard trailers (manually) 5/. Se Allo: Oe Domo NDA TOE Moving from storage to packing line (hand trucks and Whe elarcOnVEVOR) MeMiciht cikeuone istic ef col ten stuestem emiolureinte Labor and equipment costs : : Total cost : Equipment : Labor : Current : Assumed : 2/ at 3/) : Wages : wages : se o/c ation, : Number: Machine-hours Man-hours : Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars Labor end equipment required Workers Pr a. eT Equipment ‘ Labor Mae GTS MOO PAG = .0.00 3h 3 oly 1g aes 1 : 6.72 1.96 ; 276 2.25 3.01 3.50 Moving from dumping area to storage by use of road trucks : or orchard trailers (hend truck and manually) Of Ae Totals (3 oycles of operations) ....... 2.6. Clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck: Moving from storage and loading onto road trucks and ai: 3 : 97 hig : 02 5.16 5.18 6.31 t/a MaDe ec as 7269 Gol? 278 10.85 11.63 14.00 Crohardutraalienrs)smreilc vote) lolisiisy 1; ey leliie we) fe" lel ce) a eter io: 3 F 1.15 1.15 3 -03 1.32 1.35 1.6) Moving from storage to packing line: H 3 : In combination with gravity wheel conveyor ...... 3 1 3 6.72 1.96 ; 76 2.25 301 350 In combination with monorail conveyor. ......-e+. al 3 6.72 1.96 2 1.48 2.25 3.73 4.22 Moving from dumping area to storage: : 3 3 Clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks alone ......+..s4e 3 ; 1.52 1.52 ; oO 1.75 1.79 2.17 In combination with belt conveyor. ......+-2.+4+-6 } 2 : 4.06 2.0 : 290 2.76 3.66 4.26 Totals (3 cycles of operations) 1 eo Oo, OM Or ie T : 9239 4.63 : 283 5232 6.15 731 Industrial fork-lift truck and pallets: ; ; Moving from storage and loading onto road trucks and : $ OnGharductrail orsirciecucchicl cn Gh auiliss s\ euiciteioinel ter teu sepmormn: 2 266 -80 : 1.20 1.04 2.2) 24h Moving from storage to packing line: , 3 In combination with gravity wheel conveyor . ....s.. :; 2 5. 1.65 2 1.58 1.93 3.51 39 In combination with monorail conveyor. ......-.+.ee. : 2 : 5.24 1.65 : 2.30 1.93 23 ny Moving from dumping area to storage. . ...+.s-+-+-ee 3 1 5 1.00 250 : 1.82 065 2.47 2.60 Totals (3 cycles of operations) fe ena os areca 5 : 6690 2.95 : 4.60 3.62 8.22 8.96 1/ Except as otherwise noted, transportation distances have been standardized as follows: (1) “oving from storage and loading onto road trucks 100 feet; (2) moving from storage to packing age 150 feet. 2/ Equipment costs computed from cata on ownership 3/, Current labor costs computed from wage rates of workers such as industrial truck operators). u/ Assumed labor costs computed from wage rates of 2, Actually no transportation distance is involved Transportation distance to load the road trucks line 250 feet (including 200 feet by conveyor); and (3) moving from dumper to stor- and operating costs shown in table l. $1.15 per hour for unskilled labor and $1.39 per hour for semisxilled workers (key $1.49 per hour for unskilled labor and $1.55 per hour for semiskilled workers. except the distance moved in passing the boxes from worker to worker. is 70 feet. In unloading trucks the same condition holds as in footnote 5. uU/ here 2 methods are snown for performing a given cycle of operations, the lower cost method is the one included in the total. - 34 - APPENDIX Standard Data Average labor requirements per 1,000 empty boxes for performing handling operation by different types and combinations of types of materials-handling equipment Setup and cleanup when loading empty boxes on road truck or orchard trailer. Setup begins when the truck driver starts to remove the tie ropes, end gates, or V-boards from the road truck or orchard trailer. Consists of removing tie ropes, end gates, or V-boards; placing bridge plate when necessary; obtaining handling equipment if used; and when manual handling is performed the time of workers to get into position. Ends when the vehicle is ready to receive empty boxes. Cleanup begins when the last box, stack, or pallet load has been put into position. Consists of moving materials-handling equipment to temporary storage; removing bridge plate; placing end gates, or V-boards in position on vehicle; and tying down the load. Ends when the truck driver walks toward the cab of the road truck or toward the tractor. . . «+ « «© « © «© » © © © © © © @ Setup and cleanup when unloading empty boxes from road truck or orchard trailer. Setup begins when the truck driver starts to remove the tie ropes, end gates, or V-boards from the road truck or orchard trailer. Consists of removing the tie ropes, end gates, or V-boards; placing bridge plate when necessary; obtain- ing handling equipment if used; and when manual handiing is performed, the time of workers to get into position. Ends when the vehicle is ready to be unloaded. Cleanup begins wnen the last box, stack, or pallet load has been removed from the vehicle. Consists of moving materials-handling equipment to temporary storage; removing bridge plate; placing end gates or V=boards in position on vehicle; and tying ropes. Ends when the truck driver walks toward the cab of the road truck or toward the tractor. sf vetcie) uel jell elias cep siecle atelier a 6 aihera enae Manually load boxes from box house to road truck or orchard trailer by passing 3-box units from 1 worker to another until the empty boxes are stacked on the ; truck bed. e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ° e e e e e e e e e e Take the roof, made of l= by 10-inch or l= by l@=inch boards, off box house. Consists of prying boards free from boxes, removing nails from boards, and plac ing boards in stacks. e e e ° e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e oO e Taxe new empty boxes from stacks placed near a monorail conveyor and hang them on the conveyor. e e s e . e e e e . ° e e e e e e e e e ° e ° e e e e . e e e Take empty field boxes from a monorail conveyor, nest into 4=-box units, and stack near conveyore Cr mey ery es O,=0. Le 0. (0. "6, 0) (0 se. 0), 0-116 (6:0 6) ©. 6 |e. 0, Ge) *6) 216) retles te Taxe empty field boxes from a monorail conveyor, nest into 3-box units, stack near conveyor, and take new empty boxes from stacks near conveyor and hang on c onveyo Te e e ee ° e e 8° ee e ° e 67 .@ ee e ee e e e@ e e e e oe ee e e@ e 8 Take empty field boxes from a monorail conveyor, nest into 3-box units, stack near conveyor, take new empty boxes from stacks near conveyor, and hang them on conveyor, and move all stacks (18 boxes) by clamp-type 2-wheel hand truc an average distance of 25 feet. Of OO OMOLEOMO tec! OG: Or On O duc. oO Geo Oo Take boxes delivered to work table from dumper (automatic or manual) by belt conveyor, nest into 3-box units and stack 6 units high (18 boxes) for hand trucking. J e se e e e s e e e e e ° e es e e ° * e s e e e e e e e e e e e e e Take boxes delivered to a gravity roller conveyor from dumper (automatic or manual) by belt conveyor, nest into 3-box units, and stack 6 units high (18 boxes) near conveyor for hand trucking. Includes time to move along the roller conveyor to reach boxes. eOMON OOO OO OO Oo 0 00 Oo 6 6,6 096 6 Manually unload boxes from road truck or orchard trailer by passing 3=-box units from 1 worker to another until the empty boxes are stacked in the box house. . Put the roof, made of l= by 10-inch or l- by l@-inch boards, on a box house. Consists of taking the boards from stacks, placing them on the box house, and neilnes Che sDOards7 COmUNGMDOXGM et Teste is) sii/el lel (oi “o) (oo) 'e) (elo) etlcio secre cuieaneine Base time Man-hours (o}jalulre 08 1.77 1.299 1.51 2.03 86 Fatigue allowance Man-hours 13 ell 013 017 ell 015 220 209 Productive time Man-hours O.ly 08 1.85 1.25 1.66 26235 °95 = SD) = Average labor requirements per 1,000 empty boxes for performing handling operations by use of clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks Pick up 18-box loads by use of clamp-type 2-vwheel hand trucks: wy, In crowded area where surrounding stacks of boxes make maneuver- ing necessary, or where lack of space between stacks does not permit the clamps of the hand truck to enter conveniently (for example, in storage). outs e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ° es e e e In relatively crowded area where boxes were originally placed in position by hand truck or stacked with adequate spacing between stacks for clamps to enter (for example, beside belt conveyor or in storage). e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e In an open area with sufficient room for easy maneuvering (for example, beside belt or in open at dumping area). sitio oie eneciis Transport 18-box loads by use of clamp-type 2-wheel hand trucks and return the truck empty: 2/ One-way distance: 10 15 20 25 30 ho 50 60 70 80 9 O 190 25 150 175 200 225 250 feet. feet. feet. feet. feet. feet. feet. feet. feet. feet. feet. feet. feet. feet. feet. feet. feet. feet. Release 18=-box loads e e e e e by use of clamp-type 2=-wheel hand trucks: 3/ In crowded area where surrounding stacks of boxes make maneuvering necessary (for example, stacks placed in storage position). eee In relatively crowded area (for example, on road truck bed)... « In an open area with sufficient room for easy maneuvering (for exemple, beside belt, gravity roller, or monorail conveyors). ° 1/ Work performed by a worker in picking up a load by use of Begins when worker starts to position hand truck for the pickup or the load, ends when the hand truck begins forward motion. 2, dork performed by @ worker in moving unit loads of 18 boxes from pickup point to point of re- lease and returning the truck empty. Base time 0.13 e10 08 210 08 Fatigue allowance Man-hours Man-hours Man-hours 0.01 001 001 Aon one 202 02 202 .03 03 OL Oh 205 06 206 08 209 210 E12 eal 015 Ol eO1 eO1 t = 0.9057d f 0.036, where d = distance in feet from pickup point to release point and t hours per 1,000 boxes to transport the truck loaded and return it empty. oy) Work performed by a worker in releasing a load by use of a clamp-type 2-wheel hand truck. Begins when forward motion ends or when maneuvering for release begins, ends when the hand truck begins forward motion to return empty. Productive time 0.4 old 009 lt 99 clamp-type C-wheel hand truck. when the clamps pass the front of Transport time for round trip based on the following formula: time in mane = 36 - Average labor requirements per 1,000 empty boxes for performing handling operations by use of a h,000-pound capacity electric industrial fork-lift truck a, Base Fatigue Productive time allowance time Man-=hours Man-hours ‘“fan-hours ——— Pick up 72-box pallet loads of empty boxes by use of industrial fork-lift truck: 2/ From road truc or orchard trailer bed ...-+.-e-e-s-ec cece 0.04 0.0 0.04 From floor level surface e e e e e e e ° e e . e e ° e e e e e e e 03 A{0) 003 From storage area stack (average of lst, 2d, and 3d tiers) .... 296 Ale) 206 Transport 72-box loads of empty boxes by use of industrial fork-lift truck and return empty: 3/ One-way distance: By FEOGc. stich us velo) mciMainetiel) ss 6) 6, © cen) m bor om clg es mouiel Rosle eelmoune 004 ae) ~03 LOMROSE c.s tol zee weuncuMemmeUn ene ieko.. 6: Ce: sinter vo ones nop teoteMmoyNe) itemise Rokeretats Oh 20 Oh 2OMfeetic. <.-o o) Nant eustneebeutomicutcs © “ole %. -ettve soeM ejineitenie atentener i ontermts 08 20 08 BilePee be. cod: ive. vars Aa MORN els: 6! is 2 6 Aste Sale! velrecmephee LodseMbeepe tae sl2 201 13 IOeeReot sits saya tah wen aMCMCC CCI er/ Le so. se xelze Mette makes) | srcelneutelicieemns 13 sO2 aan SOMLCS bt cre Hos cee) as eMROUE Exe Tesh. fe call oh Sobel emer simone eon ove ineeronme sal 201 215 GOmfeatin vce, ae Te cde eee cits: ss, 60S Nel non ill emel oubont oye cel detente 215 2Ol 216 TOME Seto Totes ite oe CER et el ©. o: ee 1s. Wek eect eine Gelman eaetine tor totcs 216 201 ay SOMfieet 2.) mstnicr ce emeNeUce oo «ce avo-4 Sing ai stasel- okneumielp ogre oleh toa Aly; Ol 8 GO fee te ea ee es ee URC <=.) 6! ins epee atime eens ty chwomiommesbe arouce <18 201 19 1NOOEshe Ob snc mou cimciicucrteraoun eine: 61. 0. xl es). s%) oe Wee Neiennemieli- 9 luc trehr ents 19 Ol 220 ee TU nepeO eo Oa au! b) 6) olid: Seep eee ONO Gres ORO GO lo 6. yom 22 Ao! 223 TOS Leet ec cine mom Cee eetns.. 0 leit sinlolnie, sieoh gre mentiolp en oumeuelson 225 -O1 226 2OOEREEL a iteei ecm Rete). «= 0s. Sle weslce renter oun: tly oem onergern > 30 202 32 G0 GHG Ooo) Oo CO o)-O8 0) O SOMO Go Gee Or OB GSP Gi ic 045 202 047 EO OMe ee «Chal DEG) (OOn-c: SU 5 Meee Baer ache O EPG ote, oe Gono 40 02 2 BSOn ce tier seare couched me eHECHMGH scx. a) ..ch\ous evs sale gns Monmeus scilc ars olvomreire 045 202 47 MOOMReGt acts wo Pr ieee nCEaCaee «5 Solicit eu eipieuioiae cone uiomce onenheurecas 50 .02 52 OOo 6 Bpoeol ood 6 GC MMMIOM Oo Grona oO Ono ou clo ea Gs <1 03 64 Overs 500) fect ie, eMesiuouteMeemsicl s/s) ie clei dm elpeeeluled ou gree eeu ine bL/ Release 72=-box pallet loads of empty boxes by use of industrial fork- lift truck: On road truck or orchard trailer bed... ..2 e+e see cece 07 Ae) 07 Oni iloor evel esuriacemeie! el «fe: wie ci es) sims tag ope Act eilish citer cms e025 0 0025 In storage area (averace, of ist, 2d, and 4d tiers) ..i..% 2) s..0s 06 206 AQ) 206 1/7 These handlings are performed in 72-box pallet loads on }0- by )8-inch or ]\0- by 36-inch pallets. 2/ dork performed by a worker in picking up a load by use of an industrial fork-lift truck. Begins when the fork-lift truck operator starts to maneuver for pickup or when the forks pass the front of the load, consists of raising the load, ends when pallet clears original position. By, dork performed by industrial fork-lift truck operator in transporting pallet loads of 72 boxes from pickup point to point of release and returning empty. Transport time for round trip based on the following formulas: +t = 0.0027d # 0.009 (for distances from 0 through 30 feet), t = 0.00103d ¥£ 0.09 (for distences 31 feet and above), where d # distance in feet from pickup point to release point, end t = time in man-hours per 1,000 boxes to transport loaded and return empty. 7 dork performed by a worker in releasing a load by use of industrial fork-lift truck. 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