—

North American Lepidoptera.

The

Hawk Moths of North America

A. Radcliffe Grote, A. M.

Vice Presi i'-nt
of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, etc.

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548
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BREMEN.

Printed by Homeyer & Meyer.

1886.

North American Lepidoptera.

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Hawk Moths of North America

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A. Radcliffe Grote, A. M.

President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, etc.

PRICE: ONE DOLLAR.

BREMEN.

Printed by Homeyer & Meyer.

1886.

TO

Prof. WILLIAM SAUNDERS, F. R. S. C.

OF LONDON, ONTARIO,

Author of numerous and most -valuable icritinyx on American

Entomology, loth practical and scientific, Editor of the

Canadian Entomologist,

this work is most gratefully dedicated in remembrance

of many kindnesses bestowed by him upon his obliged

and life-long friend and fellow-laborer,

THE AUTHOR.

of natural history aim commonly to le hasty
schedules, or inventories of God's property by some clerk. They
do not in the least teach the divine view of nature but the
popular view, or rather the popular method of studying nature,
and make haste to conduct the persevering pupil only into
that dilemma where the professors always dwell.

'wieau.

On Collecting and Preserving for the Cabinet.

In des Papillon's Gestalt
Flattr' ich nach den letzten Ziigen.

Goethe.

INature, like Virgil's sorceress, incessantly repeats,
enchanting: Ducite, al> nrle (Ionium, men carmina, ducite
Daplmim! and brings us by many lures to her home in
wood and field. Under the spell exercised by the display
of Butterflies and Moths, we may behold the Entomologists,
chasing their treasures by day through the meadows, in the
evening waiting for them by beds of scented flowers, at
night watching by bait and light the coming of their tiny
prey. The study combines Art and Science in a peculiarly
seductive manner. Even in flowers we have no more
beautiful patterns and colors and here these may be preserved
for the most part perfectly and for a life time in a Collection.
Tints which we do not find in Art often brought together,
are here harmoniously blended, as the blue and green in
the Wandering Hawk Moth, Aryeus lalruscae, and the pink
and yellow of the Rosy Dryocampa. The moths afford
superb instances of the blending of neutral tints, unspeakably
soft browns and grays, as in the Smerinthinae and the
"False Hawk Moths", the species of the Bombycid genus
Apatelodes. These two, A, angelica and A. tonrfficfa, are
remarkable for their casual resemblance to certain un-
ocellated Sm&rmtliinae, no less than for the delicacy of
their shaded neutral colors. It is owing to the natural
constitution of the human mind, that it is pleasantly occupied
in observing the different forms, in solving the many questions

6

which the structure and lives of these tiny creatures suggest.
In the case of the Indo-Germanic peoples there is, to aid
this, a decided tendency to the study of Natural History,
to investigate the material constitution of the world in which
we live and of which we form a part.

Collecting with the net over flowers in the evening,
when the Hawk Moths are active, is a very alluring pursuit.
Verbena beds, where the flowers are of the white variety,
against which the hovering Moths are more easily seen,
I have found very productive. An intelligent and charming
writer, Mrs. C. H. Fernald, has given us a list of the
cultivated plants attractive to these insects. I may be
forgiven for quoting her words : ,,Most people love flowers
and cultivate them for their beauty and fragrance, but to
collectors of insects some of them have a double charm,
for they attract some of the most beautiful and rare
Lepidoptera. The common lilac, Sijrhuja rnlgaris and the
Tartarian and Siberian Honeysuckles, when in full bloom,
during the hottest hours of a bright, sunny day, are a
perfect paradise for several of the Lepidoptera, as well as
numerous Hymenoptera and Diptera. The gaudy Papilio
tnriuts sails proudly over the highly scented flowers, frequently
dropping down to sip the nectar; and Hemaris diffinis and
tliysle, with an occasional gracilis, whiz about the flowers
as "busy as the bees." Then, at twilight, the larger Sphinx
moths, f/ordins and cJt(u>iae»erii, and rarely luscitiosa, dart
swiflly from shrub to shrub, and from flower to flower,
requiring a quick eye and hand to capture them. Heliophila
(ilbiUnca, P/tixia simplex, and prccatiouis, and occasionally
a limaculata are also taken on these flowers. I have
captured more insects on Oaiotl/crtt Lamarckiana, than on
any other plant. A plot about three feet square gives from
fifty to one hundred fresh flowers about four inches in
diameter every evening, and if the seed pods are picked
off, they may be kept in bloom for three months." In addition
to the OcHnthcra, or Evening Primrose, of which Mrs. Fernald
writes, my kind friend Mr. L. W. Goodell of Amherst, Mass.,
notes the cultivated varieties of Datura, Mignonette, Alyssum,

and Pinks as being very attractive to Moths. On Staten
Island, where the wild Datura stramonium, or Jamestown
Weed, is common, I have taken several Hawk Moths on its
white and purple flowers. Also on different sorts of Ascliyia*,
or Milkweeds, the leaves of which are eaten by the larvae
of Danmif? plc.rippux and EncJificfrx c<jle, and are generally
very attractive plants to bees and beetles and butterflies.

In taking Moths with the net, the poison bottle should
be kept handy and the insect introduced into it as quickly
and dextrously as possible, to prevent injury to the wings
and especially to the fine fringes which are easily abraided
in fluttering.

The action of chloroform being very rapid, I have used
a bottle, fastened to the cork of which (inside) was a small
bit of sponge, which I kept moistened with this anaesthetic.
Into ,7 this bottle I introduced the insects from the net,
transferring them in a few moments to the cyanide bottle.
They hardly fluttered and the fringes were preserved. Some
collectors use a needle fastened in a little wooden handle
as an implement for impaling Moths resting on fences,
trunks of trees, in the daytime. The pinned Moth is then
quickly introduced into a small close box in which a chloro-
formed sponge is fastened. The pin must be carefully used
so as to transfix the moth through the center of the thorax
and avoid destroying the thoracic tufts. If this method is
objected to, the resting Moth may be covered by the chloroform
or cyanide bottle. As cyanide is a deadly poison, too much
care cannot be taken with it. A solution of arsenious acid
and nicotine (extract of tobacco) may be used to kill larger
moths; the pin used for the specimen being first dipped in
this solution. It has been also recommended to use a
hypodermic syringe to introduce poisons. I myself have
only used the two sorts of bottles, chloroform and cyanide
and which have answered the purpose sufficiently well.
Individual experience must determine the best methods.

The operation of setting Moths for the Cabinet is one
requiring great nicety and care. The specimens must not
be allowed to get too dry, as then the wings cannot be

8

brought into the required position without forcing them too
roughly. The long German pins, made especially for the
purpose should be used, and setting boards of soft pine
wood of different sizes must be kept in readiness. Black
or silvered pins are the best to use. In Germany the
Naturalist shops sell setting boards of which the two sides
are fastened by moveable screws, so that they can be
shifted to suit the size of the insects. They are about
a foot long, a convenient length, with cork beneath for the pin
to enter. A well set Moth should have the hind edge of
the forewings on a line with the thorax behind, and the
hindwings brought up so as to leave the abdomen free. The
wings may be fastened by strips of glazed paper fastened
by pins, and the wings should be carefully brought into
position by a stout bristle fixed in a handle and applied
against the veins of the costae, so as to avoid making holes
in the wing itself during the operation. In this, as in all
pertaining to the practical side of the study, experience will
suggest many things to the collector, who will naturally
take pride and interest in having his specimens look well.

The best months for hunting the larvae of the Hawk
Moths are July and August; and one of the most prolific
spots, a vineyard.

Caterpillars may be prepared for the Collection in their
various stages to illustrate the growth of the species. For
this purpose they must be first killed by being placed in
a chloroform bottle. The dead caterpillar should then be
placed between two pieces of blotting paper and, by a
gradually encreasing pressure of the fingers, the contents of
the body expressed out of the anus, so that at length
nothing is left but the empty skin like the finger of a glove.
Care, by avoiding sudden and unequal pressure, must be taken
not to break the coloring cells of the skin ; with the best
of care, however, green caterpillars lose their color under
the operation. The empty skin is then to be fastened, by
the introduction of a small tube in the vent, to an india
rubber inhalator (such as can be had at any drug store)
and forcing the empty skin gently full of air, keeping it

9

distended till dried over a "stove''1. A tin box with one end
out makes a very good impromptu "stove", which must be
used in drying the inflated skin. An alcohol flame held
under the box (I have used a seltzer-powder box attached
moveably to a stand so that it could be removed from or
approached to the flame) heats the air within it and the
caterpillar, being introduced through the open end, must be
kept inflated, by the rubber inhalator until dried. With
a common insect pin, introduced through the dried and
protruding intestine, the specimen may be pinned in the
cabinet. Caterpillars so prepared may be also artificially
colored, but as a rule, with care in the preparation, which
needs practice, this is not necessary. Pupae killed by heat
may be also pinned (after a thorough drying) in the
collection.

As to a cabinet, some collectors prefer one with drawers
having a cork lining. I remember that I was astonished
when in the Cambridge Museum to find that Dr. Hagen used
no lining at all, forcing the pins into the soft pine bottom
of the drawer itself. But I think no lepidopterist would
avail himself of such a plan. As it was, I noticed that
many of the frailer types of Zeller had become broken : the
points of the pins blunting or breaking off and the specimens
suffering under this treatment. In Germany turf and other
cheaper materials are used as a substitute for cork. All
this may be left to the choice of the collector. The plan
upon which I proceeded, was to make boxes, of a book
shape, being a little longer than wide, having a pane of glass
for the top and one for the bottom. The glass was fitted
in a morticed frame and fastened in position by three-cor-
nered bits of tin such as glaziers use. The boxes were
about 12 14 inches, but their size is a matter of taste.
The frame must be fully 21j-j inches deep clear of the glass,
to prevent the heads of the pins touching the same. After
fastening in the bottom glass, I arranged small fine cut
corks at regular intervals in the box, guiding myself by a
sheet of ruled paper beneath, and fixing the corks by means
of a cement made of goldsize and red lead. Mr. W. T. Davis

2

10

informed me that Stratena, a common cement, answers the
purpose very well. The intervals between the corks are
regulated by the size of the specimens to be placed in the
box. When the box is filled, each specimen carefully pinned
in the center of its cork, the top glass may be fitted and
fastened in the frame and the edges pasted over with strips
of paper to exclude dust and mites. The advantages of this
method of preserving the collection are, that both surfaces
of the specimens can be viewed without opening the box ;
that dust and insect enemies, such as mites and Anthreni,
are guarded against without the use of poison. These boxes
are also very cheap and can be simply arranged on shelves
like books. When filled and the specimens are to take their
definitive place in the collection, the glass can be permanently
closed and a list of the contents with the Family name at
the head pasted at the back of the box. The objection that
the specimens cannot be readily gotten at is outweighed by
the consideration that they are adequately preserved. Spe-
cimens which are the subjects of study can be kept ad interim
in store boxes. So long as I kept my specimens in such
glass boxes, I never lost a single one from museum pests.
If an infected example was by any accident introduced, the
damage was always confined to the infected specimen. The
Anthrantx larva would fall and, owing to its inability to
crawl on glass, would perish before reaching a second spe-
cimen. The French Entomologist, the late M. Guenee, used
to keep his types in smaller glass boxes of a similar con-
struction for their better preservation, and I had the oppor-
tunity of seeing them at his house in Chateaudun. Each
specimen should have a locality label attached to the pin
and the bottom specimen of a series should bear the correct
Latin name and the Authority ; written labels are, as a
rule, better, being more evidently authentic, than printed
ones. The collector can pass many happy hours with his
specimens, microscope and notes, and happy hours are always
welcome in this life.

Collecting at Night has the drawback that one never
knows when to stop and go home to bed, seduced by the

11

mysterious silences and shadowy vistas in the woods. Even
when the moths will no longer come to bait, one lingers,
waiting for some revelation. The moon has transformed the
prospect and in its weird light an uneasy spirit seizes one
to adventure farther yet. Beyond that tree, half in gloom
and half clothed in gauzy light, some forbidden procession
moves and we have forgotten our entomological quest in
remembering nursery tales and catch ourselves hoping to meet
the Old World Fairies, as if they, too, had emigrated, under
the pressure of these bad times of incredulity perhaps. But
oftenest I turn the shadows into Indians, and when the
Whip-poor-will is suddenly silent. I believe they are coming
at length, with King Phillip leading the last hope of these
ghosts who rebel at fate in their red graves and at the order
of things, the white man with his physical rifle and intellec-
tual cannon of Evolution among other. And then my favorite
Indian of them all, Wannalancet, warns me again in time
and I rout all these spectres, resolving them back into their
true shape with the heartless magic of reason. But I have
often been out all night in the woods, and slept, too, in my
blanket by a little fire, as good an Indian as any of them.
As such time I was not concerned chiefly about moths. I
was curious to find out what happened and howr the world
got along in the dark. It seemed on the whole very
well and without any necessity for a doctor. In the dead
of the dark, the pale Queen of the Night (Actias Luna) swept
by me, with the green moon-light reflected from her wings.
A strange life these insects lead and one feels like
asking the winged butterfly if it has any recollection of the
time when it crawled about as a worm, or clung tenaciously
to a leaf or branch, the very opposite of this final fantastic
life in the ether. And, again, if it remembers the days
which it passed cramped together in its clnysalis :

Turpi clausus in area, contractum

genibus tangas caput ....

awaiting, mummy-like, with patience, its day of deliverance.

The early Dawn is a profitable time for the collector

of Lepidoptera, who may then surprise the moths on their

12

first resting- places after the fatigues of the night. On Staten
Island my early rising was rewarded by many captures at
the hour when the Cat Bird sings and betrays, to none but
chosen ears, her relationship to the many-tuned Mocking
Bird of the South. Later in the day she utters but the
peevish cry which has suggested the common name. On one
such occasion I discovered, resting on a wild vine, which
grew on the South Beach near the sand and the waters of
the Bay, a pair of of the Great Green vine Hawk, Philani-
pclux jHutdonix. One, I took, but the other escaped me,
flying directly over the Bay and out to sea. So far as I
could watch its arrowy flight, over the smooth expanse of
ocean, it kept its course towards the Atlantic, cleaving the
saffron colored air, now turning golden under the rays of the
rising sun. These are tinier ///<7/W//>////V/r than the Sea
Swallows. But the sea gathers in all such wanderers, with
other, larger prey. They go gaily for a time but the wave
beneath is endless and receives them at last. However, chan-
nels, rivers and bays are safely crossed by our Butterflies
and Moths. Farther up towards the hills, on the rocky
bed of a brooklet, I found specimens of that moth-like butter-
fly Feniseca Tarqttiinn*, abroad early but yet sleepy, still
carrying into the New World the memory of the rapacious
Roman of the Old, no doubt with miniature sins of its own
to answer for. My specimens from the Middle States led
me afterwards to unite PorxanHt of Scudder as not different
and a certain odd impression, that we had to do with a
masquerading moth, to study its structure and make the
new genus for it and take it out of the company among
which Boisduval had scientifically classed it. Thus certain
hours and places, lanes, along which the green tiger-beetle
flew up ever and anon before my boy's feet, marshalling the
way that I should go, come back to me again out of
the years of my early studies, intoxicating my memory.
Poe says that joy is not gathered twice in a life, as
the roses of Paestum twice in a year. But I gathered
then so much that it lasts until now, when world-griefs
hold me fast.

13

In the Hawk Moths the species are all usually readily se-
parable. I have shown in the Lepidoptera the existence of
J'nif/fitrni, that is of generic groups of forms which are
nearer related to each other than is usually the case; which
are. perhaps, in some stages of growth undistinguishable.
Such genera are Hcmifmrti, /tn/tmn. X<nfnfn, etc. We may
conclude that these species are of recent separation. In the
Hawk Moths such instances may be offered perhaps by the
typical group of Hriimrix and again by Enyo. The necess-
ary studies on this point are, however, wanting. We may
regard theoretically all species as only relatively stable;
practically we have to find out the cycle of reproduction
and be guided by these results in our nomenclature.

Butterflies and Moths can be collected every where in
the habitable globe. Even the Arctic regions are not with-
out their species, while it seems likely that certain Moths
still show themselves in the farthest North when the Butter-
flies have ceased to fly. With a change of Continent we
have also a change in the kinds of insects. As we approach
the Tropics, Butterflies mid Moths become more plentiful in
kinds. But, even in the same degree of latitude, there is
a difference in the numbers of the individual species to be
observed in different quarters of the globe. Thus it has
always seemed to me that Butterflies und Moths were more
plentiful in America than in Europe. And, as a whole, I
think the American Lepidoptera are gayer, more beautiful
and certainly more numerous in species. In this connection
I remember what Linnaeus wrote about American plants:
Nescio quae fato facies laeta glabra plantis Americanis !

While I am writing this in my European exile, I hear
a fluttering at my window and I see that a specimen of the
"Kleine Fuchs", as the (nlermans call Vancxxa Crt/rdr, has
strayed into my room and is beating against the window
pane. The sight of this species recalls to me the fact that
I am far from home. I have just interrupted my writing
to open the window and let it out and I noticed, as
I did so, that my neighbor, the Poet, was in the garden

14

gathering inspiration from the Roses. He repeated to me

his verses :

Die Eosen gehen auf

In dieser Sonne,
Audi du gehst auf, raeiu Ros',

In Lebenswouue !
Entblattere nicht zu friih,

Halt' 'was zuruck,
Die Zeit die geht zu schnell,

Zu schnell das Gliick!

Poor fellow ! With a few gray hairs already visible under
his cap, he sings of Youth and Love ! I have another neigh-
bor here, the Musician, and we live quite happily, respecting
each other's foibles and having a large bond of sympathy
in common, as might be expected from a Poet, a Musician
and a Naturalist. I shall read this chapter to them, if no
more than from a system of revenge for having myself been
obliged to listen to a poem and a song which they have
recently produced.

Bremen, July 19. 1886. A -R- 6r.

15

The Species of North American Hawk Moths.

1 he Authors who have written extendedly upon the

North American Hawk Moths, or Sph hut nine, are Harris
(1839), Walker (1856), Clemens (1859), Grote und Robinson
(1865), Boisduval (1874), Butler (1876), Grote (1877) and
Fernald (1886). Of these Walker, Boisduval and Butler
have described our species in connection with those from
other parts of the world. Since 1865 groups (sub-families
or tribes) have been recognised, although these were more
or less distinctly indicated and in part named by older
Authors, in particular by Hubner. Unidentified descriptions
are discussed by me in Papilio, 2, 170.

In the present work*) I have gone over my notes and
earlier papers on the family, maintaining my sequence of
the genera, which had been in the main recognised by
Butler. My manuscript was intended as a chapter of an
extended work on North American Moths, which awaited a
publisher, when the appearance of Professor Fernald's pam-
phlet upon the "Sphingidae of New England", induced me
first to send my list of the species to the "Canadian Ento-
mologist" for publication and then to revise the descriptional

*) I refer the student to my monograph of the Sphingidae of Cuba
published by the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, August, 1865.
Extra copies of this (with the Plates colored and my family crest on the
title page) are now very rare. This paper, written in my twenty third
year, was followed by a Synonymical Catalogue of North American Sphiu-
gidae, including Mexican and West Indian species and a Plate, by my-
self and Mr. C. T. Robinson, in which the synonymy of our species (which
had been mainly taken by Clemens from the British Museum Lists) was
originally investigated. Also to papers in the Lyceum Annals, New York;
and, later, in the Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences.

16

part of my work by the light of Professor Fernald's researches,
which were so extremely valuable from the new characters
used and which often vindicated my previous generic sepa-
rations. So completed, the work is here offered to the student,
It embraces a few forms not occurring in New England and,
although not so full in its account of the species and groups,
ma}' not be without sufficient interest as to warrant its
issue as a work of reference.

The Sphingidae are a highly organized and specialized
assemblage of Moths or Night Butterflies, having smooth,
hairless larvae and seem to me an outgrowth of a spinose
or bristly haired larval group, the posterier spine or caudal
horn being developped probably from one or more spines or
bristles, the base of which has been prolonged and stiffened
by deposits of chitine. In form and structure I believe they
are nearest related to the Ccraforfni/piixif a subfamily of
Bpmbyridae, and separated from allied Saturnian genera
(such as Heii/iJ/'HCft) by myself and Mr. Robinson in 1806.
The SmerintMnae are probably descendants of the oldest forms
of the SpJiinyidac. On one side they may have given off
the higher series. Ckoerocampinae, Macroglossinae, on the
other to the lower, SplinHjhirte, Ach<>>-<>nth)<t<>. The anal horn
is a simple thin black spinule in Dri/ocainjxi nilicmula, the
lowest form of C&ratocampinae, stouter and more developped
in the higher An i no fa stiipiift, and becoming, with the entire
armature, complex and well developped in the higher genera
of the subfamily such as CifJi<>r<»/i«, SpJunf/icfnifpa, Eaclc*.
The bristles are gradually lost as the caudal horn became
variedly formed. The pupation is similar, beneath the sur-
face, without cocoon, an unusual one in the Itombi/ccN or
Spinners. Very interesting is the discarding of the larval
horn in the later stages in certain genera of Hawk Moths
and the substitution therefore of a raised ocelloid spot. That
it should occur in two grape-feeding genera TJti/rrns and
Philampelus, warrants me in associating the two groups in
which it happens. The point of my arrangement in fact
lies in considering the (1h<>ci-i>nnni>iii<ir as next to the Ma-
and following them by the Sinrri>tfhiit<ir, to which

17

I give a central position. I find among the North American
genera evidence from which I follow this latter group with
the ftplihxjinac, terminating the family with the Acherontinae,
a tribe not found in the New World. It will be seen that
I do not agree with my friend Butler that the Cnsxinae are
at all nearly related to the present group. With the Hepi-
alii>«(> (from which I separate them while Packard keeps
the two together) I believe the Goat Moths to be very low
Bomln/ces and Butler himself points out antennal features
which warrant this view of their structure. I should not
consider the resemblance between my genera Prionoxyst-us
and Lt'pixpsia as being more than casual.

When coal was being formed, there were probably already
differentiated the progenitors of modern Butterflies und Moths,
nocturnal creatures, obscurely colored and banded, perhaps
with aquatic larvae and active pupal state, living in those
literally darker days of the world's past. The gayer tints
came in their endless diversity with 'the daylight and the
flowers, probably differentiating comparatively rapidly. From
the Moths, the Day Butterflies proceeded, under certain con-
ditions and in certain localities. So far we may be safe
with our imaginative science; but, when we come into the
region of exact details, we are at fault, the story of all this
development can only be guessed at, traced by the steps
which have been impressed on the structure and ornamen-
tation of the larvae and perfect insects. Probably whole
families have become extinct; in the North American Paho-
lie$j>r)-i(t<«' are the few survivors of such an extinct assem-
blage, lying between Castii'in and the lowest Butterflies. With
the Lep'nlnptera, as with all life, there has been the same
remoulding force at work, but these frail creatures seem
to have escaped, by their very lightness, some of the grinding
processes of time and circumstance. According to Scudder,
a specimen belonging to the Hpllniiidm: has been found in
amber ; I have seen no mention of other fossil remains of
this group. This group of Moths must have been influenced
by flowers in their development to a large extent. The dis-
tribution of Butterflies nnd Moths is assisted by wind currents

3

18

and rivers, by valleys and by plains sheltered by trees. It
is impeded by mountains, deserts and the ocean. We have,
in North America, essentially one and the same general
Fauna, until we reach the Tropical Insular Fauna already
colonized in South Florida, and, in- the west, the Tropical
Continental Fauna which stretches upward from Mexico into
Texas and the South West Territories, while, on the high
lands of Mexico, it is probable that members of our Tempe-
erate Fauna drift down. Yet the Rocky Mountains, the
back-bone of our continent, has influenced a West Coast
fauna which, in several cases, has preserved more features
of the former Arctic fauna from which the European is also
descended. There is a constant flux of species from South
to North during the Summer of the year and in this way
we have received many tropical visitors whose foothold in
our colder climate is more or less precarious and uncertain.
The question of wintering comes up, which these summer
insects are not accustomed to discuss and cannot practically
solve. Hence the Cotton Moth (Aletia argillncea), notwith-
standing all its ravages, does not hibernate successfully over
most of its territory ; the line of its successful hibernation
not having been ascertained as yet and this point in its
Natural History, so necessary for the Practical Entomologists
to know, is neglected in the Reports I have yet seen. The
larvae of the Spliingidae have not yet received a comparative
study, although most of them are known; the descriptions
should be drawn up commencing with the thoracic segments
1 — 3 ; then abdominal 4 — 12 ; the head should be described
by itself; mere descriptions, however full, without comparisons
are tiresome and hard to understand.

At mid-day the Bee Hawks, Hemaris, may be taken on
flowers as well as probably all the Macroglossians with entire
wings such as Lepisesia. Those with angulated wings,
Ampliion and Thyrens, also in the dusk of evening. I have
taken also the higher genera of the following tribe, Deikplnla,
Pliilampelus in the day, but the Smerintliini and Spliingini
are crepuscular and nocturnal in their habit, so far as I
know without exception. There is then a correlation between

19

habit and structure and the higher, cocoon-making forms, have
a tendency to overstep the usual behavior ot the Heterocera
and become day-fliers. Few occupations are so attractive
to the collector of Lepidoptera as the study of Hawk Moths,
from the size and beauty of the specimens. Comparative
studies are now needed; lengthy and detailed descriptions
of the different stages are scattered by various hands in our
literature, but they are undigested and to a certain extent
unused, if not in themselves useless.

As compared with the Hawk Moths of other Continents,
the North American species suggest several points of interest.
And first, the ancestry and origin of the group may not un-
likely be determined in our fauna, as I have pointed out,
by the study of such oldfashioned Moths as are our Dryocam-
pians. The somewhat remarkable larva of Atreus plebeius,
found by me on Staten Island on the common Lilac, a
cultivated shrub, first led me to a suggestion of this origin
taken in connection with the larvae of Dryocampa, Anisota,
of which I found three species on oak, and of Eacles, which
I found on horse-chestnut. Already in 1865, I venture
(Sphingidae of Cuba, p. 5) to make some generalizations on
this head and subsequent studies have only confirmed my
belief that in North America are survivals of older groups
of Lepidoptera to be found, which will throw light upon the
genealogy of the present families. I draw attention on that
occasion to the larva of Ceratomia, and the late Benj. D.
Walsh, who wrote me some interesting letters at a later date,
has made some valuable remarks on the structure of the
larva of SpMngicampa, although his breeding experiments on
this species, liicolor, were defectively conducted as, years
ago, I fully explained. Later writers often overlook papers
issued some years back, a piece of inexcusable inattention.

When we study the general distribution, it is seen that
the higher groups are rather fuller and better represented
in the Old World; while the gray, moth-like Splnnginae
maintain in the New World a larger number of forms. As
compared with the Asiatic, our representation of the family
is more sombre-hued. owing to the absence of a number of

brilliantly colored Choerocampinae inhabiting the Himalayan
region. The Choerocampinae are, also, the swiftest fliers and
widest wanderers, with their pointed bodies and beautifully
curved, sharply outlined wings. As Europe is visited by the
celebrated Oleander Hawk and Deihplrila ceJerio, which come
from Africa, so we receive from the West Indies the visits
of the Blue and Green Hawk, Argons, and the Wandering
Bee Hawks, Aellopos, those '-Mother Gary's Chickens" among
the Moths. In North America the Smerintliinae are repre-
sented by several beautiful species belonging to the more
typical, ocellated group ; both Galasymbolus and Paouias are
exceedingly richly colored and here the advantage is with
the American, when compared with the foreign species be-
longing to this northern group. As a survivor of a former
Arctic fauna, we have, in California, a Smerinthns related
to the European oceUatus. But the less typical genera of
the group, with unocellated secondaries, are feebly represented
with us; of our two genera and species Cressonia jngJandis
is the only peculiar American form. In the SpJiii/t/h/ac the
series of genera are more peculiarly American; the number
of gray and blackish species recalling the Noctnidae in ap-
pearance is noticeable. In Europe, the numerous species
of Deilephila are the remarkable features of the fauna; we
have only two, both borrowed from thence, survivors of an
extinct boreal representation of the family.

In the present work I mention the species inhabiting
the Middle States, having in particular the State of New
York under consideration, where most of my studies (either
at Buffalo or the country about the City of New York) were
conducted. As to the Florida Colony of tropical species,
or the West Coast fauna of which I know but little, an
account is given in other papers, the species being enume-
rated in my list above alluded to. My only synonym in
this Family (and it might be well if my critics could show
so clean a record) is Lepisesia victoriae from California, which
is said to be Boisduval's Pferogon Clarkiae, a species I do
not know. But my description was excusable since I was
led to expect a species with angulated wings and resembling

21

Abbot's figure of P. Gaurae in Boisduvars insect, certainly
not a Lepisesia, an insect resembling our Eastern L. flavo-
fasciata. My type in Cambridge Museum must be examined
and compared at the first opportunity. In the meantime
I have here brought my work on this family to a final
conclusion, having gone again over the literature and ex-
pressed my definite opinion as to the structure, generic cate-
gories, synonymy and nomenclature of the species discussed.

22

Classification.

Order Lepidoptera. Butterflies and Moths.

Ocaly-winged Insects having the maxillae or mouth parts
soldered together so as to form a tube, through which fluid
food is sucked in by exhaustion ; this spiral tongue is rolled
up between the palpi. Wings four, in some females rudi-
mentary ; venation simple, consisting of two central veins
and their branches, with a dorsal vein or veins belonging in
reality to the median series; a median cell; no true cross-
veins : the wings with fringes, wide and usually large in
proportion to the body, furnished sometimes with folds and
pouches ; the scales laid shingle-like, overlapping ; the presence
of perfumed scales (Duftschuppen) has been discovered by
Fritz Miiller in certain males. Body divided into three parts,
head, thorax and abdomen ; tegument scaled or haired, rather
soft ; legs long and slender, often with tufts ; the tibiae
often spinose, clawed, furnished with a foliate epiphysis or
swollen and shortened. Metamorphosis complete ; pupa co-
vered with an unyielding crust preventing all movement of
appendages, with or without cocoon or silken attachments.

Seriesl. Rhopalocera. Day Butterflies, Butterflies.

This diurnal series need not detain us here and I would
merely refer to my "Classification", in which I show the
presence in North America of older types. Such an older
type, synthetic as embracing characters of both series, is
the Paleoliesperidae m., a Family regarded by me as of
equal value to the Hesperidae or Papnionidae. Under the
name Castnioides, the type is shown by Prof. Riley to be
a Butterfly; when I first examined it, the spinose legs led
me to regard it as a Castniid after Walker. I believe to

23

have discovered a similar case in the Bombycid Quadrina
diazoma. I described this ]\[oth in Papilio 1, 175, comparing
it with CitJieronia and Gloreria. I only know the female;
when the male and larva are known, my classification of
the moth among my Ceratocampinae, will be tested. But
the moth has pectinate antennae which seem to ditfer from
this group. For this and other reasons, I believe we have
to do with an external feeder, representing an ancient complex,
having the characters of different groups of the lower Bom-
byces and, as I say, "structurally remote from any described
United States genus." From such slender material I may
be wrong to draw a decided conclusion, but I have long been
of the opinion that we should find older existing types in
North America than elsewhere and I mentioned this to my
kind friend and exellent lepidopterist Mr. Arthur G. Butler,
when I last had the pleasure of seeing him and studying
the unrivalled collection of Bnuili/cidae in the British Museum.
For it is in the Bomlycidac that we must expect just such
discoveries in the Moths. We have certainly the oldest
type of Butterfly now surviving in our PaleolK'speridae. And
this type tends to bridge the gap between the two series,
so that we can feel more certain that the primitive type of
the Order was a Moth, and that the Butterflies are a later
development keeping pace with the flowers and the sunlight.

Series II. Heterocera. Night Butterflies, Moths.

I refer to my original paper (1873) on the differences
between the Butterflies and Moths. This does not lie so
much in the structure of the antennae as in their position.
In the Butterflies they are more uniform in length and type,
more rigid, directed upward ; in the moths more varied, flex-
able, directed backward along the plane of the body, more
susceptible to impressions. The eyes, although functionally
incomplete and many-facetted, are probably of greater use
to the Butterflies than to the Moths ; in the daytime, no
less than at night, the Moths depend more on the antennae,
as may be seen by the quivering motion of these organs

24

before taking flight. I have seen these fundamental distinc-
tions stated by no other author. The rigidity and uniformity
of the antennae in the Butterflies point to a decrease of
functional use.

Joined to such diverse antennae, the extremes of which
I have given as represented by Hcpiahts and Adela, we
have a great diversity in size and shape among the Moths
as compared with the Butterflies. The tiniest Tineid is no
larger than the diameter of the eye of the Great Gray
Banded Owlet, Thi/sania, from the Brazils. The wings are
various in color but especially in outline; they have clear
spots, looking like holes, Attac-us, Aixttrfftdes, Sehnia, or
nearly scaleless, Sesia, Heinaris. In this latter the scales
are present on leaving the pupa, and hence this may be a
more recent form. The wings are entire but again are
ragged and broken in appearance ; in one group they are
rayed. As the Pyralidae and lower families have more than
two dorsal or internal veins on secondaries, a section has
been separated under the name of Microlepidoptera, as con-
trasting with all the rest, known as Macrolepidoptera. But
the present classification into two Series by Boisduval and
Dumeril, seems to be both sufficient and natural. I have
found some American Pyralidae with only two internal veins,
so far as I could see. The Moths farther contrast by their
more woolly, tufted or hairy bodies, their nocturnal habit
and a number of details adaptive to their mode of life.
Most interesting are the American genera Sphida and Arzama
among the Owlet Moths, the larvae of which, as discovered by.
my friend Prof. Comstock, are aquatic in their habit, re-
calling the previously known Pyralid genus Cataclysta in this
respect. The presence of a frenulum and hook on the wings
further characterizes most moths. In the males the frenulum,
arising from the costae of hind wings at base, is simple.
In the following Family of Moths, the large size, and rapid
flight has given them a position in the front rank. The
first division into groups, as now adopted, will be found in
my Sphingidae of Cuba, pp. 17— 18 .(1865).

25

Family Sphingidae.

Aiiglice: Hawk Moths.

moderate to very large; wings narrow, primaries
long, secondaries short ; frenulum present ; fringes short; vesti-
ture close ; tuftings, except in the first tribe, wanting ; ab-
domen long, heavy, the segments usually armed, tuberculate
or spinose; head prominent; eyes large and naked, sometimes
lashed ; no ocelli ; antennae prismatic ; labial palpi stout :
tongue very variable in length but usually long; flight some-
times diurnal, usually crepuscular, sometimes nocturnal.

We have originally proposed (1865) the European genera
Macroylossa, with the type stcllatanint, CliocrocdHipa, with
the type porcelliis, Smerintlins, with the type ocdlatft, and
Butler follows witii .Ac/irroi/fia, with the type atropos, as
typical of the five (5) groups into which the whole family
may be divided. As far as wTe have seen, the extra-European
genera may be arranged under these headings.

Subfamily Macroglossinae.

Aiiglicc: Bee Hawk Moths.

Wings shorter than usual ; abdomen wider and flatter
with caudal tufts ; flight often diurnal ; pupation on the surface
in a slight web of silk. Food plants, in preference, Viburnum,
SymphoricarpuSf Lon iccra.

Hemaris. Dalman.

Head small, but not sunken, tongue as long as the body.
Antennae clavate with terminal bent -seta, biciliate in male,

4

26

simple in female ; body smooth ; wings largely vitreous, the
clear spaces on emergence from the pupa thinly spread with
glittering scales which fall on using the wings ; body smoothly
scaled.

Subgenus Hemaris.

The typical group is colored black and yellow with a
red apical stain on forewings on the terminal black band.
Type: H. fuciformis.

Tennis. Grote. The smallest species with the wings
full, without or with a hardly perceptible apical stain on
terminal band which is narrow and even on its inner edge.
Eastern and Middle States and Canada. June, July. Larva
on Viburnum. I found the larva on Synvphoricarpus, plenti-
fully in the old Catholic burying ground at Buffalo, green
with purple black venter and legs, with a rough yellow crest
on first segment; it appears to differ by the absence of a
dorsal shade from that of d if finis.

Diffiiiis. Boisd. A little stouter, the apical stain
marked, the inner edge of the band finety dentate on inter-
spaces. More southerly in its range. May to August. Larva
on Bush Honeysuckle, Snowberry, Feverwort. (Fernald.)

Margiiialis. Grote. Still larger, with the dentation
prominent, as also the apical stain. Ohio, southwardly. I
figure the differences between these species in the Buffalo
Bulletin. The larva is not knowm.

Axillaris. G. a. R. The dentations are here unequal
and very deep, the red apical stain extends downwardly
over the nervules as an edging to the band. Ohio to Texas.
The specific value of these forms has not been fully proven,
nor the young stages compared.

Subgenus Chamaesesia. Gr.

Gracilis. G. a. R. Resembles somewhat the European
Bombyliformis, the band being of a brown tint. The fore-
wings are bordered by brown above, beneath paler, with

white edging to the band within ; hindwings crossed by lire
veins over the transparent disc, beneath witli a yellow band
at anal angle. June-July. Eastern and Middle States, Can.
Rarer than the other species.

Subgenus Haemorrhagia. Gr.

The thorax is more produced in front than in the first
groups and the body stouter, colors claret red and olive.

Thy she. Fabr. (Pelasgm Cram.). Forewings with
the border claret brown or red. without apical stain ; cell
of primaries with a bar in middle ; edge within of terminal
band dentate. Can., southwardly. May to Aug. Larra on
Viburnum. A dimorphic form, Uniformis, G. a. R., has the
band even : the larva is described by Edwards and Eliot.

ISiiffaloensis. G. a. R. Smaller than the preceding;
the cell has the bar fused with median vein ; margin of
terminal band even. Larva on Viburnum (Reinecke). June.
New York. Considered by some writers not distinct from
preceding, but the young stages have not been compared.
Prof. Lintner describes the larva and considers the species
distinct.

N. B. This genus is incorrectl}' called "Sesia" bjr some
Authors, a name belonging to a different group as used by
German writers and approved by Fernald. It is also merged
with Macro<i~lossa, the type of which is stcllatarum and a
number of Old World forms ; against this practice I have
protested from the very first of my studies.

Lepiscsia. Grote.

Head somewhat sunken into the short and square thorax ;
the evenly margined wings are entirely scaled. Primaries
with eleven veins, somewhat centrally depressed on costa
Legs comparatively long and slender; fore tibiae spinose.
Flight diurnal. Larva unknown.

Flavofasciata. Barnst. Head and thorax pale yellow,
palpi black, yellowish beneath ; abdomen black, first segment

28

above yellow as also the terminal lateral tufts. Forewings
blackish with a pale oblique band ; hind wings with the disc
bright orange yellow and black borders. Can., Eastern States.
Northern New York. May — June. Very rare.

Amphioii. Ilubn.

Head small, but free from thorax, tongue nearly as long
as body; antennae prominently hooked at tips. Forewings
excavate below apex and above anal angle ; hindwings with
the margins slightly dentate. This genus approaches in some
points the tropical genus Perigonia.

Cram. Fore wings dull rusty brown crossed
by a dark brown oblique band, beyond which is a line fol-
lowed by shade spots of same color; hindwings dark brown
with an oblique reddish central band, with pale yellow
fringes broken with brown; beneath rusty red with pale
yellow lateral stripe beneath the wings running from the
antennae. Can. southward. Very common. May to Aug.
Lan-a, green or brown, on Ampdopsis and grape and has a
caudal horn wanting in the mature larva of the next genus.

Tliyreus. Swains.

Head with a prominent ridged tuft above between the
fusiform antennae which terminate in a long hook; thorax
somewhat globular, stout, tufted behind; abdomen flattened,
with anal tufts pointed in the female, more spreading in
the male.

This genus is very distinct and somewhat isolated, while
it sufficiently resembles the preceding. The abdomen in shape
recalls the highest genera of the group.

Abbotii. Swains. Forewings very dark brown, an-
gulated on outer margin, crossed by several darker dentate
lines. Head wings lemon yellow with dark brown terminal
band ; beneath lighter colored. Lan-a greenish or brown,
mature with an ocellus insted of the discarded anal horn, on
Antpelopsis and grape. The moth is locally quite common.
May to August. Canada southward.

>. Hiibn.

Head prominent with interantennal ridge, eyes large ;
thorax heavy ; abdomen long and tapering with small terminal
tuft; fore wings angulate.

Lugiibris. Linn. Entirely dark brown, shaded with
paler; the primaries with discal dot and exterior rigid line.
Larva on Anipclopsis and Grape. May to September, double
brooded in the South where it is common. New York to
"West Indies, rare in the North.

Deidamia. Clem.

Fore wings rather narrow as in Tlnjrcus, and also an-
gulated on external margin. Head with a ridged tuft between
antennae which are fusiform and hooked at tips; abdomen
with a slight anal tuft ; tibiae unarmed. Allied to preceding
genera by the tufts, the brown color and shape of primaries;
the angulated genera of this tribe feed also on Vitis.

Iii.scripta. Harris. Greyish brown or reddish, the
forewings crossed by three brownish bands. The outer margin
has deeper colored lunnles as in Ampliion. Hindwings dull
reddish brown with white fringes. Larva on Awpelopsis and
grape, green with caudal horn. The moth is found from
June to August. Canada to Virginia. Not common. No known
Smerinthoid feeds on the grape.

Subfamily Choerocampinae.

Aiiglic»e: Elephant Hawk Moths.

Abdomen untufted ; colors gajr, often green, yellow and
roseate, wings long and with sharp, often falcated tips, larva
with the first segments narrow and capable of retraction;
pupation sometimes in a slight cocoon on surface of ground;
Food plants, in preference, Vitis, A

Everyx. Boisd.
Head small with a ridged tuft between antennae which

are slender, fusiform and hooked at tips, strongly biciliate
in the males, simple in female. Fore and middle tibiae
spinose ; abdominal segments unarmed.

Clioerilus. Cram. Rusty red and fawn color, wings
crossed by various shade lines and with a discal spot, beneath
paler. Common. May to August. Canada southwardly.
Larva on Awpdopsis and grape, as also on Azaleas and
Sheep-berry; Edwards and Eliot give

Ampclopliaga. Bremer.

Agrees with Every x except that the tibiae are unarmed.
Larva transforming in a cocoon on surface of the ground.

Hyroii. Cram. Forewings grayish green with olive
green bands ; hind wings dull red. In the South ocurs rar.
C'liotus, Hubn., with the primaries suffused and obscurely
colored. May to August. Quite common. Larva on Ampe-
lopsis and grape. Canada, southwardly.

Versicolor. Harris. A beautiful species with dark
green forewings crossed by whitish lines and rust red hind-
wings with grayish and greenish borders; beneath, shaded
with reddish, yellow and white. May to August. Canada
to Middle States. Larra on CcpJiala-ntknx, and Nesaea rrrfi-
cillcita. Rather rare. We are indebted to the researches
of Rev. G. D. Hulst, for our knowledge of the larva.

Dc'iloiiche. Grote.

Head moderate, untufted ; tongue as long the body ;
thorax smooth* abdomen slender, tapering; tibiae unarmed;
eyes naked, unlashed; middle tibiae with one pair of unequal
spurs, hind tibiae with twro pairs; wings narrow; primaries
12-veined, evenly margined, outer margin somewhat sickle-
shaped.

Tersa. Linn. Forewings light brownish yellow or
ochrey, with a smoky brown spot at base and a number

31

of fine lines extending from apices to inner margin, diverging
inferiorly ; hindwings black with a subterminal row of wedge-
shaped yellowish spots. La re a on Button weed (Spermacoce
t/Jalra). Rare in Canada and Eastern States, more common
in the South : it has at least two congeners : 1>. Robiiisoiiii,
Grote, in Cuba and I>. Falco, Walk., in Mexico; com-
parative studies must be made with other forms referred by
Butler to Choerocampa, a genus with European types.

Ochs.

Head moderate, untufted; tongue about as long as the
body ; antennae enlarging to tips which are provided with
a slender bristly hook: abdomen smooth, cylindrical, stout;
tibiae unarmed ; fore tarsi with a row of curved spines along
the outside ; wings entire, evenly margined.

C'liaiuaciicrii. Harris. Represents the European
Galii, of which it seems a variety. The American specimens
differ by a warmer tint on central fascia of forewings, which
fascia is not excavated inwardly at base and not so continued
superiorly, while our species has a distinct apical black
streak: the hind wings more purely roseate. Not uncommon.
Canada to Middle States. In Cuba I>. C'alverleyi takes
its place. Larva on grape and Evening Primrose as well
as Epilobium.

Uiicata. Fabr. Differs from the European Livornicn
by a third, central white stripe on the tegulae and by the
abdominal markings. Olive brown with a buff stripe on tore-
wings from apex to base and the veins marked with white ;
hindwings black with a central reddish band enclosing a
white spot near the margin. Very common, flying also in
the middle of the day on flowers. Canada to West Indies
and California. Larca on PorfnJacra and a large number of
plants, veiy variable in color, caudal horn yellowish and
rough. May to September; double brooded.

Pltilampeliis. Harris.

Allied rather to Dfih'pJiihi, though differently colored,
the head being also more prominent, the tongue longer: the

32

abdomen tapers more gradually and in this resembles Del-
lonche; tibiae not spinose, middle tibiae with one pair of
long, very unequal spurs, hind tibiae with two pair, all as
in Dt'iloHclte, than which this is wider winged, heavier, diffe-
ring by the cylindrical abdomen being armed on the hinder
edge of the segments. In some respects the typical genus
of the group; larvae on grape and Ampelopsis.

Vitis. Drury. (Jiissieuae Hiibn., fasciatus Sulz). A
handsome species with bright olive green primaries, displaying
a pale flesh colored stripe from apex to middle of the base
and crossed by a similar one from middle of hinder margin
to outer fourth of costa ; hindwings rose red within, inter-
rupted by whitish green hairs separating the rose red outer
band, which is margined within by a black band; the rose
colored terminal band is ended by a quadrate brown spot
and distinguishes the present species. Larva on the grape.
Rare in the North in June-July.

Liimci. G. a. R. This species, found only in the
South, has been confounded with the foregoing by a number
of writers and the synonymy became embroiled in consequence,
until we figured and described it. Dark olive green, more
robust than Vitis; the bands on anterior wings are mixed
with white ; the V-shaped space on internal margin large
and not enclosed on margin. Hindwings green ; a large
rose-colored space on anal angle and along internal margin ;
a large black spot within ; two narrow median lines ; a broad
subterminal black band ; terminal space narrow, dull ochrey,
nowhere pink and thus unlike Vitis. Both these forms are
common in West Indies and South America where they feed
on grape; the present is figured by Cramer under the name
Vitis; but Drury, the Wiener Verzeichniss, Abbot & Smith
and others sufficiently show what species is properly included
under this title. Rare, in Southern States.

Posticatus. Grote. Only reported from Florida.
Differs from Satellitia by its narrower shape and straighter
external margin of the wings. Hindwings with a large
roseate spot on internal margin covering anal angle; a

somewhat rounded blackish spot within ; a subterminal series
of interspaceal black maculations continued distinctly to costa.
General color dull olivaceous. Described by me originally
from Cuba under the name Lycaon, but differing from that
species according to the British Museum collections. Food
plant and larva unknown. Another West Indian species is
described by me in the Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of
Natural Sciences the type of which is contained in Agassiz *)
Museum, Cambridge.

Pandoras. Hiibn. (Satellitia Harris.) This species
inhabits Canada and the Northern parts of the United States
and differs specifically from the South American P. satettitia
of Linnaeus. Pale greenish, marked with spots of rich olive
green. The forewings have a large olive green spot on the
middle of hind margin and a triangular spot of green rests
on the hinder margin just within anal angle, while another,
more diffuse, rests on costa a little within the apex ; the
wing is crossed by various shade lines and the veins are
partly marked with ochrey, a character often escaping notice.
Hind wings with a dark brown spot near hind margin and

*) During the life-time of this distinguished Naturalist and most success-
ful lecturer and teacher, I was invited to study the Sphingidae in the
Museum, hut was unahle to visit Cambridge at the time. The collection
there contains hut two or three of my types, sent me long afterwards
for study to Buffalo. My letter from Prof. Louis Agassiz was as follows :

Cambridge, Dec. llth. 1866.
Dear Sir!

In absence of Mr. Uhler, who may however return in a few days,
I cannot say whether the collection of Sphingidae and moths are likely
to be sufficiently extensive in your estimation to justify you in coming
to Cambridge to work them up. Meanwhile I would say that if you
decide to come I shall give you every facility I can for your work. I
would be glad to see that part of our collections worked up. My son
has already written to you what the rules of our Museum are; so I need
add nothing upon this point. Mr. Uhler could give you more accurate
information than I can concerning your arrangements here.

Very respectfully yours
(.Signed) L. Agassiz.

5

34

a band of same color within outer margin which changes
into lines and black spots towards the anal angle, there
being no roseate patches or bands as in other species and
as we see in the species of Deilepliila. Common. May to
August. Larva on grape, becoming brown at maturity,
when the caudal horn of its first stages is discarded. Mr.
Bunker of Eochester, N. Y., describes the larva and speaks
of the number of broods.

Achemou. Drury. This species is pinkish gray with
lovely rich brown patches, much as the deep green ones in
Pandorns. Hind wings pinkish with a spotted, pinkish gray
border. Larva on Ampelopsis and grape. Common and
widely distributed. It is a curious fact that we have these
two colors brown and green represented in the larvae and
moths of so many species of Hawk Moths. This brown
Philampeliis has an ally in Mexico, and contrasts strongly
with the numerous green species of the genus in color.

Subfamily Smerinthinae.

Aiiglice: Eyed Hawk Moths.

In this tribe the larvae have a cordate head and granu-
lated appearance; the moths have the head usually impromi-
nent ; tongue short and membranous ; the body clumsy and
the flight heavy and nocturnal; the typical genera have
ocellated hindwings. The typical genus SmerintJms is con-
fined to the West coast. Food plants, in preference, Eosaceae.

Calasymbolus. Grote.

Head small and sunken, more or less tufted between the
antennae, in some species marked like a ridge; labial palpi
short; segments of abdomen and tibiae unarmed. Forewings
with the external margin even and more or less angulated
not dentated.

35

a. Antennae of the male biciliated; tibiae unarmed.
Subgenus- Calasymlohts. Gr.

islylus. Urury. Our handsomest species, of a lovely
rosy brown or cinnamon color, suffused with lilac; the tints
recalling those prevalent in certain Saturnians or Ennomidae.
Forewings but slightly angulated, with a purplish shade on
internal margin and crossed by faint darker lines ; a yellow
spot at anal angle ; hindwings ochre yellow, shading into
rosy brown outwardly and a round black ocellus with a blue
pupil rests on the wing near anal angle. Kare. June, July.
Larva on Swamp Blueberry (Varrhi'nnn). Canada to Middle
States.

llyops. Abbot a. Sm. This species has the forewings
more angulated and is a little slighter while of the same
expanse. The wings are choccolate brown, darker and con-
fusedly marked by lines and shades ; hindwings yellow
margined with brown and with a black, blue pupilled ocellus
near anal angle. Larva on Eosacea, (Apple, Plum andCherry).
More frequent than Astylus. Canada to Southern States.
Single brooded. June, July.

•

b. Fore tibiae with a terminal spine.
Subgenus Copismerintlius. Gr.

€erisii. Kirby. This is a larger species than Genii-
natHs, very rare and inhabiting Canada and the Northern
States. The forewings are grey with wavy brown lines;
hindwings dull rosy red in the middle and bordered all round
with dull clay yellow and there is a black spot connected
with the anal angle, on the hinder part of the red, con-
taining a horse-shoe shaped spot of blue, the open part to-
wards anal angle. In the next species this spot is double.
May, June. Larva unknown.

c. Male antennae bipectinate; tibiae unarmed.
Subgenus Eusmcrinthus. Gr.

Gemiiiatus. Say. Gray, with a faint rosy tint, the
forewings crossed by an angulated brown line followed by

36

a brown shade and this by several indistinct wavy lines;
a lunule of brown edged with white at anal angle; hind-
wings rosy with gray borders and having a large black spot
with two blue spots on it near anal angle. Occasionally
a third blue spot appears on the black (var. tripartitus, Gr.)
and sometimes but a single spot is found (var. Jamaicensis,
Drury). Larva on Eosaceae, also on Willow. Not common.
Single brooded, the moth appearing in June, July. Can. to
Middle States. Drury's locality, if his indifferent figure re-
presents our species, is incorrect. This species with others
of this group brings forward the anterior margin of the hind
wings in a state of rest. In this position the lovely C. astylus
looks like a crumpled leaf.

Paonias. Hiibn.

Head small and sunken with a prominent ridged tuft
between the antennae; tongue membranous, no longer than
palpi ; antennae fusiform, biciliate in males, hooked at the
end; thorax short; abdomen long, cylindrical, tapering, seg-
ments unarmed ; tibiae unarmed ; forewings regularly scalloped
on terminal margin.

Excaecatiis. Abb. a. Sm. Rich brown and fawn
color, forewings crossed by sinuous brown lines ; hindwings
rosy red, with a black spot containing a blue center, bordered
with fawn color, with a yellowish patch before anal angle.
Common. June, July. Can. to Southern States. Larva on
Eosaceae, Apple, Plum, Cherry etc., also on a variety of
forest trees.

Cressonia. G. a. R.

Head small and sunken in thorax; form slender, that
of the males recalling the American Bombycid genus Apate-
lodes; palpi slim, divaricating at tip; abdomen slender, seg-
ments unarmed, with small anal tufts in male ; all the tibiae
armed with spinules; wings with the outer margins dentate.

Juglandis. Abb. a. Sm. Pale grayish fawn; 'fore-
wings crossed by brown lines, the females paler colored;
hindwings concolorous with wavy brown lines across the

37

middle; unocellated. Larva on Walnut and Ironwood. Not
common. June, July. Canada to Southern States. Varies
in depth of color, sometimes with a light purplish reflection ;
distinguished by its slender form and bombyciform appearance;
structurally it is nearest to Paonias.

Triptogon. Bremer.

Stout and spliingiform ; head small and sunken ; fore
tibiae with a spine at extremity of the joint; tibiae else
unarmed ; surface of abdomen spinose beneath the scales ;
antennae fusiform without terminal hook, biciliate in males,
simple in females. This genus prepares us for the following
Sphinginae.

Modesta. Harris. This large moth is of a slaty gray
with darker olivaceous bands and shadings on primaries ;
hindwings with a dusky roseate central patch. Larva on
Poplar and Cotton wood. June to August. Canada to
Southern States (Cablei) where the larva is said to feed on
water plants. Not rare. A variety Occideiitalis occurs
in the West.

Subfamily Sphinginae.

Anglice: Typical Hawk Moths.

Large, usually gray and blackish species with well
developed tongue and entire wings with internervnlar sub-
terminal dashes on primaries. Larva pupating in the earth;
flight crepuscular or nocturnal. Food plants, in preference,
Solenaceae, Syringa.

Ceratomia. Harris.

The horned larva, feeding on elm, allies the moth to the
preceding genus and the soft brown colors of the imago are
Smerinthoid. Also the head is small, somewhat sunken as in pre-
ceding group. Abdomen heavy, tapering, the segments armed on

38

hinder edge ; tibiae not spinose ; antennae fusiform and ending
in a small hook; forewings nearly entire, with a slight ex-
cavation at vein 2 ; all the characters show approximations
to the Smerinthinae and warrant this arrangement of the
family.

Aiuyiitor. Hiibn. (Quadricornis Hair.) Soft brown
and whitish gray, approaching in its pale colors succeeding
genera ; forewings shaded with soft brown and crossed by
gatherings of triple brown lines; hind wings clay color,
shaded with brown; the fringes brown, cut with pale yellowish.
Larva with the granulated appearance of preceding group.
Common. Canada to Middle States. May to August, perhaps
usually double brooded in southerly localities. In Buffalo,
N. Y., larvae of the second brood failed to mature before
the cold came.

Daremiua. Walk.

Head small and sunken; antennae fusiform, with small
hook ; abdomen cylindrical and tapering, the segments armed
as in Ceratomia, tibiae not spinose. Larva without horns
on thoracic segments.

Uiidulosa. Walk. (Ecpentinus Clem.). Gray, mixed
with yellowish scales ; forewings crossed by pairs of darker,
wavy or angulated lines ; hind wings darker, smoky brown,
with the fringes white cut with brown. Larva on lilac, ash
and privet. Not rare. Canada to Middle States. June
August. In the South are allied species: Hageni, Grote,
in Texas ; Catalpae, Boisd., in Georgia and Florida. The
tropical genus Syzygia, G. a. R., is related.

IHliidia. G. a. R.

Larger and stouter, with the thorax more produced
anteriorly; antennae fusiform, with slight terminal booklet;
abdomen cylindrical, the segments armed: wings entire, ex-
cavate above anal angle; rough gray species with darker
secondaries. Brontes of Drury, recognised by me from Cuba,
belongs here.

39

Jasiiiincariini. Boisd. a. Lee. Size large, gray:
the forewings crossed by wavy lines, and witli darker, brown
shadings, and smoky brown, shaded secondaries. Rarely
found in Middle States ; Long Island (Hulst) ; not common
in the South and one of the rarer species of the family.

l>olba. Walk.

A smaller form than those with which it is here associ-
ated, yet agreeing in some respects with Daremma and
standing between it and PMegetliontins; the head is small,
though free, and roughly scaled ; the tongue longer than the
body. The abdomen is somewhat conical and peculiar in shape ;
the segments armed with round spinules ; the tibiae unarmed ;
the thorax approaches by its shape that of Phlegetlwntins,
and in colors the single species has a slight resemblance to
P. rustica.

Hylaeus. Drury. (Prini Abb. a. Sm.) Dark rusty
brown; thorax white on the sides; abdomen with a row of
lateral white spots ; beneath white ; forewings dark rust}7
brown, with a white spot at base and one on disk, crossed
by dark brown lines and with an apical white shading;
hindwings dark smoky brown crossed by two dentate white
lines ; fringes checkered, white and brown. Lan-a on Ilex,
Papaw (Asiminia triloba), perhaps (Scudder) on Sweet Fern.
Not rare in certain localities. Canada to Gulf States, rather
more usual in the South. June, July.

Phlegetlioiitiiis. Hiibn.

Large species of an iron gray color with large, brightly
colored spots on the side of the abdomen, yellow or rose
color ; the species are Southern except P. celeus: it is probable
that the European concolntli belongs here and not to the
genus Spltm.r. Thorax with particolored metathoracic tufts.
The tongue exceeds the body ; the head is prominent, large ;
eyes salient; antennae fusiform ending in a slight seta;
abdomen with the segments armed with round spinules ;
tibiae unarmed ; wings ample, entire. Larva with a thick
caudal horn, pupating in the ground ; pupa with the tongue

40

case separate, "like a jug-handle." There is a certain resem-
blance between this and the next genus to the Aclierontinae,
an Old World group, and this in all stages.

Rustica. Fabr. (Chionanthi Abb. a. Sm.). Very large,
the primaries shaded with deep brown ; abdomen with yellow
spots ; a handsome species, found only occasionally outside
of the Southern States ; reported to me from Ohio and
Kentucky, also New Jersey.

Carolina. Linn. "Tobaco worm." Dark gray, the
wings crossed by a number of wavy, indistinct lines; a
white spot at base of forewings and one edged with dark
scales on disc ; liindwings gray, with a basal smoky spot,
crossed by three darker lines and with smoky borders ; ab-
domen with five dark yellow spots, surrounded with black.
Larva on Solenaceae (Tobaco, etc.). Common ; double brooded.
West Indies, northward to Canada.

Celeus. Hiibn. (Carolina Harr.). "Tomato worm."
This is rather heavier than preceding and more common at
the North, I have not seen it from the Gulf States. It is
paler colored, more cinereous or ashen; forewings with the
lines more evident; hind wings quite pale crossed by two
strongly dentated lines over the middle, a curved line
within and a smoky spot at base of wing ; abdomen with
five dark yellow spots as in preceding species (hence the
name 5-maculata, under which this form was described by
English authors). Common, double brooded. Larva green
and brown in color, on Solenaceae, especially Tomatos, also
on Datura and Tobaco. Canada southward.

Ciiigulata. Fabr. Much stouter than the European
Convolvuli and shaded with brighter roseate. Very dark gray;
the thorax behind distinctly shaded with blue and yellow
over the metathoracic tufts. Hind wings shaded with rose
color and five rose colored spots, somewhat squarer than
usual, adorn the abdomen, separated by black bands. Not
so common as the preceding. West Indies, northward to
Canada. Larva on Convolvulus, Sweet Potato and also on
Solenaceae.

41

Atreiis. Grote.

i

Smaller and approaching Sphinx in appearance; the head
prominent; eyes salient; antennae slender at tip where they
are bent; fore tibiae spinose as (according to Fernald) are
those of P. celfH*. The type is, I think, not congeneric
with the European P'mastri, nor can I find an Hubnerian
genus for its reception; I should leave it in Phlegethontius,
as Fernald seems to suggest, but it differs in the 12-veined
primaries, the want of an antennal seta, in the fusion of
the tongue-case in the pupa and in the general style of
markings no less than in the structure of the labial palpi.
Seqiwiae, Boisd., may belong to Hylmcus and be congeneric
with the European P'mastri, which this is not.*)

Plebeius. Fabr. Forewings gray, with a white discal
spot ringed with black, heavy black dashes between the
veins and crossed by faint, partly incomplete lines. Hind-
wings dark smoky brown, grayish towards base and on the
anal angle ; fringes brown and white. Larva somewhat rough
with a caudal horn curving only towards its tip, blue, with
irregular black tubercles; the caudal horn will be found to
play an important part in the classification, as it varies so
much in length and appearance. It rises from the top of
the hind segment and is a prolongation of the skin itself,
stiffened by chitine. It is sometimes discarded, replaced
by an eye-spot. It is very curious in this species and there
is a slight approach to Acherontia. Atreus plebeim, feeds on
Trumpet Creeper (Fernald) and Syr'mga, where I have found
it, The moth appoaches the section of Sphinx called by
Butler Lintneria, but differs much more strongly in structure.
We have, then, in Eastern North America no equivalent to
the European Hyloictis pinaftfri. A second species of Atreus
probably occurs in Cuba, described by myself, but I have
now no types to compare.

*) I have used for study larvae of the European P'mastri, beauti-
fully prepared according to the method explained by Karl "Wingelmiiller
in his interesting book : Der Kiifer- und Schmetterlings-Sammler, Magde-
burg, Creutz'sche Verlagshandlung.

6

Elleiua. Clemens.

Head small and somewhat depressed, but not sunken
as in Smerinihus, which this genus approaches in its Bombyci-
form look; the wings however are entire, Sphingiform ; the
tongue is short and membranous, but it differs in the young
stages by having no caudal horn and the head not being heart-
shaped ; according to Fernald "the young larva has a round
head (of coniferarum} but it changes at the first moult to
an angular form running up to a sharp point at top." In
ornamentation this genus differs by the immaculate abdomen,
also a Smerinthoid character, but the pattern of primaries
is like the ensueing Spliinginae, having longitudinal streaks
on the interspaces. We may say that the wings are those
of a Splrinsc, the body of a Smerintlius. • A letter from Dr.
Clemens, dated in 1865, and explaining his reasons for des-
cribing this genus, is before me as I now write. From the
first, I have kept EUema, as a genus, distinct. From the
habit of the larva and its feeding on Pines, it has always
been approached to Hyloiciis, but the immaculate abdomen
at once excludes it, no less than the short maxillae. It is
now referred to the Smerintlrinae by Fernald, but the larva
does not seem to me to be that of a Smerinthoid form. I
regret not to have material now before me and I am writing
from old notes on the species, which I have seen, all but
bombycoides (this from a figure). It struck me that they
were very near and possibly only variations of a single form,
the coniferarum of Abbot a. Smith. Prof. Fernald, apparently
on Mr. Thaxter's authority (a most excellent one), considers
bombycoides and Harris! i- as forms of one species. Prof.
Fernald further distinguishes coniferarum, while he does not
allude to pinemn of Lintner, a New York species, but, if
valid, certainly not confined to New York, which State be-
longs to southern New England so far as the Lepidopterous
fauna is concerned, its northeastern portion, in its fauna,
to Eastern Canada. This genus is evidently of wide distri-
. bution and distinctively North American. For the present
I leave further discussion of the species. The genus itself
might inaugurate the present group if my arrangement of

the family is retained, but I prefer to regard it (with Exe-
drium) as more related to S^hnir proper; in any event it
marks the approach of the two groups Spit ivy inae and
Smcrhitlnnac. and thus favors my idea that the latter group
has given rise to the former as well as to the Choerocampinae.
Without material at hand for dissection, I am not willing,
from what I know now, to accept my friend's view that
EUema is a Smerinthoid genus. The central position I give
the Smerinthinae, expresses my idea that the other groups
may have arisen from its ancestors; while at present its
members are on the whole perhaps nearer the Choerocampinae
than the Spliitujitiae.

Sphinx. Linn.

The type of this genus is originally held by me to be
the European S. linustri, and hence the genus is synonymous
with Lethia of Hiibner. The head is prominent ; tongue
about as long as the body ; palpi moderate ; general form
slighter than in PJikgefJiottfuis. Abdomen tapering to a
point, banded and marked with white, less prominently marked
than in .Phlegethontius* Larvae smooth, with ovate head,
caudal horn usually straight and pointed; pupa in the ground,
flight generally crepuscular. This genus contains perhaps
the typical species of the family, but not the highest in
structure and habit. The more compact shape, diurnal flight,
and surface pupation of Macroglossinae and Choerocampinae seem
to accord them this position. The European S. liyuxtri has
a suffused roseate tint reminding one of the rosy species of
Phlegethontius ] none of our species have this, but luscitioxa
in one sex at least, has a decided yellowish tinge. The
value of the genus encreases in North America, the species
being comparatively numerous and the West producing forms
of small size but great beauty, as the well known S. Eha
of Strecker. The interspaceal black dashes on primaries
constitute the typical ornamentation of this subfamily.

I>rupiferariiiii. Abb. a. Sm. Head and thorax
brownish black with a light gray stripe along the side
meeting in front over the tips of the palpi; fore wings dark

44

brown, with the costa striped with light gray and the outer
border of same shade, crossed by oblique blackish wavy lines,
while there is a series of interspaceal subterminal black
dashes, the discal spot itself being a fine black line; the
hindwings are dark brown, whitish at base, having also a
narrow whitish median stripe and pale border; fringes brownish.
A common species. Canada southwardly. Larva on Plum,
Apple and several smaller shrubs such as Privet and Lilac.
May, August.

Kalmiae. Abb. a. Sin. Much shaded with bright
brown and differing in color from the other species ; thorax
chestnut brown with yellowish side stripe; forewings pale
yellowish brown shaded and marked with chestnut brown
as in the other species ; fringes checkered rusty brown and
whitish. Less common than preceding. Larva, besides
Kalmia, feeds on Ash and several sorts of shrubs. Canada
southwardly. May, August. These two agree in form and
size most nearly with the European type of the genus
S. ligustri.

Cliersis. Hiibn. (Cinerea Harr.). Ash gray, a little
larger than the other species, with the interspaceal dashes
on primaries contrasting ; hindwings pale gray with brownish
median and terminal bands. Larva on Ash and various
shrubs. Not common. Canada southwardly. This species
has a more Northern range. June, July.

Caiiaclcnsis. Boisd. (Plota Streck.). Smaller than
the preceding, of a light brownish gray, forewings crossed
by several^ incomplete oblique lines, and with distinct inter-
spaceal dashes, a subterminal black line edged with whitish
extends nearly to the apex, followed by another within ;
hindwings pale gray with a spot at base and a central and
subterminal brownish band. Still more Northern than Cliersis
(to which it is somewhat closely allied) in its range. Larva
according to Thaxter, probably on Rubns, and Vaccinium.
Not "common. Canada, Newfoundland, Maine. June, July.

laiscitiosa. Clem. This rare species is gray with
the hind wings and abdomen suffused with yellowish in the

45

males (this brighter tint appearing somewhat as the roseate
in Hynstri) ; head above and thorax black ; forewings pale
brown with the margins dull blackish ; veins markad with
black ; the white discal dot has a line attached, double at
first; fringes black; Mndwings gray with a broad terminal
black border and faint median band : fringes pale ; beneath
also yellowish in male, gray in the opposite sex. Larva
on Willow (Hulst). Canada to Middle States. This is
probably our rarest Hawk Moth of these kinds, proper to
the Middle States. Related in markings to succeeding species.
The yellow suffusion of the male is most curious.

Gordius. Cram. Gray; forewings clouded with dull
brownish or blackish ; discal spot small, Avhite and triangular,
two fine lines emerging from it crossing the cell and uniting;
veins more or less marked with black; a regular series of
interspaceal dashes, the upper forming apical streak; fringes
whitish, cut with brown; hindwings whitish with blackish
borders and central band ; fringes white. Lan-a on Apple,
Ash, etc. Quite common. Canada southwardly. Related to
Luscitiosa, but a little stouter. So far the species here
cited are related in pairs; the smaller forms of Spliinx are
(see my paper in Silliman's Journal) an American expansion
of the genus.

E remit us. Hiibn. Forewings brownish gray, with a
white discal spot set in a black dash, crossed by blackish
shade bands in pairs and with the interspaceal dashes marked ;
hind wings white with a black basal spot and a median and
broad terminal band. Lan-a on Spearmint and Salria. Canada,
southwardly. Not common. I do not find any grounds for
separating this generically and have referred it to this genus
in my Lists; Lugciis Walk., from the West is an allied
species.

Dilophoiiota. Burm.

The form is that of Sphinx (Letlua of Hiibner) but is
slenderer yet, the wings sharp at tips, abdomen longer, more
gradually pointed. The thorax is bicrested, rounded in front,
not so square as in the allied genus Isoynatltns of Felder.

46

From the colors and banded abdomen, I follow these insects
with the final subfamily Acherontinae, not found in North
America.

Kilo. Linn. "The Wandering Hawk." Light gray,
the female darker, hind wings russet, abdomen banded with
black. Breeds in the extreme South, West Indies and Mexico.
A wanderer in the North, which it reaches in the Fall.

Remarks.

As I have elsewhere pointed out the Macroglossians
with angulated wings form a subgroup, leading to the Choero-
campians. The typical subfamity contains Hemaris, Aellopos,
Lepisesia, Macroglossa and allies, with even wings. My
classification is based on natural characters, and no scientific
reasons have been brought forward by any dissident. It has
been said that a certain class of minds differ mainly to
differ and, in the arrangement of such delicate animals, the
range of untrained opinion has been found to be wide.

Considering, as I do, that the Sphingidae may have
been evolved from the ancestors of the Ceratocampinae, I
regard the subterraneous pupation, without silk, as a low
or derivative character, together with the crepuscular or
nocturnal flight. On the other hand the surface pupation,
the use of silken threads, the diurnal flight, as an approach
to the Hesperidae. The surface pupation of tropical SpMnginae
must be studied in connection with terrestrial conditions.
There is a slight resemblance in the larvae between the
Papilioninae and Choerocampinae.

The generally smooth larvae show exceptionally thoracic
crests, as in Triptogon and Ceratomia, genera accordingly
related; and this would be a retained character, recalling
Eades imperialis. The rough, shagreened skin of the Eyed
Hawks in also probably a modified survival. The proofs
that the passage to the Splimgidae has been through what
we now regard as older forms of Bombyces, are thus many
and, if we place this family at the head of the Moths, it
is not that it has real affinities with Castnia, which has
probably a different immediate origin.

47

The Sphingidae have their metropolis in the tropics, not
suited in their habits to the cold of high latitudes ; the
Eastern portion of our continent is subject to the advent of
occasional visitors coming on the summer winds from the
West Indies and Florida. Among there occasional visitors
may be cited Aellopos titan and tantalus, Argcn* lahrnscae,
Dilophonota ello. It is not known how for South our Northern
species of SmerintJnttac, Sphin.e, etc., range, but I found none
of them in Cuban collections and it is probable that they
do not even reach the Gulf. With regard to classification,
the present is considered now generally by Authors a distinct
family. It seems to have been regarded formerly as a sub-
family of "Sphinges", equivalent in value to the fie* it da? or
"Clear wings."

Our Hawk Moths are in part (1) descended from a
Tertiary Arctic fauna, in part (2) of South American origin,
while (3) several forms must be considered as strictly North
American and as the direct survivors of the tertiary fauna of
the Continent. On these points various papers in "Papilio",
"Silliman's Journal", etc., may be consulted. Genera belonging
to the first category are marked, in the following list, with (E),
to the second (S), to the third (N}. These categories are
provisional and demand further studies in this direction, and
are here not fully carried out, for want of data. The food
plants of the larvae are deciduous plants, shrubs and trees,
except Ellema which feeds on pines (Coni ferae). I have
found Sphinx Icalmiae on plants of Mountain Laurel (Kahnia)
not a foot in height, the larva being much exposed. The
larvae suffer greatly from the attacks of Ichneumonidae ;
this alone prevents certain kinds of Philamndus and Phlege-
thontiux from becoming very injurious. In the South the
Catalpa trees are defoliated by Daminnn fatal pae, but,
strange to say, the pupae seldom give the moth. The pupation
of this group is more dangerous to the individual than in
the cocoon-making groups ; interference with the larva seeking
pupation seems readily fatal; often the ground is not suit-
able and the roving larva falls a prey ; these heavy, naked
larvae fall also victims to storms, by which they are shaken

48

from the trees to certain death ; their tenacious grasp I have
then noticed to be insufficient, although the strength of
their anal claspers is very great. The following list may
be of service in arranging collections, from Canada as far
south as the Middle States, the species from Texas, Florida,
and the Southern States, as well as the Californian forms,
may readily be interpolated; these are all given, to the
total number of 95, in my lists and catalogues. I am dis-
posed to regard nomenclature and classification absolutely
correct, as far as my long experience and study [can make
them so.

Species and genera here discussed,

Macroglossinae.

Hemaris. Dalm. (E)
tennis. Grote.
di/hris. Boisd.
marginalis. Grote.
axillaris. G. a. R.
c/raciUs. G. a. R.
tliysle. Fab.
buffaloensis. G. a. R.

Lepiscsia. Grote. (N)
flavofasciata. Barnst.

Aiupltion. Hubn. (N)
nesses. Cram.

Thyreus. Swains. (N)
allotii. Swains.

Eiiyo. Hubn. (S)
luijubris. Linn.

l>ei<lamia. Clem. (N)
inxcripta. Harris.

Choerocampinae.

Everyx. Boisd.
choerilns. Cram.

Ampelophaga. Brem.
wi/ron. Cram.
versicf>lor. Harris.

Deiloiiohe. Grote. (S)
tersa. Linn.

l>eilephila. Ochs. (E)
cltamaenerii. Harris.
lineata. Fab.

Pliilampeliis. Harris.
ritiff. Drury.
linnei. G. a. R.
posticatus. Grote.
pcnulorus. Hiibn.
acliemon. Druiy.

49

Smerinthinae.

Calasymbolus. Gr. (E)

attylus. Drury.
nujops. Abb. a. Sm.
cerisii. Kirby.
gem hiatus. Say.

Paoiiias. Hiibn. (N)
excaccatns. Abb. a. Sm.

G. a. R. (N)
jitglandis. Abb. a. Sm.

Triptogoii. Brem. (E)
modcsta. Harris.

Sphinginae.

Ceratomia. Harris. (N)
amyntor. Hubn.

Daremnia. Walk. (N)
nndnlosa. Walk.

Diliidia. G. a. R.
jasminearum. B. a. Lee.

I>olba. Walk. (N)
Jiylaeus. Drury.

Plilcgetlioiitiiis. Hiibn.
rustica. Fabr.
Carolina. Linn.
celeus. Hiibn.
chujnlata. Fabr.

A irons. Grote.
plebeius. Fabr.

Kllema. Clem. (N)

coniferarum. Abb. a. Sm.
Sphinx. Linn. (E)

drupif&raruvnr. Abb. a. Sm.

fat! mine. Abb. a. Sm.

cJiersis. Hiibn.

canadensis. Boisd.

luxcitioxa. Clem.

yard ins. Cram.

erewitus. Hiibn.

IHIoplioiiota. MM nn. (S)
Ello. Linn.

50

List of Plant genera,

the different members of which are eaten by the larvae of

Sphingidae. The best time to find these, nearly or quite

full grown, is July to September.

1. Amelanclrier. Shadbush.

2. Awpelopsis. Virg. Creeper.

3. Asim'mid. Pawpaw.

4. Azalea. Azalea.

5. Betiila. Birch.

6. Car i/a. Hickory.

7. Cepludantlius. Buttonbush.

8. Contptonia. Sweet Fern.

9. Crataetjus. Hawthorn.

10. Datura. Jamestown weed.

11. DierviUa. Bush Honeysuckle.
12.. EpiloUnm. Willow herb.

13. Ilex. Inkberry.

14. Juylam. Walnut.

15. Kalmla. Mountain Laurel.

16. Liy-ustrum. Privet.

17. Liquidamlar. Gum tree.

18. Liriodendron. Tulip tree.

19. Li/ciwu. Matrimony vine.

20. Men-tha. Spearmint.

21. Monarda. Bergamot.

22. Myrica. Sweet gale.

23. Nesaca. Loosestrife.

24. Nyssa. Sour Gum.

25. Oenotliera. Even'g. Primrose

20. Oxtrya. Iromvood.

27. Pln/salis. Ground Cherry.

28. Pi-nns. Pine.

29. Populns. Poplar.

30. Portiilctca. Purslane.

31. Primus. Plum, Cherry.

32. Pyrus. Apple.

33. Qnercns. Oak.

34. Row. Wild Rose.

35. Ruins. Blackberry.

36. Runiex. Dock.

37. Salix. Willow.

38. Sah-ia. Lipflower.

39. Spermacoce. Buttonweed.

40. Spiraea. Spiraea.

41. Stellar ia. Chickweed.

42. Symplioricarpus. Snowberry.

43. Si/rhif/a. Lilac.

44. Tecmna. Trumpet Creeper.

45. TiJia. Basswood.

40. Trinsttiuimi. Feverwort.

47. Ulmus. Elm.

48. Vacchiiinu. Blueberry.

49. Vilnnuim. Snowball.

50. Vitift. Grape.

Tropical species

forming part of the colony in southern Florida:

Ambulyx strniilis.
Diludia

Cautethia grotei.
Enyo cfinicrtiis.

(I(UIH)II.

Philampelus post i cat us.
Pachylia jicits.
syces.

Of the names followed by a dash ( - - ) I have seen no
specimens from Florida : the sign is also used after species
unknown to me.

Amphonyx antaeus.

duponchel. —

Species peculiar

to the fauna of the Southern States, not tropical so far as known:

Hemaris fusdcaudis.
floridensis.
Lepisesia circeae. —

PogOCOlon (fflHrcir.

Pachylia It/new. —
Daremma hfujenii.
catalpae.

Diludia jasmineantm.

Exedrium

Dilophonota fcsta.

obscura,

Species found in the tropics,

breeding also in the Southern States and occasionally appearing
in the North, irregularly or as wind visitors:

Aellopos

tantalus.
Enyo ln<inl>ris.
Philampelus vitis.
linnei.

Arg-eus
Phleg-ethontius rnvtica.
Dilophonota cllo.

melancholica.

52

Species peculiar to California

so far as known to me.

Hemaris palpalis.

thetis.

Euproserpinus phaeton.
Arctonotus Incidus.

Lepisesia darltiae.
Smerinthus ophthalmicus.
Hyloicus sequoiae.
Sphinx perelegans.

These concluding geographical lists will at least give a
general idea of the distribution of certain forms of North
American Hawk Moths.

The Spliingidae are probably not represented in Labrador.
In Newfoundland S. canadensis occurs; the species of the
highest range to the north are probably Hemaris uniformis,
Deilephila cliamaenerii and lineata, Smerinthus cerisii, JEUenia
bombycoides, together with this species of Sphinx. No Hawk
Moths fly in Iceland ; the family ceases to exist, probably
before any other of the larger families of Moths, on the way
to the Pole. In Upper Canada most of the species of the
Middle States may be found. It is in the tropics, under a
warm sun and surrounded by a various flora, that the Hawk
Moths reach their highest development in kinds and numbers.
Our largest species is Ampltouyx antaeus, the smallest,
Euproserpinus phaeton. Our finest northern form (with a
wide range) is Triptogon modesta, somewhat inappositely
named, but varying greatly in size and depth of color.

Besides the special Authors cited, we are indebted to
Prof. C. V. Eiley for some exquisite drawings of larvae, to
Prof. Saunders and Roland Thaxter for descriptions of larvae,
while Mr. Wm- Beutenmiiller jr., has largely added to our
knowledge of their food plants. The Rev. Mr. Hulst, Prof.
Lintner, Mr. S. Lowell Elliot and Mr. S. H. Scudder have also
made valuable observations on their transformations and
immature stages, while Prof. Alex. Agassiz and Dr- Wittfeld
have encreased our information as to the species inhabiting
the Florida Peninsula.

53

L'Envoi.

Ich mag in eliesem Hexenheer
Mich ganz uncl gar verlieren.
Goethe.

l antheism is directly fostered in the mind of man
through the study of Entomology. It appeals to him by the
display of that which is beautiful in Nature and it may be
said that the worship or cult of Butterflies has taken root
among us. As such it opposes the view of Deism, as
an intellectual solution of the world-all. My old friend
Sanborn was taken to task, upon religious grounds, for
collecting on Sunday. He replied to his interlocutor, a New
England clergyman, that "if God would shut up his Butter-
flies on Sunday, he himself would not go out after them."
To Sanborn, Butterflies were a part of the Divinity in
nature. He was a Pantheist and met the demands of the
orthodox Deists by the creed that the woods are God's temple
in which man seeks the Divinity in the rays of sunlight
glinting across the green leaves, in bird and beast and butter-
fly and flower. The search was to him always religious and
hence justifiable. This argument is more or less consciously
advanced by all Entomologists, who, as a body, classify their
collections rather than their thoughts, perhaps. They wor-
ship none the less fervently at the Altar of the Hours than
the believers at that of the Sacrements. I have elsewhere
dwelt on this subject of the latent Pantheism in our race.
While the Semite accepts all indistinguishably from the hand
of the Creator, the Indo-German examines and arranges.
The observing Greek Poet claps the wings of the Butterfly
on the immortal and beautiful shoulders of Psyche and wings
his figures of Love and Death like Birds. The cult of
Butterflies is too strong for some of us. It causes Mr. Strecker

54

to advertise that he "covets" specimens and even to con-
sider the loss of life on a Polar Expedition justified in the
capture of some rare species. When Mr. Strecker or Mr.
Neumoegen talk in print about ,, Science", one hears them
with a certain shock, feeling that this is not always the
correct term to be applied to a propensity for collecting
and naming Butterflies.

A more intimate relationship between the S^liinc/idae
and Bmnlxjcidae is suggested by the American group of the
('n-</ft>('«)//i>///ae. • Already in 1865 I call attention to this,
but I regard it then as a matter of Analogy rather than
Affinity. If we regard the larvae of the Ceratocampians,
which I have studied and described in part, we see a loss
of the spines and diminution in length through the series
Citltmniia, Anisota, Dr>/nca))/i>a. These three genera are the
nearer related, the other series is Eacles, SpMngicampa.
The larva of D. rnlticuuda has lost all but the fore and
aft dorsal spines; the SpliiM/idae have become smooth and
only have a ridge behind the head or the anal spine repre-
sented by a fleshy horn. I do not know the larva of
Quculrhia, which I placed temporarily at the head of the
Ceratocampinae. It is perhaps the remains of another old
type of Bombyces. In America we shall have probably to
do with remains of older types than elsewhere on the globe.
This I have already pointed out, regarding the Ceratocampinae
as remains of an old type and nearer to the Hawk Moths
than any subfamily of the Spinners now existing. This sub-
family has short antennae and a long and heavy body, a
pupation like the Notodmitiuae and S^liinn'idac, very bright
colors quite different from the Cowinae, but some Hep/alhiae,
which I separate from D1'- Packard's Hepinli, are also very
gaily marked. These old types are very interesting and we
may briefly allude here to the Paleohesperidae, which seem
to stand between the Butterflies and Moths.

The genera of the Ceratocampinae, leaving Qnadriua for
the moment out of tho question, should be arranged thus :
lrst- Eacles, Adelocephala, SpJiini/icanipa ; 2lull-v- Citheronia,
Anisota, Dryocampa. The male and the caterpillar of

55

({)/((t(/rii/« (/i(/.:n/i/fi Grote, must both be known before it can
be placed with certainty. According to my friend Mr. Robert
Bunker, ('itlifrnnid rct/a/ix comes occasionally to bait alter
the fashion of a SjJtinx. The resemblance between the
American genera TiY/r/r.v and Ct'ratoiu'm is pointed out by me
in 1865. I bring Triptoffoit and Cfntfomia- together from
the thoracic "horns'' of the larvae, resembling each other
and this Bombycid genus. I have thus two points to excuse
my arrangement of the Xnn'rhithi»nt'. viz: the resemblance
between AnibultfX and Calasymbolus at one end and Trij>f<>(/t»/
and CiTfitoniia at the other. It is the young stages which
must afford us a guide in our deductions and, already in 1865,
I have seen the importance of evidence which leads me to
insist upon my classification of the ^>lihnjl<]ne today and
the longer they are studied. As to the importance of .studying
American forms there can be no question if, as I believe,
older types exist here than elsewhere. Just as I believe
the species of Batikn-cliid to be recentl}" separated, I look
upon the Paleohesperidae as relics of a very old and else
obsolete type of the Lepidoptera. In the question of the
relationship of the Sphingidae and the B<»iil>i/n>*, the "horn"
of Bnnili/x in or i must be remembered, no less than the
distention of the anterior segments of this larva which recalls
the Elephant Hawk Moths. While I think there can be
no doubt that the membranous tongue in the Kntcrintlihun'
is a retained character, the question is not so clear with
Ellciua, in which the character may be one of reversion.

The characters of the Family Paleohesperidae (consult
my paper, Can. Ent. 173, for the year 1875. where they
are first announced) are as follows : Eyes large and naked.
No ocelli ; caputal squamation mixed flattened scales and
hair. Antennae capitate, without terminal inflection. Wings
heavy, entire. Tibiae and tarsi strongly spinose; hind and
middle tibiae with terminal claws. Legs stout. The three
parts of the body unusually distinct. Form cylindrical. Head
broad in front. Ornamentation much like the 7/rx^r/Vm .
brown and yellow. The characters by which this Family
is separated from the other Butterflies, are taken from the

56

Castniadae. Besides Yuccrte, Felder describes and figures a
Mexican species in the Wiener Ent. Monatsschrift. In the
long abdomen, the segments distinct, and head "parts, are
resemblances to the Moths.

In my earliest papers (1865) on the Hawk Moths, I
have spoken of the dimorphism of the caterpillars, Deilepliila,
Pldegetlwutins, and then of the ampelophagic genera, showing
that they possessed indifferently, without regard to sex, a
green or brown tint. I called these tints "cosmical", the
brown being like that of the earth and the green like the
vegetation. In this view they are protective. Several
green larvae in the Hawk Moths become brownish during
the last twenty four hours, while wandering over the soil
before pupation. This change in color takes place even in
confinement over a white surface. The origin of this dimor-
phism offers an inviting study ; it occurs in many Moths and
some Butterflies. In my writings I have maintained the
following theses. That the lepidopterous fauna of the summit
of the White Mountains (Oeneis, Laria, Pachtwbia etc.) is
a relic of the Glacial Epoch. That our fauna has three
proximate sources, boreal (E), austral (S) and indigenous
during tertiary times (N). That certain forms such as
Scoliopteryx and Dipteryyia have remained unaltered since the
separation of the European and American faunae by the
Ice Period, while others, as Catocala rcJicta, Copimaniestra
oceiilciita, have become distinct species. Intermediate are
those species which differ only in one stage, and that mostly
the larval, such as Apatela ocddentalis from A. psi. I have
shown the method of variation, in its expression in the perfect
insects; the retention, occasionally, in specimens of relicta
of blue scales on the band proves the reversion to the Euro-
pean fraxhu. I have further shown that, in genera of Southern
extraction, the area of successful hibernation is more restricted
than that of the summer flight and breeding of the Moth, as
in Alctia aryiltacea, the Cotton worm.

My theory (Detroit Meeting, Am. Ass. Aug., 1875) that
the Butterfly fauna of the summit of Mount Washington is
a survival from the Glacial Epoch, equally with the theory

57

of the tropical origin of the Cotton worm, was readied
by me through independent studies. The latter was in con-
tradiction to that point of view from which the Cotton worm
was treated in the "Missouri Reports" by Prof. C. V. Eiley.
A subsequent attempt to deprive me of originality on the
discovery of the "Boston letter", not only fails when the
letter itself is compared with my observations, but is without
force as coming from Prof. Riley, who was equally unaware
of the existence of the letter with myself at the time of
reading my paper.

I have also shown the existence of generic groups of
forms more closely related than is usually the case, such as
Datana, Nadata, the European Plialera and in our Butterflies
the genus Basilarchia. It seems to me that the species in
these genera present a certain advanced stage of distinctiveness
when their interdependence has but recently ceased, they are
yet in process of separation, of hardening into perfectly distinct
appearing species. I have called such generic groups, Pro-
genera. Sections of other genera, as considered by Authors,
show this peculiarity, as the typical section of Hemileuca.
I refer tricolor to Henrileuca, and in this view its color variation
becomes of more interest than when regarded as a distinct
generic type. From this subfamily, as established by Packard,
I have separated the Hemileuc'mae and Ceratocampinae, the
latter the communiformes of Hiibner, characterized by the
shorter antennae and heavy bodies, in this approaching the
Cossidae, from this latter I separated, as a distinct sub-
family, the Hepialinae. My Catalogue in the Philosophical
Society gives my ideas on the arrangment of these groups,
but slightly altered from Packard. On these points the
student should consult our colored Plates of Datcma in the
sixth Volume of the Preceedings of the Entomological Society
of Philadelphia and the descriptions. On the Ceratocampinae
consult Grote a. Robinson's paper in N. Y. Lyceum. Also
my list, Am. Phil. Society, Nov. 20th-, 1874, and my papers
in the Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey. A
period of Renascence in American Entomology has now
passed away. It is one hundred years from Linnaeus

8

58

X. Edition to Clemens (1858) which date I take as the com-
mencement of an era in which American Lepidopterists are
to catalogue the different Families of Lepidoptera and lay foun-
dation for present and future discoveries. Mr. W. H. Edwards
describes and catalogues our Butterflies, as also Mr. S. H.
Scudder; Dr Clemens writes on the Spliuiyidae, Tortricidae
and Tineidae, Dr- Packard on the Zijgaemdae, Bomlnjcidae
and Geometridae, I, myself, catalogue the Spliinyidae, Nodnidae
and Pyralidae, Mr. C. T. Robinson, besides working with me,
commences to figure the Tortricidae and Mr. V. T. Chambers
takes up the Tineidae afresh. Finally Prof. C. H. Fernald
catalogues the Tortricidae and reclassifies them, Mr. Henry
Edwards works up the Sesiidae and, with the publication of
my New Check List (1882), this Renascence period comes
to an end. These are its principal Authors and their work.
It spans the time from D1'- Morris Catalogue to my New
Check List. It has identified our more usual forms, arranged
them scientifically and in correspondence with the views of
the best European writers, besides performing a great deal of
original and enduring work of its own. From this time the des-
cription of our Butterflies and Moths is undertaken with greater
security and this period is further notable from the appearance
of a journal, Papilio, entirely devoted to the Lepidoptera.
Above all, the work of determining the private collections
throughout the country has been performed and has greatly
furthered the interest in the study. The first period of
North American Lepidopterology was that of Abbot, Boisduval,
the elder Leconte, Say, Peck, Harris, Gosse, Kirtland and
their historian, our old friend Dr- J. G. Morris. The second
period, which I call the Renascence, alluding to the re-rising
of the study since Say's death, has certainly been a fruitful
one, during which a great deal of work was performed with
good humor and at considerable selfsacrifice. It deserves
a better fate than that any of its workers should have their
laurels assailed 4by those who to day rest in their shade.
It is not that very many others do not materially assist,
but the writers above mentioned are those who performed
the most work in the Butterflies and Moths and whose names

59

are mure particularly associated with the respective families
of the Lcpidoptera of our North American fauna.

As to English names for the American species of Hawk
Moths, several have been suggested which I have not referred
to here. I, myself, have used the following common names :
the Early Bee Hawk, for Lepisesia flavofasciata; the Blue
and Green Hawk, for Argons labruscae ; the Particolored Hawk,
tor Ampelophaga versicolor: the Wandering Hawk, for Dilo-
ello.

Any approach of the internal feeding Cossinae to the
Hawk Moths is, I think, unwarranted. In considering the
Sphingidae as a distinct Family, equivalent to the Bonilycidae
and Noctuidae, special studies, such as I have here attempted,
must decide as to the rank of the component groups and
this on similar considerations as influence our separation of
the Family itself. In this action, the definitions of the elder
Agassiz must be held steadily in view and we must not
wholly depend upon a generic class of characters, as would
seem to have been the course of that most distinguished of
Entomologists-Lederer.

On the whole the Subfamilies of Sphingidae may be
regarded as affording two series, the first embracing the
Macroglossinae, Choerocampinae and Sm&nnfhinae, the second
the Spliinyhwe and Achcrontinae, the members of each series
approaching each other more nearly than the opposed series.
Nevertheless the Eyed Hawks afford a synthetic type, the
family characters recalling the Smerintkinae appearing in all
the groups. So the Bee Hawks approach through Ikidamia
and the genera with angulated wings, the Elephant Hawks
through Amlnlyx, the Typical Hawks through Ellema. The
pattern and colors, outline, habit and general structure, so
difficult to properly consider in a linear arrangement, are
best appreciated under the present classification. The short
antennae of the Death's Head Hawk Moths (Ach&rontinae)
seem to me a low character; the pattern and colors, the
ringed abdomen, the contrast between primaries and secon-
daries ally this Old World group with the Typical Hawk

60

Moths ( Spiling inae) ; I have noticed in both a certain remi-
nescence of the Owlet Moths or Noctuidae (Sphingidae of
Cuba, pp. 1 — 2).

So strong are the characters of the Bee Hawks
with angulated or uneven external margin to the forewings
(as seen especially in the larval stages of Tliyrens, like
Pliilampelus where the anal horn is discarded for an ocellus),
that I have hesitated as to their position. But their general
form and body tuftings decide me that they are to be
regarded as aberrant Macroglossinae, rather than a distinct
subfamily type. They make a natural passage between the
two subfamily groups, sharing the flight and habit of the
one and approaching the other in the young stage and food
plant. Upon this latter characteristic, as it generally is for
my different subfamily groups of Sphingidae, I lay great
value as indicating relationship. It unites the Spli'mginae
and the Aclierontinae and shows that these two are the nearer
related and form a series. Everywhere that class of proofs
which require the tact and experience of a Naturalist to
bring out, witness for that general view of the classification
of the Sphingidae which I may speak of as my own, so much
being either original with me or brought into new light
through my long study of the family.

The man of science observes the small changes which
underlie the endless succession of life. It is clear to him
Iwiv we are drifting if, with the rest of humanity, he does
not know where. Within certain limits he believes that the
will of man counts for something and that, in the perpetual
struggle, that which is useful, good and beautiful shall prevail.
Even in comparatively so small a social field as Entomology
affords, he may oppose the purely selfish action, the insincere
statement, and try to correct the limited experience which
prompts so many faults. From the contemplation of much
that is paltry and much that is stupid in the writings and
doings of Entomologists, he can at least always turn for
relief to Nature herself, standing high above all the schools
which strive but to translate her. He may drink in all the
loveliness of the world and refresh his soul by wanderings

61

in field and forest, by expansive lake and winding stream.
The throbbing Sea, answering by its agitation to the pulses
of the wind, will excite his longings and draw his soul out
after it. And, when the summer is past and the roses, by
thousand ways and voics, Nature will still amuse him until,
tired of his quest, he falls into the last sleep in the arms
of the universal mother.

So, by the Lake at Buffalo, Time, winged with happiness
passed by and, feigning that he would be thus every-
where, lured me away. The world is full of beautiful butter-
flies but those that fly at home are the best. Even in the
technical works of our noted Entomologists, a local coloring
attests the force of this sentiment. Thus there is an in-
describable Massachusetts flavor about Dr- Harris's book.
And, let him industriously gather eggs and caterpillars from
what part of the country he may, it is always as from West
Virginia that Mr. W. H. Edwards invites his readers to the
great feast of facts. In some wray the scent of the Maine
woods has got into Professor Fernald's writings: we seem
to know the famous bog in Orono, whereon Oencis jidta
cumbrously flies; through openings in the woods we catch
a glimpse of warm-tinted Spring-tide azalea or shad-bush
blooms, over which the "Early Bee Hawk" (Lepisesia flavo-
fasciata) for an instant hovers to vanish again. And the
ridge by the Lake side where, of a June evening, I caught
the rare "Particolored Hawk" (Ampelopliaga rersicolor) I
would also have remembered out of my own experiences,
the Canada shore in the distance and all about me the lovely
scenery of Western New York.

Although what the Poets say must always be taken in
a certain wide sense, I have been struck by their particular
attention to butterflies. Poe declares that a certain curious
sentiment is derived from "the contemplation of a moth, a
butterfly, a chrysalis." As to the latter he may have been
influenced by the mere euphony of the word itself. Only
an Entomologist, with prophetic soul dreaming on the glories
to come, can be moved by the sight of a chrysalis. But,
perhaps, I am wrong here, remembering the chrysalids of

62

certain butterflies, those pendant, gold-studded earrings of
Nature, hung by her in moments of pride from trees and
pretty blooming plants. Buds to open, to expand, to take
their flight.

Somtimes, now, I dream of fields Elysian, where, on beds
of Asphodel, hang pendulous immortal butterflies., beneath
an eternal sky. And, coming kindly to meet me, I see
Harris and Doubleday, Boisduval and Say ; while, with his
nervous manner all gone, I find again Francis Walker, his
good work all remembered. And he forgives all I have said,
as I ask his pardon, because it really was (and I have been
there myself) very dark in the entresol of the British Museum
where he had to work. But here it is Light at last and
an everlasting Sun is shining.

63

Table of Contents.

Page

Dedication 3

On Collecting- and Preserving- for the Cabinet 5

The Species of North American Hawk Moths 15

Classification 22

Family Paleohesperidae 22, 55

Deilonche (new genus) 30

Calasymbolus g-eminatus var. tripartitus 36

Atreus (new genus) 41

List of Species and genera 48

List of food plants 50

L'Envoi . . 53

Zoologisehe Jahrbtieher.

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