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BULLETIN No. VII. PART [.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY

Toe snIiGHER FUNG] OF THE
CHICAGO REGION

PART I.—THE HYMENOMYCETES
BY

DR. WILL SAYER MOFFATT

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

CuicaGo, Iuu., February 1, 1909.
Dear Sir: By direction of the Board of Managers of The
Natural History Survey of The Chicago Academy of Sciences, I
herewith submit to you for publication a report on The Hy-
menomycetes, to be issued, under the rules of the Academy
governing such matters, as Part I of Bulletin No. VII, on the
Higher Fungi of the Chicago Area, prepared by Dr. Will Sayer
Moffatt of Chicago.
Respectfully,
CHARLES 8. RapDDIN,
Secretary, Natural History Survey.

To THomas C. CHAMBERLIN,
President of The Chicago Academy of Sciences.

ve
<
es

The Board of Managers of The Natural History Survey of T)

Chicago Academy of Sciences:

‘

Cuarues 8. Rappin, Secretary.
Tuomas C. CHAMBERLIN.
Gayton A. Douauass.

Sruart WELLER.

WAREIRAL HISTORY SURVEY:

The report on the Higher Fungi of the area covered by the
Natural History Survey will be issued in parts, prepared by
Dr. Will Sayer Moffatt, and will constitute Bulletin No. VII.

The present report constitutes the first ‘part of this bulletin
and includes descriptions, with many figures, of the Mushroom-
like Fungi of Chicago and vicinity. Owing to their economic
value, these plants possess an interest to the epicurean as well
as to the botanist, and it is believed that the layman will be quite
as much interested in the work as the more serious student.

The territory covered by the Survey includes Cook and Du-
Page counties and the nine north townships of Will County, in
Illinois, with a portion of Lake County, Indiana. This gives an
area of about forty-cight or fifty miles square, or a land surface
of nearly 1,800 square miles.

‘
CONTENTS

Page

Conair Oey chy a er re eer see )

oduction..... PN ee F shh Sint ss, sacvee deta: Sage bon AOE 11

Mets El yIMeNOMNyCCUES. .. . . oe ent oe eels re om sees 11

Wollectine and preserving Fungi......... .....2...... 14

Puomor Generaand Species... ..2---. 4... .-+. sees 19

ferences to Literature... 02.00.00 e cee ccee cee eens. 147

BM 5... Pe aso. A i a ok 152

PREFACE

In the year 1898, several local botanists who were interested
in the lower forms of plant life, organized the “ Chicago Mycolovical
Society.”’ Its purpose was the scientific study of the funeus
flora of the Chicago area. <A division of labor was instituted,
each member selecting a group of plants for special investigation,
_At the monthly meetings, papers were read and discussed,
and specimens brought in for study and comparison, while the
formation of individual herbaria and a system of card-indexing
have made the results of the work available for future use.

The John Crerar Library has generously given the society
a room for its meetings (the location being more convenient
than that of the Academy) and has ever been ready to place upon
its shelves such literature as might be needed for the prosecution
of the work.

Prior to the formation of the Mycological Society, no co-
operative effort had been made in the direction of the study of
the higher fungi of Chicago, and it is through the labors of these
self-constituted specialists aided by the broad spirit of the Crerar
Library that the preparation of this bulletin has been made pos-
sible. In furtherance of the work of the society the secretary
undertook the preparation of a descriptive card-index of all species
of the higher fungi reported from the United States. This was
found necessary for the reason that no manual of these plants
has yet been published. in this country, and the descriptions of
our species must be sought in the transactions of scientific so-
cieties and botanical journals, or in many cases in the works of
English, French, German, Swedish and Italian authors. This
index, which contains nearly three thousand cards, has been of
ereat value in the determination of our species.

In cases of doubt, specimens have been referred to Messrs.
Burt, McBride, Morgan, Peck, Lloyd or other specialists, while
the herbarium of Prof. E. T. Harper of our own society has been
useful in resolving perplexing problems, particularly in the
woody fungi. Through the zeal and enthusiasm of the latter
gentleman it has been possible to exhibit excellent photographs
of a number of our species. Acknowledgments are also due to
Messrs. F. M. Woodruff and Grant Wyrick for the photographs
which bear their names.

The arrangement of families and genera is that of Saccardo’s
Sylloge. Where departure has been made from this by American
botanists, mention of the fact has been made in the text.

It should be understood that this bulletin is only a preliminary
study, and is published at this time in order that students of tl
mycology of the Chicago area may have a starting point for their
own work. That it is far from complete, no one can be more
thoroughly aware than the writer. . He, too, is to be held re-
sponsible forerrors in determination, except in cases where credit
for the admission of a species is given to some other et

W. S. M.

INTRODUCTION

I. ORDER HYMENOMYCETES.

Mycelium floccose, giving rise at once to a distinct hymenium
or producing a variously shaped naked or volvate receptacle,
even or bearing on its upper or under surface various folds,
plates, prickles, etc., clothed with fertile hymenial cells.

Under the order defined as above by Mr. Berkeley, botanists
have described a large number of fungi, including species of re-
markable diversity of size, form and appearance. The group
contains nearly all of the plants commonly known as mushrooms,
club-fungi, coral-fungi and bracket-fungi. In one character the
species all agree. Their spores, asexually produced, are borne
free on the apices of minute spicules projecting from the surface
of the hymenium.

The life-history of the members of the group is comparatively
simple. <A spore, falling upon a medium suitable for its develop-
ment, under proper conditions of temperature and moisture, soon
puts forth slender, thread-like filaments called hyphae, which as
growth proceeds at length form a tangled network of fibers,
known as mycelium. After a time, if the conditions for growth
continue favorable, little rounded nodules or elevations appear
at various points upon the plexus of mycelium. These are the
beginnings of the fructification or sporophore. As the nodules
increase in size they take on definite shapes, and when fully
grown develop upon some part of their surface a hymenium, upon
which is borne a crop of spores, completing the round of the
plant’s existence.

The mycelium is made up of long, branched, multicellulas
hyphae. Fusion of cells, both with other cells of the same hypha
and with those of adjacent hyphae is common. By the multi-
plexity of these unions and continued growth of the hyphal
strands, the mycelium which in its earlier stages consisted of
thin, radiating, spider-web filaments, may come to form dense,
felted masses. It is usually colorless or white, becoming sordid
with age, but may be creamy-white, tan, brown, or even black.
In many species it is perennial, and may continue to grow for
years without fruiting. Except in cases where it exhibits a dis-
tinctive color, it is of little importance in the determination of
species. Indeed, where a number of kinds are growing within
or upon the same matrix, it is often impossible to distinguish
one from another.

The spores are minute bits of protoplasm, of various sizes,
shapes and colors. In one group, the Agaricaceae, they have
been made a basis for classification. The colors range from. white,
through creamy-white to yellow, pale-pink to deep flesh-color,

12 - THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ochraceous to dark brown, and purple to dead black. Many are
spherical, others ellipsoid, oblong, cylindrical, or fusiform, while
not a few are obovate or pyriform. Their surface may be smooth,
eranular or echinulate. Typically four are produced from the
apex of each spicule or basidium.

The sporophore with its hymenium forms the conspicuous
part of the fungus, and it is this portion that is chiefly considered
in the classification of species. Detailed mention of its forms and
_characters will be found in the generic keys on succeeding pages.

It may be noted that the duration of life of the sporophore
varies immensely in different species. Some Coprini spring up
literally in a night and disappear with the morning sun, while
other species may continue to grow for many years. Fomes
igniarius is said to attain the age of eighty years. (Atkinson, Am.
Fungi, p. 194.)

Many problems in the life history of these plants are yet to be
worked out. All of our species are considered saprophytes, yet
it is known that the mycelia of certain species produce a soluble
ferment which extends into and affects injuriously the living tis-
sues of plants, probably to the advantage of the fungus. Still
other species appear to have established such symbiotic relations
with growing trees and shrubs that fungus and host are enabledto
thrive, each at the expense of the other, without detriment to either.

The duration of life of the mycelium of many species is un-
certain, and the conditions under which fructification may occur
are imperfectly understood. Some species of Lentinus and Lenz-
ites may persist for years in railroad ties or bridge timbers, finally
causing a total disintegration of the wood without the appearance
of a sporophore at any stage of growth of the fungus.

The coloration of species, their chemical composition, particu-
larly with respect to toxic properties that may appear at certain
stages of growth while absent at others, and in varying intensity
in plants grown in different soils or localities, are matters concern-
ing which too little is known.

The dissemination of species is another matter little studied.
Many kinds are erratic in their appearance. They may be
abundant one season, disappear altogether for one or more years
and then reappear in large numbers, while other species apparently
similar in their climatic requirements have occurred regularly
each season.

Modern commerce brings to us the wood and other tree prod-
ucts of every part of the globe. With these are undoubtedly
imported the spores and mycelia of saprophytic fungi, both in
the tissues of the wood and in or upon the bodies of burrowing
larvae. So limited is our knowledge of the geographical distri-
bution of our native fungi, that it is possible for species thus
introduced to increase and thrive for years without being recog-
nized as exotic.

The structural and physiological modifications that must ac-
company a change of environment do not appear to have received

st

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY Kt

—“

attention. That the sporophores of certain species differ in ap-
pearance upon different hosts is well known, and this difference
has been seized with avidity by some of our ambitious species-
makers as an excuse for printing their names after many forms
which to the conservative botanist are not entitled to specific
recognition. The common mushroom, Agaricus campestris, has
through long cultivation taken on a number of forms, some of
which have been elevated to varieties by a few European writers.

Our knowledge of the distribution of species in this country
is yet too limited to admit of any satisfactory study of their
ecological relations with the higher plants and with other fungi.
The matter of food- -supply is a factor of first importance. In an
undisturbed forest a tolerably constant supply of nutrition is no
doubt obtained from fallen leaves, twigs, branches and trunks.
The overturning of a tree by the elements gives to a host of fungi
an available supply of food that may suffice for a number of years.
The wound left in a trunk by the falling of a branch may permit
the entrance of a colony of spores, followed by a growth of my-
celium which in time will permeate the entire tree, so that it
literally gives up its life to its host. By the action of fungi the
weakened trees are sacrificed to make room for those which have
more vigor, while dead underbrush and fallen trunks are
transformed into soil capable of renewing the forest growth.
With the clearing of the forest, the equillibrium maintained
for centuries between constructive and destructive vegetation is
abruptly terminated. A multitude of species of fungi perish by
starvation, the entrance of light and the withdrawal of moisture.
Other species are able to subsist in diminished numbers and in
more or less impoverished condition upon the trees, shrubs and
vines which have been introduced into the localities formerly
occupied by the forest.

The changes that take place in fungi thus suddenly forced
into a new environment have not been studied; nor have those
that take place in species which have gradually extended their
range into garden, orchard and vineyard from their adjacent
forest home.

The mutual relations that exist between the great race of
terrestrial agarics and the higher vegetation amidst which they
grow, and the possible succession of species following definitely
the changes wrought in soil and vegetation by those that have
preceded “them, are also matters yet to be investigated.

Investigations have led to the conclusion that the spores of
certain species of Coprinus are capable of germination only after
they have passed through the digestive tract of some particular
animal. Whether this is true of other species of the genus, and
whether the spores of species of other genera require some similar
or other preparation before germination has not been fully made
out.* The fact that the sporophores of many species are visited

*See Ferguson, Bulletin 16, Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Dep. Agr., ani literature
there cited.
~

14 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

by larvae, while insects, birds, squirrels and other small animals,
as well as deer and cattle are known to feed upon these plants,
suggests that all of these may play some important part in the
viability and dissemination of the spores.

The points mentioned above are only a few of the many that
require further study. In fact, there is perhaps no department
of biology in which there is more need of earnest, painstaking
research at every turn.

II. COLLECTING AND PRESERVING FUNGI.

On account of their perishable nature the higher fungi of a
locality are often the last group of plants studied. Many species
are so short-lived that they must be sketched or photographed
and described within a few hours after they are collected, since
they lose their shape, color and much of their susbtance in drying.
Yet in a group like the Agaricaceae, containing several thousand
described species, all characterized by an underground mycelium,
a sporophore consisting usually of a stipe expanded at its apex
into a pileus or cap which bears upon its inferior surface radiating
lamellae or gills, it is evident that no character, however subtle
or insignificant can with safety be overlooked. Therefore it is
recommended that in addition to the study of fresh specimens,
some of the plants be dried and others preserved in alcohol or
formalose.

The region at the head of Lake Michigan is by no means an
ideal one for the collector. The conditions for the highest develop-
ment of our plants are an abundance of decaying vegetable mold,
an even temperature, plentiful moisture, more or less shade, and
the absence of strong air-currents. The nearest approach to
these conditions is found in the wooded ravines near the lake
shore from North Evanston to the Lake County line. Next to
this region in fruitfulness may be mentioned the fringes of timber
bordering the Chicago and Desplaines rivers, the prairie groves
of DuPage, Will, and the southwestern portions of Cook counties.
The sand dunes and cold swamps at the south end of the lake,
so rich in the higher flora, contain comparatively few species.
Amanitas are fairly common in the dunes, while a few woody
species grow upon drift-wood or trees that have been buried by
the shifting sands. In the lowlands bordering the swamps may
be found some species of Russula and Lactarius.

The zealous collector may often find plants in the most un-
promising places, such as manure heaps near livery stables or
greenhouses, among rubbish in dumping grounds or alleys, in
weedy areas in waste ground or back yards, in short wherever
there is an abundant local supply of decaying organic food. The
tract of filled ground along the lake shore from Chicago avenue to
Superior street, was for several seasons visited regularly by
Bohemians who collected agaries for table use. Agaricus cam-
pestris and a few other species must be sought in open fields and

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 15

cultivated grounds. Some species can be found in early spring
after a few days of warm sunshine, and successive crops can be
gathered as long as spring showers continue. During the hot dry
weather of summer scarcely any fleshy fungi appear, but a heavy
rain followed by several days of warm cloudy weather will give
an abundant harvest. After the autumn rains set in, collecting
is usually good until’ frost, while a few hardy kinds will endure
in sheltered places under leaves and about the base of stumps,
until the ground is frozen. Some woody species can be collected
at any season of the year, and in fact are more conspicuous in
winter and late autumn after the leaves have fallen from the
trees and undergrowth.

Those who take up the scientific study of the higher fungi are
usually botanists of such experience that it might be assumed
that suggestions for collecting and preserving plants would be
superfluous. It may not, however, be out of place to give briefly
the methods of our local collectors, and also an outline blank for
those who wish to write descriptions of these plants. This outline
is essentially that of the Boston Mycological Society.

CouttectinG. The materials for collecting are few and simple.
A market basket, preferably with a cover, a few wide-mouthed
jars or vials for delicate plants, a serviceable pocket knife for
sectioning specimens and digging up those which grow upon the
ground, a stout chisel for removing those which grow upon trees
or stumps, a good quantity of tissue paper for wrapping specimens,
a tablet of small sheets of writing paper for labels and field notes,
a lead pencil and a pocket magnifier constitute the outfit.

Fretp Notes. It is important that field notes be made of
characters that cannot be made out with certainty after the plants
have been brought home, such as the character of the veil, ring,
or volva when these are present, the moisture or dryness of the
fresh pileus and its colors if hygrophanous, the color of the lamellae
both in young and mature specimens, the color of the spores if
found upon the plants themselves or upon adjacent leaves, twigs
or grasses; also the special habitat, whether in moist or dry
places, and the name of the host upon which it was found. A
good series of plants, both young and fully matured, should always
be collected if possible, and these, of one species only, should be
compactly piled in the center of a tissue-sheet, and the four
corners of the sheet brought together and fastened by twisting.
The field-notes should be wrapped with the specimens or fastened
to the wrapper. The packages should be packed carefully in the
basket in such a manner that the plants will not be crushed.

Upon reaching home the plants should be taken from the basket
and the various collections assorted for examination, the more
perishable kinds being selected for first attention. If the spores
of a species are unknown, the cap may be cut from an agaric
and placed, lamellae downward, partly upon a microscope slip
and partly upon a slip of white paper if the spores are supposed
to be dark, or on black ‘paper if they are thought to be white.

16 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

If the specimen was mature, an abundant deposit of spores -will
usually be found upon the slip and paper after the lapse of a few
hours. Their color in mass upon the paper should be noted,
and their size, shape and any peculiarities determined by exam-
ination with the microscope. :
Where frequent spore examinations are to be made, it is con-
venient to have a stand fitted with an eye-piece micrometer and
lenses giving a magnification of 400 diameters, this being the
standard in the published figures of these plants. With such an-
outfit, it is only necessary to place a small drop of water on a
cover-glass, drop the cover carefully upon some portion of the
slip where the spores are rather thinly distributed, place the slip
upon the stage and focus. With such an outfit the spores of a
large number of specimens can be examined in a comparatively
short time.. A record of the size and shape of the spores should
be written on the field-label. If the microscope is not fitted with
a micrometer, drawings of the magnified spores should be made.
Spores of Polyporei, Boleti and the Hydnaceae may be ob-
tained by laying the plant, pore-surface downward upon the glass
slip and paper; those of Clavariae and Thelephorae by laying
one or more plants upon the slip and paper and covering with a
tumbler or bell-glass to exclude air-currents. When, after trial,
it is found impossible to obtain a deposit of spores, a section of
the pore-bearing surface can be examined under the microscope.
Measurements obtained in this way should be recorded as tentative
only, for the reason that the spores thus seen are of various stages
of growth, and it is difficult to determine the average size or even
the typical shape and markings of those which are fully matured.

DRYING AND PRESERVING. Woody plants and the small
agarics can usually be dried by placing them in a dry, sunny
window. The fleshy agarics, however, must be dried by artificial
heat and as quickly as possible... In the summer time, the kitchen
range is usually the best place. If this is not available, the plants
may be placed upon ordinary botanical wire presses or any con-
venient screen of wire netting and suspended over a gas burner or
kerosene lamp, keeping the specimens as near the flame as can be
done without scorching. After the plants are thoroughly dry
they may be kept in open boxes in any convenient dry place,
preferably one exposed to sunshine, until the end of the collecting
season.

Freshly gathered plants may be preserved in jars or bottles
with a 2% aqueous solution of formaldehyde, or in methyl
spirit. If the former liquid is used the jars must be well sealed.
If after a time a cloudy deposit is seen at the bottom of the
jar, the formalin has‘evaporated to such an extent that it is no
longer preservative. In such cases the jars must be opened, the
liquid poured off and a fresh supply added. The temperature of
the room should not fall below zero C. If the plants are kept in
spirit this precaution is not necessary.

It may as well be confessed that no satisfactory method of

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 17

-preserving the shape, color and consistency of these plants has
yet been devised. Until some good process is invented we must
have recourse to photographs, drawings and descriptions.

PoIsONING. Fungi in the herbarium are very liable to the
attacks of insect pests. Before storing a collection of dried
plants it is well to fumigate the specimens in a tight box (a tin
wash-boiler is convenient for the purpose) in which a saucer of
carbon disulphide has been placed. The process should be re-
peated after a few weeks to destroy any eggs that escaped the
first fumigation. Naphthaline kept in the boxes with the plants
will keep out insects but will not stop the ravages of those that
may already be in the plants.

STORING IN THE HERBARIUM. For methods of sectioning,
pressing and mounting fleshy fungi upon herbarium sheets,
reference may be had to the manuals. To us all these methods
have seemed unsatisfactory, and our collectors keep all of their
plants just as they were dried, in convenient sized cardboard,
wood or tin boxes. Methods of labeling and arrangement of
species, genera, ete., in the herbarium do not differ from those
used in herbaria of the higher plants, and call for no special men-
tion here,

DESCRIPTION BLANK:
Pileus. Shape—flat, convex, concave, umbonate, umbilicate.

Dry, moist, hygrophanous, dull, shining, viscid; tough,
fragile, fleshy, membranaceous; smooth, floccose, scaly,
silky, fibrillose; even, rough, wrinkled, furrowed, ete.

Margin entire, wavy, striate, pectinate, tuberculate, involute,
evolute, pubescent, smooth, floccose, strigose, appendic-
ulate, ete.

Color and markings; change of color when cut or bruised.
Odor, taste.

Lamellae or Tubes. Shape; attachment, free, adnexed, adnate,
sinuate, decurrent.

Distant or crowded, entire, branched, forked, connected by
veins.

Surface—smooth, powdery, marked in*any way.
Color
Texture—thick, thin, tough, brittle, ete.

young and old.

Margin—entire, wavy, scalloped, toothed, fringed.
If tubes; color of body and mouth, length, size, whether
mouth entire, toothed or lacerate.

Flesh. - Soft, watery, corky, coriaceous, woody, etc.
Color—in general; just beneath the skin; of context.
Juice—taste, color, whether changeable on exposure.

18 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Stem. Texture—tough, flexuous, fragile, fleshy.

Shape—tapering either way, straight, curved, crooked,
twisted, ete.

Exterior—cartilaginous, fibrous or not, ete.

Color and markings—striate, dotted, pruinose, fibrillose,
floecose or smooth, ete.

Interior—hollow, solid, stuffed, fistulose, ete.

Base—shape, markings, inserted or radicating, ete.

Mycelium. Thread-like, cottony, compact, root-like, sclerotoid;
color.

Veil. Present or absent, arachnoid or woven; fragile, persis-
tent, evanescent, etc.

Ring. Present or absent, position, character, permanent or
fugacious.

Volva. Present or absent, persistent or disappearing, splitting
at the apex or circumscissile, granular or floccose.

Spores. Color in mass.
Habitat. If on trees, shrubs, branches, twigs, logs, stumps—
kind: dead or living.
If on the ground—wet, dry,’soil, woods, fields, pastures, ete. ;
under or near what trees.
Manner of growth. Solitary, in clusters, troops, caespitose or
concrescent.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 19

DESCRIPTION OF GENERA AND SPECIES
HYMENOMYCETES.

Key to CuicaGo FAMILIES AND GENERA.

Hymenium not an even surface, but

on radiating lamellae, these

usually inferior in position..Fam.I. AGARICACEAE
lining the interior of tubes or
[CYOLRSISE ghee aceas e Fam. Il. PoLtyroracear

covering needle-shaped — or
other] fleshy protuberances. . Fam. III]. HypNacrar

Hymenium even, and

Or

~J

inferior, plant tough......... Fam. 1V. THELEPHORACEAE
on all sides of the upper parts
of erect fleshy clubs or dense

branches, plant tender.....Fam.V. CLAVARIACEAE
on the outer surface of a ge-
WaIMOUS MASS.cc) oe. oe. Fam. VI. TREMELLACEAE
Fam. I. AGARICACEAE.
Spores white or whitish (in a few cases ney tinted)... 1
Spores rosy, rusty pink, or salmon color.. ena
Spores ochraceous or subfe TRUS UMOUS es acl. sich rs kee ee 19
Spores black, dark brown, or purplish-brown............25
Pileus more or less fleshy, putrescent. Sa. 2
Pileus fleshy-tough, or even corky, not putresc ent, reviving
WU), TORO NTSC WN eae ae See ane oe Ere ene A 1]
Stem fleshy, separating easily from the pileus...... 3

Stem fleshy or fibrous-elastic, confluent with
and of the same structure as the pileus............... 4

Stem cartilaginous, confluent with the pileus,
lEOL avcitterent structure. (2.2... 00. oka eae

With volva and annulus..................Amanita.

With volva, annulus wanting..............Amanitopsis.
Without volva, annulus present... ... . .... Lepiota.
Without volva or annulus................ Vane ihe to ee
Without volva, with annulus, lamellae at-

HACMeCAtOnthe SLEM. 2... cc ce ee ae ed \rmillaria.
Mamoelige:smuate...07. oo... ees Tricholoma.
Lamellae decurrent..................0.00- Sir tas, Se
Hdge of lamellae acute................... Clitoeybe.
Lamellae often branched, edge obtuse. .... Cantharellus.
Lamellae adnate, margin of pileus at first

INQUILES 20 ee Collybia.
Lamellae sinuate, margin of pileus at first

Simonet wes oh. ho aes ve eMyeene,

Lamellae decurrent, pileus usually umbilicate.Omphalia.

10
ll

19

20

THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Trama vesciculose, substance of pileus rigid-

EMP ch os. ways dah lees GaSe > oe ooo 9

Lamellae with a milky juice............... Lactarius.
Lamellae juiceless, plant rigid and brittle. . . Russula.
Lamellae waxy when mature.............. Hygrophorus.
Stem lateral or WATLING. . nc 04 cursos se Pleurotus.
Stem central; plants tough, fleshy or leatheryMarasmius.
stem lateral.or wanting, !2. 4252) 5:2 -eto tee eee 12
Lamellae serrate or eroded on the edge... -. Lentinus.
Hhamellae entire: <)2222.4.0- 273-2 oo: eee see Panus.
Lamellae anastomosing.....:..-..-=--<..: Lenzites.
Lamellae split longitudinally, the laminae

TEVOIULG eo. os SL ee ee ee eee Schizophyllum.

SPORES Rosy, ETC.
ptem: central... 24.8.:0.00.. ore he ee eee ee 14
Stem lateral, eccentric or none............. Claudopus.
Stem fleshy, separating easily from the pileus............ 15
Withitay Olvaes2-o8ck 55 one eet en ee Volvaria.
Wathoutea volvacs sees 26 eee oe eee Pluteus.
Stem fleshy or fleshy-fibrous, confluent with

HE Piuleus. apes Pes. Ses Slee ee es eee 17
Lamellae adnate or sinuate................ Entoloma.
iGumellac decurrent: 0. Gr no oe ei, oe Clitopilus.

Stem cartilaginous:
Lamellae slightly attached...........:Leptonia.
Lamellae decurrent.................:: Eccilia.
SPORES OCHRACEOUS, ETC.
phem central 0720)... ce hoe Pee ee ee 20
Diem lateral Ormone.....5-0n ais ed tela ee Crepidotus.
Stem fleshy, plant with an arachnoid univer-

Salevells ets dich ices ae eee an oe Cortinarius.
Stem fleshy, without an arachnoid veil.................. 21
stem cartilaginous: <2. 2... 2).2s65-.74.6 0c) 24
Lamellae anastomosing................... Paxillus.

Lame‘lae not anastomosing..:............+2.. 9) =a 22
Withsan annulus. 2. 2-0 6s = <2 Pholiota.
Without:an-“annulus:2..<-./.. 2. ne 2 23
Lamellae subsinuate, surface of pileus silky

or fibrilloser acs. east be oe ee Inocybe.
Lamellae subsinuate, surface of pileus glab-

TOUS, “WASGId me. Brea h tc) os oe ae eee ae Hebeloma.
Lamellae adnate or decurrent.............. Flammula.
Pileus fleshy, margin inflexed.......:...... Naucoria.

Pileus slightly fleshy, viscid, margin straight.. Pluteolus.
Pileus membranaceous, striate, margin
SUPAIGN. o.oo. ea i oe ee eee Galera. -
SPORES BLACK, ETC.

Spores with a brownish or purplish tint................. 26
Spores black or nearly so.’ :)..:... 20 Se 29

30
dl

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 2]

Vidar sae 040) 0k 27
Without an annulus... .. ER Sse 8%, . 28
Lamellae free. . ie tee > Agaricus,
Lamellae adnate........ ....Stropharia.
Lamellae sinuate, cortina often fringing the

margin of the pileus, stem fleshy..... .. Hypholoma.
Lamellae adnate, stem cartilaginous........ 1 Reo
Margin of pileus incurved when young. .. .. . . Psiloeybe.
Margin of pileus always straight........ .. Psathyra.
Lamellae deliquescent....................Coprinus.
Lamellae not deliquescent.. AlN Nl nes Lat ae aad 3
Pileus pen margin not striate, ring want-

latte Bae .......Panaeolus.
Pileus as in . Panaeolus, 1 ring , prese nt. ...Anellaria.
Pileus membranaceous or pa tly fle shy,

striate or sulcate........ ~ifiien 25 42 bSathyrelia:
Pileus fleshy, lamellae decurre nt, subgelatin-

GUS ool de es nee sue st ue.» -Gomphidius.

Fam: IJ. PoOLyYPORACEAE.

Plant fleshy, putrescent, stem central or nearly

3). eos 2 a Cage ee ea 2
Plant coriaceous, horny or woody (fleshy in

some species of Polyporus but becoming dry) 3
Tubes long, easily separable from the pileus

amavirommeach other: ...:........-.65--- Boletus.
Tubes less easily separable, pre and stem

squarrose-squamose..... .......strobilomy ces.
Tubes with mouths distinct from each other;

stem lateral. One. ze .Fistulina.
Tubes in radiating 1 rows, not ¢: sasily se ~pi rable,

stem often eccentric. ae rat ae boletinus:

Tubes in a distinct layer , preforme d, not se p-

arable, not stratose; fleshy or tough but not

woody; stipitate or sessile...............Polyporus.
Tubes as in Polyporus but usually stratose:;

pileus woody from the first, usually sessile. . Fomes.
Tubes as in Polyporus, not stratose, develop-

ing from the center outward toward the

margin of the cap; coriaceous or mem-

branaceous. . eon. ...Polystictus.
Tubes as in Poly porus | or Poly stictus; plant

resupinate, effused, with no true pileus; |

waxy, coriaceous or membranaceous.. .. . . Poria.
Tubes extending to unequal depths into the

substance of the pileus, not forming a dis-

tinct stratum; sub-cylindrical, corky, not

stratose, sessile or resupinate........... Trametes.
Tubes as in Trametes, but sinuous to laby-

rinthiform; corky, not stratose, sessile... . Daedalea.

22

THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Tubes replaced wholly or in part by con-

centric lamellae; these becoming lacerate

DRAPOLWDOLOIG: 0. ine ch. Seeipee nok anna Cyclomyces.
Tubes reduced to shallow, alveolar, more or

less radially arranged shallow pores; pileus

fleshy-tough, subsessile or short-stemmed. . Favolus.
Tubes in the form of shallow pores formed by

reticulating folds of the hymenium; re-

supinate, effused, waxy or gelatinous..... Merulius.
Tubules distinct, at first as papillae arising

from a mycelial mat, then elongate and

UD UIAE «5 Seis, diem oe ae ee ese eee Porothelium.
Tubes cylindric, distinct from each other,

membranaceous, crowded, closed at first. .Solenia.

Fam. II]. HyDNACEAE.

Fleshy or corky, pileate or resupinate; teeth

distinct, awl-shaped or needle-shaped,

DCMU ae er. Vane ee a ne ee Hydnum.
Leathery or woody; teeth concrete with the

pileus, regularly arranged but not uniform

NOMS 12) 0: Renee FCPS aA PRE aD REER EP, irpex:
Resupinate; with irregular, subcylindrical,

OptusestUbercles met. eser ance ste oe ee Radulum.
Resupinate; fleshy, hymenium corrugated in

Crests: LOldS OferiU CCS eer. ee hema Phlebia.
Resupinate; subiculum of woven fibers bear-

ing-crested warts or granules............ Odontia.

Fam. IV. THELEPHORACEAE.

Pileus fleshy or membranaceous, often in-

fundibuliform; hymenium ribbed, or some-

piumes TUcUlOSer es eer are. sas oe eee Craterellus.
Plants leathery, pileate or resupinate; hy-

menium even or slightly ribbed, not cracked

MET CAI. ea eee ie Acs ye a-cs boc oe ee Thelephora.
Plants leathery or woody, pileate, effused-

reflexed or resupinate; hymenium even,

smooth, underlaid by an intermediate fib-

TOUS SOP AGUMG perc ucts teen he Onset care gee Stereum.
Like Stereum, but hymenium velvety from
smooth, colored bristles.....4.../......5.. Hymenochaete.

Pileus resupinate, or with the margin reflexed;

hymenium waxy, with no intermediate

layer, often cracked when dry....... -....Corticium.
Plants resupinate, leathery or somewhat

fleshy; hymenium velvety with exserted,

hyaline, cellular processes............... Peniophora.
Plants resupinate, membranaceous; hymen-

ium fleshy, pulverulent with colored spores.Coniophora.
Plants floccose-collapsing or like a mould and

resupinate; basidia on long lax hyphae... . Hypochnus.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY

bo
ve

Fam. V. CLAVARIACEAE.
Plants fleshy, branched or simple; branches

typically terete, not splitting............ Clavaria.
Plants cartilaginous-gelatinous, horny when
dry, simple or branched... ....../........ Calocera.

Fam. VI. TREMELLACEAE.
Plants spathulate or club-shaped, cartilagin-

OMS SSCMAUIMOUS ae eee ae op teudeg vines ep Guepinia.
Plants cupular, truncate or effused, often
[DENSON aie Ce men kn a Exidia.
Plants pulvinate or effused-cerebriform or
iTANESCTAN ey HILO 1a 001 eae a ee a at Tremella.
AMANITA.

Plants with a volva and annulus; hymenophore distinct from
the fleshy stem; lamellae free, adnexed, with a decurrent tooth,
or slightly striate-decurrent. All growing on the ground. Spores
white.

Kkey To Cuicaco SPECIEs.
Plant not changing color where wounded.................... |
Plant changing color where wounded.....................-. 6
1. Volva splitting irregularly, border free. .A. phalloides.
2. Volva circumscissile, breaking up into

Beales OE TINTS cy <4 3. a SA aos nie he ea aoe eee a
3. Spores ellipsoidal, pileus 5 to 10 em.
| SUROEN | okey hee Goa hs nea rhe Aa Pn ten 1. muscaria.
Spores globose, pileus 2.5 to 5 em. broad.A. Frostiana.
4. Volva circumscissile, border nearly entire............. 5
5. Base of stem not bulbous..............2 1. pantherina.
Base of stem abruptly bulbous. ......... 1. abrupta.

6. Volva wholly friable, often disappearing..A. rubescens.
Amanita phalloides Fr.

Pileus fleshy, ovate-campanulate then expanded, obtuse,
covered with a pellicle which is viscid in wet weather, naked or
with a few fragments of the volva upon its surface, margin even.

Lamellae free, ventricose, white.

Stem bulbous, stuffed then somewhat hollow, smooth, white
or pallid; ring superior, reflexed, white; volva splitting irregularly
at the apex, the border lax. Spores globose, 7 to 9 p.

Pileus 7.5 to 10 em. broad, color white, grayish, olive or umber;
- stem 7.5 to 12.5 em. high,.1 cm. or more thick.

Solitary. In woods throughout our district. Frequent from
July to September. Very poisonous. Several cases of fatal
poisoning have occurred near Chicago through mistaking it for
some edible species. Popularly known as the “ Deadly Amanita.”’
(For a good account of the nature and treatment of Amanita
poisoning, see Carter, in McIlvane, Am. Fung. Ed. 2, p. 621.
For excellent figures of this and related species, see Atkinson,
Studies of American Fungi, p. 52.

24 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Late in the season a form occurs with the pileus whitish, be-
coming fuliginous toward the center of the disk. The variety
with the pileus wholly white and volva closely sheathing the base
of the stem (A. verna Bul!.) also occurs.

Amanita muscaria L.

Pileus at first red, then orange-tawny or yellowish, becoming
pale when old, globose then convex, at length expanded, sprinkled
with thick, angular fragments of the volva, margin slightly striate;
flesh white.

Lamellae reaching the stem and decurrent in lines upon it,
crowded, broader in front, white.

Stem shining white, firm, torn into scales, stuffed then hollow,
bulbous at the base which is marginate with concentric scales or
interrupted rings formed by the splitting volva. Ring soft,
torn, inserted at the apex of the stem. Spores broadly elliptical,
7.5 to 10 p. long.

Pileus up to 10 cm. broad; stem 8 to 15 em. high, 1 to 1.5 em.
thick.

Woods, throughout. Often with A. phalloides, and like it
very poisonous. Popularly known as the “ Fly Agaric” from the
fact that it will kill flies that feed upon it, a property which we
have verified by experiment.

Amanita Frostiana Pk.

Pileus convex or expanded, bright orange or yellow, warty,
sometimes nearly or quite smooth, striate on the margin.

Lamellae free, white or slightly tinged with yellow.

Stem white or yellow, stuffed, bearing a slight, sometimes
evanescent annulus, bulbous at the base, the bulb. slightly mar-
gined by the volva. Spores globose, 7.5 to 10 p.

Pileus 2.5 to 5 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long, about + mm.
thick.

In woods, Winfield, Lisle_and Glencoe. July. Not easily
distinguished from small forms of A. muscaria. Separated from
the latter species by Prof. Peck, on account of the globose spores
and smaller size. =

Amanita pantherina DC.

Pileus commonly olivaceous-umber when young, fleshy, con-
vex then flattened or somewhat depressed, with a viscous pellicle
which is at first thick and olivaceous-fuscous then thinned out,
almost disappearing and livid, the disk only becoming fuscous,
margin striate, the fragments of the volva divided into small,
equal, white, regularly arranged, moderately persistent warts;
flesh white.

Lamellae free, reaching the stem, broader in front, shining
white. Ring more or less distant, adhering obliquely, white,
rarely superior.

Stem at first stuffed then hollow with spider-web fibrils within,

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY PAS

equal or attenuated upwards, slightly firm, greaved at the base by
the separable volva which has an entire or obtuse margin,

Pileus 10 em. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 em. high, 1 to 1.5 em
thick.

Ground in woods, Glen Ellyn. August. Spores in our plant
broadly elliptical, 8 to 9 x 5 to 6 pn.

Amanita abrupta Pk.

Pileus thin, broadly convex or nearly plane, covered with
small angular or pyramidal, erect, somewhat evanescent warts,
white, slightly striate on the margin; flesh white.

Lamellae moderately close, reaching the stem and sometimes
terminating in slightly decurrent lines upon it, white.

Stem slender, glabrous, solid, bulbous, white, the bulb abrupt,
subglobose, often coated below by the white persistent mycelium;
the ring membranous, ‘persistent. Spores broadly elliptical o1
subglobose, 8 to 10 x 6 to 8 p.

Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 6 to 10 em. long, 6 to 8 mm.
thick.

Woods, Winfield. August. The small, pyramidal warts are
more numerous toward the center of the pileus. The volva wholly
disappears. The globose bulb in our specimens is 2.5 em. or more
in diameter.

Amanita rubescens ['r.

Pileus warty, even, but slightly striate on the margin, more or
less tinged with dingy-red or brownish-red.

- Lamellae white or whitish, narrowed behind.

Stem equal or slightly tapering upwards, squamulose, stuffed
or hollow, thickened or bulbous at the base, slightly striate at
the top, annulate, whitish or pallid; flesh becoming reddish when
wounded.

Spores elliptical, 7.5 to 9 x 5 to 6 w. Pileus 7.5 to 10 em.
broad; stem 10 to 15 cm. high, 8 to 12 mm. thick. The volva is
wholly friable, and often disappears from the base of the stem or
bulb.

Woods, throughout, but not common. Gregarious, occasion-
ally somewhat caespitose. Sometimes very large. Plants were
found in woods at Glen Ellyn and Winfield, in 1902, with the
pileus measuring 17 cm. or more in width, and with the stem 3
em. thick. One specimen had the lamellae abortive and stem
torn into large scales. Another consisted only of a somewhat
flattened, obconic stem, 15 cm. long, 20 cm. in circumference,
the pileus reduced to a mere border and gills wholly wanting.

AMANITOPSIS.

Plants with a volva but no annulus; hymenophore distinct
from the fleshy stem; lamellae free or adnexed. All growing on
the ground. Spores white.

26 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Key TO SPECIES.

Margin of pileus even, lamellae adnate..... .+ 4. adnata.
Margin of pileus deeply sulcate, lamellae free. . A. vaginata.

Amanitopsis adnata Smith.

Pileus pale buff-yellow, fleshy, very firm, almost rigid, some-
what moist, convex then expanded, buff beneath the cuticle,
margin extending beyond the lamellae.

Lamellae adnate, crowded, white.

Stem stuffed then hollow, pale buff, fibrillose; volva lax, adnate
or almost obsolete, white, pubescent, remaining in wooly patches
on the pileus.

Spores 10x 8p. Pileus 6 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 5 to 10 em.
high, 1.5 em. thick.

Wooded sand dunes at the head of Lake Michigan, Millers,
Ind. June.

Amanitopsis vaginata Bull.

Pileus thin, slightly fleshy, campanulate then flattened, obtuse
and even, smooth or with a few fragments of the volva adhering,
margin wholly membranaceous and deeply sulcate-striate.

Lamellae free, ventricose, not much crowded, shining white or
becoming pale.

Stem hollow with spider-web fibrils within, attenuated equally
from the base; volva wholly free, sheathing, lax, fragile. Color
variable, white, livid, mouse-gray or tawny-yellow.

Spores sphaeroid or subsphaeroid, 8 to 10 ». Pileus 5 to 12.5
em. broad; stem 15 to 20 em. high, 5 to 2 em. thick.

In woods, throughout. July to September. Usually solitary.
Edible, but not especially recommended on account of the thin-
ness of the flesh.

LEPIOTA.

Plants with an annulus but no volva; hymenophore distinct
from the fleshy stem; lamellae free, often remote; annulus often
moveable; pileus usually scaly. Growing on the ground. Spores
white (greenish in L. Morgani).

Margin of pileus evenso! oi. Mon. fe ee oe 1
Margin of pileus more or less striate. .:.........-....:.+ see ti
1, Ring movable on the stem............... 02.4.5 +00 eee 2
RING LXER Te ee is sie eye oe capes oe oe 3
2. “amiellae whitish: ).15. 2 a2s.:02 os see L. procera.
2. Lamellae greenish...............:.. L. Morgani.
3. Pileus beset with erect scales............. 2.1.0.0 +
4. Pileus ferruginous-fuscous........... L. Friesu.
4. Pileus whitish or yellowish.......... L. acutesquamosa.
3. Pileus with fibrillose or floccose appressed scales.......... 5)
5. Scales soon disappearing near the
margin S110)» 2 As one ee eee L. cristata.

5. Scales everywhere persistent.........L. rubrotincta.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 27

3. Pileus with furfuraceous or granular seales.........__. 6
Gwerileus white, dry.........2..:0«c0 L. naucina.
G: ileus white, viscid..........-....... L. illinita,
6. ileus reddish-brown...............L. granulosa.
7. Pileus pallid or brown, scales brown-
FSD 3 os i a en L. metulaespora
7. Pileus white, scales reddish-brown... .L. americana.

7. Pileus white, scales white, floecose. . .L. caepestipes.
Lepiota procera Scop.—(Plate I.)

Pileus at first ovate, then broadly convex or expanded, st rongly
umbonate, scaly or spotted from the breaking up of the cuticle,
whitish, alutaceous or brownish, the deflexed margin generally
silky-fibrillose; flesh soft, white.

Lamellae close, free or remote, whitish, sometimes tinged with
yellow or pink.

Stem tall, cylindrical or slightly tapering upwards, bulbous,
hollow, squamose or furfuraceous, colored like the pileus, some-
times spotted; annulus thick, firm, movable, white.

Spores large, ellipsoid, 14 to 17.5 x 9 to 11 p. Pileus 7 to
15 cm. broad; stem 12 to 25 em. long, 8 to 12 mm. thick.

Open woods throughout our district. Infrequent and scat-
tered. A plant collected by Mr. C. S. Raddin in Niles woods,
1898, was 2.5 dm. high, with pileus 13 cm. in diameter.

Lepiota Morgani Pk.

Pileus fleshy, soft, at first subglobose then expanded or even,
depressed, white, the brownish or alutaceous cuticle breaking up
into scales except upon the disk.

Lamellae close, lanceolate, remote, white then green.

Stem firm, equal or tapering upwards, subbulbous, smooth,
webby-stuffed, whitish tinged with brown; annulus rather large,
movable; flesh of both pileus and stem white, changing to reddish
then yellowish when cut or bruised.

Spores ovate or subellipsoid, mostly uninucleate, 10 to 12 x 7.5
to8 mw. Pileus 12 to 22 cm. broad; stem 15 to 20 em. high, 12 to
25 mm. thick.

Open grassy places and in gardens; usually infrequent but
occasionally locally abundant. In October, 1898, several hundred
plants were found in a pasture a mile west of Wheaton. The
ground was low, formerly a pond, but reclaimed by draining two
years previously. The usual diameter of these plants was from
10 to 15 cm. In a number of instances they grew in crescentic
lines or incomplete rings. Very large specimens with pilei mea-
suring 22 to 28 x 30 to 35 cm. in diameter have been found in
shaded places in gardens in Wheaton. The pileus in these is
usually elliptic in outline. iat

Although eaten with safety by some persons, this species is
poisonous to others, causing vomiting and purging. On this ac-
count, and for the reason that it is not particularly appetizing, it
is well to avoid it altogether as an article of diet. (For an account

28 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

of the poisonous properties of the species, see Asa Gray Butletin,
1900, p. 87.)

Lepiota Friesii Lasch.—(Plate II, Fig. 1.)

Pileus ferruginous-fuscous, fleshy, torn into appressed, to-
mentose scales.

Lamellae somewhat remote, linear, very crowded, branched.

Stem hollow with a webby- pith, somewhat bulbous, scaly ;
annulus superior, pendulous.

Pileus 2.5 to 10 em. broad; stem 5 to 12 em. high, 4 to 10 mm.
thick.

Woods, Glencoe. Also grassy places in parks. Spores oblong,
blunt at both ends, 6to7x3to4duz.

Lepiota acutesquamosa Weinm.

Piléus fleshy, obtuse, at first hairy-floccose, then echinate with
erect acute squarrose scales, white or yellowish.

Lamellae approximate, lanceolate, simple. ;

Stem somewhat stuffed, stout, bulbous, pruinose above the
moderate sized annulus.

Spores oblong, 7.5x3to4p. Pileus 2.5 to 10 em. broad; stem
5 to 12 em. high, 4 to 10 mm. thick.

Ground in thickets, River Forest. July. Plants about 3.5
em. broad; stems 6.5 cm. long. The erect scales are blackish; the
stem scarcely bulbous.

Lepiota cristata A. & S.

Pileus slightly fleshy, campanulate, obtuse, cuticle at first
contiguous, then seceding in subgranulose scales.

Lamellae free, at length remote, white.

Stem slender, equal, hollow, silky-fibrillose; the annulus se-
ceding.

The surface of the pileus at first is even, reddish or reddish-
brown, then white adorned with reddish or reddish-brown scales
formed by the breaking up of the cutiele, the disk colored like the
scales.

Spores oblong or narrowly subellipsoid, 5 to 7 x 3 to 4 pn.
Pileus 1.5 to 4 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 cm. high, 2 to 4 mm. thick.

Ground under trees in woods, usually among dead leaves.
July to September. Odor offensive. The conspicuous white
mycelium often extends a distance of 5 to 8 em. from the base
of the stem, but is not compacted about the base of the plant.

Lepiota rubrotincta Pk.

Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes slightly and
broadly umbonate, at first even with a reddish or pinkish surface,
a little darker and sometimes slightly rough on the disk, then
adorned with appressed scales formed by the breaking up of the
cuticle.

Lamellae close, free, white or whitish.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 29

Stem hollow, equal or slightly thickened at the base, smooth
or slightly silky ‘fibrillose below the annulus, whitish: the annulu
well developed, membranous, white or pinkish, persistent.

Spores subellipsoid, uninucleate, 9tollx5to6y. Pileu
2.5 to 6 cm. broad; stem 4 to 9 em. long, 4 to 6 mm. thick.

Woods near Chicago. Harper.
Lepiota illinita Fr

Pileus slightly fleshy, ovate then campanulate or expanded
subumbonate, viscid, smooth, white.

Lamellae close, free, shining white.

Stem equal or slightly tapering upward, stuffed then hollow
viscid, white.

Spores ellipsoid, 5x 4. Pileus 2.5 to 6 em. broad; stem 5 to
7.5 cm. long.

Under trees in woods. When young, the whole plant is pure
white. Sometimes the disk becomes pallid or fuscous with age
Lepiota naucina Fr

Pileus globose then expanded and almost plane, somewhat
umbonate and smooth in the center, white; cuticle thin, glabrous
or breaking up into evanescent granules; flesh thick, soft.

Lamellae approximate, free, white.

Stem somewhat hollow, enlarged at the base; ring superior,
thin, delicate, persistent.

Spores subglobose, 6 to 7 u. in diameter (Massee); obovate,
white, with an “oily, straw-colored nucleus, 8 to9 x 6. (Bres.)

Plant sometimes a delicate tan, the gills assuming a dirty
pinkish hue. Edible. Taste mild and pleasant.

Lawns, grassy places in streets, roadsides and waste grounds.
June to September. Often lo sally abundant in the parks after
rains. Pileus 4 to 9 em. broad, stem 5 to 10 em. high, 6 to 10
mm. in diameter. The pileus has the texture and color of slightly
soiled white kid-leather. Professor Peck in Rep. N. Y. Mus.
35: 160, describes the American counterpart of this species as
Lepiota naucinoides, and in Rep. 54: 162, he states that ‘‘ by dis-
regarding the spore characters our plant has sometimes been re-
ferred to LZ. naucinus and sometimes to Agaricus cretaceus Fr.”
The spores of L. naucinoides are described as “subelliptical, uni-
nucleate, 7.5 to 10 x 5 to 7.5 w.”’ ‘Those of our plants vary from
elliptical (7 to 8 x 4 to 5 pw.) to subglobose (5 to 7 w.). It does not
appear therefore that a distinction based upon the shape of the
spores is applicable to them. There is an excellent figure of the
species in Bres. Funghi Mang. e Vel., Tav. XV. See also Morgan,
Journ. Myc. 13: 10, where the plant is given as L. naucinoides.

Lepiota granulosa Batsch.

Pileus ferruginous or reddish-brown, convex then flattened,
obtusely umbonate, furfuraceous, granular; flesh white or tinged
with red.

Lamellae close, rounded behind, slightly adnexed, white.

’

’

30 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Stem somewhat equal, stuffed or hollow, white above the an-
nulus, adorned like the pileus below it; annulus slight, evanescent.

Spores elliptical, 4to5x3to4p. Pileus 2.5 to 6 cm. broad;
stem 2.5 to 6 em. long, 2 to 6 mm. thick.

Woods, frequent. August, September. The stem in our speci-
mens is often grayish-flesh-color, contrasting sharply with the
white, slightly adnexed lamellae.

Lepiota metulaespora B. & Br. .

Pileus thin, campanulate or convex, subumbonate, at first
with a uniform pallid or brownish surface, which soon breaks up
into small brownish scales, the margin more or less striate, often
appendiculate with fragments of the veil.

Lamellae pure white, close, free.

Stem slender, equal or slightly tapering upward, hollow,
adorned with soft floecose scales or filaments, pallid; annulus
slight, evanescent.

Pileus 1.5 to 4 cm. broad; stem 5 to 9 em. high,’2 to 4 mm.
thick.

Ground in woods, Glen Ellyn. August, September. Spores
fusiform, often pointed at one or both ends, 10 to 12 x 4 wp.

Lepiota americana Pk.

Pileus rather fleshy, at first ovate then convex or expanded,
umbonate, more or less striate on the margin, the cuticle breaking
up, except on the umbo, into reddish or reddish-brown appressed
scales, white; flesh white.

Lamellae rather broad, close, free, white, narrower toward the
stem and there sometimes anastomosing.

Stem tapering upward, enlarged at or a little above the base,
hollow, white; annulus rather large, but thin and flabby, some-
times separating from its attachment to the stem, occasionally
evanescent.

Spores subelliptical, uninucleate, 7.5 to 10x 5to7.5 w. Pileus
4 to 10 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 12 cm. high, 4 to 10 mm. thick.

In grassy places near, Chicago. Sometimes cespitose.
Harper.

Lepiota caepestipes Sow.

Pileus campanulate or convex, even, save the margin which is
usually striate or suleate, pure white or very slightly brownish
only at the disk, covered with large, loose, floecose white scales
which are easily rubbed off.

Lamellae free, pure white, rather broad; flesh thin, white.

Stem thickened at the base, tapering upwards, slightly en-
larged at the insertion in the pileus, white-farinose but with a
slight yellowish tint when the mealiness is rubbed off.

_ Spores subelliptical,6 x 8p. Often cespitose. Pileus 2.5 to
5 cm. broad; stem 5 to 10 em. high, 4 to 6 mm. thick.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 31

Lawns near Chicago, Harper. Lawns, Ravenswood; Septem-

ber. Characterized by its dense white mealiness, bulbous stem
and strong odor. Pepoon.
ARMILLARIA.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem; annulus present, but
sometimes only indicated by the scales which clothe the stem
terminating in the form of a ring; pileus usually smooth (often
somewhat sealy i in our single species A. mellea). All growing on
the ground. Spores white.

Armillaria mellea Vahl.

Pileus fleshy, rather thin except upon the disk, at first hemi-
spherical or subconical, then convex or nearly plane, adorned
with numerous hairy squamules, mostly striate on the margin,
pale yellowish, dingy-yellowish, honey-color or reddish-brown;
flesh whitish, taste unpleasant.

Lamellae subdistant, adnate or decurrent, whitish or pallid,
often with rufescent spots when old.

Stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, stuffed or hollow
when old, sometimes floccose-squamose, externally fibrous, pallid
or brownish.

Spores 7.5 to 10x 5to6 4. Pileus 2.5 to 15 cm. broad; stem
2.5 to 15 em. long, 6 to 20 mm. thick.

Common in autumn, about the base of stumps; sometimes in
large masses. The young plants occasionally have the pileus thickly
beset with erect scales. These disappear with age. The species
is industriously collected for food by Poles and Bohemians about
Chicago. The flavor of the cooked plant is strong and unpleasant
to American mushroom-eaters.

Var. radicata Pk.

Base of stump, Winfield. August, 1898. Specimens with the

spindle-shaped radicating portion of the stem 5 to 9 em. long
TRICHOLOMA.

Hymenophore continuous with the fleshy stem; veil obso
or only consisting of flocci which adhere to the margin of the pileus;
lamellae sinuate behind; pileus often bright colored. All growing
on the ground. Spores white.
ileus viscid when moist. ..............-..0 068: T. Russula.
Pileus not viscid when moist..................- ee

1. Cuticle of the pileus torn into downy or fibrillose scales... 2

Cuticle of the pileus even, smooth.................

]

tf ,
iete

2. Pileus shining-white, stem smooth........ T’. columbe tla.
Pileus cinereous-fuscous, stem fibrillose .... 7’. terreum.
Pileus brown or reddish-brown, stem fibril-

LOSE. 2. S222 see T’.. imbricatum
Pileus ochraceous or tawny, stem tomentose-
MI AMUNO SGM? occ 2, - 36 a) wave eRe eee T. decorosum.
eee Pileus white............ Pe et eee T. album.

ileus violaceous or livid.....:.........- T.. personatum

32 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Tricholoma Russula Schaef.

Pileus fleshy, convex, becoming plane or centrally depressed,
viscid, even or dotted with granular squamules on the disk, rosy-
red; flesh white, taste mild.

Lamellae subdecurrent, white.

Stem solid, firm, rosy, apex squamulose.

Pileus 7 to 12 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 cm. long, 12 to 16 mm.
thick. :

Near Warrenville, October. The interior of the stem is wholly
fibrous, the fibers at the apex being diffused into the flesh of the
pileus.

Tricholoma columbetta Fr.

Wholly shining white. Pileus fleshy, firm, convex, obtuse,
flexuous, dry, at first smooth, then silky-fibrillose and becoming
even or squamulose, the margin, which is inflexed when young,
tomentose.

Lamellae somewhat emarginate, almost free, linear, persistent-
ly shining white.

Stem short or long, solid, wholly fleshy and compact, com-
monly unequal.

Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 cm. long, up to 2.5
em. thick.

On the ground among dead leaves. Winfield and Glen Ellyn.
October. Stems occasionally up to 15 cm. long, very irregular.
Spores variable in size, ellipsoid, 6 to 8.x 3 to 5 p.

Tricholoma terreum Schaeff.

Pileus fleshy, thin, soft, convex, campanulate or nearly plane,
obtuse or umbonate, innately fibrillose or floccose-squamose,
cinereous-fuscous, grayish-brown or mouse-color; flesh white or
whitish. :

Lamellae adnexed, subdistant, more or less eroded on the edge,
white becoming cinereous.

Stem equal, varying from solid to stuffed or hollow, fibrillose,
white or whitish.

Spores broadly elliptical, 6 to 7x 4 to 5p. Pileus 2.5 to 7.5
cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, 4 to 8 mm. thick. September
to November. ;

Rotten stump, Naperville, May. Pepoon. :
Tricholoma imbricatum ['r.,

Pileus fleshy, compact, convex or nearly plane, obtuse, dry,
innately squamulose, fibrillose toward the margin, brown or
reddish-brown, the margin thin, at first slightly inflexed and
pubescent then naked; flesh firm, white.

Lamellae slightly emarginate, almost adnate, rather close,
white when young, becoming reddish or spotted.

Stem solid, firm, nearly equal, fibrillose, white and mealy or
pulverulent at the top, elsewhere colored like the pileus.

Spores 6x 4 to 5p. Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 5 to 7.é
em. long, 8 to 16 mm. thick.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 30

Woods, Millers, Ind., October, 1902. A. S. Bertolet. My
Bertolet notes that the farinaceous odor and taste attributed
the species, are not noticeable in the plants collected by him
Tricholoma decorosum Pk.

Pileus firm, hemispherical then convex or nearly plan
adorned with numerous brownish subsquarrose tomentose seale
dull ochraceous or tawny; flesh white.

Lamellae close, rounded and slightly emarginate behind, thi
edge subcrenulate. :

Stem solid, equal or slightly tapering upward, white and
smooth at the top, elsewhere tomentose-squamulose, colored like

the pileus.

Spores broadly elliptical, 5x 4. Pileus 2.5 to 5 em. broad;
stem 5 to 10 cm. long, 4 to 8 mm. thick. Decaying trunks of
trees.

Woods, Glencoe. October, 1902. Harper and Bertolet.
Tricholoma album Schaeft.

Pileus fleshy, tough, convex, becoming plane or depressed,
obtuse, very dry, even, glabrous, white, sometimes yellowish on
the disk, rarely wholly yellowish, the margin at first involute;

flesh white, taste acrid or bitter.

Lamellae emarginate, somewhat crowded, distinct, white

Stem solid, elastic, equal or tapering upwards, externally
fibrous, obsoletely pruinose at the apex, white.

Spores ellipsoid, 5 to 6 w. long.

Pine barrens at the head of Lake Michigan, Calumet Heights,
Ind. August, 1899. Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 5 to 10 cm.
long, 8 to 12 mm. thick. Also collected in woods at Winfield.
Pileus uneven in outline, margin sometimes irregularly waved in
large specimens.

Tricholoma personatum I'r.

Pileus compact, becoming soft, thick, convex or plane, obtuse,
regular, moist, glabrous, variable in color, generally pallid or
cinereous tinged with violet or lilac, the margin at first involute
and villose-pruinose; flesh whitish.

Lamellae broad, crowded, rounded behind, free, violaccous
becoming sordid-whitish or fuscous.

Stem generally thick, subbulbous, solid, fibrillose or villose-
pruinose, whitish or colored like the pileus.

Spores sordid white, subellipsoid, 7.5 to 9 x 4 to 5 #. Pileus
5 to 12.5 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 7.5 em. long, 12 to 25 mm. thick.

On the ground in woods, Glencoe. October. The stem in
our plant can scarcely be called “subbulbous.”” It is enlarged
downward into a broad truncate base. The spores are creamy-
white, 6to 7x3 to4 uz.

Among dead leaves in woods. Glen Ellyn. September.
These plants are unicolorous, varying from a beautiful heliotrope
to whitish-livid.

Prof. Peck suggests (Rep. N. Y. Mus. 54: 165), that this species
is probably identical with his Entoloma graveolens.

34 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

CLITOCYBE.

Universal veil, when present, conspicuous on the pileus like
frost or silky dew, but commonly obsolete; stem with a spongy
stuffing, apt to become hollow, somewhat elastic; margin of the
pileus involute; hymenophore continuous, owing to the apex of
the stem being dilated; lamellae acute at the edges, attenuated
behind, adnate or decurrent.

Growing on the ground, fleshy but comparatively tough.
Spores white.

Plant not hygrophanous. .25.. 2... -.- 9... ee 1
Plant hysrophanouss 2): 224-22 ae Se. 6
1. Puileus disk-shaped, resular. 2-22... 22242) see ee 2
2. Pileus white, shining when dry...... C’. cerussaia.
2. Pileus whitish or pale-tan...........C. piceina.
2. Pileus pale-yellowish with a reddish
TINGE 7 tes ee eee C. socialis.
2. Pileus with a greenish tinge, fragrant.C. odora.
3: Pileus mregularly shaped... :. 2.2... ...: 2.3.2.5. eee 4
4. Pileus whitish, grayish or yellowish-
stay, stem whitish............:..C. multiceps.
4. Whole plant orange-yellow..........C. illudens.
4. Whole plant opaque-whitish.........C. monstrosa.
5. Pileus at length funnel-shaped..........C. infundibuliformis.

6. Whole plant reddish-flesh-color when
WMOISt 2: uated ere ee eee a C. laccata.
6. Whole plant dark-purple when moist.C. amethystina.
6. Pileus pale-alutaceous, lamellae
purple: 2c. ees oe eee C’. ochropurpurea.
Clitocybe cerussata Fr.

Pileus fleshy, convex, then nearly plane, obtuse, even,
minutely floccose then almost glabrous, white.

Lamellaeadnate, then decurrent, very crowded, thin, white..

Stem smooth, tough, elastic, spongy, solid, white.

Among dead leaves in woods, Glen Ellyn, October. Wholly
shining white. Spores sphaeroid, 4 to 5 p.

Clitocybe piceina Peck, Bull. Torr. Cl. 31; 178. (Plate II, Fig. 2)

Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or nearly plane, dry, white or
whitish tinged with gray when young; flesh compact, white,
taste pungent, odor strong, disagreeable.

Lamella2 close, decurrent, or sometimes strongly decurrent in
lines running down the stem, creamy-white.

Stem equal or nearly so, firm, stout, solid, subfibrous, com-
monly striate at the top, with raised longitudinal lines. Spores
globose, 5 to 6 p.

Pileus 6 to 10 cm. broad; stem 5 to 7 em. long, 12 to 18 mm.
thick.

__ In the dried specimens the pileus sometimes assumes a yellow-
ish tint. The species is closely allied to C. cerussata and C.
albissima. From the former it may be separated by its larger.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 35

. globose spores and from the latter by its whitish color being less
clear and persistent. From both it differs in the more strongly
decurrent lamellae, pungent taste and disagreeable odor, .

Under a cultivated spruce tree at Wilmette. September and
October, 1900 to 1904. Described by Prof. Peck, from specimens
collected by Dr. L. H. Watson.

Clitocybe socialis Ir.

Pileus pale yellowish with a reddish tinge, fleshy, convex,
then expanded, acutely umbonate especially when young, even,
smooth, dry; flesh moderately thin, white.

Lamellae plano-decurrent, scarcely crowded, becoming yellow.

Stem solid, fibrous, commonly ascending, smooth, reddish, the
rooting base hairy.

Pileus 2.5 cm. broad; stem 2.5cm. long, 4 mm. or a little more
thick.

Gregarious among dead leaves, wooded hillside, Glen Ellyn,
September. The stems of our plant are frequently 3.5 to 6.5 em.
long. Remarkable for the very acute umbo of the pileus. Spores,
globose, echinulate, 9 to 10 p.

Clitocybe odora Bull.

Pileus greenish, fleshy, convex then flattened, obtuse or ob-
soletely umbonate, regular or repand, even, smooth, margin
pubescent; flesh rather thin, dingy-white.

Lamellae adnate-decurrent, slightly distant, broad, entire,
commonly paler than the pileus.

Stem stuffed, equal or enlarged downward and somewhat
bulbous, at first floecose-fibrillose, soon naked, commonly white-
villous at the base. Tough; with the odor of anise.

Spores ellipsoid-sphacroid,6x 5p. Pileus, 9 em. broad; stem
5 cm. or more long, 6 to 8 mm. thick.

Grassy places in woods; often growing on dead leaves and
twigs. August to October. Spores subglobose, 6 to 7 x 4 to 5 pm.
The beautiful greenish color of the pileus becomes paler as the
plants mature. The characteristic odor persists for several years
in herbarium specimens. The species is edible.

Clitocybe multiceps Pk.

Pileus fleshy, thin except on the disk, firm, convex, slightly
moist in wet weather, whitish, grayish or yellowish-gray; flesh,
white; taste mild.

Lamellae close, adnate or slightly decurrent, whitish.

Stems densely caespitose, equal or slightly thickened at the
base, solid or stuffed, firm, slightly pruinose at the apex, whitish.

Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 cm. broad; stem, 5 to 10 cm. long, 6 to 12 mm.
thick; spores globose, 5 to 7.5 pu.

Bank among dead leaves, open woods and railroad station
grounds, Glen Ellyn, November.

Pileus silky-shining, grayish-cervine when dry; stems de-
formed by mutual pressure.

36 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Clitocybe illudens Schw. (Plate III, Fig. 1.) ;

Pileus fleshy, convex or expanded, smooth, generally with a
small umbo, often irregular, bright golden or saffron yellow.

Lamellae not crowded, unequally decurrent, some of them
branched, narrowed toward each end, concolorous with the pileus.

Stem firm, solid, long, smooth, tapering at the base, colored
like the pileus.

Spores globose,4to 5p. Pileus 10 to 15 em. broad; stem 12
to 20 cm. long, 8 to 16 mm. thick.

At the base of stumps. July to October. Frequent; often
growing in large clumps, conspicuous on account of the bright
color. Said to cause sickness, nausea and vomiting when eaten,
but is not dangerously poisonous. (For an account of the
poisonous properties see Rhodora, 1889, pp. 48 and 186.)

Clitocybe monstrosa Sow.

Pileus fleshy, at first convex and umbonate, at length waved
and lobed, opaque as if whitewashed, margin inflexed.

Lamellae moderately distant, scarcely rounded behind, but not
truly decurrent, white or cream-colored.

Stem compressed, solid, streaked, opaque, white, tomentose-
squamulose above, slightly rooting. Often densely cespitose.

On mushroom beds in a greenhouse, Chicago, April. Speci-
mens were brought to Dr. Watson by a gardener, who found the
plant growing as a “weed” in his greenhouses. They were
identified by Prof. Harper. The spawn used in the beds was im-
ported from England.

Clitocybe infundibuliformis Schaef.

Pileus at first convex and umbonate, becoming infundibuli-
form, dry, flaccid, reddish or pale tan-color, fading with age.

Lamellae decurrent, white.

Stem generally tapering upward from the base, colored like or
paler than the pileus.

Spores somewhat elilptical, white, 5 to 6 ». long. Pileus 5 to
7.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, 6 to 12 mm. thick.

On the ground, also on dead sticks, twigs and leaves in woods.
August to October. Specimens collected at Highland Park after
a heavy rain, had the pileus white, changing to creamy-white as
the moisture disappeared. Pileus undulate in luxuriant plants,
sometimes lobed. The spores are often pip-shaped. ;

Clitocybe laccata Scop.

Pileus thin, fleshy, convex, sometimes expanded, even or
shghtly umbilicate, smooth or minutely tomentose-scaly, hygro-
phanous, when moist dull reddish-yellow or reddish flesh-colored,
sometimes striatulate, when dry pallid or pale dull ochraceous.

Lamellae broad, rather thick and distant, attached, not de-
current, flesh-colored. ;

Stem slender, firm, fibrous, stuffed, equal, concolorous with
the pileus.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY

Spores globose, rough, 7.5 to 10 ». Pileus 12 mm. to 5 em.
broad; stem 2.5 to 15 em. long.

Common in woods throughout our district. Very luxuriant
during the rainy season of 1902. Specimens were often found
measuring up to 8 cm. in diameter. Depauperate plants are
found in moist places; these having the pileus only 4 to 6 mm.
broad. These appear at first sight to be a different species, but
connect with the ordinary form by insensible gradations. The
minute plants are usually densely gregarious.

Clitocybe amethystina Bolt.

Pileus dark-purple, umbilicate, smooth, minutely tomentose,
involute.

Lamellae dark-purple, broad, decurrent.

Stem fibrillose, purple, streaked with white fibrils, equal,
densely covered with white tomentum at the base.

Pileus 2.5 to 3.5 em. broad; stem, 5 to 7.5 em. long.

Ground in woods, Riverside. Harper. Glencoe. Spores not
distinguishable from those of C’. laccata, of which it is considered a
variety, although the distinctive amethystine color appears con-
stant, both in the fresh and dried plants.

Clitocybe ochropurpurea B. & C. (Plate III, Fig. 2).

Pileus subhemispheric, at length depressed, fleshy, compact,
tough, pale alutaceous, slightly turning to purplish, the cuticle
‘easily separable, the margin inflexed, at first tomentose.

Lamellae thick, purple, broader behind, decurrent.

Stem paler than the pileus, here and there purplish, tumid in
the middle.

Pileus 2 cm. broad; stem 6 cm. long, 18 mm. thick in the
middle.

Dry woods, Winfield and Lombard, summer and autumn, 1S9S
and 1902. The species was common. During 1899, 1900 and
1901 no plants were found, although careful search was made at
both stations.

Well grown specimens have a symmetrically-shaped pileus 7
to 10, sometimes as much as 15 em. in diameter. When old, the
margin is occasionally rimose, and the whole surface of the pileus
broken up into large scales. The cap is often covered with the
abundant spores shed from adjacent or overlying plants. Dis-
torted specimens are common; sometimes with a fusiform stem
2.5 to 3.5 em. in diameter in the middle, and t: ape ring toward the
apex and base, and with a pileus not more than 2.5 em. across; at
other times with a tall, cylindrical stem, or with a club-shaped
stem broadening out at the apex into a pileus which is scarcely
more than a border, indistinctly differentiated into gills upon its
under surface; while still others have the stem curiously curved
or twisted.

38 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

COLLYBIA.

Stem fistulose, cartilaginous, stuffed with a pith and coated
with a cartilaginous cuticle, rooting; pileus slightly fleshy, margin
at first involute; lamellae free or only obtusely adnexed behind.'

Epiphytal on wood, leaves, &c., but often rooted in the ground.
Spores white.

Lamellae white, yellowish or grayish..............-.- 1
Lamellae dingy. .or!cinereous:..- 25. .<-2-4--5 >>) ee zh
i. Stem stout, stuffed, grooved or striate... 22.8... .-2 ee 2
1. Stem thin, hollow or stuffed, velvety....-......-..- 22 +
1. Stem hollow, smooth, lamellaenarrow, crowded.......... 5
2. Pileus viscid when moist.............. C. radicata.
2: ~“sPileus “not: Viseld... 0002-2 o< 259 a8- eee ee 5)
Soebileus thbrillose... 208... eee C. platyphylla.
Some ileus; clabrous.«..222- a cNe 7 eee ee C. maculata.
4. Stem umber, becoming black.......... C. velutipes.
Ame spem: red Gish”. ..08 «neat ep kt eee C. confluens.
4. Stem tawny or brownish-tawny........C. zonata.
5.. Stem yellowish or rufescent.............s22-2e- eee
6. Lamellae crenulate, stem tapering up-
WAT ke, avs se eee teers eee esa ee C. butyracea.
6. Lamellae not crenulate, stem even. .C. dryophila.
7. Pileus dark-brown when moist...... .C. alcalinolens.
7. Pileus livid-blackish when moist.......... C. ignobilis.

Collybia radicata Relh.

Pileus fleshy but thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes
somewhat umbonate, glabrous, viscid or even glutinous when
moist, often radiately wrinkled in the center, varying in color from
grayish-brown to dark-brown, sometimes almost white; flesh
white.

Lamellae broad, subdistant, adnexed, shining white.

Stem long, firm, glabrous, stuffed, slightly tapering upward,
at length striate or grooved, colored like or paler than the pileus,
ending i in a long root-like extension which penetrates the earth
deeply.

Spores elliptical with a slight apiculus at one end, 15 to 17 x
10 to 12 p. Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 10 to 20 em. long,
4 to 6 mm. thick.

Solitary, in woods or in lawns where the soil is filled with the
roots of trees. Common from June to frost. Edible. Small
specimens with the pileus pure white, and only 2.5 to 4 em. broad,
are frequently found in shaded places in woods. The pileus in
these, as in the larger plants is glutinous.

Collybia platyphylla Fr.

Pileus fuscous then cinereous, then whitish, fleshy-membrana-
ceous, thin, fragile, soon flattened, obtuse, watery when moist,
streaked with fibrils. |

Lamellae obliquely truncate behind, slightly adnexed, distant,
soft, white. stay

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 39

Stem stuffed, soft, equal, fibrillose-striate, otherwise smooth,
naked or obsoletely pruinose at the apex, whitish, shortly and
bluntly rooted at the base.

Spores 19x13y. Pileus 7 to 10 cm. broad; stem 8 to 10
em. long, 1.5 em. or more thick.

On and about the base of stumps; not rare. The plants are
slightly glutinous when moist. A specimen found in woods at
Lombard, June, 1900, had the pileus 16 em. broad, stem 3 em.
thick, and lamellae 18 mm. broad. The spores are very broadly
elliptical, 7.5 to 10 «., much smaller than the measurements viven
by Worthington G. Smith, from the European plant.

Collybia maculata A. & 38.

Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or nearly plane, even, glabrous,
white or whitish, sometimes variegated with reddish spots or
stains; flesh white.

Lamella2 narrow, crowded, adnexed, sometimes nearly or
quite free, white or whitish.

Stem generally stout, firm, equal or slightly swollen in the
middle, striate, white.

Spores subglobose, 4 to 6 p.; pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem
5 to 10 em. long, 6 to 12 mm. thick.

Moist woods. Millers, Indiana, June. Stem occasionally 15
em. long. Our plants show sordid (not reddish) stains in drying.
In the fresh specimens no stains were noticed.

Collybia velutipes Curt.

Pileus fleshy, rather thin, convex or nearly plane, obtuse,
glabrous, viscid, reddish-yellow or tawny, the thin margin often
wavy and irregular.

Lamellae broad, subdistant, rounded behind, slightly adnexed,
whitish or yellowish.

Stem firm, externally cartilaginous, stuffed or hollow, brown
or tawny-brown, densely velvety-hairy.

Spores narrowly elliptical or oblong-elliptical, 7.5 to 9x 4p.
Pileus 2.5 to 7 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 9 cm. long, 2 to 8 mm.
thick.

On and about decaying trunks and stumps. Often densely
cespitose. A clump collected by Will McDonald, in a lumbet
yard at Wheaton, in November, 1899, contained over a hundred
pilei. The lamellae are pal'id or-cream-color, becoming yellowish
with age. Substance of the stem wholly fibrous, and, with the
flesh of the pileus pure white within.

A specimen found on a stump of Sali; near Wheaton, had a
fusiform radicating prolongation of the stem, extending into the
ground 5 cm. The species is capable of withstanding low tem-
peratures, and is often collected in November and December,
when snow ison the ground. It is edible. —

Collybia confluens Pers.
Pileus thin, tough, flaccid, convex then nearly plane, obtuse,

40 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

elabrous, hygrophanous, reddish, erayish-red or reddish-brown
and often striatulate on the margin when moist, pallid or grayish
when dry.

Lamellac narrow, crowded, free, whitish or yellowish-gray.

Stem cartilaginous, equal, hollow, clothed with a dense some-
what pulverulent pubescence.

Pileus 18 mm. to 4 cm. broad; stem 5 to 12 em. long, 2‘to 4
mm. thick; spores ovate or subelliptic, 5 to 6 x3 to 4 p.

In cespitose clusters among dead leaves in woods. Glen
Ellyn and Glencoe. August and September.

Collybia zonata Pk.

Pileus fleshy, thin, convex or nearly plane, umbilicate, fibril-
lose-tomentose, tawny or ochraceous-tawny, sometimes marked
with faintly darker zones.

Lamellae narrow, close, free, white or whitish, with a white
pulverulent edge.

Stem firm, equal, hollow, fibrillose-tomentose, tawny or
brownish-tawny.

Spores broadly elliptical, 5x4. Plant commonly cespitose;
pileus 12 to 25 mm. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 cm. long, about 2 mm.
thick.

On dead sticks lying on the ground in moist woods, Glencoe.
August. The pileus in our plants is often plainly zonate.

Collybia strictipes Pk.

Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, glabrous, sometimes
slightly rugose on the disk, moist but scarcely hygrophanous,
whitish or pale yellow, paler when dry, often more deeply colored
on the disk.

Lamellae thin, close, adnexed or almost free, white.

Stem equal, straight, hollow, glabrous, slightly mealy or
pruinose at the top, white, often with a dense white myceloid
tomentum at the base.

Spores ovate or subelliptical, pointed or subacuminate at one
end, 6 to 7.5x4p. Pileus 4 to 5 cm. broad; stem, 4 to 6 cm.
long, 4 to 6 mm. thick.

Growing in tufts on dead leaves in woods. August. Glen
Ellyn and Glencoe. Stems very strict, often 7 or 8 em. long.
Collybia acervata Fr.

Pileus convex then flattened and obtuse, fleshy, glabrous,

reddish-brown and slightly striate on the margin when moist,
paler when dry.

Lamellae at first adnexed, soon free, crowded, white.

Stem slender, rigid, fistulose, very smooth except at the base,
reddish-brown.

; Spores ellipsoid, 6x3 to 4. Pileus 5 to 7 em. broad; stem,
5 to 10 cm. high, 2 to 4 mm. thick.

The stems are often united at the base in a tuft of mycelium.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY }]

Among dead leaves in woods. June to August.

Collybia butyracea Bull.

Pileus fleshy, thin, convex then expanded, unbonate, smooth,
reddish-brown, becoming paler with age, moist in wet weather,
flesh dingy or whitish when moist, white when dry.

Lamellae thin, crowded, crenulate, adnexed or almost free,
white.

Stem commonly tapering upward, glabrous, striate, reddish or
reddish-brown, usually with a white tomentum on the thickened
base, white within, stuffed or hollow.

Pileus 3 to 7.5 cm. broad; stem, 3 to 7.5 em. long, 4 to 6 mm.
thick at the top, thicker at the base. Spores 6 to 7.5 x3 to 4 p.

On the ground in pine woods. Millers, Ind., October.

Collybia dryophila Bull.

Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, sometimes with the margin
elevated, irregular, obtuse, glabrous, varying in color, commonly
some shade of bay-red or tan-color; flesh white.

Lamellae narrow, crowded, adnexed or almost free, white or
whitish, rarely yellowish.

Stem equal or sometimes thickened at the base, cartilaginous,
glabrous, hollow, yellowish or rufescent, commonly similar in
color to the pileus.

Spores 6t07.5x3to4 yu. Pileus 2.5 to 5 cm. broad; stem
2.5 to 5 em. long, 2 to 4 mm. thick.

Common in woods, summer and autumn, on dead sticks and
among fallen leaves. Spores elliptic-fusiform, occasionally pip-
shaped, about 7 x 4 m.

Collybia alcalinolens Pk.

Pileus thin, subconical, convex or nearly plane, glabrous or
silky-fibrillose, hygrophanous, dark-brown and sometimes striatu-
late on the margin when moist, grayish-brown or cinereous when
dry, shining; flesh white, odor strong, alkaline.

Lamellae broad, subdistant, deeply emarginate or adnexed
with a slight decurrent tooth, somewhat ventricose, whitish.

Stem shining, glabrous, slightly pruinose at the top, hollow,
whitish.

Spores broadly elliptical, 7.5 to9x4to5yp. Pileus 16 to 36
mm. broad; stem, 2.5 to 5 cm. long, 2 to 6 mm. thick.

Woods, Glen Ellyn. May. Gregarious about decaying
stumps. The plant has a strong odor, resembling that of chlorids
of lime.

Collybia ignobilis Karst.

Pileus slightly fleshy or membranaceous, slightly convex or
plane with the disk slightly depressed, glabrous, livid when moist,
with a grayish reflection and the spreading margin striatulate,
grayish or pallid when dry.

Lamellae close, dingy or pale, emarginate.

42 _ THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES -

Stem equal, hollow, livid or pallid with a grayish or whitish
floccose pruinosity. ; ‘

Spores elliptical, hyaline, 7 to 8 x 4». Pileus 12 to 15 mm.
broad; stem 2.5 to 6 cm. long, 2 to 4 mm. thick.

On the ground among dead leaves in woods, Glen Ellyn.
August. The pileus when moist is livid-blackish, fading to livid-
gray at the margin. The margin is not at all striatulate in our
plants; the spores white (not hyaline), oblong, blunt-pointed,
6 to 7 x 3 u.; the lamellae are rounded behind; the stem is livid
without and within, clothed upwards with a whitish pruinosity
which is easily removed. If additional material shall show these
variations to be constant, the plant may be worthy of separation

as a variety.
MYCENA.

Stem fistulose, cartilaginous; pileus somewhat membranaceous,
more or less striate, the margin at first straight and pressed
parallel to the stem; lamellae not decurrent (or only uncinate by
a small tooth).

Plants terrestrial or epixylous. Spores white.

Plant tough, inodorous, persistent.................5 =.eeeee 1
1. Lamellae united behind in a collar......M. rugosa.
1. Lamellae not united behind............1 M. galericulata.

2. >Plant fragile, pilews striate... ..::...<+ 15.722 eee 3
3... With an alkaline odor: .....< =....-oeae! M. alcalina.
oo, Without Odor... 02.4 1.2220 ee 2 eee M. tenuis.

x. Plant bright colored .........:2...2...22. 0) eee 5)
5. Exuding a red juice when broken.......M. haematopa.
m.. dumceless. . 2... se5 bed aa st eee 6
6. Pileus bright orange-red, stem yellow...M. acicula.
6. Pileus and stem pinkish or violaceous. ..M. pura.

7... Plant viscid... ....... 05... 4.560520... ee 8
8. Pileus grayish-yellow.................M. epipterygia.
8. Plant bright orange...................J M. Leaiana.

9. Plant very small, stem inserted at base... ..J MW. corticola.

Mycena rugosa Fr. ,

Pileus cinereous but becoming pale, very tough, slightly
fleshy at the disk, otherwise membranaceous, campanulate then
expanded, at length rather plane, unequal with elevated wrinkles,
dry, striate at the margin.

Lamellae arcuate-adnate with a decurrent tooth, united be-
hind in a collar, somewhat distant, connected by veins, broad,
ventricose, white then gray. ;

_ Stem commonly short, remarkably cartilaginous, fistulose,
rigid, tough, straight, at length compressed, even, smooth, pallid,
with a short, oblique, strigose root.

On rotten stumps, Glen Ellyn and Winfield, September and
October. The plant so referred is much tougher throughout than
M. galericulata; the pileus is at first conic-campanulate then ex-
panded, darker at the disk, sometimes obtuse, oftener with a

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 43

small, acute umbo. The lamellae although united to each other
behind are adnate to the stem, and not to a separate collar as in
Marasmius rotula. Cespitose, several individuals united by
proliferous stems and a whitish tomentum. I do not find any
spore measurements of this species. In our plant they are sub-
globose, 6 to 7 m..

Mycena galericulata Scop. (Plate IV).

Pileus obtusely conical or campanulate, sometimes umbonate,
long-striate, variable in color, but some shade of brown or ciner-
eous.

Lamellae not crowded, uncinate, decurrent-toothed, abruptly
pointed at the outer extremity, venose-connected, distinct at the
stem, white or flesh-colored.

Stem firm, smooth, hollow, with white filaments at the base.

Pileus 1 to 3.5 cm. in diameter, stem 6 to 12 em. long.

Common on stumps, decayed logs, sticks, ete. Very variable
in size and color. Often densely cespitose. Upon the same log
may be found plants varying from 6 mm. to 6 em. in diameter,
although the latter size is unusual.

Mycena alcalina Ir.

Pileus campanulate, obtuse, margin at length spreading or
sometimes upturned, deeply striate when moist, shining when
dry, color various, pallid or with a tinge of pale yellowish-green,
the disk darker; odor strong and nitrous.

Lamellae adnate, narrowed behind, rather distant, whitish
then glaucous or grayish.

Stem hollow, equal, pale, sometimes yellow, shining, slightly
viscid, the base downy.

Pileus 1.5 to 9 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 em. long, 2 mm. thick
Solitary or densely cespitose.

On dead stump, River Forest. June. Pileus whitish-fuligi-
nous, the-disk darker or blackish; odor strongly alkaline; spores
ellipsoid, 9 x 7 p.

Mycena tenuis Bolt.

Pure white. Pileus very brittle, membranaceous, campanu-
late then convex, obtuse, striate more than half way to the disk,
margin crenulate.

Lamellae adnate, ascending, distant, thin, watery.

Stem straight, equal, glabrous, pellucid, minute ly fistulose.

Pileus about 12 mm. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long, less than
2 mm. thick.

On dead leaves in moist woods, Glen Ellyn. September.
Pileus 8 to 12 mm. broad, hyaline when young, whitish or fuscous-
white when older; hygrophanous. Stem smooth, pellucid, rigid-
fragile, white or pale watery-brown, sometimes crooked from
position.

44 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Mycena haematopa Pers. oa

Cespitose. Pileus somewhat fleshy, campanulate, obtuse, the
margin denticulate, commonly dark reddish or purplish.

Lamellae adnate, whitish.

Stem rigid, white, pulverulent, when broken exuding a dark
red juice.

Pileus 1.3 to 2.5 em. broad; stem 5 em. long.

Old stumps, Glen Ellyn. September, Spores sphaeroid-
ellipsoid, 1Ox6p. ~

Mycena acicula Schaeff.

Pileus membranaceous, campanulate or convex, smooth,
orange-red, margin striate.

Lamellae rounded behind, adnexed, ventricose, distant, yellow,
becoming whitish at the edge.

Stem tough, filiform, shining, minutely pilose, pale yellow.

Pileus 1 to 8 mm. broad; stem 2.5 em. long.

On decaying leaves in moist woods. Glen Ellyn. Pileus
paler toward the margin, becoming pale with age; flesh deep
orange. Spores pyriform, 9to 10x 5to6 yp. Pileus 2 to 6 mm.
broad; stem 2.5 to 5 cm. long. An attractive little species, the
bright pileus contrasting with the dull background of leaves so
that the plants are readily seen notwithstanding their small size.

Mycena pura Pers.

Pileus slightly fleshy at the disk, campanulate then expanded,
with an obtuse, even umbo, pinkish, purple or lilac.

Lamellae broad, adnate, concolorous, interspaces venose.

Stem firm, smooth, hollow, concolorous. Odor of radish.

Pileus 1 to 2.5 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long, 2 to 4 mm.
thick.

Ground in woods. Glen Ellyn. August. Solitary. Whole
plant a beautiful heliotrope color when young.
Mycena epipterygia Scop.

Pileus campanulate or hemispherical, sometimes convex,
striate, viscid, grayish-yellow, the disk brownish.

Lamellae white or yellowish, sharply uncinate and decurrent-
toothed.

Stem yellow, shining, viscid, white-villous at the base.

Pileus 4 to 10 mm. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long.

Ground in woods, Glencoe. October.

The pileus in our specimens is mouse-gray with a greenish-
yellow tint. The lamellae when old often become slightly rufes-
cent. The stem is greenish-yellow and viscid when fresh, be-
coming pallid or whitish when dry. Pileus 4to 12 mm. broad;
spores broadly ellipsoid, 7 to 9x 4 to 5 p.

None of our plants have the conic pileus shown in some of

the specimens figured by Atkinson, in Studies of Am. Fungi,
p. 96.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 15

Mycena Leaiana Berk.

Cespitose, viscid, bright orange. Pileus somewhat fl
convex, the margin striate.

Lamellae distant, broad, emarginate-attached, the ed:
darker orange or vermilion.

Stem mostly curved, strigose at the base.

Pileus about 2.5 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 9 em. long. The plant
is very viscid and stains the fingers that handle it.

On rotten wood in woods, Glen Ellyn, River Forest and Glen-
coe. August and September. A showy species, wholly bright
orange-red, becoming paler with age. Spores short-oblong,
8 to 10 x 6 Lie

Mycena corticola Schum.

Pileus hemispherical or convex, subumbilicate, striate, brown
sometimes with a purple tint, and sometimes having a grayish-
mealy appearance.

Lamellae few, distant, subdecurrent, broadly attached to the
stipe.

Stem short, curved, stuffed or hollow, concolorous with the
pileus.

Pileus 4 to 6 mm. broad; stem about 12 mm. long.

Gregarious on the bark of various living street and forest trees,
summer and autumn. Very common on Acer saccharinum L.,
less common on A. saccharum and A. negundo. Pileus seldom
more than 5 cm. broad; stems subpellucid when moist. Spores
white, globose, 10 to 12 ». When dry, the pileus closes about
the stem and becomes globose. In this condition the plants are
not easily discovered. The color of both pileus and stem of the
dry plants is grayish from the dense furfuraceous coating.

OMPHALTIA.
Stem cartilaginous, fistulose, but having the tube often stuffed,
somewhat thickened upwards, widened out like a trumpet into the

pileus; pileus somewhat membranaccous; lamellae truly decu
Plants terrestrial or epixylous. Spores white.

1. Lamellae venose-connected, yellowish. ..... O. campa
2. lamellae distinct, white................ 3
2y Lamellae distinct, gray..............- 5
SMEMICUS.CVEN... 2... 65. - eee ee eee sto», whtaaily kane
evleus silky or flocculose.............- ....O. epichy
4, Pileus white, diaphanous..............Q. stellata.
4, Pileus whitish or brownish.............Q0. rustica.
5. Pileus pale-yellow to orange...............O. fibula.
5 LBAeE yd alien O. scyphoides

Omphalia campanella Batsch.

Pileus thin, convex, umbilicate, smooth, striatulate, hygroph-
anous, dull reddish-yellow.

Lamellae narrow, arcuate, venose-connected, yellowish.

46 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES -

Stem slender, firm, hollow, often curved, brown, a little paler
at the top, tawny-villous at the base.

Pileus 8 to 25 mm. broad; stem 2.5 to 3.5 em. long, scarcely
2 mm. thick.

On rotten stumps, River Forest and Glen Ellyn. Densely
gregarious. Pileus often infundibuliform when old. Spores
somewhat ellipsoid, but varying in shape, about 6 x 3 z.

Omphalia stellata Fr.

Pileus membranous, convex, umbilicate, glabrous, striate,
diaphanous, white.

Lamellae broad, very distant, thin, decurrent, white.

Stem filiform, fragile, equal, glabrous, white, radiate-floccose
at the base.

Spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, 6x 5 u. Pileus 4 to §
mm. broad; stem 12 to 20 mm. long.

In grassy places. River Forest. June. Harper.
Omphalia rustica Fr.

Pileus membranaceous, broadly umbilicate, otherwise convex,
striate and fuscous then gray when moist, when dry becoming
even and whitish or brownish.

Lamellae decurrent, thick, rather distant, gray, the edge
arcuate.

Stem slender, stuffed, curt, equal or thickened upwards and
only where so thickened at length hollow, gray-brown.

Spores somewhat ellipsoid, 7.5 to 10 x 4 to 5 p. Pileus 12
cm. orless broad; stem 12 cm. or rarely more long, 1 mm. thick.

In short grass in gravelly soil, open woods, Winfield. May,
1903.

Pileus in our plants 5 to 10 mm. broad. Spores somewhat
larger than the dimensions above given, averaging 10 to 12 x 5
to 6 p.

Omphalia epichysia Pers.

* Pileus membranous, soft, expanded, umbilicate, hygrophan-
ous, sooty-gray and striate when moist, pallid when dry, silky or
flocculose.

Lamellae narrow, subdistant, slightly decurrent, whitish or
cinereous.

Stem equal, somewhat hollow, glabrous, cinereous.

Pileus 12 to 25 mm. broad; stem 2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick.

Spores 8 to 10 x 4 to 5 pw. (Massee); 7.5 x 4 p. (Peck).

On rotten wood, River Forest. Autumn. The pileus is
beautifully striate when moist. Spores elliptic-oblong, 6 to 7
x4up.

Omphalia fibula Bull.

Pileus membranous, commonly convex or hemispherical and
umbilicate, striatulate when moist, varying in color from pale
yellow to orange, even and paler when dry.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 47

Lamellae distant, arcuate, strongly decurrent, white.

Stem slender, commonly long in proportion to the breadth of
the pileus, colored like or a little paler than the pileus.
ee Pileus 4 to 10 mm. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, scarcely
‘millimeter thick. Spores narrowly ellipsoid, 4 x 2 p.

ra-

Mossy borders of swamps, Millers; damp mossy places in
vines, Glencoe. August.

Omphalia scyphoides |'r

Pileus submembranous, plane and umbilicate or funnel-form,
often irregular or somewhat eccentric, even, silky, white.

Lamellae narrow, close, decurrent, white.

Stem short, stuffed, subvillose, white.

Spores ellipsoid, 6x 4 to 5». Pileus 4 to 8 mm. broad; stem
8 to 16 mm. long.

Among dead leaves and twigs in woods, Glen Ellyn. July.
Pileus fragile; stem solid or stuffed, sparsely (at the base closely
villous.

PLEUROTUS.

Stem eccentric, lateral or none; epiphytal (very rarely growing
on the ground), irregular, fleshy or membranaceous. Spores
white (violet-tinted in P. sapidus).

SPOMMMOCCEMUTI Crt. ca. ic we eee te a ees
Stem obsolete, or nearly so................ )
1. Lamellae adnexed, pileus dry . es aoe ..P. ulma
1. Lamellae adnate, pileus viscid when young. . P. serotinu
1. Lamellae decurrent. io eee 4 2

2. Lamellae distinct at the base.......... 3
2. Lamellae anastomosing at the base. .

SeeePileustwhite or buff.......................P. dryw

3. Pileus aaa eee _.P. salig
4, Spores white.. ae, Ge RE ah P. ostreatu
4. Spores lilac. . i: Sei Qa ey SOpie

5. Pileus squamose, 2.5 to 10 cm. broad.......P. mast

5. Pileus villous, 2.5 to 5 cm. broad...........P. atro

5. Pileus pruinose, 4 to 6 mm. broad...... P. appl

Pleurotus ulmarius Bull. (Plate \.)

Pileus fleshy, compact, convex or nearly plane, ¢!
moist, sometimes tinged with reddish, yellowish or brownis!
and marked with livid spots, becoming darker and shining whet
old; flesh pure white.

Lamellae broad, emarginate or rounded behind, adne:
moderately close, white or whitish.

Stem stout, solid, straight or curved, glabrous or partly or
wholly tomentose, whitish. ;
Spores globose, 5 to 6. Pileus 7.5 to lo cm. broad; stem 2.5

to 7.5 em. long, 12 to 20 mm. thick.

48 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

On trunk of Acer Negundo, Wheaton. October, 1896. Pileus
elliptical, 27 x 20 cm. in the largest specimen. On living trunks
of Ulmus. River Forest and Bowmanville. Often 7 to 20 meters
from the ground.

Pleurotus serotinus Fr.

Pileus fleshy, compact, convex or nearly plane, viscid when
young and moist, dimidiate, reniform or suborbicular, solitary or
cespitose and imbricated, variously colored, dingy-yellow, red-
dish-brown, greenish-brown or olivaceous, the margin at first
involute.

Lamellae close, determinate, whitish or yellowish.

Stem very short, lateral, thick, yellowish beneath and minutely
tomentose or squamulose with blackish points.

Spores elliptical, 5 x 2.5 ». Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 em. broad.

Reported from woods at Bowmanville by Bertolet, Harper
and Pepoon. Autumn.

Pleurotus dryinus Fr.

Pileus white or buff, convex or expanded, more or less depressed
in the center, margin floccose, becoming floccose-scaly.

Lamellae white becoming tinged with yellow in age, decurrent
in lines down the stem, not crowded.

Stem varying from nearly central to definitely lateral, smooth,
white, tough, fibrous; veil floccose.

Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 2 to 12 em. long, 1 to 2 em.
thick.

Knot-hole in a log, River Forest. October, 1903.

The upper portion of the stem is pruinose between the decur-
rent striae of the lamellae. Lamellae shining-white, not anastom-
osing behind. I find no record of the size of the spores of this
species. Cooke’s figure, Illust. Pl. 226, shows them to be narrowly
oblong. In our plant they are oblong, 14x 4u. The pileus is
5 to 8 em. broad; the stem 5 cm. long, 1 to 2 em. thick.

Pleurotus salignus Schw.

Pileus fleshy, compact, spongy, somewhat dimidiate, horizon-
tal, at first pulvinate, even, afterwards the disk depressed, some-
what strigose, fuliginous-cinereous, sometimes ochraceous.

Lamellae decurrent, some of them branched, eroded, distinct
at the base, subconcolorous with the pileus.

Stem short, tomentose.

On decaying wood of Ulmus americana, Wheaton. October.
Pileus 7.5 to 12.5 cm. broad, both it and the lamellae tougher
than those of P. ostreatus. Lamellae pallid, at length ochraceous,
decurrent, not anastomosing behind. The species grows slowly,
lasting three or four weeks. Spores abundant, pure white, 9 to
13 x 5 to 6 p. :

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 1

Pleurotus ostreatus Ir.

Pileus fleshy, soft, convex or slightly depressed behind,
dimidiate, often cespitosely imbricated, moist, glabrous, whit
cinereous or brownish; flesh white.

Lamellae broad, decurrent, subdistant, anastomosing
base, white or whitish.

Stem when present, very short, firm, lateral, sometim
strigose-hairy at the base.

Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; spores oblong, white, 7.5 to 10 x 4 y.

Not common, but found occasionally throughout our district,
chiefly after rains in autumn, on various deciduous trees.

A specimen found by Mr. Fred Wells, growing on Ulmu
americana, 1n his lawn at Wheaton, consisted of a mass of imbri-
cated pilei extending down a diseased crevice in the tree-trunk
a distance of 3 dm. The individual pilei were 7 to 12 em. broad,
conchate, tapering to stem-like bases, smoky-white in color;
lamellae’ deeply and irregularly decurrent, the interspaces rugose-
reticulate toward the base.

Pleurotus sapidus Kalch.

Plant generally cespitose, pileus eccentric or lateral, rarely
sessile, irregular, convex or depressed on the disk, glabrous,
variable in color, whitish, yellowish, grayish-brown, lilac-brown
or smoky-brown; flesh white.

Lamellae rather broad, subdistant, decurrent, distinet or
anastomosing at the base, whitish.

Stem firm, solid, straight or curved, white or whitish, often
united at the base.

Spores oblong, pale lilac, 9 to 11 x 4 to5 yp. Pileus 5 to 12.5
em. broad; stem 2.5 to 6 em. long, 6 to 16 mm. thick.

Street, Wheaton, in sod where a street tree had been cut close
to the ground, the plants growing from the buried decaying stump
and roots. In dense, cespitose clusters, appearing for three
successive seasons after heavy rains, from August to October.

Pleurotus mastrucatus Ir.

Pileus mouse-gray, as if prickly with floccose, squarrose scales
of the same color, fleshy, when full grown obovate or tongue-
shaped, soft, flaccid, margin involute but lobed when full grown
or luxuriant; stratum of flesh double, the upper gelatinous, pliant,
mouse-fuscous 1 mm. thick, the lower a little thicker, pallid,

Lamellae at first connivent in an eccentric umbilicus, then
converging to the base of the pileus, broad, somewhat distant,
quaternate, whitish-gray.

Big Woods, Evanston; September. Gammon. Jewell Grove,
Wheaton, November.

Prof. Morgan notes of plants collected in Ohio, that the pileus
is “rough, with hairs and rigid points intermixed; some ol the
hairs or points blackish.” The blackish points or scales are a

50 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

conspicuous feature in our plant, and are more numerous toward
the margin of the pileus. Plants 2.5 to 10 em. broad. Spores
ellipsoid, 9 x 4 p.

Pleurotus atrocaeruleus I'r.

Pileus dark azure blue, more rarely fuscous, resupinate then
reflexed, horizontal, obovate or reniform, villous, slightly wrinkled
when dry; flesh soft, the upper stratum toughly gelatinous, as
much as 4 mm. thick, fuscous-blackish, the lower thinner, whitish.

Lamellae at first decurrent, then reaching the base, in groups
_of 4 to. 8, whitish, at length becoming light yellow.

Spores 8x3 p(W.G.S8.). Pileus 2.5 to 5 cm. broad. Sessile,
gregarious, somewhat imbricated, here and there emitting a plea-
sant odor.

Var. griseus Pk.

Pileus grayish or grayish-brown, clothed with rather coarse
pointed whitish or grayish hairs.

Lamellae not broad.

Spores elliptical, sometimes slightly curved, 7.5 x 4 w. The
pileus is sometimes attached by the vertex, and the margin 1s
often beautifully crenately lobed or sealloped. (N. Y. Mus.
Rep. 44: 35.)

On bark of Hicoria ovata, woods, Glen Ellyn. July, 1902.

Pileus dark grayish-brown with a bluish tint. Flesh in two
strata; the upper fuscous-blackish, less than a millimeter thick,
the lower whitish or pallid, 3 mm. thick. For the reason that the
relative thickness of the strata was so at variance with the de-
scription given above, specimens were sent to Professor Peck,
who refers them to his var. griseus. The spores in our plants are
very abundant, ellipsoid, 6 x 4 up.

Pleurotus applicatus Batsch.

Pileus when young cup-shaped, orbicular, adnate behind,
villous at the base, commonly sessile, more or less pruinate; when
fuller grown more or less reflexed, more dimidiate, smooth or
slightly villous, slightly striate when damp.

Lamellae few, rather thick, broad, distant, paler than the pil-
eus. .

Pileus 4 to 6 mm. broad, varying in color, cinereous or azure-
blue-blackish, dark or bluish-gray.

On dead sticks and branches. Frequent.

HYGROPHORWUS.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem, and descending un-
changed as a trama into the lamellae; lamellae acute at the edge,
clothed with a hymenium which turns into a waxy mass. Grow-
ing on the ground, fleshy, putrescent; pileus viscid or watery,
lamellae often branched. Spores white, globose.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 1

Pileus white MRC ee Gy cie)'s.cinc ks es leh ee he %P envi eae i. virgineu :
Pileus vermilion, becoming orange or yellow... ... |
Pileus light-yellow, becoming black......... H. conicus.
ibetesapare=VeNOWISD .. 5.0.5 5 eee cw a et he es Sowa
fevbameliae adnate. ..............0.........H. mintatus.

1. Lamellae long-decurrent...................H. cantharellus.
MCE MIN ORUEMNOUS: eeiAci. secs ced s sear art ee pha es OO
ee vem MOG SMIUIMOUS. 152... 26 et sav. ews odd. Pratensrs:

PA SLeM Suited, SOMOS.) 2... se. ks ee ss AD COraCeUs.

jee otem- hollow, {ururaceous.................H. cossus.

Hygrophorus miniatus I'r.

Pileus at first vermilion then becoming pale and opaque,
slightly fleshy, convex, obtuse then umbilicate, at first even and
smooth, then squamulose.

Lamellae adnate, not decurrent, plane, distant, distinct,
rather thick, yellow or sometimes light yellow-vermilion.

Stem somewhat stuffed, equal, round, even, smooth, shining,
vermilion.

Very fragile. Pileus scarcely reaching 2.5 cm. in breadth;
stem about 5 em. long, 2 mm. thick. Spores 10 x 6 p. (Cke.);
Bex. CW. G. S.)

Ground under trees in a moist ravine, Glen Ellyn. August.

Pileus about a centimeter in diameter.

The species of Hygrophorus appearing in the vicinity of Chi-
cago are not luxuriant and the individuals are few in number.
Hygrophorus cantharellus Schw.

Pileus thin, convex, at length umbilicate or centrally depressed,
minutely squamulose, moist, bright red, becoming orange -or
yellow.

Lamellae distant, subarcuate, decurrent, yellow, sometimes
tinged with vermilion.

Stem smooth, equal, subsolid, sometimes becoming hollow,
concolorous with the pileus, whitish within.

Pileus 12 to 25 mm.; broad; stem 5 to 10 em. long, 2 to + mm.
thick.

Bank of a wooded ravine, Glencoe. August.

Stem bright vermilion, pileus a little paler, lamellae whitish
with a reddish tint, long-decurrent.

Hygrophorus conicus I'r.

Pileus thin, submembranaceous, commonly light-yellow, be-
coming black, smooth, fragile, conical, generally acute, sometimes
obtuse, the margin often lobed.

Lamellae rather close and broad, subventricose, narrower
behind, free, terminating in an abrupt tooth in front, scarcely
reaching the margin, yellow.

Stem equal, fibrous-striate, yellow, hollow.

Pileus 12 to 25 mm. broad; stem 7.5 to 15 em. long, 2 to 4
mm. thick. Spores 10 x 6 p.

Moist woods. Millers; Glen Ellyn. August.

By THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Hygrophorus pratensis I’r.

Pileus somewhat pale-yellowish, compactly fleshy especially
at the disk, thin toward the margin, convex then flattened, almost
turbinate from the stem being thickened upwards, even, smooth,
moist (but not viscous) in rainy weather, when dry often rimosely
incised, here and there split regularly round; flesh firm, white.

Lamellae remarkably decurrent, at first arcuate, then ex-
tended in the form of an inverted cone, very broad in the middle,
concolorous with the pileus.

Stem stuffed, internally spongy, externally polished-evened
and firmer, attenuated downwards, smooth, naked.

Pileus 2.5 to 5 em. broad; stem 3.5 to 5 em. long, a cm. or
more thick. Spores 6 to 10 x 4 to 6 pn.

Grassy places in open woods, Glencoe. October. Whole
plant pallid-whitish, margin of pileus repand.

Hygrophorus ceraceus I'r.

Fragile. Pileus thin, convex-plane, obtuse, a little striate,
viscid, waxy, shining.

Lamellae adnate, somewhat decurrent, distant, broad, almost
triangular, yellow.

Stem hollow, unequal, waxy, shining.

Moist woods. Millers, Indiana. Pileus about 2.5 em. broad,
stem 3 to 5 cm. long, flexuous, yellow like the pileus.

Hygrophorus cossus Fr.

Pileus yellowish-white, disk somewhat ochraceous, fleshy,
convex-plane, obtuse, smooth, glutinous, shining when dry,
margin naked; flesh white.

Lamellae adnate, decurrent, distant, connected by veins, firm,
white.

Stem stuffed, soft, somewhat equal, furfuraceous and rough
with dotted points above, white or becoming tinged with yellow.

Pileus 3.5 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 em. long, 4 to 10 mm.
thick.

Woods, Glen Ellyn. September. Our plants are somewhat
smaller than the dimensions given above, and shown in Cooke’s
figure (Illust. Pl. 887). The pileus is 2.5 to 4 em. broad, disk
flesh-color or pale reddish-yellow; lamellae white or with a slight
creamy-yellow tint; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, about 6 mm. thick,
concolorous with the lamellae viscid except at the apex where it
is dry and dotted or farinose.

Hygrophorus virgineus I'r.

Wholly white. Pileus fleshy, convex then plane, obtuse,
moist, at length depressed, cracked into patches, flocecose when
dry.

Lamellae decurrent, distant, rather thick.

Stem curt, stuffed, firm, attenuated at the base, externally
becoming even and naked.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY

a |
we

Among leaves in open grassy places in woods, Glen Ellyn.
October, 1902. Our plants are very variable both in size and
shape, frequently much deformed (on account of recent frosts?) ;
pileus pure white becoming pallid, at first even and moist, the
cuticle soft, like white kid-leather; sometimes regular in shape
and convex with the margin depressed when old, sometimes with
the pileus bi-laterally compressed and upturned, frequently un-
dulated on the margin; stems usually short, 15 to 3 em. long,
compressed and flattened in ‘the larger plants. Spores ellipsoid,
inequilateral, 7 to 9 x 5 to 6 p.

LACTARIUS.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem; lamellae unequal,
membranaceous, waxy, slightly rigid, milky, acute at the edge;
spores white, rarely yellowish, globose. Fleshy fungi, usually
growing on the ground, putrescent; pileus depressed, lamellae
adnate-decurrent, often branched.

ileus. viscid, milk white; acrid...............50. cise as eae I
Emieucsmot viscid, milk white, acrid...............0-.4++.-05 @
nilews nou viscid, milk dark blue........-...-...0...%- re
Pileus viscid or dry, milk mild or very tardily
EHBIANG Lo 2 ped, & A hs SO i ice oa
1. Margin inflexed, tomentose-hairy....... L. torminosus.
1. Margin inflexed, pruinose..............L. trivialis.
2. Pileus reddish flesh-color or reddish-brown. ..L. hysginus.
2. Pileus yellowish-brown or sordid green......L. sordidus.
3. Pileus convex then plano-depressed.....L. pergamenus.
3. Pileus becoming infundibuliform........L. piperatus.
Mee VNOlenplamuuOhUGs ys 5 Soe cs ake ews L. Indigo.
5. Milk white changing to sulphur-yellow...... L. theiogalus.
Pm ilowiitte, unehaneeable.... 2... 66k 1s eh eee ea eee 6
6. ileus pruimose or pubescent... 5: <-. een eee ae ee es 7
Dera U CRON AO OU Se gga g)8 + cos ses sae Sie? eal yeh te eee
7. Pileus dingy-cinereous or buff-gray. .L. fuliginosus.
7. Pileus yellowish-red or orange-
tawny . ee de kt ls de 2 La ygrophoraides
Peemlmletionbuit-COlOt.2 6.0). 9.4 meron 1s L. luteolus.
Seestvemo to 20mm. thick ss... i. vs ea L. volemus.
Sam Stem: 2otovormm: thick. .: 2.6. ..-. 5.64. L. subdulcis.

Lactarius torminosus Ir.

Pileus convex then depressed, viscid when young or moist,
yellowish-red or pale ochraceous, tinged with red or flesh-color,
often varied with zones or spots, the at first involute margin per-
sistently tomentose-hairy.

Lamellae thin, close, narrow, whitish, often tinged with yellow
or flesh-color. Milk white, unchangeable, taste acrid.

Stem equal or slightly tapering downward, hollow, sometimes
spotted, whitish.

Spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, 9 to 10 p. Pileus 5 to
10 em. broad; stem 3.5 to 7.5 em. long, 8 to 16 mm. thick.

54 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Glen Ellyn and Winfield. Banks in shade, Pine, Ind., Bertolet
and Pepoon.

Usually solitary, although a cluster containing a dozen speci-
mens closely aggregated and distorted by mutual pressure, was
found in woods at Glen Ellyn, September, 1900. The pileus is
usually partially or wholly covered with dead leaves and dirt
which adhered when the young viscid plant pushed its way out
of the earth. When old, it is quite dry. The usual size is 7.5
to 10 em. although individuals measuring 15 cm. in diameter
have been found.

Well marked by the densely floccose margin of the pileus.
(Pepoon.)

Lactarius trivialis Fr.

Pileus convex then nearly plane, umbilicate or centrally
depressed, globose, viscid, somewhat zonate, leaden-gray, livid-
cinereous or pale-brown, often with a pink or lilac tint, the thin
inflexed margin at first with a grayish pruinosity.

Lamellae rather narrow, close, thin, adnate, sometimes forked,
whitish becoming pallid or creamy-yellow, with dingy-greenish
stains where wounded.

Stem equal or slightly tapering upward, long or short, gla-
brous, rarely spotted, hollow, whitish, often tinged with yellow
or gray, paler than the pileus. Milk white or pale cream-color,
taste acrid.

Spores yellowish, 7 to 10 p.

Woods, Glen Ellyn and Winfield. August. Our plants agree
with the description except that the lamellae change to brownish
where wounded. Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 5 to 9 cm. long,
12 to 24 mm. thick. Spores globose, very slightly echinulate,
7 to 8 pw. The flesh of the pileus is grayish under the separable
pellicle.

Sandy woods, Millers. August. Harper.

Lactarius hysginus Fr.

Pileus convex then nearly plane, umbilicate, red-flesh-color
or reddish-brown, the thin margin inflexed, even, viscous.

Lamellae adnate or subdecurrent, thin, crowded, white then
cream-colored or ochraceous.

Stem stuffed then hollow, smooth, colored like or a little paler
than the pileus, sometimes spotted. Spores globose, echinulate,
whitish, 7 to 10 »; milk white, unchangeable, taste acrid.

Pileus 6 to 10 cm. broad; stem 5 to 10 cm. long, 8 to 16 mm.
thick.

Woods, Millers. August. Harper.

Lactarius sordidus Pk.

Pileus thick, firm, convex and centrally depressed, then nearly
plane or subinfundibuliform, subglabrous, slightly viscid when
moist, soon dry, pale yellowish-brown, tinged with sordid-green,
often darker in the center.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 55

Lamellae narrow, close, white or yellowish.

Stem short, firm, equal or alightie tapering upward, hollow,
colored like the pileus, generally spotted. Milk white, taste acrid.

Spores 7.5 to 9p. Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em.
long, 8 to 16 mm. thick.

Woods, Millers. August. Harper.
Lactarius pergamenus Ir

White. Pileus fleshy, pliant, convex then plano-depressed,
repand, shghtly wrinkled, smooth.

Lamellae adnate, very narrow, horizontal, very crowded,
branched, white then straw-color; milk white, acrid.

Stem stuffed, smooth, changing color.

Pileus 7.5 to 15 em. broad, stem 3.5 to 7.5 em. long, lamellae
scarcely 2 mm. broad.

Woods, Glen Ellyn and Winfield. August. Differs from
L. piperatus in having the pileus at first convex, the lamellae
adnate and narrower, the stem longer and thinner. Spores
subglobose, but somewhat irregular, 6 to 8 w. Gregarious; often
three to six plants in a close cluster. The pileus in our plants

does not become funnel-shaped but is rimosely incised when fully
grown.

Lactarius piperatus Fr. (Plate VI, Fig. 1.)

Pileus compact, at first convex and umbilicate, then expanded
and centrally depressed or infundibuliform, even, elabrous, white.

Lamellae narrow, crowded, dichotomous, adnate or decurrent,
white or cream-colored.

Stem equal or slightly tapering downward, solid, glabrous,
white. Milk white, abundant, very acrid.

Pileus 3.5 to 10 em. broad; stem 2 to 5 em. long, 10 to 20 mm.
thick. Spores white, nearly smooth, 6 to 7.5 p.

On the ground in dry or moist woods, Winfield, Glen Ellyn,
Glencoe, Highland Park, Riverside. One of our most common
species. Specimens 12 cm. broad, with the pileus wholly funnel-
shaped are often found. Dr. Watson has collected at Highland
Park, a plant which may be this species, but so distorted by
Hypomyces lactifiuorum as to be unrecognizable. The spores
upon the specimens are wholly those of the parasite. Similar
specimens have been collected at River Forest by Wyrick, and at
Winfield by the writer.

Lactarius Indigo Schw.

Pileus at first umbilicate with the margin involute, then de-
pressed or infundibuliform, indigo-blue with a silvery-gray luster,
zonate, especially on the margin, sometimes spotted, becoming
paler and less distinctly zonate with age.

Lamellae close, indigo-blue, becoming yellowish and some-
times greenish with age.

Stem short, nearly equal, hollow, often spotted with blue,
colored like the pileus. Milk dark blue.

56 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Spores subglobose, 7.5 to 9 »w. Pileus 5 to 12.5 em. broad;
stem 2.5 to 5 cm. long, 12 to 20 mm. thick.

Dry places, especially under pine trees. (Peck.)

Calumet Heights, Millers and Glencoe. August and Septem-
ber. At Millers it occurs in mixed woods, both upon dry
ground and in moist swamp borders.

Lactarius theiogalus Fr. P

Pileus thin, convex then depressed. at length infundibuliform,
even, smooth, viscid, tawny-reddish, shining when dry, zoneless
flesh whitish, milk white then changing to sulphur-yelliow, taste
slowly acrid.

Lamellae adnate or decurrent, close, pallid then reddish.

Stem stuffed then hollow, equal, even, concolorous with the
pileus.

Spores yellowish, subglobose, 7.5 to 9 ». Pileus 5 to 12.5 em
broad; stem 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, 16 to 18 mm. thick.

Open woods, Glen Ellyn. - August. Pileus 6 to 7.5 em. broad;
stem about 6 cm. long. The pileus changes from reddish-tawny
to ochraceous-tawny when parting with its moisture.

Lactarius fuliginosus Fr.

Pileus firm, becoming soft, convex, plane or slightly depressed,
even, dry, zoneless, dingy-cinereous or buffi-gray, appearing as if
covered with a dingy pruinosity, the margin sometimes wavy or
lobed.

Lamellae adnate or subdecurrent, subdistant, whitish then
yellowish, becoming stained with pink-red or salmon color where
wounded. . |

Stem equal or slightly tapering downwards, eee stuffed,
colored like the pileus; spores elobose, yellowish, 7.5 to 10 p.;
milk white, taste tardily and sometimes slightly acrid.

Pileus 2.5 to 6 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, 6 to 12 mm.
thick.

Grassy places in open woods, Riverside. July.

Lactarius hygrophoroides B. & C.

Pileus convex, at length plane, pulverulent, yellowish-red.

Lamellae very distant, decurrent, yellowish, the interstices
rugose.

Stem not 2.5 cm. high, 8 mm. thick, of the same color as the
pileus. Pileus 3.5 em. across. This species has somewhat the
habit of L. volemus.

Open woods, Glen Ellyn. August. Pileus dry, rugose-
reticulated, at length subinfundibuliform, orange-tawny; lamellae
creamy-white, some of them forked; stem smooth, tapering down-
wards; milk white, mild, unchangeable. Spores globose, slightly
rough, 10 p.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY YT

Lactarius luteolus Pk

Pileus fleshy, rather thin, convex or nearly plane, commonly
umbilicately depressed in the center and somewhat rugulose,
pruinose or subglabrous, buff-color; flesh white; taste mild; milk
copious, flowing easily, white or whitish.

Lamellae close, nearly plane, adnate or slightly rounded behind,
whitish, becoming brownish where wounded.

Stem short, equal or tapering downwards, solid or somewhat
spongy within, oy d like the pileus.

Spores globose, 7.5 w.; pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to
3.0 cm. lone, 6 to 10 mim. thick.

Sandy woods. Millers. June.
Lactarius volemus ['r.

Pileus firm, convex, nearly plane or centrally depressed,
rarely infundibuliform, sometimes with a small umbo, generally
‘even, glabrous, dry, golden-tawny or brownish-orange, sometimes
darker in the center, often becoming rimose-areolate.

Lamellae close, adnate or subdecurrent, white or yellowish,
becoming sordid or brownish where bruised or wounded.

Stem subequal, firm, solid, glabrous or merely pruinose, colored
like the pileus, sometimes a little paler. Milk copious, white,
“taste acrid.” ~(Peck.)

Spores globose, 8.7 to 11 ». Pileus 2 to 12.5 em. broad; stem
2.9 to 10 cm. long, 8 to 20 mm. thick.

Woods, Highland Park. August and September. Watson,
Harper.

Glen Ellyn. Not found in 1901; quite common in 1902. The
pileus is seldom more than 8 em. broad. The milk in our plants
is mild, agreeing in this respect with L. corrugis Peck, but the pileus
is not “corrt gated” as it is said to be in that species, although
sometimes it is slightly wrinkled.

Lactarius subdulcis Bull.

Pileus thin, convex, then plane or subinfundibuliform, with
or without a small umbo or papilla, glabrous, even, zoneless,
moist or dry, tawny-red, cinnamon-red or brownish- -red, the
margin sometimes wavy or flexuous.

Lamellae adnate, crowded, colored like or paler than the
pileus.

Stem slender, glabrous, stuffed then hollow, colored like or
paler than the pileus. Milk white, taste mild or tardily and
slightly acrid.

Spores white, globose, 7.5 to 9 ». Pileus 10 mm. to 5 em.
broad; stem 2.5 to 6 em. long, 2 to 6 mm. thick.

Among leaves in woods, Millers and Glencoe. Very similar
in appearance to some forms of Clitocybe laccata, and often as-
sociated with it. Taste mild; spores globose, slightly rough,
about 8 pm.

58 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

RUSSULA.

Hymenophore descending unchanged and forming a vescicular
trama; veil none; lamellae rigid, fragile, acute at the edge. Grow-
ing on the ground, fleshy, putrescent, with polished stem, and
pileus at first or at length depressed. Spores rounded, often
echinulate, white or yellowish.

1. Pileus without a pellicle, flesh firm, compact............. 2
1. Pileus with a pellicle, margin at length sulecate,
flesh Tigid-frapile 7.35 54.5 Axed tw cies oes ee 5
2. Flesh extending to the involute margin.............. 3
2. Flesh not extending to the straight margin............ t
3: ePileus. atdencth olacik nee eee R. nigricans.
3. Pileus whitish or cinereous-fuliginous. .R. adusta.
4. Pileus milk-white, then tan-white........ R. lactea.
4, Pileus green or yellowish-green.......... R. virescens.
4. Pileus cinnabar-vermilion becoming pale... rubra.
5. - Lamellae and spores winte:............-ss) oe ee 6
5. Lamellae and spores white then yel-
lowish::-2.,28 9 oa eee eee eee R. atropurpurea
5. Lamellae and spores ochraceous...............-+:
6. Pileus rosy, then blood-color............ R. emetica.
6. Pileus toast-brown, then pale-tan........ R. pectinata.
7. Lamellae free, broad, somewhat dis-
SDs Ass. cane eet ee eee R. alutacea.
7. Lamellae adnate, narrowed behind,
much crowded. cea neancc ee heres R. puellaris.
7. Lamellae adnate, subdistant......... R. ochrophylla.
7. Lamellae slightly adnexed, broad, not
crowded s.2/3% “i 5) Seeks eee R. ochracea,

Russula nigricans Fr.

Pileus olivaceous-fuliginous, at length black, fleshy to the
margin which is at first. bent inwards, convex then flattened,
umbilicate- -depressed, when young and moist slightly viscid and
even, but without a separable pellicle, at length rimose-squamu-
lose; flesh firm, white, when broken becoming. red on exposure to
the air.

Lamellae rounded behind, slightly adnexed, thick, distant,
unequal, paler, reddening when touched.

Stem persistently solid, equal, pallid when young, at length
black.

Spores papillose, 8 ». Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad, stem 2.5 em.
thick.

Woods, Glencoe. August. The entire plant turns black in
drying and the surface cracks into areas like that of R. virescens.
Russula adusta Fr.

Pileus pallid, whitish or cinereous-fuliginous, equally fleshy,
compact, depressed then somewhat infundibuliform, margin at

first inflexed, smooth, then erect, without striae; flesh unchange-
able.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 59

Lamellae adnate then decurrent, thin, crowded, unequal,
white then dingy, not reddening when touched.

Stem solid, obese, concolorous with the pileus.

Spores sphaeroid, echinulate, 7 to 9 w. Pileus 5 to 15 em.
broad, stem 3 to 6 em. long, 1 to 1.5 em. thick.

“Woods, Glencoe. August. Watson.
Russula lactea I'r

Pileus at first milk-white, then tan-white, compactly fleshy,
campanulate then convex, often eccentric, without a pellicle,
always dry, at first even, then slightly cracked when dry; margin
straight, thin, obtuse, even; flesh compact, white.

Lamellae free, very broad, thick, distant, rigid, forked, white.

Stem solid, very compact, but at length spongy-soft within,
equal, even, always white.

Spores subglobose, echinulate, 7 to 9 w. Pileus 5 em. broad;
stem 3.5 to 6.5 em. long, 2 to 3 cm. thick.

In open woods, Glen Ellyn. August.
Russula virescens Ir.

Pileus green, compactly fleshy, globose then expanded, at
length depressed, dry, not furnished w vith a pellicle, the floeculose
cuticle broken up into patches or warts; margin straight, obtuse,
even; flesh white.

Lamellae free, somewhat crowded, sometimes equal, some-
times forked with a few shorter ones intermixed, white.

Stem solid, internally spongy, firm, commen hat rivulose, white.
Taste mild. It varies in color, sometimes deep and sometimes
pallid green, sometimes yellow ish then ereen.

Woods throughout our district. Not common. July to
September. Edible.

Prof. Harshberger states that the box tortoise (Cistudo vir-
ginica) is extremely fond of this species. (Journ. Myce. 8: 156.)

Russula rubra Fr.

Pileus unicolorous, cinnabar-vermilion but becoming pale tan
when old, disk commonly darker, compact, hard but fragile,
convex then flattened, here and there depressed, absolutely dry,
without a pellicle, but becoming polished-even, often rivulous-
rimose when old, margin spreading, obtuse, even; flesh white,
reddish under the cuticle.

Lamellae obtusely adnate, somewhat crowded, whitish then
yellowish, with dimidiate and forked ones intermixed.

Stem solid, even, varying white and red. Very acrid.

Spores sphaeroid, 8 to 10 .; pileus 2.5 to 10 em. broad; stem
5 to 7.5 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. thick.

In open woods, Glencoe. . August. Laxly gregarious. Taste
acrid, bitterish; plant very firm and rigid; stems in our specimens
wholly whitish, sometimes even, but oftener attenuated down-
wards. Spores whitish, very slightly rough, globose, 7 to 9 pu.

60 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Russula atropurpurea Pk.

Pileus at first convex then centrally depressed, glabrous,
dark-purple, blackish in the center, the margin even or slightly
striate; flesh white, grayish or grayish-pink under the separable
pellicle; taste mild; odor of the drying plant foetid, very: un-
pleasant. ,

Lamellae nearly equal, subdistant, sometimes forked near the
stem, at first white, then yellowish, becoming brownish where
bruised.

Stem equal, glabrous, spongy within, white, brownish where
bruised.

Spores subglobose, minutely rough, pale-ochraceous with a
salmon tint, 7.5 to 10 ». Pileus 7.5 to 10 em. broad; stem 5 to
7.5 cm. long, 10 to 16 mm. thick.

Grassy places in woods, Glen Ellyn. -June. Pileus up to 10
cm. in diameter; spores globose, rough, 9to 10 4. The odor of the
plant will not be forgotten by one who has attempted to dry
specimens.

Russula emetica Fr.

Pileus at first rosy then blood-color, tawny when old, at first
campanulate then flattened or depressed, polished, margin at
length suleate and tubercular; flesh white, reddish under the
separable pellicle; taste very acrid.

Lamellae somewhat free, broad, somewhat distant, shining
white.

Stem stout, spongy-stuffed, elastic when young, fragile when
older, even, white or reddish.

Spores white, sphaeroid, echinulate, 8 to 10». Pileus 5 to 10
em. broad; stem 5 to 10 em. high, 1 to 2 em. thick.

Woods. Frequent. Very fragile when old. Most authors
consider it poisonous; Mcllvane states that it is edible.

Russula pectinata Fr.

Pileus at first viscous, toast-brown, then dry, becoming pale,
tan, with the disk always darker, fleshy, rigid, convex then
flattened and depressed or concave-infundibuliform; margin
thin, pectinate-suleate, here and there irregularly shaped; flesh
white, light-yellowish under the pellicle which is not easily
separable.

Lamellae attenuate-free behind, broader toward the margin,
somewhat crowded, equal, simple, white.

Stem rigid, spongy-stuffed, longitudinally slightly striate,
shining white, often attenuated at the base. Odor weak but
nauseous.

Spores globose, 8 to 9 w.; pileus 7.5 em. broad; stem 7.5 em.
long, 2 to 2.5 em. thick.

Woods, Glencoe and Glen Ellyn. August. The plant when
young is smooth, watery-brown, viscid, and has the margin of the
pileus strongly incurved. The flesh is not always yellowish under

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 61

the cuticle, being sometimes merely pallid. Specimens 10 em. or
more broad are not uncommon.

Russula alutacea Ir.

Pileus commonly bright blood-red, even black-purple, but
becoming pale, especially at the disk, fleshy, campanulate then
convex, flattened and somewhat umbilicate, even, with a remark-
ably viscous pellicle, margin even, at length striate, tubercular;
flesh snow-white.

Lamellae at first free, thick, very broad, connected by veins,
all equal, somewhat distant, at first pallid light-yellow, then
bright ochraceous, not pulverulent.

‘Stem solid, stout, equal, even, white, most frequently varie-
gated reddish, even purple. Edible; taste mild ae pleasant.

Spores yellow, 7 to 9 pw. (Massee); 11 to 14 x 8 p. (Saccardo.)

Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem about 5 em. lone 12 mm. thick.

Ground in woods, Winfield. August.

Russula puellaris I*r

Pileus conic-convex then expanded, at first rather gibbous
then slightly depressed, scarcely viscid; color peculiar, purplish-
livid then yellowish, disk always darker and brownish, tubercu-
losely striate often to the imddle; flesh almost membranaceous
except at the disk.

Lamellae adnate, very much narrowed behind, thin, crowded,
white then pale y ellow, not shining nor powdered with the spores.

Stem equal, soft, fragile, wrinkled under a lens, white or yel-
lowish, stuffed, soon hollow; taste mild. .

Spores subglobose, pale ‘yellow, echinulate, 10 x 8 to 9 uw.;
pileus 2.5 to 3.5 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 3.5 em. long, 4 to 8 mm.
thick.

Grassy places in open woods, somewhat gregarious. Spores
ochraceous, subglobose, 7 to 9 p.

Russula ochrophylla Pk.

Pileus firm, convex, becoming nearly plane or slightly de ‘pressed
in the center, even or rarely very slightly striate on the margin
when old, purple or dark purplish-red; flesh white, purplish under
the adnate cuticle; taste mild.

Lamellae entire, a few of them forked at the base, subdistant,
adnate, at first yellowish, becoming bright ochraceous-buff when
mature, dusted by the spores, interspaces somewhat venose.

Stem equal or nearly so, solid or spongy within, reddish or rosy
tinted, paler than the pileus.

Spores bright ochraceous-buff, globose, verruculose, 10 p.;
pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem 3.5 to 5 em. long, 12 to 20 mm.
thick. Edible.

Ground in woods. Fort Sheridan. August.

62 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Russula ochracea Fr.

Pileus pale ochraceous, soft, convex, then expanded and de-
pressed, margin coarsely striate, pellicle thin, viscid, disk usually
becoming darker.

Lamellae slightly adnexed, broad, scarcely crowded, ochra-
ceous.

Stem ochraceous, slightly wrinkled longitudinally, stuffed,
soft. Taste mild.

Spores globose, echinulate, ochraceous, 10 to 12 »; pileus 7.5
em, broad; stem about 3.5 em. long, 10 to 14 mm. thick.

Grassy places in deciduous woods. Glen Ellyn. June. Stem
ochraceous but paler than the pileus; taste mild; flesh very pale-
ochraceous; lamellae pale-ochraceous with a slight greenish tint.

CANTHARELLUS.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem, descending un-
changed into the trama; lamellae thick, fleshy-waxy, fold-like,
somewhat branched, obtuse at the edge. Fleshy, membrana-
ceous fungi, without a veil. Spores white.

Not hygrophanous. =" sere 63 eek ae 1
Hygrophanous::..:.5 25,009 eee oe eee en 2
Plant yellow; lamellae concolorous,
stem: solid’. 25.33 2s4 5 eee ee C’. cibarius.
Plant orange; lamellae darker, stem
sbuilied.. ..J5. cos oto ene eee C. aurantiacus.
2. Plant. dingy or brownish when moist;
stem hollows. .: 2 aut: ee oe C. infundibuliformis.

Cantharellus cibarius Fr.

Pileus fleshy, firm, convex, becoming expanded or slightly
depressed, glabrous, yellow, the margin at first involute, then
spreading and often wavy or irregular.

Lamellae narrow, thick, distant, decurrent, branched or anas-
tomosing, yellow.

Stem firm, glabrous, solid, yellow.

Spores elliptical, pale yellowish, 7.5 to 10». long. Pileus 2.5
to 10cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 10 em. long, 6 to 12 mm. thick.

Ground in woods, throughout our district. July to October.

Plants collected at Glencoe in 1902, have exactly the characters
of C. minor Pk., except that the spores are 10 x7 p., agreeing
substantially with those of C. cibarius.

Cantharellus aurantiacus Wulf. (Plate VII.)

Nearly. orange-color. Pileus fleshy, soft, depressed, some-
what tomentose.

Lamellae close, straight, dichotomous, of a rather deeper color.

Stem stuffed, unequal.

Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 5 em. long.

Among decayed leaves on and about the base of stump, Lisle.

pe The pileus is occasionally eccentric. Spores elliptical,
x 4p. :

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 63

Cantharellus infundibuliformis Scop.

Pileus thin, broadly convex when young, becoming umbilicat:
or funnelform with age, often pervious, frequently lobed, wavy or
irregular on the margin, hygrophanous, sooty brown, brownish
yellow or dingy yellow ‘when moist, grayish yellow or grayish
brown and slightly floccose or fibrillose when dry.

Lamellae narrow, distant, decurrent, irregularly or dichoto-
mously branched, yellowish or subcinereous, becoming pruinose
with age or in drying.

Stem slender, elabrous, hollow, yellow or yellowish.

Spores bro: adly elliptic or subglobose, 9 to Wiox 7259 tor Oye.
Pileus 2.5 to 5 cm. broad; stem, 2. .2 to 10 cm. long, 3 to 5 mm.
thick.

Ground, in damp woods. Glencoe. Harper.

MARASMIUS.

Tough, arid fungi, shriveling, reviving when moist; hymeno-
phore continuous with the stem, but heterogenous, de »scending
into the trama; veil none; stem cartilaginous ' or horny: lamellae
pliant, acute, somewhat distant, quite entire. Spores white.

Pileus fleshy-tough, margin at first involute, mycelium floccose. 1
Pileus membranous, mae at first straight, mycelium rhizo-

MIOTPHOUS. .. : .% - SE Use a Ntes PME, dete mean eA) 25)
1. Stem solid or stuffe d.. 2. <n So? | oe PA «ae Een ED 2,
1. Stem hollow.. 4 Rede nes Ek. ROR eS
2. Stem white- villous at the base.. te tase Viurens:
2. Stem naked at the base.. ty .......W, oreades.
3. Pileus clothed with m: atte d down.......M. dichrous.
oe ileus: smooth ......... ae oe a2
4. Stem very long,tomentose, radic ating. M. longipes.
4. Stem of medium length, velvety, not
PACICAUING 222 4.228). cic. . ox. MM pynocephalus:
fe vem) -ClAbTOUS4. «wala ue aoe ned M. calopus.
5. Stem olabrous Set ee ery a Gk tee ash re? Spore. an iil oe Tr mee 6
5. Stem eenitee RAMUIMOSCH Ae tetey See, rectal bg ee. 2h, cee ea 7
~ 6. Pileus ochraceous-red.................M. siccus
6. Pileus whitish, opaque................M. rotula.
¢. Pileus pure white, subpellucid............M. nigripes.

Marasmius urens Bull.

Acrid. Pileus fleshy then coriaceous, convex-plane, glabrous,
even, at length wrinkled or rivulose.

Lamellae free, joined together behind, pale or yellowish,
changing to brownish, at leneth remote, distant, firm.

Stem fibrous, solid, rigid, pallescent, mealy with white flocei
and white villous at the base.

Pileus 2 to 3.5 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 em. long.

On dead leaves in woods. Frequent. Considered poisonous.

64 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Marasmius oreades Bolt.

Pileus fleshy, tough, convex then plane, somewhat umbonate,
glabrous, expallent.

Lamellae free, broad, distant, white-pallid.

Stem solid, equal, the cuticle villous-interwoven, pall the
base naked. Somewhat fragrant.

Pileus 2 to 3.5 cm. broad; stem 6.5 to 9 em. long.

“Growing in circles and series throughout the summer. It
is famous for the rich flavor it imparts to soups and gravies.
When dried it may be kept for years without losing any of its
aroma or goodness.’’—Morgan.

The species has been reported from the Chicago region by
several collectors. I have not found it here. It is the famed
“ Fairy-ring mushroom.”

Marasmius dichrous B. & C.

Pileus convex, dark brown, clothed with close matted down,
sometimes appearing velvety.

Lamellae at first adnate, separating from the stem, and some-
times leaving a naked area around it, ‘moderately distant, ventri-
cose, interstices nearly even.

Stem brow n, clothed with furfuraceous down, base slightly
dilated, villous.

Spores white; pileus 2.5 em. or more across; stem 2.5 to 3.5
em. long, scarcely 2 mm. thick.

On dead leaves in woods. August. In the plants so referred
the furfuraceous coating of the stem is whitish. The interspaces
between the lamellae are usually even, but occasionally venose.
The spores are elliptical or slightly pip-shaped, 7 to 8 x 4 to 5 p.
Marasmius longipes Peck.

Pileus thin, convex, smooth, finely striate on the margin,
tawny-red.

Lamellae not crowded, attached, white.

Stem tall, straight, equal, hollow, pruinose-tomentose, radi-
cating, brown or fawn-color, white at the top.

Pileus 8 to 12 mm. broad; stem 5 to 12.5 em. long, about 1
mm. thick.

On dead leaves and twigs in woods, Glen Ellyn. June to
August. Spores broadly subpyriform, or elliptical and slightly
pointed at one end, 6to 7x3 to4 up.

Marasmius pyrocephalus Berk.

Pileus a little fleshy, convex then plane, umbilicate, plicate-
striate, red-brown.

Lamellae adnate, lax, rather distant, somewhat ventricose,
white then pallid.

Stem hollow, densely velvety, brown, pale at the apex.

Pileus 1.3 to 2.5 em. broad; stem 5 to 6.5 em. long.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 65

On dead leaves, twigs, etc., in woods, Glen Ellyn. July,
August.

"The plants so referred have the pileus plicate-striate only
toward the margin, while the coating of the stem is of the character
of matted tomentum rather than ‘ ‘velvety.” This coating is
thinner and paler toward the apex. The pileus is 12 to 25 mm.
broad; stem 5 to 7.5 em. long, about 2 mm. thick; spores pip-
shaped, 6 to 7 x 4 p.

Marasmius calopus Pers

Pileus a little fleshy, tough, convex-plane or depressed, even,
at length rugose.

Lamellae emarginate-attached, thin, white.

Stem hollow, equal, glabrous, shining, reddish-brown.

Spores ellipsoid, 7x 4p. Pileus 2 to 3.5 cm. broad; stem
5 to 7.5 em. long.

On dead leaves and sticks in woods. July and August. Com-
mon. Pileus watery-white when, wet; campanulate then flattened,
stem whitish above in young plants; odor none. Spores ellipsoid,
somewhat apiculate at one end, 6 to 7x 3 to 4 wp.

Marasmius siccus Schw.
Pileus membranaceous, convex or campanulate, dry, glabrous,
plicate-suleate, ochraceous-red, the disk a little darker.
Lamellae attenuate-attached or nearly free, distant, whitish.
Stem hollow, horny, glabrous, shining, blackish-brown.
Pileus 1.3 to 1.8 cm. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long.

Among dead leaves in Saal July and August. Frequent.
After protracted rains the plants are very large, up to 3 cm. in
diameter. M. campanulatus Peck, is a synonym. A minute
form with the pileus only 2 to 6 mm. broad was found at River
Forest in June, 1902, growing on dead ligules of living culms of
Poa pratensis. No spores were found.

Marasmius rotula Fr.

Pileus hemispherical, umbilicate and minutely umbonate,
plicate, smooth, margin crenate, white or pale-buff with a dark
umbilicus.

Lamellae broad, distant, attached to a free collar behind,
pallid-white.

Stem slender, horny, slightly flexuous, white above, then
tawny, deep shining brown at the base, striate, fistulose.

Pileus 2 to 6 mm. broad.

On twigs, leaves, ete., June to September. Our most common
species. During dry weather the plants shrivel and dry up,so
that they are scarcely noticed, even in localities where they are
abundant. After a heavy rain they may be seen in countless
numbers. Pileus 4 to 8 mm. broad; stems 2.5 to 5 em. long, very
slender. Specimens collected in Schoolcraft County, Michigan,
growing upon dead prostrate trunks were 2.5 cm, in diameter.
With us the dimensions given above are rarely exceeded.

66 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Marasmius nigripes Schw.

Pileus membranaceous, campanulate, umbonate, — striate,
somewhat pellucid, pure white.

Lamellae adnate, arcuate, rather broad, pure white, growing
pale.
~ Stems somewhat bulbous, black, white-farinose.

The stems are 3.5 em. long, black but wholly covered over
with a white meal which may easily be rubbed off.

On dead leaves in woods. June, July. The white-mealy
covering gives the stem a leaden-gray appearance. Pileus 8 to
16, exceptionally 25 mm. broad. Spores resembling in shape the
- seed of buckwheat. For a good figure of the species and of its
peculiar spores, see Lloyd’s Mycological Notes, No. 107.

LENTINUS.

Pileus fleshy-coriaceous; pliant, or in fleshy species becoming
hard when old, persistent; hymenophore continuous with the
stem or at the base of the pileus when sessile; lamellae concrete
with the hymenophore, thin, unequal, membranaceous, with the
edge serrated or torn in a toothed manner. Growing on wood.
Spores somewhat round, even, white.

(Hennings, in Pflanzenfamilien I:** p. 222, reduces this to a
subgenus of Panus, stating that the two genera cannot be separated
for the reason that “in most of the Lentinus species the lamellae
are entire; being serrate only in the fleshy kinds.’’)

Pileus stipitate..2 s— ih.s-.5 oie eo oe cae eee

Pileus sessile......... J Gptudhs tied eee ag 9 ese ete dte QU GIUDE Mn SSs
1; Pileus:Scealivy >< (2... :ao oie re 2
i. Pileus*vallous-:2 3.2. 3. Cette ot ie Become
1. Pileus smooth. ... 62)... -0.). 0.23 227 Se cochivarns

2. Pileus thick, convex or depressed........L. lepideus.

2. Pileus thin, umbilicate...... fa. OO tigre:

Lentinus peliliculosus I'r.

Sessile, imbricated. Pileus tough, membranaceous, reniform,
very thin, strigose, brown-tawny, the margin naked, involute.

Lamellae broad, torn, pallid. ‘Pileus strigose with a dense
hairy coat like the skin of some animal.” Morgan.

On a stump of Quercus, woods, Glencoe. September, 1902.
The coating of the pileus is tawny-cinnamon on the disk, paler
toward the margin, and is like a very coarse tomentum, the in-
dividual hairs or fibers of which are about 2 mm. in length. Spores
pure white, globose, 3 ». in diameter.

Lentinus Lecomtei Fr.

Pileus fleshy-tough, infundibuliform, reflexed, hairy, tawny.
Lamellae serrate, crowded, pallid.

Stem short, hairy.

Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 cm. broad.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 67

On stumps of Hicoria ovata. Frequent. Soon destroyed by
insect larvae. The pileus is usually more or less irregular in
shape.

Lentinus cochleatus Ir

Pileus flesh-color becoming pale, somewhat tan, fleshy-pliant,
thin, commonly eccentric, imbricated, very unequal, somewhat
lobed or contorted, sometimes plane, sometimes funnel-shaped-
umbilicate, but not pervious, smooth.

Lamellae decurrent, crowded, serrated, white-flesh-color.

Stem solid, firm, sometimes central, most frequently eccentric,
sometimes wholly lateral, always suleate, smooth, flesh-colored
upward, reddish-brown downward.

Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad, stem 2.5 em. or more long.

On a dead stump, Lisle. August. Densely caespitose.
Margin of pileus strongly incurved; stems attenuated downward.
Spores white, globose, 4 jw. in diameter , with a single shining
nucleus.

Lentinus lepideus Ir

Pileus pallid-ochraceous, variegated with darker, spot-like
seales, fleshy, very compact and firm, irregular, commonly ec-
centric, convexed then depressed but not umbilicate, sometimes
broken up into cracks, flesh plant; white.

Lamellae decurrent but sinuate behind, crowded, broad,
transversely striate, whitish, the edge torn into teeth.

Stem short, solid, stout, very irregularly formed, almost
woody, tomentose-scaly, whitish, rooted at the base, at first
furnished with a cortina at the apex.

Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem commonly 2.5 em. long.

On old sidewalks, bridge timbers, etc. Summer and autumn.
Frequent. Specimens found erowing on pine (or hemlock?)
foundation timbers of a bridge near Glen Ellyn, in June, 1900,
are referred with some doubt to this species. They vary in
having the lamellae deeply and unequally decurrent in the form
of interrupted lines or ridges, and have the entire surface of the
whitish stem broken up into darker squarrose scales. Spores
pure white, elliptic-oblong, 9 x 6 wp.

Lentinus tigrinus Bull. (Plate VI, Fig. 2.)

Pileus fleshy-coriaceous, thin, orbicular, umbilicate, whitish;
scales innate, hairy, blackish.

Lamellae adnate-decurrent, very narrow, white becoming
yellowish.

_ Stem slender, not striate, scaly, the apex somewhat veiled.

Pileus about 5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 cm. long. Spores
ellipsoid, 6.5 x 3.5 p.

On rotten stumps in wet woods, Glen Ellyn. June to October.
Some of our plants have perfect lamellae; others have them more
or less covered with the mycelium of some parasitic fungus. The

68 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

latter form is Lentodium squamulosum Morg. (Journ. Cin. Soe.
Nat. Hist. 18, p. 36.) The perfect and imperfect forms have not
been found growing upon the same stump, but the two often occur
in close proximity. It is not possible to determine from an in-
spection of the upper surface of the growing plants whether they
have perfect or diseased gills. In many of the deformed speci-
mens the original structure of the gills can be made out; in others
they are so closely covered with a network of mycelial threads
that the lamellae are entirely obscured. The stems of the perfect
plants are slender; those of the diseased ones are apt to be some-
what irregularly thickened and deformed. The spores are
identical in both, being white, elliptic-oblong, 6 to 7 x 3 pn.

Prof. Peck (N. Y. Mus. Rep’t 25: 80), reports the occurrence
of the species in New York, and adds: “ Nearly all the specimens
had the lamellae overgrown by a dense white mass of parasitic
fungoid filaments.” Professor Morgan’s plants were apparently
from a locality where the species is uniformly distorted by the
parasitic fungus.

PANUS.

Fleshy, coriaceous, tough, drying up, of fibrous texture, which
radiates into the hymenium; lamellae concrete with the hymeno-
phore, unequal, at length coriaceous, edge quite entire. Growing
on wood. Spores even, white, somewhat cylindrical. Some of
the fleshy forms are quite close to Pleurotus. (See Hennings’
note under Lentinus.)

Pileus 5 cm. or more broad, smooth......... P. torulosus.
Pileus 3 em. or less broad, furfuraceous......P. stipticus.

Panus torulosus Fr.

Pileus somewhat flesh-color, but varying rufescent-livid and
becoming violet, entire but very eccentric, fleshy, somewhat
compact when young, plano-infundibuliform, even, smooth;
flesh pallid.

Lamellae decurrent, somewhat distant, simple, separate be-
hind, reddish then tan-color.

Stem short, solid, oblique, tough, firm, commonly with gray
but often violaceous down.

Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad, stem about 2:5 em. long; spores
(ah. gro ay

On stumps. River Forest. November.

Panus stipticus Fr.

Pileus cinnamon, becoming pale, arid, thin, reniform, pruinose,
the cuticle separating into furfuraceous scales.

Lamellae ending determinately thin, very narrow, crowded
elegantly connected by veins, cinnamon.

Stem definitely lateral, compressed, dilated upwards, ascend-
ing, pruinose, paler than the lamellae.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 69

Gregarious, cespitose; taste very astringent. Pileus 1.5 to
2.5 em. broad; stem not reaching 2.5 cm. in length. Spores
obovoid-sphaeroid, 2 to 3 x 1 to 2 p.

On stumps. Autumn, Common.

LENZITES.

Tubes near the point of attachment, elongate, radiating,
formed by the anastomosing of lamellae which are free at the

margin.

Sessile, or accidentally resupinate.
Pileus pallid, margin concolorous... .... ....L. betulina.
Pileus tawny- -yellow, becoming date- brow n, Mar-

Giigy cllowisiiee. \< fees tea et cnn cw ee L. sepvaria.
Pileus dull-brown or grayish-brown, margin

CIMCRCOUSIN tue Gree tse ead raat ule eeremenet iowa L. vialis.

Lenzites betulina Ir

Pileus dimidiate, sessile, persistent, corky-coriaceous, obos-
letely zonate, tomentose, pallid.

Lamellae straight, somewhat branched, anastomosing, sordid
white.

On stumps, frequent. July to autumn, persisting through the
winter. Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad, projecting 2.5 to 5 cm., often
imbricated and laterally concrescent; spores white, oblong, 6 to

x 3 p., often curved.

Lenzites sepiaria I'r

Pileus tawny-yellow when young (remaining so on the margin
when full grown), becoming date-brown when full grown and
black w hen old, corky-coriaceous, hard, convex becoming plane,
sometimes orbicular, more frequently extended longitudinally,
zoned, strigose-tomentose, at length squamulose and pittec d:
flesh tawny.

Lamellae extended to the base, very rigid and firm, branched,
more or less anastomosing, yellowish becoming umber, the edge
entire or slightly toothed.

On pine stumps and prostrate trunks, Millers. On the stump
of a pine street tree, Wheaton. At the first the border of the pileus
is whitish and somewhat floccose-tomentose, but soon changes to
orange-tawny. When growing on the sides of a stump the plants
are dimidiate and imbricated ; those growing on the flat, squared
surface of a stump remain more or less orbicular, forming resup-
inate areas with a narrow gill-bearing border.

Lenzites vialis Pk. (Plate VIII, Fig. 1.)

Pileus coriaceous, sessile, dimidiate or elongated, sometimes
confluent, obscurely zoned, subtomentose, brown or grayish-
brown, the margin cinereous.

Lamellae thin, abundantly anastomosing, pallid, cinereous-
pruinose on the edge when fresh. Pileus 12 to 24 mm. broad.

70 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Not as bright colored as L. sepiaria, nor so distinctly zoned;
the lamellae closer, thinner and more anastomosing, forming
pores toward the outer margin almost as in the genus Polyporus.

On railroad ties, Evanston. Gammon. Waukegan. Usually
blackened by the dirt of passing trains. On pine logs. Millers,
Ind. May be a synonym of Daedalea pallido-fulva Berk.

SCHIZOPHYLLUM.

Pileus fleshless, arid; lamellae coriaceous, fan-wise branched,
united above by the tomentose pellicle, bifid, split longitudinally
at the edge, the two halves commonly revolute. Growing on
wood.

Spores somewhat round, white.

Schizophyllum commune Fr.

Pileus adnate behind, somewhat extended, simple and lobed.

Lamellae gray then brownish-purple, villous, the edge revo-
lute.

Spores very small, almost globular (W. G. Smith) ; oblong,
somewhat apiculate, 5 to6x2.5p. (A. P. Morgan.)

Upper surface of the pileus whitish or gray, densely tomentose,
margin strongly involute, so that the plants are conchate in form,
5 mm. to 2.5 em. broad. Spores white, oblong but somewhat
irregular in outline, 5 to 6 x 1.5 ». Common on dead twigs and
branches of various trees, August to January. Often growing
luxuriantly during mild weather in midwinter.

VOLVARIA.

Universal veil free, persistent, distinct from the epidermis of
the pileus, constituting a volva; hymenophore distinct from the
stem: lamellae rounded behind and free, ventricose. Spores rosy.

Pileus viscous or glutinous... .. +. ..- +. 44.5 s5s ee ee

Pileus dry, fibrillose.:.. .0.%.2-. 8 2- » 2ne)! 02 eeee 2
1: ~ Pileus' eray,-disk umber: <4: 2%42.9ee ae V. speciosa. 4
{- .Pileusifulipinous..£7 22.50% 2-9 Seeks V. gloiocephala.
9. Pileus’7 cm: ‘or more broad), /¢. 22 -2as0 2 V. bombycina.
2) (Pileus 10 to 15,tom.) broad) ...2- 2 2 eee V. pusilla.

Volvaria speciosa Fr.

Pileus whitish, gray or umber at the disk, fleshy, globose when
young, then campanulate, at length plane and somewhat umbon-
ate, even, smooth, viscous; flesh soft, floccose, white.

Lamellae free, flesh-colored.

Stem solid, firm, slightly attenuated from the base as far. as
the apex, when young white-villous and tomentose at the base,
then becoming smooth, white. Volva bulbous rather than lax,
free however, variously torn into loops, membranaceous, extern-
ally tomentose, white.

Pileus 7.5 to 12.5 em. broad; stem 10 to 20 em. long, as much
as 2.5 em. thick. Spores ellipsoid or ellipsoid-sphaeroid, 12 to
18 x 8 to 10 pz.

Rich soil of an alley; Ravenswood. May. Pepoon.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY rl

Volvaria gloiocephala I'r.

Pileus fuliginous, fleshy, campanulate then expanded, um-
bonate, smooth, glutinous, striate at the margin.

Lamellae free, reddish.

Stem solid, smooth, becoming fuscous or tawny, the volva
which is circularly split, pressed close.

Pileus about 7.5 em. broad; stem 15 em. or more high, about
1.5 em. thick in the center, attenuated upwards, bulbous at the
base. Smell strong and unpleasant, taste disagreeable. Very
poisonous.

Roadside in decaying rubbish at the edge of a woodpile, near
Riverside, May, 1899. The specimens were determined as above
by Mr. C. G. Lloyd. It may, however, be V. speciosa. More
material is needed to set aside all doubt.

Volvaria bombycina Schaeff.

Pileus fleshy, soft, campanulate then expanded, subumbonate,
silky, fibrillose, self-colored.

Lamellae flesh-colored. Stem solid, attenuated, smooth.
Volva very large.

On decay ed wood.

A single specimen was found by Mr. Arthur Gammon, upon a
dead street tree (Acer dasycarpum), Wheaton, October, 1898.
Our plant has a pileus 7 cm. in diameter; stem 7.5 em. long, 12
mm. thick. Spores broadly ellipsoid or subglobose, 6 to 7 x 5 p.
The stem is curved upward like that of Pleurotus ulmarius; the
lamellae somewhat crowded and remarkably distant, there being
an interval of 3 to 5 mm. between their point of insertion and
the apex of the stem. A single specimen was found by Miss
Jennette Lawrence, upon a livi ing street tree, Wheaton, June,
1900, and one by Mr. John W. Sercomb, in woods at Dolton,
July, 1901.

Volvaria pusilla Pers.

Pileus explanate, white, fibrillose, dry, striate, center slightly
depressed when mature.

Lamellae white, becoming flesh-color, free, distant.

Stem white, glabrous. Volva split to the base into four nearly
equal segments. Spores broadly ellipsoid, almost globose, 5
to 6 p.

Among weeds in a garden, Wheaton, July, 1902... The follow-
ing additional characters are noted. Lamellae broad, rounded
behind, very broad and truncate in front. Stem slightly pubes-
cent at the apex. Volva membranous, pallid, wholly above the
ground, split nearly to the base into three subequal segments.
Pileus 10 mm. broad; stem 15 mm. long, a little more than a
millimeter thick. Spores pink, subglobose, 5 to 6 p.

2 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

PLUTEUS.

Without a volva or ring; hymenophore distinct from the stem;
lamellae rounded behind and free, cohering at the first, white,
then flesh-colored, occasionally tinged with yellow. Growing on
or near trunks. Spores rosy.

ileus with a smooth pellicles 7.2.4..7 222.28 P. cervinus.
faites sranulose oraibrilloserxacn. 35.5 2.5 6. Se eee 1
1. Stem concolorous with the pileus........ P. granularis.
1.3 Stemi “whitese.: . tse oe ee ee eee. P. nanus.

Pluteus cervinus Schaeff.

Pileus fleshy, somewhat fragile, campanulate then expanded,
obtuse, when young covered over with a continuous pellicle which
is viscid in wet weather, becoming even, smooth, fuliginous, but
gradually broken up into fibrils or squamules, margin entire and
naked; flesh soft, white.

Lamellae rounded behind, wholly free, crowded, ventricose,
somewhat crenulated, white then flesh-color.

Stem solid, firm, equal, white but externally reticulated or
striate with black fibrils.

On stumps and fallen trunks. Frequent. May to November.
Pileus 5 to 7.5 ecm. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 cm. long, 8 to 12 mm.
thick. Spores in our plants subsphaeroid, slightly irregular,
5 to 6 pw.

Pluteus granularis Pk.

Pileus convex or nearly plane, subumbonate, granulose or
granulose-villose, varying in color from yellow to brown.

Lamellae rather ‘broad, crowded, ventricose, whitish then
flesh-colored.

Stem equal, solid, colored like the pileus, often paler at the
top, velvety-pubescent, rarely squamulose.

Pileus 3.5 to 5 em. broad; stem 3.5 to 7.5 cm. long, 2to 4mm.
thick. Spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, 6 to 7.5 x 5 to 6 pw.
Decaying wood and prostrate trunks in woods, June to September.

On dead wood. Bowmanville. July. Collected and identi-
fied by Wyrick.

Pluteus nanus Pers.

Pileus convex, rather thin, fibrillose or somewhat mealy,
brown.

Lamellae rather broad, a little narrower outwardly, white,
becoming pale flesh-color, free.

Stem white, firm, striate, solid.

Pileus about 2 2.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long.

On decaying stumps in woods. Glen Ellyn and River Forest.
June and July. Spores globose, about 5 p.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 73

ENTOLOMA.

Veil wanting; stem fibrous, soft, sometimes waxy; pileus some-
what fleshy, margin incurved; hymenophore continuous with the
stem; lamellae sinuate-adnexed behind or separating. Growing
on the ground. Spores rosy, angular. ;

Pileus hygrophanous . Boren ak tel che eee eee ee
SNS MOUMyPLOPMANOUSE D2 occ cease ds note pend eo
1. Stem fibrillose, stuffed then hollow......#. clypeatum.

ff orem smooth, hollow... .2........-: _..E. rhodopolium.
2. Stem solid, white. . are ..E. grande.
2. Stem becoming hollow, Ww hite streaked with
folachkoMny teen 5.) tere dave es cas Wg eee So. micas.

Entoloma clypeatum L.

Pileus lurid when moist, when dry gray and variegated
streaked with darker spots or lines, fleshy, campanulate then
flattened, umbonate, smooth, fragile.

Lamellae rounded-adnexed, ‘separating free, 6 to 12 mm.
broad, ventricose, somewhat distant, dingy, then red- -pulverulent
with the spores, serrulated on the edge, chiefly behind.

Stem stuffed, at length hollow, wholly fibrous, equal, round,
fragile, longitudinally fibrillose, becoming cinereous, pulverulent
at the apex

Pileus 7.5 cm. broad; stem 7.5 em. long, 6 to 12 mm. thick.

On the ground in woods. Riverside. May. Wyrick. Ac-
cording to MclIlvane the species 1s poisonous.

Entoloma rhodopolium ['r.

Pileus hygrophanous, when young or moist fuscous or livid,
becoming pale when full grown, when dry isabelline-livid, suky-
shining, slightly fleshy, sampanul: ute then expanded and some-
what umbonate, at length rather plane and sometimes depressed,
fibrillose when young, smooth when full grown; flesh white.

Lamellae adnate then separating, somew hat sinuate, slightly
distant, 4 to 8 mm. broad, white then rose-color.

Stem hollow, equal when smaller, when larger attenuated
upwards, and white pruinate at the apex, otherwise smooth,
slightly striate, white.

Spores irregular, angled, 6 to 10 pu.

A plant found in the woods at Dolton, by Mr. J. W. Sercomb,
was referred by him to this species. In luxuriant specimens the
stems were enlarged at the apex, in smaller ones equal. Spores
with irregular angles, 8 to 10 pm.

Entoloma grande Pk.

Pileus fleshy, thin towards the margin, glabrous, nearly plane
when mature, commonly broadly umbonate and rugosely wrinkled
about the umbo, moist in wet weather, dingy yellow ish-white
verging to brownish or grayish-brown; flesh white; odor and
flavor farinaceous.

74 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Lamellae broad, subdistant, slightly adnexed, becoming free
or nearly so, often wavy or uneven on the edge, whitish, ae
flesh-colored at maturity.

Stem equal or nearly so, solid, somewhat fibrous erie
mealy at the top, white.

Pileus 10 to 15 cm. broad; stem 10 to 15 em. long, 16 to 24
mm. thick; spores angular, 8 to 10 HM.

ecinats agreeing with the description, except in size, were
found -by Mr. Gammon, growing on the ground in woods at Glen
Ellyn, September, 1900. In these plants the pileus was only
9 cm. broad, the stems 11.5 em. long, about 18 mm. thick; spores
angular, about 9 pw.

Entoloma nigricans Pk.

Pileus thin, convex, becoming irregularly expanded and cen-
trally depressed, innately silky-fibrillose, shining, dark-gray or
blackish, the cuticle often radiately cracking, inodorous.

Lamellae broad, subdistant, sinuate, adnate, salmon color.

Stem equal, silky-fibrillose, solid then hollow, shining, white
streaked with black, sometimes scurfy at the top.

Spores salmon-color, angular, uninucleate, 8 to 12 wu. long,
nearly as broad. Pileus 2.5 to 4 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 cm.
long, ‘4 to 8 mm. thick.

In low woods, River Forest, August, 1905. Easily overlooked
as the surface of the pileus is colored.so nearly like the dead
leaves and naked earth on which the plant grows. Lamellae at
first whitish, irregularly attached, sometimes deeply sinuate and
adnate, sometimes scarcely sinuate but somewhat decurrent.
Spores about 10 yp. in diameter.

CLITOPILUS.

Stem fleshy or fibrous, diffused upward into the pileus, the
margin of which is at first involute; hymenophore continuous
with the stem; lamellae equally attenuated and somewhat de-
current, not separating or sinuate. Growing on. the ground.
Spores rosy.

Pileus silky-tomentose::.:.:....24.522s226e5-5 C. abortivus.
Fileus finely pruimose.....-.................. 0) praia
ious ela bTOUS= ice hone as &5.9 Se? See C’. caespitosus.

Clitepilus abortivus Bb. & C.

Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or nearly plane, regular or ir-
regular, dry, clothed with a minute silky tomentum, becoming
smooth with age, gray or grayish-brown; flesh white, taste and
odor subfarinaceous.

Lamellae thin, close, slightly or deeply decurrent, at first
whitish or pale gray, then flesh-colored.

Stem nearly equal, solid, minutely flocculose, sometimes
fibrous-striate, colored like or paler than the pileus.

Spores irregular, 7.5 to 10 x 6 pn.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 75

On the ground in woods, Bowmanville, Thatchers and Glen
Ellyn. September and October. Somewhat gregarious and
cespitose. Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad, stem 2.5 to 10 cm. long.
The stem is often pure white downwards, usually cottony-tomen-
tose about the base. An intricate plexus of mycelium intermixed
with dead leaves, earth or twigs usually adheres to the plant
when it is pulled up. The spores are subelliptic in general out-
line, but very irregular, often apiculate at one of the angles.

Clitopilus prunulus Scop.

Pileus white or cinereous, fleshy, compact, convex then flat-
tened and at length depressed and repand or unequal, delicately
pruinose; flesh thick, white.

Lamellae deeply decurrent, attenuated at both ends, some-
what distant, entire, white then flesh-color.

Stem solid, firm, somewhat ventricose, naked, often striate,
white, villous at the base.

Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem 2.5 em. long, about 12 mm.
thick.

On the ground among dead leaves in woods, Glen Ellyn.
August and September. Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad, very much
waved or lobed, pure white, odor farinaceous. Spores flesh-color,
ellipsoid, bluntly pointed at one or both ends, 12 x 6 p.

Clitopilus caespitosus Pk.

Pileus at first convex, firm, regular, shining, white, then nearly
plane, fragile, often irregular or eccentric, glabrous but with a
slight silky luster, even, whitish; flesh whitish, taste mild.

Lamellae narrow, thin, crowded, often forked, adnate or slight-
ly decurrent, whitish, becoming dingy or brownish-pink.

Stems cespitose, solid, silky-fibrillose, slightly mealy at the
top, white.

Spores 5x 4 p. Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 3 to 7.5 cm.
long, 4 to 8 mm. thick.

In long grass in Chicago parks. September. Dr. Watson.

LEPTONIA.

Stem cartilaginous, tubular (the tube hollow or stuffed),
polished, somewhat shining; pileus thin, umbilicate or with a
darker disk, cuticle fibrillose or separating into darker scales,
margin at first incurved; lamellae at first adnexed or adnate, but
readily separating. The species are small and brightly colored,
growing in troops. Spores rosy, irregular.

Leptonia asprella Ir.

Pileus hygrophanous, at first fuliginous then livid-gray, some-
what membranaceous, convex then flattened, the darker um-
bilicus villous at length squamulose marked with spots, striate,
sometimes (the disk excepted) smooth, sometimes fibrillose.

76 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Lamellae adnate, separating free, somewhat distant, plane,
equally attenuated from the stem toward the margin, whitish-
ray.
: ‘Stem cartilaginous, fistulose, thin, equal, tense and straight,
even, smooth, typically livid, white villous at the base. The stem
varies fuscous, green and azure-blue.

Pileus 2.5 to 3.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, scarcely
2 mm. thick.

Among mosses, border of swamp, Millers. August. Pileus
12 mm. to 2.5 em. broad; stem bluish lead-color, 2.5 to 6 cm.
long; spores irregular, somewhat angled, apiculate at one end,
about 10 x 7 p.

ECCILIA.

Stem cartilaginous, hollow or stuffed, expanding upward into
the pileus, which is more or less membranous and at first inflexed
at the margin; lamellae attenuated behind, decurrent.

Eccilia rhodocylix Lasch.

Pileus membranous, rugulose, floccose, soft, umbilicate then
infundibuliform, remotely striate when moist, flocculose when dry.

Lamellae strongly decurrent, distant, thick, whitish then
flesh-color.

Stem stuffed, slender, incurved, even, smooth, cinereous.

Spores oval, pentangular, 10 pz.

On mossy ground in moist woods, Glen Ellyn, June, 1905.
The pileus is dark gray and sulcate-striate when moist, whitish-
gray and finely silky-striate when dry. The stem is thickened
above, mouse-color and semi-pellucid when moist, grayish and
opaque when dry, often with a tuft of white silky fibers at the
base. Taste mild, mealy. Pileus 5 to 15 mm. broad; stem 15
to 25 mm. long, 1 to 2 mm. thick; spores rosy-pink, pentangular,
8 to 10 w., often with an oblique apiculus at one of the angles.

E. pentagonospora Atk. (Journ. Myce. 8: 113) may perhaps be
a synonym, the description agreeing well with the hygrophanous
state of our plant.

CLAUDOPUS.

Pileus eccentric, lateral or resupinate; spores rosy or salmon-
colored. Growing on wood, rarely on the ground.

Piles WelOwe itecs.s 2 fas + «oak. Gera sak eee C. nidulans.

Pileus WHITE. <i cer oach~ S92 Stee! « Glee C. variabilis.
ileus OT ay’. sso: owed hee pa doko Os C’. byssisedus.
Claudopus nidulans Pers. (Pilate VIII, Fig. 2.)

Pileus sessile or rarely narrowed behind into a short, stem-like
base, often imbricated, suborbicular, dimidiate or reniform,
tomentose, somewhat strigose-hairy or squamulose-hairy toward
the margin, yellow or buff color, the margin at first involute.

Lamellae rather broad, moderately close, orange-yellow.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY ie

On decaying trunks of Populus, woods, Glencoe. Autumn.
The fresh plant has a strong, unpleasant odor. According to
Prof. Morgan, this is the same as Panus dorsalis Bose.

Pileus 2.5 to 10 em. broad, projecting 2.5 to 7.5 em.; spores
elliptical, sightly curved, 6 to 7.5 x 3 to 4 pu.

Claudopus variabilis Fr

Pileus white, slightly fleshy, resupinate then reflexed, even,
tomentose, sessile or with a very short stem.

Lamellae broad, radiating from a lateral or eccentric point,
white then pink.

Pileus 8 to 16 mm. broad; spores even, ellipsoid, rusty-pink,
Ges jt.

On dead leaves, twigs and grasses, Lombard. Lamellae at
first white, at leneth rusty- -pink. Spores oblong or elliptic-
oblong, often curved. .

Claudopus byssisedus Pers.

Pileus gray, becoming pale when dry, slightly fleshy, at length
horizontal, reniform, plane, even, villous; flesh of the same color,
thin.

Lamellae adnate-decurrent, ventricose, rather broad, whit'sh-
cinereous then rubiginous with the spores.

Stem incurved, villous, attenuated upwards, zoned at the base
with white cottony fibrils.

On the ground in a shaded clay bank, Glen Ellyn. August.
Among moss on a rotten stump, Riverside. July. Spores rosy
flesh-color, irregularly angled with an apiculus at one end, 10 x
to 8 p.

PHOLIOTA.

Lamellae not separating readily from the hymenophore; ring
continuous (not arachnoid). Spores ferruginous, ochraceous-
ferruginous or fuscus-ferruginous. The genus passes into Flam-
mula without distinct limits.

FLEUS Ob My STOPMANOUS..... 42. on che. Fey ce bos ta eee 1
EWeusayOTODRANOUS: 5 m4-. .ohe ws ce eee eee P. marginata.
1. Pileus CUE VO ee ksi Ga ERC end on tpg 2s ee 2
ee LCUSUVASCIGice acta ets aa w ikte schlieren. ae 3 ihe
2. Pileus smooth, stem white........ 3 i PRGeCor:
2. Pileus innate-flocculose, stem light -ye ellow... .P. curvipes.
3. Pileus yellow, stem scaly............... P. adiposa.
3. Pileus tawny, stem fibrillose............ P. comosa.

Pholiota marginata Batsch.

Pileus honey-colored when moist, tan when dry, hygrophanous,
slightly fleshy, convex then expanded, obtuse, even, smooth,
margin striate.

Lamellae adnate, crowded, thin, narrow, at first pallid then
darker cinnamon.

78 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Stem fistulose, equal, fibrillose or slightly striate, not scaly,
of the same color as the pileus, but becoming fuscous and com-
monly white-velvety at the base.

Pileus 2.5 cm. or more broad; stem 5 cm. long, 2 to 4 mm.
thick.

Spores 7 to 8x4yp. (Massee.)

On rotten logs in woods. Autumn. Our plants are referred
with some doubt to this species, although they agree well with
the figure in Atkinson’s Studies, f. 143. They have, however,

some of the characters ascribed to P. mutabilis Schaeff. The .

lamellae instead of being adnate, are sometimes, in large specimens,
plainly decurrent; the pileus is cinnamon when moist; the stem
which is often incurved from position, is commonly enlarged
downwards, stuffed then hollow. The spores are ovate, ferrugi-
nous, 10x 6 pn.

Pholiota praecox Pers.

Pileus whitish then tan-color, fleshy, soft, convex, soon plane,
obtuse, even, smooth, moist in rainy weather; flesh soft, white.

Lamellae rounded-adnexed, crowded, whitish then fuscous.

Stem stuffed, hollow upwards, equal, even, fragile, at first
mealy with white flocci then somewhat naked, white; ring entire,
reflexed, white.

Spores sphaeroid-ellipsoid, 8 to 15 x 5 to 7». Pileus 7.5 em.
broad; stem 7.5 to 10 em. long, 6 to 8 mm. thick.

On railroad station grounds, Wheaton, June, 1905. In all
of our specimens the veil is wholly appendiculate, leaving no trace
on the stem. On this account they were referred to the genus
Hebeloma. Prof. Peck, however, assures me that the plant is
Pholiota praecox, and states that it is variable in the method of
attachment of the veil. The upper part of the stem is strongly
granular-pubescent. The lamellae in drying become much
darker than the color of the spores. Mr. Worthington G. Smith,
in Synopsis of Basidiomycetes in the British Museum, p. 121, has
proposed a new genus, J'ogaria, for this and other species of
Pholiota in which the pileus is nearly distinct from the fleshy
stem.

Pholiota curvipes Fr.

Pileus tawny-yellow or orange, fleshy, thin but slightly firm
and tough, convex then expanded, obtuse, w holly innate-flocculose
then torn into minute scales, dry, not hygrophanous.

Lamellae adnate, crowded, light yellowish, at length tawny,
edge white, at length floecose-crenate.

Stem fistulose, “equal, incurved, tough, fibrillose or delicately
squamulose, light yellow. Ring rarely manifest, commonly
floecose- radiate, soon vanishing.

Pileus 2 to 5 em. broad; stem 2 .5 to 3.5 cm. long, 2 mm. or a
little more thick.

On a rotten log of Tilia americana in woods. Glen Ellyn.
June. Pileus 2 to 3 em. broad, the curved stem 1.5 to 2.5 em.

e atin o

ai* = etn

a

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 79

long. Spores ellipsoid, ochraceous-tawny, 7 x 4 p. The
scales of the pileus are brown-tipped when the plants are mature,

Pholiota adiposa Ir.

Pileus fleshy, firm, at first hemispherical or subconical, then
convex, viscid when moist, shining when dry, squamose, yellow:
flesh whitish.

Lamellae close, adnate, yellowish, becoming ferruginous with
age.

Stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, squamose below
the slight radiating annulus, solid or stuffed, yellow, generally
ferruginous at the base.

Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem 5 to 10 em. long, 8 to 12 mm.
thick; spores ellipsoid, 7.5 x 5 p.

Decayed crevices in bark, or knot-holes in living trees.
Thatchers, Wyrick. Wheaton, Gammon. A colony of over fifty
plants was found in the hollow trunk of a living street tree,
Wheaton, October, 1900. The species is edible.

Pholiota comosa Fr. (Plate IX, Fig. 1.)

Pileus tawny, sprinkled with paler, superficial separating
scales, fleshy, convex then flattened, obtuse, viscous; flesh com-
pact, white.

Lamellae adnate-decurrent, not much crowded, white, be-
coming fuscous clay-color.

an solid, when young very compact, hard, somewhat bul-
bous then elongated, somewhat equal, fibrillose, white. Ring
more or less in the form of a cortina, floecose, moderately per-
sistent.

On decorticated log of Ulmus americana. Woods, River
Forest. October, 1903. Identified by Prof. Peck. The spores
in mass on white paper are rich umber, not “fuscous-ferruginous ”
as above described. They measure 10 x 6 up.

INOCYBE.

Universal veil somewhat fibrillose, concrete with the cuticle
of the pileus, often free at the margin in the form of a cortina;
lamellae somewhat sinuate, changing color; spores rough or even,
gees ert ueimous.

Stem stuffed . RCS ce et Po ee, oe
Stem solid. oe sae cette 240) ae
1. Pileus campanulate, subumbonate, stem
bulbous, spores stellate......... I. asterospora.
1. Pileus conico-expanded, stem not bulbous,
SOLES SMOOUM os... te eee ee sd. Geophylla.
2. Pileus obtuse, umber, becoming yellowish,
SORES WOU ee) oi ae re I. lanuginosa.
2. Pileus convex-expanded, umbonate, tawny-
@lay, spores rough...................... I. rigidipes.

2. Pileus conic- campanulate t then expanded, yel-
low-brown, spores smooth............... I. rimosa.

80 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Inocybe asterospora Quel.

Pileus bistre, stuffed with brown striae, convex, umbonate,
cracked.

Lamellae emarginate, ventricose, whitish-bistre then cinnamon.

Stem stuffed, firm, bulbous, furnished with a separable cuticle,
reddish, pubescent, with brown striae.

Spores subglobose, warted, 10 to 11 p.

Under trees in open woods. Winfield. September. Pileus
1.5 to 2.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long. The bulb is small
and submarginate. Bears a superficial resemblance to I. rimosa,
but the spores of the latter species are even.

Inocybe geophylla Sow.

Pileus normally white, somewhat fleshy, conical thenexpanded,
umbonate, dry, becoming silky-even, then covered with long
longitudinal fibrils from the cuticle gaping open; flesh white.

Lamellae rather broad, crowded, ventricose, almost free,
whitish then clay-fuscous, at length earth-colored.

Stem stuffed, slightly firm, equal, commonly tense and straight,
smooth, white or tinged with the color of the pileus and white-
mealy at the apex; cortina fibrillose.

The pileus varies in color, violaceous-lilac, fuscous, brick-red
or yellowish.

Pileus 1 to 2 em. high and broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long,
2 to 4 mm. thick.

Woods, Winfield, Glen Ellyn and Glencoe. June and July.
Pileus in our plants often nearly white, varying isabelline.

Inocybe lanuginosa Bull.

Pileus umber, becoming yellow, slightly fleshy; campanulate
becoming expanded, somewhat umbonate, floccose-scaly; flesh of
pileus and stem whitish.

Lamellae separating free, broad, ventricose, crowded, pallid
clay-color.

Stem solid, tough, equal, whitish-fuscous, squamulose-fibril-
lose with fuscous down at the base, white-pulverulent at the apex.

Pileus 2.5 em. broad; stem 3 to 5 em. long, 2 to 4 mm. thick.

On the ground in woods, Glencoe. According to Massee,
Agaricus sabuletorum B. and C., Grev. 19: 103, is a synonym.

Inocybe rigidipes Pk.

Pileus thin, convex or subcampanulate becoming expanded,
umbonate, squamulose, striate on the margin when dry, tawny-
eray.

Lamellae broad, subdistant, narrowed behind, slightly ad-
nexed, tawny-ochraceous, commonly whitish on the edge.

Stem rather slender, flexuous, rigid, firm, solid, slghtly
pruinose, colored like the pileus.

Spores globose, echinate, 12.5 ». Pileus 12 to 24 mm. broad;
stem 4 to 6 cm. long, 2 mm. thick.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY ~° 81

On the ground in open woods. Winfield. September. Mr.
Massee, in Monograph Inocybe, Ann. Bot. 18: 459, states that
this is a synonym of J. calospora Quel., the cystidia and spores
being identical. Our specimens agree with Professor Peck’s de-
scription as given above, but differ ‘from the description and figure
Ont. calospora (Bres. Fung. Trid. I: 19, tab. 21) in having the
pileus wholly fibrillose- -squamulose, and the stem flexuous and
pruinose throughout. Prof. Peck notes that the dried shriveled
stems resume their fresh plump condition when soaked in
water, a character well shown in our plants.

Inocybe rimosa Bull.

Pileus yellowish, varying rufescent and date-brown, fleshy,
conic-campanulate then flattened, at length reflexed, umbonate,
somewhat fibrillose, longitudinally cracked, disk even or cracked;
flesh firm, white.

Lamellae very much attenuated behind, free or slightly ad-
nexed, somewhat ventricose, whitish becoming fuscous, at le neth
ferruginous, edge serrulated, pallid.

Stem solid, firm, longitudinally fibrous within, occasionally
bulbous, mhealy upwards, becoming yellow or fuscous.

Pileus 2.5 to 5 cm. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long, 6 to 8 mm.
thick. Spores ellipsoid, even, 10 to 14x 5to 8p. Odor earthy.
Subgregarious.

The plant so referred is our most common species, being found
under trees and in grassy places in open woods during late summer
and autumn; usually gregarious. The lamellae, however, are
broadly emarginate, and, while slightly attached, are decurrent-
toothed; otherwise the species agrees well with the above descrip-
tion and with Cooke’s figure, IIl’st. pl. 384. The bulb, which is
flattened above, is found only in large specimens. ‘The stem,
though tough elsewhere, is fragile at the very base, and unless
the plants are taken up carefully the bulb may be left in the
ground unnoticed.

HEBELOMA.

Partial veil fibrillose or wanting; stem fleshy, fibrous, clothed
somewhat mealy at the apex; margin of the pileus at first incurved;
lamellae sinuate-adnate, the edge more or less of a different color,
whitish; cuticle of the pileus. continuous, smooth, somewhat
viscid.

Spores somewhat clay-colored. Growing on the ground.
Lamellae rounded-adnexed, stem at length

| QILOR ,EE H. crustiliniforme.
Lamellae strongly emarginate, stem solid..... H. fastibile.

Hebeloma crustiliniforme Bull.

Pileus pale whitish-tan, pale yellowish or brick-color at the
disk, fleshy, convex-plane, obtuse or slightly gibbous with an
obtuse umbo, somewhat repand, even, smooth, at first slightly
viscid.

.

82 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Lamellae rounded-adnexed, crowded, whitish then clay-color,
at length date-brown, distilling watery drops in wet weather.

Stem stuffed then hollow, stout, somewhat bulbous, white,
naked, white-squamulose at the apex.

Gregarious in a lawn. Wheaton. In plants that appeared
in August, the pileus was 2.5 to 5 em. broad; in those occurring
in September and October it was much larger, up to 10 em.,
and often rimosely cracked when old. It has the odor of radish.
Spores ellipsoid, 10 to 12 x 5 to 6 np.

Hebeloma fastibile Fr.

Pileus yellowish, tan, or becoming pale, compactly fleshy,
convex-plane, obtuse, somewhat repand, even, smooth, the in-
volute margin pubescent.

Lamellae remarkably emarginate, somewhat distant, rather
broad, dingy clay-color, edge whitish, distilling drops in rainy
weather.

Stem solid, wholly fleshy-fibrous, often twisted, white-silky
and fibrillose, pallid, white-scaly upwards. :

Pileus 5 to 6.5 em. broad; stem 5 to 6.5 cm. long, 12 mm.
thick.

On the ground in shaded thicket, Glen Ellyn. September.
The stem in our plant is somewhat hollow, and the pileus whitish,
approaching the variety alba. Spores ochraceous clay-color,
9tol0Ox6to7 pz.

FLAMMULA.

Veil fibrillose or none; pileus fleshy, the margin at first in-
volute; lamellae decurrent or adnate without a sinus. Usually
growing on wood. Spores mostly pure ferruginous, occasionally
tawny-ochraceous or fuscous-ferruginous.

Pileus dry...... Cae alg Bede et,
Pileus viscid......... » We A 2
1. Pileus golden tawny. rege sapinea.
1. Pileus pale 3 yellow or buff. _F’, magna.
2. Pileus greenish-yellow or purplish.. _F. polychroa.
2. Pileus pale-w hitish.. _F. lenta.
2. Pileus light-yellow.. _.F. spumosa.

Flammula sapinea Fr. vl ate IX, Fig. 2.)

Pileus fleshy, compact, hemispherical or convex, becoming
expanded, obtuse, dry, slightly flocculose- squamulose when
young, often becoming rimose and paler with age, golden-tawny,
paler and shining on the margin; flesh yellowish, odor strong.

Lamellae broad, close, adnate, becoming tawny-cinnamon.

Stem short, often unequal or irregular, compressed and sul-
cate, stuffed or hollow, yellowish or pallid.

Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, 6 to 10 mm.
thick. Spores ochraceous, 7.5 x 5 p.

On rotting pine logs, Millers, Ind., October. Stem usually
incurved from position.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 83

Flammula magna Pk.

Pileus fleshy, broadly convex, soft, dry, fibrillose or somewhat
virgate, pale yellow or buff, the margin commonly becoming
revolute with age; flesh whitish or yellowish.

Lamellae close, adnate or slightly decurrent, often crisped or
wavy toward the stem, ochraceous.

Stem equal or thickened toward the base, fleshy-fibrous, solid,
elastic, fibrillose, colored like the pileus, brighter yellow within.
Spores subellipsoid, 10 x 6 yp.

Cespitose. Pileus 10 to 15 em. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 em.
long, 16 to 24 mm. thick.

Woods. Highland Park. Collected and identified by Dr.
Watson.

Flammula polychroa Berk. (Piate X, Figs. 1, 2.)

Pileus convex then plane, broadly umbilicate, of many colors,
at first purple, viscid, the disk fleshy.

Lamellae broad, rather distant, adnate, slightly decurrent, at
first dirty-white, then brownish-purple, at le neth yellow-brown.

Stem firm, somewhat woody, at first furfuraceous; veil floccose,
yellowish-purple.

Pileus 5 to 7.5 cm. broad, stem 2.5 to 3.5 cm. long; spores
6to8Sx4to5un.

On rotten trunks, Thornton, Glen Ellyn, Lisle. The pileus
when moist is shining and of a peculiar greenish-yellow, the yellow
tints being more pronounced toward the disk. It is clothed with
flocci or scales which have the appearance of ferruginous stains.
When dry, the color is yellowish-gray. The annulus is evanescent,
being little more than a border of scales of larger size than those
which clothe the lower portion of the stem. The stem is slender
in proportion to the size of the plant.

Flammula lenta Pers.

Pileus pale-whitish, disk often clay-color, fleshy, convex then
plane, obtuse, even, smooth, but very glutinous in wet weather;
flesh concolorous.

Lamellae adnate, decurrent with a tooth, crowded, 2 to 4 mm.
broad, whitish, at length stained with the ferruginous spores.

Stem somewhat stuffed, tough, equal, often viscid, whitish or
becoming light-yellow and villous at the b: ase, clothed with white
floecose reflexed seales.

Over buried roots of an oak stump. Winfield. October,
1904. Gregarious, flesh white, that of the stem at length brownish
toward the base. The lower third of the stem often becomes
distinctly hollow as the plants mature.

Flammula spumosa F'r.

- Pileus pallid light-yellow, disk often darker, slightly fleshy,
convex then plane, somewhat umbonate, viscous, flesh pale
greenish-yellow.

bho

84 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Lamellae adnate, close, pale-yellow becoming ferruginous.

Stem slender, hollow, equal or tapering downwards, yellowish,
generally becoming brownish toward the base.

Pileus 2.5 to 5 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 7.5 em. long, 4 mm.
thick. Spores ellipsoid, dark ferruginous, 7.5 x 4 to 5 up.

Gregarious in a lawn. Wheaton. In open woods. Glen
Ellyn. September and October. ;

NAUCORIA.

Veil none or fugacious, squamulose; stem cartilaginous, fistu-
lose or spongy-stuffed; pileus more or less fleshy, convex-plane or
conical, the margin at first inflexed; lamellae adnate or free, not
decurrent. Growing on the ground, somewhat rooted. Spores
ferruginous.

Pileus not. hysrophanous.2.. a. 23. ien ee N. semiorbicularis.
iEaleus DysTophanous se yscsM aes cece oe N. vernalis.

Naucoria semiorbicularis Fr.

Pileus a little fleshy, hemispheric, expanded, even, glabrous,
somewhat viscid, at length rivulose.

Lamellae adnate, very broad, close, pallid then ferruginous.

Stem slender, tough, almost straight, pale-ferruginous, shining,
with a free tubular pith.

Pileus 2.5 to 5 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 cm. long, 2 mm.
thick.

Peaty ground in a partially drained slough, Palos Park.
May. Our plants are slightly viscid when young, becoming dry.
The color of the pileus in mature plants is ochraceous-tan, of the
stem whitish. Spores pyriform or ellipsoid, 11 to 13 x 6 to 8 ph.

Naucoria vernalis Pk.

Pileus thin, fleshy, convex then a little depressed with a de-
flexed margin, umbonate, hygrophanous, dull-yellow, darker when
moist.

Lamellae narrow, attached, cinnamon-color.

Stem long, flexuous, striate-sulcate, hollow, tapering down-
ward, white-villous at the base, brownish.

Pileus 2 to 3 cm. broad; stem 4 to 8 em. high, 4 to 5 mm.
thick. Spores wood-brown.

Growing out of holes in the bark of rotten logs of Quercus.
The plants are rooted in the rotten wood underneath the bark,
so that the pileus often appears nearly sessile on the surface of
the log. Often cespitose. Our plants are only occasionally
umbonate. The stem is striate beneath a mealy coating. Taste
farinaceous then bitter. Spores pale-brown, ellipsoidal, inequilat-
eral, often with one side flat, 7 to8 x 5p. After rains, spring to
autumn.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 85

PLUTEOLUS.

Pileus slightly fleshy, viscid, conical or campanulate then
expanded, the margin at first straight, appressed to the stem.
Lamellae rounded free, Stem subcartilaginous, separate from the
hymenophore.

Pluteolus expansus Pk.

Pileus submembranaceous, becoming nearly plane or centrally
depressed, viscid, plicate-striate on the margin, brownish-och-
raceous, often tinged with yellow, gray, pmk or greenish hues.

Lamellae narrow, close, rounded behind, slightly adnexed
pale-cinnamon or ferruginous.

Stem rather long, slender, fragile, equal or slightly tapering
upward, hollow, faintly striate, pruinose, yellow or greenish-
yellow.

Spores 11 to 12 x6to 7.5 w. Pileus 2.5 to 4 em. broad; stem
7.5 to 10 em. long,.2 to 4 mm. thick. Decaying wood and rich
ground.

Var. terrestris Pk. Pileus grayish-yellow, tinged with green;
stem greenish-yellow. Growing on rich or well manured soil.

In manured lawn. Wheaton. July. The pileus in the
young plants is ovate-campanulate, viscid, dark-gray, becoming
dry and changing to a’pale greenish-lemon color. Lamellae pale-
yellow, becoming ferruginous. Stem pale-yellow, its flesh con-
colorous, whitish below, becoming fibrillose toward the base as
the plants mature. Spores pale-ferruginous, agreeing with the
measurements given above.

GALERA.

Veil none or fibrillose; stem subcartilaginous, continuous with
the hymenophore, tubular; pileus more or less membranous,
conical or oval, then expanded, striate, the margin at first straight
and adpressed to the stem; lamellae not decurrent. Plants small,
mostly fragile; when young or moist the pileus has a watery or
hygrophanous appearance. Spores ferruginous.

Galera tenera Schaeff.

Pileus thin, hygrophanous, somewhat membranous, - conic-
campanulate, pale ferruginous and slightly striate when moist,
wholly even and whitish or creamy-yellow when dry, opaque.

Lamellae adnate, ascending, rather close, linear, cinnamon.

Stem straight, slender, fragile, hollow, somewhat shining,
striate upwards, colored like the pileus.

Pileus 8 to 20 mm. broad; stem 4 to 7.5 cm. long, about 2
mm. thick. Spores ellipsoid, dark-ferruginous, 12 to 16 x 7.5
to 10 p.

In lawns, grassy places in fields and woods, ete. In moist
weather the plants deliquesce like species of Coprinus, the lamellae
dissolving into a yellowish mass. The spores are variable, sub-
globose, ellipsoid, or somewhat oblong, 10 to 12 x 6 to 7 p#., or
mito 14 x 8 to 12°p.

86 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

CREPIDOTUS.
. Stature various, irregular without a manifest veil; pileus
eccentric, lateral or resupinate; spores yellowish-brown. Growing
on wood, rarely on mosses; plants commonly with soft flesh.

Plant with a distinct stem. .................. C. tiliophilus.
fiaay sessile or nearly SO... ..... 7... 1 22s. = 2 ee ee 1
1. Pileus glabrous or only slightly villous :
at. the: base ic: LA eel eee 2
1... Pileus not, glabrous. 204 Geshe se 5)
2. Lamellae very narrow, decurrent......... C. applanatus.
2. Lamellae broader, rounded behind. . _C. malachius.
2. Lamellae decurrent to the base........... C. mollis.
3. Pileus white with a white villosity.....C. herbarum.
3. Pileus squamose with a tawny to-
SHEN UNIMNI2 2.20 ee ee ee C. fulvotomentosus
3. Pileus reddish-yellow with a yellowish
POET, 4 tS Sires SOEs does C’. dorsalis.

Crepidotus tiliophilus Pk.

Pileus moderately thin, convex, minutely pulverulent, hy-
grophanous, watery-brown and striatulate on the margin when
moist, dingy buff when dry.

Lamellae rather broad, subdistant, rounded behind, adnexed,
colored like the pileus, becoming ferruginous-cinnamon.

Stem solid, often curved, pruinose, with a white pubescence at
the base.

Pileus 12 to 24 mm. broad; stem 4 to 8 mm. long, 2 mm.
thick; spores subelliptical, brownish-ferruginous, 6 to 7.5 x 4to 5p.

On bark of living Crataegus, open woods, Glen Ellyn. August.
Spores somewhat irregular in shape, 6 to 8 u.; otherwise our
specimens agree with “the description. The plant from which
Prof. Peck’s ‘description was written grew upon dead trunks and
branches of Tilia americana.

Crepidotus applanatus Fr.

Pileus very thin, variable in shape, suborbicular, reniform,
cuneiform or spathulate, plane or convex, sometimes slightly
depressed behind, sessile or prolonged behind into a short com-
pressed white-tomentose stem-like base, glabrous, hygrophanous,
watery-white and striatulate on the margin when moist, white
when dry.

Lamellae very narrow, linear, crowded, decurrent, white,
becoming cinnamon.

Pileus 12 to 24 mm. long, 8 to 20 mm. broad; spores globose,
5 to 6 pw. |

On stumps, woods, Glen Ellyn. July.

Crepidotus malachius B. & C.

Gregarious but scattered, horizontal; pileus smooth, white,
cuneiform, subflabellate; flesh rather thick behind, very thin in
front.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY S87

Lamellae at first white, then yellow-brown, ventricose, obtuse
behind, thin, crowded.

Pileus 2.5 to 5 cm. broad; stem 2 to 4 mm. long, white, to-
mentose; spores 5.5 p.

Decaying logs and stumps, Glen Ellyn and Riverside. July
and August. Pilei up to 9 em. broad, 6 cm. long. Spores glo-
bose, somewhat exceeding the dimensions given above, 6 to 7 p.

Crepidotus mollis Schaeff.

Pileus pallid then becoming hoary, gelatinous-fleshy, soft,
obovate or reniform, flaccid, nearly sessile, glabrous, often im-
bricated.

Lamellae decurrent to the base, close, linear, whitish then
watery-cinnamon.

Spores ferruginous, elliptic, 9 x 5 to 6 p.

On rotten stumps, Glen Ellyn. August. Pileus white-to-
mentose toward the base, watery-white when moist, margin often
wavy, 2.5 to 6.5 cm. broad. Spores 8x 5 yw. In moist weather
the pileus often becomes revolute with age, giving the plant the
appearance of a globe with lamellae projecting in all cirections.

Crepidotus herbarum Pk.

Pileus thin, resupinate, suborbicular, clothed with a white,
downy villosity, incurved on the margin when young, sometimes
becoming reflexed, sessile, dimidiate and less downy.

Lamellae rather narrow, subdistant, radiating from a naked
lateral or eccentric point, white then subferruginous.

Pileus 4 to 10 mm. broad; spores ellipsoid, 5 to 7.5 x 3.5 to 4 p.

On dead grasses, twigs, ete. Glen Ellyn. August.
Crepidotus fulvotomentosus Pk.

Seattered or gregarious; pileus suborbicular, reniform or
dimidiate, sessile or attached by a short, white-villose tubercle
or rudimentary stem, hygrophanous, watery-brown and some-
times striatulate on the margin when moist, whitish, yellowish
or pale-ochraceous when dry, adorned with small, tawny hairy
or tomentose scales.

Lamellae broad, subventricose, moderately close, rounded
behind, radiating from a lateral or eccentric white villose spot,
whitish, becoming brown-ferruginous.

Pileus 1.5 to 5 em. broad; spores ellipsoid, 7.5 to 10x 5 to 6 p.

On prostrate trunk of Acer, woods, Glen Ellyn. July. The
lamellae of our plant are not broad, and are scarcely subvent-
ricose.

Crepidotus dorsalis Pk.

Pileus fleshy, sessile, dimidiate or somewhat reniform, flat or
a little depressed behind, with a decurved slightly striate margin,
somewhat fibrillose-tomentose at the point of attachment, reddish-
yellow.

8S THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Lamellae close, ventricose, rounded behind, somewhat emarg-
inate, converging to a villous, whitish, lateral space, pale ochra-
ceous-brown.

Spores ferruginous, globose, 6 p.

Decorticated decaying log in a moist ravine, woods, Winfield.
August. Both the pileus and lamellae of the fresh plant have a
pale reddish-orange tint. Pileus 15 to 30 mm. broad. Spores
ochraceous-ferruginous, varying in size from 5 to 7 p.

CORTINARIUS.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem; veil arachnoid,
evanescent;, lamellae persistent, arid, covered with the yellowish
brown spores; trama fibrillose; spores globose or oblong. Grow-
ing on the ground in woods.

Pileus viscid, clay-color or fuscous-yellowish. . ... C’. caerulescens.
Pileus viscid, violet-purple j+.2.05.6. 42 «02-28 268 C. todes.
MUS OI kocsis aside ee ee eee C. violaceus.

Cortinarius caerulescens Fr.

Pileus clay-color or fuscous-yellowish, fleshy, convex then plane,
obtuse, regular, even, smooth, viscid.

Lamellae somewhat adnate, slightly rounded, crowded, bright
azure-blue, then purplish, finally dingy-cinnamon.

Stem solid, attenuated upwards from the marginate bulb,
firm, at first fibrillose and violet-color, then naked, becoming
pallid. Cortina fibrillose, fugacious.

Spores subellipsoid, 9 to 10 x 5 to 6 w. Pileus 5 to 7 cm.
broad; stem 5 cm. long, 12 mm. thick, the bulb 2 to 3 em. thick.

On the ground in woods. Glencoe and Glen Ellyn. August
to October.

Cortinarius iodes B. & C.

Pileus convex then plane, viscid, firm, violet-purple; flesh
thick, white; veil fugacious.

Lamellae violet then cinnamon, adnate, ventricose, sub-
emarginate, ‘rregular, sometimes forked.

Stem solid, thickened below, violet or purplish-violet.

Pileus 4 to 6 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. long; spores ellip-
soid, 10 x 6 yp.

Woods, Highland Park. September. Collected and identified
by Dr. Watson.

Cortinarius violaceus Fr.

Pileus convex becoming nearly plane, dry, adorned with
numerous persistent hairy scales or tufts, dark-violet.

Lamellae somewhat adnate, distant, connected by veins,
darker than the pileus, at length brownish-cinnamon.

Stem solid, spongy-soft, fibrillose, bulbous, dark violaceous,
internally violaceous-cinereous; cortina azure-blue. Inodorous,
edible.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 89

Pileus 7.5 to 15 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 cm. long, 2.5 em.
thick; spores 12 to 18 x 7 to 8 yp.
Woods, near Chicago. Bates; Wyrick.

PAXILLUS.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem, decurrent; lamellae
membranaceous, scissile, somewhat branched and here and there
anastomosing behind, distinct from the hymenophore and readily
separating from it. Fleshy, persistent; margin of the pileus at
first involute, then continuously and oradu: illy unfolded and
dilated, indeterminate. Spores dingy-w hitish or ferruginous.
Paxillus involutus I'r.

Pileus compact, convex or expanded, sometimes centrally
depressed, glabrous, viscid when moist, varying in color from
grayish or sordid buff to ferruginous or brownish-ochraceous, the
margin at first strongly involute and covered with a dense grayish
tomentose villosity; flesh grayish-white or pallid.

Lamellae close, decurrent, branched and anastomosing behind,
whitish, then yellowish or subferruginous, becoming reddish-
brown or fuscous where cut or bruised, the interspaces venose.

Stem equal or slightly thickened at the base, central or some-
times eccentric, glabrous, solid.

Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 cm. broad; stem 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, 8 to 16
mm. thick. Spores rust- color, ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, 8 to
fo x6. (K.)

On the ground in woods, Glencoe. September.

AGARICUS.
Stem annulate, distinct from the hymenophore; lamellae free;
spores brown or blackish-brown. Growing on the ground.
Lamellae flesh-colored................ l
Lamellae at first whitish... .
1. Pileus whitish or rufescent. .
1. Pileus yellow.. 7:
2. Flesh thick, stem stout.
2. Flesh thin, stem slender...
3. Pileus smooth, shining-white.
3. Pileus minutely brown-scaly....
Agaricus comptulus ['r.

Pileus convex then plane, obtuse, smooth or with an appressed
silkiness, yellow; flesh white, thin.

Lamellae free, crowded, broadest in front, flesh-colored then
dark brown.

Stem yellowish, stuffed then hollow, slightly thickened at the
base.

Pileus 5 em. broad; stem 5 cm. long, 4 to 6 mm. thick.

Rich ground in a: recently drained swamp. Palos Park.
April. Ina garden, Wheaton. May. Spores ellipsoid, 12 x 7 z.,
fuscous- umber, marked with minute spots of a darker color.

bo Ge

. comptulus.
. campestris.
. silvaticus.
. silvicola.

. placomyces.

, b , >
pm pe pe p>

90 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Agaricus campesiris L.

Pileus fleshy, varying white and rufescent, lens-shaped- —
convex then flattened, obtuse, dry, sometimes silky-even, some-
times squamulose; flesh thick and soft, becoming reddish or —
sometimes fuscous. |

Lamellae free, approximate, ventricose, equally attenuated at —
both ends, crowded, often deliquescent, pallid flesh-color,at length —
umber-fuscous. |

Stem stuffed, firm, short, bulbous when young, then somewhat —
equal, even or squamulose, white; ring medial, spreading or re- —
flexed, torn, often deciduous and sometimes in the form of a —
cortina. .

On the ground in pastures, spring and autumn. Throughout —
our district. Usually infrequent, but occasionally locally abund-
ant in autumn after rains. Edible. The common mushroom of
the shops. The annual product of the Chicago mushroom beds
is said to be from sixty to seventy-five tons, of which fifty tons
are consumed here, the remainder being shipped to nearby cities.

Agaricus silvaticus Schaeff.

Pileus somewhat ferruginous, scales rufescent or becoming
fuscous, thinly fleshy, oval then campanulate and flattened,
somewhat umbonate, the whole surface floccose, torn into squam-
ules, the disk however often remaining continuous, and at length
denuded of scales, margin often rimosely incised; flesh thin,
fragile, white or rufescent.

Lamellae free, ventricose, equally attenuated at both ends,
thin, arid, reddish then cinnamon-fuscous or umber-fuscous.

Stem slender, at first stuffed with a cylindrical white pith,
then hollow, equal, dingy white, fibrillose below the ring and even
above it, smooth; ring distant, simple, floccose beneath, some-
times wide but thin and membranous, sometimes narrow, in-
complete and fugacious.

Pileus 7.5 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 9 cm. long, about a em.
thick.

Woods, Lisle. August. Laxly gregarious. Lamellae at first
rosy-pink, then reddish-brown, finally brownish-black. Spores
broadly ellipsoidal, 5 x 3 np.

Agaricus silvicola Vitt.

Pileus convex or subeampanulate, smooth, shining white.

Lamellae close, free, acute behind, whitish then slowly becom-
ing fuscous.

Stem stuffed, elongated, bulbous, white; annulus simple.

Pileus 7.5 to 15 em. broad; stem 10-to 15 em. long, 8 to 1
mm. thick; spores 6 to8 x 4 to 5 p.

Woods, Glencoe. August. Infrequent.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 91

Agaricus placomyces Pk.

Pileus thin, at first convex, becoming flat with age, whitish,
brown in the center and elsewhere adorned with minute brown
scales.

Lamellae close, white, then pinkish, finally blackish-brown,

Stem smooth, annulate, stuffed or hollow, bulbous, white or
whitish, the bulb often stained with yellow.

Pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 12.5 em. long, 6 to 12
_mm. thick. It grows in the borders of hemlock woods or under

hemlock trees from July to September. (Peck.)

Gregarious on a lawn, Wheaton, after a heavy rain. October,
1902. A beautiful plant. Pileus white or creamy-tinted, some-
times pinkish, everywhere beset with very small blackish-brown
scales, these arranged in more or less concentric rows. The even
brown disk is often obtusely umbonate. The cuticle of the pileus
is separable and extends beyond the lamellae. The stem is some-
times fistulose even before the pileus has expanded. Annulus
radiate-lineate and granulose above, loosely floccose below.
Spores subelliptical, nucleate, 5 x 4 p.

STROPHARIA.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem; veil annular; lamellae
more or less adnate. Spores intense bright purple-brown, brown
or slate-color.

BeeMNSGULOSe. eee cw esses sess s.... 5, Semiglobata.
Stem stuffed with a separate pith... . ....S. stercoraria.

Stropharia semiglobata Batsch.

Pileus light yellow, slightly fleshy, hemispherical, not ex-
panded, very obtuse, even, viscous.

Lamellae adnate, very broad, plane, clouded with black.

Stem fistulose, tense and straight, equal, even, smooth, becom-
ing yellow, paler at the apex, black-pruinate with the spores,
otherwise smeared with the glutinous veil which is abrupt above,
terminating in an incomplete (not membranaceous) viscous
distant ring.

Gregarious in manured ground, Palos Park. May. The
pileus and stem:are viscid when moist, smooth and shining when
dry. Spores somewhat apiculate, 12 to 16 x 7 to 9 p.

Stropharia stercoraria I'r.

Pileus yellow, fleshy but thin at the margin, hemispherical
then expanded, orbicular, pelliculose-viscous, smooth.

Lamellae adnate, very broad behind, somewhat crowded,
olivaceous-fuscous or umber-fuscous.

Stem stuffed with a separate white fibrous pith, equal, viscous,
yellowish; ring flocculose, not prominent.

Pileus 2.5 to 3.5 cm. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 cm. high; spores
purple-brown, 17 x 13 p.

92 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

On a manure pile, Wheaton, May, June, 1905. The stem is
stramineous without and within. The pileus is of a livid-yellowish
color becoming darker in drying. Spores ellipsoidal, 16 to 17
x8tolOy. Prof. Peck (Rep. N. Y. Mus. 23: 98), states that the
stem is “stuffed with a whitish pith.’ In our specimens the pith
is brownish, darker than the inner surface of the stem. The stem
becomes fistulose at the base in large plants as they mature.

HYPHOLOMA.

Hymenophore continuous with the stem; veil woven into a
web which adheres to the margin of the pileus, often wanting in
old specimens; pileus more or less fleshy, the margin at first in-
curved; lamellae adnate or sinuate. Cespitose, growing chiefly on
wood, sometimes on the ground. Spores fuscous-brown or
fuscous-purple.

Plant not hygrophanous..... Weltk se ae dy 2) ao an
Plant hygrophanous...... ih aoe Oe ee 2%
1. Pileus smooth, tawny- -brick- red. _....H. sublateritium. :
1. Pileus innate-scaly, ochraceous or brown- 4
iste ee -.........H.lackrymabundum —
2. Lamellae at first violaceous......... H. Candolleanum.
2. Lamellae at first whitish............H. appendiculatum.
2. Lamellae at first watery-cinnamon....H. subaquilum.
Hypholoma sublateritium Schaeff. ;

Pileus tawny brick-red, but paler around the margin and —
covered over with a superficial, somewhat silky cloudiness, fleshy, —
convex-plane, obtuse, discoid, dry, even, becoming smooth;
flesh compact, white, then becoming yellow.

Lamellae adnate, more or less crowded, narrow, at first ding
yellowish and darker at the base, then fuliginous inclining to
olivaceous.

Stem stuffed, stout and firm, commonly manifestly attenuated —
downwards, rarely equal, scaly-fibrillose, fibrils pallid, ferrugi-
nous ieee Bele veil superior, at first w hite, at length becoming —
black.

Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 em. long; stem 5 to 10 em. long, 4 to 8 mm.
thick; spores fuscous-purple, Vag) ee,

Cespitose and gregarious, about old stumps. October.
Some of our specimens can be referred with equal propriety ‘ae
Prof. Peck’s H. perplexuwm.

Hypholoma lachrymabundum Ir. (Plate XI, Fig. 1.)

Pileus whitish when young, then dingy-brown, becoming pale
around the margin, fleshy, scaly-hairy, the innate scales ne pally
flesh whitish.

Lamellae adnate, crowded, whitish then fuscous-purple, t
edge distilling drops in wet weather.

Stem hollow, fibrillose-squamose, somewhat thickened at th
base, becoming fuscous-whitish. Veil separate, fibrillose, ap
pendiculate.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 93

Spores brownish-purple, 10 x 5 to 6 pw. Pileus 5 to 7.5 em.
broad; stem 5 cm. long, 6 to 8 mm. thick.

On the ground in woods. Glencoe, Warrenville, Bartlett.
September and October. Lamellae adnate, sinuate, easily
separating from the stem, light-yellow in the young plant: flesh
of pileus and stem yellowish slowly turning to brownish when c ut.
Stem clothed like the pileus up to the obsolete ring, white-pruinose
above it.

Hypholoma Candolleanum I'r

Pileus date-brown becoming white, vertex somewhat ochra-
ceous, somewhat fleshy, acorn-shaped then campanulate, soon
convex and at length flattened, obtuse and unequal, smooth,
even. Veil appendiculate, white, at length becoming fuscous.

Lamellae rounded-adnexed, then separating, crowded, viola-
ceous, then fuscous-cinnamon, the edge at first whitish.

Stem fistulose at the apex, solid at the base, somewhat thick-
ened, fibrillose, white, striate at the apex.

Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem 7.5 cm. long, 4 to 8 mm. thick.
Densely cespitose, fragile, very hygrophanous.

Gregarious in short grass in lawns under trees, after rains.
Spring to autumn. Mellvane notes that “the gills are cream-
colored at first, then purplish, then very dark.’ H. incertum Peck,
seems to be very near this.

Hypholoma appendiculatum Bull.

Pileus date-brown then tawny, becoming ochrey-pale when
dry, fleshy-membranaceous, thin, ovate then expanded, at length
flattened, obtuse, smooth, when dry slightly wrinkled, some what
sprinkled with atoms; veil fringing the margin of the pileus,
fugacious, white.

Lamellae somewhat adnate, crowded, arid, white then flesh-
colored, at length fuscous.

Stem fistulose, equal, smooth, white, pruinate at the apex.

Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem 7.5 cm. long, 4 to 6 mm. thick.

Densely cespitose, very fragile and hygrophanous, much
thinner and more fragile than H. Candolleanum. (Stevenson.)

About old stumps in woods.

Hypholoma subaquilum Banning.

Pileus brown, convex, smooth, hygrophanous, often shaded
into ochre at the margin, veil de ‘licate, silk-like, encircling and
covering the marginal extremities of the lamellae but forming no
ring on “the stem; flesh white, turning umber when cut.

‘Lamellae adnexed or nearly free, close, forked, umber.

Stem cespitose, regular, hollow, silky, white.

In dense cespitose clusters in a woodland pasture. War-
renville. September and October. Lamellae watery-cinnamon,
becoming umber; veil woven, concealing the lamellae in the young
plant, soon disappearing; stem pruinate at the apex. Pileus

94 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

2 to 7 em. broad; stem 3 to 5 em. long, 4 to 6 mm. thick. Spores
subellipsoid, 5x 4. It may be that this species is common and
has been overlooked on account of its resemblance to H. ap-
pendiculatum.

PSILOCYBE.

No manifest veil; stem somewhat cartilaginous, rigid or tough,
tubular, the tube hollow or stuffed, often rooting; pileus more or
less fleshy, smooth, the margin at first incruved. Growing on the
ground, gregarious or cespitose. Spores fuscous-purple.

Pileus 3.5 to 10 em. broad; lamellae rounded be-

Wnt sh iat ace ee the epee ge ie Sees ae F. spadicea.
Pileus 1.5 to 5 em. broad, lamellae rounded in
PROT GSA ee 2, eS Ree ee P. foenisecit.

Psilocybe spadicea ['r.

Rigid; pileus fleshy, convex-plane, obtuse, even, moist, hy-
grophanous.

Lamellae rotundate-attached, dry, close, whitish then fleshy-
brown.

Stem hollow, tough, pallid, even at the apex.

Pileus 3.5 to 7.5 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 cm. long, 6 to 10
mm. thick.

Clay bank in a thicket, Glen Ellyn. August. A lax cluster
of a dozen or more plants. Pileus 5 to 10 em. broad, grayish-
brown when moist, paler and somewhat radiate-striate in drying;
lamellae ventricose, fleshy-cinnamon then rich umber, 8 to 10
mm. broad. Spores umber, oval, 10 x 7 ». Our specimens agree
with the characters given by Stevenson, I; 329. Prof. Peck, in
N. Y. Mus. Rep’t 23;99, has described a much smaller plant.
Mcllvane, in Am. Fungi, has copied Peck’s description and has
added a cut which may stand for almost anything from a Coprinus
to a Marasmius. The stems of our plant are often curved and
rooted at the base.

Psilocybe foenisecii Pers.

Pileus pale fuliginous-fuscous, or brown, becoming pale, fleshy
chiefly at the disk, campanulate-convex, obtuse, dry, smooth.

Lamellae adnate, ventricose in front, somewhat distant, livid-
fuscous at the sides, at length umber.

Stem fistulose, tense and straight, rigid-fragile, equal, naked,
rufescent, at first paler and white-pulverulent, somewhat pubes-
cent.

Spores 11 x 7 (M. J. B.); 10 x 5 to 6 w. (Massee.) Pileus
2.5 to 5 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 em. long, 2 to 4 mm. thick.

Gregarious in short grass in lawns. Wheaton. July. Pileus
hygrophanous, watery-brown in wet weather, banded with various
tints of brown when parting with its moisture, 1.5 to 3 em. broad;
stem often crooked, and with a few mycelial fibers at the base.
When growing in manured soil it is much more robust, attaining

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 95

a height of 10 cm. with a pileus up to 5 cm. in breadth. Spores
umber-purple, ellipsoid, bluntly pointed at one or both ends,
12 to 14x 8to9 pz.

PSATHYRA.

Veil none, or only universal and floccose-fibrillose; pileus
conical or campanulate, membranaceous, the margin at first
straight and adpressed to the stem. Stem somewhat cartilagi-
nous, fistulose, polished, fragile. Plants slender, hygrophanous,
growing on the ground or on “trunks. Spores fuscous- purple.

'Psathyra semivestita B. and Br.

Pileus dark-brown becoming pale, ovate, obtuse, sprinkled
with little snow-white fibrils more than half way up.

Lamellae adnate, ascending, broad behind, umber-brown.

Stem fistulose, nearly straight, fibrillose-silky, snow-white
with a pale under tinge of brown, the walls within white with
down.

Pileus about 12 mm. broad; stem 5 em. long, 3 mm. thick.
Spores elongated-pruniform, 14 p.

In short grass in open woods. Winfield, June, 1905. Pileus
hygrophanous, often more or less umbonate in young plants, the
umbo paler as the plants part with their moisture and disappear-
ing with age. The minute fibrils or atoms with which the outer
part of the young pileus is clothed glisten when viewed under a
lens. The stem is rigid-fragile, more or less striate beneath its
silky covering. Pileus usually 12 to 15 mm. broad, exceptionally
25mm. The spores are dark brown, 13 to 18x 8to9p. Young
umbonate specimens are perhaps P. wmbonata Peck.

COPRINUS.

Hymenophore separate from the stem; lamellae membranous,
at first pressed together and cohering, scissile, at length melting
away into a black fluid; trama obsolete. Spores oval, even, black.
With a ring.. ree Mos > Aa co ae 2 Ue ee
Without aring.... a ects cate ake, v).cc0s tc ee

1. Not hygrophanous. ea eee 2

1. Hygrophanous. 3
2. Pileus whitish or gray ish, breaking up into

BRereesCMlOS rs f.4 06.2. i vss. -.s.....+C. comatus.
2. Paileus lurid- fuliginous , suleate, disk squamu-
BOSC nds. ss Pee a Fe hg «oS CO MeERTAntise
3. Pileus thin, fragile, with superficial
patches of tomentum.............C. varvegatus:
4. Pileus adorned with micaceous scales... ....C. micaceus.
4. Pileus adorned with floccose-squamose white
OLS, ab |b Migr ee Se C. fimentarius.
4. Pileus very delicate, glabrous.............C. plicatilis.
4. Pileus very delicate, slightly scurfy........C. ephemerus.

96 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Coprinus comatus Fr.

Pileus cylindrical then campanulate, whitish or tinted och-
raceous, at first even, then becoming broken up into scattered,
more or less reflexed large torn scales, soon becoming campanulate
and pinkish-gray at the | margin.

Lamellae slightly adnexed, pink then blackish.

Stem stout; volva usually evanescent, its free margin forming
a ring which is carried up for some distance by the elongating
stem.

Pileus 9 to 15 em. high, 2.5 to 5 em. broad; stem 12 to 20
cm. long.

On lawns, in alleys and waste places, more frequently in
autumn. Edible and of excellent flavor.

Coprinus atramentarius Ir.

Pileus lurid-fuliginous, becoming hoary with adpressed silky
lustre, shghtly fleshy, ovate then campanulate, wholly longitudin-
ally and deeply suleate and ribbed, repand-unequal at the margin,
brownish-squamulose on the disk.

Lamellae free, broad, white, then purplish-black.

Stem firm, hollow, longitudinally fibrillose, white.

Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 4 to 8 cm. or more long,
4 to 8 mm. thick; spores 9 to 10 x 6 p.

On lawns and about stumps; common from June until frost.
Often in large cespitose clumps. Edible, but soft and watery
when cooked.

Coprinus variegatus Pk.

Pileus fleshy, thin, fragile, oblong-ovate then campanulate,
obtuse, hy srophanous, pale watery- brown when moist, whitish
or cream-color when dry, variegated by seales or patches of a
superficial ochraceous tomentum, the margin finely striate.

Lamellae lanceolate, crowded, ascending, free, white then
rusty-brown finally black.

Stem equal, brittle, hollow, white, at first peronate-annulate,
then floccose-pruinose, with white, branching, net-like threads at
the base. —

Spores subelliptical, 8 ». Densely cespitose; pileus 2.5 to
3.5 em. broad; stem 7.5 to 12.5 em. high, 4 to 8 mm. thick.

On and about dead stumps and rotten wood. Wheaton, Glen
Ellyn, Thatchers and Riverside. May to July.

In our plant the pileus is at first ovate, then campanulate, at
length rimose with the ends of the segments recurved; membran-
aceous, at first covered with the thick straw-colored universal
veil which afterwards breaks away into large, irregular scales or
patches, disclosing the dingy-w hite or bluish- white, smooth surface
of the pileus. Lamellae 6 mm. broad, free, ventricose, at first
bluish-white, at length umber-blackish, somewhat crowded.
Stem attenuated from the enlarged, scarcely bulbous, slenderly-
rooting base to the apex, hollow, the opening truncate at the apex.

~

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 97

Coprinus fimentarius I'r

Pileus membranaceous, thin, at first cylindrical, at length revo-
lute and torn at the margin, when young covered with floccose-
squamose white scales which separate from the vertex toward
the circumference, at length naked, longitudinally cracked but
not opening into furrows, the vertex, which remains entire, livid.

Lamellae free, ree .ching the stem, at first ventricose then
linear, flexuous, black.

Stem hollow, fragile, thickened and solid at the base, at-
tenuated upwards, shining white and villous with squamules of
the same color.

On dung in a woodland pasture, River Forest. June.

Coprinus micaceus Ir.

Pileus oval then campanulate, margin pheate and irregular,
striate, tawny-ochraceous, at first covered with glistening mi-
‘aceous particles, soon naked and becoming suleate.

Lamellae adnexed.

Stem white, silky, hollow.

Pileus 3 to 6 em. broad; stem 5 to 8 em. long;

ge; spores 7 to 8 x 4
to 5 Bb.

In sodded ground along a railroad track, Glen Ellyn. On
stumps of street trees, Wheaton. May and October. * Lake
View at the base of trees, in great clumps. Pepoon. Found
growing on the mycelium of Ozonium auricomum Lk.,on rotten
log at River Forest. October , 1908

Coprinus plicatilis Ir

Pileus very delicate, cylindric-ovate then campanulate, soon
plane, coarsely grooved, glabrous, pale-brown, then grayish,
disk broad, even, at length depressed, darker.

Lamellae free, attached to a collar, distant from the stem.

Stem white, smooth, hollow.

Pileus 1 to 2 cm. broad; stem 5 to 8 em. long; spores 11 to 15
x 8 to 9 p.

Mulching about shrubs, garden, Wheaton. June. Ephemer-
al, disappearing before the middle of the forenoon. The pileus
is of a dull, lead-gray color. The spores of our specimens vary
much in size and shape. They are black, elliptic-oblong, some-
what irregular, frequently mucronate at one end, 9to 15 x6 toS p.

In manure about a greenhouse, Chicago. May. Pepoon.

Coprinus ephemerus Ir.

Pileus very delicate, ovate then campanulate, sulcate, slightly
seurfy at first, disk elevated, even, rufescent.

Lamellae slightly adnexed.

Stem glabrous, pellucid, whitish, hollow.

Pileus 1 to 2 ecm. broad; stem 3 to 6 cm. long; spores 16 to
ix 9 to 10 pz.

98 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

In mulching under shrubs in a garden, Wheaton. June.
Very ephemeral, withering away if carried in the hand a few
minutes. Pileus in our specimens 4 to S mm. broad, lamellae
at first whitish, soon fuscous-black; spores large, ellipsoidal,

EXO p.
PANAEOLUS.

Veil woven, often wanting; stem polished, slightly firm;
pileus slightly fleshy, not striate, the margin exceeding the
lamellae; lamellae ascending into the top of the cone, variegated,
deliquescent; stem fleshy; spores black. Usually growing on
dung.

mbemn Solids: 2/552 Rect. cae eae cies ops ea ees Ome TES:
ptem hollows: 7 oc... 2h2e2 ee cee Pile Paras. 515 een eS a 1
1.” “Pileus moist os. 2 582.055 ee te 2
i; 3 Pileus ‘dry. =... ess cs teadySis.4 ute eae ee 3
2. Reticulated with raised ribs, ‘grayish, _ ft <i OP EMEUG TS
2. Not reticulated, bay-red..................P. digressus.
3. Pileus smooth, not zoned. . P. papilionaceus
3. Pileus zoned near the margin..........P. fimicola.

Panaeolus solidipes Pk.

Pileus firm, hemispherical becoming convex, smooth, whitish,
the cuticle at length breaking up into dingy-yellowish rather
large, angular scales.

Lamellae broad, slightly attached, whitish becoming black.

Stem firm, smooth, white, solid, slightly striate at the top.
Spores very black with a bluish tint. Plant 12 to 20 em. high;
pileus 5 to 7.5 cm. broad; stem 4 to 8 mm. in diameter. The
upper part of the stipe is sometimes beaded with moisture.

On a pile of horse manure, Wheaton, May, 1905. The scales
are only exceptionally present upon he pilei of our plants. The
surface, in old specimens is often cracked into irregular areas.
The portion of the stem which had been covered by the pileus
before expansion is thickly beaded with drops of moisture. The
upper third of the stem is distinctly striate, and sometimes the
striae can be traced all the way to the base. I find no record of
the size of the spores. They are ellipsoidal, and measure about
16x 10 p.

This and P. epimyces (the latter doubtfully referred by Prof.
Peck to this genus), are the only species of Panaeolus with a solid
stem yet reported from the United States.

Panaeolus retirugis Batsch.

Pileus at first subglobose, at length hemispherical and broadly
subumbonate, reticulately veined, grayish-white, the margin
subfringed with the appendiculate veil.

Lamellae broad, adnate, becoming grayish-black.

Stem long, firm, hollow, pruinose, cartilaginous, smoky-gray,
light reddish-brown or paler.

Pileus 12 to 24 mm. broad; stem 7.5 to 12.5 em. high, 3 to 4
mm. thick.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 99

On dung heaps in a wooded pasture, River Forest. June.
When young, tan-flesh-color, globose, afterwards parabolic-
hemispherical, strongly umbonate and cinereous, the umbo
darker. Spores large, fusiform, 15 to 18 x 9 to 12 p.

Panaeolus digressus Pk.

Pileus hemispherical or convex, glabrous, bay-red.

Lamellae very broad, plane, distant, adnate, purplish-black
with a white edge.

Stem short, floccose-flbrillose towards the base, striate at
the apex, hollow, a little paler than the pileus.

Spores broadly ellipsoid, 12 to 15 x 10». Pileus 8 to 12 mm.
broad; stem about 2.5 em. long, 2 mm. thick.

Growing in manure near a barn. Wheaton. September,
1904.

Our plants agree with the description exeept that the stem is
2.5 to 4 cm. long, and the spores 12 x 7 to 8 p.

The pileus, which is bay-red when moist, becomes paler as the
plants part with their moisture. It is smooth, not polished,
not striate and the edge is here and there dotted with flecks of
the white veil. The lamellae extend to the margin of the pileus,
a peculiarity that has been noted in only one other American
species. The stem is rigid, somewhat tough, not polished. Re-
ported heretofore only from California.

Panaeolus papilionaceus Bull.

Pileus subhemispherical, sometimes subumbonate, smooth, or
with the cuticle breaking up into scales, whitish-gray, often
tinged with yellow.

Lamellae very broad, attached, becoming black.

Stem slender, firm, hollow, pruinose above, whitish, sometimes
tinged with red or yellow, slightly striate at the top.

Pileus 12 mm. to 3.5 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 12.5 cm. high.

On dung and rich soil. Chicago. June, 1889. Wyrick. The
species is said to be poisonous.

Panaeolus fimicola Fr.

Pileus fuliginous-gray when moist, becoming clay-hoary when
dry, slightly fleshy, campanulate then convex, obtuse, even,
smooth, opaque, marked round the margin with a narrow fuscous
zone, and inside this with a white one; flesh thin, grayish.

Lamellae adnate, slightly rounded, somewhat ventricose,
broad (almost semi-ovate), variegated gray and fuliginous.

Stem fistulose, soft, fragile, equal, becoming dingy-pale,
obsoletely slightly silky-striate, white-pruinose at the apex.

Pileus 2 to 4 em. broad; stem 5 to 10 em. high.

On horse dung in a barnyard. Wheaton. June.

100 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ANELLARIA.

Pileus somewhat fleshy, not striate, projecting beyond the
lamellae at the margin; lamellae variegated from the groups of
dark spores on the surface; annulus present. Spores black.

Anellaria separata L.

Pileus clay-whitish, slightly fleshy, ovate-campanulate, obtuse,
even, smooth, viscous.

Lamellae adnate but almost separating, ascending, cinereous-
black.

Stem fistulose, tense, straight, rigid, slightly attenuated from
the thickened base, whitish, even, striate under a lens, smooth,
naked. Ring distant, entire, persistent, white.

Spores ellipsoid, 16 to 22 x 10 to 12 w.; pileus 2.5 to 3 cm.
broad; stem 10 to 15 em. high.

On horse dung in woodland pastures. May to September.
In our plant the ring often disappears with age.

PSATHYRELLA.

Veil not woven, scarcely conspicuous; pileus membranous,
striate, margin not exceeding the lamellae; lamellae equally
black-fuliginous, not variegated. Stem with a cartilaginous rind;
the straight margin of the pileus at first appressed to the stem.
Spores black.

Pileus slightly striate, sprinkled with shining

BU UCRELIS sc hot ood on Si seset 6 ait a a P. atomata.

Pileus suleate, not atomate...................P. disseminata.

Psathyrella atomata I'r.

Pileus livid, when dry becoming pale tan or pale flesh-color,
hygrophanous, membranous, campanulate, obtuse, slightly striate
when moist, sprinkled with shining atoms.

Lamellae adnate, broad, ventricose, slightly distant, distinct,
whitish becoming cinereous-blackish with the spores.

Stem lax, fragile, white, the apex white-furfuraceous.

Pileus 12 mm. to 2.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, 2 mm.
thick.

Ground in woods. Glen Ellyn. September. Pileus livid
when moist, becoming pale-whitish with the disk flesh-color when
dry; lamellae livid-fuliginous, edges whitish; stems curved at the
base, arising from a plexus of white, cottony threads which usually
bind together a small mass of vegetable mold. Pileus 12 to 25
mm. broad: stem 5 or 6 em. long, about 2 mm. thick. Spores
ellipsoid, 11 to 12 x 7 to 8 p.

Psathyrella disseminata Pers.

Pileus whitish or yellowish changing to cinereous, commonly
livid, the disk becoming yellow, membranaceous, oval then
campanulate, at first seurfy then smooth, sulcate.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 101

Lamellae adnate, ascending, broad, white-cinereous then
blackish.

Stem fragile, fistulose, lax, somewhat flexuous, slightly seurfy
then smooth, white.

In dense cespitose clusters on rotten stumps. Glen Tllyn.
June to October. Pileus 4 to 12 mm. broad; stem 12 to 25 mm.
long, scarcely a millimeter thick, subpellucid when moist; spores
ellipsoid, 7 to 8 x 4 to 5 w. Closely resembling in appearance a
small Coprinus, but the lamellae are not deliquescent.

The species was found in large numbers upon the lawn of Prof.
Mullenix, Wheaton, in autumn, 1901, probably deriving its
nourishment from decaying buried roots of trees.

GOMPHIDIUS.

Hymenophore decurrent on the stem; lamellae composed of a
mucilaginous membrane, scissile, continuous at the acute edge,
pruinate with the blackish fusiform spores; veil viscous-floccose.
Growing on the ground, fleshy, putrescent; pileus at length
turbinate; lamellae decurrent, distant, soft.

Gomphidius viscidus I'r.

Pileus fuscous-rufous, compact, at first campanulate, then
expanded, umbonate, slightly viscous, shining when dry; flesh
yellowish.

Lamellae deeply decurrent, distant, the shorter ones adnexed
to the longer, not truly branched, at first somewhat olive, at
length fuscous-purple, clouded with the spores.

Stem solid, equal or attenuated at the base which is rhubarb-
colored internally, scaly-fibrillose, not very viscous, yellowish,
cortina very evidently floccose, not glutinous, woven in the form
of a ring, but readily falling off.

Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 7.5 to 10 cm. long, 12 mm.
thick; spores 16 x 6 wp.

In pine woods, Millers. October, 1902. Bertolet.

BOLETUS.

Stratum of tubes readily separating from the pileus; tubes
rather long, mouths circular or angular; spores brownish or
whitish.

1. Tubes white, becoming flesh-colored..... B. felleus.
1. Tubes white, yellow or brown, not becom-
MGeeteshCOMORCU ss 67. ceca. 66 cla tse = enya Sa eee
2) ‘Nubesadnate, stufied when young................... 8
PRELUDES -AOMALE, NOt SUUMEGan 0. . cine wre shoe oe eee el ae 6
Pemlanessiree, OF NCAnly SO! sas - ot. - eis bos oye G. 2 gee O
Bbioe seat frst WIGS. 2% ets lon 8 8 Rat R et eee, Wax oe ena 4

4. Tubes becoming ochraceous; ferrugi-
nous where wounded
4. Tubes not changing color where
wounded 5

102 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

5. Tubes becoming ochraceous or brownish. . B. separans.

5. Tubes becoming yellowish or greenish... .B. edulis.

G2 ileus viscid or glutinous.3. 7). :.\7>- 5 ee ee eee 7
6. Pileus velvety or floccose-scaly...... B. chrysenteron.
6. Pileus glabrous, vermilion then oli-
VaCCOUS ni alee a OL B. miniato-olivaceus
7. Pileus dingy-yellowish, or ferruginous-
brown, annulate. eee eee ..B. subluteus.
7. Pileus fuscous-ferruginous then yellowish,
exannulates aig. t 2) Blab earns teks ees B. granulatus.
(@. -Pileusizoldenmyellow (Wik? 5 aun eae B. hirtellus.
8. Pileus pale red, stem pallid, yellow at
DESE: Far tcnctad aaa renee 2 ete oer B. chromanes.
8. Pileus and stem cinnamon or reddish-
browne: J... sti glneads it: ea COStONeCUS:

Boletus felleus Bull.

Pileus convex or nearly plane, firm, becoming soft, glabrous, -
even, variable in color, pale-yellowish, grayish-brown, yellowish-
brown or chestnut; flesh white, often changing to flesh-color
where wounded; taste bitter.

Tubes adnate, long, convex, depressed around the stem, their
mouths angular, white, becoming tinged with flesh-color.

Stem variable, equal or tapering upward, short or long, some-
times bulbous or enlarged at the base, subglabrous, generally
reticulated above, colored like or a little paler than the pileus.

Spores oblong-fusiform, flesh-colored, 12.5 to 17.5 x 4 to 5 p.;
pileus 12 to 15 cm. or more broad; stem 5 to 15 cm. long, 1 to
3 em. thick.

Woods and shaded banks, Glen Ellyn. August.

Boletus affinis Pk.

Pileus convex or nearly plane, dry, glabrous or minutely
tomentose, even or slightly rugose, brown or chestnut-color, fad-
ing to tawny or ochraceous with age, sometimes rimose-areolate
or spotted; flesh white, occasonally slowly changing to yellowish
where wounded.

Tubes plane or convex, adnate or slightly depressed around
the stem, at first white and stuffed, then glaucous-yellow or
subochraceous, becoming ferruginous-ochraceous where wounded.

Stem subequal, sometimes narrowed either above or below,
even or rarely slightly reticulated at the top, glabrous, colored
like or paler than the pileus, sometimes tinged with red.

Spores bright ferruginous-ochraceous, 9 to 12 x 4 to 5 4;
pileus 5 to 10 em. broad; stem 4 to 9 em. long, 8 to 16 mm. thick.

Sandy woods. Millers. August.

Boletus separans Pk.

Pileus convex, thick, glabrous, subshining, often pitted,
lacunose or corrugated, brownish-red or dull-lilac, sometimes
fading to yellowish on the margin; flesh white, unchangeable.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 103

Tubes at first nearly plane, adnate, white and stuffed, then
convex, depressed around the stem, ochraceous-yellow or brown-
ish-yellow and sometimes separating from the stem by the ex-
pansion of the pileus.

Stem equal or slightly tapering upward, reticulated cither
wholly or in the upper part only, colored like the pileus or a little
paler, sometimes slightly furfuraceous.

Spores subfusiform, brownish-ochraceous, 12.5 to 15 x 5
to 6 p».; pileus 7.5 to 15 cm. broad; stem 5 to 10 cm. long, 4 to
1 em. thick.

Grassy banks in woods, Pine, Indiana. September. Suf-
ficiently distinguished from B. Scaber by the reticulated stem.
Pepoon.

Boletus edulis Bull.

Pileus convex or nearly plane, glabrous, moist, at first com-
pact, then soft, variable in color, grayish-red, brownish-red or
tawny-brown, often paler on the margin; flesh white or yellowish,
reddish beneath the cuticle.

Tubes convex, nearly free, long, minute, round, white then
yellow and greenish.

Stem short or long, straight or flexuous, subequal or bulbous,
stout, more or less reticulate, especially above, whitish, pallid or
brownish.

Spores 12 to 15 x 4 to 5 w.; pileus 10 to 15 cm. broad; stem
5 to 15 em. long, 1 to 3 em. thick.

Dry, open woods, Glencoe. August. Pileus occasionally 25
em. broad.

Boletus chrysenteron I'r.

Pileus convex or plane, soft, floecose-squamose, often rimose-
areolate, brown or brick-red; flesh yellow, red beneath the cuticle,
often slightly changing to blue where wounded.

Tubes subadnate, greenish-yellow, changing to blue where
wounded, their mouths rather large, angular, unequal.

Stem subequal, rigid, fibrous-striate, red or pale yellow.

Spores fusiform, pale brown, 11 to 12 x 4 to 5 p.; pileus 2.5 to
7.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 7.5 em. long, 6 to 12 mm. thick.

Grassy places upon a wooded hillside, Glen Ellyn. August.
The plants are quickly destroyed by insect larvae.

Boletus miniato-olivaceus [rost.

Pileus at first convex and firm, then nearly plane, soft and
spongy, glabrous, vermilion becoming olivaceous; flesh yellow
changing to blue where wounded.

Tubes bright lemon-yellow, adnate or subcurrent. ;

Stem glabrous, enlarged at the top, pale yellow, brighter
within, sometimes lurid at the base.

Var. sensibilis Pk. Pileus at first pruinose, red, becoming
glabrous and ochraceous with age; tubes bright yellow tinged

104 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

with green, becoming sordid-yellow; stem lemon-yellow with red
or rhubarb stains at the base, contracted at the top when young;
subcespitose.

Spores 10 to 12.5 x 4 to 5 u.; pileus 5 to 15 em. broad; stem
7.5 to 10 cm. long, 6 to 12 mm. thick.

Grassy places in woods, Lisle and Glen Ellyn. August.
Frequent. Our plants all belong to the variety sensibilis. Pileus
5 to 10 em. broad, at first of a rich vermilion color and with a
texture like velvet, soon becoming sordid-ochraceous.

Boletus subluteus Pk.

Pileus convex or nearly plane, viscid or glutinous when moist,
often obscurely virgate-spotted, dingy-yellowish, inclining to
ferruginous-brown; flesh whitish varying to dull-yellowish.

Tubes plane or convex, adnate, small, subrotund, yellow, be-
coming ochraceous.

Stem equal, slender, pallid or yellowish, dotted above and
below the annulus with reddish or brownish glandules; annulus
submembranous, glutinous, at first concealing the tubes, then
generally collapsing and forming a whitish or brownish band
“around the stem.

Spores subfusiform, ochraceous-ferruginous, 7.5 to 10 x 4
to 5p. Pileus 3.5 to 7.5°em. broad: stem 3.5 to 6.5 em. long,
4 to 8 em. thick.

Sandy swales under pine trees, Clarke, Indiana. September.
Pepoon.

Boletus granulatus L.

Pileus fuscous-ferruginous with the gluten with which it is
smeared, yellowish when the gluten separates, convex-expanded;
flesh light yellowish.

Tubes adnate, short, their mouths simple, granulated.

Stem pale-yellowish, dotted with granules upwards.

Spores 7.5 to 10 x 2 to 3 w.; pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem
5 cm. or more long, 6 to 12 mm. thick.

In pine woods. Millers, Indiana. October, 1903. Harper.

Boletus hirtellus Pk.

Pileus broadly convex, soft, viscose, golden-yellow, adorned
with small tufts of hair or fibrils; flesh pale-yellow.

Tubes adnate, medium size, angular, becoming dingy-ochra-
ceous.

Stem subcespitose, equal, stout, glandular-dotted, yellow.

Spores pale ochraceous-brown, 9 to 10 x 4 p.; pileus 5 to 10
cm. broad; stem 5 to 7.5 em. long, 8 to 16 mm. thick.

Sandy swales in shaded places, Pine, Indiana. Pepoon, who
remarks that it is “too near B. americanus.”

Boletus chromapes Frost.

Pileus convex or nearly plane, slightly and sometimes fascic-
ulately tomentose, pale red; flesh white, unchangeable.

‘

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 105

Tubes subadnate, more or less depressed around the stem,
white or whitish, becoming brown.

Stem equal or slightly tapering upward, scabrous-punctate,
whitish or pallid, chrome-yellow at the base without and within,
sometimes reddish above.

Spores oblong, 11 to 14 x 4 to 5 w.; pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad;
stem 5 to 10 em. long, 8 to 12 mm. thick.

Mossy base of Pinus divaricata, Clarke, Indiana. August.
Boletus castaneus Bull.

Pileus convex, nearly plane or depressed, firm, even, dry,
minutely velvety-tomentose, cinnamon or reddish-brown; flesh
white, unchangeable.

Tubes free, short, small, white becoming yellow.

Stem equal or tapering upward, even, stuffed or hollow,
clothed and colored like the pileus.

Spores 10 to 12 x 6 to 7.5 w.; pileus 4 to 7.5 em. broad; stem
2» to 6 em. lone, 6 to 12: mm. thick.

Woods, Millers. August. The pileus in young plants is pale
cervine, becoming darker with age. Spores cream-color, 9 to 11
x 5 to 6 pz.

STROBILOMYCES.

Stratum of tubes not easily separable from the pileus; tubes
as in Boletus. Outer surface of the pileus tough, and torn into
scales.

Strobilomyces strobilaceus Berk.

Pileus hemispherical or convex, dry, covered with thick
floccose projecting blackish or blackish-brown scales, the margin
somewhat appendiculate with scales and fragments of the veil;
flesh whitish changing to reddish and then to blackish where
wounded.

Tubes adnate, whitish, becoming brown or blackish with age,
their mouths large, angular, changing color like the flesh.

Stem equal or tapering upwards, sulcate at the top, floccose-
tomentose, colored like the pileus.

Spores subglobose, rough, blackish-brown, 10 to 12.5 p.;
pileus 5 to 10 cm. broad; stem 7.5 to 12.5 cm. long, 8 to 20 mm.
thick.

Grassy places in woods. July and August. Frequent.
Pileus occasionally up to 15 cm. in diameter. The ground-color
of the pileus is white or smoky-white when the plant grows in
shaded places out of the reach of sunlight. The stem is often
curved or crooked.

FISTULINA.

Stem strictly lateral; pores in the form of tubes whose mouths
are separated from each other.

106 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fistulina pallida B. & Rav.

Pileus reniform, pallid reddish; stem lateral; tubes decurrent.
Pileus 24 to 5 em. broad, about 24 em. long, pulverulent, yellowish-
brown when dry; margin inflexed; stem 2 em. long, 8 mm. thick,
striate when dry.

A single specimen found on the ground in a ravine north of
Glencoe. September, 1903. According to Prof. Atkinson(Studies
of Am. Fung. p. 186), F. firma Pk. is apparently the same species.

BOLETINUS.

Stratum of tubes not easily separable from the pileus; pores.

in more or less radiating rows, usually shorter than in Boletus.
Spores brown or yellowish.

Boletinus porosus Pk.

Pileus fleshy-viscid when moist, shining, reddish- brown; flesh
6 to 18 mm. thick; margin thin and even; hymenium porous,
yellow, formed by radiating lamellae 1 to 2 mm. distant, branch-
ing and connected by numerots irregular veins of less prominence
and forming large angular pores.

Stem lateral, tough, diffused into the pileus, reticulated at the
top by the decurrent walls of the tubes, colored like the pileus.

Spores semi-ovate; pileus 5 to 12.5 cm. broad; stem } to 3 cm.
long, 8 to 12 mm. thick.

Var. opacus Pk. Pileus dry, glabrous or subtomentose, not
shining, brown or tawny-brown; spores brownish-ochraceous,
9to ll x6toS8 wp.

On the ground in damp woods. Frequent. Has been found
in woods at Glen Ellyn each year since 1896. Our plants belong
to the variety opacus. Edible.

FOMES.

Pileus woody-indurate from the first, with a floccose-inter-
woven context, covered by a rigid crust; azonate, but at length
concentrically suleate. Perennial; lignatile.

1. Plant usually with a lateral stem..... ...F. lucidus,

1. Plant-sessile:. . «2. 250s... 0. 00,002 3 ns dea cle te eee 2
2. Pileus, context and pores flesh-color. ...F'. carneus.
2. Pileus whitish then cinereous....:.....2..<2:. 20 =e 3
)

Pileus whitish, tawny or fulvous, becom-
ing brownish or blackish. ./......:: 752 222 £

3. Context corky-woody, pallid, pores reddish. .F. fraxineus.
3. Context corky-woody, and with the pores
pale- oclitaceots..2u,. 9405/04. See F.. connatus.
3. Garten soft, umbrine, pores white then
Fuscous.. «fi 2 Ligne havea ss ase Ale 2 alee
4. Context hard. Son w aya’ te nck Rasp 3S ee 5
4. Context soft... ..s.. 60: .\..24) tae. a 7

5. Surface of pileus even, pores cinnamon... ..F. fulvus.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 107

5. Surface of pileus suleate. . ese | 8G
6. Context stratose, ferruginous, pc ores
CMOMAMON. 2 2. ete on, bo ened. tgniaris.
6. Context stratose, and with the pores
rhubarb-y dllowee< le... _F. Everhartii.
6. Context obscurely stratose, pale-tawny ny,
pores whitish....... wo geet. ee Be proainophilus.
6. Context obscurely stratose, fulvous or
cinnamon, pores white........... F, scutellatus.
7. Context and pores fulvous.. . F.. Ribis.

Fomes lucidus Leys.

Pileus corky then woody, flabelliform, suleate, rugose, laccate,
shining, at first yellow then reddish-chestnut.

Stipe lateral, equal, concolorous; pores determinate, long,
minute, white then cinnamon.

At the base of stumps, usually of Quercus, in low woods.
Pileus 3 to 8 cm. long, stem 2 to 5 em. long, occasionally much
shorter or wholly obsolete with age. In young plants the pileus
is subzonate, the margin pale ochraceous, the disk ferruginous-
tinted and the laccate. crust not manifest. The laccate coating
of the pileus and stem is at first brownish-ochraceous, becoming
much darker as the plant matures.

For a detailed study of this and allied species, with excellent
figures, see Atkinson, Bot. Gaz. 46: 321; our species being de-
scribed under the name Ganoderma pseudoboletum (Jaeq.) Murrill.

Fomes carneus Nees.

Pileus effused-reflexed, woody, hard, thin, rugose, smooth,
azonate, flesh-color without and within.

Pores minute, round, decurrent at the base.

Pileus longitudinally effused, imbricated, rarely solitary,
8 to 10 cm. long, 2.5 to 4 em. wide, 5 to 7 mm. thick.

Near the ground on decayed portion of a standing trunk,
woods, Glen Elly n. September. Determined by Prof. Harper.
Often cited as a synonym of F. roseus Alb. & Schw. — Professor
Peck considers the two species distinct, the latter being a thicker
ungulated plant with a crust. See Lloyd, Myc. Notes, No. 29.

Fomes fraxineus Bull.

Pileus corky-woody, glabrous, somewhat applanate, whitish,
then reddish and brown, at first even, then concentrically suleate-
plicate, pallid within.

Pores minute, short, reddish at first, as well as the margin
covered with a white sebaceous down. Odor strong and pene-
trating.

On stumps. River Forest, Harper; near the ground on a
standing trunk, Glen Ellyn. Moffatt. Unfortunately both
collectors failed to record the species of tree on which the speci-
mens were found. It is said to grow on Frazxinus americana.

108 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Fomes connatus Fr.

Pileus corky-woody, effused-reflexed, scalari-imbricate, con-
crescent, villous, white or cinereous; context and pores stratose.
Pilei 5 to 12 em. broad, often reflexed 5 to 7 cm.

Near the base of trunks of Acer saccharum L., woods, Glen
Ellyn, September, 1902. Pileus ashy-white, velvety becoming
glabrous, not villous; pore surface uneven, becoming pale-ochra-
‘ceous in drying, the tubes 2 to 3 mm. in length; in the older,

interior strata ochraceous. Heavy when fresh but light and corky.

when dry. Perennial, the specimens of several years’ growth
imbricated and connate, with the upper surface overgrown with
mosses and algae.

Fomes populinus (Schum.) Cke., is said to resemble this in
habit, but differs in having the pores not stratose.

Fomes applanatus Pers. (Plate XI, Fig. 2.)

Dimidiate; pileus large, corky-woody, convex-plane, tuber-
culate-nodulose, glabrous, at-length concentrically suleate, with
a shining crust, at first milky-white then. cinereous with faint
obscure lines; margin obtuse, sterile; context floccose-corky,
chestnut-brown.

Pores very small, at first white then becoming fuscous, the
mouths white within.

Pileus 3 dm. or more across, 13 to 15 em. long, often a deci-
meter thick behind.

On old logs and stumps of various trees. Our most common
Fomes. Context rich umber, pores ferruginous-fuscous. The
pore surface of the growing plant is pure white, often presenting
a smooth layer covering the entire under surface of the fungus.
Etchings made upon the fresh hymenium are permanent, the
lines traced by the needle quickly turning to sepia-brown. Prof.
Geo. F. Atkinson, in Ann. Myce. 6: 179, says that the American
plant is clearly the same species as the European F’. applanatus,
therefore Polyporus megaloma Ley. and P. leucophaeus Mont. are
synonyms; that the earliest name yet known is Boletus lipsiensis
Batsch. Professor Atkinson refers the species to the genus
Ganoderma.

Fomes fulvus Scop.

Pileus tawny, at length becoming hoary, woody-corky, very
hard, exactly triangular, even, at first hairy or villous.

Pores curt, round, minute, cinnamon, at first covered with
cinereous-yellow pruina.

On dead Crataegus. River Forest. When growing on the
underside of a log, it is often wholly resupinate. The pore-
surface in young plants has a grayish-cinnamon tint, not seen in
F. ign.arius at any stage of its growth.

a

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 109

Fomes igniarius L.

Pileus at first tuberculose-globose with a thin light covering,
appressed- -floeculose, canescent, then ungulate, blackening, the
margin rounded, context zonate, ferruginous.

Pores very small, convex, stratose, cinnamon, at maturity
white-stuffed, at first canescent.

Mycelium and spores white. (Berkeley.)

Glen Ellyn, Winfield, Riverside, ete., usually on species of
Quercus. Skokie marsh, on dead Populus tremuloides. Pepoon.

Old plants often present the appearance of several thin
(.5 to 1 em.) rounded, superimposed layers, reminding one of a
plate of buckwheat ¢ akes. The weathered portions of the plant
are vertically and transversely checked, but not deeply rimose.
A form wholly resupinate has been found on the under side of
trunks at Riverside and Glencoe. This must be carefully dis-
tinguished from resupinate forms of F’. fulvus and P. gilvus.

“A form differing widely from the above, and formerly referred
by our collectors to Ff. rimosus Berk., may belong here. It is
frequent on dead trunks of various trees, particularly on Quercus.
The young sporophores are in the form of discoid lumps. The
surface of the growing plant isecovered with a cinnamon velvety
pruina which disappears with age. The border is very broadly
rounded (4 to 6 em. thick). Old plants show one or two deep
concentric suleations. The weathered ‘portions are of a dull
black color, deeply and irregularly cracked. The pores are
3 to 8 mm. long, about 1-5 mm. broad, not stuffed; spores glo-
bose, ferruginous, 3 to 3} 4. It agrees in many particulars with
F. badius Berk. from ead North America, but the pores of that
species are said to be 1-3mm.in diameter, and the pileus “ crusta-
ceous-laccate.”’

Fomes Everhartii Ell. & Gall.

Pileus dimidiate, unguliform, zonate, convex above, nearly
plane below; margin subobtuse and clothed with a rich rhubarb-
yellow thin tomentum, at length subglabrous.

Pores rhubarb-yellow, equal, round, substratose, armed with
abundant stout spines, 15 to 25 x 6 to 10 p.; spores fe rruginous,
globose, 3 to 34 u., or ovate-globose, 34 to 44 x3 to 33 wu. Pileus
6 to 12 em. wide, 6 to 8 em. long, cork-leathery, rhubarb-yellow
within and repeatedly zonate.

A single specimen collected in woods (near Winfield?), by
Mr. Harry Ashley. It is much larger than the dimensions given
above, being 24 em. broad, 12 em. long, 10 em. thick at the base.
It agrees perfectly with the specimens distributed in N. A. F.
as Mucronopor us Everhartii. On dead standing trunks of Quercus.
Woods near Bartlett.

Fomes fraxinophilus Pk.

Pileus sessile, thick, corky, subtriquetrous, narrow, somewhat
decurrent behind, the first year whitish, with a minute whitish

110 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

tomentum or hairiness, then gray, finally blackish, in old speci-
mens, concentrically sulcate, rimose, substance obscurely zonate,
whitish, then isabelline or pale-tawny, the margin obtuse.

Pores stratose, plane or subconvex, small, nearly equal,

subrotund, the dissepiments obtuse, entire, whitish.

Spores white, broadly elliptical, 7.5 to 9 x 6 to 7.5 »; pileus
5 to 10 cm. long, 2.5 to 3.5 em. broad. On living trees of white
ash.

Near the base of trunks of Fraxinus, River Forest (Harper);
and Glen Ellyn.

Prof. MacBride suggests (Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia. 3%: 20)
that this is probably a synonym of F. ulmarius. Our specimens
are too imperfect to warrant a conclusion. They are referred
here provisionally, as they were found growing upon ash.

Fomes scutellatus Schw.

Small, rarely dimidiate, 1 to 2.5 em. broad, wholly affixed by
the base, hence scutellate, orbicular or unequally undulate;
pileus very hard, blackish-fuscous, rugose-suleate, zoned, plicate,
glabrous; margin white, somewhat prominent.

Hymenium concave, white, pulverulent. Pores minute,
rhomboidal, at length blackish, tubes whitish-cinereous; context
fulvous or cinnamon.

Riverside. October, 1902. Harper.
Fomes Ribis Fr.

Pilei horizontal, imbricated, coriaceous, rigid, flattened, almost
even, velvety, ferruginous then umber, margin acute.

Pores short, minute, and with the thin flesh fulvous. Peren-
nial, stratose; pileus often indistinctly zoned.

At the base of currant bushes in a garden at Wheaton, 1898
to 1908. The fungus often wholly encircles the stems and super-
ficial roots of the host. The new growth appears as an elevated
proliferous zone at the margin of the pileus of the preceding year,
and is of a bright ochraceous color, standing out in sharp contrast
to the umber-colored zone of the last year, while this older band
or zone contrasts in turn with the still darker or blackish one
preceding it. The pores, however, are continuous over the whole
under surface of the plant. The pilei are irregular in shape,
3 to 6 cm. broad; pores about 2 mm. long.

POLYPORUS.

Pileus fleshy, at first soft, becoming indurated, zoneless with-
out, but with the context zonate or radiate-fibrous; hymeno-
phore descending as a trama between the pores, which are there-
fore inseparable from the context and from each other.

Plants stipitate, sessile or lateral, lignicolous or terrestrial.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 111

With a simple central or eccentric stem... .... l
With numerous pileoli from a short fleshy stem or
tubercle... 5
With pileus sessile, dimidiate or effused-reflexed.. 7
1. Stem not black at the base... sere 2
1. Stem black at the base... .
2. - Pileus thick, spongy-corky..... P. Schweinitzii.
2. Pileus thin, ‘glabrous. . 3
3. Stem glabrous, pores me edium size, de-
GUIEEMGse ies. he: os _P. poripes.
3. Stem somewhat scaly, pores large, rhom-
boidal.. on _..P. arcularius.
3. Stem villous- scaly, pores small, ¢ ang cular or
eimculary: «2. =: _..P. brumalis.
4. Pileus glabrous, pores small, plant epixylous. .P. picipes.
4. Pileus ‘subtomentose, pores ake plant ter-
ROSEMAN eyo pee BG Ae _P. radicatus.
5. Pileoli broad, reddish- yellow, pores sul-
phur-yellow EPL oy ee _..P. sulphureus.
5. Pileoli narrow, fuliginous, pores white........ 0.00000. 6
6. Pores very small, Beiter P. frondosus.
6. Pores large, unequal, angular...... ; .P. Berkeleyt.
7. Pileus reddish-ferruginous, brownish or
fuliginous....... # ee
7. Pileus pallid- fuliginous. my iy)
7. Pileus whitish, dimidiate . 10
7. Pileus irregular in shape.... . Be 12
8. Pileus reddish-yellow, pores tawny.. P. nidulans.
8. Pileus reddish-brown, pores pallid... . _P. resinosus.
8. Pileus yellow-fuliginous, pores brown-fer-
TU OMIOUS: o 5... EO es oP GLU.
9, Substance thic k, pores not becoming
black in drying... . P. fumosus.
9. Substance thin, pores becoming black in
drying os ess. ere _P. adustus.

10. Context zoned. - _P. galactinus.
10. Context not zoned....... eae 1]
11. Pileus thick, smooth, pore s white.......P. chioneus.

11. Pileus thin, fleshy-tough, pores brownish
Mect=COlOLA waredey ols Ly ho ees ee ee OUChToU
12. Pileus tuberculous, whitish, pores con-
EOIOLOUSE. ons fies eo ke ee 2... P distorts:

Polyporus Schweinitzii I'r.

Pileus date-brown, thick, spongy-corky, strigose-tomentose,
rugged.

Stem very thick, short or obsolete, ferruginous. Context
brown, soft.

Pores large, variable in sae torn, sulphur-greenish. Spores
oval, white or transparent, 8x 3p. (W. G. Smith.)

1 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

About the roots of decaying pine stumps. Millers. Local.
Pores quickly changing to brownish when bruised. Pilei of our
plants 10 to 20 cm. broad, many of them distorted. P. his-
pidoides Pk. and P. tabulaeformis Berk. are synonyms, according
to the authors of these species. It is Romelia sistotremoides
(Alb. & Schw.) Murrill, Bull. Torr. C1.31: 339, and Phaeolus sisto-
tremoides (Alb. & Schw.) Murrill, N. A. Fl. 9:90.

Polyporus poripes Fr.

Pileus fleshy-pliant, sinuate-repand, glabrous, cinereous-fus-
cous.

Stipe central or eccentric, somewhat firm, glabrous, punctate
from the decurrent pores. Pores medium size, short, acute,
white.

Pileus azonate, 3.5 to 7 em. broad; stipes 2.5 to 4 em. long,
6 mm. thick.

Growing on the ground in woods. Glencoe. August. Harper.
P. flavovirens B. and Ray. is said to be based upon an older form
of this species.

Polyporus arcularius Batsch.

Pileus coriaceous, tough, convex, subumbilicate, azonate,
brown-scaly at first, then glabrous, yellowish, the margin strigose;
context white.

Stem short, slightly squamulose, brownish. Pores oblong or
rhomboidal, thin, rather large, the mouths entire, whitish be-
coming yellowish or brownish when dry.

On dead wood, sticks, ete. Frequent during summer. Pileus
2 to 5 em. broad; stipe 2 cm. or less in length. Very common on
railroad ties. Pepoon.

Polyporus brumalis Pers. (Plate XII, Fig. 1.)

Pileus fleshy-phant then coriaceous, somewhat umbilicate,
zoneless, in the first year villous, fuliginous, in the second squamu-
lose becoming smooth, becoming pale; context white.

Stem hirsute-squamulose; pores oblong, mouths circular or
angular, toothed, white, at length becoming yellow. The margin
of the pileus is somewhat fimbriate-ciliate.

Pileus 2.5 to 10 em. broad; stem 2.5 to 5 em. long, 4 to 8 mm.
thick. Spores oblong, slightly curved, hyaline, 6 x 2 p.

On fallen logs and branches in open woods. Frequent. P.
luridus B. & C. is a darker autumnal form.

Polyporus picipes Fr. (Plate XII, Fig. 2.)

Pileus fleshy, coriaceous then rigid, tough, even, glabrous,
depressed on the disk or behind.

Stipe eccentric and lateral, equal, firm, at first velvety, then
naked and punctate, black; pores decurrent, round, small, white,
then reddish-yellow.

Pileus very thin but tough, 7 to 15 em. broad, often lobed,
the color varying from pale to chestnut, especially on the de-
pressed disk.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 113

On prostrate decaying trunks in damp woods. Also on decay-
ing trunks of old apple trees in orchards. The depressed or ir-
regularly funnel-shaped disk of the pileus in the mature plant is
often black, as is also the margin of the pileus. Lloyd, Myc.
Notes, No. 29, states that it is very near the European P. varius
Fr. He considers it the American form of that species.
Polyporus radicatus Schw.

Pileus fleshy-tough, pulvinate, depressed, sooty-pale, sub-
tomentose.

Stem eccentric, long, tapering downward, rooting, black below;
pores somewhat decurrent, very large, obtuse, equal, white.

On the ground near stumps in woods; autumn. Margin of
pileus incurved; flesh spongy-soft, unchangeable, white, taste
somewhat peppery. The stem is subtomentose when young,
subtomentose or somewhat scaly when old, often enlarged or
subbulbous near the surface of the ground. The radicating
portion of the stem is white within, occasionally fibrous-branched.
Spores pallid, 9 to 16x 6p. A cespitose cluster of three plants
was found in woods at Glen Ellyn, September, 1902. The pileus
in the largest of these was 17.5 cm. broad. The usual diameter
is 6 to 10 em.; the stem (exclusive of the radicating portion which
is nearly as long), 5 to 10 em., 12 to 16 mm. thick. P. Morgana
Pk. isa synonym. According to Mr. Murrill, P. kansensis Ell.
and Barth. is the same species.

Polyporus sulphureus Bull. (Piate XIII, Plate XIV, Fig. 1.)

Cespitose, multiple, moist, cheesy; pileoli very wide, imbri-

cated, undulate, smoothish, yellow with a tinge of red.

Pores pl ane, sulphur-yellow with a tinge of red; spores ovoid,
papillate, 7 x 5 wp.

At the base of stumps; summer and autumn. Growing in
dense, imbricated clusters, often forming a mass 2 or 3 dm. broad;
quite attractive on account of the varying tints of bright-ochra-
ceous, orange or salmon-red. It is one of the phosphorescent
species. Edible, but too tough to be desirable. It is soon
destroyed by larvae. te is given as Laetiporus speciosus (Batt.)

Murrill, in N. A. Fl. 9:
Polyporus frondosus bie (Plate XIV, Fig. 2.)

Very much branched, fleshy-fibrous, somewhat tough, the
pileoli very numerous, fuliginous-gray, dimidiate, rugose, lobed,
intricately recurved; flesh white.

Stems all united into a short trunk, white; pores small, acute,
white.

Pileoli 1 to 2 cm. wide, the entire plant 15 to 30 em. broad.

About stumps. Autumn. Not common.

Polyporus Berkeleyi I'r.

Very much branched, flbrous, fleshy, a little tough; pileoli
very numerous, recurved and imbricate, fibrous-tomentose,
dusky-gray.

114 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Stipes thick and canescent, white; pores large, unequal, angu-
lar, white; spores white, subellipsoid, 7 to 8 p.

A single plant was found by Mr. Bertolet at the base of an oak
tree at South Chicago, September, 1902. It consists of a mass
of branches and pileoli 2.5 dm. in diameter and 1.5 dm. in height.
The flesh is white; the pores in many portions of the plant
labyrinthine. The fuliginous-gray overlapping pileoli are in
many places thickly powdered by the white spores. These latter
are smaller than the dimensions given by Mr. Berkeley, measuring
only 4 to 5p. The species is said to attain a diameter of 5 dm.
It is evidently rare here, as so conspicuous a plant could scarcely
escape the notice of collectors.

A single specimen was collected by Dr. Watson at LaGrange,
September, 1903.

Polyporus nidulans F'r.

Pileus somewhat pale yellowish, of the same color internally,
fleshy, very soft, somewhat pulvinate, villous, becoming even,
zoneless.

Pores elongated, of medium size, unequal, angular, tawny
brick-color. Fragrant when dry.

On rotten wood in woods. Frequent. Pileus dimidiate, 2.5
to 9 em. broad, 12 to 25 mm. thick. Specimens collected by Dr.
Watson, at Elmhurst, have the pileus not hirsute, but finely
pubescent near the margin; deep flesh-color. The pores are angu-
lar, very unequal in size and shape. According to Saceardo P.
niveus Fr. is a synonym.

Polyporus resinosus Schrad. (Plate XV, Fig. 1.)

Pileus fleshy then corky, flocculose-pruinate, reddish-brown,
the cuticle adnate, rigid, rivulose, resinaceous; within azonate,
pallid.

Pores minute, equal, pallid.

On decaying prostrate trunks of Tilia americana, in moist
woods, River Forest and Glen Ellyn. Also on decayed trunks of
apple trees in gardens and orchards. In our specimens the margin
of the pileus is usually strongly depressed. ‘When mature, the
surface becomes much wrinkled, and often marked with blackish
bands or zones and the context becomes variously shaded, wood-
colored and ochraceous. Specimens 2 to 2.5 dm. broad are not
uncommon. Ischnoderma fuliginosum (Scop.) Murrill, in N. A.
Fl. 9: 32.

Polyporus gilvus Schw. (Plate XV, Fig. 2.)

Pileus corky-woody, hard, effused-reflexed, imbricate and con-
crescent, subtomentose, thin, scabrous and uneven, reddish-
yellow, then subferruginous, the margin acute.

Pores minute, round, entire, brownish-ferruginous.

Very common on trunks of living and dead Quercus, and fre-
quent on other trees. Occasionally the plant is wholly resupinate.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY ei

The context is of a yellow-ferruginous color not approached by
any other species in our district, with the exception of Fomes
Ribis.

This is the type of the genus Mucronoporus Ellis, including
forms of Polyporei in which the tubes are furnished with pro-
jecting spinules. In the present species they are said to project
15 to 20 »., and to be 4 to 5 pw. thick at the base.

Polyporus fumosus Pers.

Pileus fleshy-corky, azonate, sericeous, becoming glabrate,
sooty-pallid, dilate-adnate behind, within fibrous, subzonate.

Pores small, short, round, entire, whitish-smoky, becoming
darker if rubbed. Context white or pallid.

On stumps, dead trunks, etc., of various trees. In form and
habit often resembling forms of P. adustus, but the pileus is corky,
thicker and paler than in that species. The imbricated pilei often
extend along the split surface of a standing trunk or fallen branch
a distance of several metres.

Polyporus adustus Willd.

Pileus fleshy-tough, thin, villous, cinereous-pallid, effuso-
reflexed behind

Pores minute, short, round, obtuse, whitish becoming blackish
in drying; context white.

On dead logs and stumps; very common. Often wholly
resupinate, in patches many em. in diameter, or else widely
and irregularly effused, here and there forming confluent pilei.
The margin of the young pileus is whitish, obtuse, and sterile.
The pore-surface is fuliginous or slate-color. In May, 1899, this
plant appeared upon a dead stump in a lawn at Wheaton. By
July, more than half the surface of the stump was covered by the
fungus, which included at its base such twigs and grasses as
chanced in its path, and even extended o0 it upon and into the
adjacent soil a distance of 5 to 7 cm.

The genus Myriadoporus is said to be founded upon an im-
perfect form of this species. This form has been found on rotting
logs at Riverside.

Polyporus galactinus Berk.

White; pileus simple or subimbricate, spongy-fleshy, soft,
becoming hardened, strigose-tomentose, zonate within, the margin
incurved.

Pores minute, round, entire. Pileus 5 to 10 cm. in width,
somewhat pulvinate. :

On the ground attached to the roots of trees or decaying
stumps. July to October.

The surface of the pileus is irregularly rugose or roughened
with warts and tubercles, but is not strigose-tomentose in our
specimens. The color of the fresh plant is often a dirty, smoky
or bluish-white. The pore-surface is convex, white or creamy-

116 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

white changing to ferruginous in drying. The fructification ap-
pears to be annual and is soon destroyed by larvae. The context
when fresh is pure white, but assumes brownish tints upon ex-
posure or where broken.

Externally resembling F’. connatus, but in that the pores are
stratose.

Polyporus chioneus Fr.

Pileus fleshy, soft, becoming even, smooth, zoneless, often
extended behind, margin inflexed.

Pores very small, short, round, equal, entire. Hyaline-white
when moist, shining-white when dry. Spores white, oval, 21
Be pt, MCW Ga.)

On dead trunks, Winfield. Not common. The context in
the dried plant is of uniform texture, not fibrous, soft, cutting
like chalk. Pilei dimidiate, 2.5 to 3 cm. broad; pores 3 to 5 mm.
long, about half the thickness of the pileus. Spores not seen.

Polyporus dichrous Fr. (Plate XVI, Fig. 1.)

Pileus fleshy-tough, thin, soft, effused-reflexed, even, silky,
white.

Pores short, minute, round, obtuse, brown-cinnamon.

Pileus 2.5 to 5 em. in breadth, projecting 2 em. or less, but
often laterally effused and confluent to the extent of several
centimeters.

On dead trunks, Glen Ellyn and Evanston. Avgust. The
surface of the mature plant becomes pallid and the pores brown-
ish-purple or almost black.

On account of the waxy-gelatinous character of the pores, it
has been made by Montagne the type of a new genus and de-
seribed in Cuban Fung. p. 385, as Gloeoporus conchoides.

Polyporus distortus Schw.

Pilei numerous, subdimidiate, distorted, auriform or orbicular,
covered all over by the pores which are white, becoming pallid,
minute, sinuate, rather soft, and which often grow upon the
margin of the pileus, rendering it thick and porose, and run down
on the spongy, coriaceous stipes. Frequently destitute of a
pileus, being everywhere porose and clavate or cylindrical.

At the base of stump of Quercus alba, and extending into the
grassy ground near the stump. Woodland pasture, Lombard.
November.

The specimens so referred were soft and spongy when fresh,
white, but becoming brownish where rubbed or bruised. The
sporophore is without definite shape, composed chiefly of irregu-
larly superimposed layers of pores, forming a tuberculose or nodu-
lose mass. The pores are sinuate and very variable in size.
Prof. Peck states that his P. abartivus is a form of this species.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY V7

POLYSTICTUS.

Pileus coriaceous, membranaceous or fibrillose; pores evolved
successively from the center toward the margin, at first superficial,
punctiform, discrete, open, then more deeply excavated, crowded,
always vertically opposed to the substance of the pileus. Trama
formed by the hymenophore. Lignatile or terrestrial.

‘1. Wt ERAS cf=) 00 a re P. cinnamomeus.
Me esse... .\.. AR es ta ae eee Ee ee a oy 2 2
2. Pileus elabrous. races. ee eee Fae ee 3
2. Pileus velvety OPAMPRSUUC Ese te. wcuicsoo ee Ble Gace lee +
3. Pileus whitish, with darker zones, pores
pallid. . Ege: i pieget a ate COMCRUTENs
3. Pileus and pores cinnabar-red...... _..P. cinnabarinus.
4, Pileus white, pores violet becoming pale. .P. pergamznus.
ee enleusewhitich OF @rayish....<.6 +... 'see «ad. wee eee 5
4. Pileus dark, with zones of various colors,
pores white then pallid.............. P. versicolor.
5. Pileus silky-fibrillose, becoming alutaccous,
PORES CONCOlOTOUS, 52.6. tebe ss se P. biformis.
5. Pileus shagey with rigid hairs, pores whitish
temmvellowish= 0% 2.4.) Jala osuck . Nirsutus:

Polystictus cinnamomeus Jacq.

Wholly bright cinnamon without and within; hymenium
paler.

Stem velutine-tomentose, 3 to 4 em. long, 4 to 5 mm. thick.

The pileus is plano-depressed or subinfundibuliform, 2 to 3
em. broad, zonate; the margin often remarkably fimbriate; hy-
menium sterile toward the margin.

Pores large, angular; spores ellipsoidal, 6 to 7 x 4 to 5 p.

Common in wooded sand dunes at the head of Lake Michigan.
When old, the pileus becomes ashy-gray, beautifully marked with
narrow, darker, concentric zones. Sinele plants are commonly
1.5 to 2.5 em. in diameter, but by confluence of two indiv iduals
the pileus may be twice as broad. Specimens occasionally occur
which, though similar in other respects, have smaller pores.
These possibly are the form which has been described by Berkeley
as P. oblectans, and by Prof. Peck as P. subsericeus and P. simil-
limus. The mode of attachment of the pores to the stem is not
constant. Ina series of plants some may be found with the pores
scarcely more than adnate, while others have them decurrent on
one side of the stem, and still others evenly decurrent all around
the stem.

Polystictus conchifer Schw. (Pilate XVI, Fig. 2

Whitish; pileus coriaceous, very thin, concentrically sulcate,
glabrous, commonly reniform or flabelliform and substipitate.

Pores medium, thin, acute, angulate, dentate, but scarcely
lacerate.

118 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

On dead sticks and small branches lying on the ground in
woods. Pileus 1 to 2.5 em. broad, often conchiform, tapering to a
narrow base, white or whitish, marked with a few fuscous con-
centric zones and radially grooved or furrowed. Pores pallid,
very shallow; spores white, oblong, about 6 x 2 p.

Polystictus cinnabarinus Jacq.

Pileus corky, pubescent, becoming glabrous, scarcely zonate,
rugulose, cinnabar-red, fading, within floccose, brighter.

‘ Pores round, medium sized, entire, of a deeper red than the
pileus.

Not rare on linden, poplar and wild cherry in woods throughout
our district. A beautiful fungus, recognized at a distance by its
brilliant color. Pileus usually 5 to 8 em. in breadth, projecting
3 to 6 cm.; sometimes centrally attached. Upon a fallen log in
woods at Winfield, over a hundred specimens were counted.
Polystictus pergamenus Fr.

Pileus coriaceous-membranaceous, rigid, tomentose, con-
centrically sulcate, white.

Pores seriate, violet or purple, becoming pale, produced at
length in the form of very thin dentate lamellae.

On. trunks and branches; common. Often in imbricated
series, extending several meters up the trunk of a dead Populus
or Tilia, the individual pilei 2 to 5 em. broad, projecting 2 or
3 cm. Large specimens are usually hirsute and concentrically
suleate; smaller ones even, delicately banded with narrow con-
centric lines, and radiate-striate. The plants with the latter
characters are usually flabelliform, not more than 2 em. broad.
The species is occasionally proliferous, putting forth new pilei
at the edge of those of the preceding season. The pores when
young are a rich violet-purple, but fade to a dingy brown with age.
Polystictus versicolor L. (Piate XVII, Fig. 1.)

Pileus coriaceous, thin, rigid, applanate, depressed behind,
even, velvety, shining, variegated with zones of different colors.

Pores minute, round, acute and lacerated, white, becoming
pallid or yellowish.

On wood of all kinds. Common. When growing on the tops
of stumps often forming rosettes 8 to 15 cm. in diameter, the
individual pilei 2.5 to 6 cm. broad; context thin, white, coriaceous;
pores, including the thick dissepiments, about + mm. in diameter.
The growing plants are beautifully marked with zones or bands
of various shades of gray, red, brown and black.

P olystictus biformis K1.

Whitish or alutaceous; pileus coriaceous, flexible, tough, sub-
zonate, with innate radiating fibers, the context fibrillose, con-
colorous.

Pores very large, simple, compound or confluent, round, elon-
gated and flexuous, the dissepiments dentate then lacerate, the
hymenium finally resolved wholly into teeth.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 119

On decayed fallen branches, Glencoe. November. The plants
project 3 or 4 cm. and are later rally confluent. The pore surface
is very irregular and uneven. When old, the pores are lacerated
so that the ‘fungus has the appearance of an Irpex.

Polystictus hirsutus I'r.

Pileus unicolorous, but zoned with concentric furrows, whitish,
corky-coriaceous, convex-plane, shaggy with rigid hairs.

Pores round, obtuse, whitish, becoming somewhat fuscous.

On trunks, branches, stumps, etc. Common. Pileus 4 to 9
em. wide, projecting 3 to 6 em., dimidiate, reniform, often imbri-
cated andtaterally concrescent, sometimes orbicular and attached
by the vertex, rarely proliferous, new pilei developing from the
margins of those of the preceding season. The pileus is in the
main uncolorous, but the zones near the margin are sometimes
darker than those of the older portions of the plant. The color
may be whitish, pallid gray, cervine, or even cinnamon-brown.
The contex is pure white, soft-corky in texture. The pores
become yellowish, ochraceous, grayish, fuscous, or even brownish-
slate- color, and are paler toward the margin of the pileus. Their
diameter is about + mm.

PORIA.

Sporophore entirely resupinate, indefinitely spreading; pileus
very thin or none (i. e., tubes seated on a thin layer of mycelium),
waxy, leathery or membranaceous.

Broadly expanded, more or less fleshy, soft. . |
Effused, coriaceous, dry, tough * 5
1. Pores minute, équal, round. 2
1. Pores medium or large, unequi al, subangular ; _ 4
2. Pores white becoming pallid. Rey ahs eRe ee ee:
3. Plant growing in interior of hollow
trunks. cee. _....P. interna
3. Plant growing on rotten wood, border
byssine. . SA: _P. mollusca.
3. Plant growing on n fallen branches, border
"Pini eTeenie eile. guicie J. wel. fimbripora.
2. Pores white, then bright buff, border minute sly
downy . -P.. armeniaca.
2. Pares white then on ye yellowish, border slightly
marginate. es cet _P. medulla-panis.
2. Pores white then pale t an, odor subacid.. .. P. subacida.
2. Poreswhite then ochraceous- oe ine rusting
TRATES OR _P. obducens.
Z. Pores pinkish- ochre, border whitish........P. attenuata.
eeerboresspure whites...) 05. ose. P. candidissima
4. Pores white becoming pale brown......P. vaporaria.
4. Pores salmon becoming purple-brown . . P. salmonicolor.
5. Pores rather large, white then yellowish... .P. serena.
5. Pores minute, pallid then rich cream-color. .P. vantholoma.

120 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

5. Pores minute, golden yellow.............. P. pulchella.
5. Pores minute, brown, mouths cinereous....P. spissa.

5. Pores medium size, tawny then cinnamon. .P. ferruginosa.
5. Pores rather large, cinnamon........... ...P. contigua.

Poria interna Schw.

Longitudinally penetrating cavities in rotten trunks, very
- flexuous, wholly white, becoming pale, at first soft, thick, the
margin at length inflexed, the tubules often oblique and longer,
pores flexuous, minute.

Inside a hollow stump of Quercus. Millers, Indiana. June.

Poria mollusca Fr.

Effused, thin, soft, white, the border byssine, fibrillose-
radiating.

Pores in the center, or collected here and there, small, thin,
round, unequal, lacerate, becoming pallid.

On a charred, decaying log of Pinus Strobus, Millers, Ind.
June, 1903. Extensively effused, covering nearly all of the under-
side of the log. The specimen was sent to Professor Burt, and
referred by him as above. It does not agree well with Fries’
description, the pores being large and irregular, with rather thick
dissepiments. The plant was of a bright lemon-yellow color
when collected, but soon faded to pallid.

Poria fimbripora Schw.

Subtriangular, fleshy, moist, spongy. Pileus glabrous, pallid,
when dry rugulose and contracted.

Pores whitish, round, minute, mouths very much fimbriate-
ciliate.

Under side of decorticated log of Ulmus. River Forest, May.

Named by Prof. Burt for Harper. Our specimens are wholly
resupinate, and have weathered to a dull wood-color. From
their appearance it is not easy to believe that they belong to the
pileate species described by Schweinitz.

Poria armeniaca Berk.

Broadly effused, very thin, membranaceous, suborbicular,
confluent, border minutely downy.

Pores white, then becoming bright buff, shallow, minute,
round, often confined to the center, the marginal structure
byssoid under a lens.

On dead branches. Riverside. Determined by Prof. Harper.

Poria medulla-panis Fr.

White, effused, determinate, somewhat undulated, firm,
smooth, the naked circumference somewhat marginate; almost
wholly formed of the longish, medium-sized, entire pores. Be-
coming yellowish when old.

Near Chicago. Harper. According to Prof. Harper, Poria
pulchella Schw., is probably a form of this species.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 121

Poria subacida Peck.

Effused, separable, tenacious, flexible, uneven, determinate,
the margin downy, narrow, pure white.

Pores small, subrotund, 2 to 6 mm. long, often oblique, whitish
inclining to dingy-yellowish, pale tan-color or dull cream-color,
the dissepiments thin, more or less dentate. Odor strong, subacid.

On a pine log. Millers, Indiana. October, 1903. Harper.
Poria obducens Pers.

White, effused, incrusting, innate, firm, wholly formed of
very small, crowded, equal, distinctly stratose pores, the annual
strata pallid-tan.

On bark of dead Quercus, woods, Glen Ellyn. August. The
growing margin is smooth, definite, not separable from the matrix;
the pores are of medium size, at first shallow, with thick dis-
sepiments. In Fungi Col. No. 402, it is suggested that this species
is probably only a resupinate form of F’. connatus, while Cooke
(Grev. 17:58), considers it a resupinate form of Polyporus salignus.

The vesicular form of this species (Polyporus induratus Peck,
Rep. 31: 37, Myriadoporus induratus Peck, Bull. Torr. Cl. 11: 17),
has been found at Winfield, growing on dead sticks.

Poria attenuata Pk.

Resupinate, effused, very thin, separable from the matrix,
pinkish-ochre, the margin whitish.

Pores minute, subrotund, with thin acute dissepiments.

On dead sticks of Quercus. Woods, Ienilworth. May.
Near P. vincta Berk.

Poria candidissima Schw.

Effused; the mycelium a very thin, bombycine, but separable
membrane.

Pores very large, at length oblique, and with the membrane
pure white.

Effused in large cushion-like areas, covering the greater
portion of a hickory stump in woods, Glen Ellyn. November,
1902. The plant is very thin and membranous at the margin,
increasing in thickness: toward the center of each area, where it
is 3 to 5 mm. thick. It is soft and fleshy when fresh, pure white
in color. When old it takes on a cervine hue, the pores become
compressed, angular and more or less labyrinthine.

Poria vaporaria Pers.

Effused, innate, the mycelium creeping in the wood; floccose,
white. :

Pores large, angulate, white becoming pallid, crowded together
into a contiguous, firm, persistent stratum.

On rotten wood in moist places in woods. Indeterminately
effused, flesh-color, with a border of white mycelial threads which
extend some little distance into the matrix. Pores uneven in
size; spores subglobose, ochraceous, 4 to 5 p.

2 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Poria salmonicolor B. eC:

Resupinate, thick, mycelium mouldy-white.

Pores round, reddish, at length elongated and purple-fuscous.

Effused for several centimeters, margins thin, center thick, of a
rich salmon color, at length brown.

On dead Quercus (?), woods, River Forest. Prof. Harper. The
pore surface of our specimens is purplish-umber.

Poria serena Karst.

Broadly effused, immarginate, adnate, dry, arising from a
byssine, at length evanescent mycelium which creeps over the
matrix, white, yellowish when dried.

Pores rather large, round or angulate, at length flexuous,
sublabyrinthine, 1 to 4 mm. long.

Under side of a log, Glencoe. May. Harper and Moffatt.

On a stump in woods at Glen Ellyn, October.
Poria xantholoma Schw.

Widely effused, closely adnate, even, smooth, dry; the border
rather broad, velvety, yellowish. :

Pores minute, unequal, subrotund, obtuse, pale-yellowish.

On a log, Millers, Ind. June, 1903. Harper.

Poria pulchella Schw.

Resupinate-effused, unequal, subplicate, rugose, creeping,
determinate; margin undulate, tumid, substerile.

Pores minute, regular, angulate, tubules suboblique, in super-
ficial ridges. The whole fungus golden.

On a decaying log in woods at Riverside. October. De-
termined by Professor Burt.

Poria spissa Fr.

Widely effused, perennial, very hard, immersed, cinereous-
brown; the margin very narrow, inflexed.

Pores minute, angular, obtuse, entire.

On a fallen branch of Prunus serotinus, Jewell’s grove, Wheaton.
April; on rotten log of Quercus, Riverside. October; on dead
fallen branch of Juglans nigra, Winnetka. May. The latter is
apparently the form described by Schweinitz (Syn. Car. p. 99),
as P. Juglandina. The pore-surface is lustrous, like that of
Polystictus versicolor.

Poria ferruginosa Schrad.

Effused, thick, firm, uneven, tawny, when mature brownish-
ferruginous with a sterile border.

Pores medium sized, very long, subrotund and _ lacerate,
cinnamon.

On a prostrate decaying trunk of Prunus serotina, Winfield.
Autumn. Effused to the extent of several meters. Surface very
uneven, here and there running over elevations of the bark and

Sn

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 123

encircling twigs. Pores 1 to 3 mm. long, rusty-cinnamon, some-
times oblique from position. The circumference of the growing
plant varies in color from ochraceous to ferruginous. It belongs
to the genus Mucronoporus, of Ellis and Everhart.
Poria contigua Pers.

Effused, firm, smooth, somewhat marginate, margin at first
villous, cinnamon when young.

Pores rather large, equal, obtuse, entire.

On dead sticks of Quercus, Glen Ellyn. October. The color
becomes a dull, wood-brown with age.

TRAMETES.
Tubes subcylindrical, not stratose; plants corky, sessile; trama
descending between the pores.
Pores whitish or wood-colored................... i rigida.
Perec ierrucimous-fuscOUS........2..20...5..-...1. Peck.

Trametes rigida Berk. and ries

Pileus corky, undulate, by far the greater part resupinate;
margin short, acute, subzonate, tawny-brown.

Pores medium size, round, equal, obtuse, whitish.

On the underside of a dead branch. Woods. Riverside
October, 1903. Determined by Prof. Harper.
Trametes Peckii Kalchb.

Pileus suberose, dimidiate, sessile, subdecurrent, hirsute,
azonate, ferruginous-fuscous, at length faded, the margin acute.

Pores rather large, rotund-angulate, concolorous with the
pileus, becoming fuscous with age; context wood-colored.

On trunks and stumps of Populus and Salix. Winfield and
Wheaton. A resupinate form is occasionally found.

In Bull. Torr. Club, 32: 356, Mr. Murrill says that this is a
synonym of T’rametes stuppeus Berk.

DAEDALEA.

Pileus generally dimidiate, corky, leathery, persistent. Sub-
stance descending unchanged into the trama. Pores elongate,
labyrinthiform.

Pileus cinereous with unicolorous zones... . .D. unicolor.
Pileus brown with darker zones..... . _D. confragosa.
Daedalea unicolor Bull. (Plate XV IL, rie 2)

Pileus cinereous, with zones of the same color, coriaceous,

- villose-strigose.

Lamellae labyrinthiform, intricate, at length torn into teeth,
whitish-cinereous or fuscous.

On logs, stumps, ete. Common. Pilei 5 to 7 cm. broad,
projecting 2 to 3 cm., often imbricated and laterally concrescent.
The young plants are ‘of a yellowish-brown color, becoming darker
with age, finally blackish-brown, and in damp places often more
or less overgrown with green algae.

124 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Daedalea confragosa Bolt. Plate XVIII.

Pileus corky, convex, subzonate, brown with concentric zones
of a darker color, often concentrically furrowed and radiately
rugose or sulcate; wood-color within.

Pores from subrotund and flexuous to narrowly labyrinthiform
and lacerate, ciereous-pruinose, then reddish-brown.

Prostrate, hewed timber, Skokie marsh.. Pepoon. On de-
caying, prostrate branches, Bowmanville. Harper. On stumps,
Glen Ellyn.

‘““A handsome, finished-looking fungus, varying considerably
in color, roughness, etc., generally very symmetrical, centrally
attached and with an even margin, sometimes imbricated, two
or three together.’”’—McBride, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia. IIL*: 8.
Forms of this species collected at different stages of growth have
been described under various names. Among the synonyms are:
Trametes rubescens A. & 8., Lenzites Crataegi Berk., L.Cookei Berk.
and L. proxima Berk.

CYCLOMYCES.

Pileus coriaceous-membranaceous, velutine, fuscous or cinna-
mon. Lamellae concentric, becoming lacerate or polyporoid.
Stem central, sub-central or none.

Cyclomyces Greenii Berk.

Pileus orbicular, undulate, sublobate, zonate-tomentose, cin-
namon, marked with a few furrows near the edge. Lamellae
thin, acute, at length ashy. Stem central, obconic.

On hard damp ground in a woodland road. Glen Ellyn, August
1901 and 1902. Only afew plants found. Pileus thin, depressed
then funnel-shaped, 3 to 8 em. broad. Pores or gills thin-walled,
unequal in size and shape, becoming labyrinthine with age. In
some of our plants the pileus is sessile on the ground; in others
there is a short abruptly conic stem 1 to 1.5 em. long, to which
the obconic pileus is joined by a narrow neck. In the largest
plant there is an irregular stem 4 cm. long. The context of pileus,
and stem is wood color, corky when dry. Sometimes two or
three pilei are concrescent, the stems remaining separate. The
species, which is rare in the United States, seems to have disap-
peared from our station.

FAVOLUS.

Pileus dimidiate, or orbicular and substipitate, annual, soft,
fleshy; pores reticulate-cellular, alveolate, the alveoli, formed of
rather densely anastomosing lamellae, radiating from the point of
attachment.

Favolus alveolaris D. C.

Pileus fleshy-tough, thin, reniform, fibrillose-scaly and tawny,
becoming pale and glabrous.

Alveoli angular-elongated, whitish, the dissepiments becoming
thin, rigid and dentate.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 125

Stem eccentric or lateral, very short or obsolete. Pileus 2.5
to 5 em. broad; spores oblong, 12 x 7 p.

On dead prostrate trunks and branches, particularly of hickory.
Frequent. May to August. Mr. Murrillin Bull. Torr. Cl. 31: 327,
transfers it to the genus Hexagona.

MERULIUS.

Pileus generally resupinate, sometimes with free upturned
edges or even dimidiate, soft; hymenium waxy, spread over
shallow pits and obtuse reticulate folds which ultimately form
more or less distinct, tortuous, denticulate pores.

Merulius tremellosus Schrad.

White, resupinate then free or reflexed, fleshy-tremellose,

tomentose, margin radiate-dentate; folds various, ruddy.
_ On the underside of rotting logs; autumn. Appearing at first
in orbicular patches which are pure white, then pink tinged with
flesh-color towards the center. As the plants mature, the pore
areas become reddish, the thin radiate border remaining white.
Spores white, oblong, curved, slightly constricted in the middle,
4t05x1.5p. The fungus is ofte n extensively effused, covering
areas 2 or 3 dm. in diameter. In exposed situations, as upon the
sides of logs and stumps, it breaks up into more or less concres-
cent, imbricate, subdimidiate pilei, whose upper surfaces are
white or pallid, and whose margins are more or less deflexed.

POROTHELIUM.
Resupinate, somewhat membranaceous, producing papillae
which are at first distinct and closed, soon opened in the form
of pores, at length elongated and tubular.

Porothelium fimbriatum Fr.

Effused, membranaceous, tenacious, white, the border with a
fringe of terete laciniae.

Warts of the pores hemispherical, at first and on the border
distinct, afterward confluent in the middle

Underside of decaying logs. Glencoe. River Forest. Harper.

SOLENIA.

Plants growing in dense clusters, mostly short-tubular, tubes
somewhat cylindrical, distinct and free from one another, definitely
facing the ground, mouth narrowed.

PEMnseGyIMGriGal, WHILE... 6... eee ee ee S. candida.
Plants scattered, clavate-cylindric, ochraceous. ..S. ochracea.
Plants crowded, pyriform, dingy-ochraceous or

STTLGUG USS cee SES S. anomala.
Solenia candida Pers.

Sparse, cylindrical, glabrous, white.

On partially buried sticks, border of swamp, Millers, Indiana.
Harper.

126

Solenia ochracea Hoffm.

within.

Scattered, clavate-cylindric, tomentose, ochraceous, white
Spores cylindric-oblong, 7 x 4 p.
On dead logs, River Forest.

July. Harper.

by Massee to be only a variety of S. anomala.
Solenia anomala Fr.

Usually crowded and forming effused patches, pyriform,
margin of hymenium incurved, externally pilose, varying from
dingy ochraceous to ferryginous.

subiculum.

distinct at the base.

bo

6
6.
6
6

The variety found on’ rotten wood in moist places, Millers.

Plants pileate, central-stemmed or lateral, or resupinate and
spreading, fleshy or corky; spines awl-shaped, usually regular,
Growing on the ground or on wood.
Entire, simple, with a central stem; terrestrial
Branched or tuberculiform, epixylous
Resupinate, or effused-reflexed, epixylous..................: 5)
1. Pileus whitish or yellowish
ib

Plant fragile? iiic..6, 26 de> eee see oe
Plant coriaceous-tough................... H
3. Pileus and stem orange................ H
3. Pileus and stem ferruginous.......:.... H:
5. .Pileus and ‘stem black:......2:25 74.4: 4. H
Pure white, much branched, spines 4+ to 8 mm.
lone a. os ae Se ae ote one Se ee H
Whitish, then brownish, tuberculiform, un-
DYATICHEG? 4. sii. Ge ,.co0 os wept ene ee H
Whitish, tuberculiform with short branches,
spines 12: to. 25 mime long. Wo oo aoe H
Pilei cervine, scalariform, connate behind. ..H
5. Plant effused-reflexed, ochraceous. .....H
5; Plant resupiriate.. . 4...) sw au. < vl a< « ee 6
Subiculum and spines white...............H
Subiculum and spines alutaceous.........H
Subiculum and spines orange-yellow.......H
Subiculum and spines umber.............. H

HYDNUM.

Pileus orange, ferruginous or blackish. . .

Hydnum repandum L.

Pileus fleshy, fragile, somewhat repand, rather smooth,

variable in color, whitish, yellow or flesh-color.

Stem irregularly shaped, pallid; spines 8 mm. long, con-

colorous with the stem.

Ground in woods, Glen Ellyn.

cracks irregularly in drying.

THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

It is considered

Spores cylindric-oblong, 7 x 4 p.
Var. orbicularig Pk. Receptacles collected in orbicular groups
and seated on a conspicuous, dense, persistent, tomentose, tawny

August, 1902.
Taste at first mild, then slightly
peppery. Spines terete, pallid, becoming darker in drying, sharp- |

. repandum. —
. adustum.
. aurantiacum.

. nigrum.

. coralloides.
. erinaceum.
. caput-Ursi.
. septentrionale.
. ochraceum.
. pallidum.
. Nyssae.

. chryscomum.,
. crinale.

3

zonatum.

The pileus

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 127

pointed, 6 to 8 mm. long. Pileus 4 to 6 em. broad; stem 5 to 7.5
em. long, 10 to 14 mm. thick. The species is edible.

Hydnum adustum Schw.

Pileus variable in shape, from orbicular and entire to dimidiate
and reniform, coriaceous-tough, whitish or pale yellowish.

Stipe ascending, unequal, central or lateral.

Spines at first pallid or yellowish, then changing to brown or
blackish. Pileus 5 to 7.5 em. broad; stem 2.5 em. or more long.

On dead sticks on the ground, woods, Glencoe. September.
Spores elliptic-oblong, 12 to 15 x 6 to 7 w. Most of the plants
were covered with the mycelium of some parasitic fungus.

Hydnum aurantiacum Alb. & Schw.

]

Pileus orange, corky, compact, turbinate-dilated, with small
elevations, zoneless, often covered with whitish down, zoned
internally.

_ Stem short, orange. Spines 2 to 4 mm. long, whitish becoming
fuscous.

Pileus 2.5 to 12.5 em. broad; stem 12 mm. to 5 cm. long, 12
mm. to 2.5 cm. thick.

On the ground in woods. Millers and Glen Ellyn. August.
Hydnellum floriforme (Schaeff.) Banker, Mem. Torr. Cl. 12: 159.
Hydnum zonatum Batsch.

Ferruginous; pileus equally coriaceous, thin, expanded, some-
what infundibuliform, zoned, becoming smooth, radiate-rugose,
the paler margin sterile beneath.

Stem slender, somewhat equal, the base tuberous; spines
slender, pallid then ferruginous.

Sandy woods and borders of swamps, Calumet Heights and
Millers. Autumn. Pileus when young or moist, pale wood-color;
often confluent; 2.5 to 5, occasionally 7.5 em. broad; spines be-
coming fuscous-ferruginous. Spores pale watery-brown, globose,
rough, 4 to 5 p.

Hydnum nigrum I'r.

Pileus azure-blue-black, zoneless, but with a white margin
when in fullest vigor, corky-rigid, club-shaped when young, then
turbinate, at length flattened, plano-depressed, tubercular, black
internally.

Stem 2.5 em. long, stout, often rooting, unequal, black,
tomentose at the base, internally of the same color. Spines awl-
shaped, thin, rather short, white.

In pine woods, Dune Park, Indiana. October. Pepoon.

Hydnum coralloides Scop.

Pileus much branched, pure white, sometimes becoming yel-
lowish with age; branches numerous, spreading, dense, angular
or flattened, bearing the numerous awl-shaped teeth along the
lower side.

7

128 ‘ THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Spores globose, uninucleate, 5 ». Plant generally 5 to 10
em. high.

eee

On a dead, prostrate trunk, open woods, near Wheaton.
September, 1897. A single specimen. The largest mass was [
about 10 cm. in diameter; near it were several immature ones,

2.5 to 5 em. high and broad. Edible, but somewhat tough. ;

“Growing in abundance on a log in woods south of Naperville,
1902.” (Umbach.) i
Hydnum erinaceum Bull. ;

Pileus white, becoming yellow, fleshy, elastic-tough,pendulous,
tubercular, immarginate, torn into fibrils above. =
Aculei very long, straight, equal, pendulous. 7

A single plant was found growing out of a decayed spot inthe
trunk of living Quercus, in woods at Winfield. October, 1904. —
The specimen was globose, pure white, 3 cm. in diameter, wholly
covered with slender spines.

Hydnum caput-Ursi Fr. (Plate XIX, Fig. 1.)

White, fleshy, substipitate, tuberculiform, the body covered
with short branching processes which bear the spines.

Spines terete, somewhat flexuous, 12 to 25 mm. long.

A single plant was found on the dead trunk of a fallen: Hicoria
ovata, near Wheaton, November, 1900. It was still in vigorous
growth, although the upper portion had been blackened by frost.

It measured 22 em. in length by about 11 em. in height. The
species has also been collected by Prof. Umbach, near Naperville.

Hydnum septentrionale Fr. (Plates XX, X XI.)

Fleshy-fibrous, tough, pallid; pilei inmumerable, plane, sealari-
form, connate behind into a thick solid body, the margin straight,
entire.

Aculei crowded, slender, equal. In woods, on standing
trunks. 2 |
A single specimen was found by Mr. Gammon, growing near
the base of an oak tree near Evanston. September, 1900. A 7
single specimen found by Mr. Bates, growing in the decayed trunk
of a living apple tree, La Grange. November, 1902. The plants
ceive out a strong, unpleasant odor in drying; ‘this persists in the —
dried plants for years. The photographs are of plants collected
in Northern Michigan.

Hydnum ochraceum Pers.
Pileus effused-reflexed, coriaceous, thin, zonate, ochraceous.
Spines minute, ochraceous-flesh-color.

On the under side of dead sticks and fallen branches. Fre-
quent. Pileus 2.5 to 7.5 em. broad when well grown, but fre-
quently more or less resupinate.

Hydnum pallidum C. & FE.

White, effused, subiculum membranaceous, soft, margin vil-

ous.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 129

Spines slender, scarcely a millimeter long, crowded, white,
becoming fuscous.
River Forest. Common.

Hydnum Nyssae B. «& ©.

Subiculum effused, copiously pulperaleon alutaceous.

Spines long, crowded, subulate, acute, often pencilled at the
tip, concolorous. Effused for several centimeters with scarcely
any border. Spines pubescent with occasional long hairs at the
apex.

On a rotten stump, Wasco. August. The subiculum has an
indefinite, pulverulent, whitish border. The long hairs found at
the tips of some of the spines are a peculiar character of the
species.

Hydnum chryscomum Und.

Resupinate, forming areas 2 to 6 em. each way; mycelial
strands wide-creeping, more or less branched, bright orange-
yellow, expanding here and there to form a membranous subicu-
jum bearing the bright orange-yellow spines; subiculum thin,
whitish- fimbriate at the margin, yellowish within and later bright
orange-yellow.

Spines crowded, 1 mm. or more long, often confluent so as to
appear flattened, terete when single, concolorous, rather obtuse.

On the under side of a very rotten trunk in woods, Winfield.
September, 1900. The plant produces cord-like, branching
strands, a dm. or more in leneth, which ramify upon or within
the decaying wood, but are easily separable from it. These
strands are almost exactly the color of the rootlets of Toxylon
pomiferum. The membranous subiculum is composed of rather
coarse loosely interwoven threads, seceding from the matrix, the
byssine border indefinite. In November, 1902, the species was
found creeping extensively beneath the bark of a prostrate, de-
eaying trunk of Quercus alba. These plants were sterile. Their
erow th finally separates the bark from the wood. The mycelium
was not found upon or within the tissues of the bark, although it
ramified freely in the rotten wood beneath.

Hydnum crinale I'r.
Subiculum umber, effused, villous-interwoven, thin.
Spines long, crowded, equal, very slender, umber.
On the bark of a rotting log, woods, Riverside. October.

IRPEX.

Plants leathery or woody, pileate or resupinate; teeth concrete
with the pileus, arranged in rows like network, connected at the
base by folds which are lamellae-like (in sessile species), or re-
sembling honeycomb (in resupinate ones). Growing on wood.

pemime USM renee de). 2.. 2 sh00 else edie oh rk ee It
Eli maOll ys TES PIMA tsi iti. 2a ocx teed Hal lg oe te

130 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ip Seileus white or!pallid 2 yok pos. SAS ee I. lacteus.
se ePiteustobacco-color.;. 3. esa 82 2 ee I. tabacinus.
Zoe Aad White... 22s. 7, eh) OES I. ambiguus.
2.° Plant olivaceous then cervine....-..-... I. fuscescens.
2. Plant whitish, centrally yellowish or pale
ferrugiNOUSs 7 eee eS ee ee yer eee I. nodulosus.

Irpex lacteus Fr. (Plate XIX, Fig. 2.)

Pileus effused-reflexed, coriaceous, villous, concentrically
suleate, white.

Teeth close, seriately arranged, acute, more or less incised,
white.

Pileus about 2.5 em. in width and projecting 10 or 12 mm.

On dead sticks and branches of all kinds. Our most common
species. Often confluent for a distance of several meters, and
wholly encircling the branch upon which it grows. In old,
weathered specimens the teeth become cervine or ochraceous,
when it is J. sinwosus Fr. Sometimes wholly resupinate, oc-
casionally with small, irregular, nodulose elevations appearing
like abortive pilei. These are not always at the circumference,
but may appear at any point on the surface of the fungus.

Irpex tabacinus B. & C.

Narrowly reflexed, subzonate, pubescent, long-decurrent be-
hind, bright tobacco-color.

Hymenium concolorous; teeth compressed, obtuse, unequal,
seriate.

On decaying trunks of Populus, woods, Glen Ellyn.

-Irpex ambiguus Pk.

Resupinate, adnate, subiculum very thin, floccose-pruinate,
white, becoming pallid with age.

Aculei oblique, somewhat united at the base, minute, very
variable, subulate and entire or compressed, acute, truncate,
branched, incised or subserrate, white when young, becoming
pallid with age.

Near Chicago. Harper.

Irpex fuscescens Schw.

Coriaceous-membranaceous, olivaceous then cervine, at first
orbicular, then confluent and extensively effused, with a narrow
fimbriate border.

Teeth irregular, unequal, compressed, setulose, cervine.

On dead fallen branches, Winfield and Glen Ellyn. When old,
the plant becomes cinnamon-colored or ferruginous.

Old, weathered specimens become cinnamon-brownish, and
these are said to be J. cinnamomeus Fr. (Morgan.) /

Irpex nodulosus Pk.

Resupinate, forming suborbicular patches 10 to 25 em. or
more in diameter, subseparable; subiculum thick, tough.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 131
Hymenium dentate-porous towards the thick definite margin,
centrally nodulose and prolonged into unequal compressed trun-
cate or laciniate, rarely terete aculei, whitish, centrally yellowish
or pale ferruginous.
River Forest. Harper.

RADULUM.

Plants resupinate; hymenium of irregular, subcylindrical ob-
tuse tubercles. Growing on wood, resupinate-effused, often
bursting through the bark.

Plant white, then yellowish, border byssine.... . R. orbiculare.
Plant pallid, border tomentose, reflexed......... R. pallidum.

Radulum orbiculare I'r.

In autumn, orbicular, confluent, white then yellowish, the
border byssine; tubercles elongated, nearly terete, scattered or
fasciculate.

In spring, waxy, glabrous, flesh-color; tubercles shorter and
softer. Very variable; 5 to 7.5 em. broad, quite membranaceous,
or above 4 mm. in thickness.

On dead sticks. River Forest. June. Harper.

Radulum pallidum B. and C.

At first orbicular, then confluent and effused, with a narrow
reflexed tomentose margin, pallid.

Tubercles terete, short, deformed, scattered or sometimes
collected in lines or groups.

On decaying log of Quercus. Glencoe. Harper.

PHLEBIA.

Hymenium amphigenous, waxy-soft, smooth, continuous, from
the first wrinkled into crests; covered with wrinkles which are

Phliebia radiata Ir.

Red-flesh-color, somewhat round, equal, smooth on both sides,
circumference radiate in the form of teeth. Folds straight,
radiating in rows.

On bark of dead standing trunk of Tilia. Woods, Riverside.
October, 1903. Confluent in the fissures of the bark for a distance
of many centimeters. The bright cinnabar-colored form, P.
cinnabarina Schw., was found on the bark of a log of Quercus at
Glencoe, September, 1903.

Phlebia merismoides Fr.

Effused, flesh-colored then livid, villous and white on the
under side, the border orange, strigose. Wrinkles simple, straight,
crowded. ;

132 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Extensively effused on the under side of fallen decaying
branches. Riverside. October. Color paler than that of P.

radiata.
ODONTIA.

Plants resupinate; subiculum of interwoven fibers, bearing
crested warts or spines.
Border of subiculum fimbriate. ......-. 24.0... O. fimbriata.
Border of sabiculum not fimbriate.............. O. tenuis.

Odontia fimbriata Pers.

Effused, membranaceous, seceding, pallid, traversed by root-
like fibers; the border fibrillose-fimbriate.

Warts minute, in the form of granules, multifid at the apex.

River Forest, at the base of a dead crab or thorn tree. June.
Harper. On dead branch of Ostrya, Glencoe. September.

Odontia tenuis Pk.

Effused, very thin, tender, dry, pallid, the margin not clearly
fimbriate; verrucae minute, subglobose or oblong, scattered or
crowded, sometimes entire; my celium sometimes collected into
dingy yellowish branching slender threads.

On decayed wood. Near Chicago. Harper.

y CRATERELLUS.

Plants fleshy or membranaceous, smoothish, terrestrial or
rarely epixylous, cup-shaped or umbrella-shaped, — stipitate;
hymenium ribbed or sometimes rugulose. Allied to the Canth-
arelli.

Craterellus dubius Pk.

Pileus thin, subinfundibuliform or subtubiform, subfibrillose,
dark brown or lurid brown, pervious, the margin generally wavy
and lobed.

Hymenium dark cinereous and rugose when moist, nearly even
and paler when dry.

Stem short, hollow, colored like the hymenium.

Spores broadly ellipsoid or subglobose, 6 to 7.5 x 5 to 6 p.
Pileus 2.5 to 5 em. broad; plant 2.5 to 7.5 em. high, stem about
4 mm. thick.

In woods. Frequent. In July and August, 1902, it was very
abundant in the woods near Glencoe. Pileus 2.5 to 6 em. broad —
at the mouth of the tube.

THELEPHORA.

Plants leathery, erect and stipitate and lateral, or effused-
reflexed, or resupinate; hymenium smooth, slightly ribbed or
warty; spores sphaeroid, colored, minutely w arted or echinulate.
i Erect, pileus entire or div ided into branches...........-.- 2
Lip jResupinate-inerusting or effused-reflexed....-........... t

- Pileus white or whitish........... ee 3

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 133

2. Pileus brownish-cimereous..... «5:5... T. multipartita.
Pee erileus smoky-vyellow. |. i: .siyi seen ds ©: T. vialis.
Zaeeueus brownish-purpless .. 003 a+ acl sas: T. palmata.
3. Tips of branchlets dilated at the apex...... T. Schweinitzir.
3. Tips of branchlets laciniate or bifid........7. candida.
4, Margin of pileus narrowly reflexed......7'. albido-brunnea
4. Much branched, branchlets with fame
BIA CH AICO Sisal testo Sens oe] Daewoo ues T. fimbriata.

Thelephora multipartita Schw.

Brownish-cinereous, pileus subcoriaceous, subinfundibuliform,
many times parted and divided even to the stipe, the laciniae
dilated above and more or less incised.

Stipe short, glabrous.

Hymenium nearly even, glabrous, brownish, sometimes paler
at the margin.

On the ground in woods. River Forest. Harper. Plants
about 2.5 em. high, the thin flat branches dilated above and
multifid.

Thelephora vialis Schw.

Coriaceous, when young somewhat fragile, becoming hard with
age, pilel variously shaped, imbricated and dimidiate, and regular
or many confluent into one, laciniate-multifid, 2.5 to 5 cm. leng
or much smaller, often cup-shaped, above ageglutinate- Gbrillose-
plicate, smoky yellow.

Stems separate or concrescent, thick or thin, short or long.

Hymenium plicate-venose, from pallid-yellow to fuliginous.

On the ground in woods. Millers and Glen Ellyn. The plant
forms rosettes 6 to 8 em. in diameter. The spores are pallid-
fuliginous, globose but somewhat irregular in outline, 7 to 8 u.
in diameter.

Thelephora palmata Scop.

Brownish-purple, pubescent, fetid; pileus soft-corlaceous, very
much branched, the branches palmate, flattened, sub-fastigiate,
fimbriate and whitish at the apex.

Hymenium even; stipe short, simple.

Woods, Glen Ellyn, Winfield and Glencoe. Piants rusty-
brown, the tips of the branches white. Spores very irregular,
angled, rough, about 7 x 10 wp.

Thelephora Schweinitzii Pk. (Piate XXII, Fig. 1.)

Caespitose, white or pallid; pileus soft-coriaceous, much
branched, the branches flattened, furrowed and somewhat
dilated at the apex.

Hymenium even, becoming darker colored. Stems variable
in length, often connate or fused into a solid base.

Grassy places in woods, July to September. Common. Often
in masses 10 to 15 cm. in diameter. When young, the plants are
pure white and quite conspicuous among the decaying grasses and
leaves.

134 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Thelephora candida Schw.

Cespitose, soft, white, stem thick, palmately branched, pileoli
laciniate, spreading, apex becoming fuscous.

Hymenium definitely inferior, rugose.

Grassy places in open woods. July and August. Stem
tough, flattened, branches subterete, fibrous-stuffed, white within;
branchlets flattened, laciniate or only bifid at the apex. Spores
very variable, subglobose, broadly ellipsoid, ellipsoid-oblong or
subpyriform, granular, 6 to 10 x 3 to 6 ph.

Thelephora albido-brunnea Schw.

Spongy-corky, widely effused; pilei at length narrowly reflexed,
becoming substipitate, subtomentose, brown.

Hymenium nearly even, white.

Glencoe. August. Harper. Growing about the bases of
dead shrubs.

Thelephora fimbriata Schw.

Effused, soft becoming cartilaginous, incrusting, variable in
shape, producing long branches, decumbent, the primary terete,
the ultimate with fimbriate apices.

Incrusting the stems of Fragaria. Riverside. Harper.
Identified by Prof. Burt, who states that some of our plants include
the form described by Prof. Peck as T’. scoparia.

STEREUM.

Plants leathery or woody; pileate, central or lateral-stemmed,
effused-reflexed or entirely resupinate; free portion of the pileus
more or less strigose; hymenium smooth, arising from a compact
layer which is separated from the substratum by a floccose or
strigose layer of mycelium. Spores continuous, hyaline or oliva-
ceous.

Plants effused-reflexed, coriaceous............-.++-+-+--- I
Plants resupinate, crustaceous-adnate...........-..-..+-. 9
1. Pileus whitish or pale-yellow...:.....:-+:.. 7... ee
1. Pileus ochraceous, becoming pale, zonate. .S. rameale.
1. Pileus purplish, fuscous or ferruginous...........----++-- |
2. Hymenium bright-ochraceous, becoming
pales eek eee eeessss.... 5S. ochraceo-flavum

2. Hymemmum purplish. 2. 4i02 46+ e2e-s S. purpureum.
4, Pileus grayish-cinereous, hymenium pallid

brick-color.......................+.S. fasevatum.
4. Pileus rufous, becoming fuscous, hymenium
STAVISHS, Soci tare ke Se eee eee S. rufum.
4. Pileus fuscous ferruginous, hymenium ashy-
white... °. 35.5 .a2e3 Run aes eege eee S. striatum.
4. Pileus fuscous, becoming pale, hymenium
cervine or fuScOUS 92.5. bie eee S. gausapatum.
4. Pileus subferruginous, hymenium brownish.S. spadiceum.
4. Pileus and hymenium ferruginous.........S. Curtisiv.
Gen Plant’ white... v4 S224 at ON eee es S. acerinum.

5. Plant grayish, brown or blackish... ... S. frustulosum.

ok ollied

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 135

Stereum rameale Schw.

Specimens collected at River Forest by Harper and Moffatt
were named by Prof. Burt as above. Fries, Elench. p. 178, says
that he has seen the original specimen of Schweinitz, and is unable
to distinguish it from Sterewm hirsutum (Willd.) Fr.

Stereum ochraceo-flavum Schw.

Coriaceous-membranaceous, thin. Pileus effused-reflexed,
strigose-hirsute, white or pale yellow.

Hymenium even, glabrous, bright-ochraccous becoming pale.

On the underside of small fallen branches. Frequent.
Stereum purpureum Huss.

Soft-coriaceous. Pileus effused-reflexed, subimbricate, zonate,
villous-tomentose, pallid or whitish.

Hymenium naked, even, glabrous, purplish.

On Prunus virginiana, Millers, Ind. The upper surface of the
young pileus is pallid, but with age becomes purplish-black, and
rarely rugose with a white border. Hymenial surface purple or
lilac, often with a white margin. The plants by confluence
sometimes encircle small branches.

Stereum fasciatum Schw.

Coriaceous; pilei caespitose, plane, grayish-ciereous, villous,
with brown shining zones, the base narrowed and substipitate.

Hymenium even, glabrous, pallid brick-color; spores globose,
mol O Or o x 6 p.

On fallen trunks and branches. Common. Surface of the
pileus banided with bright zones of various colors, like that of
Polystictus versicolor. Hymenium sometimes lilac-tinted.

Stereum rufum Ir.

Rufous, becoming fuscous, coriaceo-cartilaginous, erumpent,
tuberculiform then somewhat round, marginate, smooth beneath.
Hymenium gray-pruinose, at length bullate-tubercular.
On dead pine, Millers. Not rare. Harper.
Stereum striatum Ir.

Coriaceous; pileus effused-reflexed, undulate, rugose-striate,
subtomentose, fuscous-ferruginous, paler and filamentous within.

Hymenium ashy-white, smooth when in full vigor; spores
subglobose, 5 to'6 p.

Thin, wholly adnate or attached by a narrow base, and
flabelliform, with intermediate stages.

Near Chicago. Harper.
Stereum gausapatum |r.

Caespitose-connate, sessile; pilei soft-corky, fibrous-strigose*
fuscous becoming pale, margin concolorous, entire, undulate-
plicate.

136 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Hymenium radiate-rugose, glabrous; spores cylindric-ellipsoid,
TOR Ope.

River Forest and Bowmanville. Harper. A resupinate form
occurs.

Stereum spadiceum Fr.

~Coriaceous. Pilei effused-reflexed, villous, subferruginous;
the margin rather obtuse, white.

Hymenium even, smooth, brownish, when fresh bleeding if
bruised.

On oak stumps, Glen Ellyn. Pilei about 2.5 cm. in length and
breadth, usually imbricated and confluent.

Stereum Curtisii Berk.

At first orbicular, ferruginous, with a paler somewhat byssoid
margin, then effused; edge sometimes free on either side.

Hymenium rugose, finely velvety; spores ellipsoid, 5 x 3 to 4 p.

On fallen branches of Quercus. Not rare.

Stereum acerinum Fr.

Crustaceous, adnate, smooth, glabrous, white; spores ellipsoid,
6x3to4p. Forming a thin white crust, generally sterile, surface
usually covered with minute particles of lime.

On bark of living Juniperus virginiana, woods, Millers, Indiana.
June. Harper.

Stereum frustulosum Fr.

Woody, resupinate, tuberculose, crowded as if confluent, then
appearing broken into small pieces; border obsoletely marginate;
around the edge and underneath dark brown or blackish.
re Hymenium convex, cinnamon becoming pallid, pruinose;
spores ellipsoid, subacute at both ends, 4 to 5 x 8 to 3.5 p.

On oak logs. River Forest. Harper. Also on the cut ends
of logs, Millers, Indiana.

HYMENOCHAETE.
Pileus coriaceous, membranaceous, form various. Hymenium
beset with very minute, rigid, persistent bristles. Spores white
or olivaceous.

1. Plants-effused-reflexed..... 2...) UG ke ee 2
1. “Plants-resupinate..0...ad sat eee H. cervina.
2. Pileus and hymenium cinnamon........H. cinnamomea.
2. Pileus fuscous-ferruginous, hymenium
ochraceous-cinnamon............... H. ferruginea.

Hymenochaete cervina Berk. & Curt. |

Wholly resupinate, effused, thin, margin tomentose, soon
obliterated.

Hymenium cervine. Setae pallid, clavate, 40 to 50 x 15 to
16 ». Spores ellipsoid, 5 x 4 pu.

Near Chicago. Harper.

oy é

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 13Z

Hymenochaete cinnamomea Pers.

Effused, irregularly confluent, appressed, cinnamon, the under
surface and circumference fibrillose-strigose.

Hymenium fleshy, soft, glabrous, naked, concolorous, cracked
when dry. Spores elliptical with a minute basal apiculus, pale
cinnamon, 11 to12 x 7to 8p. (Massee.)

On a rotten log, Riverside. June. Harper. Described by
Persoon as a T'helephora, placed by Fries in the genus Corticium,
and by Massee in Coniophora.

Hymenochaete ferruginea Bull.

Coriaceous-rigid, thin, tough, fuscous-ferruginous; pileus
effused-reflexed, densely concentrically suleate, leprous-villose,
becoming smooth.

Hymenium finely velvety, setules few, acuminate-conic, 40 to
60 x 6 to Sw. Spores ellipsoid, 6 x 3 to 4 w. Hymenium when
dry ochraceous-cinnamon, inner texture the same color.

Superficially resembling H. rubiginosa, from which it differs in
the larger spores and the hymenium appearing almost smooth
under a lens (Massee). “f

Fallen logs and branches. Millers. June.

CORTICIUM.

Pileus resupinate or reflexed, the hymenium arising from a
thin layer of mycelium which is not separated from the sub-
stratum by a strigose or floccose layer, soft, somewhat waxy,
often cracking when dried. Spores sessile, not septate.

1. Circumference marginate, reflexed..................4... 3
im Circumference immarginate, adnate....................- +
1. Plants waxy-agglutinate, margin pubescent or
|S ECeYG sa ce eae Ue ee Re 5
1. Plants incrusting-tuberculose, whitish or pal-
lid, border mdeteminate a fo ele, 2
2. Continuous when dry; on the ground.....C. galactinwm.

2. Much cracked when dry; on charred wood..C. pallescens.
2. Collapsing when dry-; incrusting various

SUM SUMUCES Ae eats cho fans Aig nortan a ae C. sebaceum.
Sey MOeMMUT COTVING =. 366. is ee ye ene ee ', Cakesir,
Se eEby meni. SANGUINCOUS. .....5..5.......8: C. salicinum.
J g
4. Hymenium snow-white.................. C. arachnoideum
Awe eriymenivum: dirty-white. v.02... 6... 2€ ', vellereum.
4. Hymenium ochraceous or olivaceous..... C. filamentosum.
a) ttymenium, hlac or brick-color.............. C. jonoides.
5. Hymenium bright-ochraceous.............. C. colliculosum.

Corticium galactinum I'r.

Resupinate, broadly effused, incrusting, colliculose, glabrous,
whitish, circumference indeterminate.

138 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

On the ground, border of ditches. It consists of a broad,
indeterminately effused crust, soft when growing but hard and
continuous when dry.

Near Chicago. Harper.

Corticium pallescens Schw.

Broadly effused, agglutinate, in little cartilaginous elevations, :
hard.

Hymenium spuriously papillose, cracked, white, becoming
pallid; spores globose, 7 to 8 ». Broadly effused, indeterminate,
thick, much cracked when dry, pallid with a tinge of red here
and there. Collected by Schweinitz on charred trunks.

Near Chicago. Harper.

Corticium sebaceum Pers.

Effused, flaxy-waxy, hardening, incrusting, tuberculose or
stalactitious, whitish with a similar border.

Hymenium collapsing, flocculose-pruinose.

Incrusting various substances. Variable in form, white, the
border notefringed or pencillate.

River Forest, July, 1902. It is Sebacina incrustans Tulasne.
Corticium Oakesii B. & C.

At first pezizaeform with the margin erect, inflexed, white,
tomentose, at length confluent.

Hymenium pale fawn-color. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, 25 x
14 pw.

On bark of Ostrya. Common. According to Fries, this species
does not differ from the European C. amorphum, but Cooke
insists that it is distinct on account of its more hairy pileus, darker
disk and spores not subglobose but oblong-ellipsoid.

Corticium salicinum Fr.

Coriaceous, soft, rigid when dry, affixed by the center, the
margin everywhere reflexed, white villous externally.

Hymenium persistently sanguineous, when dry contiguous.
Spores cylindric-ellipsoid, curved, 14 to 16 x 5 to 6 p.

On dead branches of Salix. Millers. August. Harper.
Corticium arachnoideum Berk.

Thin, effused, pallid, immarginate, fibrillose or subfloccose
beneath, circumference fimbriate with white fibrils.

On rotten wood. Near Chicago. Harper.
Corticium vellereum Ell. & Crag.

Dirty-white, texture loose, floccose, margin byssoid.

Spores abundant, globose, 4 to 5 uw. in diameter, borne on short,
stout, subclavate basidia.

On a decorticated log of Tilia americana, River Forest. July.
It also occurs on Hicoria.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 139

Corticium filamentosum Bb. and C.

Effused, membranaceous, border and underside soft-tomentose,
fibrillose, pallid, separable from the substratum.

Hymenium pulverulent, ochraceous or somewhat olivaceous,
minutely cracked when dry. ‘

On old bark. Near Chicago. Harper.

Corticium jonoides Bres.

Waxy, adherent, suborbicular, broadly effused, border pubes-
cent, soon naked, lilac-amethystine or isabelline brick-color,
expallent, canescent.

Hymenium velutine from the more or less prominent basidia,
rimose when old. Spores obovate, hyaline, 10 to 14 x 7 to 9 p.

Near Chicago. Harper.

Corticium colliculosum B. & C.

Strongly adnate, mycelium spongy, white; hymenium bright
ochraceous, papillate and granulate, glabrous, cracked. Spores
oblong-ellipsoid, 10 x 5 pm.

Near Chicago. Harper.

Corticium albulum Atk. & Burt, and C. subceraceum Burt,
species not yet published, have been identified in collections sent
to Prof. Burt.

PENIOPHORA.

Resupinate, or with the margin free; hymenium even, furnished
with projecting, fusiform, colorless cystidia. Spores colorless.

1. Margin reflexed.... P. neglecta.

1. Margin not reflexed...... eaie Mikot o oOeR: 2
2. Margin adpressed, determinate. .. . P. cinerea.
2. Margin free or indeterminate. Pa hac epiten eae ee ees

3. Plant membranaceous.... |

3. Plant crustose or waxy.... i jh ees
i Wl Carillife UREN aeee ea eran oe . P. filamentosa.
4. Flesh-color or livid. .. ~ ae oP: laevis.

5. Hymenium red or orange...... . .P. incarnata.

5. Hymenium white or cream color...... P. Allescherv.

Peniophora neglecta Pk.

Pileus effused-reflexed, thin, coriaceous, often laterally con-
fluent, strigose-hairy, concentrically suleate, grayish or yellowish-
eray.

Hymenium pallid becoming purplish, minutely setulose, the
setae short, colorless, rough, stout, 50 to 75 pw. long; spores sub-
elliptical, 12.5 x 7.5 p.

On dead branches of Ulmus. Austin. Determined by Prof.
Harper.

Peniophora cinerea I'r.

Lurid, waxy, becoming rigid, confluent, agglutinated, cireum-
ference similar.

140 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Hymenium sprinkled with very thin cinereous pruina. Spores
oblong or elongated, cylindrical, curved, 3to5x1lp. (K.)

On Ribes rotundifolia. River Forest. June. Harper.
Peniophora filamentosa B. & C.

Effused, membranaceous, separable from the matrix; border
and underside soft-tomentose, fibrillose, pallid.

Hymenium pulverulent, ochraceous or somewhat olivaceous,
minutely cracked when dry.

Subiculum of soft tomentose threads, on which the hymenium
forms a thin stratum.

On dead sticks, Riverside. October. Harper.
Peniophora laevis Fr.

Effused, membranaceous, separating, villous beneath, cir-
cumference flaxy.

Hymenium even, smooth, somewhat flesh-color or livid.
Spores 12 x 8 to 10 pw.

On bark of Quercus and on dead sticks. Near Chicago.
Harper.

Peniophora incarnata Fr.

Waxy, becoming rigid, agglutinated, indeterminate, cireum-
ference radiate.

Hymenium persistently bright-colored (red or orange),
sprinkled with very thin, somewhat flesh-colored pruina. Spores
ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid, 9 to 12 x 5 wp.

On decaying branches. River Forest. June.

Peniophora Allescheri Bres.

Broadly effused, waxy-membranaceous, adherent, at length
seceding, forming a white then cream-colored crust, margin
tomentose-fibrillose.

Hymenium velvety, subtuberculose, collapsing when dry,
smooth, cracking into polygonal areas. Basidia clavate, 30 to
45 x 6 to 9 w., spores very variable in size, oblong, unilateral or
depressed on both sides, 7 to 18 x 34 to 64 p.

Similar in appearance to Corticium lacteum Fr., but clearly
distinct in the character of the spores and in the presence of
cystidia.

On log of Tilia americana. River Forest. July. Harper.

Peniophora heterocystidia Burt, found by Prof. Harper on
Amelanchier canadensis at Glencoe, has been identified by Prof.
Burt. The description has not yet been published.

CONIOPHORA.

Plants membranaceous, resupinate; hymenium fleshy or waxy,
but at maturity dusted with the smooth, colored spores; spore-
membrane yellowish-brown.

Hymenium ochraceous, pulverulent............ C. arida.
Hymenium tawny-brown, waxy...........:.-.. C. suffocata.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 141

Coniophora arida Fr.

Membranaceous, very thin, inseparable from the matrix,
broadly effused, margin fibrillose, whitish.

Hymenium continuous, even, dingy-sulphur or ochraceous,
pulverulent, becoming brownish. Spores ochraceous, ellipsoid,
with a minute apiculus at the base, 11 to 12 x 6 to 7 p.

On bark of Prunus, Riverside. October, 1903. Harper.
Coniophora suffocata (Pk.) Massee.

Effused, indeterminate; subiculum whitish or pale-tawny,
composed of intricate webby filaments.

Hymenium tawny-brown, of a smooth waxy appearance when
moist, dusted with the spores and more or less rimose when dry,
revealing the paler subiculum through the chinks.

Spores elliptical, colored, 10 x 7.5 p.

On charred sticks in pine woods. Millers, Indiana. Novem-
ber. Harper. Identified by Prof. Burt.

HYPOCHNUS.

Resupinate, floecose, collapsing or mold-like; basidia four-
spored on long lax hyphae, with two to four (rarely six) sterig-
mata.

Hypochnus spongiosus Schw.

Soft, becoming hard, umber-purple, hymenium powdery,
branched. The apices of the branches that proceed from the
hymenium are pilose.

On dead sticks in damp places. Millers. Harper. Professor
Burt, to whom specimens were sent for identification, says that it
is probably the above species, but that he has not seen the original
Schweinitzian specimen.

CLAVARIA.

Plants fleshy, branched or simple, branches typically terete,
some simple forms clavate.

TZU BATAUELOE! kas ee eta nS AS PA 1
SSUOMDICLS: 2 50-5 OR RE oe Rare Ec 9, 6
1. Spores white or with a slight yellowish tint............ 2
ipa oporcsnereamy-VellOw. 00s)... 0s coe he eo ols Sale Sees 5
2 RAI, 57 GG ee ee meee 3
Pee ileiniteCMeLGOUSH. 0. eid Selb gids Sie eles C. cinerea.
2 Plant pallid then alutaceous................ C. pyxidata.
= Slsinie alii i eee ae er ear ee Pe eR 4
3. Stem thick, white, branches yellow, fas-
‘LLG. (2) ag Se a gi cea RN C. flava.
3. Stem slender, yellow, branches yellow,
GEEREEML=SN ADCO... San Ws. 2 Sake ct aunt: C. muscoides.

4. Plant tough, branchlets crested, incised... .. C. cristata.

142 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

4. Plant fragile, branchlets even, entire........ C. Kunzei.
5. Plant pale yellowish, trunk thick, branch-
lets appressed). .2y: uc Aine, eae ae eee C. stricta.
5. Plant alutaceous, trunk slender, branch-
lets divaricaties posers eee C. crispula.
Geemenibs Pure White: 2.) wate woniou: eee ee C. fragilis.
6. Clubs yellow then rufescent................ C. pistillaris.

Clavaria cinerea Bull.

Cinereous, fragile, stuffed; trunk somewhat thick, short, very
much branched. Branches and branchlets thickened, irregularly
shaped, somewhat wrinkled, rather obtuse.

Height 2.5 to 7.5 em.; spores irregular, ellipsoid-sphaeroid,
8 to 10 x 6 pw.

Gregarious or in tufts on the ground in woods, Glen Ellyn.
July.

Clavaria pyxidata Pers.

Pallid then alutaceous and subrufescent; trunk slender,
glabrous, branched, branches and branchlets all club-shaped at
the apex, the cupules proliferous-radiate at the margin. Plants
7 to 12 em. high and broad.

Spores white, 4x3 yp. (Massee.)

On rotten logs, Glencoe. June. Taste acrid.

Clavaria flava Schaeff. (Plate XXIII.)

Fragile, trunk thick, fleshy, white, very much branched; the
branches terete, even, fastigiate, obtuse, yellow.

Plant 5 to 10 cm. high, the tufts as broad as high; spores pale
or with a yellowish tint.

Ground in woods, Highland Park. August. Dr. Watson.
Primary branches thick, terete or compressed, pale yellow; ulti-
mate branchlets terete, even, dentate at the apex, pale orange.

Clavaria muscoides L.

A little tough, somewhat delicate, yellow, two or three times
forked, the stipe slender; branches crescent-shaped, acute.
Plants 3.5 to 5 cm. high.

Mossy ground under conifers, Millers. In shaded ravines,
Glencoe. Among leaves in damp woods, Glen Ellyn. Clubs
slender, simple or sparingly branched above, terete, egg-yellow
or lemon-yellow, paler and tapering below, solid or stuffed, tips
of the branches slightly darker, obtuse; spores whitish, smooth,
globose, 5 to 7 p.

Clavaria cristata Pers. (Plate XXIV.)

Tough, even, stuffed, white, the branches dilated upwards,
acutely incised, crested.
Plant 2.5 to 5 em. high.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 143

Ground in woods, Glencoe. November. Wyrick. Color
dingy gray; spores white, subglobose, 8 to 9». Karsten describes
the spores of this species as “angulate— or ellipsoid-sphaeroid,
hyaline, 8 ».”’ Massee as “ochraceous, pointed, 10 x 8 p.”

Clavaria Kunzei I'r.

Somewhat fragile, cespitose from a slender base, very much
branched, pure white; the branches elongated, crowded, repeatedly
forked, fastigiate, even, equal, compressed at the axils.

Plant 3.5 to 5 cm. high.

On the ground in damp woods, Glen Ellyn. August. Plants
shining white; spores white, smooth, subglobose, 3 to 4 p.

Clavaria stricta Pers.

Very much branched, pale yellowish, brownish when rubbed,
the trunk rather thick; branches and branchlets straight, rather
even, crowded and appressed, acute.

Plant 5 to 7.5 em. high; spores creamy-yellow, 4 x 6 p.

On old stumps and partly buried decayed wood in open woods,
Glen Ellyn.

Clavaria crispula I'r.

Very much branched, alutaceous then ochraceous, the trunk
slender; branches flexuous, multifid, the branchlets divaricate.

Rooting at the base by long white fibrils. Plant 2.5 to 5 cm.
high. Spores creamy-yellow, 3 to 5 w. (W.G.58.)

In moist woods, the long slender white rootlets usually grow-
ing upon or around decaying sticks or twigs. The spores in our
plants are creamy-yellow, 6 to 7 x 10 ». In other respects the
specimens agree with the above description.

Clavaria fragilis Holmsk.

Fasciculate, very fragile, white below, tapering downward;
clubs hollow, a little obtuse, variable.

On the ground in a shaded ravine, Glencoe. August. <A very
beautiful species. Stems clustered, terete, tapering downward
and tapering upward to a somewhat obtuse apex; 2.5 to 10 cm.
high, pure white, very fragile; spores minute, subellipsoid, white,
2% tO 3 jt.

Clavaria pistillaris L. Plate XXII, Fig. 2.

Simple, large, fleshy, stuffed, obovate-clavate, obtuse, yellow
then rufescent.

Plants attaining a height of 15 em. and a thickness of 2.5 cm.
at the summit; spores white, 10 x 5 wp.

Wooded ravines north of Chicago. Bates, Bertolet.

CALOCERA.
Plants cylindrical or awl-shaped, terete, simple or branched,
gelatinous, drying horny; without a distinct stem.
Plant 6 mm. or less in height, branchlets obtuse... .. C. palmata
Plant 12 mm. or more in height, branchlets acute..... C’. cornea

He. THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Calocera palmata Schum.

Branched, tremellose-tough, orange-yellow, compressed, di-
lated upward, divided; the branchlets subterete, divaricate,
obtuse.

On decayed fallen branches of Rhus glabra, woods, Glen
Ellyn. August. On decaying wood of Quercus, River Forest.
June. Plants 12 to 16 mm. high, simple, slender and subulate, or
divaricately branched near the base, the branches. occasionally
divided near the apex; spores somewhat hyaline, curved, 9 to 10
velo Ts
Calocera cornea Batsch.

Cespitose, rooting, even, viscid, yellow-orange; clubs short,
subulate, connate at the base.

On decaying pine logs, Millers. Growing in lines out of the
cracks in the wood, the bases of the plants fused together at the
base, so that a strip several cm. in length can be stripped from
a crevice in the wood. The individual plants are 5 to 6 mm. high.

GUEPINIA.

Cartilaginous-gelatinous, versiform, the two surfaces diverse
in structure; substipitate; hymenium unilateral; spores curved.
Guepinia spathularia Schw.

Nearly erect, stipitate, spathulate, the stipe and upper side
cinereous-pubescent.

Hymenium plicate, orange-yellow; spores curved, apiculate,
three-septate, 10 to 12 p.

Growing in linear series in cracks of a decaying log of Tilia.
Woods, Lombard. September.

EXIDIA.

Blackish, cup-shaped, truncate or effused, smooth or slightly
plicate, papillate; basidiospores 2-4 celled on germination, bear-
ing curved sporidiola.

Exidia glandulosa Bull.

Effused, nearly plane, thick, undulate, becoming black, spicu-
lose with conic papillae, the underside cinereous and somewhat
tomentose.

Spores oblong, curved, 12 to 14x 5 p.

Crevices of bark of decaying logs of Quercus. Riverside. ”
Plants pellucid when growing on the underside of the logs where
not exposed to sunlight; spores elliptic-reniform, 10 to 12 x 6 p.

TREMELLA.
Yellowish or whitish with brain-like convolutions, homoge-
neous; basidiospores, sporidiola and conidia when present globose
or ovoid.

Plant white. ..... .0<3,tie smo ceite pieeye ae ean T. fuciformis
Plant cinnamon-flesh-color.... 00. .6..0su<veedeuoe T. foliacea

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 145

Tremella fuciformis Berk.

White, cespitose, repeatedly lobed, or branched with lobes,
the ultimate ones excepted, broadly fan-shaped. 2.5 cm. or
more high.

This plant has occurred several successive seasons in July
and August, on the ground upon a dry hilltop in open woods,
Glen Ellyn. It forms sessile tuberculous masses 7.5 to 12 cm. in
diameter and 2.5 to 5 em. in height, wholly composed of stout
gelatinous processes, branched two or three times, the lobes or
processes compressed and somewhat hollow; spores white, ovoid,
inequilateral, 6 to 9 x 4 to 6 p.

Tremella foliacea Pers.

Cinnamon-flesh-color, cespitose, even, undulated, plicate at
the base; surface finely granulated, the granulations pale.

Clusters 1 to 2.5 em. broad, soft and watery, leaving little
residue when dried.

On dead stumps, Glen Ellyn. September to November.

Tremella mycetophila Peck, N. Y. Mus. Rep. 28; 53, has been
referred by Prof. Burt to the genus Hxobasidium. See Bull.
Torr. Bot. Club 28; 285.

The species has been found several times at Glen Ellyn,
parasitic on decaying stems and pilei of Collybia dryophila.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 147

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF SPECIES

The following are a few of the works that will be found
most useful in the study of our species:

Amanita. Peck, Rep’t N. Y. Mus. 36:41, 48:133; Smith,
Rhodora 1:161; Lloyd, Myc. Notes, Nov. 1899; Saccardo,
Sylloge, 5:993, 11:69, 14:150, 16:1 and 1110; Stevenson,
Hymenomycetes Europaei 1:304; Atkinson, Studies of
American Fungi, 52; Carter, Toadstool Poisoning and its
Treatment, in MclIlvane, Am. Fungi, ed. 2:621. «

Amanitopsis. Peck,»Rep. N. Y. Mus. 33:38; Lloyd, The
Volvae, 1898; Morgan, Journ. Myc. 3:25; Sacc. Syll. 6:20,
14:64, 16:2 and 1110; Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:11.

Lepiota. Webster, Bull. Bost. Myc. Cl. no. 4. 1897; Peck,
Rep. N. Y. Mus. 35:150; Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:12; Morgan,
Journ. Myc. 12:154, 195, 242; 13:1.

Armillaria. Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 48:40, 44:38; Sace. Syll.
5:73, 11:7, 14:70, 16:17; Stev. Hym. Hur. 1:23.

Tricholoma. Bull. Bost. Myc. Cl. no. 5. 1897; Peck, Rep.
N. Y. Mus. 44:38; Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:33.

Clitocybe. Sacc. Syll. 5:141, 9:18, 11:13, 14:74, 16:23 and
1110; Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:68; Morg. Journ. Cin: Soc. Nat.
Hist. 5:66.

Collybia. Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 49:32; Lloyd, Collybias of
Cincinnati, 1900; Morg. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 6:173;
Sacc. Syll. 5:200, 9:27, 11:17, 14:77; Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:96.

Mycena. Sacc. Syll. 6:251, 9:34, 11:20, 14:82, 16:26: Stev.
Hym. Hur. 1:120; Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 23:80.

Omphalia. Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 45:32; Sacc. Syll. 5:308,
9:41, 11:23, 14:84, 16:31; Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:150.

Pleurotus. Bull. Bost. Myc. Cl. no. 8. Nov. 1898; Peck, Rep.
N. Y. Mus. 39:58; Sacc. Syll. 5:339, 9:45, 11:24, 16:36
and 1111; Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:165. oxey SQ sass

Hygrophorus. Bull. Bost. Mye. Cl. no. 5. 1897; Earle,
Torreya, 2:53 and 73 (Key to N. Am. species); Sace. Syll.
5:387, 9:52, 11:27, 14:91, 16:39 and 1111; Stev. Hym,
Kur. 2:70.

Lactarius. Webster, Bull. Bost. Myc. Cl. no. 3. 1897; Peck,
Rep. N. Y. Mus. 38:111; Sacc. Syll. 5:423, 9:56, 14:94,
16:43; Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:92.

148 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Russula. Sacc. Syll. 5:453, 9:59, 11:29, 14:96, 16:46 and 1111;
Massee, Brit. Fung. Fl. 3:37; Stev: Hym. Eur.+2:113;
MclIlv. Am. Fung. 185; Atk. Studies of Am. Fung. 185;
Earle, Torreya 2:101, 117 (Key to N. Am. sp.)

Cantharellus. Peck, Bull. N. Y. Mus. 17:34; Sace. Syll.
§:482, 9:63, 16:48; Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:131.

Marasmius. Sacc. Syll. 5:503, 9:65, 11:32, 14:101, 16:54:
Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:139;-Morg. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.
6:189; Morg. Journ. Myc. 11:201, 233, 12:1, 92, 159;
Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 23:124.

Lentinus. Sacc. Syll. 5:571, 9:71, 11:39, 14:117; Stev. Hym.
Eur. 2:153; Torreya, 3:35.

Panus. Forster, Journ. Myc. 4:21; Sace. Syll. 5:614, 14:122,
16:66; Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:158.

Lenzites. Sacc. Syll. 5:637, 16:68; Webster, Bull. Bost. Mye.
Cl. 13 and 14. 1900; Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 30:71; Stev.
Hym. Eur. 2:163.

Schizophyllum. Atk. Stud. Am. Fung. 136; Sace. Syll. 5:654;
Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:162.

Volvaria. Sacc. Syll. 5:656, 11:43, 14:124, 16:70; Lloyd,
Volvae of U. S. 1898; Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:182.

Pluteus. Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 38:133; Sace. Syll. 5:665,
14-125, 16:72; ‘Stev. Hym. Bur. 2187.

Entoloma. Sacc. Syll. 5:679, 9:83, 14:126, 16:76; Stev. Hym.
Bur. £:191.

Clitopilus. Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 42:39; Sacc. Syll. 5:698,
14:128, 16:77; Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:202.

Leptonia. Sacc. Syll. 6:706, 9:87, 11:46, 14:128, 16:79; Stev.

Hym. Eur. 1:206.

Claudopus. Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 39:67; Sacc. Syll. 5:733;
Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:220.

Pholiota. Morg. Journ. Cin. Soe. Nat. Hist. 6:101; Sace.
Syll. §:736, 9:90, 11:48, 14:131, 16:83; Stev. Hym. Eur.

Inocybe. Morg. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 6:104; Sace. Syll.
5:762, 9:95, 11:50, 14:132, 16:87; Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:238;
Massee, Ann. Bot. 18:461.

Hebeloma. Sace. Syll. 5:791, 14:134, 16:91; Stev. Hym. Eur.
1:254; Peek, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 23:95.

Flammula. Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 50:133; Sace. Syll. 5:809,
9:104, 11:56, 14:136, 16:94; Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:264.
Naucoria. Sacc. Syll. 5:828, 9:109, 16:97 and 1114; Stev.

Hym. Eur. 1: 275; Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 23:91.

Galera. Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 46:61; Sacc. Syll. 5:860, 9: 11%
11:60, 14:141, 16: 103; Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:290.

Crepidotus. Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 39:69; Sacc. Syll. 5:876,
9:115, 11:62, 14:144, 16:108; Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:300.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 149

Cortinarius. Sacc. Syll. 5:889, 9:117, 11:64, 14:145, 16:110,
fie estev. ym. Kur. 2:1; Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus.
23:105; Earle, Torreya, 2:169, 180.

Paxillus. Peck, Bull. N. Y. Mus. 17:29; Sacc. Syll. 6:983, 9:135,
Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:65.

Agaricus. Lloyd, The Genus Psalliota, 1899; Peck, Rep.
N. Y. Mus. 36:41; Sacc. Syll. 5:993, 11:69, 14:150, 16:113;
Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:304.

Stropharia. Sacc. Syll. 5:1012, 14:151, 16:119; Stev. Hym.
Eur: 1:309, Morg. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 6:112; Morg.
Journ. Myc. 14:67.

Hypholoma. Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 49:61; Earle, Torreya,
2:22> Sace. Syll. -6:1027, 9:139, 11:71, 14:152, 162121;
Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:316; Morg. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.
6:113; Morg. Journ. Myc. 14:27, 64.

Psilocybe. Sacc. Syll. 5:1043, 9:140, 14:154, 16:125; Stev.
Hym. Eur. 1:324; Morg. Journ. Myc. 13:246.

Psathyra. Morgan, Journ. Myc. 13:147.

Coprinus. Massee, Ann. Bot. 10:123; Bull. Bost. Mye. Cl. 15
and 16. Je. 1901; Sace. Syll. 6:1078, 9:144, 11:75, 14:156,
16-128:

Panaeolus. Sacc. Syll. 5:1118, 14:161, 16:134; Stev. Hym.
Eur. 1:338; Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 23:100; Morgan, Journ.
Myc. 13:59.

Anellaria. Sacc. Syll. 5:1125.

Psathyrella. Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. .23:102; Sacc. Syll.
5:1126, 9:149, 11:77, 14:162; Stev. Hym. Eur. 1:342;
Morgan, Journ. Myc. 13:53.

Gomphidius. Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:63.

Boletus. Peck, Bull. N. Y. Mus. 8:80; Underwood, Cont.
Dep. Bot. Columb. Univ. no. 176.

Strobilomyces. Peck, Bull. N. Y. Mus. 8:158; Sace. Syll.
6:49; Underwood, Cont. Dep. Bot. Columb. Univ. no. 176:37.

Boletinus. Peck, Bull. N. Y. Mus. 8:74; Underwood, Cont.
Dep. Bot. Columb. Univ. no. 176:35. :

Fistulina. Atk. Studies of Am. Fung. 186.

Polyporus. Sacc. Syll. 6:55, 11:82, 14:171, .16:143; Stev.
Hym. Eur. 2:183; Morgan, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.
S291:

Fomes. Sacc. Syll. 6:150, 11:88, 14:180, 16:151; Stev. Hym.
Eur. 2:183 (sub Polyporus); Morgan, Journ. Cin. Soe.
Nat. Hist. 8:103 (sub Polyporus.)

Polystictus. Sacc. Syll. 6:208, 9:181, 14:185; Stev. Hym’
Eur. 2:183 (sub Polyporus); Morgan, Journ. Cin. Soc:
Nat. Hist. 8:109 (sub Polyporus); Lloyd, Mycological
Notes, Feb. 1908; Atkinson, Studies of Am. Fung. 191.

150 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Poria. Sacc. Syll. 6:292, 9:189, 11:93, 14:188, 16:159; Stev.
Hym. Eur. 2:211 (sub Polyporus); Morgan, Journ. Cin.
Soc. Nat. Hist. 8:168 (sub Polyporus.)

Trametes. Webster, Bull. Bost. Myce. Cl. 13, 14 Je. 1900;
Sacce. Syll. 6:334; Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:221.

Daedalea. Webster, Bull. Bost. Myc. Cl. 13, 14, Je. 1900;
Sace. Syll. 6:370, 11:100.

Favolus. Sacc. Syll. 6:390; Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 26:90.

Merulius. Sacc. Syll. 6:411, 11:104; Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:227.

Solenia. Sace. Syll. 6:424, 9:207, 16:72; Stev. Hym. Eur.

2:232.

Hydnum. Sacc. Syll. oe 9:208, 11:106, 14:201, 16:174;
Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:23 - Morgan, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat.
Hist. 10:7.

Irpex. Sacc. Syll. 6:482, 9:213; Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:248;
Morgan, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 10:14.

Radulum. Sacc. Syll. 6:493, 11:111; Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:251;
Morgan, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 10:16.

Odontia. Sacc. Syll. 6:506, 11:113, 14:208, 16:180; Stev.
Hym. Eur. 2:256.

Craterellus. Peck, Bull. N. Y. Mus. 17:44; Sace. Syll. 6:514,
16:181; Massee, Journ. Linn~ Soc. Bot. 25:107, 27:95.
Thelephora. Sacc. Syll. 6:521, 9:220, 11:115, 14:212, 16:182;

Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:161.

Stereum. Massee, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 27:158; Sace. Syll.

6:551, 9:222, 11:119, 16:186; Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:267.

Hymenochaete. Massee, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 27:95; Sace.
Syll. 6:588, 9:227, 11:122, 16:188.

Corticium. Massee, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 27:118; Sace.
Syll. 6:603, 9:230, 11:124, 14:219, 16:189; Stev. Hym.
Eur. 2:272.

Peniophora. Massee, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 25:140; Sace.—
Syll. 6:640; 9:237, 11:128; 14:223.

Coniophora. Massee, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 25:128; Sace.
Syll. 6:647, 11:129, 14:224.

Hypochnus. Sacc. Syll. 6:653, 11:130, 14:225; Stev. Hym.
Eur. 2:283.

Clavaria. Sace. Syll. 6:692, 9:247, 11:134, 14:236, 16:203;
Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:290; Morg. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.
11:86; MclIlvane, Am. Fung. “Ed. 2:513.

Calocera. Sacc. Syll. 6:732; Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:301.

Guepinia. Morg. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 11:95.

Exidia. Sacc. Syll. 6:772; Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:313.

Tremella. Sacc. Syll. 6:780; 9:258; Stev. Hym. Eur. 2:309;
Morgan, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 11:91.

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 151

Attention is called to the following publications:

Mycological Bulletin, by W. A. Kellerman. A_ little
monthly magazine, March, 1903 to March, 1908. Many
species are figured from photographs by the editor, and de-
scribed in untechnical terms.

Mycological Notes, by C. G. Lloyd, 1898 to ——. Mr.
Lloyd, a recognized authority on puffballs, has taken up the
comparative study of European and American woody fungi.
Some of the numbers of the ‘“‘Notes’” for 1908 contain figures
and descriptions of members of this group.

Peck, Charles H. Report of the State Botanist of New
York, 1895, and Memoir of New York State Museum No. 4,
Vol. 3, contain descriptions and figures of the edible species
found in New York.

Atkinson, George F. Studies of American Fungi, 1900.
This was the first successful attempt to treat the more con-
spicuous American fungi in a popular yet truly scientific
manner. It contains good keys to the families and genera,
and illustrations of many species.

Hard, M. E. Mushrooms, Edible and Otherwise, 1908.
Contains descriptions of about six hundred species of the United
States, with five hundred half-tone illustrations from photo-
graphs by the author and other mycologists. The latest and
best book for the amateur student.

152

THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

INDEX

Names of Families in CAPITALS, of Genera

in SMALL CAPITALS, of

Species in lower case, of Synonyms and genera or species mentioned but

not described, in italics.

‘ Pace
abortivus (Clitopilus).......... 74
abortivus (Bloyper ue) Pe eo 116
abrupta (Amanita)............ 26
acerinum (Stereum)............ 136
acervata (Collybia)............ 40
acicula, (Miycena)ine a se er 44
acutesquamosa spe) a). -en 28
adiposa (Pholiota). se Ree

~ adnata (Amanitopsis) . . etre OG
adusta (Russula)..........-..-. 98
adustum (Hydnum)...........127
adustus. Polyporus) = .0..:....-. 19
afimis (Boletus))..2..-...-.6.. LOZ
AGARICACHAE.. 22... -s2cee 23
AGARICUS. .. oe Oo
albido- pinnae '(Thelephor: ae elon
albissima (Clitocybe).......-.-- 34
albulum (Corticium)...........139
album (Tricholoma)........... 33
alealina (Mycena) . ae ee at |:

alealinolens (C ollybia). eae:

Allescheri (Peniophor: a). .. 140
alutaces: (Russula).¢ crc. 4. = Ok
alveolaris (Favolus)............124
BAUMIACNITIYAL arta oi ies ecole uncut ura 23
IANGANTTOPSISG#. > (22s cee ee
ambiguus (Irpex).. be en VLU
americana (Lepiot a). CR repea oO
americanus (Boletus) . Fe Se oe OF
amethystina (Clitocybe)........ 37
amorphum (C one iRise tere 138
ANELLARIA..... ee 100
anomala (Solenia) . 126

appendiculatum ene . 93
appendiculatum (Hypholoma)... 94

applanatus (Crepidotus)........ 86
applanatus (Fomes) PI. 5a eae 108
applicatus (Pleurotus).. Bahia OU,
arachnoideum (C ortieium) 138
areularius (Polyporus) . Pree iy
arida (C omits) We ate reer eee 141
armeniaca (Poria) . eee AD)
ARMILLARIA..... TES Toe ars tt
asprella (Leptonia) . staat ae 358p Maps 795
asterospora (Inocybe)........-. 80
atomata (Psathyrella).......... 100
atramentarius (Coprinus)....... 96
atrocaeruleus (Pleurotus)....... 50
atropurpurea (Russula)........ 60
atbenuata: UPOLIS) tas 2.02. ere 121

aurantiacum (Hydnum) . .127
aurantiacus (Cantharellus)_ PLVII
auricomum (Ozonium)..

Page
badvus (Komes)e-: o. 25-1 eee 109
Berkeleyi (Polyporus)........-. pls’
betulina. (Lenzites)): . 722255 eee ou
‘biformis (Polystictus).......... 118
BOLETINUSi~ =< 52024) 06 ee 106
BOLEDUS*..2. xegs eh © oe eee 101
bombycina (Volvaria).......... Tl
brumalis (Polyporus) Pl. XIT...112
butyracea Ve RAY os 41
byssisedus (Claudopus)......... 77
caepestipes (Lepiota) . ie Oe
caerulescens (Cortinarius) .. BR ers ok
caespitosus CORROp EE oho cone RES 79
CALOCERA.... ok ave cone
calopus (Mar asmius) . Ni ee
campanella (Omphalia).. ere lS
campanulatus (Mar asmius). .... 69
campestris (Agaricus).......... 90
candida (Solenia). . 125
candida (Thelephor a). Res:
candidissima, (Poria) <= 2. ee 121
Candolleanum (Hypholoma).... 93
Candolleanum (Hypholoma).... 93
CANTHARELLUS. .. 62
cantharellus (Hy grophorus).. 51
eaput-Ursi (Hydnum) PI. XIX... 128
carneus (Homes). ¢.).cc4. 6 ee ee 107
castaneus (Boletus)............105
ceraceus (Hygrophorus)........ 52
cerussata (Clitocybe)........... 34
cerussata (Clitocybe)........... 34
cervina (Hymenochaete) ....... 136
cervinus: (Pluteus) so. <is0n- nena 72
chioneus (Polyporus)...........116
chriscomum (Hydnum).........129
chromapes (Boletus).........-. 104
chrysenteron (Boletus).......-. 103
cibarius (Cantharellus)......:.. 62
cinerés: (Clawarla)).. 3... ee eee 142
cinerea (Peniophora)........... 139
cinnabarina (Phlebia).......... 131
cinnabarinus (Polystictus)...... 118
cinnamomea (Hymenochaete). . . 137
cinnamomeus (Polystictus)..... 117
cinnamomeus (Irpex)......--+-- 130
CLAUD ORUSs oo see oe 76 |
CLAVARIACEAR......-.. ..iaan
CUAVAREA. < {os 4) /2 ote ee 141
CLITOCY BE ..c35s5, « Genet) vie siege 34
CLITOPILUS., «265-4» see eee 74
clypeatum (Entoloma)......... 73
cochleatus (Lentinus).........-. 67
colliculosum (Corticium)........ 139

Le

aes

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY

Page
BP VEDAL Neccnieulet) dick sn be ba es 38
columbetta (Tricholoma)....... 32
Bomatus (Coprimus))...5.......-. 96
commune (Schizophyllum)...... 70
comosa (Pholiota) Pl. IX....... 79
comptulus (Agaricus) . 89

conchifer (Polystictus) Pl. xvi 117

conchoides (Gloeoporus) . er ocon Wal
confluens (Collybia)............ 39
confragosa (Daedalea) PI.

PeVLIT ms Hat iclenlod
conicus (Hyg ‘rophor us) PAs! dee 51
CONIOPHORA . Se eR earch Be eid AO
connatus (Fomes) Pera LOS
eonnatus (HOMES). ....22...... L116
Conuigua (POTD) sj.aa2s2+-5-- 2123
@ooke: (Lenzites):..:.........-124
CORREN UWS yetec ghale soo, Ei Fa lowitlA 95
coralloides (Hydnum).......... 127
eormea(Calocera).:....-.....:. 144
Gorticola, (Mycena)............: 45
WORTNCTU MIA ticle ee aa. Met oleiee as 137
CORTINARIUS..... Pech teehee eran 88
cossus (Hygrophorus).......... 52
Crataegi (Lenzites)............124
GRATER MUEUSIe soo. oes. ae Loe
GREPIDOTUS. cee cc. as. cc ances s 86
erinale (Hy dnum) . .129
erispula (Clavaria). 143

cristata (Clavaria) Pl. xxiv’ ao

cristata (Lepiota).. vee x 28
crustiliniforme (Hebelom: NE eae ar Sel
Curtisii (Stereum) . RR LOO
curnvapes: (Eholiota)i.......7.... 78
COV CWOMYCHSHs os 5. ..0. +2024 124
DAEDALEA.. sete riya PAs:
decorosum (Tricholom: ye Se OTe
dichrous (Marasmius).. . .. 64
dichrous (Polyporus) PI. XVI ..116
digressus (Panaeolus).......... 99
disseminata (Psathyrelk Die he 100
distortus (Polyporus) . Sane og LUIS}
Wonsalis (Claudopus) ..:........ 77
dorsalis (Crepidotus)........... 87
aryinus (Pleurotus)............ 48
dryophila (Collybia)........... 41
@ubius (Craterellus)....:.......1352
KCcILIA. 5 Oh CORO CORMAN AL
edulis (Boletus) . Perens LOS
emetica (Russula) . Bree sos COO
ENTOLOMA.. Loan, ae
ephemerus (Coprinus). . IS Ges Bet 97
epichysia (Omphalia) . “Riera ts 40)
epimyces (Panaeolus). .. Ree kene re. se (OS
epipterygia (Mycena).......... 44
erinaceum (Hydnum)..:....... 128
Hiverhartii (Fomes)............ 109
ESSUDTUN SS eee nid Gb) a Seca ce ae 144
EICOUGSTAUUMN ene na seh sane hs 145
expansus (Pluteolus)........... 85

fulvus

_ fasciatum (Stereum)..........
fastibile Ce peloma) RS pee

FAVOLUS....

felleus (Boletus)...

ferruginea (Hymenocha rete) .
ferruginos: a (Poria) .

fibula (Omphalia) .

filamentosa (Peniophora) . re te
filamentosum (Corticium).......
fimbnata (Odontia)sss ame en. .
fimbriata (Thelephora).........

fimbriatum (Porothelium)
fimbripora (Poria)

fimicola (Panaeolus)

firma (Fistulina)......... cae

FISTULINA.
FLAMMULA....
flava (Clavaria) ) Pl.
flavovirens (Polyporus)
floriforme (Hydnum)

fragilis
fraxineus (Fomes) . 5 Ansa
fraxinophilus (Fome ay
Friesii (Lepiota) Pl. IT.

frondosus (Polyporus) Pl. XIV.

Hrostiana.(Amanita)ic. —..)..0.
frustulosum (Stereum)........

fuciformis (Tremella)
fuliginosum (
fuliginosus
fulvotomentosus (Crepidotus)
fulvus

fumosus (Polyporus)
fuscescens (Irpex)

galactinum (Corticium).......

galactinus Cowes) Soe ae ee

GALERA.

galericulata (Mycena) Pl. ‘IV. oe
10

Ganoderma.
gausaps: tum (Ste re um) .
eeophylla (Inoeybe)...
gilvus (Polyporus) PI. XV
gilv us (Polyporus)... .
glandulosa
G (loeoporus.
gloiocephala (V olvaria).
GOMPHIDIUS...
grande (E ntoloma) .
eranularis (Pluteus).

eranulatus (Boletus) 24.35.03
Ppranulosay(Uueplots)/. -rs creenees
Greenii (Cyclomyces)..........
GUBPINTA «2.40. scleerecters beens

haematopa (Mycena)...........
ERE BEL OMAN Sols ome cast rep ale

fimentarius (Coprinus).........

XO. ae

foenisecii (Psilocybe)...........
foliacea (Tremella).............
FLO MES hea ceeeaic onc a chee, any oe
(Clanwiamiaiemer aya ae cee

Ischnoderma)......
(iaectarms)s.... occ:

(Homies) ee ue tee er cree
(Homes) pes ee eee

(Exidia)...00. 0...

DwWwWww
Or w= DO <

mH OWO OR Ww
SOmaowounl

154

Tage
herbarum (Crepidotus)......... 87
heterocystidia (Peniophora)..... 140
MCT AGOTUG eri. «1-2 SEE 125
I ATICULUNE et =. <p sa ee 127
hirsutum (Stereum)......2. 2... 135);
lursutus (Polystictus) 22-2222 119
ihirtellus (Boletus)\..322 7222 22 see 104
hispidoides (Polyporus)......... 112
RYEDINA'C EAB. 5.8 adh eee 126
PRESEN UM ©. 5, 0x0 ice OO Oe eee 126
hygrophoroides Sek ae Hees § 2256
HYGROPHORUS...... 52 E50
HYMENOCHAETE............... 136
iy PHOLOMA.o2)25,46%,> = cs ede or 92
VPOGHNUS: Ate. eee ne sprees 141
hysginus (Lactarius)........... 54
igniarius (Fomes)..............109
ignobilis (Collybia) . ea: eal
illinita (Lepiota) . . Seve ee 2D
illudens (Clitocybe) PL ‘the ot 36
imbricatum (Tricholoma)....... 32
incarnata (Peniophora).........140
incertum (Hypholoma)......... 93
indigo. (bactarius). 2.225.225. 05
induratus (Polyporus).......... 121
infundibuliformis (Cantharellus). 63
infundibuliformis (Clitocybe).... 36
INOCYBONE Sc.ccc oe ere ee 79
TMtern aE Oris) ese ce ee eee 120
involutus (Paxillus). 2. ...20.7-. 89
iodes (Cortinarius)............. 88
IRPEX.. Lie coe Lee
Ischnoderma..................114
jonoides (Coruna: es it)
Juglandina (Poria) . me ee
kansensis (Polyporus)... Sete tous Bee 113
Kunzei (Clavaria).............148
laccata (Clitocybe).. Te Eee
laccata (Clitocybe) ........... 37, 57
lachrymabundum (Hypholoma)
| ay Ee Bee a ee eon 92
IGACUARIUS eos Coie a 8 oleate oO
lsctes .GRussulayes 25 2. ene 2 9
lacteum (Corticium). : . 140
lacteus (Irpex) Pl. 48a 130
Laetiporus......22...24. 2005. 113
laevis (Peniophora)............ 140
lanuginosa (Inocybe)........... 80
Leaiana (Mycena)............. 45
Lecomtei (Lentinus)........... 66
lenta (Flammula).............. 83
ENON USE.< )octet or: eke Sere re 66
TSEEN ZTE =. 2 5)<; 1 Ae Sets crore Raa 69
lepideus (Lentinus)............ 67
BPIODAY <5 Ashes Ct aaa 26
ESEPTONTAS oo. 5 urenke eee) 5 ee ee 795
leucophaeus (Fomes).........-. 103
lipsiensis (Fomes)...........-. 108
Iongipes (Marasmius).......... 64
jycidus:(Romes)ico0th 2 aeteae 107

lyteolus (Lactarius)............ 57

THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

maculata (Collybia)............
magna (Flammula)............
malachius (Crepidotus).........
MARASMIUS=+ Shee Saco eee
marginata (Pholiota)...........
mastrucatus (Pleurotus)....... 2

medulla-panis (Poria).......... 120
megaloma (Fomes)............. 108 |
mellea, (Armillaria) ie.) eae

merismoides (Phlebia).......... 131
MmbRUHEUS sc. casera eee i = lee

metulaespora (Lepiota).........
micaceus, (Coprinus).- j 2222-08
miniato-olivaceus (Boletus)..... 103
miniatus (Hygrophorus)........
mollis (Crepidotus)\-/2 9+ 3sa5-ae8
molluscs: (Porin) sick. see eae 120
monstrosa (Clitocybe)..........
Morgani (Lepiota).............

Morgani (Polyporus) .......... 113
Maucronoporus 9s. 6 eae 10), 123
multiceps (Clitoeybe) . : . 3d
multipartita (Thelephora) . Sete: - 133
muscaria (Amanita)... 0-20.48

muscoides (Clavaria)........... 142
MYCENA. ....2.5. .4 soaewe ane

mycetophila (Tremella).. .. 145
Myriadoporus © $222:.00 ee 115,121

Hanus: @Pluteus)< 450.50 452 eee
naucina, (Lepiota)i..~=.. ..saee
naucinoides (Lepiota) .
INAUCORIA...< oo op seee eee
neglecta (Peniophora). .
nidulans (Claudopus) Pl. VIII..

nidulans (Polyporus). -...:.-. =: 1
nigricans (Entoloma)...........
nigricans (Russula)i.'.2 4-25. ee
nigripes (Marasmius)...........
nigrum (Hydnum).............127
niveus (Polyporus)..........: - sea
nodulosus (Irpex)...4.:54.50ee 130
Nyssae (Hydnum).............129
Qakesu (Corticium)), .2. ==... 138
obducens)(Poria): 2... ee eee 121
oblectans (Polystictus).......... 117
ochracea (Russula)).. 2) oeencee 62.
ochracea (Solenia)...........38 126
ochraceo-flavum (Stereum)......135

ochraceum (Hydnum) ......... ia
ochrophylla (Russula) :
ochropurpurea (Clitocybe) Pl. ILI. 37
ODONTTA: <: 340 Gaeta 132
odora (Clitocybe) ..

OMPHALIA.... 2.1, 5. Se 4
orbiculare (Radulum).........- 130
oreades (Marasmius) .......... 64
ostreatus (Pleurotus)........... 4
pallescens (Corticium)..........1
pallida (Fistulina) . 5).22..3ee 1

pallidum (Hydnum)...........128

NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 155
Fage Page
pallidum (Radulum)......... 131 RapuLum.. o Seat Shy ot oO
palmata (Calocera) . ........144 rameale (Stereum). 135
“eles (Thelephora). . Baa nsf 133. repandum (Hy dnum) Se
ANAEOLUS. Fie 98 resinosus (Polyporus) PI. XV....114
antherina (Amanita)... 24 source (Banaeolius))..5 2.5... 98
ANUS Sc ctea is Seay ak: 68 rhodocylix (Mccilia)i. .:....... 76
Bae onoecus (Panaeolus)...... 99 a oer De auae (Entoloma) . eae
PUREE UGe samy Ageia dic oa nis: 89 Ribiss(Homes) res eee se SLO
Peckii (Trametes) . 123) eevbis (HOmeSs)) se een emis. 2) UnES
pectinata (Russula). . COM erigida (irametes)= sss eanee. bee
pelliculosus (Lentinus) . re OO) rididipess(mocybe). eee (OO
MINTOPH ORAS © sesciie tj oie lve oie dc 139° “mimosa (mocybe)e.... reas 81
pentagonospora (Kecilia) . (Ge ~ramosus (Homes)-. 35:22). aie LOO
pergamenus (Lactarius) . Sy IOUT metre ma baby melo ek colli
pergamenus (Polystictus) .. SIS noseus)(Romes): eat. - 2 ne ee Od
perplecum (Hypholoma)...... 92 rotula (Marasmius)............ 65
personatum isicholoma):.. . 33 rubescens (Amanita). .. 25
Phaeolus...... ae ellie ubescens)(irametes)) ac. .\-isaeres
phalloides (Amanita). rte 23 ~=rubiginosa (Hy menochaete).....137
FATS WAC Un en SP tk ade tickeeiceue ts 131 rubra (Russula) . Pee en en
TOUOMA 1.5 oe ae int a eee eee 77 ~~ rubrotineta (Lepiota) ee et:
piceina (Clitocybe) Pl. Il...... o4) rutum (Stereum) >. 2.2.2.2 .05neloo
picipes (Polyporus) PI. CN el rucosa(Miycena).. 2... 8- as oem
piperatus (Lactarius) PI.VI. .. 55 Russuua.... 58
pistillaris (Clavaria) Pl. XXII. ..143 — russula (Tricholoma) 32
placomyces (Agaricus)....... 91 rustica (Omphalia).. 46
platyphylla eo: 38 3 Need a
PLEUROTUS. _ AT salicinum (Cortienum) 2)" 2222 seeles
plicatilis (Coprinus) 97 salignus (Pleurotus)............ 48
PLUTEOLUS. oe 85) salignus (Polyporus)i-a. 2-24; 121
PRUTEUS...:ccccccceceeccees 79, salmonicolor (Poria)...........122
7, a) PIX Sau saplauss(Pleurotus)@ aa. eae 49
polychroa eS) Pi. X, ae sapinea (Flammula) Pl. IX .... 82
POLYPORACEHAE.......... 101 scaber (Boletus)...............103
PoutypPorws. 110 ScurzoPpHyLLUM. AA ai!)
2 AG 117. Schweinitzii (Poly porus). eee dual
populinus (Fomes).. 108 Power Ge ee eas, y) PI.
» Porta.. 119 XXII es A cartgh rae aes
_ poripes (Poly por us). 112 scoparia (Thelephor: a). .. 134
_ porosus Ceceu ane) 105 scutellatus (Fomes). Uke ater lO
ae 125 eypotie (Omphais 4S ono =
| praecox (Pho iota). 78 sebaceum (Corticium).......... 38
pratensis (Hygrophorus). 52 semiglobata (Stropharia)..... 91
procera (Lepiota) Pl. I. _. 27. semiorbicularis (Naucoria)...... 84
rocima (Lenzites)........... 124 semivestita (Psathyra)......... 95
; aie Chtopilus WAS separans (Boletus): .......5-)- nz
Pp (Clitopilus) . . I
ie Re es ein ek Fe separé See one Acco a ee ee or
SATHYRELLA.... 00 sepiaria (Lenzites).......... 6:
_ pseudoboletum (Ganoderma)... . . 107 oe oN dnum) PI. ;
BEBESTUOGY BE... ee oe ee 94 ; S/o ayn: va
® puellaris (Russula)............. 61 serena (Poria) sditias helenae
Beorchella (Poria)......-..... 122 serotinus (Pleurotus) :....... 48
pulchella (Poria). . eee 20) esiccus (Marasmius).). 5c ee Oo
pura (Mycena) . 44 silvaticus (Agaricus) ......... 90
purpureum (Stereum). . al35 isilvicola, (Agaricus)... oe
- pusilla (Volvaria).. ..... 71. simillimus (Polystictus). 117
pyrocephalus (Marasmius). ere O4: o SInuosUs. (IEP)! saci 5 pcmeyreeren 130
pyxidata (Clavaria). . ......142 — sistotremoides (Romelia,
IPHACOIIS)» ae hee eee 112
radicata (Collybia)........... 38 socialis (Clitocybe) ..........-. 35
madiaua(Phlebpia)......-....-. 131. SoLENIA... . Were ott pot Ns
113 solidipes (Panaeolus) . 98

radicatus (Polyporus)........

156 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Page
sordidus (lsactarius)-:....-.--.. 04
spadicea (Psilocybe) ............ 94
spadiceum (Stereum) . $US hepeeees 136
spathularia (Guepinia) . wey eA
speciosa (Volvaria) .......:.... 70
speciosus (Laetiporus).......... 113
spissa (Poria) ..........-....-- 122
spongiosus (Hypochnus)........141
spumosa (Flammula)........... 83
squamulosum (Lentodium)...... 68
stellata (Omphalia)- 2... -..---- 45
stercoraria (Stropharia)......... 91
STEER EUM..o5 22h, eles as eee 134
stipticus: (anus) Gec se-) keer 68
Striatuni (Stereum) ers -nie 135
stricta, (Clavel) pean ork =.) s0 2 143
strictipes (Collybia)............ 40
strobilaceus eco ponyees) ter 105
STROBILOMYCES. BPs has «teen Ge
SHUR OPHARUAL eh 2 0f25-)e re sieves Ae on
stuppeus (Trametes)........... 123
subacida (Poria).. el
subaquilum (Hypholoma).. 93
subceraceum (Corticium)....... “139
subdulcis (Lactarius)........... 57
sublateritium (Hypholoma)..... 92
subluteus (Boletus)............ 104
subsericeus (Poly stictus). years ete ibilys
suffoeata (Coniophora)..-....... 141
sulphureus (Polyporus) Pi
Da) HW Bye, GB Rees ee oe Sa re 113
uaDaeuus! (IT PER). seit. a seo 130
tabulaeformis (Polyporus)....... 112
OMEL AL (GAHIETS) cn Moki hatateas ero 85
Gemuiss( My cena) ...9 12 << eee J ckenen 43
BEMIS (CO) COMGIA) ster ee or oe ae ere 132
terreum (Tricholoma)...,...... 32
theiogalus (Lactarius).......... 56
THELEPHORA.... . 132
THELEPHORACEAE......... 132

| SRE MEDIDA. 3. xn ean on oe ee

tigrinus (Lentinus) Pl. VI......
tiliophilus (Crepidotus).........
TOGGTIO: he 2 yo eo Ce
eS (Lactarius): asses nee
torulosus (Panus) 22% 2.¢.<<ue28
"EFRAMETES= + erecta eee

tremellosus (Merulius)..........

"ERI CHOLOMA =.) Gotan eee =

trivialis (@actarius) qs eee eee

ulmarius (Pleurotus) Pl. V.. ...
ulmanvus (hOMmeS) >.) ene eee
umbonata (Psathyra).. os eer ‘
unicolor (Daedalea) Pl. XVII...
urens (Marasmius)=o--- = ee

vaginata (Amanitopsis).........
vaporaria (Eoria): 225 -cceeeee
variabilis (Claudopus)..........
variegatus (Coprinus)..........
varius (Polyporus)f.062 26 oe
vellereum (Corticium)..........
velutipes (Collybia)............
verna (Amanita)... «. .5-s ease
vernalis (Naucoria) .... =... 00
versicolor (Polystictus) PI.

ROVIEL. toc oni ce er

vialis (Lenzites) Pl. VIII.......
vialis (Thelephora).............
violaceus (Cortinarius).........
virescens (Russula)ic. 2... see
virgineus (Hygrophorus)........
viscidus (Gomphidius)..........
volemus (Lactarius)............
VOLVARIA .< st 2c. cn oe Sees

xantholoma (Poria): 2.2...

zonata (Collybia)...'... .. ... am
zonatum (Hydnum)......: 72299

PLATE I.

LEPIOTA PROCERA: COLL. WINFIELD, ILL.; Sepr., 1903; pHorTO WoopRrvurr.

PLATE II.

Fic. 1. Leprora Frresi LascH; woops GLENCOE, ILu.; Sepr. 26, 1903; PHOTO
HARPER.

Fic 2. Crirocype picerna Px.; coun. Wiumerre, Int., Dr. Watson; Sepr. 21, 1903
PHOTO HARPER.

PLATE III.

Fic 1. CrrrocysBre 1LLuDENS; PHOTO WyrICkK

Fic. 2. Crirocyspe OCHROPURPUREA: Woops LomBarRpb, I[LL.; Sepr. 19, 19038;
PHOTO HARPER.

“MOIHA M OLOHd 'dOOR VLWIDOINA TVS VNAOATY

PLATE V.

Fic. 1. Unper surrace Pieurorus ULMARIUS FR.; ON ELM TRUNKS, River
Forest, I[ui.; Nov., 1898.

Fic. 2. Upper SURFACE. PLEUROTUS UIMARIUS FR.; ON ELM TRUNKS, RIVER
Forest, Iui.; Nov., LS9s.

PLATE YI.

Fic. 1. Lacrarius PIPERATUS FR.: GLEN ELuyn, ILL.;

Fic. 2. LENTINUS TIGRINUS; BASE OF STUMPS; RIVE
PHOTO HARPER.

R

FoREST

JULY

nn.

15;

LS9S.

10,

1903;

PLATE VII.

CANTHARELLUS AURANTIACUS FR.

PLATE VIII.

AN
S SAN

Fic. 1. Lrnzrres vIALIs; ON PINE LOGS; MiILuERs, INp.; Cer. 17, 1903; pHoro HARPER.

Fic. 2. CLAvupOPUS NIDULANS PERS. ON POPLAR; GLENCOB, ILL.; SEPT. 26, 1903;
PHOTO HARPER.

#

PLATE IX.

Fic. 1. PHoniora comosa;: Ocr. 10, 1903; pHoro Harper.

Fic. 2. FLAMMULA SAPINEA: ON DEAD PINE, Mituers, INp.: Ocr. 17, 1903; pHoro HARPER.

PLATE X.

es

Fic. 1. FLAMMULA POLYCHROA; ON ROTTEN LOG GLENCOE, ILL.; Sepr. 26, 1903; pHoTo
HARPER.

Fic. 2. FLAMMULA POLYCHROA; ON ROTTEN LOG Mixtures, INp.; Ocr. 17, 1903; PHOTO
HARPER.

PLATE XI.

i

HG.

HyPHOLOMA LACHRYMABUNDUM FR.: woops GLENCOE
HARPER.

», Inu.; Serr. 26, 1903; pHoro

BiG. 2.

FOMES APPLANATUS PERS.; WOODS GLENCOE, ILL.; SE

pr. 26, 1903; pHoro Harper.

pce

PLATE XII.

Fic. 1. Potyrorus BRUMALIS FR.; ON FALLEN, DECAYED BRANCHES, WOODS BOWMANVILLE,
Iuu.; May 13, 1899.

Fic. 2. Pontyrorus picriprs; woops GLEN ExLniyn, ILu.; Serr. 19, 1903; PpHoTo
HARPER.

n+

J

PLATO, XIII.

PoLyPORUS SULPHUREUS BULL.; PHOTO WyRICK.

ef

Tes
4

i otra

-
v

PLATE XIV.

Fic. 1. PoLtyrorus SULPHUREUS; YOUNG SPOROPHORE LINCOLN PARK, CHICAGO, SEPT.,
1903, By Pror. W. R. Hicury; pHoro F. M. Wooprurr.

Fic. 2. PoLtyrporus FRONDOsSUS FR.; COLL. Wyrick; Nov. 8, 1898.

PLATE XV.

Fic. 1. Potyrorus RESINOSUS SCHRAD.

Fic. 2. Ponyrorus GILVUS; ON DEAD QuERCUS GLENCOE, ILL.; Sepr. 26, 1903; PHOTO
HARPER.

PLATE XVI.

Fic. 1. Poryporus picHrous; ON stuMP GLEN Ettyn, ILu.; Ocr. 3, 1903: pHoro Harper.

Fic. 2. Potysticrus CONCHIFER ScHW.; ON DEAD sTIcKS River Forest, Inx.: Ocr. 10,
1903; PpHoTro Harper.

PLATE XVII.

POLYSTICTUS VERSICOLOR; ON STUMP GLEN ELLYN, ILL; 3, 1903; PHOTO
HARPER.

DAkrEDALEA UNICOLOR BULL.; ON STUMP GLEN ELLYN IxL.; Ocr. 3, 1903; PHOTO
HARPER.

_—

PLATE XVIII.

werner Ly

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DAEDALEA CONFRAGOSA Bott; ON stumps River Forest, Iui.; Ocr. 10, 1903;
pHOoTO HARPER.

PLATE XIX.

Fic. 1. HypNnum caput-Ursi; ON CUT END OF LOG RIVER Forest, Ixu.: Ocr. 10, 1903:
PHOTO HARPER.

Fic. 2. Irpex Lacreus Fr.; PHOTO HARPER.

“MOLIA AL OLOHd -SOVIHOS HAONA VIVNOLHINGA TAS WONCAPT

MOTHA AY OLOHd SLOVAMOAS Udddsl VIVNOTHINGALAAS WANUALTT

PLATE XXII.

live a THELEPHORA SCHWEINITZII; NEAR Mapison, Wis.; Aua., 1903; COLL. AND PHOTO
BY Pror. E. T. Harper.

Fig. 2. CLAVARIA PISTILLARIS L., COLL. AND PHOTO HARPER.

PLATE XXIII.

CLAVARIA FLAVA SCHAEFF; AUG., 1903; PHOTO HARPER.

PLATE XXIV.

Fic.

2

CLAVARIA CRISTATA; PHOTO FE. T.

HARPER,

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