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i^ART II.

For the Junior a ncf Senior Leaving Examinations.

liIGH 5CH00

OTANICAL

Book

HB-3P0TT0N.MA-FL5-

THE W. J. GAGE COMPANY (ltd.)
TORONTO.

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HIGH SCHOflL

BOTANICAL NOTE 1U)0K:

PART II.

FOR THE JUNIOR AND SENIOR LEAVING EXAMINATIONS

BY -

H. B. SPOTTON, M.A., F.L.S.

PRINTIPAL ok IlAltlKiHI) StKKKT CViI.LKOIATK ISimTtTK, TOKOXTO.

Autlioriziil hy tin- Kduiafloit J)< imi l m- nL j'nr n,,hnio.

I'ric'C', an Ci/irs

THE W. .1. (rA(.i: foMl'ANV .^Lix'.;.
: TORONTO.

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Entei-etl according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in tlie year of our Lord 1805, in tJie office of
tlie Minister of Agriculture, by the W. J. Gage Company (/-td.), Toronto.

PREl'ACE

'IMiis 1)oiik irj (U'»ij,'iu'<l lu iiicft lliu w.uits ol" cindidaU's lor the Junior ami Senior
Ix'civinfj: p]xaniinations of the. Ontario Iulue<ati«)n Di'partnicnt. In addition to the mutter
of Part I. it eontains a brief aecouiit of the niiiuit<r structure of j>lants, j^onu^ iiractical hints
t'oi- carrviuji;- '<\\ niioroscopic work, descriptions of certain cryiit<if,'-aniou.s types, and a few
illustrations of tin; IVan and the .Maize, selected from Sachs' Botany and Professor Howes'
v.ilnal'le Atlas of Biology.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Ox Tin: ]\[axagemext of Elemf.xtak'v Classes ix Botaxy.

PwAcTK'Ai, Exercises.

Work Presorihed for Examtx atioxs.

OUTI.IXK OF C'lASSIFICATIOX.

Glossary.

.MixL'TK Structure of Plaxts.

Tllustkatioxs of Beax axd Maizk.

f 'k* Y I 'Ti )(; A M IC T Y PES.

Key 'I'o the Families or Orders (m<^ Phaxerogams.
Tllustratiye Examples of Pi>axt I)p:sgriptiox.
Descriptiye Schedules :

OnliiHinj Plant Scheduler.

Coinpo.^tfes.

Leaf Schech(/e.s.

l-"Lni;AL Dl\(;i.'ams.

IXDKX.

Plaxk Leaves kuk Notes.

I

ON TIIIO MANAGICMENT OF

ELEMENTARY CLASSES IN BOTANY'

Tup: following suggestions are offered in the liope that they may be found helpful to those who are
beginning the work of teaching Botany, as well as to the young student. Tlie writer, mindful of tlio
dirticukies and perplexities which he has himself often had to encounter, makos no apology for thus
presenting what appear to him to be the chief essentials to success in this department of school work.
It goes without saying that no written instructions can ever make a successful teacher where natural
enthusiasm is wanting, but it is equally true that the young enthusiast may derive some benefit from
tlie larger experience of others; and while the intelligent and active teacher will not slavishly follow
ilie details of any method, but will Ije quick to avail himself of any legitimate device which will serve
Ills purpose, still there are broad principles upon which those who have had practical experience will
])i-obabl3' agree. In the following remarks an attempt is made To outline tlin coni-^- nf n yen's worlc
wiiiiii it is thought will be found practicable in any High School.

When to begin Botanical Work.— A good deal might be said in favor of beginning our
botanical work in llie spring. At that time, wlien nature is awaking from the torpor of winter, and
tlie iirst leaves and flowers are unfolding, it is especially delightfid to ramble abroad. Then, ]»erhaiis
more than at any other time, the youtiifid mind is attracted by the forms of the vegetable world, and is
prepared to enter upon the systematic study of them with more than ordinary enthusiasm. And if it
were possible to continue through the siunmer the botanical work begun in the spring, doubtless the
most satisfactorj' results would be obtained. There is, however, the break caused by the long vacation,
during which teacher and ])upils are separated and school work generally abandonc<l. so that when
classes are resumed in September the work of the spring has to be gone over again, with the disadvan-
tage of liaviug, in most cases, new pupils as well as old ones to deal with. On the whole, therefore, as
the school year begins in September, and a general re-organization of classes theiL takes. plivcfiv-it seems
most advantageous to begin the botanical work at that time. During September and October an
abundant supply of material is available, with the advantage also of access to fruits and seeds af all
kinds, as well as flowers. It is exceedingly desirable that during this period, wlien fresh plants can be
had for examination, the botanical lessons should be frequent. If a short lesson could be given every
day at this time surprising progress would be made in a few weeks. AVhea summer has passed by,
and work has to be confined to such material as has been collecterl for winter use, the lessons need not
be ^ven so often ; probably twice a week would be found quite sufficient. Then, in the spring, wlicn
field work can be resumed, tlie lessons iii:iy uu-ain 1k> increased in frequency for a time.

How to begin. — Assuming, then, that the botanical work is commenced in September, the
next question to consider is how to curry on the work of the class so as to give the subject its
liighest educational value. Botany is essentially a science of observation. One of its verj' highe.st

uses as a factor in education is tliiif if f'-iois tlm ..ve t.i b:. lilts of ■.uu-mv.hv. ■Rut. in ord.-r to

On TIIK MaNACJEMKNT (JK ELii.MKNXAKV ClASSKS 1\ IJOTANV.

receive this benefit, it is essential that the pupil should be brought into contact with the forms
whicli are the objects of study; that he should- handle tliem and view theiii for himself; that he
slioukl by personal inspection, ascertain their habits, and by visiting theix' haunts learn the situa-
ations in which they flourish best. Undoubtedly, then, the first essential in giving a lesson is
that every member of the class should have before liiia a specimen of the plant, or part of plant,
which is to be the subject of the lesson. Then the teacher will direct attention to the different
organs, naturally in the order of development of the organs themselves ; first to the root, then
to the stem, then to the leaves, and finally to the flower. In a first lesson it would not be amiss
to make a superficial examination of tlie entire plant, rapidly and briefly discussing the nature
and use of each i)art. but avoiding as far as pos.ssible the use of technical terms. The chapter on
tlie Buttercup, as given in the text-book, really affords material for several lessons. Each teacher
must; however, be guided by the time at his disposal and the circumstances of his class as to how
much ground he will attempt to cover at one time. Some of the plants described in the text-book
as, for instance, Hepatica and Marsh Marigold, will not be available in the autumn. This, how-
ever, is a matter of comparatively little consequence, as others can be substituted. In fact, after
one plant, such as Buttercup, has been thoroughly understood, almost any other dicotyledonous
plant may be .taken up and comi^ared with it. The order followed in the text-ljook is a good one,
l}ecause the pupil is led by degrees from the study of floral forms in which all the parts are present
but entirely disconnected, to others showing various complications and irregularities ; but the
judicious teacher will readily supplement the work of the text-book by the use of material which he
will find in abundance everywhere about him. Let him keep in view the series of facts which it is
essential that the class should know, and he ma\' use any material which would enable the class to
discover those facts from personal obseiwation.

How to conduct a Lesson. — if the class is a large one, it Avill economize time to have
the observations made simultaneouslj". Suppose the Red Maple is the subject of the lesson, which
of coitrse in this particular case must be given in the spring. The class having observed that the
flowers precede the leaves, that the flower-clusters upon one set of trees differ in appearance from
those ujjon another set of trees, and that all the trees ai'e visited by mttltitudes of busy insects, let an
abundant supply" of both sorts of flowers be procui'ed and taken to the class-room. Let the teacher
then distribute the staminate flowers, and proceed with the observations upon them. Every pujiil
shoidd have before him a blank schedule, in wliich he will set down tlie result of his observations,
and it will be w-ell for the teacher to have a large schedule, visible to the class, marked off upon the
blackboard. Assuming that the pupils have been made acquainted with the common terms employed
in the forms, let them all be required to examine the calyx, and to set down in the proper place tlie
number of sepals. Then ascertain what has been thus set down. If all agree in their observations, the
result may be accepted and recorded in the schedule on the blackboard. If there are variations, these
must be looked into and noted, if Currect. Then comes the question — " Poh^sepalous or Gamosepa-
lous? " — the result to be checked as before. Then — '• Superior or Inferior? " — to be dealt with in like
manner. To fill the last column, headed " Remarks," it will not be amiss to leave the pupils entirely
to their own judgment as to what they may think worth recording. "When the notes have been made,
the teacher may select from them such as are most worthy, and enter these in liis blackboard scheuttlc.
The corolla will next be looked for and a record made. The word ■•Wanting" will doubtless be written
down by every one, and may then be also written on the blackboard. Tlien the stamens come under
notice. Each will set down the number he finds, and in this case it is hardly likelj- that aU the results
will agree. Some will find five, otliers six, others seven. When all the results have been ascertained,
the teacher should enter in his form the lowest and highest numbers, thus: 5-7, as expressing the
collective result, and he should improve the opportunity here presented to caution his pupils not to

Ox TKK MANAltlOMKNT OK Et-KMKNTAKV CkAS8E8 IN BoTANY,

infer too much from tlie examination of a siuj;lo fipecimen, as variations similar to tlmt now under
notice are not uncommon, Tlie coliesion and adhesion of the stamens will next be obstirvc-d, and the
" Remarks" column filled and checked as before. Pistil " Wantinj^" will hn the next entrj', and will
complete the examination of the stamiiuite blossom. The fertile flowors will then be distributed and
the work carried on in tlie same manner, the pupils bcinj^ led to find out for them.selve3 the dif[er«-n«e
between the two kinds of flowers, and no observation on their part being considered altogether unworthy
of notice, even though relatively unimportant. The significance of tlie invasion of the flowers by
insects can now be made clear, and the pupils should be advised to observe the tre<!S from time to time
afterwards, in order to see what progress the fruit is making, to note the development of the wings,
the lengthening of pedicels, and tinally the si)routing of the seeds and the production of a strong new
plant, all in one season. Other points, such as the shape of the leaves, comparison with otiier species
of maple, etc., etc., may be introduced at the discretion of the teacher, but care should be taken to
avoid vagueness and confusion in offering for the consideration of the pupils more than they can readily
grasp, and the 7'eZ<j/«t'« importance of points of structure should be distinctly' brought out. For this
reason a form of schedule, whii-.h will present the various features in their proper jHirsjjective and avoid
giving the impression that all observations are of equal importance, is the best. It is, in the writer's
judgment, a great mistake to dwell at first with any degree of minuteness upon the morphology of the
various organs — to attach much importance, for instance, to the minute description of leaves. "What
is wanted is to get a clear apprehension of the leading characteristics of the great groups of plants, and
the main facts of plant life, and anything which tends to cloud the perception of these things must Ix; a
hindrance to true progress. After tyjiical floral forms have been examined, and some knowledge has
been gained of the more comprehensive groups, then it will be proper to proceed with the study of those
finer distinctions upon which depends the separation of genera and of specie.s, and which are essential
to know in order to use intelligently the classified list of the common plants of the countrj*.

Winter Work. — As already suggested, the lessons in the fall should be as frequent as circum-
stances will allow, so as to complete the examination of as nmny tj-pical flowers as possible. Mean-
while preparations should be going on for the winter lessons. Fruits, seeds, leaves, bulbs, tubers,
cones, etc., etc., should be collected in as great variety' as possible. A supply of ferns should al.KO be
laid in, neatly pressed and mounted, as tliese plants may be studied nearly as well in winter as in
summer. Elementary microscopic work can also be just as well done in winter. Every school should
now have a good compound microscope, and the teacher who can skillfully cut a few hand sections has
at his command an inexhaustible source of interest and delight to his class. In all this winter work,
and indeed in all botanical work, a good deal of attention should be given to dnilcinU- It foi'»s a
very useful exercise, for example, to dictate or write on the blackboard, a botanical description of a
leaf, and then reiiuire the class to draw the leaf so described. So, also, if a section is viewed through
tlie microscope, a drawing of what has been observed should in all cases be demandeil, as the most
satisfactory way of ascertaining whether the observer has carried away the right imjtression ; whetlier
he has, in short, seen what he was desired to see. It will often hapi>en, too, in the examination of
minute flowers, that it becomes necessary to dissect out and exhibit separately siiecial iK>rtions of the
flower, say, for example, the pollen-masses of the milkweed, or a single stamen of the pine. The
teacher should, in such a case, perform the necessary dissection ; and having fixed the i>ortion properly
luuler the lens, pass it round for the insijection of the pupils. They may then be re.|uired to m.ike a
drawing of the object, and having thus apprehended what is necessary, may I* asked to try to rei«at
the dissecting jn-ocess for themselves.

The study of the structure and germination of seeds is another part of the work which can >« very
well done in winter, and many interesting and valuable lessons may be given upon these points. Seeds
of different sorts should be placed upon wet flannel or blotting-paper and allowed to germinate. The

OS TlIK MANACiE.ME.NT UK KlEMENTAKV ClA.SSES IN BoTANY.

ivliole process maj' then be observed in tlie most convenient way, dissections and comparisons bein^;
readily made at various stagey.

Spring Work — if tlie programme thus lightly sketched be fairly carried out, the young bot-
anist should be very well prepared for field work in the spring. He will now put to a practical use the
information he has been acquiring about the parts of plants and their modifications, and will proceed
to identify and classify the flowering plants which come in his way according to the characters which
he finds them to exhibit. As soon as practicable the puijils should be required to collect and bring to
the class-room anj^ wild plants whatever which they may find in flower. If their specimens are
enclosed in a suitable tin box, with a light sprinkling of water, they will remain in excellent condition
for several da\-s. It is now of minor consequence whether all the members of the class are engaged
apon the same plant or not ; but whether they are at work upon the same or different plants, the sched-
ules must in all cases be conscientiously filled up before they attempt to determine the name and place
of the specimen. Perhaps, for a time, until all become familiar with the u.se of the "flora/' it would '
be better to work upon one plant at a time. If this plan be followed, the points of structure should be
observed, recorded, and checked as already described for the earlier lessons, and when the characters of
the plant have thus been definitely settled, recourse must be had to the "kej'" which is prefixed to the
flora. Full instructions are given in the book itself for the use of this " key." so that they need not be
repeated here. All the teacher has to do is to accompany the class through the various questions which
liave to be answered, putting them, if preferred, one by one, and receiving the answers of the class in
Einj' way he may prefer; the answers in every case, of course, to be obtained from the completed sched-
ule. If the true name of the plant is at length arrived at, this will be the best evidence that the work
of observation has been accurately performed. Two or three lessons carried out in this manner will
Ljive the pupils confidence, and familiarize them with the use of the flora, after which thej- may be
allowed to examine and determine almost any flowering plant they may meet with. The teacher will find
it useful at this stage to begin a register of the practical work done by his pupils. If prizes are given,
the awarding of them may be made to depend largely upon the showing of this register. Then, if there
is time, the mode of preserving and viounting specimens for the herbarium might be explained. Apart
from its botanical importance, this work has an educational value in itself, demanding, as it does, the
greatest neatness and care to ensure the most successful results. Full instructions will be found at the
end of the glossary.

Excursions. — Tlie writer cannot do better than reproduce here a short account of a botanical
field day, written by him for the Educational Monthly some time ago, in order to illustrate how such
a day may be spent : —

A BOTANICAL FIELD DAY.

It is a bright Saturday morning towards the end of June — a morning to ■which a score of boys and girls
liave for some time been I()(jking forward with a good deal of plc^asant anticipation. They are juvi-nile bot-
anists, members of a class formed some months ago, and having now, by the study of selected specimens,
acquired some little knowledge of the structure of jilants, they are, on this particular morning, to meet for
a ramble ; to gather such flowers as come in their way ; and then to re-assemble and compare notes, and
also to determine the names of such plants as they do not alreadj' know.

The rendezvous selected is a particularly good one for botanical purposes, commanding, as it does, a
variety of situations. It is an upland from which, by a gentle slope to the northward, you may descend
to the reedy margin of a small lake, concealed by trees until 3'ou are close upon it. East of this lake
stretches a beaver meadow of many acres, fringed and dotted witli larches, and too moist to traverse in

Ox THE Maxacjemknt (»k Elemkntakv Classes in Botany.

comfort at most seasons of the 3'ear, but, in this warm nn.l k-afy month of June, solid enough under foot
to dispel uncomfortal.le fears of false stvj.s. If. instead of d.-sci-nding, you skirt along the brow of tho hill,
to the westward you come ujMin open meadows, with here and there a low cx^pse or thicket ; while to tho
eastward are noble woods of maple and beech, succeeded farther on by pines, as the character of tho soil
changes. To the southward are cultivated fields and market gardens, and in the distance the glinting of
the sun on a couple of church spires marks the direction 01 the neighboring town.

Ten o'clock is the hour of meeting, and on this occasion an exemplary punctuality Ls observed by everv -
body. As it is intended to make a day of it, lunch baskets have not been forgotten. These are left for safi-
kecping at a cottage close by, and then, after a brief rest in the shade of a friendly beech, tho party is
divided, for the day's work, into small groups, and an area roughly marked out for each. Tho lower
grounds and the lake region, as being somewhat difficult of access, are assigned to the sturdier Imv- u)iil,t.
the hillside and the exploration of the woods and fields above are divided among the remainder.

It is agreed that the work of collection shall be limited to two hours, and accordingly, as tho distant
Ixiom of the noon boll comes over the fields, our botanists begin to straggle in again. It is nearly one
o'clock, however, before the last detachment arrives. This consists of the boys who have made their way
to the eastern end of the lake and the beaver-meadow. Their appearance is hailed with a shout of admi-
ration, for of all the collections of flowers, theirs is certainly the most imposing. They must, indeed, havi-
hit upon a veritable botanic garden, for each of them carries a huge bouquet, made up of a profusion of
Lady's 8lippei-s and other Orchids, together with Lilies, Pitclier Plants, and beautiful pink Pyrolas. These
boys are flushed with the excitement of their walk and their success ; and though the condition of their
lower extremities would seem to indicate that they are not altogether unacquainted with bogs, they make
no reference thereto, but dwell with enthusiasm, and some degree of extravagance jierhaps. on the beauties
of the scene they have just left. But the others, tliough their collection will not vie in brilliancy with tho
products of the beaver-meadow, have, nevertheless, in nearly every case, something of more than ordinary
interest to show. The exjilorers of the lake margin were fortunate enough to find a punt, by means of
Avhich a number of aquatic plants, Yellow Pond Lilies, Utricularias, the pretty white Water-Crowfoot, and
the "Water-Shield, were brought within their reach ; and on the cool northern hill-side, trailing over the
base of moss-covered stumps, specimens of the Twin-Flower — a special favorite of the great Linnaeus, and
named Linncea boreal is in his honor — were obtained, as well as Violets of various species. Woodbines.
Mitchellas, etc. The open fields and fence-rows yielded St. John"s-worts, Elder, rJnajjhaHums of several
specie.s, a handsome Rudbeckia— the purple Cone-flower — and of course the ubiquitous Dandelion, and ilav-
weed, and Alullein.

But just now there are cravings which are not intellectual, cravings too urgent to be disregarded. The
interest in botany is. at this moment, decidedly of a secondary nature, and when the lunch baskets are sent
for, and their contents exposed to view, the gravest doubts of their sutJicieuc^' are entertained and freely
expressed. The fullest kind of justice is done them, and in the course of a few minutes no vestige whatso-
ever remains — nothing even suggestive of them, save the shrunken wrappers, upon which some eyes are
now turned with an expression almost approaching to gloom. It is suggested, and the suggestion meets
with no opposition, that whatever may be tho merits of botanical pursuits from an intellectual point of
view, they have recommendations of a physical nature, not wholly unworthy of consideration ; and it begins
to dawn upon these youthful scientists, though as yet they have no clear conception of the ideal mens sana
in rorpore sano^ that Botany- has thi^ decided advantage over all other school studies, that, to pursue it with
elHciencj', exercise of body must accom])an3' exercise of mind. TheN' can also comprehend that the botanical
laboratory is as free as air to everyone who wishes to make use of it ; that everywhere around them the
Livish productions of nature are only waiting to be asked, to unfold their beauties; and that anvone who
liolds converse with the silent yet elo<iuent creations of the floi-al world, must become imbued with more or
less of the feeling which inspired the tenderest of American poets, when he sang of the flowers as

"Te.ichinp us by most persuasive refisoiis
How akin they are to human thing-s."

But the afternoon is advancing, and im]x)rtant work still remains to be done. It is not enough to
admire color and form ; we must look a little deeper, and analyze the structure of our flowers with as much

On the Managemknt ok Elementauy Classes in BotAny.

minuteness as may be suited to the capacity of the present students. In other words, -vvo propose to tiuu
our ramble to practical account in the way of an object-lesson, and to test the observing faculties by trying
to assign to each ]>lant its proper place in a botanical classification. A good many of the plants are recog-
iiizfd, without imu-h diflicult^', as being near relatives of species already examined in the class-room ; the
Lady's Slipper, for instance, is at once pronounced to be an Orchid ; the Pitcher-Plailt is immediately iden-
tified by its leaves, the "Water-Crowfoot is only a white Buttercup; the few Composites in 1 loom at this
season are referred at once to the proper familj' ; and so with a number of others. But there are some which
cannot be disiwsed of in this off-hand manner, and for these our " Flora " must be consulted. For conve-
nience, it is arranged that one person shall read aloud from the manual, while the others, with specimens in
hand, listen to the descriptions, and assent or dissent, as these correspond to the characters exhiliited by the
]ilant under examination, or the reverse, until finally its true place and name are revealed. Those having
tieen duly noted down, along with the date of collection and the locality, other specimens are taken up in the
same way ; and though it is found impossible to overtake all the plants that have been gathered, yet con-
siderable headway is made, and even the dullest (for our class, not being an ideal one, contains dull as well
as clever pupils) feel a certain degree of confidence in their ability to do a little botanical work on their own
account.

The woi-k of determination is not prolonged to weariness, and soon after three o'clock preparations are
made to return home. The fatigue of the morning's walk has comjjletely disap2ieared, and the youthful
mind, released from the strain to which it has been subjected, unbends, and with that singular fertility of
resource which causes the average juvenile to be at once the envy and the terror of his elders, immediately
advances a host of topics for discussion, quite foreign to the object'of the day's proceedings. Botany is for
the present laid aside, and it ceases to be a matter of any consequence whatever, whether stamens are hj'po-
gj-nous or otherwise, or what may be the relation of the calyx to the OA^ary. "With pleasant conversation the
homeward way is beguiled, and as we separate, a hope, which is believed to be genuine, is expressed that ere
long we may meet again for another Field Day.

PRACTICAL EXERCISES.

1. — Exaiuiuo iind ivcord, \\\\\\ ilrawiiii^s, the modes of vernation in six different i)lants.

-. — Compare the leaves of lied Majile, Silver Maple, and Sugar Maple, making drawings.

o. — Compare the leaf-clusters of the "White Pine, Red Pine, and Tamarack.

4. — Determine the phyllotaxis in six different plants.

T). — Make a cross-section of a cluster of the leaves of the Blue Flag, near the base. Make a drawing
of the section.

l>. — Examine buds of the following, with special reference to protective coverings: Lilac, Spruce.
Horse-chestnut, Beech, Poplar. JIake notes of what you observe. Where bud-scales are
present examine their inside surfaces.

7. — Compare the climbing apparatus of the Pea with that of the Bean.

S. — Compare as to mode of growth and ramification the stems of the Apple-tree and the Pine.

9. — Make vertical sections of the eye of a Potato, an Indian Turnip, and an nniuu, and uiaWi' dr;iu-
ings of the sections.

10. — Make vertical and cross-sections of three different buds. Draw the sections.

11. — Examine the prickles of a Bramble and of a Galium. Are they hooked downwards or upwards?
Of what .service are they to the plants? Give reasons for your opinion.

1-'. — Examine the ends of shoots of the Lilac towards the close of summer. Note the replacement of
the terminal ImkI Ijv two lateral ones. Examine these again late in the fall.

lo.— Examine tendrils of the Grape-vine and Virginia Creeper, noting any difference in their mode
of action.

11.— Examine the twining stems of the Hop and the Morning Glory, noting diffrrences.

1,'j. —Detach bulblets from the axils of the leaves of tlie Tiger Lily, and plant tliem. Record results.

1'!.— Cut with a knife into the stems of an exogen and a woody eudogen (Bamboo, for example).
Note and account for any difference in the difficulty of cutting through the outer surface.

17.— Examine and record, with drawings, the modes of sestivation in six different flowers.

IS.— Draw floral diagrams of six different flowers, and write out the formulas.

19.— Compare the head of the Thistle with that of the Red Clover.

I

8 Pkactical Exekcises.

20. — Detach with tlie point of a pencil the pollen-masses in any orchid flower, thus imitating the action
of an insect. Note the downward contraction of the pollen-mass shortly after its withdrawal.
"What purpose is served by this contraction ? Extract also the pollen-masses from a flowei' of
Milkweed.

21. — Observe whether insects visit the flowers of anj' of the following- : Pine, Willow, Cucumber,
Maple.

22. — Make and draw sections of six different ovaries.

23. — Soak a bean in water for an hour or two, and then dissect it, exhibiting all its parts.

24. — Compare the pappus of the Dandelion with the silky hairs u)jon the seeds of ]\Iilkweed and of
Willow-herb. Note differences of origin.

25. — Bury a bean and an acorn in moist, warm sawdust, and note any difference in the phenomena of
germination.

2^. — Gather a few acorns and seeds of the Red Maple and lay them awa\' for tlie winter. In the
spring test their germinating powers.

27. — Examine scales of green pine-cones, and also of ripe ones.

28. — .Study the dehiscence of the ovary in Purslane, Shepherd's Purse, Catchfl} , Columbine, Mallow,
Morning Glory.

29. — Dissect out the embryos from six albuminous seeds.

30. — Observe tlirough a good microscope, and make drawings of : —

(a) Six different ])ollen-grains.

(b) A thin slice of Elder pith.

(cj A shred torn from the under surface of a leaf.
(dj A similar shred from the vipj^er surface.

(e) A cross-section of a bit of Lilac leaf with a vein in it.

(f) A plant-hair.

(g) A vertical section through the tip of a I'ootlet.
(h) A thin slice of Potato.

(i) The bloom on a Cabbage-leaf.

31. — Make cross-sections of the Bamboo and a branch or small stem of anj- of our native woods.
Examine with a lens, and write notes on the different appearances presented.

32. — Examine the bark of a 3'oung tree and also of an old one of the same kind. Note any differences
and account for them.

33. — Examine a bit of the under side of a leaf of Sweet-brier under a good microscope. Give your
opinion of the source of its odour.

34.— Examine the sticky stem of the Catchfly. What causes the stickiness? What is its i^iob-
able use ?

.■>.'•. — F.Xixiu i no the scurfy uiiiltT smfuc*' of u h-uf of tlio coiiiinoii Sliepli'-^ < \" • '' i.<.it'iiii

llllilrl ,1 i^'Ond III ii'l°ns('<i|H> ;iliil \vrlt>' linti'-, <iii \v li:it v<iii ii1i.>>i-\i-

.'ill. — Scrape the .siiriuce of u slice ol I'olattj witli a Kiiile, mount. tl»e hcrapiiij;, niicl i-xutniiie witii a tjood
microscoiio. Add a drop or two of sohitioii of ioditic ; oxniniiio auain. and di*»cril)e ami ••xpluiii
the result.

i)". — Try similar experiments with a 'i'urnip, a Carrot, an Ajiple, a softened Ppa, and write iiotea on

the results.

3S. — Study the germination «>f a Pea, a Windsor Hean, and Jl j^rain of Indian Corn. Write notes
upon any phenomena ohserved. Try the effect of different temperatures on the rapidity of pr-
mination.

39. — Observe and write notes iij^on the different aspects presented hy plants when (jrowii in the shuile
and when exposed to full sunlight.

4u. — Immerse a few <;reen leaves in a holtle full of water. Invert ni)on a sliallow dish of water witli-
out .spilling. Expose the whole to strong stiidiglit. and examine after two or three hour*..
Describe and explain anything you observe.

1 1. — Kei)eat the last experiment, placing the ajiparatus in a dark closet. Note results.

-Jl>. — Fill about one-third of a large wide-moutl>ed bottle with welKsoaked Peas. After three or four
hours carefully remove the stopfier and lower into tlie bottle a lighted match or taj- '^^ ••<•
and explain results.

4:j._(}row a hyacinth or a crocus in a |K'rfec:'^- dark cellar. Note the effect Ujon the colour of the
leaves, and al.so u|)on that of the flowers.

U. — A plant growing in a window bends towards tlie light. "What inference would yon draw a-s«to
the effect of light upon the rate of growth?

4 J. --Procure and examine the structure of the little bladders found on the immersetl leaves of the com-
mon Bladderwort. Note the action of the trap-door leading into the* bladder. Examine al.so
the contents, and make notes of your observations.

4(;. Exanjim- til.' <tni,r,ir. .in.l .oiit.iii^ of the leaves of the Pitcher-plant. Make drawings and

notfs.

BOTANICAL. WORK

PRESCIUKEI) ])Y THE EDICATIOX DEPARTMENT EOK ONTARIO.

PRIMARY EXAMINATION.

The pr;ictic;il siutly of iv|ircsLnir;it ives of llie foilowinj.; iiuturiil orders of lioworiuK plimt^ : ■i''"-
nuuculacea;, Crucifene, Malvucete, Loiiuininosie, llo.siicea!, .Sapimhicea*, Umbellifeia;, Composiitp,
Labiatae, Ciipuliferse, Araceae, Liliacete, IridaceaB, Coniferse, and Graminese (types contained in text
book).

Dra^Yini;■ and description of i)l;iuts and their classilicatiou.

Comparison of different organs, morpliology of root, stem, leaves and liair, parts of ilie liower,
germination, reproduction of tlowering plants, pollination, fertilization, and the nature of fruits
and seeds.

JUNIOR LEAVING EXAMINATION.

The practical studi' of representatives of the flowering plants of the locality, and repre-sentatives
of the chief subdivisions of cryptogams, such as a fern, a lycopod, a liorsetail, a liverwort, a moss, a
lichen, a musluoom, and a chara.

Drawing and description of parts of plants, and classification.

Comparison of different organs, morphology of root, stem, leaves, and hair, pans of the flowci,
reproduction of flowering plants, pollination, fertilization, and the nature of fruits and seeds.

SENIOR LEAVING EXAMINATION.

The practical study of representatives of tlie flowering plants of the locality, and rei)reseutatives
of the chief subdivisions of cr\'ptogams, such as a fern, a lycopod, a horsetail, a liverwort, a moss, a
lichen, a mushroom, and a chara.

An elementar\' knowledge of the microscopic structure of the Bean and the Maize.

Drawing and description of parts of plants, and classification.

Comparison of different organs', morphology of root, stem, leaves and hair, parts of the flower,
reproduction of flowering plants, pollination, fertilization, and the nature of fruits and seeds.

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GLOSS A R\

.:> \/

GLOSSARY OF

BOTANICAL TEEMS

USED IN PLANT DESCRIPTION.

THE ROOT.
Origin.

Primary : when originating directly from the lower end of
the radicle of the embryo (Fig. 1). Such a root is usually
(but not always) single, and may send out lateral fibres
as it grows ; such fibres or branches are included in the
primary root.

Annuals and biennials, and many trees, have, as a rule,
only primary roots.

Secondary : when originating from any other part of the
nlaut than the end of the radicle, as from the sides of
stems (J^'ig. 2), from tubers, rootstocks, bulbs, cuttings,
etc.

Perennial herbs, creeping plants, and most shrubs, jiro-
duce such roots abundantly.

Form.

Tap : having a main central axis, distinctly larger than any
of the branches (Fig. 3).

Fibrous : made up of many similar parts wuiiout a disiincr
central axis (Fig. 4).

A tap-root is

(a) Ccnical, when it gradually tapers from a broad top
(Fig. 5).

(b) Sjmidle-shaped or fusiform, when thickest in the
middle (Fig. 6).

(c) Turnip-shaped or napiform, when nearly globular
with an abruptly tapering base (Fig. 7).

Fibrous roots are

(a) Of coarse threads, as in Buttercup.

(b) Of fine threads, as in any common grass.

(c) Fascicled or clustered or tuberous, when each of
the iibi-es has become a fleshy mass, as in Peonj^ (Fig. 8).

(In description the Variety may follow the Form on the
same lino ; for example, Form; Tap, conical.)

Colour.

In many plants the colour of the root is characteristic, and
should always be given in the description.

.. J

BO TA NIC A L TERMS.

Position.

.SiJitTKKHA.NKAN : w licii, ;is in most cases, the root is iimler-

^foiind.
Akuial : when the roots spring from the sides of t}io stem

above ground, as in Poison Ivy, wliicli uses roots for

climbing ; and in Indian Corn.
Aqcatu' : when suspended in water, as in Duckweed.

Duration.

Annual : lusting one season only.
BiKNNiAi, : lasting two .seasons.
Pekenniai. : lasting year aftcM- yc.-ii-.

THE STEM.
'Class.

Exogenous (or Dicotyledonous) : with the wood in ammal
laj'ers or rings (Fig. 9).

Note that plants with exogenous stems have also the
following characters :

(a) The embrj-o of the seed has morf than (usn.tlly

two) cotyledons.

(b) The leaves are net-veined.

(c) The parts of the flower are usually I'ot in threes or
sixes, but commonly in fours or fives.

(d) They have a true bark.

EXDOOENOUS (or MONOCOTVLEDONOUS) : with the wood not in
rings but scattered thi-ough the stem (Fig. 10).

Plants with endogenous stems have also the following
characters :

(a) The embryo has but one cotyledon.

(b) The leaves are nearly alwaj's straight-veineil.

(c) The parts of the flower are never in fives, Viut
almost invariably in threes or sixes.

(d) They have no true bark.

Attitude.

EuECT : growing directly upwards.

Declined : bending over towards the ground.

Prostrate, or Puocumuent, .or Tkaimno : lying flat along

the ground.
Creeping: lying flat, and striking roor nt intprv.-il-i iFig. 1 H.
Diffuse : spreading in all directions.
Ascending : growing upwards in a slanting direction.
Climbing : when the stem raises itself Ijy means of tendrils

(Fig. 12) or leaf-stalks, or hooked prickles, which lay

hold of neighbouring j)lants or other objects. *
Twining : when the stem itself coils round the support

(Fig. 13).

1

Kit'. 10.

Ki^^ 11.

Fi|.'. U*.

Fi»f. :3.

GLOSSARY OF

Texture.

Herbaceous: with little or no wood, und (lying-clown to the

ground each year.
Woody : as in shrubs and trees.
SuFFKUTicoSE : woody at the base, but herbaceous at tlie top.

Position.

Ai^;uiAL : growing aliove gi'ound.
SuBTEKUANEAX : growing under ground.

0£ subterranean stems there are the following varieties :

(a) Jihizonie, or liootstock : a horizontal, more or less
flesh}', perennial underground stem, which produces each
season a new bud at its extremity, from which the annual
overground stem is developed, as in Trillium, Bloodroot,
and most of our early-flowering herbs (Fig. 14).

(b) Tuber : the thickened end of a rhizome, as the
Potato and Artichoke (Fig. 15).

(c) Bulb : a globular mass, usually made up of fleshy
leaves attached to a short flat stem, as the Lily (Fig. 16)
and Onion.

(d) Conn : a bulb having the stem part very large
compared with the bud or leaf jiart, as in Indian-Turnip
(Fig. IT).

A plant is described as acaulescent, or stemless, when
the stem is ver^'' short and the leaves spring in a cluster
from the surface of the ground, as in Dandelion and
Hepatica.

Shape.

Terete: cylindrical (Fig. 18).

Compressed : somewhat flattened (Fig. 19).

Triangular : Fig. 20

Square: Fig. 21.

Grooved : Fig. 22.

Winged: Fig. 23.

Striate : with lines running lengthwise.

Juice.

In some cases the colour or tasteof the juice is characteristic,
and should be mentioned : Bloodroot has a red juice, Milk-
weed a milky juice, Celandine a yellow juice, Buttercup
a coloiu-less bitter juice, Soi-rel a colourless sour juice, etc.

Branching.

Tlie stem is
Simple : when branches are entirely wanting, as in Mullein.
ExcuRREN'T : when the main stem can be traced through to

the top, as in Fir and Pine.
Deliquescent : when the main stem is soon lost in the

branches, as in most shrubs.

Fig. 14.

Fig. 15.

Fig. 17.

Figs. 18.

19.

20.

21.

Figs. 21

lioTAMCAL TERMS.

17

With Ruxn'ERS : wlien there are slender branches frona the
base of the stem wiiicli take root at the end, as in Straw-
berry, etc. (Fig-. 11).

With Stolons : when branches bend over so as to reach tlie
ground and take root (Fig. 11).

With Suckeus : when an underground branch sends up a
stem at a distance from tlie parent jtlant, as in Mint, etc.
(Fig. 11).

Tenduils are sometimes brancli-forms, as those of the Grape

(Fig. 12).

Spixes, as in Hawthorn, are also branch-forms, stunted and
pointed (Fig. 24).

THE LEAF.
Parts.

Bl.vde : the broad part.

Petiole : the leaf-stalk.

Stipules : two small usually leaf-like pieces, one on each side
of the petiole where it joins the stem of the plant (Fig.
25) ; but sometimes the stipules are in the form of spines,
as in Locust, and sometimes they form a tube around the
stem, as in Smartweed (Fig. 27).

Sheath : the tubular petiole which surrounds the stem in
many Endogens (Fig. 2G).

Ligule : the thin semi-transpai'ent appendage growing at the
top of the sheath in most grasse.^;. It appears to be an
upward extension of the lining of the sheath (Fig. 20).

Position.

Radical : when arising from the stem at or below the surface
of the ground.

Caulixe : all the leaves higher up the stem.

In plants like Dandelion and Hepatica all the leaves
are radical. In ButteiTup and Shophord's Purse there
are both kinds (Fig. 28).

Arrangement.

Ai/rKKNATi: : when only one leaf springs from a node, or joint
of the stem (Fig. 29). ■

Opposite : when two leaves spring from each node on oppo-
site sides of the stem ; and opposite leaves are decussate
when each pair is at right angles to the next pair
(Fig. 30).

Whokled, or A'ekticill.vte : wlun three or more knves
spring from a node (Fig. 31).

Fasciculate : when there are sevei-al leaves in a bundle, as
in Pine, Larch, etc. (Fig. 32).

18

GLOSSAJtr OF

Division.

Simple : when the blade is in one piece, however deeply it
may be cut.

Compound : when the blade is in two or more distinct pieces,
which are then known as leaflets.

A compound leaf is

(a) Pinnate: when the leaflets are arranged on each
side of a central or mid rib ; and such a pinnate leaf will
be odd-pinnate if there is an odd leaflet at tlie end (Fig,
33) ; abrupt! y -pin nate if there is not a terminal leaflet
(Fig. 34) ; and pinnate u-ith a tendril if the mid-rib ends
in a tendril, as in Pea, etc. (Fig. 35).

Again : the leaf is twice-pinnate if the primary divi-
sions are themselves pinnate (Fig. 36) ; thrice-pinnate if
the subdivision is carried through another stage ; and
decompound if still more divided.

It is interruptedly -pinnate if, as in Tomato, there are
small leaflets interspersed among the larger ones (Fig. 37).

(b) Palmate : if the leaflets are spread out from the
end of the petiole, like fingers (Fig. 38).

A compound leaf is further described by mentioning
the number and form of the leaflets. (An example of the
complete descrijition of a compound leaf is given at the
beginning of the leaf-schedules later on).

Venation.

Straight- VEINED : when the veins run nearly parallel, either
from end to end of the leaf, as in grasses (Fig. 39), or
from a central rib to the margin, as in Calla (Fig. 40).

Net-veined : when the veins run in all directions, forming a
net-work. Such a leaf is

(a) pinnately-net-veincd : when there a distinct cen-
tral rib with the smaller veins^hranching from it on each
side (Fig. 41) ; and

(b) palmately-net-veined : when there are several chief
ribs radiating from the end of the petiole (Fig. 42).

Outline.

1. Of leaves nearly alike at both ends.
Filiform : thread-like, as in Asparagus.
AcicuLAR : needle-shaped, as in Pine (Fiir. 43).

BO TA NIC A L TEUM^.

LiNEAU : narrow compared with the length (Fig, 44).
Oblong : not more than three times as lonfj; as liroail, and

with sides inclined to be straight (Fig. 4;")).
Oval, or Elliptical : not more than twice as lomr iis broad

(Fig. 46).
Orbicular : round, or nearly so (Fig. 47).

2. Of leaves hroadest below the middle.

Subulate : awl-shaped (Fig. 48).
Lanceolate : as in Fig. 49.
Ovate : as in Fig. 50.

Deltoid: about as broad as long, and rather triangular
(Fig. 51).

3. Of leaves broadest above the middle.

Oblanceolate : the reverse of lanceolate (Fig. 52).

Spathulate : like the last, but more rounded at the top
(Fig. 53).

Obovate : the reverse of ovate (Fig. 54).

Wedge-Shaped, or Cuneate : like the last, but with the end
more flattened and the margins nearlj' straight (Fig. 55).
In describing outlines, it will often be necessary to
combine terms, as for example : linear-Moncj^ linear-
lanceolate, oblong-ovate, etc., as the case may require.

Margin.

Entire : not indented in any way (^Fig. 5G),

Serrate : with sharp teeth pointing forward like the teeth of
a saw (Fig. 57).

Serrulate : very finely serrate (Fig. 58).

Dentate : witli teeth pointing outward (Fig. 59).

Crenate : with teeth rounded at the point (Fig. 60).

A margin may also be doubly-serrate (Fig. 61), doubly-
dentate, or douhl y-crenate (Fig. 62), when the larger
teeth are themselves serrate, or dentate, or crenate.

Sinuate : deeply wavy (Fig. 63).

CiLiATE : with a fringe of hairs.

Revolute : with the edge turned back.

Repand : like the edge of an expanded umbre'Ia (Fig. 64^.

PiNNATiFiD : when the edge of a pmnately-veincd leaf is very
deeply lobed (Fig. 65).

Bi-PiNXATiFiD : when the tirst lobes are themselves pinnatifid
(Fig. 66).

Figs. 62,

Fips. 64. 50. 57. 58. 59.

Fip. 65.

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Fips, 60.

61.

62.

63.

Flp. 66.

GLOSSARY OF

'ALMATIFID : when the edge of a pahnatelj^ -veined leaf is very
deeply lobed (Fig. 67).

'ectinate : when the edge somewhat resembles tlie teeth of
a comb.

iYRATE : pinnatifid, with a very large lobe at the end (Fig. 05).

bUXClNATE : pinnatifid, with the lobes pointing backwards,
as in Dandelion (Fig. 68).

*EUATE : palmatifid, with the lobes at the base two-cleft
(Fig. 69).

lULTiFii) : cut into many fine segments or lobes, as in Milfoil.

tex.

lCUMINATE : running out to a long slender point (Fig. 70).
lCUTE : making an acute angle (Fig. 71).
)btl'SE : making an obtuse angle ; blunt (Fig. 72).
'runcate : as if tlie end were cut off square (Fig. 73).
Ietuse : with the end slightlj' indented (Fig. 74).
Lmauginate : with a distinct notch (Fig. 75j.

)bcordate : rather doepl}- notched (Fig. 76).

Cuspidate : with a short but distinctly tapering point
(Fig. 77).

luCRONATE : with a fine sharp point projecting bej'ond the
end of the mid-rib (Fig. 78).

Lristate : tipped with a bristle,

;Se.

^cute : making an acute angle (Fig. 79).

)btuse : making an obtuse angle ; blunt (Fig. 46).

PAPERlNa : with a long and slender base (Fig. 80).

;:!oRDATE : rounded and notched (Fig. 67).

^URICULATE : with two small rounded lobes (Fig. 81).

Sagittate : with sharp lobes pointing downwards (Fig. 83).

Iastate : with sharj) lobes pointing outwards (Fig. 84).

Peltate : when the petiole is attached, not to the edge, but
to the under surface (Fig. 80).

R.E\iFOR.M : with very large rounded lobes (Fig. 86).

Clasping : when the leaf is sessile, and the lobes are close
against the stem on each side (Fig. 82).

Fi^^ 8.5.

Fig. 86.

-_!

BOTASUAL TKh'MS.

21

Pekfoliatk : when the lobes of a sessile leaf grow toj?ether

at the back of the stein, so that the stem seems to jjhss

tluou^h tlie leaf (Fi<,'. 87).
CoNNATio, or CoNNATE-i'KuroMATK : whcu iwo Opposite sessile

leaves grow together by their bases (Fig. 88).
Decurrent : when the lobes of a sessile leaf grow down the

sides of the stem (Fig. 89).

Surface.

(Tlie student should use liis lens in determining llie
character of the surface of either stem or leaf.)
• Smooth, or Glahuous : entirely without hairs.
^Glaucous; covered with a bloom which may bo rublu'd off
with the fingers, as in Cabbage.
Punctate: showing transparent dots when lield up to the

light, as in St. John's Wort.
Scabrous : rough, but without hairs.
'' PuBE.^CENT : covered with hnu soft short hairs.
^ Villous : with long soft hairs.
ToMEXTOSE : witli matted hairs.
Sericeous : with silkj- hairs.
Hoary : with white down.
Hispid : with stiff hairs.
Spinous : with scattered spines.
liUGOSE : wrinkled.
-CiLiATE : with hairs on the p.dye.

Colour.

The colour of tlie leaf must be described by an appro-
priate term, and if, as is often the case, the two surfaces
differ in colour, this fact mu.st be noted.

Texture.

Lieaves differ very much in texture. Some are very
thin and soft, others almost leathery, while others again
are very thick and lieshy. In describing a k-af, judg-
ment must be exercised in selecting a suitable term.

Duration

Fugacious, or Caducous : falling off early in summer.
Deciduous : falling off in autumn, as in most trees and

shrubs.
Persistent, or Evergreen : remaining at least a year on the

plant.

Vernation, or mode of folding in the bud.

Conduplicate : doubled lengthwise. Shown in cross-section

in Fig. 90.
Plicate: folded like a fan, as in Mallow ^Fig. iU |.
C0NW0T,UTE : rolled from one edixp to rho other ("Fig. n-2\

Fij?. 87.

Fig. 89.

^

Fi»f. HO.

Fip. !n.

Fift. rcj.

GLOSSARY or

NVOLUTE : rolled inward from both edges (Fig. 93).
iEVOLUTE : rolled backward from both edges (Fig. 94).
ylUClN'ATE : coiled from the apex, as in Ferns (Fig. 9;")).
ilQUiTANT : each leaf doubled lengthwise and astride of the
next leaf within, as in Iris (Fig. 96).

INFLORESCENCE.

in-aiignncnf ofiho. Flotccrs or Floiccr-cJuaters on the stem.

ode.

Peuminal : when the separate flowers are on tlie ends of
stems or branches.

Terminal Inflorescence is also known as Determinate,
or Definite, or Cymose, or Cextuifug^vl, and it is

(a) Solitary : when a single Hower terminates the
stem, as in Tulip and Hepatica. In other words the
flowers do not form a cluster (Fig. 97).

(b) A Cyme : when the flowers are in a cluster of
which the central flower (on the end of the main stem) is
the earliest (Fig. 98), as in Chickweed and Sweet-William.
In Chickweed the cyme is loose, and in Sweet-William it
is devse.

(Special cases of Cymes arising from the axils of leaves
are referred to below under the head of Mixed Inflores-
cence. )
fVxiLLARY : when the separate flowers spring from the axils
of leaves or bracts.

Axillarj' Inflorescence is also known as Lateral or
Indeterminate, or Indefinite, or Racemose, or Botry-
OSE, or Centripetal ; and it is

(a) Solitary : when the flowers are produced singlj^ in
the axils of ordinary leaves (not bracts), as in Morning-
Glory, etc. The flowers do not form a cluster.

(b) A Raceme : when the flowers form a rather long
cluster, each flower being in the axil of a bract, and hav-
ing a pedicel (little stalk) of its own (Fig. 99).

(In plants of the Cress familj' the bracts are absent.)

(c) A Spike : when the separate flowers are sessile, or
nearly so, along the main axis, as ia Hollyhock, etc.
(Fig. ICO).

(d) A Head : when the axis of the cluster is short, and
the flowers consequently rather closely' packed together,
as in Clover and Tliistle, etc.

(e) An Umbel : when the pedicels of the flowers are of
the same length, and arise from the .same point (Fig. 101).

(f) A Corymb : when the pedicels ai-ise from different
points on the stem, but the flowers reach the same level
above (Fig. 1021

Fig. 93.

Fig. 94. Fig. 95.

Fig. 97

Fig. 98.

Fig. lilt.

Fig. 102.

Fig. ino.

BO TA NIC A L TERM S.

'_'.{

The Raceme, Umbel, and Corymb may be compound,
as shown in Figs. lOo (compound llaceme) and 104 (com-
pound Unibcl).

(g) A Catkin ; when the flowers (usually imperfect)
arise from scale-like bracts along a slender axis. The
Catkin is thus a special kind of spike (Fig. 105).

(h) A Spadix : when the flowers (often imperfect) are
arranged in a spike-like cluster on a fleshy axis, as in
Indian-Turnip (Fi^rs. 106 and 107).

The Spadix is usually surrounded by a large showy
bract called a spathe (Fig. 108).

Mixed : when axillai-y and terminal forms are combined.
For example, in many Composites the inflorescence is
terminal or cymose as to the heads thevisslves, while each
head separately is always axillary or lateral as to the
developniont of the florets of which it is made up. The
chief varieties of mixed inflorescence are

(a) The Thyrse : a cluster like that of Lilac, in which
the primarj' branches are lateral, and the secondary
cymose.

(b) Vcvticillaster : a cluster like that of Catnip and
Mint flowers generally, where two dense cymes form in
the ;vxils of opposite leaves, giving the appearance of a
whorl.

In connection with inflorescence the following terms
should be noticed :

Pedvncle : the flower-stalk, or in the case of clusters
the stalk supporting the whole cluster.

Pedicel : the separate stalk of each flower in a cluster.

Scape ; a leafless flower-stalk rising from the ground
or near it, as in Tulip and Dandelion.

Bract : a foliage-leaf, differing from the ordinary leaves
of the plant in size, shape or colour, anil found iiTidcr
the flower or flower-cluster.

Bractlet : a secondarj- bract, as seen on the i)edicels in
Fig. 103.

Involucre: a circle of bracts, such as the outer leaves
of Composite flowers like Dandelion, etc. (Fiir. lOPl

Involucel : a .secondarj' or minor involucre or circle of
bractlets, such as is commonl3- found under the small

clusters of a compound umbel (Fig. 104).

Flpr. 104.

Fig. 103.

,V^.^'<'\'v'Aa'l i

^1

m...

Fiu^ 1"'' Fi'---'. V>*'.

Fig. \m.

Fig. lOa.

24

GLOSSARY OF

THE FLOWER.
Parts :

Calvx ; the outer set of flower-leaves, usually green or green-
ish^ as in Buttercup (Fig. 110 1.

The pieces of which the calj'x is made ui> are called
sepals.

Corolla : the second set of flower-leaves, immediately within
the calyx, and usuallj' some other colour than green
(Fig. 110).

The pieces of which the corolla is made up are called
Fetals.

These two sets taken together are known as the Floral
Envelopes, and also as the Perianth, but the latter term
is generally restricted to the flowers of Monocotyledons,
such as Lilies, where the parts are very much alike.
Some flowers of Dicot3'ledons, such as Marsh-Marigold
(Fig. Ill), have only one set of floral envelopes, and this
is then neai-ly alwaj's the calyx, no matter what its
colour is.

Stajiexs or AxDRfECiUM : the third set of flower-leaves,
appearing as thread-like stalks with thickened ends (Fig.
112). These produce the pollen.

PisriL or Gyxcecium : the central organ of the flower which
bears the seed. It may be in several pieces, as in Butter-
cup (Fig. 113), or in one piece as in Shepherd's Purse
(Fig. 114).

These last two sets taken together are the Essential
Organs of the flower. Thej' alone are directly concerned
in the production of seed. The floral envelopes protect
the essential organs, and attract insects which help to
distribute the pollen.

Receptacle : the enlarged top of the peduncle to which the
parts of the flower ai'e attached.
Note also the following points : Flowers are

(a) Perfect, if they have both stamens and pistil,
whether cal^^x and corolla are present or not.

(b) Imperfbict, if either stamens or pistil is wanting.
And imperfect flowers are

(1) S'taminate, if they bear stamens, but not pistil,
as in Willow (Fig. 115).

(2) Pistillate, if they bear pistils, but not stamens,
as in Willow (Fig. IIG).

(3) Neutral, if both stamens and pistil are absent.

(4) Moj}OZ:ious, when staminate and pistillate flowers
are borne on the same plant, as in Cucumber and
Indian Corn.

Corolla.

Caly.x.
Peduncle.

Fig. 110.

Fig. 111.

Fig. 112.

Fig. 113.

Fig. 114.

Fir. 11.0.

Fii,'. lli>.

BOTANICAL TERMS.

25

(5) Dicecious, when starainate and pistillate flowers
are borne on different plants, as in Willow.

(c) Poly(;a.mous, when there is a mixtvire of perfect
and imperfect flowers.

(d) Complete, if all four ])arts, viz : calyx, corolla,
stamenri, and pistil, are present.

(e) Incomplete, if any one or more of the four sets are
wanting. Incomplete flowers are arhhiviydKons when
calyx and corolla are both wanting;, as in Willow.

(f) SvMMETRiCAL, if the different sets consist of the
same number of pieces each, or of a multiple of the same
number, for example : 4 sepals. 4 petals, H stamens, 4
carpels.

(g) Unsymmetrical, if there are not the same number
of pieces (or a multiple of the same number) in each set.

(h) Regular : when the pieces of each set are alike in
size and shape, as in Buttercup (Fig. 110).

(1) Irregular : when the pieces of each set are not
alike in size and shape, as in Sweet Pea, Orchid, etc.
(Fig. 117).

THE CALYX.

Cohesion (union of like parts).

Polysepalous : with the sepals entirely distinct from each
other, so that the}' can be pulled off separately, as in
Buttercup (Fig. 110).

Gamosepalous : when the sepals are all united together

(Fig. ll.S).

The following terms are applicable to the gamosepalous
calyx :

(a) The Tube : the lower united part (Fig. 118).

(b) The Limb: the upper separated part (Fig. 118),
made up of lobes or teeth. In many composite flowers
the limb is pappose, consisting of fine bristles (Fig. 119).

(c) The Throat : the entrance to the calyx-tube.

Adhesion (union of unlike |);uts;.

Inferior : when the calyx is plainly beneath the ovary and
free from it, as in Buttercup, etc. (Fig. 112).

Superior : when the calyx-tube gi-ows fast to the outside of
the ovary and the limb rises above it. as in Apple, etc.

(Fig. l-20'».

Fig. 117.

I'appus.

Fig. 118. Fig. U'.:

Fig. 120.

-'6

GLOSSARY OF

Duration.

Flkiaimous or Caducous: fallinji; off as soon as the flower
opens, as in Bloodroot and Poppy.

Deciduous : falling off about the same time as the corolla and
stamens, as in Buttercup.

Persistent : remaining after the corolla has fallen off, as in
Hollyhock and Sweet-Brier (Fig. 121).

As the sepals are only modified leaf-forms, they may
he further described by means of the terms already
explained for leaves, such as lanceolate, pubescent, etc.

THE COROLLA.
Cohesion.

POLYPETALOUS : w hen the petals are entirely distinct from
each other, as in Buttercup (Fig. 110). In such petals
two parts may often be distinguished, a broad vipper part,
the linib, and a narrower lower part, the claic (Fig. 122).
Gamopetalous : when the petals are grown together in how-
ever slight a degree, so that the corolla may be pulled off
in one piece, as in Convolvulus, etc. (Fig. 12l»).

The terms tube, limb and throat are applicable to such
corollas, as well as to the gamosepalous calyx.

A gamopetalous corolla is further described hy stating
its Form. It is

(a) Tubular, when of nearly the same width from top
to bottom (Fig. 124).

(b) Funnel-shaped, when the tube spreads out gradu-
ally into a wide border (Fig. 123).

(c) Campanulate, or bell-shaped, when the tube is
short and wide, with a slightly spreading border (Fig. 125).

(d) Salver-shaped, when the tube is long and narrow
with a spreading border at right angles to it (Fig. 12()j.

(e) Rotate, when the tube is very short with a spread-
ing border (Fig. 127).

(f) Urceolate, or urn-shaped, when the tube Is swollen
below and contracted at the mouth (Fig. 128).

(g) Labiate, when distinctly two-lipped as in Catnip
and Turtle-head (Fig. 129).

A Labiate corolla is further described as

(1) Ringent, when the mouth is wide open (Fig. 129).

(2) Personate, when the mouth is closed by an
upward projection of the lower lip called the palate
(Fig. 130).

(h) Ligulate, when one side of the tube is prolonged
into a ribbon or strap, as in Dandelion (Fig. 119).

Calyx.

Fig. 121.

Fig. 122.

Fig, 123.

Fig. 125.

Fig. 127.

Fig. 124.

Fig. 126.

Fig. 128.

Fig. 129.

Fig. 130.

DO TA yjCA L ti:r M S.

The fonu of corolla peculiar to plants of tho Pulse Family is
known as

Papilionaceous (Fig. 1;}1): it consists of five petals; an
upper large one (the standard), two side ones (the nin(/s),
and two lower ones wiiicli are united together to form
the keel.

Finall}', both gamopetalous and polypetalous corollas
may have one or more petals prolonged into spurs at the
base (Fig. 130).

Adhesion.

Hypogyxous : when inserted on the receptacle, under the
ovary and free from it (Fig. lo2, c).

Perigyxous : when inserted on the calyx (Fig. i:j;], c.)

Epigyxous : when inserted on the top of the ovary (Fig.
134, c).

The corolla should be further described by giving tho
shape, colour and size of the petals, using the ordinary
terms.

Ill describing the flowers of monocotyledons liaving a
coloured perianth, use the following terms for cohesion :

PoLYPHYLLOUS : when the pieces of the i^erianth are entirely
separate.

GAMOPHYLLOUfi : wheu the pieces of the perianth ai-e united.

For adhesion, use the terms superior and inferior, as
explained above for the calyx.

Estivation.

This term is applicable to both cal^-x and corolla, and means
the mode in which these organs are folded in the bud.
It is

(a) Valvate, if the edges of the parts meet without
overlapping (Fig. 135), as iu the calj'x of Mallow.

(b) Convolute, if the members of a set overlap so that
each has one edge covered and the other uncovered (Fig.
136), as in the corolla of Mallow.

(c) Imbricate, when the members of a set overlap so
that at least one piece has both edges uncovered and at
least one piece has both edges covered (Fig. 137), as in
Apple.

(d) Plicate or plaited, applied to the folding of gamo-
petalous corollas. The plaits may overlap in the convo-
lute manner, as in Fig. 138 ; they are then said to be
sn pyrrol ut'\

Htuiiilard

wlnj,' ^^.

Fi«r. 131.

c/ ^

Fig. 1»*.

J-^lR. 135.

FiR. 136.

Fi---

FJjr. ISK

GLOSSARY OF

THE STAMENS OR ANDRCECIUM.

Parts.

Filament : tlie lower stalk-like part ; it supports the anther
(Fig. 140). Stamens are

(a) Exserted, if the filaments are so long tliat the
anthers protrude bej"ond the perianth (Fig. 141).

(b) Included, if the filaments are not long enough to
raise the anthers beyond the perianth (Fig. 126).

(c) Sessile, if the filaments are absent (Fig. 142).
Anther : the swollen upper part, consisting of one or more

(u.suall^' two) saes or cells which contain the pollen
(Fig. 139).

One surface of the anther is usually more deeply
grooved than the other ; this is the face, the otlier benig
the back.

An anther is

(a) Introrse, if the face is toward the centre of the
flower.

(b) Extrorse, if ttirned otitwai'ds.

Attachment of the Anther.

The anther maj- be attached to the filament in three
waj^s. It is

(a) Innate, if its lower end rests on the top of the
filament (Fig. 14.'>).

(b) Adnate, if the back of the anther lies Avith its
whole length against (and attached to) the filament
(Fig. 144).

(c) Versatile, if the end of the filament is attached to
a point on the back of tlie anther, so that the latter
swings about (Fig. 145).

Dehiscence of the Anther.

The anther may open in several ways to allow the
escape of the pollen. The dehisce'^ ce is

(a) Lonf/itudinal, when the anther-cell opens from top
to bottom by a lateral line (Fig. 14(j). This is the usual
mode.

(b) Bi/ valvi's. when the side of the anther-cell turns
uj), as on a hinge (Fig. 147).

(c) By pores, when the pollen escapes tluough a
minute opening at the top of the anther-cell (Fig. 148).

Connective : the rib or solid part between the anther-cells.
Occasionally the connective is obscure or wanting.

anther

•■pollfii.

•I.laiiieiit.

Fig. i:». Kitr. 110.

Fig. 143.

Fig. 145.

Fig. 142.

Fig. 144.

Figs. 1 10. 1 17. 1 IS.

BOTANICAL TKIiMS.

29

Pollen- : the minute grains (alike in the same plant, but very
different in different plants) contained in tljo anther-cells,
commonly reseml)ling a loose dust or powder (Fig. 110),
but sometimes cohering in sticky masses (pollinia), as
in Orcliis (Fig. 149).

Pollen-grains are plant-cells having t\\., ..mi>, uihI
enclosing a thickish liquid. Fig. IwO shows a single
pollen-grain with its inner coat growing out in the form
of "a tube.

The pollen is the cs.scnti.il part of the stamen. The
pupil should examine with a good microscope various
kinds of pollen-grains, aiul make drawings of llicin.

Number.

If the stamens are not more than f< ,i in numijcr, the exact
number should be stated. If more than ten, they are
numerous or indefinite, and this is indicated by tlje sign
cc in the proper column of the descriptive table.

Cohesion.

If the stamens are entirely separate from each other, their
cohesion (or the absence of it) is described by prefixing
to the ending -androus the Greek prefix corresi)onding to
the number of stamens present, as follows :

hrpt-

The cohesion is

DiDVX.VMOUS : if there are four stamens, two long and two
short (Fig. 151).

Tetradynamous : if there are six stamens, four long and two

short (Fig. 152).
MON'ADELPHOUS : Avhen all the filaments are grown together,

leaving the anthers separate, as in Mallow (Fig. \'o?>).
DiADELPHOu.s : when the filaments are grown together in two

sets, as in Pea (Fig. 154).
Triadelphous : when the filaments are grown together in

three sets, as in St. John's Wort (Fig. 155).
Polyadelphous: when the filaments are grown together in

more than three sets.
SyxCtENEsious : when all the anthers are grown together,

leaving the filaments separate, as in Dandelion (Fig. 155).

Adhesion.

HvpOGYNOUS : when inserted on tli>> nn'oiUafle undor thn

ovary (Fig. 132, s).
Perigynous : when inserted on the catyx (Fig. 133, .«>.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. G.

mo7i-

di-

tri-

tetr-

pent- hex-

8.

9.

10.

move than 10.

oct-

enne-

dec-

poly- androus.

Fi(,'. IVJ.

Fig 150.

Fig. 152.

Fig. l.-iS.

Fig. 151.

Fig. 155.

antli< ;
filaments —

TlK. l.-w?.

30

GLOSSAIiV OF

Epigynous : when inserted on the ovary (Fig. 134, .s).

Epipetalous : when inserted on the corolla (Fig. 151).

Epipiiyllous : when inserted on the perianth (in Monocotyle-
dons).

Gynandrous : when inserted on the style, as in Orchids
(Fig. 157).

Situation.

It is important to note the position of the stamens with refer-
ence to the i')etals when they are of the same number as
the latter. They may be

(a) Alternate with the petals.

(b) Opposite the petals.

THE PISTIL OR GYNCEOIUM.
Parts.

Carpels : the pieces, either distinct or combined together,
which make np the whole pistil. The pistil is

(a) Simple, if' it consists of one carpel only, as in Pea
(Fig. 158).

(b) Convpound^ if it consists of two or more carpels,
either separate from each other ( apocarj^ous ) as in
Buttercup (Fig. 159), or combined together ( syncarpous )
as in Fig. 160. When several carpels are combined, the
number is very commonly indicated hy seams or sutures
on the outside of the ovary.

Whether composed of one carpel or several combined,
the pistil may have the following parts :
Ovary : the lower swollen part, containing the ovule or
ovules which develope into seeds (Fig. 160). The ovary
maj* be one-celled even when compound (Fig. 161), or
several-celled (Fig. 160). In the latter case the separat-
ing walls are called dissepiments, and the cells are often
spoken of as loculi (sing, loculus).

Style : the narrow part above the ovarj^ (Fig. 160). A com-
pound pistil may have several .styles, as in Fig. 162.

Stigma: the moist roughish upper end of the style. This
part differs from the rest of the pistil in having no skin
or epidermis (Fig. 163).
The stigma is

(a) Capitate, if it forms a knob or button on the end
of the style (Fig. 164).

(b) Plumose, if of a feathery appearance as in grasses
(Fig. 165).

(c) Petaloid, if leaf-like and coloiu-ed, as in Iris (Fig.
166).

style

ovary

Fig. ICO.

Fi";, iGi>.

Fig. 163.

Fig-. 161.

stigma

style

■ ovary

Fig. 106.

no TA NIC A L TERMS.

Note tliat tlie esseutiiil iiarls of tlie pistil are the ovary
or seed-bearing part, and tlie stigma wliich receives the
jiolleii.

The style is often wanting, antl then tlio stigma is
ncHsile.

An exceiJtional pistil is found in ;/!/mtios])frmcus plants
like tlie Pine. Hero the ovules are not enclosed, Imt are
attached to the inner face of an open leaf or scale, the
scales forming a cone (Figs. 167, 1G8, 169).

Cohesion.

Apocarpous : when the carpels are not united together in any
way (Fig. 159).

Syncaupous : when the carpels are grown together in any
degree (Fig. IGO). They may be united merely at the
base of the ovary, or to the top of the style.

Adhesion.

SuPEKiou: when entirely free from the calyx (Fig. 1.'52, /),

as in Buttercup, Shepherd's Purse, etc.
Inferior : when surrounded by the calyx-tube which grows

fast to it (Fig. 134,/), as in Apple and Fuchsia.

THE OVULE.
Definition.

Ovules are the bodies which, after fertilization by the pollen,
develope into seeds.

Placentation.

By this term is meant the arrangement of the placentas, or
projections in the interior of the ovary upon which the
ovules grow. Placentation is

(a) Mariiinal, in a simple pistil like that of Pea, the
placenta being on one seam or suture (Fig. 158).

(b) AxUe or Central, when the pistil is compound, and
the dissepiments meet in the centre of the ovary (Fig. 160.)

(c) Parietal, when the compound ovary is onC-celled
and the ovules are borne on the walls (Fig. 161).

(d) F)'ee Central, when the ovary is one-celled, and
the ovules are borne on a column which rises from the
bottom of the cell (Figs. 170, 171).

Parts of the Ovule.

Funiculus : the stalk by which the ovule is attached to the

placenta (Fig. 173,/). If this stalk is absent the ovule

is sessile.
Primine : the outer coat of the ovule i^Fig. 17-2. ai).
Secundine: the inner coat (Fig. 172, /7).
MiCROPVLE : the minute opening through the two coats (Fig.

172, m).

'^

F\k. lOT.

# 0

Figs. 1C8, 1S8L

Fig9. 170, 171.

Ffg. 172.

32

CLOSSARV or

Nucleus : tlie body of the ovule witliin the coats (Fig. 172, A:).
Embkyo-sac : tlie L-irue cell in the nucleus in which the young

plant is cleveloi)ed (Fig. 1T2, em).
Chalaza : the portion where the two coats are blended

together (Fig. 172, c).

Kinds of Ovule.

ORTHOTKOrous : wiieu the ovule is erect, and the uiicropyle is
as far as possible from the funicidus or point of attacli-
ment (Fig. 172).

Anatropous : when the ovvtle is completelj^ inverted or bent
upon itself so as to bring the niicroj)) le close to the jwint
of attachment (Fig. 17o). In this case the funiculus
becomes fused with the primine on one side, forming the
raphe (Fig. 1713, r).

Campvlotropous : when the ovule is half bent over (Fig. 174).

Fertilization.

Ovules are converted into seeds by the action of pollen upon
them. Pollen grains fall upon the stigma which is moist
and retains them. The grains begin to grow as shown
in Fig. 150, tile inner coat being protr tided as a slender
tube which makes its way down throtigh the stjde into
the ovary, and then through the micropyle of the ovule,
finally attaching itself to the stirface of the embrj^o-sac,
and carrying the contents of the pollen-grain with it.
Presently' growth begins inside the embryo-sac, and soon
the embryo is formed, ^t is the presence of the embrj'o
which marks the distinction between an ovide and a seedy

In most cases the ovule is. fertilized by pollen brought
from another flower of the same species (cross-fertiliza-
tion), because very commonlj^ the pollen of its own flower
is ready either too soon or too late to be of tise ; that is,
the pollen and the stigma in the same flower do not com-
monly mature at the same time. Plants are

EnlomopJiilous, when the3' depend upon insects to
carry the pollen from flower to flower, and

Anamophilous, wdien this service is performed hy the
wind.

THE FRUIT.
Definition.

The friiit^ is the ripjened jiistil together with any otht'r pait,
such as the calyx or receptacle, which may be adherent
to it. If there are no such adherent parts the fruit is a
true frxiit, consisting wholly of the ripened ovary with
the seeds ; otherwi.se it is n jisciulocarp or spurious fruit,
as in Ajiple, Strawberry and Jiose.

Fisr. 173.

Fig-. 174.

liUTASlCAL Th'UMS.

X\

The essential parts of the fruit are

(a) llie Seed, or matin-ed ovule, and

(b) The Pericarp, or malurcil nvaiy, within whii-h

the seeds are contained.

The Pericarp is in three hi vers :

(a) TJte Epicarp (or Exocarp), the outer layer.

(b) The Mesocarp (or Sarcocarp), the middle layer.

(c) The Endocarp, the inner layer.

Kinds of Fruit.

A. — Duv Fruits : tliose whose pericarp remains thin, and
becomes dry and hard at maturity. Such fruits are

(1) Dehiscent, when the pericarp oi:)ens so as to allow
the seeds to escape.

(2) Indehiscent, \\\\v\\ ilie pericarp does not so open.

Dry Dehiscent Fruits.

(a) Follicle, a fruit of a single carpel, which ojiens
down one edge only, as in Marsh-Marigold and Peonj'
(Fig. 175).

(b) Lerjicme, a fruit of a single carpel, which oiK'ns
down botli edges (dorsal or outer and ventral or inner
sutiires), as in Pea and Bean (Fig. 176).

The Lament is a special iovm of legume. It is
made up of a number of one-.seeded joints which
separate from each other when ripe ; each joint, as
a rule, remaining closed (Fig. 177).

(c) Silique, a syncarpous fruit of two carpels divided
by a thin partition, from which the carpels fall away
when ripe, leaving the placentas and seeds around the
edge of the partition (Fig. 178).

(d) Silicic, a fruit of the same construction as the
silique, and differing only in shape; the silique IxMiig
consideraljly longer than broad, as in Stock (Fig. 17S),
and the silicle being nearly or quite as broad as long, as
in Shepherd's Purse (Figs. 179, 180).

(e) Pyxis, a fruit which opens by a horizontal seam,
so that the top comes off like a lid, as in Purslane (Fig.
181).

(f) Capsule, a syncarpous fruit which normally splits
at maturity, either wholly or partially, into as many
pieces as there are carpels.

The Dehiscence of the Capsule is
Septicidal : when the splitting takes place in the line of
the dissepiments (Fig. 182).

Fi»r. 17.^.

Fijr. 176.

/■'

Fij,'. 177.

Fig. 17ft.

#

KIk. 17:».

Kijr. 1«>. Fifi. i"!

Flgr. iw.

34

GLOSSARY OF

LocKMCiDAL : when the splitting? takes place in the mid-
dle of the wall of each carpel, that is, along the
dorsal sutures (Fig. 18D).

Septifragal : wlien the walls split away from the parti-
tion, leaving the latter standing (Fig. 184).

CiRCUMCissiLE : when the top of the pericarp comes off
like a lid (Fig. 181).

By pores : when the seeds escape through small open-
ings near the top of the capsule, as in Poppy.

Dry Indehiscent Fruits.

/ (a) Achene, a dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit, having
the pericar]) free from the seed, as in Buttercup (Figs.
185, 18(3), and all Composites.

V (b) Caryopsis or Grain, a dry indehiscent one-seeded
fruit, having the pericarp adherent to the seed, as in the
Oat (Fig. 187), and Grasses generallj'.

. (c) Nut, a dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit with a hard
thick pericarp, and usually the product of a s^-ncarpous
pistil, in which all the cells and seeds but one have dis-
appeared during growth.

The nut is often accompanied by a Cupule or
hardened involucre, as in the Acorn (Fig. 188),
Beech-nut and Hazel-nut.

(d) Utricle, like an Achene, but with a very tliin loose
pericarp (Fig. 189).

(e) Schizocarp, a dry indehiscent two-several-seeded
fruit, which breaks np at maturity into one-seeded pieces
(carpels), each of which, however, remains closed, as
in Mallow (Fig. 190), and all Umbelliferous plants (Fig.
191).

, (f) Samara or Key, a dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit,
with a thin wing, as in Elm (Fig. 192), and Ash. The
Maple (Fig. 193) has a double samara, which splits into
two pieces at maturity, and so is a true schizocarp.

B.— Fleshy Fruits (all indehiscent):

-■ (a) Drupe or Stone-fruit, a fleshj^ fruit, having a very
hard endocarp (the putamen), wliich encloses the seed
till germination, a thick and usually juicy mesocarp, and
a thin outer skin or epicarp, as the Plum, Cherrj',
Walnut and Peach (Fig. 194).

■ (b) B'rry, a fleshj'' fruit, having a soft and juicy
endocarp, in which the seeds are embedded, as the
Grape, Tomato, Currant, etc. (Fig. 195).

The Orange is a special kind of berry known as a
Hesperidium.

Fig. 183.

Fig. 184.

Fig. 185.

Fig. 186.

Fig. 187.

ig. ir»l. Fig. 102.

Fig. 193.

Fig. 194.

Fig. 195.

BOTANICAL TERMS.

;<.■)

.(c) Gourd or Pcpo, a modilied U-'ny, liaviiiK a lianl
rind, as in Pumpkin, Stjuasli, etc.

V (d) Pome, a fleshy pseudocarp, the product of a syii-
carpous pistil, in which the fleshy hiyer consists cliieHy
of an enlarged calyx-tube, as in Pear and Ai-i.ic (Fig.
19(5).

^ (e) Aggregated Fruit, a clustered and colierent mass
of carpels, the product of a sin-le flower, as in liasj)-
berry (Fig. 197).

^ (f) Multiple Fruit, a clustered and colierent mass of
carpels, each carpel being the product of a .separate
flower, as in Pine-apple. The cone of tlie Pine may
be regarded as a dry multiple fruit (Fig. 198).

(g) Accessory Fruit, one in which the most con-
spicuous part is neither a part of the pistil nor com-
bined with it, as in Strawberry, where the conspicuous
part is only the enlarged and briglitly coloured receptacle,
the true fruit consisting of tlie acliencs whicli dot its
surface (Fig. 199), and in Sweet Brier, where the fleshy
outer part is a calyx-tube lined witli a hollow receptacle
which bears the true fruit (achenes) on its inner surface
(Fig. 200).

TEE SEED.

Definition.

The seed is the mature ovule, and is specially characterized
by the presence of the embryo or j'oung plantlet.

Parts.

Integument : formed by the development of the coats of the
ovule, and consisting of an outer and an inner layer.

(a) Testa, the outer layer (Fig. 206).

(b) Tegmen, the inner layer (Fig. 20()).

In connection with the integument note

(1) The Funiculus, already defined when describing
the ovule.

(2) The Hilum, or scar where the funiculus was
attached.

(3) The Micropyle, a minute opening through tlie
integument.

Also the following special appendages :
(1) Aril, an outgrowth of the funiculus or placenta,
forming a more or less fleshy covering outside the tn;e
integument of certain seeds, as in the Climbing Bitter-
Sweet and the White Water Lily (Fig. 201).

V\k. I!n;.

Fig. 197

Flg. 198.

V\K- 199.

Aril

Fig. 201.

36

GLOSSARY OF

(2) Conin, a tuft of hairs attached to the testa in some
seeds, as in Willow-herb and Milk-weed (Fig. 202).

The coma must not be confounded with the pappus
of composite flowers ; the latter is attached to the fruit.

(3) Wing, a thin expansion of the testa (Fig. 203).
But in the seeds of the Pine the wing splits off from the
scale upon which the seed grows (Fig. 168).

Nucleus : the body of the seed within the integument, con-
taining

^ (a) Eiubryo, the young plantlet as found in the seed.
This is made up of

(1) Radicle, the rudimentary stem (Fig. 204).

(2) 'Cotyledons, or Seed-leaves, the first leaves, often
thick and fleshy, as in the Bean (Fig. 205), but some-
times thin and leaf-like.

(3) Plumule, the bud at the top of the radicle (Fig.
204).

■'(b) Albumen ov Endosperm, y^hBn-prQ?,Qnt: nourishing
matter stored up outside the embryo, as shown in the
jhaded porti'on of Fig. 206, the light part in the centre
being the embrj-o.

Kind.

Dicotyledonous: having two cotyledons (Figs. 207, 208, 209).

MON'OCOTYLEDOXOUS : having only one cotj-ledon (Figs. 210,
211, 212).

PoLYCOTYLEDONOUS : having several cotyledons (Fig. 206).
This is rare.

AcoTYLEDONOUS : having no cotj'ledons (rare).
Albuminous : having albumen or endosperna in addition to
the embryo (Figs. 206, 210).

The following terms applj^ to the folding of the parts of the
embrj'o in dicotyledonous seeds :

- (a) Accumhent, when tlie radicle is turned so as to
touch the edges of the cotyledons (Fig. 213).

(b) Incumhent, when the radicle is turned so as to lie
against the back of. one cotyledon (Fig. 214).

(c) Conduplicate, the same as incumbent with the
addition that the cotyledons are curved so as to partly
infold the radicle (Fig. 215).

Nature and Use of the Parts of the Flower.

All the parts of the flower are leaf-forms (pbyllomes), differing
from ordinary foliage-leaves, because their functions are
different.

Fig. 202.

cotyledon l ^^^&.»2vv'!

■'radicle
Fitr. 201.

cotyledon

Fig. iOb.

testa

Figs. 207. 208. 209.

Fig. 210.

Fig. 21.3.

Fig. 214.

Fig. 215.

no TA NIC A L TEJii/a.

37

The sepals differ less in api)e!iraace from ordinary
leaves than any of the oilier parts. The petals resemble
foliage-leaves in shape, but are mostly bright-coloured
instead of green, and they are often sweet-scented.
Sepals and petals together are pt'otec five organs, and they
also serve to attract insects.

Stamens are leaf-forms in which the filament answers
to the petiole, and the anther to the blade, as shown in
Fig. 21G.

Carpels are loaf-forms folded lengthwise more or less
completely, as shown in Fig. i?l7.

Stamens and carpels are essciiUdl organs, and are
directly concerned in the production of seed.

FLORAL DIAGRAMS.

By a floral diagram is meant the plan of a flower as exhibited
in a cross-section. It should show tlio number and relative
position of all the floral organs. Tiio position of sepals,
petals, and stamens is commonly easy to (ix, but the true
position of the carpels presents a little more difficulty. The
ovary must be cut aci-oss with a sluirp knife while some
other organ (saj^ the calj^x) is still in position, and the
relative situation of the carpels must then be carefully
observed. The aestivation of calyx and corolla may also be
shown to advantage in a floral diagram.

A number of examples of these diagrams are given in tlie
margin, and the pupil should make the construction of such
diagrams a regular part of his work.

Fig. 215) is a diagram of a Mint flower.

Fig. 219 " " '' Leguminous flower.

Fig. 220 •• " " Marsii Marigold.

Fig. 221 ^'

Fi"-. 222 •'

Fig. 223 ••

Fig. 224 "

Fig. 225 •'

Melon (stuniinute).
■' Melon (pistillate).

Compo-^itf flower.
" Iris.

I Irass tlower.

Fi»r. 21B.

Kip. ?17.

SC^

Fljr. -M".

FIsr. 219-

Fife'. JLit.

Fig. 221.

Fig. 222.

FIp.SM.

tig. r.':\

3S

GLOSSARY OF

LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS.

The pupil should make a constant practice of splitting flowers
through the centre (best done from below upwards with a
very shariD knife), and drawing the section thus presented.
Such a drawing is exceedingly useful in connection with
the floral diagram, as still further exhibiting the relation of
the parts to each other.

Fig. 226 is a good example. Here the relations of the
parts can be seen at a glance.

COMPOSITE FLOWERS.

A full description of a Composite flower involves some par-
ticulars of a special kind ; for convenience, thei'efore, the
various terms in use are collected together here.

Inflorescence.

Under this heading describe the arrangement of the heads,
using the terms already explained — solitary, cymose,
racemose, corymbose, spiked, etc.

Head.

The assemblage of florets (few or many) on a common
receptacle.

Parts of the Head.

Florets : the small single flowers which in tlie aggregate
make up the head. These are

(a) Ligulate, when the corolla is prolonged on one side
into a flat strap-shaped piece (Fig. 227).

(b) Titbular, when the corolla is not thus prolonged,
but is regularly developed all rou t. ' (Fig. 228).

Receptacle : the place upon which the florets stand.

Involucre : the circle or circles of bracts which surround tlie i
head.

Kinds of Head.

LiGL'LiFLORAL : when all the florets of the head are ligulate,
as in Dandelion (Fig. 229).

Tl'BULIFLORAl : when all the florets are not ligulate ; and
such heads are

(a) Discoid, if all the florets are tubular as in Thistle.

(b) Radiate, if the florets round the margin of tlie
head (ray-florets) are ligulate, while tlie central ones
(disk-florets) are tubular, as in Sunflower (Fig. 230),

Fiff. 226.

Fig. 227.

Fig. 228.

Fig. 229.

ray-floret

disk-floret cliaff

involucre

Fig. 230.

BO TA NlilA L TEHM.-i

Ray-Florets (always without stamens).
Number: 5, 10, 20, cc, etc.
Kind :

(a) Pistillate, if the pistil is present.

(b) Neutral, if the pistil is absent.
Shape: linear, oblong, ovate, etc.
Colour : white, yellow, etc.

Pappus (if present) :

(a) Simple, if in a single row of similar itirces.

(b) Double, if there is an outer row of shorter pieces.

(c) Capillary, of fine hair-like pieces.

(tl) Plumose, of branching hairs or bristles, as in
Thistle.

(e) Barbed, if the hairs have tooili i)ointing backward,
as in Dandelion.

(f) Chaffy, of a few teeth or scales (Fig. 231).
ACHEXE :

(a) Comx>ressed, when somewhat flattened.

(b) Terete, cj-lindrical (the cross-section round).

(c) Angled, as in Fig. 232.

(d) Striate, marked with fine vertical lines.

Disk-Florets.

Number: 5, 10, 20, cc, etc.
Kind : perfect, staminate, etc.
Colour : yellow, brown, etc.
Pappus : as for the raj'-florets.
ACHENE : as for the raj'-florets.

Receptacle.

Form : flat, concave, convex, conical, etc.
Surface :

(a) Chaffy, if tliere are chaff-like scales or bristles
growing on the receptacle among the florets (Fig. 2o0),
as in Sunflower.

(b) Smooth, or naked, if there are no such scales or
bristles, as in Dandelion.

Involucre.
Form :

(a) Ovoid, egg-shaped, the broader part below, as in
Thistle.

(b) Cylindrical, nearlj^ the same width all the way up
(Fig. 233).

(c) Saucer-shaped, veiy flat and shallow.

(d) Cup-shaped, Bell-shapi-d , err.

40

a LOSS A HY OF

Bracts (or Scales) or Involucre.

NuMHEK OF Rows : state the exact number, unless ver^'
numerous.

Arrangement of Scales :

(a) Imbricated, in several rows and over-lapping
(Fig. 233).

(b) Reflexed, turned backward, as in Dandelion (Fig.
229).

(c) Appressed, closely pressed together.

(d) Squarrose, with the points widely spreading (Fig.
233).

Texture :

(a) Herbaceous, green and leaf-like.

(b) Scarioua, thin and membranaceons.
Shape : use the ordinai-y leaf terms.

GRASSES.

Tliese plants also requii'e several special terms for their complete
descrii^tion. A few of the most necessary are given here.

Inflorescence.

In nearly all cases the inflorescence is a panicle, that is, an
irregulai'l}^ branched raceme, and the panicle is either
loose and open, as in Meadow-grass (Fig. 238), or dense
and closely' packed as in Timothy and Foxtail.

Spikelets : the small separate clusters of flowers which
together make up the panicle (Fig. 239). In some cases
there is but one flower in the spikelet.

Outer Glumes : the pair of bracts at the base of the spikelet
(Fig. 240). Note their shape and relative size.

Inner Glumes or Palets : the pair of chafE-like bracts
enclosing each particular flower (Fig. 242).

Awns : bristle-shaped appendages sometimes found on the
glumes or palets (Fig. 242).

LoDicuLES : small hypogynous scales next to the stamens,
occasionally found in grass-flowers.

Culm.

This is the name of the stem (Fig. 238). It is usually JioUow
except at the joints. The culms may be tufted or single,
and their attitude and other characters can be described
by terms already explained.

Fig. 234.

Fig. -'."J.

^--^?

Fig. 237.

Fig. 236.

BOTANICAL TERMS.

41

Leaf.

Sheath : the .ower portion of the loaf surrounding the stem,

and split on the side away from the blade (Fig. 238).
Ligule: a thin upwiud projection from the top of the sheath.

Fruit.

Tills ahvaj's a cartjo^xs/'s or (/rain.

TYPES OF GRASSES.

Tlie following- selection of Grasses will bo found useful for
examination, as illustrating most of the variations in tlio
structure of these plants.

1. Timothy.

Note the close inflorescence. Separate one of the component
pieces which will probably resemble Fig. 234. If fully
opened out it will resemble Fig. 235. Carefully dissect
and describe, making a floral diagram. The spikelet
hero consists of a single flower.

■2. Red-Top.

Xote the open panicle (Fig. 23G). Detach and dissect a spike-
let (Fig. 237), which in this plant also consists of a
single flower. Observe the difference in the size of the
inner bracts, and the three nerves on the larger one.

3. Meadow-Grass.

The inflorescence is here an open greenish panicle, but each
spikelet (Fig. 239) is compressed laterally and contains
from three to five flowers. Fig. 210 shows a single
flower. Xote the delicate whitibh margin of the lower
palet, and the thin texture of the upper one ; also the
two teeth at the apex of the latter, and the five nerves on
the former.

i. Chess.

Here the spikelets (Fig. 241) are on iong, slender, nodding
pedicels, and each contains from eight to ten flowers.
The glumes are different in size. Dissect out a single
flower (Fig. 242) and note the awn on the lower palet.
The upper palet at length grows fast to the groove of the
oblong grain.

5. Couch-Grass.

In this grass the spikelets are sessile on opposite sides of a
zig-zag peduncle, so that the whole forms a sort of spike.
Each spikelet is four to eight-flowered, and there is but
one at each joint of the peduncle, the side of the spikelet
being against the stalk. Note the running root-stocks,
which cause the grass to bo a nuisance difficult to get
rid of.

culm

-sbcath

Fit'. 2!».

Apikelct
(flume

Fl^r. -jxi Kip. sw.

palet

FIjr. »«. FIjr. 2*3.

42

a LOUS AH Y OF

<5. Old- Witch Grass.

This grass is to be found everywhere in sandy soil and in
cultivated grounds. The leaves are verj- hairy, and the
panicle very large, compound, and loose, the pedicels
being exti-emely slender. Of the two glumes one is much
larger than the other. Unless you are careful you will
regard the spikelets as 1 -flowered: observe, however,
that in addition to the one manifestly perfect flower there
is an extra palet beloiv. This palet (which is very much
like the larger glume) is a rudimentary- or abortive second
flower, and the spikelet may be described as 1 ^-flowered.

7. Barnyard Grass.

This is a stout, coarse plant, common in manured soil. It is
from one to four feet in height, and branches from the
base. The spikelets form dense spikes, and these are
crowded in a dense panicle which is rough with stiff
hairs. The structure of the spikelets is much the same
as in Old- Witch Grass, but the palet of the neutral flower
is pointed with a rough awn or bristle.

t!. Foxtail.

In the common Foxtail the inflorescence is apparently' a dense,
bristlj', cylindrical spike. In reality, however, it is a
spiked panicle, the spikelets being nuich the same as in
Barnyard Grass, btit their pedicels are prolonged beyond
them into awn-like bristles. In this plant the bristles
are in clusters and are barbed upwards. 'The spikes are
taivny-yelloio in colour.

THE PLANT-BODY GENERALLY,

And the Functions of its Parts.

The higher plants, such as phanerogams, are found to be
made up of four distinct kinds of members, as follows :

A. — Root: embracing the ordinarj' subterranean forms as
previously described, and certain aerial forins, together
with those of parasitic plants which feed upon other
living organisms. The root differs from the stem in
several important respects :

(a) It is tipped with a mass of liardened cells consti-
tuting the root-cap (Fig. 243, a). This protects the
young root as it makes its way through the soil, and it
is replaced from the inside as fast as it is worn awaj' on
the outside.

(b) The growth of the I'oot in length is accomplished
by additions to its extremity, immediatelj^ behind the
root-cap.

no TA MCA L Tint MS.

(c) Roots originate endoyenoxusly, that is to say, tliey
do not develope from the exterior or surface of tlie jdant-
body, but always begin in the deeper tissues, and even-
tually break their way through tlie overlying layers till
they reach the surface.

(d) They do not, as a rule, produce leaves or buds.

(e) They tend, as a rule, to grow downwards into the
soil, avoiding the light.

(f) The minute strvicture of the root is less ix;rfect in
its development than that of the stem.

^\\e functions of the root are

(a) To fix the plant in its place.

(b) To act as an absorbent of the nutritious liquids
contained in the soil.

(c) In special cases to serve as a storehouse of food for
the plant.

B. — Caulome : including the stem and all its equivalents,
such as branches, runners, tendrils, thorns, etc., as
already described.

In contrast to the root, the stem is alwaj's preceded by
a bud.

A bud is an earlj' stage of the development of a stem
or branch, and is found on dissection to consist of many
rudimentary leaves crowded on a short axis. This axis
subsequently deve\oi>es tJn'oughont its length, forming the
internodes (Fig. 244), thus differing widelj' from the root,
which grows by additions to its extromitj'.

"Winter-buds are covered with scaly bracts called biul-
scales, which separate and fall away soon after the devel-
opment of the bud begins in the spring.

Euds are

(a) Terminal, when at the ends of stems and
branches.

(b) Axillary, when produced in the axils (Fig. 244) of
leaves.

(c) Adventitious, when produced in some irregular
manner.

(d) .4cce*-6-o/7/, when produced as extra or additional
buds beside the regular axillary bud, so that there are
really several buds in the axil.

The functions of the caulome are

(a) To bear leaves and flowers.

(b) To serve as a medium for the conveyance of the
nourishing liquids absorbed by the root.

44

GLOSS A in" OF

(c) In certain cases to serve as a storehouse for jjlunt-
food.

C. Phyi.i.omk : including the leaves and all tlieir equivalents,
sucli as bracts, cotj'ledons. bud-scales, sepals, petals, etc. ,
as already' described.

The phylloine is always developed laterally on a
caulome.

Foliage-leaves (as contrasted with flower-leaves) are
generally green, owing to the jircsence of a substance
called chlorophi/ll (found also in all other gi-een parts).
A section thi-ough the body of a leaf is shown in Fig.
245, the shaded portions I'epresenting the cells v^^hich. con-
tain , Iilorophyll.

The chiet function of foliage-leaves is to assimilate the
food-naaterials derived from the soil and the air, thus
converting them into forms (commonly starch) which can
be used in advancing the plant's growth. Sunlight and
chlorophyll are essential to the process of assimilation.

Transjnratioyi. Water-vapour is given off through
the leaves, by the agency of minute openings (chiefly on
the under surface) known as stomata (singular stoma).
One of fhese greatly magnified is shown in Fig. 246.
These stomata communicate with air-spaces among the
loosely-packed cells in the body of the leaf. It may often
be observed in hot bright weather that the leaves of plants
droop if exposed to the sun ; this is because the loss of
water through the leaves is greater than the suj^ply
through the roots. At night, however, the stomata close,
and the balance being restored the plant recovers.

The functions of flower -leaves have already been re-
ferred to.

D. — Triciiome : including all the outgrowths from the surface
or epidermis, whether of stem, leaf or root, such as hairs,
bristles, root-hairs, prickles, etc.

Of all the trichoma sti-uctures the root-hairs which
occur abundantly on the j^oung roots of most plants, are
the most imjiortant. They consist of single long cells,
and their function is to increase the absorbing surface of
the root, for which service they are peculiarly fitted by
the thin and delicate nature of their walls.

Hairs on parts above ground usually consist of a row
of cells placed end to end (Figs. 247, 248). Often they
are branched, as in the leaf-hairs of the ]\Iullein.

Glandular hairs secrete a liquid in the cell which oc-
cupies the extremity of the hair. The sticky surfaces of
certain plants are produced in this way.

^□□□coqt

'■^^

Fifr. 2-17.

Fig. 218.

no TA NIC A L TKll MS.

45

I

Stinghifj hairs secrete a poisonous liquid. Tlio point
of a hair of tliis kiiul on piercing; the skin breaks ofT,
leaving the poison in the wounJ.

Prickles (Fig. 249) differ from thorns in being out-
growths of the bark • thorns arise from the wood.

GROWTH.

The growth of a plant consists in llio multiplication of its cells,
and the subsequent enlargement of the latter by the addi-
tion of new matter. The development of the cell frequently
Involves, also, a change of form.

Germination.

By this term is meant the commencement of the process of
growth from the seed. Under suitable conditions of
tempeiature and moistui-e the embryo, which is dormant
in the dry seed, wakens into activity and begins to
develope. The details of the process vary somewhat
according to the structure of the seed. If the cotyledons
are thin and leaf-like, as in Majtle for example, the radi-
cle genei-ally grows througliout its length so as to raise
them above the soil, wliere they at once expand and
become the first green leaves of the new plant, a root
being at the same time developed from the lower end of
the radicle. But if the cotyledons are thick and llosliy,
containing much nourishment, then usually a bud called
the plumule, which contains the elements of additional
bits of stem, will be a prominent feature in the embryo,
and in this case the cotyledon or cotyledons not infre-
quently remain under ground, as in the pea and the
acorn, and so do not perform the office of foliage-leaves,
but merely supply the newly developing parts with nour-
ishment. In albuminous seeds, the endosiierm is the
chief source from which the germirating embryo derives
its support.

Vitality of Seeds.

There is a considerable difference in regard to the length of
time during which seeds retain their vitality. Some,
such as those of Elm and Poplar, will germinate only
if they have been kept fresh and not permitted to dry
up, while others, such as those of Indian Corn and ,
Wheat, and in general those containing a copious store of j
starch, may be kept for a very long time without lo-sing |
their germinating power.

40

O LOSS A It r OF

Pood of Plants.

Growth implies assimilation of food. The elements of plant-
food are ascertained by making a chemical analysis of
the plant itself. AVater forms a very considerable per-
centage of the whole weight, but is present to a greater
extent in some portions of the plant body than in others.
Fleshy roots, for example, may contain as much as 90
per cent., while dry seeds contain only about 12 per cent.

The water may be expelled by careful drjang, and if
Avhat is then left is burnt, what is called the oryaiiic part
of the plant disajipears, and the inorrjanic part (the ash)
remains behind. The organic part consists mainly of the
elements carbon, hydrogen, oxj'gen, nitrogen, and sul-
phur ; while the inorganic part contains very small
quantities of phosphorus, iron, calcium, magnesium,
and potassium. Of all these constituents of the dr?/
plant carbon is the most abundant, amounting to about
half the entire weight.

Sources of Plant-food.

All the materials just mentioned are obtained from the air,
the water, and the soil. There is constantly present in
the air carbonic acid gas — a compound of carbon and
oxj-gen. This is absorbed by tlie leaves of land-plants,
and (being soluble) from the water in which they live,
by immersed plants. After absorption the gas is decom-
posed and the carbon appropriated. The oxygen re-
quired by the plant is derived chiefly from the carbonic
acid gas and from water. Hydrogen is obtained chiefly
by the decomposition of water, and nitrogen from the
nitrates and ammonia salts in the soil. Sulphur, also, is
obtained from salts occurring in the soil, and so too, of
cour.se, are all the inorganic elements

Respiration.

Plants, like animals, are continvially inhaling oxygen ; indeed,
as with animals, oxygen is essential to their existence.
Germinating seeds and growing parts require large
quantities of oxj'gen. The gas when inhaled is combined
with carbon, giving rise to carbon dioxide. This process
of oxidation is alwaj's accompanied by evolution of heat.
This is well illustrated in the pi-ocess of malting, where
damp bai'ley is heaped together. As soon as the grain j
begins to sprout oxygen is rapidly absorbed, and a very
decided rise of temperature takes place.

BOTANICAL TKUMS.

47

A-ssimilation.

Tliis is the process by which the carbon obtaiiiod from carlion
dioxide is combined with the elements of wiiler to form
starch.

Metastasis.

This is the process by wliich the starch, resultiiiK from
assimilation, is converted into soluble forms and removed
from the cells where it was produced to other portions of
the plant where it is needed for purjioses of growth, or, if
thei-e is an excess, to storehouses sucli as roots, bulbs,
etc., for future use.

Circumstances Afifecting Growth.

Temperature. — Growth maj' bo stoitiied altof^ether by either
too low or too high a temperatwro, and between the lim- ]
its within^vhich any given plant is found to be capable
of growth there will be found a particular degree of
temperature more favourable to growth than any other,
either above it or below it. This may be called the apti-
mum. The effect of temperature differs considerably ac-
cording to the amount of water present in the part
affected, dry seeds, for instance, resisting a temperature,
either high or low, to which soaked sei».ds would at once
succumb.

Liylit. — Light is essential to assimilation, but seeds and
tubers, as well as nianj- of the lower plants which are
without chlorophyll, such as Mushrooms, will grow in
the absence of light as long as the stock of assimilated
material upon which they draw is not exhausted. Tlie
growth which takes place in the cambium-layer of dico-
tyledons and in roots is another example of increase in
size in the absence of light. The assimilated material in
all these cases, however, has been previously elaboratwl ;
elsewhere. j

Light is found to exercise a retarding influence upon 1
growth. A plant, for instance, in a window will bend j
towards the light, because the cells on the side nearest |
the window grow more slowly than those which are
shaded, thus causing curvature of the stem and petioles.

Gravitation. — Grva.\\ta.t\on also affects growth, as we know ,
that the stem and root, or axis of the plant, are usually |
in the line of the radius of the earth at the place of j
growth. If a seedling plantlet be laid with the stem and |
root horizontal, the stem will curve upward and the root
downward in the endeavour to restore the vertical direc- |
tion.

4s a LOSS A KY OF

THE HERBARIUM.

Those who are anxious to make the most of their botanical
studies will find it of great advantage to gather and pre-
serve specimens for reference. A few hints, therefore, on
this subject will not be out of place. It will, of course, be
an object to collectors to have their specimens exhibit as
man}- of their natural characters as possible, so that,
although dried and pressed, there will be no difficult}- in
recognizing them ; and to this end neatness and care are
tlie first requisites.

Collecting.

Specimens should be collected when the plants are in flower,
and, if possible, on a dry day, as the flowers are then in
better condition than if wet. If the plant is small, the
whole of it, root and all, should be taken up ; if too
large to be treated in this w^ay, a flower and one or two
of the leaves (radical as well as cauline^ if these be
different) may be gathered.

Drying.

As manj' of your specimens will be collected at a distance
from home, a close tin box, which maj' be slung over
the shoulder by a strap, should be provided, in which
the plants may be kept fresh, particularly if a few drops
of water be sprinkled ujjon them. Perhaps a better waj',
however, is to carry a portfolio of convenient size —
say 15 inches by 10 inches — made of two pieces of stout
pasteboard or thin deal, and having a couple of straps
with buckles for fastening it together. Between the
covers should be placed sheets of blotting-paper or coarse
wrapping-paper, as many as will allow the specimens to
be separated by at least five or six sheets. The advan-
tage of the portfolio is, that the plants maj' be placed
between the sheets of blotting-paper, and subjected
to pressure by means of the straps as soon as they are
gathered. If carried in a box, they should be trans-
ferred to paper as soon as possible. The specimens
should be spread out with great care, and the crumpling
and doubling of leaves guarded against. The onlj^ way
to prevent moulding is to place plenty of i^aper between
the plants, and chaiuje the paper frequently ; the fre-
quency depending on the amount of moisture contained
in the specimens. From ten days to a fortnight will be
found sufficient for the thorough drjn'ng of almost any
plant you are likely to meet with. Having made a pile
of specimens with paper between them, as directed, they
should be placed on a table or floor, covered by a flat

Ii< > TA NIC A L TKR MS.

board, and subjected to ijressuie by placing weij;lit8 on
the top ; twenty bricks or so will answer very well.

It is of great importance that the sheet of ]ja]H;r with in
which the plant isjirst placed should not be interfered
with during the drying process. The directions as to
frequent changes refer only to the sheets not iuimediiitely
in contact with the plant. The.se, to ensure the best re-
sults, should be changed once a day for the first few
days ; less frequently thereafter. Gray recommends
ironing with hot irons in order to remove more riii)idly
the moisture from fleshy leaves, and in any case to warm
the driers in the sun before putting them between the
plants.

Mounting.

When the specimens are thoroughly drj', the next thing is to
mount them, and for this purpose you will require sheets
of sti'ong white paper ; a good quality of unruled fools-
cap or cheap drawing paper will be suitable. The most
convenient way of attaching the specimen to the paper
is to take a sheet of the same size as your paper, la}' tlie
specimen carefully in the centre, wrong side up, and gum
it thoroughly with a ver\' soft brush. Then take the
paper to which the plant is to be attached, and lay it
carefully on the specimen. You can then lift paper and
specimen together, and, by pressing lightly with a soft
cloth, ensure complete adhesion. To render plants with
stout stems additionally secure, make a slit with a pen-
knife through the paper immediately underneath the
stem, then pass a narrow band of paper round the stem,
and thrust both ends of the band through the slit. The
ends may then be gummed to the back of the sheet.

Sorting and Ticketing.

The specimen having been duly mounted, its botanical name
should be A\Titten neatlj- in the lower right-hand corner,
together with the date of its collection and the locality
where found. Of course only one Species should be
mounted on each sheet ; and when a sufficient number
have been prepared, the Species of the same Genus should
be placed in a sheet of larger and coarser paper than that
on which the specimens are mounted, and the name of
the Genus should be written outside on the lower comer.
Then the Genera of the same Order should be collected in
the same manner, and the name of the Order written
outside as before. The Oi-.Ums may thou Iw arranged in
accordance with the classification you may be using, and
carefully laid away in a dry place. If a cabinet, with
shelves or drawers, can be specially devoted to storing
the plants, so much the better.

;■)()

MIAUTE STRUCTLllK.

ON THE MINUTE STRUCTURE OF PLANTS.

The Cell— Tissues— Tissue-Systems-

genous Stems.

-Exogenous and Endo-

Qp to this point we have been engaged in observing such
particulars of structure in plants as are manifest to the naked
ej'e. We shall now enquire a little more closely, and find out
wluit we can about the elementary structure of the different
organs. We have all observed how tender and delicate is a
little plantlet of any kind just sprouting from the seed ; but as
time elapses, and the plant developes and acquires strength, its
substance will, as we know, assume a texture varying with the
nature of the plant, either becoming hard and firm and woody,
if it is to be a tree or a shrub, or continuing to be soft and com-
pressible as long as it lives, if it is to be an herb. Then, as a
rule, the leaves of plants are of quite a different consistency
from the stems, and the ribs and veins and petioles of foliage-
leaves are of a firmer texture than the remaining part of them.
In all plants, also, the newest portions, both of stem and root,
are extremely soft compared wnth the older parts. It will be
our object now to ascertain, as far as we can, the reason of svich
differences as these ; and to accomplish this we shall have to
call in the aid of a microscope of much higher power than that
which has hitherto served our purpose.

The Cell.

First let us examme under our microscope a very thin slice of
the pith of the Elder. You see at once that the whole
slice is made up of more or less rounded, nearly trans-
i;)arent bodies, rather loosely thrown together, as shown
in Fig. 250. Next let us examine, in the same way, a tliin
slice of the tuber of the Potato. Here, again, it is evi-
dent that the object under examination is wholly composed
of enclosed spaces, not so much rounded, however, as
those of the Elder pith, because they are more closelj"
packed together. Fig. 251 is a representation of two of
these spaces. Now look at the leaf of a Moss, and you
see again that we have an aggregation of enclosed spaces
as before (Fig. 252). So, also, if we examine a hair from
the surface of a Petunia or a Geranium, we have some
such appearance presented to us as that shown in Figs. 253
and 254, the hairs manifestly consisting of several enclosed
spaces placed end to end. In short, the microscope
reveals to us the fact that every part of a i)lant is made
up of such enclosed spaces, varying greatly in shape and
size and general aspect, it is true, but alwaj-s (except in
some of the very lowest plants) clearly exhibiting boun-

Fig. 2.oO.

f:"-. l'5i.

Fig. 252.

MISUTE STIiUCTUllE.

51

daries ; and since these boundaries are visible, no matter
in what direction we make our cutting, it is clear tliat
the spaces must be shut in on all sides. These enclosed
spaces are called cells, and their boundaries are known as
the cell- walls.

Protoplasm.

"Whilst looking at the parts of plants just submitted to exami-
nation, it must have struck j'ou that the interior of the
cell presents a ver^- different appearance in different cases.
The Potato section, for example, is not at all like tho
Moss-leaf section in the matter of cell-contents, and the
cells of the Elder-pith appear to be quite empty. We
shall discuss these differences presentl}-. In tiie mean,
time let us studj' the appearance of some cells taken fresh
from some part of a plant where growth is actually going
on — say the point of a new rootlet. If our section is taken
near enough to the point we shall get cells which have
been just formed. Such a section is xevy well shown in
Fig. 255. Here the cells are seen to be completely- filled
with liquid having a granular apiicarance, and in the
centre of each a rounded denser jiortion may be made out,
each of these again enclosing one or more smaller bodies.
This liquid wdiich thus fills the newly-formed cells is
called protoplasm (p), the large rounded central mass is
the nucleus [h), consisting of denser protoplasm, and the
smaller enclosed masses are the nucleoli {kk).

Now let us consider Fig. 256. This is a representation of a
section of the same rootlet, taken a little farther back
from the point, so that the cells now in view are a little
older than the first ones. Thej' are manifestly larger ;
that is to sa}-, they have grown. The nucleus and the
nucleoli can still be made out in some of them, but tho
protoplasm no longer entirely fills the cell. There arc
now transparent spaces {vacuoles [.«.•]) which are filled
with water, and between these the protoplasm is seen in
the form of strings or bands, as well as lining the cell.
The water has been absorbed through the cell-wall, and
after saturating the protoplasm tlie excess has formed
the vacuoles.

Fig. 257 shows some cells from the same rootlet taken still
farther back. It is clear that the change observed in Fig.
256 has been carried to a still greater extent. In some of
these cells the protoplasm is restricted to the lining of the
cell and the nucleus. In this figure h is the cell-wall ;
s, s, vacuoles ; p. protoplasm ; k, nucleus.

It is now to be observed that the protoplasm is the essential
part of every living cell. Through its agency all the
vital processes of the plant are carried on. Every cell of

Fijf. a.vi.

Kit'. 'i->i.

r7

Fig. 25»;.

r,2

MINUTE STRUCTURE.

every plant at some time or other contains tliis substance,
and wlien at length it disappears, the cells which are
deprived of it no longer take any active part in the growth
of the plant, but serve merely mechanical purposes, such
as that of support or conduction, and are, in that stage of
their historj', filled usually with air or water. The pith
of the Elder is made up of such dead cells, as is also
the greater part of the wood and bark and older parts
generally of all plants.

The most marked feature of the living protoplasm is its
(ivtivity. We may observe this property' by exainining
plant-hairs and other parts under high powers of the
microscope, when it will be seen that there are move-
ments of two kinds. The whole mass of protoplasm has
a rotary motion, sliding upon the cell-wall, downwards
on one side and upwards on the other. This is the
'mass-movement. Also currents may be traced passing
across the protoplasm in different directions. This is the
streaming-movement. In Fig. 258 the arrows show the
direction of the currents.

In some of the ver3' lowest plants, where there is no cell-wall,
and the whole is- a mass of naked protoplasm, these
movements may be observed more readilj' because they are
less restricted.

There is some doubt as to the exact chemical composition of
protoplasm. It is, however, a verj' complex substance
belonging to a group of bodies known as albuminoids, of
which nitrogen is an important constituent.

The consistence of protoplasm depends upon the amount of
Avater it contains. In dry seeds, for example, it is tough
and hard, but Avhen the same seeds are soaked in Avater
it becomes i^artially liquid.

Forms of Cells.

As cells become older they tend as a rule to change their
form, though sometimes we find them differing but little
from their original conformation. Commonly a cell
grows more rapidly in some one direction, thus giving
rise to long forms, as is the case in stems generally, and
in the i^etioles and veins of leaves, the superior toughness
and strength of which are due to the lengthening and
hardening of the cells of which they are composed (Fig.
259).

The Cell-wall.

In the i)ortions of plants just selected for microscopic exami-
nation we have seen that tlie protoplasm is in every
instance bounded by a wall. It has been ascertained
that the wall is a chemical compound of carbon, hydro-

FiR. 257.

Ofjp

Fig. 259.

MINUTE STKUCTURE.

5.'J

gen and oxygen, and to this compound tlic name alhtlosc
has been given.

We have said that the protoplasm is the active principle
through tlie agency of which all the vital processes of
the plant are carried on. It contains at some time or
other every constituent of the plant. The cell-wall is
itself, therefore, a product or .tpcrctton of the protoplasm,
and is at first an extremely thin lilm, wiiich, however,
gradually increases in thickness by the addition of further
material. This new material is deposited bdwcfn ttir
molecules of the original film, and so extend.s not only
the surface of the wall, but, by deeper deposits, the
thickness also. This process of acquisition of new mate-
rial is known as intussusception.

As the wall between two cells increases in thickness, a di.stinct
middle layer is discernible in it, known as the middle
lamella (m, Fig. 2(i0). Tiiis portion of the common wall
is diff(>rent in chemical composition from the rest, so that
it may, tinder jiroper treatment, be dissolved and the
the cells thereby separated.

It is in the earlier stages of their history, while the walls are
comparativeh' thin, that the cells possess the greatest
activity. Bj' these alone is carried on the process of
growth, which consists in the multiplication and enlarge-
ment of cells.

It is seldom the case that the wall is thickened unifoi-mly.
Often numerous round thin spots are left, so that the cell
has a dotted appearance (Fig. 2(>1). When the thin
spots in adjacent cells are contiguous, as they commonly
are, a readj' means of intercommunication is afforded.
Sometimes the spots, instead of being round, are oblong,
so that the cell under the microscope presents a ladder-
like appearance, and so is said to bo scalarifonn (Fig.
2(52). Then, again, the thickening may take the form of
sjyiral bands upon the inner surface ; or, instead of a
continuous spiral band, we may find a series of isolated
rings, when the marking is said to be annular. Jietieu-
lated cells are also found, in which the markings, as the
name implies, form a sort of network on the walls.
Several of these forms aresliown in Figs. 2G3 and 2(>4.

Sometimes round thin spots will be left in the wall, and over
each of these a thick-walled dome with an oi)ening at
the top will be formed. At the same time a similar dome
is raised at exactly' the same spot on the other side of the
wall in the next cell; and, finally, the thin partition
between the opposite domes break awaj', permitting free
communication. Thus are formed what are called bor-
dered pit.'i (Fig. 265), which abound in the wood of Coni-

fe>f 1

^i'^

Fif?. 200.

FIk. SGI.

d

—

:?

Fitr. 263. Fig. 264.

Flgr.265.

54

MISUTE STIWCTURE.

fers. Fig. 2M is a diagram showing the structure of
these peculiar markings.

When cells stand end to end, and thin spots are left in the
cross-partitions between them, slcvp.-cells ai'O formed.
Here, again, the tliin spots finally disappear, thus prac-
tically Igniting adjacent cells. Fig. 2G7 illustrates these
cells. Here J9S represents the shrunken protoplasm (lifted
off the perforated cross-pai-tition at sii) ; si, a sieve-plate
on tlie side-wall. On the right is a view of tlie sieve-
like wall.

It sometimes happens that the thickening takes place through-
out tlie length of a cell but in its angles only. Cells of
this kind, wliicii are often found immediately under the
surface of the stem in the higher plants, are called collen-
chrjma cells. Fig. 268 is a transverse section of a petiole
of a Begonia leaf, showing collenchyma cells ; e is the
epidermis, chl chlorophyll granules.

Besides the markings on the inside, cells often show mark-
ings on the outside. The pollen-grains of tlie Mallow,
for instance, are seen under the microscope to be covered
with pointed projections. Other pollen-grains, also, ex-
hiljit outside markings of different sorts.

Tlie tliickening deposit may be so excessive in some cases as
to almost completely fill up the cavity of the cell (Fig.
'2()n). The shells of nuts and the tough coatings of seeds
consist of cells of this kind ; but even in these cases the
wall may be seen to be traversed by slender pores or
canals, either simple or branched, radiating from the
centi-e of the cell. To these hardened cells the name
scl(:r(in<-]iy)iia is applied.

The Contents of Cells.

If j'ou look at Fig. 252, or, better still, if you have the oppor-
titnity of viewing a Moss-leaf through a good microscope,
3'ou will see that in the protoplasmic lining of the cells
there are numerous greenish, rounded granules. These
are the bodies to which the green parts of plants owe
tiieir colour. They ai'e called chloroi^hyll-yi^anulcs, and
consist of protoplasmic matter in which particles of green
colouring matter are embedded. The colouring matter
itself is chlorophj-ll, and may be dissolved out of the
granules, leaving the latter as ordinary i^rotoplasin.
Almost without exception chloropliyll requires the action
of sunlight for its production, and tlie clilorophyll dis-
appears from green parts when sunlight is withdrawn, as
is well seen in the process of bleaching celery. In many
of our brightl}^ coloured foliage-plants the chloroph^'ll is
concealed from view by other colouring matters. In
flowers various colours are found in the protoplasm, but

Fig. 2G6.

Fiff. 267.

Fig. 2fi8.

.1/ /N U TE UTR UC TUlii:

these, unlike cliloi-opli.N II, are iirocluceJ in daikness as
well as in sunlight.

Chlorophyll is of the utmost importance to the plant, seeing
that only in the cells which contain it. and in tlio pros-
euce of sunlight, can the materials whi<-h the j.Iant
imbibes from the soil and the air be tiNsimildted. that is,
converted into matter wliiih the plant can use for the
purposes of growth.

Now consider Fig. 2")!. Here are exhibited cell-contents of
an entirely different aspect. The rounded bodies here
\\?,'\h\e a.YQ starch-(jranuli's. as may be easily demonstrated
by adding a drop of iodine solution to the Potato section
under the microscope, a characteristic blue colour being
at once produced. Such granules, differing somewhat in
shape in different cases, abound in the cells of tu1)crs and
grains of all sorts, where they have been stored up for
use during the process of germination. Thej^ are origin-
ally formed during sunlight in the chlorojihyll granules
of the green parts. "When the light is withdrawn, as at
night, they are dissolved and carried in solution to other
parts to promote growth or to be stored up. If starcli-
granules are subjected for a time to the action of saliva
it will be found that a portion of each granule has been
dissolved out, leaving an insoluble skeleton behind. The
granule is thus shown to be made uj) of two distinct parts,
the more soluble portion being known as yranulosr, and
the less soluble framework as starch-cellulose.

Crystals.

These are of common occurrence in many plants, not o\\\y in
the cell-cavities, but also imbedded in the substance of
the cell-wall. They are also of various shapes, and may
either occur separately or be massed together in clusters.
The needle-shaped forms are known as vaphidis. Tlie.se
crystals consist for the most part of calcium oxalate, but
calcium carbonate is- also found, and may be readily dis-
tinguished from the former by the effervescence occasioned
on the addition of h\drochloric acid. The oxalate dis-
solves in this acid without effervescence.

Crystals may be readily observed under the microscoiie in thin
sections of scales from the Onion bulb (Fig. 2()9), Khu-
barb, Indian Turnip, and many other plants.

In the leaves of plants of the Nettle Family it fretiuentl^- hap-
pens that a wart-like growth of celhdose takes i)lace
on the inside of the cell-wall, the inwardly projecting
mass being attached to the wall by a slender stalk, and
having multitudes of small crystals imliedded in it. Such
inward growths are called cijstoliths ; they may be
readilv seen in cross-sections of the Nettle leaf.

Jlj

M/NU TE STIiUCTURE.

Crystalloids.

S(mm1s, especially tlioso of an oily nature, as they approach
maturity and become dry, develope in their cells multi-
tudes of small rounded bodies of an albuminous nature
known as alKuronc-cjrains (Fig. 270), and these often
envelope minute substances of crj'stalline aspect, which,
however, under the action of potash and other re-agents,
undergo such changes of form as to lead to the belief that
they are not true crystals. They are called cryntalloidH,
and are to be regarded as forms of protoplasm.

Occasionally' crystalloids are observed without the albuminous
envelope, as, for example, in the tuber of the Potato.
Fig. 2.')! shows a cell having two or three such crystal-
loids of a cubical shape.

The aleurone-grains in seeds containing starch fill the spaces
between the starch-granules, as shown in Fig. 270, which
represents a cell from the cotyledon on the Pea. In oily
seeds, such as the Brazil-nut, they replace the starch.

Other Cell-contents.

Besides the important substances already enumerated as pro-
ducts of the protoplasm, many others are found, such as
sugar, inuline (a substance nearly related to starch, and
found in a few special plants), fixed oils (castor, olive,
linseed, etc., chiefly in seeds), essential oils (turpentine,
oil of lemons, and essences of different kinds), gums,
resins, and various acids.

How new Cells are formed.

There are several methods by which new cells are produced,
but in the higher plants the common method is that of
cell-division. "We have already stated that only the
newer thin-walled cells are capable of exercising this
function. The process is briefly as follows : in the cell
about to divide, the protoplasm first separates into two
portions, each containing part of the nucleus ; then a
partition-wall of cellulose is developed between the two
portions, thus forming two cells out of the original one.
Each part then enlarges and divides again, and so the
process goes on. When cell-division takes place in one
direction only, filaments or threads are formed ; if in
two directions, surfaces are formed; while division in
three directions gives rise to masses. Fig. 271 shows
dividing cells of the Bean in different stages.

It is evident that every part of a plant, however much altered
in its later history, must in its earlier stages have con-
sisted of this thin-walled cellular sitbstance, or »ier^.y<e«^,
as it is called from its power of dividing.

Cell-division, then, is the method of new cell formation which
prevails in the vegetative parts of the higher plants. In

-U / A' U TE S TRL'C TURK.

tfie product ion of jiollen, liowovcr. ami of the spores of
vascular ciypto.uiiins. four iirw iniclfi ure formed in the
cell, and the protoplasm collects about these, eventuully
secreting walls, so that four new and complete cells nro
formed within the orifiinal one. and those sooner or lati-r
make their escape. This mode is known us //re <v//-
I'ormation. Fij;. 272 shows the formation of pollen-
j^rains of Hollyhotk in four stages. In tlie production of
the endospoiin colls in the emhryo-sac, and the spores of
many of the lower plants, a similar process goes on ; hut
here the division of the nucleus is not limited to four i)or-
tions, as in the cases just mentioned, but may be carried
on to an indefinite extent.
In some lower plants the entire contents of two adjacent cells
may coalesce to form a siniifle new cell. This mode is
known as conjuijation. Fi-. 2T.> shows tliis process in
Spii-ogyra. At a the fusion of the protoplasm is goini.'
on ; at 6 it is complete. Also, tlie contents of a cell nniy
contract and develope a new cell-wall, a process known
as the rejuvenescence, or renewal of a cell.

Tissues.

An aggregation of similar cells is called a fissnr. Originally,
every part of a plant consists of vierishvi, that is, of cells
capable of dividing. But changes set in, as we have seen,
at a very early stage, and eventually' all the cells assume
jiernianent forms, some developing in one way, others in
quite a different way, according to the function of each
particular part. So that in any given plant we find tis-
sues, or groups of cells, of very various kinds, and verj'
different arrangements of these tissues in different ca.si-s.
By examining sections taken in succe.ssion from the grow-
ing point backwards, every degree of change from meri-
stem to permanent tissue may be made out.

In the growing parts of all plants, in the pulp of fruits, in tho
pith, in the green parts of leaves, and in the entire sub-
stance of many plants of low organization, we find tissue
composed of short and comparatively thin-walled cells, to
which the name parenchi/ma has been given. On tho
other hand, in the substance of wood, in the inner bark,
in the petioles and veins of leaves, etc., we meet with
tissue consisting of long, pointed and overlapping cells,
and known as 2)ro.se,nt/ii/)ii(i. That of tho wood \s fibrous
tissue, and that of the inner bark is tlie bast, specially
characterized by the extraordinary length and flexibility
of the cells. Sclercnchyma and collcuchyina have
. already been referred to. In the former the cells are
commonly, though not always, short ; while in the latter
they are usually long, but the ends are not pointed.

M /.\ L: TE S TR UG TURK

Cells liiive been described wliich are characterized by }ieculiar
markiugs on their walls. "When such cells .stand end to
end, the cross-partitions commonly disa])pear, with the
effect of forming long tubes, generally of larger diameter
than the other cells with which they are associated.
Such large cells are known as vessels, and tissue formed
of tiiem is called vascular or tradieary tissue. Hence
we have spiral, scalar if orvi, annular, reticulated, and
dotted vessels. These different kinds of vessels are usually
found associated with fibrous tissue, and the combination
of the two is known as the Jibro-vascular systetn.

Many plants, such as Dandelion, Blood-root, Milkweed, and
Spurge, emit a coloured or milky juice when wounded.
This juice is technically called the latex. It is contained in
a .special tissue which is peculiar to such plants, known as
laticiferous tissue (Fig. 274). Its form differs in different
cases. In some instances it consists of loui;- tubes which
may or may not branch. In others, the cells composing
it form a net-work. As in the case of vessels, the latex
tubes are commonly formed b3^ the coalescence of cells
originally separate, but sometimes hx the continued apical
growth of .siniile cells.

Sieve-tissue

has been already noticed. The cells are usually rather wide,
and the walls are not hardened, but the cross-partitions
between the cells are thickened and perforated.

It may be added that single cells which resemble vessels in
their markings are often spoken of as tracheids {Fig. 265).

Tissue-Systems.

While groups of similar cells are designated tissues, we may
have also different combinations of these tissues in differ-
ent plants, or in different parts of the same pjlant, and
these various combinations are known as ti'i.'iue-systeins.
These are now usually ranged under three heads : (1) The
Epidermal System, including those combinations of tissue
which go to form the coverings of young stems, roots, and
leaves; (2) 'The Fihro- vascular System, including such
combinations as form the stringy masses which abound
in the substance of the higher plants ; and (0) The Fun-
damental Sy.stem, including the combinations of cells
which have undergone little or no change of form; in
short, all the rest of the plant except the two systems
first mentioned.

The Epidermal System

is most highly developed in Phanerogams. Fig. 27.") shows
a .section through the thickness of a leaf. Here it will
be observed that there is a closely-packed layer of cells

Fiff. 274.

ZDDOCDCqgC

Fisr. 275.

M/yUTh' STIircTl UK.

fonniui,' ilie ui.i)fr surface, ami a similar layer fonniiiK
the lower surface. Tliese layers constitute the rj,i,l,riin'M
or skin of the leaf. Tlie outer part of the e|)itl«'rini8 is
usually a continuous layer, and is known as the rufolr.
It will be seen that the walls of these cells are nuu-h
thicker than those of the cells in the body of the leaf, and
also that the epidermal cells, unlike the interior one.s,
have been emptied of their protoplasmic contents and are
rectan}:;ular in shape. It sometimes liappens that the
epidermis consists of two or three layers instead of one.

4'lie outgrow^ths of the epidermis, included under the general
terra trichomes, have already been referred to ; tliey must
be regarded as part of the epidermal system.

An examination of the under surface of almost any leaf will
sliow the presence of a large number of oval openings,
somewhat similar to that shown in Fig. 277. These are
stomata (s, Fig. 27(;). They are formed by two epider-
mal crescent-shaped cells with a space between them, and
these have the power of separating or closing together
according to circumstances ; separating in the liglit, in
moist weather, and closing in dry. The openings com-
municate with inttirviillular spanus in the body of the
leaf, a number of which are seen in Fig. 27"). Fig. 278
is a larger view of a fulh* formed stoma (.v). In ordinary*
leaves with an upper and a lower surface, the stomata
are far more numerous on the lower side ; indeed, many
such leaves are entirely without stomata on the upper
surface. Vertical leaves have them rather e (ually dis-
tributed ou both surfaces. Immersed leaves and under-
ground stems have hardly any at all. and they are never
found on roots.

The stems of Dicotyledons lose their epidermis at a compara-
tively' early period, and a tissue consisting of cells of cork,
filled witli air. takes its place. These cork-cells are modi-
fications of the cells beneatli the epidermis, and they form
an effectual protection to the tissues within. The skin of
the Potato-tuber exhibits this corky layer very clearly.
The special tissue from which the cork is developed is
called pheUogen.

Fibro-Vascular System. •

In the Fibro-vascular System different jihints exhibit a very
different arrangement of the component tissues. As a
rule, these tissues are capable of division into two group.s.
in one of which the wood is develoiied, and in the other
the bast. To the former of these groujis tlio general term
.ri/lem is applicable, and to the latter tlie term phlof.m.
The xylem is made up of the elongate<l woody cells with
pointed and overlapping ends, already referre<l to as fibrous

^^-:r\4

iw/

Kiff. STT.

F«K. S7U.

(iO

J/ jy U Tli S TJi UC T URE.

tissue, the wide tubes (vessels) with variously marked
walls, formed by the disappearance of the cross-partitions
between cells placed end to end, and more or less short-
celled tissue or parenchyma. The phloem is likewise
made up of three constituents: the long, thiek-walled,
tlexible cells called bast cells, which correspond to the
fibrous tissue of the xylem ; the wide, thin-walled sieve-
cells corresponding to the vessels ; and a certain amount
of thin-walled parenchj^ma.
The fibro-vascular bundles, as thej' are called, have their
origin in the mei'istem of the growing point. This meri-
stem is at first uniform, but soon groups of long cells
arise in it, and these are then known as procambium, to
distinguish them from the surrounding ground-tissue.
This procambium is gradually converted into the fibro-
vascular bundles.
In dicotjdedonous plants, the fibro-vascular bundles are more
or less wedge-shaped, as shown in Fig. 279. The inner
part of each, bundle consists of xylem and the outer of
phloem, and between the xylem and the phloem there is
a layer of meristem, known as the cambium. The soft
cells of the cambium divide, and the new cells thus con- /
tinually being formed become modified on the one hand
into tissues which increase the thickness of the xylem,
and, on the other, into tissues which are added to the
phloem. Later on cambium cells are formed in the
ground-tissue between the bundles, thus linking together
the cambium-layers of the various bundles, and forming
a continuous ring. The links are then known as inter-
fascicular cambium, that of the bundles themselves
being the fascicular. Bundles of this kind, character-
ized by the cambium-layer, and so caj^able of continuous
enlargement, are called open bundles. Fig. 280 illus-
trates the structure of the dicotyledonous stem. M is
the pith ; E, is the cortex ; x, xylem, and i>i phloem of
each bundle ; //?, wood formed by fascicular cambium ;
ifh, wood formed by interfascicular cambium ; ifp, inter-
fascicular phloem ; 6, b, b, bast-fibres ; fc, fascicular, and
ic, interfascicular cambium. The external ring repre-
sents the epidermis.
In monocotyledons, on the other hand, there is no cambium-
layer, and consequently the bundle when once formed is
incapable of further increase, and so is said to be closed.
Fig. 281 is a repi-esentation of the cross-section of an
endogenous stem in which many of these closed bundles
are visible. Of course in such stems no bark is formed.
It has been explained that in the exogenous stem the xylem
occupies one side of the fibro-vascular bundle, while the
phloem occupies the other. In the closed bundles of

Fis. 279.

Fiir. 280.

Fiir. L'm.

M IXr TK S Tit UC T URK.

r.i

Ferns and Club-Mosses, as well as of some monocotyle-
dons, however, a different arrangement prevails, tlie
xylem occupying the central part of the bundlo, ajid the
phloem forming' a circle around it. The former arranjre-
ment is described as collateral, wliiio the latter is vou-
centric. In many of tlie monocotyledons. ,-.>. well as in
the exogens, the bundles are collateral.

Fig. 282 shows a section of an exogenous stem somewhat
older than that shown in Fig. 279. Hero new bundles
have been formed between the earlier ones, .so that tlio
whole centre of tlie stem, excei)t the pith and the lim-.s
radiating from it, is occupied by the wood. This cylinder
of wood is now encircled by a ring of cambium, beyond
which are the tissues of the phloem.

The ajipearance presented by the cross-section of an exogenous
stem is that of a series of concentric rings, each ring
showing the limit of a year's growth, The portions of
wood formed late in the summer are more compressed by
the outlying tissue than those formed in spring, and
hence the outer part of each 3-ear's ring appears denser,
and is sharply marked off from the ring of the following
year. No growth of the cambium takes place in the
winter. The rays which intersect these rings as fine
lines consist of portions of the ground or fundamental
tissue which have been squeezed into their present form
bj' the increasing libro-vascular bundles on each side of
them ; thej' are called medullary rays, and, as the stem
grows, new ones are formed from the cambium. Only
the primary ones, however, extend from the pith to the
bark ; those formed later are shorter.

In roots a special arrangement of the tissues of the bundles
prevails, the xj-lem and phloem forming alternate rnyx.
This is the radial ari-augement.

Fundamental or Ground-Tissue.

The Fundamental or Ground-Tissue comprises all the parts of
the plant not already included in the epidermal an<l tibro-
vascular systems. The collenchyma found just beneath
the epidermis, sclerenchyma occurring in different parts,
and laticiferous tissue are constituents of the fiuidameutal
system as well as the cork cells already referred to. In
the monocotyledons ground-tissue in the form of paren-
chyma fills the space between the closed bundles of the
stem ; while in many plants in which fibro-vascular
bundles are not produced, the ground-tissue constitutes
the whole of the interior.

In exogenous stems the wood developed from the cambium is
often different from that of the primary bundle as de-
veloi^ed from the procambium. Pines, for example, have

KiK- s»«-

fi'2

SUGGESTIONS FOR LABORATORY WORK.

vessels in the primary xylem, but none in the secondary,
the latter being almost entirely made up of the cells with
bordered jnfs, already described.
The bundles of the leaves are continuous with bundles in the
stem. Leaves appear at first as protuberances on the
side of the stem close to the growing point, and the upper
ends of the primary bundles almost at the very beginning
bend outwards towards the new leaves, the lower part
being continued down the stem. In the monocotjledons
these bundles first arch inwards to'wards the centre of the
stem, and then outwards and downwards, thinning out
as they descend. Hence, in a cross-section (Fig. 281) the
bundles appear more crowded towards the circumference,
and also smaller. Such a stem is, therefore, found to be
harder at the outside than at the centre.

LABORATORY WORK WITH THE MICRO-
SCOPE.

Practical Suggestions.

It is assumed that the teacher will give all necessary in
structions as to the manipulation of the microscope, preserva-
tion and hardening of material, section-cutting and mounting,
so that it will only be urged here that as the one object in view
is to obtain a knowledge of plant-structure as exhibited in the
living organism, the simplest methods are almost invariably the
best. All the necessary section-cutting can be done with a good
razor, and water will nearly always serve as a mounting medium,
when fresh material is used.

The Cell. As a suitable object to begin with in the study of
the vegetable cell. Professor Bower recommends the com-
mon Spirofjyra which so frequently forms a green scum
on the surface of ditches and slow-flowing waters. It is
made up of unbranched threads irregularly matted to-
gether, and can generally be easilj' recognized. A small
portion of the living plant should be mounted in water in
the usual way, and studied first with a low power, when
the following points can be observed and drawings made
of them :

(a) The cell-wall which forms the lateral limit of

each thread.

(b) The cross-walls which divide the threads into cells.

(c) The protoplasmic contents of each cell, with the

green chlorophyll granules which here form
.'Spiral bands.
With a liigher power try to make out :

(a) the film-like lining of each cell {primordial

utricle).

SUaOKST/OXS FOR LAIHUtATttRV WoliK.

(>:<

K^)

The

large central

cavity

{rnvuoh-\

fillod with

colourless cell-sap.

. (c)

Tlie

green spirals iniU'tldcd

in the li

ning

of the

cell

(t^)

The

nucleus, occu

pying a

more or

less

contra! |

position in the cell,
(e) The threads of protoplasm connecting the nucleus
with the lining of the cell.
Having observed these features in the living specimen try the
effect of introducing a drop of iodine solution under the
cover-glass. "What is the effect upon the cell-wall ?
Upon the green spirals? Upon the nucleus? Try also
the effect (ujiou freshly mounted specimens) of a weak
(2^ per cent.) solution of common salt; of glycerine; of
weak solution of potash.
All these observations may be repeated with any other simple
vegetable forms, such as the prothallium of a fern, where
the cells form a surface instead of a thread as in Spirogyra.
i'lie movements of protoplasm may be easily observed in tlie
root-hairs of aquatic plants, and in the stamen-hairs of
Tradescantia.

THE BEAN AND THE MAIZE.

For practical work on the Bean and the Maize, seeds of these
plants should be germinated in wet sawdust and the
roots allowed to attain a length of several inches. "Well-
grown plants should also be availal)le.

Root of Bean.

Make cross-sections of the primary root a little back of the
apex ; clear in weak potash, and mount in glycerine.
Note the following in order from the centre :

(a) Tlie Pith, occupying the centre of the section,

(b) Several (usually four) groups of primary xylem

elements.

(c) Alternate with, and somewhat exterior to tlii-se,

the phloem groups.

(d) Filling the spaces between all the groups of 00

and (c). parenchymatous tissue.

(e) External to the xylem nn<l phloem groups, a

rather well marked l)elt of pericambium in a
single layer, at least in tiiat i.ortion wlr. h is
outside the phloem.

(f) External to the pericambium, a well marked
single layer of cells, each with a characteristic
dark dot on its radial walls. This layer consti-
tutes the btmdle-sheath {rmlotUnnis).

(g) External to ( f ). a thick ban.l of many layers of

cells, the cortex ; and finally.

64

SUGGESTIONS FOR LABORATORY WORK

(h) a sinp:le superficial layer bearing hairs, the
epidermis.

Make drawings of all the tissues observed.

Cut sections from older parts of the root, and compare witli
those already examined. Kote the formation of cai)tbiu))i
in the parenchj-ma internal to the pliloem groups. To the
division and growth of these cambium cells is due the
secondary thickening of the root. Do the older sections
exhibit epidermis? cortex?

If any of the sections pass through the origin of latai^al i-oots,
observe particularly how these originate. Are tliey
formed on the surface of the main root, or do they arise
from the deeper tissues ? How is their position related
to that of the primary xylem groups ?

Root of Maize.

In making sections of the root of Maize, the directions already
given for the Bean may be foUow^ed, and a comparison
instituted betvs'een corresponding sections. Note that
there is much less difference between the roots of these
plants than between their stems, so far as minute struc-
ture is concerned.

Apex of Root. Cut a longitudinal median section through
the apex of a j^oung root. Observe with a high power,
and note the root-cap, a rather loose mass of parenchyma
covering the tip. Kote the boundary laj-er of cells on
each side of the root ; this is the dermatogen, or nascent
epidermis. Enclosed by this is a tissue of manj- layers,
the nascent cortex, and known as periblem. Within
the periblem is the plerome-cylinder, from which the
vascular ring of xylem and phloem bundles, observed in
previovis sections, is derived.

Make drawings of the tissues observed.

Stem of Bean.

In a cross-section of an internode of the stem make out the
following parts, commencing at the centre :

(a) A central cavity (unless the stem is ver3- j'oung)

caused by the tearing asunder of the central
parenchyma as the outer parts of the stem
enlarge.

(b) The parenchyma of the pith around the cavity.

(c) The fibro-vascular bundles arranged in a ring
outside (b). Study the structure of a bundle,
commencing at the narrow end next the centre,
and observe in order :

(1) Comparatively large o])enings with thick
walls. These are vessels of different kinds, the
larger ones being pitted (as will be seen in a Ion-

SUGGESTIONS Folt LAliO/UTOJlY WORK.

V,

gitudinal section) ami tlie smaller ones spiral
and annular.

(2) Wedged in umong tlio vessels, the much
smaller tliick-Wiilled wood-cellp. These vc^ssels
and wood-cells toj?etlier constitute the xylum
portion of the fibro-vascular bundle.

(3) A band of thin-walled, narrow and rather
rectangular cells, in regular radial rows, ihe
cambium. 1

(4) External to the cambium, the bast, con-
sisting of many layers, the inner of thin-walled
cells and made up of siove-tubes an<l bast-
parenchyma, and llie outer of thiik-wallrd
cells constituting the bast-flbrea or scleron-
chyma. These elements external to the cambium
constitute the iihloem portion of the bundle.

(d) The cortex, a band of several layers of chloro-
phyll-bearing cells surrouiuling the ring of fibro-
vascular bundles. The outer layers may show
cell-walls strongly thickened in the angles,
collenchyma {subcpkJerm is).

(e) The medullary rayp. bands of i)arenchyma

separating the fibro-vascular bundles and con-
necting the ]iith with the cortex.

(f) The epidermis, a single layer of transparent
cells forming the boundary of the stem.

Make drawinff.s- of fi.ssue.s observed.

In a longitudinal radial section, follow the course of observa-
tion outlined above, noting all the tissues between the
pith and the epidermis, and making drawings.

Compare a cross-section through a node with the cross-sec-
tion alreadj' observed.

Stem of Maize.

lu a cross-section o. an internode of a well-grown stem, ob-
serve the following tissues, commencing at the outside: -

(a) The epidermis, a single layer of cells.

(b) Immediately internal to (a) irregular groups of
sclerenchyma.

(c) The groundwork of the section, consisting of

thin-walled tissue (|)arenchymr.) in wliich are
imbedded

(d) The separate fibro-vascular bundles, smaller

and more numerous towards the outside than
towards the centre.
With a higher power, study the stnictur.- of a bundle and

make out —

(1) Four large openings (ves-scls). the two very large j
ones being pitted, and of the otlier two the one I

6G

SUUilESTlONS FOR LABOliATOliY WollK.

nearest the centre of the bundle spiral, the other

annuUir.
(2) Around and between the two large vessels, thirk-

walled tissue consisting of tracheids.
(;i) Below the jjitted vessels and around the smaller

vessels, thin-walled parenchyma. These three

elements make up t lie xylem portion of the bundle.
(4) On the opposite side of the space separating the

pitted vessels, a mass of soft bast (the phloem

portion of the bundle).
(.")) Surrounding all the above elements, a thick sheath

of sclerenchyma.

Make a draiving of the bundle.

In longitudinal sections, make out all the above tissues, and
draw them.

In longitudinal sections of the stems of both Bean and Maize,
cut so as to pass through a node or insertion of a leaf,
endeavour to trace the course of the vascular bundles^
and to make out the relation of the bundles of the stem
to those of the leaf.

Leaf of Bean. '

A bit of leaf may be held in a slit in a piece of elder-pith, and
thin sections made at right angles to the surface. Some
of the sections may be immersed in alcohol for a time to
drive out air, bitt as this process also dissolves the
chlorophj'll, other sections should be examined as cut.
The}' maj' be mounted in water or dilute glycerine.

Note ill order :

(a) Tlie transparent upper layer, the epidermis the

outer limit of which is the cuticle.

(b) Below this, rather long chlorophj-ll-bearing cells

standing on end, the palisade tissue.

(c) Still lower, some irregular layers of chloroph^'ll-

bearing cells, with intercellular spaces, the
spongy parenchyma.

(d) Thetransparent lower layer, the epidermis.

(e) Possibly sections of veins. In these try to make

out the elements of fibro-vascular bundles.

(f ) Note the forms of hairs if any appear.

Make drawings of the sections.

Tear off with forceps a strip of epidermis, and mount as before.

Note the absence of chlorophyll, and the very irregular outline
of the cells. Find also examples of stomata, more espe-
cially in the lower epidermal layer. Observe if possible
the guard-cells, and find out in what particular, if any,
they differ from the other epidermal cells.

SUGU EST IONS FOR I.All(>IiAT(HiY WoltK

Leaf of Maize.

Make sections across the veins and midrib, and treat as above.
Study tlie stnicturc of the bundles of the veins and tlio
luidril). iuid conijiare with those of the stem a.s already
observed. Compare the parenchyma of tlie section with
that of the Beuu leaf.

Mount a bit of the epidermis, and com|)aro the forms of the
epidermal cells with tliose of corresponding cells in tiie
Bean. Study tlio stomata. Do they occur on one or both
surfaces ?

Make draioimjs of the sections.

Calyx and Corolla.

If flowers of the Bean can be procured, sections of the calyx
and corolla may be made in the same way as the ordinary
loaf-sections. Determine if possible the cau.so of the
colour, if any, of the petals. Compare the texture of the
jietal with that of the foliage-leaf. Are there stomata?
vascular bundles '?

Stamen.

It is very difficult to make sections of the antlier of the Bean,
because of its minuteness, but the structure of the anther
of Marsh-Marigold maybe readily okserved, if .sections of
a young unopened flower are made. Note the two lar^fe
lobes, each containing two cavities or pollen-sacs separ-
ated by a partition. In mature anthers these partitions
are commonlj' broken down, so that each lobe then ap-
pears to be one-cellod.

Is there a vascular bundle in the section ?

Observe the pollen-grains, and if possible make out the origin
of the grains by free-cell formation.

To observe the formation of pollen -tubes, make a moist
chamber as follows : Cut a rough piece of cardboard
the size of a slide, and make a hole in the centre some-
what smaller than a cover-glass. Soak the cardboard in
water and place it on the slide. Make a weak solution
of sugar (say 5 percent,), and put a drop of it on the
cover-glass. Place the pollen-grains in the drop and
invert the cover-glass over the hole in the cardboard.
Drying up can be prevented by occasionally wetting tlie
cardboard. Put the slide away in a dark place for about
18 hours. At the end of this time poIlen-tul»es will pro-
bably lie found in course of development, an.l may then
be studied with a higher power.

Carpel.

A carpel of the Bean may be cut acro.ss and the structure of
the wall compared with that of the foliage leaf.

68

suaaEsrj(jj\^s j-yji laboratory wouk.

It is difficult to make a satisfactory section of tlie ovule of the
Bean, but by making a large number of transverse sec-
tions of an ovary of a j'ouug flower of Marsh-Marigold
some good sections will be secured, which will show the
essential parts. Note the two coats of the ovule, each of
several layers of cells. Observe the micropyle, and
within the coats the nucellus. In the latter is a large
cell, the embryo-sac, which should be examined with
a high power, in order to observe the central nucleus, the
ovum with the two synergidae, near the micropylar end,
and the antipodal cells at tlie opposite end.

Fertilization. The details of the process may be observed
in flowers of Marsh-Marigold, Evening-Primrose, Vero-
nica serpyllifolia, and others : sections made through
the stigma will show the pollen-tubes penetrating the
tissue, and an examination of the ovules will often show
the tubes entering the micropyle.

The Seeds. As has been already pointed out the seed is
characterized by the presence of the embryo, which is
formed by cell-division in the embryo-sac, as a result of
fertilization.

Seeds of Bean and grains of Maize should be soaked in water
for a day or so and sections made in both cases. Observe
the starch granules in sections of the cotj^ledon of the
Bean and of the endosperm of Maize. Are the granules
alike in l)oth cases ? Are there any other cell-contents ?

ILLUSTRATIONS

OK

BEAN AND MAIZE

70 ILLLUSTJiA T/US.^ OF BEAN.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF BEAN.

Fi^. 2''^o. Transverse section of root of Bean, taken a short distance Leliind the apex of the main
root. The section passes through a Literal root, tc, trichomes ; e^>, epidermis ; j>c, paren-
chyma of cortex; ed, bundle-sheath (endodermis) ; c/j", pericambitim ; ^j»//, phloem bundle;
xy' . primary xylem bundle; re, root-cap (of lateral root). (Howes. j

Fig. 284. Part of transverse section of the stem of Bean. c. cuticle; ap. epidermis; ep\ collen-
chyma ; J9C, parenchyma of cortex ; ch' . cambium ; xy' ' , xj-lem sclerenchyma ; xj), xylem
parenchyma ; xy' , primary xylem ; p<:' . parenchyma of pith ; rti?', medullary ray ; xy,i', xylem
ray; .v^, sieve-ttibes ; ph.?; phloem rays; j'-P- phloem jiarenchyma ; }>Ji' . hard bast (scleren-
chyma). (Howes.)

Fig. 285. liadial longitudinal section of stem of Bean, corresponding to Fig, 284. Commencing
at the left side, the elements shown are : cuticle, epidermis, collenchj'ma, parench3-ma of cortex,
liard bast, jihloem parenchyma, soft bast (sieve-tubes), cambium, pitted vessels and xylem
sclerenchyma, xj'lem parenchyma, annular and sjiiral vessels, pith parenchyma. (Howes.)

pK*

cb

'•/' »v

KV\

ILLUSTRA TIONS OF MA IZE.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF MAIZE.

Fig. 286. Germination of Maize in successive stages. A and B, front and side views of embryo
separatelj^. In all parts of the figure w is tlie primary root ; ws. the root-sheatli : ?c', «•" .
secondary roots ; e, endosperm portion of seed ; .st, cotj'ledon : r. open edges of same ; k. the
plumule; b. 1/ , h" . young leaves ; /, part of the cast-off pericarp. (Sachs.)

Fig. 287. Longitudinal section of a grain of Maize, c, adherent pericarp ; fs, base of fruit ; ey,
hard j^ellowish part of endosperm ; ew, soft white part of endosperm ; sc, cotyledon ; ss, its
apex ; e, its epidermis ; k, plumule ; iv (belowj, main root ; w (above), secondary roots arising
from the stem .st ; us, root-sheath (the line connected with these letters'should be longer). (Sachs. )

Fig. 288. Longitudinal section through apex of root of Maize. (A little more than lialf the width
of the root is shown.) All within the line vs is the root proper; all below and outside this
line is root-cap ; s, apex of root ; the first layer of cells within v is epidermis ; i\ its thickened
outer wall ; within the epidermis, several layers of cortex ; u-fg, belong to the pleronie cylin-
der. (Sachs. )

Fig. 289. Protoplasm in cells of Maize. A, cells from a young leaf-sheath, showing numerous
vacuoles separated by thin plates of protoplasm. B, cells from the first internode of the ger-
minating i)lant. Here the protoplasm is broken up into rounded masses. h. vacuole ; k.
nucleus. (Sachs.)

Fig. 290. A, cell of endosperm of Maize. Thin plates of protoplasm separate the polygonal starch-
grains, a — </, starch granules from germinating seed, in various stages of disintegration. (Sachs.)

Fig. 291. Cross-section of fibro-vascular bundle of Maize, p, parenchyma of ground-tissue ; </.
outer side, i, inner side of bundle; (j, <j. pitted vessels; s, spiral vessel; r, annular vessel; /.
intercellular space filled with air; r,r, soft bast; the outer tissue of the bundle consists of
thick- walled prosenchyma. (Sachs. )

Fig. 292. Cross-section of stem of ^laize, showing parenchyma, yic, partition-wall of cellulose ;
z, intercellular spaces. (Sachs.)

"H. 'mm

Fipr. 2S3.

FItr. rti.

CR YP TUUA J/o US T YPES.

cJ

CRYPTOGAMOUS TYPES.

PTERIDOPHYTES.
Ferns.

Fig. 293 is a representation of our common Polypody. You
may find it in almost any shatled rocky place. Running
horizontally beneath the surface you •will find the stem
of the plant, which in this case is, therefore, a rhizoinr.
A poi-tion of the rhizome is shown in the lower part
of the figure, with fibrous roots on the under side. From
the upi^er side are developed the leaves, which, as you see,
have long petioles, and if you find one which is still in the
bud you will observe that it is rolled up lengthwise, as
shown in Fig. 294. The vernation is, therefore, circi-
nafe, and this is the case in nearly all the Ferns. On
examining the back of the leaf (Fig. 293 shows the back)
we observe rows of brownish dots on each side of the
middle veins of the upper lobes. Fig. 295 is an enlarged
view, showing the position of these dots at the extremities
of the veinlets. When we put one of these dots under the
microscope it is seen to be a cluster of minute, stalked
bodies, such as that shown in Fig. 296. These bodies
are further found to be sacs filled with extremely fine dust,
and the dust consists of multitudes of rounded particles
all exactly' alike. They are, in sliort. spoi'e^; and the
sacs in which they are contained are the spore-cases, or
sporaiKjia : while the clusters of sporangia are ihe fruit-
dots, or sort. Aroimd each sporangium there is an elastic
jointed ring which breaks at maturity, and by its elas-
ticity ruptures the spore-case, which then discharges its
spores, as shown in the figure. The leaf of the Fern,
then, is something more than an ordinary foliage-leaf,
and is known as the frond. The i)etiole is called the
stipe, while the mid-rib is the rharhis.

A spore under certain conditions develo{ies a slender thread-
like cell which eventually gives rise to a thin, flat, green
expansion, resembling that shown in Fig. 297. This is
called the pi'othalliiim. _ From the under surface root-
hairs are produced as shown in the figure. On the same
.surface, among the root-hairs, arise minute projections of
tissue in wliich are developed cells corresponding to the
pollen-grains of phanerogams. These projections are the
antheridia ; they contain cells in which are fertilizing
bodies known as antherozoids. Also on the under sur-
face of the protiiallium, near the notch, we find structures
analogous to the embryo-sac of the phanerogamous ovule.
These are the archegoniu. They are mostly flask-shape<l

Fig. 2&4.

Ftp. *«3.

Fig. »7.

/ll

CRYTOGAMOUS TYPES.

bodies, having a gei-m-cell — the oosphere — in the lower
enil. Tlie antherozoids, on escaping from the anthcridia.
make their way down the necks of the arcliegonia, and
coming in contact with the oospheres fertilize them. As
a result of this fertilization, a plant is developed in all
respects like the one which originally bore the spoi-es on
its fronds.

It is manifest, then, that we have here two distinct yenera-
tions : first, the spore produces the prothallium which
bears the antheridia and archegonia ; secondly, the in-
teraction of these gives rise to a plant which bears the
spores. This phenomenon is spoken of as the alternation
of generations.

The stems and roots of Fei'ns are found to contain vascular
bundles which, like those of monocotyledons, are closed.

For a description of our common Ferns differing in detail
from the Polj'pody, the student is referred to the Flora,
page 1G9.

Horsetails.

Fig. 298 is a view of the fertile stem of Equisetum arvense,
the Common Horsetail, of about the natural size. It
may be observed' early in spring almost anywhere in
moist sandy or gravelly soil. It is of a pale brown
colour and in place of leaves there is at each joint a sheath
split into several teeth. At the summit of the stem is a
sort of conical catkin, made up of a large number of six-
sided bodies, each attached to the stem by a short pedicel.
Each of these six-sided bodies turns out on examination
to be made up of six or seven sporangia or spore-cases,
which ojDen down their inner margins to discharge their
spores. Figs. 299 and oOO are enlarged outer and inner
views of one of them. The spores themselves are of a
similar nature to those of the Ferns, and reproduction is
carried on in the same manner ; but each spore of the
Horsetail is furnished with four minute tentacles which
closely envelope it when moist, and uncoil themselves
when dry.

The fertile stems will have almost withered away by the time
the sterile ones appear. These latter are of the same
thickness as the fertile ones, but they are very much taller
and are green in colour. Observe, also, the grooving of
the sterile stem, and the whorls of 4-angled branches pro-
duced at the nodes.

The six)res, upon germination, give rise to prothallia bearing
antheridia and archegonia precisely as in the Ferns. The
prothallium is usually small, flat, and irregularly branched
or lobed, developing the antheridia at the projecting ends
of the lobes, and the archegonia in the angles between

Fig. 298.

Fig. 300.

Fig. -I'M.

en YP TOGA MO [IS TYPES.

them ; or, in other cases, the protliallia maybe dioocious.
Fertilization of the Kerni-coll, whir-h occupies a cavitj' at
the base of the arcliegonium, takes jjlace exactly as in thu
Ferns, and, as a result of fertilization, the germ-cell
developes into a spore-bearing plant similar to the origi-
nal one. Here, therefore, we have again exhibited an
alternation of generations.

Other species of Equisetiuu of common occurrence, instead of
producing a special fertile branch, dcvelope sporangia at
the extremities of the ordinary leafy stems.

These plants, like the Ferns, exhibit fibro-vascular bundles,
and the epidermis is specially characterized by the exces-
sive amount of silica contained in it, some of the specifs
being used for scouring and polishing by reason of this
property.

The curious elaters{F\Q. 301) attached to the spores doubtless
assist them to escape from the spore-cases, and subse-
quently aid in dispersing them.

Club-Mosses.

Fig. 302 is a representation of a branch of LijcopoiUum
clavatum, one of our common Club-Mosses. The creep-
ing stem lies flat upon the ground, and often attains a
great length, sending up at intervals erect branches with
crowded linear-awl-shaped leaves, some of which, like
the one shown in the figure, are terminated by a slender
peduncle bearing one or more cylindrical spikes. Tiiese
are the fertile branches, and the leaves upon them, or at
all events upon the slender upper part, are very much
smaller than upon the ordinary' sterile branches.

It is to be observed that the stems and roots of these plants
branch duhotomously.

The sporangia are produced in the axils of the leaves of the

terminal spike. One of these leaves greatly magnified,

with its attached sporangium, is shown in Fig. 303.

The sporangium opens by a slit at the top to discharge

the spores.

It is onlj^ quite recently that the prothallium has been detected.
It is described in the case observed as a "yellowish-white
irregular lobed body, sparingly* furnished on its imder sur-
face with small root-hairs." The antheridia and arche-
gonia apjiear to be produced on the upjicr surface, and
these b}' their interaction, give ri.se to the new plant which
bears the spores, just as in the Ferns and Hor.setails ; so
that again there is an alternation of generations.

It is a fact of great interest that in some plants nearly related
to the Club-Mosses, two kinds of spores— large and small
— are jiroduced in separate sporangia. The large ones

Fig. 801.

Fig. 308.

Fijr. aar

78

CR YP TOGA MO US T YPES.

develops pi-othallia upon which archegonia are formed,
;uul tlie smaller others upon wliicli antheridia appear.
Tlie three plants just considered, while evidently differing in
certain details of structure and in general aspect, never-
theless have a number of characters in common :

1. They acjree in their mode of reproduction, tvhich is hy

nj)ores, these bodies being quite unlike the seeds ^v^fh
which we are noto familiar, and ichieh, you will
recollect, always contain the embryo of the new plant.

2. They all exhibit an alternation of generations.

3. They all have true roots.

4. The three tissue-systems — the epidermal, the fibi^o-vascu-

lar. and the fundamental — though not all developed to
so high a degree as in the Phanerogams, still can be
very clearly made out in both roots and stems. The
fibro-rascular bundles are alicays closed, as in mono-
cotyledons, and are, as a general rule, co7icentric.
Plants with these common characteristics constitvite a gi'oup
called Pteridophytes or Vascular Cryptogams, "crypto-
gam " being a general term applicable to all plants which
do not produce true flowers, as ' ' phanerogam " applies to
all those which'do.

BRYOPHYTES.
Mosses.

Fig. 304 is a representation of the common Hair-Moss {Poly-
trichum commune), which may be found in early sum-
mer almost anywhere. It grows in dense masses, and
upon examination it will be found that while many of
the stems resemble that shown in Fig. 304, the upper
extremities of the others form rosettes, as in Fig. 305,
whilst others again terminate in ordinary vegetative
buds.

Let us first examine a specimen as represented in Fig. 304.
There is, it will be observed, a well-marked stem, or leaf-
bearing axis, upon which the crowded minute leaves are
sessile. In the Mosses they always are so, and they are
found, upon examination with a good microscope, to con-
sist as a rule of only one layer of cells, being therefore
much simpler in construction than those of the plants we
have so far been engaged upon. It is also to be noticed
that the leaves of Mosses are without stomata.

Observe now that our Moss has no true roots. It is, however,
fixed to the soil upon which it grows by numerous root-
hairs or rhizoids.

The slender scape-like stalk which rises above the leaves is
technically called the .seta or bristle; in the left-hand i)art
of the figure (c) the upper end of tlie seta is covered by a

Fiff. 304.

Fig. 305.

Cli YP TOUA J/ 0 US T YPES.

T'.i

liuh-\' cap, the ruli/iitra. In tl^e right-hand portion the
cal\ptra has been removed, disclosing a little |)od, vari-
ously si)okt'n of as the theca, or uni, or c<ij>sitle, or
sj>i)r(t)ii/nnn. Fig. .'WG is an enlarged view. This caj)-
sule is clost'd at the top by a circular lid, the opi'viulitm ,
wliich falls away when the capsule is mature, llius allow-
ing the escape of the spores, •which are produced in it.
The spores are developed upon the surface of a central
I'oluuin which ri.ses from the bottom of the capsule, and
v.liich is known as the coluvirlla. The oi>ening through
wiiicli tiie spores escajMj is called the stoma, and a good
lens reveals the fact that around the stoma there is a circle
(sometimes two) of minute teeth, known collectively as
the pnristovia. In the Moss now before us the peristome
consists of sixty-four teeth. In other Mosses the number
varies, being always, however, some power of 2 ; either
1, or 8, or IG, or o2, or 64. Occasionally the teeth are
altogether absent.
We shall now consider the mode of reproduction in the Mosses.
Let us commence with the spore. Tliis, ujion meeting
with proper conditions, bursts its outer coat (the exo-
sj)ore), and the inner coat (the eiulosjti/rc) is then pro-
truded as a slender tube. This continues to grow by
ret)eated divisions, vxntil at length, in most cases, a
tangled thread-like mass of vegetation is produced, to
which the name jn'ofonrvia has been given. After the
lapse of several days minute buds are developed at differ-
ent points ui)on the proionema, and these are found to
consist of whorls of scaly leaves. This is the beginning
of the development of the ordinary Moss-plant. Upon
the iilants thus arising from the buds are develojied
antheridia and archegonia, the former in the axils of the
leaves forming the rosettes shown in Fig. 305, and the
latter at ,the apex of other stems, as shown in Fig. 304.
The antheridia are seen under the microscope to be club-
shaped bodies, containing a mass of cells in which the
antherozoids are formed. Fig. 307 shows an antheri-
dium (.4) with escaping antherozoids a. At (B) is seen
a si>erm-cell with contained antherozoid. At c is the
antherozoid set free. The archegonia are tlask-shajted
Ijodies, with a lower expanded portion and along neck
above. Fig. 308 shows the o.\>ex of a fertile stem with
several archegoniain the centre, and Fig. 309 shows a
single archegonium very highly magnified. The anther-
ozoids upon being set free make their way down the necks
of the archegonia, and unite their substance with that of
si)ecial cells in the lower end (one in each archegonium).
These cells, as a con.se«iuence of being thus fertilize<l.
become surrounded by a thin coat and immediately begin

Fijf. son.

• ..^

Cl

' 'p

: A

fitC. 307.

80

CRYPTOGAMOUS TYPES.

to grow upwards, developing the slender stalks (setee)
with the capsules at the summit, and surrounded by the
calj'ptra, which is, in fact, nothing but the wall of the
archegonium which is torn away at its base and carried
upwards. Then the spores are developed around the
columella, and the round of life of the plant is completed.
As in the Ferns, we have here also exhibited an alternation
of generations, the one generation being that arising from
the development of the spore and resulting in the proditc-
tion of the antheridia and archegonia ; the other being
that arising from the fertilization of the special cells in
the archegonia, and resulting in the production of spores.

Liverworts.

Figs. .')10 and 311 are representations of portions of a very
common Liverwort, Marchantia poli/viorpha. It may
be found growing along the borders of marshes and in
wet places generally, often with intermingled moss. It
is of a deep green colour, and usitally spreads over a con-
siderable extent of surface. There is no appearance of
leaves, the plant-body lying flat upon the surface upon
which it grows,' and putting forth root-hairs on the under
side. From the upper side arise peculiar stalked bodies of
two sorts, as shown in the figures ; the one consisting
of flattened or slightly convex disks, and the other being
star-shaped. These stalked bodies contain the reproduc-
tive organs. In cavities on the upper surface of the flat-
tened disks are prodttced the antheridia, from the cells of
which are liberated the antherozoids. On the under sur-
face of the rays of the star-shaped bodies are produced
clusters of flask-shaped archegonia, each with a germ-cell
at its base, and fertilization takes place in the manner
already described in the account of the Moss. As a result
of fertilization, a capsule is developed which, produces
spores, pretty much as in the Mosses, though in Mar-
chantia the stalk of the capsule is very short, and the
whole is surrounded by a loose sheath which, grows tip
from the base and at length completely encloses it. The
spores on germinating develope ii^to plant bodies such as
we have described, so that the alternation of generations
is here also well marked.

Other Liverworts more nearly resemble the Mosses in form,
having leafy stems, from the summit of which arise
slender stalks with, capsules at the upper end. These
capsules, however, do not open by a stoma, but are four-
valved, and at maturity the valves split asunder, allow-
ing the escape of the spores. In the leaves of these hitter
forms there are no veins of any kind. Forms in which
the plant-body is a flat expansion, as in Marchantia, are

Fig. 309.

Vis:. 310.

Cli Vr TOdA MO I -S T YPKS.

81

distinguished as tlialloid, while tlie leafj' forms are said
to hefoliosa.

It lemains to be added that Munluintia and otlier Liverworts
roinoduce tliouisulves by buds as wi-ll as by spores.
Those buds {(jeinnKe) are found in little cup-sha{>ed rocej)-
tacles wliich appear on the surface of the plant-body.
They consist of simple masses of tissue which fall away
wlion fully grown, and immediately develoi)e into new
phuits.

The flosses uud Liverworts constitute a distinct group of
plants called Bryophytes. It will be evident from the
preceding descriptions that in the matter of reproduction
they do not differ materially from the Pteridophytes.
They are, however, distinctly separated from tliom bj'
the simpler onjanization of t/uir tismies. The Bryo-
phytes have no true roots, but onlj' root-hairs or rliizoids.
The wliole plant body is, as a rule, composed of thin-
walled parenchyma, and only in a few cases is there any
appearance of a development of a filtro-vascular sjstem,
and that only of the vaguest possible kind. Tiiere is,
however, a woll-detined epidermal system, and stomata
are not uncommon.

THALLOPHYTES.

Mushroom.
Fig. 312 is a representation of the Common Mushroom of the
natural size, while Fig. 313 shows the several stages of
its growth. At A is seen a matted fibrous mass, which
is tlie undergroimd portion of the plant. It is called the
mi/cdium ; at several pli^es on it rounded outgrowths of
different sizes are visible. These eventually develope into
the overground part of the Mushroom. At // is shown
a vertical section through one of these outgrowths at an
early stage ; at i in this figure j'ou will observe two dark
dots ; these are the open ends of a channel which forms a
complete ring in the interior. At /// they are much more
distinct, and here is also manifest a difference between
the upjier and lower sections, which is still more marked
at /Fand V. Tlie upijer spreading portion is called the
pilaus ; at Fthe lower edge of the pileus is still attached
by a circular membrane to the stalk. In this stage the
membrane is called the veil ,' later on, as seen in Fig.
312, it is torn away from the pileus and now forms the
an II III us, or ring, about the stalk. Upon the under side
of tlie pileus are produced a great many vertical, thin
plates, called lamella or gills. If we make a vertical sec-
tion through the pileus so as to cut across a number of
the lamellae, they will present the appearance sho^n at

FiR. 518.

X-2

cn yp TouA MO us t ypes.

A, Fig. 314, ami if we magnify one of these cross-sections it
will api^ear as at B, where there is seen an outer laj'er of
cells standing on end. The wliole of both surfaces of the
lamellffi is covered with such cells, and this special layer
is the hiimcnlum. At C, the left-hand portion of the
figure shows a- number of these cells much more highly
magnified, some of them narrowed in at the top so as to
form slender points, upon each of wliich is a rounded
body. Tliese rounded bodies are the spores ; the narrowed
ends of the cells are called sterifjmata^ and the projecting
cells wliich bear them are specially known as hasidia.
The spores are formed by the simple narrowing in of the
outer ends of the basidia.

The mycelium is, therefore, the vegetative part of the Mush-
room while the stalked pileus above the surface is the
fructification. The mjxelium is developed directly from
the spore, but so far there have not been discovered any
indications of the interaction of sperm-cells and germ-cells
such as characterize the Bryophytes and Pteridophj^tes.

You will note the entire absence of green colouring-matter.
The Mushrooms produce no chlorophyll, and, conse-
quentlj', are incapable of assimilation. They are always
found growing upon decaying organic matter, as the leaf-
soil of forests and meadows, etc.

The Mushrooms are representatives of a large class of plants
called Fungi, all the members of which are destitute of
chloroplij'll. The cells of which they are made up are
generally' in rows so as to form long threads which are
known as hypJxe, and these may be either loosely inter-
woven, as in ordinary Moulds, or firmly compacted to-
gether, as in the Mushroom.

As just mentioned. Mushrooms are saprophytic in their habits;
but there are also Fungi w^hich are parasitic, such as Rust
and Smut. To the Fungi belong such organisms as the
Yeast-plant, and the Bacteria which are found in putre-
fying matter, and are the cause of, or are associated with,
diseases of various kinds.

Lichens.

Tliese plants may be found growing on the bark of trees, on
old fences, on rocks, or on the ground. They differ widely
in external appearance, sometimes growing erect and imi-
tating a stem and branches, as in Fig. 315 ; sometimes
forming flat expansions which adhere to the surface upon
which they grow, as in Fig« 316. Some species are yel-
low, others red, others grey. A very common one is that
represented in Fig. 316. It may be found on many tree
trunks, and will be easily recognized by the yellow disks
which dot its surface.

Fig. 313.

CR IT TOGA MO IS T )' I'ES.

s:i

The flat part of tlio Lichen is the tliallus, or vegetative por-
tion, while tlie yellow, cup-shaped disks (the apiAhiTia)
contain the fructification. Fitj. ."UT shows a section of
the apothecium, and also the lobing of the margin of the
thallus. Fi{?:. 3 IS is a \Qxy hi;;hly niafjnlfied view of a
section of a thallus, showing; it to bu lari^'cly made uj) of
cells, or /<//y>//aj, similar to those of the Mushroom. But
in f lie Lichen there are visible, in addition, large numbers *•
of spherical green cells {<j y in the figure) known as ijon- -
idia, which either occupy well-marked layers, as in the
present instance, or are scattered through the body of the
thallus. The presence of the gonidia may be said to be
the distinguishing feature of the Lichens. Their true
relation and function were for a long time doubtful,
widely difforent opinions being held, but it is now gener-
ally admitted that the gonidia are themselves ihlorophyll-
l»(trinif plants, and that tlie remainder of the Lichen is
a true Fungus, parasitic upon the yonidia.

The structure of the apothecium is very well shown in Fig.
olO. From the hi'iihte are develoj^ed large, club-shaped,
vertical cells (the asri) which penetrate between the nar-
rower vertical branches of the hyphse (the para]>liysts).
In the asci arise the spores (technically ascasporcs),
usually eight in each, and these when mature are dis-
charged from the asci, and give rise to new plants. The
ascospores are formed in the asci by the process known
as /ri:e cell-fornudion. Tlie protoplasm in the asci col-
lects about as many different points as there are spores to
be formed, and a wall is then secreted about each. This
mode, which is characteristic of a large numljerof Fungi,
is (juite distinct from that which prevails in the Mush-
rooms, where, as we have seen, the s])Ores are formed bj'
iihstriction,

Chara.

Fig. 320 represents a Chara of the natural size. It grows
almost anj'where in fresh waters, and is quite readily
distinguished from other thread-like aquatics by the
whorls of so-called leaves which encircle the stem, ami
also bj- the general gritty-nature of the plant. A very
offensive odour is emitted by the plant in course of decay.
Its green colour shows at once the presence of chloro-
phyll. On the branches you may observe hundreds of
minute, more or less rounded, bodies ; Fig. 321 is an
enlarged view of one of them. Here, at fe, is shown a
large central nucleus (the fitwtde) enclosed in a spiral
covering. This spiral consists of five long cells side by
side, all of which wind about the central body, and have

Flif. 31.1-

Fljr. 51".

84

cn yp TOGA MO us r ypes.

tlieir ends projecting above it. The nucule is a row of
cells of which the highest is the germ-cell, and the whole
answers, in fact, to the archegonium of the Bryophytes
and Pteridophj'tes. It is in this plant called the cai'j^Ofjo-
niiim. Just below it is a globular body made up of eii;ht
triangular shield-shaped segments arranged about a cen-
tral cavitj\ From the inner end of each segment several
coiled filaments, of many cells each, pro ject into the cavity.
At maturity the shields separate, and the filaments even-
ttially break up into their constituent cells, each of which
tlien liberates an antherozoid. The antherozoids make
their way down the necks of the carpogonia and fertilize
the germ-cells. The spiral cells then harden, and form a
firm coat for the spore within. As the plant decays in
the autumn, these seed-like sporocarps, as they are now
called, drop off and full to the bottom of the water, where
thej'' eventually germinate. On germination, they first
produce a simple form to which the name pro-embryo has
been given, and from which arises the plant-body which
bears the antheridia and carpogonia.
Tliere is, therefore, displaj^ed in this case an alternation of

generations. •
Chara belongs to a group of plants known as AlgSB. They
grow either in the water or upon damp svirfaces. They
differ from the Fungi principally in developing chloro-
phyll, so that they are able to assimilate. In colour, the
Algae are often green, but in other cases the chlorophyll
is obscured by the presence of other colours, such as
brown and red. In the lowest forms of both Algse and
Fungi reproduction takes place by simple division of the
cells. In higher forms the entire contents of two similar
adjacent cells coalesce to form a new one, from which the
new plant springs. This is the process of conjugation.
In still higher forms, as in Chara, reproduction takes
place by fertilization.
The Algse, Fungi, and Lichens together constitute a great
group called Thallophytes.

Fig. 317

Fig. 318.

Fig. 319.

CH yP TOO A MO US TYPES.

S")

Figr. 32a

-tv

Fig. til.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OR ORDERS.

SERIES I. PHANEROGAJViS.
Plants produciug true flowers and seeds.

CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS.

Distinguished ordinarily by having net- veined leaves,
and the parts of the flowers in fours or fives, very
rarely in sixes. Wood growing in rings, and sur-
rounded by a true bark. Cotyledons of the embryo
mostly two.

SUB-CLASS I. AXGIOSPERMS.
Seeds enclosed in an ovary.

I. POLYPETALOUS DIVISION.

Two distinct sets of Floral Envelopes. Parts of the
corolla separate from each other.

X. Staiucns more than t^vice as niauy as the petals.

* Stamens hypogynous (inaerted on the receptacle).
-J- Pistil apocarpous (carpels separate from each other).

Raxunculace^. — Herbs. Leaves generally de-
compound or much dissected 2

AxoNACE.E. — Small trees. Leaves entire. Petuis

6, iu 2 sets 7

Magkoliace.s — Trees. Leaves truncate, rruit

resembling a cone 6

Mexispermace^. — Woody twiners. Flowers dioe-
cious. Leaves peltate near the edge 7

Brasenia, in

NviU'ii.^ACE.E. — Aquatic. Leaves oval, peltate ;

the petiole attached to the centre 9

Malvace.b. — Stamens monadelphous. Calyx per-
sistent. Ovaries in a ring 24

Podophyllum, in

ijEHiiERii>AC'E.E. — Calyx fugacious. Leaves large,
peltate, deeply lobed. Fruit a large flesliy
berry, 1 -celled 8

-H-i- Pistil syncarpous. ( Stigmas, styles, placentce,
or cells, more than one. )

Actsea, in

RANrNcnLACE.^:, might be looked for here. Fruit

a many seeded berry. Leaves compound . . .\ 2

Nymph.cace.'e. — Aquatics. Leaves floating, large,

deeply cordate 9

SARRACENrACE-E. — Bog-plauts. Lcaves pitcher-
shaped 10

PAPAVERACEi*:. — Juicc red or yellow. Sepals 2,

caducous 10

Capparidace^. — Corolla cruciform, but pod

1 -celled. Leaves of 3 leaflets 16

Hypertcace^. — Leaves transparent-dotted. Sta-
mens usually in 3, but sometimes 5, clusters. . 19

CiSTACE.E. — Sepals 5, very unequal, or only 3.

Ovary 1 celled, with 3 parietal placentae 18

Malvace^. — Stamens monadelphous, connected
with the bottom of tlie petals. Calyx persist-
ent. Ovaries in a ring 2-1

TiLiACE.'E. — Trees. Flowers yellowish, in small
hanging cymes, the peduncle with a leaf-like
bract attached 25

* * Stamens peri'jynous (inserted on the calyx).

Portulaca, in

PoRTULACACE.B. — Low herbs, with fleshy leaves.
Sepals 2, adhering to the ovary beneath. Pod
opening by a lid 23

Ro.?ACE.E. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Fruit

apocarpous, or a drape, or a pome 38

* * * Stamens epi'jynous (attached to the ovary).
Nymphsea, in

Nymph.eace^. — Aquatic. Leaves floating.
Flowers white, large, with numerous petals
gradually passing into stamens 9

B. Stamens uot more than twice as many sis the
petals.

* Stamens just as many as the petals, and one stamen in '

front of each jMal.

Berberidace.'E. — Herbs (with us). Anthers open-
ing by uplifting valves 8

Portpl.\cace.e. — Sepals 2. Styles 3-cleft. Leaves

2, fleshy 23

Vitace^. — Shrubs, climbing by tendrils. Calyx

minute 29

Rhamn'ace.e. — Shrubs, not climbing 29

Lysimacliia, in

Primulace^, is occasionally polypetalous.
Flowers yellow, in axillary spikes ; the petals
sprinkled with purplish dots 91

* * Stamens either just ns many as the petals and alter-

nate with them, or not exactly the same number.

+- Corolla irregular.

FuMARiACE^. — Corolla flattened and closed. Sta-
mens 6 11

\"it)LA<K.t:. — Corolla l-spurreil. Stamens 5. I'lxl

with 3 rows of seeds on the wuUs 17

Balsam IN ACE.*:. — Corolla l»piiri<il, tlic spur with

a tail. Stamens 5. I'oil bursting elasticully. "JT

I'uLYCALACE.f.. — Lower petal keelsliapcd, nsually
fringed at tlie top. Anthers U or 8, 1 -celled,
opening at the toj>. l'o«l 'J-celled 32

LKfMMiMis.t;. — Corolla mostly pajiilionaceons.
Filaments often nnited. C)vary ximple, with
one parietal placenta. Leaves compound.... 33

•*-■*- Corolia reipilar, or nearly so,

1. Caly.K superior {i.e., sulherent to the ovary,
wlujjly or partially).

(a J Stamemt j^riijtjnoua (in^trted on the calyx).

Crataegus, in

Ki).SAiE.»:.— Shrubs. Stamens occasionally from 5
to 10 only. Leaves alternate, with stipules.
Fruit drupe-like, containing 1-i) bony nutlets. 38

Saxikkaijack.k. — Leaves opposite or alternate,
without stipules. Styles or stignia.s '2 ; in one
instance 4. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 or 3
parietiil placent;e .... -Hi

HAMAMKi.ArK.i-:. — Shrubs. Stamens 8; styles 2.

Flowers yellow, in autumn 48

Halorac.e.«. — Aquatics. Stamens 4 or 8. Styles

or sessile stigmas 4 49

O.VACRArE.*:. — Flowers symmetrical. Stamens 2,

4, or 8. Stigmas 2 or 4, or capitate 49

MKLASTiiMACE.t. — Authers 1 -celled, opening by a
pore at the apex. Stamens 8. Style and
stigma 1. Flowers purple 51

LvTHRAfE.f.. — Calyx apparently adherent to, but
really free from, the ovary. Stamens 10, in 2
sets. Leaves mostly whorled .'>1

t'rciKBiTACE.t:. — Tendril-bearing herbs. Flowers

moua-cious 52

(h) Stamejui epigynous (on the ovary, or on a disk ichich
covers the ovary J.

Euonymus, in

C'ELASTKACK.t:. — Shrub, with 4-8ided branchlets,
not climbing. I^eaves simple. Potls crimson
when ripe. Calyx not minute 30

U.MBELLiFER.*- — Flowers chiefly in compound
umbels. Calyx very minute. Stamens 5.
Styles 2. Fruit dry, 2-see<led 53

ARALtACE-«. — Umbels not compound, but some-
times panicled. Stamens 5. Styles usually
more than 2. Fruit berry-like . . 56

Corn AiE.t;. — Flowers in cymes or heads. Sta-
mens 4. Style 1 57

2. Calyx inferior (i.e., free from the ovary).

(a) Stamens hypoijynous (on the receptacle).

CRrriFER.*;.— Petals4. Stamens 6, tctradynamous.

Pod 2-celled 1'-

ClstacEwK. — Petals 3. .Sepals 5, very unequal ; or

only 3. Pod partly 3-cclle<l 18

Dkoskka<k..».. — Ix-'ftveH radical, Wset with re.ldiiih

glandular hairs. Flowers iu a l-sidu<l raceme 10

Elodes, in

Hvi'ERH'a<'K^:. — Leaves with transparent dot*.

Stameus 9, in 3 clusters 1 '.)

CARVi)PHVi.i,AC'E.t-— Styles 2 5. Ovules in the

centre or Ixittom of the ctdl, Sti-m usually
swollen at the joints. Lt-aves op(>o«ite 21

Linage.*:. —Stamens 6, united below. Po<l Mt-

celled, iO-seeded 25

(JERANiACE.f.. — Stamens 5. Carnt^ls 5,— they and
the lower parts of the 5 styles attached to a
long beak, and curling upwanls in fruit 26

O.XAUnACE.«. — Stamens 10. Po<l 5-celled. Style*
5, distinct. Leaflets 3, obcorilat«, drooping
at night-fall 27

£KlCAC'E.e. — Anthers opening by pores at the top,
or across the top. Leaves mostly evergreen,
sometimes brown Itencath ; but in some in-
stances the plant is wiiite or tawny 85

(h) Stamens perigynous (plainly attached to the calyz).

SAXiKRAfiAfE.t:. — Leaves opposite or alternate,
without stipules. Style-> or stigmas 2 ; in one
instance 4. Carpels fewer than the petals. . . 46

CRA.ssfi.ArK.*:. — Y\owevi sf/mtnffHra/. Stamens 10

or 8. Leaves sometimes thshj- 48

Lythrace.c — Stamens 10, in two sets. Calyx
enclosing, but really free from, the ovary.
Leaves mostly whorled 51

(c) Stamens attacJied to a flfshy disk in the ftottom of the
calyx-tube.

AvACARUiACE-f.. — Trees, or shrubs, not prickly.
I..eavcs compound. Stigmas 3. Fruit a 1-
seeded drupelet 28

CELASTRACKt:. — Twininc shrub. Leaves simple.

Po<ls orange when ripe 30

Safin i»ACE.*:. — Shrubs, or trees. Fruit 2- winged,
and leaves palmately-veined. Or, Fruit an
inflated 3-celled po<l, and leaves of 3 leaflets.
Styles 2 or 3 31

(d) Stamens attached to tlu petals at their very base.

Claytonia, in

PoRTii.ACACK.*:. — Sepals 2. Leaves fleshy. Style

.3-cleft 23

AQriFoLiACE-t. — Shrubs, with small axillary
flowers, having the parts in fours or sizes.
Fruit a red berry-iike <lru|K-. Ntit^nu M**ile.
Calyx minute 90

IL (iAMOPKTAU )US DIVISION.

Corolla with the petals united together, in however
slight a degree.

Ki:y to thk Famii.ies ok ()i{i)i;i;s.

A. 4'nl.vx superior <]Hlli<>r<>iit in (lie oviiry).

* Stamois united by their anthers.

CucuRBiTACE^. — Tendril-beariiig herbs oi!

CoMPOsiT.K. — Flowers in heads, surrounded by an

involucre 64

LoBELiACE.*:. — Flowers not in heads. Corolla split

down one side 83

» * Stamens not united together in any way.

■i- Stamens inserted on the corolla.

I

DiPSACE.s. — Flowers in heads, surrounded by an

involucre. Plant prickly 6.3 ,

VALEKiANACE.ii. — Flowcrs white, in clustered
cymes. Stamens fewer than the lobes of the
corolla 63

RuBiACE.B. — Leaves, when opposite, with stipules ; ,

when whorled, without stipules. Flowers, if |

in heads, without an involucre 61

Caprifoliace.e. — Leaves opposite, without sti-
pules ; but, in one genus, with appendages
resembling stipules 58

-i — i-Stamens not inserted on the corolla,

Campaxulace^. — Herbs with milky juice. Sta-
mens as many as the lobes of the corolla 63

Ericace.e. — Chiefly shrubby plants or parasites.
Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the
corolla 85

B. t'alyx inferior (free fr«>ni Uie ovary).

• Stamenn more than the lobes of the corolla.

Leguminos^. — Ovary 1 -celled, with 1 parietal

placenta. Stamens mostly diadelphous 33

Adlumia, in

FuMAKiACE^. — Plant climbing. Corolla 2-spurred. 11

Malvace^. — Filaments monadelphous. Carpels

in a ring 24

Ericace.'E. — Chiefly shrubby plants, with simple
entire leaves. Stamens twice as many as the
lobes of the corolla 85

Polygalace.'E. — Anthers 6 or 8, 1-celied, opening
at the top. Pod 2-celled. Flowers irregular ;
lower petal keel-shaped, and usually fringed
at the top 32

OxALiDACE^E. — Stamens 10, 5 of them longer.
Styles 5, distinct. Leaflets 3, obcordate,
drooping at night-fall 27

* * Stamens just as many as the lobes of the corolla, one
in front of each lobe.

Primulace^. — Stamens on the corolla. Ovary
1 -celled, with a free central placenta rising
from the base 91

* * * Stament jiixl ax mmii/ an the lohea of the corolla,
iiixerted on its tube alternately willi its lobes.

■i-0 varies 2, se-parate.

Apocynace^. — Plants with milky juice. Anthers
converging round the stigmas, but not adher-
ent to them. Filaments distinct 114

AscLEPiADACE^. — Plants with milky juice. An-
thers adhering to the stigmas. Filaments
monadelphous. Flowers in umbels 114

-! — \-Ovary 4-lobed around the base of the style.

Mentha, in

Labiat.e. — Stamens 4. Leaves opposite, aromatic 100

BoRRAGiNACEJE. — Stamens 5. Leaves alternate... 105

-i — i- Ovary 1-celled ; the seeds on the walls.

Hydrophyllace.e. — Stamens 5, usually exserted.
Style 2-cleft. Leaves lobed and sometimes
cut-toothed 108

Gentianace^. — Leaves entire and opposite ; or

(in Menyanthes) of 3 leaflets 112

-1 — \ — I — \~Ovary luith. 2 or more cells.

Aquifoliace^.— Shrubs. Corolla almost poly-
petalous. Calyx minute. Fruit a red berry-
like drupe. Parts of the flower chiefly in
fours or sixes 90

Plantagixace,e. — Stamens 4. Pod 2-celled.

Flowers in a close spike 91

Verbascum, in

Scrophulariace.e. — Corolla nearly regular.
Flowers in a long terminal spike. Stamens 5 ;
the filaments, or some of them, woolly 94

Polemoniace.'E. — Style 3-cleft. Corolla salver-
shaped, with a long tube. Pod 3-celled, few-
seeded ; seeds small 109

CoxvOLVULACE^. — Style 2-cleft. Pod 2-celled,
generally 4-seeded ; seeds large. Chiefly
twining or trailing plants 109

SoLANACE^. — Style single. Pod or berry 2-celled,

many-seeded 110

* * * * Stamens feiner than the lobes of the corolla ; the
corolla mostly irregular or 2-Upped.

Labiate. — Ovary 4-lobed around the base of the
style. Stamens 4 and didynamous, or occa-
sionally only 2 with anthers. Stem square.. 100

VERBEXACE.i:. — Ovary 4-celled, but not lobed ; the
style rising from tlie apex. Or, ovary 1-celled
and 1-seeded. Stamens didynamous 99

Lentibulace.e. — Aquatic. Stamens 2. Ovary

1-celled, with a free central placenta 93

Orobanchace.*:. — Parasitic herbs, without green
foliage. Ovary 1-celled, with many seeds on
the walls. Stamens didynamous 94

ScKOPiiuLARiACE.?-:. — Ovary 2-celled, with many

seeds. Stamens didynamous, or only 2 94

Kkv io riiK Famii.iics ok OitnKits.

HI. Al'KTALOUS Iil\lslON.

Corolla (ami sometimes calyx also) wanting.

A. Flowers nut In rnlkiiis.

♦ Calyx and corolla both wantimj,

Saukurack.*- — Flowers white, in a i1en.so tcnniiiiil
spike, nixUliiig at the end. Carpels U or 4,
nearly separate 124

l'EiiAToriiYLL.\rK.t:. — Immcrsccl aquatics, with
wliorletl finely dissected leaves. Flowers
inoncuoious 1 24

• ♦ Calyx superior (i.e., adherent to the orary).

SAXiKit.\(iArE^K — Small, smooth herhs, with incon-
spicuous greenish-ytUow lii)Wt;rs. Stamens
twice as many as the calyx-lobes, ou a con-
spicuous disk 46

IJALORACK-K.— Aquatics. Leaves finely dissectc<l
or linear. Stamens 1-8. Ovary 4-lobed or
(Hippuris) 1-celled 49

ONACiRACK.*:. — Herbs, in ditches. Stamens 4.

Uvary 4-celled, 4-sitle(l 49

ARiSTOLOCHiACK.t;. — Calyx 3-lobed, dull purple

inside. Ovary 6-celled 11 <>

Saxtai.ace.k. — Low plants with greenish-white
Howers in terminal clusters. Calyx-tube pro-
longed, and forming a neck to the 1-celled
nut-like fruit 1 24

El.*l\<;xace.*:. — Shrubs with scurfy leaves.
Flowers dicecious. Calyx 4parted, in the
fertile flowers apparently a«Uierent to the
ovary, and becoming fleshy in fruit 123

» * • Calyx inferior ( plainly free from the. ovaryj.

+- Ovaries more than one and separate from each other.

Raxcxctlace^. — Calyx present, colored an<l
petal-like. Achenes containing several seeds,
or only one 2

RcTACE.*:. — Prickly shrubs, with compound trans-
parent-dotted leaves, and dioecious flowers ... 27

■i— {-Ovary only one, but with more than one cell.

CRASSt:L.\CE.«. — Herbs, in wet places. Pod 5-

celled and 5-horned 4S

PHYT()LACfA(-E.«:. — Herbs. Ovary 10-celled and

lO-seeded HO

EnPHOitniACE.t:. — Herbs. Ovary 3-celled, .3-lobed,

protruded on a long pedicel. Juice milky . . 125

Sapini>ace.«. — Trees. Ovary 2-celIed and 2-lobed.

Fruit two l-seedetl samaras joined together.

Flowers polygamous 31

Rhamnace.e. — Shrubs. Ovary 3-celled and 3-

seeded ; forming a berry 2!t

FicoiDE.T..— Prostrate herbs with whorled leaves.

Ovary 3-celled, many-seeded 52

UKTifACK.«. — Trees. Loaves simple. Ovary 2-
celled, but fruit a 1-secdcd samara wingeil all
round. Stigmas 2 1-7

-1 — i--i-Or(/ry only one, l-celled and 1-Mee<le'l.

P(ii,V(;i>.VACE.*;. — Herbs. Stipnlcs shoathinf; the

stem at the nodes 119

Uktii'.\ce.«. - Herbs. Stigma 1. Flowers mon»e-
cious or <li«eciou8, in hpikes or r;tL'<-me». No
chatl'-liko bracts among the Howims. (fr.
Stigmas 2 ; leaves paluiately-couq)uund 1C7

Amauaxtack.k. — Herbs. Flowers greenish or
reddii-li, in spikes, with chajf-likt bracts inter-
n/'frH(d. Stigmas 2 118

CiIENOPODiACK.f:. — Herbs. Flowers greenish, in

spikes. No chaff-like bract«. Stigmas 2 110

Oleace.*:. — Trees. Lenrcn pinnnttly-comjtouml.

Fruit a 1 seeded samara 115

Urticace,*:. — Trees. Lfuves simple. Fruit a

1 -seeded samara winged all round, or a drupe. 127

Lairace.e. — Trees or slirubs. Flowers di<ecious.
Sepals 0, petal-like. Stamens 9, opening by
uplifting valves 122

TllVMEi.EACK.f.. — Shrubs with leather-like bark,
and jointed branchlets. Flowers perfect, pre-
ceding the leaves. Style thread-like 123

It. Fliiurrs in ralklus.
♦ Sterile or staminate flowers only in calkinn.

JuGLASiiACE.v.. — Trees with pinnate leaves. Fruit

a nut with a husk 130

CuPULiFER.*:. — Trees with simple leaves. Fruit
one or more nuts snrroiindeil by an involucre
which forms a scaly cup or bur 131

* * Doth sterile and fertile Jloicers in calkin.i, or rn/kln-
like heads.

Salicace.*:. -Shrubs or low trees. Ovary 1 celled,
many-seeded ; seeds tufted with down at one
entl'. 1.36

PLAT.VNAC'E.t;. — Largo trees. Stl/mlrs shcnthimj the

branchlets. The flowers in heads . 1.30

MvRlCAC'E.t;. — Shrtdjs with resinous-dotted, usually
fragrant, leaves. Fertile flowers one under
each scale. Nutlets usually coated with waxy
grains 1.34

Beti'Lace.e. — Trees or shrubs. Fertile flowers 2
or 3 under each scale of the catkin. Stigmas
2, long and slender 1.35

SUB-CLASS n. GYMXOSPERMS.

Ovules and seeds naked, on the inner face of an open

scale : or, in Taxus, without any scab-, but surronniled
by a ring-like di.sk wliich becomes re<l and berry-like
in fruit.

CoNiFER.t;. — Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice,
and mostly awl-shaped or needle-shapetl leaves.
Fruit a cone, or occasionally berry-like 1 .39

I- ..

~~i

Kev to imie Families ok Orders.

CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Distingnislied ordinarily by li;i\ing straight-veiiiBcl
leaves (tliougii occasionally net-veined ones), and tlie
parts of the Howers in threes, never in lives. \Vo()d
never forming rings, but interspersed in separate bun-
dles throughout tlie stem. Cotyledon only 1.

I. SPADICEOUS DIVISION.

Flowers collected on a spadix, with or without a
spatlie or sheathing bract. Leaves sometimes net-
veined.

Arace.*;. — Herbs (either flag-like marsh-planta,
or terrestrial,) with pungent juice, and simple
or compounil leaves, these sometimes net-
veined. Spadix usually (but not always) ac-
companied by a spathe. Flowers either with-
out a perianth of any kind, or with 4-6 sepals 143
Typiiace.*. — Aquatic or marsh plants, with linear
straight-veined leaves erect or floating, and
monoecious flowers. Heads of flowers cylin-
drical or globular, no spathe, and no floral

envelopes „ ,

Lemnace.e. — Small aquatics, freely floating about 144
Naiadace^e. — Immersed aquatics. Stems branch-
ing and leafy. Flowers perfect, in spikes,
generally on the surface 145

II. PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION.

Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with a
corolla-like, or occasionally herbaceous, perianth.

A. IN-riaiitU superior <aclherciit to the ovary).

* Flowers dicecious or polygamous, regular.

Hydrocharidace^. — Aquatics. Pistillate flowers

only above water ; perianth of 6 pieces 148

DiosCOREACEJE. — Twiners, from knotted root-
stocks. Leaves heart-shaped, net-veined.
Pod with 3 large wings

* * Flowers perfect.

144

157

Orckidace^.. — Stamens 1 or 2, gynandrous.

Flowers irregular 1^^

iRlDACEiE. — Stamens 3 155

Amaryllidace.v —Stamens 6. Flowers on a scape

from a bulh 156

It. I'eriaiitli Inferior (free from tlie ovary>.

Alismace.*;. — Pistil apocarpous ; carpels in a ring

or head, leaves with distinct petiole and blade 147

Smila(;e,e. — Climbing plants, with alternate
ribbed and net-veined petioled leaves.
Flowers dicecious 157

Triglochin, in

Alismace.k. — Rush-like marsh herbs. Flowers in
a spike or raceme. Carpels when ripe split-
ting away from a persistent axis ... 147

LiLlACE.E. — Perianth of similar divisions or lobes,
mostly 6, but in one case 4. One stamen in
front of each division, the stamens similar. . . . 158

Trillium, in

LiLiACE.E. — Perianth of 3 green sepals and three

colored petals 158

PoNTEDERiACE^:. — Stamcns 6, 3 long and 3 short.
Perianth (blue or yellow) tubular, of 6 lobes.
Aquatics 164

JuNCACE.-E. — Perianth glumaceous, of similar pieces 162

Eriocaulonace^. — In shallow water. Flowers in
a small woolly head, at the summit of a 7-
angled scape. Leaves in a tuft at the base. . . 165

III. GLUxMACEOUS DIVISION.

Flowers without a true perianth, but subtended by
thin scales called glumes.

Cyperace.«. — Sheaths of the leaves not split 165

Gramixe.*;. — Sheaths of the leaves split on the side

away from the blade 168

SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMS.

Plants without stamens and pistils, reproducing
themselves by spores instead of seeds.

CLASS III. PTERIDOPHYTES.

Stems containing vascular as well as c^illular tissue.

FiLiCES. — Spores produced on the fronds 174

Equisetace.E. — Spores produced on the under side
of the shield-sluiped scales of a terminal spike

or cone 181

Lycopodiace.i-:. — Spore-cases produced in the axils

of the simple leaves or bracts 182

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

or

PLANT DESCRIPTION.

A ffw examples of tlie method of filliiifr plant siliedulcs are (f'vcn In the po^es which Immediately follow. They are Intendwl

to he suffffeativo rather than to he Implfeitly followed. Tent-hers will u.hc their f>wn jtulirnient ns to the

deuTce of elaboration whieh will lie aimed nt In any partieiilar ca.-'e, a.'* a (.'ood

deal must depend upon the sta^e of the pupils' knowlcdKc.

PLANT SCHEDUDLE

NO.

K04»T.

STKM.

Origin Privianj.

Form Ta/i, loiu/ and si out.

Colour While or n-hitish.

Duration .... Biennial or perennial.

Position Subterranean.

Class Dicotyledonous.

Attitude Ascending or procumbent.

Texture Herbaceous.

Position Aerial.

LK.ll'.

Division Simple.

Position Cauline.

Arrangement. . .Alternate.

Stipulation Stipulate.

Insertion Petiolate ; petioles very long.

Outline Round-kidney-shaped.

Xo. of leaflets, if any. .None.

*Texture Thickish.

*Colour Green both sides.

Shape

. . Cylindrical.

*Siz9

One to three inches across.

Juice

. . Mucilaginous. i

*Venation

Palmately net-veined.

Branching.

. . Stems simple, often tufted.

1

1
1

*Margin . .

Slightly lobed and crenate.

Height

. .One to tvco feet.

*Apex ....

Obtuse.

Duration . .

. .Dying to the ground annually.

*Base

Deeply cordate.

Surface

. .Pubescent.

j

*Surface . .
* Applit

Pubescent.

able to leaflets if leaf is compound.

I \ I ILOKE.St'EME.

Mode Paremose

Variety One or two floicers in each axil.

THE FLO^VEK.

Okgan.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, Estivation, Colour, etc.

IN-riaiidi.

Lea ves.

NOi'iu.— This space need

not be used except for

Monocotyledons .

<:iljx.

Sepals.

.0

Gamosepalous.

Inferior.

An epicalyx of three bracts.
Calyx valvate, persistent.

C'oroll:i.

Petals.

5

Polypetalous.

Hypogynous.

Petals white or pinkish, obcordate, J
inch long, convolute in the bud.

Staniriis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

oc
cc

Monadel phous.

Hypogynous.

Tube of stamens united irith the base
of the corolla. Anthers 1-celled.

IMstil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

oc
cc
cc
oc

Syncarpou.i.

Superior.

Carpels in a ring, as many as the
styles, 1- seeded.

FKHT.

Kind Dry, indehiscent.

Variety Schizocarp, breaking up into 1-seeded closed carpels.

Dehiscence Indehiscent.

No. of Seeds ^4* many as the carpels.

Description of Seed. .Kidney-shaped, cotyledons crtimpled, little albumen.

Fl.ORAI, DiACKAJI.

4XA)«!«lt'U.iTION, At.

SERIES Phamruffams.

Class AnfjioHin-rma.

Sub-Class Diroli/ledonx.

I )1 VISION Polyjietaloun.

Order Malvacea.

Genus. Malva.

Species Botundifolia.

Botanical Nami' Malm rutumHt'o/ia.

Popular Name llotnul-iravtil Malluir.

Habitat lioadgidtt and rullivated woU.

Where found . . lloadiiile, Xorth Toronto.
Da to of collection Sei^tember 'JtitU, is'M.

DRAWINGS, &C.

Loiiiritudiiial section

of Hower showinir

Stamen-tube.

- Pistil.

Fruit, showiiit; {lersistent
calyx.

Lenf with
stipules

Portion of .stem,
with flower, leaf, and fruit.

PLANT SCHEDUDLE.

NO.

K4M»T.

STK.M.

Origin Secondary.

Form Fibrous.

Colour Whitish.

Duration . . . .Perennial.

Position Subterranean.

( 'lass Monocotyleclonous ; a halh.

Attitude

Texture Herbaceous.

Position Deep in the ground.

Shape Mostly ohlony ; small.

Juice Colouriess.

Branching. . .None.

Height

Duration . . . .Pereyinial.
Surface

LEAF.

Division Simple.

Position liadiral.

Arrangement. . .Alternate.

Stipulalioii Exstipulate.

Insertion Petioles sheathiny the srape.

Outline Ohlony-lanceolatn.

No. of leaflets, if any. .None.

*Texture Thickish and soft.

*Colour Green, mottled icith purple above.

*Size Tliree to five inches long.

*Venation Straight-veined.

*IMargin Entire.

^Ajaex Acute.

*Base Tapering.

^Surface Smooth and shining.

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

IXFLORESCEXtE.

Mode Terminal.

Variety Solitary.

THE FLOWER.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

XOTES ON FOKM, .ESTIVATIOX, COLOUR, ETC.

Pi'i'iaiilli.

Leaves.

€

Polypjhyllous.

Inferior.

Divisions spreading, lanceolate, yellow,
purple-spotted, an inch long.

Calyx.

Sepals.

<'oroll:i.

Petals.

MtaiiK-iis.

P'ilaments.
Anthers.

G
G
6

Hexandrous.

Plypogynous.

Stamens opposite the divisions of the
perianth.

Pislil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

1
1

•J

3

Syncarpous.

Superior.

Ovarii narrowed at the base. Style
club-shaped. Stigma .S-lobed.

FKIIT.

Kind Dry ; dehiscent.

Variety Capsule.

Dehiscence Loculicidal.

No. of Seeds Many.

Description of Seed. .Ovoid, vith meTnbranaceous tip. Albuminous.

Floral Piaoi!aji.

<XAMKIf'l€ATI<».>, Ac.

SEHTES Phanerofjavia.

Class Ant/losjjermn.

Sui{-{ 'LASS Monocol yiedons.

I )1\ISI()X /'rfti/oiilcuiin.

Order Llfiarece.

( Jciius Eryflironium.

Species Americanuin.

Bfjtftniwil XuiiK' Krytlironitun Amtriranuin.

Popular N'amo Ifof/'H-tuulU Violet.

Hnltitat (\jjiMeM.

Wlicrc f<iiin(l //"//' I'lirk, Toronto,

Data (if colloctioii Ma;/ r.nl, tSUl.

DRAWINGS, &C.

shcatliing petiole,
tlic scniMj within

bulb (coated)

Pistil.

cro««»-scctlon
of ovnrv.

XOTE.— r/us plant sends up a srajw, 5 or 6 inches high, tchirh Uars a single nodding fioiner. Tlte Uaves are
tivo in number.

COMPOSITES.

PLANT SCHEDUDLE.

NO.

KOOT.

8TK>I.

Origin Second ar;/.

Form Fibrous.

Colour Broicnish.

Duration .... Peren n ial.

Position Subterranean.

Cluss DiiotylexJonoun.

Attitude Erect.

Texture Ilerhaceoun.

Position Atrial, from a rootatoch.

Shape Cylindrical, sliglithj grooved.

Juice Colourless.

Branching. . . Usually none.

Height About 18 inches.

Duration . . . .Rhizome perennial ; aerial
stem anmial.

Surface Smooth, or nearly so.

LE.iF.

Division . . .Simple.

Position . . . Hadiral and cauline.

Arrangement. .Alternate.

Stipulation . Exstipulate.

Insertion . . . Lower petiolate ; upper sessile.

Outline . . . .Lover spathulate ; upjjer linear.

No. of leaflets, if any. .None.

*Texture. . . .Bather thick.

*Colour Green both sides.

*Size ^~i% inches long.

*Venation . .Pinnately net-veined.

*Margin . . . .Radical crenate ; cauline serrate.

*Apex Obtuse.

*Base Loicer tapering ; upper clasping.

j*Surface . . . .Glabrous.

I " Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

IXFLOKKSC'RXCt:, Ac.

IIE.4I»«».

Arrangement Terminal, solitary.

Kim I Radiate.

Size i\-^ inches across.

RAV'FLOKKTiii.

Number Many.

Colour White

Shape Linear-oblong.

Kind Pistillate.

Pappus Wanting,

IMSK-FLOKETS.

Nuinljcr Very many.

Colour Yellow.

Shape Tubular, slightly compressed.

Kind Perfect.

Pappus Wanting.

RiXEI'TACLE.

Form Flattish, or slightly convex.

Surface Naked.

IWOLIICRE.

Form Broad, and flat.

Rows of Scales About four.

Form of Scales Lanceolate.

Texture of Scales .... With scarious margins.
Arrangement Imbricated.

AC'HE\ES.

Form Nearly cylindrical.

Surface Striate or ribbed.

Colour Whitish or grayish,

SEED.

Exalbuminous.

" If florets are all alike fjive iiarticulars under heading Disk-
florets.

THE FLOWEK.

Ore; AN.

No.

COIIESIOK.

ADIIK8IO.N.

¥U>HXU DiAUKAM.

<'jlIj>X.

Sej.ah.

o

Gamosejjaloiis.

Superior.

<'or<ill]|.

retain.

5

Gamojietalous.

Epiyynoun.

/^^.

StaiiH'iiN.

Filaments.
Anthers.

5
5

Sijnyenesioits.

Epijietalouii.

\^^

VistiX.

Stigmas.
Sti//es.
Ca r/K'/s.
Gear //-cells.

•J

}
2

I

Syncarpoiis.

Inferior.

CLASHIFK AIION, .Ir.

SERIES Phanerogams.

( 'L.\ss Angiosjjerms.

Sub-Class Dicotyledons.

Division' Gamoy.etalous.

Order . . . ' ompositw.

Genus. Leucanlhemum,

Species Vulgare,

Botanical Namo Lttuanthemum vuli/nrf.

Popular Xamo ..Ox-eye Daisy.

Habitat Fields and /lastHres.

Where found Harrie.

Date of collection Aiu/iLit loth, /V'..'.

DRAWINGS, &C.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Leaf of Eound-leaved Mallow.

PeSC'TJIPTIOX.

Division Simple.

Position ( 'rt uli7ie.

Arrangement Alternate.

Insertion Pet tola te.

Stipulation Stipulate.

Outline Orbicular.

No. of leaflets, if any. .None.

♦Texture Th ickinh.

*Colour Dark green both sides.

*Size 1 to 3 inches across.

*Venation Palmately net-veined.

*^Iargin Slightly lobed and crenate.

*Apex Obtuse.

*Base ,. . Deeply cordate.

♦Surface Minutely pubescent both sides

' A])])lii';)l)lc' tij Iraflets if leaf is compound.

Division Vompound ; palmate.

Position Cauline.

Arrangement. ...... .Alternate.

Insertion Petiolate.

Stii^ulation Stipulate ; stipules united ivith

petiole.

Outline Deltoid, or triangular.

No. of leaflets, if any. ..9.

♦Texture Rather thin and suft.

*Colour Green, iritJi « white spot above.

♦size 1 to 1\ inches long.

♦Venation Pinnately net-veined.

♦Margin Entire or obscurely serrate.

♦Apex Generally emarginate,

♦Base Mostly obtuse.

♦Surface Pubescent and ciliate.

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf i.s compound.

PLANT SCHEDULE

NC. ._.../

BOOT.

STEM.

Origin — L2d::i..ZZaZrJL^-
Form — ^z/:^X..-lt:X..i:tt:CKL^..

Colour k.CL:Ui..Ld.t:Oc.

Duration.../^-:if-iZ-.a.^j.i£^<<=t:i5ZrtLS.

Position .(::/:^i:.<J^:^.4.^i.<;2Zc2W.£^c2...i..i^.

Glass ULl:^r::C.£>::f2^.t^<£/^^

Attitude z^^;^^??"-^^^-^-

Texture li^AjJ^^<<<L£::it<^,<<<L/..

Position (ZijjuLZi:2rr£>>.

Shape s-Z£.-^U-^lL:.

Juice L^yr£/>::l^£^grdA^..

Branching .-o<l<;^*^:C^<;^^i;<i>U^£^^

Height ^^:z-^:.::../^....4^*a.....2^.^^.

Duration Zd^.2^r.2-<r3SW^.^.

'^^:d.y.<Le.<:7kxA^..

Surface -

LEAF.

.Lifir:l:v^A.i>r?;:<;r.:xa-.i^^

Division.

Position C>:<3.yuJ:^;:3.:l^L^:...,

Arrangement...

Insertion

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any
*Texture -J^^^

♦Colour ^f±J.£y7^r:L^.

Cl£r:tl.djt. /."

J^A/ULL^...

^

*Size

*Venation ...OLiai^

^£t/e£cj.JbjeL.-2t^:ikir:i£^ ^

*Margin /

*Apex

*Base i2^.<^^d^.iiJl^..

*Surface-

■<?^ 7 Z

^t

* Applicable to leaflets •l^'leaf is compound.

IXFLORESCEXCE.

Mode-

Variety-

TniE FLOIYER.

Organ.

No.

Perianth.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

i'

Corolla.

Petals.

6-

Stamens.

Filaments.
Anthers.

/o

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

6'

Cohesion.

/*^" /

m

Adhesion.

\l>^yif^

AA-^-Xy

1/

<'/CU

CtltcCL^

■^eM/7^<^\^Ot<J

■^\

'Cy€^h

vhn.

V

/lH^''^-ir-z^^fyz'^u<}

Notes on Form, ^Estivation, Colouh, etc.

/M^;j,-^nf'if'J'i^^u<}

v^-^Aj^'^'^My

y^^^jT^ A/^-t-n cArtAAi

FRIIT.

Kind ■'■

Variety

1L4.

Dehiscence

....J^U..d:Ll.4..JLJU.k:.L-.<L.....

No. of Seeds CLl....cf..>:l^:0^i:::^?!!^^

Description of Seed _

Florai, Diagram.

SERIES .-.J2>Z:2:<zC2<?„iwii.,:l-ii3[:^

Sub-Class 7<^^..

Class

Division

Order

Botanical Name j^'

Popular Namo^i^^^^ ./^

i'.-iU

.itat .jJhLu:^</</yk& ^^- ' ^^^' r^^dJ ^'^t^<^

HaJ)

•Where foim 1

Date of collection

i ..

C; enus 'f^<C.d:..:i3!i<:2r:Lt:<C.,::2tdi<^:'>-^

Species •

2=::Zr.r2:.2.„

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE,

NO.

ROOT.

STEM.

Origin —

Form —

Colour

Duration
Position ■

Class

Attitude-
Texture --
Position...

Shape

Juice

Branching
Height

Duration .
Surface

LKAF.

Division-
Position -

Arrangement

Stipulation

Insertion - :

Outline .-

No. of leaflets, if any .

*Texture—

*Colour—

*Size -

♦Venation

♦Margin .

*Apex .
*Base ..

♦Surface —

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

IXFLOKESCEXtr.

Mode Variety-

THE FLOWER.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, ^stia'ation, Colock, etc.

S*eriantb.

Lea ves.

Calyx.

Sepals-

Corolla.

Petals.

Slameus.

Filaments.
Anthers.

ristji.

St if) mas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

-

FKllT.

Kind

Variety -

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

D(>scrii)tion of Seed-

Flokai, 1Jia(;i:am.

<'I.AHHIFI<'ATIO\. Ac.

SERIES

Class. —

Sub-Glass.

Division

Order

Genus

Species

Botanical Naino
Popular Xamo
IlabiUit
Where fouiil
Date of culloctiuii

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO.

ICOOT.

STEM.

Origin

Form

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice

Branchinir-

Height

LEAF.

I'ivision .
Position .

Arrangement.

Duration -
Surface...,-

Stipulation

Insertion

Outline

No. of leaflets, if anj^

*Texture

*Colour

*Size

*Venation

*Margin -

*Apex .
*Base ..

♦Surface —

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

1 \ FLOatESCEXCE.

Mode Variety-

THE FliOlVER.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, .Estivation, Colocr,

KTC.

Periantli.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

.Staincit.s.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

-

FRUIT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Dcscrijjtion of Seed-

!■ l.iiKAI. 1 )|A(;HAM.

CLAHSIFKATIUN. Ac.

SERIES

Class

sub-Class.

Division

Order

(Jenus

Species

I^itanical Name

Popiilur Name
IlabiUt

I Whoro foiin'l
Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO.

ROOT.

STEM.

Crigin.

Form -

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice

Branch in": -

Height ■

Duration-
Surface

LEAF.

Division

Position _

Arrangement —

Stipulation —

Insertion -

Outline -

Xo. of leaflets, if any ■

*Texture

*Colour

*Size ~

*Venation

*Margin •

*Apex-
*Base .-

*Surface —

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

IXFLORESCE\CE.

Mode-

... Variety.

THE FLOWER.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Aduesion.

Notes on Form, .Estivation, Colour, etc.

Perianth.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Fttals.

Stamens.

Filaments.
Anthers.

VistiX.

St if/mas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FRIIT.

liiml

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed.

Floral Diacram.

.J

( I t«»iri« tllON. Ar.

SERIES

Class

Sub-Class

DiVISKIN

Order

Genus

Species -

I^itjiiiii'iil N'ltiiiit .. .
i'tJinilur .Nuiuo —

Habitat

Whoro found
\hiW of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

/

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO

KOOT.

STEM.

Origin

Form -

Colour

Duration—.

Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice —

Branchinfr

Height .

Duration
Surface

LEAF.

Division—

Position

Arrangement

Stipulation

Insertion -

Outline —

No. of leaflets, if aii\-

♦Texture

*Colour

♦Size

♦Venation

♦Margin—

♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

INFLORESCENCE.

Mode.

Variety-

THE FLOWER.

Orgax.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Fohm, Estivation, Colour, etc.

Pcriantii.

Leaves.

r

Calyx.

Sejials.

Corolla.

I'ttals.

Stanien.s.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pi.stil.

Stigmas.
Stijles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FRl'IT.

Kind

Variety -~

Dehiscence-

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed.

Flokai, Diac.ram.

«I,.4SSn'l«ATI<>N, Ae.

SERIES

Class-

Sitb-Class-

Division

Order

Henus

Species

Botanicnl Name

Popular Name

Habitat

Where found
Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE,

NO.

ROOT.

STEM.

Origin

Form

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shajie

Juice

Branchinc:-

Height .

Duration •
Surface

LEAF.

Division

Position

Arrangement

Stijmlation

Insertion -

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any ■

*Texture

*Colour --■

*Size :--

*Venation

♦Margin

*Apex

*Base

♦Surface —

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

INFLORESt'EM'E.

Mode-

Variety -

THE FLOTI'ER.

Okgan.

No.

Cohesion.

Aduesion.

Notes ox Forji, ^sth-atiox, CoLoun, etc.

Perianth.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Stamens.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

-

FRUT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed-

CLASHItlC'ATlOX, Ac.

SERIES

Class

Sub-Class.

Division

Order

Genus

Species •

Botanical \amo

Popular Name

Habitat

Whuro fciiinl

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO-

ROOT.

STEM.

Origin

Form

Colour

Duration-
Position...

Class

Attitude -■

Texture

Position...

Shape

Juice 1..

Branching

Height

Duration
Surface

LEAF.

Division

Position — -

Arrangement

Stipulation

Insertion —

Outline

No. of leaflets, if an^-

*Texture

*Colour

*Size

*Venation

*Margin.

*Apex .
*Base ..

*Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

1\ FLORESCENCE.

Mode-

Variety..

THE FLO>TER.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Fohm, ^sxrvAxiON, Colour, et(\

Perianth.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Htaniens.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stifimas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

-

FRIIT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed.

r LORAL Diagram.

CLAHMIIKATIOV. .tr.

SERIES

Class

Sub-Class

1)1 VISION

Order

Cenus

Species

' Botnnioal Nann-

[

I Popular Niiini'

I Ilaliitat

I WImt"' fniin I

Uat* of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

._J

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO..

BOOT.

STEH.

Origin

Form

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice

BranchinsT-

LEAF.

Height

Duration -
Surface

Division

Position

Arrangement

Stipulation -

Insertion

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any ■

*Texture

*Colour

♦Size

*Venation

♦Margin-

*Apex.
♦Base ..

♦Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

IXFLOKESCEXCE. Mode ~ Variety-

THE FLOM'ER.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, .SIstivation, Colour, etc.

Poriantb.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

StaniciLS.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

-

FKIIT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed-

1< LdUAL DlAGli,\M.

CLASSIFIf-ATIOX. ^ta.

8EEIES

Class

Sub-Class.

Division

Older

Genus-

Species ■

Botanical Name
Popular Namfr—

Habitat

Whi'io foiinil

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO

ROOT.

STEM.

Origin

Form

Colour
Duration
Position -

Class

Attitude -
Texture
Position. .

Shape

Juice

Li':AF.

Branching
Height

Duration
Surface ., .

Division —

Position-

Arrangement

Stipulation

Insertion

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture ---

♦Colour —

*Size

♦Venation
♦Margin -

♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface -

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

INFLORESCENCE. Mode _ Variety..

THE FLOWER.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes ON FoKJi, jEstivatiox, Colour, kh .

Periantli.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Stamens.

Filamenls.
Anthers.

Pi.stil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FRirr.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed-

Floral Diagram.

CLAS^III'K ATIO>f. 4c.

SERIES

Class—

Sub-Class.

Division

Order

Spei'it's

Botanical Name

l'(jpul.ir \:iiun

Habitat

Where foiinil

Date of cuUeution

DRAWINGS, &C.

_J

PLANT SCHEDULE,

NO..

BOOT.

STEM.

Origin •

Form

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice

Branching.

Height

Duration

Surface ..........

LEAF.

Division

Position

Arrangement

Stipulation

Insertion

Outline -

Xo. of leaflets, if any ■

♦Texture

*Colour

*Size- — ~

*Venation

*Margin .-.-

*Apex

*Base

♦Surface —

Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

I\ FLORESCE\CE.

Mode.

Variety -

THE FLOWER.

Organ.

No.

COIIESIOM.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, Estivation,

Colour, etc.

Poriantb.

Leaves.

•

Calyx.

Sejials.

Corolla.

Petals.

Stanicn.s.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

--

FRL'IT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed-

Floral Diagram.

C'LAHSItKATiO^, Ac.

SERIES

Class

Sub-Class.

Division

Order

Genus

Species

Botanical Name-
Popular Namo —
Habitat

Where founil —

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE

NO..

ROOT.

STEM.

Origin —

Form

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juico

Branching-

Height

Duration
Surface

LEAF.

Division-
Position -

Arrangement

Stipulation

Insertion

Outline — -

No. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture

♦Colour

*?Jize — -

/-

♦Venation ■

♦Margin .

♦Apex
♦Base ..

♦Surface —

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

IXFLORESCENCE. j Mode — .. Variety-

THE FLOWER.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes ON Form, ^Estivation, Colour, etc.

Perianth.

Leaven.

Calyx.

Sepah.

Cnroliii.

I'etah.

Stsinieus.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stif/vias.
Sli/les.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

■

f;ci IT.

Kind "

Variety -

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

I'LOr.Al, DlAdUAM

CLASKIt'K'ATION. Ac.

SEEIES ......

Class

Sub-Class .

Division

Order

(ienus

Species

Botanical Name
Popular Narno
Habitat

Where found
Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO..

ROOT.

STEM.

Origin •

Form ~

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice

Branching -

Height

Duration •
Surface '--

LEAF.

Division

Position-

Arrangement

Stipulation

Insertion

Outline -

No. of leaflets, if any

*Texture

♦Colour

*Size

*Venation

*Margin

*Apex.
*Base ..

♦Surface —

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

INFLORESCENCE.

Mode-

Variety-.

THE FLOWER.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, -iEsxivATiox, Colour, etc.

Perianth.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Stanicii.s.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FRUIT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

Floral Diagram.

rLAHHiri<'ATIO\. Ar.

SERIES

Cla&s

Simj-Class.

Division

Order

(ienus

Species -

Botanical Name

Popular Name

Habitat ..-

Where found
Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE,

NO

BOOT.

STEM.

Origin

Form -. _

Colour

Duration —

Position

Class

Attitude-

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice

Branching-

Pleight

Duration

Surface

LEAF.

Division

Position -- -

Arrangement-

Stipulation

Insertion —

Outline ~

No. of leaflets, if any ■

*Texture

*Colour - -

*Size

*Venation

*Margin —

*Apex

*Base

*Surface - -

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

INFLORESCENCE.

Mode-

Variety-

THE FLOIYER.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, .Estivation, Colodr, etc.

Perianth.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Stamens.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

St if/mas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FUi;iT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds ~

Description of Seed.

jfLOKAL Diagram.

tXA»SIFICATIO.\. <lc.

SERIES

Class

Sub-Class.

Division

Order

Genus

Species

Botanical Xatm-
Popular Name-
Habitat

Where foiinrl

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO.

KOOT.

STEM.

Crigin .

Form — ..

Colour

Duration
Position ■••

Class

Attitude-
Texture—
Position-
Shape

Juice -

Branching.

Height -

Duration -
Surface

LEAF.

Division-

Position

Arrangement—

Stipulation

Insertion- -

Outline -

Xo. of leaflets, if anj-

*Texture

*Colour-

*Size -

*Venation

*Margin —

♦Apex —

*Base

♦Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

IXFLORESCENCE. Mode-

— Variety -

THE FLOWER.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, Estivation, Colocb, etc.

Porianth.

Leaves.

t"al.yx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Stamens.

Filaments.
Anthers.

I'iMtil.

Stiff mas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FRLIT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

Flokal Diagram.

^1

f'LASSiri<'ATIO.\. Ac.

SEKIES

Class

Sub-Class .

Division

Order

Genus

Species

Botanical Name-.
Popular Name
Habitat

Where foimd
Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO.

KOOT.

STEM.

Origin

Form--

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice

Branching.

Height .

Duration •
Surface - .^-

LEAF.

Division —
Position

Arrangement -

Stipulation

Insertion

Outline

No. of leaflets, if anj'

♦Texture -

♦Colour

*Size

♦Venation

♦Margin—

♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

I \ FLOKESCEXCE.

Mode.

Variety-

THE FLOWER.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes ON Form, .S^stivation, Colour,

ETC.

Porinnth.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

CoroII.n.

Petals.

Stamens.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

St if/ mas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

—

FBI IT.

Kind

Variety — -

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed.

FLfntAi, Diagram

CLASHIFK'ATIOV. .ir.

SERIES

Class

Sub-Class .

DiVISIOK,....

Order

(leiius

Species

Botanical Name

Popular Name

Habitat -

Where found

Date uf cuUuution

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE

NO,

BOOT.

STEM.

Origin

Form

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice

Branching -

Height

Duration

Surface ...'

LEAF.

Division — .

Position

Arrangement

Stipulation -

Insertion -

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture

*Colour

*Size

*Venation

*Margin

*Apex.
*Base ..

*Surface-

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

INFLORESCENCE.

Mode - Variety.

THE FLOWER.

Organ.

No.

COHESIOX.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, Estivation, Colour, etc.

Perianth.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Stamens.

Filavients.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

•

FRI7IT.

Kind "

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed-

Floral Diagram.

4-LASHIFK ATIO.\. Ac.

SERIES

CLASS—

Sub-Class.

Division

Order

Genus

Species ■

Botanical Name —
Popular Namo...—

Habitat—

Where found
Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO.

ROOT.

STEM.

Origin

Form -

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice

Branching

Height .

Duration
Surface

LEAF.

Division-

Position -

Arrangement —

Stipulation

Insertion— —

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any ■

*Texture

*Colour

I

.-, ize

♦Venation

*Margin

*Apex

*Base

♦Surface -

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

IXFLOBESCENCE. j Mode Variety.

THE FLOWER.

OnoAN.

No.

Perianth.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

('oroII:i.

fetaU.

Stamens.

Filaments.
Anthers.

INstil.

Stigmas.
St'jles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

COUESIOX.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, iEsrivATioN, Colour, etc.

rai IT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

Flokai- Diac.kam.

C'LAMKIFIC'ATIOK, Wlc.

SERIES

Class

Sub-Class
Division

Order

Genus

Species .

I

BotanitMil Name
Popular Xam«'
! HahiUit
Whore forni
Date of cullectiun

DRAWINGS, &C.

L-

PLANT SCHEDULE

NO

ROOT.

STEM.

Ungin .

Form

Colour

Duration...
Position ...

Class-

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice

Branching

Height

Duration

Surface

LEAF.

Division

Position

Arrangement

Stipulation -

Insertion -

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any ■

*Texture

*Colour

*Size

♦Venation

*Margin --

*Apex

*Base

♦Surface -

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

IX FLORESCENCE.

Mode-

Variety-

THE FLOATER.

Orgax.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Fcirm, Estivation, Colour, etc.

Periantii.

Leaves.

taljx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Sianieius.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FRIIT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

I'LORAL Diagram.

CLA2J»1F1CATIU\, <tc.

SERIES

Class-

Sub-Class.
Division .
Order

Genus

Species

Ritanif-al Name ••

Popular Nama

Habitat

Where found

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO..

ROOT.

STE9I.

Origin

Form

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice

Branching

Height

Duration

Surface

LEAF.

Division —

Position —

Arrangement —

Stipulation

Insertion -

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

*Texture-

♦Colour —

*Size

*Venation

♦Margin.

*Apex.
*Base ..

♦Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

INFLOBESCEKCE.

Mode _ Variety.

THE FLOWER.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, Estivation, CoLotrn,

Err.

Perianth.

Leaves.

-

t'alyx.

Sepals.

<'oroIIa.

retain.

Stamens.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FRUIT.

Kind -

Variety *■■ -

Dehiscence ~ _ .>.

No. of Seeds '. ....._^

Description of Seed

Floral Diagram.

CLAKSirK'iTION. Ae.

SERIES

Class —

Sub-Class
Division

Order

Genus

Species

Botanical Namo
Popular Namo
Habitat
Whero foiin'l
Dat« of collection

DRAWhNGS, &C.

L.

PLANT SCHEDULE,

NO.

ICOOT.

STEM.

Origin

Form

Colour

Duration.
Position •••

Class

Attitude--
Texture -
Position-.

ShajDe

Juice

Branching.

Height

Duration.
Surface

LEAF.

Division-

Position

Arrangement

Stipulation

Insertion

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

*Texture

♦Colour

♦Size

♦Venation

♦Margin .

♦Apex.
♦Base -

♦Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

IVFLOKESCEXCE.

Mode - Variety..

THE FLOWER.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, ^Estivatiox, Colour, etc.

Perianth.

Leaves.

t'alyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Fetals.

Stamens.

FUaments.
Anthers.

ristil.

St if/mas.
Stijles.
Carpels.
Ovary-ceU s.

FKIIT.

K ind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed.

Fi.ciKAi, Diagram.

€LASglFI€ATieX, Ac

si-:r[Es

Class

Sub-Class.

Division

Order

( '• onus

species -

BotAnical Name-
Popular Name —
HabiUt

Where fuund

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

L

COMPOSITES.

PLANT SCHEDULE

NO..

UOOT.

STEM.

Origin

Form

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude •
Texture
I'osition ..

Shaj^e

Juice

Branching
Height

Duration
Surface

li:af.

nivi ;inn

Position

Arrangement

Stipulation

Insertion

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture

*Colour

*Size

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

I\E^LOKESC'ENCE, Ac.

Ili:.4I>.S.

Arrangement-

Kind.
Size -

»K.4y-FLOKKTS.

Number

Colour

Shape

Kind

Pappus

''DI^»K-FLOI(l:T!<•.

Number

Colour

Shape

Kind

Pappus

REt'KrT.U'Li:.

Form

Surface-.

I>VOLr€KE.

Form

Rows of scales

Form of scales

Texture of scales .
Arrangement

A<'HE\E!!i.

Form '

Surface
Colour...
Ji^EEU.

- If florets are all alike jrive jiarticulai-s under heading Disk-
florets.

lui: FLo»i:it.

Organ.

Corolla.

Petals.

Stnnirns.

JF'i/anieiifn.
Anthers.

IMslil.

Stigmas.
Sti/les.
< 'a rpeh.
Ovary-ceUs.

No.

Cohesion.

SKRIES

Class

Sub-Class.

1 )IVISION'

Order

i^enus

^pecles

AUHKHIUN.

FlX>BAI. UlAUHAM.

CXA»SIFir.4TI05i. Ar.

Hotanical Name-

Popular Name

Habitat ■ —

Wlicrc fi)iiiiil
Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

COMPOSITES.

KOOT.

STEM.

Origin

Form

Colour

Durati(jn ...
Position - "

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice

Branchino"

Height

Duration
Surface

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO....

LEAF.

Division

Position

Arrangement

Stipulation

Insertion .-

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

*Texture

*Colour

*Size

*Venation

*Margin .

*Apex .
*Base .

*Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf Is compound.

INFLORESCENCE, dec.

IIE.IDS.

Arrangement..

Kind
Size ...

KlY-FLOKETS.

Number

Colour

Shape

Kind

Paj^pu.s-

l>ISK-FLOKET.S.

Number

Colour...
Shape-,.
Kind

Pappus

I

RECEPTACLE.

Form -...

Surface -.

IWOLICRE.

Form- —

E,ows of scales

Form of scales

Texture of scales .

Arrangement

ACIIENE8.

Form

Surface.
Colour...
SEEU.

* If florets arc all alike give particulars under heading Di.sk-
florets.

TIIK FMMTIJt.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhi»ion.

Plorax, Duoram.

C'nljVX.

Sepah.

f

C«»r»Iln.

Petals.

/""^

StiiiiiriiK.

l^^ilaments.
Antliers.

{ )

Pistil.

St i (J mas.
Stijles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

•

^^^

CLASSIFICATION, Ac.

SERIES

Class

Sub-Class.

Division

Order

Genus

Species

Botanical Name

Popular Name

Habitat

Where found

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

J

COMPOSITES.

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO.

UOOT.

STEM.

Origin -

Form

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape — ..

Juice - —

Branching

Height

Duiation— •
Surface ..-'...

LEAF.

Division

Position

Arrangement -

Stipulation

Insertion -

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any -

*Texture

*Colour

*Size — •

*Venation

*Margin

*Apex

*Base

♦Surface -

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

UEADS.

Arrangement.

Kind-
Size ..-

*RAl'-FLOUETS.

Isumbcr

Colour

Shape —

Ivind -^

Pappus — ..

"DISK-FLORETS.

Number-

Colour

Shape

Kind — —

Pappus

■XFLOKE.SCENCE, Ac.

BEtEPTACLE.

Form —

Surface —

INVOLirCBE.

Form

Eows of scales

Form of scales -—
Texture of scales.
Arrangement-

A€HE\E§.

Form-.-.

Surface -

Colour

SEED.

' If florets are all alike give particulars under heading Disk-
florets.

TIIK FLOHKK.

Organ.

<-al.vx.

Se])alii.

Corolla.

Pttah.

Stamens.

Filaments.
Anthers.

i>istil.

St iff mas.
Sti/les.
i 'a 7' pels.
Ovary-cells.

No.

COHKSION.

Adhesion.

FiXfBAI. DiAUKAU.

CLAi^SIFICATIOK, Ar.

SKEIE8-

('LA.SS

SUB-CLA.SS.

1>I VISION

Order

(ienus

Species

Botanical Name -

Popular Name

Habitat

Where found -.

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

COMPOSITES.

PLANT SCHEDULE

NO.

■COOT.

8TTK11.

Origin

Form

Colour

Duration
Position

Class

Attitude
Texture - ■

i'osition

Shape

Juice

Branching

Height

Duration
Surface .-'

11EAD8.

Arrangement.

Kind

Size

-RAT-FLOUETS.

Number

Colour ■

Shape

Kind
Pappus

'DISK-FLOKHT.S.

Number

Colour ..

Shape

Kind

Pappus

LEAF.

Division

Position

Arrangement

Stipulation -

Insertion

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any ■

♦Texture

♦Colour

♦Size

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface •

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

IM<LOKESC'EN€E, Ac.

KEt'EI'TACLE.

Form —

Surface

IWOLICKE.

Form

Eows of scales

Form of scales

Textui'e of scales .
Arrangement

ACHEXES.

Form -

Surface.
Colour.-.
SEEU.

* If florets arc all alike g'ive particulars under heading Disk-
florets.

L —

TIIK FLOWKK.

Organ.

No.

COHE-SION.

Adhksion.

Floral Dii..aBAJL

Cal^x.

Sepah.

Corolla.

Petals.

/^~^

Htamens.

FilamenlH.
Anthers.

( )

riHtii.

St if/mas.
Styles.
('ar})els.
Ovary-cells.

^"^^

€LA88IFI€ATIO.\. Ax.

SERIES —

Clash

Si:b-Class-

DlVLSION —

OrdfT

Genus

Species -

Botanical Name-
Popular Name —
Habitat __

Where found

Date of collection

\\

DEUWINGS, &C.

COMPOSITES.

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO..

UOOT.

STEM.

Origin -

Form -

Colour

Duration

Position

Class

Attitude

Texture

Position

Shape

Juice

Branching

Height

Duration

Surfa'ce

LEAF.

Division

Position

Arrangement

Stipulation

Insertion -

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any .

♦Texture

*Colour

*Size — ■

*Venation

*Margin

*Apex — --

*Base

♦Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

INFLORESCEKCE, Jtc.

HEADS.

Arrangement.

Kind.
Size "

"BAY-FLOKETS.

Number

Colour -
Shape-....
Kind

Pappus.

"ni.SK-FLORETS.

Number

Colour.

Shape

Kind

Pappus •

RECEPTACLE.

Form —.-

Surface .

IWOLirCRE.

Form—

Rows of scales

Form of scales

Texture of scales.

Arrangement-.

ACIIEXES.

Form

Surface .
Colour...
SEED.

' If florets are all alike give particulars under heading Disk-
florets.

THK FLOWi:iC.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

FUMM. DUOBAH

CaljFX.

>^e))als.

Corolla.

Petals.

/^■\

Stamens.

Filaments.
Anthers.

( )

I>lslll.

fStiijmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

V y

CLASSIFICATION. Ac.

SEKIES

Class - -

Sub-Class

Division —-

Order

G en us

Species --

Botanical Name-
Popular Name

Habitat

Where found

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

u

COMPOSITES.

PLANT SCHEDULE.

NO.

UOOT.

Origin

Form-...

I gTEU.

Colour

Duration •
PositioIl—

Class

Attitude-
Texture - ..

Position

Shape

Juice

Branching

Height

Duration
Surface

LEAF.

Division —

Position -

Arrangement

Stipulation -

Insertion

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any •

*Texture -

*Colour

*Size - — —

*Venation

*Margin-—

*Apex - — -

*Base

♦Surface - - •-

* Applicable to leaflets If leaf is compound.

INFLORESCENCE, die.

HEADS.

Arrangement-

Kind

Size .-

"BAY-FLOttETS.

Number

Colour

Shape

Kind

Pappus

RECEPTACLE.

Form .- —

. Surface

"DISK-FLORETS.

Number

-

Colour-

Shape

Kind

Pappus

INVOLUCRE.

Form —

Kows of scales —

Form of ^ales

Texture of scales-
Arrangement

ACHENES.

Form

Surface.
Colour ..-
SEED.

* If florets are all alike give particulars under heading Disk-
florets.

TIIK FLOM»:U.

Organ.

No.

Sepah.

<'oroIla.

Fetuh.

siiiniriiH,

Filamentn.
Anthers.

ristii.

Stiijmas.
Sti/ies.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

CO}|KPION.

AUIIK8ION.

FU)RAL Dur.RAM.

CLASSIFICATION, Ac.

SKRIES

Class -

Si;b-Class.

Division

Order —

Genus

Species

Botanical Name-
Popular Name

Habitat

Where found —

Date of collection

DRAWINGS, &C.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Leaf of.

Description.

Division

Position .

Arrangement-

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

*Texture

♦Colour

♦Size

♦Venation

^Margin.
♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface .

Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Drawings.

Leaf of.

Division _

Position

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture ;

♦Colour ~

♦Size — _

♦Venation -.-

♦Margin

♦Apex-

♦Base

♦Surface- — -

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Leaf op..

Description.

Division _

Position - ..

Arrangement —

Insertion — ~

Stipulation - -

Outline - -..

No. of leaflets, if any - -

♦Texture -

♦Colour - -

♦Size —

♦Venation - -

♦Margin — —

♦Apex - -

♦Base —

♦Surface -

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Dhawinos.

Leap op

Division -

Position .

Arrangement.

Insertion -

Stipulation t

Outline -

No. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture

♦Colour -

♦Size ; —

♦Venation - - -

♦Margin -.- — ~ ~

♦Apex — - - "- -

♦Base-- - - ~

♦Surface - - — -

• Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Leap op.

Descrfption.

Division
Position ■

Arrangement

Insertion ~

Stipulation -

Outline —

No. of leaflets, if any •

^Texture—

*Colour

*Size

^Venation

*Margin .■.._

*Apex

*Base - _..-

♦Surface _ _

* Applicable to leaflets If leaf is compound.

Drawikgs.

Leaf of.

Division .
Position .

Arrangement.

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline - ~

No. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture

♦Colour

♦Size _

♦Venation _.

♦Margin -.-

♦Apex— -

♦Base

♦Surface ~

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Leap op -

Description.

Division
Position .

Arrangement

1 nsertion _

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

*Texture~ -

♦Colour—

*Size..._ — -

♦Venation

Drawint.s.

♦Margin-

♦Apex.
♦Base-

♦Surface

Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Leaf op.

Division —

Position

Arrangement-.,

Insertion - -

Stipulation

Outline - -

No. of leaflets, if any.

♦Texture - -

♦Colour -.-

♦Size

♦Venation -

♦Margin
♦Apex —

♦Base

♦Surface -

• Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Leaf of.

Description.

Division
Position .

DUA WINGS.

Arrangement .

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline .-

No. of leaflets, if any -..'.

*Texture

*Colour

=^Size

*Vcnation

^Margin -

*Apex ...y

*Base - -

♦Surface '.

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Leaf of.

Division .
Position

Arrangement.

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any-.

*Texture

♦Colour -

*Size

♦Venation .

♦Margin

♦Apex--

♦Base —

♦Surface

Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES,

Leaf of

Description.

Division

Position

Arrangement —

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline —

No. of leaflets, if any

♦Textui'e

♦Colour

Drawings.

*Size

*Venation

*^rargin

*Apex

*Base

♦Surface

Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Leaf op

Division.
Position

Arrangement.

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture -

♦Colour — -

♦Size " —

♦Venation - —

♦^Margin ~ -

♦Apex— - -

♦Base — — —

♦Surface - -

• Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Leaf op.

Description.

Drawings.

Division
Position

Arrangement •

Insertion „ _.

Stipulation..-

Outline _

No. of leaflets, if any -

♦Texture--

♦Colour -.

*Size —

♦Venation -

♦Margin - _

♦Apex — -

♦Base : _..

♦Surface _ _

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Leaf of.

Division

Position

Arrangement -

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any.

♦Texture—

♦Colour

♦Size

♦Venation

♦Margin-

♦Apex

♦Base ~ -

♦Surface.

• Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Leaf op — ...

Dkscriition.

Division
Position .

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any .

*Texture

*Colour -

I)RAWrN(}S.

*Size .

*Venation

* Margin ■

*Apex

*Base

^.Surface .

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Leaf of

Division .
Position-

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any-

♦Texture

♦Colour

♦Size

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface -

' Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES,

Leaf op

Description.

Division
Position

Arrangenieiit

Insertion

Stipulation

Drawings.

Outline

"Xo. of leaflets, if any

*Tcxture

*Colour

-Size

*Vonation

*Margin..

*'Apex

*Base

*Surface .

Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LiEAF OF.

Division

Position ' - -—

Arrangement ;.......r..

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline ~

No. of leaflets, if any ~

*Texture •-

♦Colour ^ .*"

♦Size-

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex-

♦Base

♦Surface •

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Make Drawings of Leaves Answering to the Following Descriptions.
(The teacher will dictate the descriptions.)

DES(JRII'TI()\.

Division
Position

Arrangement -

I usertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if uuy

*Texture

*Colour

I)rawin(;h.

*Size

*Venation

*Margin

*Apex

*Base

*Surface

Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Division .
Position

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation
Outline

No. of leaflets, if any.

*Texture ■
♦Colour ....

*Size-.

*Venation

* Margin

*Apex

*Base

♦Surface -.

Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Make Drawings of Leaves Answering to the Following Descriptions.

(The teacher will dictate the descriptions.)

Description.

Division

Position

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline -

No. of leaflets, if any.

*Texturo .-

♦Colour

*Size.

*Venation

*Margin.
*Apex

Drawings.

♦Base

♦Surface .

Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Division .
Position •

Arrangement -.-

Insertion ~

Stipulation

Outline —

No. of leaflets, if any-

♦Texture

♦Colour

♦Size— -

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex- ~

♦Base

♦Surface

Applicable to leaflets if leaf Is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Make Drawings of Leaves Answekino to the Followino Descriptions.
(The teacher will dictate the dcacriptiuiifl.)

Description.

Division —

Position

Arrangement

Insertion _

Stipulation

Outline _...

No. of leaflets, if any.

*Texture

*Colour

Dravvi.nos.

*Size V

* Venation

* Margin

*Apex

*Base

^Surface — - - -

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is ccmpoiind.

Division -

Position

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any-

*Texture

*Colour

*Size -

♦Venation

*Margin

*Apex

*Base —

♦Surface -

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

I

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Make Drawings of Leaves Answering to tiie Following Descriptions.

(The teacher will dictate the descriptions.)

Description.

Drawings.

Division

Position _

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

*Texture

*Colour

*Size

*Venation

*Margin ,

*Apex -

*Base

^Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Division

Position ,

Arrangement

Insertion- —

Stipulation - -

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

^Texture .»

*Colour "...-;

*Size A

*Venation ~

*Margin -

*Apex -

*Base

*>->urface - -

• Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Make Dratytngs of Leaves Answerini; to the Folu)Win(} Descriptions.

(Tho teacher will dictate the deflrriptions.)

Description.

Drawtnor.

Division
Position •

Arrangement-

Insertion

Stipulation .".....

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any -

*Texture

*Colour

*Size .

*Venation

♦Margin.

*Apex
*Base ..

*Surf ace •

Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Division
Position

Arrangement .

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any.

♦Texture ~

♦Colour

*Size -

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Api

ex.

♦Base

♦Surface •

Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Make Drawings of Leaves Answering to the Following Descriptions.

(The teacher will dictate the descriptions.)

Description.

Division

Position

Arrangement

Insertion '■

Stipulation - -

Outline -

No. of leaflets, if any -

♦Texture-

♦Colour -

♦Size ~

♦Venation -

♦Margin -

♦Apex -

♦Base - _ -

♦Surface _

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Division

Position -

Arrangement -

Insertion -

Stipulation

Outline --

No. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture ~ - -

♦Colour

♦Size '.

♦Venation

♦Margin ■■

♦Apex

♦Base - -

♦Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound

Drawings.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Make Drawings of Leaves Answering to the F«jlix)Wino De8criptio>{s.

(The teacher will dictate the descriptions.)

Description.

L'ivision
Position

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation-

Outline —

No. of leaflets, if any .

*Texture

♦Colour -

DRA>VIN08.

*Size •

♦Venation •

*Margin.
*Apex

♦Base

♦Surface .

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Division
Position

Arrangement.

I nsertion -

Stipulation

Outline

Xo. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture

♦Colour

♦Size

♦Venation -

♦Margin
♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface

Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Make Drawings op Leaves Answering to the Following Descriptions.

i^The teacher will dictate the descriptions.)

Description.

I'ivision

Position

AiTangement —

Insertion :

Stipulation

Outline —

No. of leaiiets, if any

*Texture

*Colour

*Size -

*Venation -

♦Margin - -

*Apex ,

*Base — -■

♦Surface - —

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Division -

Position -

Arrangement -

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any

♦Texture

♦Colour — -

♦Size

♦Venation -

♦Margin

♦Apex

♦Base "

♦Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound

Drawings.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Make Drawings of Leaves Answering to the Following Descriptions.

(The teacher will dictate the descriptions.)

Description.

Division
Position

Arrangement •

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any -

♦Texture ■■■

♦Colour

Duawlnos.

*Size.

♦Venation

♦Margin.

♦Apex

♦Base

♦Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Division
Position.

Arrangement.

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline _.....„

No. of leaflets, if any ...-

♦Texture

♦Colour

♦Size - .: —

♦Venation •-

♦Margin ~

♦Apex

♦Base -

♦Surface

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

r"

LEAF SCHEDULES,

Make Drawings of Leaves Answering to the Following Descriptions.

(The teacher will dictate the descriptions.)

Description.

T)ivision

Position

Arrangement ~

Insertion -

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any-

*Texture

♦Colour

*Size

Drawings.

* Venation

♦Margin-

*Apex

♦Base

♦Surface .

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Division -
Position-

Arrangement .

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

No. of leaflets, if any-

♦Texture -

♦Colour

♦Size -

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex

♦Base - -

♦Surface — -

* Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

LEAF SCHEDULES.

Make Drawings of Leaves Answering to the Followlng Descriptions.

(The teacher will dictate the descriptions.)

Description.

Division

Position

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline —

No. of leaflets, if any

*Texture

♦Colour

*Size

♦Venation

♦Margin

*Apex

♦Base

♦Surface

Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

Dkawing.s.

Division

Position

Arrangement

Insertion

Stipulation

Outline

Xo. of leaflets, if anj-

♦Texture

♦Colour

♦Size —

♦Venation

♦Margin

♦Apex —

♦Base -

♦Surface

Applicable to leaflets if leaf is compound.

FLOWER SCHEDULES

Flower of..

OnOAN.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, Estivation. Colour, ktc.

rrrlnnlh.

Lea ves.

•

C'nljjx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Stallions.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FKIIT.

Kinrl

y^ ~^

Var
Deh

ietv

/ \

No. of Se

Q^S

V /

v_y

Fldkal DrAORAM.

Flower of..

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, ^Estivation, Colour, etc.

Perianth.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

St am r IIS.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FKIIT.

Kind

Variety—-

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed-

Floral Diagrasl

FLOWER SCHEDULES

Flower of..

Organ.

No.

COHKSION.

Adhesion.

Nana on Fohm, ^lisTiVATioN, Coi,<)1,k. ktc.

rvriantb.

Leaves.

Cal^'.v.

Sepals.

4'or)tllii.

I'elals.

•Stai incus.

Filaments.
Anthers.

I'l.stil.

St iff mas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary -cells.

FKIIT.

Kind

Variety -

y^ ^

-

( ]

No.
Des

of S<

lorlc .._

\ j

\^^^y^

Ki.oiiAr. Di.\f;iiAM.

Flower of..

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, .ICsrn'ATiON, Colodb, Era

I'vrlniitli.

Leaves.

C'nI.rx.

Sepals.

Corolln.

Petals.

Stniiioiis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FKllT.

Kind

Variety —

Dehiscence — -

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

Fr.onAi. DiAGHAM.

FLOWER SCHEDULES,

Flower of..

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, .S;stivation, Colour, ktc.

■'(-rlHiilh.

Leaves.

<'nij»\-.

Sepals.

.

t'orolla.

Petals.

.St:iincii<«.

Filaments.
Anthers.

ristii.

Stiginas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FKIIT.

Kin
Var
Deh

d „ „

^^^N

iptv.

/ \

[

No. of S€

*G(is

\ J

nTiy nf ftpArl . .

\^^ ^^

Floiui- Diagram.

Flower of..

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, Estivation,

Colour, etc.

Perianth.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Staiiieii.s.

Filaments.
Anthers.

ristii.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

-

-

FRUIT.

Kind

Variety -

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed.

Floral Diagram

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

Floweh of..

Organ.

No.

COHKSION.

ADJtESION.

Notes on Form, ASbiivation. Colouk, ktc.

INriaiitli.

Lea ves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

4'orolla.

J'eta/s.

SlaiiieiLS.

J^^ilamcnls.
Anthers.

IMslil.

St if/mas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary -cells.

FKDIT.

Kin
Vai

d _ „....:

^ "^

igty - - -- — - — ■

/ \

[ 1

No. of S(

Y 1

\^^^^^y

<_> n^t^

l"l.' l!,\l. I)|\(^l:\-V

Flower of..

Okgan.

D'rrlaiith.

Leaves.

falyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Slaiiiriis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pl.stil.

St i (J mas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

No.

Cohesion.

Adiiksion.

Notes on Foum, itlsTiVATiON. Cou»un. Kn:

FBIJIT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

K"t,'>RAI. DivcnAM.

FLOWER SCHEDULES

Flower of..

Organ.

No.

COHKSION.

Adhesion.

Notes om Fohm, ^stivatiox. Colour, etc.

rrriniilli.

Leaves.

Ciilyx.

Seijals.

Oorolln.

Petals.

•

Stiinioiis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

ri!«til.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary -cells.

FRMT.

Kin
Var
Deh

d _

y^ ""\

ietv

/ \

j

No. of S(

iprlc .

\ J

nn of SpprI

V^^^ ^y

v.a.*^.^x

Fr.iiKAr, D(Af;uA^!.

Flower of..

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Fokji, jEsm'AnoN, Colour, etc.

Periauth.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

t^taiiieiiH.

Filaments.
Anthers.

ristii.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FBVIT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed-

Florax Diagram.

FLOWER SCHEDULES,

Flower of.

Okgan.

No.

COHKSION.

Adhesion.

Nans OK Form, XBttVkitos, Coi>onR, ktc.

rei-inntb.

Leaves.

<'nl.vx.

Sejials.

t'orolln.

Petal,.

»»

!»taiiieiis.

yUainenls.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FKMT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

- - -

,/" ^

V /

Sco.l

v_y

Ki ' •!. \i I»i \*,u \^^

Flower op..

( )KGAN.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhksion.

Notes on Foru, .^stivatiox. Cou)cr. >rrr.

I'oriaiitii.

Lea ve.i.

•

talj-x.

Sepaln.

Corolla.

Prta/s.

StaiiK'iis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FRI'IT.

Kind

Variety - -..

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

FU^RAI. DUOIUJC

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

Flower op...

Organ.

I'friniilh.

Lta ves.

<aljx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

SUimens.

Filaments.
Anthers.

risiii.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

No.

COHKSION.

Adhesion.

Notes on For.m, .SSstivation, Colour, etc.

FKSir.

Kind -.-

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed-

FLORAF, DlAGr!.\>!.

Fluwek of.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, .Estivation, Colodr. etc.

I'criaiitli.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

.Slaiiifiis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

StigmQs.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

\

FRL'IT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds -

Description of Seed-

Floral Diagram.

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

Flower of .

OncAN.

No.

CdHKSIOX

Ai>iti;sii..v.

Notes on Form, iKsriVATioN, Colour, ktc.

I'criaiilh.

Lta ven.

t'lilyx.

Sejials.

4'or»IIn.

I'etals.

Staiiiriis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

I'istll.

Stiff via s.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FKBIT.

Kin
Var
Deh

d

y^ ^\

iety _ _ _ „

/ \

isrfinafi _

1

No. of Se

DespT-inti

eds - - - -

\ J

in of Seed

\^^^^

K'."ltAI. I)I.Vlil;AM.

Flower of..

Okgan.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form,

/E.STIVATION, CoLOLK. KTC.

rcrinnlli.

Lea ves.

C'nlyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

!<taiiioii.<i.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Plslil.

St iff mas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FUriT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

Floral Dtaoram.

FLOWER SCHEDULES

Flower of

OnOAN.

No.

CoHKSION.

Adhesion.

NoTKS ON Form, .iEstivation, Coi.odr. etc.

rrriaiilk.

Lea ves.

<'al.vx.

Sepals.

t'orolln.

Petals.

Slaiiioiis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

-

ristii.

Stifjmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary -cells.

FKCIT.

Kin
Var

d ^

y^ X.

ipt-o-

/ \

Dehiscen
No. of Se

2Q . „ .

1

eds

Y 1

in of Seftd

v^ ^y

FLOHaI. DrAGKAM.

Flower of..

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, ^Estivation, Colour, etc.

BN-riaiitli.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepah.

Corolla.

Petals.

Stamens.

Filaments.
Anthers.

ristii.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cell a.

FRIIT.

Kind

Variety.

Dehiscence ~

No. of Seeds ■

Description of Seed.

Floral Diagram.

FLOWER SCHEDULES

Flower of...

Flower op..

OliGAN.

No.

COUKSION.

Adhesion.

NOTKS ON FUKM, ^BTrVATION. ComCK, KTC.

IN'riaiith.

Leaves.

I'alyx.

Se/jals.

Corolla.

Petals.

SladK'iiJt.

Filaments.
Anthers.

ri.xiii.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FKBIT.

Kic^ ~ -

/^ X

Vai

,

/ \

No. of S

V J

v_y

Fi.DitAi. UiA<;iiAM.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Foini,

-Estivation, Ojloch. ctc.

Pcriniitli.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

StaiiK-iis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cell 8.

riciiT.

Kind

Variety .

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds —

Description of Seed-

Fi.mrai. Diaoham.

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

Flower of..

Okgan.

No.

Cohesion.

AniIESION.

Notes on Form, Estivation, Colodr,

ETC.

I'rriniilli.

Leaves.

.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Stamens.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FUilT.

Kin
Var

d

Floral Diagram.

\

No. of S«

/

nn nf SppH -

Flower of.

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, Estivation, Colour, etc.

Perianth.

Leaves.

•

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Stanicu)i.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pi.stil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells .

FKIIT.

Kind

Variety -

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed-

Floral Diagram.

FLOWER SCHEDULES,

Flower op..

Okgan.

No.

COHKSION.

AnjIESION.

Notes on Form. iKsTiVATioN. 0)ix>ch, ktc.

INrliiiilli.

Lea ves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

<'orolla.

Petals.

Slaiiicii.<!.

Filaments.
Anthers.

risiii.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FUIIT.

Kin
Var
Deh

d...- - - -...„ _

X""^

"iety - • -

/ \

l«f*»TlPO

No. of S(

V /

v_y

v....x^^v*

Fl."I:.M. I)|A<iItAM.

Flower of

Organ.

No.

CoHp;sio.\.

Adiiksion.

Ndtks OS FoHM. .-Ks riVATio.N, CoLOL'ii. tm:

I'eriaiitii.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Staiiiciis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels,
Ovary-cells.

FBIIT.

Kind -

Variety —

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

FroRAt. DivoiiAM

FLOWER SCHEDULES,

Flower of..

Organ.

r<>riniilii.

Lea ves.

Calyx.

Se pals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Staiiieii.s.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, .(Estivation, Colour, etc.

FRMT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Descri lotion of Seed-

Floral Diagram.

Flower of..

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, .Estivation, Colour, etc.

Periautli.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

'

Curolln.

Petals.

Stanieus.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FKLIT.

Kind

Variety — ■

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed..

Floral Diagram.

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

OnGAN.

S*orlniilli.

Lea ves.

<'alvx'.

Sepals.

<'or»IIn.

I'etals.

Sliinioiis.

Filamenls.
Anthers.

ristii.

St iff mas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

Flower op..

No.

COHKSION.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, yEuriVATiON. Cou)OB, btc.

FROriT.

Kind

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed.

Ki.<'|;ai. Uiaoiiam

Flower of..

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

ADlIESroX.

NOTKS ON FOKM, .tliniVA HON, CoLOUn, ETC.

I'eriaiitli.

Leaves.

/

Calyx.

Sejials.

Corolla.

Petals.

Slaiiiens.

Filaments.
Anthers.

IMslil.

Stiffvias.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FKIIT.

Kind -

Variety -

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

Fr-ORAt. DrVGRAM.

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

Flower op..

Organ.

No.

COHKSION.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, ..Estivation. Coi-ocr, ktc.

IVriaiilli.

Leaves.

Sepals.

<'or«II».

Petah.

SlaiiK'iis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Plslil.

Stiff mas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FCIOIIT.

Kin
Var
Deh

d

X ^X

ietv

/ ^

\ /

No. of S€

gd<^

on of Sopfl ...

^^M'^^

Ki.oiiAi. DiAt;i:AM.

Flower op..

Organ.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Forji, ^Estivation,

Colour, etc.

E'^triaiilli.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

•

CuroUn.

Petals.

!<ituni<>]is.

Filaments.
Anthers.

I'asJil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FRIIT.

]\iiiil •

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed.

Fldrat. Diacram.

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

Flower op

„

—

Obgan.

No.

COUKSION.

Adhksion.

Notes on Form. .flJsrtVATioN. CoiX)un, ktc.

IN'i-irtiith.

Leaves.

Calyx.

tSe))ah.

Corolla.

I'etals.

gtaiiiciis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

VHtll.

Stir/mas.
Sti//es.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

vuaiT.

Var

d

y^ ^\

1 nf T7-

/ \

'OpVll^f'PTl^'^

No. of S(

;eds

\^^

>-' M'^'

Ki.iiiiAi. iJi \i;i;a>'.

Flower of..

Okgan.

No.

E'oriaiith.

Leaves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

.Slaiiiriis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

rislil.

St if/ mas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes on Fokm, ..Estivation, Colocb, etc.

FRiriT.

Kind -

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed

Fr.im.Ki. DiAORAM.

FLOWER SCHEDULES.

Flower of...

OnoAN.

No.

COHKSION.

Anm:.^ioN.

Notes on Form, Estivation, Ojlodr, ktc.

rrriniitli.

Lea ves.

<'al.vx.

Sepals.

*

Corolla.

Petals.

Stsimeiis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

risiii.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FBCIT.

Kinfi _ _

/ y
1 \

Var
Deh

ietv - _

Ko. of Se

*GQS -

\ j

\^^^^^

^^ XJ^ ^x

Flokal Dtacka''.

Flower of-

Organ.

No.

C0HE.S10N.

Adhesion.

Notes on Form, ^srivAnoN, Colour, ktc.

I'criautli.

Lea ves.

Calyx.

Sepals.

Corolla.

Petals.

Staiiioiis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

Pistil.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

-

"

JFRLIT.

Kind "

Variety

Dehiscence -

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed-.

Floral Dtaoha'i.

FLOWER SCHEDULES

Floweu or

OliGAN.

No.

COHKSION.

Adhesion.

NOTTM ON FOKM, ,'EfiTIVATION. COUMR, CT*:.

r«'rlaiitb.

Lea ves.

Sepals.

t'orolln.

Petals.

Stiiini>ii.s.

Filaments.
Anthers.

•

riKtii.

Stiff mas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FitriT.

Kind _

/^ X

Var
Deh

iety ~ _ _ ^..„ .

/ \

isnfinoft _

No. of Se

Desoi'inti

eds - - _ „. _ .

V /

"in of Seed

v_^

FLORA!. 0!A*;itAM.

Flower of..

OUGAX.

No.

Cohesion.

Adhesion.

Notes ON Fok.m. .lis iia'ation, CoLocn, ETf.

I'eriiiiitli.

Leaves.

talyx.

Sepah.

<'ui-olIn.

Petals.

Slaiiiriis.

Filaments.
Anthers.

ristii.

Stigmas.
Styles.
Carpels.
Ovary-cells.

FRIIT.

Kind ~

Variety

Dehiscence

No. of Seeds

Description of Seed.

Fr.ORAI. DtAGUAM

J

FLORAL DIAGRAMS.

Diagram of.

Diagram of .

Diagram of .

Diagram of .

Diagram of .

Diagram of.

Diagram of . . .

Diagram of.

FLORAL DIAGRAMS.

Diagram of .

Diajjrain oj

Diagram of.

\

Diagram of.

Diagram of

Diagram of.

Diagram of .

Diagram of

INDEX OF PLANTS.

NO.

.A...

NAME OF PLANT.

^^;k^ . /: X<h:(^,<.d..L.

NO.

NAME OF PLANT.

INDEX OF PLANTS.

NO.

NAME OF PLANT.

NO.

NAME OF PLANT.

1

1

1

!

1

1

.,,, 1

1

9*.

IF

if.

\

I

»

#

.*r? I

i

i

m

^Mfi

m

's^myi

^'^h

'>''■&

M

m

:Kr;''-

P^'>!

iJf^i!^

mi

m