ote Ty, eres et ia pores ett - ore? Site ir er arere? Tae reer Le eeetss eer pan certs eer ae eterere SS id Z a= PRO SCIENT; <> SALUTE BO SCIENT/, ya > LIBRARY = ‘ae Us pally) THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDE . a ' i it a i i es, iy sas & _ ¢ * - n LF. m es 2 : << - . » . 7 4 ia ee Toma eee 2 oes! 2? eee ae a @ HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS AND GENERAL HORT (CULTURE. BY PETER HENDERSON, *¢«GARDENING FOR PROFIT,”’ ““PRACTICAL FLORICULTURE,” “GARDENING FOR PLEASURE,” ETC., EITC: AND JOINT AUTHOR OF ‘*HOW THE FARM PAYS.” NEW EDITION. LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY PETER HENDERSON & COMPANY. 35 AND 37 CORTLANDT STREET, (a 1910. vas) = “\e oe ro ry Zz PY - , Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1890, by PETER HENDERSON & CO.,_ In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D.C. LIBRARY NEW yor PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. tee LTHOUGH I have every reason to be satisfied with the flattering reception given to the first edition of the Haxypsoox or Puanrs, issued in 1881, yet I have ever believed that its scope was too limited; that the requirements of the thousands of amateurs, young florists and gardeners, needed some- thing having a wider range. To meet that want there is not only added in the present edition all the new genera of any importance up to date, but there is specified in many instances the more important and useful species and varieties of the genera described, together with brief instructions for propagation and culture. The botanical and technical terms, and a very full list of the best-known English or popular names, are also given, and great care has been exercised to have all the generic names accentuated according to the latest authorities. Nearly one thousand engravings of the various plants described in the body of this work are shown. The natural system of arrange- ment being now generally used, is adopted in the descriptions instead of the Linnzan or artificial system. Very full instructions are given for the culture and forcing of all Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables of importance, such as Grape Vines, Strawberries, Roses, Bulbs of all kinds, Celery, Cauliflower, Tomatoes, Cucumbers, Mushrooms, etc.; in short, I believe that there is sufficient matter given on all gardening subjects to allow me to claim for this book that it is ar AMERICAN Gardener’s Dictionary. A series of tables and memoranda on horticultural and agricultural subjects, such as Seeds, Crops, Stock, Forestry, Measures, Weights, Temperature, etc., is also added, which, together with a carefully compiled glossary of the technical terms used in describing plants, and a monthly calendar of operations for the green-house and window garden, flower, fruit and kitchen garden, will undoubtedly render this edition valuable ; as a book of reference. The name of the book will now be ‘Tue Hanpzoox or Pianrs anp Gernerat Hortt- cuLTuRE,” and I believe that for all practical purposes it will be better adapted to the wants of American horticulturists than any of the more costly British works on garden- ing, and at one-third of their cost; for though from a foreign standpoint these are all they claim to be, yet for the American climate much of the information, and especially the gardening instructions, are not only useless, but actually misleading. In the first edition of this work I was largely indebted to the following books as authorities : —_— s \ Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Plants; Paxton’s Botanical Dictionary; Paxton’s Magazine of Botany; Johnson’s Gardener’s Dictionary; McIntosh’s Book of the Garden; Rhind’s Vegetable »— Kingdom; Lindley’s Treasury of Botany; Orchid Grower’s Manual; Miller’s Gardener’s Diction- Qg ary; Gerarde’s Herbal (1597) ; Parkinson’s Garden of Pleasant Flowers (1629); Dodoen’s Plant-~ (1587); Gray’s Manual of Botany; Chapman’s Southern Flora; American Agriculturist, of New e- York; The Gardener’s Monthly, of Philadelphia, Pa.; and The Garden, London, England. In addition to the above, I am indebted for plints of late introduction to— - Nicholson’s Dictionary of Gardening, The Garden Oracle, Robinson’s English Flower Garden, = The Gardener’s Chronicle, Journal of Horticulture (London), and the various American horticultural ~— journals. oe In compiling this edition, I have been most ably assisted by Mr. Wm. J. Davipson, —— of Brooklyn, N. Y., who not only is a thorough botanist, but is perhaps the peer of any “* man in the United States to-day in his all-round knowledge of garden work. PETER HENDERSON. Jersey Crry, N. J., January, 1890. AUG 301950 DN Ks Although this work is alphabetically arranged, yet as a quicker means of looking up cultural directions of important plants and matters pertaining to general horticulture, we give the follow- ing Index: PAVE SULT A otiots in’alalateinie’ ais sinis eisieiulei=ieiniaia’s 15 Alpine UPlANtA. vs aicais sivmesicteiscine <4 110 ANAS Ue easton fs cieree Ha enelein|h seniand Ro Asparagus........... Sintalsie/s/sin(ete siete 35 AW OIUUON ci cloletaictoicto'sia\ciocete eas ele/alnisie 39 BAM Eicn ct cialsiceswle cleus’ lay cetera aiciats 42 IBEG GING) ciwc cles ecie=n =n io 100 Coral Tree ....... b Aaa acdc a5 144 Cotton Plant...... eins claleteitelsteierad 172 GCLANDELTy, vic cessasteta eioiein sinter miaetns 294 Cultivator ...... ARPA DOOD TT OOCAS 111 Damping off ..... Sdndtcace aodosec 120 DeSigns ....-cccescccccscccccecece 123 Draining. .......-ccsccccese a6 5 2G! Egg Plant.......scccecccccsccace 137 RELNS he ws:- 196 PaGE JT OTORYANI (aon clk cles sets issc's cic ale = 188 Horse-radish..... Swoeeavalsiare ais aac koe iy Dri izttlOMl ats siaine sede cebis wesc 197 VINO ELAN GH, cnt cincnine's ee ees wee 185 ENSGOMOIDES sees nc aes caw we ele aa cals 201 URISBOES ste caine aialainictels on cleials tele iaiaieis 202 JONMSONIGTASH 0c sc ccoccccecsos0 210 GR WELE seed atele\<'s10'nic'ae ois cc's aie oisiie s 219 TEC Aneapcononoosonernee faccee 225 Lily of the Valley... .....cccscescce 101 MAPTIOUS anna accctteiacs sihion sss 238 IND ND TEV OR hoisia's «i «/ain)nis! nisin oeivIniaine/aial» 242 MARE Gr atee inant oieiase n'e sieisiss|e sia/niela 244 MTG wy, ea teisinisiacinein cic saletes pares sin . 253 Moles........ p seiaielelae sete miainiwatate'sis 256 Malehin pics. ic cainiecs sc se sia iniaieiewieie 260 EMIS TOOWIS. foin'siv c's vip win\n'oin:o.aisiasiaiers 261 Narcissus ..... plaierecalsiniaie te toils teraleie 269 OPrcnardicnasccvsck citb ances cesisincls 286 Orchid Culture .....0....ccccccsce 281 Ornamental Planting ........... - 290 Paper Plants. .....-ccessccescecce 302 Parlor Gardening .....- He sivisisaeiale 303 Pearl NOG ceictricisnie sls'atdnialeislel-talets . 309 Pitcher Plants 2... .ccssce essscee AIG Planting ..... Sancoonmerocasodeoas 330 Planting, Evil of Deep........... 330 Plant Protectors ., during summer. A. Americana, is a splendid decorative plant, a native of South America introduced to cul- tivation in 1640. The varieties with striped foliage are considered the most desirable as ornamental plants. It was at one time a pre- vailing idea that this plant only flowered oncein a hundred years; but this is found now to be a popular error. If given sufficient heat, it will flower when ten or twelve years old. The flower stem rises from the center of the plant to a height of about thirty feet, bearing an immense number of yellowish-green fiowers, after perfecting which the plant perishes. New plants are formed around the base of the old one in the form of suckers. It furnishes a variety of products; the plants form impen- etrable fences; the leaves furnish fibers of various qualities, from that used in the finest thread to that in the strongest rope cables; the juice, when the watery part is evaporated, forms a good soap, and will mix and form a lather with salt water as well as fresh; a very intoxicating drink is also made from the juice, as well as other preparations of a similar nature; the leaves are made into razor- strops, and are also used in scouring all sorts of culinary utensils. Over one hundred spe- cies have been described, but according to Bentham and Hooker, not over fifty are suf- ficiently distinct to rank as such. They are 13 AGR distributed over South America, Mexico, and the Southern States. Agera’tum. From a not, and geras, old; in reference to the flowers being always clear. Nat. Ord. Composite. A. Mexicanum, the type of this genus is a well known occupant of our flower borders. It bears a profusion of lilac- blue flowers all season, and is very useful for cutting. Several very dwarf varieties of it have originated under cultivation which are very useful in ribbon and carpet bedding. A variegated form is also cultivated for its pretty foliage. Syn. Celestina. Agglomerate. Collected into a heap or head. Agiai’a. From Aglaia, one of the Graces. Nat. Ord. Meliacee. A genus of evergreen trees or shrubs, hav- ing very small flowers, borne in axillary pani- cles. The leaves are showy and finely divided. It contains about nineteen species, natives of China, and the Malay and Pacific Islands. Jaga Sse ———A \ Z ZZ () IL ae YZ Ss ie Y ZZ she ARECA BAUERI. ARGEMONE. E> = co : ~ “I ee A OAS a i # AQUILEGIAS. ARABIS ALPINA. AERHENATHERUM (TALL MEADOW OAT GRASS). 29 AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 29 AQU Aquifo'lia’cezee. The common Holly Tree Ilex Aquilfolium, is the type of this small natural order of shrubs andtrees. The species may be said to possess in general, emetic qualities, variously modified in various instances. Bird- lime is obtained from the bark of the common Holly, and the beautiful white wood is much esteemed by cabinet-makers for inlaying. A decoction of Ilex vomitoria, called Black Drink, was used by the Creek Indians at the opening of their Councils, and it acts as a mild emetic. But the most celebrated pro- duct of the order is Maté, or Paraguay Tea, the dried leaves of Ilex Paraguariensis, which see. There are about 150 species, and the follow- ing genera Byronia, Ilex, and Nemopanthes. The order is sometimes known as Illicinee. Aquila’ria. Eagle Wood. From aquila, an eagle ; locally called Eagle-wood in Malacca, where it abounds. Nat. Ord. Aquilariacee. A small genus of tropical evergreen shrubs and trees. A. Agallocha, a large tree inhabit- ing Silket, and provided with alternate lanceo- late leaves, furnishes an odoriferous wood ealled Aloes-wood, or Eagle-wood. The wood eontains an abundance of resin, and an essential oil, which is separated and highly esteemed asa perfume. The Orientals burn it in their temples for the sake of its slight fragrance, on which account it was used in the palace of Napoleon the First. Aquile’gia. Columbine. From aquila, an eagle; alluding to the form of the petal. Nat. Ord. Ranunculacee. Perennial herbaceous plants growing from one to three feet high, of which several species are very ornamental, especially, A. vulgaris, and its varieties. A. Canadensis is the wild Columbine of the United States. Zz. 7% BEGONIA ARGYROSTYGMA, > AN mn BEGONIA METALLICA, BEGONIA REX VAR. 45 AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 45 BAY tropics, particularly in Brazil and India. They are generally climbers, frequently at- taining a gigantic size; some few, however, form trees, or large shrubs. JB. tomentosa is a native of Ceylon, where it forms a small tree, growing about fifteen feet high, and having pale, yellow flowers, spotted with crimson, which has given rise to the superstitious idea that they were sprinkled with the blood of St. Thomas, hence the tree is called St. Thomas’ Tree. B. Vahlii is the Malooclimber of India, a plant whose gigantic shrubby stems often attain a length of 300 feet, and climb over the tops of the highest trees in the forest, twist- ing so tightly round their stems that they not unfrequently strangle and cause death, the stems ultimately decaying and leaving a sheath of climbers standing in their place. The young shoots and leaves are covered with a rust-colored scurf, and are furnished with tendrils. The leaves are very large, often more than a foot in diameter, composed of two oval-shaped lobes joined together for about half their length, and heart-shaped at the base. The flowers are snowy-white, and arranged in racemes. The exceeding tough fibrous bark of this species is employed in India for making ropes, which, from their great strength, are used in the construction of the suspension bridges across the River Jumna. The bark of another Indian species is used for making the slow-matches used with native guns. Bay-berry. See Myrica cerifera. Bay Oak. Quercus sessiliflora. Bay Rose. Epilobiwm angustifolium. Bay Tree. Magnolia glauca. Bay Tree. Poison. Illicwm Floridanum. Bay Tree. Rose. Neriwm Oleander. Bay Tree. Sweet. Laurus nobilis. Beach Grass. See Ammophila. Beach Pea. The common name of JLathyrus maritimus, a species growing plentifully in New Jersey and northward. Bead Tree. See Ormosia. Bean. Phaseolus. The varieties of our com- mon Garden or Bush Bean have their origin in P. vulgaris, which is supposed to be a native of the East Indies, though there are none of the species found wild that in any way resem- bles the varieties under cultivation. The earliest notice that we have of the Kidney Bean is that given by Pliny, who ealls them Phaseoli, and says the pod is to be eaten with the seed. ‘‘According to Diodorus Siculus, the Egyptians were the first to cultivate it, and to make it an article of common diet, yet they conceived religious notions concerning it which made them at length refrain from eating it. Their priests dared not either touch it or look at it. Pythagoras, who was educated among the Egyptians, derived from them their veneration for the bean, and forbade his disciples to eat it. He taught that it was created at the same time and of the same elements as man; that it was animated and had a soul, which, like a human soul, suffered the vicissitudes of transmigration. Aristotle explains the prohibition of Pythagoras sym- bolically. He says, that beans being the ordinary means of voting on public matters, the white bean meaning an affirmative, and BEA the black a negative, therefore Pythagoras meant to forbid his disciples to meddle with political government. The Roman priests affirmed that the bean blossom contained in- fernal letters, referring to the dark stains on the wings, and it is probable that all the superstitions on the subject sprang from the fruit."—Am. Ency. This species was first cultivated in England in 1509, having been in- troduced from the Netherlands. Many varie- ties were known to Gerarde in 1590. The running or Pole Beans are of the species P. multiflorus, introduced from South America in 1663. (See Phaseolus.) The English Bean, so called by our seedsmen, and commonly known as Broad Windsor, is Faba vulgaris var. macrosperma, a genus that has been under cultivation as long as we have any records of gardening. It is supposed to have originated in Egypt, from the fact that the early Greek writers mention receiving it thence. Of this class there are many varieties, none of which succeed well with us. Bean. The common name for Faba. Bog Bean, the Buckbean, Menyanthes trifoliata. Cujumary Bean, the tonic seed of Aydendron Cujumary. Egyptian or Pythagorean Bean, the fruit of Nelumbium speciosum. French or Bush Bean, Phaseolus vuigaris. Haricot Bean, the seed of Phaseolus vulgaris. Honey Bean, the seed-pods of Gleditschia triacanthos. In- dian Bean, an American name for Catalpa. Kidney Bean, the common name for Phaseolus, especially for those kinds cultivated as escu- lents. Lima Bean, the popular name for Phaseolus lunatus, of which the Sieva or Southern Lima and its dwarf variety Hender- son’s Bush Lima Bean are evidently varieties. Locust Bean, the pod of Ceratonia siliqua. Molucea Bean, the seed of Guilandina Bondu- cella. Ordeal Bean of Old Calabar, the seeds of Physostigma venenufum. Ox-eye Bean, the seed of Mucunaurens. Pichurim Bean, acom- mercial name for the cotyledons of Nectandra Puchury. Sacred Bean, the common name for Nelumbium. Sahuca Bean, the seeds of Soja hispida. St. Ignatius’s Bean, the seed of Strychnos multiflora; also a Brazilian name for the seeds of Fevillea cordifolia. Scarlet Run- ner Bean, the seed of Phaseolus multiflorus. Smoking Bean, the seed-pods of Catalpa big- nonioides. Tongaor Tonquin Bean, the seed of Dipterix odorata. Underground Bean, Arachis hypogea, commonly ealled Pea-nuts. Water Bean, an English name for the family of Nelumbiacee. Wild Bean, a common name for Apios. Algaroba Bean is Ceratonia sili- qua. Asparagus Bean, or Yard Long, Dolichos sesquipedalis. Hibbert Bean, Phaseolus lunatus (same as Lima Bean). Horse or Field Bean, Faba vulgaris var. equina. Horse-eye Bean, Mucuna urens. Inga Bean, the pod of the Bastard Cassia. Malacca Bean is the seed of Semecarpus anacardium. Mesquit Bean, the seed of Prosopis glandulosa. Pigeon Bean is the small-seeded field Bean. Ram’s Horn Bean is Dolichos bicontortis. Red Bean is Vigna unguiculata. Sea Bean, Florida Bean, a common name for the seed of Hntada scandens and of Ormosia Gasyzarpa. Seaside Bean is Canavalia obtusifoia and Vigna luteola. Sugar Bean, Phaseolus saccharatus and P. lunatus. Sword Bean is Entada scan- dens and Canavalia gladiata. Tick Bean is the 46 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS BEA common field Bean, Pabavulgaris. Tree Bean of Australia is Bauhinia Hookerti. Yam Bean is Dolichos tuberosus. Year Bean is Phaseolus vulgaris. Vanilla Bean is Vanilla planifolia, ete. Bearberry. See Arctostaphylos. Californian. Rhamnus Purshianus. Beard Grass. See Andropogon and Polypogon. Beard-tongue. A popular name of the genus Pentstemon. Bear Grass. See Yucca. Bear’s Foot. Helleborus fetidus, H. viridis, H. niger, Aconitum napellus and Alchemilla vul- garis. Beato’nia. Named in honor of Donald Beaton, a celebrated Scotch gardener and writer. Nat. Ord. Iridacee. Asmall genus of Mexican bulbs, allied to the Tigridia, and requiring the same treat- ment. Flowers purple, growing in pairs or singly on a stem about a foot high. Intro- duced in 1841. Propagated by offsets. Beauca’rnea. A commemorative name. Ord. Liliacee. A name given to a genus of Agave-like lili- aceous plants, formerly described under the name Pincenectitia. The few known species are Mexican plants, with arborescent stems, remarkable for the large bulbiform swelling which, from the earliest stages of its growth, forms at its base; these support a spreading terminal crown of long narrow leaves. B. re- curvata, is a noble conservatory plant when it has formed alarge stem and full head of leaves ; its flowers from 4,000 to 5,000 in number, are white, small, and fragrant, borne in a large terminal panicle, three or more feet in height. Beaucarneas are grown principally for the beauty of their foliage and are grotesque, graceful, and extremely curious in habit and form. They are also excellent subjects for sub-tropical or lawn decoration in summer. Propagated chiefly by imported seeds. Beaufo’rtia. Named after Mary, Duchess of Beaufort. Nat. Ord. Myrtaceae. A small genus of very desirable green-house plants from New Holland. They should be grown in loam and sand in about equal quantities, and in a cool part of the green- house will flower splendid!y. The flowers are scarlet, pink, orred. Propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood. Beaumo’ntia. Named after Mrs. Beaumont, of Bretton Hall, Eng. Nat. Ord. Apocynacea. This genus of green-house twiners has but few species, all natives of the East Indies. B. grandiflora is remarkable for its handsome flowers which are pure white, borne in ter- minal or axillary corymbs. The plant is diffi- eult of propagation, which is effected by cuttings. Great age is required to bring it into flower. When a large plant is obtained and grown under favorable circumstances, it has but fewrivals. Introduced in 1820. Beaver Poison. A common name applied to Cicuta maculata. Beaver Tree or glauca. Bedding. This term is used by florists, mostly when plants are set out ir what is known as the ‘‘ Carpet,” “Ribbon Line,” or ‘‘ Massing in Color” style of decorative planting. The Nat. Beaver Wooec. Magnolia BEG “Carpet Style” is that produced by planting low-growing ylants of different colors and forms of leaves, to form carpet-like pat- terns. They must be such plants as present a smooth, well defined color, and not exceed- ing three or four inches in height. To pro- duce the proper effect by this style of planting the plants must be set close enough to form a mass, covering the soil completely up, or the effect willnot besogood. Bedding in ‘‘ ribbon lines” is usually done along margins of drives or walks, in widths from one to ten feet, as desired, the plants used being such as to give the most pleasing contrast in color. The plants usually selected are such as will either form a slope to the walk by planting the highest at the back with the lowest growing in front, or else, if the line is a wide one, such as, by placing the highest plants in the center and the others on each side, will slope to each side of the line. Butto keep the lines of color well defined and smooth, the plants must be carefully pinched back, so as to keep each line to its proper height. Bedding by ‘‘massing in color” is on the same principle, only that, instead of the plants being planted in lines, they are set in contrasting masses of different colors, in any number of shades desired, though the effect is most marked when but few colors are used in one bed. Large beds are often formed of one color, such as scarlet, maroon, blue, pink, or yellow, which, seen at a distance, in contrast with the green of the lawn, is by many more admired than when the colors are placed together. Bed Straw. One of the common names of the genus Galium. Bee Balm. WMellissa officinalis. Bee Flower, or Bee Orchis. Ophrys Apifera. Bee Larkspur. Delphiniuwm grandiflorum. Beech. American. See Fagus ferruginea, Blue. Carpinus Americana. Common. See Fagus sylvatica. Beech-drops or Cancer Root. A common name of Epiphegus Virginica, a parasite that grows on the roots of Beech trees. Beech Fern. Polypodium Phegopteris. Beech Horn, or Horst. Carpinus Betulus. Beef Steak Plant. Susxifraga Sarmentosa, and Begonia Evansiana. Beef Wood. The genus Casuarina. Beet, Chard, Sea-Kale, or Spinach. Beta Braziliense, and B. Cicla. Beet. Red. Beta vulgaris, which see. Befa’ria. In memory of M. Bejar, a Spanish botanist. Nat. Ord. Hricacee. A genus of green-house evergreen shrubs, found in the Alpine districts of Peru and Mexico. They are mostly, extremely beauti- ful plants, and grow ata great height in the mountainous districts, often at the very extreme of vegetation. The genus is nearly related to Rhododendron; it is rarely culti- vated. Syn. Bejaria. Beggar’s Lice. A common name of Cynoglossum Morisoni. Beggar’s Ticks. The common name of a very disagreeable weed, Bidens chrysanthemoides. It has received this distinctive name because the fruit adheres to anything with which it comes in contact. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 4] BEG Bego’nia. Named in honor of M. Begon, a French patron of botany. Nat. Ord. Bego- nNiacee. All the species of Begonia are interesting and beautiful winter ornaments of the hot- house or green-house, of the simplest culture in any rich soilif allowed an abundant supply of water. Cuttings may be struck without trouble. B. Rex, the type of the large-leaved sorts, and the most ornamental of the species, is best propagated by cutting the leaves in sections, each beingso cut as to form a junec- tion of the ribs at the lower end of the cutting. These should be laid in a damp, warm place, or on the propagating bench with good bottom heat; or a leaf, or a portion of one, may be laid flat in any shady place in the house. Within the last twenty-five years a new race of tuberous-rooted sorts has been introduced from the South American Andes, of which B. roseflora, B. Veitchii, B. octopetala and B. Boliviensis are typical species, from which, by cross-fertilization and selection a large num- ber of beautiful and almost hardy kinds have been raised. This is shown in the size, sub- stance, and rich colors of the flowers of the majority of the plants of this race. They are equally valuable for the green-house or for out-door decoration in summer. The tubers should be kept warm and dry during the winter, from November to April, when they may be started into growth. Bego’nia/ceee. A natural order, comprising a large number of useful and ornamental garden plants. The only genera are Begonia and Begoniella. The species are common in the East and West Indies, and South America, and a few are found in Madagascar, and South Africa. They are said to possess bitter and astringent qualities. Bellado’nna. See Atropa Belladonna. Bellado’nna Lily. A common name for Ama- ryllis Belladonna. Belleva/lia. In memory of P. R. Belleval, a French botanist. Nat. Ord. Liliaceae. A small genus of bulbous plants found in the Mediterranean region and in temperate Asia. They are perfectly hardy, growing freely under the same conditions in which the Grape Hyacinth, Muscari, is grown, and the finer species of which they closely resemble. Introduced in 1844, Bell-flower. See Campanula. Be'llis. The Daisy. From bellus, pretty; re- ferring to the flowers. Nat. Ord. Composite. Well-known perennials, of which B. perennis, the common Daisy, has been in cultivation in the British and Continental gardens from time immemorial. The most beautiful varieties are the large double, the large quilled, and ~ the Hen-and-Chickens; but there are many others. In Germany numerous curious varie- ties have been raised by saving the seed of the handsomest kinds. Each sert is much improved by being taken up, divided, and re- planted every autumn. They are all admira- ble plants for making edgings to borders, and they are well suited for growing in pots, though at present they are almost neglected. They thrive best in a loamy soil, richly man- ured, which should be dug over and well broken before planting, and they will bear transplanting even when in flower, provided BER they are taken up with a portion of soil at- tached. These pretty plants are seldom seen in our gardens in as great abundance as they deserve to be, which is owing, no doubt, to their being very impatient of our hot sum- mers. They should therefore be grown in a shady and rather cool border. Be’llium. A genus of pretty dwarf free-flower- ing plants, nearly related to the common Daisy, Bellis perennis, and requiring similar treatment. Excellent plants for rockwork or a similar situation. Bell Pepper. See Capsicum. Bellwort. See Utricularia grandiflora. Bellworts. The English popular name for the Nat. Ord. Campanulacee. Belope’/rone. A considerable genus of Acan- thaceew, from Tropical America, containing many species of beautiful shrubs with large purple or blue flowers borne on terminal spikes ; nearly allied to Justicia, and requiring the same treatment. Bene. See Sesamum. Bengal Quince. See gle. Benjamin Bush. A popular name of Lindera Benzoin, which is also called Spice Bush. Bent Grass. See Agrostis. Bentha’mia. Named after Mr. Bentham, a dis- tinguished English botanist. Nat. Ord. Cor- nace. A small genus of half-hardy evergreen shrubs, natives of northern India. The fruit makes it a conspicuous plant forthe lawn. It is of a yellowish white color, about the size of a Raspberry, but not edible. B. Japonica, very much resembles the flowering Dogwood, blooming two months later in the season. Propagated from seeds or by cuttings. Benzoin. A genus of native shrubs now knowz as Lindera, which see. Berberida’ceze. A natural order of shrubs or hardy perennials, with terminal or axillary flowers, usually racemose, with alternate, compound Jeaves. These plants are found in South America as far as the Straits of Magel- lan, and in the mountainous parts of the northern hemisphere. They are common in the northern provinces of India, but none are found in Africa, Australia, or the South Sea Islands. The fruit of some of the species is used as a preserve, and is sometimes eaten in a fresh or dried state. They possess acid, bitter, and astringent qualities, and oxalic acid occurs in some. The stem and bark of several species are used in dyeing yellow. The astringent substance called Lycium by Dioscorides is supposed to be furnished by the root of various species of Berberry, anda similar preparation is much used in India as a febrifuge. The pinnate-leaved Berberries form the sub-genus Mahonia. The order con- tains twelve genera and a hundred and ten species, among which are Berberis, Leontice, Epimedium, Nandina, Jeffersonia, etc. Berberido’psis. From Berberis, and opis, like ; resembling the Barberry. Nat. Ord. Berberi- dacew. A small genus of half-hardy evergreen shrubs, natives of Chili. B. corallina is a handsome shrub of sub-scandent habit, thick, 48 Bergamot American Wild. racemes of BER leathery leaves, and drooping, many-flowered HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS L It is called the Paradise Nut, and is quite dis- long-stalked, crimson-scarlet tinct. It is said to grow in the interior of the flowers. This species is perfectly hardy country, and is gathered by the Indians, and south of Washington, and is a shrub of re- | markable beauty. Propagated by cuttings | or from seed. Introduced in 1862. Arabian name. Nat. Ord. Berberidacee. There are several varieties of the common Barberry, all of which are ornamental shrubs, easily propagated by cuttings or layers, and well adapted for a large lawn, especially the purple-leaved variety. They thrive best in rather a light, sandy soil. The fruit is acid and is readily increased by cuttings. and highly esteemed for preserving, and for duced in 1848. this purpose the seedless variety, B. vulgaris | asperina, is mostly preferred. This variety is B. Darwinii, introduced from Chili in 1849, is one of the most beautiful It forms a densely spreading bush with very numerous racemes. of bright orange colored flowers. Berche’mia. Named after M. Berchem,aFrench | botanist. Nat. Ord. Rhamnacee. B. volubilis is a common climbing shrub in the swamps of Virginia and the Carolinas, where itis popularly known as Supple-Jack, because of its lithe, tough stems. In foreign countries it is cultivated as an ornamental a native of Europe. of the genus. neracece. brought to the coast, which they visit at long intervals for the purpose of trade. : _ | Bertolo’/nia. In honor of A. Bertoloni, Be’rberis. The Barberry. From berberys, its Italian botanist. Nat. Ord. Melastomacee. A genus of very pretty trailing or creeping plants, natives of the dense forests of Brazil. B. maculata, typical of the genus, is an exceed- ingly beautiful hot-house creeper. are spotted on the surface, and purple under- neath. Itrequiresa warm, moist atmosphere, an The leaves Intro- Beschorne'ria. A genus of Agave-like Amaryl- lidaceous plants, allied to Littewa, and Four- croya. B. tubiflora, and B. yuccoides, highly ornamental species, very useful for lawn decoration in summer. Besle’ria. Erect, dwarf, branching plants, bear- ing yellow, white, or purple flowers and sear- let or purple berries, introduced from tropical America and belonging to the Nat. Ord. Ges- are They are very pretty stove shrubs, requir- ing a moist, warm atmosphere, and are readily increased by cuttings. climber, but in dry soils it rarely grows more | Besse’ra. Named after Dr. Besser, professor of than eight or ten feet in height. Berkhey’a. See Stobaa. A common name for Mentha citrata. Monarda fistulosa. Medicinal. Citrus Bergamia var. vulgaris. Bermuda Grass. See Cynodon Dactylon. botany at Brody. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. A small genus of very beautiful Mexican bulbs, allied to the Squills. scarlet, purple, or white, produced on slender seapes about a foot high. They grown ina frame, like half-hardy bulbs, but it is less trouble to treat them the same as the The flowers are y be Bermuda Lily. See Liliwm Harrisii. Tigridia. The bulbs must be kept warm and Bertholle’tia. Brazil Nut. Named after L. C. Berthollet, a distinguished chemist. Nat. Ord. M yrtacee, B. excelsa, the tree that bears the Brazil Nuts of commerce, is the only species of this genus, and is one of the most majestic trees in the Brazilian forests. It often attains a height dry during the winter, if taken up Propa- gated by offsets. Introduced in 1846. Be’ta. Beet. From bett, the Celtic word for red; in reference to the red color of the Beet. Nat. Ord. Chenopodiacee. The several species included in this genus are natives of Europe, Northern Africa, and of 150 feet, and has a diameter of from three Western Asia. Four of the species are culti- to four feet at the base. It is found in the vated as esculents; the others are of no par- greatest abundance in the forests on the ticular interest. B. vulgaris, the parent of banks of the Amazon, and itis also common in Central America, and in several of the States of South America. The nuts are incased ina our garden varieties, is a native of Egypt and along the whole sea-coast of the Mediterranean, and is now found growing wild in those locali- shell from four to six inches in diameter, which ties. The Beet has been highly esteemed as is extremely hard. Each shell contains about twenty nuts. So enormous is the weight of a garden vegetable for more than 2,000 years, and is specially noticed by all the early writers this fruit, that at the period when it falls the on plants. The roots of the Beet have been natives dare not enter the forests without covering their heads and shoulders with a strong buckler of wood. The time for collect- ing these nuts is in winter, when the Indians, in great numbers, ascend the rivers to obtain their harvest of nuts, upon which they depend for the year’s subsistence. When the nuts are spread on the ground all the animals of the forest surround them and dispute their pos- or Swiss Chard, is B. session. The Indians say itis the feast of the animals as well as themselves, but they are angry with their rivalry. The gathering of the nuts is celebrated with rejoicings, like the “Harvest Home” of Old England. About once in five years another species or variety is seen in small quantities in a few of the fruit stores of New York. finer in quality than the common Brazil Nut. much improved by cultivation, both as regards size and quality, and long ago they arrived at that state of perfection beyond which pro- gress in the line of improvement must, of necessity, be slow. The several varieties of Mangel-wurzel and Sugar Beet, now grown so extensively in Europe, belong to the species B. vulgaris var. macrorhiza, The Chard Beet, cycla, a native of Portugal, first introduced into English gar- dens in 1670. It is extensively cultivated in the gardens of Europe, and forms one of the principal vegetables of the laboring class, the leaves only being used. They are stripped off and boiled as a substitute for Spinach. The rib of the leaf, which is strong It is of a lighter color, and fleshy, is sometimes dressed as Aspar- much less angular, less oily, and very much agus. Sea Beet is B. maritima, a species of easy culture, used for greens only, and one of AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 49 BET the best plants under cultivation for that use. It is a native of the British coasts. The Chilian Beet, B. Chiliensis, a species of recent introduction, a native of Chili, as its name implies, is becoming popular for orna- mental gardening, particularly for large rib- bon borders, the two varieties, one with bright yellow, the other with crimson foliage, contrasting finely with other plants. Betony. The common name of Stachys Be- tonica. Be’tula. Birch. From its Celtic name, betu. Nat. Ord. Betulacee. ; An extensive genus of deciduous trees, com- mon in all the cold and inhospitable climates. Some of the species are the last trees found as we approach the snow in the most elevated districts. This genus is largely represented in our Nortnern States by B. alba, the com- mon White Birch, which, from the tremulous habit of the foliage, isin some localities called Poplar Birch. This species is remarkable for its elegance. It seldom divides the main stem, which extends to the summit of the tree, giving out from all parts numerous slender branches, forming a very neat and beautiful spray of a dark chocolate color, contrasting finely with the whiteness of the trunk. When grown as a single specimen, this tree assumes a beautiful pyramidal form, making a moder- ate-sized tree of great beauty. JB. lentais the Black or Cherry Birch, so named from its resemblance to the American Black Cherries. The bark of the young twigs of this species has a sweet, aromatic taste. The wood is dark rose color, fine-grained, and much used in fine cabinet work. There are several other native species common in our Northern States, all interesting, mostly low-growing trees or large shrubs. Beurre’. A general name applied to a class of dessert Pears, which have their flesh of what is called a buttery texture, as the name itself indicates. - Bi. In compounds signifies twice; as Bicolor, two-colored ; Bidentate, with two teeth. Bidens. The botanical name of the well-known Beggar’s Ticks. Bidwi'llia. Named after Mr. Bidwill, of Sydney, an ardent cultivator of bulbs. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. A small genus of Australian and Peruvian bulbs, allied to Anthericum. The flowers are white, borne in racemes, and differing but little from the Asphodelus. Propagated by offsets. Biennial. Lasting two years. A biennial plant requires two years to form its flowers and fruit; growing one year, and flowering, fruit- ing and dying the next. This, however, is not true of all climates. Many plants thatare classed as biennials in England, when sown in the southern parts of the United States, or in a hot-bed in March, at the North, and planted out in summer, will flower, seed, and die just as many annuals do. Bifrena’ria. From bis, twice, and freanum, a strap; in reference to the double strap, or band, by means of which the pollen masses are connected with their gland. Nat. Ord. Orchidacee. A genus of pretty orchids, closely allied to BIL genus, and succeeding weil under the same treatment. .B. Hurrisoniw, a very beautiful white species, with a purple lip, is known in cultivation under the following synonyms: Colax, Dendrobium, Lycaste, and Mazillaria Harrisonie. Bigno’nia. Trumpet Creeper. Named after Abbé Bignon, librarian to Louis XIV. Nat. Ord. Bignoniacee. An extensive genus of highly ornamental plants, and the type of an order equally beauti- ful. Most of the species are hot-house climbers, though a few assume a more arbo- rescent character. B. capreolata, a native of Florida, is sufficiently hardy to withstand our severest weather when trained against a wall. The flowers of all are large and showy, pro- duced in panicles, and are of various colors, red, blue, white, or yellow. They should be grown in rich loam, in a sunny position, or they will not flower well. Introduced in 1820. B. radicans, is a synonym of Tecoma radicans, which see. B. Venusta, one of the most beautiful of the genus, is particularly suited for large green- houses, for training on rafters, or festooning between pillars, ete. Producing its rich, orange-red flowers in clusters, in great pro- fusion, during the winter months, makes it still more desirable. B. magnifica, with flow- ers varying from delicate mauve to rich pur- plish crimson, introduced from Columbia in 1879, is another very handsome and showy species, flowering in summer. Bignonia’cez. A large.order of trees, or twin- ing shrubby plants, with usually opposite compound leaves, and showy, often trumpet- shaped flowers. The plants are found in the tropical regions of both hemispheres, but most largely in the eastern. In America they extend from Pennsylvania in the North to Chili in the South. Some yield dyes, and others supply timber. There are forty-six genera, and over 450 known species. Bignonia, Catalpa, Tecoma and Eccromocarpus are rep- resentative genera. Big-Root. See Megarrhiza. Billardie’ra. Apple Berry. lardiére, a French botanist. poracee. A small genus of green-house evergreen climbers, natives of Australia and Tasmania. The species are not remarkable for beauty of plant or flower, but are highly esteemed for their sub-acid fruit, which is pleasant and wholesome. The fruit is asmall berry, either blue or amber-colored. Propagated by cut- tings. Billbe’rgia. Named after Billberg, a Swedish botanist. Nat. Ord. Bromeliacee. These are handsome plants when well grown. The colors of the flowers are at once rich, vivid, and delicate, and are usually contrasted in the highest manner by the equally bright tints of the colored bracts. They should be grown in pots of rich loam, in a warm green- house, or plunged into an active hot-bed until the growth is completed, when a cooler and drier place, as on a shelf of the hot-house, will induce them to flower freely. Propagated by suckers. Introduced from Brazil in 1825. Billberry. See Vaccinium. Named after Labil- Nat. Ord. Pittos- Mazillaria, differing very slightly from that | Bilstead. A common nameof the Liquidambar. 50 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS BIN Binding Plants. A name that may be given 4o such plants, the roots of which are useful for binding the soil on the banks of reservoirs, aqueducts, etc., as weil as the loose sand- banks on exposed shores or wastes. Various species of Willows, Raspberries, Blackberries, Vacciniums, and with strong spreading roots, are useful for the former. Alsike Clover is also well suited for this purpose, its long, fibrous roots holding the soil well together. The Bermuda Grass, Cynodon Dactylon, is also exceedingly valuable anywhere south of Virginia, and with Ammophila or Calamagrostis arenaria, is invaluable for binding loose sand on exposed sea-shores and water-courses. (See Ammophila). Ampelopsis Veitchii, the Japan or Boston Ivy, has also been found useful for planting on railroad cuttings and empoank- ments to prevent loose rocks from falling on the tracks. Bindweed. A popular name for Convolvulus arvensis. Birch. See Betula. Bird Cherry. See Cerasus Padus. Bird of Paradise. A name applied to the flowers of the Strelitzia Regine, from their supposed resemblance. Bird Pepper. Capsicum baccatum. Bird’s Bill. Trigonella ornithorrhynchus. Bird’s Foot, or Bird’s Foot Trefoil. Lotus corn- iculatus. Bird’s-nest. Daucus Curota, or Wild Carrot. Bird’s-nest Fern. Aspleniwm Nidus. Birth-root. Trilliwm erectum. Birth-wort. The genus Aristolochia. Bishop’s Cap, or Mitre-wort. The genus Mitella. Bishop’s-wort. Stachys Betonica. Bishop-weed. See gopodium podograria. Bismarkia. In honor of the German statesman. An imperfectly-known genus of Palmacea, of which B. nobilis is the only species. It isa very ornamental plant, with the appearance and habit of a Pritchardia. Introduced from Madagascar in 1886. Bitter Aimond. Amygdalus communis. Bitter Apple. Cucumis Colocynthis. Bitter Cress. The genus Cardamine. Bitter Nut, or Swamp Hickory. Carya amara. Bitter Root. Lewisia rediviva. Bitter Sweet. A popular name for Celastrus scandens; also applied to Solanum Dulcamara. Bitter Vetch. The genus Orobus. Bitter Weed. Ambrosia artemisicafolia. Bi/xa. Arnatto. Its native South American name. Nat. Ord. Flacourtiacee. South American trees, or shrubs, B. Orel- lana, commonly known as the Arnatto tree, is a native of tropical America, the West Indies, Sumatra, and Java, and is much valued because of the esloring matter which is pro- cured from the pulp that surrounds the seeds, and which is an important article of com- merce. It seldom attains to more than twelve feet in height. The leaves are of a deeper green on one side than on the other, and are divided by fibres of a reddish-brown color; they are four inches long, broad at the base, BLA and tend to a sharp point. The stem has likewise fibres, which, in Jamacia, are con- verted into serviceable ropes. The tree pro- duces oblong, bristled pods, somewhat re- sembling those of achestnut. These, at first, are of a beautiful rose-color; but, as they ripen, change to a dark-brown, and bursting open, display a splendid crimson farina, or pulp, in which are contained thirty or forty seeds, in shape similar to raisin stones. This pulp is separated by throwing the freshly- gathered seeds into a tub of water, and stir- ring them until the red matter is detached. when it is strained off and evaporated to the consistency of putty. In this state it is made up into rolls, and is ready for market. This drug is usedin coloring cheese, butter, and for inferior chocolates. It is also used by silk- dyers; and by varnish-makers, for imparting a rich orange tint to some kinds of varnish. Bixi/nee, or Bixa’cee. A name sometimes given to the order Flacourtiacew, which see. Black Alder, or Winter-berry. Prinos Verti- cillata. Black-berry. See Rubus. Black-berry Lily. See Pardanthus. Black Biad-weed. Polygonum Convolvulus. Black Bryony. See Tamus. Black Gum, or Sour Gum. Nyssa multiflora. Black Haw. Viburnum prunifolium. Black Horehound. Balotta nigra. Black Jack, or Barren Oak. Quercus nigra. Black Moss, or Fiorida Moss. Tillandsia usneoides. Black Mustard. See Sinapis nigra. Black Oat Grass. Stipa avenacea. Black Oyster Plant. See Scorzonera His- panica. Black Pepper. See Piper nigrum. Black Snake Root. Sanicula Marilandica. Black Thorn. Prunus spinosa, also Crataegus tomentosa. Black Varnish Tree. Melanorrhea usitatissima. Bladder-wort. The genus Utricularia. Bladder Catch-fly. Silene inflata. Bladder Nut. Staphylea trifoliata, and S. pin- nata. Bladder Senna. borescens. Blanching. This process is effected for the purpose of obtaining crispness, and for con- verting what would, under ordinary circum- stances, be a dangerous plant—in the case of Celery especially so—into a highly popular deli- cacy. Blanching can only be accomplished by entirely excluding the light from the plants, thus depriving the coloring matters of their power to decompose water and carbonic acid gas. Blandfo’rdia. Named in honor of George, Mar- quis of Blandford. Nat. Ord. Liliaceae. Beautiful green-house bulbs from New South Wales. They should be grown in large pots filled with leaf mould, loam and sand, placed in the green-house, and, if properly attended to with water, will flower freely. The flowers are crimson or orange. Introduced in 1812. Propagated by seeds and offsets. Colutea herbacea, and C. ar- AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. BLA Blazing Star. Acommon name of Liatris squar- rosa, and also given to Chamelirium luteum. Ble’chnum. From blechnon, a Greek name for a Fern. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacew. A considerable genus of Ferns of the same group as Lomaria, the distinction between the two consisting in the fructification of Lom- aria being marginal, and that of Blechnwm being within the margin. The genus contains a considerable number of species, which are abundant in tropical countries ; South America and the West Indian Islands ‘having contrib- uted the greatest number. Bleeding Heart. The popular name of Dielytra (Diclytra, Dicentra) spectabilis. Blephi'lia. A genus of uninteresting herbs, nearly allied to Monarda, Horse-mint, common in the southern and western States. Blessed Thistle. Cnicus benedicius. A genus of Thistles, natives of the Levant and Persia. Naturalized and commen cn ths roadsides in the southern States; new called by some authors, Carbenia benedicta. Ble’tia. Named after a Spanish botanist of the name of Blet. Nat. Ord. Orchidacec. Pretty, tuberous-rooted, terrestrial Orchids, which produce large spikes of shaded purple flowers and require to be grown in pots of ii- brous loam and leaf mould. A somewhat high temperature, say 70° or 75°, with plenty ‘of moisture while they are growing, and a consid- erable reduction of both as soon as it is com- pleted, is necessary to cultivate them in per- fection. They are increased by means of offsets. Introduced from Mexico in 1822. B., Tankervillie, is now included under Phaius, which see. Bli’ghia. Named in honor of Capt. Bligh, who first carried the bread-fruit to the West Indies. Nat. Ord. Sapindacee. This is called the Akee Tree, and is a plant much esteemed in Africa and the West Indies on account ofits fruit, which is as large as a goose’s egg, and of a reddish or yellow color. This fruit contains several large seeds, the coating of which is eaten; itis said to possess an agreeable sub-acid taste, very grateful to the palate. Syn. Cupania. Blight. As used by cultivators this term is of vague significance. It is applied to those diseases of grain, etc., which usually depend upon the presence of parasitic Fungi. The Pear Blight so destructive to pear trees tor many years past, is now generally believed to be owing to the presence of a Fungus, though not a few still believe that it is to be attributed to a diseased condition of the sap. There have been several theories put forth to account for this destructive disease, and the subject still remains more or less a mystery. Insects have also been charged with producing the disease; but whatever the cause, all know the results ‘to be only too fatal, and, thus far, witboutremedy. Blight is not confined to the field and the orchard, but also finds its way to plants in the garden. If Fungi are not the cause of the disease, they may be said to be always present as a result. Blind Shoots. A term given to such shoots as do not show flower buds. Blood Flower. The common name for He- manthus. West Indian. Asclepias curassavica. 51 Ba Blood Root. Blood Weoad. bosa. EK. Indian. Blue Bells. NUtARS. Blue-berry. Vacciniwm Pennsylvanicum, ete. Blue-botile. Centaurea cyanus. Blue Cohosh. A popular name of Cawlophyllwm thalictroides, also called the Pappoose root. Blue Curis. A popular name for the genus Trichostema. Biue Daisy. See Sanguinaria Canadense. Australian. Hucalyptus corym- Lagersiramia Regine. Campanula rotundifolia, and Scilla Agathea celestis and Aster Tripo- lium. Blue-eyed Grass. Sisyrinchium Bermudianum. Blue Flag. ris versicolor. Blue Grass. Kentucky. See Poa pratensis. Biue Gum. See Hucalyptus globulus. Blue Palmetto. See Rhapidophyllum. Blue Pea. See Clitoria ternatea. Blue Tangle. Dangleberry, Huckleberry. Gay- lussacia frondosa. Bluets. Common name for Houstonia caerulea; also the French name for Centaurea Cyanus. Blue Weed, or Viper’s Bugloss. Hchium vul- gure. Blumenta’chia. In honor of Dr. Blumenbach, of Géttingen, a distinguished comparative anatomist. Nat. Ord. Loasacew. Elegant branched climbing or trailing, an- nual, biennial, or perennial herbs, with large white or yellow flowers, and generally covered with stinging hairs, which are very objection- able. Bocco‘nia. Named after P. Bocconi, M.D., a Sicilian. Nat. Ord. Papaveracee. B. cordata, the only species adapted for the border, is a handsome, hardy herbaceous plant, a small clump or single specimen of which would take high rank among ornamen- tai-leaved plants, but unfortunately, it refuses to be kept within bounds, and will, when once established, not only take possession of the border, but the lawn as well; and for this reason, notwithstanding its great beauty, it should not be planted on the lawn. Syns. B. japonica and Macleaya yedoénsis. Boehme'’ria. Ramee or Ramie. In memory of George Rudolph Behmer, a German botanist. Nat. Ord. Urticacee. A genus of herbaceous plants or shrubs, allied to the true Nettles, but differing from them in not having stinging hairs. The most interesting species is B. nivea, the Chinese Grass-cloth Plant. It is a small, shrubby plant, about three or four feet high, throwing up numerous straight shoots, which are about as thick as the little finger, and covered with soft short hairs. Its leaves grow on long hairy footstalks, and are broadly heart- shaped, about six inches long and four broad. They are of a deep green color on the upper side, but covered on the under side with a dense coating of white down, which gives them an appearance like that of frosted silver. The beautiful fabric known as Grass-cloth, which rivals the finest cambric in softness of texture, is manufactured from the fiber ob- tained from the inner bark of this plant. The Chinese bestow an immense amount of care 52 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS BOG and labor upon its cultivation and the prep- aration of its fiber. They obtain three crops of its stems annually, the second being con- sidered the best. To obtain the fiber, the bark is stripped off in two long pieces and earefully scraped with a knife, so as to get rid of all useless matter, after whichit is softened and separated into fine filaments either by steeping it in hot water or holding it over steam. This plant has been introduced into the Southern States, where it grows freely; but the difficulty in separating the fiber so as to make its production profitable, has yet to be overcome. Bog Asphodel. Bog Moss. See Sphagnum. Bog Myrtle. Myrica Gale. Bog Rusk. Juncus. Common in all marshy grounds or swamps. Boilers, Greenhouse. See Heating. Bokhara Ciover. One of the popular names of Melilotus Alba; an excellent Bee-food plant all season. Bolbophy’llum. From bolbos, a bulb, and phyl- lon, a leaf; referring to the leaves issuing from the apex of the pseudo-bulbs. Nat. Ord. Orchidacew. A genus of dwarf epiphytal Orchids from Africa and the East Indies, more curious than beautiful. Flowers large, single or in pairs; color, yellow or white, with purple spots or stripes. Notoften seen in collections. Syn. Bulbophyllum. Bo’llea. Derivation of name nct given. Ord. Orchidacee. A small genus of epiphytal Orchids, consist- ing of only two species, natives of New Gren- ada. They are showy plants, with radical foliage, from the base of which the flowers are produced on single scapes. The flowers are shaded pink, with a bright yellow lip. They require to be grown in potsof Moss, in rather a warm house, and are increased by division. Placed by some authors under Zygepetalum. Bolto’nia. A genus of three species belonging to the Composite family, and peculiar to North America, where they extend from Canada to the Southern States. They produce an abun- dance of flower heads with whitish or purplish rays, very much like the Asters to which genus they might at first glance be referred. They are well worth a place in the mixed border. Boma’rea. Derivation of name not given. Nat. Ord. Amaryllidacee. A somewhat extensive genus of tuberous- rooted plants, formerly included in the genus Alstremeria, and differing only in the fruit. The species abound inthe Peruvian Andes, and are common in other high elevations in South America. B. edulis is a West Indian species, the roots of which are eaten like those of the Jerusalem Artichoke. For culture and propagation see Alstrmmeria. Bo’mbax. Silk Cotton Tree. From bombaz, cotton ; in reference tothe woolly hairs which envelop the seed, like those of the Cotton- plant. Nat. Ord. Sterculiacee. A genus of tall growing trees, that abound in South America and the East and West Indies. B. Ceiba, a typical species, has a spiny trunk, and is one of the tallest trees of See Narthecium. Nat. BOR both Indies, but the wood is very lightand not much valued exceptfor canoes. Their trunks are so large, that when hollowed out they make very large ones, so that in the West Indies they frequently carry from fifteen to twenty hogsheads of sugar, of from six to twelve hundred pounds each. The cotton which is enclosed in the seed-vessels is seldom used, except by the poorer inhabitant, to stuff pil- lows or chairs; and it is generally thought unwholesome to lie upon. Bonapa'rtea. Named in honor of Napoleon Bonaparte. Nat. Ord. Bromeliacee. A genus remarkable for the gracefulness of their long, rush-like leaves. They are well adapted for growing in vases out of doors in summer. They require a warm house in winter. Propagated by seeds. Introduced from Mexico in 1828. B. juncea has been placed under the genus Agave, as A. geminiflora, by some hotanists. Bone Dust. One of the safest and best of con- centrated fertilizers. When used broadcast, it should be sown on the soil after digging or plowing, just thick enough to cover it with a thin layer, about as thickly as sawdust or sand is used on a floor. If used on dug ground, it should be well chopped and mixed through the soil, so as to mix it to a depth of five or six inches. If on ground that has been plowed, a thorough harrowing will mix it to the required depth. This thickness will re- quire at the rate of from fifteen hundred to twenty-five hundred pounds per acre. If to be used in drills or ‘‘hills,” or only where seed are to be sown or plants planted, and not over the whole ground, it will take only about from one hundred and fifty to three hundred pounds per acre, which should be mixed in the soil in the same manner. Boneset. See Hupatorium. Bonne’tia. Named after C. Bonnet, a disting- uished naturalist. Nat. Ord. Ternstromiacee. A small genus of Brazilian and Peruvian shrubs or low growing trees, the flowers of which are mostly white, nearly as large as those of a Camellia and are produced singly and in panicles. The leaves of B. paniculata, have an agreeable aromatic smell when bruised. Bonus Henricus, Good King Henry. Cheno- podium Bonus Henricus. Boraginaceae. A large order of herbs or shrubs, having spirally coiled inflorescence, round stems and alternate rough leaves. The fruit consists of distinct seeds without albumen. The plants are principally natives of northern temperate regions. They are found in southern Europe, the Levant, and Central Asia. In high northern latitudes they are less frequent, and nearly dis- appear within the tropics. The plants abound in mucilaginous and demulcent quali- ties. Some yield dyes, as Alkanet (Anchusa tinctoria). The common Borage (Borago officinalis), when steeped in water, imparts coolness to it, and is used in the beverage called cold tankard. The leaves of Mertensia maritima have the taste of Ovsters, whence the common name of Oyster Plant. The species of Myosotis are universally prized under the name of Forget-me-not. There are fifty- eight known genera of this order, and over 52 y SP 4 y CON NA ARAR | 1//4/ fi y v's vy nA i ZA gS \\ NW V \ Hf /|| WN Ii) yj = BOUVARDIAS,. BIGNONIA. BORASSUS (PALMYRA PALM.) BORAGO OFFICINALIS, CURLED KALE). E (BROWN BORECOL 2 NY, KALE). SCOTCH LE (DWARF GREEN CURLED BORECO. fay iS BRACHYCOME. SLA SUAVEOLENS, BRUGMAN AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 53 Sd ee ee ee BOR six hundred species. Myosotis, Borago, Cynoglossum, Lithospermum, Cerinthe, Symphy- tum, and Anchusa, are examples of this order. Bora’go. Borage. Altered from cor, heart, and ago, to affect; referring to the cordial quali- ities of the herbs. Nat. Ord. Boraginacee. Hardy annual and perennial herbs, common throughout Europe. The leaves of B. officinalis are sometimes used in salads or boiled as spinach. The spikes of flowers are aromatic, and sometimes used in cooling drinks. All the species are easily cultivated and are admir- ably adapted for naturalizing in dry, stony places. They also afford excellent food for bees during the whole season. Bora’ssus. Palmyra Palm. Linneus applied this name to the spathe of the date-palm. Nat. Ord. Palmace. A genus of magnificent Palms, consisting of two species only, which have a wide geo- graphical distribution, ranging from ‘the north-eastern parts of Arabia, through the Indian Ocean, and the southern parts of Hindostan, to the Bay of Bengal. The number of Palmyras in the Jaffua peninsula and adjacent islands alone has been estimated at nearly six million and a half, being at the rate of thirty-two trees for each of the popu- lation. The utility of the plant is commensu- rate with its extended dispersion, a providen- tial arrangement in the economy of nature, of which the food-plants afford many instructive examples. This plant is believed to yield one- fourth part of the food of about 250,000 in- habitants of the northern provinces of Ceylon, while it forms the chief support of six or seven millions of the people of India and other parts of Asia; thus, remarks Seeman in his History of Palms, ‘‘ proving itself one of the most important plants on earth, rival- ing the date-tree, and ranking only below the cocoa-nut palm in usefulness.” The fronds give shelter to scores of animals by night and day, besides affording a refreshing supply of moisture, the grooves of the petioles and the construction of the leaves being peculiarly suitable for conveying and retain- ing rain. The same causes attract orchids and other epiphytes, and ferns, which find their conditions of growth on the stem; and various species of the fig, including the true banyan-tree, are found in living embrace with the Palmyra. In the Botanic Garden at Calcutta a banyan sprang from the crown of a palm where the seed had been deposited by a bird, and, sending its roots down to the earth through the palm-stem, destroyed and replaced it. But in the region of the Palmyra, the banyan often becomes the foster-mother of that beautiful and serviceable plant. One of the largest banyans of Ceylon, the resort of pleasure parties from Jaffua, has two or three Palmyras growing init, the united trees cover- ing one and one-twelfth acres of ground. The cocoa palm is celebrated for its 365 uses; a poem in the Tamil language extols the Palmyra for 800 purposes to which it can be applied, without exhausting the catalogue. The roots yield a medicine; the young plants are used for food, prepared in various ways; the wood serves innumerable purposes, in building and furnishing houses, and for the manufacture of umbrella handles, walking-canes, fancy boxes, BOR and for hundreds of other small articles; fields are fenced with the mid-rib of its leaves, the decayed leaves furnish good manure for the soil; mats are made of the leaves, and are used instead of carpets on the floors, for ceilings, for drying coffee upon; baskets, bags, hats, caps, fans, in short, everything manu- factured of wood or straw, is also produced from some part or parts of this palm. The plants reach maturity about the twelfth or fifteenth year. Then they yield a toddy, ‘“‘a beverage almost as famous for its use as for its abuse.” The fruit of this palm is sometimes eaten raw, but more generally roasted, and is in great repute by the natives, who assemble together under the shade of a tree, light a fire, squat around it, sucking the pulp out of the fibres of the roasted fruits, tearing them asunder with nails and teeth in the most approved style, and presenting a truly oriental spectacle of gustative enjoyment. A full grown Palmyra is from sixty to seventy feet high: the trunk at the bottom is about five and a half feet, and at the top, two and a half feet in cireumference. Borders. Flower. A flower-border is generally a continuous bed of greater length than width, skirting a shrubbery or fence, and containing plants of a mixed character. It should be thoroughly drained, well manured, and raised slightly above the surrounding level. No rules can be laid down as to the arrangement of the plants, which of course depends on indi- vidual taste ; all formal lines, however, should be avoided, the taller plants either singly or in groups forming the back-ground, with the dwarfer subjects in front. As the object should be to obtain a continuous succession of bloom, the best results will be obtained when the border is made up mainly, of herbaceous perennials as permanent occupants, with a liberal admixture of hardy spring-blooming bulbs, such as Narcissus, Snow-drops, Tulips, Scillas, etc., assisted by quantities of summer blooming plants, Lantanas, Geraniums, Dahlias, Heliotrope, etc. Many sorts of hardy annuals are useful to fill up vacant places, and assist largely to keep up a succession of bloom tillfrost comes. See Herbaceous Plants. Borbo’/nia. A genus of ornamental green- house evergreen shrubs belonging to the pea- flowered section of Leguminose, and num- bering some thirteen species, all natives of the Cape of Good Hope. The flowers are gener- ally yellow, borne in terminal heads. They require cool green-house treatment and are propagated by cuttings. Borecole. Kale. Brassica oleracea fimbriata. The chief characteristic of the Borecoles or Kales consists in their not producing heads like the Cabbage, or eatable flowers like the Cauliflower or Broecoli, and hy their beauti- fully cut and curled ieaves, which are of a green or purple color, or variegated with red, green, or yellow. Several of the sub- varieties are known in our markets, and ex- tensively grown by market gardeners, the most popular being the dwarf green curled Scotch, the brown or purple German curled; and for early spring use, the Siberian Kale or ‘‘Sprouts.” The Borecole is a native of the British coasts and the north of Europe. The garden varieties are not many removes from the species. 54 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS BOR Boro/nia. Named after Boroni, an Italian attendant of Dr. Sibthorp. Nat. Ord. Rutacea. A genus of elegant green-house shrubs from New Holland. The flowers are pink or whitish. They are very elegant and useful shrubs, requiring the same treatment as ordinary hard-wooded green-house plants, being much aided by a little extra heat in spring when starting into growth. Propa- gated by cuttings. Bossiz’a. Named after M. Bossier Lamartiniére, a French botanist, who accompanied the unfortunate La Peyrouse round the world. Elegant Australian green-house shrubs of the Nat. Ord. Leguminose. Flowers yellow or yellow and purple, B. linophylla, B. rotundifolia, B. cinerea (Syn. B tenuicaulis), and others of the genus are highly ornamental, and no green-house collection of any pretensions is to be found without some ofthem. Propagation by cuttings or seeds. Boswe'llia. Olibanum Tree. Ornamental and economic evergreen trees of the Nat. Ord. Burseracee. These trees are remarkable as furnishing a gum-resin. B. glabra is used in India in place of pitch; B. thurifera, known also as B. serrata, a very common tree in Coromandel, furnishes the resin known as Indian Olibanum, which is supposed to have been the Frankin- cense of the Ancients, and is still employed for its grateful perfumes as incense in the Roman Catholic churches. Botry’chium. Moonwort. From _ botrys, a bunch; in reference to the bunch-like form of the fructification forming a separate branch on frond. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacee. A genus of hardy ferns, composed of about a dozen species, found in nearly all countries except Africa. B. lunaria, Moonwort, is found rarely in the North and West. B. Vir- ginica is a very beautiful and ornamental native species, easily transplanted to the hardy fernery. Many of the other species are common in rich woods. Bottle-brusk. Hgqwisetum sylvaticum, E. arvense, and Hippuris vulgaris. Boitle-brush Flowers. The flowers of Beau- fortia splendens, Melaleuca hypericifolia, Metro- sideros floribunda, and some species of Callis- temon. Bottle-gourd. Lagenaria vulgaris. Bottle-grass. One of the common names of Setaria. Bottle-tree, Australian. Brachychiton (Dela- bechea) rupestris. Bougainvi/llea. Named after the French navi- gator De Bougainville. Nat. Ord. Nyctagi- NACE. Gorgeous warm green-house or conserva- tory plants, comprising some of the most showy climbers in cultivation. Their beauty lies in the showy rose-colored bracts which envelop the small greenish flowers. Those of B. spectabilis, are singularly handsome. B. glabra may be grown in pots but the other species require more room and are best planted out in the green-house border. Na- tives of South America; easily increased by cuttings. : Bouncing Bet. A popular name of Se~onaria officinalis. BOU Bouquets, Baskets of Flowers, etc. Bouquet making is (or at least ought to be) the art of arranging cut flowers. Many people decry the artificial arrangement of flowers, but how shall we otherwise use them to advantage? The moment we begin to tie them together we leave nature, and ought to do so only to study art. In their simplest arrangement, form and color must be studied to produce the best effect, and whoever best accomplishes this, will surely succeed in displaying his flowers to the best advantage. Probably the simplest, easiest, and com- monly the most desirable, method of using cut flowers is arranging them in vases. The more loosely and unconfused, the better. Crowding is particularly to be avoided, and to accomplish this readily a good base of greens is required, to keep the flowers apart. This filling up is a very important part in all bouquet making, and the neglect of it is the greatest stumbling-block of the uninitiated. Spiked and drooping flowers, with branches and sprays of delicate green, are indispensable to the grace and beauty of a vase bouquet. To preserve the individuality of flowers, which is of the greatest importance, the placing of those of similar size and form together ought tobe avoided. Thus Heliotrope, Stevia, Eupa- torium, or Alyssum, when combined, lose their distinctive beauty ; but, if placed in juxta- position to larger flowers, and those of other forms, their beauty is heightened by contrast. It may be stated as a rule, that small flowers should never be massed together. Large flowers with green leaves or branches may be used to advantage alone, but a judicious con- trast of forms is most effective. Some years ago, Bouquets were invariably arranged in the formal style, the colors being used in consecutive rings, or alternating with each other in geometrical forms. Taste, or fashion, if you will, has changed for the better, and closely-made, mushroom-like bouquets, are now the exception rather than the rule. The flowers are now arranged quite loosely, pienty of Maiden-hair Fern and Smilax being used so as to show off each flower distinctly. Indeed the modern Bouquet, especially if composed of roses, looks as if the flowers had been picked up and tied together without any thought of, or attempt at ar- rangement. In these bunches, one color is usually chosen, with a bunch of Violets, Heli- otrope, Mignonette or other sweet smelling flowers, tied on one side as a contrast, and to add fragrance to the arrangement. For extra occasions, Bouquets are made of Orchid blos- soms, generally two or more sorts that har- monize in color, being used, aided by a liberal admixture of Fern fronds or sprays of the beautiful filmy South African Asparagus. Bouquets of Lily of the Valley, forced White Lilacs, Violets, etc., are often used, either alone or in combination with one ortwo other flowers, the colors generally massed, however, rather than mixed, fashion now leaning to- wards simplicity and naturalness of arrange- ment. Baskets and Plateaus of flowers are also arranged on the same principles, groups of different flowers or of the same flower in different shades being used in preference to an admixture of color. Bourbon Palm. See Livistona. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 55 BOU Boussinga’ultia. Madeira Vine. Named in honor of J. B. Boussingault, a celebrated nat- uralist and traveler. Nat. Ord. Chenopodiacee. The only species, B. baselloides, is an ele- gant climbing tuberous-rocted plant from the Andes, a rapid grower and profuse bloomer. The flowers are nearly white and deliciously fragrant. It grows readily in any garden soil, and is readily increased by divi- sion or by seed. Introduced in 1836. Bouva’rdia. Named after Dr. Bouvard, curator of the Botanic Garden, Paris. Nat. Ord. Cinchonacee. Green-house evergreen shrubs, introduced from Mexico. They are amongst the most im- portant plants cultivated for winter flowers, owing to the yearly increasing variety of color, and their excellent adaptation forthat purpose. They are also effective as bedding plants for the flower garden, beginning to bloom in August and continuing until frost. Many very superior varieties have Originated in this country, notably the pure white free-growing and free-flowering B. Davisoni, and the rich erimson JB. elegans, both sports from B. Hogarth, a brilliant scarlet variety; the double white B. Alfred Neuner, and double red B. Pres. Garfield, with many other excellent free-flowering sorts. Propagated by root cut- tings, or by cuttings of young wood in sand. Bowe’nia. In honor of W. G. Bowen, a gover- nor of Queensland. A remarkable genus of Cycadacee, consist- ing of but one species, which was discovered in Australia in 1819. The species is described in the Botanical Magazine as follows: ‘‘The most prominent character of Bowenia is the compound leaf, its general characters (all but shape), texture and venation; the leaflets do not differ from those of Macrozamia, and are so very similar to those of the West Indian Zamia that it is difficult to distinguish them generically, except that in Bowenia the leafiet is decurrent by the petiole, and not articulated with rachis.” The fern-like aspect presented by this plant is very remarkable and interest- ing, giving it a prominent position ‘among green-house plants. Propagated by seeds or from suckers. Box. The common name of Buxus sempervirens, a plant at one time much used for edgings in ornamental gardening. It is a native of Europe and Asia, and is readily increased by cuttings. Boxberry. A name sometimes applied to the Wintergreen, Gaultheria procumbens. Box Elder. See Negundo. Boxes for Seeds. Seeds, particularly flower seeds, when sown under glass, do much better when sown in shallow boxes than in flower-pots. A convenient size is the ordinary soap box, cut into four, making a depth of from one and a half to two inches. Or, what is even more convenient, the shallow boxes in which tin is imported. These are filled nearly full with finely-sifted soil, which is made as level and smooth as possible. On this smooth surface the seeds are sown, and then pressed down level into the soil, and over the seeds is sifted dry moss, leaf mould, or cocoanut fiber (which has been run through a sieve as fine as mosquito wire), in quantity enough to fairly cover the seeds. This, from BRA its spongy nature, retains moisture, while its lightness offers but little resistanee to the tender seed germ. The same style of box is used for ‘‘ pricking off.” See ‘‘propagation.” Box Thorn. See Lycium barbarum. Box-wood. West Indian. Vitex umbrosa. Brabei’/um. African Almond. From brabeion, a sceptre, in reference to the racemosed flowers. Nat. Ord. Proteacee. An ornamental green-house evergreen, with white, sweet-scented flowers, disposed in elegant, axillary, spiked racemes. Its seeds are called Wild Chestnuts and Wild Almonds, and are both roasted and eaten, and used as a substitute for coffee. Introduced from the Cape of Good Hope in 1751. Brachychi'ton. From brachys,short, and chiton, a tunic; plant covered with imbricated hairs and scales. Nat. Ord. Sterculiacee. A genus of tropical and sub-tropical trees from Australia. B. acerifoliwn is called the Flame Tree about Illawarra, on account of its bright scarlet flowers, which make the treea conspicuous object at a distance. B. Bidwillii, a native of the Wide Bay district, has bright crimson flowers, produced in _ axillary bunches. 8B. Delabechia, Syn. Delabechia rupestris, is a very interesting species, popu- larly known as the Bottle Tree of Australia. Brachyco’me. From brachys, short, and kome, hair. Nat. Ord. Composite. This beautiful annual is found on the banks ot the Swan River, in Australia, and has there the very appropriate name of Swan River Daisy, as the flower closely resembles the Daisy. The plant grows from six to ten inches high, and has a closely compact branching habit, producing an abundance of flowers. It is well adapted for small beds or rockeries. Propagated by seeds. Intro- duced in 1840. Brachyse’ma. From brachzs, short, and sema, standard; the flowers having the standard petal short. Nat. Ord. Leguminose. A genus of handsome green-house shrubs, mostly climbing, from Australia. B. aphyllum is, as its name would imply, a leafless plant, the branches being singularly compressed and winged, so as to perform the functions of leaves. Small brown scales are found scat- tered over these branches, and from these the flowers grow. They are single, large, and of a bright blood-red color. JB. lanceolatum is a very handsome species, and well adapted for the green-house, fiowering, as it does, in winter or the earlyspring months. Its leaves are ovate or lanceolate in form, with a glossy upper surface, and covered with a silvery pubesence underneath. The flowers are in axillary clusters, large and rich scarlet. Bractez or Bracts. The leaves placed imme- diately below a calyx, if they are at all altered from their usual form. Bracted Bindweed. See Calystegia. Bra’hea. Named after Tycho Brache, the cele- brated astronomer. Nat. Ord. Palmacee. A genus of medium-sized Palms, with fan- like leaves and spiny leaf-stalks. B. filamen- tosa, a native of Lower California, is largely cultivated in our green-houses for decorative purposes. It is of graceful habit and rapid growth, succeeding well with but little care in 56 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS BRA the green-house. This species is also known as Pritchardia filifera. It is now said that B. Jilamentosa is neither a Brahea nor a Pritch- ardia, and itis therefore proposed to call it Washingtonia, which see. Young plants are obtained from seed. B. edulis is now placed under Hrythea, which see. Brahmin’s Beads. An Indian name for the corrugated seeds of Hlwocarpus, which are used by the Brahmins, for necklaces, ete. Brai’nea. After J. C. Braine, of Hong Kong. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacee. B. insignis, the only known species, is a very handsome dwarf Tree Fern, a native of Hong Kong. The stem is from three to four feet high; the fronds about three feet long, finely pinnate, giving the plant an elegant outline. Sir W. J. Hooker says: ‘‘ We have here a very remarkable, and, if [ may say so, a new form among the Ferns.” Brake or Bracken. The popular name of Pieris aquilina, one of our common strong- growing Ferns. Bramble. See Rubus. Brassavo'la. Named after A. Jf. Brassavola, a Venetian botanist. Nat. Ord. Orchidacea. A small genus of epiphytal Orchids, belong- ing exclusively to tropical America. But few of the species have merits that entitle them to a place in general collections. The few are of easy culture, and produce flowers nearly six inches across, white, or creamy white, spotted with chocolate. The plants are all dwarf, with very short flower stems. They are usually grown on a block, in a rather high temperature, and are increased by division. Introduced in 1840. Bra’ssia. Named after Mr. Brass, a traveler and botanical collector. Nat. Ord. Orchidaceae. This genus of Orchids is nearly allied to Oncidium, but not so popular because of their dull-colored flowers. Some of the species are highly valued by growers, as they pro- duce, with but little care and trouble, an abundance of flowers from June to August. Flowers mostly yellow, or greenish white spotted with brown. Introduced in 1844. Bra’ssica. Cabbage. From bresic, the Celtic name for Cabbage. Nat. Ord. Cruciferae. From this genus which is found throughout Europe, more particularly in Great Britain, there has been produced a greater variety of culinary vegetables than from any other. It comprehends Cabbage, Cauliflower, Turnip, Borecole, Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts and Kohl Rabi, each of which will be noticed under its popular name. Brassica’cez. A sub-order or tribe of Cruci- Sere. Bravo’a. Named after Bravo, a Mexican botanist. Nat. Ord. Amaryllidacee. This genus consists of but a single species, B. geminiflora, a graceful little tuberous-rooted plant, native of Mexico. It has a small tuft of narrow leaves, from which arises a flower spike about a foot high, with a ter- minal cluster of small, crimson, Amaryllis-like flowers, in July. It will fiower in the open border, but requires the protection of tbe green-house during winter. Propagated by division. BRO Brazilian Tea. Jlex Paraguariensis and Sta- chytarpheta Jamaicensis. Brazil Nut. See Beriholletia. Brazil Wood. See Cesalpinia. Bread Fruit. See Ariocarpus. Bread Nut. See Prosimum. Bre’dia. A genus of Melastomacee, consisting of two species of shrubby plants from Japan and China, with unequal foliage, and terminal cymes of rose-colored flowers. B. hirsutais a very showy plant with rosy-pink flowers, one- half inch across, and is increased readily by cuttings or from seeds. It is a native of Japan and was introduced in 1870. EBre’xia. From brevis, rain; in reference to the protection from rain given by the large leaves of some of the species. Nat. Ord. Sazi- Sragacee. A small genus of very handsome evergreen trees, natives of Madagascar. The flowers are of a leathery texture, greenish color, and produced in axillary umbels. They have alternate leathery leaves, furnished with spiny teeth. The plants are readily increased by cuttings, but are too large for ordinary cultiva- tion in the green-house. Briar-root. A corruption of the French ‘“‘Bruyere” of which pipes are made, Erica arborea. Bridal-Wreath. prunifolia fl. pl. Brimstone (Vegetable). The inflammable spores of Lycopodium clavatum and L. Selago, some- times employed in the manufacture of fire- works. Bristle Fern. Trichomanes radicans. Bristly. Covered with stiff hairs. Bristly Foxtail Grass. See Setaria. Bri’za. Quaking Grass. From brizo,tonod; on account of the quaking character of the spike. Nat. Ord. Graminacee. A handsome genus of grasses, some of which are cultivated in the garden as orna- mental plants. When dried they are highly esteemed for bouquets of dried flowers and grasses. The kinds usually grown are B. media, a perennial, and B. maxima, a larger species, an annual from the south of Europe. It is of easy culture, requiring only to be sown where it is wanted to be grown, in the open border, as early in spring as the ground can be prepared. Brizopy’rum. Spike Grass. Name compound- ed of briza, the quaking grass, and pyros, wheat. Nat. Ord. Graminacee. B. Spicatum, the best known species, is a salt marsh grass, with creeping rootstocks, stems from ten to eighteen inches high, in tufts. It has no agricultural value. Broccoli. Brassicaoleracea botrytis. This vege- table somewhat resembles the Cauliflower, from which it is supposed to have originated, although there is nothing definitely known as to its origin. It is, however, more recent than most others of the genus. Miller saysit was introduced into England from Italy in 1724, two varieties, white and purple, from which all the present garden varieties have been produced. A popular name for Spirea AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 57 BRO Brodiz’a. Named aiter J.J. Brodie, a Scotch eryptogamist. Nat. Crd. Liliacee. Very curious little bulbous-rooted plants. B. Californica, with blue and white flowers, is easily cultivated in sandy loam with the con- venience of a green-house or cold frame. Increase issparingly effected by offsets. Intro- duced in 1848. Brome Grass. See Bromus. Bromelia’cezee. The Pine-apple family. A natural order, consisting of short-stemmed plants, with rigid, channeled, and often scurfy and spiny leaves and showy flowers. They are natives of the American continent and islands, whence they have been distributed to Africa and the East Indies. Ananassa sativa, the Pine-apple or Ananas, is one of the best known and most delicious of this or any other order. The fruit is composed of the pistils and bracts of several flowers united into a succulent mass, and crowned by a series of green leaves. The fibers of the plant are used in manufactures. The Pine-apple is grown under glass very successfully in Europe, but the fine condition in which they are received here from Jamaica and other places, makes their culture under glass here unneces- sary. Some of the Bromeliads grow attached to the branches of trees, and are called Air Plants, the best known here being Tillandsia usneoides, the Tree Beard of South America. Under the name of Florida Moss it is very largely used for decorative purposes. It is also used for stuffing cushions, ete., under the name of Spanish Moss, Black Moss, or Long Moss. There are twenty-eight known genera, and 176 species of this order. Brom- elia, Ananassa, Bilbergia, dichmea, and Til- landsia, are examples of the order. The bracts of some of the species are exceedingly beautiful. Bro’/mus. Brome Grass. So called from bro- mos, the Greek name for a wild oat. Nat. Ord. Graminacee. A genus of poor, coarse-growing grasses, of little use in agriculture, and of little beauty. This is the pest of the farmer, to which he applies a significant and a justly proper name, Cheat or Chess. However much it may cheat the farmer by crowding out Wheat and Rye, we cannot excuse him for cheating him- self with the absurd delusion, so widely preva- lent, that his Wheat has turned into Chess, from some cause which cannot be explained. The species are annuals, and the seed will remain along time in the ground, and germi- nate only when the conditions of growth are favorable. It is a native of Europe, though naturalized in many places in this country. B. Schroederi, Rescue Grass, or Australian Prairie Grass, is a valuable forage grass, remarkable for the rapidity of its growth and its productiveness. As soon as the first cut- ting is made a new growth shoots up, and this can be repeated sometimes four or five times during the season, providing it is cut before the seed matures. It thrives in almost any soil, but is better adapted to that which is wet or moist. Brongnia’rtia. Named in honor of Brongniart, a French botanist. Nat. Ord. Leguminose. A valuable and rather scarce plant, having flesh-colored flowers. It should be treated as BRO a green-house shrub, potting it in loam and sand. A native of New Spain, introduced in 1827. BrookLime. Veronica Becabunga. American. Veronica Americana. Brook Mint. Mentha hirsuta. Brook Weed or Water Pimpernel. The popu- lar name of Samolus, a common plant in wet or marshy places. Broom. A name applied to Cytisus or Saroth- amnus scoparius, and also to Lygeum Spartum, African Broom is acommon name for Aspa- lathus. Butcher’s Broom is Ruscus aculeatus, and is alsoacommon name for Ruscus. Dyer’s Broom is Genista tinctoria. New Zealand Broom is Carmichaelia australis. Rush Broom is acommon name for Viminaria; it is also applied to Spartiumjunceum. Spanish Broom is Spartiumjunceum. Broom Corn is Sorghum vulgare, the branched panicles of which are made into carpet brooms and clothes brushes. Broom Grass. Andropogon scoparius. Broom Rape. A popular name of the genus Orobanche. Broom Weed. Corchorus siliquosus. Bro/simum, Bread Nut. From brosimos, good to eat; the fruit being edible. Nat. Ord. Artocarpacee. A small genus of tall-growing trees, natives of the West Indies and South America, where they are highly esteemed for the food obtained from them, and for the valuable timber they furnish. B. Alicastrum is the Bread-nut Tree of Jamaica, the fruit of which is about an inch in diameter, and contains a single seed or nut, which is said to form an agreeable and nour- ishing article of food. When boiled or roasted the nuts have the taste of hazel-nuts. Snake- wood or Leopard-wood is the heart-wood of one of the species, B. Aubletti, a native of Trinidad and British Guiana. B. galactoden- dron, which is the celebrated Cow Tree of South America, yields a milk of as good qual- ity as that from the cow. It forms large for- ests on the seacoast of Venezuela, growing 100 or more feet high, with a smooth trunk six to eight feet in diameter. Its milk, which is obtained by making incisions in the trunk, so closely resembles the milk of the cow, both in appearance and quality, that it is commonly used as an article of food by the inhabitants of the localities where the tree abounds. Unlike most other vegetable milks, it is per- fectly wholesome, and very nourishing, pos- sessing an agreeable taste, like that of sweet cream, and a balsamic odor; its only unpleas- ant quality being aslight amount of stickiness. Like animal milk, it quickly forms a yellow, cheesy scum on the surface, and after a fow days turns sour and putrefies. Broughto’nia. Named after Mr. Broughton, an English botanist. Nat. Ord. Orchidacee. A small genus of very handsome West Indian Orchids, somewhat resembling the Lelia and Cattleya. They commonly grow on bushes in Cuba and Jamaica. The flowers are crimson and produced from the top of the pseudo-bulb during the summer, and are of long duration. They are of easy culture, growing best on blocks of wood, and should have plenty of light and sun. Propagated by division. Introduced in 1824. 58 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS BRO Broussone’tia. Named after Broussonet,a French naturalist. Nat. Ord. Urticacee. A small genus of trees closely allied to the Mulberry. B. papyrifera, is the well-known Paper Mulberry, which is so called on account of its fibrous innerbark being used by the Chinese and Japanese for making paper. It grows wild in China and Japan, and also in many of the islands of the Pacific Ocean, where the natives manufacture a large part of their clothing from its bark. Itforms a small tree, attaining about twenty or thirty feet in height, with atrunk seldom more than a foot in diameter, and generally branching at a short distance from the ground. The young branches are covered with short, soft hairs. The bark from the young shoots only, is used for making paper. In the South Sea Islands, a strong cloth is made from this bark, which is commonly used for clothing, either plain or printed, and dyed of various colors. Browa'llia. Named after J. Browallius, Bishop of Abo. Nat. Ord. Scrophulariacee. The Browallias are handsome, free-flower- ing, half hardy annuals. They succeed best started in the green-house and repotted before being planted out; they can, however, be successfully grown by being started in the hot-bed ; and often grow well when sown in the open border. The plants will be completely studded over with their beautiful blue or white flowers the whole summer. They are also excellent winter-flowering plants. JB. Jamesoni, known also as Streptosolon, is a beautiful autumn flowering species, with large panicles of bright orange-colored, tubular flowers, with a lighter-colored throat. Re-in- troduced recently from New Grenada, after being lost to cultivation for over thirty years. Brown Bugle. Ajuga reptans. Bro’wnea. Named in honor of Dr. Patrick Browne, who wrote a history of Jamaica. Nat. Ord. Leguminose. A small genus of low evergreen trees chiefly confined to Venezuela and New Grenada. The leaves are alternate, and from one to one and a half feet long, with from four to twelve pairs of entire leaflets. The flowers are rose- colored or crimson, and disposed in terminal or axillary heads. B. grandiceps has large and beautiful heads of flowers, of a pink color, ar- ranged in tiers, the outer ones expanding first, followed by the others until all are open, when the flower-head somewhat resembles that of a Rhododendron. A singular fact in connec- tion with this plant is, that the leaves droop during the day so as to almost hide the flowers from view, and protect them from the heat of the sun. At evening they rise up again, and remain erect during the night, and the flowers are thus exposed to the falling dew. The species are rarely seen under cul- tivation. Brugma/nsia. Namedin honor of Prof. S. J. Brugmans, a botanical author. Nat. Ord. Solanacee. Peruvian shrubs, or low, succulent-stemmed trees, of which B. suaveolens (better known by the name of Datura arborea), B. Knightti, and B. sanguineaare magnificentspecies. Being large plants, growing to the height of ten or twelve feet, they look best when planted in the ground in a conservatory; but they will grow well in BRY large pots, or they may be planted in the open garden in the summer season, and taken up and preserved in a cellar, from which the frost is excluded, during winter, to be replaced in the open border the following spring. The flowers, popularly called Angels’ Trumpets, are trumpet-shaped, a foot or more in length, and very fragrant. The plants grow freely in light, rich soil; and they are readily propa- gated by cuttings either of the shoots or roots. Brune’lla. Name changed from Prunella, which see. Brunfe’lsia. A name given to a genus of Scrophulariacee, in honor of Otto Brunfels, of Metz, who published the first good figures of plants in 1530. Elegant free-flowering evergreen plants, natives of South America and the West Indies. B. calycina has large purple flowers disposed in large trusses, which are produced in succession throughout the whole year. B. confertiflora, has light blue flowers, borne on terminal heads or cymes. All the species are fragrant, and may be propagated by cuttings. Brunsvi’gia. Named after the house of Bruns- wick. Nat. Ord. Amaryllidacee. Of this splendid genus of Cape bulbs, Sweet observes: ‘‘Some of the bulbs grow toa great size, and require large pots to have them flower in perfection; or, if planted out in the open borders in spring, there will be a better chance of their flowering, taking the bulbs up again in autumn; or the best way to succeed well with them is to have a pit built on purpose for them, so as to occasionally be covered with the lights to keep off too much wet, and to be covered close in severe weather, as they cannot bear the frost. The mould must be made for them of full one-third sand, more than one-third of turfy loam, and the rest of leaf mould, all well mixed together, but not chopped too small, as the roots run better through it for being rough and _ hollow. When in full growth and flower they require a frequent supply of water, but none while dor- mant.” B. Josephine is very seldom induced to flower in this country, though itis no un- common occurrence in its native country, where it is said to produce very large heads of flowers. Several species flower more freely, though none so grand. Propagated by offsets. Brussels Sprouts. Brassica oleracea bullata geminifera, a variety of the Cabbage, which see. Bryo’nia. From bryo, to sprout; in allusion to the quick growth of the stems. Nat. Ord. Cucurbitacee. A genus of climbing, hardy herbaceous per- ennials, natives of Europe, the East Indies, and the Cape of Good Hope. B. alba and B. dioica are generally considered by botanists to be one species, the only difference being in the color of the berries. The species is what is generally known as the Common Bry- ony, and is found in the hedgerows of Great Britain. It has a very large tuberous root, from which twining stems spring, which are annual and rough. The plants climb by tendrils, and, what is very unusual, the direc- tion of the spiral is now and then changed, so AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 59 BRY that, after proceeding in one course for some distance, the tendril suddenly changes to an opposite direction. The male and female flowers are in separate clusters; sometimes, though not always, they are on different plants. The plant has a fetid odor, and pos- sesses acrid, emetic and purgative properties, and from its elegant appearance in autumn, with its brilliant colored fruit, accidents not unfrequently occur to children and others, incautiously tasting the fruit, which is an active poison. Singularly enough, the young shoots may be cooked and eaten with impu- nity. When served up in the same manner as Asparagus, they are said to equal it in flavor. Many of the species are not poisonous, and are much valued for their medicinal prop- erties. Bryono’psis laciniosa, is a beautiful cucurbi- taceous annual climber with palmately, five- cleft leaves, yellow flowers and very pretty fruit about the size of a cherry, green marbled with white. It was introduced from Ceylon in 1710. Itis now placed under Bryonia, by some authors. Bry’ony. See Bryonia. Bryophy’llum. So named from bryo, to grow, and phyllon, a leaf; in reference to the circum- stances of the leaf, when laid upon damp earth, emitting roots, whence arise young plants. Nat. Ord. Crassulacee. B. calycinum, a species common in the green-house, is a native of India. When in flower it is quite handsome, producing loose panicles of drooping, greenish-purple flowers. It is very easily grown. Buchu, Bucha or Buka. A name applied in South Africa to the leaves of several species of Barosma. Buchne’ra. A syn. for Stephandra. Buckbean. The common name of a plant belonging to the Gentian family, Menyanthes trifoliata, common in wet places and of little interest. Buckeye. See sculus. Bucklandia. Named after Dr. Buckland, a pro- fessor of geology at Oxford. Nat. Ord. Ham- amelidacee. B. Populnea, the only species in cul- tivation, is one of the most beautiful trees of the forests of the Sikkim Himalayas at an elevation of 4,000 to 6,000 feet. It attains a height of one hundred feet, with a cylindrical trunk, and oblong crown of evergreen foliage. The leaves are orbicular-cordate and may be likened to those of a Dioscorea, being when young of arosy purple color with golden-green veins. Introduced in 1875. Buckthorn. See Rhamnus. Buckwheat. Fagopyrum esculentum. The com- mon Buckwheat is a native of Central Asia, and has long been under cultivation. It is more extensively grown as an article of food in this country than in any other, Buckwheat cakes being purely an American institution. It thrives on a poor soil that would not sustain many other plants, and give a fair yield. Of the improvement in the quality of this grain from its native wild state we have no record. There are several varieties grown, but the quality depends largely upon soil and climate. The Japanese Buckwheat lately introduced has | BUG proved to be a great improvement on the ordinary sorts, the kernels being at least twice the size of any other variety, peculiar in shape, and of a rich dark shade of brown in color. Flour made from it is equal in quality, if not superior to any other sort. It is enormously productive, yielding two or three times as much as any other sort, both in grain and straw. Buckwheat Tree. Cliftonia (Mylocaryum) ligus- trina. Budding. This is the practice in use of placing a bud of one variety of plant on ancther. The shoot or stock to be budded upon must always be in a thrifty, growing state, so that the bark can be raised freely from the wood, and the bud to be inserted must be in such a state that it shows prominently at the axil of the leaf. Select a smooth portion of the stem of the shoot to be budded upon, strip it of leaves (or thorns, if any) sufficient to allow room for the operation; then make a cut through the bark to the wood in length sufficient to admit the bud, with a cross eut at the top. Above this cross cut make a slight sloping cut in the bark, about a quarter of an inch in length, so as to admit the easy insertion of the bud. This custom is not general, but it will be found to be easier, and, we think, safer. Nex. take the shoot from which the bud to be inserted is to be cut, and selecting such as have the properly developed condition of bud, cut it from the shoct about half an inch on each side of the bud, just deep eneugh to get about as much thickness of the wood as the bark. ifthe portion of the shoot from which the bud is taken is well ripened, it is best to separate the wood from the bark; but if not, it will do quite as well not to remove it, but” insert the bud in the stock just as it is cut. The edges of the cut in the stock are lifted and slightly pressed outward by the point of the budding-knife, the bud inserted, and pushed down by the ivory handle. To keep the bud in place it is wrapped neatly round with any soft tying material, the fiber known as Raphia being the best. In two or three weeks after the bud has been put in it will be safe to remove the tying. All shoots starting below the bud must be rubbed off as soon as they start, and when the bud begins to grow, the portion of the stock above the graft must be cut off, so that the inserted bud may get the full benefit of growth. Buddle’ia. Named after A. Buddle, an English botanist. Nat. Ord. Scrophulariacee. An extensive genus of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and low-growing trees. Leaves oppo- site and thickly covered with hairs. The flowers of some of the species are very beauti- ful and fragrant; they are mostiy small, bright orange, purplish or lilac, and arranged in small globular heads, on long peduncies. They are natives of South America, Mexico, Africa, and tropical Asia. Some ef the species are half-hardy, and wouid be likely to sueceed well, south of Washington. Buffalo Berry. Missouri. Shepherdia argentea. Buffalo Grass, or Buffalo Clover. See Tri- folium. Buffalo Nut. Bugle. Pyrularia oleifera. See Ajuga reptans. HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS BUG Bugle Weed. The popular name of Lycopus Virginicus. Bugloss. Lycopsis arvensis. Bugloss. Cowslip. Pulmonaria officinalis. Bugloss. Viper’s. Echivm vulgare. Bulb. An underground bud, consisting of numerous fleshy scales placed one over the other, a modified form of the leaf bud. A bulb is usually placed partly or entirely under- ground. There are several kinds of bulbs, the following being the most common: A Naked Bulb is a bulb whose scales are loose and aimost separate, as in the Crown Im- perial. A Tunicated Bulb is one whose fleshy scales overlap each other, forming concentric layers, the outer ones being thin or mem- braneous, such as Hyacinths, Onions, Tulips, etc. A Solid Buib is properly a Corm, which see. Bulbiferous. Bearing or producing bulbs. Bulbil. An axillary bulb with fleshy scales, falling off its parent spontaneously, and prop- agating it. Applied more especially to those buds on the stein, which occasionally assume the character of bulbs, as in Lilium tigrinum. Bulbine. From bolbos, a bulb. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. Half-hardy plants, available for flower- gardening purposes. They are showy, frag- rant, do not require any particular care in their management, and are propagated rapidly by cuttings. Natives of the Cape of Good Hope; introduced in 1820. Bulboco’dium. From bolbos, a bulb, and kodion, wool; referring to the woolly covering of the bulbs. Nat. Ord. Melanthacee. Very handsome hardy bulbs, bearing purple flowers, and well deserving of attention. They should be carefully watered in dry weather. B. vernum, one of our earliest spring flowers, was introduced from Spain in 1629. The other species, B. versicolor, flowering towards the autumn, was introduced from the Crimea in 1820. Bulbophy’llum. Nat. Ord. Orchidaceae. A genus of Orchids containing a number of species, few of which are worth cultivating except as curiosities. Bullace. Prunus insititia. Bullace. Jamaica. Melicocca bijuga. Bullate. Blistered, or puckered. Bull-rush, or Club-rush. The popular name of the genus Scirpus; also Typha latifolia. Bume'lia. The Greeks gave this name to the common Ash. Nat. Ord. Sapotacee. A genus of spiny shrubs, with hard wood, remarkable for the beauty of their foliage. Natives of the West Indies and the Southern United States. Our native species are locally known as Gum Elastic, Shittim-wood, Iron- wood, Saffron Plum, ete. Bunch-berry. A common name of Cornus Cana- densis, Dwarf Cornel or Dog-wood. Bu’/nium. A genus of tuberous-rooted umbel- liferous piants, chiefiy inhabitants of southern Europe and western Asia; interesting on ac- | count of their producing edible tubers. Those of B. flexuosum, a native of Britain, are called Ar-nuts, Pig-nuts, Kipper-nuts, ete. B. ferule- folium, produces tubersas large as hazel nuts, BUR wnich are eaten by the Greeks under the name Topana. Bu’phane. A misprint (subsequently corrected by Herbert), for Buphone, from bous, an ox, and phone, destruction, in allusion to the poisonous properties of the plant, but Buphane is the name adopted by the authors of the ‘‘Genera Plantarum,” and by Baker in his «*Amaryllidex.” Nat. Ord. Amaryllidacea. A small genus of South Africa bulbs, for- merly included in the genus Brunsvigia. They are remarkable in having precocious flower- scapes, with from 100 to 2U0 flowers in a single head. JB. toxicaria is called the Poison Bulb, and is said to be fatal to cattle. B. disticha has immense bulbs, the flowers of the former are flesh-colored, and quite small; those of the latter orange-red. All this class are quite difficult to manage. They succeed best grown in a pit, and protected against cold and wet. Buphtha’/Imum. Ox-eye.. From bows, an ox, and ophthalmos, an eye; in allusion to the re- semblance the disk of the flowers bears to an ox’s eye. Nat. Ord. Composite. A genus including many hardy annuals, perennials, and green-house evergreen shrubs. Two of the more conspicuous species are hardy perennials, natives of Central Europe. They grow from a foot to a foot and a half high; leaves narrow, flowers large, bright yellow. They have too weedy an appearance for a collection of choice plants. Burbi’dgea. Named after F. W. Burbidge, the discoverer of the genus in Borneo. Nat. Ord. Scitaminee. B. nitida, the only described species, is a very large, brilliant-flowered, stove-house herbaceous perennial, allied to Hedychiwm. Its flowers are bright orange searlet, borne in many-flowered terminal panicles four to six inches long. It was introduced from N. W. Borneo in 1879, and is increased by division. Burdock. The well-known popular name for Lappa officinalis, of which there are two varieties, minor and major; the common Bur- dock being the latter. Bur Grass. Cenchrus echinatus. Burlingto’nia. Named after the Countess of Burlington. Nat. Ord. Orchidaceae. A genus of very handsome epiphytal Orchids, inhabiting Brazil. They are remarkable for their long, pendulous racemes of snow-white fiowers, with the lip touched or lined with yellow. A few of the species have flowers in which yellow or lilac colors predominate. The plants of this genus are all of dwarf habit, with beautiful evergreen foliage. They will grow either on cork or in baskets, and are propagated by division. Introduced in 1824. Burma/nnia’/ceze. A natural order differing principally from Orchidacew in their having perfectly regular flowers. They are all her- baceous plants bearing blue or white flowers, and inhabit marshy or shady places. With the exception of Burmannia biflora, which is found in Virginia, they are ll tropical species. Bur Marigold. One of the common names of the genus Bidens. Burnet. See Poteriwm Sanguisorba. Saxifrage. Pinpinella Sazifraga. 5S). ein. Vee ce 5S BROME GRA 5 eS At y bos ARNIS BROMUS BRIZZFORMIS. BRYONOPSIS, BUCKWHEAT (JAPANESE). 60 CALANDRINIA. CALAMPELIS, Yes = CALCEOLARIA, CALENDULA. CACTI (GROUP OF). CALOCHORTUS. 61 - AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 61 BUR Burning Bush. Dictamnus Frazxinella. American. Huonymus atropurpureus. Burtonia. Named after D. Burton, a col- lector for the Kew Gardens. Nat. Ord. Legu- Minose@. A small genus of dwarf, heath-like shrubs, natives of Australia. The flowers are pea- shaped, axillary, and often thickly gathered onthe ends of the branches; the corolla rich - purple, the keel of a deeper color, and the standard generally having a yellow blotch at its base. There are only a few species under cultivation, but they are all conspic- uous objects in the green-house. They come into flower in April, and are propagated from cuttings of the half-ripened wood. Intro- duced in 1803. Bur Reed. See Sparganium. Burweed. The common name for Xanthium. Bush Clover. The popular name of the genus Lespedeza. Bush Honeysuckle. genus Diervilla. Butcher’s Broom. See Ruscus. Butoma’cez. An order of aquatic plants now generally included under Alismacee. Bu’tomus. Flowering Rush. From bous, an ox, and temno, to cut; in reference to its acrid juice causing the mouth to bleed. Nat. Ord. Alismacee. B. umbellatus is a beautiful aquatic plant, common in the marshes of Great Britain. Gerarde (1629), in speaking of this plant says: “ Camphire,orSamphire. Crithmum maritimum. Camphor. See Camphora. Ca’mphora. Camphor-tree. From Camphor, the commercial name of its chief product. Nat. Ord. Lauracee. C. officinalis, the only species constituting this genus, is an evergreen tree that grows to a considerable height, dividing into many branches covered with smooth, greenish bark. Its flowers are small, white, destitute of calyx, with a six-petalled corolla. The fruit re- sembles that of the cinnamon. This tree is a native of China and Japan, growing abundantly in the woods of the western part of the island. The roots, wood and leaves have a strong odor of camphor. This substance is found to lodge everywhere in the _ interstices of the fibres of the wood, also in the pith, but most abundantly in the crevices and knots. The camphor of commerce, or Chinese cam- phor, is obtained from the wood, branches and leaves, by dry distillation. It is chiefly produced in the island of Formosa, and is brought in great quantities to Canton, whence foreign countries are supplied. Campion. Moss. Silene acaulis. Rose. Lychnis coronaria, and L. Flos Jovis. Campsi'dium. From Kampsis, a curving. Nat. Ord. Bignoniacee. C. filicifolium is a beautiful climber from Chili. The foliage is of a dark shining green color, and resembles the fronds of some Ferns. The flowers are small, of a rich orange color. It is a rapid grower, well adapted for covering rafters or back walls in the green-house. In the woods, in its wild state, it grows forty to fifty feet high, cover- ing the tops of the trees in a most graceful manner. Camptoso’rus. Walking Fern. The rather rare or local C. rhizophyllus, is the only native representative of the genus, and is remark- able for its fronds, tapering above into a slender prolongation like a runner, which often roots at the apex, and gives rise to new fronds, and these in turn to others; hence the popular name. Syn. Asplenium. Campylobo’trys. From kampylos, a curve, and botrys, a bunch; alluding to the form of the inflorescence. Nat. Ord. Cinchonacee. A genus of very beautiful green-house shrubs, natives of Brazil. They are more remarkable for their glossy foliage than for CAMPANULA CARPATICA, CAMPSIDIUM. CAMASSIA ESCULENTA. CAMPANULA (TALL). CAMPANULA PUNCTATA, 68 AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 69 CAM the beauty of the flowers. C. regalis has ellip- tic leaves, with a satiny luster and a rich bronzy-green color. This, with one or two other species, has been introduced into the green-house for the rare beauty of the foliage. They were introduced in 1859, and are propa- gated by cuttings. By some authors this genus is placed under Hoffmannia. Camwood. See Baphia. Canada Balsam. Abies Balsamea. Canada Rice. Zizania aquatica. Canada Tea. Gaultheria procumbens. Canada Thistle, See Cirsium. Canary Bird Flower. See Tropeolum. Canary Grass. See Phalaris. Canava'lia. A genus of elegant twining plants of the Nat. Ord. Leguminosae. The purple or white and red flowers are produced in racemes from the axils of the tri- foliate leaves. Well adapted for training up the rafters of a stove or warm green-house. Cancer Root. A common name applied to the genus Epiphegus, and also to Conopholis, on acconnt of their supposed medicinal vir- tues. Cancer Root. One-Flowered. Aphyllon uni- florum. Cancer-wort. Linaria spuria, and L. Elatine. Candidus. A pure white; but not so clear as snow-white. Candle-berry Myrtle. Gale. Candle-berry Tree. Alewrites triloba. Candle Tree. Panama. See Parmentiera cerifera. Candle Wood. Californian. Fouquiera splen- dens. Cando’llea. Named for A. De Candolle, of Geneva, author of many botanical works. Nat. Ord. Dilleniacee. A genus of very ornamental evergreen shrubs, natives of Australia. C. tetrandra is a very compact-growing and free-flowering plant with yellow flowers, borne at the ends of the branches. Introduced in 1842. Itis a valu- able addition to our fall and winter blooming plants. Propagated by cuttings, or by seeds when obtainable. Candy-tuft. See Iberis. Cane-brake. A common name for different species of Arundinaria. Cane. Dumb. Dieffenbachia sequine, which see. Chair-bottom. Various species of Calamus, which see. Malacca. Calamus scipionum. Rattan. Calamus draco (C. Rotang). Sugar. Saccharum officinarum. Sugar, Chinese. Sorghum Saccharatum. Cane Stakes. The tree-like culms or stems of two species of Arundinavia, found in swamps and by the margins of rivers from Florida to Indiana. They are much used, especially by florists, for plant stakes, as they can be cut to any desired length, and are ready for use at once. Those from Indiana are considered the best, as they are tougher and more durable. Canescens. More or less gray, verging on white; grayish-white; hoary; a term ap- plied to hairy surfaces. Myrica cerifera, and M. CAN Canker. A ratherindefinite term, used to denote a disease resulting in the slow decay of trees or other plants attacked by it. See Carcinodes. Ca/nna. Indian Shot. The Celtic name for a cane or reed. Nat. Ord. Scitaminee. This is an extensive and very interesting genus of tender herbaceous perennials. Most of the species have showy crimson, orange and yellow flowers. They are usually grown for the remarkable beauty of their foliage, which is highly ornamental; hence they are favorite plants in cultivation, and produce a striking effect either singly, or groupedin beds upon the lawn in the summer months. If planted in a rich, deep soil, and freely watered, some of them will grow ten feet during the season, and from a single tuber make a clump three or four feet in diameter. A new section, introduced in 1884 by a Mr. Crozet of France, has a dwarf bushy habit. The flowers are produced in abundance from June to October when they can be lifted and flowered during winter in green-houses. This section comprises many grand varieties, the flowers of many of which are marked like orchids. Beauty is not their only claim to consideration, some of the species, as C. edulis, being grown extensively in Peru and the Sandwich Islands as a vege- table. Arrow-root is also made from this species. Propagated by seeds or more com- monly by division of tubers, which should be kept during the winter like Dahlias. Ca’nnabis. Hemp. So called from ganeh, its Arabic name, andfrom the Celtie appellation can, reed, and ab, small. Nat. Ord. Urticacea. Of the two species that compose this genus, the truly important one is C. sativa, a native of India, which furnishes the Hemp of com- merce. The Hemp plantis an annual, growing from four to eight feet high; in very hot climates it frequently grows twenty feet high. The flowers are of separate sexes on differ- ent plants, the males being produced in racemes, and generally crowded together towards the top of the plant or end of the branches; the females are in short spikes, their calyx consisting merely of a single sepal, rolled around the ovary, but open on one side, and they have two hairy stigmas. The fruit (commonly known as ‘‘Hemp-seed’”’) is a small, grayish-colored smooth, shining nut, containing a single oily seed. For the production of good fiber the seed is sown close, so as to produce straight stems without branches. The har- vesting takes place at two periods; the male being pulled as soon as it has done flowering, and the female not until the seeds are ripe. After gathering it undergoes treatment sim- ilar to that given flax to separate the fiber. In Persia and other very hot countries the plant furnishes a soft resin, which is collected by the ecoolies, and is smoked like tobacco, or pounded into pulp, so as to make a drink, both being stimulant and intoxicating. The Asiaties are passionately addicted to the use of this means of intoxication, as the names given to the Hemp show : ‘‘leafof delusion,” ‘‘inereaser of pleasure,”’ ete. Canoe-Wood. The Tulip tree. Liriodendron tulipifera. Canterbury Bells. See Campanula medium. 70 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CAN Ca/ntua. From Cantu, the name of one of the species in Peru. Nat. Ord. Polemoniacee. A genus of green-house evergreen shrubs from Peru. The foliage is fleshy, the flowers large and showy, produced in terminal corymbs, the colors being white, scarlet, yellow and blue. They require the same treatment as the Fuchsia. C. buifolia is the Magic Tree of the Peruvian Indians, and was formerly used to decorate their houses on feast days. All the species are readily increased by cuttings, C. coronopifolia, anative of South Carolina, is Gilia coronopifolia of Ruiz and Payon. Caoutchouc. The elastic, gummy substance known as Indian Rubber, which is the juice of various plants growing in trepical climates in different parts of the world. _ It is chiefly obtained from the Ficus elastica, Castilloa elastica, Urceola elastica, ete. The milky juice of Siphocampylos caoutchouc is quite different from the Caoutchoue of commerce. Cape Bulbs. A term employed to designate a Jarge number of bulbs from the Cape of Good Hope, that require the protection of a frame to be grown in this latitude. They are not sufficiently hardy to endure our winters with- out protection. Among the class may be found Ivias, Babianas, Sparaxis, Tritonias, Geissorhiza, etc. Cape Figwort. See Phygelius. Cape Gooseberry. Physalis Peruviana. Cape Jessamine. See Gardenia florida. Cape Poison Bulb. Buphane disticha (Syn. Brunsvigia toxicaria). Cape Pond Weed. Aponogeton distachyon. Cape Treasure Flower. Gazania pavonia. Caper tree. See Capparis. Capitate. Having ahead; pin-headed, as the stigma of the Primrose. Also, growing in a head, or close terminal clusters, as the flowers of Composite, ete. Capparida’cez. A natural order composed of herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate leaves and solitary or clustered flowers. The order is divided into two sub-orders: Cleomee, with dry, dehiscent (splitting) fruit, and Cap- paree, with a berry fruit. The plants are chiefly tropical, and abound in Africa and India. Some are found in Europe and in North America. They have pungent and stimulant qualities, and have been used for scurvy. The flower buds of Capparis spinosa furnish the well-known Capers. C. A2gyptiaca is thought by some to be the Hyssop of Scrip- ture. There are thirty-three known genera and 355 species. Capparis, Cleome, Polanisia, and Crateva, are examples of the genera. Ca’pparis. Caper-tree. From kabar, the Arabic name for Capers. Nat. Ord. Capparidacee. An extensive genus of tender or half-hardy climbing or trailing plants. The best known of the species is C. spinosa, a native of the south of Europe. In habit it resembles the common bramble. The Capers are the buds, which are gathered just before expanding, and pickled. In Italy the unripe fruit is some- times pickled in vinegar in the same manner as the buds. Capers are chiefly imported from Sicily, though they are extensively grown in the south of France. CAR Caprifolia’cez. A natural order of shrubs or herbs, often twining, natives of the northern parts of Europe, Asia and America, found sparingly in northern Africa, and unknownin the southern hemisphere. Some are astrin- gent, and others have emetic and purgative qualities. Many have showy and fragrant flowers. The common Honeysuckle (Lonicera) is one of the most esteemed of our climbing or twining plants. Among other plants of the order may be mentioned the Snowball or Guelder Rose (Viburnum opulus), the Snow- berry (Symphoricarpus racemosus), the Elder (Sambucus nigra), and the Laurustinus (Vi- burnum Tinus), as well as Linnea borealis. The black berries of the species of Viburnum found on the Himalaya Mountains are eatable and agreeable. Capse’lla. A common weed belonging to Nat. Ord. Cruciferae. C. Bursa-pastoris, Shepherd’s Purse, a native of Europe, is so called from the resemblance of its pods to some ancient form of purse. It has accompanied Europeans in all their migrations, and established itself wherever they have settled. It is a troublesome weed, hence its utilitarian popular name, “ Pick- pocket,” is more appropriate perhaps, than the sentimental one ‘‘Shepherd’s Purse.” Ca’psicum. Chili Pepper. From kapto, to bite; referring to its pungency. Nat. Ord. Solanacee. An extensive genus of tender annual and biennial plants, natives of the East and West Indies, China, Brazil and Egypt. C. annuum is the common garden pepper, a native of India, from which many varieties have origi- nated. C. frutescens, a native of Chili, is the species that furnishes the Cayenne Pepper of commerce, and is also used in the preparation known as Pepper Sauce. C. grossum, a native of India, is the Bell Pepper of our gardens. Capsule. A dry dehiscent seed vessel or fruit. Caraga’na. Siberian Pea-tree. So called from Carachana, its name in Tartary. Nat. Ord. Leguminose. An Asiatic genus of shrubs or low growing trees. One of the best known of the species is, C. Arborescens, the Siberian Pea-tree, a low sized shrubby tree, with numerous yellow, tapering twigs, and very small, pinnate leaves of the same character as those of the Acacias, but much smaller and of a rare golden-green color; the flowers are small, yellow, and pro- duced singly or in clusters, at the axils of the leaves. It is a tree of marked beauty in early summer, by the contrast it presents with shrubs of dark and less delicate foliage. C. Chamlagu, a Chinese species, is a low spread- ing shrub, two to four feet high, with branches at first upright and then decumbent. Loudon says: ‘‘When grafted on C. arborescens, it forms a singularly picturesque pendulous tree; beautiful not only when it is in leaf or in flower, but from the graceful lines formed by its branches, even in the midst of winter, when they are completely stripped of their leaves.” The flowers are produced freely in large clusters, yellow or reddish, in May or June. Carageen or Carrageen. Irish Moss. A name given in Ireland to Chondrus crispus and some other allied Alge. Vast quantities are col- AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 71 CAR lected for sale, and supply a useful article for feeding cattle, and making jelly for invalids. Its decided sea taste and odor are against its being a perfect substitute for isinglass. There is no doubt, however, that in the sick chamber it is a far better substitute than gelatine, as that has very small, if any nutri- tive qualities, a fact not perhaps sufficiently known. Caragua’ta. A genus of Bromeliacee, closely allied to Tillandsia; stove-house epiphytes. Their bright scarlet bracts are very showy when in bloom. Caraway. See Carum. Carcinodes. A term applied to what is com- monly called Canker in trees, which may be characterized as a slow decay, and in regard to which the Rey. M. J. Berkeley, an excellent authority, says: ‘*‘ The appearances are very different in different plants, and the causes different. The same plant, as the Apple, may even exhibit three or four different kinds of Canker. One form arises from the attack of the Woolly Aphis; a second from the devel- opment of bundles of adventitious roots, whose tips decay and harbor moisture, and contaminate the subjacent tissues; a third exhibits itself withoutany apparent Guuse, im the form of broad, dark, or even black patches, spreading in every direction; while a fourth shows pale, depressed streaks, which soon become confluent, and eventually kill, first the bark, and then, as a necessary conse- quence, the underlying wood. The only remedy is to cut out completely the affected parts, and that is not always efficacious. The Canker of the Plum and Apricot is brought on by gumming. In many cases Canker arises doubtless from the roots penetrating into some ungenial soil, which vitiates the juices and induces death to the weaker cells, from which it spreads to surrounding tissue. The rugged appearance is generally due to a struggle between the vital powers of the plant and the diseased action.” Cardami’ne. Ladies’ Smock. Cuckoo Flower. From kardamine, a diminutive of kardamon, eress ; referring to the acrid flavor. Nat. Ord. Crucifere. An extensive genus of hardy herbaceous perennials, common in many parts of the United States, Europe, and northern Asia. @. pratensis, popularly known as Ladies’ Smock or Cuckoo Flower, is avery pretty meadow plant, with large lilac flowers, common in Europe, but a rather rare plant in this coun- try. A double variety of this species, some- times found growing wild, is remarkably proliferous, the leaflets producing new plants where they come in contact with the ground, and the flowers, when they wither sending up a stalked flower-bud from their centers. The leaves of some of the species are used in salads. Ca’/rdamon. See Amomum. Cardinal Flower. See Lobelia cardinalis. Cardiospe/‘rmum, Balloon Vine. From kar- dia, a heart, and sperma, seed; in allusion to the shape of the seeds. Nat. Ord. Sapin- dace Of this small genus only one species is grown as an ornamental plant, viz., C. Hali- cacabum, which is a rapid-growing, handsome CAR climber, remarkable for an inflated mem- branous capsule, from which it receives its common name, Balloon Vine. It grows readily from seed. Introduced from India in 1504. Cardoon. See Cynara. Ca’rduus. Thistle. From ard, the Celtic word for a prickle or sharp point; referring to the spines of the Thistle. Nat. Ord. Composite. Some of the species are very ornamental, though many of them are tall, robust-growing plants, which require a great deal of room and are too large for a small garden. @. Marianus (Syn. Silybum Marianum) the Holy Thistle, is well marked by the white veins on its large, shining leaves, fabled to have been produced by a portion of the milk of the Vir- gin Mary having fallen on them. They are annuals, growing freely from seed. Ca’rex. From careo, to want; the upper spikes being without seeds. Nat. Ord. Cyperacee. This genus includes more than 1,000 species, widely distributed over the temperate and Arctic regions. They areall perennial grasses; a few species are handsome plants for the green-house, and useful for basket work and aquariums. They are usually found growing in bogs, marshes, or moist woods, where they yield a very inferior quality of grass. @. Fraserit is the handsomest species of the genus, resembling at a short distance, when in flower, one of the Liliacew. The leaves of several of the species are used for seating chairs, and various other purposes for which we use the common Flag. There are more than 300 species in this country, all of which are without interest except to the botanist. Caricature Plant. See Graptophyllum. Carinate. Keel-shaped. Carludo’vica. Named after Charles IV. of Spain, and Louisa, his queen. Nat. Ord. Cyclanthacee. A genus of low-growing, palm-like, stove- house plants. Some of them have long, climbing stems, sending out aérial roots, which fasten upon the trunks of trees or hang down like ropes, while others are stemless and form dense thickets. C. palmata is one of the more interesting species. Its leaves are shaped and plaited like a fan, and are borne on long, slender stocks. They are of tolerably large size, and deeply cut into four or five divisions, each of which is again cut. It is from the leaves of this species that the well-known Panama hats are made. The leaves are cut when young, and the stiff par- allel veins removed, after which they are slit into shreds, but not separated at the staik end, and immersed in boiling water for ashort time, and then bleached in the sun. This species is also exceedingly useful for any orna- mental or decorative purpose. C. plicata is a very interesting climbing species, with foli- age similar to that of C. palmata, but with much shorter leaf-stalks. There are several other species useful for decorative purposes, and valuable from the fact that they will suc- ceed in any out-of-the-way corner, where most other plants would perish. This genus is common throughout the shady thickets of Panama, and along the coast of New Grenada and Ecuador. They are increased from suckers or from seed. Carnation. See Dianthus caryophyllus. 72 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CAR Carneus. Pale red, or flesh-color. Carnivorous Plants. A term applied to Dionea muscipula, Darlingtonia Californica, the Dro- seras, and other insect-catching plants, on the supposition that they feed on the insects which they entrap. Carob Tree. See Ceratonia. Carolina Allspice. A popular name of the Calycanthus, or Sweet-scented Shrub. Carolina Jasmine. See Gelsemium. Carpel. A division of the ovary; one of the rolled-up leaves of which the pistil is com- posed, whether they are combined or distinct; the small parts of which compound fruits are formed. Carpente’ria. Named after the late Professor Carpenter of Louisiana. Nat. Ord. Sazifrag- acee, An ornamental, hardy, tall-growing shrub with pure white flowers,and broadly-lanceolate pinnately-veined leaves, whitened beneath, with a minute and close pubescence. Intro- duced to cultivation from the Sierra Nevadas, California, in 1880. Carpi’nus. Hornbeam, Iron Wood. From the Celtic car, wood, and pinda, head; the wood being used for the yokes of cattle. Nat. Ord. Corylacee. C. Americana, the only representative of this genus in our woods, is a low-growing tree of compact form, and a very rigid trunk. It is particularly handsome in autumn, because of its richly-colored foliage. It is found in nearly all parts of the country, but is not plentiful in any section. The wood of this tree is exceedingly hard and close-grained, and is well suited for any work requiring great hardness and strength. Carpoly’za. From karpos, fruit, and lyssa, rage; in reference to the three-celled fruit, or seed-pod, opening like the mouth of an enraged animal. Nat. Ord. Amaryllidacee. A genus of South African bulbs, the only species being C. spiralis, whichisa very pretty little plant. The leaves and flower scape are twisted, from which fact it derives its specific name. The flowers are white, sepals pink, tipped with green. It requires protection in winter, or may be kept dry and grown in pots, starting them about the first of February. They are propagated by offsets. Introduced in 1791. Carrion Flower. Coprosmanthus herbaceus, Smilax herbacea, and the genus Stapelia. Carrot. Daucus carota. Thewild Carrot, indig- enous to Great Britain and many other parts of Europe, and so extensively naturalized in this country as to become one of the most troublesome pests of the farmer, has generally been supposed to be the parent of the many varieties of the common garden Carrot, which has been under cultivation from time im- memorial. Dioscorides describes accurately the Carrot, both as a wild plant and as culti- vated as an esculent root. The parentage was not questioned until Miller, the celebrated English gardener and botanist, undertook to improve the wild Carrot by cultivation, and signally failed in his many and _ varied attempts. Others have experimented at dif- ferent times, with no better success. The prevailing opinion now is that the garden CAR Carrot is a distinct species, or was obtained under circumstances entirely different or unknown at the present day. The carrot was introduced into England, in about its present form, by the Dutch, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and soon thereafter became a favor- ite vegetable, and a useful as well as a profit- able field crop. Careful selection has gradually improved the quality in certain respects, of the Carrot, during the past hundred years, and good cultivation is now required to keep the varieties up to their proper standard. Cartha’mus. Safflower. From quartom, to paint, in Arabic; the flowers yield a fine color. Nat. Ord. Composite. This genus consists of two species only, annual plants, found in Caucasus and Egypt. C. tinctorius, the Saffron Thistle, is extensively cultivated in India, China, and other parts of Asia, for the coloring matter which its flowers yield. These flowers contain two kinds of coloring matter—the one yellow, which is soluble in water, the other red, which being of a resinous nature, is insolu- able in water, butis soluble in alkaline carbon- ates. The fruit is never converted to any use, as it dyes only dull shades of color; the other isa beautiful rose-red, capable of dyeing every shade, from the palest rose to a cherry-red. It is chiefly used for dyeing silk, affording various shades of pink, rose crimson and searlet. Mixed with finely-powdered tale it forms the well-known substance called rouge. In France this species is grown for the beauty of its flowers, and in Spain it is grown in gardens to color soups, olives and other dishes. It is readily grown from seed, which should be started in the hot-bed or green- house. Ca’/rum. Caraway. From Caria, in Asia Minor, where it was first discovered. Nat. Ord. Umbellifere. A small genus of hardy biennials, but one species of which, C. Carui, is of any special interest. This isa native of Europe, and pro- duces the Caraway seeds which contain an aromatic volatile oil, and are usedin flavoring. The plants are of the simplest culture, requir- ing only to sow the seeds where the plants are wanted to grow. Ca’/rya Hickory. The Greek name for the Walnut. Nat. Ord. Juglandacee. A well-known genus of hardy deciduous trees, confined wholly to North America. C. alba is the common Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory, so called on account of the rough, shaggy bark of the trees, peeling off in long, narrow strips from large trees. This species furnishes the best Hickory nuts. C. olivefor- mis is the Pecan-nut tree, common from Illi- nois southward. It is a large and beautiful tree. Its delicious nuts are well-known. C. porcina is the Pig-nut, one of the most valu- able as a timber tree, but the fruit is worth- less. C. amara is the Bitter-nut or Swamp Hickory-nut. C. sulcata is the Western Shell- bark Hickory, remarkable for the size of the nut which has a very thick shell, but is of excel- lent quality. C. tomentosa, common in the West and South, bears the largest nuts of any of the species, the size, however, being at the expense of the quality. The timber of all the species is valuable for any purpose where strength and elasticity are required. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 73 CAR Caryoph’yllacee. Anextensive order of herbs, | with stems swollen at the joints, the flowers terminal, solitary, or disposed in racemes, panicles or corymbs; the leaves entire and opposite. The plants of this order are natives principally of temperate and cold regions. They inhabit mountains, rocks, hedges and waste places. Humboldt says that Clove- worts constitute a twenty-secondth part of the flowering plants of France, one twenty- seventh of those of Germany, one seventeenth of Lapland, and one seventy-secondth of North America. There are some very showy flowers in the order, such as the well-known and popular Pinks and Carnations; but the greater number are mere weeds. The Clove Pink (Dianthus Caryophyllus) is the origin of all the cultivated varieties of Carnations, as Picotees, Bizarres and Flakes. The common Chickweed (Stellaria media) and Spurry (Sper- gula arvensis), the latter used as fodder for sheep, are other examples. There are about sixty genera and 1,100 species. Dianthus, Silene, Lychnis, Cerastium, Arenaria, Alsine, Saponaria, are examples of this order. Caryophy’llus. Clove-tree. From karuon, a nut, and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the appearance of the flower-buds. Nat. Ord. Myrtacee. C. aromaticus, the tree producing the well- known spice called Cloves, is a handsome evergreen, rising from fifteen to thirty feet, with large elliptic leaves and purplish flowers, arranged in terminal heads on short-jointed stalks. It is a native of the Molucea Islands, where it is not only cultivated for its great commercial value, but also as an ornamental tree. The whole tree is highly aromatic, and the foot-stalks of the leaves have nearly the same pungency as the calyxes of the flowers. A celebrated writer who had visited the islands, says: ‘‘ Clove-trees as an avenue toa residence are perhaps unrivalled—their noble height, the beauty of their form, the luxuri- ance of their foliage, and, above all, the spicy fragrance with which they perfume the air, produce, on driving through a long line of them, a degree of exquisite pleasure only to be enjoyed in the clear, light atmosphere of those latitudes.” Caryo’pteris. From karwon, a nut, and pteron, a wing; the fruit is winged. Nat. Ord. Ver- benacee. C. Mastacanthus, the best known species, is a hardy herbaceous plant, of easy culture, blooming in autumn. The flowers are light azure-blue in color, and are borne in axillary globose heads. It grows about two feet high, and was introduced from China in 1844. Caryo’ta. Toddy Palm. The old Greek name used by Dioscorides; the Greeks first applied this name to their cultivated Date. Nat. Ord. Palmacee. C. urens, commonly called Fish-tail Palm, is the most prominent species of this genus. It is a beautiful tree, growing from sixty to eighty feet high, with a trunk a foot in diam- eter, producing many pendulous spikes of flowers, which are succeeded by strings of suc- culent globular berries, dark red when ripe, and are very sharp and acrid in taste. In Ceylon it yields a sort of liquor, sweet, whole- some, and no stronger than water. It is taken from the tree two or three times a day, each CAS yield from a large tree being from three to four gallons. When boiled down it makes a coarse brown sugar called jaggory. When the tree has come to maturity there comes out a bud from the top; that bud the natives cut and prepare by putting salt, pepper, lemons, garlic, leaves, etc., over it, which keeps it from ripening. They daily cut off a thin slice from the end, and the liquor drops into a ves- sel, which they set to catch it. The buds are most delicious to the taste, resembling wal- nuts or almonds. The species are natives of the Indies, and are grown in the green-house, where they succeed well with the same treat- ment which other tropical Palms require. Cascari/lla Bark. See Croton. Cashew-Nut. See Anacardium. Cassa’ndra. Leather-leaf. ©. Calyculata, the only known species, sometimes included under Andromeda, is generally distributed through- out the northern hemisphere. It is a low, much-branched shrub belonging to the Nat. Ord. Ericacee, and produces its pretty white flowers on one-sided racemes, early in spring. Cassava Bread, or Cassava Meal. See Mani- hot utilissima. Ca’ssia. Senna. From the Greek name of a plant, Kassian, of the Bible. Nat. Ord. Leguminose. An extensive genus of hardy herbaceous and green-house perennials, found scattered over nearly all parts of the globe. Many of the species are well known, and considered of great importance for their medicinal proper- ties. The leaflets of several of the species constitute what is known in medicine as Senna leaves. Those from C. acutifolia and C. obovata, African and East Indian species, are the most highly esteemed. The leaves of C. Marilandica, wild Senna, a native of the Middle and Southern States, have, to some extent, the same properties, and are some- times used as a substitute for the officinal Senna. Thisspecies may be justly regarded as one of our most valued plants for the border. It grows from three to four feet high ; foliage a beautiful deep green, not unlike the finer Acacias; flowers bright yellow, produced in short axillary racemes, continuing along time in succession. Some of the roadsides of Long Island are bordered with this plant, and no public park, with all that art can bestow upon its drives in the way of ornamentation, can compare in simplicity and beauty with these roadsides. C. nictitans, Wild Sensitive Plant, another native species, is a very beau- tiful hardy annual, common on our roadsides, growing about six inches high, and in appear- ance almost identical with the Sensitive Plant, Mimosa pudica, and well worth cultivating for its beautiful foliage. C. chamecrista, com- monly known as Partridge Pea, is a very pretty species, common in the Southern States. Cassi’nia. Named after M. Henri Cassini, an eminent French botanist. Nat. Ord. Com- posite. A very handsome genus of shrubby plants or herbaceous perennials, natives of Australia and New Zealand. C. Vawuviliersii produces numerous small white flowers in compact 74 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CAS clusters, which though pretty, are not enough to recommend the plant for general culture; but its golden coat which suffuses the back of the leaves, and still more densely the entire young stems, will always make it an object of interest. It is perfectly hardy, and is readily increased by cuttings. Casta’/nea. Chestnut. From a town of that name in Thessaly. Nat. Ord. Corylacee. The Chestnut Tree is well known because of the nuts, which are universally esteemed. There are two species indigenous to this country, the common Chestnut, C. ves- ca, found throughout the States, and C. pumila, a low-growing tree or shrub, common south- ward, which produces a smaller nut, known as the Chinquapin. The Spanish Chestnut, a variety of C. vesca, differing from our native Chestnut mainly in the size of the fruit, isa native of Asia Minor, introduced at a very early date. This tree grows to an immense size. A tree near Queens, L. I., planted nearly one hundred years ago, has a trunk almost twelve feet in circumference, and is about fifty feet high, with immense spreading branches. Itis one of the noblest shade trees to be found in this country. A species of late introduction from Japan promises to | become one of our most useful as well as most ornamental trees, or, more properly, tall shrubs. The fruit of this species was received in New York a few years since in a consignment of goods from Japan. The merchant receiving the same, seeing the nuts were of such excellent quality, fully equal to those of our native species, and as large as the Spanish Chestnut, attempted the growing of them, and with remarkable success. In five years they commenced to fruit, and are now bearing profusely. The shrub is of an orna- mental character, suitable for the lawn. The fruit or nuts are borne within two feet of the ground. Those who have had a favorable opportunity to judge of its character, predict its early adoption as a hedge plant, for which purpose it seems well adapted. In addition to its value as an ornamental hedge, it would undoubtedly prove valuable for its yield of nuts. Castille’ja. Painted-Cup. Named in honor of Don Castilleja, a Spanish botanist. Nat. Ord. Scrophulariacee. This genus consists of about forty species, nearly all of which are American, a few being found in northern Asia. They are remarkable for their brightly colored floral leaves or bracts, the mostof which are more showy than the flowers, which are commonly yellowish or greenish. C. indivisa, a beautiful perennial species, has recently been introduced into our gardens from Europe, although it is a native of Colorado. It is one of our most desirable hardy plants, producing its brilliant scarlet bracts in great profusion. This species is so entirely distinct from most other plants, and at the same time so showy, and can be grown with as little difficulty as most other herbaceous plants, that we cannot but consider it a great acquisition. Castillo‘’a. A Mexican tree belonging to the Nat. Ord. Urticacew, and having male and female flowers alternating one with the other, on the same branch. C. elastica, contains a milky juice yielding Caoutchoue. Cata’Ipa. CAT Castor Oil Bean. See Ricinus. Casuari/na. Beef-wood. Supposed to be named from the resemblance the leaves bear to the feathers of the Cassowary. Nat. Ord. Casuri- nacee. A genus of very curious trees, constituting of themselves a distinct family. They have very much the appearance of gigantic Horse- tails (EHquisetaceew), being trees with thread- like, jointed, furrowed branches, without leaves. The flowers are not of a showy char- acter. These plants are met most abundantly in tropical Australia, and occasionally in the Indian Islands, New Caledonia, ete. In Aus- tralia, from their somber appearance, they are planted in cemeteries. The timber fur- nished by these trees is valuable for its ex- treme hardness and its red color, it is called in the islands Beef-wood. The several species are highly esteemed for their uses in the me- chanic and useful arts. A few of them have been introduced into green-houses for their singular appearance. Indian Bean. Cigar Tree. The Indian name of the first discovered species. Nat. Ord. Bignoniacee. A small genus of ornamental trees, natives of North America, the West Indies, Japan and China. C. bignonioides (syn. Syringefolia), a native of the Southern States, and one of the most beautiful shade trees, has bright, yellow- ish-green, heart-shaped leaves, and is remark- able for its numerous loose panicles of white flowers, spotted with orange and purple. C. b. aurea, a golden-leaved variety, is slower growing than the parent andis golden over the entire leaf on the young growths in June, and the second growth in August and September. C. speciosa, the Western Catalpa, cultivated and now widely naturalized in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas, has white flowers, in rather large pan- icles and in general appearance is similar to C. bignonioides, but may be easily distin- guished from that species by its much larger flower, fruit, and seed. C. Bungeii, generally known as C. Kempferi, is probably a small form of C. bignonioides, and is a remarkable shrub, growing from six to eight feet high, with a diameter fiom eight to ten feet. The trees when young make arapid growth, and are particularly valuable for lawn or street decoration, being, so far, entirely exempt from the ravages of insects and caterpillars. Catana’nche. From katanangke, a strong in- centive; in reference to an ancient custom among the Greek women of using it in love potions. Nat. Ord. Composite. A small genus of annuals and hardy her- baceous perennials. C. cerulea, a perennial species, with slender stalks, long, narrow leaves, and large heads of sky-blue flowers, is a native of the south of Europe. From this species several varieties have been pro- duced with white and double flowers, all very desirable for the open border and for cuttings. They are increased by division or from seeds. C. lutea, an annual species with yellow flowers, is a native of Candia. Catase/tum. From kata, downward, and seta, a bristle; referring to the position of the two horns of the column. Nat. Ord. Orchidacee. An extensive genus of strong and rapid growing, terrestrial orchids, common in the AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 75 CAT tropical portions of South America. The flowers of this genus are remarkable for sin- gularity of form, and some are very beautiful, and have a delicious fragrance. The same plant not unfrequently produces what would seemingly appear to be totally different flowers, it has a decided propensity to ‘‘sport.’’ The singular shape of their flowers, and other marked characteristics, entitle them a place in every collection. When at rest they should be kept cool and dry; in a growing state, they require strong heat and copious waterings. Increased by division. Cat-brier. See Smilaz. Catchfly. See Silene. Lobels’. See Silene armeria. Ca’techu Tree. Acacia (Mimosa) Catechu. Caterpillars. Scorpiurus vermiculatus. Catkin. A deciduous spike, consisting of uni- sexual apetalous flowers. The flowers of the Willow, Hazel, etc., are Catkins. Cat-Mint and Catnip. See Nepeta. Cat-Tail. One of the popular names of Pearl Millet; also applied to Hquisetum, Hippuris, and a few other plants. Cat-Tail Flag. See Typha. Cat’s Tail Grass. One of the common names of the genus Phlewm, Timothy or Herd’s Grass. Cattle-poison Plant. W. Australia. species of Gastrolobiums. Cattle’ya. Named after Mr. Cattley, a dis- tinguished patron of botany. Nat. Ord. Orchidacee. What the Rose and Carnation are among garden plants, the Cattleya is among Orchids, pre-eminently beautiful. Not a species but possesses claims of the strongest nature on the culturist’s attention, either for its delicate loveliness or the rich and vivid coloring of its large and handsome flowers. They are na- tives of the temperate parts of South America, and in cultivation are found to succeed in a lower temperature than is necessary for the majority of plants of the same order. They will grow either on cork, blocks of wood, or in pots of sphagnum, carefully drained and moderately watered at all times; indeed, the damp atmosphere of the house is nearly suffi- cient for them through the winter; and if about fifty degrees of heat is steadily main- tained through this period, with an increase of about ten degrees in summer, the plants will be found to grow vigorously, and conse- quently flower in perfection. The colors of the flowers run through all the shades of white, rose, rosy-lilac, crimson and carmine, nor is even yellow absent. Where all are beautiful it is scarcely necessary to select. The following, however, should be in every col- lection. C. citrina, crispa, Harrisonie, inter- media, labiata, Loddigesii. Percivilleana, Skin- neri, Mossie and Triane, with their numerous varieties, and many others. All the Cattleyas are increased by division. Seé Orchids. Caudate. Tailed; having a process like a tail. Caudex. The axis ofa plant, consisting of the stem and root. Applied also to the trunk of Palms and Tree Ferns. Caudex repens is a creeping stem, or what is now called a rhizome. Caudex descendens is the root. Several CED Caulescent. Acquiring astem. Cauliflower. Brassica oleracea cauliflora. The Cauliflower is the most delicate and delicious of the genus Brassica. Its early history is entirely unknown, but it is supposed to have originated in Italy. It is mentioned by Gerarde in 1597, as then very rare in England, and it was not brought to any degree of per- fection, or grown for the market, until about 1700. From that period until the present, there has been a slow, but marked and steady improvement in the size and quality of this vegetable. To the English and Dutch gar- deners we are chiefly indebted for the per- fection the Cauliflower has attained. Heads of immense size are now grown for the market; it being by no means uncommon to see ahead perfectly sound and smooth, fully ten inches in diameter, and, contrary to the usual rule, size is not obtained at the expense of quality, the larger, if differing at all, being more tender and delicious. The varieties of the Cauliflower are numerous. In this work we cannot point out the best, as locality and se- lection cause variations more marked than even the varieties. The most popular in the United States at this time are Snowball and Erfurt for early, and Algiers for late. For the perfection of the Cauliflower a deep, rich, loamy soil is required, a low, moist situation being preferable; it will not succeed in dry ground. Where irrigation can be employed, the greatest benefits will be derived ; in fact, a large crop will be secured with irrigation, when without it the result would be total fail- ure. Culture nearly the same as for cabbage, which see. Caulophy’llum. The generic name of the plant commonly known as Blue Cohosh, sometimes called Pappoose-root. Cayenne Pepper. See Capsicum. Ceano’thus. Red Root, New Jersey Tea. An obscure name in Theophrastus, probably mis- spelled. Nat. Ord. Rhamnacee. A genus of low-growing shrubs, one of the most conspicuous and best known being C. Americanus, a species common in dry wood- lands. This shrub attained considerable notoriety during the American Revolution, on account of its leaves being dried and used as a substitute for tea, a practice not yet wholly discontinued. The roots are used in dyeing wool of a Nankeen orcinnamon color. There are species from Mexico and South America, that have lately been introduced into the green-house, and regarded with favor. Their season of flowering is too short to warrant very general cultivation. Cecro’pia. Snake wood. A genus of orna- mental, evergreen, soft-wooded, milky trees, natives of South America, and belonging to the Nat. Ord. Urticacee. C. peltata, the Trumpet Tree of the West Indies and South America, so called be- cause its hollow branches are used for musi- cal instruments, is the only species of interest. Cedar. See Juniperus. Barbadoes and Bermuda. Juniperus Bermu diana. Red Californian. Red Virginian. Libocedrus decurreus. See Juniperus. 76 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS eee CED Cedar-Apples. The Pennsyivanian name for the curious excrescences on Juniperus Virgini- anus, caused by a fungus. Cedar of Lebanon. See Cedrus. Cedre'leze. Formerly regarded as a distinct order, now included as a tribe of the Nat. Ord. Meliacee. Cedrone’lla. Supposed to be derived from kedron, the cedar, because of its fragrant resinous scent. Nat. Ord. Labiate. A small genus of sweet-scented perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with pale, purplish flowers in spikes or terminal racemes; natives of North America and the Canary Isles. C. cordata, a neat little alpine plant with a leaf somewhat like the Ground Ivy, and a lilac, slightly dotted, flower somewhat like that of the Salvia, is very dwarf and pretty, and will probably prove a desirable plant for rockwork. Cedron Tree. See Simaba. Ce’drus. The Cedar. From Latin Cedrus, Greek Kedros; a name for a coniferous tree in the time of Homer. Nat. Ord. Conifere. This genus consists of a few species that have been separated from Abies and Juniper- us, their characteristics being their evergreen leaves, disposed in bundles, or fasicles, and their upright cones. The Cedar of Lebanon is one of the most prominent species, so often mentioned in Sacred History. It is one of the most beautiful evergreen trees for lawn decoration, though rarely met with. There is anoble specimen on the grounds of W. F. D. Manice, at Queens, L. I. Itis upwards of thirty feet high, with a trunk four and a half feet in circumference. There was a still larger speci- men a few years since on the grounds of the late Geo. C. Thorburn, at Astoria, L. I. C. Deodara, the Deodar or Indian Cedar, is of vigorous pyramidal form with light silvery glaucous-green foliage, very graceful and drooping. It is a most charming evergreen, not entirely hardy, north of Philadelphia, but one of the most beautiful ornamental trees in the Southern States. Ce’landine. The popular name of the genus Chelidonium, which see. Celastra’cee. This natural order consists of shrubs, or small trees, natives of the warmer parts of Europe, Asia, and North America, and far more abundant beyond the tropics than within them. There are thirty-five known genera, and over two hundred and fifty species. Celastrus, Huonymus, and dendron, are examples of this order. Cela’strus. Staff Tree, Bitter Sweet. From kelas, the latter season; referring to the fruit hanging on the trees all winter. Nat. Ord. Celastracee. This genus, consists of trees, shrubs, and climbers. One native species, C. scandens, is a handsome twining shrub, remarkable for its orange-colored capsules, and the scarlet coating of the fruit. It is planted as an ornamental climber, and is known by its pop- ular name of Bitter Sweet. Propagated by seeds and suckers. Celeriac or Turnip-Rooted Celery. Apium graveolens var. rapaceum. A very distinct variety of Celery, the peculiarity of which consists in the root, which closely resembles ——- CEL that of a turnip, and isthe parteaten. Itis more hardy than the common Celery, and can be preserved for use much later in the spring. It is but little grown except in France and Germany, where it is employed as a vegetable and as a salad. It is usually boiled until tender, and then slightly pickled in vinegar. Ce'lery. Apiwm graveolens. Celery is a native of England, and is found in its wild state in marshy places and ditches near the coast. It is a biennial. There are in its wild state two kinds, the red and the white-stalked, of both of which there are numerous garden varieties, the cultivation of which is carried onto a very great extent, both here and in Europe. As it 15 a crop of vast importance we give in a con- densed form such information regarding its cultivation, as will enable anyone to succeed in its cultivation. The seeds are sown on a well-pulverized, rich border, in the open ground, as early in the season as the ground can be worked. (For instructions in sowing, see article headed ‘Sowing and Planting, Use of the Feet in.”) The bed is kept clear of weeds until July, when the plants are set out for the crop. But as the seedling plants are rather trouble- some to raise, when for private use only, and as they can usually be purchased cheaper than they can be raised on a small seale, it is scarcely worth while to sow the seed. But when wanted in quantity, the plants should al- ways beraised by the grower, as Celery plants are not only difficult to transplant, but are usually too expensive to buy when the crop is grown to sell. The European plan is, to make a trench six or eight imches deep in which to plant Celery; but our violent rain storms in summer soon showed us that this plan was not a good one here, so we set about planting on the level surface of the ground, just as we do with all vegetables. Celery re- quires an abundance of manure, which, as usual with all other crops, must be well mixed and incorporated with the soil before the Celery is set out. When the ground is well prepared, we stretch a line to the dis- tance required, and beat it slightly with a spade, so that it leaves a mark to show where to place the plants. These are set out at distances of six inches between the plants, and usually four feet between the rows, when the Celery is to be ‘‘ banked” up for early or fall use; but when grown for winter use, from two to three feet between the rows is suffi- cient. Great care must be taken, in putting out the Celery to see thatthe plant is set just to the depth of the roots; if much deeper, the ‘heart’ might be too much covered up, which would impede the growth. Itisalsoimportant that the soil be well packed to the roots in planting, and this we do by returning on each row, atter planting, and pressing the soil against each plant firmly with the feet; and if the operation can be done in the evening, and the plants copiously watered, no further at- tention will be required. Planting may be done any time from the 15th of June to the first week in August. After planting, nothing is to be done but keep the crop clear of weeds until September; by that time the handling process is to be begun, which consists in drawing the earth to each CELERIAC. CELERY (WHITE PLUME). CELERY (HANDLING). **BANKED UP.” CELERY CELERY (HALF DWABR). CELERY (STORING IN TRENCHES FOR WINTER). iu. CELOSIA JAPONICA. CEPHALOTUS FOLLICULARIS. CELOSIA PLUMOBA. CENTAUREA CYANUB. 77 AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 17 CEL side of the Celery, and pressing it tightly to it, so as to give the leaves an upward growth preparatory to blanching for use. Supposing this handling process is done by the middle of September, by the first week in October it is ready for ‘‘banking up,” which is done by digging the soilfrom between the rows, and laying or banking it up with the spade on each side of the row of Celery. After being so banked up in October, it will be ready for use in three or four weeks, if wanted at that time. But if, as in most cases, it is needed for winter use only, and is to be put away in trenches, or in the cellar, as will hereafter be described, all that it requires is the operation of ‘“‘handling.” If the Celery is to be left in the open ground where it was grown, then a heavy bank must be made on each side of the rows, and as cold weather approaches—say in this latitude by the middle of November—an additional covering of at least a foot of leaves or litter must be closely packed against the bank, to protect it from frost; but it is not safe to leave it in the banks where it grows, in any section of the country where the tem- perature gets lower than 10 degrees above Zero. Perhaps the best way to keep Celery for family use is in acoolcellar. This can be done by storing itin narrow boxes, of a depth a little less than the height of the Celery. A few inches of sand or soit are placed in the bottom of the box, and the Celery is packed upright, the roots being placed on the sand at the bottom; but no sand or anything else must be put between the stalks of the Celery, all that is needed being the damp sand on the bottom of the box, the meaning of which is, that before Celery will blanch or whiten, it must first start at the root; hence the neces- sity of placing the roots on an inch or so of damp sand. Boxesthus packed and placed in a cool cellar in November, will be blanched fit for use during January, February, and March, though for succession it will be better to put it in the boxes, from the open ground, at three different times, say October 25th, November 10th, and November 20th. Or if the boxes are not at hand, the Celery may be put away on the floor of the cellar, in strips of eight or nine inches wide, divided by boards of a width equal to the height of the Celery. That is, if the Celery is two feet high, the boards separating it must be about the same height. The reason for dividing the Celery in these narrow strips by boards is to prevent heating, which would take place if placed together in too thick masses. The dates above given apply, of course, to the latitude of New York ; if further south, do the work later; if further north, earlier. If one has no suitable cellar, the Celery can be very readily preserved in the manner followed by market gardeners. Thus, afterithas been ‘‘ handled” or straight- ened up, as before described, what is intended for use by Christmas should be dug up about October 25th ; that to be used in January and February, by November 10tn; and that for March use, by November 20th, which latter date is as late as it can be risked here. Al- though it will stand quite a sharp frost, the weather by the end of November is often severe enough to kill it, or so freeze it in the ground thatit cannot bedugup. The ground in which itis to be preserved for winter use CEL must be as dry as possible, and so arranged that no water can remain in the trench. Dig a trench as narrow as possible (if it should not be wider than ten inches), and of a depth equal to the height of the Celery; that is, if the plant of Celery be eighteen inches high, the trench should be dug eighteen inches deep. The Celery is then packed exactly in the manner described for storing in boxes to be placed in the cellar; that is, stand it as near upright as possible, and pack as closely together as can be done without bruis- ing it; no soil or sand must be put between the stalks. As the weather becomes cold, the trenches should be gradually covered with leaves or litter to the thickness of six or eight inches, which will be enough to prevent severe freezing, and enable the roots to be taken out easily when wanted. Another method now practised by the market gardeners of New Jersey is as follows: before the approach of very cold weather—say the middle of Decem- ber—the Celery in the trenches is pressed somewhat closely together by passing a spade down deeply alongside of the trench on each side, but about three or four inches from the Celery. It is bestdone by two men, so that they press against each other, thus firming the top of the Celery in the trench until itis compact enough to sustain a weight of three or four inches of soil, which is taken from the sides of the trench and spread over the Celery. This earth covering keeps it rather fresher than the covering of litter, though on the ap- proach of cold weather the earth covering is not sufficient, and a covering of six or seven inches of leaves must yet be placed over the earth covering. From 200 to 500 roots are usually required for the use of an ordinary family. The vari- eties we recommend are the Golden Dwarf, Sandringham, Golden Self-blanching, White Walnut, White Plume, and London Red. The peculiarity of the variety known as ‘White Plume” is that naturally its stalks and portions of its inner leaves are white, so that by closing the stalks, either by tying them up with matting, or by simply drawing the soil up against the plants and pressing it | together with the hands, and again drawing up the soil with the hoe or plough, so as to keep the soil that has been squeezed against the Celery in its place, completes the work of blanching; while it is well-known that in all other kinds of Celery, in addition to this, the slow and troublesome process of ‘‘ banking” with the spade is a necessity. Another great merit of the ‘‘ White Plume” Celery is that it far exceeds any known vegetable as an ornament for the table, the inner leaves being disposed somewhat like an ostrich feather, as to suggest the name we have given it of ‘*White Plume.” It is well known that one- half the value of a Celery, particularly in our best hotels and restaurants, is held to be its valueas a table ornament, and for this purpose this new variety is admirably fitted. In addition to this, its eating qualities are equal to the very best of the older sorts, being crisp, solid and having a peculiar nutty flavor, peculiar to the “ Walnut” and some of the red sorts; altogether we cannot find words sufficient to describe its many merits as it deserves. The great bugbear in the cultiva- tion of Celery, by those engaged in growing it 78 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CEL for market, has been the labor entailed in the “banking” to whiten or blanch it; and with the unskilled amateur growing a few hundred for private use, the troublesome process of *‘banking ” has usually been detriment suffi- cient to prevent him from trying. In the first week of October, of 1882, the Celery banks in Hudson Co., N.J., must have cost at least $10,000 in labor to erect; but a rain storm of twenty-four hour’s duration washed the banks down and destroyed the work of weeks. Had this new Celery been under process of blanch- ing, no high banks would have been needed and the storm would have been nearly harm- less, as the ‘‘ wash” would have done but a trifling injury. But absolute perfection is hardly to be expected in anything, and the “White Plume” Celery has one drawback; the very qualities that make its culture so simple in the fall and early winter months, unfits it for a late Celery that will keep until spring, as its tenderness of structure causes it to rot quicker than the old green kinds; but, to be used during the months of October, November, December and the early part of January, we advise it to be grown, if quality and the saving of labor is a consider- ation. Itis equally as hardy against frost as the other kinds; in size and weight it is very similar to those popular kinds: the “Golden Dwarf” and ‘‘ Half Dwarf”—in fact it originated in what is known as a ‘‘sport”’ from the “‘ Half Dwarf;” thatis, asingle plant showed the whiteness of stem and peculiar feathery leaves, which fortunately, permanent- ly reproduced itself from seed and gave us this entirely new type of Celery. Its culture is in all respects the same as that directed for the other sorts, with the exception that we are saved the trouble of high ‘‘ banking.” It is also we think, the earliest Celery in cultivation, and though fit to use long before other sorts, is found to keep nearly as well as the best of the older kinds, except perhaps the red which though comparatively new in cultivation in this country is fully equal if not superior in flavor and crispness to the white, and is de- cidedly more hardy and a much better keeper. A new variety known as the ‘ Bouquet” Celery, with beautiful feathery foliage, intro- duced in 1888, is very useful for table decoration, as well as for all purposes for which Celery is used, as it is equally as good as any of the others. We are often asked for the cause of and remedy for Celery rusting or burning. The cause, we think, is the condition of the weather, which destroys the tender fibers, or what are called the working roots of the plant, for we find it is usually worse in seasons of extreme drought or moisture, particularly in warm weather. We know of no remedy. nor do we believe there is any. We may say, however that it is less liable to appear on new, fresh soils, that are free from acids or sourness, than on old soils that have been surfeited with manure, and have had no rest. Although, under ordinary conditions, if proper varieties of Celery are used, the crop should never be pithy or hollow, yet we have found that nowand then even the most solid kinds of Celery have become more or less hollow when planted in soft, loose soils, such as reclaimed peat bogs, where the soil is mostly CEN composed of leaf mould. In fact, on heavy or clayey soils the Celery will be specifically heavier than on lighter soils. Cells. Cavities in the interior of a plant. The cells of tissue are those which form the interior of the elementary vesicles. Cells of the stem, air-cells, etc., are spaces organically formed by a peculiar building up of tissue for various vital purposes. Cellular System. That part of the plant which consists of cells or elementary vesicles. Celo’sia. From kelos, burnt; in reference to the burnt-like appearance of the flowers of some of the species. Nat. Ord. Amaranthacee. These are ornamental or curious plants. Only one or two species, however, are regarded as sufficiently ornamental to be included in ordinary collections. One of these, C. cristata, the common Cockscomb, is almost universally grown. To be grown well, the seed should be sown in March, in the green- house or hot-bed. As soon as the young plants can be handled safely, they should be placed singly in small pots, filled with the same kind of soil in which they are started. In these they should remain until symptoms of flowering appear, when they may be changed into larger pots or turned out into the border, where they should have a rich soil, such as loam and rotten manure, in equal parts; then, with a liberal supply of liquid manure, flower-heads of enormous size will be obtained. It ison this account that small pots are recommended for the young plants up till the appearance of the flowers; for if the roots be allowed much space at this period, the stem naturally increases in height without a compensating increase in the size of the ‘‘comb.” This species was introduced from Asia in 1570, and from it florists have produced a great number of varieties. The other species differ from C. cristata in having large plumes of inflorescence, which form pyramidal masses of color. Many sorts have a graceful pendant habit, which renders them objects of great beauty. When well grown they are excellent subjects for table decora- tion, and also for the green-house, or for cut- ting during the autumn and early winter months. Ce'lsia. A small genus of Scrophulariads, con- sisting of hardy or half-hardy annuals or biennials. C. cretica, a hardy biennial, is the best known and by far the showiest of the species. As cultivated, it grows three to four feet in height, with a long terminal spike of large yellow blossoms, each of which arises from the axil of a small leaf or bract. A native of Crete. Introduced in 1752. Ce'ltis. Nettle Tree, Hack-berry, Sugar-berry. An ancient name for the Lotus. The fruit of the European Nettle Tree is supposed to have been the food of the Lotophagi. Nat. Ord. Urticacee. A genus of hardy deciduous, low, or medi- um-sized trees, of an ornamental character. Several of the species and their varieties are common in the Southern and Western States, where they have received the various popular names above given. Ce’nchrus. Bur Grass, Hedge-hog Grass. From Kegchros, the Oriental name of the Millet. Nat. Ord. Graminacee. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 79 CEN C. tribuloides, the only species, is common on the sandy hills on the coast, or near salt water; also near the great northern lakes. It is regarded as a troublesome weed, on account of its prickly burrs. Centa’urea. The classical name of a plant fabled by Ovid to have cured a wound in the foot of Chiron made by the arrow of Hercules. Nat. Ord. Composite. An extensive genus of hardy herbaceous perennial and annual plants, varying in height from one to five feet, and of nearly every shade of color from yellow to red, blue, or deep purple. As they continue to bloom for a long time, they are well suited for the margin of borders in the flower garden, and some of the dwarf species may be even admitted into beds. The perennial kinds growin almost any description of soil, nor are the annuals more particular; they merely require to be sown where they are to remain, being afterward thinned to the proper distances from each other. Centaurea cyanus, a native of Britain, is the Blue Bottle or Ragged Sailor of our gar- dens. C. candidissima and C. gymnocarpa are natives of the Levant, and are most valuable border plants, their leaves being heavily clothed on both sides with a white, downy covering, which gives them a striking aspect. Propagated by seed sown in January or Feb- ruary in a hot-bed. Centauri’dium. Origin of name unknown. Nat. Ord. Composite. The only species of this is C. Drummondi, a Texas plant, free-flowering, and succeeding well ina light soil. Color bright orange. A hardy annual, growing freely from seed. Syn. Xanthisma Texana. Ce/ntaury. LHrythrea centaurium. Centaury. American. A common name for the genus Sabattia. Centrade’/nia. From kentron, a spur, and aden, a gland; having spur-like glandular append- ages to its anthers. Nat. Ord. Melastomacec. Tropical undershrubs and herbaceous per- ennials, C. rosea and grandifolia, natives of Mexico, are moderate-sized, dwarf, spreading plants of easy growth, producing freely in spring close heads of pinkish-white flowers. They require the same treatment as the Fuchsia, and are increased from cuttings. Centra’nthus. Red Valerian. From kentron, a spur, and anthos, a flower; referring to the spur-like process at the base of the flower. Nat. Ord. Valerianacee. A small genus of hardy annuals from Gre- nada, and herbaceous perennials from the south of Europe. They are mostly of com- pact habit, free-flowering, and very pretty. The annuals are well adapted for rock-work or ribbon borders, and grow freely in common garden soil. Introduced in 1849. Centroclinium. Asynonym for Onoseris, which see. Centropo’gon. From kentron, aspur, and pogon, a beard; in reference to the fringe which envelops the stigma. Nat. Ord. Lobeliacee. A small genus of very handsome herbaceous perennials from Surinam and Guatemala. One of the species bears edible fruit. C. tovariensis is a very beautiful plant for the green-house, having rosy-crimson flowers, similar in form CEP to the Lobelias, but of larger size, produced singly on short axillary peduncles. The most popular member of this genus is a hybrid between C. fastuosus and Syphocampylos betu- lefolius, and known as C. Lucyanus. It has pretty rosy-carmine, tubular flowers, and from its flowering naturally during the dead of winter it is a most desirable plant. Raised by M. Desponds, of Marseilles, in 1856. They are increased by division or from seed. Centrose/ma. Spurred Butterfly Pea. A genus of Leguminose, consisting of hardy and green- house twining perennial plants, with one exception confined almost exclusively to South America, and mostly to Brazil. The leaves are made up of three leaflets, rarely five or seven, the leaflets opposite and the terminal one rather distant. Some of the species pro- duce large and elegant pea-like flowers, singly or in axillary racemes; colors, white, violet, rose or blue. C. Virginianum is widely distrib- uted, the species being common in dry, sandy woods from Maryland southward, also in Brazil and West Africa. All the species are increased readily from seed. Included by many botanists with Kennedya. Centroste/mma. A genus of tropical climbing shrubs, closely allied to Hoya. Century-plant. See Agave Americana. Cephe'lis. From kephale, a head; in reference to the arrangement of the flowers. Nat, Ord. Rubiacee. Shrubs, rarely perennial herbs, mostly na- tives of Tropical America. C. Ipecacuanha pro- ducing the true Ipecacuanha belongs to this genus, and is a native of Brazil. It is a most ornamental and deciduous shrub, the root of which has been long used in medicine. It is in cultivation, and was introduced in 1839. Cephala/nthus. Button Bush. From kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower; The flowers are disposed in globular heads. Nat. Ord. Rubi- ace. A small genus of hardy deciduous shrubs confined to North America, and common in marshy places from the Atlantic to the Pacific coasts, and from Maine to Florida. C. occidentalis, is a handsome bushy shrub, bearing numerous creamy white flowers, in round heads. Cephalota/xus. A small genus of Japanese Conifer, resembling the Yew in general ap- pearance. C. Fortunei, the best known species, is a tree of medium size, rounded form, dark green foliage, and long, slender, drooping branches. Propagated by seeds or cuttings. Cephalo’tus. New Holland Pitcher Plant. From kephalotes, headed; the filaments of its stamens are capitate. Nat. Ord. Sazifraga- cee. C. follicularis, the only species, is a native of swampy places in King George's Sound. It has a very short or contracted stem, with spoon-shaped stalked leaves, among which are mingled small pitcher-like bodies, placed on short, stout stalks, and closed at the top with lid; like the true Pitcher Plants (Nepen- thes). These pitchers are of a green color, spotted with yellow or brown, and provided with hairs. The flowers are white, small, and produced on a long spike. Propagated by offsets. Introduced in 1822. HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CER Ceraceous. Wax-like. Cera’stium. Mouse-ear Chickweed. From keras, a horn; because many of the species have capsules like an ox’s horn. Nat. Ord. Caryophyllacee. Of this somewhat extensive genus only a few of the species are worthy of cultivation, but none of the annuals. Some of the hardy trailing species are quite ornamental when used for edgings or rock-work. C. tomentosum has greyish-white foliage, and is largely em- ployed as an edging to summer flower beds, and as a ground-work in carpet bedding. Pro- pagated by division of the roots or by seeds. Cera’sus. Cherry. From Cerasus, a town of Pontus, in Asia, whence the Cherry was brought to Rome by Luecullus. Nat. Ord. Rosacee. A genus of hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, the species and varieties including some of our most ornamental trees for the lawn, as well as highly prized fruit trees for the orchard. The numerous varieties of cul- tivated Cherries are supposed to have origin- ated from C. avium and C. vulgaris. Those belonging to C. avium are best represented by the Bigarreau and Black Heart varieties; those of C. vulgaris by the May Duke and Morello. Both of these species appear to be natives of Europe, although Pliny states that there were no Cherries in Italy before the victory obtained over Mithridates by Lueul- lus, who was, according to the above author, the first who brought them to Rome from Cerosante about sixty-eight years before the Christian era. Itis also stated by the same authority, that ‘‘in less than 120 years after, other lands had Cherries, even as far as Britain beyond the ocean.” Theophrastus, 300 years B. C., mentions the Cherry as being common in Greece, from which some writers contend that the name of the city was de- rived from the tree, instead of the tree from the town or city. The Cherry-tree begins to bear usually in two or three years after plant- ing trees of the size sold at the nurseries, and continues to enlarge in growth and pro- ductiveness annually, until it often attains a larger size than most of our fruit-trees. It grows freely in almost any soil that is free from moisture, preferring, however, like most other fruits, a deep loamy soil. The tree may be trained as desired, either in pyramidal form or with a round top, by pruning and directing the shoots. They are now worked extensively on the Mahaleb stock. Many varieties being found to be more hardy on it, and itis adapted to a greater variety of soil. The following are good varieties (for descrip- tion see nursery catalogues): Black Tartarian, Coe’s Transparent, Downer’s Late, May Duke, Kirtland’s Mary, Rockport, Yellow Spanish, Late Duke, and Morello. The well-known Wild Cherry of our woods is C. serotina. The common double Cherry and the French double Cherry deserve a place in every garden; and equally so do the Chinese Cherry, C. pseudo-cerasus ; the All-Saints’ Cherry, C. semperflorens; the Bird Cherry, C. padus; and the Virginian Bird or Choke Cherry, C. Virginiana. : Cerato’nia. Carob Tree. From keras, a horn; in reference to the shape of the seed-pod. Nat. Ord. Leguminose. CER C. siliqua, the only species, is a tree of medium size, growing extensively in the south of Europe, particularly insome of the Spanish provinces, and produces a fruit known as the Algoroba or Carob Bean, which is an import- ant article of commerce. It is chiefly used for the feeding of cattle, but is largely used by the poor for food when there is a scarcity of grain. This is generally considered the Locust Tree of Scripture ; and in Spain, where the seeds are eaten, it is called St. John’s Bread. Under this name the pods are often sold on the streets in New York. Itis now generally supposed that the shells of the Carob pod were the husks that the prodigal son desired to partake of with the swine. Cerato’pteris. A peculiar genus of tropical aquatic Ferns, found growing in quiet waters. The fronds are much divided, membranaceous, and sueculent, the sterile ones being more foliaceous and less divided, with evident reticulated veins. C. thalictroides is the only species, and when well grown in water, forms a handsome plant and is not inaptly called the Floating Stag’s-horn Fern. Ceratoste’ma. From keras, a horn, and stema, a stamen; the anthers are spurred. Nat. Ord. Vacciniacee. A small genus of very pretty green-house evergreen shrubs, natives of Peru. The flowers are tubular, of orange, crimson, or searlet color, produced in terminal clusters in May. Propagated by cuttings. Introduced in 1846. Ceratosti/gma plumbaginoides. This is now given as the correct name of Valoradia plum- baginoides, better known in cultivation as Plumbago Larpente. Ceratoza’mia. A genus of Cycadacee, deriving its name from the presence of two horns on the seales of its Zamia-like fruit. C. fusco- viridis is a magnificent plant of recent intro- duction from Mexico. Itis atree of moderate size, with leaves from three to four feet long, broadly pinnate, and of a fine arching habit. The young leaves are of a rich, bronzy, choco- late color, gradually changing to olive green, and ultimately developing into deep green. Young plants are obtained by suckers or from seed. Cercidiphy’llum Japonicum. A late and valu- able introduction from Japan. The leaves are medium sized, heart-shaped and purple when young, like those of the Judas Tree. The flowers are inconspicuous. The shape of the tree is pyramidal, bark smooth and as a whole, is a stately and beautiful object. Ce'rcis. Judas Tree. From kerkis, a shuttle- cock; the name given by Theophrastus. Nat. Ord. Leguminosae. A genus of handsome, low-growing trees, with singular leaves and very showy flowers. The flowers have an agreeable acid taste, and are frequently used by the French in salads, or made into fritters with batter, and the flower buds are pickled in vinegar. It is an orna- mental tree inspring as the flowers completely clothe the branches and even the upper part of the trunk with purple before the leaves appear. C. siliquastrum is a native of the south of Europe, and of which Gerarde, in com- pliance with the popular notions of his time, says: ‘This is the tree whereon Judas did AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 81 CER hang himself; and not upon the Elder Tree, as itis said.” (Herbal, 1596.) C. Canadensis, a native species, is common on the banks of streams from Canada to Louisiana. C. Japon- ica, from Japan, is a very dwarf tree or shrub, with bright rosy-pink flowers, much larger than C. Canadensis, and exceedingly beautiful in early spring. Ce’reus. Torch Thistle. From cereus, waxy; referring to the shoots of some of the species being easily bent. Nat. Ord. Cactacee. An extensive genus, the species of which are remarkable for their singularity of form, and for the beauty of their flowers. Few classes present greater contrasts. Some are round, some angular, some smooth, and others fluted. Some are climbers or creepers, while others grow like huge trees, attaining a height of sixty feet, with a diameter of two or three feet. The night-blooming section is very interesting and beautiful, C. grandiflorus, the type, usually requires age to flower well. A strong plant will frequently have six to ten exceedingly large and beautitul sweet-scented flowers open in an evening. They are very transient, lasting only a few hours, neither do they open again when once closed. They begin to open between six and eight o’clock in the evening, are fully expanded by eleven, and by three or four in the morning they are closed; but during their short continu- ance there is scarcely any flower of greater beauty, or that makes a more magnificent appearance. The flowers of the night-bloom- ing section vary in size from six to fourteen inches in diameter, according to the species, C. MacDonaldi, being the largest, and some- times measuring fourteen to sixteen inches. The sepals in some are brown, in others brownish-yellow, and in others again pinkish- brown. The petals in some are pale, yellow- ish-white, and in others pure white. The stamen are usually a bright yellow. Some are sweet-scented, others the reverse, while some are odorless, but all are beautiful. The flowers of the day-blooming section are usually small, but very bright and pretty. For other night-blooming kinds, see Phyllo- cactus. Ceriferous. Bearing, or producing wax. Ceri’/nthe. Honeywort. From keros, wax, and anthos, a flower; referring to its being a favorite flower with bees. Nat. Ord. Boragin- ace. A small genus of hardy annuals, common in Central Europe. One species, a native of the south of France,‘is a hardy perennial. The annuals have long been cultivated in gardens, under the name of Honeywort. They have tubular, yellow flowers, in one-sided droop- ing racemes. They sow themselves when once planted, and require but little care. Cernuous. Inclining a little from the per- pendicular; generally applied to drooping flowers. Cerope’gia. A genus of Asclepediacew, contain- ing over fifty speci2s. usually twining, some- times erect perennial plants, often with tuberous roots; remarkable for the peculiar shape and marking of the flowers. C. elegans, has been long in cultivation, but is surpassed by C. Gardnerii, with creamy white and purple flowers, and C. Thwaitesii, with yellow flowers CHA beautifully sprinkled. with dark blood-red spots. The two latter are comparatively late introductions from Ceylon, and are elegant green-house twiners, Cero’xylon. Wax Palm. From keros, wax, and xylon, wood ; the trunk being coated with wax. Nat. Ord. Palmacee. A small genus of Palms, consisting of three species, two of which are handsome trees of great size. C. andicola, the Wax Palm of New Grenada, was discovered by the cele- brated traveler, Humboldt, who describes the tree as attaining the prodigious height of 160 feet, while it differs from other species of Palms in flourishing under a much colder temperature, it being found on elevated moun- tains, extending as high as the lower limit of perpetual snow. Its tall trunk is covered with a thin coating of a whitish waxy sub- stance, giving ita marbled appearance. This substance, which forms an article of com- merce, consists of two parts resin and one of wax and is obtained by scraping the trunk. It is mixed with tallow and made into candles, which are of superior quality. The trunk yields a valuable timber, used for building purposes, and the leaves are used for thatch- ing roofs. Propagated from seed. Ce'strum. From Kestron, an ancient Greek name. Nat. Ord. Solanacee. Green-house shrubs, natives of the East Indies and South America. C. Parqui, syn. C. nocturnum, frequently called the Night- Blooming Jasmine, is a much esteemed species, which flowers abundantly all sum- mer, if planted in the open air in May, and fills the whole garden with its fragrance at night, though perfectly inodorous during the day. It should be taken up in autumn, and if kept ina box or pot, rather dry, may be easily preserved in a warm cellar until spring. C. aurantiacum, with large panicles of orange- colored flowers, is an excellent plant for early winter green-house decoration. Some au- thors include Habrothamnus under this genus. Ce’terach. From Chetherak, the Arabic name. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacee. A small genus of Ferns, somewhat resem- bling the Aspleniums. C. officinarum, the Scale Fern, is an interesting species, suitable for rock-work, but impatient of much water, as are all of the species. Both the hardy and green-house species are valuable in collec- tions. They are natives of Great Britain and the Canary Islands. Cheeno’stoma. A considerable genus of herbs and under-shrubs, belonging to Scrophula- riacee, and natives of South Africa. C. hispida is a dwarf shrubby species with white axillary flowers produced in great abundance all the season. Propagated by seeds or cuttings. Cherophy’llum Bulbosum. Bulbous rooted Chervil. See Anthriscus. Cherophy’llum Sativum. A synonym of An- thriscus cerefoliwm (Chervil). Chain Fern. See Woodwardia. Chameba’tia. From chamai, on the ground, dwarf, and batos, a bramble; referring to its low growth and bramble-like flowers. Nat. Ord. Rosacee. C. foliosa, the only representative of this genus, is a beautiful Californian shrub, about three feet high. The leaves are very finely 82 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CHA divided, resembling those of the Millfoil (Achillea), but of a much harsher texture, and having a pleasant balsamic odor. The flowers are white, in terminal cymes, very much like those of the Hawthorn. Chamecla’don. From chamai, dwarf, and kladon, a branch ; in allusion to the habit of the species. Nat. Ord. Aroidee. A genus of stove-house plants, natives of tropical Asia, and the Malayan Archipelago. C. metallicum, the only species yet in cultiva- tion is a grand arad, of close tufted growth, with ovate leaves of a rich, deep bronzy-green color. Introduced from Borneo in 1884. Chameecy’paris. From chamai, dwarf, and kuparissos, Cypress; The Bastard, or Dwarf Cypress. White Cedars. Nat. Ord. Conifere. A genus ranking extremely close to Cu- pressus, the principal distinction between the two, being the more numerous ovules beneath the fertile scales of the latter. Like most of the other genera belonging to this order this one is overloaded with synonyms, scarcely any two authorities agreeing as to the correct generic name. Many species of Cupressus, and Retinospora, are placed under this genus by some botanists. Chamedo’rea. From chamai, dwarf, and dorea, a gift; referring to the nuts of this Palm being easily reached. Nat. Ord. Palmacee. A genus of Palms containing about forty species, common in Mexico and South America. C. Hrnesti-Augusti is a small species, a native of New Grenada. It grows from four to five feet high, with wedge-shaped leaves about two feet long. The female flower spikes of this species, which are very beautiful, are about a foot long, cylindrical, and undivided. At first they are of a dark green color, studded with red, bead-like flowers. After these fall away, the spike be- comes a bright coral-redcolor. Several of the species are interesting green-house plants, and are readily grown from seed. Chameli'rium. Devils-bit. C. luteum, the only species, is a Liliaceous plant, nearly allied to Helonias, and is not uncommon in low grounds from western New York to Illinois. It is a smooth herb with a bitter, thick, and ab- ruptly-tuberous root-stock, and a tall, erect stem, terminated by along spiked raceme of small white bractless flowers. Known popu- larly as Blazing Star. Chamezpe'uce. From chamai, dwarf, and peuke, a pine; resemblance. Nat. Ord. Composite. A genus of uninteresting plants, annuals, perennials, and biennials, common through- out Europe. Of the entire genus, the only two deserving attention are UC. Casabone, and C. diacantha. Both of these are effective for sub-tropical gardening, growing in compact rosette-like patches and not producing flower stems until the second year. Chame’rops. From chamai, dwarf, and rhops, atwig; most of the species being dwarf. Nat. Ord. Palmacee. A genus of low-growing Palms, including several species, some growing as far north as the Carolinas. The Palmetto State furnishes C. Palmetto, hence the name. Many of the species are half-hardy, and all make beautiful plants for lawn decoration. They make a rapid growth in summer if given a rich loam, CHE and liberal applications of liquid manure. They are increased by seed. Chamisso’/a. A genus of Amaranthacew, now included in Achyranthes, which see. Chamomile. The popular name of Anthemis nobilis. Chara’cez. A small natural order of Acrogens, consisting 01 two, or at most three, genera. The species are all aquatic, and are found in almost all parts of the world, but they are most common in temperate countries. The species are either moncecious or dicecious, the two kinds of fruit being often seated close to each other. Cha/ries Heterophylla. Given by some authors as the correct name of Kaulfussia amelloides. Charlock. The common name of Sinapis arven- sis, a well-known weed. Cheat, or Chess. See Bromus. Checkerberry. See Gaultheria. Cheila/nthes. Lip Fern. From cheilos, a lip, and anthos, a flower; in reference to the form of the indusium. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacee. An extensive genus of Ferns, found scat- tered over nearly all parts of the world. There are several species found in most parts of the United States. Some of the tropical species are exceedingly pretty, among which C. fari- nosa, a native of the Island of Luzon, has ivory-black stems, the fronds being dark green above, and of a pure white beneath, caused by a powdery substance, which has given this species the popular name of Silver Fern. Many other species are in cultivation ; C. hirta, lanuginosa, viscosa, Ellisii, and many others being particularly desirable. They are prop- agated from spores, or by division of the roots when just commencing to grow. Cheira/nthus. Wallflower. From cheir, the hand, and anthos, a flower; in reference to the custom of carrying the Wallflower in the hand for anosegay. Nat. Ord. Cruciferae. Well-known herbaceous plants, much prized for the delightful odor of their flowers, which are produced from April toJuly. C. Cheiri, the common Wallflower, is generally grown, and is a great favorite in English gardens, where it flowers freely. Our climate does not suit it so well as that of England, as itdelights in a moist atmosphere. The fine double varieties are increased by cuttings, and should be grown in a cool house, in a strong, rich loam. Most of the species are from southern Europe, and have been grown for centuries. Chelido’/nium. Celandine, Swallow-wort. From Chelidon, a swallow; it is said that the plant flowers at the time of the arrival of the swal- lows, and dries up at their departure. Nat. Ord. Papaveracee. C. majus, the only species, is a perennial herb, abounding in an acrid, saffron-colored juice. It is acommon plant in waste places. Chelo’ne. Shell-fiower. From chelone, a tor- toise; the back of the helmet of the flower being fancifully compared to a tortoise. Nat. Ord. Scrophulariacee. Most of the genus are hardy herbaceous perennial plants, common in moist places westward. The flowers are white, rose-color, or purple, their singular beauty entitling them to a place in every collection. They succeed well in ordinary garden soil, and are AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 83 CHE propagated by division of the roots and by seed. Chenopodia’cez. A natural orderof herbs or under-shrubs, generally inconspicuous plants, but including some valuable species used as pot-herbs. Spinach, Spinacia oleracea, and Beet, Beta vulgaris, are examples. There are seventy-four known genera, and over 500 species in this order. Chenopodium. From chen, a goose, and pous, a foot; in allusion to the shape of the leaves. Nat. Ord. Chenopodiacew. An extensive genus, many of the species being troublesome weeds, the more common being C. album, the Pig- weed; C. glaucum, Goose-foot; and C. Ambro- soides, Mexican Tea. The stems of the Mercury Goose-foot or Good King Henry, are still used in some parts of England as a substitute for Asparagus, while the leaves are used while young instead of Spinach. Cherimoyer. See Anona Cherimolia. Cherokee Rose. See Rosa levigata. Cherry. See Cerasus. Barbadoes. Malphigia glabra. Bird. Cerasus padus. Choke. Cerasus Virginiana. Cornelian. Cornus mas. Laurel. Prunus Lauro-cerasus. Plum. Prunus cerasifera. Winter. Physalis Alkekengi. Cherry-Pepper. Capsicum cerasiforme. Chervil. See Anthriscus. Chervil. Tuberous rooted, or Turnip. Chero- phyllum bulbosum. Chess. See Bromus. Chestnut. The common name for Castanea vesca. Earth. Bunium flexuosum and Conopodium denudatum. Horse. dsculus Hippocastanum. Spanish or Sweet. Castanea vesca. Water. Trapa natans. Chestnut-oak. Quercus Prinus, and Q. Castanea. Chick Pea. See Cicer. Chick Weed. Stellaria media. Mouse-ear. Cerastium vulgatum. Water. Montia fontana. Chicory. See Cichorium Intybus. Chili Pepper. A common name for Capsicum baccatum. Chilo’psis. From cheilos, a lip, and opsis, like ; referring to the irregular lobes of the corolla. Nat. Ord. Bignoniacee. C. linearis, the only species, is a native of Mexico; itis an erect branching shrub, with long alternate leaves, producing beautiful rose-colored flowers in terminal dense spicate racemes. It is but rarely met in green-house collections. It was introduced in 1825, and is propagated by cuttings. Chima’phila. From cheima, winter, and phileo, to love; these little plants remaining green all winter. Nat. Ord. Hricacee. A small genus of pretty little native, hardy, trailing, evergreen plants, commonly known as Pipsissewa and Spotted Wintergreen, the latter name being applied to C. maculata, one of our most beautiful native plants with varie- gated foliage. It is common in dry woods CHI throughout the Middle States, but is very diffi- cult of cultivation in the garden. Chimona’nthus. Japan Allspice. From cheimon, winter, and anthos, a flower; referring to the time of flowering. Nat. Ord. Calycanthacee. C. fragrans, the only species is a native of Japan, and is remarkable for the fragrance of its flowers, which appear in early spring, be- fore the leaves begin to unfold. It is aslen- der, much branched shrub, with flowers about an inch in diameter, made up of a large number of pale yellow waxy petals, arranged in several rows, either yellowish-red or choco- late-colored, and which last for a long time. In this latitude it requires a sheltered position. China Aster. See Callistephus. Chinese Bell-flower. See Abutilon. Chinese Grass-cloth Plant. See Baehmeria. Chinese Hawthorn. See Photina. Chinese Primrose. See Primula. Chinese Rose. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Chinese Sugar-cane. See Sorghum. Chi/nquapin. Castanea pumila, the most palat- able of all the Chestnut family; indigenous to the Middle Atlantic States. Water. See Nelumbium luteum. Chiona’/nthus. Fringe Tree. From chion, snow, and anthos, a flower; in reference to its long racemes of pure white flowers. Nat. Ord. Oleacee. A genus of hardy deciduous shrubs. C. Virginica, one of the best known, and com- monly grown under the popular name of Fringe Tree,is a very ornamental shrub of easy cultivation, particularly adapted for the lawn, not only for its showy flowers in spring, but for its deep green glossy foliage, which, under favorable circumstances, will equal in size that of the Magnolia grandiflora, retain- ing its freshness until late in the autumn. This species is a native of Pennsylvania and southward, and is readily propagated from seeds or cuttings. It succeeds best when grafted on the common ash, being much more vigorous, and will attain a height of twenty- five feet. Chio’/nodo’xa. Glory of theSnow. From chion, snow, and doza, glory; in reference to the plants flowering among the melting snows of their native habitats. A small genusof hardy Liliacee. C. Lucille, which has lately been reintroduced, is praised by all as one of the most exquisite of spring flowering plants. It is also valuable for winter blooming in the house and for cut flowers. Native of Asia Minor and Crete. Chionogra’phis. From chion, snow, and graphis, a pencil; the flower spike being like a brush ofsnow. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. A very ornamental herbaceous perennial, with pure white flowers. Introduced from Japan, in 1880. It requires a slight protec- tion outside in winter, and is propagated by seeds or divisions of the roots. Chiri/ta. A small genus of Gesneracee, natives of tropical Asia. The flowers of C. lilacina are very beautiful and are produced in great abundance; color pale blue with a white throat, ornamented with a large yellow blotch at the base. C. sinensis is also a very fine species. Culture similar to Gloxinia. 84 CHI Chiro’nia. A classical name, after Chiron, one of the Centaurs, fabled to be the father of medicine. Nat. Ord. Gentianacee. Green-house plants of short duration, and, consequently, requiring to be frequently raised from cuttings, which strike freely in sand. C. floribunda, with rose-colored flowers, and its variety, with white flowers, are the most desirable, and, with other species, are frequently raised from Cape seeds, the plants being all indigenous to the Cape of Good Hope. Introduced in 1756. Chives. The popular name of Allium Scheno- prasum, the smallest of the Onion family, though one of the finest flavored. It is a hardy herbaceous perennial, native of Siberia, and of the easiest culture, growing freely in almost any soil or situation. Propagated by division, either in spring or autumn. Chlida/nthus. From chlideios, delicate, and anthos, a flower; alluding to the delicate tex- ture of the flowers. Nat. Ord. Amaryjllidacee. C. fragrans, the only species, a pretty, bulbous-rooted plant, which may be grown in the flower garden during the summer, when its bright yellow flowers are highly interest- ing. In winter it requires the same treatment as the Gladiolus. It is propagated freely by offsets, which should all be removed before planting, to enable the bulb to flower weil. Introduced from Buenos Ayres in 1820. Chlo’ris. From chloros, green; alluding to the color of the herbage. Nat. Ord. Graminacee. A very extensive genus of grasses, including a few desirable species for the green-house. Among them is C. radiata, a pretty little annual species, with beautiful one-sided spikes of silky flowers, which give it a very curious appearance. There are several other species under cultivation, all useful for basket and similar work. Chloro’galum. Soap-plant. From _ chloros, green, and gala, milk; referring to their green juice. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. A genus of distinct, hardy bulbs, containing three species, all natives of California. C. pomeridianum has branched, panicled stems, with white, purplish-veined flowers, opening only after mid-day, whence its specific name, meaning ‘‘afternoon.” The bulbs are some- times used in California as a substitute for soap. Syns. Phalangium pomeridianum, and Ornithogalum divaricatum. Chloro’phora. From chloros, greenish, and phoreo. to bear; alluding to the economic properties of C. tinctoria. Nat. Ord. Urti- cacee. A small genus of milky trees, consisting of two species, one native of tropical Asia, and the other of tropical Africa. C. tinctoria, the Fustie Tree, yields yellow, brown, olive, and green dyes. Syn. Maclura tinctoria. Chlo’rosis. A disease to which plants are sub- ject, and often admitting nocure. Itconsists in a pallid condition of the plant, in which the tissues are weak and unable to contend against severe changes, and the cells are more or less destitute of chlorophyl. It is distinct from blanching, as it is also from the white color in ornamental-leaved plants, of which, how- ever, it may bea modification. Plants may be affected by chlorosis as soon as the cotyl- edons make their appearance. The best cul- HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CHO ture will not always restore such plants to health. The most promising remedy is to water them with a very weak solution of sul- phate of iron. An example of this condition is to be found in cases where the variegated leaves of Pelargoniums, etc., run to pure white without any green. In all such cases death is certain to ensue, unless the leaves again become more or less green. Chloro/xylon. Satin-wood. From _ chloros, greenish-yellow, and zylon, wood. Nat. Ord. Meliacee. C. Swietenia, the Satin-wood tree of the East Indies, attains a large size, and is a valuable timber tree. The wood is very handsome, light-colored, with a satin-like lustre, and sometimes beautifully mottled or curled in the grain, bearing some resemblance to box- wood, but rather deeperin color. The best kind of satin-wood, however, comes from the West Indies, and is the produce of a different tree, of which we have no description. Chocolate. See Theobroma. Choi’sya. Named after M. Choisy, a botanist of Geneva. Nat. Ord. Rutacee. C. ternata, the only species, is a handsome white-flowered, sweet-scented shrub, growing about six feet high, quite hardy in the Southern States. It is anative of Mexico, an evergreen, and will succeed well with ordinary green- house treatment. Itis increased by cuttings. Introduced in 1825. Choke-Berry. The popular name of the fruit of the Pyrus arbutifolia, a common shrub from two to ten feet high, found in damp thickets. Choke Cherry. See Cerasus Virginiana. Choko. See Sechium. Chondri'lla. From chondros,a lump; the plants bear lumps of gummy matter on the stems. Nat. Ord. Composite. A genus of mostly uninteresting plants al- lied to Lactuca (Lettuce). C. juncea, a native of southern Europe, has escaped from the garden and become naturalized in some of the Southern States. It is a straggling, many- branched plant, and almost destitute of leaves when in flower. There are more than twenty species included in this genus, mostly weedy plants. Chore’tis. From choros, to unite in chorus; this genus being an intermediate link between Hymenocallis and Ismene. Nat. Ord. Amarylli- dacee. An interesting genus of half-hardy bulbs from Texas and Mexico, requiring a rest from November until May. They grow freely in a light, sandy soil in the open border, or they may be grown in pots in the green-house, and for this purpose they should be started in March in a cool house, heat and water to be increased with their growth. The flowersare very beautiful, pure white, with a green eye and a greenish stripe. Propagated by division of the bulbs. Chori/zema. Nat. Ord. Leguminose. This interesting green-house plant was first discovered in Western Australia by Labillar- diere. This botanist was attached to the ex- pedition sent by the French Government in search of the lost La Perouse, and on one of his excursions suffered much, with his party, for the want of water. At last they met with est ee teenies Si Seg oh SESS = 7 <—* ar ras SS “ = 4M wuz CLARKEIA. CHIONODOXA LUCILLZ. COLERODENDRON THOMPSONS, CHAMZEPEUCE CASABONE. CHAMZPEUCE DIACANTHA, ANTHEMUMS (JAPANESE) CHRYS. THEMUMS (CHINESE). N CHRYSA ALPHEUS HARDY). CHRYSANTHEMUM (MBs. NERARIA MARITIMA, cl SANTHEMUM (ANEMONE FLOWERED) CHRY: UAL). NN CHRYSANTHEMUM (SINGLE A AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 85 CHR - springs that furnished an ample supply, near which he found this plant, which he named Chorizema, from choros, a dance, and zema, a drink ; in allusion to the joyful feelings of the party on meeting with a supply of water. Of this really beautiful genus there are many species; the one most commonly met is C. varium, a rapid-growing and free-flowering kind. The flowers are of a bright orange red color, in long terminal racemes, flowering through the winter months. It is readily propagated by cuttings, which should be taken in February, and grown in small pots until the weather is suitable for planting out, as they should be grown in the border during summer. Before there is danger from frost, take up and pot in five-inch pots, in good rich loam and sand. Cut well back, and give it a warm, sunny situation, with liberal watering as soon as the new growth commences. It will begin to bloom in eight to ten weeks. Christmas Rose. Helleborus niger. Christopher Herb. Actwa spicata and Osmunda regalis. Christ's Thorn. Crategus Pyracantha and Paliurus aculeatus. Chrysa/nthemum. From chrysos, gold, and anthos, a flower; alluding to the color of some of the -flowers being yellow. Nat. Ord. Composite. A large and important genus of herbaceous or slightly shrubby plants, of which the Ox- eye Daisy of our fields is a well known repre- sentative. Many species have been introduced from various countries of which C. grandi- florum from the Canary Islands, and C. pin- natifidum from Madiera, are of a shrubby habit, and flower during alarge portion of the year. C. frutescens is ‘‘the Marguerite” or Paris Daisy of the florists, the flowers of which and others of a similar description are largely used in floral decorations. The variety ‘* Etoile d’ Or,” and the double yellow sort called the ‘*Golden Marguerite,” are also very popular and are good subjects for the flower border in summer. C. coronariwm from the Levant and C. carinatum called also C. tricolor, from Barbary, and their many va- rieties, are very ornamental border annuals. The species, however, which holds so high a rank, and with reason, among florists’ flowers is C. sinense the Chinese Chrysanthemum, the value of which as an ornament of the flower- garden, the green-house or conservatory in the autumnal months, is weli known and duly appreciated. Their cultivation is exceedingly simple. — If wanted to flower only in the open ground, all that is necessary is to plant them in the open border in any good ground, well enriched withmanure. If possible, plant them ina warm sheltered spot, particularly in any section north of Baltimore, as, being the latest of all flowers of autumn, a better development will be had if planted in a place sheltered by a fence, hill or shrubbery. As they are usually grown in pots, they can be planted outany time from April to July, though preference may be givento May. They form an average width by October of two feet in diameter, if the tops are pinched off so as to make them bushy; they should be set out at about two feet apart each way. The ‘‘topping” or ‘‘ pinching” back, as it is called, should not be done CHR later than 1st of August, if much later it might destroy the flowering to some extent. When wanted to be grown for green-house or house culture, the best plan for amateurs is to put each plant when received in a flower pot six, seven or eight inches wide and deep; plunge these pots to the rims in the open ground, level with the soil, treating exactly the same as recommended for planting in the open border, by pinching, etc. Care should, however, be taken to turn the flower pots round every eight or ten days, so as to prevent the roots getting through the bottom of the pot, the object being to confine the whole roots within the pot. This same plan is the best for amateurs who cultivate any kind of plant to grow in the house or green-house in winter. The large flowers which are seen at the exhibitions are obtained by pinching off all the buds but one on each shoot, just as soon as the buds can be seen; ‘‘disbudded,” as it is called, in this way, many kinds of Chrysanthemum flowers can be obtained six to nine inches in diameter. This is the method used to obtain all the fine flowers seen at the Exhibitions. It is deceiving, how- ever, to those unacquainted with the plan, because a flower so obtained showing six or seven inches in diameter, if grown with half a dozen flowers on the same spray, would not be half the size. Hence amateurs who have selected special kinds from the cut flower tables at Exhibitions, must not be disappoint- ed at finding them half the size when they flower, unless they use the same process of disbudding to obtain large flowers. The Chrysanthemum is classed by growers into the following sections: Incurved, Ra- nunculus flowered or Exhibition, Recurved or Reflex-flowered, Anemone or Quilled-Aster flowered, Pompone, Small Refiexed or Chusan, Daisy-flowered, Quilled or Pin-feathered Jap- anese, and Large-flowered Japanese, in all of which there are many beautiful varieties. Chrysanthus. Yellow flowered. Chryse’is. A name sometimes given to Esch- scholtzia. Chrysoba’ctron. From chrysos, gold, and bac- tron, a wand; alluding to the magnificent racemes of C. Rossii. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. This is a small genus from the Auckland and Campbell Islands, New Zealand, closely allied to Anthericum. They are found growing in marshy places, and will only succeed well with pot culture. The soil should be a fibrous loam, and the pots in which they are grown should be partly immersed in water. The flowers are bright yellow, produced in racemes, and are very beautiful. Propagated by division of the roots. Introduced in 1848. Chrysoba’lanus. From chrysos, gold, and balanos, an acorn; in reference to the yellow fruit of some of the species. Nat. Ord. Rosa- cee. A genus of stove or green-house shrubs, with simple leaves and white flowers borne in panicles; fruit edible. Natives of Florida. Chryso’gonum. From chrysos, gold, and gonu, a knee, or joint; the flowers are generally produced at the joints of the stem. Nat. Ord. Composite. C. Virginianum, the typical species and probably the only one in cultivation, is found in the Western States from Illinois south- HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CHR ward. It is a very pretty, hardy perennial, with yellow flowers, well worth a place in every herbaceous border. Chrysophy’llum. Star Apple. From chrysos, gold, and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the color of the underside of the leaves. Nat. Ord. Sapotacee. A genus of ornamental leaved evergreen trees. C. imperiale, a very showy and desira- ble species, is best known in cultivation as Theophrasta imperialis. Chryso’psis. From chrysos, gold, and opsis, aspect; in allusion to the golden blossoms. Nat. Ord. Composite. A genus of hardy annual or perennial North American plants, a greater portion of the species having all their parts covered with villous or silky hairs. C. Mariana grows about two feet high, and is quite ornamental when in flower. C. villosa, with numerous yellow flower heads half an inch in diameter, is said to be one of the commonest plants on the prairies of the Saskatchawan. Chrysu’rus. From chrysos, gold, and oura, a tail; alluding to the compact heads of flowers. Nat. Ord. Graminacee. A small genus of annual grasses, natives of the south of Europe and north of Africa. C. aurea, the only species of interest, is a very ornamental border plant of free growth, and is very useful for cutting. Native of the south of Europe and north of Africa. Syn. Lamarkia. Chufa, or Earth Almond. Cyperus esculentus. A species of earth-nut used to fatten hogs, not to be confounded with Cocoa or Nut-grass, for though it belongs to the same class, Chufa is eradicated with great ease, and is nevera pest. The nuts or tubers are larger and more elongated, and are very sweet and nutritious. Chy’sis. From chysis, melting; in reference to the fused appearance of the pollen masses. Nat. Ord. Orchidacee. A genus of very handsome Orchids, natives of Central America. The flowers are mostly white, or ereamy white, heavily tipped with pink, the lip being beautifully marked with earmine and yellow. C. aurea maculata, has golden yellow flowers, with a large orange spot; lip white, with violet rays. Whenin a growing state they require liberal heat and moisture, and a cool, dry house when at rest. They are increased by division just as they commence a new growth. Introduced in 1830. Cibo’tium. From kibotion, a small box; refer- ring to the form of the spore vessels. Nat. - Ord. Polypodiacee. A small genus of very interesting Ferns re- lated to Dicksonia. They are large and very handsome, and in some cases arborescent. The fronds are bi-pinnate, and often glaucous beneath. C. Barometz is believed to be the Tartarian Lamb, about which travelers have told so wonderful a tale. This ‘‘ Lamb” con- sists merely of the decumbent, shaggy caudex of a kind of Fern, which is unquestionably this species. The ‘‘traveler’s tale” is, that on an uncultivated salt plain of vast extent, west of the Volga, grows a wonderful plant, with the appearance of a lamb, having feet, head, and tail distinctly formed, and its skin covered with soft down. The lamb grows upon a stalk about three feet high, the part by which it is CIC sustained being a kind of navel. It turns about and bends to the herbage, which serves for its food, and pines away when the grass dries up and fails. The fact on which this tale is based appears to be, that the caudex of this plant may be made to present a rude ap- pearance of an animal covered with silky, hair-like scales, and if cut into is found to have a soft inside of a reddish, flesh-colored appearance. When the herbage of its native haunts fails through drought, its leaves no doubt die, and both perish from the same cause, and independently of each other. From these appearances, the common people believe that in the deserts of Scythia there exist creatures half animal and half plant. The species are very interesting plants for the green-house, the fructification on the large bi-pinnate fronds being remarkably pretty. They are propagated by division, and by spores. Introduced in 1824. Ci’cer. Chick-pea. Egyptian Pea. From kykis, force or strength ; in reference to its qualities. Nat. Ord. Leguminose. A genus of leguminous plants, consisting of annuals, perennials and undershrubs, form- ing one portion of the Vetchtribe. Someofthe species are included in the genus Astragalus, by some botanists. C. arietinum, commonly known as Chick, pea or Egyptian pea, is an annual plant- growing about a foot or more in height, a native of the south of Europe and India, where it is extensively cultivated for its seeds which form one of the pulses known under the name of ‘‘Gram,” and which are greatly used by the natives as an article of food, being ground into meal, and either eaten in puddings or made into cakes. The leaves of this species consist of from three to seven pairs of leaflets with an odd one at the end, the leaflets being egg-shaped, and having their edges cut into very sharp teeth. Both leaves and stems are covered with glandular hairs containing oxalic acid, which exudes from them in hot weather and hangs in drops, ultimately forming crystals. In Mysore the natives collect the dew from the ‘‘ Gram” plants by means of muslin cloths, which become saturated with it. The liquid thus obtained, which is very acid, is preserved in bottles for use, and is regarded as a sure medicine in cases of indigestion, being admin- istered in water. Itis stated that the boots of a person walking through a dewy Gram field will be entirely destroyed by the pun- gency of this acid given out by the leaves. Cicho’/rium. Chicory or Succory. An ancient Egyptian name. Nat. Ord. Composite. C. Intybus, the plant so extensively cultivated in Europe as a substitute for coffee, or for its adulteration, is commonly known as Wild Endive, and is found growing wild in most parts of Europe, being by far the most com- mon in England. It is also naturalized in this country, and iscommon in neglected fields and along roadsides in neighborhoods long settled. Its flowers are bright blue, produced in great profusion in August and September. The plant grows in its wild state from one to three feet high, but under cultivation it often reaches six feet. The roots are fleshy, not unlike the Dandelion, to which family it belongs. For the adulteration of coffee, the AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 87 CIC root is dried and ground, in which state it closely resembles ground coffee. The use of Chicory is common and undisguised, and many consider a mixture preferable to pure coffee, and buy the two, and mix to suit their own tastes. So great is the demand for it for this purpose, that, notwithstanding its cheap- ness and ease of culture, itis often adulterated by roasted wheat, rye, acorns, carrots, and other articles of a similarnature. The plants are largely cultivated in France for their leaves, which are blanched and used as asalad. A large-leaved variety, called the ‘* Witloof,” is much cultivated in Belgium, the plants being taken up in autumn, forced and blanched in a warm, dark place, and used either cooked or as a salad, forming what is called by the French ‘‘ Barbe de Capucin.” C. Edivia isthe Endive, which see. Cicu’ta. Cowbane, Water Hemlock. The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock. Nat. Ord. Umbellifere. A small genus of biennial plants, very com- mon in moist waste places. C. maculata, com- monly known as Spotted Cowbane, somewhat resembles Sweet Cicely, and is often mistaken for it. The root is an active poison in its green state, but loses its virulent qualities when dried. It is a dangerous pest to the farmer, the herbage often proving destructive to cattle, when eaten by them, and many children have lost their lives by eating the roots, which they have mistaken for Cicely. C. virosa, a species common throughout Europe, furnished the poison given to Phocion and Socrates. Cienko’wskia. Named in honor of Professor L. Cienkowsky, a Russian botanist. Nat. Ord. Scitaminec. C. Kirkii, the only described species, is a handsome and interesting plant, a native of eastern tropical Africa. Its blossoms, which are exceedingly attractive, are produced ona many-flowered scape, and are of a purplish- rose color, with a bifid golden spot in the center. It was introduced from Zanzibar in 1872. Syn. Kempferia. Ciliz. Somewhat stiffish hairs, which form a fringe on the margin of an organ, as those on the leaf of Sempervivum tectorum. Ciliate. Fringed with hairs. Cimici/fuga. Bug-bane. A genus of Ranun- culacee, allied to Acta. C. racemosa, Black Snake-root. The most showy and best known species is common in rich woods, from Maine to Wisconsin. It has tri-ternate leaves, and a stem three to eight feet high, bearing white flowers in elongated wand-like racemes. Several of the species, also, are natives of eastern Europe and Siberia. Cincho’/na. Named after the Countess of Cin- chon, Vice-Queen of Peru, who was cured of a fever in 1638 by this remedy. Nat. Ord. Cin- chonacee. This genus yields the well-known Peruvian bark of commerce. It requires the protection of a warm green-house to preserve it in even moderate vigor. It is the type of an extensive and highly interesting order. Cinchona’ceez. A largeand important order of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, now re- garded as a division or sub-order of Rubiaceae, which see. CIN Cinera’ria. From cineres, ashes; in reference to the gray down covering the surface of the leaves. Nat. Ord. Composite. There are upward of fifty species of this genus enumerated, varying in habit from the dwarf herbaceous plant, not rising more than half a foot, to the tall, soft-wooded, suffruti- cose species with a stature of five or six feet. The flowers of most of them are of a pale greenish yellow, though some have white, red, or purple fiowers. C. cruenta, introduced from the Canary Islands in 1777, is the species from which all the florist’s varieties have orizinated and which are among the most ornamental and useful plants that can be grown for green-house or conservatory deco- ration. A packet of seeds of a good strain will produce a great variety of colors, and as the plants are of easy culture, and do not re- quire much heat, they should be grown by every one possessing a green-house where frost is excluded during winter; the plants flourishing bestin a cool, rather moist atmos- phere. The seeds may be sown from July till September, and potted off separately in a light rich soil, and are best grown in an ordi- nary garden frame or cold pit, facing north, till the advent of frost, when they should be brought into the green-house and repotted at different times, according to their size and forwardness, thus insuring a succession of bloom during the late winter and spring months. As the old plants are very difficult to keep over summer, and seedlings make much more vigorous plants than those sum- mered over, itis better to sow a succession annually of a good strain, and when the plants have flowered throw them away. Through- out the entire existence of the plants they should be guarded from drought, and the at- tacks of green fly, to which they are very sub- ject. Tobacco stems, cut up fine, and placed among the pots on the bench, form an excel- lent preventive for the latter. They should also be fumigated frequently, but not strongly, as although the fly may not be detected at first the plants may be infested beneath the young leaves. All Cinerarias are benefitted by applications of manure water, from the time the flower-heads are formed until they open. C. Maritima, a native of the south of Europe, has silvery gray foliage, downy beneath; it is much used for vases and hanging-baskets, as well as in ribbon gardening, ete. Cinnabar. Scarlet touched with orange. Cinnamo’/mum. Cinnamon. Derived from the Arabic kinamon, cinnamon. Nat. Ord. Laura- cee. A genus of evergreen trees, well known as furnishing the Cinnamon of commerce. (C. Zeylanicum is largely cultivated in Ceylon for its bark, which furnishes the best Cinnamon. The bark is stripped off the branches, when it rolls up into quills, the smaller of which are introduced within the larger, and then dried inthe sun. The thinner the barkis, asarule, the finer the quality. C. Cassia furnishes the Cassia bark, which is much like Cinnamon, but thicker, coarser, stronger, less delicate in flavor, and cheaper. It is commonly used in the adulteration of Cinnamon. Both species furnish what are known as Cassia buds, which are something like cloves, and, like them, consist of the unexpanded flower buds. HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CIN They possess properties similar to those of the bark. There are several other species of this genus that furnish aromatic barks, which are used in flavoring and in medicine. Cinnamon Fern. The popular name of one of our native Ferns, Osmunda Cinnamomea. Cinnamon Root. A common name for Jnula Conyza. Cinnamon Tree. Cinnamon Vine. batatas. Cinque-foil, or Five-Finger. One of the popu- lar names of Poitentilla, which see. Circe’a. Enchanter’s Nightshade. A classical name, after Circe, a celebrated enchantress, skilled in poisonous herbs. Nat. Ord. Ona- gracee. A small genus of hardy herbaceous peren- nials, of but little interest; natives of Europe, and naturalized in many parts of this country. Circinal. Resembling a circle. Circinate. Bentlike the head of acrosier, as in the young leaf of a Fern when it begins to grow. Cirrhope’talum. From cirrhus, a tendril, and petalon, a flower leaf; in reference to the strap-shaped petals. Nat. Ord. Orchidacee. An extensive genus of small, very curious epiphytal Orchids, natives of tropical Asia and the South Sea Islands. Their flowers are remarkable for having the lateral sepals pro- longed into narrow streamers. From this peculiar feature, and the fact that they occupy but little room, a few of the species have been introduced into the more general collection of Orchids. Propagated by division. Cirrhose. Eitherfurnished witha tendril, as the Grape-vine or the leaves of Gloriosa superba; or assuming the form and functions of a ten- dril, as the peduncles of Clematis cirrhosa; or where the tendrils are in some way remark- able, as the Nepenthes. Ci/rsium. Common or Plumed Thistle. From kirsos, a swollen vein; in reference to being pricked by the spines. Nat. Ord. Composite. The Thistle family is too well known to need special mention. Two of the more troublesome species, C. lanceolatum, the com- mon Thistle, and C. arvense,the Canada Thistle, are both natives of Europe, though perfectly naturalized in this country. There are many native species, the most conspicuous being C. muticum, Swamp Thistle, a perennial, common in moist woods and swamps, often growing as high as eight feet. This genus is now placed under Cnicus by some botanists. Cissa’/mpelos. A genus of Menispermacea, with the climbing character of the Ivy, kissos of the Greeks, and the clustered fruit of the vine Ampelos. The most important plant of the genus is the Velvet-leaf, or Caapeba, C. Pareira, a native of the West Indies, Central America, and India. The root of this plant furnishes the ‘“Pareira brava” of the drug- gists, much used in medicine. Ci/ssus. From kissos, ivy; in reference to their scrambling habit. Nat. Ord. Vitacee. A genus of climbing plants, allied to Vitis. With a few exceptions, they are plants of but little interest to the florist. One of the species, however, C. discolor, is a plant remarkable for See Cinnamomum. A name given to Dioscorea cIS the beauty of its foliage, and its adaptation to the hot-house. This species is a native of Java, and was introduced into England in 1854 by Messrs Rollison and Sons, of Tooting, and is described by Mr. Lowe asfollows: ‘The leaves, which are six inches long and two and a half broad, are colored on the upper surface in the richest manner conceivable, the plant rivaling, in its beautiful foliage, the finest of the Anectochilus family; the color being a rich green, clouded with white, peach, and dark purplish crimson, and covered with a metallic luster. The under side of the leaf is a rich brownish crimson. No description or painting can do justice to the beauty of these superb leaves when in perfection.” This plant isarapid grower, requiring a very rich soil and humid atmosphere, together witha high temperature, to bring it to perfection. It should be grown in ashaded house, and care should be taken not to syringe the plant, as water on the leaves destroys the metallic luster. It is readily increased by cuttings. The leaves are much valued by florists for their various work in baskets, designs, ete. Cista’cez. A natural order of shrubs or herbs, often viscid, with simple entire leaves and showy flowers, found chiefly in the south of Europe and the north of Africa, and rarely in North or South America. They are usually resinous, and have a balsamic fragrance. Helianthemum vulgare, the common Rock Rose of England, has remarkably irritable stamens, which in sunny weather move on _ being touched. There are eight genera and about 190 species in this order; the best known of which are Cistus, Helianthemum and Hudsonia. Cisterns. The superior value of rain-water for plant cultivation and general garden purposes is often overlooked when building green- houses, as it is frequently conducted to drains when accommodation for its reception should be provided in the shape of cisterns. These are generally constructed with stones or brick, and coated inside with cement. Where the ground will admit of it, an excellent and cheap method is to have the sides of the cis- tern sloped as much as the soil will allow, and coat it one inch thick with a mixture of one part cement to three of gravel, finishing with a thin coating of pure cement. This forms a wall which when dry becomes as hard as iron, and will last for years. The size of cisterns should vary according to their intended use. If they are to furnish a daily supply of water, they need not be so large as for keeping asup- ply for summer only. The average depth of rain which falls in this latitude rarely exceeds six to seven inches for two months. The size of the cistern therefore need not exceed that of a body of water on the whole roof of the building seven inches deep. To ascertain this amount multiply the length by the breadth of the building, reduce this to inches, and divide the product by 231, and the quotient will be gallons for each inch of depth. Multiplying by seven will give the full amount for two months’ rain falling upon the roof; divide by 311g, the quotient will be barrels. Cisterns intended only for drawing from in times of drought, to hold all the water that may fall, should be about three times the preceding capacity. Ci’/stus. Rock Rose. From kiste,a box; in ref- AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 89 cIT erence to the form of the seed vessel. Nat. Ord. Cistacee. A genus of handsome shrubs, few of which are in cultivation. They are natives of south- ern and western Europe, north Africa, and the Canary Islands. Some of the species are elegant shrubs, having terminal flower stalks bearing one or more flowers, resembling in appearance those of the Dog Rose. They sel- dom last more than a few hours after expand- ing, and do not openexcept in sunny weather. The flowers are either white or rose-colored, with yellow or purplish marks at their base. Some of thespecies furnish agum that is used in Turkey as a perfume and for fumigation; also supposed to be a specific for the plague. Propagated by seeds, layers, or cuttings. Cithare’xylum. Fiddle-wood. From kithara, a lyre, and zylon, wood; in reference to the supposed fitness of the wood for musical instruments. Nat. Ord. Verbenacee. A genus of tall-growing trees, common from Florida to Brazil. It furnishes a hard, dur- able wood, suited for various purposes in the mechanic arts. Its supposed use in the man- ufacture of musical instruments is a mistake. One of the species is called by the French Fidéle, for its durability in building. The English have corrupted the name to Fiddle- wood, by which name it is popularly known. Citrinous. Lemon-colored. Citron. (Citrus medica.) This is by some sup- posed to be the same species as the Lemon; itis a native of the forests of the north of India, but is extensively cultivated in south- ern Europe. Inits wild state the tree grows to the height of about eight feet, erect and prickly, with long reclining branches, in gen- eral appearance resembling the Lemon. The fruit is from six to nine inches in length, ovate, with a protuberance at the top. There are two rinds, the outer thin, with innumera- ble glands, full of a most fragrant oil; the inner thick, white and fungous; itis thisinner rind which is preserved and much used in confections, cake, ete. Citrone’lla. Oil Plant. Andropogon citratum. Citrullus. From Citrus, in allusion to the Orange-like fruits. Nat. Ord. Cucurbitacee. A small genus of trailing annual or peren- nial herbs. C. colocynthis furnishes the cathar- tic drug Colocynth, or Bitter Apple. C. vul- garis is the well-known Water Melon, which see. Ci'trus. Orange Tree. Derivation of name unknown. Supposed to refer to Citron, atown in Judea. Nat. Ord. Rutacee. The genus Citrus includes the Orange, Lemon, Lime, Citron, Shaddock, etc., all well deserving cultivation, both for their flowers and their fruit, but of which only a few kinds of Oranges and Lemons are generally grown. When grown for ornamental purposes in green-house or rooms, they all thrive well in a mixture of rich loam with a little rotted dung; but great care is necessary not to over- pot them, or give them too much water when not in a growing state. The different species and varieties are generally propagated by bud- ding, grafting and inarching on the common Lemon, which grows readily from seed. Oranges are also frequently raised from seed; but unless they are budded or grafted when CLA about two years old, it will be many years before they flower. Orange Trees may also be propagated by cuttings, which are best from the old wood, struck in sand in a gentle bottom heat, and shaded. Plants raised in this manner flower and fruit much sooner than any others, but they scarcely ever attain a large size. Both the Orange and Lemon are such favorites in this country that scarcely a cottage, where a flower-pot or tub can be put into requisition, is without one or the other of these plants. When placed in unsuitable soil and carelessly watered, they seldom remain long in a good state of health. When they become sickly and yellow they should be turned out of the pots, a large portion of the old soil should be shaken from the roots, and they should be repotted in a mixture of fine loamy soil and rotted manure, with about one- fourth of charcoal dust, or powdered charcoal. There are numerous varieties of Oranges and Lemons grown for the fruit. Our markets were formerly supplied from the south of Europe, the Azores and the West Indies. Until within a few years the “‘ Havana” was the most highly esteemed, but the Florida Orange is now the leading variety in the mar- kets. The cultivation of the Orange in Flor- ida commenced previous to 1820, but was carried on only to a limited extent for some years thereafter. From 1830 to 1835 many large groves were planted, nearly all of which were destroyed by the extraordinary frost of the latter year. The previous year there were trees at St. Augustine that pro- duced each 14,000 oranges—a handsome rey- enue from asingle tree. The dreaded effects of a frost almost entirely discouraged further plantings fora number of years. The culti- vation of the Orange is now attracting greater attention in Florida than ever before. The Indian River country abounds in plantations that are yielding large and profitable crops. Some of the more scientific growers, from careful experiments and close observation, hold the opinion that frosts as severe as those of 1835 will not injure the trees if the precau- tion be taken to shade the trunks from the sun a short time, until the circulation of the sap is fully restored. Lemons, Limes and Shaddocks are also largely grown in Florida. In some parts of Texas and in California the cultivation of these fruits is being rapidly extended. Cladra’stis Yellow Wood. Name of obscure derivation. Nat. Ord. Leguminose. This genus includes several species, none of which are of special interest, excepting C. tinctoria, better known, perhaps, as Virgilia lutea, a native species indigenous in eastern Kentucky and southward. It is a small and handsome tree, with a compact, broadly rounded head, leaves compound like those of the Locust, of a light, pleasing green color, changing in autumn to a warm yellow. The flowers appear inJunein pendulous racemes of great beauty, pea-shaped, white and fragrant, and are produced in such profusion as almost to clothe the tree, making ita beautiful object for the lawn. It is perfectly hardy, though of slow growth, and commences to flower when only asmallshrub. Propagated by cuttings of the roots or by seeds. C. amurensis, the East Indian representative of the foregoing, is a tree reaching the height of forty feet, 90 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS CLA bearing pinnate leaves and long, dense racemes of whitish flowers. It is a very orna- mental tree, flowering freely in August, and being quite hardy, is a decidedly useful addi- tion to the shrubbery or lawn. It was intro- duced from the Amoor Valley in 1880. Clammy. Viscid, sticky. Cla’/rkia. In honor of Captain Clarke, who accompanied Captain Lewis in his journey to the Rocky Mountains. Nat. Ord. Onagracee. A genus of hardy annuals, mostly from Cal- ifornia. The whole of the species are indis- pensable to every flower garden where annuals are grown. The first sowing should take place in September; a few will survive the winter, and afford an early bloom in the following season. The next and principal sowing should be done in March, and afew more put in about the end of April, together with those trans- planted, will continue a fine display through the whole summer. They grow in any soil, so that the situation is open or free from the drip of trees, and merely require to be thinned to about a foot from each other. This rule will apply to nearly all those that are known as ‘‘tender annuals.” Clary. Salvia Sclarea. . eS IN iS\e (bh ee = PHLOX DRUMMONDI (DOUBLE WHITE), I 377 AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 317 PEU the green-house or in a hot-bed, and trans- planted into the border. If the soil is rich, the plants should be set three feet apart each way. A peculiarity of the blotched varieties, particularly among the double ones, is that, when propagated from cuttings for a few years, the tendency is to run back to the dark color, all white markings being obliterated. Plants from cuttings will flower from June until after they have had several degrees of frost. Peuce’/danum. The old Greek name used by Hippocrates. Nat. Ord. Umbellifere. A large genus of perennial, rarely annual, herbs, or shrubs, dispersed over the Northern Hemisphere, the Andes of tropical America, and tropical and southern Africa. The species are of little horticultural value. Pastinaca sativa, the Parsnip, is by some authors placed under this genus. Peu’mus. Said to be the native name in Chili. Nat. Ord. Monimiacee. P. Boldus, the only described species, is a small evergreen, fragrant green-house shrub, bearing its terminal cymes of white flowers in May. The leaves are used in medicine, the fruit is edible, and the bark is used in tanning. Peyrou’sia. A synonym of Lapeyrousia, which see. Pfa’ffia. Named in honor of C. H. Pfaff, Profes- sor of Chemistry at Kiel, 1774-1852. Nat. Ord. Amaranthacee. A genus of erect, slender, plant-stove herbs, natives of Brazil. P. Gnaphaloides, the only introduced species, has white flowers, borne in dense spikes or heads. It is seldom met with in cultivation. Syn. Celosia. Pha’ca. Bastard Vetch. From phago, to eat; a name adopted by Dioscorides. Nat. Ord. Leguminose. A genus of showy, hardy, herbaceous, per- ennial plants, suitable for the front of shrub- bery borders. Their flowers are of many shades of white, yellow, rose, or purple. The species are common throughout the States. This genus is now included by Bentham and Hooker under Astragalus. Phace’lia. From phakelos, a bundle; in refer- ence to the disposition of the flowers. Nat. Ord. Hydrophyllacee. Very curious plants, which produce their flowers in one-sided fascicles, which unroll themselves slowly The flowers are rather pretty in themselves, but are half-hidden by their bracts and coarse-growing leaves. Some of the species are perennials, and others bien- nial or annual. The Californian species are annuals with blue flowers, but the South American kinds are biennials or perennials with pink flowers. Syn. Cosmanthus. Pheedrana’ssa. Queen Lily. From phaidros, gay, and anassa, queen. Nat. Ord. Amaryjlli- dacee. A small genus of bulbs, natives of Peru and Quito. They are found at an elevation of 9,000 feet above the sea, growing among the rocks, where there is not, seemingly, suffi- cient earth to sustain vegetable life. They are handsome, though not very showy plants. The flowers are about two inches long, in the form of a slender tube, of a light pea-green color, tipped with pink. The bulbs require a long season of rest after flowering, which is PHA usually in winter. They are easily grown in a cool green-house with the most ordinary eare, and are increased by offsets. Intro- duced in 1844. Pheenoco’ma. From phaino, to shine, and kome, hair; referring to the color and nature of the involucre. Nat. Ord. Composite. P. prolifera, the only species, is an exceed- ingly handsome, small, hard-wooded, ever- green shrub, which has a most interesting and peculiar hoary appearance at all seasons of the year. The plant commences to produce its bright pink, everlasting blossoms when in a small state, and remains in full beauty for nearly three months. It is a great favorite in Europe in all collections of hard-wooded plants, but, though many attempts have been made, we are not aware that it has been suc- cessfully imported to this country. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and was introduced in 1789. Syn. Elichrysum and Xeranthemum proliferum. Pheno’gamous. fie PHENIX RUPICOLA. Sena PHENIX RECLINATA, 324 PHYLLANTHUS ROSEO-PICTUS, tj: _ ie aS. # jig SSs—s PHYLLOCACTUS LATIFRONS, PILOCEREUS SENILIS (OLD MAN CACTUS). PINUS STROBUS (WHITE PINE), 325 PICEA PECTINATA (SILVER FTIR), AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. PIE Pi’eris. A name applied to the Muses from their supposed abode at Pieria, in Thessaly. Nat. Ord. Ericacee. A genus of low-growing trees or shrubs. natives of the Himalayas, Japan, and north- western America. The flowers are white, rarely red, borne in terminal racemes very much resembling the Andromeda, from which genus they have been separated. P. Japonica elegantissima, is a very elegant shrub, its leaves being beautifully margined with white. Syn. Andromeda Japonica variegata. Pigeon Berry. Phytolacca decandra. Pigeon Pea. See Cajanus Indicus. Pig-weed. The popular name of Chenopodium album. Pig-nut. A common name for the fruit of a species of Hickory, Carya porcina. Pilea. From pileos, a cap ; alluding to the shape of one of the divisions of the perianth. Nat. Ord. Urticacee. An extensive genus of annual or perennial herbaceous plants, most of which may be de- scribed as mere weeds. P. microphylla, known as the Artillery Plant (syn. P. muscosa), is a native of the West Indies and is a useful, low-growing, mossy-looking plant, remarkable for the manner in which it dis- charges its pollen grains. When the flowers are ready to expand the least moisture causes the calyx to expand, and the pollen is thrown out with great force to the dis- tance of nearly a foot. By putting a plant when in flower quickly in a vessel of warm water, these discharges will be rapidly kept up for some minutes, a perfect representa- tion of miniature artillery, both in sound and smoke. The plants are well adapted for baskets, stands, or rockeries, and are exten- sively used for massing with Echeverias and other plants usedin ‘carpet bedding.” P. reticulata, P. herniarefolia, P. serpyllifolia, and other species, are used for hanging-baskets, vases, etc.; they all have the same peculiar- ities and are easily increased by cuttings. Pileus. The name given to the broad expanded part in Mushrooms and allied groups of the larger Fungi. Pili. Hairs. Piliferous. Pillwort. Pilularia. Piloca’/rpus. From pilos, a cap, and karpos, a fruit; referring to the shape of the berries. Nat. Ord. Rutacee. A genus of shrubby green-house plants, natives of tropical America and the West Indies. P. pennatifolius, has purple flowers in crowded racemes eighteen inches long; it is one of the plants which furnishes the Jabo- randi of commerce. They are propagated by cuttings of the ripened wood. Piloce/reus. From pilos, wool, and Cereus; alluding to the long hairs upon the spine cushions. Nat. Ord. Cactacee. The well-known Old Man Cactus, and a few allied species, have been separated under this name from the genus Cereus, but, as in other genera of Cactacee, the distinguishing charac- ters are scarcely of generic importance. All the species are natives of Mexico and tropical America. P. senilis, the Old Man Cactus, the one met in our green-houses, but by no means Tipped with, or bearing hairs. The common name of the genus 325 PIM common, is usually seen from one to two feet high, and rarely three, but in Mexico, its native country, it attains a height of from twenty to twenty-five feet, with a diameter of nine or ten inches, and its fluted character gives it somewhat the appearance of an archi- tectural column. The stem is divided into thirty or forty narrow furrows, with corre- sponding ridges, which are furnished at very short distances with tufts of white spines, surrounded by numerous long, flexible white hairs, resembling the gray hairs of an old man’s head; hence has arisen not only the common name of the plant, but also its scien- tific appellation. When young the stems are fleshy and succulent, but when they get old their tissue becomes filled with an extraordi- nary quantity of small sand-like grains, com- posed of oxalate of lime, not less than from sixty to eighty per cent. having been found in individual stems. This genus requires the same culture as other Cacti, and is increased in the same manner. Pilo’gyne suavis. A very beautiful climbing plant belonging to the Nat. Ord. Cucurbitacee. It is a rapid-growing plant, with small, glossy green leaves, rendering it desirable for covering verandas or trellises. It is also a splendid house plant. The flowers are yel- lowish-white, and quite fragrant. This plant was introduced into the United States about 1875 from South Africa, by way of Germany, and is easily increased by cuttings. It is described in ‘* Nicholson’s Dictionary” under the name of Zehneria, and the correct name is given as Melothria punctata. Pilose. Covered with long, soft hairs. Pilot-weed. Silphiwm laciniatum. Pilula/ria. From pilula, a little ball or pill; alluding to the shape of the heads of the reproductive organs. Nat. Ord. Marsileacee. Asmall genus of aquatic plants found in temperate Europe and Asia, Australia and North America. They are often cultivated in aquaria. Pilu’mna. From pilos or pileos, a cap; shape of the flowers. Nat. Ord. Orchidacee. A small genus of Peruvian epiphytal Or- chids. They have medium-sized flowers, of a white, or greenish-white color, which are pro- duced in spikes of from three to five. They are remarkable for their delicious fragrance. They succeed well in a cool house, and should be grown in leaf mould and sphagnum moss. They were introduced in 1843, and are increased by division. Pime’lea. From pimele, fat; referring to the viscid matter on the leaves of some species. Nat. Ord. Thymelacee. An extensive genus of green-house ever- green shrubs, natives of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. They make handsome plants in English green-houses, and produce many terminal clusters of white, rose, or yel- low flowers of great beauty, but our hot, dry summers are not congenial to them. They were introduced in 1824, and are propagated by cuttings. Pime’nta. Ailspice Tree. From pimento, the Spanish name. Nat. Ord. Myrtacee. P. vulgaris, the only species, is an extremely handsome tree, a native of South America and the West Indies, especially of the island = 326 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS PIM of Jamaica, whence the berries or Pimento of commerce are exported in large quantities. This tree grows to the height of about thirty feet, with a smooth brown trunk and shining green leaves, resembling those of the Bay; the brauches coming out on all sides, the trees are clothed in the most luxuriant foliage. The great profusion of white flowers contrasts pleasingly with the dark green leaves, the whole forming an object of vege- table beauty rarely surpassed; while the rich perfume which the flowers exhale renders an assemblage of these trees one of the most delicious plantations of even a tropical clime. The Pimento tree grows spontaneously in many parts of Jamaica, but abounds more particularly on the northern side of the island, in elevated spots near the coast. When a new plantation is to be formed, no regular planting or sowing takes place. It is usual to appropriate a piece of land either in the neighborhood of a plantation already formed, or in a part of the woodlands where these trees are scattered in a native state. The land is then cleared of all wood except these trees, which are left standing, and the felled timber is allowed to remain, where it falls to decay. In the course of a year young Pimento plants are found springing up in all parts of the land. At the end of two years the land is thoroughly cleared, only those plants being left that promise a vigorous growth ; these arrive at maturity in from five to seven years. Plantations are thus formed with apparently little trouble; this, however, can only be done in those parts where the tree is of spontaneous growth. This tree is purely achild of Nature, and seems to mock all the labors of man in his endeavors to extend or improve its growth; not one attempt in fifty to propagate the young plants or to raise them from the seed, in parts of the country where it is not found growing spontaneously, having succeeded. The berries have to be gathered very soon after the flowers fade; if left to ripen on the tree they lose their pun- gency, and become valueless. When picked they are spread out thinly on floors, exposed to the full heat of the sun, for about a week, or until fit for exportation. Pime’nto. The dried berries of the West Indian Eugenia Pimenta, and EH. acris. Pimpernel. See Anagallis. Pina’cee. A natural order now included under Conifere. Pina/nga. A local Malayan name. Palmacee. A genus of stove-house Palms, usually low and slender-stemmed, natives of India and the Malayan Archipelago. They are very ornamental plants, and are closely allied to Seaforthia, and Areca, under which genera some of the species are placed by botanists. P. spectabilis, is a very choice and beautiful species, the dark green leaves, mottled with light green, and the nerves prominently raised on the upper surface, the under sur- face having a light silvery appearance. P. lepida, is another elegant-growing Palm, the young leaves having a brown-crimson tint, gradually changing as the foliage matures. Pincenecti’'tia. Lindley says this is ‘‘a name under which some plants allied to Cordyline, Nat. Ord. PIN and Dasylirion, have been sent out by Belgian horticulturists. It is supposed to have arisen from the blunders of ignorant gardeners, who mistook the plant for a Freycinetia, but who wrote the name so badly that it was read as above.”’ The species are described as a genus of Liliacew, under the name of Beaucarnia, which see. Pi/nckneya. A genus of small trees, natives of the Southern States from Carolina to Florida, and belonging to the Nat. Ord. Rubiacea. P. pubens, the Bitter-bark Tree, is quite a handsome tree, with red downy, purplish- spotted flowers, and large, downy, ovate leaves, rendered still more conspicuous by reason of the large pink bracts underneath the inflorescence. Pincushion Flower. The genus Scabiosa. Pine-apple. See Ananassa. Pine-barren Beauty, or Little Pixie. Pyzidan- thera barbulata. Pine-tree. The popular name for Pinus; the name is also applied to several other genera. Aleppo or Jerusalem. Pinus Halepensis. Amboyna. Damarra orientalis. Austrian. Pinus Austriaca. Bhotan. Pinus excelsa. Black. Pinus Austriaca. Black, of New Zealand. Podocarpus ferruginea, and P. spicata. Brazilian. Araucaria Braziliensis. Calabrian. Pinus Laricio. Californian Giant. Pinus Lambertiana. Celery-leaved, of New Zealand. Phyllocladus trichomanoides. Celery-leaved, of Tasmania. Phyllocladus rhomboidalis. Chili. Araucaria imbricata. Chinese. Pinus Sinensis. Chinese Lace-bark. Pinus Bungeana. Cowrie or Kauri. Damarra Australis. Crimean. Pinus Pallasiana. Cluster. Pinus Pinaster. Cypress. Frenella verrucosa. Frankincense. Pinus Teda. Georgia. Pinus australis. Golden. Pinus Kaempferi. Hickory. Pinus Balfouriana. Highland. Pinus sylvestris, var. horizontalis. Hudson’s Bay. Pinus Banksiana. Italian Stone. Pinus Pinea. Kauri or Cowrie. Damarra Australis. King. Abies Webbiana. Labrador or Banksian. Loblolly. Pinus Teda. Mahogany. Podocarpus Totara. Monterey. Pinus insignis. Moreton Bay. Araucaria Cunninghami. Mountain. Pinus Monticola and P. pumula. Nepal. Pinus Gerardiana. New Caledonian. Araucaria Cookii, and A. Rulei. New Jersey Serub. Pinus inops. New Zealand. Dacridiwm cupressinum. Norfolk Island. Arauwcaria excelsa. Norway. Abies excelsa. ““Norway,” of North America. Pinus resinosa. Nut. Pinus edulis and P. monophylla. Pitch. Pinus rigida. Pitch, of Georgia. Pinus australis. Red. Pinus resinosa and abies rubra. Red, of New Zealand. Dacrydium cupressinum. Screw. The genus Pandanus. Pinus Banksiana. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 327 PIN Screw, Australian. Pandanus pedunculatus. Sea-side. Pinus maritima. Siberian. Pinus Cembra, var. Siberica. Snow or White Weymouth. Pinus Strobus, var. nivea. South African. Leucadendron argenteum. Southern. Pinus australis. Stone. Pinus Pinea. Stone, Swiss. Pinus Cembra. Sugar. Pinus Lambertiana. Table-mountain. Pinus pungens. Umbrella. The genus Sciadopitys. Virginian. Pinus australis (P. palustris). Water. Glyptostrobus heterophyllus. Wax. The genus Damarra. Weymouth. Pinus Strobus. White. Pinus Strobus, and P. flevilis. Yellow. Pinus australis, P. mitis, and P. ponderosa. Pine-weed. Hypericum Sarothra. Pingui’cula. Butterwort. From pinguwis, fat; referring to the greasiness of the leaves. Nat. Ord. Lentibulacee. Curious and beautiful little plants, very dif- ficult to keep in an artificial state, although some of them are indigenous. They are marsh plants, and refuse to exist out of their native position; but when seen in health, their beautiful white, yellow, lilac, or violet- colored flowers are the admiration of every beholder. P. Vallisnericefolia, a native of the mountains of Spain, differs from all others of the genus in its clustered habit of growth, a number of crowns being often massed to- gether in one clump. The flowers are large, and of a soft purple or pale lilac-purple, with conspicuous white or pale centres. It requires very free drainage, continuous moisture, and a humid atmosphere in cultivation. The native species are common from New York to Florida. Pink. See Dianthus. Pink-root. See Spigelia. Pinne. The primary divisions of a pinnated leaf—its leaflets. Pinnate. When simple leaflets are arranged on each side of a common petiole; a compound leaf. Pinnatifid. A leaf deeply cut into segments nearly to the midrib. Pinnules. The secondary divisions of a pinnate leaf. Pi/nus. Pine Tree. From pinos, a Greek word used by Theophrastus, to designate a Pine tree; and some authors derive it from the Celtic pin, or pyn, a mountain or rock; allud- ing to the habitat of the tree. Nat. Ord. Coni- Sere. This genus is very extensive, and contains some of our most useful trees for economic purposes, besides a number of species of an ornamental character. The genus is confined solely to the northern hemisphere, and the more useful and gigantic to the United States. Pinus australis is the Yellow or Pitch Pine of the Southern States. This species seems to be especially assigned to dry, sandy soil, and it is found without interruption from Virginia to Florida, covering a tract of more than six hundred miles long from northeast to southwest, and more than one hundred miles broad from the sea toward the moun- tains of the Carolinas and Georgia. The aver- PIN age height of the trees is from sixty to seventy feet, with a diameter of from fifteen to eighteen inches. In Virginia, where this species first makes its appearance, it does not grow so large; but in Georgia and Florida it greatly exceeds these dimensions. Besides the valu- able timber it affords, it also produces the pitch, tar, turpentine, and rosin of commerce. The leaves are about a foot long, of a beauti- ful brilliant green, and produced in bunches at the extremity of the branches. P. inops is the Jersey or Scrub Pine, a species that grows from fifteen to forty feet high, with a diameter of from six to fifteen inches; its habit is strag- gling and rough. Its only use is for fuel. P. mitis, Yellow Pine, is a fine tree, growing from fifty to sixty feet high, furnishing a fine- grained, lasting timber, which is especially used for flooring. Common from New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. P. pungens, Table Mountain Pine, is a large tree, with short, compact, pale green leaves, and re- sembles the European Pines. Its cones are borne in large clusters, and remain upon the trees for many years. It is valuable as a timber tree. It is found upon the Blue Ridge in Virginia and southward. P. rigida is com- monly known as Pitch Pine, and is common throughout the Middle and Northern States, frequently growing in swamps with the Red Cedar. It is a species of medium growth, and of but little value. P. resinosa, or Red Pine, commonly and improperly called Norway Pine, is found in most of the Northern States. Itis a tall-growing, erect, symmetrical tree, with light-green leaves and short cones. The wood is dark, compact, and much esteemed for its durability. P. edulis, the Edible Pine, or ‘“‘ Nut Pine” of California and New Mexico, is an interesting species, growing from fifty to sixty feet high, producing great quantities of thin-shelled seeds, about the size of Peas, very nutritious, and of a pleasant flavor. P. monophyllus is another nut-bearing Pine, dis- covered by Col. Fremont in northern Cali- fornia, where it is extensively diffused over the mountains for a distance of about 600 miles. In some places it makes considerable growth, but is usually a small, slow-growing tree, of but little value forits timber. P. taeda, the Loblolly Pine of the Southern States, is a tree that grows from eighty to 100 feet high in the forests; in open grounds its trunk is low and branches spreading. This species immediately takes possession of and com- pletely covers lands that are thrown out of cultivation. P. Sabiniana, Sabine’s Pine, is one of the noblest California species, with a trunk 140 feet high, and is remarkable for its large, heavy cones, the seales of which are produced into long, recurved points. Its nut is large and edible. This tree occurs on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and is one of the California White Pines. Its foliage is thin and of a very light green, which gives it a peculiar aspect, different from all the other Pines of that country. Its timber is very tough, and highly esteemed. P. Lam- bertiana is called Sugar Pine from the sweet- ness of its resinous juice, which exudes plenti- fully from this tree. This species was dis- covered by the intrepid Douglas, growing upon the most sterile, sandy plains, on the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains in California. He describes it as a tree of great 328 PIN size, attaining a height of 200 feet, and a cir- cumference of about sixty feet. Its branches are pendulous, and form an open, pyramidal head; the leaves are from four to five inches long; the cones pendulous from the extremi- ties of the branches, and, when ripe, about sixteen inches in length. The seeds are large, sweet, and nutritious, and form an important article of food to the Indians, who collect them. The most valuable and useful of the many species is P. Strobus, our common North American White Pine. This is a handsome, slender tree, growing from 100 to 200 feet high, and with a circumference of from three to twelve feet. This tree is diffused, though not uniformly, over a vast extent of country, from Maine westward to the Rocky Mountains. For economical purposes, its value is greater than all other timbers combined. There are many species cultivated for their beauty as ornamental trees for the lawn, and they are entitled to more consideration than they have thus far received. They thrive well in a sandy or light loamy soil, and may be transplanted from the nursery rows with perfect safety. Numerous other species, grown mainly for lawn decoration, are given in nurserymen’s catalogues. Pinxter Flower. A local name of Azalea nudi- flora, common in the swamps of the Middle and New England States. Pi’per. Pepper. From pepto, to digest; refer- ring to the stimulating power. Nat. Ord. Piperacee. ‘« P. nigrum yields the Pepper of commerce, a condiment that has been held in high esteem from the earliest times. Itis frequently men- tioned by Roman writers of the Augustin age, and it is related that in the fifth century Attila demanded, among other things, 3,000 pounds of Pepper in ransom for the City of Rome. Pepper is cultivated in the East and West Indies, Sumatra, Java, etc., but that which comes from Malabar is held in the highest esteem. The Pepper-vine will, if left to itself, attain a height of twenty or more feet; but in cultivation it is found more con- venient not to allow it to exceed the height of twelve feet. The plants are placed at the base of trees that have rough or prickly barks, in order that they may more readily attach themselves to the trunk. In three years they produce their spikes of fruit, and continue to do so for some seven or eight years, after which time they become less productive. The fruit, when ripe, is of a red color. It is gathered before it is fully ripe, and spread on mats in the sun, when it loses its red color and becomes black and shriveled, as when offered in the market. This is Black Pepper. White Pepper is the same fruit, freed from its outer skin by maceration in water and subse- quent rubbing. P. trioicum, a nearly allied species to P. nigrum, yields also some little of the Pepper of commerce. There are several other species under cultivation, but all of the same general character. «© P. Betle furnishes the Betel-leaf of the southern Asiatics, in which they enclose a few slices of the Areca-nut and a little shell-lime ; this they chew to sweeten the breath and to keep off the pangs of hunger, and such is the immense consumption of this luxury in the East, that it nearly forms as extensive an HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS PIS article of commerce as that of tobacco in the West.”—Paxton’s Bot. Dict. Pipera’cee. A natural order of shrubs or herbs with articulated stems, and alternate, some- times whorled leaves. They are natives of the hottest portions of the globe, and oceur commonly in South America and India. They have pungent, acrid, and aromatic properties; some are narcotic and astringent. Among the most important products of the order are Pepper and Betel. There are about twenty genera and upwards of 600 species, Artanthe, Piper, and Peperomia, affording the best known examples. Pipe-Tree. See Syringa vulgaris. Pipe Vine. Aristolochia sipho. Pipe-wort. Hriocaulon septangulare. Pipsissewa. See Chimaphila. Pipta’nthus. From pipto, to fall, and anthos, a flower; the teeth of the calyx, as wellas the petals and stamens, very soon fall off. Nat. Ord. Leguminose. P. Nepalensis, the only described species, a native of the temperate Himalayas, forms a very handsome, hardy, or nearly hardy ever- green shrub, bearing its large yellow flowers in terminai bracteate racemes. It was intro- duced in 1821, and is propagated by cuttings ofthe ripened wood, or by seeds. It is known also as Baptisia Nepalensis. Piptathe’rum. From pipto, to fall, and ather, anawn. Nat. Ord. Graminacee. P. multiflorum is a large perennial grass worth growing for its elegant feathery pani- cles, which are useful for arranging with cut flowers. It grows vigorously in any soil, and is perfectly hardy. Pique’ria. Named after A. Piqueria, a Spanish botanist. Nat. Ord. Composite. A genus of hardy shrubs, and annual or perennial herbs, mostly natives of Mexico and western South America. P. latifolia, is an annual, with purplish flower-heads, known in cultivation as Ageratum latifolium. P. trinervia, a hardy herbaceous species, has white flowers disposed in loose, corymbose, many-flowered panicles. It is increased by division. Pisci/dia. Jamaica Dogwood. From piscis, a fish, and cedo, to kill; the leaves, twigs, and bark are used to stupefy fish. Nat. Ord. Leguminosae. Asmall genus of evergreen, white-flowered trees, from the West Indies. All that is of interest in this genus is included in the deri- vation of the name. Piso/nia. Named in honor of Nillem Piso, of Amsterdam, an eminent physician and natur- alist. Nat. Ord. Nyctaginacee. A somewhat large genus of trees and shrubs, mostly natives of tropical America; a few being found in Asia, the Pacific and Mascarene Islands. A few of the species are in cultiva- tion, but are of little interest. Pistachio Nuts. See Pistacia. Pista’cia. Altered from Foustaqg, its Arabic name. Nat. Ord. Anacardiacee. A genus of ornamental deciduous trees, indigenous to Asia Minor, and which are particularly abundant in Syria. P. Lentiscus yields the Gum Mastic which is used by the Turks for chewing to sweeten the breath and strengthen the gums. In this country itis AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 329 PIS used for varnishing pictures, and by dentists. P. Terebinthus, the Turpentine-tree, forms a very beautiful and desirable tree where it is hardy. It is deciduous, and grows in the south of Eurupe to the height of thirty feet. The red hue of the young leaves of thisspecies is exceedingly beautiful. The Chean or Cyprus turpentine is obtained from this tree, the liquid flowing from incisions made in the trunk soon becomes thick and tenacious, and ultimately hardens. FP. vera, the Pistachia tree, which yields the eatable Pistachio-nuts, is a nativeof Western Asia, whence it has been introduced into, and is greatly cultivated in southern Europe. They are much used either dried like Almonds, or made into articles of confectionery. The species are rarely culti- vated except in botanical collections. Pi/stia. Name probably derived from pistos, watery, in reference to the habitat. Nat. Ord. Aroidew. A genusof tropicalaquatic plants. P. strati- otesis very common in the West Indies, where it is known as Water Lettuce. It propagates itself with great rapidity, and frequently com- pletely covers tropical ponds and water tanks with a coating of verdure, keeping the water beneath fresh and cool. Each plant sends out several runners, and upon the ends of these other similar plants are formed, which, again, send out runners until, in a short time, the surface of the water is covered. The flowers are very small, and borne in little spathes at the base of the leaves. The plant is well adapted for the aquarium. Pistil. The female part of a flower, consisting of ovary, style, stigma, and ovules. Pi/sum. Pea. From pis, the Celtic for Pea, whence the Latin name pisuwm. A genus of diffuse or climbing annual plants, one of which, P. elatius, having pale red flowers, is a native of the Taurian Mountains, the other, P. sativum, the cultivated Pea, is naturalized in the Mediterranean region and Western Asia. For a description and history of this species see ‘‘Pea.” Pita. Agave Americana, and the allied species. Pita-fibre and Pita-thread are names for the fibre, called also Aloe-fibre, obtained from the leaves of the larger Agaves such as A. Ameri- cana and A. Mexicana. Pitca/irnia. In honor of William Pitcairn, a physician of London. Nat. Ord. Bromeliacee. A handsome genus of green-house _her- baceous plants, remarkable for their long panicles of bright red flowers, and for their long, narrow, prickly, green leaves. They are natives of the West Indies and South America. They will grow freely in rich sandy loam, but require partial rest after having made their new growth previous to flowering. They are increased by division or from seed. Introduced in 1820. Pitch. The residuum obtained in the distillation of wood-tar from Pinus sylvestris and P. Pin- aster ; the resin of Pine, extracted by fire and ae It is commonly known as Black itch. Pitcher. A hollowed-out leaf, so called, as in Nepenthes, Sarracenia, ete. Pitch of Amboyna. The resin of Dammara Australis. PLA Pitch. Burgundy. The purified resinous sap of Abies excelsa. Pitcher Plant. See Nepenthes, and Sarracenia. Australian or New Holland. Cephalotus folli- cularis. Californian. Darlingtonia Californica. Pitcher-shaped. The same as Campanulate, but more contracted at the orifice, with an erect limb, as the corolla of the Vacciniums or many of the Ericas. Pitch Pine. See Pinus. Pith. The central cellular part of a stem; the same as Medulla. Pith-hat Piant. -Zischynomene aspera. Pith-tree. Herminiera Elaphroxylon. Pithecolo’bium, Curl Brush Bean. From pithecos, an ape, and lobos, the lobe of the ear; in allusion to the native name, Monkey’s earring. Nat. Ord. Leguminose. A large genus of trees and shrubs natives of the tropical regions of the western hemi- sphere, tropical Asia, and Australia. P. dulce, a native of Mexico, produces cylindrical pods containing a sweet edible pulp which the Mexicans, who call the tree Guamuchil, boil and eat. The Spaniards introduced it into the Philippine Islands, whence it has been earried to India; and it is now planted along the lines of railway in the Madras Presidency where the fruitis known as Manilla Tamarinds. P. Saman yields edible pods, which, in Vene- zuela and Brazil are fed to the cattle, like the Carob pods of Europe. P. pruinosum, intro- duced from Queensland in 1869 forms a beauti- ful green-house shrub, the white flowers with long exserted stamens growing in globular umbels from the axils of the upper leaves. The young branches, foliage, and inflorescence are covered with a rusty pubescence. The genus is closely allied to Inga, and the species require the same general treatment. Pitted. Having numerous small shallow de- pressions or excavations. Pittospora’cee. A natural order of trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate, exstipulate leaves, and regular symmetrical white, blue, or yellow flowers, found chiefly in Australia. Many of them are resinous, and in some instances the berries are edible. Sollya, Piitto- sporum, and Billardiera are representative genera, of which there are nine, including eighty or more species. Pitto/sporum. From pitto, to tar or pitch, and sporos, seed; the seeds are covered with a resinous pulp. Nat. Ord. Pittosporacee. An extensive genus of half-hardy evergreen shrubs, natives of China, Australia, the Cana- ries, and the Cape of Good Hope. Most of the species have terminal clusters of white, fragrant flowers, and broadish, shining, dark green leaves, and they are all very ornamen- tal. They require the protection of a-cellar or cool house during the winter. They were first introduced in 1789, and are propagated by cuttings. Pla’cea. Derivation of name unknown. Nat. Ord. Amaryllidacee. P. ornata, the best known species, is a delicate bulb from Chili, producing on a slender scape, about six inches high, four to seven flowers, which are snow white on the outside, and striped with brilliant vermilion 330 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS PLA lines within.” It requires cool green-house treatment. While flowering, and until it shows symptoms of rest, it needs a warm and humid atmosphere, after which it can be put under a bench until January, when it should be re-potted and moderately watered, and it will flower in May. It was introduced in 1840, and is propagated by offsets. Placenta. The place or part on which ovules originate. Placentiform. Quoit-shaped, or like a flat cake in form. Plagia/nthus. From plagios, oblique, and anthos, a flower; reterring to the usually unequal-sided petals. Nat. Ord. Malvacee. A small genus of green-house or half-hardy shrubs, natives of southern Australia and New Zealand. P. Lyallii, is the most orna- mental species, and forms a handsome green- house plant, with drooping, axillary, white flowers. Itwasintroduced from New Zealand in 1871, and is easily increased by cuttings. Plagioli’‘rion. From plagios, oblique, and lierion, a lily; in allusion to the shape of the perianth. Nat. Ord. Amaryllidacea. P. Horsmanni, the only described species is a very pretty stove-house bulb, introduced from Columbia in 1883. Its pure white flow- ers are disposed ina ten to twelve flowered umbel, which though smaller than those of the Eucharis, to which it is closely allied, are quite showy and ornamental. Plagiolo/bium. From plagios, transverse, and | lobos, a pod; alluding to the shape of the pod. Nat. Ord. Leguminose. A genus of very beautiful green-house plants, now placed under Hovea, by many botanists. Plaited. Folded lengthwise, iike the plaits of a closed fan. Plane. Flat, level. Plane’ra. Named in honor of J. J. Planer, a German botanist who published a ‘Flora of Erfurt” in 1788. Nat. Ord. Urticacee. A small genus of trees, natives of Asia and North America, closely allied tothe Elms. P. Richardi, the Zelkona tree, the wood of which is exceedingly hard, and takes a fine polish, forms a large and very ornamental tree in its native country, and has smooth bark, anda much branched crown, like an erect growing Beech. P. aquatica, the Planer Tree (syn. P. Gmelina), our only native species is found in the Southern States, and isa small tree, to which no particular value is attached. Either of the species can be grafted on the Elm. Planer Tree. See Planera aquatica. Plane Tree. See Platanus. Plane Tree, Scotch. A common name in Scot- land for Acer Pseudo-platanus. Plantagina’cee. A natural order of annual or perennial herbs, natives of the temperate regions of both hemispheres, especially in Europe and North America. Several of the species are employed in medicine. The order comprises only three genera, Bougueria, Lit- torella, and Plantago, and about two hundred species. Planta’go. Plantain. genus, used by Pliny. acee. The old name of the Nat. Ord. Plantagin- PLA P. lanceolata (Rib-grass), is sometimes sown with grasses as a condiment for sheep pasture or forarabbit warren. P. major, the common Plantain of the door-yard, and grass-plots, is found near the abode of civilized man in all parts of the world. Plantain Tree. See Musa. Plantain. See Plantago. Plantain Lily. A popular name for the genus Funkia. Plantain. Water. The common name of Alisma Plantago, once regarded as a specific against Hydrophobia. Pla/ntia. Named by Dr. Herbert in honor of Mr. Plant, a zealous and industrious experi- mental cultivator and nurseryman at Cheadle, England, who raised some interesting hybrids among this race of plants. Nat. Ord. Iridacew. P. flava, the only species, is a beautiful yellow-flowering bulb from the Cape of Good Hope. Itis a delicate growing plant, bearing numerous pretty little flowers on a slender scape about one foot high. It is propagated by offsets and requires the same treatment as the tender species of Iris. Introduced in 1842. This genus is now.included with Hexaglottis by some botanists. Plant Lice. See Insects. Planting. This is an operation performed by the fingers, dibber, trowel, or by the spade. The condition of soil for planting should be similar to that for Sowing (which see). And here, too, as in sowing, the same necessity for moderately firming the soil to the roots is as important as in firming the soil over seeds, and, as advised in seed sowing, no better method can be used in firming the soil after planting than by the feet. In the driest weather in July hundreds of acres of Celery, Cabbage, etc., are planted by our market gardeners on newly plowed ground, without using a particle of water, by the system of firming the plants with the foot after planting. The planter sets the plant with the dibber, and on finishing the row, returns on it, press- ing the soil to each plant firmly with the side of his foot. This prevents the dry air pene- trating the loose soil, and plants so set will strike out new roots in thirty or forty hours, after which they are safe. The same rule should be adopted in setting out all plants, shrubs, trees, or anything else, particularly if the weather is hot and dry. Countless millions of plants are lost every season by want of the simple operation of firming the roots after planting. In setting out plants that have been growing in pots, there is perhaps not so much necessity, as the roots are not mutilated, and hence make a quicker start; still circumstances must be the guide in the operation; and if the soil is very dry and the weather warm, a moderate amount of pressure around the ball of earth will be necessary. Sometimes in setting out plants from pots, the ball is so hard as to pre- vent the inner roots getting easily to the surface; in such eases the ball should be crushed or beaten so as to render it partially loose, which greatly conduces to the growth of the plant. Planting. Ev1ioFr DEEP. More than half the losses in tree planting and fruit trees especially arise from their being planted too deep. No Plant Protectors. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. PLA tree should be planted deeper than it formerly grew, as its roots are stifled for the want of air, or starved by the poverty of the soil at the depth where they are placed. Itis much the better and more natural process, to plant the tree so that it shall, when the whole is complete, appear just as deep as before, but standing on a little mound two or three inches higher than the ground round about. This, when the mound settles, will leave it nearly on a level with the previous surface. This term is applicable to anything which acts, if only temporarily, to preserve plants from injury. Bast-mats, straw mats, hand lights, bell glasses, small movable frames, covered either with glass or water- proof protecting cloth, or waterproof fibre, may all be termed appliances for this purpose. This protecting cloth, while being no cheaper than ordinary grades of cotton cloth, has the advantage in being so prepared that it is mil- dew-proof, and will last from five to ten years, according to the care given it. Itis made in yard widths and can be shaped for use accord- ing to circumstances. Probably the simplest plan is to tack it to a light frame three by six feet and use it just as sashes are used. Such ‘‘sashes,” made of protecting cloth, would cost not more than twenty cents each, while glass sashes cost (to say nothing of ex- pense in freighting) $2each. Besides, in the hands of inexperienced cultivators, the pro- tecting cloth is safest, for, if this covering is left on in the daytime when the sun is shining there is comparatively little rise of tempera- ture underneath it, while it is well known that if ventilation of frames covered by glass sashes is not carefully attended to, the crop beneath may be quickly ruined by the sun’s rays acting on the glass and raising the tem- perature. It can also be procured on galvan- ized iron folding frames, and is invaluable for the early forwarding of plants, protecting from frosts, insects, etc. It is also useful for cover- ing hot-bed frames in spring, in lieu of glass, after excessive freezing weather is over, and also for throwing over bedding plantsat night, in fall, when there is danger of frost. By this means beds of Coleus, Achyranthes, and other plants may be retained in their beauty for weeks, after similar plants have been blackened and destroyed in unprotected beds by one night’s untimely frost. It isadmirably adapted for the temporary green-houses, or structures now so much used to protect and flower Chrysanthemums in the fall. Plants in Rooms—ARE THEY INJURIOUS TO HEALTH? The question whether plants may be safely grown in living rooms is now settled by scientific men who show that, whatever deleterious gases may be given out by plants at night, they are so minute in quantity that no injury is ever done by their presence in the rooms and by being inhaled. Though we were glad to see the question disposed of by such authority, experience had already shown that no bad effects ever resulted from living in apartments where plants were grown. Our green-houses are one mass of foliage, and I much doubt if any healthier class of men can be found than those engaged in the care of plants. But timid persons may say that the deleterious gases are given out only at night, while our green-house operators are 331 PLA only employedin daylight. Thisis only true in part. Our watchmen and men engaged in attending to fires at night make the warm green-houses their sitting-room and their sleeping-room, and I have yet to hear of the first instance where the slightest injury resulted from this practice. Many of our medical practitioners run in old ruts. Some Solomon among them probably gave out this dogma a century ago; it was made the con- venient scapegoat of some other cause of sickness, and the rank and file have followed in his train. A belief in this error often consigns to the cellar, or to the cold winds of winter, the treasured floral pets of a house- hold. Plants for Shady Places. There are few plants that will flower in places from which sunshine is entirely excluded. Some plants will grow well enough, developing shoots and leaves, but flowers of nearly all kinds must have some sunshine. Of those that do well and flower when planted out in the open ground where sunlight only comes for two or three hours during the day, may be named the following: Caleeolarias, Fuchsias, Lobelias, Herbaceous Phloxes, Pansies, Forget-me-nots, Lily of the Valley, and other herbaceous plants and shrubs whose native habitat is shady woods. A better effect, however, is produced in such situations by ornamental-leaved plants, such as Coleuses of all kinds, Amaranths, Achy- ranthes, Caladiums, Cannas, and other plants with highly-colored or ornamental leaves. With these may be combined the different styles of white or gray-leaved plants, such as Centaureas, Cinerarias, and Gnaphaliums, plants known under the general popular term of ‘* Dusty Millers.” This is just the situation also for many of the hardier Palms, Ficus, Crotons, or other exotic plants during the summer months, to recuperate from the effects of the winter’s confinement in the house or conservatory. For a shady door- yard in the city, nothing can surpass the white and blue Periwinkle (Vinca minor) or Creeping Charlie (Lysimachia nummularia) for a groundwork, relieved with clumps or groups of our various native or hardy Ferns, Plaintain Lilies the variegated Calla, or plants of a like nature. Plant Stove. The name generally given to a structure devoted to the cultivation of those plants that require a high temperature to grow them to perfection. As many of the inhabitants of the Plant Stove are grown for their beautifully colored foliage as well as for flowers, a structure that admits all the side light possible is requisite, thus securing to the plants a brighter coloring as well as a shorter jointed growth, and a more healthy development. Ventilation should be so ar- ranged that the air cannot, on entering, come in direct contact with the plants; for prevent- ing this, it is better to place side ventilators in the walls near the pipes, and to only use others situated near the top when there’ is comparatively little difference between the internal and external temperatures. A slight shading is necessary during the summer months, which is best applied as described under ‘‘Shading.” As plenty of water and a moist atmosphere are necessary to their proper cultivation, the plants must therefore 332 PLA be well and carefully drained; cleanliness amongst plants and also pots is most import- ant, as a high temperature favors the multi- plication of insect pests. Plants, Unhealthy. THr RemMepy. Whenever plants begin to drop their leaves, it is certain that their health has been injured. This may be due to over-potting, over-watering, over- heating, too much cold, or the application of such stimulants as guano, or to some other cause which has destroyed the fine root- lets by which the plant feeds, and induced disease that may lead to death. The ease is not usually important enough to eall in a “plant doctor,” so the amateur begins to treat the patient, and the practice is, in all probability, not unlike that of some of our household physicians who apply a remedy that increases the disease. Having already destroyed the, so to speak, nutritive organs of the plant, the ‘‘stomach” is gorged with food by applying water, or with medicine by applying guano or some patent “plant food.” Now the remedy is nearly akin to what isa good one when the animal digestion is de- ranged—give it no more food until it re-acts. We must then, if the roots of the plant have been injured from any of the above-named causes, let the soil in which it is potted become nearly dry; then remove the plant from the pot, take the ball of soil in which the roots have been enveloped, and crush it between the hands just enough to allow all the hard outer crust of the ball of earth to be shaken off; and then re-pot in rather dry soil, using a new flower-pot, or the old one, thor- oughly washing it, so that the moisture can freely evaporate through the pores. Be careful not to over-feed the sick plant. Let the pot be only large enough to admit of not more than an inch of soil between the pot and the ball of roots. After re-potting, give it water enough to settle the soil, and do not apply any more until the plant has begun to grow, unless, in- deed, the atmosphere is so dry that the mois- ture has entirely evaporated from the soil, and then, of course, water must be given, or the patient may die from the opposite cause— starvation. The danger to be avoided is, in all probability, that which brought on the sickness, namely, saturation of the soil by too much water. Other causes may induce sick- ness in plants, such as an escape of gas in the apartment, or smoke from a flue in the green- -house; but in all eases, when the leaves fall from a plant, withhold water, and if there is reason to believe that the soil has been poisoned by gas, or soddened with moisture, shake it from the roots as before advised, and re-pot in a fresh flower-pot. Platana’cez. A small natural order of usually tall trees, of which two are natives of eastern Europe, and Asia, and the rest of North America. Platanus, the only genus of the order, comprises five or six species, valuable for their timber as well as for their ornamental appearance. Platanthe’ra. Native Orchids, now included in the genus Habenaria, which see. Pla’tanus. Plane Tree, Button-wood, or Syca- more. From platys, broad or ample; in allu- sion to the spreading branches and shady foliage. Nat. Ord. Platanacee. HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS PLA P. occidentalis is the well-known Button- wood tree, and is common throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. P. orientalis, the Oriental or Common Plane, is a beautiful, large, spreading tree presenting a great variety of handsome forms, which differ chiefly in the shape and lobing of the leaves. The variety P. O. Acerifolia (maple- leaved) is the commonest in cultivation, fre- quently bearing the name of P. occidentalis from which it may readily be distinguished when in fruit, by the peduncles bearing more than one ball, and frequently many. P. racem- osa, a California species, is remarkable for its deeply five-lobed leaves, the under surface of which, even when they become old, is copiously clad with woolly hairs. This spe- cies furnishes a hard and durable timber, and is much less liable to warp than that of P. occidentalis. P. Wrightii, found on the banks of rivers in the valleys of New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico, forms a beautiful tree forty to sixty feet in height. The wood is light, soft, very close-grained and compact. Some fine specimens of this genus are to be seen as street trees in Washington, D. C. Platyca’/rpum. From platys, broad, and Karpos, a fruit; alluding to the shape of the capsule. Nat. Ord. Rubiaceae. P. Orinocense, the only described species, introduced from Orinoco in 1813, is a tall tree with robust, opposite, terete branches. If the plants are kept rather dry in winter, it will tend to throw them into flower. Platyce’/rium. Stag’s Horn Fern. From platys, broad, and keras, ahorn; referring to the form of the fronds. Nat. Ord. Polypodiacea. A very distinct and remarkable genus of Ferns, formerly grouped with marinus, of the sea; on account of its mari- time habitat. Nat. Ord. Labiate. The Rosemary is a half-hardy, low-growing evergreen, a native of the south of Europe. It has long been cultivated and valued for the essential oil it yields. The whole plant is aromatic, but the flowers, which are pale blue, are chiefly used in distillation for the oil, which is the principal ingredient of Hun- gary Water and Eau de Cologne. There are several varieties under cultivation in the gar- dens, R. officinalis being the more common species. Propagated by cuttings. Rostellum. A narrow extension of the upper edge of the stigma of certain Orchids. Rostrate. Terminating gradually in a long, straight, hard point, like the pod of a Radish. Rosulate. Collected in a rosette. Rotate. Resembling a wheel. Rotation of Crops. All observing cultivators soon discover, that no matter how fertile a soil may be, the same kind of crop cannot be grown so well on it successively as if it were alternated with a crop of an entirely different character. No satisfactory reason can be assigned for this that we know of, unless in the familiar case of the Cabbage crop. We find that if Cabbages on most soils are grown two years in succession, the crop will be affected by the disease known as ‘Club Root” (which see); but in this particular in- stance we get at a tangible cause. A great many theories have been assigned why the same crops deteriorate by being grown suc- cessively on the same soil, but they have been far from satisfactory, and in no case that we know of, unless in the case of the Cabbage, or Brassica tribe, have they led to any beneficial practical results. The following general rules have been laid down as a guide: First. Plants of the same natural order should not be planted to succeed each other. Second. Crops which for a number of years occupy the ground, such as Strawberries, Rhubarb, or Asparagus, should be succeeded by annual crops, such as Cabbages, Lettuce, or Radishes. Third. Crops grown for their heads, such as Cabbage, Cauliflower, or Let- tuce, should be succeeded by plants grown for their roots, such as Parsnips, Carrots, or Beets. Itis not always practicable to vary crops according to rules, nor should such rules be taken as arbitrary, but only as a guide. When vegetables or fruits are grown for market, the necessities of the cultivator compel usually double crops of the land each season, and that, with heavy manuring and deep cultivation, seems to do away, to a con- ROX siderable extent, with any need for systematic rotation, which would often be found to be impracticable. As has been previously said, the crops of all others that we find most ben- efited by change are the Cabbage tribe, to- gether with the allied families of Turnip, Radish, etc.; while, on the other hand, Onions never seem to be injured by succes- sive plantings on the same soil. When space is limited, or when it is not convenient to rotate crops, the next best thing is deep cul- ture, by trenching or sub-soiling (which see). The same method holds good for farm as well as for garden crops. It is not advisable to follow such crops as wheat or corn year after year on the same land; wheat particularly being a great feeder, the land would soon be- come exhausted. Another reason is—and it is true of a great many other crops—that when one of the same kind is continuously sown, there is far more danger of injury by insects or blight, as it seems to be a law of nature that special plants are subject to the ravages of special insects or diseases, and the best way to get relief from their attacks is to change the crop as radically as possible ; thus a grain crop might be followed by one of Po- -tatoes, Mangels, Peas, or Beans; this in turn by grass, if used, or by a change from one or other of the foregoing to Celery, Onions, or Cabbages. Carrots, Parsnips, or other mem- bers of that order should never follow each other; but if similar crops have of necessity to succeed each other, the ground should be deeply plowed and well manured between the erops. Rotund. Rounded in outline; usually applied to bodies which are not round themselves, but only at their ends. Rouge Plant. See Rivina humilis. Roupa’la. Said to be the native name in Guiana. See Rhopala. Roupe’llia. Named in honor of Charles Roupell, a distinguished botanist of South Carolina. Nat. Ord. Apocynacee. This is the far-famed Cream-fruit tree of Sierra Leone, a remarkable and showy green- house climber. In its native home it is a most beautiful and fragrant plant, but under artificial cultivation its pure white flowers are of cream color, and itis in all respects infe- rior to the flattering accounts given by its discoverer, and not worth the care and atten- tion required to grow it. Rowan-Tree. A popular name for Pyrus Aucu- paria. Roxbu’rghia. Named after Dr. Roxburgh, once director of the Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Nat. Ord. Roxburghiacee. A genus of evergreen, twining or half shrubby plants, natives of India and tropical Australia, with broad, shining leaves, and peculiar green flowers which are produced singly and in small clusters on short, axillary peduncles; they are large and handsome, but very fetid, and this disagreeable feature prevents their introduction into choice collec- tions of hot-house plants. Roxburghia’cee. A natural order of twining or erect, half-shrubby plants, natives of tropi- cal Australia, India, and the Indian Archi- pelago. The thick, tuberous roots of some of the species are, after a previous preparation 384 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS ROY with lime-water, candied in India. The order contains about eight species and four genera, all tall twiners, with broad leaves. Royal Bay. Laurus nobilis. Royal Fern. See Osmunda regalis. Royal Palm. See Oreodova regia. Roy’dsia. Named in honor of Sir John Royds, of Bengal. Nat. Ord. Capnaridacee. A small genus of shrubby plants, with small | yellow, very fragrant flowers, natives of the East Indies and the Philippine Islands. R. suaveolens, the only species yet introduced, though forming a rather rambling bush, is worth cultivating for its delicious fragrance. It is readily increased by cuttings of the young wood. Roye’na. A name given by Linneus in honor of Adrian von Royen, Professor of Botany at Ley- den. Nat. Ord. Hbenacee. A genus of tropical shrubs or low-growing trees, some of which are cultivated in the green-house for their beautiful white flowers and glossy foliage. The wood of the species is of the nature of ebony, but not of sufficient size to make it valuable. Rubber Plant. East Indian. The popular name for Ficus elastica. Rubber Tree. African. Landolphia. Rubescent. Reddish, turning red. Ru’'bia. Madder. From ruber, red; the color of the roots. Nat. Ord. Rubiaceae. The perennial species, which are not re- markable for their beauty, are quite hardy. There are also some half-hardy shrubs, which are worth cultivating in a green-house for their flowers, which are generally yellow. A red dye is derived from the roots of all the species, but principally from those of R. tine- torium, which is cultivated as a field-plant in the south of Europe. Rubia’cez. A large and important natural or- der, including Cinchonaceew and Galiacee as sub-orders. The latter represents the order in temperate climes, while the former (Cincho- nacee) constitutes one twenty-seventh of the flowering plants of tropical and sub-tropical regions. Among the valuable products of the order may be mentioned, Coffee, Quinine, Ipecacuanha, White Gambier, ete. Madder, a valuable dye, may also be mentioned. The order comprises about three hundred and forty genera, and nearly four thousand spe- cies. Bouwvardia, Gardenia, Cinchona, Ronde- letia, and Ixora, are well-known examples. Rubicund. Blushing; turning rosy-red. Rubiginose. Brownish rusty-red. Ru’bus. Bramble, Raspberry, Blackberry. From the Celtic word rub, red; in reference to the color of the fruit of some of the species. Nat. Ord. Rosacee. The species are mostly shrubs, trailing or erect, with prickly stems, bearing edible fruit. The plants of this family, growing in all situations and almostevery kind of soil, vary greatly, and are consequently very per- plexing to the botanist; and so little are authors agreed as to which are species and which merely varieties, that while Ben- tham reckons only five species, Babington enumerates forty-five. Itis this tendency to The popular name for RUB vary, however, that has given us many of the most esteemed kinds of Blackberries, ete., found in American gardens. The English garden varieties of the Raspberry have all originated from R. Idwus, a native of Europe and Mount Ida in Crete, whence its specific name. The fruit of this species is red. Cul- tivators, however, have obtained varieties with crimson, brown, yellow, and nearly white fruit. The Red Antwerp and the White Antwerp (but which is pale yellow) have been long and favorably known, both in England and the United States; but they do not survive the winter without protection in our Northern States, and for that reason are little grown at the North. There are now a large number of varieties raised from our native species that possess qualities of good- ness and hardiness that entitle them to uni- versal cultivation, though they are inferior in quality to the foreign kinds. Brincklé’s Orange is an American seedling raised by the late Dr. Brincklé, of Philadelphia. Itis, how- ever, of foreign parentage, and consequently tender, but the highest flavored of all Rasp- berries. The wild Red Raspberry, R. stri- gosus, common in hedges and on the hillsides throughout the Middle and New England States, closely resembles the European spe- cies. Its fruit is tender and somewhat watery, but the flavor is fine. Some excellent varieties of this species are under cultivation. The Black Raspberry, commonly known as the Black Cap or Thimbleberry, is R. occidentalis, a species that is confined wholly to America. It is most common from Virginia north and westward. This species and its varieties bear a pleasant-tasted fruit in the greatest abundance with very little care. They are the least troublesome of all Raspberries to grow, inasmuch as they increase themselves from the tips or ends of the shoots, and pro- duce no suckers. There are several varieties of the Black Caps that bear reddish-crimson fruit. A number of hybrid Raspberries have been recently introduced, partaking some- what of the Black Cap characteristics, par- ticularly the peculiarity of rooting from the tips of the green shoots; and among these the most striking is the Caroline, which is propagated from suckers as well as from the tips of the shoots, plainly showing its hybrid character. It has been said by those unac- quainted with its origin that it is a hybrid between Brincklé’s Orange and the Catawissa ; but the originator disclaims any such origin, and the plant itself and its fruit show that the Catawissa was not one ofits parents. It was raised in 1877 by S. P. Carpenter, of New Ro- chelle, Westchester county, N. Y., and is a natural cross between Brincklé’s Orange (the seed parent) and the Yellow Cap, a variety of R. occidentalis. The plant is thoroughly hardy, a strong grower, and wonderfully pro- ductive. The fruit, when ripe, is a fine salmon color, tender, and of excellent quality, though not equal to the Brincklé. Another of S. P. Carpenter’s seedlings is the well- known New Rochelle, a seedling of the Cata- wissa. Itis hardy, very productive, and of good quality, being slightly acid. Another Westchester County seedling is the Cuthbert, newly introduced, and which at this time promises to become a leading market variety, being hardy, productive, and of fine quality. Ss AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 385 RUB and the fruit firm enough to bear long car- riage. The Gregg, another recent introduc- tion of the Black Cap division was raised in Ohio in 1876, is a very fine large fruit, and has already taken its place as the best of its class as a market berry. The Mammoth Cluster, Clarke, Tyler, Marlboro, Rancocas, Hansell, and many others are more or less grown, but need not be specially noted here. The Blackberry, of which there are several native species, is now largely grown for market, and is a profitable crop. Until the appearance of the New Rochelle Blackberry (sometimes called Lawton) our markets were supplied with Blackberries from the woods. R. villosus, the High Blackberry, is the com- mon Blackberry of the country, being found almost everywhere. Itis given to variation, and is the parent of nearly all the varieties now undercultivation. The first of these was the New Rochelle, discovered by Mr. Secor growing in a hedge at New Rochelle, Westchester County, New York. It is an interesting fact, as showing the estima- tion in which improved Blaekberries were held at that time, that Mr. Secor grew the plants in his garden for about nine years without being able to prevail upon his neigh- bors to accept a plant as a gift, when at last Mr. Lawton, a shrewd lawyer, took hold of it, exhibited the fruit in New York, got up a sen- sation, and finally made a little fortune out of the sale of the plants. Hundreds of acres of it are in cultivation. It is a large, handsome and excellent fruit, but the plants are at times injured in the winter at the North. Some years later a clergyman of New Jersey discovered another variety of R. villosus growing in the edge of the woods on the Kittatinny Mountains, removed it to his garden and increased it largely. This was placed in the hands of E. Williams, of Mont- clair, N. J., who sent it out, and the public were thus put in possession of the famous Kittatinny which still remains the best fruit of its class. The Wilson is an earlier berry than either of the preceding, but not equal to them in quality. The Snyder is an early kind, immensely productive, and perfectly hardy in all parts of the country. The fruit is smaller than the Kittatinny, but is very sweet and ripe as soon as colored, which is not true of those above named. Many other sorts are in cultivation, for names and descriptions of which see nurserymen’s catalogues. R. Canadensis, the Running Blackberry, is popu- larly known as the Dewberry. The fruit is of an excellent quality, and ripens about two weeks earlier than most of the preceding spe- cies. A variety called the Lucretia bears large and handsome fruit, and is valuable as coming between the Raspberry and Black- berry. It is also very valuable in the South- ern States, where the tall-growing varieties do notsucceed. R.cuneifolius, or Sand Blackberry, is one of the more common species, growing from two to three feet high, and ripening an abundance of well-flavored fruit in August. This species is common in sandy woods in southern New York and southward. R. Cha- memorus, Cloudberry, is a species with large orange-red fruit, found growing on the White Mountains and similar elevations in the Northern and Eastern States. This species, or something very near it, is also abundant in Ruizia. RUI Lapland, where the fruit is held in high es- teem. There are several other species, with- out, however, any special distinctive features. Propagated by root cuttings, tips of the shoots or suckers, according to the kind. Rudbe’ckia. Cone Flower. Named in honor of Professors Rudbeck, father and son, prede- cessors of Linnzus at Upsal. Nat. Ord. Com- posite. A genus of hardy herbaceous perennials, growing from two to seven feet high, with numerous showy flower-heads of bright yel- low, with a black diskin the centre. They are natives of the Western States, and are be- coming common in our meadows, having been introduced by the seed being mixed with the various grass seeds coming from the West, principally from Kentucky. This genus ac- quired an enviable reputation in Europe as an ornamental flowering plant, and the seed was distributed by the Department of Agriculture at Washington, through the members of Con- gress, to several of the States that had passed ee a laws against the dissemination of ‘* weeds.” Ru’/dgea. Commemorative of M. F. Rudge, an English botanist. Nat. Ord. Rubiacee. A genus of green-house shrubs or low-grow- ing trees, with dense terminal panicles of white flowers, natives of Brazil. R. macro- phylla is occasionally seen in the green-house. It is also known as R. leucocephala. Rudimentary. In an incomplete condition. Rudo'lphia. Named after W. Rudolph, a Prus- sian botanist. Nat. Ord. Leguminose. A small genus of very beautiful green-house evergreen twiners, from Mexico and the West Indies. The genus is allied to Erythrina, and is remarkable for its brilliant scarlet flowers, produced in axillary racemes. Propagated by cuttings or from seeds. Rue. See Ruta. Rue. Goat’s. A common name for Galega officinalis. Rue. Wall. The popular name of Asplenium Ruta-muraria. Rue'llia. In honor of John Ruelle, of Soissons, botanist and physican to Francis I. Nat. Ord. Acanthacee. Herbaceous green-house plants with pretty tube-shaped blue flowers. Some of the spe- cies require a hot-house, and others a green- house; but they should all be grown in light, rich soil. R. macrantha is getting quite com- mon as a window plant. Certainly, one more worthy it would be hard to find; its large, trumpet-shaped, rosy flowers are produced for a month or two in succession. They are natives of South America and the East Indies, and are propagated by cuttings. By many botanists, Dipteracanthus is included in this genus. Rufous. Pale red, mixed with brown. Ruga. A wrinkle; hence, Rugose, covered with wrinkles. Named in honor of Don H. Ruiz, author, in conjunction with Pavon, of ‘‘ Flore Peruviane et Chilensis,” Nat. Ord. Sterculi- acee. A genus of ornamental shrubs, natives of Bourbon. Twospecies, R. lobata, and R. vari- abilis, both with reddish flowers, are in culti- 386 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS RUM vation, and are worthy of a place in every good collection. Propagated by cuttings in heat. Ru’mex. Dock, Sorrel. From rwmo, to suck; in allusion to the practice among the Romans of sucking the leaves toallay thirst. Nat. Ord. Polygonacee. Most of the species are common weeds. The leaves of R. acetosa are sometimes used as a pot-herb, or ‘‘ greens.” R. acetosella is a small-growing species, well known for its acidity, and popularly called Sorrel. It is justly regarded as a nuisance. R. scutatus, the Buckler-shaped or French Sorrel, is a hardy perennial, a native of France and Italy. It is considered of great importance in French cookery, and is both agreeable to eat and very wholesome, although but little valued in this country, except at some of the most fashionable tables. It is extensively eulti- vated on the continent, and in the markets of Paris is nearly as abundant as Peas are in ours. It abounds in oxalie acid, and is re- garded as a powerful anti-scorbutie. Rumfo’rdia. The only species of this genus, R. floribunda, is a handsome, opposite-leaved Mexican bush of the Composite family, differ- ing from Heliopsis chiefly in habit. The whole plant is smooth, and the erect stems, furnished with ample, glossy leaves, terminate in a pan- icle of very numerous bright-yellow flower- heads, each about an inch across, and inter- spersed with oblong bracts. Propagated by division or by seeds. Runcinate. Curved in a direction from the apex to the base, as the leaf of the Dandelion. Runner. A prostrate, slender stem, rooting at its extremity or elsewhere, as in the Straw- berry. Running Blackberry. See Rubus. Running Cedar. Lycopodium dendroideum. Rupestris. Rupicola. Growing on rocks or in rocky places. Ru’scus. Formerly Bruscus. Butcher’s Broom. From bruscus, derived from the Celtic beus, box, and kelen, holly; Box Holly or Butcher’s Broom. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. . Very curious evergreen shrubs, most of which bear their flowers and fruit on their leaf-like branches. All the species prefer shady situations under the drip of trees, where but few other plants will grow; and they are all readily increased by suckers from their roots, which they throw up in abun- dance. They are natives of Europe and the whole Mediterranean region from Madeira to the Caucasus. R. racemosus is sometimes called the Alexandrian Laurel. Rush. See Juncus. Rush. Flowering. See Butomus. Rush-Lily. The genus Sisyrinchium. Russe’lia. Named in honor of Dr. Alexander Russel, author of a Natural History of Aleppo. Nat. Ord. Scrophulariacee. A genus of small shrubs and herbaceous plants from Mexico and the Antilles. R. juncea, a very pretty species, with bright scarlet flowers, produced in axillary corymbs, is a plant of slender habit, and well adapted for basket work. It was introduced from Mexico in 1833, and is propagated by cuttings. _ RUS Russian Mats. An article of commerce manu- factured from the inner bark of the Lime tree (Tilia), formerly much used for protect- ing frames, tying purposes, ete. Rust. This term is used fora destructive form of disease affecting many widely different kinds of plants. It is known by the dry, shriveled, or curly appearance of the foliage, the leaves being less or more discolored with blackish blotches or spots. It is not always easy to determine the cause, but we think it is safe to say that in many plants it is owing to a weakened condition of the plant that in- vites the attacks of parasites, causing the “‘ryust.” This we have proved to be the case so often in our practice that we now no longer doubt on the subject. We find, for example, if we leave such plants as Heliotropes, Verbenas, Lantanas, Pelar- goniums, or other plants subject to the dis- ease known as ‘‘ black rust,” so that they be- come enfeebled for want of pot room, they are almost certain to be affected. A few years ago we tried an experiment on one hun- dred each of Heliotrope and Verbena plants (that were in fine, healthy condition, growing in two-inch pots), of shifting one-half of each lot into three-inch pots, the other half being allowed to remain unshifted. The shifted plants grew vigorously, and in six weeks were twice the size of the others, and in fine, vigo- rous health; while those unshifted, becoming impoverished for want of new soil, were stunted, and nearly all became affected by “black rust.” The examination of the diseased leaves by a powerful microscope revealed numbers of crab-like mites feeding on the leaves, while on healthy leaves of the same plant not a par- asite could be found. The inference then is, that the weakened condition of the plant made it a congenial soil for the deposit of the germ of this parasitical insect. Another kind of ‘‘ rust,” evidently distinct from the preced- ing, is now one of the most serious obstacles in the forcing of Lettuce under glass, whole crops being utterly destroyed by it. We are inclined to believe that the Lettuce rust is the work of a vegetable parasite, as a micro- scopic examination of the diseased leaves shows a fungoid structure very similar to Rose mildew. The only remedy we can ad- vise in this case is to work with young plants on fresh soil as far as practicable. The usual method of obtaining Lettuce plants for forec- ing is to use plants sown or planted in cold frames in fall for all the plantings during the entire winter; but we have found that such plants are ‘more liable to the disease than those sown later; and now the most success- ful growers of Lettuce for winter use only the cold-frame (fall-sown plants) for their first crop, which is usually ready at Christmas, while for the succession crops, new sowings are made about six weeks before the plants are needed, it being found that these fresh young plants are less liable to the rust than the others. Rustic Work. This term is applied to all or- naments or erections made of gnarled and twisted branches or roots, undressed timber, or other similar materials, as nearly as possi- ble in their natural state. Its construction requires natural aptitude and good taste, and AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 387 RUT the best examples are those that show the least the mark of the workman’s tools. Its disposition also is a matter of good taste, few suitable positions for it being found on the lawn or in the highly-kept flower garden near the house, but for the most part in nooks and corners of shrubberies, ete. Rustic fences, bridges and gates are often used in situations eut off from the more cultivated grounds, or as an introduction to the borders of woods or the rock-garden. A few rustic arches at in- tervals, covered with Honeysuckles, Roses, Clematis, Jasmine, etc., forming a vista at the end of which is arustic summer-house, its porch and veranda covered with Clematis and other climbers, are most fitting accompani- ments to the rock-garden, and add greatly to its appearance and attractiveness. In places where there is a large expanse of lawn, with glades of turf and spreading trees and masses of shrubbery, rustic beds, formed like baskets, vases, or pyramids, are pretty objects if placed with judgment, and are very effective if associated with Ampelopsis, Ivy or Ferns. Rustic chairs are, as a rule, more picturesque than useful, and should be used only when apparently needed. Ru’ta.. Rue. From the Greek Rute, from ruo, to flow; probably some reputed medicinal qualities of the plant. Nat. Ord. Rutacee. A genus of about forty species of hardy or half-hardy strong-smelling perennial herbs or shrubs, natives of western and central Asia and southern Europe. Few of the species are of any horticultural value. R. graveolens is a well-known glaucous-leaved plant, having a very unpleasant smell and a bitter taste. The leaves are nearly blue, and from their peculiar color sometimes produce a good effect in a shrubbery. The flowers are yel- lowish. Ruta Baga. The Swedish Turnip. Brassica campestris, var. Ruta Baga. See Turnip. Ruta’cez. A large order of trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, always more or less marked with glandular dots, especially on the foliage, and often strongly scented. In its geograph- ical range, the order extends over the tropi- cal, sub-tropical and temperate regions of the globe, it is, however, scarce in tropical Africa and disappears entirely in cold climates and at great elevations. Citrus (sub-order Auran- SAB tiew) is the most celebrated genus on account of its fruits, Orange, Lemon, Lime, etce., from the flowers of which a volatile oil is obtained, which is the basis of Eau de Cologne. The berries of some other genera from China and Japan are edible. Ruta graveolens is grown in most gardens and is remarkable for its strong smell and acrid taste. The order con- sists of about eighty genera, including many well-known flowering plants, such as Correa, Crowea, Citrus, Diosma, Choysia, etc., and over six hundred species. Rutilans. Deep red, with a metallic lustre. Ruy’schia. Named in honor of Fred. Ruysch, once Professor of Botany at Amsterdam. Nat. Ord. Marcgraaviacee. A genus of about eight species of tropical American epiphytal or climbing shrubs, which have thick, quite entire leaves, and terminal, very often long, racemes of flowers. R. Clu- siefolia, the only introduced species, is an in- teresting and desirable plant-stove, shrubby plant, with alternate, thick, shining leaves and long, many-flowered, termina] racemes, of pur- ple flowers with scarlet bracts,dotted with red. It was introduced from the Caribbee Islands in 1823, and is increased by cuttings of the ripen- ed wood. Rya’nia. Named after John Ryan, M.D., a correspondent of Vahl. Nat. Ord. Bixinacee. A genus of stellately pubescent trees, na- tives of tropical America. R. speciosa, the only introduced species, forms a _ beautiful tree with large, showy, cream-colored flowers. It is increased by cuttings of the ripened wood, and was introduced from the West Indies in 1823. Rye. See Secale. Rye Grass. The common name for Loliwm perenne. Rye, Wild. The genus Elymus. Rysso’pterys. From ryssos, wrinkled, and pteris, a wing; alluding to the form of the wing of the fruit. Nat. Ord. Malpighiacee. A genus of slender, twining, stove or green- house plants, natives of the Indian Archipel- agoand Australia. P. microstema, the only spe- cies yet introduced, is an interesting climber, introduced from Java in 1820. S. eps Derivation of name unknown; sup- posed to be the South American name of one of the species. Nat. Ord. Palmacee. This interesting genus of Palms has three species common to the marshy districts of the southern coast, from North Carolina to Flor- ida, which are popularly known as the Pal- metto, the emblem on the seal of South Caro- lina. The most conspicuous of the species is S. Palmetto, indigenous to North Carolina and southward. It attains a height of fifty feet, with a diameter of twelve to fifteen inches. | The timber is said to be valuable in ship- building, being indestructible in salt water, and not liable to the attack of the ship-worm. The leaves are from five to six feet long and are used in the manufacture of hats (Palm leaf), baskets and mats, and various other purposes of domestic economy. This species is also called Cabbage Palm, the young, unex- panded leaves constituting one of the most delicious vegetables of the table. The Saw Palmetto is S. serrulata (syn. Serenoa serru- lata), and the Dwarf Palmettois S. Adansonii. 388 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS SAB The Blue Palmetto belongs to the genus Chamerops, C. hystrix, also common on the southern coast. 8S. Blackburniana, the Fan or Thatch Palm, a native of the Bermudas, is admirably suited for a window plant when small, or for lawn decoration in summer. Sabba’tia. Named in honor of L. Sabbati, a celebrated Italian botanist. Nat. Ord. Genti- anacee. A genus of native hardy annuals and bien- nials, some of which, though rather coarse- growing, are quite ornamental plants, suitable for the border. The flowers are purple, rose, white, red and yellow. S. campestris, a native of Texas, with rose and yellow flowers, is a desirable border plant. S. angularis is held in high esteem as atonic medicine. S. chlo- roides, with deep rose-colored flowers borne on loose panicles, found by the borders of brak- ish ponds and on salt meadows along the coast from Massachusetts to Virginia south- ward, is one of our handsomest native plants. The only means of propagation is by seed, which should be sown as soon as ripe and wintered over in a cold frame like Pansies. Sabice’a. Sabisabi is the name of S. aspera in Guiana. Nat. Ord. Rubiaceae. A genus of plant-stove, twining shrubs, often tomentose; natives of tropical America, Africa and Madagascar. Only two species, S. aspera and S hirta, have been introduced, and are seldom found outside of botanical collections. Sabi’nea. Named in honor of Joseph Sabine, once Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London. A genus of Leguminose, embracing three West Indian shrubs, having unequally pin- nate leaves, somewhat like those of Robinia, and pink pea flowers as large as those of that plant, disposed in axillary fascicles of two to four flowers. Propagated by cuttings in heat. Saccate, Sacciform. Sac-shaped; in the form of a bag. Saccha’rum. Sugar Cane. From soukar, its Arabic name. Nat. Ord. Graminacee. A genus of strong- growing, reed -like grasses, indigenous to South America and the East and West Indies. The most import- ant species is Saccharum officinarum, a native of India, the Sugar Cane of commerce. We have but little knowledge of the Sugar Cane previous to the thirteenth century. Hum- boldt tells us it was cultivated in China in the remotest times, and that, under the name of honey, it was known to the Greeks and Romans, though they never cultivated it as an article of luxury. It is supposed that Theophrastus alludes to it when he says that, besides being produced from bees, honey, or sweet juice, is also the product of canes. The Sugar Cane, however, seems to have been early cultivated in China and India, and from the latter region it was introduced into Europe. Before the discovery of the West Indies in 1492, or of the East Indies in 1497, sugar was manufactured from the Sugar Cane in considerable quantities in the islands of Sicily, Crete, Rhodes and Cyprus. Soon after the discoveries of Columbus, planta- tions were established in the West Indies and Brazil, and in the Southern States im- SAC mediately after their settlement. The plant was first cultivated on the banks of the Mis- sissippi about the year 1751, when some Jesuits brought it from St. Domingo. These Jesuits settled just above the present site of New Orleans. In 1758 the first sugar-mill was built near that locality by M. Dubreuil on his sugar plantation. That was the commencement of one of the largest and most profitable. of American industries. The cane is always propagated from cut- tings. Bentham, in his ‘Flora of Hong Kong,” page 420, states ‘‘that we have no authentie record of any really wild station for the common Sugar Cane. Further than this, in common with many plants that have been for a long time under cultivation and reproduced solely by means of buds and suckers, the Sugar Cane so rarely produces mature fruits, that no one, so far as we are aware, has seenthem. Certainly in the rich Herbarium at Kew there are no seed-bearing specimens. In botanical works the subject is often referred to, but apparently only to re-state the fact that botanists, like McFad- yen in the West Indies and Roxburgh in India, have never seen the seeds of the Sugar Cane.”’—Hooker’s Botanical Miscellany, 1830, vol. i., page 95. Professor H. Harrison, Gov- ernment Inspector, Barbadoes, however, un- der date September 17th, 1888, states that seedling Sugar Canes had been found at Bar- badoes, and that plants were in the course of being raised at the botanical station there. He, feeling satisfied that these were self- sown, had them transplanted and carefully cultivated, and amongst them appear to be at least five or six different sorts. He further states: ‘“‘I have never heard of the Bourbon Cane producing fertile arrows; in all the alleged cases of fertility, the arrows were either those of the purple or white transpar- ent varieties, which are prone to variation. I shall again attempt this year to obtain the same result. Ofcourse, if we can establish the fact of the Cane occasionally and under favorable conditions producing fertile seed, it will open up an important field of investi- gation.” From cuttings the plants come to maturity in about two months, and a planta- tion well cared for and properly manured will last a number of years. The successful planter makes plantings nearly every year for a constant succession. For planting, the ground is prepared and marked out the same as for corn, with rows about four feet apart, and the plants two feet apart in the rows. In cultivation, the plow and cultivator are al- most wholly used in place of the hoe, as for- merly was the custom. S. Agypticum is a vigorous perennial grass, forming ample tufts of reed-like, downy stems, six to ten feet high, and clothed with very graceful foliage. It is well adapted for ornament- ing the margins of pieces of water, the slopes and other parts of pleasure-grounds, ete. It is a native of North Africa, re- quiring protection in winter, and is easily and quickly multiplied by division in spring. S. Maddeni is a quick-growing, hardy peren- nial, attaining a height of about five feet. It has handsome foliage, and is well worthy of culture for associating with other large-grow- ing grasses. ' Saccola’/bium. From saccus, a bag, and labiwm, oe RUELLIA FORMOSA. SABBATIA CAMPESTRIS. \\\'*\ SALISBURIA ADIANTIFOLIA, SABAL BLACEBURNIANA, 388 RUSSELIA JUNCEA. SALVIA CARDUACEA, SANVITALIA PROCUMBENS FL. Pl. SCHIZOSTYLIS COCCINEA. SALVIA SPLENDENS, —~< = ret a4 *@*s Zilia & o re es FS ers CCS “i gsr « = = DS. "eae bd AM “Sgr V itu Wn : SON IY Hi \ Ww. 60 TRITOMA GRANDIFLORA MAJOR. TRIFOLIUM REPENS (WHITE CLOVER). AND GENERAL TRI Trichope’talum. From thriz, trichos, a hair, and petalon, a petal; the inner perianth segments are fringed. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. T. stellatum, the only described species, is a curious, half-hardy perennial, with a thick rhizome and greenish-white flowers, and suc- ceeds best if planted out in a frame from which the frost is entirely excluded. It was introduced from Chili in 1528, and is increased by division of the rhizome. Trichopi/lia. From thriz, trichos, a hair, and pilion, a cap; in allusion to the anthers being concealed below a cap surmounted by tufts of hair. Nat. Ord. Orchidacee. A small genus of very beautiful epiphytal Orchids, natives of Central America and the West Indies. The flowers are white, yellow, pale pink, or greenish white. T. swavis, a species from Central America, is one of the finest of the genus. Its flowers are very large, pale nankeen color, with white lip very clearly marked with lilac, and are very beautiful and fragrant. IT. coccinea, T. crispa, T. fragrans and 1’. tortilis are all desirable kinds. All the species may be grown in a cool house, and succeed best in pots. Syn. Pilwmna. Trichosa/nthes. Snake Cucumber. From thriz, trichos, a hair, and anthos, a flower; the flow- ers are ciliated. Nat. Ord. Cucurbitacee. A genus of climbing annuals from Chinaand the East Indies, commonly known as Snake Cucumbers. 7’. anguina (syn. T. colubrina) isa very curious plant with white flowers, every petal of which appears surrounded with long, knotted fringe. The leaves and tendrils re- semble those of the common Cucumber; but the fruit is curiously striped, and is so long and narrow as to resemble a snake. Speci- mens have, indeed, been grown more than six feet long, and not thicker than the body of acommon snake. The plant is an annual, a native of China, and is only worth cultivat- ing as an object of curiosity. Many botanists include Hopepon under this genus. Tricho’sma. Hair Orchid. From thriz, trichos, hair, and kosmos, ornament. Nat. Ord. Orchid- acee. T. suavis, the only introduced species, is a very scarce and distinct epiphytal Orchid, in- troduced from Assam in 1840. Its flowers are white, striped with brownish-crimson; very showy and fragrant. It succeeds best when grown in a well-drained pot or pan, and when growing must be kept moderately moist; as it has no pseudo-bulbs, it must never be allowed to get quite dry. Syn. Celogyne coronaria. Trichoste’ma. BlueCurls. From thriz, trichos, hair, and stema, a stamen, referring to the slender, hair-like stamens. Nat. Ord. Labiate. A genus of native plants found in sandy fields from New England to Kentucky. They are of no horticultural value. Tricho’/tomous. Branching in threes. Trico/ryne. From treis, three, and koryne, a club; in allusion to the form of the capsules. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. A small genus of green-house perennials with fibrous roots, natives of Australia. The species are easily increased by division, but are more of botanical than horticultural inter- est. HORTICULTURE. 461 TRI Tricuspida’ria. From tricuspis, three-pointed; alluding to the petals. Nat. Ord. Tiliacew. A small genus of green-house plants, natives of Chili. TT. hexapetala is a very beautiful, free-flowering shrub, producing pendnlous, conical blooms of thick, waxy texture, resem- bling that of Lapageria rosea, and of the same bright, rose color. The leaves are oblong- lanceolate, serrated, or rarely entire. This is the only species yet in cultivation, and is propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood. Syn. Crinodendron Hookerianum. Tricuspidatus. Having three points. Tricy’rtis. Japanese Toad Lily. From treis, three, and kyrtos, a convex; alluding to the three outer sepals having bags at their base. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. T. hirta, the best known species, is a very beautiful, hardy, herbaceous plant, found in China and Japan. The flowers are axillary, in panicles about six inches long, resembling, in their peculiar form and markings, some of the more singular Orchids. This plantis very desirable for the open border. It produces its flowers in October and November, at which time the plant may be removed to the sitting- room, and they will remain several weeks in flower, after which they may again be returned to the border. It was introduced in 1855 and is propagated by division. Tri/dax. From treis, three, and akis, a point; alluding to the ray florets. A genus of Composite, natives of Central America and comprising seven or more spe- cies of hardy perennials of but little beauty. T. bicolor rosea is a Mexican half-hardy annual of comparatively late introduction and of easy management. Its flowers are ofa pleasing rose color, the disk florets being yellow, and are produced in profusion during the whole season. The typical 7. bicolor has the ray florets pure white. Tridentate. Trident pointed; when the point is truncated and has three indentations. Trienta’lis. Chickweed Winter-green. A Latin term signifying one-third of a foot high, in reference to the stature of the plants. A small genus of Primulacew, the species of which are found in Europe.and in cold, damp woods from New Jersey northwards. They are low, smooth perennials with simple, erect stems, bearing a whorl of thin, veiny leaves at the summit, from which spring one or more slender peduncles supporting the pretty, single, white, star-like flowers. Trifid. Split half-way into three parts. Trifoliate. Composed of three leaflets, as the leaves of Clover. Trifo'lium. Clover, Trefoil. From treis, three, and folium, a leaf; three-leaved. Nat. Ord. Leguminose. Of this very extensive genus there are sey- eral species under cultivation as forage plants. They include TY. pratense, the common Red Clover, a native of Great Britain; 7. reflecwm, Buffalo Clover, indigenous in New York and westward; 7. repens, White Clover, introduced from Europe, but indigenous in the Northern States; and 7. hybridum, or Alsike Clover, a hybrid variety introduced from near Stock- holm, Sweden. This is a very hardy peren- nial sort, valuable for pasturage and soiling, and being very productive and floriferous, 462 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS TRI bees obtain a large amount of honey from its fragrant flowers. Itis valuable for sowing with other grasses and clovers, as it forms a thick bottom, and increases the yield of hay. It is well suited to lands liable to wash, its long, fibrous roots binding the soil well. YT. fragiferum, the Strawberry Clover, is spoken of asa likely plant with which to make a lawn that will remain green during the summer without irrigation in dry regions like cen- tral and southern California. Its stems and branches ave prostrate, and spread over the ground. This plant is very tough and hardy, and it produces freely, heads of pale, rose- colored flowers, which resemble ripe straw- berries—a resemblance which is the origin of the specific name. A lawn composed of this plant would not require cutting. Besides these there are a number of other species that have been considerably cultivated, but those named are almost wholly preferred for pasture and hay. Those who are accustomed to consider the Trefoil as only the common Clover of the meadows, will probably be sur- prised to learn that there are nearly a hun- dred and fifty species, all more or less orna- mental. Some of these are perennials and some annuals; and the color of their flowers varies from dark crimson, and sometimes searlet, to purple on the one hand, and to white, cream-color, and pale yellow on the other. Some of our dealers in hardy herba- ceous plants have catalogued a few of the more showy species, and highly recommend them for border plants. Triginous. Having either three pistils or at least three distinct styles. Trigonal. Three-angled, and having three plain faces. Trigone’lla. Fenugreek. From treis, three, and gonu, an angle; the standard of the flower is flat, while the wings spread and give it a tri- angular appearance. Nat. Ord. Leguminose An extensive genus of herbaceous, legumin- ous plants inhabiting central Asia. southern Europe and northern Africa. » All the species possess a heavy penetrating odor. 7. Fanuwm- grecum, commonly known as Fenugreek, is an erect, annual plant, about two feet high, a native of the Mediterranean region, and con- siderably cultivated in India and other warm countries. and occasionally in this country. The seeds of Fenugreek were held in high re- pute among the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, for medicinal and culinary pur- poses, but at the present day their use in medicine is confined to veterinary practice, the seeds being given to horses when a tem- porary stimulant is required or desired. It is said to give cattle and swine good appetites and digestion. The seeds have a powerful odor of cowmarine, and are largely used for flavoring concentrated cattle foods, and for rendering damaged hay palatable. Trili’sa. From triliz, triple; in allusion to the divisions of the pappus. Nat. Ord. Com- posite. A small genus of hardy, erect, perennial, native plants, with purplish or white flower- heads. J’. odoratissima, sometimes called the Vanilla Plant, is better known by its old name, Liatris odoratissima. Trillia’ceze. A natural order now included as a tribe of Liliaceae. TRI Trillium. American Wood Lily. Three-leaved Night-shade, or Wake Robin. From triliz, triple; alliding to triple parts of the flowers and leaves. Nat. Ord. Liliaceae. A singular and beautiful genus of hardy, perennial plants, natives of North America and Asia, from the Himalayas to Japan. T. grandifiorum, one of the best of our native spring-flowering plants, is probably the best known species, and deservedly so on account of its large flowers, snow-white when first ex- panded and changing to rosy-pink with age. T. ovatum, a species from the Pacific coast, is as ornamental as 7. grandiflorum, the flowers being pure white and fully as large. TT". erec- tum, having green leaves with dark purple flowers, is Common in the Eastern States. T. sessile has purple flowers and the foliage prettily marked and blotched. The variety T. sessile Californicum is a plant much larger in all its parts, with the marking of the leaves and flowers much brighter in color. This is a very desirable plant and worth cul- tivating for its foliage alone. They succeed best in a moist, shady situation and good, rich vegetable mould. Several of the species are valuable for pot culture, and when grown in this way may be easily brought into bloom several weeks before their usual flowering period. They are tuberous rooted and do not divide readily, but may be increased rap- idly from seed, which should be sown as soon as ripe ina frame, where it may be shaded, or sown in the open ground and slightly cov- ered with leaves. Trilobed or Trilobate. Three-lobed. Trilocular. Three-celled. Trime’zia. From treis, three, and merizo, to divide; in allusion to the division of the flow- ers. Nat. Ord. Iridacee. A small genus of bulbous plants, natives of the West Indies and South America. J. Mar- tinicensis, the only species in cultivation, has bright yellow, very fugaceous flowers, and is seldom seen except in botanical collections. Tricecius. Having male flowers on one indi- vidual, female on another, and hermaphrodite on a third. Trio/lena. From treis, three, and olene, the arm; in allusion to the three processes from the base of the anthers. Nat. Ord. Melasto- mace. A small genus of pilose, perennial herbs, natives of Mexico, Venezuela and New Gren- ada. T'. scorpicides, the only introduced spe- cies, is very similar to Bertolonia in habit, and has curved racemes of pretty, rose-colored flowers. It is propagated by seeds or by cuttings. Trio/‘num. Now included under Hibiscus. Trio/steum. Feverwort. Horse Gentian. From treis, three, and osteon, a bone; three bony seeds. Nat. Ord. Caprifdliacce. A genus of coarse-growing, hardy, herba- ceous plants, common in the Middle and Southern States. The roots of one of the species was esteemed by the Indians as a medicine. They are of no horticultural value. Tripartite. Divided into three parts nearly to its base. Tripetalous. When a corolla consists of three petals. AND GENERAL TRI Tripha’sia. From triphasios, triple; alluding to the number of sepals and petals. Nat. Ord. Rutacee. T. trifoliata, the only species. is a spiny, evergreen shrub, a native of southern China, but now naturalized in many parts of the East Indies and also cultivated in the West Indies. Its fruits, which are as large as hazel-nuts, have an agreeable, sweet taste when ripe, anil are sometimes preserved whole in syrup and exported under the name of Lime-berries. It is under cultivation, and may be propagated by cuttings. Tripinnate. When the leaflets of a bi-pinnate leaf become themselves pinnate. Tri/psacum. From tribo, to thresh; in allusion to the purpose to which its grain may be ap- plied. Nat. Ord. Graminacee. A small genus of grasses confined to the Southern States and to South America. TT. dactyloides, commonly called Gama-Grass and Buffalo Grass, is common from Connecticut to Illinois and southward. Thisis one of the largest and most remarkable grasses, grow- ing from four to seven feet high, with leaves like those of Indian Corn; in the absence of a better, this grass is sometimes used at the South for fodder. This species is also grown among ornamental grasses. Trise/tum. From ftreis, three, and sefa, a bris- tle, on account of the three awns of the flower. Nat. Ord. Graminacee. An extensive genus of annual and perennial grasses, nearly allied to the oat-grass, widely distributed over the different quarters of the globe. They are chiefly natives of the tem- perate zones, where some of them are useful pasture grasses. J. flavescens and T’.. pubes- cens, natives of Great Britain, are considered valuable for agricultural purposes; the for- mer generally forms a portion of all produc- tive meadows. Trista’nia. Named in honor of J. M. C. Tristan, a French botanist. Nat. Ord. Myrtacee. A genus of green-house shrubs, mostly na- tives of Australia. They are very pretty plants, thriving well in a compost of loam and sandy peat. T. conferta, the Australian Turpentine-tree, and 7’. neriifolia, the Water Gum-tree, are both in cultivation and are in- creased by cuttings of the half-ripened wood. Tristichous. In three rows or ranks. Tritelei’a. From treis, three, and teleios, com- plete ; the parts of the flower and fruit are in threes. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. A small family of very pretty bulbs, natives of California and South America, often con- founded with Milla. TT. uniflora, or Spring Star Flower, is a delicately colored, free- flowering, hardy plant, four to six inches high. The flowers are clear white with a grayish- violet stripe on each division of the corolla. They open with the morning sun, are conspic- uously beautiful on bright days, and close in dull, sunless weather. It comes into flower with or before Scilla Sibirica, and is still in effective bloom when the vivid blue of the Squill has been long replaced by green leaves. T. lawa, the Californian species, has glaucous leaves, and a many-flowered umbel of deep blue flowers. All the species are desirable, and suited either to green-house culture or HORTICULTURE. 463 Tri/ticum. Trito’nia. TRI the open border. They were first introduced in 1832, and are propagated by offsets. Wheat. From trifum, rubbed; in allusion to its being originally rubbed down to make it eatable. Nat. Ord. Graminacee. This genus includes annual and perennial grasses, some of which are the most useful and important plants in cultivation, while others are the most troublesome pests the farmer and gardener have to contend against. T. vulgare, Wheat, has more intrinsic value than any other plant grown. The native country of the Wheat is unknown; in its present form it is older than history. There is no record of it having been found growing wild. Those who have given the most time and study to ascertain its origin, presume it is a native of southern Europe and Western Asia, a development of the genus Agilops. This is, however, mere speculation. Many varieties of Wheat have been produced by culture and ecross-breeding, without, however, muaterially changing the grain. 1. repens is the pest commonly known as Couch or Quick Grass, a perennial that is most tenacious of life, and which, when once established, will destroy all other crops, and can be extermi- nated only with the greatest exertion and difficulty. Tri/toma. From treis, three, and temno, to cut; in allusion to the three sharp edges at the ends of the leaves. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. The Tritoma, or Red-hot Poker plant, and also Flame Flower, as itis popularly known, is a very beautiful, half-hardy, herbaceous plant, native of the south of Africa. The genus consists of about half a dozen species, the finest being T. Uvaria grandiflora, a plant admirably adapted for single clumps on the lawn, or among shrubbery, where its tall spikes of orange-red flowers make an effective display from August until December. This plant will usually live through the winter in the latitude of New York without pro- tection, if planted in a dry soil; but it will well repay the slight protection required of three or four inches of dry leaves around the stem to secure it against all danger from frost. The flowers are not at all injured by a few degrees of frost, and itis not an uncom- mon sight to see its tall spikes in perfect flower in December. They are readily in- creased by seed or by division of the roots, which should be done in early spring. This genus was first introduced in 1707, and is now placed under Kniphofia by many botanists, but it is best known in cultivation as Tri- toma. From triton. a weathercock, in al- lusion to the variable direction of the stamens in the various species. Nat. Ord. Iridacee. A very pretty genus of low-growing, bulbous plants, from the Cape of Good Hope. The flow- ers are tubular, borne on slender scapes, the colors being orange, white, yellow and blue. They are half-hardy and should have the pro- tection of a frame during winter, and may be allowed to remain undisturbed for a number of years. T. aurea, now ealled Crocosma aurea, bearing beautiful orange colored flow- ers, is one of the best, and is much esteemed. They were first introduced in 1815, and are in- creased by offsets. 464 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS TRI Tri/xis. From trixos, triple; alluding to the three-celled, triangular capsule. Nat. Ord. Composite. A genus of green-house plants of variable habit, natives of Central and South America and the West Indies. JT. divaricata auricu- lata and T. senecioides are interesting plants with white or yellowish-white flowers and may be increased by cuttings or by seeds. Tro/llius. Globe Flower. From trol, the Ger- man for round; the flowers are globular. Nat. Ord. Ranunculacee. A genus of hardy, yellow-flowered, herba- ceous plants. 7’. lavus, the only native species, has flowers twice the size of the Buttercup, of a pale greenish-yellow color. YT. Europeus, a native of Great Britain, has much larger flowers, and of abrighter color, and, with 7. Asiaticus, is an excellent plant for the her- baceous border or rock garden. They are generally increased by division or by seeds, which, however, rarely vegetate the first year, but come up vigorously the following spring. Tropzola’cee. A genus now included as a sub-order of Geraniacee. Tropeo’lum. Nasturtium, Indian Cress. From tropaion, a trophy; the leaves resemble a buckler, and the flowers an empty helmet. Nat. Ord. Geraniacee. An extensive genus of hardy annuals and green-house tuberous and herbaceous peren- nials, all natives of tropical America. ‘The tuberous-rooted varieties are confined to Peru. The well-known annual plants, called Nastur- tiums, are common in every garden, and only require sowing with the other hardy annuals in spring. There were formerly only two kinds of the annual Troprolums, 7. major and T. minor, but since 1830 numerous varieties have been raised. One, with very dark flowers, is called T. minor atrosanguineum, and another, with dark stripes, is 7. minor venustum. The tali-growing varieties are not easily surpassed for covering arbors or unsightly objects; while the dwarf sorts are beautiful plants for the mixed flower border or for placing in beds by themselves; they are exceedingly compact and floriferous. As the double varieties do not seed they must be increased by cuttings, which root readilyinsand. The youngshoots of these plants are succulent, and taste like the common land Cress, the botanical name of which is Nasturtium, and hence they have received their popular name. Besides the hardy annual kinds, there are several tender species, most of which are kept in the green- house. Thebest known of these is Tropewolum tricolorum, with flowers marked red, black and yellow, which has tuberous roots, and such very weak and slender stems that it is found necessary always to train them over a frame or trellis, as they are quite unable to support themselves. In Paxton’s ‘“‘ Magazine of Bot- any” it is stated that the tuber of the root should not be buried, but only placed on the surface of the soil, so that the fibrous roots may penetrate it. This, it is said, will en- large the size of the tuber in ‘‘a truly aston- ishing manner ;” and though the plants will not appear healthy the first season, they will afterward become extremely vigorous. Itis also recommended to use double pots for these plants, and fill up the interstices with river sand, which should always be kept moist. TSU Substantially the same plan has been followed in this country for many years and found to succeed well. TZ. brachyceras may be treated in the same manner, and it would probably succeed with 7. tuberosum, a species which it is very difficult to throw into flower under ordinary treatment, but which grows best in the open ground, in rich soil, and with plenty of airand light. 7’. peregrinum, the Canary Bird Flower, was formerly considered a green- house plant, but it is now found much better to treat 1t as a half-hardy annual, raising the seeds on a hot-bed, and planting them out in May near some trellis-work or other support, which the plant will soon cover in the most graceful manner, producing hundreds of its elegant fringe-like, pale-yellow flowers. Pro- — pagated by cuttings and by seeds. First introduced in 1596. True Love. A local name for Paris quadrifolia. Truffle. Tuber cibarium. A species of Fungus found in various parts of Europe and much esteemed as arare dish. It grows under the ground and was formerly sought after with dogs trained for the purpose, but is now usu- ally discovered by a particular species of fly hovering over the place of its growth. It is said that the Truffle has been found in the State of New York. Trumpet Creeper. See Tecoma radicans. Trumpet Flower. A common name for vari- ous large, trumpet-shaped flowers, as Datura, Brugmansia, ete. Trumpet Honeysuckle. A common name for Lonicera sempervirens. Trumpet Leaf. The genus Sarracenia. Trumpet Lily. Lilium longiflorum, also Rich- ardia AXthiopica. Trumpet Weed. Eupatorium purpureum. Trumpets. Sarracenia flava. Truncate. Blunt, as if cut off at the end; as the leaf of the Tulip tree. Tryma/lium. From trymalia, a perforation; in reference to the small holes at the top of the capsule. Nat. Ord. Rhamnacee. A small genus of Australian green-house shrubs with the habit of Pomaderris, but with smaller flowers. T. odoratissimum is well de- serving a place in every collection of green- house plants on account of its snow-white flowers, which being produced in numerous, loose, drooping panicles, render it a very beautiful object when in blossom; its flowers are also deliciously fragrant. It thrives in a compost of sandy loam and leaf-mould, and is increased by cuttings. Tsu’ga. The Japanese name for these trees. Nat. Ord. Conifere. Of the eight species that compose this genus, two belong to eastern Asia, one to eastern and five to western North America. All the species are closely allied, and were formerly included under Abies. TT. Canaden- sis, known better in cultivation as Abies Can- adensis, is the well-known Hemlock Spruce, one of the most beautiful aud useful of our native evergreens. JT’. Pattoniana is found in the highest timber regions of the Sierra Ne- vada, where it forms a large tree. In a young state it has the aspect of a Juniper, the leaves AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 465 TUB being linear and pointed. It is very hardy, and forms a beautiful, erect, densely branched tree. Tubzform. Hollow, and dilated at one extrem- ity like the end of a trumpet. Tube. The part of a mono-sepalous calyx or corolla, formed by the union of the edges of the sepals or petals; also applied to adhesions of stamens. Tuber. See Truffle (Tuber cibarium). Tuber. A roundish, underground, succulent stem, covered with buds, from which new plants or tubers are produced, as the Potato; a receptacle of vegetable food. Tubercle. Any small, warty excrescence. Tuberose. See Polianthes tuberosa. Tulba’ghia. In honor of Tulbagh, a Dutch gov- ernor of the Cape of Good Hope. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. A small genus of evergreen perennials, na- tives of the Cape of Good Hope. I. violacea is a very beautiful plant. The flowers are violet-purple, produced in a many-flowered umbel, somewhat like those of the Agapanthus, to which the genus is allied. Propagated by division. Tulip. See Tulipa. Tulipa. The Tulip. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. The Tulip derivesits name from the Persian word Thoulyban, a turban; an Eastern head- dress, sometimes made in the form of a well- shaped Tulip. Tulipsare divided into several classes, and of these we shall speak in the order of their flowering. The single and double varieties of the Due Van Thol, of which the type is Tulipa suaveolens (from the Latin suavis, sweet), are the earliest and most suit- able for pot culture or forcing. If, in autumn, they are planted singly, in small pots of light, rich soil, they will flower extremely well in an ordinary room, and contrast finely with Hya- cinths in glasses. They should be frequently exposed to fresh air, and will flower in water like the Hyacinth, but with less certainty and less luxuriance ; hence they are better grown in pots of soil. The Due Van Thol was introduced into English gardens from the south of Europe in 1603. The Single Early Tulip (Tulipa Gesneriana), the parent of our ordinary garden varieties, is a native of Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Calabria and cen- tral Italy. Conrad Gesner, a Swiss naturalist, in whose honor it was named, first made it known by a description and drawing in April, 1559. He obtained his specimen in a garden at Augsburg, where it was grown from seed brought from Constantinople. It was first flowered in England by Mr. James Garret, an apothecary, in 1577. 7. Turkestanica is, per- haps, the earliest-flowering species of this numerous family, coming in with the earliest of spring-flowering bulbs. It is perfectly hardy and has pretty, yellow flowers, which are produced as many as sixonastem. This plant, as the specific name implies, is a native of Turkestan. We are indebted to Dr. Regel, of St. Petersburg, for the introduction of this and many other interesting plants. Of this class of Early Single Tulips there is almost an endless variety. They have received, for more than two hundred years, all the care and atten- tion that could possibly be bestowed on a TUL plant, not only by the Dutch florists, but by every skilled gardener throughout the Old World. Notwithstanding the ‘‘mania” has passed over, one of the Haarlem florists this season (1889) offers eighteen hundred varieties. To select from a list so large with a view of pleasing or of securing the most desirable, would be to play agame of chance. Every color and shade, except black, is represented, either alone or mixed, striped, or shaded; in fact, every possible combination of color may be obtained. Double Tulips are almost as common as the single, many of them very showy and desirable. But, like all others who have made a specialty of the Tulip, we could never admire the double as much as the single varieties. Late flowering or Show Tulips, of which so much has been said and written, have been grown from seed by millions, the result of which has been the acquisition of many superb varieties. There is a singularity in Tulips which belongs to no other flower. The seedlings generally, when they first bloom, produce flowers without any stripes or markings, but with a yellow base, the upright portion of the petals being self- colored, brown, red, purple, scarlet or rose. In this state, when they have been grown for years without variation, they are called Breeders or Mother Tulips. These are planted every year until they break into stripes, when, if tne markings are fine, or different from any known, they are named. It is oftenso many years before they break, and the multiplica- tion in the breeder state is so rapid, that the border soon becomes filled with this self- colored variety. Each person who has broken one claims, and has a perfect right, to give it a name; but much confusion naturally exists, because of the fact that different names have been given to those that have broken almost ex- actly alike. Inabed of a hundred seedlings, it is not probable that any two will be very nearly alike in their markings. This uncertainty adds greatly to the charm of Tulip cultivation. The hope of something new in the markings and penciling is a sufficient stimulant for the enthusiast to persevere in his labor of love until he has found one worthy of aname. One singular feature in the Tulip is, that after it breaks, it ever remains thesame. Show Tulips are divided into three classes: 1. Byblemens, such as have a white ground, variegated with purple, the edges well feathered, the leaflets erect, and the whole forming a perfect cup. 2. Bizarres, having a yellow ground, varie- gated with scarlet, purple, rose or violet. 3. Roses, with white ground, variegated with rose-color, scarlet or crimson. ‘The properties of a good Tulip, as a florist’s flower, are: 1. The cup should form, when quite expanded, from half to a third of a round ball. To do this, the petals must be six in number, broad at the ends, smooth at the edges, and the divisions between the petals must scarcely show anindenture. 2. The three inner petals should set closely to the three outer ones, and the whole should be broad enough to allow of the fullest expansion without quartering, asit is called, or exhibiting any vacancy between the petals. 3. The petals should be thick, smooth and stiff, and keep their form well. 4. The ground should be clear and distinct, whether white or yellow. The least stain, even at the lower end of the petal, renders a 466 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS TUL Tulip of less value. 5. Whatever be the dis- position of colors or marks upon a Tulip, all the six petals should be marked alike, and be, therefore, perfectly uniform. 6. The feathered flowers should have an even, close feathering all round; and whether narrow or wide, light or heavy, should reach far enough round the petals to form, when expanded, an unbroken edging. 7. Ifthe flower have any marking be- sides the feathering at the edge, it should be a bold mark down the centre, but not reach- ing the bottom of the cup. The mark must be similarin all the six petals. 8. Flowers not feathered, and with the flame only, must have no marks on the edges of the flowers. None of the colors must break through to the edge. The color may be disposed in any form, so that it be perfectly uniform in all the petals, and does not go too near the bottom. 9. The color, whatever it may be, must be dense and de- cided. Whether it be delicate and light, or bright, or dark, it must be distinct in its out- line, and not shaded, or flushed, or broken. 10. The height should be eighteen to thirty- six inches; the former is right for the outside row in a bed, and the latteris right for the highest row. 11. The purity of the white and the brightness of the yellow should be per- manent; that is to say, should stand until the petals actually fall. Where Parrot Tulips originated we have not learned. They are ignored by those florists who claim the right to say what is and what is not beautiful. Not being bound to observe the ‘‘ laws” that regu- late the form, shape, and ‘‘ perfect markings,” we prize this class very highly, on account of their singularly picturesque appearance. The flowers are very large and the colors exceed- ingly brilliant. They are unequaled for groups in mixed borders, or conspicuous places in front of shrubs. The varieties of this class are limited, but they are, nevertheless, particu- larly beautiful. CULTURE OF THE TuLIP. The best soil for the cultivation of the Tulip is a rich, rather light, well-drained loam. A bed of sufficient size for planting the bulbs should be dug at least twelve inches deep. The Tulips should then be planted six inches apart each way ; pressed deep enough to keep them in their places, and covered with mould to the depth of three inches on the sides of the bed, and five inches in the centre. This precaution is necessary, that water may not stand on the bed during the winter. When the bed is planted and covered it may be left to the weather until the Tulips come up, or about the 1st of March. Beds of Tulips show up to much better advantage if they are carpeted with small, creeping or tufted plants, and there are many hardy, flowering and foliage plants suited for the purpose. The White Rock Cress (Arabis albida), and its variegated form, Hepaticas, Silene pendula, the Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) and its variegated form, Lamiuwms, Sedum acre aureum the early flowering Violas, Ajuga reptans rubra, Aubretias, and many others, make excellent carpets for beds of bulbs. When the flowers appear, if they are protected from the sun by a light canvas, the period of bloom may be kept up for three or four weeks. The colors are generally better if not shaded at all, but in that ease the bloom would be soon over.’ Sometimes a single day’s hot sun would com- TUR pletely spoilthem. When the flowers begin to fade, they should be cut away and removed from the bed. As soon as the stems of the Tulip turn yellow, and the leaves begin to dry, they may be taken up and put in a cool, dry place. When dry, thoroughly clean off the old skin and dirt, and put in paper bags, ready for planting out again in October. Some of the double varieties are very showy and beautiful, and as they are later in flowering than the single sorts they are desirable to lengthen the season of flowering. The Tulip is also now extensively forced for cut flowers during the winter and spring months. The method of culture is identical with that of the Roman Hyacinth and Paper Narcissus. The kinds known as ‘*Single Early” are the best for this purpose. The following are afew of the most desirable sorts: Belle Alliance (Waterloo), scarlet; Artus, scarlet; Chryso- lora, large bright yellow; Due Van Thol, various colors; Duchesse de Parma, red with yellow band; Keizerkroon, scarlet and yel- low; Queen Victoria (La Reine), white; Rosa Mundi, rose and white; Rose Grisdelin, deli- eate rose; Vermilion Brilliant, dazzling ver- milion; Yellow Prince, ete. Tulip. African. A name given to the genus Hemanthus. Tulip Tree. See Liriodendron. Tulip Tree or Fire Tree, of Queensland. See Stenocarpus. Tulip. Wild, of California. chortus. Tulip Wood Tree. The striped, rose-colored wood of Physocalymna floribunda. The genus Calo- Tulip Wood Tree. Australian. Cupania (Har- palia) pendula, Twhica. From tunica, a coat; referring to the ealyx. Nat. Ord. Curyophyllacea. Hardy annuals and herbaceous perennials, natives of southern Europe and Central Asia, and allied to Dianthus. A few of the species have showy flowers in spring. They are in- creased by division or from seed. Tunicate. Cvated; invested with layers, as an Onion. Tu’pa. Tupais the name of T. Feuillei in Chili. Nat. Ord. Lobeliacee. This is a genus of pretty plants, chiefly na- tives of Chili and Peru. They are worth cul- tivating on account of the beauty and singu- larity of their flowers. They are treated and propagated like the Lobelia. Tupelo Tree. See Nyssa. Tupida’nthus. From tupis, twpidos, a mallet, and anthus, a flower; referring to the shape of the flower-buds. Nat. Ord. Araliacee. T.. calyptratus, the only introduced species, is at first a small, glabrous, erect tree, after- wards a lofty climber. It was introduced from India in 1855, and is increased by cut- tings. Tupi’/stra. Mallet Flower. From tupis, a mal- let; alluding to the peculiar form of the stigma. Nat. Ord. Liliaceae. A small genus of stove-house plants, na- tives of the Himalayas. Two species are in cultivation, but are grown more for their in- teresting flowers than for their beauty. Turbinate. Top-shaped. Turnip. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 467 TUR Turgid. Swollen, puffed up. Turio. A scaly sucker, which afterwards be- comes a stem, as in Asparagus. Turkey Corn. A common name for Dicentra formosa. Turkey Oak. Quercus Cerris. Turkey’s Beard. See Xerophyllum. Turkish Rhubarb. See Rhewm palmatum. Turk’s Cap. Melocactus communis. Turmeric. See Curcuma. Turmeric-Root. A common name for Hydras- tis Canadensis. Tu’mera. Dedicated by Linnzeus to the mem- ory of William Turner, author of ‘‘A New Herbal,” 1551. Nat. Ord. Turneracee. A genus of very handsome plants when in flower. Some are annuals, and others green- house shrubs and herbaceous plants, with yellow flowers, some of which resemble those of the Thunbergia. They should be grown in a light, rich soil. They are propagated by cuttings or by seeds. Introduced from South America in 1774. Turnera’ceze. A small, natural order, consist- ing of herbs or under-shrubs, natives chiefly of tropical Africa and America, with alternate leaves and yellowish or blue axillary flowers. The order embraces three genera and nearly eighty species. (See Brassica.) The field and garden Turnip is supposed to have originated by long cultivation of the wild Brassica rapa, a native of Great Britain and other parts of Europe. At what period it was first brought into notice in its native countries, or how its improvement from its native wild and useless state was brought about, is entirely un- known. It was in use as a vegetable before the Christian era, but we have no account of its being cultivated to any extent as a field crop previous to 1600. It does not seem that there was any rapid development in its im- provement worthy of mention by the early writers previous to 1650, but from that period its increase in Cultivation was rapid, and many new sorts are mentioned. At the pres- ent day, every country adapted te its growth boasts of the varieties it has produced. The Swedish Turnip, or Ruta Baga, one of the best known, originated from B. campestris; its varieties are numerous, and generally cul- tivated. The French Turnip is considered sweeter and freer from any acrid properties than most others, and is highly prized for the table. Several varieties are designated as American, and the Purple and White Strap- leafed Turnips justly so, but where or by whom they originated, or the parentage, we are without knowledge. We only know that they were long grown here previous to their being known in Europe, and that they have always been regarded as American varieties there. A variety known as the White Egg, evidently a selection from the Long White or Cow-horn Turnip, is one of the best for the table. The Turnip is used both as a spring and fall crop. For spring, sow as early as the ground is dry enough, and for fall, in the latitude of New York, sow Ruta Bagas in July, and other varieties during the latter part of August and in September, ac- cording to the kind. Seeds may be sown as EWE the ground becomes vacant. In every case, when the soil is dry, firm the seeds well in the soil by the feet or by rolling. Turnip. Deyvyil’s. A common name for Bryonia dioica. Turnip. Indian. A common name for Arisema triphylla, which see. Turnip. Lion’s. The roots of Leontice Leonto- petalum. Turnip-rooted Celery. Celeriac. Turnip. St. Anthony’s. Ranunculus bulbosus. Turnsole. Croton tinctorium, also the genus Heliotrope. Turpentine Tree. A common name for vari- ous species of Abies, Pinus, Pistacia, Bursera, ete. Tu'rrea. Named in honor of George Turra, once Professor of Botany at Padua, and author of several botanical works. Nat. Ord. Melia- cee. A genus of tropical shrubs and large trees confined to the Old World. Some of the spe- cies have edible fruit, and a few are grown for the beauty of their flowers. Tu'rritis. A genus of Crucifere now included under Arabis. Turtle-Head. One of the popular names for Chelone, which see. Tussa’cia. Named after F. R. de Tussac, a French botanist, who wrote a ‘‘ Flora of the Antilles” in 1808. Nat. Ord. Gesneracee. A small genus of plant-stove herbs with creeping, branched rhizomes, natives of the West Indies, Guiana, ete. The flowers are yellow, lined with purple and the calyx scar- let, forming a very showy, terminal corymb of flowers. They require the same culture as the Gesnera, to which they are closely allied. Tu’ssilago. Colt’s Foot. From tussis, a cough; for curing which the flowers have been em- ployed. Nat. Ord. Composite. Hardy and half-hardy perennials, natives of central Europe. One of the species, T. Farfara, is common in wet places in the Middle and New England States, having be- come thoroughly naturalized. The variegated variety, the leaves margined with creamy- white, is a very ornamental plant, and can be used with good effect in shady positions, where other plants will not thrive. It does well as an edging to clumps of Ferns, or as a ground-work to other plants with graceful foliage. T. fragrans is named the Winter Helio- trope on account of the delicious fragrance of its purplish flowers in early spring; a waste corner cannot be better occupied than by this sweet flower. They are of easy cultivation and are propagated by division of the roots, which are inclined to increase rapidly. See Celery. A common name for Tutsan. A common name for Hypericum An- drosemum. Twayblade. See Listera. Twig Rush. The popular name for the com- mon bog or marsh plant, Cladiwm mariscoides. Twin Flower. A uame applied to Linnea bo- realis, which see. Twin Flower. Scarlet. Bravoa geminiflora. 468 U'hdea. Ulex. Furze. HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS AEN AL Twin Leaf. The local name of the genus Jeffer- sonia, which see. The plant is also some- times called Rheumatism Root. Tyde’a. Derivation not given. Nat. Ord. Ges- ner ace. A genus of beautiful herbaceous plants, na- tives of the mountains of New Grenada. There are at present only four described spe- cies, which are better known under their old name of Achimenes, the best known being T. picta. ‘*'They are erect, robust herbs, with fine blotched leaves and axillary, bright-col- ored flowers. The calyx is connate with the ovary, the corolla almost funnel-shaped, and five-lobed; the stamens are included, the ovary surrounded by five glands, the stigma five-cleft and the fruit a capsule.” The Ges- neracee haye been much cut up and divided of late years, so that one hardly knows where to look for the plant he wants to find. See Achi- menes and Gesnera. Ty’pha. Cat-Tail Flag. From typhos, a marsh; referring to the habitat of the species. Nat. Ord. Typhacee. T. latifolia, the common Cat-Tail Flag of our marshes, a native of Europe and the East, has become naturalized in almost all parts of the United States. Itis also common in Eu- rope. A species with narrow leaves is more rare. The pollen of Typha is inflammable, like that of Lycopodium, and is used as a sub- stitute for it. The ‘‘Cat-Tail,” in the minds ac E pl U, et A genus founded on a single Chilian species which was at first referred to Eu- genia, but is now generally placed under Myrtus. M. Ugni has very agreeably flavored aromatic fruit, and succeeds admirably in the Southern States. See Myrtus. U. bipinnatifida is a stout-habited Mexican composite plant, valuable for sum- mer decoration. Itis of robust growth, attain- ing a height of from four to six feet in deep, rich soils. The branching stems are clothed with slightly silvery or glaucous, irregular and deeply cut foliage. In sheltered positions on the lawn it forms noble, isolated specimens, or it may be judiciously grouped along with dark-leaved Ricinus or Cannas. U. pyrami- data is of alighter and fresher green than the preceding, and is larger in habit, having more of the aspect of Malva in foliage. They are both readily propagated from cuttings, which are freely produced by old specimens taken up carefully in autumn and re-potted. Gorse or Whin. Said to be taken from the Celtic ac, a point; in allusion to its prickly branches. Nat. Ord. Legumi- nose. A genus of very beautiful, evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers, both double and single, indigenous to Great Britain and the south of Europe. They are highly esteemed for hedge plants, and the young tops are cut and fed to cattle and horses; but their value as a food Uliginose. U'llucus, ULM of most boys, is closely associated with the ‘Fourth of Juiy,” being largely useé by them for ‘‘setting off” their fireworks and crackers. ypha’ceez. A small natural order of reed-like plants, growing in marshes, ditches, or shal- low water, with long, narrow, parallel-veined leaves, and small flowers densely packed in cylindrical spikes or heads. There are very few species, but some of them are dispersed over nearly all parts of the world. They form two genera, J’'ypha and Sparganium. ypho’nium, From Typhon, a mythological giant. Nat. Ord. Aroideaw. A genus of tuberous, perennial herbs, differ- ing slightly potanically from Arum, natives of tropical Asia, the Pacific Islands and Aus- tralia. The species have large, showy leaves, and require the same general treatment as Colocasia. yto’nia. WaterBalsam. Namedafter Arthur Tyton, by whom many of the oldest inhabi- tants of our gardens were preserved. Nat. Ord. Geraniacee. T. natans, the only species, is a stove aqua- tic, its large irregular flowers beautifully variegated with white, red and yellow. It should be grown in rich, loamy soil, in large pots or pans of water, in a warm part of the green-house. Itisanative of tropical Asia, introduced in 1810, and can be increased hy seeds sown in spring. Syn. Hydrocera triflora. plant is considerably questioned. None of the species thrives in this country, being too tender for our Northern States, and too impatient of our tropical summers in the South. Inhabiting swampy places. From Ulluco, the Quitan name. Nat. Ord. Chenopodiacee. U. tuberosa, the only species, is a half- hardy, fleshy, decumbent herb, with a stem throwing out thread-like branches, which, when they enter the earth, produce edible tubers. The plantis extensively cultivated for these tubers in the mountains of Bolivia and Peru, under the name of Oca-quina. It is in- teresting, as having been unsuccessfully tried as a substitute for the Potato. Syn. Melloca. Ulma’ceze. Now includedas asub-tribe of Urti- U'lmus. Ccacee. Elm. Supposed to be from the Saxon word elm or ulm, a name which is applied, with very slight alterations, to the trees of this genus in all dialects of the Celtic tongue. Nat. Ord. Urticacee. This genus takes the first rank in the great army of American trees. When asked, ‘‘ What is the handsomest tree in America ?” we un- hesitatingly say, ‘‘ U. Americana, the Ameri- can Water or White Elm.” Of the several species that make up this genus, none in any respect compares with this. U. fulva is the common Red or Slippery Elm. U. racemosa = = S WSS \ || SS = _ MY if / f TULIP (DOUBLE SCARLET TOURNESOL), WES 8 TULIPS (VARIETIES OF), TULIP (PARROT), LD —————————— ea _ Sy FI Saks Fa, § aD . he. at 5 ES 2% Os pra © aL 4 Ty ; Mrs it. UNIOLA. VERBENA (TYPES OF). 4 AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 469 UMB is the Cork, Hickory or Cliff Elm. U. alata is the Winged Elm or Whahoo of the South and West. The celebrated English Elmis U. cam- pestris. All the species are propagated from seeds. Umbel. An inflorescence in which the stalks radiate from a common point and form a flat or convex surface above, as in the Carrot. It is simple or compound. Umbellate. Disposed in or resembling the um- bels. Umbelli/ferzee. One of the most natural and, consequently, most easily reco;;nized orders of plants, but one of the most difficult to divide into well-defined genera. It consists of herbs, often strongly scented, with small flowers, usually in a simple or compound umbel which has given the name to the order. They inhabit, for the most part, woods, bogs, marshes and dry places, principally in the northern parts of the northern hemisphere. As the equator is approached they become less known, and in the southern hemisphere they are comparatively rare. Though mostly herbs, these plants sometimes attain a gigan- tic size, as in some species of Heracleum and Angelica. Dr. Welwitsch, moreover, mentions having found in tropical Africa, in the region of the Golungo Alto, an arboreous umbellifer with astem one foot and a half in diameter, which is prized highly by the natives for its medicinal properties and for its value as a timber tree. This, so farasat present known, is the most gigantic plant of the order. The Umbellifere number at least fifteen hundred species, divided amongst nearly three hundred genera, many of which are important as pro- ducing articles of food; many are poisonous ; most are merely unimportant weeds; a few, like Astrantia, are furnished with gay colors, and thus become objects of decoration. One of them, Bolax Glebaria, forms huge tussocks in the Falkland Islands, resembling hay-cocks. Of the harmless species, in which, with a little aroma, there is no inconsiderable quantity of acrid watery matter or gum-resinous secre- tion, must be more particularly named Celery, Fennel, Samphire, Parsley, and the roots of the Carrot, Parsnip and Skirret (Siwm Sis- arum). The roots of Eryngium campestre and H. maritimum,commonly called Eryngo, are sweet, aromatic and tonic. The aromatic roots of Meum athamanticum and M. Mutellina form an ingredient in Venice treacle. Angelica Root (Archangelica officinalis), is fragrant, sweet when first tasted, but leaving a glowing heat in the mouth. Others are gum-resinous, as the species of Ferula and Narthex, yielding Asafoetida, the fetid odor of which is supposed. to be owing to sulphur in combination with a peculiar essential oil. Of aromatic and carminative fruits, the most celebrated are Anise (Pimpinella Anisum), Dill (Anethum graveolens), Caraway (Carwm Carui) and Coriander (Coriandrum sativum). Besides these, great numbers of less note are also empioyed for the same reason, the chief of which are the Ajwains or Ajowains of India (species of Ptychotis), Honeywort (Sison Amo- mum), whose fruits smell of bugs, and Cummin (Cuminum Cyminum), now only used in veter- inary practice. Among poisons, Hemlock (Conium maculatum) holds the first place. An- thriscus vulgaris and A. sylvestris are not so UNI dangerous. Athusa Cynapium, Ginanthe cro- cata, Gi. phellandrium, Cicuta maculata and C. virosa are other poisonous species. Umbellula’/ria Californica. A name given to Ocotea or Oreodaphne Californica, the Califor- nian Sassafras. Umbi/licus. From wmbilicus, the navel; in al- lusion to the concave leaves of some of the species. Nat. Ord. Crassulacee. A genus of interesting plants, natives of southern Europe, the Levant and tropical Africa, and now usually placed under Cotyie- don. In some of the species the radical leaves are rosulate, or disposed like the petals in the flower of a double Rose; others have them alternate on the stalk; in all they are fleshy. The flowers, which are either white or yellow, grow in branched or simple ra- cemes. They grow naturally in dry, stony places, are at home in a rock-work, and are often used for carpet bedding and edging. They grow well in pots, and require the same treatment as Hcheverias and Sempervivums. Introduced in 1732. Umbraculiform. Umbrella-shaped. Umbrella China Tree. A variety of Melia Azedarach, which see. Umbrella Grass. The common name of Fuirena sqguarrosa. It is common in sandy, wet places from Massachusetts southward. Umbrella Palm. See Kentia. Umbrella Pine or Parasol Fir. pitys. Umbrella Tree. Magnolia Umbrella and M. tripetala, also Thespesia populnea and Pan- danus odoratissimus. Umbrosus. Growing in shady places. Unarmed. Destitute of spines or prickles; pointless. Unca’ria. oles are converted into hooked spines. Ord. Rubiacee. A genus of about thirty species of climbing, shrubby plants, natives of the tropics. The most interesting species, U. Gambier, from which the Gambier of commerce is obtained, is a native of India and was introduced in 1825. Uncinate. hook. Undershrub. A small, woody plant, the ends of its branches perishing annually. UOndulate. Wavy or wavy-margined. Uaguiculate. Furnished with a claw (unguis) ; that is, anarrow base; as the petals of a Rose, where the claw is very short, and those of Pinks, where the claw is very long. Uni. In compound words, one, as Unifoliate, Uniflorus, ete. Unicorn Plant. A common name for Murtynia lutea and M. proboscidea. Unicorn Root. Unicorn’s Horn. The root of Helonias dioica, a native of New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, Virginia, etc.; used as an anthel- mintic. Uniflorus. Supporting a single flower. Unifoliate. When a compound leaf consists of one leaflet only, as in the Orange-tree. Unilocular. One-celled. See Sciado- From uneus, a hook; the old peti- Nat. Bent or curved at the tip, like a 70 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS UNI Uni/ola. Sea-side Oat. From unus, one; so called by Linnzus, owing to the union of the glumes. Nat. Ord. Graminacee. A genus of grasses, natives principally of the Southern States. U. paniculata and U. lati- folia are very ornamental and well worthy of cultivation. The dried spikes, both naturaland dyed in different colors, are much used in bouquets, etc., of dried flowers and grasses. U. Palmeri, collected near the mouth of the Colorado River, by Mr. Palmer, and described by him, is interesting as supplying the Indians of that section with a large amount of grain. ““They come together at the proper season, in April, and gather this, to them, important article of food. As its quantity depends on the overflow of the tides, and the tides are sure Lo occur, they have an assured crop with- out any other labor than gathering and caring for the grain. * * * The grain has to be cut when a little green because of the easy separation of the spikelets. In order to dry the heads as quickly as possible large fires are made, and the heads are piled around so that the flames penetrate between them. When they have been sufficiently exposed to the fire a stick is used to thrash the heads, which breaks up the spikelets, but does not separate the chaff or glumes from the grain. The dried and dissevered spikelets are then taken to a piece of ground prepared for the purpose, and the Indians tread upon and rub the grain between their feet until the seeds are shelled out. **This process is more easily accomplished after the grain has been exposed a while to the sun, but in any case it is pretty trying to the feet because of the sharp, stiff points of the chaff. The action of the tide knocks off and carries away considerable of the grain, but this is left in rows at the edge of the con- tiguous dry land, and the Indians gather much of it and rub it out. They have to be expeditious in their harvest, as wind storms are liable to arise and destroy or injure the product of their labors.”—Garden and Forest. Upas Tree. See Antiaris toxicaria. Ura’nia. Traveler’s Tree. From ouranios, sub- lime; in allusion to the stateliness of the tree. Nat. Ord. Scitaminee. U. speciosa, the only known representative of this genus, was formerly called Ravenala Madagascariensis. It is a magnificent plant, having a palm-like appearance, and is called in Madagascar the Traveler’s Tree, because the base of the leaves, when cut, yield an abundant and refreshing juice, with which travelers allay their thirst. The leaves are of gigantic size, somewhat like those of Musa Ensete, but arranged in two rows on opposite sides of thestems. Young plants are obtained by suckers or from seed. Urceo'la. A genus of Apocynacee, consisting of one species. U. elastica, a large, climbing, milky-juiced shrub or tree, frequently with a trunk as thick as a man’s body, found only in Borneo, Sumatra, and other islands of the Eastern Archipelago, where its milky juice is collected and forms an inferior kind of Caout- choue. It produces a fruit about the size of an orange, much relished both by the natives and by European residents. Urceolate. Pitcher-shaped. contracted at the mouth Urceoli’na. URO Urn-Flower. From urceolus, a small cup or pitcher; in allusion to the smallness of the cup, or nectary, inside the flower. Nat. Ord. Amaryllidacee. A small genus of handsome, summer-bloom- ing, Peruvian bulbs. The flowers are yellow, red and green. They grow freely in the open border and require a long season of rest. They may be kept during winter like the Tigridias, and planted out in the border after all danger from frost is past. They were introduced in 1837, and are propagated by offsets. Syn. Pentlandia. Urens. Stinging. Urgi/nea. From the name of an Arab tribe, Ben Urgin, in Algeria. Nat. Ord. Liliaceae. A genus of over twenty bulbous plants of little interest. The bulbs of U. maritima, the old Scilla maritima, are known in medicine as Squills. The species are natives of the Mediterranean region, and have large bulbs, whence proceed the leaves and long-stalked racemes of flowers, the latter, however, being produced first. Urn Flower. See Urceolina. Urope’dium. From oura, a tail, and podion, a slipper; in allusion to the long-tailed petals. Nat. Ord. Orchidacee. A genus of terrestrial Orchids nearly re- lated to Cypripedium. It consists of only one described species, U. Lindeni, a native of New Grenada, which is found growing at an eleva- tion of 8,500 feet above the sealevel. It dif- fers from Cypripedium in its broader, flattened lip, and extremely long-tailed petals. The leaves are about a foot long, oblique at the extremity, shining, and fleshy in texture. The flowers are solitary, produced on long peduncles; the sepals are ovate-lanceolate, yellow, streaked with orange; the petais are linear-lanceolate, extended into a long, nar- row tail, a foot or more in length, and purple- orange at the base. This is a remarkable and very interesting plant, which should find a place in every collection. It was introduced in 1849, and requires the same treatment as Cypripedium. This genus is included by some authorities under Selenipedium. Urope’talum. From ouwra, a tail, and petalon, a petal ; the petals are lengthened into tail-like appendages. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. A small genus of Cape bulbs, very singular and interesting. The flowers are green, or green and orange, borne on slender scapes in terminal racemes. They are tender, and must be kept warm and dry during winter, and planted out in the border in early spring. They were first introduced in 1808, and are propagated by offsets. Syn. Dipcadi. Uroski/nnera Spectabilis is the sole representa- tive of a Central American genus of Scrophu- lariacew, named in honor of Mr. G. Ure Skin- ner, who introduced so many new plants from Central America to our gardens. It is an undershrub somewhat resembling in habit certain Gesneracew, and covered in all parts with soft hairs. The rosy-violet, rather large flowers, are arranged in terminal, crowded panicles, and supported by filiform bracts. It was introduced from Mexico in 1856, and may be increased by cuttings in heat. AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. , 4.1 URO Urospa’tha. From ouwra, a tail, and spatha, a spathe; referring to the long-pointed spathe in most of the species. Nat. Ord. Aroidee. A genus of warm-house Arads with thick rhizomes, natives of tropical America. U. dehiscens and U. sagiitifolia are in cultivation and require a great deal of water when grow- ing. They may be propagated by division of the root-stock. Urospe/rmum. Sheep’s Beard. From ouros, a tail, and spermum, a seed; alluding to the beaked, hard, dry, one-seeded fruit. Nat. Ord. Composite. A small genus of hardy, annual or biennial, slightly-branched plants, natives of the south of Europe. U. Dalechampi is a handsome biennial, of dwarf tufted growth, producing heads of large, lemon-colored blossoms. — It thrives in any light soil in an open position and is quite hardy. Syn. Arnopogon. Ursi/nia. A genus of Composite, included un- der Sphenogyne. Urti’ca. Nettle. From wro, to burn; in refer- ence to the stinging properties of most of the species. Nat. Ord. Urticacee. The Roman Nettle, U. pilulifera, is some- times grown in gardens as an ornamental annual, but the sting is much worse than that of U. dioica, the common Nettle. Some of the exotic species are very handsome; as, for example, U. veticulata, a native of Jamaica, which has red and yellow flowers and deep green leaves. The stinging effects of U. uren- tissima (Devil’s Leaf), a native of Timor, are said to be so violent as to last for twelve months, and sometimes to cause death. Many species produce excellent fibre, and several are considered to possess medicinal proper- ties. There are several native and natural- ized species, all troublesome weeds. Urtica’cezee. A natural order consisting of trees, shrubs, or herbs, from almost every part of the globe, with alternate and lobed leaves furnished with stipules and small, in- conspicuous, unisexual flowers, usually in cymes or heads, not in catkins. They possess nareotic qualities and yield valuable fibres. Cannabis sativa yields the well-known Hemp, one of our most valuable fibres. It is im- ported in large quantities from Russia, and is produced in a small way in this country. The plant grows naturally in the cooler parts of India, and there develops narcotie quali- ties, which seem to reside in the resin which covers the leaves. What are called Hemp Seeds, used for the food of birds, are in real- ity Hemp fruits, each containing a single seed. Humulus Lupulus, the well-known Hop, possesses both tonic and hypnotic properties, that is, a power to produce sleep. The seales of the Hop heads are covered with resinous matter, which has an aromatic odor. Among the other important numbers of this order may be enumerated the Bread-fruit Tree (Arctocarpus incisa), Elm (Ulmus), Fig (Ficus Carica), India-rubber Plant (Ficus elastica) and Mulberry (Morus alba and M. nigra). Several of the species are valuable as timber trees. It ineludes nearly one hundred and ten gen- era and fifteen hundred species. Usnea. This word is said to have originated in the Arabie achneh, or achnen, which is, aecord- ing to Golius, the name by which the Arabian UVU physicians designate Lichens in general. A genus of Lichens, the species of which grow on rocks and trunks of trees, from which latter circumstance they are often called Tree Moss or Tree Hair. Some of the southern species, as U. Melaxantha are magnificent. In the stems of this (which attains a considerable size), concentric zones of growth have been observed by Sir J. D. Hooker. Ustilago. From uwstus, burnt; in allusion to the scorched appearance of the organs of the host-plants, in which the spores are developed. This genus is interesting as including the various kinds of Smut which are so injurious to grasses, wheat, corn, ete. Utricle. A small, bladdery pericarp; any thin, bottle-like body; the two confluent glumes of Carex. Utricula’ria. Bladderwort. From wtriculus, a little bladder; applied to the small inflated appendages of the roots. Nat. Ord. Lentibu- lariacee. A genus of evvious aquatic plants, common throughout the United States. They are par- ticularly interesting in that during the early stage of the plant, the small, bladder-like ap- pendages atthe roots are filled with water; but when the flowers are ready to expend they become filled with air. After the season of flowering, the vesicles become again filled with water, and the plant descends to ripen its seeds at the hottom. U. minor, U. vulgaris, U. minor and U. neglecta are worthy of being grown as curiosities. U. Endresii (pale lilac), introduced from Costa Rica in 1874, and U. montana (white), from the West Indies in 1871, very >eautiful stove-house epiphytes with showy, Orchid-like flowers, are often grown in the Orchid-house, and succeed best in baskets of fibry peat and sphagnum, sus- pended near the glass. U. Humboldtii and U. reniformis grow best in large pans of sphagnum partially plunged in water. They are very beautiful and interesting plants. Utriculiform. Having the shape of a bottle. Uva'ria. From wva, a cluster of grapes; allud- ing to the fruits of some of the species. Nat. Ord. Anenacee. A genus of twining or climbing shrubby plants, natives of tropical Africa and Asia. Several species, formerly included here, are now referred to other genera. U. Kirkiiis a medium-sized undershrub, and U. Zeylanicum, alarge woody climber. Both thrive in a com- post of sandy loam and leaf mould, and are increased by cuttings of the ripened wood in heat. Uvula’ria. Bellwort. The plants were formerly used in diseases of the wula; whence the name. Nat. Ord. Liliacee. A small genus of very handsome, hardy, herbaceous perennials with lily-like flowers, borne solitary, or rarely in pairs, on slender peduncles, from the uppermost leaves. The flowers are bright and greenish yellow. JU. grandiflora grows from one to two feet high, with long, clear yellow, drooping flowers, very attractive in early summer. It is anexcellent plant for a partially shaded position in the rock-garden. There are several other species common throughout the United States, in rich, moist, shady woods. Vaccinia’cee. 472 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS e VAC VAL acca’ria. Cow Herb. Named from vacca, a der plants of easy culture. Some of them cow. Nat. Ord. Caryophyllacee. A coarse-growing, hardy, herbaceous per- ennial, formerly called Saponaria Vaccaria. It was introduced into the garden, but has escaped and become common in waste places. A natural order consisting of much-branched shrubs or small trees, often evergreen, with alternate, undivided leaves without stipules, the flowers growing solitary or in racemes, often richly-colored, and the fruit, usually a berry, frequently edible. The species are numerous in the temperate and colder parts of the world, especially in swamps or sub-alpine countries, and on moun- tain chains within the tropics. They are dis- tributed into about twenty-five genera and over three hundred species, the greater num- ber being included in Vaccinium and Thibau- dia. Vaccinium. High-bush Cranberry, Blueberry, Bilberry. An ancient Latin name, whether of a berry or a flower is not satisfactorily | known. Nat. Ord. Vacciniacee. An extensive genus of interesting shrubs, many of which are indigenous to the United States, and others to Europe and the East and West Indies. V. macrocarpa of some authors is the Large or American Cranberry, common in bogs North and West. V. stami- neum is the Squaw Huckleberry, common in dry woods from Maine to Michigan. V. wligi- nosum is the Bog Bilberry, a low-growing spe- cies, common in high elevations in New Eng- land and New York. V. corymbosum is the common orSwamp Blueberry,every where com- mon except southward. YV. Vitis-Idea—the vine of Mount Ida—is the Cow-berry found sparingly in this country but common in Britain. The beautiful, white-berried, green- house shrub, V. leucobotrys, though rarely seen in collections in this country, is well worthy of cultivation. It was introduced un- der the name of Epigyniuwm leucobotrys from Bengal in 1859. -There are many other spe- cies and varieties, the slight difference in them noticeable only by the botanist. For the common Cranberry and its culture, see Oxycoccus. Vaginate. Sheathed; surrounded by a sheath. Valdi’via. Socalled from the town of Valdiviain Chili. A genus of Sazxifragacee, consisting ofa single species. It is a singular and ornamen- tal, small, half-hardy, evergreen shrub, with short, erect, pyramidal panicles of pretty rose-colored flowers, the tube-like portion of which is angular, and the tips of the petals recurved; the flowers are three-quarters of an inch long. Introduced in 1863. Valerian. See Valeriana. Valeria’/na. Said by some to be named after Valerius, who first used it in medicine; others assert that it is derived from valere, to be in health, on account of the medicinal qualities of V. officinalis. Nat. Ord. Valerianacee. Hardy perennials, most of them showy bor- Valeriana’/cee. A natural order consisting of Valeriane’lla. Valerian. Red or Spur. Vallisne’ria. have long been in cultivation. Those best known are natives of Switzerland. The golden- leaved varicty of V. Phu is a highly effect- ive plant, particularly in spring, when its foliage is newly developed. It is of tufted, neat habit, grows freely in any soil and is per- fectly hardy. There are ‘several native spe- cies, from which the tincture of Valerian is obtained. All the species are propagated by division. annual or perennial herbs, usually strong- scented or aromatic (especially their roots), with rather small, but often elegant, flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. They are found in temperatc climates, chiefly in the mountains of the northern hemisphere or of South America. The medicinal qualities of the order have been known from ancient times, and tie plants now take rank at the head of the vegetable anti-spasmodics. About a dozen genera are included in the order, and nearly three hundred species. Centranthus, Valeriana and Valerianella are the most famil- iar examples. Lamb’s Lettuce, Fetticus, Corn Salad. « two-winged discoidea............ disk-like Giscolors-f ne) = two-colored dissecta........ finely divided dissitiflora... distant flowered GiGtiCha recess ~~ «0 two-ranked CULE Asteteteiec = 6-1 day flowering divaricata, obtusely spread asunder GUVOUSEUB ays clei siarelaisic = leaning diversiflora. . variable flowered dolabriformis ..... axe-shaped dolichoventra ... long-spurred GOlOSAR see iaverevsi sve deceiving drupacea....like a stone fruit Ohi sit:), |, SeeeeemeenTc or doubtful GUNLGIR ae mcs c.cie ato.eictecks sweet CULMOSBeiaiic cris oe sereleeels low CUM Apaaie ete cin a cis hard duriuscula ...... slightly hard E, or ex, as a prefix, means destitute of; as, ecostata, ribless ; exalbuminous, with- out albumen, etc. ebracteata. .destitute of bracts GVUENEA =~... 1). = ivory-like GCHINALA = cc cltesiciele ates prickly edentata............ toothless Odulisieia. 2) cies eketmete edible effusa..very loosely spreading GOLESI A once oer distinguished 7 Ean A ee PRG RCD Ec tall GIG CANS necteerNoks terete beautiful emarginata ... notched leaved GMINENS! fs. s seehe ee ee showy ennea, nine; as in enneandrea..... nine stamens enneaphylla...... nine-leaved ensatas eet 2cn7 sword-shaped SDNELINA Mie race transient epi, in Greek compounds, upon; as, epicarp, the outer- most layer of a pericarp, etc. epigewa, growing on or close to the ground. epiphylla. growing upon a leaf equilateral. having equal sides eriantha...... woolly flowered GricOLdesne es - heath-like @rinaces. :- 2.5006 sees prickly eriocarpon....... hairy fruited eriostemon..woolly stamened OFOSA) HGS. milo. feciictets bitten erubescens.......... blushing erythrocheta..... red bristled erythropa....... red stemmed erythropheea....... bright red esculenta........ LeGehed edible Ofiolatias oseisis esti es blanched euchila....... beautiful lipped OVCCbAL asin air acter ae extended Oma] Gates ie a\aici tere iassss side erate lofty OXCOISBi wci.0e1.ckese ese Seto, tall OXCISA sei elelyereeten Ts bluntly cut OXCulba sho... eee adorned eximia...... (choice) excellent exorhiza..... rooting outward OXOICA Kee secles cic etn foreign GxSCuliptieri. ss 2a =2 cut out exserta,. protruding beyond, as the stamens out of the corolla. @XSUP SOME! eisa jefe tare ein'= rising F falcata ey, cjeveroiare sickle-shaped faleciformis ......sickle-shaped falcinella........ finely hooked LEMS oy ee rE deceptive PATINACOB: cra: e's)<,cheiv mites mealy fASCIALA alates oe oe eee banded fascicularis........ in bundles fastigiata.,..2....... . peaked fastuosa....... prickly stalked felosma...... heavy smelling fenestralis..... window leaved TOTOK AE Bele sia e fierce, spiny TOUUU PINGS jere tsetse = cololacets rusty filamentosa .......... thready filiferateis). 5... thread bearing filipendula, hanging from a thread. TUNICS erapietatatc hae ois tere thready to OFe AUR Seats SIG cor fringed firma see as peer ne solid fisSSaras stamersea= «later divided fistulosa..-...... pipe stalked flabelliformis...... fan-shaped HACCIM AI Hs fragrant ANOUMG OS Ayre eieereleleletererele ite leafy fPULESCENS 6. spe1-0 orsieues shrubby frubicosaryscseiten~.<..e 2 shrubby Ieee) bop. copes uC brilliant dunllivsaappatcte eeretereetolae creravats tawny PUN OS bay. veperetenedee ey eer deadly fuUMIferar. oii - «<< rope bearing PUTCALA eye) 0clets re eriee forked HERE EYE. SS oo GPO OS maddening furfuracea ...-.... scaly, mealy AUIS CA oynscoasyepricislelbeasroets brown fuscescens..... dark brownish fusiformis..... spindle-shaped G faleata iis. i. s stesee helmeted geminiflora..... twin flowered CeMMAaLA). 5/25 ..<5+ cee twin gemmipara....... bud bearing gibberosa .......s... = -:- small lobed LONGUS. sess oe eres spar like LONSPVALE ec tes «ae long lived longicolla........ long necked longicuspis...... long pointed longipes......... long stalked Longipila as «one long haired lophantha.. . crest flowered lorata..strap or thong-shaped loritoliaye pees. strap leaved WTC aiee yee a ts coe csc shining Nuaiiound ay: eerste eens sportive jumataec. sce. - half-moon-like lupalinat cen. s- hop headed WuPid an exh elas cee dingy brown UDCA oto .5.0 deiciercielste eee yellow lutescensis'... 5.5 st) yellowish LU bal rare phisrerate yet eee discolor Ly Taba; cleeeicsts lyre-shaped M macradenia..... large glanded macrandra....large anthered macrantha ....large flowered macrocarpa...... large fruited macrochila....... large lipped macrophylla ..... large leaved macroplectron ..long spurred macropoda....... large footed macropus........ long stalked macrorhiza...... large rooted macrospeila.... broad stained macrostachya....large spiked MACTUTA «epes.s sere. long tailed MaACULAAN. oc see: een spotted major (majus)........ greatest malacophylla...... soft leaved maleolens....strong smelling IAIN O Sete gnosis cele nippled manicata, gloved; covered with a woolly coat, which may be stripped off whole. margaritacea.......... pearly marginata........... bordered TNATINA 6: wjeisis'asels -iniste lee eis ere sea marmorata.......... marbled MATMOLEAs <..155 22.0 spotted AMASCU As creel, sii male INIG CI Are sta) -1apisiaisieie intermediate megaceras...... great horned megaphylla...... large leaved megapotamica....... big river megasperma..... large seeded melaleuca....black and white melanocaulon ...black leayed melanococea. ....black seeded melanopus...... black stalked melanoxylon ..black stemmed meliosa .....-. honey scented mellifera....... honey bearing membranacea, thin and soft like a membrane. IMIGAN Steno sca ies oie e 0 glittering micranthera..... small spined micromeris....small flowered microphylla..... small leaved microptera...... small winged microscypha.... small capped WIN AK, 2 steve ieee, 101s 2 projecting MUNG Abas. a3 7s 7) 0\< ...vermilion iN sho 5cnacuataoss 2o- least MUCOUS ee cielo ei wonderful miriantha..... many flowered miriophylla...... many leaved ifIiniion +5, obeoomoOU Nes small mitriformis..... mitre-shaped IN OMMILCLA seco ols isis headed nO llitse Geovagkonddasnvodacl soft mollissima ........ _.very soft monanthema ....one-flowered moniliformis, formed like a necklace. monoceras... .... one-horned monophylla........ one-leaved monoptera..... single winged monostachya ...... one-spiked montana ...mountain loving mucronata... .. sharp pointed multi, in Latin derivatives, many; as, multiceps, many branched, etc. multicaulis....many stemmed IRAE SAE) SHGASe many cleft WYN TANAC LE gates axe ioteted ouaistoseye neat Milo) Sanaa See Sendo s- armed muralis: . «).:- growing on walls muricata, rough, with short and hard points. MUSAICD eee. --% - mosaic-like muscipula......... fly catcher PAUBCOBB echo aes mossy-like WIT GALLS Y. (ayn aie te changeable myriostigma..... many dotted 508 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS NE) 6scocoungggouNGdboe dwarf napiformis ..... turnip-shaped MASP 4 c000d0D000 large nosed MN sae Gor dongood floating navicularis....... boat-shaped NEDUOSA ee erel als )sleleler- clouded MEMOLALIS we lseteteierleelo riers wood MOE VOSA eterelelels|clelelorecletie nerved NGI Soctogacnadae nest-shaped IVEY Gao godoudAsboasor black nigrescens.............- black MOS agaduacHadooc shining NW Ghiahovoousldadd snow white MIME caaso60 SCagodde snowy noctiflora..... night flowering MOGOSA ier ere ciel seeleera ore knotted Nove Anglise, of New England Noveboracensis ....New York MUCITOLA:) <6 sie 5101s) nut bearing MUCE, SooosaoudcouoDdons naked nudicaulis....naked stemmed MUCANS ee aeretletetatoieisierers nodding ob is used in the composition of Latin technical terms to indicate that a thing is in- verted ; as, obovate, in- versely ovate; obcordate, inversely cordate, etc. obliqua, referring to shape, unequal sided. oblonga........ oblong leaved OOALENE! 540 dooosuuor refined ODtUISHLA jc eee. ccs bluntish occidentalis .......... western ocellatacccc......- eye spotted ochracea........ ochre colored ochrantha. . yellowish flowered ochreata, furnished with tubu- lar stipules (ochrea). ochroleuca....yellowish white octa, eight, in such words as octagynia, having eight pis- tils; octamerous, the parts in eight, ete. OcCUhOdeSiace se ceeris ‘tubercled OOK Goannbaccdes adone eyed OGORAMerciiclsels orale sweet scented odoratissima, very sweet scented. officinalis (belonging to the shop); applied to plants, etc., used in medicine or the arts. OLEMOT ACs ciercreelens ores oil bearing GIGINS = Bhocopaauoddsoc stinking oleracea....esculent (eatable) oligantha........ few flowered oligophylla ........ few leaved OLLVaTIS Taser. cisreveie- olive green ODUStaSe aoc sio.s ce aie wrote loaded operculata. covered with a lid oppositifolia. . opposite leaved orbiculata..circular in outline oreophylla...mountain loving Orientalisy ssi \.)/sses «= ate eastern OIMabaeseresieciee cele beautiful ornithopoda........ bird’s foot ornithoryncha..... bird billed OVAL stay rcrteyes once aie egg-shaped ovulata, ovulifera; bearing seeds or bodies destined to become plants. oxycarpa........ sharp fruited OXYVPONA.. eeceee sharp angled oxypetala....... sharp petaled oxyphylla....... sharp leaved iP pachyphylla..... thick-leaved padifolia........ cherry leaved paleacea....... chaffy or scaly pallida geeks ese ie ahs pale palmata, divided so as to re- semble a hand. paludosa........ marsh loving palustris >... 5+ ....marsh pandurata....... fiddle-shaped panduriformis. . . fiddle-shaped papilionacea .... butterfly-like papillarisic..< ss. 3. conical papillosa, bearing small, round projections. papyracea........ paper white parasitica, living on the juices of other plants. pardalina..... leopard marked parvifolia ....small leaved PELV UNE sicicte <2 waieleere ert little MONS sogencadsone coc small patens = vii. ccls oe spreading patula...... slightly spreading pauciflora..... . few-flowered PaVONIA. 2... 2-0. peacock-like pectinata....... comb leaved pedatifida, cut into lobes, the lateral ones of which do not radiate from the petiole like the rest. pedicellata....slightly stalked pedunculata......... stemmed peliorhynchus . pigeon beaked pellucida. . bright, transparent DOlbALAN «i.1. «cee ore shield-like pelviformis..open cup-shaped pendula. sccceccie drooping pennata .......... feather-like pennicillata... hair pencil-like Pennigeray 2 ee, fsccics winged penninervis....feather nerved penta, in Greek derivatives five; as pentadactylon, five- fingered. pentagyna..... five-carpelled pentaphyllia....... five-leaved percussa........ sharp pointed DELOLTINAs cece er foreign perfoliata, when the stem appears to pass through the leaf. perforata.. pierced with holes perigyna...borne on the calyx pertusa.. having slits or holes petiolata... having foot stalks petreea...... growing on rocks JOE ahadoc a ROeRDO EGR dusky [ONO NCE ae conucacenuac purple phylla, a leaf, used in conjunc- tion with numerals; as di- phylla, two-leaved; tetra- phylla, four-leaved. DOWD nagasnooucsD owes painted pileata, having a cap or lid like the cap of a mushroom. piliferay ners bearing hairs jue Gnae lsosgusponede hairy pilosiuscula..... slightly hairy Pinifoliaerco-tiei pine-leaved pinnata, a compound leaf with leaflets arranged along the sides of a common petiole. pinnatifid...... pinnately cleft PIPCBUGA ele clersiersiars pepper-like PISILONMIS a. lee ere pea-shaped planicaulis...... flat stemmed platantha ..... broad flowered platycarpa...... broad fruited platyclada....... flat branched platyglossa.... broad tongued platyphylla...... broad leaved platyptera...... broad winged pleiochroma.... many colored plicata.. cee eee plaited plumbeain.c..cc<- lead-colored PlumOosatre. sac ee feathery poculiformis ...... cup-shaped podophylla..foot stalk leaved poly, in Greek compounds nu- merous; as, polyantha, many flowered, ete. polyacantha ..... many spined polycarpa....... many fruited polycephala..... many headed polydactyla ....many fingered polyliniayrs: cis. «snteee lily-like polylopha....... many crested polymorpha.... many formed polyphylla.. .... many leaved polyrhizon....... many rooted polystachya...... many spiked pomeridiana........ afternoon pomifera, apple, pear, bearing. porporophylla. ..purple leaved ete., DOLTISENS Nee nese extending potomophylla...swamp loving PLEO COKA 1c) cielo) s/s eiorovneteerier early DDIEOSUAIIS #s)0\0le"elelie eli excelling Pretexars 2. ese. . bordered DUASING,: fo ctetetets cers grass green princeps....magnificent, chief prionophylla....... saw leaved PLOCOLB,S 0 i/.s ces oss) ho ee tall procumbens! <.2-e see trailing DLOWMIGTA ae ole bulb bearing propendens, hanging forward and downward. PLOPUG Wale =e) stelelorere eee allied PLUINOSAl. Weill frosty psittacina ......... parrot-like pterocephala..... wing headed pteroneura..... . wing nerved MIDI coowincocosspoas downy pubescens)... . sent downy pubifolia........ downy leaved pudibunday..- eer modest DUGICA WM easiecteieeeer chaste pugioniformis. .dagger-shaped pulchellae cr ctet eee pretty puleher i... scale showy Ueto oleyonel= oleic ekevereriees russet pulverulenta .....-.. powdery PUlVIN AIS errs res cushioned PUMA) eis clsco octet dwarf PUNCtAba 5-1) eleleleleeer spotted punctilobula..... dotted lobed PUMSEMS) -iyeieeieirecna stinging [OWN OWE So ooo oc reddish brown Puslai. is cuctvoicieres siete small DUStUlAtaS meer blistered DUCES) cre ietelsaievercso eco etd foetid pyenacantha...densely spined OMAN p oo onaedoocedas dwarf pyrophylla........fiery leaved AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. Q quadrangulata.... four-angled quadri, in Latin compounds, four; as, quadrifida, fou r- cleft, ete. quadrifida ........, four-cleft quaternata, succeeding by fours. quercifolia.. ..... oak leaved quinata,in fives; in compounds, quinque; as, quinquefolia, tive-leaved, ete. racemosa, ......5.<. clustered radiata, spreading from acom- mon centre. FAGICANS |.) wo ecie rooting ramentacea........... . Scaly ramiflora..... branch flowered TAMOSA. sects srraee branched reclinata. ..turning downward RECIE S CAG Aa Ee mea. erect recurvata...... bent backward PeHOxas ses! vent backward POMacba: ssa.) aio bent back reniforme...... kidney-shaped repanda........ -. Wavy leaved LG) OST OS). Bo aeRO Or creeping 1s) QUEUE 6 oagaanas folded back PEP UANSE NS eicaicre, wees cle creeping MOULE MAbs ocia cclnieloe netted retrosa....directed backward retusa....notched at the apex revoluta .........rolled back rhizanthera..... root flowered rhizophora............ rooting rhizophylla..... frond bearing rhizophyta ......... creeping rhodantha...... rose flowered rhodocineta..... red bordered rhomboidea ..like a rhombus TUS OM Gate se elacelaite e hele ce eee stiff PAPUA yates lores ciea ce soe stiff IMZONS ects cieeeveuree gaping DIUPALLA sais. rosie e < river bank rivalis..... actrees brook loving POSACOAT seis crercaie ni ees rosy TOSUUAGA RS ons sees oe oe beaked TOtata <. <2 252.0. wheel-shaped rotundifolia..... round leaved TUE Wee! eects cc nee reddish TUDESCONSI en cleats . red PHDIZINOGA cs. was cone cece rusty rubioides......... madder-like ULNA is tae ook tie tee ee red rubrovenosa....... red veined UE teva ccsie ere ee brownish red rufescens .......rusty colored TUNE TVS leeiteeie red veined rugiloba...... wrinkled, lobed EUROS sls ceireicic: tice wrinkled runcinata, saw -toothed, the teeth turned backwards. rupestris... growing on rocks TUPICOLBM crepe cio rock loving GUUMETUL Caleta Russian MUULLAN Stee cee teietsy icr oe reddish Ss BACCALAC Ayo sae nia seiner bagged BAGCITCrann cece: bag bearing sagittata ..arrow-head shaped salicifolia ...... willow leaved BalIgNAa. 5 6 fesse. willow-like Saltatoria .. ......... dancing sambucifolia..... elder leaved SAN CUA: a teyests A eee sacred SANPUINEGAL A eciecie kos: bloody BAPIG Ae foes oaks os dls savory Sarcodes...... Herne flesh-like sarmentosa, producing run- ners SALVA acess une cultivated saxatilis ....growing on rocks SCADLAP. nyrueee wie ore rough SCAOTIGAa, Sas che hep oacicws rough scandens ............ climbing Scariosa........ tough and dry BCODLTA SS woeyeniose reiee princely schidigera...... spine bearing schizantha....... cut flowered schizodon ........ cut toothed schizopetala ...... cut petaled Scintillans ......... glistening sclerogarpa ...... hard fruited sclerophylla...... hard leaved BCUCB ire wacie ee acter shielded Scibellataemeeer eee salver-like POW Os Gdaan side flowering SOSCLAL cosa eee ee cornfield segregata ...... kept separate semi, in Latin compounds, means half, as semi-amplexi- caulis, halt stem clasping ; semi - cordata, half heart- shape (divided lengthwise) semperflorens. .ever flowering sempervirens... .. evergreen SOMUIS aces eee aged looking SOplainne sero ctnoe sien tc nee hedge septemloba....... seven lobed Be DU tamer eee enclosed SOriCbal fica eae. silky serotina, flowering or fruiting late serratifolia ..... saw-toothed sessilis.) tne see. stalkless SOlLACCAR Emcee een bristly setigera, covered with bristles Setulosayece eee bristly sex, Six, as sexangulare, six- angled, ete. signata....... Sicshenate ste distinct Blmiploxt hie raven cee simple simplicicaulis, slightly branched. S400 7 ie aes Pe ae wavy smaragdina. ...emerald green sobolifera, producing young plants from the root. somnifera ...... sleep causing SLOTRO) it: Wee eee eee sisterly SPALsaiy. ace os veh eck scattered spathulata ....spatula-shaped SPCGIOSA Si asec,e eet showy spectabilis....... showy Speluncmneees eee nee cavern sphacelata, scorched or with- ered. spheerocephala..round headed spicata ...... borne on a spike Spicigeraye so-462.: ear bearing spiloptera..... spotted winged SPINIWO xe yeni thorny BpinObaN th Chee ee spiny SPITAlas) Fiise.cke sees ates spiral SPULLAT ten ive as nee counterfeit SQUaMOSAy cs. chee eee sealy Squarrosa, when scales, small leaves or other bodies spread rigidly at right angles. 509 ee ee et staurophylla..... cross leaved Stellatars.2 40 “e 54 Si | a 120 “ x 363 ‘e« oe i | “ n lve | 1 OZ. 3,000 Byds.x 968 yds....1 ‘ |200 “ x108.9% ...u% « THERESA tcc tee da es 1 oz. 1,500 * hn) Casa YG OC (CLI Wi (tts op Fa cL mee aL Mrethuee hs ass severe ses ere oz 3.0007 oe Seiad a aaa ic 4 [200 “* x 108.9% ...4 * Minions so oak. eid loz.1,500 « ea Seat eee ee ooo 1oz.1,000 « ‘ i IBNDDALD a. sacchigdicesc'senc 2 1 O2ttg 00 bana Average Number of Seeds contained in One ee en eee eS 1oz.1,000 * Ib. of the various Cereal Crops. Wheat, PEVOER eae erat te 1 oz. 2,000 « 10,000; barley, 15,000; oats, 18,000 to 20,000; Biynie Sere sees loz. 4,000 « rye, 20,000; beans, 900 to 1,000; peas, 1,800 to GRR ve ct tee ee es 1oz. 1,500 * 2,000; flax, 100,000; hemp, 24,000. Quantity of Seed Required for a Given Average Quantity of Seed Sown to an Acre: PRCA REE of Hills: OED giajetss tea) ise 1 qt. to 200 hills. Bact an eee eee: Ria d CUCUDIDELS oie ciesnm nuh eee ces 1 oz. to 125 Denar s SPP =m sine eRe) Si Kee - 2 5 pennies. Maekmielghe sn kes tee: loz.to 60 « Carrots. ....-++0.ee sere eee: to 1 hel Pole Beans, Limas.......... 1qt.to100 « Run ara Fae “A bus! = Pole: Beans, Wax... <,-..0.<<2.: 1qt.to150 « Ma Dies eee pe ena se Parity 25.03 te oe ie eh loz.to 50 « ALTOWiab PCAS 2 oc sisccess os 3 se Saat 105. to -B0 ONIONS 22 iets en espe 5to 6 pounds. = neat Oe baa Sige P Watermelon. 5 2... 2.002 065 loz.to 30 ‘* Onions for sets... ......:.- 60 to 80 os z 3 Onion sets, per acre, accord- Quantity of Seed Required for a Given ER hs ae is 8to16 bushels. Length of Drill: Potatoes (cut tubers)...... 12 to 14 = ASVATALUS. cc ais sons ce loz. 60 feet of drill. AMS Se revere icisiesin icles) 1512 . 5to 6 pounds. IBCGRY Ae sates e” eects Sens loz. 50 ce RAGISHES oo..%5/0.5 oi. 0is'd ese vie'e 9 to 10 Beans, Dwart:: $25.22 2% 1 qt. 100 és ISIE Y: os sha. me es pW se Ses 6to 8 ce Carrotriget..se eek 1 oz. 100 < spine Oe Gee A ee trap aor e 10 to 12 oe HNGIVE. cyte e ashe see Oe 1 oz. 100 % AME: co s,5 ssa awe oles als lyto 2 ne ORB see; ES, Blowss oC aicte loz. 40 a ONION Beeline seh shesers 1 oz. 100 J IN HILLS Onion sets ass Ss 1 qt. 50 ce WORD A os cute saree ainae oe ceiet chen & 8 to 10 quarts. BRarsleyet) 2.5 Sees etn ee 1 oz. 125 ae @ucumbersie ss scese- a oe = .. 2to 3 pounds Pareniga tee. soe ee 1 oz. 200 “ INOS KAN GL OMS oie 2 of or bw aielaleceiae ALON. yi.ss IReass Fie ieee s eens 2) ee 1qt. 75 ss 12/0) (ew! B12 1 110s hale es ne ay le ere 8 to 10 quarts. Raqdichedses e604 fae 1 oz. 100 “ LEN Tips) te te arpa eee Ae 2to 3 pounds Balariyen. |) tes ge ica 4 1oz. 70 “ So eee ee eee cies BOE Ss iy 4 Npinachi. fo. vasa cole 1 oz. 100 a MIMBCERGNOEH )2,'2-s'< ssc das « A COw sO pS Turnip 522 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS Table Showing the Amount of Seed Neces- sary for an Acre, and the Number of Pounds to the Bushel: No. lbs. No. lbs. to Bu. to Acre. INGO cen oomoccond conceocaca 10 Adioaebe 60 12to 15 ISTE CI OLOVOE tein io cieemie nieicisisisierelsie ci ersterataiere 60 5to 8 Tat Ee one go enco bp dau0O CeOCho BoCoa OOO 43 75 to 90 MCR WREBU scsi ce neces n toaeeis eer ons se Ss 50 Hone yMuOCUSt ans << sereemeiee atone 2,500 HOrmDGam = .nconet occasions cece es 10,000 Kentucky Coffee Tree............... 200 UAL CN Wa ace arcaiains a ociateebretelseisee one 100,000 hindens Huropeans.seece santo sehesiee 5,000 Maple, Mammoth. 0. 60. .iec ss ssecee 7,000 NGiWE Yoo Y wets Qoupiny as cote ee 7,000 SOLG atele sore ete eaters se nolstiereebontere 2,000 DUCA ehh ioe alain oa ne eee 7,000 PSVOMINOEGS.. 5 3:50 cheater telw.a dei smick . 6,000 Mulberry SOrts: Secs < wists eels ties nes 200,000 INOLWAY, S PLUCOn Ne crete ciate sie saves sin oes 70,000 OSSe OIOLAN FOr. sia cise cio se gs oe eo 10,000 WAP iee new aaiciceins pintrais tee akan seeiets 400 IPG AGH, cortaverslsserig stein wets SntCke E witroste 200 PORTE rar ers oyR ae eee ite Nee tecieke ae 15,000 PING VAUStriane as. coer ee eres cite 25,000 OQuinceee es cease ees too 15,000 HWeeviGum..saacisadsenne seme ees 20,000 Mualiprbrege ss. Sect act ibecs< ea cece 20,000 Walnuts... . SAP HAS See eRIaige 25 MASONRY, WELL DIGGING AND LUMBER. Stone and Brick Work. One square foot of 8-in. wall requires 16 bricks; 12-in. wall, 24 bricks; 16-in. wall, 32 bricks; 18-in wall, 36 bricks. One perch of stone work is 2434 cubic feet, or 161g square feet, 18 inches thick. Cement and Mortar. One barrel of cement and two barrels of sand will make mortar suf- ficient for 600 to 700 bricks. One barrel of cement to four of sand and gravel will make nine square yards of concrete floor, three inches thick. One barrel of lime with ten bushels of sand will make mortar for 1,000 bricks. One barrel of lime and ten bushels of sand will make plaster for forty square yards of sur- face; half a bushel of long hair, or a half more of short hair, will be required. One hundred laths and 500 nails will cover four and a half square yards. A square yard of plastering requires three-fourths of a bushel. A hod of mortar is half a bushel. On Determining the Size of Cisterns for Rain Water. The size of cisterns should vary ac- cording to their intended use. If they are to furnish a daily supply of water they need not be so large as for keeping supplies for sum- mer only. The average depth of rain which falls in this latitude rarely exceeds six to seven inches for two months. The size of the cistern, therefore, need not exceed that of a body of water on the whole roof of the build. ing seven inches deep. To ascertain this amount multiply the length by the breadth of the building, reduce this to inches, and divide the product by 231, and the quotient will be gallons for each inch of depth. Multiplying by seven will give the full amount for two months’ rain falling upon the roof; divide by 3114, the quotient will be barrels. Cisterns intended only for drawing from in times of drought should be about three times the preceding capacity. 524 HENDERSON'S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS Contents of a Round Cistern in Gallons and Rounp. Number of Bricks required for each foot Diameter. Length of Wall. Area of Surface. in Depth: 10 feet 3134 feet. 7814 square feet, Pp 12 « 373, « ips i Fe “ 16 47 “ 117 “ “ Gallons. | Barrels. | Bricks. Twice the diameter of a circle or a square Gi otaatdn dianietarc. 376 12% 092 gives four times the area in square feet ; twice 8 OPA ae 494 14 308 the diameter of a cube gives eight times the os vs ar. oes 480 15% 326 solid contents in cubic feet; half the diameter 1s rt yi yA pe 1% eh gives one-fourth of the area, or one eighth of ll “ « “ ne 690 23 418 the cubie contents. eg ony gases 840 28 452 Well Digging. Quantity of earth excavated Tis iukeis a ae es for each foot in depth of different diame- Be Res ce? Pc. Papa ‘a 559 ters: 3 ft., .261 cubic yard; 3 ft. 3 in., .307 ee ————— cubic yard; 3 ft. 6 in., .356 cubic yard; 4 A circle encloses the largest space of any ft., .465 cubic yard; 4 ft. 6 in., .589 cubic figure for the same length of line. A circular yard; and 5 ft., .727 cubic yard. cistern is therefore the cheapest. The fol- | Weight of Timber. English oak weighs 50 lowing table gives the differences of lbs. to the eubie foot; American oak, 47; Area of Square and Round Cisterns. Baltic, 46; mahogany, Honduras, 40; and SQUARE. Spanish, 55; larch, 35; ash, 50; birch, 48; Diameter Tene oe wall. ee beech, 51; elm, 39; poplar, 32; red pine, 40; ive ine yellow pine, 33; Danzie fir, 35; and Memel 48 «“ 144 « “ fir, 38 lbs. to the cubic foot. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Table for Converting Sundry Weights and Measures Into the Metric System, and the reverse; constructed on the basis of the tables published in the Smithsonian Report for the year 1865, prepared by Henry G. Hanks. [tsp 2 [ st a2 76 lf 6 i eee No. 1. Inches to millimeters................. | 25.40| 50.80| 76.20] 101.60| 127.00| 152.40| 177.80 | 203.20| 228.60 UPpiZaCubic fact toliters. pec sscscoed aactsnes | 28.32] 66.63| 84.95| 113.27|[ 141.59| 169.90| 198.22| 226.54 | 254.85 “3, Liters to cubic inches ............... | 61.02 | 120.05 | 183.07 | 244.09 | 305.12 | 366.14 | 427.16| 488.19 | 649.21 «4, Cubic inches to cubic centimeters. .. | 16.39| 32.77| 49.16] 65.65| 81.94| 98.32| 114.71] 131.10| 147.48 ‘« 6. Hectoliters to wine gallons........... | 26.417 | 52.884 | 79.251 | 105.668 | 182.085 | 158.502 | 184.919 | 211.336 | 237.753 “6, Wine gallons to liters...........s..+: | 3.785 | 7.571 |11.356| 15.142| 18.927] 22.713 | 26.498| 30.283] 40.069 “7, Liters to fluid ounces...............- | 33.81 | 67.63 | 101.44 | 135.26| 169.07 | 202.88, 236.70 | 270.51 | 304.32 “8, Fluid ounces to centiliters..... ...... | 2.957 | 6.915 | 8.872 | 11.829 | 14.787 | 17.744] 20.702] 23.659 | 26.616 “9. Kilograms to avoirdupois pounds.... | 2.2046 | 4.4092 | 6.6138 | 8.8184 | 11.0230 | 13.2276 | 15.4322 | 17.6368 | 19.8414 “10. Avoirdupois pounds to grams........ | 453.6| 907.2|1360.8| 1814.4 | 2268.0] 2721.6| 8175.2| 3628.8] 4082.4 “11. Kilograms to avoirdupois ounces.... | 35.27| 70.55 | 105.82] 141.09| 176.37 | 211.64| 246.92| 282.19| 317.46 ** 12. Avoirdupois ounces to grams ...... | 28.35] 56.70 | 85.05 | 113.40| 141.75| 170.10| 198.45 | 226.80| 265.16 ““ 13. Kilograms to troy ounces............ | 32.150 | 64.301 | 96.451 | 128.602 | 160.752 | 192.903 | 225.053 | 257.208 | 289.354 “« 14. Troy ounces to grams..... wesspaeeen | 31.104 | 62.208 | 93.311 | 124.415 | 155.519 | 186.623 | 217.727 | 248.830 | 279.934 MMA ACTING tO pLAlisie. ca dddecesseneeee es | 15.482 | 30.864 | 46.297 | 61.729] 77.161 | 92.593 | 108.025 | 123.458 | 138.890 ‘HM GNGraing to SrA: ...05cacensseeeeeae | 0.0648 | 0.1296 | 0.1944 | 0.2592] 0.3240| 0.3888] 0.4536 | 0.5184 | 0.5832 The above table will be found to meet all the requirements of the assayerand chemist. The following example will explain its use: Suppose the capacity of a tank or cistern is found by measurement to be 82 cubic feet, and the number of liters is required. Refer to table No. 2, and find that 8 cubic feet = 226.54 liters, Eighty cubic feet will be ten times asmuch, Therefore: 80 cubic feet = 2265.40 liters. 2cubic feet = 56.63 liters. 82 cubic feet = 2322.03 liters. Metrical or Modern System: SUPERFICIAL MEASURE. LINEAR MEASURE French. English. French. Metre. English. A milliare A e is equal to 155 square inches, Millimetre, -001 : or .039371 inches. Acentare . < 2 ss 10.764 square feet. Centimetre, SUE ft 5, | AGE Soeee: © Adeciare .. . . “ 11.96 square yards. oe d as ae te An are, the unit of square measure, Ween etre, 10 i or 393.71 “ is equal to 1 square decametre, or 119.6 bs Hectometre, 100" te Pon = S9sTs1) | ve Adecare . . - isequalto 1196 as Kilometre, 1000 . «or 39371 “ or 5 mile. Abhectare . . . ae 2.472 square acres. . “ 1 j Myriametre, 10,000 ° or 393710 or 6} mile... SOLID MEASURE. The basis or unit of the system is the metre, French. English. which is the ten-millionth part of the terres- Amillistere . . isequalto 01.028 cubic inches. trial are from the equator to the pole, and the Asquaremetre. . a 1} square yards. length of which in English measure is 1.0936 Acentiare. . . as 610.28 “s yards, or 3.2809 feet, or as above in inches. A decistere eh ge “ 3.53170 cubic feet. By multiplying the metre respectively by 10, A stere, the unit of solid measure, is 100, 1,000 and 10,000, we obtain the deca, hecto, equal to 1 cubic metre, or 35.317 “ kilo and myria metre respectively; and by A decastere - «+ isequalto 13.08 cubio yards. dividing the metre by 10, 100 and 1,000, we ob- Ahectastere . . “ 130.8 a tain the deci, centi and milli metre respectively. A kilostere tore a 1308 “ AND GENERAL HORTICULTURE. 525 MEASURES OF WEIGHT. Weight in Pounds of Legal Bushels of Va- French. English. rious Articles in the following States: The milligramme is equal to .015434 or grains troy. The centigramme ae 15434 : The decigramme a 1.5434 2 ! e lr The gramme = 16.432 0rl15}2 “ 3) Idi. a alpatculisy The decagramme <8 -32154 ounces troy. mld lSlaia 2) SIS iaia/ 2/21; The hectogramme “ 3.527 ounces avoir. Sle E ASSIS Sisalg cles The kilogramme “ 2.2046 or 23 pounds avoir. SIS1O | 8/8/90 |S 15 = 5 8\2\s\a The myriagramme a 22.046 A é| \s -1 |e By) ols The gramme, unit of weight in the metrical nals system, is equal to a cubic centimetre of dis- | Maine... 4£8)48)56 /50)52;30)60) . .(60)60/64)..)..| tilled water in vacuo at its maximum density, New Hampshire. ...)..|..|56)50)../30/60/56/60)..|60).. or 390° Fah. Vermont....... .... 48/48 . -|32 60/56 60). . |64 60 42/70 Massachusetts...... 48/48 56 50 52) 32/60/56/60)../..|.. Connecticut........ . - 45/56) ..|..|28)60)56/56)..)..)2.)..). a eg Giaroe a New York .......... 48/48 58)..|..|32/60/56|60| . . |62 60 45).. French. English. New Jersey. ....... 48/50156)..|..) 30160/56/60)..|.. 64 ..|.. Amillilitre . . is equal to .061028 cubic inches. Pennsylvania ...... 47|48/56|..|..|30 56|56/60|..|..|62 ..|85 A centilitre ste -61028 - Delaware..........- Oe} PA (ee he eal al (et) a ES eS fe A decilitre : s 6.1028 ce Maryland..........- 48) 48/56). .|57/32/60/56/60) . . |62 64 45/56 A litre, the unit of the measure of Dist. of Columbia. |47/48)56 48|57 32 56/56/60/55 62/60 45/50 capacity, is equal to 1 cubic Virginia: .-0 = o5.22<. |48 48 56 50]. .|32 60|56|60|/56|60 64 45). decimetre (see ‘‘Linear Mea- ; 2 West Virginia ...... 148/52 56 48). .|32/60/56/60/60 60 60 45). sure”), or 61.028 cubic or 1.761 imp. pints. North Carolina...... 142150/54/46|../30|..|56/60|..|../64|..].. A decalitre - isequalto 2.2 imp. gallons. | South Carolina. ..../48 56/56 50/57 33 60/56)60).. 60,60. .|50 Ahectolitre . . : _2.75imp. bushels. Georgia...... ...... '40|. . |56/48/57/35.56)..|60|..|..|60 45/56 A kilolitre e«s = 35.317 cubic feet. Louisiana........ . -{8) ..[56] . .|82). .|32]60).. ass : Ampyrialitre . . = 353.17 ‘i Arkansas 55. Saas 48| 52/56 50/57 32'60 B60 a rodbrr 50 ennesseé...... ... 48 50 56 50/56'32/60\56/60).. 60). ./45 Ones eu Kentucky...... .... 48/52/56 50/57|33|56/56|60). . |60)60 45/50 1 metre s 2 3 is equal to 3 feet 3,3, inches. Ohio ........... -..48,5056)..|/50/32/60/56/60).. |60.60 45).. 1 decimetre ° 4 inches. Michigan ..... . ----/48/48/56) . .|54/32/60/56|60 58 ‘60 60 45/56 5 metres ° . . = 1 rod. Indiana..... ...... |48.50 56 50/48/32 60/56/60). . |60 60 .. |50 lkilometre . . - ue 5 furlongs. Illinois........ . /48] 52) 56, 48/57/32 60/56 60) ..|60 60 ..|50 1 square metre . . Me 1034 square feet. Wisconsin... ..... |56|..|..|82/60/56/60).. - 60). 1 hectare ya » 234 acres. Minnesota... .. ae 48 42/56 ..|..|82|60|56]60| -|..|60)..|.. 1 cubic metre A : = 44 cord. BOWS occa) c'cwte bac ++ /48/52/56 .. |57/33 60/56/60). . 60 60/45/50 1 litre : : = 1 quart. Missouri ..... + +++ /48/52/56). .|57 32 60 56/60).. 60 60 45\50 1 hectolitre Sates “ 2%2 bushels, Kansas..... » vee «(50/50/56 50/57 32/60!56/60/55 60/60|45|50 1 gramme . “e 1534 grains. Nebraska 48/52/56 50/57/34 60|56|60|55|60)60|45|50 1 kilogramme : « 23 pounds. California.......+../50 40 52)..|..|82).. 5460). x sa ~~ Tonneau=1, 000kilos . - 1 ton. Oregon ....+4-+++0/46/42/56|..1..136,60/56/60)..|..|60]..].. FOREIGN MONEY. ITS VALUE IN UNITED STATES CURRENCY. Value Value. Austria, Silver Florin........... ...--80 40.7 Italy, Gold and Silver Lira........... $0 19.3 Belgium, Gold and Silver Frane....... 19.3 JE ris Sire seri Nae aan gaabocesareace 88.8 Bolivia SilverD Brane® << 32 sts... ces 82.3 MGxIGO,, SILVer Dollar o25 ct eas. ae ae 89.4 Brazil, Gold Milreis (1,000 ate Soceti- 54.6 Netherlands, Gold and Silver Florin... 40.2 Bogota, Silver Peso........ ererstates 96.5 Norway and Sweden, Gold and Silver Chili, Gold and Silver Peso...........- 91.2 ROWE ca cam ese bo Bee Rete Cea ORe 26.8 China, Silver Tael. > osa.8 <2 J. tL oes ae 1 38.0 Pennie SILVenDOle. oc cscs Se aciieein ase ss 82.3 Cuba, Gold and Silver Peso........... 93.2 Portugal, Gold Milreis (1,000 reis)..... 1 08. Denmark, Gold Crown..... “ROE CDOUEE 26.8 Russia, Silver Rouble (100 copecks)... 65.8 PedsdOr, GUVYEE POSO.. 5256652000 ones se 82.3 Spain, Gold and Silver Peseta (100 cen- Hey pt Gold sPiaster so. . co-ses aie cess 04.9 GUINNESS Eira cts pe elaiats cle sexes = eS Aa 19.3 France, Gold and Silver Frane......... 19.3 Purkey. Gold Piaster. ~ 2.0.1. /a ee!) Si pink 526 HENDERSON’S HANDBOOK OF PLANTS. SS SS Se Measuring Trees, Etc.—This very simple plan of ascertaining the height of trees, etc., is taken from the Journal of Horticulture (London, July, 1888). The tree measurer on the right of the figure consists of a staff six feet long, pointed for pressing into the ground. To the centre of the staff a piece of half-inch board twelve inches wide and exactly square is affixed with screws. The diagonal eross lath is three feet long and perfectly straight. It may be fixed or movable; if the latter, @ small button being screwed on the board for it to rest on when in use. The plumb line is indispensable, as no correct measure- The plumb- ment can be had without it. bob may be about the size of a small walnut, the string passing through its centre. In measuring the tree, the staff is placed at a distance from it, so that with the plumb exactly perpendicular the cross lath points to the top of the tree. The person taking the ‘‘sight” resting on one knee or reclining to bring the eye to the bottom of the lath. The lath is then drawn to the ground, where the end rests at C in the figure, or, if the lath is fixed, a string will answer the purpose of extending the sight- line to the ground. From this point C to the centre of the trunk will represent the actual height of the tree; or to put the matter concisely, the horizontal line A C is equal to the vertical A B. When the ground is irregular, provision must be made for having the line level from the root of the tree, or A in the figure, to C. The central board must be a true square, the perfectly straight sighting lath resting across it exactly from corner to corner, as the least deviation will lead to error, and the weight must hang positively plumb, other- wise the measurement will not be accurate. Measuring the Width of a River. The ap- proximate breadth of a river or other stream may be determined by means of the brim of a hat or the peak of a cap, and this can be done by a boy as well asaman. The person desiring to ascertain this fact must place himself at the edge of one bank of the river and lower the brim of his hat, or peak of his cap, till he finds the edge just cuts the other bank; then, after placing the hand under the chin, so as to steady his head and keep it in exactly the same position, he must turn round steadily till he faces some level ground on his own side of the river, and observe when the edge of the peak again meets the ground. The measure of this distance will be very nearly the breadth of the river. Common and Chemical Names of Various Substances.—Aqua fortis is nitric acid. Aqua regia is nitro-muriatic acid. Blue vitriol is sul- phate of copper. Cream of tartar is bitartrate potassium. Calomel is chloride of mercury. Chalk is carbonate of calcium. Salt of tartar is carbonate of potassa. Caustic potassa is hy- drate potassium. Chloroform is chloride of formyle. Common salt is chloride of sodium. Copperas, or green vitriol, is sulphate of iron. Corrosive sublimate is bichloride of mercury. Dry alum is sulphate aluminum and potassium. Epsom salts is sulphate of magnesia. Ethiops mineral is black sulphate of mercury. Fire damp is light carburetted hydrogen. Galena is sul- phide of lead. Glauber salt is sulphate of so- dium. Glucose is grape sugar. Goulard water is basic acetate of lead. Iron pyrites is bisul- phide of iron. Jeweler’s putty is oxide of tin. King’s yellow is sulphide of arsenic. Laughing gas is protoxide of nitrogen. Lime is oxide of calcium. Lunar caustic is nitrate of silver. Mosaic gold is bisulphide of tin. Muriate of lime is chloride of calcium. Nitrate of salt- petre is nitrate of potash. Oil of vitriol is sul- phuric acid. Potash is oxide of potassium. Realgar is red sulphuret of arsenic. Red lead is oxide of lead. Rust of iron is oxide of iron. Sal ammoniac is muriate of ammonia. Slacked lime is hydrate calcium. Soda is oxide of so- dium. Spirits of hartshorn is ammonia. Spirits of salt is hydrochloride of muriatic acid. Stucco, or plaster of Paris, is sulphate of lime. Sugar of lead is acetate of lead. Verdigris is basic acetate of copper. Vermilion is sulphide of mercury. Vinegar is acetic acid diluted. Vol- atile alkali is ammonia. Water is oxide of hydrogen. White precipitate is ammoniated ener y: White vitriol is sulphate of zine.— ron. Quantity and Weight of Water in Six Feet of Pipe of the Following Diameters: Diameter. Pounds. | Gallons. TANCHice on cote se ee eerie cecerieees 0.05 0.06 1 SOF Oe AAS S.0lp GAnCOpp ra ceaKe 2.05 0.24 AS BAERS Fern ae o ctalate eee en wioetace oie 4.60 0.54 2 BOM jae aon Ocoee coos reremeiete 8.18 0.96 3 io Ge ROCIO OE RO ane cic 18.41 2.16 4 ae SFeleieeeecete| eee aol 3.84 For double the diameter multiply contents four times. Weight of Lead Pipes per Foot: Diameter. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. lbs. oz. | lbs. oz. | lbs. oz. SOINCH sence ccisae wecneace 1 1 sc aS Bothy Sc ye 1 er) ae 2 00 1 “ 2 0 2. ik 2 si ly “ 3 0 Bie alk 4 1% « 4 0| & alee Dee RS 5 9 7 00 8 6 PB 6 yf 0 8 9 10 00 Strength of Rope. A good rope will sustain a weight in pounds equal to the number of the square of the circumference in inches, multi- plied by 200. Thus, a rope three inches in circumference, or one inch in thickness, will sustain 1,800 pounds with safety. 3x3=9xX 200=1,800 Ibs. ——EOO New York Botanical Garden Library —— roy Ba A —- ba | | ii 3/5185 00150 2564 Spe Oe : 7 ooteee a # OOee'O 018 4 ‘ a.si¢-9.0 ¢ ae aaetieee se atone wa etee een aaa tit jennie eee seme ane ene ee ee . Perse te seats Sots Parsee a ee bok acne aie “en * apaiaie 21% belgre Pere at se labee® . ¥ ale eee aon i ce thie sttes | ae aialeleie ee A eae ey : pepeeee Pt heesaies over Eres - 7) a eigoeit thee i. elate on rr sea - Teskestalat Bore ices eirieieie