LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

Gl FT OF

Class

Published monthly by ike

New York State Education Department

BULLETIN 345

JUNE IQ05

New York State Museum

JOHN M. CLARKE Director

/Bulletin 91
ZOOLOGY 12

HIGHER CRUSTACEA

OF

NEW YORK CITY

BY

FREDERICK C. PAULM

Preface 117

Introduction 1 18

Description and definition of the

phylum . . , 119

Catalogue 127

Phyllocarida , 128

Schizopoda 128

Decapoda 129

Macrura * 130

Catalogue (continued)

Brachyura \ . 137

Stomatopoda 149

Cumacea 150

Arthrostraca 151

Amphipoda 151

Isopoda 169

Index 187

ALBANY

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
1905

Price 20 cents

INTRODUCTION

In these days of nature study in the schools and elsewhere, atten-
tion is chiefly paid to a few striking groups, the birds apparently
being the forms most favored. Invertebrates with the exception
of mollusks and insects, are receiving very little attention, though
there is a wealth of material awaiting the patient investigation of
their life histories and habits.

One of the evident reasons for this is the lack of facilities for
easily identifying the forms collected. The literature of the subject
is large, though much of it consists of mere verbal description,
and only a part of the species have been figured. Much of it too,
is usually inaccessible except to those within reach of large libraries.

The group of which the present catalogue treats, the malacos-
tracous Crustacea, perhaps suffers less from this deficiency than
some others, for many of the forms are large and conspicuous and
have been frequently brought to public notice. It is true also that
keys to the greater part of this group have been recently published,
but it is the belief of the writer that, even with the best of keys,
the inexperienced observer has difficulty in. identifying members of
large groups without the aid of illustration.

It is with the hope of partly remedying this deficiency that this
catalogue has been prepared, and figures of all the species taken
within the city limits are here given. It is not complete ; the
collecting has not yet been extensive enough to include all the forms
that occur. Still over 60 species have been taken, either within the
city limits or at localities near by where the conditions are sufficiently
similar to warrant the certainty that they will be found within the
area under discussion.

Descriptions of the species have been made as brief as practicable
and only the most salient and characteristic marks given. In the
Decapoda, where the families are represented by but one or two
genera, the diagnosis of the family has been omitted, that of the
tribe being thought sufficient. In the Arthrostraca, on the other
hand, short diagnoses of the families represented have been
presented.

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 119

Besides the descriptions, short notes on the station and mode of
life of the species are given and also, for what appear to be the
rarer forms, the exact locality where taken. As the whole city has
not yet been worked over it is to be remembered that many of the
species here assigned to restricted localities will be found wherever
the conditions are suitable.

Many of the cuts in the work have been copied from various
papers by Rathbun, Verrill, Harger and others; the remainder of
the figures were drawn by the writer.

The author's thanks are due to Professors Wilson and Dean, for
their kindness in offering the use of the laboratory of the department
of zoology, Columbia University, and to Professor Crampton for the
facilities of the Columbia Laboratory at Bay Shore ; also to Prof.
S. J. Holmes who has kindly identified some Amphipoda, and to
other zoologists who have given advice and encouragement.

It is hoped that this catalogue will serve to stimulate the interest
in this group of the Crustacea. The writer will be glad to receive
notes as to the occurrence of any species, and will be pleased to
identify any forms that may be sent to the State Museum.

DESCRIPTION AND DEFINITION OF THE PHYLUM

ARTHROPODA

As a preliminary to the catalogue it may be well to give some
definition and explanation of the division to which the class
described belongs and of the class itself. This great division, or
phylum, is characterized by bilateral symmetry as in the lower
phylum, the Annulata or worms, and as in that group the body
is divided into segments. An advance over the Annulata, however,
is in the presence of jointed appendages attached to the segments
and from this circumstance it has received the name Arthropoda
(Greek &f6pou"s a joint, -"'J-rfoot).

The Arthropoda are divided into five classes:

1 Crustacea, including lobsters, shrimps, crabs, barnacles, water

fleas etc.

2 Onychophora, with only one genus, Peripatus

3 Myriopoda: centipedes and millipedes

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/ CK THE' \

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I2O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

4 Insecta: insects

5 Arachnida: spiders, scorpions, mites etc.

A part of the Crustacea are treated in the present catalogue.

The name Crustacea implied to early zoologists an animal with
a hard but flexible shell, in distinction from the Testacea in which
the shell was hard and brittle, as in the clam or oyster. The insects
and other groups have, however, a hard and flexible shell, so that
this will not serve as a distinction.

On comparing the classes we find that a much greater portion
of the Crustacea than of the other groups is aquatic and the breath-
ing apparatus is of a different character. The insects, myriopods
and Peripatus breathe through a series of tubes or tracheae, which
carry the air to all parts of the body, while in the Crustacea there
are no tracheae and the blood becomes aerated either in certain
localized regions, the gills, or else over the general body surface.

In completing the definition of the class it would be well for the
student to have before him some more or less familiar crustacean
and examine its structure.

Take then the crayfish or lobster, which differ but little from each
other and are common though they can not be called typical
Crustacea in the sense that they exhibit crustacean characters in
their simplest form.

First, we observe that the body is segmented. This is not so
obvious in the anterior part of the crayfish, for the head and thorax
are fused together into a cephalothorax, which is covered by a fold
of the integument, the carapace. The presence of appendages
shows, however, that this part of the body is composed of segments
fused together. The abdomen is distinctly segmented.

The cephalic region or head in the crayfish, as in all Crustacea, is
composed of a prostomium and five segments, all indistinguishably
fused. It bears two pairs of feelers, the anterior of which are
known as the antennulae and the posterior as the antennae. Then
follow a pair of eyes, stalked, in the order to which the crayfish
belongs. On the underside of the head are the mouth parts which
consist of a pair of mandibles or jaws and two pairs of maxillae.

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 121

If the second pair of maxillae be examined carefully, it will be
found that they are biramous, that is consist of a basal joint which
bears two rami or branches, known respectively as exopodite and
endopodite. This may be termed the typical form of a crustacean
limb, but it is often modified by the loss of one of the rami, the
exopodite. This is true of the mandibles and the first maxilla.

The thoracic region, which follows and which, as mentioned
above, in the crayfish is fused with the head, bears eight pairs of
appendages. Of these the first three are comparatively small, are
biramous, function as accessory mouth parts and are known as
maxillipeds. The next five pairs are large with only a single branch
representing the endopodite and serve as the walking legs. The
first pair of them are largest and the penultimate joint is produced
distally to form a projection against which the ultimate joint bites,
thus forming a claw or chela. The next two pairs are chelate also,
while the last two are simple.

To the bases of these appendages are attached long plumose hol-
low gills which are covered over and protected by the carapace.
Another set of gills is also attached to the inner wall of this chamber
directly above the preceding.

The appendages of the third, fourth and fifth segments of the
abdomen are biramous and delicate and are used to aid in swimming,
and by the female as a place of attachment for the eggs. The sixth
pair are also biramous but are broad and flattened and together
with the last joint or telson (which is without appendages) form
a fanlike tail fin. With the aid of this and by suddenly bending
the body, the crayfish can give a swift leap backward through the
water.

The appendages of the second abdominal appendage in the female,
and of the first and second of the male, are modified into genital
organs.

Examine now another form of Crustacea, less familiar than the
crayfish or lobster, but exhibiting the crustacean characters in greater
simplicity : the common fresh-water amphipod, G a m m a r u s
fasciatus, found everywhere in fresh-water ponds. One of the

122

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

beach fleas or one of the common salt-water Gammarids will do as
well.

In this form [fig.i] the fusion of the segments has not taken
place to the extent that it has in the crayfish. The head consists
of the prostomium and five fused segments, and to them is added

PI.

Tl

Fig. i Diagram of G a m m a r u s fasciatus

Divisions of body: O/=cephalon or head; /Vr.=pereion, thorax or mesosome ; /Y=ipleon,
abdomen (the first three segments of this are sometimes called the metasome, the last three
urosome)

Appendages of cephalon : ^«;'1=antennula or superior antenna ; /Wj= peduncle ; f7l = na.ge\-
lum ; A c —accessory or secondary flagellum ; A nf^= antenna, or inferior antenna; /W2=ped-
uncle ; Fl^ = flagellum ; Af./=mandibular palp ;Af_r./=maxilliped

Appendages of pereion : Gwj^first gnathopod ; Gn%= second gnathopod ; /V*-.<f=pereiopoda

Joints in all the legs : C—coxa ; 7> = basus; 7=ischium ; J/=merus; C« = carpus; f=propo-
dus ; 7J>=dactylus ; Pa = palm of gnathopod

Appendages of pleon : /Y.rf=pleopoda ; £/r=uropoda ; 7"=telson

| 1 = length of animal from front of head to end of terminal uropod <5 = male

? = female

one thoracic segment, but there is no carapace. The remainder of
the segments are all free.

The head bears a pair of sessile eyes, that is eyes without a stalk,
a pair of antennulae [Ant^] and a pair of antennae [Ant2]. Each
of these consists of a peduncle [Fed] of three and four joints
respectively and a flagellum [Flo] of many joints. In addition to
this, the antennulae bear a very short accessory flagellum [^c]. The
mouth parts are quite similar to those of the crayfish, consisting of
mandibles and two pairs of maxillae. The mandibles in the Amphi-

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 123

poda may or may not bear a jointed appendage known as a palp
[M. p]. This is frequently of value in determining the species, and
when present, either it appears projecting as in the figure, or, fre-
quently in alcoholic specimens, the end of it may be seen between
the bases of the antennulae.

As only one thoracic segment is fused with the head, there is but
one maxilliped [M.v. />], which is small.

The seven following segments constitute the thorax or pereion
[Per]. Its first two pairs of appendages, corresponding to the
second and third maxillipeds of the crayfish, are large and known
as gnathopoda [Gn]. They consist, as do the following five pairs
of legs, of six joints attached to a base plate, the coxa [C 1-7].
The six joints beginning at the proximal end are named basus [B],
ischium [/], merus [M], carpus [Ca], propodus [P] and dactylus
[D]. The ultimate joint, the dactylus, is bent back on the propodus
so as to form a sort of chela, or, as it is termed, a subchela.

The next five pairs of legs are the pereiopoda. The first two are
of moderate size and the last three are larger and adapted for leaping
or walking.

The last six segments are the abdomen or pleon [PI]. The three
anterior of them are larger than the rest and bear delicate biramous
appendages, the pleopoda [PL d], which function as swimming
organs. The last three appendages are the uropoda [Ur] and are
biramous, stout and assist in leaping.

The last pair of them, known as the terminal uropoda, differ fre-
quently in other species, from the preceding pairs and afford valuable
diagnostic characters. The terminal segment of the body, the
telson [T], as in the crayfish, has no appendages and is small. It
also varies greatly in the different species.

The breathing organs of this group are in the form of lamellar
sacs attached to the bases of the pereiopoda.

The eggs are carried in a brood pouch formed of plates attached
to the pereion of the female.

Comparing now the two forms, we see that, in spite of their dis-
similar appearance, they are composed of the same elements, though
the elements may be greatly modified for different purposes. These

124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

modifications are carried out in every direction and form the basis
for the division into orders, families, genera and species.

It is certain too that in no other group of animals are there such
wide deviations from what may be regarded as a typical form, such
as the second one described above, or such extreme modifications in
adaptation to particular or special modes of life. It may even be
carried to the extent of the entire loss of all crustacean characters,
as in Sacculina, a parasite on a crab, where in the adult there is no
sign of segmentation, no appendages, no mouth, just a sac with a
number of rootlike filaments extending through the body of the host.
It is only by its developmental history that we know it to be a
crustacean.

This variation takes place to a certain extent even within the
groups of closely related forms which are regarded as a tribe or a
family and explains the frequent use of the words " usually " or
" generally " in the diagnoses, or the terms " with or without " a
certain part.

The sexes in the Crustacea are usually separate, and the eggs are
carried by the female either in a brood pouch or attached to the
limbs. The young, in most cases, hatch in a free swimming form
so unlike the parent that formerly they were regarded as distinct
species. This larva grows by a series of molts whereby it gradu-
ally increases in size and attains the adult form. In other words
there is indirect development or a metamorphosis.

In other cases, such as in the crayfishes and the Arthrostaca, the
young are very like the parent, differing only in small details, and
the development is direct.

Owing to the hardness of the integument, which is incapable of
growth, increase in size in the Crustacea is obtained by the shedding
of the hard shell and the formation of a new one underneath. This
new one is soft and thus allows a certain increase in size, but it soon
hardens. A familiar example of this soft condition after molting
is seen in the " soft shell crab."

The Crustacea as a class may be regarded as holding a very similar
place in the economy of the ocean to that of the insects on the land.
Like the insects, they are widely distributed, hardly any place being

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 125

without its representatives, modified to suit the conditions. Minute
forms belonging to the lower orders swarm at the surface of the
ocean and together with the young of the higher orders, form an
important supply of food for fishes and other animals. Other
similar species inhabit fresh water, and no roadside pool is without
them. Crawling over the bottoms of the bays and sounds, or buried
in the sand or mud, other varieties, usually larger and belonging to
the higher orders, may be found, while along the shores, under
stones or heaps of debris or rockweed, or living among the algae
on piles, or even in the piles themselves, are many others.

Some also have been modified for a terrestrial life and may even
be said to have become domesticated; for certain of the sow-bugs
are rarely to be found except in the vicinity of human habitations.

A few of 'the leading forms have been made use of directly as
food, but the economic importance of the group as a whole is mainly
indirect.

The literature of the group is very extensive and dates back to
early times, though the early papers were of but little importance.
Even as late as 1840 it was still possible for Milne-Edwards to write
a Histoire naturelle des Crustaces and tell practically all that was
known concerning them, but the group has now grown far beyond
such bounds and most of the works deal with orders or smaller
groups. Consequently the greater part of the literature had best be
given under the heads of the different orders, but the following
general works may be mentioned here.

De Kay, J. E. Zoology of New York. pt6 Crustacea. Alb. 1844.
Milne-Edwards, A. Histoire naturelle des Crustaces. Par. 1834-40.
Rathbun, R. Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States.
Sec. i, pt5. Wash. 1884.

Economic and food values of Crustacea.

Sars, Gr. 0. An Account of the Crustacea of Norway. Christiania
and Copenhagen. 1895 .

Diagnoses of families etc., with short descriptions and figures of the species ; not yet completed.

Say, Thomas. An Account of the Crustacea of the United States.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 1817-18. v.i.

The first important work on American Crustacea. Gives first descriptions of many common
forms.

126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM.

Smith, S. I. The Stalk-eyed Crustacea of the Atlantic Coast of

North America, north of Cape Cod. Ct. Acad. Arts and Sci.

Trans. 1878-82. 5:27.
Stebbing, T. R. R. A History of Crustacea, Recent Malacostraca.

Internat. Sci. Ser. 71. New York. 1893.
Stimpson, W. Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan. Smithsonian

Contributions to Knowledge, 6. Wash. 1854.
Underwood, L. M. List of the Described Species of Fresh-water

Crustacea from America, north of Mexico. 111. State Lab. Nat.

Hist. Bui. 1886. 2:323.

Index of species described to that date with principal references.

Verrill, A. E. Invertebrates of Vineyard Sound. Com. Fish and
Fisheries Rep't. Wash. 1874.

Descriptions and accounts of the habits of many common species.

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 1 27

CATALOGUE

The Crustacea are divided into two subclasses : I Entomostraca,

2 Malacostraca.

Subclass I ENTOMOSTRACA

Crustacea of comparatively simple organization and usually of
small size. Except in the parasitic forms and the barnacles the
typical crustacean number of head appendages are present, but the
thoracic and abdominal appendages are very variable in number and
are little differentiated. A large carapace is frequently present,
being sometimes in the form of a bivalved shell. The young usually
hatch in a very primitive, free-swimming stage known as the
nauplius.

But little has been done on this subclass in New York ; and it is
still far too early to attempt a catalogue of the species.

Subclass 2 MALACOSTRACA

Crustacea, usually of considerable size and more highly organized
than those of the preceding subclass. The number of segments is
constant, there being (except in one order, not represented in New
York) a thorax of eight segments and an abdomen of seven. In all
the orders represented here, one or more of the thoracic segments
are fused with the head to form a cephalothorax, which in some of
the orders is covered by a carapace. The thoracic appendages are
more highly differentiated than in the Entomostraca and are often
strikingly modified in connection with their various functions. One
or more pairs of them usually act as accessory mouth parts and are
known as maxillipeds.

With but few exceptions, the nauplius stage, in which the young
of the Entomostraca hatch, is passed through in the egg, but except
in one order, the young- hatch in a form very unlike the parent and
thus undergo a metamorphosis.

The members of this group are more familiar to the ordinary
observer, as it includes, among others, the crabs, lobsters, crayfish,
the beach fleas and the sow-bugs.

128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

The Malacostraca are divided into six orders, of which all but
the first are represented in New York city : I Phyllocarida, 2 Schizo-
poda, 3 Decapoda, 4 Stomatopoda, 5 Cumacea, 6 Arthrostraca.

Order I F»HYLLOCARIDA

Small Malacostraca which have some of the characters of the
Entomostraca and form a connecting link between them and the
Malacostraca. Head and thorax with malacostracan number of seg-
ments, with a bivalved carapace, and with feet leaflike. Abdomen
with eight segments, with biramous appendages and a pair of caudal
stylets.

The principal genus is Nebalia, and a species of this, N . b i p e s
Fab., is common in the North Atlantic but has not been taken as
far south as New York.

Order 2 SCHIZOF»ODA

Malacostraca in which the thoracic appendages are all biramous,
and the anterior ones are only to a slight extent modified as maxilli-
peds. A thin, soft carapace is present but does not cover the pos-
terior segments. Eyes stalked.

A small group of forms which are known as opossum shrimps,
three species of which are found in New York city waters.

Mysis stenolepis Smith

My sis stenolepis Smith. In Verrill. /. c. 1874. p. 551.

Body more or less cylindric. Carapace produced into a short,
blunt rostrum : inferior angle with a sharp tooth. Antennal scale
rather longer than carapace, ciliated ; flagellum of antennae as long
as body. Abdomen somewhat geniculated between first and second
segments. Inner lamellae of the sixth segment slightly longer than
telson.

Length : male 23 mm, female 30 mm. Color white, marked with
black pigment spots, somewhat stellate in form.

Very common in the eelgrass in Great South bay.

Two other species of Schizopoda will probably be found, both
smaller than the preceding. Mysis americana Smith, meas-
ures 10-12 mm and the antennal scale is but three quarters the length
of the carapace. The inner lamella of the sixth abdominal segment
is as long as the telson. Found among eelgrass.

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 129

H e t e r o m y s i s f o r m o s a Smith is still smaller, males meas-
uring 6 mm and females 8 mm. The first pair of legs differ from
those of Mysis in having the terminal portion, which is multiarticu-

Fig. 2 Mysis stenolepis (Modified from Verrill)

late in that genus, composed of but three joints. The males are
colorless and transparent and the females rose-colored.

Found in colonies, often in the dead shells of bivalve mollusks.

Order 3 DECAPODA

Malacostraca in which the head and thoracic segments are united
to form a cephalothorax, which is usually covered by a carapace.
The first three pairs of thoracic appendages are maxillipeds, while
the following five pairs are, as the name Decapoda implies, the
walking legs. In these the exopodite or outer branch of the typical
crustacean limb has disappeared, leaving the leg uniramous. The
first leg is usually larger than the others and by the growth of the
penultimate segment, forms a claw or chela.

They breathe by gills which are hollow outgrowths from the bases
of the thoracic legs or of the thoracic wall and which are covered
by the carapace. The eyes are stalked.

The Decapoda is a large group and contains the largest and most
striking of the Crustacea and has consequently been the most
studied. The literature is therefore extensive ; but besides the works
already referred to under Crustacea any other important ones will
be mentioned under the separate species.

The Decapoda are divided into two suborders : a Macrura,
b Brachyura.

130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Suborder a

Decapoda in which the cephalothorax is usually longer than
broad and the abdomen is large and well developed and carried
straight out behind. The second pair of antennae are long and
many jointed and the last pair of maxillipeds are leglike. The
walking legs are well developed and have the terminal joints of one
or more of them modified into chelae. The abdominal appendages
are generally all present, and the last pair, the uropoda, are broader
and form, with the terminal segment, a tail fin.

The eggs are carried attached to the abdominal appendages of the
female, and the young are hatched in a free-swimming form quite
unlike the adult. This varies, however, greatly in different forms,
and in the crayfishes the newly hatched young are very like the adult
in everything except size.

This suborder includes the shrimps and prawns, which are found,
sometimes in great numbers, among the seaweeds on piles or
wharves. The lobster, which is now extinct in New York city,
belongs in this group, as does the crayfish, common in the brooks.

Keys to the macrurous Crustacea of North America are to be
found in the American Naturalist, 1899, v.33, as follows: "The
Caridea," J. S. Kingsley, p. 709 ; " Astacoid and Thalassinoid
Crustacea," J. S. Kingsley, p.SiQ; "The Astacidea," W. P. Hay,

P-957-

The Macrura are divided into four tribes : i Caridea, 2 Astacidea,
3 Thalassinidea, 4 Anomura.

i CARIDEA

Small or moderate sized forms with a rather compressed body.
Carapace smooth and without sutures and produced into a longer
or shorter rostrum, frequently toothed. The carapace is not fused
in front with the epistome (the frontal region between the eyes).
Antennae with a large scale. The thoracic legs are generally long
and delicate, one or more of the anterior ones being chelate.

This group includes the shrimps and prawns, and our common
species represent the three families Crangonidae, Palaemonidae and
Penaeidae.

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY

Family
Crangon vulgaris Fab.
Shrimp

Crangon vulgar is Fabricius. Ent. Syst. Sup. 1798. p. 410. Verrill.
/. c. 1874. P-550, pi. 3, fig. 10.

Crangon septemspinosis DeKay. /. c. 1844. p.25, pl.8, fig.24.

Carapace flattened on dorsal surface and with a minute flattened
rostrum. Antennulae biflagellate, outer flagellum about as long as
antenna! scale, inner slightly longer. Last pair of maxillipeds pedi-
form. First pair of legs largest and subchelate, second pair smallest.

Fig. 3 Crangon vulgaris (After Verrill)

Length 50 mm. Color light, but thickly spotted with dark gray
or black markings, which cause it to resemble closely the sand. In
muddy localities, where the bottom is darker, the spots are more
numerous and larger, so that the animals have an almost uniform
color.

They are found on the bottoms of the bays in shallow water,
either lying upon the sand or buried in it with only the eyes and
antennae exposed. It is a very active form, springing quickly away
when any attempt is made to capture it but it needs all its powers
of concealment and action, for it is hunted by many fishes, and,
according to Verrill, it constitutes the principal food of several
species, among which are the weakfish, bluefish, flounders, striped
bass etc.

It is a very widely distributed species, occurring all over the
northern hemisphere. It is the edible shrimp of Europe.

132 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Family

Palaemonetes vulgaris (Say)
Prawn

Palaemon vulgaris Say. /. c. 1818. p. 248. DeKay. /. c. 1844.
p.2p, pi. 9, fig.3o.

Palaemonetes vulgaris Verrill. /. c. 1874. P-55O. pi. 2, fig.g.

Characterized by the presence of a straight, thin rostrum, as long
as the carapace, and with eight or nine teeth above and four below.
Antennulae triflagellate, longer branches two thirds the length of the
antennae, which are slightly longer than the body. Second pair of
feet larger than first and both chelate.

Fig. 4 Palaemonetes vu Igar is (After Verrill)

Length 45 mm. Translucent and almost colorless, with irregular
spots of brown and black.

Found in great numbers in the eelgrass or clinging to the Fucus
on piles and wharves. It appears to like brackish water and runs
up at times to where the water is entirely fresh. Important as a

food for fishes.

Virbius zostericola Smith

Virbius zostericola Smith. In Verrill. /. c. 1874. P-55O, pl-3,
fig. 1 1

Female, rostrum straight and as long as carapace, with two (rarely
three) teeth on upper edge and three (sometimes two or four) on
lower. Carapace smooth, armed with three spines on anterior part.
Inner flagellum of antennae extending slightly beyond tip of antennal
scale, outer flagellum much shorter. Abdomen geniculated at third
segment, the posterior margin of which is prominent but not

OF

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 133

acute. Males, smaller, more slender and with rostrum narrower
vertically.

Length: female 20-26 mm, male 15-20 mm. Color translucent,
usually bright green or pale with specks of brown or red and a broad
median band of dark brown. Found among the eelgrass and taken
in Jamaica bay.

V i r b i u s pleuracanthus Stimp. may also be taken. It
may be distinguished from the above by the shorter rostrum.

Fig- 5 Virbiuszostericola (After Verrilli

Another much larger shrimp, measuring six inches in length, is
occasionally taken in Great South bay and in the Hudson. This is
the edible shrimp of the southern states, P e n a e u s brasilien-
s i s Lat. and it belongs to the family Penaeidae.

2 ASTACIDEA

Moderate or large sized forms with a rather stout body. Antennal
scale small or wanting. Xo longitudinal sutures, but a transverse
suture separating the cephalic from the thoracic region, may be
present. Carapace united in front with the epistome. First pair
of thoracic legs in our forms are large and chelate and the two
following pairs may also bear small chelae.

Our representatives of this tribe are the lobster and the crayfish,
both of which belong to the family Astacidae.

Homarus americanus Mil.-Edw.

Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards. Hist. Nat. des Cms. 1837.
2:334. Herrick, F. H. U. S. Fish Com. Bui. for 1895. p.i, pl.A-J and 1-54.

This, the well known edible form, is no longer to be taken within
the limits of New York city, the constant fishing to which it was
subject, as well as the pollution of the water, having completely
exterminated it.

134

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

A very complete description of its life history, habits etc. and a
full literature list are to be found in the paper of Herrick's cited

above.

Cambarus bartonii (Fab.)

Crayfish

A s t a c n s b a r t o n n i i Fabricius. Ent. Syst. Sup. 1798. p. 407. DeKay.
/. c. 1844. p. 22, pi. 8, fig.25.

Cambarus bartonii Hagen, H. A. Mus. Comp. Zool. Mem. 1870.
v.2, no. i, p.75-

Faxon, W. Mus. Comp. Zool. Mem. 1885. v.io, 110.4.

Huxley, T. H. The Crayfish.

This is the well known crayfish and is the only species of the
genus so far found in New York city, so that it is unnecessary to

give any description of it.
The genus is moreover a very
perplexing one, and any one
making a study of it should
consult the works of Hagen
and Faxon mentioned above.
Crayfishes are found under
stones in the beds of small
brooks or in springs, where
they lie with their heads and
antennae out, waiting for a
small fish or a worm and
ready to spring back at any
sign of danger. In larger
brooks with muddy banks
they make burrows and are
indeed a considerable nuisance
in canals, as they undermine
the sides, sometimes causing disastrous cave ins.

They either walk slowly along the bottoms on the tips of their
legs, with the large chelae held straight out in front, or propel them-
selves backward through the water in a series of leaps, by the bend-
ing of the abdomen with its fanlike fin.

The eggs are large, and the young do not undergo any meta-
morphosis, being hatched in a form very similar to the adult.

Fig. 6 Cambarus bartonii

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY

135

3 THALASSINIDEA

Moderate sized forms with two longitudinal dorsal sutures and
with a cervical suture frequently present. First thoracic legs usually
large and chelate. Abdomen large. Burrowing forms.

Representatives of this group have not so far been taken within
the city limits, but species of the genera Callianassa and Gebia may
possibly be found. They inhabit deep burrows in the mud or muddy

Sand' 4 ANOMURA

Aberrant forms, at one time placed in a class by themselves but
now united with the Macrura. Its principal diagnostic character is
the reduction of the last pair of thoracic legs and their dorsal posi-
tion. It includes the family Hippidae, the sand-bugs, and the
Paguridae, the hermit crabs.

Family HIF»F»IDAE

Hippa talpoida Say

Sand-bug

Hippa talpoida Say, T. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 1817. 1:160.
DeKay. /. c. 1844. p.i8, pi. 7, fig. 17. Verrill. /. c. 1874. p. 548, pi. 2, fig.5.

An oval and very convex form,
with numerous longitudinal stria-
tions on the anterior portion of the
cephalothorax. Eyes small and on
long stalks. Second antennae as
long as thorax and fringed with
long hairs. First four thoracic legs
large, not chelate, and adapted for
burrowing. Terminal segment of
abdomen long and triangular and
folded close under the body.

The smooth surface and peculiar
form of this species render it the
most rapid burrower on our shores.
It lives in the sand near low

Fig. 7 Hippa talpoida (After Verrill)

water mark, and, if dug out, will rapidly disappear again, going
down into the sand backward.

Length 25 mm. Color yellowish white tinged with purple.

Occurs on the exposed southern shore of Long Island.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

i36

Family

a Eupagurus pollicaris (Say)
b Eupagurus longicarpus (Say)

Hermit crabs

a Pagurus pollicaris Say, T. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 1817.
1:162. DeKay. /. c. 1844. p.ig, pl.8, fig.2i.

Eupagurus pollicaris Verrill. I.e. 1874. p.54§-

Pagur us longicarpus Say, T. I.e. 1:163. DeKay. /. c. 1844. p.2O,

pl.8, fig.22.

Eupagurus longicarpus Verrill. /. c. 1874. p-549- Kingsley, J. S.
Am. Nat. 1888. 22:888.

Fig. 8 Eupagurus pollicaris

Asymmetric forms with abdomen large but its integument not
calcined. Abdominal appendages much reduced. Inhabit empty
gasteropod shells.

In order to protect their soft abdomen,, these forms ensconce them-
selves in empty gasteropod shells, and from this circumstance are
known as hermit crabs, having a fancied resemblance to a hermit
in his cell.

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 137

The first pair of thoracic legs are large and chelate, the right being
generally larger than the left. The next two pairs are also large and
end in simple points, and the last two pairs are much reduced. The
abdominal appendages are more or less atrophied, except the last,
which are modified into hooks for holding on to the columella of the
shell. In the male these are the only pair present, but in the female
the others are slightly developed, and to them the eggs are attached
as in the other Macrura.

As the animal increases in size, it takes a larger shell, sometimes
killing and eating the original inhabitant and sometimes taking a
dead shell which suits it. Considerable has been written on the
habits of these forms, and interesting accounts may be found in the
works of Verrill and Kingsley cited above. These forms are easily
kept in an aquarium.

Of the two species E . longicarpus is much the commoner
and may be found on the sandy bottoms of the bays everywhere. It
is the smaller form and usually occupies the shells of Ilyanassa or
Anachis, though any small shell may be used. It may be distin-
guished by its size and by its elongated and smooth chelae.

In E . p o 1 1 i c a r i s , on the other hand, the chelae are shorter,
stouter and covered with tubercles, and together they form an
operculum to close the opening of the shell. This species occupies
the shells of Natica and Sycotypus, and is found occasionally under
rocks at low water, but usually occurs in deeper water on rocky or
shelly bottoms.

E . longicarpus is frequently found covered with a variety
of Hydroid, H y d r a c t i n i a p o 1 y c 1 i n a Agas. a case of com-
mensalism.

Suborder b BRACH VZLJRA

Decapoda in which the body is proportionally very broad, fre-
quently broader than long, and in which the abdomen is much
reduced and permanently flexed in a groove on the underside of
the cephalothorax. The antennae are short, and the third maxilli-
peds are flattened and platelike, forming a covering for the other
mouth parts. The first pair of legs are larger than the others and
are modified into chelae. The other four pairs terminate in points

138 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

or the last pair may be flattened to form a finlike organ. The
abdominal appendages are much reduced, two pairs being found in
the male and one in the female.

The eggs, which are usually much smaller in proportion than in
the Macrura, are carried attached to the hairs of the abdominal
appendages of the female. The young are hatched in a form very
different from the adult and known as a zoea. It is a free-
swimming form, characterized by the presence of but two pairs of
legs, which represent the second and third pairs of maxillipeds of
the adult. The other appendages appear gradually at the successive
molts of the animal, though up to a certain stage it still retains the
zoea form. At that molt, however, it suddenly changes, attaining
a form very similar to that of the adult, but with the abdomen held
straight out behind instead of flexed. This is known as a megalops
and by a further series of molts it attains the definitive crab form.

This order includes the crabs, among which the blue, or edible
crab is familiar to everyone. Besides this, the large lady crab, the
green crab and the spider crabs are found, walking over the bottoms
of the bays or concealed under the seaweeds. Small mud crabs are
found under stones in muddy situations, and the odd looking fiddler
crabs occur on the marshes.

Keys to the Brachyura of North America by Mary J. Rathbun
are to be found in the American Naturalist, 1900, v.34, as follow:
" Cyclometopous or Cancroid Crabs," p. 131 ; " Oxyrhynchous and
Oxystomatous Crabs," p. 503 ; " Catometopous or Grapsoid Crabs/'

**nfe~-Brachyura are divided into four tribes : I Cyclometopa,
2 Oxyrhynca, 3 Catometopa, 4 Oxystomata.

Tlrese may be separated by the form of the carapace and the front,
that is the portion between the eyes. The Oxystomata are not

represented.

T CYCLOMETOPA

Cancroid crabs. Carapace usually broader than long and regu-
larly arched in front. No rostrum.

Divided into three families, Cancridae, Pilumnidae and Por-
tunidae, all of which are represented.

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 139

Family
Cancer irroratus Say

Rock crab

Cancer irroratus Say, T. (male only, the female being C. b o r e a 1 i s)
Acad Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 1817. p. 59, pl.4, fig.2. Verrill. /. c. 1874. p-546.
Smith. /. c. 1878. p.38.

Platycarcinus irroratus De Kay. /. c. 1844.- p. 6, pi. 2, fig. 2.

Carapace rounded, with nine blunt teeth on each side of the
anterior part. Last pair of legs end in points.

It is a northern form, being the common crab of the New
England states, but extends down into New Jersey. It is found

Fig. Q Cancer irroratus (After Rathbun)

under large rocks near low water or buried in the sand or gravel
beneath them, but may also occur on the sandy beaches.

Length of carapace 75 mm, breadth 100 mm. Color light, but
thickly spotted over with many small red dots which give the
prevailing color.

The allied species, C . b o r e a 1 i s Stimpson, the northern crab,
may possibly be found within the city limits. This is a rather larger
and heavier species than irroratus and frequents rocky local-
ities, usually being found on the rocks, and not underneath. Farther
north it is found cast on the beaches in considerable numbers. It
possesses the nine lateral teeth, but those on the side are more
pointed, and the carapace is rougher than in irroratus.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

140

Family
Panopeus harrisii (Gould)
Panopeus depressus Smith
Panopeus sayi Smith

M ud crabs

P i 1 u m n n s harrisii Gould, A. A. Invert, of Mass. 1841. p. 326.
DeKay, J. E. /. c. 1844. p.;, pl-7, fig-iS-

Panopeus depressus and P. sayi Smith, S. I. Soc. Nat. Hist.
Bost. Proc. 1869. 12:283 and 284.

Benedict, J. E. & Rathbun, M. J. The Genus Panopeus. U. S. Nat. Mus.
Proc. 1891. I4:355-

Small forms with dull colors, carapace broader than long and with
several short teeth. Last pair of legs somewhat flattened but ending
in points.

Fig. 10 «=:Panopeus harrisii; /'—P. depressus ; r=P. say i ; </:=abdomen of male of
P. depressus; c=^of P. sayi

Panopeus is a large genus with many species closely resembling
each other, and three of them are found within the city limits.
They are all small and have similar habits, being, as their name
indicates, mud-inhabiting forms. In muddy localities they are
found in considerable numbers, under stones below high water mark,
and extend from there out into deeper water. They are very com-
mon on the oyster beds, and many are brought up by the tongers

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 14!

and dredgers. In these localities they appear to be fond of living
within the dead shells of oysters which are slightly gaping and filled
with mud, but they will take up their abode in almost any crevice
they can find. The red sponge, Microciona prolifera,
is frequently filled with small specimens. They are not at all active
in their movements, and probably remain for long periods in their
retreats, waiting for their food to come to them. When disturbed
however, they try to conceal themselves under the nearest rock or
in the mud.

P. depress us and sayi are very similar and are frequently
found together and may be distinguished from h a r r i s i i by their
larger size and heavier build, and in having the fingers or ends of
the larger claws black.

The two species differ in the form of the carapace, an adult speci-
ment of P. sayi measuring about 17 mm in length by 22.5 mm
in breadth, a ratio of i to 1.34. P. depress us is broader in
proportion to its length, a New York specimen measuring 26.5 mm
by 1 8 mm, a ratio of i to 1.47. The carapace of sayi is also
more swollen and convex than that of depress us, and the front
is arcuate in the former and nearly straight in the latter. The
terminal segment of the abdomen of the male is in sayi [fig.ioe]
broadly triangular and wider than long, while in depressus
[fig.iod] it is more nearly an equilateral triangle.

P . h a r r i s i i is found near high water mark and is rarer than
the others. Adults measure 14 by n mm, and the carapace has
more of a quadrilateral form. The large claws are also more slender
and are of a lighter color, and the walking legs are slender and com-
pressed. The transverse lines on the carapace are more prominent
than in the others.

Sayi and depressus are very common along the shores
wherever there are mud and stones, and may always be found there.
H a r r i s i i has been taken under stones near Flushing and at the
Fresh Kills on Staten Island.

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

142

Family

Callinectes hastatus Ordway
Edible crab, blue crab

Callinectes h a s t a t u s Ordway. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 1863. 7:568,
Verrill. /. c. 1874. p. 548.

Lnpa d iacan tha DeKay. I.e. p.io, pi. 3, fig.3.

Callinectes sapid us Rathbtm, M. J. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 1896.
18:349, pl.12-14-

Carapace twice as long as broad, with a sharp spine at each side.
Last pair of legs with the terminal segment flattened. Color dark
green.

Fig. ii Callinectes hastatus (After Ra hbun)

This is the common form sold in the markets and is doubtless
the most familiar of the Brachyura to those who are not naturalists.
It occurs on the bottoms of the bays or clinging to the seaweeds
on the wharves and extends some distance up into fresh water,
specimens having been taken at Newburgh. As may be supposed
from the finlike posterior legs, it is a good swimmer and may often
be found at the surface.

The young do not have the characteristic color of the adult, but
are much lighter, with numerous small black spots, and closelv
resemble the sand and pebbles on which they live. They are just
as pugnacious as the adult and, when cornered, dance around, hold-

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 143

ing out their claws in a menacing manner, but finally running off
sideways and concealing themselves under stones or seaweeds.
Interesting accounts of the adults are found in the paper by Rathbun.

The " soft shell crab " of commerce is this species taken after it
has shed its hard shell and before the new one has hardened. The
operations of catching the crabs about to shed, and keeping and
watching them till they do so, form a very important business,
whose headquarters are at Crisfield Md. Some of it is done on the
shores of Great South bay, L. I. and a short account of the industry
has been given by the writer.1

Crabbing is one of the amusements of the summer population of
the shore, the process being to entice the crab within reach by means
of a fish head or other bait and then capture him with a net. As
the crabs can give a fairly good nip with their strong claws, it is
quite liable to afford considerable amusement.

The females with eggs are rarely found in this latitude, as they
seem to prefer deeper water, but they are occasionally taken on
pound nets. The eggs are small and very numerous.

Length 13 cm across the carapace. Color dark green, white
below ; feet blue ; spines and fingers tipped with red.

Common on southern shore of Long Island and occasionally
found on northern.

Platyonichus ocellatus Latreille

Lady crab

Platyonichus ocellatus Latreille. Ency. Meth. 16:152. DeKay.
/. c. 1844. p.9, pi. i, fig.i; pi. 5, fig.7. Verrill. /. c. 1874. P-547, pl.i, fig-4-

Carapace almost circular, with five acute teeth on each side; last
pair of legs flattened and rounded. Color light with red spots.

This is a very handsome species, and according to De Kay the
name lady crab is given it on account of the beauty of its coloring.
As in the blue crab, the last pair of legs are flattened, so that it is a
good swimmer. Its usual habitat is the sandy beaches, even the
most exposed, where at low water mark, it buries itself, all but the
eyes and antennae and is on the watch for enemies and prey. If

1 N. Y. S'.ate Mus. ssth An. Rep't. igoi. p. 1-129-38.

144 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

disturbed when feeding or if dug out, it disappears with great
rapidity, burrowing backward into the sand. It is predacious, feed-
ing upon other forms, but, like most crabs, will eat dead fish or other
animals.

Its cast skin, which is very brilliant with its red spots, is frequently
found on the beach.

Fig. i.'. Platyonich us ocella t us (After Rathbun}

This species was described in 1799 by Herbst and its locality
given as " Long-Eiland bey Newyorck ".

Length of carapace 6 cm. Color light, but with numerous bright
red or purple spots, which are arranged in circles on the carapace
and are largest on the claws.

Sandy beaches.

Carcinus moenus Leach

Green crab

Carcinus moenus Leach. Mai. Podoph. t.v.f.i-4. DeKay. /. c. 1844.
p.S, pi. 5, fig.5, 6.

Carcinus g r a n u 1 a t u s Verrill. /. c. 1874. p. 547.

Carapace slightly broader than long, with five acute teeth; pos-
terior legs end in points ; color green.

A rather striking looking species, which is found running over
the bottoms in shallow water or concealed under rocks or seaweed
between tides. It is a very active and pugnacious creature, and the

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 145

crab fishermen say that a single green crab will kill all the edible
crabs in a shedding car. It has been accused in England of killing
and eating the young oysters while their shells were thin. In
France, from its excitable nature, it is known as the crabbe enrage.
It is a favorite article of food all along the European coast.

Fig. 13 Carcinus moenus (After Rathbun)

Breadth of carapace 5 cm. Color green, variously mottled with
shades of yellow.

Occurs all along the coast in suitable localities.

2 OXYRHYNCA

Carapace usually narrow in front, sometimes rounded but always
with a rostrum.

Divided into two families, Maiidae and Parthenopidae, of which
the first is represented by two species. Members of the other family
may possibly occur, but have not been taken.

Family
Libinia emarginata Leach
Libinia dubia Milne-Edwards

The spider crabs

Libinia emarginata Leach. Zool. Misc. 1815. 2:129. Rathbun.
U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc. 1892. 15:235.

Libinia canaliculata DeKay. /. c. 1844. p.2, pl.4. Verrill. /. c.

1874- P-548.

Libinia dubia Milne-Edwards. Hist. Nat. des Cms. 1834. I -3oo,
pi. 14 bis, fig.2. Verrill. /. c. 1874. p. 548. Rathbun. /. c. 1892. p. 237.

i46

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Carapace evenly rounded behind the frontal region ; rostrum
short and bifid at the tip ; body with spines ; legs of moderate length.

Fig. 14 Libiniaemarginata (After Rathbun)

L . e m a r g i n a t a may be distinguished from L . d u b i a by
the greater number of spines on the carapace and by the median
row, consisting in the former of nine, and in the latter of six spines.

Fig. 15 Libiniadubia (After Rathbun)

Both species occur, the former the more commonly, walking over
the bottoms of the shallow bays among the eelgrass, and they extend
out into deeper water. They are frequently dredged on the oyster
beds, and sometimes appear in such numbers that operations have
to be suspended till the spiders, as the fishermen call them, have
passed over.

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 147

They are slow moving animals, and their carapaces are not
infrequently so covered with foreign matter, such as worm tubes,
living hydroids and algae, that it is difficult to distinguish them
from their surroundings. One crab taken had the entire body cov-
ered with a soft velvety-looking mass of the hydroid Hydractinia,
which occurs on the hermit crabs. Members of this family have
been observed sticking bits of algae, hydroids etc. on bare spots of
the carapace with their pincers.

Length 4-6 cm.

Occurs along the shore in the bays.

The tribe Oxystomata is not represented in New York.

3 CATOMETOPA

Carapace broad anteriorly, often subquadrate, sometimes sub-
globose ; truncate or arcuate anteriorly but always without a rostrum.
Front bent downwards. Epistome short.

Of the four families, Ocypodidae, Grapsidae, Gecarcinidae and
Pinnotheridae, representatives of the first and fourth have been

taken.

Family OCYPODIDAE

Gelasimus pugilator Latreille
Gelasimus minax Le Conte
Gelasimus pugnax Smith
Fiddler or soldier crabs

Gelasimus pugilator Latreille. Nouv. diet, d'hist. nat. ed.2, 1817.
2:520. Smith, S. I. Ct. Acad. Arts and Sci. Trans. 1870. 2:113, pl.4, fig.;.
Verrill. /. c. 1874. p.545.

Gelasimus vocans DeKay. /. c. 1844. p. 14, pi. 6, fig.Q (pars).

Gelasimus minax LeConte. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 1855.
7:403- Smith. /. c. p. 128, pi. 2, fig.4, pl.4, fig.i-ib. Verrill. /. c. 1874. p.545.

Gelasimus pugnax Smith. /. c. 1870. 2:131, pi. 2, fig.i, pl.4, fig.2-2d.
Verrill. /. c. 1874, p.545.

Gelasimus vocans var. a. DeKay. /. c. 1844. p. 14, pi. 6, fig.io.

Carapace rather quadrangular; one of the first pair of walking
legs of the male enormously developed and carried horizontally, both
of first pair of female small.

Of the three species G . minax is much the largest, and has
red spots at the articulations of the joints. G. pugnax and
pugilator are distinguished by the presence in pugnax (as

OF THE

UNIVERSITY

148

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

in m i n a x ) of an oblique ridge across the palm of the large claw,
while the palm of pugilator is smooth.

These three species are commonly known as " fiddlers " ; for, when
running over the beach with the large claw held out in front of
them and the small one sawing in front of it, they ludicrously
resemble a man carrying a bass viol. The old specific name
v o c a n s was given them because, when the tide was out, they

Fig. 16 rt = Gelasimus minax; /> = claw of G. pugna x ; c = claw of G. pugilator

appeared to stand on the beach and wave their great claws, calling
it back again.

The species are mostly vegetarians, feeding on algae, which they
pick off with their small claws. They live in burrows in the sand
and mud, where they are abundant, completely honeycombing it.
Their habits and mode of life have been interestingly described by
Verrill /. c. p-336, and Kingsley, Am. Xat. 1888, 22:888. They
are easily kept in captivity, on damp sand, and may be fed on
crackers dipped in water.

G . minax and p u g n a x are found on the salt marshes,
while G. pugilator occurs on sandy or muddy beaches near
high water mark and is rarer than the other two. They may be
found almost anywhere along the shore, sometimes, as was the case
at Rockaway Beach, in such numbers that the entire shore appeared
to be in motion.

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 149

Family
Pinnotheres ostreum Say
Oyster crab

Pinnotheres ostreum Say, T. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 1817.
1:67, pU, fig.s. DeKay. /. c. 1843. p.i2, pl.7, fig.i6. Verrill. /. c. 1874.
p.546 (figure given is P. maculatum).

Carapace rounded, that of female soft and thin, eyes small.
Female found only in branchial cavity of oyster.

The members of this genus are noteworthy in that the females
live within the branchial cavity of certain lamellibranch mollusks,
the present species inhabiting the oyster, while an allied form,
P. maculatum, lives in the common mussel. The males are
free.

These crabs were originally known as Pinnoteres, " the guardian
of the Pinna," for an allied species in Europe lives in the shell of
a lamellibranch, Pinna, and was supposed to give warning to the
mollusk at the approach of any danger, so that it could close its
shell.

The oyster crab is of some economic importance as food, but the
difficulty of obtaining a sufficient supply limits its use.

Order 4 STON1ATOF»ODA

Malacostraca with a small carapace which does not cover the last
three thoracic segments. The abdomen is proportionally very large,
and its first five appendages bear gill filaments. The first five
thoracic appendages are maxillipeds, and the last three are small
biramous legs. Eyes stalked.

A very small order with only one representative on our coast.

Squilla empusa Say

Mantis shrimp

Squilla empusa Say, T. /. c. 1818. 1 1250. DeKay. /. c. 1844. p.32,
pl.i3, fig.54- Verrill. /. c. 1874. p.55i.

A large form, which, besides the characters of the order, shows
the following : Antennulae with three flagella, antennae shorter, with
a large scale. The second maxillipeds large and subchelate, the

150

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

serrated dactylus folding back on the
propodus like a knife blade. The tail
fin is large and armed with spines,
which can give a severe dig if the
animal is handled incautiously.

It inhabits burrows of its own con-
struction, 15-20 mm in diameter, in
the soft mud in shallow water.

Length 15-250111. Color yellowish
with green, brown and yellow mark-
ings.

Taken at Cold Spring Harbor and
may be found within the city limits.

Order 5 CUMACEA
A small order of Malacostraca, in
which the anterior part of the body is
very much larger than the posterior.
A carapace is present, covering the
anterior segments and leaving never
more than five segments exposed.
Abdomen cylindric, flexible, of six segments, the fifth longest.
The members of this order are bottom forms, extending to very
great depths and reaching their greatest development in colder

Fig. 17 Squilla empusa
Rathbun)

Fig. 18 Diastylus quadrispinosa Sars (After Verrill)

waters. None have been taken so far in New York city, but several
species will probably be obtained by dredging.

The species of Diastylus figured is common, according to Verrill,
on soft muddy bottoms in Vineyard sound.

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY

Order 6

Malacostraca in which the first, and in some cases the second
thoracic segment also, is fused with the head. The remaining seg-
ments are free, and there is no carapace. Eyes generally sessile or
without stalks.

A large group, none of which attain very great dimensions. The
head and the first thoracic segment are indistinguishably fused to
form an incomplete cephalothorax, and the first thoracic appendage
is a maxilliped. The next seven thoracic segments are free and bear
legs, and the abdominal segments may or may not be fused.

The large eggs are carried by the female in a brood pouch formed
by flat platelike appendages of certain thoracic legs. There is no
metamorphosis, the young being hatched in a form resembling the
parent.

Divided into two suborders : a Amphipoda, b Isopoda.

Suborder a

Arthrostraca in which the body is usually compressed from side
to side. The gills are borne on the thoracic appendages.

The larger suborder of the two. In addition to the above charac-
ters, it may be distinguished by the large abdomen, which, except
in the Caprellidae, where it is vestigial, is as long as the thorax and
has the segments free.

Both pairs of antenna are present and either or both may be well
developed. Eyes sessile in all of our forms. The first two pairs
of thoracic legs, which are known as gnathopods, are frequently
large, specially in the males, and subchelate, the terminal joint being
bent back against the penultimate. The last three pairs are gener-
ally long and adapted for leaping. The abdominal appendages are
biramous and the first three pairs are long and delicate and function
as swimming organs. The last three are stouter and assist in leap-
ing and are known as uropods.

To this suborder belong the " beach fleas," which are seen actively
skipping around on the sand or hiding, sometimes in great numbers,
under debris on the shore. Others are found under stones near
tide marks, or burrowing in the sand or living in tubes of their own
construction. Still others live in seaweeds or among eelgrass.

I52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

They are of considerable economic importance, as they frequently
occur in immense numbers and are an important, if not the principal,
food of many fishes.

Bate, G. Spence. Catalogue of the Amphipodous Crustacea of the British
Museum. Lond. 1862.

Bate & Westwood. British Sessile-eyed Crustacea. Lond. 1863.

Holmes, S. J. Synopses of North American Invertebrates, 18. The Am-
phipoda. Am. Nat. 1903. 37:267.

Sars's work, mentioned before, is also valuable, as it gives a classi-
fication of the group and many figures of species, some of which are
found on our shores.

The Amphipoda are divided among three tribes : I Hyperiidea,
2 Gammaridea, 3 Caprellidea.

The first of these is purely pelagic or free-swimming and its forms
generally possess relatively enormous eyes. Specimens have not
been taken within the city limits but they probably occur. By far
the greater number of species belong to the second tribe, the third,
which is of a distinctly degraded type, being a small one.

2 GAMMARIDEA

According to Sars, this tribe is divided into 25 families and of
these 7 have common representatives in New York city.

Family ORCHESTIDAE

Antennulae much shorter than antennae and devoid of a secondary
flagellum. Mandibles without a palp. Gnathopods variable, the
second pair being generally different in the two sexes. First two
pairs of uropoda strong, last pair smaller and one branched.

A very distinct family, the members of which have become more
or less adapted to terrestrial life. They may be said to be the beach

fleas.

Allorchestes dentata (Smith)

Hyalella dentata Smith. S. I. U. S. Fish Com. Rep't. 1872-73.
p.645, pl.2, fig.8-io.

A fresh-water form in which the first and second abdominal seg-
ments are produced dorsally into spines.

Much the smaller of the two fresh-water Amphipods found within
the city. It also differs from Gammarus fasciatus, the

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY

153

other form, in the lack of a secondary flagellum to the antennulae
and in the gnathopoda. The first pair of these are small and sub-

Fig. 19 Allorchestesdentata (After Smith)

chelate in both sexes, and the second are small in the female and
large in the male.

Length 4.5-6.5 mm.

Occurs in the fresh-water ponds and stagnant pools throughout
the city.

Allorchestes littoralis Stimpson

Allorchestes littoralis Stimpson, W. The Marine Invertebrata
of Grand Manan. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 6. Wash. 1854.
Hyale littoralis Verrill. /. c. 1874. P-556.

Fig. 20 A llor ches tes 1 it tora 1 is

Antennae less than one third length of body, much stouter than
antennulae and with thick fascicles of hairs. First gnathopoda
small, subchelate and alike in both sexes. Second gnathopoda of
similar form in both sexes but much larger in the male.

154 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

A littoral species, living under stones below high water mark.
Length 8-10 mm. Color green of varying shades to brown. A
few specimens were taken on the Chimney Sweeps near City Island.

Orchestia agilis Smith

Orchestia agilis Smith, S. I. In Verrill. /. c. 1874. p.555, pU,
fig. 1 4-

First gnathopods subchelate in both sexes; second pair of male
much larger than first, with the hand oval and a notch at the pos-
terior end of the palm. Antennulae not reaching penultimate joint
of antennae. Flagellum of antennae stout, shorter than the peduncle

Fig. 21 Orchestia agilis (After Verrill)

and with 12-15 segments. First coxal plate small, fifth nearly as
deep as fourth and deeply cleft. Carpus of third pereiopod of male
swollen.

As its name implies, this is a very active form and it occurs in
great numbers under the debris, seaweed, eelgrass etc. cast up by
the tide, about high water mark. When this is turned over, they
make off by leaps in every direction, so that it is difficult to catch
them, and then hide under the edges of stones or other objects.

Length: male 10-15 mm, female 10-14 mnl- Color varies greatly,
and all shades are found, from a light flesh color through pink or
olive green to a deep slate or almost to black.

This species is distributed almost everywhere along the shore of
the bays and may nearly always be found.

Orchestia palustris Smith

Orchestia palustris Smith, S. I. In Verrill. /. c. 1874. p.555-
Gnathopods as in O . agilis, but with palm of second pair
of male smooth and without the notch. Antennulae reaching beyond

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW

155

tip of penultimate joint of antennae. Flagelktm of antennae slender,
longer than the peduncle and with 1 8 to 26 segments. Coxal plates
as in preceding species.

Fig. 22 Orchestiapalustris male, and first and second gnathopoda of female

Very common under stones and logs above high water mark and
somewhat farther from the water than a g i 1 i s .

Length: male 15-22 mm, female 12-18 mm. Color varies much
as in O . a g i 1 i s .

Found all along the shores of the bays.

Talorchestia longicornis (Say)

T a 1 i t r u s longicornis Say, T. /. c. 1818. p. 384.
Talorchestia longicornis Verrill. /. c. 1874. P-556. Small-
wood, M. E. Cold Spring Harbor Monographs, i. Brooklyn. 1903.

First gnathopods subchelate in
the males but not in the females.
Second gnathopods of male very
large, subchelate, broader distally
and with a large tubercle on the
palm. Antennulae just reaching
tip of penultimate joint of anten-
nae, which are as long as the body.
Eyes of moderate size. Coxal
plates and uropods much as in
Orchestia.

Found on the sand beaches be-
tween and above tide marks, often running or leaping over the sand
but usually buried in it or under driftwood. An exceedingly good
account of its habits is given by Smallwood [/. c.] to which the

Fig.23 Talorchestia longicornis;
a = second gnathopod of male; 6= first and
c = second gnathopod of female

156

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

reader is referred. Smallwood is inclined to regard this and the
succeeding species as identical, but representing different stages in
the life of the animal, those called longicornis being the older
individuals.

Length 15-25 mm. Color cream or sand-colored, the older speci-
mens showing markings of ocher, brown or violet.

Common on sand beaches.

Talorchestia megalophthalma (White)

Orchestia megalophthalmia White. Cat. Crus. Brit. Mus.
Talorchestia megalophthalma Verrill. /. c. 1874. p. 556.

Gnathopods as in T. longicornis, but palm of male with-
out the tubercle. Antennulae reaching tip of penultimate joint of

Fig. 24 Talorchestia megalophthalmia

antennae, which are less than half the length of the body. Eyes
very large, occupying greater part of the head.

Habits and color as in the preceding species.

Length 15-25 mm.

Found on sandy beaches.

Family

Antennulae somewhat shorter than antennae and with a sec-
ondary flagellum. Mandibles with a palp. Gnathopoda compara-
tively small and feeble, generally imperfectly subcheliform. Pos-

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 157

terior pereiopoda more or less dissimilar in structure and adapted
for burrowing in soft bottoms. Uropoda all biramous, the last pair
generally unlike the others.

A family which possesses great abilities in burrowing; and the
pereiopoda are correspondingly greatly modified. The one species
taken probably has the most extreme development in that direction.

Hailstorms arenarius (Slab.)

O n i s c u s arenarius Slabber. Naturkunde Verlustigingen etc. p. 92,
pi. 2, fig.3 and 4.

Lepidactylus dytiscus Say, T. /. c. 1818. p-38o. Verrill. /. c.
1874, P-556. Smith, S. I. Ct. Acad. Arts and Sci. Trans. 1880. 4:282.

Haustorius a r e n a r i u s Sars. I.e. 1895. p.i35, pl.46.

Antennae with long and plumose hairs. Posterior pereiopoda
very broad and without dactylus.

Fig. 25 Haustorius arenarius

This species can not be confounded with any other found on our
coast. Its peculiar form, in which it somewhat resembles the sand
bug, Hippa, and the character of its appendages, cause it to be
the most rapid burrower of our coast.

Length 10-12 mm. Cream or sand colored.

Taken at Bayshore and Freeport and will probably be found in
the sand along the bays, near high water mark.

Family

Body compressed anteriorly. Eyes generally four. Antennulae
slender, without accessory flagellum, and placed at anterior end of
head. Antennae somewhat larger and placed farther back. Last
two segments of abdomen fused. Third pereiopoda different from

158 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

the preceding, with basal joint large and produced behind into a
ciliated lobe.

A burrowing family, only a single species of which has been
taken, though others probably occur.

Ampelisca macrocephala Lillg.

A m p e 1 i s c a macrocephala Lillgeborg. Ofvers. af Kongl. Vet.
Akad. Forh. 1852. p.;. Sars. /. c. 1895. p. 172, pl.6o, fig.i.

Head as long as the first three thoracic segments. Eyes four,
small, red and at anterior end of head. Lower posterior angle of
the third abdominal segment produced. Basal segment of third
pereiopoda nearly transverse below, the carpus not produced
anteriorly.

Fig. 26 Ampelisca macrocephala

It is a burrowing form, living in smoothly lined tubes, which it
constructs in the mud, and in the bottom of which it may generally
be found. Length 10-15 mm. Color hyaline white.

Found in the sandy mud flats of Jamaica bay.

Calliopius laeviusculus (Kr.)

Amphithoe laeviusculus Kr^yer. Gr<mlands Amphipoder. Danske
Vid-Selsk. Afhandl. 7:281, pl.3, fig. 13.

Calliopius laeviusculus Verrill. /. c. 1874. p. 557. Sars. /. c.
1895. p.449, pl.158.

Antennulae and antennae subequal, the former without an acces-
sory flagellum but with last peduncular segment produced into a
lappet with caceolae. Flagellum of both pairs with many well
marked articulations, which give it a serrate appearance. Gnatho-

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 159

poda rather large and subchelate. Terminal uropoda slightly larger
than preceding, and with rami fringed with hairs and spines.

Fig. 27 Calliopius laeviusculus (After Sars)

Found, according to Smith, in tidal pools and among algae.
Length 10-14 mm. Color light green, whiter dorsally.
Taken at South Beach, S. I.

Family

Antennulae and antennae long and slender, the former with an
accessory appendage. Mandibles with a palp. Gnathopoda large
and subchelate, generally stronger in the male. Pereiopoda more
or less slender, the three posterior pairs gradually increasing in
length. Terminal uropoda generally projecting beyond the others,
biramous and with the rami more or less foliaceous. Telson srriall
and more or less deeply cleft.

Gammarus locusta (Linn.)

Cancer locusta Linnaeus. Fauna Suecica. ed.2. p-497-
Gammarus locusta DeKay. /. c. 1844. p. 37. Sars. /. c. 1895. p. 499,
pi. 176.

Antennulae longer than antennae and with flagellum of latter
shorter than peduncle. Gnathopoda small and equal in size. Pere-
iopoda with stiff spines. Last three segments of abdomen with
median and lateral fascicles of spines. Third abdominal segment
produced. Terminal uropoda with rami subequal and fringed with
hairs and spines.

This is a littoral form and is the commonest of our Amphipoda,
being found all along the shores of the bays, under stones which
are covered at high water. It is not at all at home on land, but,

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

when the stone is raised, jerks itself along on its sides till it gets
under some projecting surface. It is common all along the shores

Fig. 28 Gammarus locusta

up to the Arctic regions, and farther north attains a larger size than
it does here.

Length 10-13 mm- Color green and brown of varying shades.

Gammarus fasciatus Say

Gammarus fasciatus Say, T. /. c. 1818. 1 1374. Smith, S. I. U. S.
Fish Com. Rep't for 1872-73. 1874. P-653

Fig. 29 Gammarus fasciatus

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY

161

A fresh-water form with accessory flagellum on antennulae, and
gnathopoda of moderate size in both sexes.

These two points are enough to distinguish this species from the
only other fresh-water Amphipod, Allorchestes dentata.
In addition, the last three segments of the abdomen are armed with
median and lateral fascicles of spines, and the terminal uropoda
are long and fringed with hairs. Length 10-15 mm. Color white
with green markings.

Common in fresh-water ponds among the weeds, and in the brooks
under stones.

Carinogammarus mucronatus (Say)

Gam mar us mucronatus Say, T. /. c. 1818. 1 1376. DeKay. /. c.
1844. p.37. Verrill. /. c. 1874. P-559-

Fig. 30 Carinogammarus mucronatus

First three abdominal segments produced dorsally into acute teeth.

The above character will distinguish the present species from all
of our other common Amphipoda. The antennulae are about
equal in length to the antennae. Gnathopoda of moderate size in
both sexes. Lower posterior angle of first three abdominal seg-
ments produced and last three furnished dorsally with median and
lateral fascicles of spines.

1 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

This species lives in the brackish pools and in the marshes, and
may be taken on the flats when the tide is out.

Length 15 mm. Color translucent, tinged with green, and with
minute black or brown spots. Found all along the shores in suitable

localities.

Melita nitida Smith
M e 1 i t a nitida Smith. In Verrill. /. c. 1874. p. 560.

Terminal uropoda with outer branch very elongate, inner branch
much reduced. Dorsal part of abdominal segments not produced
into teeth. Antennulae longer than antennae and two thirds length

Fig. 31 Melita nitida

of body. Flagellum of antennae shorter than peduncle. Eyes
round, black. First gnathopoda of male small with the dactyl very
minute. Second gnathopoda larger and subchelate. First pereio-
poda slightly longer than second ; fifth and sixth equal and longer
than fourth.

Length 7-9 mm, Color dark greenish slate.

Found but not commonly under rubbish between tides. Taken
at Bartow and South Beach, S. I.

A somewhat smaller form probably occurs. This is M . d e n -
tata (Kr.), and it resembles nitida except that the posterior
dorsal part of the abdominal segments is produced into small teeth.

Elasmopus laevis (Smith)

Moera laevis Smith. In Verrill. /. c. 1874. p-559-
Last three pereiopoda with joints broad and flat and armed with
fascicles of hairs. Antennulae two thirds as long as body, flagellum

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY

i63

as long as peduncle and with accessory flagellum. Antennae as
long as peduncle of antennulae. First gnathopoda small, second
very much larger.

Fig. 32 Elasmopus laevis

Length 5-7 mm. Color whitish.

Found under stones and rockweed at low water mark. Taken at

Bergen Beach.

Family F»HOTIDAE^

Antennulae elongated and slender, with or without a secondary
flagellum. Antennae usually stouter than antennulae. Mandibles
with a palp. Gnathopoda more or less unequal, one of the pairs
being peculiarly modified in the male. Last pair of uropoda small
and differing from preceding pairs. Telson tubular, receiving end

of intestine.

Microdeutopus gryllotalpa Costa

Microdeutopus gryllotalpa Costa. Rend. d. Reale Acad. d.
Sc. d. Napoli. 1853. p. 178. Sars. /. c. 1895. p-543, pl.iQ2, fig.2.

Antennulae longer than antennae, with secondary flagellum of
one joint. Carpus of first gnathopoda of male very large and with
three sharp teeth, propodus shorter, irregularly sinuated, dactylus
strong, with minute denticulations. First gnathopoda of female

164 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

normal. Second gnathopoda of both sexes elongated and with small
dactylus. Pereiopoda slender and elongated.
Occurs among hydroids and algae.

Fig. 33 Microdeutopus gryllotalpa (After Sars)

Length 6 mm. Color densely variegated with dark brown.
Taken at Bayshore and at Bartow.

Family

Antennulae elongated, and either with or without a secondary
flagellum, and generally smaller than the antennae, specially in the
male. Gnathopoda more or less unequal, the posterior ones larger
and sometimes enormously developed in the male. Coxae small,
fifth pair with the anterior lobe much deeper than the posterior.
Terminal uropoda stout, biramous or uniramous, and hooked.
Telson small.

This family resembles the preceding, but the hooked terminal
uropoda distinguish it.

Amphithoe valida Smith

Amphithoe valida Smith, S. I. In Verrill. /. c. 1874. P-563.

Antennulae without a secondary flagellum, slender and about
equal in length to the antennae, and less than half length of body.
Flagellum of antennae longer than ultimate joint of peduncle.
First gnathopoda with carpus and propodus broad. Second gnatho-
poda in male with carpus short, propodus large and thick, broadest
distally and with palm transverse, and with a broad, low tooth in
the middle.

Length 10-13 mm- Color green, with numerous stellate pigment
spots.

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 165

Found under stones and amid seaweeds and algae on the bottom.

Two other species of Amphithoe will probably be taken; one,,

A. rubricata (Mont. ) , has the flagellum of the antennae often

Fig. 34 Amphithoe valida

shorter than the ultimate joint of the peduncle, and the palm of the
second gnathopoda oblique. In the other form, A . 1 o n g i m a n a
Sm., the antennulae are as long as the body and the hands of the
gnathopoda are stout and much elongated.

Jassa marmorata Holmes

Jassa marmorata Holmes, S. J. Am. Nat. 1903. 37:289.

ig. 35 Jassa marmorata, immature male

1 66

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Antennulae with peduncle longer than flagellum and with sec-
ondary flagellum of one joint. Antennae longer and larger than
antennulae, with flagellum shorter than ultimate joint of peduncle
and with four joints. Gnathopoda of male elongated, the second
much larger than the first and with hand very large, and with a
stout tooth in the middle of the palm. The specimen figured is
immature; the tooth is larger in the adult.

Found among hydroids and seaweeds on piles etc.

Length 5 mm. Color light, variously marked with dark gray.

Taken at Bayshore, in Great South bay and at City Island.

Unciola irrorata Say

Unciola irrorata Say, T. /. c. 1818. 1:389. DeKay. /. c. 1844.
p.38.

Head produced in front into a ros-
trum. Antennulae with secondary
flagellum and longer than antennae,
which are stouter and subpediform.
First gnathopoda large and subchelate
in male, the palm longitudinal and
with tooth at inferior end. Second
gnathopoda smaller, not chelate, dac-
tyl very small. Posterior limbs small.

A tube-dwelling form, sometimes
inhabiting one of its own construction,
but usually living in any empty tube
it can find. Generally on rocky or
shelly bottoms.

Length 10-15 mm- Color variable,
light, irregularly spotted with red.
(Attirv3erri\\)nCl0la irrorata Taken all along the shore.

Family

Body depressed, with abdomen poorly developed. Antennulae
with or without a flagellum. Antennae usually much larger and
stronger than antennulae and subpediform. Mandibles with palp.
Coxal plates small and separated.

UNIVERSITY

OF

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY

167

All the members of this family inhabit tubes, usually of their own
construction, and, together with the preceding family, belong to the
old division Domicola.

Corophium cylindricum (Say)

Podocerus cylindricus Say, T. /. c. 1818. 1 1387. (Not of Bate.
Cat. Amp. Crust. Brit. Mus. 1862. p. 256)

Corophium cylindricum Verrill. /. c. 1874. P-566.

Antennulae, relatively to the antennae rather small, with flagel-
lum slender and without secondary flagellum. Antennae of male
with penultimate joint of peduncle greatly enlarged and with sharp
tooth at distal end. Ultimate joint shorter, flagellum of two joints.
Gnathopoda feeble, very similar in both sexes.

Fig. 37 Corophium cylindricum

This species inhabits soft tubes which are found in great numbers
in sponges, algae etc. They can easily be obtained by pulling apart
the pieces of the red sponge, Microciona prolifera, cast
up on the beach.

Length 5 mm. Color light, mottled with gray.

Found all along the shore.

3 C A PRELUDE A

An aberrant tribe which differs from the typical Amphipoda in
the form of the body, which is either depressed or cylindric, and
in the abdomen, which is rudimentary. It is divided into two fam-
ilies, i, Caprellidae, cylindric forms, and 2, Cyamidae, or whale lice,
which have a flat body. Specimens of the first family only have
been taken.

1 68

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Family

Amphipoda with a cylindric, flexible body. The head is fused
with the first thoracic segment, though the line of fusion is indicated
by a suture. There are two pairs of antennae, the first pair the
larger. The gnathopoda are subchelate, the second pair much
larger than the first. The next two pairs of pereiopoda are wanting
in our forms, though present in some genera, but the segments bear
lamellar gills and in the female a brood pouch. The three following
are the walking legs. Abdomen very small and showing only rudi-
ments of limbs.

The members of this family are usually found clinging to
branches of hydroids or seaweeds by their posterior limbs. In their
motions they somewhat resemble the larva of the geometric! moths,
climbing over the branches by stretching out the body, catching
hold by the anterior limbs and then draw-
ing up the body in a loop. They also
have the same habit of holding on by their
posterior limbs and stretching their body
out straight and stiff. They then resemble
very closely the branches of the hydroid,
and, as they are of a very similar color, it
is difficult to detect them.

Caprella geometrica Say

C a p r e 1 1 a g c o m e t r i c a Say, T. /. c. 1818.
1 1390. DcKay. /. c. 1844. p. 41. Verrill. /. c. 1874.

p. 567, pi. 5, !ig-.20.

Head with a horizontally projecting spine.
Mandibles without a palp. Body smooth
and with short thick segments.

Length 8-10 mm. Color variable, usu-
ally resembling the object on which it is
found.

Taken at South Beach S. I. on hydroids and algae on under-
side of stones.

Fig. 38 Caprella geo-
met ri ca

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY 169

Aeginella longicornis Kr.

A e g i n e 1 1 a longicornis Kroyer.

Antennulae elongate, more than twice as long as antennae.
Mandibles with a palp. Second gnathopoda with two large teeth
on the palm. Body either smooth or thickly covered with short
slender spines.

Fig. 39 Aeginella longicornis

Length 10-25 irmi- Color variable.

Large specimens taken among hydroids in Great South bay.
Smaller ones were taken all along the bays among hydroids and
algae.

Suborder b ISOPODA

Arthrostraca with body flattened dorso-ventrally instead of later-
ally. The gills are borne on the abdominal appendages.

The antennulae and antennae are much as in the Amphipoda,
the former with a peduncle of three, and the latter of five segments,
and a flagellum. Eyes composed of groups of ocelli and nearly
always sessile. The first thoracic appendage is a maxilliped, and
the next seven (occasionally only six) are walking legs and usually
all alike, whence the name Isopoda, or equal-footed. A part of the
basal joint, or coxa, of the leg is fused with the dorsal part of the
body and is known as the epimeron. A suture, known as the
epimeral suture, usually shows the line of fusion. The abdominal
segments are smaller than the thoracic and are frequently more or
less united. The first five bear delicate lamellar appendages which
function as breathing organs and the last pair are modified into
uropoda.

Though not a large group, the members of the Isopoda are prob-
ably more widely distributed than anv other of the Crustacea.

17° NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

They are found under rocks and logs on the shore, or burrowing
in the sand or in timber. Other forms are pelagic or cling to float-
ing seaweeds, eelgrass or the hydroids on piles. Many forms are
parasitic. Some are found in fresh water and still others, prob-
ably the most familiar to the casual observer and known as sow-
bugs or pill-bugs, are found under stones on land or under bark.

The principal paper on the marine Isopoda is by Harger, " Report
on the Marine Isopoda of New Engancl and Adjacent Waters,"
U. S. Fish Com. Report for 1878, Washington, 1880. This contains
descriptions and figures of most of the species mentioned in the
following.

A key to the Isopoda of North America was published by Har-
riet Richardson in the American Naturalist, 1900, 34:207-30, 295-
309. This was incorporated in the " Key to the Isopods of the
Atlantic Coast of North America, with Descriptions of New and
Little Known Species," by the same author and published in Proc.
of the U. S. Nat. Mus. IQOI, 23 : 493-579. A bibliography of Amer-
ican forms is there given.

Say's work mentioned before [p. 125] gives descriptions of
several of our forms ; and Sars, in the Crustacea of Norway, figures
several cosmopolitan species which occur here. References to Yer-
rill's Invertebrates of Vineyard Sound are also given.

i CHELIFERA

Distinguished from all other Isopoda by the first pair of legs or
gnathopoda being chelate. Pleopoda when present, natatory.
Uropoda terminal, with a short basal part and one or two terminal
filaments. Respiration thoracic.

A very anomalous group which differs in several respects from
the typical Isopoda and by some authors has been entirely removed
from the order. Divided into two families, of which one is repre-
sented, i Tanaidae, 2 Apseudidae.

Family XANAIDAE,

Body cylindric. Antennulae close together, short in female,
much longer in male, with minute rudiment of a flagellum and with-
out secondary flagellum. Antennae shorter with flagellum generally
biarticulate. Uropoda short.

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY

171

Leptochila dubia (Kr.)

T a n a i s d u b i u s KnDyer. Nat. Tidsskr. 4 :T78, pi. 2, fig.2O-22.
Tanais f i 1 u m Verrill. I.e. 1874. P-573-

Leptochila algicola Harger. /. c. 1880. p. 421, pi. 12-13, fig.So,
83-86.

Fig. 40 Leptochila dubia «, male ; b, female (Afier Harger)

Pereion with six segments. Gnathopoda stout, uropoda with
short, one jointed outer, and a six jointed inner ramus. Female
with antennulae and gnathopoda shorter than in male.

Occurs among eelgrass and on piles.

Length 2.2 mm. Color nearly white.

Taken at Bayshore.

Leptochila rapax Llarger

Leptochila r a p a x Harger. I.e. 1880. p. 424,
pi. 13, fig.89-90.

Pereion with six segments. Gnathopoda of
male very slender and elongated. Inner ramus
of uropoda five jointed. Female very similar
to L. dubia, but the five jointed uropoda
will distinguish it.

A tube-inhabiting form, living in the mud.

Length : male 2.6-3.8 mm, female 2.3 mm.
Color white.
Taken at Bayshore.

Fig 4i Leptocllila
male (After Har'

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

2 FLABELLTFERA

Uropoda lateral, forming with the last segment, a tail fin.
Pleopoda generally of the character of swimming organs, though
serving partly for respiration.

A group of Isopoda exhibiting very diverse characters. It is
divided into n families, of which 3 have common representatives.

Family ANTHURIIOAK:

Body cylindric, narrow and elongated. Uropoda lateral and
superior, outer branch arching over base of telson.

Cyathura carinata (Kr.)

Anthura carinata Krpyer. Nat. Ticlsskr. (2). 2:402.

? A n t h u r a g r a c i 1 i s DeKay. /. c. 1844. p. 44, pi. 9, fig-34-

A n t h n r a 1) r u n n e a Verrill. /. c. 1874. p. 572.

Anthura polita Harger. /. c. 1880. p. 398, pl.n, fig.68-69.

Cyathura carinata Richardson. /. c. 1901. p. 508.

Segments of the pleon fused so as to re-
semble an eighth thoracic segment. Ter-
minal uropoda bent so as to resemble a cup
or " flower ". Antennulae and antennae
similar, short and stout, with very small
flagellum. A bottom form living in sand
and mud.

Length 15-18 mm, breadth 1.8-2 mm.
Color brownish, mottled with yellow.

Taken at Bergen Beach on sand flats.

A somewhat similar species, Anthura
tennis (Harger) may possibly be found
in the same localities. It is smaller than
the above, measuring n mm, and the
antennulae of the male are very hairy,
resembling bottle brushes.

Family CYJMOTHOII>^VIS

Parasitic, usually on fish. Head projecting over base of anten-
nulae, which, like the antennae are short and tapering with but
little distinction into peduncle and flagellum. Dactylus of feet
curved and adapted for fastening to the body of the fish.

Fig. 42 Cyathura car-
inata (After Harger)

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY

173

Aegathoa loliginea Flarger

A e g a t h o a 1 o 1 i g i n e a Harger. Am. Jour. Sci. Ser. 3, 1878. 15:376.
Harger. /. c. 1880. p.393, pl.io, fig.66. Richardson. /. c. 1901. p. 526.

Front of head evenly rounded, eyes
very large. Antennae 10 jointed. First
thoracic segment longer than others,
which are equal in length. Legs armed
with strong curved claws. Pleon long
and large, uropoda slightly ciliated.
(The uropoda in the specimens taken
were like the right uropod in the figure.)

Parasitic in the mouth of the squid
usually, but taken on bluefish in Great
South bay.

Length 13 mm, breadth 3.6 mm.
Color in alcohol, yellow with minute
black spots.

loll«ln"

Livoneca ovalis (Say)

C y m o t h o a ovalis Say, T. /. c. 1818. 1 1394.
Cymothoa t r i 1 o b a DeKay. I.e. 1844. P-46, pl.io, fig.4O.
Livoneca ovalis Verrill. I.e. 1874. P-572. Harger. /. c. 1880. p. 395.
Richardson. /. c. 1901. p. 531.

A parasitic Isopod, with body broadly
oval and more or less distorted. Dorsal
surface moderately convex. Feet pressed
closely to the body and concealed; the
first three pairs pointing forward, the
last four backward.

They are found clinging to the roof
of the mouth or to the gills of fishes.
The bluefish is the usual host, but it
occurs on other forms, such as the scup.

Length 15-22 mm, breadth 10—12 mm.
Color light with minute, short, dark
lines, which may be numerous enough
Fig. 44 Livoneca ovalis to give the animal a very deep color.

174 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Famil

Body short and convex. Head broad and transverse. Anten-
nulae and antennae multiarticulate and distinctly divided into
peduncle and flagellum. Anterior segments of pleon short with
segments united.

Cassidina lunifrons Richardson

Cassidina lunifrons Richardson. Am. Nat. 1900. 34:222. U. S.
Nat. Mus. Proc. 1901. 23:533. fig. 14.

A small species with broad, elliptic
body. Head broader than long and
set into thorax, eyes at posterior
lateral corners. Terminal segment
^i&^fr;^' large and truncate. Inner branch of

,4^,; •i^<S0L uropoda pointed and reaching tip of

ftSp^^^^^^^V^slI J abdomen, outer branch one fourth
^^g^^^^S^ir^:<? ' longer than inner. Legs short and

equal.

Found below high water mark in
muddy situations, clinging to the
Fi_ r underside of boards and bark.

rig. 45 Cassidina lunifrons

Usually covered with mud so that
its color can not be recognized.

Length i mm. Color yellowish brown with many small, dark
brown and blackish spots.

Taken at Bartow and at Fresh Kills, S. I.

Sphaeroma quadridentatum Say

S p h a e r o m a quadridentatum Say, T. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
Jour. 1818. 1:400. Verrill. /. c. 1874. P-569- Harger. /. c. 1880. p-368,
pl.9, fig.53-54. Richardson. /. c. 1901. p-533.

A littoral form which may be distinguished from other marine
Isopoda by its habit of rolling itself up into a round ball when dis-
turbed, like the land " pill-bugs ". Body broad and elliptic. Ter-
minal segment rounded, branches of uropoda subequal and extend-
ing beyond tip of terminal segment.

Found on the underside of rocks, between tides.

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY

175

Fig. 46 Sphaeroma quadridenta-
t u m (After Harder)

Length 8 mm, breadth 4 mm.
Color very variable, some slaty
gray or marked on the back with
a whitish, cream-colored or rosa-
ceous longitudinal patch bor-
dered more or less writh black.
The color is evidently protective,
as it matches closely the rocks on
which the animals are found.

Taken at Bartow. Another
smaller species, as yet unde-
scribed, and apparently belonging
to this genus, has been found
swimming around in the small pools left by the tide, at City Island

and on Staten Island.

3 VALVIFERA

Uropoda ventral, arching over and protecting the pleopoda, which
are delicate and mostly branchial in character.
Of the three families one is represented.

Family IIJOTEIOAE:

Antennulae of four segments, the basal segment enlarged and
the terminal one clavate.

Pleon with more or fewer of its seg-
ments consolidated into a scutiform tail-
piece.

Idotea marina (Linn.)

O n i s c u s m a r i n n s Linnaeus. Fauna
Suecica. 1761. p. 500.

Stenosoma i r r o r a t a DeKay. /. c.
1844. p. 43, pi. TO, fig.42.

Idotea irrorata Verrill. /. c. 1874.
9.569, pi. 5, fig.23. Harger. /. c. 1880. p-343,
pi. 5, ng.24-26.

Idotea marina Richardson. /. c. 1901.
P-540.

Body with sides nearly parallel.
Antennulae short, of four segments.
T d ° l ea ma r in a <After Antennae longer, with multiarticulate

176

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

flagellum longer than peduncle. Pleon apparently consisting of
four segments, the first three short, the last long and tridentate.
Length: males 30-36 mm, breadth 8-9 mm; female smaller, rarely
exceeding 20 mm.

Color very variable, frequently a uniform light or dark green or
brownish with minute black punctations. Very often there is a
dorsal stripe. Rarely the colors are arranged in transverse bands
and blotches. Females usually darker than males, often with a light
lateral stripe.

Found on the seaweed on rocky shores or in eelgrass where its
color is protective. Sometimes found far from land on floating
seaweed. Common all along the shore.

Idotea phosphorea Harger

Idotea phosphorea Harger. U. S. Com. of Fish and Fisheries.
Rep't. 1874. p.56p (275). /. r.'iSSo. p.347, pl-5, fig.27-29. Richardson. /. c.
1901. p.54i.

Body with sides parallel. Antennulae short, of four segments.
Antennae longer, with multiarticulate flagellum, which is shorter

and stouter than in preceding species.
Pleon apparently consisting of four seg-
ments, the first three short, the last
pointed.

The young of this species resemble the
young of the preceding, but may be dis-
tinguished by the epimeral sutures not
crossing entirely the second and following
segments.

Length 25 mm, breadth 7 mm. Color
varied, dark green or brownish with
patches of yellow or whitish, not striped
as in I . marina.
Found among the rocks and seaweed along with the last, but
much more rarely, being a more northern form. Small specimens
taken at South Beach, S. I.

Fig. 48 Idotea phos-
phorea (After Harger)

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY

177

Another species, Idotea metallica Bosc, (I. robusta
of Yerrill and Harger) will probably be taken. It may be distin-
guished by the truncate terminal abdominal segment.

Edotea triloba (Say)

Idotea triloba Say, T. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 1818. 1 1425.
Epelys trilobus Verrill. /. r. 1874. p.57i. Harger. /. c. 1880.

p. 358, pi. 7, iig-42-43-

Edotea t r i 1 o 1) a Richardson. /. f. 190 r. p. 545-

Body flat, elongated in form
and the lateral edges of the seg-
ments smoothly rounded. A de-
pressed line runs from the pos-
terior lateral angles of the head
across all the segments to the
pleon. Pleon consisting of a
single piece pointed at the end.
Antennulae and antennae short.

Length 6 mm, breadth 2.3
mm. Color uniform, dull.

Found under stones or creep-
ing over the bottoms or amidst
and beneath the decaying vege-
table matter in sheltered situations.

Taken on eastern shore of Staten Island.

4 ASELLOTA

Segments of pleon fused into a shieldlike plate. Pleopoda ex-
clusively branchial and reduced in number. Uropoda terminal as in
Chelifera and biramous. Antennulae small, antennae sometimes
very large. Five families, two represented.

Family ASELLIDAE,

Mainly fresh-water forms, distinguished by the pleopoda, which
number in the female four pairs, the first very small and not oper-
culiform, the rest biramous, the second pair forming an operculum
for the last two. In the male there are five pairs, an additional
pair, the copulatory appendages, being interposed between the first
and second pairs.

Fig. 49 Edotea t r i 1 o ba (After Harger)

1/ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Asellus communis Say

A s e 1 1 u s communis Say, T. /. c. 1818. 1 1427. DeKay. /. c. 1844.
p. 49. Smith, S. I. U. S. Fish Com. Rep't for 1872-73. 1874. P-657, pl.T.
fig.4. Richardson. /. c. 1901. p. 551.

A fresh-water form. Body
with sides parallel. Anten-
nulae short and flagellum
with several segments. An-
tennae more than half length
of body. First pair of legs of
male chelate, last three pairs
longer than the preceding.
Pleon large, squarish and in
one piece; uropoda elongated
and flattened.

Length 15 mm, breadth 5
mm. Color brown, spotted

Fig. 50 Asellus communis (After Smith) an(j mottled with yellowish.

The only fresh-water Isopod found in New York city. Occurs
under stones in brooks and ponds everywhere.

Family J^VISIIRIDAE,

Marine forms, much like Asellidae. The first pair of pleopoda
in the female are a large opercular plate. To the corresponding
plate of the male the copulatory appendages are joined laterally,
succeeding pairs delicate.

Jaera marina (Fab.)

O n i s c u s m a r i n u s Fabricius. Fauna Gronlandica. p. 252.
Jaera c o p i o s a Verrill. /. c. 1874. p. 571.
Jaera albifrons Harger. /. c. 1880. p.3i5, pl.i, fig.4-8.
Jaera m a r i n a Richardson. /. c. 1901. p-554-

Body oval, slightly more than twice as long as broad. Anten-
nulae short, antennae more than half the length of body and with
multiarticulate flagellum. Pleon in one piece, semicircular, with
short uropoda rising from a notch in the end.

Length 5 mm, breadth 2 mm, males about one third shorter and
somewhat narrower. Color very variable, slaty gray with blotches

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY

179

of yellow and reddish brown. Some are light colored or nearly
white, often with two or more transverse bands, forming a striking
looking animal. Very fre-
quently also shades of
light or dark green occur,
and the incubatory lamel-
lae of the female are often
bright green.

Very common all along
the shore below high tide
on rocks under seaweeds
where their color is pro-
tective, or clinging to the
undersides of stones or
boards. Frequently found
in the little pools left on
the rocks by the tide.

Found commonly all

along the COast. Fig. 51 Jaera marina (After Harger)

5 ONTSCOIDEA

The tribe Oniscoidea is almost unique among Crustacea in being
entirely terrestrial, even the early stages being passed on land.
They are oval forms with a more or less depressed body, and the
fused head and first thoracic segment are sunk in the second. The
first antennae are very small, three- jointed and placed on the front
of the head. The second antennae are long and consist of a
peduncle of five, and a flagellum of two or three segments.

They breathe by lamellar gills which are processes of the abdom-
inal limbs, and in consequence they require a rather damp
atmosphere.

Their colors are usually dull, brown or dark gray being the pre-
vailing tones ; but they are very variable, even in the same species,
and color is not to be relied on as a means of identification. In
fact a large number of species have been described at various times
with color as their main specific character, and many of them have
had to be thrown out.

i8o

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

They are more or less gregarious and are found, frequently in
considerable numbers, in damp situations, as under logs and stones
which have lain on the ground for some time, or under bark or in
crevices of trees or in moss.

Many of the species are world-wide in distribution, and a number
seem to prefer the vicinity of human habitations, old greenhouses
being a favorite resort.

They are commonly known as sow-bugs, pill-bugs, wood lice or
slaters and are probably familiar to everyone. In spite, however,
of their commonness, little appears to be known of their habits.
According to Fitch, their only economic value is as a food for fowls ;
but in former times they found much favor as a medicinal agent,
being used either dried and pulverized or made into an infusion

with " Rhenish wine."

Family ONISCIIDAE:

Antennae generally long.
Body not usually able to be
contracted into a ball. Uropoda
long and reaching beyond ter-
minal segment, which is gen-
erally conically produced,

Oniscus asellus Linn.

O n i s c u s asellus Linnaeus.
Fauna Suecica, ed.2, p. 500. DeKay.
/. c. 1844. p. 51, pi. 6, fig. 1 2. Sars.
/. c. 1899. v.2, p.i7i. pl-75- Richard-
son. /. c. 1901. p. 562.

Flagellum of antennae three
jointed; head produced under
eyes.

This and the following species
differ from all the rest of our
terrestrial Isopods in having the flagellum of the antennae with
three joints instead of two. From Philoscia it differs in the greater
size and in the lateral angles of the head under the eyes being pro-
duced into lobes.

Fig. 52 Oniscus asellus

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY

181

Harger)

Philoscia vittata (After

Length 12-18 mm. Color deep slate, the lamellar edges white
and a row of white spots within the edge. , , i ••*•!

Found under the bark of dead
trees or under logs and stones and
in greenhouses. Occurs all over
the city.

Philoscia vittata Say

Philoscia vittata Say. /. c.

1818. p-429. DeKay. /. c. 1844. p. 50.

Harger. /. c. 1880. p-3o6, pl.i, fig.i.
Richardson. /. c. 1901. p. 565.

Flagellum of antennae three
jointed; head rounded.

A much smaller species than the
preceding, from which it differs in
the lack of the projections under
the eyes. The abdominal seg-
ments are narrower in comparison with the thoracic than in the other

terrestrial forms.

Length 8 mm, breadth 4 mm. Color
variable, usually brownish with two
darker streaks along the median line.

This species is said by Say to be "very
common under stones, wood etc. in
moist situations," but according to Har-
ger it occurs near the shore under rub-
bish. The only specimens taken by the
writer were found at Freeport L. I., in
April, where they were abundant on the
underside of boards above high water.

Cyclisticus convexus (DeGeer)

O n i s c u s convexus DeGeer. Mem.
des Insectes. 7-553, pl-35, fig.n.

Cyclisticus convexus Budde-Lunde.
Crust. Isop. Terrestria. 1885. p. 77-79- Sars.
/. c. 1899. 2:186, pl.Si. Richardson. /. c. 1901.
Fig. 54 Cylisticus convexus p. 566.

1 82

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Body very convex and smooth, capable of being rolled into a
round ball. Uropoda long and pointed.

This species, like Armadillidium, has the habit of rolling itself
into a ball when handled or disturbed, and they have thus obtained
the name pill-bugs. From Armadillidium it differs in having long
and pointed uropoda. From the rest of the Oniscoidea it differs in
its convex and more elongated form and its ability to form a ball.
The body also lacks the tubercles usually found in the genus
Porcellio.

Length 10-12 mm. Color chocolate brown or dark gray with a
submarginal row of white spots, within which is a large mass of
smaller, irregular markings. No median stripe. The markings of
this species are fairly constant.

It is rather rapid in its movements, running off and hiding under
any sheltering object. If handled it rolls itself up into a very per-
fect ball and is difficult to distinguish from pebbles. Found in

woods under logs or along
roads under stones, usually in
rather dry situations.

Common all over the city.

Porcellio rathkei Brandt

Porcellio rathkei Brandt.
Bui. de la Soc. Imp. d. Naturalistes
de Moscon 1833. 6:15. Sars. /. c.
1899. 2:180, pi. 79. Richardson. /. c.
1901. p.56;.

Joints of flagellum of anten-
nae subequal, color variable but
usually with median and lateral
stripes.

The commonest as well as the
most variable of our terrestrial
Isopoda. In form it is only

Fig. 55 Porcellio rathkei

moderately convex, and the

dorsal surface is covered with small tubercles. The front is
smoothly rounded, and the uropoda are moderately long.

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY

Length 10—12 mm. Color brown, with two lateral, and usually
a median light stripe. Besides these, there are two rows of mark-
ings which are very variable, some-
times being long and sinuous
and sometimes merely irregular
blotches. In some specimens all
traces of a regular pattern disap-
pear, and the body is covered with
a mass of irregular brown, black
and white spots.

Very common under stones,
boards etc. everywhere in the city.

Porcellio scaber Latreille

Porcellio scaber Latreille.
Hist. Nat. des Cms. et des Insectes.
7:45. Sars. I.e. 1899. 2:176, pi. 77. Rich-
ardson. 1. c. 1901. p. 568.

Tubercles large and numerous,
color nearly uniform.

In this species the entire body is covered with tubercles which are
specially large on the head. The lobes under the eyes are well
developed, and the front is slightly produced. The terminal joint
of the antenna is slightly shorter than the preceding.

Length 12-15 mm. Color generally a uniform black or very dark
gray, with traces occasionally of two lateral rows or markings.

Found under stones, logs or bark in rather dry situations. Occurs
all over the city but not commonly.

Metaponorthus pruinosus (Brandt)

Porcellio pruinosus Brandt. Bui. de la Soc. Imp. d. Naturalistes
de Moscou. p. 19.

Metaponorthus pruinosus Sars. /. c. 1899. 2 : 184, pi. 8, fig.2.
Richardson. /. c. 1901. p-569.

Lateral lobes of head small, front nearly straight; body smooth
and flattened.

A small species somewhat resembling in form and in the narrow
abdomen Philoscia vittata, from which it may be distin-

Fig. 56 Porcellio scaber

1 84

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

guishecl by the biarticulate flagellum of the antennae. It differs
from P o r c e 1 1 i o in the smallness of the lateral lobes of the head

and in the absence of any projec-
tion between the eyes. Antennae
long and delicate. Integument
soft and thin.

Length 8—12 mm. The color of
living animals is silvery, but in
alcohol it is brown with irregular
lighter spots and streaks. The
antennae are distinctly banded, the
distal portion of each joint being
lighter than the base.

They are very active forms and
are what might be called domes-
ticated, being found in greenhouses
or along walls, usually under de-
caying vegetable matter.

Fig. 57 Metaponorthus pruinosus Found all Over the city.

Family ARMADILLIDIDAE

Antennae generally short. Body able to be contracted into a ball.
Uropoda not reaching beyond terminal segment, which is short and

broad.

Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille)

Armadillo v u 1 g a r i s Latreille. Hist. Nat. des Cms. et des Insectes.
7:48. DeKay. /. c. 1844. p.s.

Armadillidium v n 1 g a r e Richardson. /. c. 1901. 9.574.

Fig. 58 Armadillidium vulgare

HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY I»5

Body very convex and capable of being rolled into a ball.
Uropoda short.

Another form which, like Cyclisticus, can roll itself into
a perfect ball, and is thus known as a pill-bug. From that and all
of our other terrestrial Isopoda it differs in the shape of the terminal
uropoda, which are short and do not extend beyond the edges of
the adjoining segments. Antennae short. Integument thick and
heavy.

Length 10-12 mm. Color dark gray or nearly black with rows
of indistinct, irregular spots.

Not very common, but specimens have been taken at Bayshore,
and it will probably be taken within the city limits. Occurs under

stones and boards.

EPICARIDEA

Forms which, as their names indicate, are parasitic on other
Crustacea. Owing to their mode of life, their structure is very
much modified and degraded, the extent to which it is carried vary-
ing in the different species. The males are relatively to the females
very small and are found clinging to the body of the female. Of the
four families one, the least degenerate, is represented.

Body of female distinctly
segmented, asymmetric
and flattened dorsally.
Male more slender and
symmetric.

Parasitic on decapodous
Crustacea.

Probopyrus palaemoneticola

(Packard)

Bopyrus palaemone-
ticol a Packard. Zoology for p.g sg Probopyrus palaemoneticola: «=

High Schools and Colleges. female with attached male, £=male.

1 88 1. p. 289.

Bopyrus sp. Harger. /. c. 1880. p.312.

Probopyrus palaemoneticola Richardson. U. S. Nat. Mus.
Proc. 1904. 27:66, fig.4i-43.

1 86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Found under the carapace of Palaemonetes vulgaris,
where it produces large tumors.

The female is eyeless and somewhat distorted and lies with the
flattened dorsal region against the body of the host. The ventral
side consists mainly of a large incubatory pouch filled with eggs.
Male very small, with eyes, and usually to be found clinging to the
female as in the figure.

Length of female 5 mm. Color white with black markings.

Found on the Palaemonetes along the shore.

INDEX

The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 135*
means page 135, beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one third
of the way down. Page numbers referring to descriptions of species are
printed in black face type.

Aegathoa loliginea, I731; figure, 173.
Aeginella longicornis, i6gim, figure,

169.

Allorchestes dentata, i528-535, i6r;
figure, 153.

littoralis, iSS^S^; figure, 153.
Ampelisca macrocephala, I582; figure,

158.

Ampeliscidae, i57°-594.
Amphipoda, i5i5-695.
Amphithoe laeviusculus, is88.

rubricata, 16s1.

valida, i64T-653; figure, 165.
Anomura, I353-37T-
Anthura brunnea, 172*.

carinata, 172*.

gracilis, 172*.

polita, 172*.

tenuis, I727.
Anthuridae, I723.
Apseudidae, 170*.
Arachnida, I2O1
Armadillididae, i84G-8s4.
Armadillidium vulgare,

i847-854;

figure, 184.

Armadillo vulgaris, i847.

Arthropoda, description and defini-
tion, ii9G-264; classes, ii9°-2O1.

Arthrostraca, isi'-Ss4.

Asellidae, i778-785.

Asellota, i777-795.

Asellus communis, lyS1; figure, 178.

Astacidea, i338-34°-

Astacus bartonii, 134'.

Barnacdes, 119".

Bate, G. Spence, cited, I522.

Beach fleas, 151°.

Bibliography, i257-264.

Bopyridae, i8s6.

Bopyrus sp., i859.

palaemoneticola, 185'.
Brachyura, I378~495.

Callianassa, 1351

Callinectes hastatus, i421-43°; figure,
142.

sapidus, 142'.
Calliopius laeviusculus, i58s-5Q4;

figure, 159.

Cambarus bartonii, I342; figure, 134.
Cancer boreal is, I392.

irroratus, 139'; figure, 139.

locusta, I597.
Cancridae, I389, I391.
Caprella geometrica, i687; figure, 168.
Caprellidae, i681-695.
Caprellidea, 152*, i678-695.
Carcinus granulatus, I448

moenus, i447-45r>; figure, 145.
Caridea, i3Q7-335-
Carinogammarus mucronatus, i6i3-

622 ; figure, 161.

Cassidina lunifrons, I742; figure, 174.
Catometopa, 138', i474-495.
Centipedes, 119°.
Chelifera, I7o°-7i9.
Corophiidae, i669-678.
Corophium cylindricum, i6j~ ; figure,

167.
Crabs, 119°.

blue, I421-43G.

edible, I42*-43G-

fiddler, i476-489.

green, i447-456.

hermit, 135*, i362-377-

lady, i436-447-

mud, I402-4i9.

oyster, 149*.

rock, I391.

soft shell, 143".

soldier, i476-489.

spider, i458-473-
Crangon septemspinosus, 13 11.

vulgaris, isi1; figure, 131.
Crangonidae, 130°, I3I1.
Crayfish, I2O6, I3O5, I338, I342.

1 88

NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM

Crustacea, up9.

Cumacea, 150*.

Cyathura carinata, I723; figure, 172.

Cyclisticus convexns, i8is-82°; figure,

181.

Cyclometopa, I387, I38S-45C.
Cymothoa oval is, I735.

triloba, I735.
Cymothoidae, i72°-738.

Decapoda, i293-49°.

De Kay, J. E., cited, I257.

Diastylus quadrispinosa, figure, 150.

Edotea triloba, 177-; figure, 177.
Elasmopns laevis, i621J-63>3; figure, 163.
Entomostraca, 127-.
Epelys trilobus, 177".
Epicaridea, i854-86l
Enpagurus longicarpus, is61-377.
pollicaris, I361-37T; figure, 136.

Flabellifera, 1 72^75 *.

Gammaridae, i593-644.
Gammaridea, i524-678.
Gammarus fasciatus, 121°, 152°, 160"-
6i3; figures, 122, 160.

locusta, i597-6or'; figure, 160.

mucronatus, i6i3.
Gebia, 135-.
Gecarcinidae, I475.
Gelasimus minax, i476-489 ; figure, 148.

pugilator, i47''-48!'; figure, 148.

pugnax, i47°-489; figure, 148.

vocans, I477.
Grapsidae, I475.

Harger, cited, i7o2.

Haustorius arenarius, i573; figure,

157-

Hay, W. P., cited, 130'"'.
Herbst, cited, 144".
Hermit crabs, 135*, i36a-377.
Heteromysis formosa, 129*.
Hippa talpoida, I354; figure, 135.
Hippidae, I354.
Holmes, S. J., cited, 152".
Homarus americanus, 1 33s- 34'.
Hyale littoral is, I535.

Hyalella dentata, 152*.
Hyperiidea, I52:t.

Idotea irrorata, I758.

marina, i75T-764; figure, 175.

metallica, I771.

phosphorea, i764-77:; figure, 176.

robusta, 177'.

triloba, 177".
Idoteidae, i75"-77<:.
Insecta, I2O1.
Lsopoda, i695-8s3.

Jaera albifrons, I788.

copiosa, i78s.

marina, i787-7g5; figure, 179.
Janiridae, i78°-793.
Jassa marmorata, i65°-663; figure, 165.

Kingsley, J. S., cited, 130°, I374, M87.

Lady crab, i43°-447.
Lepidactylus dytiscus, I573.
Leptochila algicola, i7i2.

dubia, 171'; figure, 171.

rapax, i7i7; figure, 171.
Libinia canaliculata, I459.

dubia, i45s-473; figure, 146.

emarginata, i45s-473 ; figure, 146.
Livoneca ovalis, I733; figure, 173.
Lobsters, 119", 120°, 133*; extinct in

New York city, I3O5.
Lupa diacantha, 142'.

Macrura, i3o1-377,
Maiidae, 145', i458-473-
Malacostraca, i275-28\
Melita dentata, 162'.

nitida, i6z2 ; figure, 162.
Metaponorthus pruinosus, 183^-84' ;

figure, 184.

Microciona prolifera, 141'.
Microdeutopus gryllotalpa, i63''-644;

figure, 164.
Millipedes, 119°.

Milne-Edwards, A., cited, 125'.
Mites, I201.
Moera laevis, 162°.
Mud crabs, I4O2-4I9.
Myriopoda, TI99.

INDEX TO HIGHER CRUSTACEA OF NEW YORK CITY

189

Mysis americana, I2SU. I

stenolepis, i28°-295; figure, 129.

Nebalia bipes, I283.

Ocypodidae, i4/5-48'J.
Oniscidae, i8o4-845.
Oniscoidea, i79<!-854.
Oniscus arenarius, I573.

asellus, i8o"-8i-; figure, 180.

convexus, i8is.

marinus, I757, I787.
Onychophora, ii9'J.
Orchestia agilis, 154-, 154°; figure, 154.

megalophthalmia, is63.

palustris, i54<J-555; figure, 155.
Orchestidae, I52C-56S.
Oxyrhynca, 138', i45"-473-
Oxystomata, I387.
Oyster crab, 149'.

Paguridae, 135*, i361-377.
Pagurus longicarpns, 136".

pollicaris, 136".
Palaenion vnlgaris, 132".
Palaemonetes vulgaris, 132', i86T;

figure, 132.

Palaemonidae, 130", i321-335.
Panopeus depressus, i4o'-4i9 ; figure,
140.

harrisii, i4Ol-4i'J; figure, 140.

sayi, I4<r-4iu; figure, 140.
Parthenopidae, i457.
Penaeidae, 130°.
Penaeus brasiliensis, I333.
Peripatus, 119°.

Philoscia vittata, i8i2, 183°; figure, 181.
Photidae, i63°-645.
Phyllocaricla, 128'.
Pilumnidae, I38<J, I4O1-4I9.
Piluninus harrisii, 140'.
Pinnotheres ostreum, 149'.
Pinnotheridae, 147', I491.
Platycarcinus irroratus, 139''.
Platyonichus ocellatus, i43>!-4^7 ; figure,

144-

Podoceridae, i643-668.
Podocerus cylindricns, 167-.
Pontoporeiidae, i569-578.
Porcellio pruinosus, i838.

rathkei, i82G-834; figure, 182.

Porcellio scaber, 183"; figure, 183.
Portunidae, i389,i421-45<;.
Prawns, 130*, I3O9, 132'.
Probopyrus palaemoneticola, i8s8-863 ;
figure, 185.

Rathbun, Mary ]., cited, 138°.
Rathbun, R., cited, 125*.
Richardson, Harriet, cited, I7O4.
Rock crab, 139'.

Sand-bug, 135"'.

Sars, G. O., cited, 125s, I523, 152'', 170°.

Say, Thomas, cited, 125", 170".

Schizopoda, i284-295.

Scorpions, I2O\

Shrimps, 119'-', I3O4, 130°, 131'.

mantis, I49S-5O4.
Smallwood, cited, 155°.
Smith, S. I., cited, I261.
Sphaeroma quadridentatum, i747-754;

figure, 175.

Sphaeromidae, i741-75°-
Spiders, I2O1.

Squilla empusa, i49*-5o4 ; figure, 150.
Stebbing, T. R. R., cited, 126".
Stencsoma irrorata, 175s.
Stimpson, W., cited, 126'.
Stomatopoda, i49"-5o4.

Talitrus longicornis, I555.
Talorchestia longicornis, i553-562;
figure, 155.

megalophthalma, I563; figure, 156.
Tanaidae, I7ou-7i".
Tanais dubius, I71*-

filurn, I7I1.
Thalassinidea, I351.

Unciola irrorata, i664 ; figure, 166.
Underwood, L. AL, cited, I263.

Valvifera, i753-77°-

Verrill, A. E., cited, I263, 137*, 148',

150°, 170°.
Virbius pleuracanthus, I332.

zostericola, i32s-333; figure, 133.

Water fleas, 119°.
Westwood, cited, I522.

New York State Education Department
New York State Museum

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4pl. 1904. I5c*
En22 (79) Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York. 164?. il. 57pl. Oct.

1904. 400.
En23 (86) Needham, J. G. & others. May Flies and Midges of New York.

352p. il. 37pl. Soc, cloth.

Felt, E. P. 20th Report of the State Entomologist 1904. In press.
Botany. Bol (2) Peck, C: H. Contributions to the Botany of the State of

New York. 66p. 2pl. May 1887- Out of print. .

Bo2 (8) Boleti of the United States. Q6p. Sep. 1889. [foci

Bo3 (25) Report of the State Botanist 1898. 76p. spl. Oct. 1899.

Out of print.

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

te

Bo4 (28) Plants of North Elba. 2O<5p. map. June 1899. 200.

Bo5 (54) Report of the State Botanist 1901. 58p. 7pl. Nov. 1902. 400.

Bo6 (67) Report of the State Botanist 1902. 196?. 5pl. May 1903.

5oc.

Bo7 (75) Report of the State Botanist 1903. 7op. 4pl. 1904. 40C.

Report of the State Botanist 1904. In press.

Archeology. Arl (16) Beauchamp, W: M. Aboriginal Chipped Stone Im-
plements of New York. 86p. 23pl. Oct. 1897. 2$c.

Ar2 (18) Polished Stone Articles used by the New York Aborigines.

l°4P- 35pl- Nov. 1897. 250.

Ar3 (22) Earthenware of the New York Aborigines. 78?. 33pl. Oct.

1898. 25c.

Ar4 (32) Aboriginal Occupation of New York. i9Op. i6pl. 2 maps.

Mar. 1900. soc.

Ar5 (41) Wampum and Shell Articles used by New York Indians.

i66p. 28pl. Mar. 1901. 300.

Ar6 (50) Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. H2p.

43pl. Mar. 1902.

Ar7 (55) Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. 94p. 38?!.

June 1902. 250.
Ar8 (73) Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians. I22p. 37pl.

Dec. 1903. 300.
Ar9 (78) History of the New York Iroquois. 340p. I7pl. map. Feb.

1905. 75c, cloth.

ArlO (87) Perch Lake Mounds. 84?. I2pl. Ap. 1905. 2oc.

Aril (89) Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. 190?. 35pl. June

1905- 35C.
Miscellaneous. Msl (62) Merrill, F: J. H. Directory of Natural History

Museums in United States and Canada. 236p. Ap. 1903. 3oc.
Ms2 (66) Ellis, Mary. Index to Publications of the New York State Nat-
ural History Survey and New York State Museum 1837-1902. 4i8p.

June 1903. ?5c, cloth.
Museum memoirs i889-date. Q.
1 Beecher, C: E. & Clarke, J: M. Development of some Silurian Brachi-

opoda. o6p. 8pl. Oct. 1889. Out of print.
% Hall, James & Clarke, J: M. Paleozoic Reticulate Sponges. 35Op. il. 70pl.

1898. $i, cloth.

3 Clarke, J: M. The Oriskany Fauna of Becraft Mountain, Columbia Co.

N. Y. I28p. 9pl. Oct. 1900. Soc.

4 Peck, C: H. N. Y. Edible Fungi, 1895-99. io6p. 25pl. Nov. 1900. 75C.

This includes revised descriptions and illustrations of fungi reported in the 4Qth, sist and $zd
reports of the state botanist.

5 Clarke, J: M. & Ruedemann, Rudolf. Guelph Formation and Fauna of

New York State. 196?. 21 pi. July 1903. #1.50, cloth.

6 Naples Fauna in Western New York. 268p. 26pl. map. $2, cloth.

7 Ruedemann, Rudolf. Graptolites of New York. Pt I Graptolites of the

Lower Beds. 350p. I7pl. Feb. 1905. $1.50, cloth.

Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. In press.

Clarke, J: M. Early Devonic of Eastern New York. In preparation.

Natural history Of New York. 3ov. il. pi. maps. Q. Albany 1842-94.

DIVISION i ZOOLOGY. De Kay, James E. Zoology of New York; or, The
New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals
hitherto observed within the State of New York with brief notices of
those occasionally found near its borders, and accompanied by appropri-
ate illustrations. 5v. il. pi. maps. sq. Q. Albany 1842-44. Out of print.

Historical introduction to the series by Gov. W : H. Seward. 178?.

v. i pti Mammalia. i3+i46p. 33pl. 1842.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v. 2 pt2 Birds. 12+380?. 1419!. 1844.

Colored plates,
v. 3 pt3 Reptiles and Amphibia. 7+98p- PU Fishes. 15+415?. 1842.

pts-4 bound together.

I
MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS

v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. Reptiles and Amphibia 23pl. Fishes 7ppl.
1842.
300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v- 5 pt$ Mollusca. 4+27ip. 4opl. pt6 Crustacea. 70?. I3pl. 1843-44.

Hand-colored plates : pts-6 bound together.

DIVISION 2 BOTANY. Torrey, John. Flora of the State of New York; com-
prising full descriptions of all the indigenous and naturalized plants hith-
erto discovered in the State, with remarks on their economical and med-
ical properties. 2v. il. pi. sq. Q. Albany 1843. Out of print.

v. i Flora of the State of New York. 12+484?. 72pl. 1843.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

v. 2 Flora of the State of New York. 572p. 89?!. 1843.

300 copies with hand-colored plates.

DIVISION 3 MINERALOGY. Beck, Lewis C. Mineralogy of New York; com-
prising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State
of New York, and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. 11. pi.
sq. Q. Albany 11842. Out of print.

v. i pti Economical Mineralogy. pt2 Descriptive Mineralogy. 24+536?.
1842.
8 plates additional to those printed as part of the text.

DIVISION 4 GEOLOGY. Mather, W: W.; Emmons, Ebenezer; Vanuxem, Lard-
ner & Hall, James. Geology of New York. 4v. il. pi. sq. Q. Albany
1842-43. Out of print.

v. I pti Mather, W: W. First Geological District. 37+653?. 46pl. 1843.

v. 2 pt2 Emmons, Ebenezer. Second Geological District. 10+437?. 17?!.
1842.

v- 3 pt3 Vanuxem, Lardner. Third Geological District. 3o6p. 1842.

v. 4 pt4 Hall, James. Fourth Geological District 22+683?. *9pl- map.
1843-

DIVISION 5 AGRICULTURE. Emmons, Ebenezer. Agriculture of New York;
comprising an account of the classification, composition and .distribution
of the soils and rocks and the natural waters of the different geological
formations, together*$vith a condensed view of the meteorology and agri-
cultural productions of the State, sv. il. pi. sq. Q. Albany 1846-54* Out
of print.

v. i Soils of the State, their Composition and Distribution. 11+371?. 2ipl.
1846.

v. 2 Analysis of Soils, Plants, Cereals, etc. 8+343+46?. 42?!. 1849.
With hand-colored plates.

v. 3 Fruits, etc. 8+340?. 1851.

v. 4 Plates to accompany v. 3. 95?!. 1851.
Hand-colored.

v. 5 Insects Injurious to Agriculture. 8+272?. 50?!. 1854.
With hand -colored plates.

DIVISION 6 PALEONTOLOGY. Hall, James. Palaeontology of New York. 8v.
il. pi. sq. Q. Albany 1847-94. Bound in cloth.

v. i Organic Remains of the Lower Division of the New York System.
23+338?. 99?1. 1847. Out of prmt.

v. 2 Organic Remains of Lower Middle Division of the New York System.
8+362?. 104?!. 1852. ' Out of print.

v. 3 Organic Remains of the Lower Helderberg Group and the Oriskany
Sandstone, pti, text. 12+532?. 1859. [$3.50]

pt2, I43pl. 1861. [$2.50]

v. 4 Fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and
Chemung Groups. 11+1+428?. oopl. 1867. $2.50.

v. 5 pti Lamellibranchiata i. Monomyaria of the Upper Helderberg,
Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 18+268?. 45?!. 1884. $2.50.

r Lamellibranchiata 2. Dimyaria of the Upper Helderberg, Ham-
ilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 62+293?. 5ipl. 1885. $2.50.

pt2 Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Upper Helder-
berg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. 2v. 1879. v. i, text
15+492?. v. 2, I2O?1. $-2.50 for 2 v.

NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

- & Simpson, George B. y. 6 Corals and Bryozoa of the Lower and
Upper Helderberg'and Hamilton Groups. 24+298?. 67pl. 1887. $2.50.

• - & Clarke, John M. v. 7 Trilobites and other Crustacea of the Oris-
kany, Upper Helderberg. Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill
Groups. 64+236?. 46pl. 11888. Cont. supplement to v. 5, pt2. Ptero-
poda, Cephalopoda and Annelida. 42p. i8pl. 1888. $2.50.

- & Clarke, John M. v. 8 pti Introduction to the Study of the Genera
of the Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+367?. 44pl. 1892. $2.50.

- & Clarke, John M. - pt2 Paleozoic Brachiopoda. 16+304?. 84?!.
1894. $2.50.

Catalogue of the Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York and
of the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed thereto. 242?. O.
1853-

Handbooks i8o.3-date. 7^x12^ cm.

In quantities, i cent for each 16 pages or less. Single copies postpaid as below.
H5 New York State Museum. 52?. il. 40.

Outline history and work of the museum with list of staff igoa.
H13 Paleontology. I2p. 2c.

Brief outline of State Museum work in paleontology under heads: Definition; ^Relation to
biology ; Relation to stratigraphy ; History of paleontology in New York.

H15 Guide to Excursions in the Fossiliferous Rocks of New York.
8c.

Itineraries of 32 trips covering nearly the entire series of Paleozoic rocks, prepared specially
for the use of teachers and students desiring to acquaint themselves more intimately with the
classic rocks of this State.

H16 Entomology. i6p. 2c.
117 Economic Geology. 44?. 40.

8 Insecticides and Fungicides. 2Op. 30.
H19 Classification of New York Series of Geologic Formations. 32?. 30.

Maps. Merrill, F: J. H. Economic and Geologic Map of the State of New
York; issued as part of Museum bulletin 15 and the 48th Museum Report,
v. i. 59x67 cm. 1894, Scale 14 miles to i inch. 150.

- Geologic Map of New York. 1901. Scale sfciiles to I inch. In alias
form $3; mounted on rollers $5. Lower Hudson sheets 6oc.

The lower Hudson sheet, geologically colored, comprises Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Put-
nam, Westchester, New York, Richmond, Kings, Queens and Nassau counties, and parts of Sul-
livan, Ulster and Suffolk counties'; also northeastern New Jersey and part of western Connecticut.

- Map of New York showing the Surface Configuration and Water
Sheds. 1901. Scale 12 miles to i inch. 150.

Geologic maps on the United States Geological Survey topographic base;

scale i in. ='i m. Those marked with an asterisk have also been pub-

lished separately.

*Albany county. Mus. rep't 49, v. 2. 1898. 50c
Area around Lake Placid. Mus. bul. 21. 1898.
Vicinity of Frankfort Hill [parts of Herkimer and Oneida counties].

Mus. rep't 51, v. i. 1899.
Rockland county. State geol. rep't 18. 1899.
Amsterdam quadrangle. Mus. bul. 34. 1900.

*Parts of Albany and Rensselaer counties. Mus. bul. 42. 1901. loc.
*Niagara River. Mus. bul. 45. 1901. 250.
Part of Clinton county. State geol. rep't 19. 1901.
Oyster Bay and Hempstead quadrangles on Long Island. Mus. bul. 48.

1901.

Portions of Clinton and Essex counties. Mus. bul. 52. 1902.
Part of town of Northumberland, Saratoga co. State geol. rep't 21. 1903,
Union Springs, Cayuga county and vicinity. Mus. bul. 69. 1903.
*Olean quadrangle. Mus. bul. 69. 1903. loc.
*Becraft Mt with 2 sheets of sections. (Scale t in. =^ m.) Mus. bul. 69.

1903. 20C.

*Canandaigua-Naples quadrangles. Mus. bul. 63. 1904. 200.
*Little Falls quadrangle. Mus. bul. 77. 1905. 150.
*Watkins-Elmira 'quadrangle. Mus. bul. 81. 1905,. 200.
*Tully quadrangle. Mus. bul. 82. 1905. ior.
*Salamanca quadrangle. Mus. bul. 80. 1905. loc.

York

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