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HINDUSTMI MANUAL

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LondoD : Wm. H. ALLEN & Co., 7, Leadenhall Street.

HINDUSTANI MANUAL;

gi ^lotket Compiunon FOR ALL THOSE WHO VISIT INDIA IN ANY CAPACITY ;

INTENDED TO

FACILITATE THE ESSENTIAL ATTAINSCENTS OF CONVERSING WITH FLUENCY,

AND COJIPOSING WITH ACCUKACY, IN THE MOST USEFUL OF ALL

THE LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN OUR EASTERN EilPIRE.

IN TWO PARTS.

PAET I.— A COMPENDIOUS GEAMMAR OF THE LANGUAGE,

With Exercises on its more prominent peculiarities, togetlier with a Selection of Useful Phrases, Dialogues, and Subjects for Translation into English.

PAET II.— A VOCABULAEY OF USEFUL WOEDS,

ENGLISH AKD HIISTDUSTANI,

SHOWING AT THE SAME TIME THE DI^FEEE^^CE OF IDIOM BETWEEN THE TWO LANGUAGES.

By DUNCAN FOEBES, LL.D.,

Member of the RoyaL Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland^ and Professor of Oriental Languages and Literature , in King^s College^ Lon^i/yn.

THIRD EDITION, MUCH ENLARaED AND IMPROVED.

LONDON: Wm. H. ALLEN & Co.,

7, LEADENHALL STREET.

1860.

l^

LEWIS AND SON, rRINTERip, 21, FINCH LANE, CORVHILL,

PEEFACE.

In tliis new edition of the Hindustani Manual, I have greatly extended the materials for Exercise in Composition, being well aware, from long exiDerience, that such a course contributes most to sound progress in the language. Another improvement will be found at the beginning of the volume, where I have given a complete table, showing the correrjpond- ence between the Roman and Oriental alphabets. The work has been carefully revised throughout ; so that it may now approximate still nearer its original pui-pose, viz. to enable the student of Hindiistani to converse in that language with fluency, to compose in it with accuracy, and to write it correctly in both the Persian and Devanagarl characters.

Several large impressions of the Manual have now been disposed of since its fii'st appearance in October, 1845. This is a sufficient jDroof of its appreciation by the public ; and it is needless for me to say anything fui'ther in this place respecting its utility. I shall therefore content myself by briefly stating what it contains, and how it ought to be perused.

The First and Second Sections of the book contain a

IV PREFACE.

concise view of the grammatical principles of tlie language. In these I have confined myself solely to what is useful and necessary, without distracting the leanier's attention by what is either unimportant or superfluous.

Section I. treats briefly, but I trust clearly, of the element- ary sounds of the language, and of its grammatical inflections. This portion may be advantageously perused when the student is learning the Oriental or Persi- Arabic alphabet ; so that when he knows his letters, he may at once commence reading and translating easy Selections in the proper character, with the aid of a Vocabulary. When he has read carefully ten or twelve pages of such Selections, he may proceed to the second section, and endeavour to turn every phrase and sentence of it into the Persian character, with which by this time I suppose him to be familiar.

Section II. embraces more especially those peculiarities of Syntax, of which I have, from long experience, observed learners to stand most in need. These I have reduced into a series of seventeen lessons, to all of which I have added copious Examples and Exercises, in order to impress them more thoroughly on the memory. These are followed (from p. 45 to p. 67) by a series of miscellaneous Lessons and Exercises, still of an elementary nature, all the words of which will be found in the Vocabulary. I have not deemed it necessary to touch upon those broad principles of Syntax which are the common property of all languages ; besides, the work is not intended to supersede the use of the larger grammars.

PREFACE. V

Eacli phrase and sentence in this second section may bo advantageously varied by the teacher, by changing the number, person, and tense of the verb, also by presenting the same in an interrogative, negative, or conditional form. By this means the essential principles of the Grammar will make a lasting impression on the memory, which may be further confirmed by translating the Exercises from English into Hindustani. Those who doom their luckless pupils to waste weeks or months on the mere reading (or what they are pleased to call learning) of a grammar, 'per se, without any reference to the language aimed at, ought to have come into the world many centuries back, when a puerile jargon of words without ideas passed for leammg. The grammar of any language is to be learned only through the language, and the language by means of the grammar : but to leani, or rather to attempt to leani, the one without the other, is about as profitable a pursuit as the manufactviring of bricks from straw without clay, or from clay without straw, — "altera alterius auxilio eget."

In Section III. (from p. 68 to p. 102) I have given a selection of Useful Dialogues, &c. This section is intended for further exercise, adapted to the student's more advanced progress ; and at the same time he should endeavour to commit the whole to memory, so that when the English of any sentence is read to him, he may be able to give tho Hindustani. It may be observed, that the subjects given for exercise become gradually more difiicult, and ought not to be attempted till the student has read a considerable portion of

VI PREFACE,

the Bar/h-o-Bahar and Baitdl Pachisl, the works in which he

will have to pass in India.

Part II. of the Manual (commencing at p. 103) contains an extensive selection of Useful Phrases, so aiTanged as to serve as a reverse Vocabulary. Most of them are taken from a work printed at Calcutta several years ago, appai-ently with a view to teach the natives English. I have corrected numerous en-ors of the press, and not a few of judgment, which occur in the Calcutta book. I have also supplied the various quantities of the vowels, as well as the essential dots, &c. of the consonants ; so that the whole may be readily turned into the Persian and Devanagarl characters for ad- ditional practice. The English translation of these might have been perhaps more hteral ; but on due consideration I have allowed most of them to stand as they were. It is only for a mere begiuner that a literal translation is allowable, and even then it ought never to be so literal as to become un-English. Of all the bad methods of teaching, the very worst is that which takes away from the learner the necessity of thinking. Any book, then, in which he is offered assistance for translating, by having presented to him word for word as it stands in the original, ought at once to be pitched into the fire: it is an admirable invention to flatter the student with imaginary progress, while at the same time it cloaks the ignorance or incapacity of the teacher.

A considerable number of the sentences in the Vocabulary are highly idiomatic, and a careful perusal of them will give tlie learner no small insight into the freedom of expression

PREFACE. vii

he may frequently have to employ in order to make himseli miderstood by the natives of India. One single example — an extreme case I confess — will tend to show what I mean : — For instance, under the word haste, we have the sentence, "I write in great haste to save the post/' which is expressed in Hindustani by saying, ''The post-office is about to close, therefore I have written the letter in (great) haste." I merely mention this as an instance of that degi'ee of liberty which is allowable in this department of the test. By carefully perusing the Vocabulary, then, and compai-ing the actual translation with the literal, the student will gradually acquire a facility in expressing himself correctly, without adhering stiffly to the very words of the English.

Those who are destined to pass a portion of their lives in India may be divided into three classes : — First, Her Majesty's Civil, Military, and Medical servants, all of whom must pass • an examination in Hindustani ; and for the use of these the Manual is especially intended, as it will in no small degree assist them in qualifying themselves for passing a creditable examination, more particularly that part of the test which relates to composition and conversation in the language. Another important class consists of Clerical, Legal, Naval, and Mercantile gentlemen, and all European ladies, who have probably little time or inclination to master the Oriental characters. The third class consists of all Her Majesty's European troops. To the latter two classes a knowledge of the language is essential ; and a thorough perusal of' this. Manual will enable them to hold intercourse with the people

viii PREFACE.

of the country on tlie ordinary affairs of domestic life. Their stock of words will increase by practice ; and, by knowing the general principles of the grammar, they will be enabled to express themselves in Hindustani like rational beings, and not as the jargonists of bj-gone days, who acquired a viUanous smattering of the language, fi-om the lowest of the natives, hy the ear only, and set at defiance all the rules of grammar and propriety.

I have only to add, that, to all those who wish to acquire some insight into the language through this little work only, without reference to the Oriental character, a few lessons on pronunciation will be all the assistance required ; and if that cannot be had, let it be remembered, as a general rule, that the vowels are to he sounded as in Italian or German, and (he consonants as in English.

D. FORBES.

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

PART I. SECTION I.

ON THE LETTERS AND PARTS OF SPEECH.

1. — Throughout the extensive empire of India, from Cape Comorin to Kashmir, and from the Barhamputr to the Indus, the Hindiistani is the language most generally used. It consists of two dialects : that of the Musalmans, commonly called the Urdii or ReMta, and that of the Hindus, called Hindi or Khari Bolt. The former abounds in words and phrases from the Persian and Arabic ; the latter confines itself to words of native origin, or words borrowed from the Sanskrit. As the two dialects, however, follow the same grammatical rules, they are understood here to be both included under the genei'al name Hindustani, which means, par excellence, the language of Hindustan.

2. — The following little work has two distinct obj ects in view : — first, to afford ample materials for exercise in speaking, writing, and composition, to those who have already made some progress in the language, and who have acquired a fair knowledge of one or both of the oriental alphabets ; secondly, to enable those whose time and avocations do not permit them to make a profound study of the language, to acquire at least a fair practical knowledge of it. The Roman character is used throughout as a mere matter of economy ; the same may be easily transferred into either of the oriental characters by tho aid of the tables to that effect given in pages 2, 3, &c.

2 THE PEUSr-ARABIC ALPHABET.

3. —The Persi- Arabic Alphabet as applied to the H dustani : —

EXEilPtlFICATIOXS.

alif be pe te

tit

che he Mie

dai

a, &iC. b

P t

t

(I

z t

d

t

e

t t

I

^J^

tr ^

*

u

f

THE PEKSI-AKABIC ALPHABET.

3

1.

t.

6.

■i.

5.

AME.

POWEK.

COMBINED TOEM.

EXEMPLiriCATION-g.

"e"

1

1

Pi/mi.

Medial.

Imiial

n

1

_i

»^

dri

J

d

I

n

:: '

S

^'^

JiS

zal

i

?.

^

j<

J

li'l^

J^

r^

re

J

r

J

J

J

J^

J^

r^

ra

tt

V

J

J

9

>

1;^

ze

J

z

J

}

J

/

>>

r-i^

JJ

:he

A J

zh

J

J

A

J

».

M>

^JJ

nn

u-

s

u-

-

^

lH

hin

sh

lA

-

A

u-ii^

^ ^

Jji

'4d

Lf

?

u^

^

*^

c>

Jus

■dd

J"

z

u^

«^

^

c^'*

^^:^

Ju:5

\oe

i.

t.

L

k

L

L^

.•^^

v>

\oe

li

z

li

k

U

v«^-

>

^ib

4 THE PERSI-ARABIC ALPHABET.

1.

■I.

a.

4.

5.

WAMB.

POWEB.

COMBIXKD rOBM.

EXEMPLIFICATIONS.

1

1

1 A-

Tinal.

Medial.

Tnitial

*ain

t

'a,<^c

t

X

c

t^

J-=

ghain

t

^

t

X

£.

b^"

^

jJ

fi

4-J

/

<^

A

i

uJ^

>

^.^

kaf

l5

h

J

A

5

6".

^..

jj

w

^

k

vii:

i

^

^<i.

J?

9¥

^

9

^

i

^ i

h

lam

J

I

J

\

1

jr

b

>.

^

mhn

r

•m

r

<^

^

L^r^

cr*

nun

c;

n

'^

-

'i

C'-"

J^

(^

waio

-?

w,8fC.

^

a

J

^

^'y.

-^^J

he

if

h

A

\i

Jb

<0

l^^

^

/*

ye

s/

y,S(C.

^

rr

J

^<^

^

jj

CORRESPONDENCE OF VOWELS. 5

In the pi'eceding table, the first cohtmn contains the names of the letters as pronounced in India. The second column gives the full detached form of each letter as it is written at the end of a word, when preceded by any of the letters

\, t>, ^'J'jyjyJ' O^J' which, it may be observed, ne^-er alter in forai, nor unite with the letter that follows. The third column contains the corresponding English letters, some of which are marked with a dot underneath, which dot or dots serve two purposes ; viz., in the first place they indicate that there is a slight diflFerence of sound ; and, in the second place, they serA-e to point out, in the following work, the corre- sponding Persic letters. The fourth column gives the initial, medial, and final foi-ms of tlic letters, when combined together in writing. Lastly, in the fifth column are given three words, with a view to show the different forms of the letter opposite. It is needless to say more about the alphabet in this little work, except that it is read from right to left, contrary to ours.

4.— A Table showing the correspondence of the vowels in the Persian, Roman, and Devanagari characters :—

VOWELS.

INITIAL.

NON-INITIAL.

\ a ^

c-j\ ab ^<^

cSJ had ^^

I ' "^

fj^[ is T^

^J din f^iT

\ u ^

(^J us ^^

c:^/ hut ^?T

T a ^T

(J-.T iis ^r^

ci;Ij hat ^TrT

^\ 0 ^

CJ^\ ok ^^

^-j so ^T

^ u ^

y '" \ ■

^\ au "^

j^\ aur ^X

j3 nau «fT

^

6 OF THE CONSONANTS.

VOWELS.

INITIAL.

NON-INITIAL.

\f\ e v:

C^\ ek il*

^ i. ^

^\ I t

4^\^ ikh t:<5i

^ 5? ^

^\ ai t

LjJaf.aU^I

^ Aai ^

These vowels and diphthongs are to be sounded uniformlj' aj follows : a, unmarked, is very short, as in the word America or like our « in the words sun and pun; — i, short, as in Jit Jin; — u, short, as in put, push, or our oo in foot; — a long, as in war, tcafer; — o, long, as in pole, mole ; — V, long, as in rule, full; — au, like oiu- ou in sound, or tht German au in haus, a house ; — e, like our ea in bear, oi the French e in bete, tele ;—i, long, as in the words police machine, or our ee in bee, see; and at, like oiu* i in /re, //le, or the German ai in Kaisar, a Caesar or emperor. The

Arabic termination J^ is represented in the Roman charactei by a or a, according as its sound is short or long.

5. — A Table showing the agreement of the consonants, Persian, E.oman, and Devanagarl ; —

C^ b ^

c^ t ^

^5- chh ^

^^ bh '^

^ th S

C ^ ^

(^ p ^

0-> s ^

j. M ^

-e, v^ ^

^J ^

c-> t fT

-rr i* ^

JbJ dh ^

^ th ^

^cA^

J rf ^

Oir THE CONSONANTS.

JtJ dh ^

^^L sh ^

U^ ?

^

U^ ^ ^

A ^ ^ ^

-^ A/i ^

1^ ^ n

./ i^/^ ^

li ^ ^

J / ^

^ ' ^&c.

^ m T{

t ^ ^

^ n ^8ic

-J / ^

. lU q

^ y '^

The consonants, witli few exceptions, are to be pi-onounced as in English. It remains only to observe, that ph, 1h, or f/i do not form a single sound as witli us, the former having the sound oi ph in up-hill, and the latter of th in hot-house. The letters

and d are softer and more dental than with us ; ch is uniformly sounded as in church, chin; M and nh are best learned by the ear ; the former is forcibly uttered like ch in the Scottish word loch, or the German ch in the word buch,

book ; ^ is less forcibly uttered, like the GeiTnan g in sacjen, tvagen ; kh and gh without the dash beneath are to be sounded as they are in the compounds ink-horn and dog-house; g is uniformly sounded hard, as in go, give, never like our g in gein, gentle; zh is of rare occurrence, and is sounded like the j in the French words jour, jamais. In a few words from the Persian the letter lo, though written, is very little, if at all, sounded ; in which case it is marked thus, w. A final « preceded by a long vowel has generally a >al sound, as in the French words bon, ton ; to denote which sound we shall use n. We may occasionally use n to

8 ARTICLE AND SUBSTANTIVE.

denote the Arabic nunation, which may be met with in a few adverbs borrowed from that language ; as in the words kasdan, purposely, itiifdkan, accidentally. All the rest of the con- sonants not here specified are understood to be sounded as in English, or very nearly so. The apostrophe preceding or following a vow^l denotes the Arabic letter c ; and the mark (,)

between two vowels denotes the hamza. Lastly, a final phort a immarked denotes the weak or vinaspirated i of the Persian

character; as in 2rJCJ banda, a slave. From these brief hints the attentive student will be enabled, should he feel inclined, to transpose the following dialogues, &c., into either or both of the native characters, an exercise that will greatly contribute to his improvement. This much being premised, we now proceed to treat of the parts of speech, following the same arrangement that holds in the grammar of our own tongue.

I. AETICLE. 6. — The Hindustani, like the Latin, has no word which cor- responds exactly with our definite article the: we occasionally, however, find the demonstrative pronouns yih, this, and icuh, that, employed as articles when great precision is required ; as will be seen hereafter. The place of our indefinite article a or an is supplied by the numeral ek, one, or the indefinite pronoun ko,t, some, a certain ; thus, ek mard, or ko,i mard, a man, some man, or a certain man.

TL SUBSTANTIVES.

7. Gender. — There being no neuter gender in Hindustani, all substantives are either masculine or feminine, except a few which are of both gendei-s. Males are of course masculine, and females feminine ; but with regard to the genders of the inferior animals, and of all lifeless things, practice alone can determine. We may add as a general rule, however, that all abstract nouns, and lifeless matter in general, ending in I are feminine ; those in t are al^o feminine, if derived from Arabic roots ; and those in sh, if derived from Persian verbal roots. As exceptions to this rule, we may mention pdni, water, ght, clarified butter, and mott, a pearl, which are masculine. All nouns in t and sh, not restricted as above, are uncertain. {Vide Gram. pp. 23-26.)

8.- Declension. — The various relations called cases are ex- pressed in Hindiistani by means of certain terminations, called

6UB3TANTiYES. 9

postpositions, added to the substantive. These postpositions, so far as they extend, answer the same purpose as our prepo- sitions, or the various terminations of a Latin or Sanskrit noun. The following scheme will show all the postpositions in common use, together with their signification. As one example will suffice for all the substantives of the language, it is of course expected that the student will commit the same thoroughly to memory.

Declension of a Hindustani Noun. Singular. Plural.

Nom. mard, man, the man mard, men, the men.

'Gen. mard kd, -ke, -kt, of m.an niardon-kd,-ke,-ki, of, &c. D.kA.mard-ko, to man, or man mardon-ko, to, &c. Ablat. mard-se, from or with man niardmi-se, from, &c. . { mard-mc7i, m man mardon-men, in, kc.

> < mard-par, on man tnardon-par, on, &c.

^ \mard-tak, up to man mardon tak, uja to, &c.

Agent mar(f-ne, by man viardon-ne. by, kc.

~ (^ Voc. ai mard, O man ai mardo, 0 men.

The above scheme or example is applicable to all the sub- stantives of the language, regard being had to the slight modifications or exceptions which we are about to notice. It will be observed that the nominative singular, mard, remains unaltered as a basis or root from beginning to end. The nom. plural is the same as the singular. In the genitive plural, the syllable oii (which continues through all the oblique cases) is added between the basis and the various postpositions, the latter being the same as in the singular. The vocative plural always ends in o, having dropped the nasal ?» of the preceding cases. For the use of kd, ke, and kt, vide the section on Syntax.

a. Exception 1 . — All feminine norms are declined exactly like mard, except that they add the syllable en in the nominative plural, or an if the singular ends in t ; thus, mez, a table ; nom. plural, rnezen; roti, bread, a loaf, nominative plural, rotidn or rotiydn. In the oblique cases plm-al they add on, as in the example already given ; thus, mezon-ko, to the tables, rotiyoii-se, from the loaves.

b. Exception 2. — Masculine nouns ending in a or an, if purely Indian, and many masculines ending in the unmarked a or imperceptible h (chiefly from the Persian, and often written with a long a), change their final vowel into e in the oblique cases singular and nominative plural, and into on for the oblique

10 ADJECTR'ES — PRONOUXS.

cases plural : this change is called an inflection, and such nouns are said to be inflected. Thus, kutta, a dog ; gen. sing. kutte-kd, -ke, -kl, &c. ; nom. plur. kutte; gen.plur. &c. kutton-ka, -ke, -hi; voc. plur. kulto. So banda, a slave ; gen. sing, bande- kd, -ke, -kl; nom. plur. bande ; gen. bandoii-kd, &c. Masculine nouns in a, which are not purely Hindi, but borrowed from the Arabic, Persian, or Sanskrit, are not necessarily subject to this change or inflection, aud such must be learned from practice. For example, ddnd, a sage, pitd, a father, are not inflected ; thus, gen. sing, ddnd-kd, &c. ; nom. plur. ddnd; gen. plur. ddnd,on-kd, &c. Again, rdjd, a king, may or may not be inflected; as, gen. sing, rdje-kd or rajd-kd; plur. rdjon-kd or rdjd,on-kd, &c.

III. ADJECTIVES. 9. — Adjectives are generally placed before their substantives, as in EngUsh. Adjectives ending in any letter except d, and a few that end in the unmarked or short a, are indeclinable. Those ending in a, if purely Indian, are subject to a slight change or inflection in the termination, which, as well as the mode of forming the degrees of comparison, will be noticed in the Syntax. {Vide paragraph 24.*)

IV. PRONOUNS. 10. — The personal pronouns are thus declined : — Sing. Fii-st Person. Plur.

ham, we.

ham-drd, -are, -art, ham-ko, or -en, or -oiiko, jeer ham-se, hamoii-se. ham-men, or hnmori-men, &c. ham-ne, or hamonne.

Nom. main, I.

Gen. nierd, mere, mei'i.

D.&A. mujh-ko or mujhe.

Ab. mvjh-se.

Loc. mvjh-ineii, -par, -tak.

Agt, main-ne.

Sing. Second Person. Plur.

Nom. tu or tavi, thou.

Gen. terd, tere, ter'i.

D.&A. tujh-ko or tujhe.

Ab. tujh-se.

Loc. tvjh-men, -par, -tak.

Agt. tu-ne or taiii-ne.

V. ai tu.

turn, you.

tum-hdrd, -hare, -hart.

tum-ko, or -hen, or -honko.

tum-se, or tumhon-se.

turn-men or tumhon-men, &c.

turn ne, or tumhon-ne.

ai-tum.

* The student wUl obsen-e that all references are made, not to the pages of this work, but to the number of the paragraph. When refer- ence is made to my Grammar, the page is indicated.

PRONOUNS. 11

a. It will be observed that the first and second pers. pronouns, ■■ I ' and ' thou,' have a declension peculiar to themselves. In the first place, the gen. sing, ends in rd, re, ri, and the gen. plur. in drd, dre, dri, instead of the kd, ke, kl of the substantives. The other cases singular ai-e formed by adding the i-equisite post- Ipositions to the oblique forms or inflections mvjh and tiijh : at the same time, the dative and accus. may optionally add ko or e. The cases denoting the agent sing, are formed by adding ne to the nom., as main-ne and tain-ne or tu-ne, and not mujh-ne, &c. , as one would expect.

11, — The rest of the pronouns are very simple in their declension ; all that is requisite is to remember the nom. and oblique form or inflection of each ; thus, yih, he, &c., inflect. is-kd, -ke, -ki.

Sing. Third Person. Plur.

Nom, yih, he, she, it, or this.

Gen. is-kd, -ke, -ki.

Dat. is-ko or is-e.

Ac. yih, is-ko, or is-e,

Ab. is-se.

Loo, is-metl, -par, -tak.

Agt, is- ne.

ye, they, these.

in-, or inh- , orinhon-kd, -ke, kl.

in-, or inh-, or inhon-ko or inheii.

ye, in-ko, or inheii, &c.

in-, or inh-, or inhon-se.

in- , or inh-, or inhon-men, -par,

■ tak. in-, or inh-, or inhon-ne. Exactly like yih are declined the four following pronouns, of which it will be sufficient here to give the nominative and i inflection of each, singular and plural. 1 Nom. wuh, he, she, it, that. I we, they or those.

ilnflec. uskd, -ke, -kJ, ko. \ un-, unh-, or unhuii-kd, -ke, -kl.

Interrogative. Nom. kaun, who? I kaun, who?

Inflec. kis-kd, -ke, -kl, &c. | kin-,kinh-,ovkinhon-kd,-ke,-kl

j Kelative.

Nom. jo, he who, &c. I jo, they who.

Inflec. jis-kd, -ke, -kl, &c. \jin-,jinh-, or jinhonkd,-ke,-kl,

\ Correlative.

I Nom. so, that same. I so, those same,

j Inflec. tis-kd, -ke, -kl, &c. [ tin-, tinh-, or tinhon-kd,.ke,kl.

\ b. The following interrogative is applicable either to the ' singular or plural.

Nom. kyd. what ? (generally applied to lifeless things). Inflec. kdhe-kd, -ke, -kl, of what ? &c.

12 PRONOUNS — VERB.

c. The word dp, self, is indeclinable ; it gives, as a possessive adjective, ap-nd, -ne, -nl, of or relating to self, own. The word dp is also employed when addressing a superior, in the sense of your honour, your worship, &c., as will be fully explained in the Syntax, paragraph 37.

d. The indefinites are ko,i, some, a, any, — the inflec- tion of which is kisi; and kuch,h, inflect, kisu, some, any; the plural of which is ko,i, ka,t, or ka,i~ek, some, several. To these may be added har, or har-ek, every, which has no inflec- tion. Sab, every, or all, when accompanied by its substantive, is indeclinable ; but when used by itself, in an emphatic sense, it has sahhon for the oblique cases plural ; as, sab log kahte hain, all people say ; sabhon ne kahd, by all it was said. The compound jo-ko^, whosoever, has a double inflection, jis-kisi -kd, -ke, -ki.

V. VERB. 1 2. — The Hindustani Verb is extremely regular. The Infinitive or verbal noun always ends in nd; as, gimd, to fall, also falling, — a masculine noun subject to inflection in the genitive, &c. ; as, girne kd, of falling ; girne ko, to or for falling. By striking off the syllable nd we have the root of the verb, which is also the second person singular of the imperative ; as, gir, fall thou. By changing nd into Id we have the present participle ; as, girtd, falling. By leaAing out the n of the infiniti\e we have the past participle; as, jrtVa, fallen, except when either of the long vowels • fl or o precedes the nd; in which case, in order to avoid a hiatus, the n is changed into y ; as, land, to bring, Idyd, brought. From these three principal parts of the verb, viz., gir, girtd, and yir^, all the other parts are formed, either by the addition of termi- nations or by means of the following auxiliar}' tenses, which must, in the first place, be carefully learned. These auxiliary tenses are only two in number.

1st. Present Tense.

1. main hun, I am. I ham hain, we are.

2. tu hai, thou art. turn ho, j'^ou are.

3. wuh hai, he, she, or it is. | vje hain, they are.

2nd. Past Tense.

1. main thd or ihi, I was. I ham the or thiii, we were.

2. lii thd or tht, thou wast. turn the or thlii, you were.

3. louh Ihd or fhi, he or she was. | we the or thin, they were.

a. In the first of the above tenses there is no distinction between the masculine and feminine genders, but in the second

VERB. 13

or past tense, the forms thd and the are used when the nomi- natives are masculine, and thi and ihhi when feminine. We may here observe, as a universal rule, that in all the tenses except the aorist and imperative, the verb must agree with its nominative in gender as well as in number,- thus, the masculine singular is a, the feminine singnlai' is 7, the mas. plur. e, and the fern. plur. hi (contracted for iydn). As a general rule, it is sufficient to add the nasal ii to the last word of the feminines in the plural ; as, girtl thin, not girtin thin, though the latter mode is not incorrect. •

13. — We shall now proceed to a few paradigms, or examples of the conjugation of a neuter or intransitive verb, such as girnd, to fall ; where it may be observed that the tenses natui-ally divide themselves into three groups of three tenses each, which tends greatly to assist the memory.

KOOT, gir, fall thou ; pres. part, girtd, falling ; past part. gird, fallen.

Tenses of the Boot

Aorist. I may fall, &c.

1. main gir-un, I may fall. I ham gir- en, we, &e.

tutn yir-o, you, &c. we gir-eii, they, &c.

2. /m gir.e, thou mayest, &c.

3. wuh gir-e, he may, &c.

The Future. I shall or will fall, &c. ; formed by adding to the aorist gd for the masc. and gt for the fem. sing. ; and ge masc. and gin fem. plur.

m. _ f._

1. maiii gir-un-gd -gi.

2. tu gir-e- gd _ -gt.

3. wuh gir.e-gd -gi.

m. _ {. ham yir-ei'i-ge -gin. turn gir-o ge -gin. we gir-en-ye -gin.

Imperative. Let me fall, &c in the secon

; differing from the aorist only d j)ers. sing.

Sing. 1. maui gir-wi, let me fall. , 2. iu gir, Ml thon. ; 3. wuh gir-e, let him fall.

Plur. ham gir-en, let us, &c. turn gir-o, fall ye. we gir-en, let them, &c. C

Tenses of the Present Participle. The Indefinite. I fall, or used to fall, or had I fallen.

J . main girt a, or girtt, I fall, &c. 1

2. iii girld, or girtl, thou fallest.

3. wuh girld, or girlt, he falls. |

ham gir te, or -t'lii, we fall. turn girte, or -tiii, you fall. we git'te, or -tiii, they fall.

Present. I fall, or am falUng, &,c.

m. r.

1. main girt a him, or girtt hun.

2. tu girtd hai, or girtl hai.

3. wuh girtd hai, or girtl hai.

m.

f.

ham girte hain, or girtl hain. turn girte ho, or girll hu. we girte haiii, or girtl huiti.

1. maij'i girtd thd, or girtl thl.

2. tu girtd thd, or girtl thl.

3. wuh girtd thd, or girtl thl.

Imperfect. I was falling, &c. f.

ham girte the, or girtl thin. turn girte the, or girtl thin, we girte the, or girtl thlii.

Tenses of the Past Participle. Past Tense. I feU.

1. maiii gird, or girt.

2. tu gird, or girt.

3. wuh gird, or giri.

ham gire, or turn gire, or toe gire, or

f.

girlii. girln.

Perfect. I have fallen.

1. main gird hun, or girl hun.

2. tu gird hai, or girl hai.

3. wuh gird hai, or girl hai.

ham gire girt, turn gire girl, VjC gire girl.

Pluperfect. I had fallen.

1. main gird thd, or girl thi.

2. tu gird thd, or girl thl.

3. wuh gird thd, or girl thl.

ham gire the, or turn gire the, or we gire the, or

haiii, &c. ho, &c. haiii, &c.

f. girl thin, gii-l thlii. girl thlii.

VERB TO BE. lo

14.— The next is a verb of vei-y extensive use in the language, ind conjugated precisely like the preceding.

Hond, to Be or Become. Root, ho, pres. part, hotd, past part. hu,a.

Temes of the Boot. AoRisT, or Present Potential. I may be. lain ho,un, or hon. ] ham hoicen, ho,en, or hun.

I. til howe, ho,e, or ho. turn ho,o, or ho.

icuh howe, ho,e, or ho. \ tee howeii, ho,en, or hon.

Future. I shall or will be, &c,

main hofiriga, or hoj'igd or -gl. I ham hoicenge, kc.

I. tu hotcegd, ho,egd, &c. turn ho,oge, &c.

i. wuh howegd, ho,egd, &c. | we hoioenge, &c.

Imperative. Let me be, &c.

main ho/tii, or ho7i. I ham howeii, ho,en, or hoii.

ill hoive, ho,e, or ho. tum ho,o, or ho.

wuh howe. ho,e, or ho. \ ice howen, ho,en, or hon.

Tenses of the Present Farticiple. Indefinite. I am, or used to be, or had I been.

.. mahi \ I. wuh }

1. ham "j

2. tum K hole or hutn

3. tee. j

Present. I am, or become.

main hot a-, or hott-hun. I 1. ham hofe-, or hoti hain.

til hotd-, or hofi hai. 2. turn hote-, or ho' t- ho.

!. wuh hotd-, or hot'i hai. \ 3. tee hate-, or hoti-hain.

Imperfect. I was becoming.

hote the,

or hot'i thm.

.. main \ hotd thd, I 1. ham ^

!. tu S- or 2. tu)n V

1. wuh ) hoti th'i. I 3. we )

VERB TO BE, ETC,

Tenses of the Past Participle. Past Tense. I was or became.

2. tu K hu,d, or hu,i. 2.

3. tcuh ) 3.

ham "J

turn > hu,e, c

we )

Perfect. I have been or become.

1. maiii hu,d-, or hu,t-hun. I 1. ham hu,e~, or hii'i-hain.

2. iu hu,d-, or hu,t-hai. 2. turn hu,e., or hu,i-ho.

3. wuh hu,d-, or hu'i-hai. \ 3. we hu,e-, or hu'i-hain.

Pluperfect. I bad been or become.

1. main '\ hu,d fhd, I 1. ham

2. iu \ or 2. tum

3. tcwA J ^?(,i thi. I 3. tee

■) hH,e the,

V or

j hu'i thin.

15 — By the aid of the aorist and future of the verb ho. are enabled to add four more tenses, if required, to all oth verbs. Thus, let us re-assume girnd, to fall, where we have —

Additional Tenses of the Present Participle. Imperfect Potential. I may be falling, &c.

1. mniti girfd- or girti-ho.wi or I ham girte or girtt haweii, ho,e

hon, &c. or hon.

2. tu girfd, &c. howe, ho,e, ho. \ turn girte, &c. ho,o, or ho.

3. truh uirtd, &c. howe, ho,e, we girte, &c. hotcen, ho,en,

ho, &c. I hoii.

Imperfect Future. I shall be falHng, &c.

1. main girtd, &c. ho,nngd or

hongd or girti hofingt, &c.

2. ta girtd howegd, ho,egd, or

hogd, kc.

3. wuh girtd howegd, ho,egd,

hogd, &c.

ham girte hotoenge, ho,enge,

honge, &c. tum girte ho,oge, or hoge, &c.

we girte howenge, ho,enge, honge, kc.

IKTRANSmVE VERB.

A clditional Tenses of the Past PaiiidpU. Perfect Potei^tial. I may have fallen.

main gird or giri ho,uA, kc. tti gird or girl hoive, kc. wuh gird or girl howe, kc.

ham gire or girl hoiren, kc, Iv.m gire or girl ho,o, kc. we gire or girl howen, kc.

Perfect Future. I shall have fallen.

main gird hofingd, kc. I hain gire hotvenge, kc.

. ill gird hoicegd, kc. turn gire ho,oge, kc.

. wuh gird howega, kc. | toe gire howenge, kc.

16. — In the following paradigm of the verb bolnd, to speak, 11 the tenses may be seen at one view.

Infinitive. Bolnd, to Speak or Say,

Root, hoi, speak, Pres. Participle, boltd, speaking. Past, bold, spoken.

Tenses of the Root,

^orist. I may speak, &c. uture. I shall or will speak^

&c. npera. Let me speak, &c.

main boliin, iu bole, kc.

main bolun-gd or gl, iu bole-gd

or -gl, kc. main boliin, tu bol, kc.

Tenses of the Present Participle.

idefinite. I speak, &c.

resent. I am speaking, nperfect. I was speaking, (np. Poten. I may be speaking, nperf. Fut. I shall be speak- ing.

maiii boUtd or -ti, iu bol-id or

.tl, kc. main bol- id or -tl hun. maiii boUtd-iha or bol-tl-thi. main bol-id or -tl ho,un. main bol-id ho,ungd or boltl

ho,ungi.

Tenses of the Past Participle.

I spoke, &c.

I have spoken.

._j. I had spoken.

srf.Pot. I may have spoken, 'erf. Fut. I shall have spoken.

' ast. erfect. luperf.

main bold or boll, kc. main bold hun or boll hiin. main bold thd or boU-ihl. main bold-ho,un or boll-ho.uA, main bold-ho,ungd or boll- ho^ungl.

c3

18 VERBAL EXPRESSIONS.

a. There are a few other verbal expressions that may noticed here. 1st. Every infinitive in the language Will fiirni; the rerhal noun of agency, by changing nd into ne, and addi tcdld (subject, of course, to inflections) for the masculine, a; toUi for the feminine ; thus, bolne-vodld, the speaker, or he w speaks ; bolne-tcdit, the female speaker, or she who speaks : Ukknd, to ^lite; likhne-todld, the writer; likhne'-wdtt, the(femal Writer. 2nd. There is an indeclinable participle, called the pa conjunctive, of very fi*equent occurrence in the language, formi from the root : and, in fact, the mere root, without any additio frequently suffices ; thus, bol, or boUe, or bol-ke, or bol-kar^ bol-kurke, or bol-karkur, all denote having spoken. In asenten this participle saves the Use of the conjunction aur, 'and ; * thi instead of saying, he arose and spoke {wuh uthd aur bold), t Hindustani idiom is wuh uth (or uth'ke, &c.) bold, he havii arisen spoke. 3rd. There is a kind of adverbial expression form

^by changing the final td of the present participle into te, ai affixing the syllable hi: thus, boUe-hi, on speaking, or on t instant of speaking. 4th. There is a sort of respectful impel tive, or precative, formed by adding iye or iyo to the root wh it ends in a consonant, and Jiye or jiyo when it ends with t vowels i or il; thus from bol, boliye or boliyo, be pleased speak ; so from the old root ki (of kind, to do or make) com krjiye or kljiyo, also ktje or kljo, be pleased to do. A respecti future is also formed in like manner ; as, boliyegd or dp boliyey your honour will be pleased to speak.

b. We may further observe, that the four additional tene (par. 15) are,' comparatively speaking, of rare occurrence ; thei fore the student need not at first burden his memory with the; Thus the really serviceable tenses will be reduced to the sacr number nine ; and it will further assist the memory to vii them as Ihrice three; viz. three tenses from the Root, — t Aorist, Future, and Imperative ; three from the Present Par ciple, — the Indefinite, the Present, and the Imperfect ; last three from the Past Participle, — the Past, the Perfect, a Pluperfect. The tense called the Indefinite, rnaiti bulla, son times is a present tense, but when preceded by certain cc junctions it has the sense of a past conditional ; as, agar m- boll a, if I spoke, or had spoken: it sometimes denotes a cc^^ tinuative past tense; as, wuh hamesha yih kahld, he always us' 7 to say this.

17.— The Passive voice is formed in Hindustani by prefixi the past participle to the various tenses of the word_;a//«, to j and as this is a verb of frequent occurrence, not so much i|

PASSIVE VOICE. 15

rming the pjtssive voice (which is of veiy rare occurpence), but i a Useful member in the formation of compound Verbs, we lall here give its nine useful tenses. The past participle of Ind is gayd, being one of the very few irre^larities which occuf I Hindustani verbs : the regular form jdyd is used in certain impounds onlj.

I>'Fn;. jdnd, to go. Root, jd, Pres. Part, jdtd. Past Part, gayd.

Tenses of the PtOOT, orist, main jd,un, I may go ; tiijd-e or jdire, kc,

uture. mainjd,un-gd or -pi; tiijd-e-gd or -gi, &c,

nperative. mainjd,un, tujd, wuhjd-e or jdwe, &c.

Tenses of the Present Participle, idefinite. main jdtd or j at i ; tu jdtd or jdt'i, kc. resent. main jdtd or jdlihwi; tii jdtd or jdn hai, kc, . *

operfect. main jdtd thd or j at i ttii ; tiijdtd thd or jdn th'i, kc.

Tenses of the Past Participle. ist. main gayd, or gayi, or ga-l; tu gayd, kc.

jrfect. mai7i gayd hicn or ga-t hua ; tu gayd hai, &c, uperfect. main gayd thd or ga-t thl ; tu gayd thd, &c.

(ow, to form the passive voice of any active or transitive verb the language (when such a rarity is required), we have <erely to insert the past participle of such verb imm.cdiately ' ifore the various tenses of jdnd. The participle must of 3 urse agree with the nominative in gender and number, as is e case in Latin and French. Thus mdrnd, to strike, jiast .rticiple mdrd, struck or stricken ; the aorist of the passive ice wiU be—

mniii mdra jd,uil, I may be struck.

tu mdrdjd,e, thou maj-est be struck.

wnh mdrd jd,e, he may be sti'uck.

ham mdre jd,en, we may be struck.

turn mdre jd,o, you may be struck,

toe mdre jd,en, they may be struck,

hen the nominatives are femmme, the participle will become iri throughout ; thus, wuh marl ga,! thi, she had been beaten j i, ' mdr'i ga,l thin, they (females) had been beaten. gl8.— Another verb of very fi-equent occurrence is the active ti'ansitive verb karnd, to do or make. IAkq jdnd, it forms its

20 ADVERBS.

past participle iiTegularly, being kiyd (seldom hard, the regul; form). As it holds a veiy important rank in the formation compounds, and at the same time serves to show a peculiarii in transitive verbs vrhich will be fully explained hereafter, v shall here subjoin its nine useful tenses.

Infin. karnd^ to do. EooT, kar. Pres. Part, kartd. Past Part. kiyd.

Tenses of the RooT. Aorist. main kariln, tu hare, wuh kare, &c.

Future* main karungd, tu karegd, wuh karegd, ko.

Imperative, main karun, tit kar, wuh kare, ko.

Tenses of the PRESENT Participle. Indefinite, maiii kartd, tu kartd, &c. Pi-esent. maiii kartd hun, tu kartd hat, &c. Imperfect, main kartd thd, tu kartd thd, &o.

Tenses of the Past Participle. Past. main-ne kiyd, tu-ne kiyd, us-ne kiyd, &c.

Perfect. main-ne kiyd hai, tu-ne kiyd hai, &c.

Pluperfect, mai/i-ne kiyd thd, tu-ne kiyd thd, &c.

a. The peculiarity here, which applies to all transitive verbs is, that in the tenses of the past pai-ticiple, we see what ought to be the nominative changed into that fonn of the ablativt denoting the agent, indicated by the particle ne, ' by.' The vert then no longer agrees with the agent, or what we should call the nominative, but is either used in the simple form of the masculine singular as above, or agrees in gender and numbei with the object or thing done, as will be shown more fully in onr remarks on syntax or composition.

VI. ADVERBS.

19. — In Hindiistani the adverbs present few peculiarities. Most adjectives maybe used adverbially when occasion requires ; as, wuh achchhd boltd hai, he speaks well. It may be proper to mention here a series of useful adverbs derived fi-om the five

gronouns, yih or yah, this; wuh or wah, that; kaun, who? jo, e who ; and so or taun, that same. This quintuple series, or " philological harp," used to be a favourite theme with Dr. Gil- chri=it. Some of the series (viz. 5, 6, and 7) are adjectives aa weU as adverbs.

.

ADVERBS.

21

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22 PREPOSITIONS.

a. From the first series we have otlier adverbs rendered more emphatic by the addition of hi, &c. ; thus, abhl, just now; kabhl, kabhii, or kadhi, ever, &c. From the 2nd series, by changing an mto vi ; thus^ yahin, exactly here ; kahiin, whereabouts, some- where, &c. From the 4th, yunhin, in this very way ; vmtihin, in that very way, thereupon, at that very time, exactly. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd series may be modified with the postposition se, from, and tak, until ; as, ab-se, from the present time ; yahdn-tak, thus far ; idhar-se, from this direction, &c. Nos. 5, 6, and 7 are at the same time adjectives subject to inflection ; and we may add, in conclusion, that when declinable adjectives in a are used adverbially, they are employed in the simple or crude form, that is, the nominative singular mascuhne.

6. The following adverbs of time are very peculiar : kal, to-moiTow or yesterday ; parson, the day after to-morrow or the day before yesterday ; tarson, the third day from this, past or to come ; narson, the fourth day from the present time. Of course the reader or hearer will be able to perceive from the context whether these words refer to the past or future.

VII. PREPOSITIONS,

20. — The Hindiistani does not, strictly speaking, possess that paii; of speech which we call a preposition ; the deficiency, however, is amply supplied either by the postpositions already mentioned in the declension of the Noun, No. 5, or by employing certain substantives expressive of time, place, situ- ation, &c. Such words are (improperly) called " compound postpositions," a very absurd term ; for it so happens that they are neither compounds nor postpositions. They are, in fact, substantives in an oblique case, having a postposition generally understood. The majority of them are masculine, and con- sequently require the substantive which they govern to be put in the genitive case with the postposition ke. This will be easily understood by a few examples ; thus, ' before the house ' will be expressed in Hindiistani ' in front of the house ;' as, ghar ke age, or age ghar ke, where the word age is itself in the ablative or locative case, mai (in) being understood. So, ' with the man ' is literally 'in company of the man ;' as, mnrd ke sdth, i. e. sdfh men. It is matter of indifference whether these particles precede or follow the substantive they govern.

a. The following prepositions are masculine, and require the -i^enitive in ke; viz., age, before (i. e. age men, in front, fvom. dgd, the front ) ; andar, withm (t. e. in the inside of) ; upar, above ;

CONJUNCTIONS. 23

bdHs, by reason (of) ; hardhar, even with ; hdhcn', "without (not within) ; baUl, after (time) ; plchhe, behind, in the rear ; btch, in, among ; pdr, over, across ; pas, near ; bacjhuir, without (in want of) ; tale, under ; sdth, with ; sdmhne, before ; sabab, because (of) ; shod, except ; kane, near ; gird, around ; liye, for, on accoimt (of) ; mare, through ; mufabik and muwdfik, con- formable (to), Uke ; mil jib, by means (of); nazdlk, near; niche, beneath ; vmste, on account of; hdth, by means of. {Vide Hind. Gram. p. 71.)

b. The following are feminine, and consequently the noun which they govern must have the genitive in kt; viz., bdbat, concerning (i, e, on the subject of); jihat, on account (of) ; Tdidtir, for the sake (of) ; tar ah, like (after the manner of) ; taraf, towards, in the direction ; maWifat, through (or by means of) ; nisbat, relative to ; zabdni, from the report (of). Examples : mard ki khdtir, for the sake of the man ; shahr ki taraf, towards (in the direction of) the city.

c. A few prepositions govern the genitive with ke or k'l, according as they precede or follow the substantive ; thus, when the word mdnind, denoting hkeness, comes first, ke is used, and if last, kt ; as, mdnind sher ke, or shet^ki mdnind, like a tiger. There ai-e several other words which seem to follow the same rule, instances of which occur in the Bagh o Bahdr ; thus, be marzi huzur ke, without consent of her Majesty. {Vide Hind. Gram. p. 98, a.)

d. The following prepositions are fi.-equently to be met with, along with words and phrases from the .Arabic and Persian, which enter so frequently into Hindustani. Examples : az, from ; Hid, except ; ba, by, in ; bd, with ; be, without ; bar, on, in ; bild, without (not possessing) ; dar, in ; 'a/«, upon ; \tn, from ; Hnd, near ; ft, in ; ka, like ; li, to, for ; ma\ with ;

■min, from.

VIII. CONJUNCTIONS.

21. — Conjunctions and Interjections in Hindustani offer no peculiarity differing fi'om those of other languages : hence it will suffice to subjoin a list of the more useful of each. The conjunctions in particular, being of frequent occurrence, ought to be committed to memory. The following are among the most useful : aur, au, wa, o, and ; jo, agar, if ; loar (for ica- agar), and if; agarchi, although; toarna (for ua-gar-na), if not; magnr, except ; lekin, wa-lekin, but ; balki, moreover, nay, besides, on the contrary ; par, but, yet ; bhl, also, even; ^yus,

24

INTERJECTIONS — NUMERALS.

then, therefore ; hi, that, thus, as, whether, or, &c. ; kyunki, because ; goki, although ; goya, as if ; nahiii-to, otherwise ; har- chand, although, however much ; hanoz, yet ; khwdh, whether ; . ya, either, or, &c.

IX. INTERJECTIONS.

22. — The following list includes the more common : — shabdsh ! (shdd-bdih), happiness or good luck to you ! d/rln J blessings on you ! wdh-wdh, admirable ! kyd khub, how excellent ! dhani- dhan, how fortunate ! wdh ji ! kyd-bdt hai ! what an affair ! — all expressive of admiration and encouragement, like bravo ! well done ! &c. But bdp re (0 father) ! astonishing ! dreadful ! hde hde, hae hae, wde wde, wde wa-tld .' alas, alas ! alackaday ! woe's me! hat, chhi-chhl, tush, pshaw, pish, fie fie! dur, dut, avaunt ! express sorrow, contempt, and aversion. Ai, o, Oh ! re or are, holla, you ! are used in calling attention, — the last two in a disrespectful way; re (m.) or rl (f.) agrees in gender with the object of address ; as, launde re, you boy ! laundi ri, you girl !

^^ X. NUMERALS.

'23(P-Tn Hindiistanl the numerals are less r^ular than they are in most European languages. With us, when we know the first ten or twenty numbers, we have a key to the whole ; in Hindustani it is necessary to commit to memory all the numbers up to 100, which we accordingly here subjoin : —

Cardinal Numbers.

1 ek

2 do

3 tin

4 char

5 pdnch

6 chha or chhe

7 sat

8 dth

9 nau

10 das

11 igdrah

12 bdrah

13 terah

14 chaudah

15 pandrah , 16. ." '

17 satrah

33 tens or taiiitts

18 athdrah

34 chautts

19 urns

35 pavitls

20 btx

36 chhattls

21 ikkis

37 sainfis

hhe

22 bd,is

38 atht'is or arils

23 terts

39 untdlis or uncha-

24 chaubts

Us

l3 pachts

40 chdlis

26 ^hhabb'ts

41 iktdlis

27 satd,ts

42 be.dlls

28 athd,h

43 tetdlis or taintdlis

'

29 n'nth

44 chauMs

30 tis

45 pauitdlts

M " /

31 ik/h

46 chhe,dUs

UjM^

32 bath

47 sainldris

i

NUMERALS.

25

48 athf alls or ar tails

66 che/isath or chha-

84 chaurdsi

49 unchds

chhaf

85 pachdsi

50 pachas

67 sa/srt^ft

86 chhe,dst

51 ikdwan

68 athsath or arsath

87 5a/asl

52 hdwan

69 unhattar

88 a/;iasi

63 tirpan

70 sa/^ar

89 nau,dsi

54: chaicican

71 ikhattar

90 naicit^e

55 pachpan or pach-

72 bahattar

91 ikdnwe or e/:an-

dwan

73 ^i7ia<<ar

atOM'e

56 chhappan

74 chauhattar

92 6an«'e or ftfran-

57 saldwan

75 pachhattar

awice

68 athdwan

76 chhahattar

93 tirdmce or /iVa?i-

59 unsath

77 sathatlar

atctte

60 sa//i'

78 athattar

94 chaurdnwe

61 iA-sa/;i

79 wnasi

95 pachdnwe

62 6rtsfl//i

80 flssi

96 chhe,dnwe

63 tirsdth or tresath

81 i^asi

97 safdnwe

64 chausafh

82 6e,asi or fterasi

98 athdnice

65 paiusath

83 aVosI

99 nindnice

sau or Sfii. a hund

•ed ; Ziaaar, a thousan

d ; ZaA'^, a hundred .

thousand ; /;a

ror, a hundred /aA-/i5,

or ten millions.

^ a. Above a hundred, the numbers proceed regularly ; thus, — eA; sau eA:, 101 ; (?o saw d</s, 210 ; eA: hazdr dth sau afhtdl'is or athdrah sau afhtdl'is, 1848 ; ek hazdr do sau painsafh or bdrah sau painsath, 1265. The ordinal numbers, fi-om the seventh upwards, are rcgulai'lj' formed from the cardinals by adding the terminations wdii, wen, or loiii. The first fom- of the ordinals are puhld, or pahild, or imihld, first ; dusrd, second ; tlsrd, third ; and chau'hd, fourth ; then pdnch-wdn, -wai, -win, the fifth, is quite regular ; but chhatwdn, the sixth, inserts t, after which they all follow the rule ; as, dthvsdn, the eighth, daswdii, the tenth, &c.

6. The following are used as collective numbers in the same sense as we say a dozen, a score ; viz., gandd, a four ; gdhi, a five ; kori, or hlsi, a score ; chdfisd, a forty ; saikrd, a hundred ; hazdr, a thousand ; Idkh, a hundred thousand ; and karor, ten milUons. But the most vexatious of all are the fractional numbers ; to make use of which requires some kind of mental ai'ithmetic, as the foUowmg specimens will show ; thus —

pdo, or chauih, or

chauthdii , }

tihd't i

ddhd ^

pawan or pauna . . f

sawd H

derh I5

arlid'i 2.^-

28 NUMERALS.

The word paune prefixed to a number denotes one quarter mtntu the number ; as, paune do, 2 — ^, or If. The word sawd denotes a quarter added ; as, sated do, 2\. The word sdrhe denotes a half added; as, sdrhe tin, 3|. The words derh, 1|, and arhd,i, 2\, when used with collective numbers, as lOO, 1,000, &c., denote multiplication ; as, derh-sau, Ik x 100, or 150 ; so, arhd,t hazar, 2J X 1,000=2,500.

c. The Hindus were the inventors of the ten numerical ciphers or figures of arithmetic. From India the invention found its way among the Arabs, and through these it reached Europe. The following are the three varieties of the ten ciphers.

European.. 123456789 10

Arabian ..iTrPclVA^j*

Hindu ....^5^^ ay^4^T:;£_\o

rs are employed from left to rij en the Arabs, who read from rig nbers as we do ; thus —

1859 = lA^^ = \-c:y^£_

These ciphers are employed from left to right, as among ourselves. Even the Arabs, who read from right to left, still write their numbers as we do : thus —

27

SECTION II.

OF SYNTAX, OR COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES ;

Together toith a Series of Familiar Phrases and

Grammatical Exercises.

Lesson 1.

24. — We have already mentioned that adjectives generally precede their substantives, as in English. If the adjective ends in any letter except a or a, it is, as in English, indeclinable. Those ending in a, if purely Indian, will change into e or i, according to a simple rule. The termination a is used before a masculine noun onlj^, and in the nominative case singular (or the accusative case, if under a nominative form, which is of very frequent occurrence, as we shall soon see). The termination e is used before a substantive masculine, in any case singular where a postposition or interjection is used or understood, or- before any masculine in the plural number. Lastly, i is used always before a feminine noun. Thus, bard ghar, a large house ; bare ghar kd, of a large house ; plur. bare ghar, large houses ; bare gharon par, on the large houses. Again, kitdh, a book, being feminine, we say, ban kildb, a large book ; ban kildb men, in a large book ; barl kitdben, large books, &c. Adjectives purely Arabic, Persian, or Sanskrit, ending in a, are not necessarily subject to any change or inflection, and in the application of such, practice must be the main guide.

a. In like manner, the genitive case of a noun or pronoun generally precedes the word which governs it ; and the use of.kd, ke, or ki; rd, re, or ri; and nd, ne, or m, in the formation of such genitives, is determined bj^ the same rule that regulates the a, e, and i of the adjective. Hence, in Hindustani, the appU- cation of all genitives, nouns and pronouns, is precisely that of the declinable adjective ; thus, mard kd is used when the noun belonging to it is masculine, and in the nom. case singular ; as, mard kd betd, mard kd ghord, &c., the man's son, horse, &c. When the word belonging to inard is masculine, but not in the nom. singular, then ke must bo used ; as, mard ke bete ko, to the man's son ; mard ke beton ko, to the man's sons. When the word belonging to mard is feminine, in all cases ki is used : as,

D 2

28

SYNTAX.

mard kt joru, the man's wife ; mard ki bett ko, tio the man'» daughter.

h. In iUustration of the preceding principles, wliich are really as simple as they are important, we shall here subjoin for the benefit of the student a collection of phrases and exei-cises. In order not to attempt too much at first, Ave shall confine ourselves to a limited number of substantives and adjectives.

Substantives.

Masculine.

( mard.

man,

father,

husband,

brother,

sou, or child,

hoy,

animal,

horse,

house,

pen,

dog,

elephant

dilmi. bap. Jckasam. bhd,i. beta, -e. larkd, e. jdnwar. ghord, - ghar. kalam. kuttd, - hdthi.

e.

woman,

mother,

wife,

sister,

daughter,

girl,

thing,

mare,

table,

book,

fox,

cow.

bad, wicked

great, large little, small lazy.

( achchhdf.ey-z. \ bhald,-€,-i. j Miardb. \ burd, -e,-t.

bard,. e, -I.

chotd,-e,-t,

susi.

Adjectives.

wise (indech), ignorant,

SAA-ift,

high, lofty, handsome,

( ^auraj. { randi,,

md.

j<iru.

bahin.

bet'i.

lark'i.

cMz.

ghori.

mez.

kitdb.

lomrt,

gd,o.

ddnd.

nd-ddn.

tezrau. ( nachd,-e,-l. [ buland.

khub-shrat,

bad-surat.

c. To these we may prefix, when required, the adverbs bahut, much or verj' ; nihdi/al or hudd-se, excessively ; as, bahut achchhd, -e, -J, very good. This collection of substantives and adjectives, together with the pronouns and the two auxihary tenses of the verb ' to be,' will furnish ample materials for our first essay on composition. We shall fiu-ther limit ourselves to employ the substantives only in the nominative and genitive cases, singular and plural.

d. It is needless to say that in English, when we use the verb * to be,' in making an assertion, we put the nominative first, then the verb, aud lastly the thing asserted ; as, ' my father is wise ;

OF ADJECTIVES AND SUBSTANTIVES. 29

that man is ignorant.' In Hindustani the rule is, first the nominative, then the thing asserted, and last of all the verb ; thus, merd bap dand hat, ' my father wise is ; ' so, wuh rnard nd-ddn hat, * that man ignorant is. '

e. The student must bear in mind that the demonstrative pronouns, yih, this, and vmh, that, are iised with noims in the nominative singular ; and they become is and us respectively when the noun is in any obUque case singular. A rule precisely "imilar apphes to their plurals, ye, these, and ice, those, which oecome respectively in and un in the oblique cases plm-al.

this is my brother, yih merd bhd,i hat.

that is your son, wuh tumhdrd hetd hai,

these are their houses, ye unke ghar hain.

this is my father's house, yih mere bap kd ghar hai. ^^ —

that is your brother's horse, icuh tumhdre bhd,i kd ghord hai.

this is that man's mother, yih us mard hi md hai.

that is your sister, tcuh tumhdri bahin hai.

thy sister's horse is swift, terl bahin kd ghord tezrau hai.

this pen is very good, yih kalam bahut achchhd hai.

that is a very good book, wuh bahut achchh't kttdb hai.

she is a little woman, wuh chhoft randl hai.

his father was a great man, uska bdp bard mard ihd.

your sister was very handsome, tumhdri bahin bahut khubsiirat

th'i.

my brother's horses were ex- mere bhs.t ke ghore nihdyat tcz-

tremely swift, rau the.

their childi-en's books were very unke betoii k'l kitdbeii bahut ach-

good, chhiihin.

Exercise. — I am that man's brother. This woman is my brother's daughter. That boy is my brother's son. This is my sister's book. That man is this boj'"'s father. These houses are very lofty. That girl's mother was very wise. Your father's horse was very swift. My brother's children are handsome. My sister's daughters are very good girls. That man's brother's wife was a very ignorant woman. That was a very handsome woman. This boy is very lazy. These girls are very lazy. These women were excessively ugly. The man's horses were very small. They are very bad hvisbands. She is a bad wife. They are very bad wives.

D 3

30 OF COilPARISON.

Lesson 2. 25. On the degrees m comparison. — In forming the compara- tive and superlative des^ees of adjectives, the Hindiistanl is somewhat deficient. When two objects are compared, that with which the comparison is made is put in the ablative case (so far like the Latin) ; but there is no alteration made in the adjective : thus, to express in Hindustani the phrase ' this house is higher than that house,' they say yih ghar vs ghar se buland hat, ' this house than that house (or compared with that hoxxse) is high.' Sometimes, however, the adverbs zii/ddu or aur, denoting more, are used as in our own language, which is certAinly an improve- ment ; as, t/ih ghar us ghar se ziydda buland hai, ' this house is more lofty than that house.' To form the superlative degree, they merely make a universal comparison ; thus, to express ' this house is the highest,' they say, yih ghar sab se buland hut, 'this house is higher than all.' Sometimes, to express an intensive degree, the adjective is repeated ; as, thandl thanifi hawdeii, very cool (or refreshing) breezes. This ■will put the reader in mind of our own simple ballads, where we meet with such expressions as 'the red red rose,' 'the deep deep sea,' &c.

EXAMPLES, the elephant is larger than the hdth'i ghore-se bard hai.

horse, the fox is smaller than the dog, lomrt kuffe- se chhofi hai. the horses are swifter than the ghvre fidthiyoii-se tezrau haii'i,

elephants, the elephant is the largest ani- hdlhi sab jdnwaroii-se bard hai.

mal of all, the elephant, the horse, and the hdthi, ghnrd aur kutfd sab aur

dog^, are wiser than all other jdnivaroii-se ddnd haiii.

amraals.

Exercise. — The cow is more lazy than the horse. These men ai-e more wicked than dogs. The boys are more ignorant than the girls. The horses and the dogs are handsomer than the elephants. My pen is better than your pen. This boy is wiser than that boy. My father's horse is swifter than your brother's mare. Our dogs are swifter than your horses. The men are worse than the women. The fox is wiser than the dog. This pen is the worst of all (worse than all). This woman is the handsomest of all (more hand.some than all). That gkl was much wiser than her mother. She was the wisest of all the gu-ls (wiser than all the girls).

OF INTERROGATIVES.

31

Lesson 3.

26.— We shall now proceed to the formation of interrogative sentences, introducing at the same time a few additional adverbs and adjectives, together with the various tenses of the verb hond (par. 14), to be, and some of the numerals.

a. In asking a question, the Hindustani does not, like the English, invert the words ; and the tone of the voice alone marks the interrogation. There are, however, a few inter- rogative words, such as kaun, who ? kyd, what ? kahdn, where ? &c , the use of which cannot be mistaken ; and all such inter- r< )gative words, when used, are reserved so as to come before the verb at the end. When a sentence contains no such inter- rogative word, the word kyd. or dyd is used at the beginning, like the an or num. of the Latin ; as, kydyih tumhdrd kalam liai/ Is this your pen? This word kyd, however, is not absolutely necessary in speaking, as the tone of the voice is quite sufficient to in':'icate interrogation.

EXAMPLES.

who is that man '? who is this woman ? who are these boys ? who are those girls ? whose house is this ? whose children are these ? whose books are these ? whose daughter is she ? where is my father ? where is his brother ? where are yom- father's

whfcre are my brother's chil- dren's books ?

where may be that man's mo- ther's mare ?

is this your house ?

was that my father's horse ?

may this be my sister's table ? how many pens will there be ? what-like books will they be ?

icuh mard kaun hai ?

yih ^avraf kaun hai?

ye larke kaun haii'i ?

we hirkiydii kaun haiii ?

yih kiskn ghar hai ?

ye kigkc larke haiii ?

yp kiski kildbeii haiii ?

yih kiskl be ft hai ?

merd bap kahnn hai?

uskd bhd,t knhdii hai ?

tumhdre bap ke ghore kuhdii

haiii ? mere bhd,i ke betofi hi kitdben

kahdn hain ? us mard ki md ki rjhort kahd>i

howe ?

{yih tumhdrd ghar hai ? or kyd, yih fmnhdrd uhar hai ? kyd, louh mere bdp kd ghord

thd? yih meii bahin kt mez howe ? kitne kalam hovge ? kaisl kitdben hongiA ?

Exercise.— Where is your brother? Where is this man's

32

OF INTRANSITIVE VERBS.

mother ? "Whose sod are you ? Whose hoi-ses are these ? How many houses are there ? What sort of book is this ? Is that your sister's table ? Is this pen yours ? Where had you been yesterday ? Where wDl these cliildren be to-morrow ? When will j'ou be at home (in the house) ? Was your father at home yesterday ? Will j'our brother be at home to-morrow ? Were my two books on the table yesterday ? Where are his four sons ? Have his three daughters been at home ? Were there seven horses there yesterday? WiU there be eight men ni the house tlu-ee days hence ? Were there five or six dogs there two days ago ? What is this thing ? What animals are these ? Is that animal a horse or a cow ?

Lesson 4. 27. — We shall next introduce a new Hst of substantives, together with a few intransitive verbs conjugated like girnd (par. 13), at the same time we shall employ all the cases of the substantives and several of the relative nouns or prepositions mentioned in par. 20. The sentences will now be lengthened, but they will present no difficulty to a student of moderate attention and capacity.

day, din ^mw)

night, rat (f.)

city, shahr (m.)

a boat, ndtc (f )

river, daryd {m.)

a tree, darakht (m.)

forest, jangal (m.)

a road, rdh (f.)

a plain, maiddn (m.)

fruit, phal (m.)

water, pdm (m.)

bird, murgh (m.)

fish, machhlt (f.)

name, ndm (m.)

street, kucha, .e (m.)

people, log (m.pl.)

Inti-ansiti

ve Verbs.

to stay, dwell, rah-nd

to flow, bah-nd

to come, d^nd

to proceed, advance, barh-nd

to go, jd-nd, chal-nd

to retreat, fall back, hat-nd

to run, daur-nd

to sit, baith-nd

to sleep, so-nd

to return, phir-dna

to arrive, pahunch-nd

to die, mar-nd (past p. Tnu,d)

EXAM

PLES.

I am staying in the city,

7nain shahr men rahtd hun.

my father dwells in that house,

merd hdp us ghar meii rahtd hai.

we came from the forest yes-

kal ham jangal se a,e (or di/e)

terday,

haiii.

OF TRANSITIVE VERBS. 33

Tve will go to the city to morrow, kul ham shahr meii ja,enge.

the bird was sitting on the tree, vv.ir^ daralsht par baithta tha.

where are you going ? turn kahdii jute ho ?

whence does this river flow ? yih daryd kahdii se bahtd hai ?

do these men sleep in the city ? kyd we ddml shahr meit sole

haifi ?

where does this road lead to yih rah kahdn chaJii hai ?

(go to) ?

is the fish in that river very us daryd men machhli bahut

large ? _ ' hnri hai ?

who were those that were sit- ice kaun the, jo darakht ke tale

ting underneath the tree ? buithte the ?

Exercise. — The forest near the city is very largo. How many men are sleeping beneath the tree ? The road towards the forest is not very good. The horses were running from the plain. The water flows from the river into the city. In that forest there were many large trees. The boats on the river are coming towards the city.. How many boats are there? There will be 250 horses on the plain to-morrow. • There were 2,500 men on

■ the large plain near the city yesterday. A hundred and fifty men have retreated from the river towards the forest. The

, horses are dying on the plain, and a hundred men died yesterday ■"^ithin the city. That man stav'ed nine days in my house. I slept one night in the forest, but I will not sleep there a second night. The water is flowing from the river into the streets of the city. The men are advancing towards the city. The fnxit on these trees is very good. Where do all these people come from ? What is the name of that citj' ? What is the name of that river which flows from the forest ? What was the name of tlie street in which you dwelt? The people were sitting beneath the trees. When did you arrive in this city ? When will you retm-n home ?

Lesson 5. 28. — A sentence formed by an active or transitive verb con^tists of three parts, — the nominative, the verb, and the object ; as, ' the tiger eats flesh,' — sher gosht khatd hai. Here sher is the nominative, gosht the object, and khatd hai the verb. Generally speaking, the Hindiistani arrangement is, first the nominative or agent, then the object, and lastly the verb ; but this rule is frequently departed from, especiallj' in poetry. The nominative and object may of course be much more complex than in the foregoing sentence ; thus, ' the tiger of the forest eats the flesh of all other animals,'— ja/i^a/ kd sher aur sab jdnwarun kd gosht

34

OF TRANSITIVE VERBS.

khdtd hai. In languages with regular cases, like the Latin, the object is put in the accusative case, which has generally a termination different from the nominative. In English always, and in Hindiistani generally, the accusative is the same as the nominative, and is to be determined merely by inference or position. There are, however, in Hindustani, instances in which it is necessary to distinguish the object with the addition of the postposition ko, which, though not reduced to a certain rule or principle by grammarians, forms one of the niceties of the language. Of this we shall treat in our next lesson. In the meanwhile we shall proceed to our lesson on transitive verbs, which govern merely the simple or nominative form of the object, as in English.

Substantives.

bread.

rotl (f.)

meat.

gosht (m.)

butter, makkhan (m.)

milk,

dudh (m.)

wine.

shardb (f.)

rice (boiled)

bhdt {m.\ bdsan (m.)

tea.

chd (f.)

plate.

breakfast.

hdzirl (f.)

spoon.

chatncha

dinner,

khdnd (m.)

sugar.

misri

knife.

chhun (f.)

a letter.

chith'i (f.)

fork.

kdntd (m.)

news.

Miabar (f.)

Adjec

tives.

cold.

fhandd

clean.

?af

hot.

garm

pure.

suthrd

sweet,

mtthd Transitiv

ready, e Verbs.

taiydr

to swim.

pair-nd

to learn.

stkh-nd

to bring.

Idnd

to give.

dend

to make (prepare), banana

to say, tell.

kahnd

to eat.

khdnd

to see, look.

dekhnd

to drink.

pind

to hear.

sunnd

to make, do,

karnd

to strike.

mdrnd

to place, put.

rakhnd

to read.

parhnd

to take away.

lejdnd

to write.

li'khnd

to call,

buldnd

EXAM

to take,

PLES.

lend

he is bringing bi-ead,

wuh rofl Idtd hai.

we drink water,

ham pdmpite hain.

they drink wine

toe shardb pite

hain.

OP TRANSITIVE VERBS. 35

my brother will drink cold pure merd bha,i thandd suthra pant

water, pi,egd.

make tea, chd band,o.

bring a spoon, chamcha ld,o.

give me some meat, mvjh ko kuchh gosht do.

bring a knife and fork, chhuri kdntd ld,o.

make breakfast ready, hdziri taiydr karo.

bring a clean plate, sdf bdsan ld,o.

when will you get dinnerready? khdnd kab taiydr karoge ? will you drink wine ? turn shardb pifige ?

what will you eat ? turn kyd khd,oge ?

Exercise. — Do you eat any fruit ? Bring me some tea, sugar, and milk. Put a knife and fork on the table for my father. Cool (make cold) some wine for us. Prepare dinner for six people. You will bring us some rice and milk. Will you give me some wine and some cold water, that I may drink ? Do you drink tea ? Will yoxir brother drink wine ? Bring us three knives, three forks, three spoons, and three clean plates. He reads very good books. He wi-ites a letter to me every day. She was writing letters when I came to her house. He hears good news of him. We were reading their letters when they arrived. Tell us all the news of the city. I will tell you the news of the city when I return. Give us some bread and butter.

29. — When the object of a transitive verb is definite or specific, as a general rule, the postposition ko is added ; for example, the phrase chhuri ld,o signifies ' bring a knife ; ' but if we wish to say ' bring the knife,' we add the postposition ko ; thus, chhuri-ko ld,o.

EXAMPLES, put the water on the table, pdm-ko mez par rakho.

take away the sugar, misri-ko lejd,o.

give me the wine, shardb-ko mujhe do.

clean (make clean) the plate, bdsan-ko sdf karo. cool the Avater, pdnl-ko thandd karo.

Exercise. — The dog is drinking the milk. They were putting the water on the table. Who has taken away the sugar ? He is cleaning the plate. They are cooling the water. Take away the meat and put the wine on the table . Put the water near me on this table. The dogs will drink the water. Beat (or strike) that idle boy. He was eating the sugar and di-inking the wine. I

36 OF TRANSITIVE VERBS.

shall see liim to-morrow. We shall see them to-day in the city. If they see us here, they will beat us very much. We shall not see that man, if we remain in this house.

Lesson 7. 30. — When we have occasion to use a transitive verb in any tense formed from the past participle, the nominative of the sentence assumes the case of the agent (vide par. 8) with the particle ne. The verb then agrees in gender and number with the object, or what in Latin would be the accusative case ; thus, ' the man wrote a letter,' must be mard ne ek chithi likhi, literally, 'by the man a letter (was) written,' — 'a viro epistola scripta (est).' So far the construction agrees exactly with the luitin passive voice ; we must remark, however, that if it is necessary to render the object of the sentence very definite, and consequently to add to it the particle ko, the verb must be used always in the form of the third person singnilar masculine ; as, ' the man killed the tiger,' — mard ne shtr ko mdr-dala; so, ' the bov has struck the girl,' will be larke ne larkl-ko mard hai. (Vide Hind. Gram. p. 103.)

EXAMPLES.

he has placed good food upon us ne achchhd khdna mez par

the table, rakhd hai.

she has made tea, us ne chn bunaj hai.

my father has drunk all the mere hap ne tuindm shardb kn

wine, piyd hai.

we drank cold water, ham ne {handd pant piyd.

who has eaten the rice ? kis ne bhdt ko khdyd hai ?

he called all the servants into us ne sab naukaron ko ghar men

the house, bulnya.

we had given very good bread ham ne bahuf achchhi rofi admi-

to the men, ymi ko d'l tht.

the women ate bread and drank ^auratoii ne rofi khd.t, aur dddh

milk, piyd. [Note.— For any new word that may henceforth occur, consult the General Vocabularj', Part II.]

Exercise. — Have you learaed the Hindustani language? I have read a few pages. Have you seen the city of ^Calcutta ? You have made the voyage of the sea, what wonders did you see there ? I may say what one of the sages said, " The wonder that I saw on the sea was this,— that I came safe to land."

USE OF sakna AND chukna. 37

How much money have yonr friends given you? JNIy fatlier gave me an order for one thousand rupees. How much did you give to the man? How many rupees did he demand of you ? He demanded ten rupees> and I gave him three rupees and a half. Have you prepared breakfast ? Have you prepared a good dinner for two people ? Have you put the bread ou the table ?

Lesson 8. 31. — The subject of this lesson will be the peculiar application of two useful verbs ; viz., sakna, to be able (to can), and chuhid, to have done or tinished. When these have occasion to govern another verb, the latter is used, not in the infinitive (as with us), but in the root, which is always placed first ; and the two together thus form a sort of compound verb.

EXAMPLES,

he can (or is able to) speak our wuh haman zahdn bol-saktdhai.

are you able to read my writ- turn merd likhd hud park- sakfe

ing ? ho ?

no one will be able to read this sxvod,e tumhdre ko,i isko naparh-

but yourself, sakegd.

he can speak a little English, wuh kuchh-kuchh angrezi bol-

saktd hat. they have done eating, ice khd-chuke huin.

have you done wiiting? turn likh-chuke ho ?

they had done reading when I jab main wuhdn pahunchd, ice

arrived there, parh-chuke the.

Exercise. — When he had done writing the letter, then I came away firom the house. When you come (t. e. shall come) here to-mon-ow, I shall have done reading the book. Can you swim across this river ? I cannot swim at all, but my brother is an excellent swimmer. So great was the darkness that I could not see anything. The ruler of this village cannot speak English, but he can speak Hindustani well. I hope I shall be able to leaiii the languag-e of this country in the space of six month's.

Lksson 9.

32. — The verbs lagnd, signifjdng to begin ; dend, to grant permission, or allow ; and pana, to get permissioii, or be allowed ; and sometimes sakna, to can, or be able, govern the infinitive of another verb in the inflected state, that is, ne instead of nd, as

38 USE OF lagna AND chtihna.

will be seen in the following sentences. We may notice here a well-known peculiarity in Hindustani in the use of the conjunc- tive participle ; as, jd-kar, jd-ke, &c., having gone. It serves to throw two or more short sentences into one ; thus, * Go to my room, and bring me quickly my sword,' — mere kamare mtii jd-kar men talwdr jaldl ld,o. {Vide par. 16, a.)

he arose and began to say, wuh uth-kar kahne laga.

they began to read, we parhne-lage.

you began to eat, turn khdne-lage.

he allows them to come into wuh unko ghar men dne-detd

the house, hai.

let him go, uskojdne-do.

he is allowed to come, wuh dne-pdtd hai.

he will allow us to do what we jo ham chdhenge, so wuh hamko

Hke, karne-degd.

Exercise. — He sat down, and began to tell this story. One man began to say, I shall not be able to eat this bread. Another began to say, I will not allow the children to read these books. He will give you leave to walk in this beautiful garden every day. The Honourable Company (Kampani Bahddur) will allow me to go to England for the space of three years and six months. My father is allowed to go to Calcutta on account of transacting (making) business. Go to my brother's house, present to him my compliments, and bring home my saddle. Strip oft' your clothes, swim across this river, and biing the boat to this side.

Lesson 10. 33. — The verbs chdhnd^ to desire, to wish ; and karnd, in the sense of ' to make a practice of,' ' to be in the habit of,' govern the past participle of another vei-b, instead of the infinitive. The participle so governed is always in the simple form of the singular mascuUne in a. Thus, —

he is in the habit of reading wuh har suhh ko parhd-kartd

eveiy morning, hai.

he is in the habit of writing wuh har roz kuchh likhd-kartd

something every day, hai.

he used always to give (make) wuh hamesha shdgird ko yih td-

this injimction to the scholar, kid kiyd-kartd thd.

OF IXTEXSIVE VERBS. 89

I wish to learn the Hindustani maiii Hindtistdni zaban ko sikhd

language, chdhtd hun.

what do you wish to say? turn kyd kahd-chdhte ho ?

I wish to write a letter, main ek chithi likhd-chdhtdjiun.

I wish to learn the Persian Ian- main Fdrsi zahdn ko sikhd.

guage,

chdhtd hun.

a. We may here observe that the form chdhiye of the verb chdhnd is fi-equently used impersonally, like the Latin ' decet,' 'oportet,' or the French 'il faut ;' as, chdhiye ki turn jd,o, you must go, or it is necessary that you go. This form of chdhnd is generally followed by the aorist, as in the preceding example, but it may also govern the past participle of the accompanying verb ; as, adab sikhd chdhiye, it is proper (necessary or desirable) to learn good manners.

b. The verb chdhnd sometimes governs the inflected infinitive, like lagnd, &c. (32); as, tcuh parhne chdhtd hai, he wishes to read.

Exercise. — I am accustomed evei-y day to rise at the dawn. He is in the habit of dining every day at two o'clock. We make it a jiractice to read three hours in the morning. I wish very much to leam the language of this coimtry. Do you wish to read this book ? It is necessaiy to leam the Persian language in order to speak and understand well the Hindustani. It is desirable to know the language of the country in which you are dwelling.

Lesson 11.

34. — The Hindustani abounds in a species of compound verbs, called intensives. A verb is rendered intensive by employing only its root, to which some other verb is subjoined.. The root of the principal verb continues invariable, and the subjoined or auxihary verb is fully conjugated in the usual way ; thus, mdrnd, to beat, becomes intensive by adding to its root the vei-b ddlj)d or rakhnd, whereby mdr-ddlnd or mdr-rakhnd sig-nifies ' to kill downright;' so, ddl-dend, to throw out; bol-uthnd, to speak out ; mar-jdnd, to die ; baith-rahnd, to sit down ; kho-dend, to lose ; tor-dend, to break to pieces, to smash. Although almost every verb may thus be rendered intensive, yet it is impossible to give any rule respecting the servile or second verb, which is usually employed for that purpose. The only coui-se left for the student to pursue, is carefully to observe the usage of the best authors, and whenever he meets with an intensive verb, let him endeavour to remember it. It is needless to add that the servile verb of an intensive has for the time laid aside its own primitive meaning.

E 2

40 OF INTENSIVE VERBS.

EXAMPLES.

who killed that man ? Arts ne im mard ko mdr-ddld ?

he has placed all the things on vs ne sab ch'izoii ho mezpar rakh-

the table, diyd hat.

lay my watch on the shelf, merl ghafi tdk par rakh-do.

they have eaten up all the dinner, we save khdne ko khd-gaye hain. write a letter for me, mere Uye ek chifhl likh-do.

he has cut down all the trees jo sab darakht bagh men the, so

in the garden, • usne kdt datl hain.

Exercise. — Put all the things on the table. That man has killed my companion. Has he written out the two letters, as I told him ? The king said to the soldier, Cut oflf this man's head in my presence. Throw out the water from this basin. Thej' all spoke out, sajdng, We will not sit down in your house unless you make an apology for this conduct. His father, mother, brothers, and sisters have all died. The goat has smashed the' looking-glass with his horns. He has lost a great sum of money (very many rupees) in gambling. You will sit down in this room until I return fi-om the king's audience (darbdr). The dog has eaten up the whole of the butter. Who has cut down that fine tree ?

Lesson 12.

3.5. — Of the use of the possessive adjective pronoun ap-nd.

When the nominative or agent of a sentence is foUowed in the same clause by a possessive pronoun belonging to itself, such possessive is in HindiistanI rendered by apnd, -ne, -nl, never by the possessives mei-d, mere, merl, kc.

EXAMPLES. I read my book, maiii apnl kitdh parhtd hiin.

thou readest thy book, tii apnl kitdb parhtd hat.

he reads his (own) book, wuh apnl kitdh parhtd hat.

she reads her (own) book, wuh apnl kitdb parhtl hai.

w^e have seen our father, ham ne apne bdp ko dekhd hai.

have you written your letter ? turn ne apnl chifhl likhl hai ? the goldsmith and carpenter sundr aur najjdr apne shahr men

went to their (own) city, gaye.

the women feed their (o^vn)cliil- randiydn apne larkon ko pdlti

di-en, hain.

N.B. If, in the above examples, the words * his,' ' her,' or ' their ' refer not to the nominatives, but to somebody else, then they must be expressed by is- or us-kd, kc.

USE OF THE PARTICLE sa, ETC. 41

Exercise. — Did you see your father yesterday ? Bring your dogs here to-morrow, that we may go a-hunting. Wait in this room till I shall have done writing my letter to your master. Give my compliments to j-our master and say that Mr. F. is not at home. Why do you beat your servants in that manner ? In my country every man considers his own house as his castle. My friend is gone to his native country for the benefit of his health. The judge said to the plaintiff, Go and take your money from the woman. The plamtiff came back and said, Su-, I cannot get my money from this woman. *

Lesson 1.3. 36. — Use of the tei-mination sd, se, si. The particle sd, se, or si (according to gender and number) added to a substantive, or the oblique form of personal pronouns, converts these into an adjective denoting similitude or resera- olance ; as from haiiodn, a beast, comes haiwdn sd, like a beast, beastly. When sd, se, or si is added to an adjective, it generally renders it intensive ; as, bard, large ; bard-sd, bare-se, or barl-sl, largish, rather large, or very large.

examples. where did you find this dog -like yih kutfd-sd nd-pdk jdnwar turn

unclean animal ? we kahdii pdi/d ?

a wise man like you, tujh-sd ddnii ^aklmand.

what-like animals are these ? ye kaun-se jdnwar hnin ? he took up a very large stone, us-ne ek bardsd pathar uthdyn. a fine-looking stag came in ek khub-surat-sd hiran nazar

sight, dyd.

a black woman like an ogress, ek kdfi bhutnl-si ^aurat.

Exercise. — Her face was fair as the moon, her eyebrows were like a bow, and her hair (lit. hairs) black as night. Her form was straight as the cj^ress, her lips red as the kandurl (a beautiful red flowei-), and her feet delicate as the flower of the lotus. She was beautiful as Zidaikhd, and faithful as Laili. The young prince was handsome as Ynsiif. The king was wise as Sulaimdn, just as Naushirwdn, literal as Hdiim, and brave as Jiustam.

Lesson 14. 37. — Use of the pronoun dp.

The word dp literally denotes self, and it is so employed with any of the personal pronouns ; as^ main dp jd,ungd, I will go

E 3

42 USE OF THE PRONOUN ap.

myself. It may also be used in the same sense without the pei-sonal prononn ; as, dp jd,eyd, he himself will go ; dp dweiige, ■we will come ourselves. The word dp, however, is frequently employed in a very different sense, like our terms ' you sir,' * your honour,' ' your worship, ' &c., and the verb, in such cases, agrees with it in the third person plural. The words sahib, master, monsieur, and hazrat or huziir, your highness, and ;a?ja6t 'dii, your majestj', are used in a similar manner -when a person is ad(-iressing his superior in rank, or as a mere matter of pohteness by strangprs of rank and respectabiUty when address- lug each other.

EXAMPLES.

I shall see him myself, mam dp vsko dekungd.

will she herself come ? kyd wuh dp dicegl ?

•will you come yom-self to-mor- kal dp d,oge ?

row?

will you, sir, come to-moiTow? dp kal d.enge?

how is the health of your ho- kd dp mizaj kaisa hai ?

nour ?

will you, sir, drink any wine ? dp kuchh shardb piyenge ?

may it please monsieur to sit sdhih baifhiye.

down,

how is the health of your high- Iivziir kd mizdj i sliarif kaisd

ness ? hai ?

Exercise. — I am going there myself this very day. Will j'ou come yourself to-morrow ? If he himself cannot give the money, perhaps his brother will be able to advance it for him. We do not wish to appear ourselves in this business. I am your worship's faithful slave. I have sought for the child in your honour's garden. Your worship's (master's) dinner is ready. Master's palkl (vulg. palanquin) is now at the door. You, sir, are my father and mother ; there is no one in the world, except your honour, who will assist your poor miserable slave. Where is the native country of your highness ? Will youi* majesty ride on the white elephant to-day ?

Lesson 15. 38.— Use of the Infinitive.

The Infinitive, or verbal norm, in Hindustani, is applied in a variety of ways different from what it is in English or Latin. In the first place it is used, hke the Latin gerund, to express

USE OF THE INFINITIVE, ETC. 4^

obligation ; thus, ium-ko wahda jdnd hoga, you must (or will have to) go there. 2nd. It is sometimes used as an imperative ; tlius, hargiz kasarn na khdnd, sv^ear not at all. Lastly, the inflected fonn' of the infinitive, followed by kd, ke, or k'l, is used, like the Latin participle in ' tm-us,' to express a future intention ; as, main nahiti jdne-ka hun, ' non sum iturus,' I do not mean to go ; wuh nahin likhne-kl hai, she does not intend to write. For a full account of the various uses of the infinitive, vi(Je Hind. Gram. p. 129.

you must go home, tumko gliar menjdna hogd.

I niust*buy a good horse, mvjhko ek achchhd ghord khct-

ridnd hogd.

do not commit such folly, aisi he-wnkufi na karnd.

do not go to that coimtry, us mulk men mat jdnd.

I do not now intend to go to ah main ^Ajam men nah'uijdne-

Persia, - kd hwi.

Exercise. — We must not do evil to the end that good may result. That wounded soldier must not eat so much fruit. You must read three pages of this book every day. Do not speak more nonsense. Never strike your horse on the head. Do not strike your dog in that manner. Do not drink any of the foul water of that river. When do you intend going to Europe ? He is about to travel in Persia (Fdrs), Arabia CArub), and Turkey (Rum). She dees not mean to remain in this country after the cold season. The officers do not intend to go to the tiger-hunt.

Lesson 16. 39. — Use of the Relative and Correlative,

Strictly speaking, the Hindustani language does not possess a relative pronoun con-esponding to the Latin qui. quce, quod, or to our 'who,' 'which,' and 'that.' For example, vir sapit qui pauca loquitur, the man is wise who speaks little, is expressed in Hindiistaul as follows -.—jo shakhs ddnd hai so (or wuh) kam boltd hai; literally, 'whatever man is wise, the same speaks little.' Here the word jo is called the rela/ire, and so the correlative. We need not here enter on an elaborate description of this peculiarity of the language, both as regards relatives and cor- relatives in general, which will be much better understood by the following

ON OKIENTAL PHRASEOLOGY.

EXAMPLES.

that which you say is all time, jo turn kahte. ho, so sab sach hat.

speak plainly whatever comes jo kuchh ki dil men dive, so sdf

into your mind, kaho.

the man whom you saw in jis shahhs-ko tum-ne kal shahr

the city yesterday died this men dekhd, so djfajr ko mar-

morning, goy^.

the letter which you wrote to jo chifhi tum-ne mnjhe likht thi,

me has not arrived, so na pahunchi hai.

where there is a rose there is jahdn gul hai, tahdii bhi Ichdr

also a thorn, hai. ^

as you act, so will you expe- jaisd karoge, waisd pd,oge.

rience,

wherever you go, thither will I jidhar turn jd,oge, tidhar maiii

also go, hhtjd,ungd.

as the master, so will be the jaisd ustdd waise shdgird hoiige.

scholars.

Exercise. — That very foolish young man has lost in play all the money that his father had given him when he left home. They broke to pieces all the furniture which they found in the people's houses. The king highly approved of the horses which you sent to him last year from Arabia. Why have you not done what I told you? The officer rewarded the soldier who saved his life. Have you made a copy of the petition which the villagers brought to me yesterday ? At the root of the very tree under which you are now standing there is buried a potful of ashrnfis. The servant whom you recommended to me is a great rascal.

Lesson 17.

40. — On Oriental Phraseology.

The phraseology of the Eastern languages in general is more dramatic than ours. As a rule, when reference is made to the words or actions of a third person, that pronoun must be used which the person himself would make use of on such occasion. This peculiarity completely alters the whole sti-ucture of an Hindustani sentence compared with the corresponding English. For example, ' The prisoner told me that he would kill Shaikh Hasan if he saw him;' kaidi ne mujh-se kahd ki main Shaikh Hasan ko mdr-ddWnga agar usko <7eA-/(i7», literally, ' the prisoner said to me thus, I -will kill Shaikh Hasan if I may see him.'

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISKS.

' my brother said to me that he mere bha,i.ne mujh-se kahd ki

was going to Calcutta next main Kalkatte men kal jd,-

day, unga.

he told me to go home, usne mujh-se kahd ki ghar-ko

jd,o. did he not tell you that he had kyd usne turn se na kahd thd ki

lost all his money at play ? main apne sab mdl-ko ju,e

men hdr-diyd ? he saj's that his parents have louh kahtd hai ki mere md-bdp

died, mar gaye hain.

ask him whether that horse be us-se puchho ki dyd yih ghord

his own or not, tumhdrd hai ki nahhi.

he saj^s it is assuredly his own, kahtd hai ki albalta merd-hi hai.

Exercise. — My master sends you his compliments, and desires me to say that he cannot come to see you to-day, as he is busy writing. I told him, that if he would prove to me that he did not charge me more than the market price (or price current) for the grain, then I would give him the sum he asked. I wrote to my friend this morning, and told him that I would send him the book in a day or two, if he did not require it sooner. He told me that he had suffered great hardships on the-joumey ; that he had been robbed of part of his property, and obUged to sell the rest in order to pay his expenses during his way home. He wished to come here this morning to see you, but he told me that his horse was dead, and therefore he could not come.

Lesson 18.

N.B. The remaining Exercises in this Section are of a mis- cellaneous description, and not, as hitherto, limited to a par- ticular rule of Syntax. The student, at every step, must bear in mind the preceding principles of Grammar, and by the time he has finished the Section he will find himself well qualified to converse on all ordinary subjects with neatness and propriety. Of course his stock of words must be as yet but scanty ; but that will increase daily by practice.

bring breakfast, hdziri ld,o,

bring dinngr, khdnd ld,o.

bring bread, rott ld,o.

bring milk, diidh ld,o»

give sugar, misri do.

46 PROGRESSIVE

LESSONS AND EXERCISES,

eat your dinner,

khdnd kha,o.

drink milk,

dudh piyo.

light the lamp,

Chirdgh jald,o.

hght the candle.

batt'i jald,o.

bring the shade.

fdniis ld,o.

put out the candle,

batt'i bujhd,o.

raise the shade.

fdniis uthd,o.

don't forget.

bhuliyo mat.

come here,

idhar d,o.

come near.

nazdik d,o.

where do you come fi-om ?

kahdn se d,e ho ?

where are you going ?

kidhar jd,oge ?

make ready the tea,

chd band,o.

turn to the right.

ddhine phiro.

turn to the left.

bd,en phiro.

go home quickly.

ghar-ko jaldl jd,o.

Exercise. — Who is bringing the breakfast? Sir, I have brought ]

the breakfast. What is

there to-day for dinner ? They eat

good bread and drink fresh milk. Have you lighted the can- |

dies ? Bring us some tea

sugar, bread, and milk very quickly.

Where have all the servants gone to ? Sir, they have all gone

home. When will they come back ? When you go there, you

will first turn to the left and then to the right. Ask these

soldiei-s of what regiment they are. What is the name of the

officer ? At what hour to-morrow morning will they march for

Dihli?

Lesson 19.

move straight on,

sidhe age chalo.

call the porters.

motiyon ko buld,o.

* take away the table.

mez lejd,o.

take away the things,

asbdb le-jd,o.

raise the table.

mez uthd,o.

be careful,

khabar-ddr ho.

what is your command ?

liukin kyd hai ?

get ready the carriage,

gdrl taiydr karo.

it is of no consequence.

kuchh muzdyaka nahtn.

are you at leisure ?

turn kofxirsat hai?

be pleased to forgive me.

ham ko mu'df k'ljiye.

bring a little bread.

thori rati ld,o.

have you made the bed ?

bichhaund bichhdyd hai ?

fasten the door,

darwdza band karo.

they are old,

we burhe huin.

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 47

this is a misfortune, yih kambaJchil hat.

they are ignorant, wejahil haul

bring my book, mer'i kitdb la,au

bring my shoes, merijutiydn la,o.

go to the market, turn baz^ jd,G.

bring a little meat, thord gosht ld,o.

Exercise. — Sir, all the porters have come. Tell them to put the things in the carriage. Have you fastened the door of the house ? When I shall be at leisure I shall see him. Has the servant brought the meat from the market ? Have you put my books on the table ? Sir, pray forgive me, I had forgotten. ' Well, do not forget again. What a great misfortune this is ! Sir, I have brought your shoes. I am not at leism-e to see him to-day, tell him to come early to-morrow. Who is that old man who is standing near the door ?

Lesson 20.

who are you ? turn kaun ho ?

why are you come ? kis waste d,e ho ? you will say something to me, tnujhe kuchh kahoge.

don't be troublesome, dikk mat karo.

call my house steward, mere khdnsdmdn ko huld,o.

order dinner, khdne kd hukm do.

I will go out, viain bdhir jd/wiga.

bring my clothes, merd kaprd ld,o.

. please come quickly, turn jaldi d,iyo.

repair the warehouse, kothi marammat karo.

bring the newspaper, khal)ar kd kdghaz la,o.

is tMs the very thing ? yih icuhi hai ?

they are all there, wahdn sabht hain.

who is he ? wuh kaun hai ?

is any one there ? wahdii ko'i hai ?

say that again, wuh phir kaho.

how are you ? turn kaise ho ?

we shall go to-morrow, ham kaljd,enge.

move this way, idhar ko chulo.

move that way, udhar ko chalo.

has the gun fired? top kyui'i chhuti ?

Exercise. — Who is that man, and why has he come here ? Is the newspaper come to-day? Where have you put my clothes? Has the khdnsdmdn yet retm-ned from the market ? Tell me when he comes back. Sir, the khdnsdmdn says there is no good

48 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.

meat in the market to-day. Cany the books and newspapers to the warehouse. What will he say to you to-morrow ? How is he to-day ? He says that he is now much better. The gun in the fort is fired every morning at dawn, and also at the end of evening twilight. Such is the custom of this country.

Lesson 21. send for the palanqueen quickly pdlki jaldi manga,o. has the master risen ? sd/iib ufhd hai ?

this is a very fine fruit, yih hahut khiib mewa hai.

this is wonderful news, yih ^ajib khabar hai.

we are hungry and thirsty, ham bhukhe piydse hain.

he is a careful man, wuh hushiydr ddml hai.

they are great rogues, we bare hardmzdde hain.

the whole land is level, sab zamin b&rdbar hai.

his heart is gi-ieved, us kd dil ranjida hai.

is your business now completed? tumhdrd kdm ab tamdm hu,d? is the proof of it strong ? uski dalll mazbut hai ?

she is very impudent, wuh ban gustdkh hai. *

the sky is quite clear, dsmdn kMb sdf hai.

these are mischievous children, we larke shoJch hain. he received great punishment, us ne barl sazd pd,t. they all remained hidden, we sab chhip rahe.

his heart is restless, us kd dil bekardr hai.

he is a fool, wuh bewukuf hai.

this paper is moist, yih kd(jhaz tar hai.

who is making a noise ? kaun shor kartd hai ?

what are you saying ? lum kyd kahte ho ?

Exercise. — Sir, the palki is ready. Bring me some paper, that I may write. Ask that man if his master has yet risen. What is the name of this fi-uit ? Is there much fi-uit on that tree ? I shall come home when I have completed my business. Do not make so much noise there. You said that these men were great liars. You say that you are ver}' careful. The fool says everything that comes into his heart ; but whatever comes into the heart of the wise, the same remains hidden. The news ffom the army this week is by no means favourable. The man who brings the news is a very great rogue, and those who believe him are fooLs.

Lesson 22. speak easy Hindustani, salts Hindustdni kaho.

whence are you come ? kahdn se d,e ho ?

go away, you have leave, chalejd,o, rukksat hai.

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AST) EXERCISES.

go not there ag-aiu,

put. us on shore,

who lives there ?

go on straightforward,

bring some wine and water,

cool the water well,

the dinner is on the table,

what is your name ?

he is very clever,

wake me very early,

it is fair to-day,

he has made confession,

make'a signal for coming here,

have patience a little,

send them to my house,

sprinkle a little water,

turn back that leaf,

tie their hands and feet.

wahdi'i phir mat ja,o. kani ko kindre pur utaro. wahaii kaun rahfd hai? sulhe age chnle jd,n. kuchh shardb pdni ln,o. pant ko khub thandd kurn. khdnd mez par dyd. tumhdrd ndm kyd hai ? ivuh hnhut chdldk hai. ham ko bartfujar jagd,o. dj din phnrchhd hai. us ne ikrdr kiyd hni. yahdn due kd ishdra karo. ek zarra sabr karo. unko hamdre ghar bhej do. thord pdni chhirko. us warak ko ultd,o. unke hath pd,on hdiidho.

Exercise. — You say that the Hindustani language is very easy. He put them all ashore there yesterday. Haye you well cooled the wine and the water ? Tell me when the dinner is on the table. Why did you not wake me very early, as I told you ? If you forget another time, then you will get great punishment. Have they seen our signal for their coming here ? Send the wine and water to my house. We do not live there. These boys are very clever. He has made no confession as yet. Who has torn the leaf from my book ? . The magistrate caused the prisoners to be bound hand and foot,-

Lesson 23.

put those rupees in the bag,

there is a fakir at the door,

he is very intelligent,

this is very good bread,

come back this way,

move a little slower,

come, take oflfmy boots,

come out of the house,

wash your hands and face,

he has many friends,

what benefit will there be in

that? they have suffered much sorrow.

un rupaiyoii ko ihaiti men bharo.

darwdze par ek fakir hai.

wuh hara ^dkil hai.

yih bahut achchhl roti hai.

ghumkar idhar d,o.

zarra dhista chalo.

d,o maze utdro.

ghar se niklo.

apne hath rnui'ih dho.

uske bahut dost hain.

us men kydfd,ida hogd ?

unhon ne bahut ranj uthdyd.

50

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.

he has got a long beard, what bird is this ? he is a great drunkard, they are decidedly guilty, whose field is this ? there are many flies here, they have great prudence, how many people were present ?

uskt baft ddrhl hai. yih kfjd chiriyd hai ? wuh bard maticdld hai. unkd bard gundh hai. yih maiddn kis kd hai ? yahdn bahut makkhiydi'i hain. unko barhdur-andtsh'i hai. kitne ddnii hdzir the ?

Exercise. — How many rupees are there in the bag ? Brinj water, that I may wash my hands and face, I have suffere much sorrow on your account. What is the name of this fine bird' These flies give me much trouble. That fakir hai very long beard. Give him a rupee and tell him to go away Tell him that if he makes such a noise another day, I wil punish him severely. "Where do your friends live ? Are all th( people present to-day? His friends afford him one hundrec i-upees a month. That man is quite innocent. There are man} very fine trees in that field. These men never speak the truth I cannot place any reliance upon what they tell me.

Lesson 24.

there is no oil in the lamp,

pray give me a sample,

this is a mere stratagem,

where is his shop ?

have you got a rope ?

the king sat upon the throne,

his voice is good,

what sort of animal is this ?

what is your advice ?

■what is your age ?

send the palki near me,

give me the whip and hat,

bring water for washing the

hands, how is j'our health ? give me the tooth-brush and

powder, bring a suit of clothes, bring ink, pen, and paper, whose horse is that ? who is that European ?

chirdgh meii tel nahm. ham ko ek namuna dljiye. yihfakat h'lla hai. uski dukdn kahdii hai ? tumhdre pds rassJ hai ? bddshdh takht par baithd. uski dwdz achchhi hai. yih knunsd jdnvoar hai? tumhari kyd saidh hai ? tumhdri ^umr kyd hai ? pdlkl mere pds bhejo. chdbuk aur topi do. hdlh dhone kd pdni ld,o.

mizdj dpkd kaisd hai ? misvodk aur manjan do.

ekjord kaprd la,o. dawdt kulam kd(^az li,o. wuh kis kd ghord hai ? wuh gord kuun hai ?

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 51

Exercise. — Oue day, in the summer season, a king and his son went a-hunting. ^Mitn the air became very hot, then they placed each his cloak on the back of a certain jester. The king, having laughed, said, " Xow, 0 jester, there is an ass's burden on thy back." The jester gave answer, " Verily, your majesty, I bear the bm-dens of two asses,"

Lesson 25.

whose house is this ? yih kis kd ghar hai ?

this soil is barren, yih zamln lond hai,

they are very avaricious, we bare tdmVhain.

this rupee is adulterated, yih rupiyd rnekhi hai.

its shape is bad, uski shakl bad hai.

the English language is difificult angrezi zahdn mushkil hai.

brush off the spider's web, rnakri kdjdld chhurd-ddlo.

what crime has he committed? usne kyd takstr k'l hai ?

there is much dew on the grass, ghds par bahut shabnam hai.

now they are very helpless, ab we bahut Idchdr hain.

what business are you doing ? turn kyd kdm karle ho ?

there is no end of his chatter- uske bakne k'l iniihd nah'in.

they made much apology, unhon ne bahut ^uzar kiyd.

my parents have gone to their md bdp unke ghar gae huiii.

house (other people's house),

there are many fruits in that us bdyh men phal bahut hain.

garden,

I have a headache, hamdre sir men dard hai.

where did you hear this news ? turn ne kahdn yih khabar suni ?

it is late, let us depart, der hu,i, ham rukhsat hun.

Exercise. — They thus say, that in a certain house a tiger and a man saw a picture, in which the man was drawn as victorious, and the beast subdued. The man said to the tiger, "Dost thou see the bravery of the man, how he has overcome the tiger ? " The tiger gave answer, " The painter was a man : if a tiger had been the painter, then the drawing would not have been in this manner."

Lesson 26.

he has a liver complaint, us ko jigar ki h'lmdri hai.

this is a fine season, yih achchhd mausam hai.

sow that seed in the garden, us b'lja ko bdgh men bo. he has a toothache, us ke ddiit men durd hai.

F 2

52

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.

i bahut khilone hain.

tumhnrd kyd kdrobar hai ? yih tarjuma bahut khub hai. us ka mukaddama dj hogd. tuinhdri gharl achchl chalti hai. yih bat ft mom ki hai. nd,o kd kitnd bhdrd hai ?

kai gharl din charhd hai?

topi aur kurtijhdro.

ek din kd bhdrd kyd hai ?

there are many playthings in hdzdr

the bazaar, what is your occupation ? this translation is very good, his case will come on to-day, your watch goes well, this is a wax candle, how much is the fare of the

boat ? what o'clock is it ? brush my hat and coat, what is the fare for a day ? lift up the blinds, take away the jhilmil uthd,o, bartan lejd,o.

dishes,

place my watch on the table, hamdri gharl mez par rakho. this fruit is very acid, yih phal bard khattd hai.

why are you angry ? kyd turn (jhusse hote ho ?

Exercise. — One day, a stag, fi-om fear of the hunters, ha^nng fled, entered within a certain cave. There a large tiger having gone, seized and began to eat the stag. At the time of dying, that helpless animal said, in his own heart, " Alas, what a great misfortune is mine I I fled hither from fear of man, and now I have fallen into the claws of an animal whose cruelty is even greater than man's."

Lesson 27.

this is a very difficult business, they are very artful, that is a very ! -eautiful garden, this cloth is very coarse, are you fit for the business ? it is colder to-day than yester- day, this line is better, his heart is very sorrowful, she is dumb and deaf, this story is all a lie, these are fine raisins, he has a large house, this room is well lighted, this room is very lofty, how long is this cloth ? these are very wicked children.

yih bard mushkil kdm hai.

toe bare hilabdz hain.

wuh bahut khubsurat bd^ hai.

yih kaprd bnrd motd hai,

turn kdm ke ld,ik ho ?

kal St dj sardi ziydda hai.

yih satar bihtar hai. uskd dil bard ghamgln hai. wuh guiigi aur bahrl hai. yih kissa tamdm darogh hai. yih bahut Miub kishmish hai. uskd bahut bard makdn hai. yih kamard khub raushan hai. yih kamard bahut ut'ichd hai. yih kaprd kitnd lambd hai ? we bahut khardb larke haiti.

PROGRESBIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES, 53

": disposition is cruel, iskd mizdj herahm hau

they are lazy and negligent, we sust aw ghdjil hain. ^

they are of a very stern dispo- we bare tund-mizaj hain. sition,

Exercise. — In a dark night a blind man, having taken a lamp v his hand, and a jar on his shoulder, was going along in the market. Somebody said to him, " 0 fool ! in thy eyes day and night are alike ; of v^hat use is a lamp to thee V The blind man, having laughed, said, " 0 you great blockhead ! do yon imagine that the lamp is for my benefit ? No, it is entirely on thy account, that thou mayest not break my jar amidst the darkness."

Lesson 28. this pen is too soft, yih kalam bahvt naram hai.

this paper is very coarse, yih kaghaz bahut niotd hut.

this letter is ill-shaped, yih harf bad-siirat hai. _

you speak very slowly, turn bahut dhista bulte fio.

can you speak Enghsh ? turn angrezi bol-sukte ho ?

descend, otherwise you will fall, utro, nahhi to giroge. you must go with me, hamdre sdth turnhen jdnd hogd.

take away this bundle, is gathri ko le chalo.

it is cloucly, yea it rains a little, badl'i hai, balki kuchh barustd hai see, has it cleared up a little? dekho, dsmdn kuchh khuld hai ? we know it all, ham sab kuchh jdnte haiti.

they know a great deal, we bahut kuchh jdnte hain,

he gave me much trouble, usne ham ko ban tasdV di.

why do you laugh without besabab kymi hanste ho ?

cause ? they have annoyed us very unhoii ne ham ko bahut safayd

much, hai.

this is not my house, yih ghar harndrd nahm hai.

allow me to smell that flower, ivuh phul ham ko sunghne do. apply oil to that chair, us chauki men rau^an malo.

open the lock of that door, us darwdze kd kv^f'al kholu.

Exercise. — A very poor man went to avery_rich man and said, " We two are sons of Adam and Eve {Adam o Jiaivd), therefore we are brothers ; you are very rich and I am very poor ; give me a brother's share." The rich man, on hearing this, gave to the poor man one kauri. The poor man said, " Oh, sir ! why do you not bestow upon me a brother's share ? " He replied, ' ' Be content, my good friend ; if I give all my poor brothers on© kauri each, I shall not have any remaining."

F 3

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.

some of our soldiers have been

wounded, beat that lazy boy, dig up that underwood, having said this, he departed, wring the moisture from the

clothes, they sleep carelessly (soundly), what is the amount of your bill ? a wasp has stung me,

what is the tonnage of this ship ? what need is there of so much

care? what is the price of these

things ? what is the depth of this tank? what is the difference between

these two ?

Exercise. — A person went to a sci-ibe, and said unto liim, "Write a letter forme." He said, "There is a pain in my foot," The man said, "I do not wish to send you anywhere, why are you making this unreasonable excuse?" The scribe rei^lied, "You are speaking the truth; but when I write a letter for any person, then I am always sent for to read ic ; for nobody else is able to read my handwiiting."

ba^ze sipdhl hamdt'e zakhmi

hii,e. us sust larke ko maro. usjangal ko khod ildlo. yih kahkar us ne rukhsat U. kapre ka pdni nichor - ddlo .

we heMiabar sole haiii. kydjam^ hai tumhdre hisdh ki? ham ko ek birnl ne dank-mdrd

hai. is jahdz kd kyd bojh hai ? kyd ihtiydj itni khabarddrl ki ?

kyd kimat hai in chizon k'l ?

is tdldb kd kyd himuk hai ? kydfarak hai un donoii men?

Lesson 30.

this army does not know its yihfarijkawa'idnahtnjdnfihai.

exercise,

between you two what fighting turn donon men kaisi lard,i hai ?

is there ?

in this book how many chapters is kildb men kifni fasten haiii ?

are there ?

on these goods is there any is asbdb par kuchh dasiuri hai ?

discount ?

the drum beats every day in the tambur kila^ men har roz bajtd

fort, hai.

this boy is much loved by us, yih larkd hamdrd bahut piydrd hai.

PEOGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.

65

is taldb men kuchh machhlh'i haii'i ? yahdn zainln men ek surakh kuro ham ne buiisise ek tnuchhli pakn. is gd,e ke sing nakhi hain. kis kism kd yih kaprd hai? V'ildi/tit jane ko iuinhdrd irdda

hai ? yih chirdgh ddldn men latkd do.

'^ this tank are there any fish ?

make a hole here in the earth,

I caught a fish -U'ith a rod,

this cow has no horna,

of what kind is this cloth ?

do you intend going to Ei;rope ?

hang up this lamp in the hall, „ _ _ _

do you go by land or by water ? tum khushki jd,oge yd tar'i ?

Exercise. — A certain hare having gone to the presence of the tigress, said to her, " O tigress, of me every year there are many young ones, but of you, during the whole of your life, there are no more than two or three." The tigress, having smiled, replied, "What you say is very true ; of me, intleed, there may be only one yomig one in all my life, but that one is a tigei-."

Lesson 31.

there is no lock to jo\ir box,

there is much mud on the river

side, how many passengers were in

that vessel ? the whole room was scented,

are you the owner of this house?

from idleness is loss,

such as you will do, so will vou

find, resignation is the best comi'>a-

nion, the world is the house of deceit, the fruit of rashness is repent- ance, patience is an excellent quality, temperance is excellent physic, hearing is better than speaking, from labour results greatness.

tumhdre sandukche men kvfal

nah'in hai. daryd ke kindre-par hart ktchhar

hai. kitne musdfir us jahdz men the ?

sard kamrd kJiushbo se mu\ittur

thd. tum is ghar kd mdlik ho ? sush Ke ziyan hai. jaisd kareyd icaisd pdwegd.

bihfar sdth'i tauf'ik hai.

dunyd fareb kd ghar hai. jald'i kd phal naddmat hai.

hurdhnri achchhi khaslat hai. parhez ban dated hai. sunnd hihtar hai knhne se. mihnat se burd,l niilti hai.

Exercise. — A certain old woman had a goose which every day used to lay an egg of gold. One day the old woman thought in her own mind, thus ; " If I increase the food of this goose,

66 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.

then slie will every dn,y give two golden eggs." Having tlms determined, the old woman began to give the goose eveiy day as much food as she could eat. Now, after some days, the goose having become very fat, gave no more eggs.

Lesson 32. such as you speak so will you jaisa kahegd waisd sunegd.

hear, this world is the harvest for the dunyd dJctirat kl khel'i hat.

next, contentment is the key of re- kind'' at dram hi kunjl hai.

pose, to be ignorant is death to the zindon kt mautjdhil hond hai.

liAing, moderation in everything is btch har chlz kd hihtar hai.

best, to the wise a hint is enough, ^dkil ko ishdra bas hai. death laughs at expectations, maul hanstt hai ummedon par. assist your brother in distress, apne bhd,i mazlam ki madad kar, very frequently medicine is aksar aukdt dawd btmdrl hai.

sickness, God is upright and holy, khudd rdsf-bdz aur pdk hai.

man becomes known from his dd ni inu'dinalese pahchdndjdid

conduct, hai.

from prohibition desire in- man^ karne se chdh harhlt hai.

creases, fortune does not increase with ddnd,t se rozi nahii'i barhti.

wisdom,

Exercise. — One day a large bull was grazing in a field, when a conceited fly came and sat on one of his horns. The fly began to say in her own mind, "I am very hea-vy, and if I remain here, assuredly the bull will not be able to lift his head from the ground." Then the fly said aloud, ''0 bull, I am afraid I am giving you great inconvenience ; if so it be, then speak out, and I will immediately depart. " The bull answered, " 0 fly, be not uneasy on my account, for I was not in the least aware of yomr being there till you spoke to me."

Lesson 33.

during this month much rain is mahtne men pdnl bahut barsd.

fell,

send a servant there, ek naukar ko yahnn bhej- do.

sit under this tree, t* daraMi ke sd,c men baitho.

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 57

what is the price of these pearls ? in mo tiyun ki kyd khn at h ai?

how heavy will this stone be ? yih patthur kitnd bhdri hogd ?

what is the name of this village ? is bastl kd ndin kyd hdi ?

bring the riding-horse, sawdri ke ghire ko hdzir karo.

brush the curtains well, so that masahnkhubjhdrojo machchhar

no mosquito may remain, na rahe.

clean the shoes well, jTal ko achchhi tarah sdf karo.

we ought to be benevolent, ham ko chdhiye ki rahm-dil

hon.

we have fallen into great diffi- ham ban mushkilon ?ne?i pare

culties, hain.

many ships have been damaged tjlfdn se bahut jahdz mare pare.

by the storm,

he every day drinks new milk, wuh har roztdza dildh pita hai.

to sit still is better than quar- chupke buithnd bihtar hai lurne

relling, se.

grind this wheat in the mill, chakki men in gehiln ko plso.

do you know who is his agent ? iumjnnte ho uskd gumdshta kaun hai ?

Exercise. — A man went, for the purpose of seeing a certain person, to his house, at the time of midday. That person, from his own house, saw the man coming, and said to lais servants, ''When he asks where the master of the house is, you will say that he is now gone to dine with some one." In the meanwhile, the man having arrived, asked, ''Where is the master of the house?" They said, " Om- master is gone out." The man said, "A great fool he is to have gone out of his house in the midst of such heat." The master of the house, having put his head out of the window, said, " You are a very great fool to wander about at this time : for I have been all da in my own house."

Lesson 34.

buy two candlesticks for me, do shani'ddn hamdre lodste mol-

lo.

this cat has large claws, is billi ke hare hare changul hah'i.

take away this counterpane into dusre kamre men is palung ko le

the other room, jd,o.

is this place in the district of yih jagah Kalkatte ke zila' men

Calcutta ? hai ?

I will show you a beautiful pic- ham turn ko ek khubmrat taswir

ture, dikhdwenge.

68 PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.

your signature is necessary to is tamassuk par tumhdri sahih

this bond, zamr hai.

to-day there is a guest in their aj unke ghar men ek mihmdn hai.

house,

who is this boy's governor ? is larke kd murabbt kaun hai ?

it is very late, penxiit us to go bahut der hu,l ham ko gharjdne

home, do.

in this affair there is much is kdm men bari be-muruwatl

cruelty, hai.

they commit oppression of every toe har tar ah kd zulm karte /.,.*. -^

sort,

we have at present a long jour- ham is xoakt dur kd safar rakhte

ney, hain.

Exercise. — A certain feeble old man having gathered a load of wood (literally sticks) in a forest, was carrying it to his own house. After having gone some distance, the old man became very tired, and ha^•ing thrown down the burden from his shoulder on the ground, he began to cry out, " O Angel of Death, deUver me fi-om this misery ! " At that veiy instant the Angel of Death stood before him, and said, " Why have you called me, and what do you want with me?" On seeing this frightful figure, the old man, trembling, replied, ' ' 0 friend, be pleased to assist me, that I may hft once more this burden upon my shoulder : for this purpose only have I called you."

Lesson 35.

have you a glass for holding the tumhdre pds shlsht daicd,i rakhne

medicine ? k'l hai ?

man has reason, a brute none, ^akl ddmi ko hai, jdmcar ko na-

hin.

please give me a letter of intro- eksifdrish kd khaUham ko^indyai

ductlon, kljiye.

why do you write with a bad turn kis waste bure kalam se

pen ? likhte ho ?

of these two which is the best? un donon mai se kaun achchhd

hai?

I will take the business from mat?? tujh se kdm lungd, aur use

you and give it to him, dungd.

your going there is not neces- tumhdrdjdndwahdnkuchhzarur

sary, nah'in.

he is well versed in science, Him se icuh khub icdkif hai.

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES.

59

he is very learned and intelli- vmh bard ddnd aur ^aklmand

gent, hai.

this will be best of all, yih sab se bihtar Tiogd._

tell me what he is saying, kaho to ivuh kyd kahfd hni.

toll the groom to get the horse sd,is se kaho ghird taiydr kare.

ready,

Exercise. — In the country of Kashmir a certain merchant .n Abyssinian slave whose skin was as black as charcoal. .. ...■H:lay in the winter season the slave took off his clothes, and having taken up some snow, he began, with great labour, to rub it on ids body. During this, his master came that way, and having seen this curious cu-cumstance, said, " What are you doing here?" The slave answered, " I am rubbing my body with snow, so that I may become white like the people of this country." His master, laughing, said, " 0 fool, do not labour in vain ; your body may, indeed, dissolve the snow, but your skin will not thereby become v/hite."

Lesson J

I also wish to go out, why do you climb the tree ? when will you be able to depart ? is the saddle on the horse or

not? we will retm-n in a few minutes, if dinner be ready, bring it, give my comphments to your

master, do you know this man ? he has acqmred much science, he has amassed much wealth, come, let us two have some

talk, will one horse be able to draw

so great a weight ? you go on, we are coming, these things are come fi'om

Eiu-ope, where shall we pass the night ? we have no time to play at

present,

main bhi bdMr jdyd-chdhtdhFin. darakht par kdhe ko charhte ho ? turn kab tak chal-sakoge ? ghore par ztn bdndhd hai ki

nahin ? ko,t dam men ham phir dicenge. jo khdnd taiydr ho to ld,o. haindrd sdldm apne sahib se

kaho. is ddmi ko turn jdnte hn ? usne bahu' Him hdsil kiyd hai. usne bahul daulat jam' ki hai. d,o, ham tumkuchh bdtchit kani'i.

ek ghord itnd bojh khainch sa-

kegd ? tum age jd,o ham dfe hain. ye chizen wildyat se d,hi hain.

dj ki rdt ham kahdn rahenge ? ham ko fursat ahhi khelne ki nah'in hui.

60 PROGRESSIVE LESSOKS AXD EXERCISES.

Exercise. — One day an ox was grazing in a field in which several young frogs were playing. By chance one of the young frogs was crushed under the foot of the ox, and died. The other frogs having seen this, went home, and having told their mother what had occui-red, they then said, " 0 mother, we never before • saw so large an animal." On hearing this, the old frog, having distended her belly very much, said, " Is he as large as this?" The young ones replied, ' ' Assured!}^, he is much larger than that." She then, having distended herself twice as much, said, *' Is he so large i " They answered, " 0 mother, he is a thousand times larger." The old frog, however, through pride, continued to distend her body more and more, till at last her skin burst, and she died.

Lesson 37.

he has scalded his foot, uskdfanwgarmpamsejal-gaya.

all these knives are rusty, un chhuHyon men tamdm zuug

lug -gay a. these children are screaming larke tamdm din chilldyd karte

all day, hain.

we were seeking for this all day, ham isko tamdm din dhiindte the. have you sealed your letter? turn ne apne khatt par muhr l.i

hai? our house is shaded with trees, hamdrd ghar darakkton se sdya-

ddr hai. it is raining, give us shelter, pdnl barastd hai, ham ko pandh

do. go forward there, and stand wahdn harhke ja,o aur khare

still, raho.

bring out these things from the pdlki men-se ye chizen utha ld,o.

palki, speak loud, then I shall hear pukdrke bolo to ham sunenge.

you, what do you call that in Hin- usko Hindi zabdn mei'i kyd kuhte

dustani ? ho ?

Exercise. — In the house of a certain person, a bag of inipees was stolen. The ovraer of the money gave information to the judge of that city. The judge immediately called before him all the people of the house ; but after much investigation he was unable to detect the thief. At last he said to them, "This night I will give each of you a stick one cubit in length, and it will so happen that the stick of him who is the thief will become one inch longer than those of the rest." Having thus

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 61

spoken, the judge gave eacli a stick, and dismissed them. During the night, the thief, being afraid, said to himself, " If I cut oft" one inch from my stick, in the morning it will be of the same length with the rest." Thus, having considered, he cut oif an inch from his stick, and next day attended, along with the others. The judge, having looked at the sticks, thus discovered the thief.

Lesson i

set up something as a shelter

from the sunshine, he agreed with me this time, you exercise yourself in writing

and reading, on hearing this news they were

much frightened, how much iudigo will this chest

contain ? they are all offended with one

another, tell the coachman not to drive

so quick, we have escaped from the hands

of the enemy, the whole city has been flooded,

put these two trays together,

with this our joy will be in- creased,

kuchh dhup kt ar he voaste khard

kuro. us lie 1? vmkt hamart bdl kabul ki. turn likhne aur parhne ki mashk

karo. yih khnbar sunke bahut dar-ga,e

haii'i. kitnd nil is sanduk men samd-

egd? we sab ek dusi-e se hhafd hain.

gdrlhun se kuho ki itnd jald na

hdnke. ham dushman ke hdlh se bhag-

taindm shaJir mai saildb hogayd

hai. un donon kishtiyoii ko ek sdlh

mild,o. isse hamdrl khi'shi ziydda hog'i.

Exercise. — A certain person having a pain in the stomach went to a physician, and said, " For God's sake, doctor, give me some physic, otherwise I die from a pain in the stomach." The doctor asked him what he had eaten that day. The man said, "Merely a piece of burnt bi-ead." On hearing this, the doctor said, " Let me look at your eyes." Then, having called one of his sei-vants, he said, " Bring me the medicine for the eyes." The sick man, on hearing this, screamed out, " 0 doctor, is this a time for your joking ? I am dying from a pain in the stomach, and you talk of medicine for the eyes. What connec- tion is there between medicine for the eyes and a pain in the stomach ? " The doctor replied, " I wish, in the first place, to make your eyes sound, for it is evident that you are unable to

62 PROGRESSn^E LESSONS AND EXERCISES.

distinguisli between black and white, otherwise you would never have eaten burnt bread."

Lesson 39.

we have much reduced our ex- ham ne apna Jcharch bahut kam

penditure, kiyd hai.

this money m\ist be sent back ye rupaye us ko pher dene honge.

to him,

the commander-in-chief has faujddr ne ek sipdh't ko mu'af

pardoned a soldier, kiya.

rule your paper, then write, apne kdghazpar mistar karo, fab

likho.

all the people have died with sab ddmi mare bhukh ke mar-

hunger, ga,e.

they have fallen one upon ano- we ek dusre par gir-pare,

ther,

splice these two ropes together, in donnn rassiyon komildkar bato.

they live in great affliction, or we ban mi/inat se guzrdn karte

through much toil, Tiain.

he has built a house on the us ne Gangd ke kindre ek makdn

bank of the Ganges, bandyd.

he drove the chariot two kos, do kos gdr'i ko hank, ay a ki ek

whenone of the wheels broke, pahiyd tut-gayd.

Exercise. — Two women were quarrelling with one another about a child, and neither of them had any witness. Having gone before the judge, the one continued saying, " The child is mine ; " and the other also was saying, ' ' The child is mine, O your worship, give me justice." The judge, being helpless, sent for the executioner, and said to him, •' Of this child make two pieces, and give one to each of these women." On hearing the order of the judge, the executioner drew the sword, and was about to cut the child in two. During this, one of the women stood still, and said nothing, but the other woman, weeping aloud, said, '• 0 sir, do not kill my child ; if such is justice, I give up my claim. For God's sake give her the child. " On hearing this, the judge became convinced that this indeed is the real mother. To her he gave up the child ; and to the other woman having given punishment, he ordered his people to expel her from the coimtry.

Lesson 40.

why should we run away, there ham kyun bhdgeii, icahdn kuchh is no danger there"? khauf nahhi ?

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AND EXERCISES. 63

he has abandoned his late usne apne pichhle doston ko

friends, chhor-diyd.

they went to Europe six months chha mahlne hue ki wildyat ga,e.

ago,

on hearing a statement of this is-tarah ki hat sunke we haiisne

sort, they began to lau2:h, Inge.

gardener, sow the seed of this /na/z, is phfil kd h'lj bdgh men bo.

flower in the garden,

he has taught us with great usne ban mihnat se ham ko sik-

labour, hdyd hai.

by the grace of God we have khuddkimihrbdnisehamnedrdm

found repose, pdyd.

it is very cloudy, perhaps it will bard abar hu,d hai, shay ad pdnt

rain much, kkub barse.

he has amassed much wealth usne bahut mdl aur matd'' jam^

and property, kiyd hai.

in this house there is a hall and is ghar men ek ddldn hai aur tin

three rooms, kofhrt.

how long is it since you re- kiinedinhu,ekitumneyihkhabar

ceived this news ? pd,l ?

Exercise. — A fox having seen a crow sitting on the branch of a tree, with a fine piece of cheese in liis mouth, began to think in her own heai-t, " How shall I get this delicious morsel into my own possession ? " She then said aloud, ' ' 0 Master Crow, I am quite delighted to see you this morning : your elegant figure and black feathers have entirely fascinated my heart. Will you sing to me one of your charming songs, so that the pleasiu-e of my ears may be like that of my eyes ? " On hearing this flattery, that foolish crow opened his mouth that he might show his skill in music. As soon as he opened his mouth to sing, the piece of cheese fell upon the ground. The fox immediately seized it, and walked away, saying, "My dear friend, your voice is a little out of tune to-day : pray remain silent till I have gone some distance. In the mean time, receive this advice of mine — Never pay any attention to the words of those who flatter you."

Lesson 41.

they live with their parents, we apne md bap ke sdth rahte

hain. » we have taken a walk on the ham ne daryd ke kindre sair ki bank of the river, hai.

g2

64

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS AKD EXERCISES.

for how mucli will you sell (this)

to my master ? is ther e an y th ing to be h ad th er e

for eating and drinking ? are you at all aware where they

are gone ? remain here until we return,

the knife fell from my hand into

the river, in speaking Hindiistaui, our

general fault is in not

pronouncing each individual

letter fully, a man who cannot speak the

language of the people among

whom he sojourns may some- times be in danger of starving, he tells you to speak to him in

his own language,

Exercise. — A certain washerman had an ass, which he used to let go in a garden for the purpose of grazing. The people of the garden used to beat the ass, and drive him away from thence. One day, the washerman fastened around him a tiger's skin, and said, " At the time of night go j'ou into the garden to graze, and do not make any noise." Even so, every night the ass in the tiger's skin used to go into the garden. Whenever the people saw him by night, they used to think for certain that this was a tiger. One night the gai'dener himself saw him, and from fear he went uja into a tree. In the mean time, another ass which was in that neighbourhood made a noise, and the ass of the washennan, on hearing that, also raised his voice, and began to bray in the manner of all asses. The gardener, on hearing his noise, discovered what he was. He came down from the tree, and having thoroughly beaten the ass, he drove him out of the garden. Hence, on this subject the wise men have said, "for the asses silence is best."

kilne ko mere khdwind ke hath

bechoge ? wahdn kuchh khdne pine ki ch'iz

viilli hai? tumkokuchh ma' lumhaikikahdn

gd,e haiii ? yahhi raho jabtak ki ham phir

dicen. hamdre hath se chhurl daryd men

gir-pari. Hindi holne men hnmdrd ku-plr

aksar yihi hai, ki jude jude

hurfon ko pur a talajfuz nahhi

karte hain. jo shakJis un logoii kl zahdn na

bol-saktd ho kijinkesdth bud

0 bdsh kare, to ba'ze wakt wuh

bhukh ke mdre mare to mare, wuh turn se kahid hai ki meri

zabdn men mujh se bole.

HINDI AND URDU DIALECTS.

Lesson 42. — Dialects,

The following extract fi-om St. Luke's Gospel (xv. ll-2i) ■will sei've to show the difference between the two dialects of the Hindustani, which we noticed at the commencement of this Uttle work. The Hindi version is taken from the " New Testament, altered from Martyn's Urdii translation into the Hinduwi lan- guage [dialect], by the Rev. Wm. Rowley," Calcutta, 1826. The Urdu is from the " New Testament, translated into the Hindii- stanl laug-uage [Urdu dialect}, by the Rev. H. MartjTi," printed in London, 18ly.

Hindi, or Khari Roll, spoken by the Hindus.

11 Kisi manukhya ke doputra the;

12 Un men-se chhidke ne pi- id se kahd, ki he pHd, snmpatti- men-se jo met a bhdg howe, di- jiye ; tab usne unheii upuj'ivan bdiit-diyd,

13 Aur bahut din na bitne pdye, chhutkd putra sab kuchh ekathd kai-ke, pardesh ko chal nikid, aur tcahdii kukatma men apni samasta sampatli nashta k'l.

14 Aur jab wuh sab kuchh uthd-chukd us desk meii bard akdl para ; aur wuh daridra hone lagd.

15 Tab wah jdke, us desh ke ek prajd kd sebak band ; aur usne use apne khetoii met'i bhejd ki suron ko char dive.

16 Aur wuh Idlasd rakhtd thd ki un chhilkon se jo sur khdte the apnd pet bhare; aur koi use na detd thd.

Urdii, or Rekhta, spoken by the Musalmans.

11 Ek shakt? ke do bete the ;

12 Un-men-se chhutke ne bdp se kahd, ki ai bdp, mdl se jo merd (iissa ho, mujhe dljiye; tub us ne ba-kadari tna^dsh unhtn bdiit diyd.

13 Aur bahut roz nah guzre the, ki chhutke betene sab kuchh jam'' karke, ek mulk ba'ld ka safar kiyd, loahdn bad-md'dsht. meii apnd mdl barbdd kar-diyd.

14 Aur jab icuh sab kuchh kharch kar-chukd, us sar-zamhl meii sakht kdl pard, aur wuh be-mdya ho- chaldt

15 Tub wuh jdke us mulk kc ek mutawattin kd naukar band ; us ne use apne kheton par bhejd ki su,ar chardyd kare.

16 Aur use drzu thi ki un chhilkon se jo su,ar khdte the apnd pet bhare; so bht kisi ne

\use na diye.

G 3

HINDI AND URDU DIALECTS.

17 Aur jab wiih apne chef men dyd, us ne kahd, ke meie pita ke kitne banlhdr hniii jink'i rott bach rahtl hai, aur main bhukh se martd hun.

18 Main uthuiigd aur apne pitd pds jd,ungd, aur use ka- hiingd, ki he pitd main swargake aur tere dge aparddhl hun.

19 Aur ab main jooya nahu'i ki terd putra kahd,un ; mujhe apne bamhdrcni men-se ek ke sarndn band,iye.

20 Tab wuh ufh ke upne pitd pds dyd; parantu jab wuhdurhi thd, uske pitd ne usko dekhd, aur daydl hu,d, aur daurd, aur uske gale men girke, use chumne lagd.

21 Aur putra ne usko kahd, ki he pitd, main ne sioarga kd aur terd aparddh kiyd hai, aur ab is jogya nahvi ki terd putra kahd,wi.

22 Tub pita ne apne sebakon ko kahd, ki achchhe se achchhe bastra ld,o, aur isko pahind,0; aur uske hdth mei'i anguthl, aur pd,on men juti pahind,o.

23 Aur wuh motd bachhrd idhar ld,o, aur mdro ; ki ham khdwen aur dnand karen,

24 Kyonki merd yih putra mar gayd thd aur pher fitd hai ; wuh kho gayd thd, aur mil-gayd hai ; tab we dnand karne lage.

17 Aur jab wuh apne hash meii dyd to kahd, ki mere bdp ke kitne hi mazicre hain jinhen ro- tiydii icdfir hain, aur main bhukh se martd hun.

18 Main uthkar apne bdp pds jd.ungd, aur use kahungd, ki ai bdp, maiii dsmdn kd aur terd gundh-gdr huii.

19 Aur ab is Idik nahhi ki terd betd kahld.nn; mvjhe apne mazuron meii se ek ki mdnind band,iye.

20 Tab wuh uthkar apne bdp pds dyd. Aur wuh hanoz dur thd, ki uske bdp ne use dekhd aur rahm kiyd, aur daurke uske gardan par jd lipid, aur uski machchhiydj'i lin.

21 Bete ne use kahd, ki ai bdp, main ne dsmdn kd aur terd gundh kiyd hai, is ld,ik nahhi ki terd betd kahld,un.

22 Tab bdp ne apne naukaron ko kahd, achchhi se achchht po- shdk IdiO, aur ise mulabbas karo, aur us ke hdth mm anguthi, aur pd,on men juti pahnd.o,

23 A ur tcuh paid hu,d bachhrd lake, zabah karo, ki ham khdwen aur dnand karen ;

24 Kyunkimerd yih betd mar - gayd thd, ab zinda, hu,d; khoyd gayd thd, so mild ; tab we ^dish karne lage.

Exercise. — A certain merchant had a friend who was deaf. By chance the merchant fell ill. The deaf man went to inquire after his health, and while going along the road, he made up (bandyd) in his o-mi mind this discourse : — " After salutation, I will first ask this, ' Well sir, how are you ? ' he ^vill say ' Better ; ' and I shall rejoin ' Very good.' When I inquire as to the diet he uses, he will say, * Rice and milk ; ' to which I shall answer,

HINDI AND URDU DIALECTS. 67

*May it do you much service.' I shall aftevwards put the question, ' Pray who is your physician ? ' he will of course tell me ' Dr. such a one is/ and I may safely say, ' May God prosper his hands in the accomplishment of his work.'" At length, having settled his plan, the deaf man reached the house, and after the usual compliments (sdldm ^ahk ke ba^d) he seated himself near the patient. "My friend," says he, "how are jj^ou ?" The sick man replied, " Do not you see that I am dying of a fever?" On hearing which he observed, ''Excellent, I hope God will keep you so." The poor patient was already peevish enough with his disease, but this made him much more so. The deaf man next asked, " What is your diet, my fi-iend 1 " and was answered " Blood and ashes !"* " May they do you much good," the other rejoined. His visitor then inquired thus : " Do tell me who is your doctor." Boiling with indig-nation, he cried, " His worship Dr. Death." " I give you joy," quoth the deaf man ; " he is a most effective practitioner, and may the Lord speed his prescriptions."

* Khan o klidk.

SECTION III.

The Exercises in this Section become progi'essively more difficvxlt than any of the foregoing. As a preparatory step, the student ought to have read at least one quai-ter of the Bdcih 0 Bahdr and Baitdl PacKisi, in addition to my Hindustani Grammar and Selections. For farther materials ia this useful department, he may have recom'se to any amusing oriental tales, such as those of the Arabian Nights Entertainments, &c. &c. It is to be presumed, also, that he is possessed of my Dictionary, in case all the words shoxild not be found in Part II. at the end of this work.

Lesson 43.— On Breakfast.

get the breakfast equipage ready,

toast some bread, and butter it properly,

does the water boil ?

give me a clean cup and saucer,

give that gentleman another cup of tea,

make it strong enough ; and by putting in it plenty of milk and sugar you will always make it good, provided the water be actually boiling,

bring the cold meat, fowl, ham, tongue, salt fish, mango- fish, rice, and split pease in the twinkling of an eye,

give me a cup of coffee and a little more sugar,

boil some eggs, but do not let them get hard,

sat the egg-cups and salt-cellar on that side, and the tea-pot and cofiee-pot here.

hdzri kd sdmdn taiydr karo,

kuchh rotl senko, aur us par aci,^ chhi tarah makkhan lagd,o.

pdni khaultd hai ?

ek sdfpiydla aurthdil mujhe do.

ek aur piydla chd kd us su'dh ko do.

jaisi chdhiye use kanci karo, aur bahut sd dddh aur misri turn us menddlkarhamesha achchhi band,iyo, is shart se ki pdni khub khaultd ho.

thandhd gosht, murgh, rdn, j'lhh, namkln-machhli, taps'i- machhll, khushka aur ddl, pahndrte ld,o.

ek piydla kahwa mujhe do aur thori si shakkar ziydda do.

kuchh ande ubdlo, par unhen sakht hone na do.

andun ke piydle aur namak-ddn us taraf rakho, aur chd,e-ddn aur kahwe-ddn yahdn.

MISCELLANEOUS DLA.LOGUES AND EXEKCISES.

69

turn kyii ahmaJc ho I hi aisi chlz-

on ke waste turn ko bar -bar

fiukm chdhiye. roll, kitllchd, mifhd.i, piin, wa-

^aira la.,0. tumjdnle ho ki main niald,l ba-

(jhair chd na pl-sakun. rofi nihdyat bun, aur bdlii bharl

hfi,l hai. ndn-bd,i-ko jaicdb dijo agar

knbhi wuh nisi rati bhejne kl

jur,at kare. jis pant se yih chd band,i ga,t wuh

khuulld na fhd; is men maza

mufjak nahin. ye ande tdze nahin, kis-se fum-

ne liye haiii? gharaile ke si-

icd,€ aur kuchh kabhi mez-par

mat ld,o.

what a blockhead you are to

reqmre repeated orders for

such things ! bring bread, bisciut, sweet- meats, cake, &c., you know I cannot drink tea

without cream, the bread is very bad, and full

of sand, discharge the baker if he ever

dare to send such bread

here, the water with which this tea

is made has not been boiling ;

it has no taste at all, these eggs are not fresh ; from

whom have you brought

them ? Never bring any to

the table but those that are

laid at home,

Exercise. — One night a kdzt found in a book that whoever has a small head and a long beard is a fool. The kdzl, having a small head and a long beard, said to himself, ' ' I cannot increase the size of the head, but I will shorten the beard." He sought for scissai's, but could not find them. Having no other course, he took half his beard in his hand, and carried the other half towards the lamp : when the hair took fire, the flames reached his hand ; upon which, letting go his hold, the beard was entirely consumed, and the kdz'i overwhelmed with shame, as it verified what was written in the book.

Lesson 44. — Ox Dinner.

tell the cook to have the dinner ready at three o'clock,

sir, dinner is ready,

■where is the soup and the soup- spoon ?

bring a hot-water plate,

some bread, potatoes, greens, asparagus, cabbage, cauli- flowers, turnips, carrots, cucimibers.

bdwarch'i se kaho ki tin ghart ke

ivakt khdnd taiydr hoive. sahib, khdnd taiydr hni. shurird kahdn hai, aur shin~icd

pine kd chamcha ? garm pdni kd bdsan ld,o. kuchh roti, dlu, sdg, ndgdaune,

karm-kalld, phul-kobi, shaU

^am, gdjar, khire.

MISCELLANEOUS DLA.LOGUES AND EXERCISES.

70

let me have a clean plate, knife, fork, spoon, salt, mustard, Aanegar, pepper, horse-ra- dish, oil, sauce, anchovies^ and everything of this sort,

let me have of every sort of vegetable on the table, and tell me the name of each,

vrhat do you call that vege- table ?

get one dressed for me every day, and tell me the name of each as I eat it, till you see I can call for everything of this sort by its proper name,

do so with everything else, as this V7ill be a caj)ital plan for learning and digesting this useful tongue, being at once a meal and a lesson,

bring some beef, miitton, veal, fish, fov?l, and venison.

can you dress Hindustani dishes

well? what fruits are in season now ?

bring me some of each sort,

to-morrow we shall dine in the

country, send everything in

time, will this meat keep so long in

this weather ? now you may all depart, you

have leave.

Exercise. — A person said to his servant, " If you see two crows together early in the morning, apprize me of it, that I may also behold them, as it will be a good omen, whereby I shall pass the whole day pleasantly." In short, the servant saw two crows in one place : he informed his master ; but when the latter came, he saw only one, the other having flown away. He

ek sdf rikdlii, chhuri, kdnfa, charncha, namak, ra^i sirka, mirach, sanjhand tel, chafnl, machhli - kauchar, aur sab chizen isl tarah-ki niujhe do.

mez par har ek tarah ki tarkdrt kuchh,-kuchh rakho, aur ek- ek kd nam mujhe hatd,o.

us tarkdn-ko kyd kahte ho ?

har roz mere liye ek pakdnd, aur jab main khd,un tab har ek kd ndm mujhe batdnd jab- tak ki turn na jdno ki har ek ais'i ch'iz ke main asl ndm bafd-sakun.

harek chizmeA bht aisd karo, kf/uiiki is kdm-kl zahdn sikhne kd aur ydd karne kd yih achhd naksha hai, ki sabak o tabak bhi hni.

kuchh gd,e kd gosht }d,n, bher kd gosht, bachhre kd gosht, inachhfi, 7nur^, hirun kd gosht.

Jlindnsldni khdnd turn achchhd pakd-sakte ho ?

kaun kaun phal is xcakt pakkd hni ? har kism kd ek ek mere pas ld,o.

ham kal shahr ke bdhar khdnd khd.enge, sab chizen bar-wakt bhtjo.

is mausam men yih gosht itni der tdza ruhegd ?

ab turn sab ja,o, rukhsat hai.

MISCELLAKEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.

71

was very angry, and began to beat the servant ; at which time a friend sent him some victuals. The servant said, " O my lord ! you saw only one crow, and have obtained victuals ; had you seen two, you would have got a beatmg."

Lesson 45.— On Naming, Telling, Speaking, &c.

what is the name of this ?

what do you call this thing ?

what do they call that in Hin- dustani ?

can you tell me where Mr.

lives ?

tell me the name of this in your own language,

do not tell any one what I said to you about that book,

he would not tell me which of the two was yesterday's or to-morrow's lesson,

your servant does not mind what you say to him,

tell him he is a great rogue, and that he is always telling his master no end of lies (lit. he is opening bags upon bags of hes),

well, I will not speak to him, as I may get angry and beat him ; but give him his wages and dismiss him,

what did he say when you told him to remain till I returned?

he said he had business, and could not possibly remain.

did you ask him of what nature the business was ?

yes, I did ask ; but he said it was an affair of secrecy which he could not divulge.

iskd kyd nam hai ?

is chiz ko kyd kahte ho ?

usko Hindusl dm zabdn men kyd

kahte hain? turn kah-sakte ho ki sahib

kahdn rahtd hai? turn apn'i zabdn men iskd nam to

bald,o. us kitdb ki bdbatjo turn se tnaiii

ne kahd, so kisl se kuchh na

kuhnd. uskt marzl nathijo mujh-se kahe

ki in donon sabak men kaun

kal-kd hai, aur kaun kal-kd

hogd. turn apne naukar se jo kahte ho,

so icuh mdntd nahhi. us se kaho ki tu saJcht bad-zdt

hai, aur apne khdwind ke

sdnihne haniesha jhulh kt

patoii kt pat kholtd hai.

achhd, main us-se na bolwigd kyun-ki inain ghusse huiigd, to marwigd, lek'in use tulab dekar rukhsat kar-do.

jub turn ne mere phlr dne tak us- se kaha ki raho, tab usne kyd kahd ?

usne kahd ki mere hdth men kdm hai, maiii hargiz rah-na- sakungd.

kyd tumne us se pilchha ki louh kdm kis tarah kd hai ?

hdn, puchhd ihd, par usne kahd ki ivuh bhed k'l bdt hai uskd main baydn na kar-sakungd.

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.

they speak English among

themselves and Hindustani

with us, they will know him to be a

foreigner, though he speaks

the Hindustani very gram- matically, could I speak the Hindustani

I would with pleasure ; but,

alas, I cannot join two sen- tences together in that

tongue, j''ou will be able to speak it in

a few months, and you ought

to practise speaking it with

eveiy one who is able to tell

you how to speak it well, how much I regret not to be

able to understand what they

say in Hindustani, I take the liberty to inform

you that nothing but practice

will enable you to speak with

fluency,

Exercise. — A poet went to a rich man, and bestowed great praises on him ; at which the latter, being pleased, said, " I have not any money at command, but a large quantity of grain : if you come again to-morrow, I will give you some." The poet went home, and earl}^ the next morning Vent again to the rich man, who asked him why he was come. He answered, " Yester- day you promised to give me some grain, and I am now come for it." The other replied, " You are an egi-egious fool ; you delighted me with words, and I have also pleased you ; wh}', therefore, should I give you any corn ? " The poet went away ashamed.

Lesson 46.-

toe dpas men angrezi bolte hain aur hainse Hindustani.

we use pardes'i jdnenge, agarchi wuh Hindi buhut bd-kaHda boltd hai.

agar main Hindusfdnt zahdn bol- saktd, to khi/shi se boltd, par afsos hail ki us zabdn men main do jumle band nahinsaktd him.

turn ka,e mahine men bolsakoge, aur Idzini hui kl aise har ek ddmisebold karo kijoachchhe bolne kl tarah hai, so tumhen hafd-sake.

Hindustdni zabdn men jo bolte so main samajh-nahin saktd is hye kitnd pachhtdtd hun.

gusldlda mu'df maiii tum-se kahtd hu/i ki mashk ke siwd, aurkisi ch'iz se hone kd mahin tardr'i se bol sako.

bring the palki near me, take me to. Mr. 's.

-On Visiting, Shopping, &c. pdlki mere pds Idfi.

mujhe sdhib ke yahdn le-

jd,o.

send the footman on before to piydde ko age bhej- do ki dfkhe see if the gentleman be at sdhib ghar men hain ki nahiii. home or not,

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXEBCISES.

brinf? the palk! close to the door,

go as fast as you can,

ask if the gentleman has gone

out, and when he will return. give my compliments to your

master, and give this note

to him when he retuiTis, you have lost the road to Mr.

's house ; this is not it.

ask the people in that house to

show you the way, go to the China bazar, keep on this side or on that

side, take care you do not go near

that bull, keep clear of that dust on the

road, let that chair go on before, keep behind my brother's chair,

why do you pass any gentle- man's chair in that way ?

bring the umbrella to this side,

do not go near the carriage,

put down the palki,

stop, I am going to this shop.

what is the price of this book '(

I will not give so much,

I won't give half the price you ask, ; I do not want the book, but if you give it very cheap I may purchase it,

I have no cash about me, but if I you will follow me you will receive your money at my ; house,

bring the book with you, and then receive its price.

pdlki daricdze se bhird do. jinijaldi ho sake chuh. puchho hi sd/iib hdhar ga,e hain

ki nahiii, aur kab phir dicenue. turn apne sahib se nierd saldm

kahnd, aur ijih chithi uiiko

d'ljo jab we phir dwenge. twn ue sdhib ke ghar kl

rah gum ki, yih rdsta nahm. us ghar ke ddmiyonse kaho ki we

tumko rah dikhd deti. China bazar k'l rah lo. isf uraf raho, yd us furaf.

khabar-ddr, us bail ke pas viat

jd,o. rdste ki us gard se bacho.

us boche ko age jdne-do.

mere bhd,l ke boche ke ptchhe raho.

kisi sdhib ke boche se kyiin turn is taur se dge barhte ho ?

chdid is taraf ld,o.

gdri ke pas mat jd,o.

pnlki niche rakho.

raho, main is dukdn menjd,ungd.

is kitdb ki kimat kyd hat ?

main itnd na dunyd.

turn jo mdngte ho, uski ddhi bhl ktmat na dungd.

main kitdb ko nahi'i chdhtd hnii, lehin agar bahut sasli becho, to inaii'i use mol le-saktd hini.

mere pas nakd nah'in hat, par jo turn mere p'lchhe d,o, to mere ghar meii tumko rupa,e mi- leage.

kitdb ko apne sdth Idjyo, tab uskl kimat f/jo.

Exercise. — One day a tj-rannic king having gone out of the city unattended, saw a per.son sitting under a tree, of whom he inquired, " What is the character of the king of this country ?

74

MISCELLANEOUS DLA.LOGUES AND EXERCISES.

is lie oppressive or just ? " He answered, " He is a great tyrant." The king said, "Do you know me?" He answered, "No." The king rejoined, ' ' I" am the monarch of this place. " The man was terrified, and asked, " Do you know who I am ?" The king said he did not. He rejoined, " I am the son of such a merchant ; three days in every month I lose my senses, and this is one of those three days." The king laughed, and ended the conver- sation.

Lesson 47, — On Walking, Riding, &c.

he is gone out somewhere to

walk, I shall go out also, and walk

round the fort, in my country, people walk a

great deal, can you walk much ? I like walking on foot very

much, and, were I not lame,

I would walk out with you,

walking in the open field when

it is cool is highly beneficial

to health, do not walk among that grass,

lest you tread on a snake, is the horse ready ? put the saddle well on, hold the bridle tiU I be fairly

mounted, take up the stirrup one hole,

see that the reins are strong and kept in constant repair,

here, you groom, hold the

horse, I must dismount for

a little, take care, he will get out of

your hands, see is that groimd proper for

the horse to go over.

wuh phirne ko kahhi hdhar gaya

hai. maiii hhi bahar ja,uiigd aur kiVe

ki char on taraf phirungd. mere mulk men log bahut paidal

chaJte haui. turn bahut chal sakfe ho ? main pdtlw chalnd bahut pnsand

kartd hun, aur agar langrd

na hold to dp ke sdih bdhar

jdtd. maiddn men jab hated thandht

ho wahdn kd phimd tabVal ko

bdhut mufid hai. us ghds par mat phiro, mabdda

kisi samp par pdiiw pare, ghord taiydr hai ? achht tarah zin bdndho. lagdm thdmbo jab tak main

achhi farah sawdr na huii. rikdb ko ek kar'i ke chhed bhar

kam karo. dekho ki bdgen mazbuf hain ki

nahhi, aur humesha unhetl

thlk thdk rakho. sa,is, idhttr d, ghord pakar, zarra

mvjhe utarnd hai.

khabarddr! wuh tumhare hdlh

se chhu(-jd,ega. dekho to tvuh zamin ghore ke

chal-nikalne ke ld,ik hai ki

nahhi.

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.

coax him that he may not be

restive, put a cloth over the horse's

eyes, where is the saddlecloth,

crupper, the bit, bellyband,

martingale, &c. .mine the place carefully,

niA see how far the water

comes up, you must not give the horse

water now whilst he is so very

warm, is this a quiet horse for the

road? does he stand fire ?

walk him about, rub him well down, and take care, at your peril, that he does not catch cold.

use chumkdro ki magrd na ho.

ghore ko andheri kar-do.

zln-posh, dumchi, lagdm, ppfi, zerband icaghaira kahdii hai ?

wuh jagah Jchabardarl se tahk'ik karo, aur dekho ki pdni kahaii tak dtd hai,

ghore ko pdm na dend, jab tak ki icuh aisd garm rahe,

rdste ke liye yih gharih ghord

hai ? top aur banduk ke chhiitne se,

bharaktd to nahiii ? use tahld,o, achhi tarah mala,

aur khqbar-ddr ki tumhdre

zimme hai use sardt na pa-

hunche.

Exercise. — A learned man used to attend a mosque, and preach to the people. One of the congTCgation wept constantly. One day the preacher said, " My words make a great impression on this man's heart, which is the reason of his crying so much." Others obsei'ved thus to the man who wept : " The learned man does not make any impression on our minds ; what kind of a heart must you have to be always in tears?" He answered, " I do not weep at his discourse, but I had a favourite goat, of which I was exceedingly fond. When the goat grew old he died : now, whenever the learned man speaks and wags his chin, the goat comes to my remembrance, for he had just such a long beai'd."

Lesson 48.— On Sporting. is there much game in this is gird-naiodh men bahut shikar

neighbourhood ? there are wild buffaloes in abundance, a few tigers, and all kinds of smaller game.

hofd hai ? arne to bahut haiii, aur ka,!. sher bhi, aur har tarah ke hiran aur chhote chhote shikar.

H 2

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.

in every field tliere are par- tridges and quails, and that swamp is full of snipes and water-fowl,

clean all the fowling-pieces well, and put up a few bullets also for the largo guns,

call some of the villagers to show the usual haunts of the game,

behind that copse there are two wild buffi\loes ; do you fire at the one towards the left, I shall take the other,

you have hit the mark, but I have missed,

how many snipes have you killed ?

do you think there is any game here, or any beast of prey ?

when it gets cool, towards the evening, we shall go to that wood ; perhaps we may see something or other,

if you can swim, bring out that duck and those two geese : the duck has dived, but will soon appear again,

give me some small shot and a turnsci-ew ; this powder is damp, — dry it a little in the I sun,

i take the people with you, and i beat all the bushes well, j keep close there, I see a tiger j near that bush, i why do you fire in that careless ' manner ? you will wotmd the I country people, j take a good aim, do not be con- ! fused, but lodge the ball in j the tiger's head, otherwise we are all dead men,

harek khet men flfar aur batcren hain, aur tciih jh'il chahiyon aur murahabion se bharl hat.

sab banduken achchhi tarah saf karn, aur kurhh goUyan bht bun baudukoA ke liye rakho.

ka,tganwaronko bula,o, kidikhd- dei'i kahdn aksar shikar rahte hain.

us jhdr ke pichhe do arne hain; ium hd,e>i faraf ek par gol'i chald,o, main dusre par.

turn ne nishand mdrd hai, par

rnain chukd hiai. kitni chahiydii turn ne mdnhaiii?

turn jdnte ho ki yahdii shikdr hai,

yd ko,} daranda jnnwar ? jab shdm-ko kuchh fhandha ho,

tab ham usjangal men jd,enge,

shdyad kuchh na kuchh nazar

dice, agar turn pair-sakte ho, fo us

murghdbi ko aur un donon

hdnsuii ko ld,o ; murghdbi

dub-ga,l hai, lek'in phir wuh

ahh'i nazar dvcegl. thnre se chharre mujhe do, aur

pechkash ; is bdrut men sardl

pahunchi hai, zarra dhup

dikhd.o. logon ko sdth lo, aur jangal

achchhi tarah jhdro. j

icuhdn chhipe raho, us jhdn ke

pas ek sher naznr did hai. kyiin us tarah be-khabar banduk

chaldte ho? ganwdroii ko ghd,il

karoge. achchhi shast lo, ghabrd.o mat,

par goli sher ke sir men mdro,

nah'iii to ham sab mti.e.

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.

JiavG j-ou brought the fishing apparatus with you ? there are some good fishing sta- tions here,

nachhli marne kd asbdh lum apne sdlh ld,e ho ? Yahdn viachhU mdrne ke ka,i uchchhe thikdne haiii.

Exercise. — A woman was walking, and a man looked at her, and followed her. The woman said, ' * Why do you follow me ? " He answered, " Because I have fallen in love with you." The woman said, " Why are you in love with me ? my sister is much handsomer than I am ; she is coming after me : go and make love to her." The man turned back, and saw a woman with an ugly face. Being greatly displeased, he went again to the other woman, and said, "Why did you tell a falsehood ?" The woman answered, " Neither did you speak truth ; for if you are in love with me, why did j^ou go alter another woman ?" The man was confounded, and went away in silence.

Lesson 49.— On Travelling.

how many stages is Delhi from this town ?

is yom- boat ready ?

are all your people ready to go a voyage to Benares ?

vhat is the hire of this boat for two months ?

at which hour does the tide serve to go up the river to- day?

as soon as the tide serves, let the boat be taken above the shii^pingtosucha gf/jG^, where we will embark in the even- ing,

we must not commence such a journey without being pro- vided with every necessary and comfort, few of which are procurable on the way,

both to avoid expense and in- convenience, we must reduce our baggage to as small a quantity g

is shahar se DihU tak kai man-

zil haiii ? tumhdri kishl'i taiydr hai ? tumhdre log sab maujud haiii ki

Bandrus tak safar ko jdwen ? aisi kishti kd kirdya do mahine

bhar kitnd hvyd ? dj kis ivakl jawdr hoyi jo ham

ujdn jdiccn ?

jawdr hofe hi, kishti jahdz baJiar ke dgefuldne ghat pur lejdnd, wahln ham shdm ko saicdr honge.

sab lawdzime khdtir.jnm'i ke saih taiydr na karke hamen aise safar ineii na chald chd- hiye, kyun ki un men se kam raste meii milte haiii.

kharch aur mushkildt se hachne ke wdste ham ko chdhiye ki makdur bhar asbdb kam karen.

78

MISCELLANEOUS DLA.LOGUES AND EXERCLSE8.

I am not going by water, I prefei- going by land,

we must have everything well packed, to guard against all accidents, which occur fre- quently by the carelessness of servants, independent of those common to all travel- lers.

come, chairman, in whose ser- vice are you, and when did you arrive in Calcutta ?

how many other chairmen are with you ?

desire the people always to pitch the tents near water, and, if possible, under trees.

are they all your countrj^men

only, or your relations ? what tribe of chairmen is there

here who make more money

tlian the rest ? what district is this callage in,

and who is the magistrate of

it? how very highly cultivated the

country is, through which we

passed to-day ! tell the proprietor of that village

to send some of his peojile in

the evening to beat up the

game for us, take care that everything is

paid for, and that no violence

be used against the villagers.

Exercise. — A miser said to a friend, " I have now a thousand rupis, which I will bury out of the city, and I will not tell this secret to any one besides yourself." In short, they went out of the city together, and buried the money under a tree. Some days after, the miser went alone to that tree, but found no signs of his money. He said to himself, ' ' Excepting that friend, no other has taken it away ; but if I question him, he

maiii tari ki rah se na ja,ungd, khushk'i ki rah bihlar hogt.

ham ko chahiye ki naukaroii kt (jhujiat se jo sab dfat parti hai, us se httshiydr rahne ke Uye achchhl tar ah sab chiz ko bandhen, kafi nnzar un hddison se jo aksur mu- safiron par parte haiii.

kyun mahre, turn kis ke yahdi'i kahdri karte ho aur kad ke d,e ho Kalkatte men ?

tumhdre sdlh kitne aur kahdr haiii ?

logon se knh-do ki hamesha pdni kenazdikkhaimu khard karen, aur agar ho-sake, to darakh- ion ke tale.

we sab nire tumhdre des bhd,t hain ki ndte rishte ke ?

kaunsl zdt kahdron ki aist hai ki ziydda rupa,e auron se yahdn kamdioe ?

yik gdi'iw kis pargane men hai ? aur yahdn kd hdkim kaun hai?

jis sarzamm ko dj ham fai karke

dye, wahdn kt kheli kya khub

h ui .' us gdiiw ke zaminddr se kaho ki

shdm ko apne admiyon men se

ka^i bhcje, ki hamdre wdsie

shikdr gher.ldweii. khabarddr ki sab chizon kt kimnt

d'i-jd,e, aur gdnwdroii par

kuchh zulm na ho.

MISCELLAKEOCS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.

79

will never confess." He therefore went to his house, and said, " A great deal of money is come to my hands, which I want to put in the same place ; if you will come to-morrow, we will go together." The friend, by coveting this large sum, replaced the foi-mer money, and the miser the next day went there alone, and found his money. He was delighted with his own con- trivance, and never again placed any confidence in friends.

Lesson 50.— With a MunshI.

munshi sahib, I am very glad to see you ; why have you been absent so long ?

have vou broiight me the woi'ks of Sauda ?

can you teach me both the Hindustani and Persian lan- guages ?

what are the best books ?

do not allow me to pronounce badly,

do not use so many hard words,

tell me a short history, or the news of the day ; for, unless we converse much together, how can I learn to speak ?

your business is to teach mo the real pronunciation and practice of the language,

is this correct or not ?

pray, sir, in your opinion, whether is the Hindustani or Persian language the most difficult ?

as to the difficulty of the Hindi there can be no doubt, but it is more necessary than the Persian ; we therefore are stri\dng to leani it. Can you teach us '{

munshi sahib, main ap he dekhne se hahui niasj-fir hv,a ; ifnt muddat turn yahdn kyiin na a,e Ihe ?

mere ivaste Saudd kt kuUiyat Id,e ho?

llindustdm Fdrst zabdn dono turn mitjhe sikhd sakte ho ?

kaunkaun kitdhen achrhht haiii ? bad talaffuz mvjhe karne na do.

aise mushkil alfdz mat kahd-

karo. ek mvkhlaifar kissa. yd dj kal kt

khnbar kaho ; kyun ki agar

ham hdham kMib gufigu r,a

karen 1o main bol-chdl kywi.

kur s'tkhungd ? iumhdrd xjih'i kdm hai ki sahlh

ialuff'uz avr zabdn ki islViudl

niujhe sikhd,o. yih thlk hai ki nahin ? kaho sd/iib liimhdri ddnist mnl

Hindi zabdn ki Fdrsl kaunsi

ziydda mushkil hai.?

Hindi ke ishkdl men kuchh shu~ bha nahhi, lekin Fdrsl se zi' yadd darkdr, isl wdste ham makdur bhdr slkhie hairi turn hum ko sikhld-sakoge ?

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.

do say in your idea, for the person who has transactions of all sorts with both the high and the low throughout Hindustan, of these two lan- guages, viz. the Hindiistani and Persian, which is the most requisite ? in regard to the mere Arabic and Persian words which oc- cur in the mixed language, they are not so very difiicult, but the masculine and femi- nine, with the discrimination of pronunciation in the pure Hinduwi, to learn them is so arduous a task, that no one as yet hath properly acquired it, nay, never %vill ; for per- fection in science is like an enchanted bird, which, the more one tries to catch, the farther that imp flies from him, in acquiring the Hindiistani tongue, what is your advice? Speak candidly, that I may learn the language accord- ingly, and remain eternally obliged to you on that ac- count, if you obtain an acquaintance with the inflections of words, •which is to be attained from the grammar only, your pro- gress will then soon be com- plete, it is true ; for we can neither ap2:ily the words properly, nor do we know the reason of their application, without the grammar, sir, your remark is just; and 1 am surprised that other

bhald tumhdre khiynl men kaho to us shakhs ke udste jo mu'd- mila yd sarokdr rakhtd hai kyd 'andmm kya khawdss se Hindustdn bhar mei'i in dono sahdnon men seya* ne Fdrsi aur Hindi kaunsi purzarur hai ?

firf Fdrsi aur ^Arabt aljdz jo rekhte men shdmil haiii un ko jo puchho tau chanddii dush- tvdr nahhi, par tdnts aur taz- klr ba-maH taviizi talaffuz thenth hinduvci ko darydft karnd yahdii tak sang lakh hai jo dj tak kisi se ba khuht hdsil na hu,d aur nahogd kyiin kar ki mahdrati HImt goyd ek tilisml chiriyd hai kijyonjyoA kojusp pakrd-chdhe tyon tyon wuh kdjir hath se dur bhdye.

Hindi zahdn kl tahsil ke Uye tumhdri kiid sald/i hai, sdf kaho td ki main us ke ba mil- jib zahdn s'lkhun, tumhdri is bdt kd hamesha ihsdnmand rahungd.

agar dphaktkafi alfdz se mvttalV honge, ki wuh fakat sarf o nahw se hd.nl hnfl hai, to dp ki isti'ddd jald kdmil hogi.

durust hai; kywiki un alfdz kd isiV mdl sahih nahhi knr-sakte hain, aur na waja unke istV- mdl kijdnte hain bidiini sarf. liahw ke.

ap durust formate hain; aur ta'ajjub hai ki aur sdhibdni

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 81

English gentleman do not A ngrez bht isi f/trah se nah'iii

think the same way, Mayal kartc hain.

in European languages we Farangi zabdnon men kalime kt

reckon eight or nine parts dih yd nau kismen hain;

of speech ; in Hindustani Hindustani men sirf tin hain,

you reckon only three, viz. ya^ne, ism aurfi'l aur Jiarf. the noun, the verb, and the particle,

Exercise. — A horseman went to a city, and hearing there were many thieves in the place, said to his groom at night, " Do you sleep, and I will keep watch, for I cannot rely on you." The groom answered, " Alas ! my lord, what words are these? I cannot consent to be asleep and my master awake." In short, the master went to sleep, and three hours afterwards awoke, when he called out to the groom, " What are you doing?" He answered, " I am meditating how God has spread the earth upon the water." The master said, "I am afraid lest the thieves come and you know nothing of it." He replied, " 0, my lord ! rest satisfied, I am on the watch." The horse- man went to sleep again, and awaking at midnight, he called out, "Holloa, groom! what are you doing?" He answered, " I am considering how God has supported the sky without pillars." He replied, " I am afraid that amidst your meditations the thieves will carry away the horse." He replied, "0, my lord ! I am awake ; how can the thieves come ?" The cavalier again went to sleej), and an hour of night remaining, he awoke, and asked the groom what he was doing. He replied, " I am considering, since the thieves have stolen the horse, whether I shall carry the saddle upon my head to-morrow, or you, sir."

Lesson 51. — With a Native Officer.

the recruits will go to ball prac- har roz sham ko na,e sipdhi

tice every evening, chdnd man ke waste jd,enge.

there will be an inspection of kalfajar kdnte k'l dikhd,l hogi,

armsto-morrowmorning; see dekh ki sab achchhi tarah sdf

that they are all very clean, rahen.

take care that the supernume- Tchabarddr ki saravjdm jo ubdru

rary arms are cleaned every (ya afzud) hai roz-roz mala

day, jdwe.

bring me a wi-itten report of kampam kd ahtodl roz-roz ha-

the company daily, mare pas likh-ld,o.

82

MISCELLANEOUS DL4.L0QUES AND EXERCISES.

wlien was this man enlisted ?

press the butt well to the shoulder,

pull the trigger strong with the middle finger,

tell off the company into three sections,

the company will wheel in echelon of sections,

at what time does the battalion march to-morrow morning ?

how many men are for piquet to-night ?

pi-ay, sir, to what regiment do you belong ?

is your whole regiment at pre- sent on duty here, or else- where ?

do you know where it was first raised ?

what rank do you hold, and how long have you been an officer ?

what is your pay, and do you receive the whole monthly or not?

under such officers as you in our army, how many men are generally placed ?

when you are stationed any- where in the country, does the magisti*ate of the place where you are on duty ever make you a present of any- thing or not ?

pray tell me, when any of your soldiers is guilty of oppres- sion on the coimtry people, whac steps do you take to prevent such an offence again ?

does a soldier's continuance on

yih kab se naiikar hu,a ? kundd monddhe par achchht ta-

rah dabd,o. blch kt ungli lablabi par zor se

dabo. kampani ko tin toll karo.

paltan tirchhi toTi hojd.egi, pal- tan sirhi kd kdin karegi. fajar kis wakt paltan kiich. ka- regi ?

dj rat kitne jawdn tild,e ki nau- kari ke waste haiii ?

kaho, miydn turn kis paltan ke ho?

dj-kal tumhdri tamdm paltan yahdn ta'indt hai ki aur ka- hin?

tumhen kuchh maUum hai ki uski bhartl pahle kahdii hu,l thi?

turn kyd ^uhda rakhte ho, aur kab-se ^uhde-ddr hu,e ho ?

tumhdri sharah kyd hai, tumhen mdh-ba-mdh purl milt'i hai ki nahin ?

turn se ^uhdeddroii ke tdbV hamdre yahd/i ke lashkar vieii, kitne jawdn aksar rahte hain ?

jab turn kahili dihdt men ta'tndtt par jd,o, kyd wnh hdkim jis ke yahdii tumhdri chaukl-pahra rahid hai, tumkn kabhi kuchh detd hai ki nahin?

kaho to, jis wakt ko,i iumhdre sipdhiyon men se kisu ro'lyat par kuchh zulm kare, tab turn is ka kydfikr karte ho jo phir aisi harakat hone na pdice ?

fajar se pahr bhar sipdhiyon kd

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES. 83

guard last from sunrise till pahra rahfa hai, ya /ajar se

nine o'clock, or till twelve do puhar tak ?

o'clock ?

have you clearly understood all jo jo hat en ham ne txnn-se kahi

tliat I have said, or not? hain, so iuiuhnl hur suraf se saf murium hu'in ki nahin?

be not in the least apprehen- jawdb dene men kuchh chinfd

sive in answering me ; speak mat karo ; jo,t ho so be layd,o

whatever you please without kaho, ham hargiz bur a. na vid-

reserve, I will not take it in nenge.

the least amiss.

Exercise. — A certain man went to a darwesh, and proposed three questions : First : ' ' Why do they say that God is omni- present? I do not see him in any place ; show me where he is." Second : " Why is man punished for crimes, since whatever he does proceeds from God ? Man has no free will, for he cannot do anything contrary to the will of God ; and if he had power, he would do everything for his own good." Third : " How can God punish Satan in hell-fire, since he is formed of that element ; and what impression can fire make on itself?" The darwesh took up a large clod of earth, and struck him on the head with it. The man went to the kdzt and said, " I proposed three questions to such a darwesh, who flung a clod of earth at me. " The kdzt having sent for the darwesh, asked, " Why did you throw a clod of earth at his head, instead of answering his ques- tions ? " The darwesh replied, " The clod of earth was an answer to his speech : he says he has a pain in his head ; let him show the pain, then I will make God visible to him : and why does he make a complaint to you against me ; whatever I did was the act of God, — I did not strike him without the will of God, — what power do I possess ? and as he is foi-med of earth, how can he suffer pain from that element ? " The man was confounded, and the kdzi highly pleased with the darwesh's answer.

Lesson 52. — Words op Command, &c.

order arms, banduk utdro.

fix bayonets, sangin charhd,o.

shoulder arms, banduk kdndhe par rakho.

present arms, salami kd hath.

charge bayonets, sangin kd hdth.

make ready, ghord do pa,e par charhd,o,

half-cock firelocks, ek pd,e par ghord rakho.

84 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES,

present.

shast lo (or) banduk jhnka,o.

fire,

chhoro, daahu (or) mdro.

handle cartridge.

tonte par hdlh rakhu.

open pans.

phirjula- (or) piydla-khoh.

prime.

ranjak pild,o.

load,

tontd bharo.

draw ramrod,

gaz nikdlo.

ram down cartridge,

tontd gaz se mdro.

return ramrod.

gaz pher-do.

prime and load.

ranjak pild,o, tontd bharo.

recover arms.

kdn se mar.

dress by the right,

ddhine nazar karo, bardbar ho-

jd,o.

dress by the left,

bd,en nazar karo, bardbar hojd,o.

eyes to the right.

ddhine nazar.

eyes to the left.

bd,en nazar.

by the right backwards dress.

ddhine dekhptchhe hatke bardbar

hojd.o. bd.en dekh pichhe hatke bardbar

by the left backwards dress.

hojd,o.

by the right fox-wards dress.

ddhine dekh dge barhke bardbar

hojd,o.

by the left forwards di-ess,

bd,rn dekh dge barhke bardbar

hojd,o.

to the right face.

ddhine phiro.

to the left face,

bd,en phiro.

to the right about face.

ddhine se ddhd chakkar phiro.

to the left about face,

bd,en se ddhd chakkar phiro.

rear ranks take open order,

pichhdii kholo.

rear ranks take close order,

pichhdrl miJo.

pile arms,

banduk je,uri karo.

ground arms,

bnnduk su1d,o.

stand at ease.

hdth mild.o (or) mdro.

attention,

jung se hdth mild,o.

keep up your heads,

sir uthd,o.

ordinary time, march.

thambe kadam se dge rh.iJn.

step short.

eri anguihe ke pas rukh dh'ire

kadam chalo.

quick march.

jaldi kadam uthd,o.

step out,

lambd kadam rukho.

change the step.

kadam budlo.

halt,

khare raho.

to the right wheel.

ddhine khunt par sdmne se chak-

kar khd,o.

^

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXEKCISKS. 85

to the left wheel, bd.en khnnt par sdmne se chak-

kar kha,o. on yom- right backwards wheel, idhine khunt par plchhe se chak-

ka7' khd,o. on yoiir left backwards wheel, bd,en khunt pur pichhe se chak-

kar maro. the company will step back six kampant chha kadam pichhe ha-

paces, teyd.

to the left or right oblique, 6a,e?i yd ddhine iirchhd kadam

chalo. point your toes, pd,on ke panje dahd.o.

to wheel on the centre, hichkekhunt par chakkar mdrnd.

mark time, apni jagah khare ho kadam

uthd,o. to march in file, katdr katdr chalnd.

the company will advance, kampant age barho.

Exercise. — Certain Arab merchants went to a king of Persia, and exhibited some fine horses for sale. The king liked them very much, and bought them. He gave the merchants two lakhs of rupis over and above the purchase, and told them to bring more horses from their own country as soon as possible. The merchants, upon this agreement, took their leave. One day afterwards, the king being exhilarated with wine, said to the wazir, " Make out a list of all the fools in my dominions." The wazir represented that he had already done so, and had put his majesty's name at the very head of the list. The king asked why so. He replied, " Because you gave two lakhs of rupis for horses to be brought by merchants, for whom no person is secm-ity, neither does any one know what part of Arabia they belong to ; and this is a sign of the greatest folly." The king said, " But if the merchants should bring the horses, what is then to be done?" The wazir answered, "Sire, if they should be such fools as to bring the horses, I will insert the names of the merchants at the head of the list, and your majesty's name will in that case occupy only the second place."

Lesson 53.— With a Head Servant.

do you speak our language ? turn hamdrt zabdn bolte ho ?

yes, sir, I can speak a little hdn sd/iib, main Angrezi kuchh

English, kiichh bol saktd hun.

I have not yet learned to speak main ne ab talak Hindustdni

Hindustani, bohii nahin s'lkht.

86

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.

ium aj kal knhdn rnhfe ho ? suno to liimhdid nam kyd hai?

uuf apne sahib kd bhi nam

bafld.o. kad se us sahib ke yahdn naukar

raheho?' tumhdrd watan Jcahdn hai, aur

yahdfi se keti dur hngd ? lognksor wahdfijdte hain khush-

k'l ki rdh ki tun ki/ us mulk men bhdri jins kyd kyd

hoti hai ? aur kis ch'iz ki zi-

ydda paidd,ish hai ?

tumhdre md bdp jtfe haiii ki nahhi, aur turn kadhi jdte ho apne logon ki muldkdt ke liye ?

tumhen kuchh khabar hai ki idmbd yahdn ke bdzdr men kis bhd,o biktd hai?

kyd turn eti bat nahin kah sako ki ek paise kd tdmbd paisd bhar hogd ki nahhi ?

in dinoii turn jdnte ho ki ek ser dudh kete ku biktd hni shahar men, aur bdhar kelne ko ?

bas ah tumjd,o, ruTchsat hai.

Exercise. — A certain king had a wise wazir, who resiprned his office, and employed himself in worshipping God. The king asked the nobles what was become of the wazii- ; they answered, that having quitted his exalted station, he employed himself in serving the Deity. The king went to the wazTr, and asked, " O wazIr, what offence have I committed that you quitted my service?" He answered, "Sire, for five reasons have I done this : firstly, because you used to sit and I remained standhig in your presence ; now, I serve God, who has commanded me to sit at the time of prayer : secondly, you ate, whilst I was looking on ; now, I have found a Providence who eateth not himself, but sustains me : thirdly, you slept, whilst I watched ; now, I have a master who knows not slumber, but protects me whilst I rest : fourthly, I was always afraid, that if you shoiild

where do you now live ?

pray what is your name ? let me know also your master's name,

how long have you been in that gentleman's ser\-ice ?

where is j'our native country, and how far maj^ it be hence ?

do people in general go there by land or water ?

what is the most important ar- ticle of trade in that country, and what things are produced in greatest abundance there?

are j'our parents alive or not, and do you ever go to see your relations and friends ?

do you know at what rate copper sells in the market here ?

what, cannot you even say that one penny's worth of copper will be the weight or size of a pennj' or not ?

do you know nowadays at what rate a quart of milk sells in the city, and in the country for how much ?

you may now depart,

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.

87

die I might experience some misfortune from enemies ; now I serve a God who is immortal, neither can enemies do me any injury : fifthly, with you I was afraid, that if I should have committed a fault, you would not have forgiven me ; but He whom I now serve is so merciful, that if I commit a hundred sins every day he pardons me."

Lesson 54.— Between a European Doctor and a Native Patient.

tell me what is the matter with

you, how long have you been ill ?

how did the fever attack you at first ?

with great coldness, shivering, pains in all my limbs, head- ache, and a sensation in my back as if one were pouring cold water down my back- bone,

after some time a perspiration broke out, which relieved me much, and I fell asleep,

what medicine have you taken?

none with any regularity,

you must take some active me- dicine,

I suppose you have no appetite,

let me feel your pulse,

put out your tongue,

I suspect there is something wrong with your liver,

let me well examine it ; does that pain you ?

yes, that is the very spot where the pain is most acute,

have you any heartburn ?

you must use mercury both inwardly and by friction, until a salivation is pro- duced.

kaho tuinhdrd hdl kyd hai.

kilne dinon se turn himdr hu,e

ho? pahle tumheii tap kyun-kar d,i

thi? ban thand aur larza se, aur

tamdni ^azii men dard, aur

dardi sar bhi hu.d ihd, am'

maUilm hotd thd ki goyd koj

sard pdiii ineri rlrh par ddltd

hai. ba^d ghart ek ke pasina hu,d nur

is men ink ek j'l bahdl hu,d, to

main so rahd. ti/mne kyd daiod khd,t hai? i/itiydi se kuchh nahhi khd,t. ko'i duwd,i kawwi iumko khdnt

paregi. main samajhtd hfm ki tumko

kuchh bhiikh nahhi. tumhdri nahz ko dekhun. apni zabdn ko bdhar nikdlo. nntjhe shak hai ki tumhdre kalije

men kuchh khalal hai. bhald tatolun to, kyiin ab dukhtd

hai? ' hail, list jagah dard ba-shiddat

hai. kuchh mVde meii sozish hai? turn ko pdre ki dawd chdhiye

donrm tarah se, ya'ne khdne

se aur mdlish karne se, jab

tak ki munh na Idwe. I 2

88 MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AKD EXERCISES.

do whatsoever you please with jo dp chahen so mnjhe kijiye.

me, for I have great confi- kyunki dp ke nusjche par men

dence in your prescriptions. bahut khdfirjam''t hai.

I shall send you some medi- mnin tumko kuchh dawd,en hhej-

cines ; and you are to take dunga; aur jis tarah kahun

them in the evening accord- usi tarah sham ko unho'y

ing to my instructions, khdnd.

do not be persuaded by native yahnn ke tabibon ke kahne s"

doctors to take their medi- uiiki daicd,en na khdviin. cines,

lam well convinced they will mvjhe yakin hai, tee tumko

do you no good, and they kuchh fn,ida na kareng'vi ,•

may do you much injmy, aur bahut zarar pahunchd- ueii.

Indinn doctors frequently ad- Eindustdni tab'ib hamdri davod,-

minister our medicines, but en uksar islVmdl karle hain,

they are utterly unacquainted par un se mutlak icdkif nahhi

with them, hain.

Exercise. — One of the kings of Persia sent a skilful physician to the prophet Muhammad (upon whom be peace !). He had been some years in Arabia without any one having come to make trial of his skill, neither had they applied to him for any medicine. One day he came to the prince of prophets, and complained, sajang, " They sent me to dispense medicines to your companions, but to this day no one hath taken notice of me, that I might have an opportunity of performing the serWce to which I had been appointed." Muhammad replied, " It is a rule with these people never to eat until they are hard pressed by hunger, and to leave off eating whilst thej' have a good appetite." The physician said, '' This is the way to enjoy health." He then made his obeisance and departed. The physician begins to speak when evil would result from his silence ; either when there is eating to excess, or when death might ensue fi-om too much abstinence. Then, doubtless, his speech is wisdom, and such a meal wUl be productive of health.

Lesson 55.— Between a Civilian and a Sarishta-dae, or Native Official.

pray, my friend, are you some- kyunj'i, turn mdl-guzdrl kekdm what versed in the revenue se kuchh wdkif ho ki mahin ? dei)artment ?

MISCELLANEOUS DIALOGUES AND EXERCISES.

S9

j7hat do they call a lease, and what it8 connteipart ?

have you any other names for the rate or rent adjustment of lands ?

■ 'lould you not recollect another vvord for the rate, then explain the nature of it in detail,

do the farmers pay the revenue to governmentby instalments or in the gross ?

does this species of revenue come in before, or during, or after the crop ?

does free land, or that not assessed, pay anything at all to government, or not, by way of acknov/ledgement?

who used to settle formerly the assessment of the several districts ?

in what respects does the county registrar differ from the town or village clerk ?

pray tell me the true state of what are called shikmni por- tions of a village or farm,

is any paper called a deed of abdication or rejection, and what does it imply ?

in these days, when constables are put over any landholder, is dunage exacted, or not, and to what amount ?

in the country does the con- tracting farmer or the land- holder receive the sustenance money ?

what is the name of the paper which contains an account of the tanks, orchards, boun- daries, &c. of any village ?

they call it muiodzina, or boun- dary sketch,

pnttd kisko kahte hain, aur

kubfdiyat kyd hai ? rai aur rai-bandt kd aur ko,!

nam hai ?

rai ke bardbar jo aur ko,t nam na ho, fan uskd ahwdl baydn. wdr kaho.

mdl-gnzdr jo hain so kistbandi par sarkdri mahml pahun- chdfe hain yd ekathdn ?

is iarah kd khirdj, aksar fast ke age, bich men ya p'lchhe pahnnchfd hail'

mu^dfl ya'ne Id-khirdji zamin se kuchh bhi huziir men dakhil hotd hai yd nahin, peshkash yd tdbVddri k~i ni se ?

parganrni ki fashkhis dge kaun kartd thd ?

kdniingo aur patwdrt men f ark kyd hai ?

asl hakikat un gdnirnii yd cha~ kon k'l jin men kuchh shikaml hai nntjhe baydnudr to kaho.

kist kd(ihaz pat tar kd ndm bdz- ndmahai, aur uskt ma'm kyd ?

dar In wild jad kisi zamin-ddr par muhassil chhutle hain taJabdna lagfd hai ki nahln, aur kis kadr ?

mufassal men mustnjirko ndnkdr miiti hai ki zamin-ddr ko ?

jis kdghaz men kisi gdnw ki zamin, tdldb, bdghdt, siwdna, loa ghaira kd a/nvdl likhd hu,a ho to iskd ndm kyd hai ?

miiwdzina yd rakba-bandi kah- Idte haiil.

I 3

90 ON GENERAL BUSINESS,

why does a servant call himself ko,t naukar apne ta,in hyun,

sarkdr, bdbu, prabhu, khdllf'a, sarkdr, bdbii, prabhu khal\fa,

miktar, &c. (all of which are mihtar ica ohaira kahldtdhaif honorary titles) ?

that he may appear a ^eat is Uye ki Jchdwind ke aur sab

man in the eyes of his master naukaren ke nazdik bard

and of the other servants, ddini thahre.

Exercise. — A certain lawyer had a very ugly daughter who was arrived at a marriageable age ; but although he offered a considerable dower and other valuables, no one was inclined to wed her. Brocade and damask, and pearls and jewels, will appear disgusting on a bride who is ugly. At last, through necessity, he married her to a blind man. It is said that, in the same year, there arrived from the island of Sarandip (Ceylon) a famous physician who could restore sight to the blind. They asked the father, -'Why do you not have yoiu- son-in-law cured ?" He said, " Because I am afraid that, if he should recover his sight, he will divorce my daughter, who is now his wedded wife. It is best that the husband of an ugly woman should be blind."

Lesson 56.— On General Business.

sarkar, take the draft and biing sarkdr, hundi lejd,o aur rupaiye

the money : be quick, jald ld,o.

what must be done ? it is now kyd karnd kogd ? abhi giydra

eleven o'clock, ghante din hFi,d hai.

be quick, that I may have the jaldijd,o, ki mi/jh ko ivakt par

money in time, rupaiye mileii.

let me have it by one o'clock, do pahar ek ke icakt mere pds

hdzir karo.

go to the counting-house, and da/tar khdne men jdkar bare

speak to the head sarkar, sarkdr se kaho.

tell the sarkar to take bank sarkdr se kaho ki bank-lot lekar

notes, and pay the amount huncji ke rupaiye add kare.

of the draft,

the money must now be sent i^upae abhifuldne sdhib ko bhej-

to Mr. ne honge.

request Mr. to order what fuldne sdhib se ^arz karo, ki tin

remains to be paid in before ghante ke age bdkl rupae add

three o'clock, karen.

havcyoueverbeentoMr. 's turn kabhu fuldne sdhib ke bdg]i

garden ? mtii ga,e the ?

ON GENERAL BUSINESS.

91

mr, I go that way every day,

5"ou must go there immediately,

else nothing will be done, send a sarkar to hire a boat,

I will go to Cbauringi to-day, go to the China Bazar, and buy

a pair of globe lanterns, who will collect the bills ?

ai sahib, main liar roz us rah

jdid hmi. tuiii ivahan is'i wakt jd,o, nah'iii to

kuchh na h.«gd. sarkar ko ek kishtl kirdya karne

ke hi/e hhfjo. main dj Chauringi jd,ungd. Ch'ind bdzdr jdkar do gol Jen fen

inol-ld,o. kau7i ras'id kd rupaiya humlka-

regd ?

E.rerftse. —There was a king, who had no son ; he tried many remedies and expedients, but derived no advantage whatever from them ; he was, therefore, greatly dejected, but would not discover the cause of this to any one. By chance, a strolling mendicant arrived ; he then disclosed this his affliction to him, on which the holy man wrote out a charm, and thus prescribed: " After dissolving this in rose-water, you must drink it along with your queen ; and on your having a son, you must call him Mihr Mumr, bestowing on him every science, and all sorts of accomplishments ; but beware of marrying him against his consent." Having thus directed, he wandered away. This divine prescription being dissolved in rose-water, the king and queen drank it off, and by its blessed influence, they had at last a fine health}^ boy. Whatever the pilgrim had enjoined respect- ing him, was all put in practice.

Lesson 57. — In confinuadon.

Agiiajan is clever in collecting

bills, it is very difficult to get money

of such a one, I have been to the bazar : sugar

is now 3.2 seers a rupee, it will be better to wait a few

days, and then buy the cloth, of what use are such people ?

they know nothing of busi- ness, 1 understand business — I am

not easily imposed upon,

Aglinjdn hum) karne meii khiih

wakif-kdr hai. fuldne ?dldb se rupaiya mih,d

mushkil hai. main bdzdr gayd tha, chlni Ji

rupaiya sdrhe tin ser hai. thore din sabar karke kaprd mol

lend bihfar hai. aise ddmt kis kdin ke hain 7 ive

sab kdrbdr men ndddn haiii.

mahi kdrbdr jdntd h'n'i, mvjhe faieb dend dushivdr hai.

92 ON GENERAL BUSINESS.

raisins are six seers for a nipee, kishynish ft rupaiya chha ser hat.

buy about one thousand rupees' hazdr rupaiye kt mol lo.

worth,

there Is no vmderstanding the hdzdrknuirkhthtkma'lum'nahln

bazar prices, . ho-saktd.

in Calcutta, the bazar rate is Kalkatte nipn bazar kn nirkh do

scarcely for two hours alike, gharl eksdn nahin rahld.

I made a deposit ; to-morrow I main ne baVdna diyd hat, kal

shall see them weighed, chizen wazan karungd.

see that you are not imposed khabarddr, turn fareb na khd,o.

upon,

have you compared them with turn ve vsko namnne se mild-liyd

the sample / do thej' agree ? hai ? icuh bardbar hai ?

two or three packages are do yd tin baste sab se bihtar

superior, hain.

go and procure a pass for the jo jo chizen faiydrhaiii,jd,n,aur

things that are ready, unke vsdste raicdna le-d,o.

Exercise. — When the prince became a man, he one da}' took leave of his father and went away to enjoy the chase, where a beautiful deer came in sight, grazing on a plain, with a golden collar round its neck. He then gave these orders to the people who were with him : — " You must manage to catch this fawn alive, — surroimd it on all sides ; if we thus get it, so much the better ; otherwise, the person over whose head she bounding escapes, must put his hoi-se to full speed after it." Just as tbey had completely encircled it, the deer all at once made a spring over the prince's own head ; the rest checked their horses' reins, while he spurred his horse hard at its heels. She bounded away at such a rate as to leave the attendants many miles behind, and at last outrunning him, vanished from his sight. He then stopped in amazement, himself he knew not where, and his followers far away ; neither had he a place to lodge in, nor enough of the day left to retm-n.

Lesson 68. — In continuation.

get a boat, and send them on ek kishtt kirdya karke unhen

board the ship, jahnz par bhej-do.

sir, the captain's sarkar said ai sdhih, kaptdn ke sarkdr ne

the goods cannot be sliipped kahd, ki djjahdz men ye chizen

to-day, Idd na sakeiige.

ON GENERAL BUSINESS.

sarkdr jokahldhaiusemat mono,

main jo kahtd hiin use suno. ai sd/iib, ap ke hukm se main

jdtd hun. jd,o aur hare sarkdr se puchho

jahdz kab khulegd, aur mvjh

ko khahar da. d,o pidiie, tahwVddr ko buld,o. kitne rupaiye kaljam'' hu,e hain ?

riipaiye apne pas rakho us se kuchh khaich mat karo.

bdzdr men Kampanl ke kdghdz par kyd hattd hai ?

chha rupaiye saikrd Kampanl ke kdgliaz mol-lene men do ru- paiye chha dne : aur bechne men do rupaiye dth dne battd hai.

yih chdr hazdr rupaiye aur tarn., assuk ke rupaiye sab Ujdkar Kampanl kd kd^az mol ld,o.

ye chifhiydn thikdne ke muwdjik bhej.do.

Exercise. — While in tliis pei-plexity, the eyes of the prince lighted on a dwelling, and thinks he, " Well, let me at least learn to whom this house belongs." He then beheld a venerable aged darwesh seated there, to whom, after salutation, he observed, "With your leave may I remain all night here?" "By all means, my child," replied the venerable man, "the house is at your sei-vice." Having quickly given the necessary directions for his guest's repast, as well as the horse's grain and foddei*, when done also with entertaining him, he asked, "Pray who are you, young gentleman, and why have you come hereT' He then related the whole of his late adventure. In the mean time, what does he see ? Lo ! on a splendid throne, four fairy queens, exquisitely beautiful, clad in i-ich brocade, and covered from head to foot with jewels and precious stones, suddenly descended, who, having alighted, made their obeisance to the reverend sage, and seated themselves respectfully in his

don't mind what the sarkar

says, but mind what I say, sir, as you bid me, I am going,

go and ask the head sarkar when the ship sails, and bring me word,

piyada, call the cashier,

how much was collected yester- day?

keep the money by you, don't pay away any,

what is the discount on the Company's paper in the bazar ?

if you purchase the Company's paper of sis i^er cent, interest, the discount is two rupees six annas ; if you sell, it is two rupees eight annas,

take these four thousand ru- pees, with what money has been received for bills, and buy Company's paper,

send these letters as 'directed,

ON GENERAL BUSINESS.

Lesson i

bring those goods in carts from

the custom-house, you must attend to everything, put the godown No. 2 into

order, and see that there is

no damage, if you don't look to everything,

who else will ?

I am going out, let me see everything ready when I come back,

darwan, are the counting-house sarkars come ?

who is at work in the iron- factory ?

sir, nobody is j'et come,

how is this, not yet come? —

what time of day do they

mean to come ? this is the case every day, and

thei-efore Mr. 's work is

not yet done, when they come to-day, we

will settle this business, Mr. is speaking to me

daily about this work, when they come, send them

to me,

—Tn continuation.

parmit-ghar se ye chizen gdrl

men karke le a,o. tumhen sub tadaruk karna hogd. do darje kd giiddm taiydr karo,

aur dekho kuchh nuksdn na

ho. agar turn sab chizon k'l khabar-

ddri na karoge, to kaun ka-

regd ? main ab bdhar jd'd Mm, khnbar.

ddr, maiii apne phir dne ke

^arse men sab chlzeii taiydr

dekhnn. d,o darwdn, daftar-khdne ke sar-

kdr sab d,e hain ? luhdr ke kdrkhdne men kaun kdm

kartd hai ? ai sdhib, ko^ abhi tak nahia

dyd. yih kaisd hai ? we abh'i tak nahln

d,e — roz kyunkar hdzir, ho-

weiige ? har roz yihi ahwdl hai, isi waste

fuldne sdhib kd kdm abhi tak

tamdm nah'in hu,d. jab we dj dwei'ige, to ham unke

sdfh durustl kareiige. fuldna sdhib har roz is kdm ke

liye mujhe kahtd hai. jab we dweii to unko mere pas

bhcj do.

Exercise. — The sage remarked, " Well, this was not your visiting-day here, pray tell me on what account you have come." They replied, " Worshijoful saint, there is a princess named B(tdar Munir; we intended to pay her a visit, this is the road, and we could not find it in our hearts to pass by without first pa^'ing our respects to you." He then said, "Good, do take this prince also along with you ; he will at all events see whether Badar Mnnir is more lovely than the ladies of his palace, or they fairer than she." To this the fairies agreed.

ON GENERAL BUSINESS.

95

and, having handed him to their throne, flew away, and in the twinkling of an eye reached the i^alace of Badar Munir. The instant that Mihr Munir discovered that angel's face, bright as the moon, he became enamoured with her, while she also admiring his radiant countenance, and flushed by love's magic bloom, shone resplendent with the charms of a damask rose.

Lesson 60. — In continuation.

how long are those Europe goods to lie at the custom- house ?

sir, without an invoice to know what they are, how can I bring them ?

different sorts of goods pay different rates of duty,

by opening the boxes and seeing their value, you will be able to understand,

sir, I cannot myself open the packages,

in opening the packages, the goods may be injured,

sarkar, take the invoice and go directly,

sir, I am going ; please to give me the invoice,

at two o'clock the custom- house officer came and opened the boxes,

when I have signed each in- voice, I will give them to the sarkar to be copied, and then send them to you,

kiranl, copy these, and give them to the sergeant,

call a blacksmith, and open the boxes ; compare the value and quantity of the goods with the invoice, then make them tight again.

kabfakwewUai/a'tchizenparmit- ghar men pan rahenyiii ?

ai sahib, baghair chulan kyiii'ikar

ashdb Maids kar lane saktd

huri ? hiir ek chiz kd judd judd mahsiil

hai. sab sandukon ke khoJne, aur ki-

mat dekhne se, turn ma'luin

kar-sakoge. aisdhib, main akeld basta kholne

nahln saktd. basta kfiolne se shdyad chlzen

khdrab ho jaw en. ai sarkar, ctialdn lekar jald wa-

tidn jd,o. ai sahib, main jdtd hiin, ctialdn

inujhe do. dopahar do ketoakt parmif-ghar

ke sahib ne dkar sanduk ko

khulwdyd. main ne fiar ek chaldn par sahih

karke, nakl-nuv'is ke mah-'ifat

tumtidre pds btiej-dunyd.

ai kirdni, nakl karke piydde ke hawdle kar-do.

lutidr ko buldkar, sanduk khul. wdkar, ctialdnke mutdbik, ba'd stiumdr asbnb ke, khnat dar- ydjt karke ptier band-karo.

Exercise. — Three watches of the night glided away in such

96

ON GENERAL BUSINESS,

pleasure, harmony, and delight, as human tongue cannot express. When these four fairy damsels -u'ei-e about taking leave, they addressed the prince thus : " Come along." He being pierced to the heart with the arrow of love, replied,- " I will not go ; if you must set oflf, by all means dej^art." On representing this to Budar Munir, that she might persuade him to take leave, they perceived that she also had no desire to let him away. In tJiis perplexity they observed, " Now what is to be done? if we leave him, how shall we show our faces to ' the holy man ? and if we convey him hence in the present posture of affairs, she will be offended ; the best advice is to" wait a little longer, till both begin to slumber." After this,-" with the fatigue of sitting up, both got a-nodding ; they then gently and artfully raised him on the throne, and with some philter lulling him asleep, flew ofi' with liim.

Lesson 61. — In continuation.

sergeant, when you have signed your name, give them to the cashier,

the officer having entered the particulars of every case in his book, and the duty on each article, wrote the amount,

taking the invoice, I had to go again, and show it to the head officer,

having done all this, it had struck four o'clock, and the custom-house was shut,

the next day, I delivei-ed the invoice to the officer,

having examined the value of the articles, and their duty, he signed it,

afterwards, paying the duty to the cashier, having got an order for a pass and cleared the cases, I hired coolies, and brought them away,

ai piyade, jab apn'i talashi ki sa/ith kar-chuko, ta/ncllddrka do. '

khazdnctii ne sab sandfik ki ajnas tafrik karke, bar ek chlz kd mahmljudajudd lagdkarjam' likh^dl.

wuhi chaldn lekarphir parmi'-ke sahib ke huzur maljdna hu,d.

yihi kdm karte karte chdr baj-

gae, tab parmit-ghar band

hu,d. dusre roz main ne chaldn lekar

sdbih ko somp-diyd. sub asbdh ki klmnt avr mahsul

thakrdkar us ne sahih kt,

tahwtlddr ko mahml dekar, aur rawdna lekar, sanddkoii ko tcahdrl se khalds knrwdkar, mazduron ke sir par liwd-ld,e.

ON GENERAL BUSINESS.

97

sarkar, I will not give a kaui"i to the custom -house people or the chaukldar at the wharf,

sarkar, why did you not go to the police-office and get a l^ass 'i

ai sarkar, main ek kauri Mam

partnit ke aur ghat ke ddmiyun

ko nuhli'i dungd. ai sarkar, turn piilis jakar kha-

Idsl-ndma kyiln nuliin likhwd

la,e ?

Exercise. — On their arrival, they delivered him to the good father, and with his permission returned to their own mansions. By dawn of day, when he (the prince) awoke, neither the sparkling dome nor its refulgent orb was there ; he heaved a deep sigh, and calling, " Alas, Badar Mumr !" again fell into a doze, from the effects of the jjotion upon him. Soon after, when a watch and a half of the day had elapsed, on the appearance of a crowd, the darwesh from circumstances guessed that these must be his attendants, and having called them, he consigned him to their charge. His companions were of course gratified by finding him ; but noticing his condition, they got alarmed about what reply they should give the king, and thus interrogated the good anchorite : " Please your reverence, why is our prince thus distracted ? " "Ask himself," said he. On hearing this, they accosted the prince in the following words : " Son of om' sovereign, why are you thus beside yourself?"

Lesson 62. — In continuation.

sir, what can I do ? for two or three days I have not had a moment's leisure, one can't get a thing done at once at the court,

if I don't go myself, nothing is done,

sir, I know, five days ago, you wrote to Patna' that the things would be forwarded to-morrow or next day, and no pass is obtained,

how can they go? they can't be sent without a pass,

is the order for screws gone to Kashipur factory ?

ai sdhih, main kyd karuii? do fin din se mvjhe fursat nahh'i ,- aur kachahii men jane se kdm tamutn nah'iii hold.

ba^hair mere jane ke kuchh na

hoyd. ai khuddwand. pdnch din guzre

ki huzur ne likhd thd. ki kul

Patne ko chizen ravsana hon-

ghi, atir nhlak khaldsi-ndma

nuhiii mild. toe chizen bacjhair kjialdfit-ndnie

ke bhejicd nuh'in jn saktiydti. Kdshipur ke luhdr-khdne men

peek bandne ko hukm hhejd

gayd hai ?

98 ON GENERAL BUSINESS.

they promised to send them dj dene kd wa'da kiyd hai.

to-day, if they don't come this evening, ac/ar we sipahar tak na dvoen, to

you go there before gun-fire, turn top ke age j and. for want of these screws the in pechon ke na hone se, sdri ru,t

bales of cotton are lying ke baste khule pare hain.

loose, no one knows when the vessel maUuninahUjahdz kabkhulegd.

will sail, have you collected the bills I jo tamiissuk kul main ne turn ko

gave you yesterday ? diyd ihd, nskd sab rupaiya

kyd wasiil hu,d hai ? sir, I have given in the money khuddivand, jitne farden ta-

for all you gave me, massuk k'l dpne bande ko

hawdle km thlii, sab kd rupai- ya Id diyd hai.

Exercise. — The prince neither distinctly articulated with his mouth, nor opened his eyes, all that he raved being, ''Alas, Badar Mun'ir I" In short, they placed him in the palkl, and convej'^ed him with fear and trembling to the king, to whom they stated the matter so : " May it please your majesty, yesterday afternoon a lovely fawn came in sight, and the prince, after forbidding us, set his horse after it himself at full gallop ; we nevertheless followed at a respectful distance. She took shelter in so wild a wood, that the prince escaped our sight entirely, though we were all following him with our eyes ; besides which, darkness overtook us, and we being helpless, passed the whole night in that place ; but rising by daybreak we continued our inquiries ; at last we found him in this distracted condition, at the lodge of a hermit there. When we inquired of him, he also gave us no information whatever, though we naturally conjecture that the person's name which is mentioned must be one with whom the prince is in love."

Lesson 63. — In continuation.

do you know where Najamudin turn jdnte ho Najamuddin kahan

is ? hai ?

sir, I heard ho is not coming sdhib, main ne sund hai ki ivuh

to-day ; his brother says he dj nahv'i dwegd . us ke hhd'i ne

has a fever, kahd ki us ko tap d,t hai.

ON GENERAL BUSINESS. VV

how does he mean to do his wuh kyunkar naukari karegd?

work ? he has a fever daily, us ko har roz tap lagt'i hai.

was the cloth examined yester- kal kapron kd nirkh daryaft kar

day, and placed to Muham- Muhammad 'All ke nam mm

mad All's account ? jam'-kharch kiyd gay a hai, yd nahin ?

sir, it is entered in the waste- aj jdnkar k'l hahi men Ukhd gayd

book, not in the ledger, hai, lekin khdle men mundarij nahhi hv,d.

why so, if he objects to the aisd kywi hu,d ? agar ivuh dal-

brokerage, how is it to be Idli ki dasturi kd'uzarrakhid

settled, hai fo kyunkar mukarrar ho yd ?

sir, I will thank you to settle ai sahib, dp us ke sdth yih hat

it with him ; he does not mukarrar faisnJ a karen; wuh

mind us in the least, hamdri bdt nahhi mdntd.

make out the account of what jo kaprd is icakl tak us ne mol

cloth he has piu-chased up liyd hai us kd hisdb karo.

to this time,

balance the account, leaving kal kd kaprd amdnat rakh-kar,

out the cloth bought yester- agld hisdb karo.

day,

the account ought not to re- hisdb ko pardyanda rakhnd na

main unbalanced, chdhiye.

Exercise. — The king then tenderly began : " My child, if you will discover your affliction, we shall then consider of a remedy for it." After much entreaty, he returned, " 0, my dear father, the only specific I want is Badar Munir ; possessed of her I would recover." They next interrogated about her address and residence. The prince sorrowfully said, " I know not, indeed." He rejected all food, continued day and night heaving deep sighs, and weeping bitterlj". Witnessing this distress, his parents also were sorely afflicted, and kept beating their breasts in such anguish for their son, that the affairs of the state were running fast into disorder and confusion. The minister was a prudent man, and thus remonstrated to his majesty : " Let not your highness be so woe-begone, but attend as usual to the interests of your kingdom ; your slave is dis- patching messengers in every direction ; should a princess of the name be found anywhere, we may then get the prince married to her ; if the parents agree with a good grace, all is well ; if not, why, let us force them."

K 2

100 ON GENERAL BUSINESS.

Lesson 64. — In continuation.

the account of shawls, hand- Msdh shdl, rumal, aur bdfte wa-

kerchiefs, baftas, &c., which ghaira kd,jo sahi hu,d thai us

have been agreed for, is all sab kdjani'-kharch hu,d hai. settled,

there is nothing else due to him ; us kd am- kuchh bdki nnhm ; agar

if you please to compare Dr. dp donoti fardeii dmdari our

and Cr. you will see, raftanikl dekhe/igetojd) .ly^..

Panchu sarkar, what are you ai Fdnchil sarkdr, turn kyd karte

doing? see that the accoimts ho? khabarddr ho, ki hisdb

are correct, kitdb men tafdwut na ho.

I am afi-aid there are errors in main dartd huii ki sal guzash'fe

Captain Leyden's last year's men Kaptdn Leden sd/iib ke

account, Jiisdb men bahut ghalti huii tht,

I can't make out what sugar, maiji nahin jdntd kitni shakar,

coffee, sugarcandy, and rai- aur kahwa, aur misri, aur

sins have been pui'chased, kishmish mol 11 gd,i.

sir, here is nothing without a ai sdhib, baghair hukm k'l chithi

written order; the accounts kc kuchh nahin hai; hisdb bahz

agree with what is written, ke mutdbik hai.

that's not what I mean. I say yih merd maflab nah'u'i. Main

it's not clear what belongs to kahtd ki har ek ke hisdb men

each account, kitnd hogd, is kd kuchh ta'ai- yun nahiii.

sir, there is no fear about that at sdhib, kuchh andesha nahiii —

— I have by me the accounts mere pas kharld aur farokht,

of sales and purchases, kd hisdb hai.

tell me what is the amount of Kaptdn Rdbinsan sdhib ki jins

Captain Robinson's account kd viikddr aur rakam meii kis

— what quantity and kind of kadur kJiarch hu,d hai, turn

articles, mvjh ko dikhld,o.

Exercise. — This plan was applauded by the sovereign, and scouts were accordingly sent to all quarters, with a requisition in due form. One of these emissaries found his way to Radar Munlr's country, and on making the requisite inquiries there, he learned that her situation was still more deplorable, by pining at the absence of her lover. On this the fleet envoy, quite overjoyed, entered the presence of her illustrious father, and presented the formal request to him ; who, though cb-ooping with sorrow for his daughter, on reading the contents of the paper, became much exhilarated. He instantly, without loss of time, preparing an answer, delivered it to the messenger.

ON GENERAL BUSINESS.

101

.vith this injunction, "Do you quickly proceed by night and by day till you deliver this from me." The purport of it was thus : " The friendly epistle hath reached us, in which you solicit my daughter Budar Munir''s hand for your son Mihr Mtimr, to which I have consented : it is now incumbent on you to reflect, that the sooner you arrive for the nuptials, so much the better : you will therefore be pleased to make no delay, nor take any trouble about the bridal preparations."

Lesson 65. — In continuation.

si. , wait a moment, the articles

had on the 4th instant are

not entered, Mr. Smith will sail to-morrow ;

is his account ready ? it is here, sir ; the amount due

from him is 56,411 rupees, give me the account ; I will go

on board the ship, settle it,

and get the money, you come with me, then I shall

have no trouble in exialain-

Kudrat-Ulla, bring the waste- book, journal, and ledg-er with the book of sales with you,

show me the amotmt of what is due to and from each of the shoi:)keepers,

it appears to me all the accounts are in confusion,

sarkar, are all my things ready ?

sir, the sarkar has taken money for them ; no doubt they will be here by two o'clock,

when they come, send them immediately to Naya Ghat,

it is now high water, I can't wait longer.

sdJiih, zarra sahr fcljipp, chaufhi

tdrikh kd hisdb likhd nuluti

hai. Ismit sdhih knl jahdz par char-

hegd ; us kd hisdb taiijdr hai ? yih dekhiye, sdliib, us se 56,41 1

rdpaiya pdnd hai. hisdb mvjh ko do; jahdz par

jd,vngd avr raf karkar ru-

paiya 1d,ungd. turn mere sdth d,o, to mvjhe

hisdb ke bvjhdne men kuclih

tasdr na hoyi. Kudrat- Ulld, jdnkar bchi, aur

roz ndmcha, aur hisdb bahi,

aur bechne k'l bahi sdth lo.

dukdnddron ke sdth dend pdnd kitnd hai mujhe kaho.

mvjhe maUum hofd hai, ki sab

hisdb men khalal hai. ai sarkdr, meri sab chlzen tuiydr

hain ? ai sahib, sarkdr riipaiya hgayd

hai; aur chlzen do pahar ek

men albatta yahdn pahun-

chenghi. jab chizen dioc?7, tab usi dam

Na,e Ghdt men bhej dend. abhi bhdthd kainb hai, main aur

sabr nahhi kar-sakfd hun. K 3

102 ON GENERAL BUSINESS.

Exercise. — When the bearer of such cheering intelligence delivered the letter into the minister'a hands, he forthwith conveyed it to the emperor's court ; and when his majesty cast his eyes over the lines, he felt his heart glow with renovated vigour. In short, he was supremely happj', and accordingly ordered a reward for the bringer of these glad tidings. That day, in every house over the whole citj% there were great rejoicings, and the king thus instructed the minister : " I will set out on such a day to celebrate the auspicious marriage of Mihr Munlr; in the mean time, get all the equipage immediately ready for the royal nuptials, as well as the necessaries for our journey." In that period every requisite was prepared, and the king set forth in great pomp and splendour, along with his army, with a retinue and procession so numerous and resplen- dent, that a detail here would prove too tedious. In a few weeks he entered the other's territories with becoming grandem- and dignity, with flying colours and bands of music, and thence, having accomplished the object of his journey, he returned to his own capital in a veiy splendid manner, bringing with him his son and daughter, attended with melody, pleasure, and delight.

HINDUSTANI MANUAL.

PART II.

A PRACTICAL AND PHRASEOLOGICAL VOCABULARY,

ENGLISH AND HINDUSTANI.

The following copious selection of phrases will be foiirid to answer two distinct purposes : 1st, To exercise the student in readily turning into Hindustani every possible variety of English expressions ; 2nd, To serve as a vocabulai-y of useful v.-ords, each sentence containing a leading word printed in italics, an-anged according to the order of the alphabet. The Hindus- tani word or words in each sentence coiresponding to the English word printed in italics, is included within a parenthesis. This plan of a vocabulary will, it is presumed, have a great advantage over a mere dry list of words, as the student will, in every instance, see the manner in which the word is employed. Finally, the same word is occasionally repeated twice, or even thrice, when it happens to have more than one signification, or when it denotes different parts of speech, as substantive, adjective, or verb.

A.

abandoned — able.

The crew having abandoned jahdz-ivdle jahdz ko (chhorka}-)

the ship, had run away, bhdg-ga,e the.

He does not abate me one louhek paisese {kamnah'indetd). pice.

Abide with me a few days, mere sdth chand roz (raho).

He possesses great ability, us k'l Ichiib {kdbiftyat) hai.

He is an able man, ivuh {ld,ik) ddmi hai.

Are you able to do this? turn yih {kar-sakle ho) ?

104

absent — a ddition.

I have been absent ten days, We ought to abstain jfrom com- mitting evil, It is absurd to speak thus, Take as much as you please ; I

have abundance, That is an A byssin ian slave, He goes to an acoAemy daily,

Do you accede to what I pro- pose, or not ?

I still retain my Hindustani accent,

The book you sent me was acceptable.

He immediately accepted my oflFer,

Except you accompany me, I will not go,

I was not able to accomplish my wishes,

Have you an account with him ?

He is accused of robbing his

master, A ccustom yourself to read and

write. This fruit is very acid, He has many acquaintances, I am acquainted with all, He has acquired great know- ledge, He has been tried and acquitted, A good action deserves our

praise. He is exceedingly active in that

business, The angel of God expelled Adam and Eve from para- dise. The angel of death seizes upon

all men, He has received an addition to his salary,

main das roz (r/hair-hdzir) tha. ham ko chdhiye ki hura,t karne

se {parhez karen). aisd kahnd {Id ya^ni) hai. mere pas {buhui) hai; jis kader

chdho us kadar lo. with (Habshl ghiildm) hai. louh (madrase mm) har roz jdid

hai. jo main kahtd hun, turn is ko

{kabvA karfe ho) yd nahhi ? main ahtak Hindustani zabdn kd

(lahja) rakhtd huti. jo kitdb turn ne mujh ko bhejt

so mujhe {pasand a,?}. us nefi-l-hdl meri bdt {kabfd ki) .

baghair tumhdre (hamrdh liye)

main nnhinjd,ungd. main upni j^tvdhish {bhar-piir na

kar-sakd). turn ki/d kuchh (hisdb) is ke sdih

rakhte ho ? ' usidd ki chlz churdne ki {tuhmat

us pur hai). turn likhne aur parhne kl {mashk

karo). yih phal bahut (khnttd) hai. us kp bdhnt (dost) huit'i. main darobast (Jnnfd hmi). us ne bahut 'ilm {hasil kiydhai).

wuh fajioiz meii (hehisiirnikld). nek (kdm) ld,ik tahifke hold hai.

wuh us kdm men bard (chdldk)

hai. khudd ke firishte ne {Adam o

Haivd ko) Jirdaus se nikdl-

diyd. {malak-td-mauf) sab ddmiyon

ko pakar-lefd hai. us ke darmdhe par {i~d/a) hu.,a

hai.

address— afford.

105

Pray can you tell me his ad- dress 1

To-day's meeting is adjourned till Monday next.

Let us first adjiist this matter,

Tliis is admirable writing,

I greatly admire him fcr his

great learning, I do not admit of what you

say. May a stranger le admitted i

A school has been opened for

adult persons, Can you advance me this sum ?

The enemy had advanced as far as Dihli,

Of what advantage will that be to me?

She has long been in adver- sity,

You had better advertise the sale.

What is your advice in this aflFair ?

Do you think it advisable to do so?

He affected a great show of kindness,

This history is affecting,

He shows great aff'ection for the people,

He affirmed this to be a certain fact,

He on hearing the news became greatly afflicted,

They have suffered great afflic- tion,

I am afraid to go there,

I cannot afford to give so much monthly wages.

turn us ka {Ihikdnd) batd sakte

ho? aj mahfil (maukt'if hai), P'lr ke

roz phir hogi, pahle ham is kdm {mukarrar

knren). yih kh"t.f. bahut (achchhd) hni. mainii ke him par bard {taajjuh

karld hnii). tumhdii bat maiii nah'iii {kabiil

kartd). gh'iir ddmi {andar jd-saktd

hai) ? ek madrasa (rasida) loyon ke liye

taiydr hu,d hai. ilnd rupaiya mujhe {dddnl de

sakte ho) ? dushman Dihfi tak {pahunchd

hii,d thd). us meii merd kyd {fd,ida) hogd?

xouh bahut din se {rnusibat) meii

pari hai. bihiar hai ki turn nildm kd (ish-

tihar do) . is kdm men tumhdri kyd {sald/t)

hai ? tvmhdre nazd'ik aisd kdm karnd

{mundsib) hai? is ne zdhird barl khdtir-ddri

[dikhldX). yih kissa {dard-dmez) hai. wuh logon se bahut {dosl}} rukhtd

hai. is ne {ihdr kiyd hai) ki yih bdt

sach hai. tcuh khabur sunke bahut {dzurda

hu,d). unhoii ne bahut {ranj) tdhdyd.

icahdii jane kd {mujhe dar

hai). ilnd mahtnd main nahhi {de

sakta).

106 afford — ancient.

Vr&y afford me your assistance, mihrhani karke {meri madad

karo).

I do not wish to affront him, maiiius ko {Mo/gt dildna) chahtd

nnhin.

Her 0176 is not more than ten das haras se ziydda us ki ('wmr)

years, nah'in hai.

Do you know who is his agent ? turn jante ho ki us kd {gumdshta)

kaun hai ?

Standing before the court, he ^adalat men, khare hofehl wuh

began to be much agitated, bahut {kdmpne) lagd.

1 agree to what you say, jo turn kahte ho so main {kahUl

kartd hiln).

His company is \erj agreeable, uskl dost-ddrihahut{pasandida)

hai.

What ar/reement had you with tis se tum ne kyd (ikrdr) kit/d

him?' haij*

The atV of this country is very t* miilk-ki (haicd) bahut nu-

unfavourable, mmcafik hai.

Alas! it is all true, {afsos,) sub sach hai.

The two are perfectly alike, donoii bi-l-kull {barahar) hain>.

I saw an alligator in the main ne ek (magar) Gangd me:':

Ganges, dekhd.

Allow me to go with you, apne sdth mujhko jane (do).

He made me an allowance of us ne mvjh ko das rdpaiye ki

ten rupees, (dnsfur'i) di.

Have you got this year's al- tumhdrepdsisbaras kt{tak'x'im)

manaci hai?

I have not yet learned the maiii ne (alif-be) abhi ydd nahh'i

alphabet, ki.

Speak aloud, that I may hear bolo (bulandSudz-se) ki main

you, tumko sunfai.

What alteration shall I make ? main kyd [iabdil (karnngd ?

It is now done, and can't be vouh ah taiydr, aur nahin {bad.

altered, legd).

He has amassed great wealth, v.s ne bahut daulat [jam'' ki hai) .

The bill will amount to 500 hisdh karke pdn sau rdpaiye

i-upees, ' (honge).

What is the amount of j'our kud(jam^) haiivmhdrehisdbki?

bill? ^ !f \J J

I was ama^ecZat the amount, Msdb kt jam' dekhkar mvjhe

{ta'ajjub hii,d). Amuse yourself awhile in the ekzar7-dhdghmen{tamdshddekh-

garden, kar snir karo).

Dihll is an ancient city, Dihfi {kadim) shahr hai.

angry — o

Does this make you angry 1 Do you know this animaVs

name ? Can you give an ansioer to this

question ? This will answer my purpose, I am very anxious to get

there, I have not seen him anywliere,

He made no apology for his

misconduct. He made an appeal to Govern- 1 ment. He will not appear personally

in this business, It^ppears to me very strange,

J-.e made an application to the mdge,

IJis goods will be appraised and sold,

I apprehend you have made a mistake, : He was apprehended and put into prison.

He has appropriated all his property to this purpose,

Do you approve of what I say?

He teaches the Bengali, San- skrit, HindiistanI, Persian, and Arabic languages, ♦ There are five arches in the veranda,

This is an arduous undertaking.

Let us argue the point together.

He uses very strong arguments, I am now learning arithmetic. The king was at the head of

his army. He was arrested for debt by

Babii Ra,e Chandar,

•rested.

107

kyd turn is se (ghusse) hnte ho ? turn kyd is {jdnwar) kd nam

jdnte ho ? turn is sawdl kd {jaiodb) dc sakte

ho'f is se {merd ijrd,e kdr hogd). wahdii pahunchne ke liye main

bahut {mutafakkir) hdn. main ne usko {kah'ul) na dekhd

hai. us ne apne jVl-i-bad kd {hizar)

na kiyd. us ne sarkdr men {darkhu'dst

kJ). wuh dp h kdm men {zdhir na

hoivegd). mujh ko bard ta'ajjub {maUum

hold hai). us ne ('a?7) kl kakini se.

us kl chizen{klmat tujmz hokar)

bech'i jdweiiym. main {samajhtd hUn) ki turn ne

khata ki hai. wuh {pakrd gayd) aur kaid men

pard hai. us ne apni sab daulat is kdm ke

liye (mukarrar ki) . jo main kahid hi'in, so turn

(pasand karte ho) ? wuh Bangid, aur Sanskrit, aur

Hindusldm, aur Far si aur

{'Arab't) sikhdld hai. bardmade men pdnch (mi/irdb)

hain. yih hard (mushkil) kdm hai. ham jam'' hokar is bat men {buhs

karen) . (duUlen) lis kJ bahut kauicthaiti. main ahh'i (siydk) sikhld hui'i. bddshdh apne {lashkar) kd pesh-

vd thd. Bdbu Rd,e Chandar ne usko karz

ke waste {girijtdr kiya) .

108

arrival — attend.

Have you heard the news of

liis arrival t I am not acquainted with that

art, They ai-e very artfid, They deal in vaiious articles,

Has he repaired the carriage as I told him ?

Let us now ascend the moun- tain,. Ask him what is his name,

To whom does that ass belong? The people of the villages

asserabled, I saw a great assembly of

peojjle, I assent to your proposal.

He asserted that it is so,

We ought to assist each other,

Why do you associate with evil company ?

I assure yoxx there is no danger in that matter,

A smredly this is true,

He manifested great astonish- ment on his part,

Are you acquainted with the science of astronomy ?

How shall I atone for this con- duct ?

The enemy's cavalry attacked us.

He n^ver attemiyted to leara.

Let us attend to our studies,

I have received notice to attend the coml at ten o'clock.

turn ne us ke (pahunchne) k'lMa-

har sum ? main nahvi jantd hfiii us {hunar

ko). tee bare {Jnla-hdz) Tiain, we kdrbdr karte hain har rakatn

ki (chiz) kd. kyd usne gdri kl marammat ki

hai (jis tarah) main ne us se

kahd thd ? ab ham pahdr par (charhen).

us se {puchho) ki iumhdrd ndm

kyd hai ? tcuh kiskd (gadhd) hai ? gdnvcon ke ddmi {jam'' hii,e).

main ne dekhd bard (guroh) dd-

miyon ka. main tumhdri khwdhish ko {ka-

bul kartd). us 7U' (kahd) ki yih aisd hai. ham ko chdhiye ki dpas men

{madad karen). kis icdsfe turn bad ddmiyon se

(ikhtildt karte ho) ? main turn ko (sach kahtd hun)

icahd'i kuchh khavf nahhi. {albulta) yih sach hai. us ne apnd hahut {ta'ajjub) dsh.

kdr kiyd. turn ko (uujfim) ke ^ilm men

dakhal hai ? hamdri takfir kd (kafdra) kis *

tarah ho sak/d hai ? dushman ke saicdron ne ham par

(hamla kiyd). is ne sikhne mtii kuchh {koshish

nn ki). ham sikhne par apnd {dil lagd-

f ten) , main ne khabar pd,i das ghanfe

ke trakt ddru-l-^addlat men

{'/d:ir hone ki).

attendance — hanhers.

109

• Yovir attendance there is re- quired, She pa^'s atteiition to learning, Do you mean to attend the

auction ? I believe the information is

a^lthentic. Who is the author of this

book? By whose authority do you do

this? There is no end to his avarice, He is extremely avaricious, What is the average of attend- ance at your school ? I cannot avoid going,

A wahe me early in the morning,

I was not aware of this.

How inexpressibly avful is the

state of those who despise

God! He is au'kicard at his work.

This is an a^vlward circum- stance.

Bring an axe, and chop this wood.

wahdii tumhdrd {hdzir hond) za-

rfcr hai. icuh {dil lagdgar) parhti hai. (nildin) meti dp jd,oge ?

main is khabar ko (sack) jdntd

hiln. iskitdb kd {niusannif) kaun hai ?

turn kis ke (hukm) se yih kdm

karte ho ? wuh bard {bakhil) hai. us ki {tarn'') kt intihd nahvi. tumhdre maktah men kitne larke

(anddzl) ate hai/i ? main jane se {bdz) nahin rah

sakld. tarke mujh ko (jagd-do). main is se {icdkif) na ihd. jo log khudd ko hakir jdnte hain,

un kd hdl kaisd bard'Jiaulndk)

hai ! wuh apne kdm men (bewuhlf)

hai. yih mukaddama bahut {khardb)

hai. (kulhdri) ld,o, aur is lakrl ko

chiro.

B.

Is he still a bachelor ? What has he got on his back ? Put this money in the bag, The soldiers departed this

morning with their baggage, Are you willing to become bail

for him ? What is the balance of my

account ? Open the bale of cotton, That vessel has come in ballast, We may now banish our fears, They ai-e bankers in Calcutta,

kyd icuh abtak (kunwdrd) hai? uski {pith) par kyd hai? is rupaiye ko {thaili) menhharo. sipdhifajar ke tcakt apnd (asbdb)

lekar kuch kar-ga,e. turn us kd (zdmin) hd,d chdhte

ho? mere hisdb ki kyd (mizdn) hai ?

ru,i kd {gathdr) kholo. wuhjahdz {khdli) dyd hai. ab ham dahshat {dur karen). ice {sarrdf) Kalkaite men hain.

110 hanhmpt — telieves.

He is lately become a lankrupt, We sat on the hare ground, You have made a bad largain, This dog harks at everybody,

I have sold my 20 barrels of

flour. This land is entirely barren, Alas ! what base conduct am I

guilty of? Bring some water in a basin, Put these things in a basket, T saw nimabers of people bathing

in the Ganges, He bears this load on his head.

You bore it very patiently, I have beaten him twice in

learning, The master has thoroughly

beaten the slave. Is that a man or a beast ? This is a beazUiful garden.

The ship was becalmed four

daj's. Beckon to him to come here, He has lately become very

proud. He is ill, and confined to his

bed, I have been stimg by a bee, I beg your pardon for what I

have done. There is a beggar at the door, / have begun to speak English,

It has neither beg\

end. He believes whatever people tell

him,

tcuA thore din se {muflis) ho

gayd. ' ham {khdli) zaniin par baithe

the. turn ne jo (nirkh) kiyd us men

nuksdn hogd. yih kuttd sab par {bhaunktd

hai). main ne dte ke bis {pipe) beche.

yih zamin bi-l-kull (shor) hai, of SOS / mai)i ne kaisd (bad) kdm

kiyd hai ? zarra sdpdni {fasht) men ld,o. rakho in chizoii ko {tokre) meii, main ne bahut ddmiyon ko Gangd

men {^husal karte) dekhd. wuh apne sir par yih mot {dhotd

hai). turn ne bahut (sabr kiyd). main ne us ko parhne men do- bar

ijlld). mdlik ne ghuldm ko {khub mdra)

hai. kyd wuh insdn hai yd (haiwdn) ? wuh bahut (kkubmrat) bdgh

hai. jahdz {bacjhuir hawd ke) chdr din

thahrd rahd. yahdn dne ko use (ishdra karo). thore din se wuh bahut maghrur

{ho gayd hai) . louh bimdr aur {bistar) par para

hai. {bhailwar) ne mujhe dank mdrd. jo main ne kiyd hai {mu'df ki'

jiye)- darwdze par ek {fakir) hai. main ne angrezl bolnd {shuru'

kiyd hai). na us kd {aivwal) hai na dkhir.

jo admi is ko kahfe haiii, so wuh {bdwar jdntd hai).

belong — blindfold.

Does this knife belong to you ? The ears of corn, being ripe,

bend to the ground, Has the medicine afforded you

benefit 1 I have been three years in

Bengal, I beseech you to pay attention,

He is beset on all sides with

business, I am going to the shoemaker's

to bespeak a pair of shoes, I think it wiU be best to do so,

I am a poor man, be pleased to bestow one rupee.

Mine is better than yours,

Beware of idleness and igno- rance.

Why do you bid me do this ?

How big is the book you speak

of? Give me your bill, I will pay it.

Bind him hand and foot, He has bound up the parcel, What bird is this ? _ He was bitten by a jackal, This fruit is very bitter, Am I blamable in this ?

The blame rests only upon me. No, without doubt you are

blameless, After being bled, he recovered, I have cut my finger, see how

it bleeds, By the blessing of God I am

better, He is now quite blind, He led him blindfold through

the city.

111

kyd yih chhuri {tumhdrt hai) ? andj kl baliyan pulMa hokar,

zamin par {jhuktiyan haiti). turn ko is daicd se kuchh {fd,ida)

hdsil hu,d ? mujhe tin bar as hii,e {Bangdle)

men. meri {iltimds) yih hai, ki turn

hushiydr raho. wuh bahut kdm men {tnashcjhul)

hai. main jdti-wdle pds ek jord jilti

ki {farmd,ish dene\ jdtd hiin. merenazdik aisdkarnd {achchhd)

hogd. main muhtdj hilii, dprii mihrbdni

se ek rupaiya {Hndyat kljiye). tumhdre se merd {achchhd) hai. sustl aurndddnise {hushiydr ho).

turn kis waste mujhe yih kdm

karne ko (kahte) ho ? wuh kitdh jis kd zikr turn ne

kiyd kitni {bari) hai ? turn apnl {Msdb kt fard) ld,o,

main add kariiiigd. us ke hdlhpdnw {bdndho). us ne gathri, ko (kasd hai). yih kyd {chiriyd) hai ? us ko ek gidar ne (kdtd). yih phal bahut {karwd) hai. kyd maiii is men {taksirwdr)

huii? fakat meri (takslr) hai. nahin, beshakk turn {bekusur) ho.

us ne ha'd (fasd) ke drdm pdyd. main neapniungJi kdt-ddll,dekho

kyd {khun bahtd hai). khudd kt {mihrbdni) se maiti ne

drdm pdyd. louh ub bi-l-kull {andhd) hai. is kl {dnkh band karke) shahr

meii le gay a.

L 2

112

blockhead — broken.

He is a blockhead, Where there is blossom we ex- pect fruit, This plant will soon blossom, He blotted the whole of his

papers. Blow the dust off" your book, You blunder continually, This knife is very blunt, He does not suffer much pain

in the bodji/. He is bolder than I,

Fix a bolt on the window.

He wishes to have a bond for

this amount, The dog has a bone in his

mouth, I have been to the bookseller's

shop. He was born before you,

I want some money, from whom

can I borrow ? Put this oil into a bottle, Read to the bottom of the page, Ha^dng made a bow, he sat. Bows and arrows were formerly

used in war. What shall I put in this box ?

That lady wears bracelets. That tree has many brandies.

Don't you know brass from copper ?

His soldiers are very brave,

What bravery have they dis- played ?

The ass is braying,

What is the breadth of that cloth ?

Can you break this cocoa-nut ?

He has broken ifin pieces,

tcuh (ahmak) hat.

jahan {gul) hai, wahan ummed

mewe ki hai. l

yih daralcht jald {phulegd). £ is ne apne save kdahaz.ui par

{sii/dhi ddl-di). apni kitdb se khdk (phonk-ddh). turn hamesha {^aluf karte ho), yih chhur'i bari {kund) hai. us ke (badan) men bahut dard

nahln hai. icuh mujh se {ziydda shuja')

hai. (hurkd) khirki men lagd-do. wuh un rupaiyon kd {tamassuk)

chdhtd hai. kutte ke munh men (ek haddi)

hai. main (kHdb-farosh) kl dukdn

tnen gayd thd. louh tumhdre age {paidd) hu,d

thd. mujh ko thore rupaiye kl dar-kar

hai, kis se {karz lun) ? is tel ko {sh'ishe) men rakho. is sa/he ko {niche) tak parho. wuk (saldm) karke, bailhd. tir aur (kamdn) se agle logon ne

lard,i kl. j

is (sandukche) men main kyd i

rakhungd ? vs bibl ke hath men (kare) hain. us darakht kl bahut si (ddliyaii)

hain. tumhen kyd fork {pltal) aur

tdnbe men ma'lurn nahln / us ke sipdhl bare (shujd') hain. unne kaisl {shuja" at) dikhld,i

hai? gadhd {renkta) hai. us thdn kl kyd {chaurd,l) hai ?

turn yih ndriyal {tor) sakte ho ? us ne use tukre tukre {kar-ddld).

hnath — luy.

113

I Lave run to sucli a degree

that I am out of breath, ^' cannot breathe, 7hese insects breed in the rice,

He bred up his children in the

best manner, He was bribed to commit that

wicked deed, Bricks are made of this kind

of earth, I saw both the bridegroom and

bride, He has a horse, but no bridle, Do you observe that bright

star ? How broad shall I make this

mat? He is by trade a broker, What colour shall I make it ?

black, white, red, green,

hro^vn, or blue ? Here is a brush, where is the

paint ? These trees are beginning to

bud, I am going to buifd a house. Are you not afraid of that bull ? Where shall I put this bundle 1 The whole burden rests upon

me. Burn this waste paper. They drank so much that they

almost burst, He burst open the door, He is gone to bury his father.

He is come on business. He is now very busy, and can- not speak to you,

I am going to the bazar to buy paper,

main daurd yahdi'i tak ki {he^

dam) ho gay a. miiii'i {dam lene) nahvi sakta. ye k'lre chdwal men (paidd hate)

hain. us ne apne larkon ko hahut ach-

chhi tarah {tarhiyat kiyd). is ne {}-ishKat lekar) louh burd

kdm kiyd. is kism ki mitfi se (infen) bantl

hahi. main ne donon (duJhd) aiir

(dulhan ko) dekhd. us kd ghord hni, {lagdm) nnhln. us {raushan) sit are ko turn dekhic

ho? main is saff ko kitnd {chaurd)

karun ? wuh peshe men (dalldl) hni. us kd kyd rang karun ? siydh

sufed, surkh, sabz, {kJidki),

ek {mil-kalam) yahdi'i hai, rang

kahdii hui ? in darakhton men {kaliyan ni-

kalne) shuru' hu,in- mahi ek makdn {band/mgd) . turn us (bail) se nahm durte? kahdnmninrakhiinis {gathri ko) ? tamdm (hajh) mujhe par hai.

is raddi kdc/haz ko (jald-do). unhnii ne Una piyd karib thd ki

{pet phat-jde). us ne darwdza {torkar khold). wuh apne bdp ko {gdrne) gayd

hui. wuh {kd7n) par dyd hai. wuh bare kdm meii {mashghilV)

hai, turn se bdt karne nahin

saktd. main kdghaz {mol-lene) bdzdr

jdld hilii.

«

L 3

That shiip has lost her anchor

and cable, This cage is to keep birds in. Where did you get that cale ? This will be to them a gi-eat

calamity/, Have you made a calculation

of the cost ? The cow and ca//" were together. The sea was quite calm, Buy me two candlesticks, Where did you buy this canvas ? He is a person of gi-eat capacity. Where is the ship's captain ? He has sent me a card of in\-i-

tation, I have no care on that accoimt,

He is a car2>enter,

I saw him carrying a load on

his head. Have you no cas6 for your

razor ? This is a very difficult case, In cash and notes I have 500

rupees, Put these things in a cask, Cast away this clothing, He lives near the castle, This cat has very large claws. Have you seen to-day's cata- logue of the sale ? Catch that bird, Do you know the cau^e of this? What need of all this caution ? We ought to be cautious, and

not to give offence to any, When will you cease talking ? He is a very celehroted poet, Place this in the centre,

us jahdz kd (russa) aw langar

gum ho gaga, yih (pinjrd) chiriyd ke Uye hai. kahdtipdyd turn ne yih (kulicha) ? is se unpar ban (of at) hoyt.

{kharcK) kitnd hogd? kyd turn ne

(hisdb) kiyd? gd,t aur (bachhrd) ekatihe hu,e, samundar khub (third) hii,d Ihd. do (sham^ddn) mere Uye inol-lo. yih {tdt) turn ne kahdn mol-liyd ? xouh ban {liydkat) kd ddnii hai. jahdz kd (sarddr) kahdi'i hai ? us ne da,ioat kd (ruk^d) mvjhe

bhejd. us sabab se mujh ko kuchh (Jikr)

nahiJi. wuh (barha.i) hai. us ko main ne sir par bnjh {le-

jdte) dekhd. kyd tumhdre usture kd (khdna)

nahinhai? yih ban mushkil (bat) hai. {nakd) aur kd^az mildkar mere

pds pdnch sau riipaiye haiti. in chtzon ko {pipe) meti rakho. yih kaprd {phenk do), wuh {kiVe) ke pds rahfd hai. is (bull) ke bare bare panje hnin. dj mldni ki {Jard) kyd turn ne

dekhi hai ? us chiriyd ko (pakro). turn is kd (sabab) jdnte ho ? itnt (khabarddrt) kyd zarur ? ham ko chdhiye (ihtiydt se ra-

heii), aur kisi ko aziyat na den. tumhdrl bdt kab (tamdm hoyt) ? wuh bard (mashhur) shd'ir hai. is ko (murkaz) meii rakho.

century — chisel.

THs house has been built a

century, I am certain of it, I have received from him a

certificate of my capacity

and good conduct, Here is plenty of chaff, but no

wheat. Is this chain made of iron ? Take a chair, and sit down, He writes only with chalk. He is gone there for change of

climate, I must change my clothes, His mind is changeahle, What chapter shall we read ? He bears an excellent character, She draws pictures with char- coal. He charges very high, They are very charitable to the

poor, He bestows a great deal in

charity. That is a charming song, These articles, I think, are V cheap. They cheat whom they can,

This cheese is not good,

I saw a hen with ten chickens.

My chief reason for coming here was to see you,

I have known him since his childhood.

These are but childish employ- ments,

He has lately come from China,

Why are all these chips here ?

take them away, Cut this stick with a chisel,

yih {ek sau haras) kd ghar hai.

main us ko {yakiri) jdntd hun. main ne kdbiliyat aur nek-khid-

maft kd ek {liydknt-ndma) us

se pdyd. yahttii {bhusi) bahut hai, kuchh

gehun nahin. kyd yih (zanjtr) lake kl hai ? (chauki) lo, baitho. fnkai (khariyd se) likhtd hai. wuh db-o-hawd ki {tabdll) ke

liye tcahdn gayd hai. vnijh ko kapre (badalnd) hut. wuh {talauwun-mizdj) hai. kiiun (bdb) ham parheii? is ki bari (Hzzat) hai. icuh {ko,ele) se taswlr khenchtt

hai. imih bari {klmat leld) hai. we (jharibon ke hakk men hare

{mukhaiyir) hain. wuh bahut (khairdt) kartd hai.

wuh (madhur) git hai.

mvjh ko hujhd jdtd hai ki ye

chizen {arzdn) hain. we jisse sakte hain {daghdbdzi

karte hain). yih (pantr) achhd nahhi. maiii ne ek murghi ke sdth das

(chuze) dekhe, merd (asl) matlab yahdn dne se

tumhdrd dekhnd thd. main ne is ko {larakpan) se jdnd

hai. yihfakat {larkon kd) kdm hai.

wuh thoredin hu,e{Chm)se yahdii

dyd hai. yih sdrd (kurkut) yahdii kydn

para hai ? use le-jdo. is lakri ko {rukhdni) se kdto.

It was his own clioice to do

Choose wMcli of these two you

please. Mix some cinnamon with the

other spices. They all sat in a circle, He is now judge of circuit, They have circulated notices

in all directions, Has this coin been long in

circulation ? This is a curious circumstance, He is one of the Company's

civil servants. He is civil to every one, He received us vrith great ci- vility, Have you any further claim on

that gentleman's estate ? The claws of that animal are

very sharp, Bricks are made of clay, She is more clever than he, The attorney has written to his

client. The climxxte of Europe is very

fine. He was climhing a tree. That child clings to its mother,

Leave your cloak in the hall,

What is the time by the church

clock ? It is near two o'clock, They clothe the naked^ and feed

the hungry,

There are many clouds, it will

rain heavily. Some people ride in coaches,

others go on foot. This cloth is very coarse,

us ne apni (khwdhish) seyih kdm

kiyd. in done meii sejis ko chdho {lo).

aurmasdlihonkesdth {ddr-chini)

mild,o. we sab (dd.ira) karke haithe. ah wuh {dd,ir sd,ir) kdjdj hai. unhon ne khatf likhkar chdron

taraf khahar (bhej'i) hai. issikke kd {chalan) kyd bahut din

se hii,d hai? yih ^ajab larah kd (ahwdl) hai. wuh Kampani kd {mulki) chdkar

hai. wuh har ek hi {ta''zim) kartd hai. ham se us ne bari (iawdzu') se

muldkdt kt. turn us sahib ke mdl par aur

kuchh (da'wi) rakhfe ho? usjdnwar ke (ndkhun) bahut tez

haii'i. (miffi) se hit bandit j at i hai. touh larki is larke se {zahtn) hai. wak'il ne apne {muwakkil) ko

likhd hai. icildyat k'l (db-o-haicd) bahut

nchchh'i hai. wuhekdai akhtpar {charhtd) tha. wuh larkd apni md se {lipid

rahld hai). apne {Jahdde - kd) daldn-men

rahne-do. turn jdnte ho girje ki (ghari) me?!

kyd bajd hai ? karib {do ghari) ke hai. we nangon ko (pahindte) hain

aur bhdkhon ko khdnd khildle

haiii. bard (abar) hii,d hai, pant Tchub

barseyd. ba'ze {gdrl) par sawdr hote hain,

bd'ze paidal chalte hain. yih kaprd bard {mold) hai.

cobweb— comply.

117

tvuh {makri kd jdln) jhdr-clalo. mujhe ijdrd) bahut laytd hai. bahut ddin'i {jam') hu,e. wuh ab Huyhll kd {tahsilddr)

hai. turn ne nayd {madrasa) dekhd

hai ? angrezi meiiis {rang) kd nam kyd

hai /_ (kanghi) lo, aur sir jhdro.

mere ranj men yih {tasalll) detd

hai. is ne miijh ko fauran jdne ko

ihukm diyd). abht ham kdm {shuru' karen). main tumhdri tadbir ki (JaWif

kartd hun) . Kalkatta (sauddgarT) kd ek sar-

ddr shahr hai. wuh kaid men {bhejd gayd). Caicdmm) aisd kahte hain. yih us se {bay an karo). zdhiran louh bahut {ziydda-go)

hai. merd ko,l {sdfhT) nahin hai. us ki {musdhibat) meii main ba- hut khush huii. ham apnd likhd tumhdre sdih

{mildwen). {kibla-numd se)jahdz chaltd hai. kis wdste aisd karte ho ? tum ko

(rahm) nahhi dtd hai ? tum is kdm ke {ld,ik) ho ? main, is ke afdl se, bahut din se

{shdki him), truh hameshd {ndlish) karke dtd

hai. wuh is zabdn men {kdmil) hai.

Sir, Mr. sends his compH- ai sdhib, fuldna sdJiib tumhen

ments to you, {saldm) kahtd hai.

Unless you comply, what can I agar tum {rdzt) na ho, to main

do ? kyd karun ?

Sweep away that cobtceb, I feel very cold, A great crowd was collected, He is now collector of Hughll,

Have you seen the new college ?

What is the Enghsh name of this colour ?

Take a comb, and comb your head,

This affords me comfort in my trouble,

He commanded me to go in- stantly.

Let us now commence our woi'k,

I commend your prudence,

Calcutta is a first-rate seat of

commerce. He was committed to prison, The common people speak thus, Communicate this to him, He appears to be very commu- nicative, I have no companion, I am glad to be in his company,

Let us compare my writing with yours,

A ship sails by the compass,

Why act thus ? have you no compassion 1

Are you competent to the work ?

I have long complained of his conduct.

He is always coming with com- plaints,

He is complete master of this

118

CO mposing — co nstttu tion.

He is now composing a gram- mar,

I don't exactly comprehend this,

I cannot conceal this matter,

Let us not indulge conceit, That man is very conceited, I conceive you are in the right.

This business does not concern you,

This has caused her much con- cern.

It is time to conclude.

This is the conclusion of the chapter,

I saw a great concourse of people,

My condition is better than his,

His conduct is tobe commended.

Who will conduct us thither ?

I confess my conduct has been amiss,

I place no confidence in what they say.

He is now confined in jail,

Is the news confirmed or not ? You have confused my work,

There is no connection in these sentences.

He conquered the whole coun- try,

I am not conscious of having said so.

Do you consent to my proposal ?

She went without my consent,

That is of no consequence,

I will consider of it.

The cargo of the vessel was consigned to him,

His constitution is very strong,

wuh sarf o nahw ke JcawaHd - -

kiidb (banafd) hai. main yih khiib nahvi (samajh)

saktd. is mukadiJnme ko main {poshlda

nahin kar saktd). ham sab [dinidcjh) na karen. wuh ddmt bahut {maghrHr) hai. main {jdntd hun) turn rdsti par

ho. yih kdm turn se {^aldka) nahiii

rakhtd. ,

isi se us ki bahut (fikr) hii,'i.

ab {tamdm karne) kd wakt hai. yih bdb kd {dkhir) hai.

main ne bahut ddmiyon kd {ja-

md,o) dekhd. merd (hdl) us se bihtar hai. us kd (kdm) ta'rif ke ld,ik hai. wahdn ham ko kaun {lejd,egd) ? main {ikrdr kartd hdn) mere

afdl Ichardb hu,e. un ke kahne par main {Vtibdr)

nahvi kartd. wuh abhi banJi-Mdne men (kaid)

hai. khabar (tahkik hii,i) yd nahm ? turn ne merd kdm (darham-bar-

ham kar-diyd). in jumlon men kuchh Caldka)

nahin. us ne sdre mulk ko {fath kiyd).

mujhe (ydd) nahiti ki main ne

aisd kahd hai. mer'i bat par turn {rdzi ho) ? wuh baghair merl (ijdzat) kega,t. kuchh {muzdyaka) nahtn. us se main (tajwlz karun). jahdz kd bojh use (arhat men

diyd gay a hai). {mizdj) is kd bahut kauici hai.

I consult — coughs. 119

l/st us consult upon this sub- ham is makaddame men {iajmz

ject, karen).

How much indigo will this box is sandulcche men kitnd nil {sa-

contaiji ? vid.eya) ?

Treat no one with contempt, kisi ki {/likdrat) mat karo. _

I am content with what 1 have, jo merd hai main us par {kdnV)

huti.

They are very contentious, ice bare (jhayrdhl) haiii.

There is a continual noise in is jagah men {humeshd) shor

this place, rahtd hai.

The Honourable Company C07i- Rampant Bahadur ne kd^az ke

I •■'■ded for the paper, Hye (ira'rfa kiyd hai).

L^ itrary winds detained the hddi {mukhdlif) se jahdz terhd

vessel, hai.

By what contrivance shall we ham kis {tadbtr) se tcahdn jd-

go there ? tcenge • _ _ _ _

Will your coming to-morrow kal tumhdrd and (mundsib)

be convenient ? hngd ?

Are you fond of conversation ? ig^ftyo) kornd tvmhen hhdidhui?

Will you please to convey this dp mibrbdni karke is chlz ko us

article to him ? ke pas {hhijwd-dijiye) ?

I am convinced ^\isA, you say mainkhdb{jdntd)hftnkitumhdr'i

is true, bdf thik hai.

Having no cook, he cooks for wuhbidunbdwarchi ke apne hath

himself, se (pakdtd) hai.

It is cooler to-day than it was kal se dj (sardt) ziydda hai.

yesterday,

Please cojj?/ this for me, is ki (nakl) farmd,iye.

Buy some cord, and tie these thort {rassi) mol-lekar,in chlzoii

things together, ko ikatthd bdndho.

Is there no corh to this is shishe men {dattd) nahhi ?

bottle?

Thei-e was great plenty of corn sal i guzashte men (andj) buhut

last year, hu,d thd.

Have you any correspondence iurnhdrl (murdsilat) us ke sdih

with him ? hai ?

Society here is extremely cor- yahdn ke logon kd ahicdl bahut

rupt, (khardb) hai.

What will be the cost of these in chtzon ki {klmaf) kitti hoy'i ?

articles ?

They live in cottages, we {jhopriyon) men rahfe hain.

Move this couch into the other ddsre kamare men is (palang) ko

room, le-jdo.

He cotighs all night, wuh rdt bhar {khdnstd) hai.

r"

120

cozcncil — crumbs.

I He is a member of the Supreme Courccil, Let us regard good counsel,

Count over the money I gave you..

This is a counterfeit rupee,

This courdry produces much cotton,

This is my native country,

Buy for me a couple of razors,

You possess greater courage than I,

They are excessively covetous,

There is a c7-ack in this basin.

This milk produces no cream,

God created the world,

God is the Creator of all crea- tures.

Do you credit what he says ?

I agree to give you three months' credit.

This action does him great credit,

His affairs are in a bad state, therefore he has called to- gether his creditors.

Look how these lizards creep along the wall.

This is called a creeper.

What cnme has he com- mitted ?

He will criticise our composi- tion.

That line is crooked.

He rises wh^n the cock crows in the morning.

There was a great crowd of people,

They delight only in cruelty.

The birds will pick up all these cJdriydn rotl kd sab {chdr) chun crumbs, ie-jd.engln.

wuh {mushlrmi) men se ek muskir

hai. ham ko nek {maslahat) mdnnd

chdhiye. {gin-lo) riipaiye jo main ne turn

ko diye. yih rupaiya {mekh'i) hai. is mulk men bahut {ril,i) paidd

hoti hai. yih merd {watan) hai. (do) uslure mere liye mol-lo meri (niarddnagl) se tunihdrl zi-

ydda hai. ice bare {tdmV) hain. yih bartan (phutd) hai. is dudh se {mald,i) nahin hot'i. khudd ne duniyd ko {paidd) kiyd. kkudd (khdlik) tamdm {makhliJi-

kdt) kd hai. iske kahne par turn (yakln karte

ho) ? main tin mahine tak tumhen

(dain) dene ko rdzi hdii. is kdm se us k'l ban {Hzzat) hai.

us kd kdr-o-bdr bigar-gayd hai, is v'dste us ne upne {karaz- khwdhaii) ko buldyd hai.

dekko chhipkaliydn kisfarah di- wdr par (rengtiydiii) hain.

is ko {laid) kahte haiii.

us ne kyd {takslr) ki hai ?

wuh hamdii tasnif ko {tajioiz

karegd) . wuh satar (terhi) hai. jab subh ko murghd {bang deld

hai) tab icuh uthld. wahdn bard {majnia') ddmiyoii

kd Ihd. we khush hain fakat {berahnii)

crushed—dead.

121

He was crushed under tte cai--

riage-wheel. What is the matter? why do

you cry out so ? The length of this stick is

about four cubits, This land is cultivated, They are by nature cruel and

cunning. They di-ink tea out of cups and

saucers, I have been cured by that

physician, This is a curious shell, Are there no curtains to this

bed? Do you know how this custom ' arose ?

Have you been to the custom- house ? You have cut it so that it won't

write, ^

One and a cypher mate ten,

wuh gdri kepahiye he ntche {dab-

gay a), kyd hiiid? kyun is taruh {chil-

Idte) ho ? is takri ki chdr ek (gaz) lambd,t

k'l hai. yih zamm (bo,t ga,t hai^. we bi- t-taba' berahm aur{siydne)

hain. pirich {piydle) men we chd pile

hain. main us tabib se (achchhd) hu,d

him, yih {^ajab tarah ki) slpt hai. kyd (masahrl) us kt chdr pd,t par

nahtn hai ? turn jdnte ho yih {dastur) kis se

hu,d ? turn {chabntare^ men ga,e the ?

turn ne usko aisd (fardshd) ki us

se likhd nahtn j did. ek par {nukta) dene se das hold

hai.

Has the cargo received any damage ?

This house is very damp,

They spend their time in sing- ing and dancing.

Why are you afi-aid ? there is no danger,

I d^7-e not do as you say,

The night was very darh, They are in gross darkness,

What is the date of his letter ? They rise at dawn, What time of the day is it ? I sawa rfeacZ snake on the road- side.

kyd jahdz ke mdl men kuchh

{nuksdn) hu,d ? yih ghar bahut (nam-ndk) hai. ice apne aukdt {ndchne) gdne men

kdtte haiii. lum kyun darte ho ? kuchh (an-

desha) nahiii. jaisd turn, kahie ho, waisd main

nahm {kar-saktd). rdt bahut (andhert) thi. we bare {andhiydre) men pare

hain. us ke khatt ki kaunsi (tdrtkh) hai ? we (niir ke tarke) uthle hain. ab din kd kitnd (wakf) hai? rdh ke kindre par moin ne ek

{mu,d hu,d) sdmp dekhd.

122

He is deaf, and can hear no- thing,

He deals honestly with every- body.

The goods you hare purchased, I think, are very dear,

He is very dear to me,

A debtor is one who owes money.

They only live by deceit,

What is there more deceitful than the human heart ?

You have been deceived by them.

Let him decide this question,

I asked him, but he declined,

That article decreases in value

daily, A decree was passed for this

purpose, r shall deduct so much from

his account. Do you see any defect in this ?

He made his defence in court, The statements of both defend- ant and plaintiff were heard. They are not deficient in sense. She is deformed in person. Who defrays the costs of his

learning? His mind is much dejected, There is much delay in this. This is mf deliberate opinion, Her hands and feet are very

'^delicate. This is a most delicious morsel, I was greatly delighted to see

him. The fever is so violent that he

is sometimes delirious. He delivered his brother from much distress.

—delivered.

wuh (bahird) hat, kuchh sunne \

nahvi pat a. i

wuh sab Ice sdlh rasthdzi se (kdr- ;

bar knrfd hui). jo asbdh dp ne kharidd, merf

nazdik, bard (yirdn) hai. ivuh mujhe hard {piydrd) hai. ' {karazddr) wuh hai jo dain rakh-

td hai. we (fareh-ht) se din kdtte hain. ddnii ke dil ke bardbar aur kaun

chtz (farebi) hai? turn ne un se (daghd) pd'i hai.

wuh yih mu'dmala (faisal kare). main ne us se puchhd par wuh

{rdzt na hu,a). us chiz ki klmatroz-ba-roz {kam

hotlhai). '

is ke liye ek (hukni) mukarrar

hu,d. us ke nt^(^e main itnd {kam

kariir^l§)T j

turn is men kuchh Caib) dekhte [

ho ? us ne ^addlat men {'uzar) kiyd. {dsdmt) aur fariyddi donoii kl

bdt sum ga,t. we (kam)-^akl nahin hain. us kd badan (bad-shakal) hai. us ke slkhne kd kharch kaun

{de/d hai) ? \

us kd dil bard igham-gin) hai. is kam meii bari {der) hai. yih merd tajwiz {pakk'i) hai. uske hdth pdnw buhut {komal)

hain. yih bahut (laziz niwdia) hai. us ke dekhne se main bahut

(khush) hii,d. tap aisi sakht hai ki kahhi kahhi

wuh (behosh) ho-jdid hai. usne apne bhd,t ko bari mihnat

se {khulds kiyd).

deliver — difference. 323

Did you deliver to him my kyd turn ne merd paiydm us ko

message? {diyd)?

I Have you any demand upon kyd mvjh par kuchh tumhdrd

\ me? {dd'icd) fiai?

■^"^e demanded more than his us ne karz se ziydda (chdhd).

due.

He denies having said this, tvuh aisd kahne kd {inkdr kartd

hai).

When do you intend to depart ? turn kab (jane) kd irdda rakhle hoi'

I That depends upon the state of ivuh mer'i sihhat par {muta^aUik)

I my health, liai.

[i I cannot depend upon what he us k'l bat par main {Vtimad)

I says, nahiii rakh-sdktd.

This is a depositor^/ for iool's, yih(kitdh-ldidna)hai. What is the (Zejoi/t of this tank? ' is tdldb kd Cumuk) kyd hai.?

What description gsivehe of the us jagah kd us ne kyd (wasj)

place ? kiyd ? ' They deserve to be punished, ' we sazd ke {ld,ik) hain.

I will desire him to do so, aisdrkarne ko mabi use (Tiukm)

• , »^ dungd.

I have a great -desire to see us ko dekhne ki mujh ko ban

him, * {khwdhish) hai.

He is very desirous of -seeing ieuh tumhdre dekhne kd bard

you, {drzumand) hai.

He despairs of accomplishing vmh apne kdm ke anjdm se {7id-

his object, ummedhai).

j We ought not to despise any ham ko na chdhiye ki kisi ko

i one, {hakir samjhen) .

Your papers have been all de- tumhdrd jitnd kdcjhaz thd sab

stroyed, (khardb ho gayd).

Do not detain the servant any tum us naukar ko aur mat (at-

' longer, kd,o) .

lam determined to do as j'ou jaisdtumkah(eho,waisdhikarne

, recommend, komainne{mukarrarkiydhai).

There is much dew on the ghds par hahut (shab~nam)'haH ^ grass,

;e was ruined by playing at wuh (chausar) -bdzi se tahdh

dice, hu,d.

See if this word is in the die- dekho, yih lafz {lughat ki kitdb)

tionary, men hai.

What sort of diet does he use? imh kais'i {ghizd khdtd hai) ?

What is the difference between in dono men kyd (farak) hai ?

the two? y \J .)

M 2

124

different — dis lihe.

People are of different^o-gSmons,

on the subject, Do you think that the English

language is difficult ? Dig up this jungle, It requires only diligence, They are diligent scholars. Her eyes are become dim

through age. He dines at one o'clock,

I must go now, it is dinner

time. This is the direct road to Cal- cutta, Please direct me where to find

him, I will attend to your directions, This road is very dirty. If you act thus, it will be to

your disadvantage. On that account it is very

dhagreealle, They have disagreement. They disagree with one another, I was much disappointed. He is now able to discharge his

debts, This army is without discipline, The custom is iiowdiscontinued. What you say

Come, let us hold a discourse, I have not as yet discovered

the thief. That is an important discovery. He has ability, but wants dis- cretion. Let us not use disguise. To do so would be a disgrace

to us. They are very dishonest, I dislike their company very much.

is tnukaddame men admiyon ki

(tarah turah) k'l tajwiz hai. turn samajhte hoki angrezl zabdn

(mushfiil) hai ? isjangal ko (khod ddh). fakat {jidd u jihad) darkar hai. we {koshish-wdle} shdgird hain. burhdpe se us kl dnkh {kam-na-

zar) ho-gd,t. wuh do pahar par ek guzre,

{khdnd khdid hai). main dbhijd,uiigd {khdnd) khdne

kd wnkt hai. yih Kalkatte ko {s'ldhi) rdh hai.

dp mihrhdni karke {baild-djjiye)

main us ko kahdn milungd. main tumhdri {hdi) mdniaigd. yih rdh barl (ghnllz) hai. agar turn aisd karo to tumhdrd

bard (nuksdn) hogd. is bd'is wuh bahut {nd-pasand)

hai. un men {nd-muicdfikat) hai. tee ek dusre se {mukhdlif) haiii. main bahut (nd-ummeri) hu,d. wuh ah is kdbil hai ki apnd karz

{add kare). yihfauj {kawa'id) nahm jdnti. biljVl wuh daslilr {mansdkh) l>ai. tumhdre kaulse humeii {yds hutt)

hid. d,o, mairi turn {makdUma) karen. main ne dj tak char ko na {pah-

chdnd). wuh {ijad) bahut achchhd hai. usko liydkat hai; lekin {imtiydz)

nahhi rakhtd. ham sab {hila) na karen. aisd karne meii hamdii {badnd.

mi) hogi. we hare {khd,in) hain. main un ki suhbat se bahut {nd'

khtish hu/i).

dismissed — drain.

125

The king dismissed the cour- tiers, I cannot disohev his orders,

Herein he dAsplays great talent,

They became much i

Can you dAspose of these goods

for me ? What is the disjntte between

you two ? Why are you dissatisfied ? The sun dissolves the snow, Cannot you dissuade him from

doing so again ? What distance is the city of

Murshidabad from this place ? The frog, having aistended her

belly, at last perished, His articulation is clear and

distinct, Tell me the name of this dis- temper, I cannot distinguish these two

letters. She is now in great distress, This is their diversion, A dividend on his estate will be

paid the first of next month. Why do you do so ? The vessel is now in dock re- pairing, He is a doctor,

This is very strange doctrine. He has taken two doses of

medicine, Double this string, and then it

will do, Is this paper double 1 It is doubtful if he will come, How can one horse drag such

a load? There is a drain under the

house.

bddshnh ne darbdriyonko [ruJdi-

sat kiyd). us kd kukm main (radd) nahh'i

kur suktd. is men us ki ban istVddd {zdhir

huh), we bahut (ranjida hu,e). turn ye chjzeri hamdre liye {bcch.

ne) sakle ho ? turn donoil men kyd [Jcaziya) hai ?

turn kisivdste (ghair-rdzt) ho ? siiraj barf ko {galdtd hai). turn us ko [man' kar sakte) ho,

ki wuh phir aisd na kare ? shahr Murshidabad yahdi'i se

kitnt (dur) hai? mendak apne (pet) ko {phuld-

kur), dkhir mar-gd,i. is kd talujf'uz bahut saf aur

{mukhraj-ddr) hat. turn is {marz) kd ndm kaho.

in donon harfon meii mujhe

{imiiydz) nahii'i. ab louh bahut {Idchdri) nun hut. yih un kd [tamdshd) hai. dusre mahine kt puhU tdr'ikh us

ke mdl kl {kist) pahuncheyt. tum aisd kyiin (knrte ho) ? jahdz (yhdt ke kindre) par ma-

ranimaf hotd hai. vmh (tabilj) hai. yih ^ujub tar ah ki {taTim) hai, us ne do (khiirdk) dawd It.

is rassi ko {duhrd karo) , to kdm

kl hogi. kyd yih [duhrd) kd^hnz hai ? us ke dne na dne men (shakk) hai. ek ghord itnd bojh kistarah

{khenchne) sakid hai ? ghar ke niche [muri) hai.

M 3

126

drauff Id-

Give me one draught of water, Make the figures, and draw a

line, Is there any draivhach on these

I will show you a beautiful

drawing, I thought thus in my dream, He cares nothing about dress,

Wait a little, he is now dress- ing, He always drives very fast,

I heard that he is suffering

from dropsy, I drove a nail into the wall, The drum is beat in the fort

daily, He is quite a drunkard, This house is exceedingly dry, Whose are these ducks and

geese ? That note falls due to-moiTow,

She is both dumb and deaf, He has learned so long, yet he

is a dunce. Real and durable happiness is

not attainable on earth, Do these articles pay dALty ? A dwarf is one who is little in

stature. Dwell where he may, he is

unhappy.

ek {katya) pant mujhe ao. -.■j turn handase likho, air

(khei'icho). ■:i vi.

is asbdb par kuchh (ffajv^? , .

main turn ko ek khUb-surut

(taswtr) dikhdfiiiyd. mnin ne {Mwdb) meii aisd dekhd. wuh piihinnfi men kuchh (Mii/i<')

nahhi kartd. thotd sabar karo wuh ab kapre

{ pahintd) hai. wuh ha)nesha bahut jaldi (hdnk-

id) hai. main ne sund ki us ko {istiskd

ki) bimdr'i hai. main ne ek kil diwdr mei'i (gdri). kiVe meii [tambfir) har roz bajtd

hai. wuh bard (maticdld) hai. yih ghar bahut {sukhd) hai. ye {haten) chhoti aur bari kis kl

haiti ? is hundi k'l {mVdd) kal tamdm

hog I. wuh (gdngl) bahirl hai. ilne din parhd abtuk {bewukuf)

hai. dunyd men khushi kdinil aur

(pd,eddr) kisl ko nahli'i mill, isjins kd {mahsiil) higtdhail {bavnd) tvuh hai jis kd kadd

chhofd ho. jis jiigah wuh {rahtd hai), wahd7i

ndkhush hai.

E.

He is eager to imdertake the kdm lene ko louh bard {drzii'

business, mand) hai.

He shows great eagerness to wuh slkhne ko bari (khwdhish)

learn, kartd hai.

You deafen one's ears by your tum aisa shor machdte ho ki jis

noise, se {kdn) phatte jdte hain.

Jr •'« 'way I can ear 7i ten . a month,

iot in earnest in what .. • . you only jest, ga^o ten rupees earnest money. They manufactiu-e earthen

ware. Ail earthqualce was felt lately

in this neighbourhood, Do you travel east, west, north,

or south ? I will set you an easij lesson, Tiie tide has begim to ebh, There will soon be a solar

eclipse, I saw him sitting on the edge

of the river. Who is the editor of this news-

edncation. He has sold all his effects,

I gave him medicine, but it

had no effect, I saw a bird's nest with fom*

eggs,

Give this book to your elder

brother. Hers is an elegant house, He is very eloquent, China is a large empire, What is your employment ? Who is your employer 1 ^^Yio will employ such people ?

his house is empty, it has no

tenant. Enclose my letter in yours,

Your former kindness encou- rages me. This affords me encouragement. There is no end to his talking.

-etid. 127

is tarah se main ffas rupaiye

mahinu {kamd) saktd hiln. tumhdre haul men kuchh {ha-

kikat) nahln, fakat hanste ho. maiii ne das rupaiye kd (buVdna)

diyd. ive {mafft ke) hartan bandte

hinn. " thore din hu.e i« mahalle men

{larza) hu,d thd. (mashrik), macjhrab, janiib, yd

shirndl kd sajar karte ho ? main trim ko [sahal) sabak diuhjd. ab (bhdfhd) shuru^ hai. thure din men (sdraj-gahan)

maiii ne us ko karyd ke {kindre)

par baiihe hu,e dekhd. is khabar ke kdcjhuz kd {muicalUf)

kaun hai? us ne {fa^llm) ke tmr par ek

ki/db ko likhd hai. us ne apnd sab (asbdb) bech-

ddld. main ne us ko dated dl, par us

se {fd,ida) na hu,d. maiii ne ek chiriyd kd ghonsld,

aur us men chdr (ande) dekhd. apne {bare) bhd,l ko yih kitdb

dend. us kd ghar bahui (suthrd) hai. tvuh bard (fusih) hai. Chin bdra (mulk) hai. turn kyd [kdm) karte ho? tumhdrd {munib) kaun hai? kaun aise logon ko {kdm degd) ? yih ghar {khdii) hai, is men ko,i

kirdyaddr nahti'i hai. merd khatt apne khaft men {rakh

do), tumhdri agli mihrbdni mujh ko

{ummediodr rakh/t hai). yih mvjh ko {fasalli) dttd hai. us ke bakne kd {intihd) nah'in.

128

endeavov.r — evide/it.

I must endeavour to see him to-day.

This note wants your endorse- ment,

The cat is the enemy of the mouse.

He goes to work with great energy,

I have an engagement this evening, and therefore can- not accept your invitation,

I have engaged him as my

servant, Have you ever been xnEngland I Send for an engraver, I eiijoy this season of the year,

Who will enter this cave ? That news is entirely false. Is your wi'iting equal to mine ?

Envy is hateful.

He went there, but forgot his

errand, It is incumbent on us to forsake

erroneous opinions, Do you see any error in this

writing ? They escaped from prison. This is a matter of es]oecial

moment ; the rest is by no

means essential. This law has lately been esta- blished. He left all his estate to his

eldest son, They who fear God will obtain

eternal happiness. Draw two even lines, They are gone, every one of

them, It is evident you are mistaken.

aj us hi muldkdt kd mujh ko

(kasd) karnd hogd. is tamassuk par tumhdri {sahth)

zarur hai. chUhe kd {dushman) billl hai.

wuh bare {zor) se kdm karta

hai. meri dj kt rdt ek jagnh (tnih-

mdni) hai, is liye main turn-

hdrt da'wat kabdl nahin kar

saktd. main ne is ko naukar {rakhd)

hai. tum kahhi {Ingland) ga,e ho ? {miihar-kan) ko bvJd,o. main is mausim se bahut (khush)

hun, kaun is {ghar') men (paifhegd) ? wuhkhabar {bi-l-kuU)daro^hai, tunihdrd merd likhd {bardbar)

hai? {hasad) bun chlz hai. wuh wahdii gayd, lekin apnd

{paighdm) bhiil gayd. ham ko Idzim hai ki khiydldl i

(nddurust) chhor-deii. tum islikhne men (ghalatt)dekhte

ho? we kaid-Midne se (bhdg-ga,e). yih mukaddama bahut {zarur)

hai, aur sab kuchh {darkdr)

nah'in. yih d'ln thore din se {mukarrar

hu,d hai). us ne sard {asbdh) bare bete ko

diyd. jo Miudd se darte hain we {abad

tak) khush rahenge. do khatt (bardbar) khencho. we {sab ke sab) ga,e haiii.

jo tum ne ghalati ki hai (jl^hir) hai.

evening — expensive.

129

I expect to see him this even- ing,

This is a melancholy event,

By the evidence produced in court, his guilt was proved,

His coming caused much evil to many,

European articles are now- plentiful,

In this world evil and good are found,

That lady is an example to all around her,

He exceeds every one in intelli- gence,

This is most excellent fruit,

What you propose, I think, is excejjtionable in one particu- lar,

I will give you this in exchange for that.

The exchange is a place where merchants meet to transact business,

I have no desire to exchange situations with you,

Let us excite each other to

study. Pray excuse my not having

formerly written to you, They made many excuses. Who is the executor to his

estate ? Three men were executed for

murder last Monday, Do j'ou expect to see him

shortly ? The king expelled him from

the land. What will be the expense of

doing this ? House-rent is very exjpensive in

Calcutta,

main is (rat) ko us ki muldkat kd

muntazir hUn. yih hari dil-ghi kd {iftifdk) hai. ^addlat men jo {gawdhi) di ga'i

vsl se uski taksir sdbit hd,}. us ke dne se bahut logon ko bard

(ravj) hu,d. ( Wildyutl) jins abhtfardivdn Jiai.

is dunyd men (badi) o (nekl)

mil it haiii. yih bibi sab bihiyon ke wdste ek

(namuna) hai. ivuh ddnd,t men har ek se {bard)

hai. yih mewa bahut (khub) hai. viain samajhtd him tnmhdri na-

slhat men ek bat ki {ghalafi)

hai. us ke {badle) main turn ko yih

dunga. (mandl), uuh jagah hai jahdn

sauddgar iijdrat karne ko

inilte hairi. main apm hdlat ko tumhdre Ml

se {badal karne) ki khwdhish

nahin rakhtd. ham dpas mm sikhne ki {khwd- hish dildwen). jo main ne age khait na likhdyih

kusur {mu'df kijiye). unhon ne bahut {'uzar) kiyd. us ke mdl kd kaun {icast) hai ?

ga,e doshambe ko fin ddmi khun ki ^illat se {phdrhi hu,e).

us ko jald dekhne ko turn {mun- tazir ho) ?

bddshdh ne usko des se {nikdl- diifd) .

is kdm karne men kyd {kharch) hogd ?

Kalkatte men ghar ka kirdya bard {girdn) hai.

130

experience— fa mily.

He has experience in business,

If you ask, he will explain any part which you do not iinderstand,

Much indigo was exported last month,

These articles are for export- ation,

I don't know how this phrase is expressed in EngUsh, .

This is the extent of their learn- ing, I showed you an extract from

this letter. This is extraordinary news, His children are extravagant, Her eyebrows are black. How can you wiite if you shut joMY eyes ?

wuh kdr-o-hdr men {mushakk)

hai. agar turn puchho, to jo turn na

samajhle ho wuh tumheii {sam-

jhd-dega). bahut nil us mahlne men {rawdna

hu,d hai). ye asbdb {muntakla) hain.

yih hat Angrezi men kis taraJi (boll jdti) hai, main nahhi jdntd. un he parhne ki (hadd) yihi hai.

main ne is 'khctt k'l {nakJ) tumheii

dikhd'i. yih {^ajibtar) khabar hai. us ke larke (musrif) habi. uskt (bhaweii) kdfi hain. turn (dnkh) ko band karke kyvtrU

kar likh sakte ko ?

This is a book oi fables,

Her /ace is fair,

Formerly there was an indigo factory here.

Had it not been for his assist- ance, I should hSiYe failed in my purpose,

From fatigue and hmiger they Jainted away.

It is now fair, you can go,

Have you faith in what they

say? He is an old and faithful

servant, He was killed by a fall from

his horse. Be assured that the report is

false, He has a large family.

yih (naklon) ki kifdb hai. uskd (mwih) (suridar) hai. pahle yahmi nil ke {kdr-o-bdr kt

jagah) thl. us kt madad agar na hott, fomerd

kdm {saranjdm na) pdld.

we mdndagi aur bhiikh se ( ghash

mm dga,e). ab dsmdn{sdf) hai tum jane sakte

ho. kyd tum un ko kahne par {yakin,

karte ho ? wuh purdnd aur (imanddr) nau-

kar hai. wuh ghore se (girke) mar gayd.

tum khdiir jam^ rakho ki yih

khabar (jhdth) hai. wuh bard {'iydl- ddr) hai.

famine— ferry-loat.

So scarce was corn in that

city, that it was feared there

would be ?L famine. It is now cold, what need have

you of a fan ? She has Qntivoiy fascinated my

heart, Have you fastened the saddle

on the horse? Are these sheep /a< or lean ?

He died there, leaving a widow and five fatherless children,

I am very much fatigued with walking.

Those things are not yet ready, vjhose fault is it ?

Who is there that is faultless 1

The wind on the river is, favour- able for going up the country.

Pray favour me with your ad- dress,

This httle boy is ray favourite,

We ought to fear God more than man,

I would have gone there, but I went not, from fear of its being too late ere I arrived,

To-day there is a feast at his house,

This feather is very beautiful.

The features of these two are alike.

He is now very feeble; he is unable to stir from homre.

The squirrel feeds chiefly upon fruit,

I feel a pain in my side, what shall I do ?

I saw several kinds of birds, a j pair of each kind, male and

female, ' There is a ferry-boat at this , place,

131

us shah- men aist andj ki Tcillat

thi ki sab ko khauf {kaht) kd

thd. ahhijdrd hai, (pankhe) ki kyd

darkdr ? us ne bi-l-kull mere dil ko {moh-

liyd) hai. turn ne ghore par zin ko {bdndh-

diyd) hai ? kyd ye bheren {mot'i) hav'i yd

dubll? wuhekjofmaurpdnch [be-padar)

larke wahdn chhorkar mar gay d. mairisairkarnese bahut {mdnda)

ho gayd. ye ch'izm jo taiydr nahhi, kis kt

(taksir) hai? kaun (beiakfir) hai ? upar mulkjane ko daryd ki hawd

{inuwdfik) hai, (mihrbdni karke) apne ghar kd

thikdnd {farmd,iye). yih larkd merd bahut ( piydrd)hai. ham ko chdhiye ki ddrni se khudd

ko ziydda {daren) . main ivahdii jdtd thd, lekin is

(dar se) ki wahdii pahunchne

tak der hogl na gayd. dj us ke ghar men ek {mihmdni)

hai. yih {par) bahut khiib-surat hai. in dono hi {shakl) miltl hai.

ab wuh bahut (durbal) hai, ghar se bdhar nikal nahin saktd.

banbild,o biJkhdssa mewa hi (khdtd) hai.

meri pahlii men dard {murium hold hai), main kyd kanln ?

main ne bahut kism ki chiriydn dekhm, har har kism kd ik jord, ya'ne nar aur (mdda).

us makdm men ek (dlngi) hai.

132

fe)-tile— fling.

The whole soil of that country- is /erfiZe, Go, fetch some fruit out of the

garden, I know not if many or fexo

were there, To whom does thxs field belong? It is better to sit still than to

fight, This is a figurative mode of

speaking, File the screw. File these papers, Fill this tub with water, The^7iaZ diWdend on his estate

will be paid to-morrow, I have lost my pen, see if you

can find it, I found it underneath the table. If you do so again, you must be

fined, Help me to finish this letter.

What is now the first thing to

be done ? I saw some fishermen laying

their net. He is not at all fit for this

work. What day have you fixed upon

to go there ? I have seen a fiag at the Fort,

What is the shape of the earth, round, fiat, square, or oval ?

Why do you. flatter me so ?

We ought not to listen to the

vords of flattery, Why should we flee? there is

no danger. What flowers are these ? fling

them away,

us niulk ki sdri zaniin {phalantl)

hai. jd,o, bdgh se thord mewa (Jld,o).

main nahiii jdntd ki wahdn

(Ihore) the yd bahut. yih (maiddn) kis kd hai?

chupke buithna [larne)se bihtar

hai. yih (Jamsil-dmez) guflugu kd

taur hai. is pench ko {rili se ghaso). in kdkhazon ko (ndlho). turn is kathre ko pant se {bharn). fuldne ke mdl ki {dkhirl) kist kal

dljd,egi. nierd kalam kho gayd hai, dekho

(milegd) yd nahiii. main ne usko mez ke niche ( pdyd) . agar phir turn aisd karoge to

{mujrim hoge). is khatt ke {itmdm) men meri

inadad karo. un kdmon men nbhi {pahle) kyd

karnd hogd ? main nejdl ddlte (machhwaiyon)

ko dekhd. vjuh hargiz is kdm ke {Id,ik) nah'in

hai. wahdn jdne ko turn ne kaun roz

{mukarrar kiyd hai) ? main ne kiVe men ek {nishdn)

dekhd. zarnin ki shakl kyd hai, gol,

(mastawt), chaukhdnil, yd

baizawi ? turn mujh ko kyiiii is tarah

(phusld-dete) ho ? (phusldhat ki bdten) hargiz na

sunnd. ham kyunibhdgei'i) ? kuchhkliauf

nahin. ye kaise phdl hain? (phenk) do.

flint— forg

Fire is produced by flint and

steel, It is high water, the vessel will

•aovf float, I saw there & flock of sheep,

The floor of this room wants

repairing. Bread is rcade oi flour, You must not pluck these

flowers, He can play upon \X\e flute, There are a number of flies, He cut the parrot's wing, lest

it should. /ly away, In the morning there is a thick

fog here, Fold these things in paper. You go before, I will /o//ow, I am not at all fond of that

fruit. What sort oifood is this ? He is a great fool, To be angry without a cause is

Look at the horse's /oo<,

Why did you forbid him to come ?

The stream now runs with great force,

He fell down and cut his fore- head,

He is gone to a foreign country.

She possesses much foresight,

Who cim. foretell what will hap- pen on the morrow ?

For doing this you rcm&i forftit a rupee,

J^OTit forget to tell him what I said to you.

If he had acknowledged his fault, I should have forgiven him.

dg {chahmah) fiddd se nikU.

jo,d) hharpur hai, jahdz ah pdrii,

par (rhalegd). ek {galla) hheron kd main ne

wahdn dekhd. is kamre kl {zum'in) marammat-

talah hai. (die) se rot'i hant'i hai. in {phulon} ko mat nocho.

wuh (bdiisri) bajdjdnfd hai. yahdii bahut {niakkhiydn) haiii. us ne toil ke par kdt ddle, td na

{ur-jd,e). isjagah subh ho (kuhdsd) bahut

hotd hai. in chizoii ko kdghaz men {lapdo). turn dge jd,o,miiin{pichhe dftriya) wuh phal mvjh ko kuchh nah'in

(bhdtd). yih kaisi (khurdk) hai ? ivuh bard {beicukuf) hai. be sabub khafd hond (ndddnl)

hai. ghore ke (pdAw) ko dekho. turn ne use kyun dne se (man')

kiyd ? pdnl is wakt bare (zor) se bahld

hai. ivuh gird, aur {peshdnt) us kl

phat ga,i. wuh {pardes) gayd hai.

us kl hari {dur-andeshl) hai. kal kyd hogd, kaun (kah-sak/d

hai) ? aisd karne se iumhen ek rdpaiya

(jarlmdna) dene hogd. jo mahi ne turn se knhd hui, so us

se kahnd, mat [hhulo). agar wuh apni faksir zdhirkartd,

main use {bakhsh-dttd).

134

foiin— furnish.

The form of the cypress-tree is

quite straight, Which part of his letter do you

think tiie best, the former or

the latter \ The objections you make to my

plan are indeed /ormtc?a6Ze,

Let us not forsake our friends in their distress.

He has made a large fortune, The foundcUion of the house

was laid. There are fountains of water

everywhere, Whose are \hosQ fowls in the

garden ? You are free to do as you

please. It is so cold to-day, I think at

night it -wiW freeze, I have engaged the whole of

this vessel's freight, Is this fresh milk ? These greens aive fresh from the

garden, I ha.ve frequent opportunities of

seeing it, What shall I do ? I have no

friend, I am now entirely frie7idless, I have seen a most frightful

figure, In India the f-ogs are very

large, How does he manage his house- hold affairs ? is he frugal or

extravagant ? Is this cask empty or full ? The purpose for which you sent

me has been fulfilled, How soon can youfiirnish these

things ?

{sarv) kt (shakl) bil-kull {durus

hai. is Matt mfti kaun hissa tumhi

pasand did hai, (pahld)

pichhld ? jo turn mere trade ke b- ,. .'"

saldh dete ho so bahul {haui

ndk) hai. bekasi ki hdlat men ham ko cJid

hiye ki doston ko na {chhor

deii) . us ne [mdl) bahut jama' kiyd. ghar ki (buniydd) pari.

sab jagah yahdn pdni ke {chash

me) hain. is bd^h men kis kt (murghiydn

hain ? turn ko ko,l {mdnV nahin), ji

chdho so karo. aj aisi sardi hai shay ad ki rdl- j

ko {barf) pare, is sdre jahdz ki {naul) main nt

shart ki hai. kyd yih (taza) dudh hai ? yih bd(ih ki (tdzi) tarkdriydii

hain. is ke dekhne kt mujh ko {bahut)

fursat hai. main kyd karun ? ko'imerd {dost)

nahin hai. merd is wakt ko,i {d'>sf nahh'i) mai7i ne ban bi ri {hhtiydnuk)

{surat) dekhi hai. Hindustdn mei'i {mendak) bahul

bare haiii. icuh apne ghar ke kharch men kis

tarah challd hai / {kifdyal st),

yd fuzdl-kharchi se ? yih p'lpd khdli hai yd {bhard) ? jis murdd ke liye turn ne miijhe

bhejd thd, wuh {piirt hu'i hai). tum ye chlzen kitni jaldi {lui.

ydr) kar-sakte ho <'

furniture — govern. 135

He makes all kinds oi furni- tcuJi ghar kd sab (asbab) taiydr

ture, kartd hai.

"We cannot see into futurity, {dyanda k'l bdt) ham nah'injdnte.

G.

Gather up the crumbs. Do you expect much gain from this trade ?

Why have j'ou left the garden

gate open ? There are no limits to his

generosity, He is very generous and gentle, \^SQ you acquainted with that

gentleman ? He has composed a book on

geography, Can you get me another book

like that ? You have got many books —

give me one, Do you know how to gild

paper ? He showed me a gilt picture- frame. He has five children, three

boys and two girls. Are you glad or sorry on this

occasion ? Take care, this will easily break,

it is made oi glass, I have bought a pair of

Tell the carpenter to ghie these two boards together.

Is this chain made oi gold, sil- ver, iron, brass, or copper ?

Have the goodness to inform me,

Every one does not know how to

rofi ke tukre {jama' karo) . kyd tum ummedwdr ho hi tumhen

is kdrbdr men {fd,ida) bard

hogd ? (bdgh) kd daj-ivdza kyiln khuld

rahne diyd ? us hi {sakhdwat) k'l intihd nahln.

wuh (naram-dil) aur saMi hai. tum us {sahib) kojdnte ho?

is ne {Hlm-i-arz) meii ek kitdb

tasnlf ki hai. mujh ko us muindfik, dusri kitdb

{le dene) snkte ho ? tumhdri bahut kitdben {hain), ek

mnjhe do. turn jdnte ho kdghaz kyunkar

{ajshdn) karte hain ? us ne mvjh ko {niufalld) ek

khdna taswir kd dikhldyd. us ke pdnch Inrke, tin bete do

{betiydii) hain. tum is jihat se {khush) ho yd

ndkhush ? khabarddr, yih sahal meti tdt

jd,egd, {shishe) kd hai. main ne ek jord {dastdna) mol

Hyd hai. yih do takhfe {jama' karne) ko

barha,t se kaho. {sone),rupe, hhe, pital, ydtdmbe

se yih zanjir bam hai ? dp {mihrbdm) karke khahar ki-

jiye. hiir ek {bddshdhat karnd) nahiii

jdntd.

N 2

136

governor — handhercMef.

He is now Governor of Chan-

dernagore, In tliis province much grain is

produced. Whose grand house is that ?

Sir, be pleased to grant me this

request, I am grateful for yom- kindness.

Seeing such a school, I am much gratified,

The horses are grazing on the

plain, You have done me a verj'- great

favour. He has caused much grief to

his father. This is a grievous calamity, Orind this wheat in the mill, What is the groutid-rent of

this house ? Many flowers groio in the

Babu's garden. You have grown very tall since

I saw you last, Who is the guardian of this

child? Can you guess the meaning of

what I say ? I went without a guide, though

I had never been that road

before.

touh ahhi Chandar-nagar kd

{hakim) hat. is sube meii hahut {^ciUa) hold

hai. yih kis kd {hahut bara) makdn

hai? ai sahib, jo main ^arz kartd hUn

mihrbdm se mujhe {do). tnaintumhdrimihrbdnikd{shukr-

guzdr) huii. is tarahkd makfub-khdna dekh-

kar main bahut {khush)

hu,d. ghore maiddn par {charte) hain.

turn ne vmjhpar {bar}) mihrbdni

kl. us ne apne bdp ko bahut {takUf)

d'l. yih {ban) dfal hai. chakkt meii yih gehun {piso). is ghar ki {zaniin kd kirdya) kyd

hai ? hdbii ke bdgh men bahut phdl

{ugte) hain. jab se maiti netumhen dekhdhai,

turn bahut {harh-ga,e). is lurke kd {murabbi) kaun hai?

jo main kahld hun is kd khuldsa

turn {hujhte) ho? main bidun {rah-bar) ke gayd,

agarchi dge kabhi yih rdsta

nahin gayd thd.

H.

He is in the habit of walking

out early. His hair is white, The house has a hall and three

Give me a handkerchief,

us ko subh ke phirne ki (^ddat)

hai. uske {bdl) sufaid hnin. is ghar mei'i ek {ddldn) aur tin

kamre hain. uskd {hdih) pakar lo. ek {rdmdl) ham ko do.

The handle of this drawer is broken,

In his appearance he is hand- some,

Do you know whose hand- writing this is ?

Hang the keys upon the nail,

When did that hajrpen ?

In this world no one enjoys perfect happiness,

They who fear God here, wiU be happy hereafter,

Is the lesson you have given me hard or easy ?

This is a great hardship,

The hare is a very timid auimal.

Is there any harm in doing this?

I write in great haste to save the post.

They hastened away as fast as

You must try to hasten his

coming. To act in a hasty manner is not

wise, On entering the room he took

off his hat, Let us hate nothing but sin.

Have you any acquaintance

with that gentleman ? I have got a pain in my hea.d,, His wound is now heated,

His health is sound.

Here is a heap of papers, put

them away, Hear what I say, then give an

answer. The heaH of man is inclined to

evil. To-day the heat is very great.

\—heat. 137

is almdri kd {kabza) tut -gay a

hai. tcuh shakl meii bahut (Miibsu-

rat) hai. turn jdnte ho ki yih kiskd {dast-

khatt) hai ? khiititz par kunjiydn {latkd) do. yih {ittifdk) kab hu,d ? is duniyd men kisi ko kdmil

{khush'i) nahin hai. jo yahdti khudd se darte haiii

'dkibat meii {khush) rahenge. turn nejo sabak mujh ko diyd hai

(mushkil) hai yd dsdn ? yih ban (inushkil) hai. (khargosh) bahut btjigar jdnwar

hai. kyd is kdm karne meii kuchh

{^aib)hai? ddk-ghar band hojd,egd, is Hye

mai)i ne {jaldi) chithi likhi. we apne makddr bhar bahut

ijald) ga,e._ us ke ijald) dne ke liye fuinhen

sa'i karnd hoyd. (jaldl) kdm karnd be-wukiifl

hai. us ne kamre meii ghuste (topi)

utdr li. ham siiod gundh ke kisi se (na-

frut na karen). turn ko us sdhib ke sdth muldkdt

{hai) ? - ■ mere {sir) meii dard hai. is kd za]<ham ab {achchhd) hu,d

hai. uskd {mizdj) durust hai. yahdii kdcjhaz kd bard {dher) hai,

lekar aur jagah meii rakhu. jojobdten maiiikahtdhun {suno),

ba'd us-kejaivdh do. ddmi kd {dil) badi k'l taraf ma,il

hai. dj burl hart (garmt) hai. N 3

138 keavei

In heaven is unspeakable hap- piness, in hdl unutterable woe !

This box is very heavy, how can I carry it ?

When walking, I trod upon his heel with my foot,

What is the height of this wall?

This large estate is without an heir,

Can you aflFord me any help in this affair of mine ?

He is very helpless,

They hve only upon herbs,

The crows steal, and afterwards

hide what they can, There are few hills in Bengal,

You can just give him a hi7it

of this affair. To go there I must- hire a

palankeen and boat,

Have you read the history of

England? He hit me a very hard blow on

the head. He holds his pen in the left

hand, Make a hole in the ground here. It Ls late, let me now retm-n

home, I eat some honey out of the

honey-comb. He has obtained much honour, I hope to have an interview

with you very soon. This cow has no horns. An hospital is about to be built

there. They show great hospitality.

Bring some hot water,

{hihisht) men hahut ]chusht, aur

{dozuMi) meii beshumdr ^azdb

hai. yih sandHk bard (bhdrl) hai, is

ko main kyiu'ikar lfijd,u,ngd ? chalne men merd pdiiw us kl

{eri) par par-gay a. kihii {unchd,i) is d'lwar kl hai ? is mdl aur maid'' ka ko'i {wdris)

nahhi. turn mere is kdm men kuchh {ma-

dad) kar sakte ho ? wuh bahut {Id- char) hai. vce fakat (tarkdrl) khdkar jite

haiii. kawwe bahash kudrat ke, khdnd

churdkar {chhipd) rakhte hain. Bangdle men {pahdr) bahut kam

hain. turn is bat ka {ishdra) use kar

sakte ho. wahdii pahunchne ke liye mujhe

ek pdlki aur kishti {kirdya)

kurni hogl. turn ne Ingland mulk ki (tdrikh)

paihi hai? us ne bare zor se mere sir men ek

mukkd {mdrd). wuh bd,en hath se kalam {pakar-

td) hai. yahdn zamin men {sdrdkh) karo. bahut der hii,t ab maiii (ghar)

jd,un. mai?i ne makkhiyon ke chhdte se

(shahad) khdyd. us ne ban Cizzat) pd,i. mujh ko yih (uinmed) hai /■

jaldi turn se muJdkdt hogi. is gd,e ke {s'lng) nahhi. ek (ddru-sh-sha/d) wahdii ba-

negd. toe hart {mihmdn-ddri) karte

hain. thord (garni) pdni ld,o.

koli/ — imparl

139

God is holy, just, and pure,

Do you know what hour it is ? He is a man of a very humane

disposition, and humble in his

own esteem, He possesses great humanity

as well as humility, I am both hungry and thirsty. The hunter is gone a-huntiug, It hurts his mind to see such

wickedness,

Tchudd (mukadJas), aurrdsthdz,

aur pdk hai. turn jante ho kyd (bajd) hai ? wuh mizdj men (rahmdil), aur

apne khiydl men {hakir) hai.

us men hart (ddtmyat) aur

(furo-tain) hai. main {bhukhd) piydsd hvii. (shikari) (shikdr-ko) gayd hai. itnt hurd,iyon ko dekhkharun kd

dil {dukhd).

I.

I had no idea that you would come to-day.

They spend their time in idle- ness,

They are ignorant and idle.

Such a sentiment is illiberal,

It is not good always to asso- ciate with illiterate persons.

How long have you had this illness ?

There is an image in that temple.

Whence arose this imagina- tion ?

How do you imagine that I should agree to this ?

This is of wood, in imitation of stone.

You must go there immediately,

"^he undertaking is likely to

• be attended with immense expense.

The body is mortal, the soid immortal.

They are immovable in their opinions.

It is our duty to impart know- ledge,

mvjh ko {khiydl) nahin thd ki

fuin dj d,0(je. we {sHsii) men apnl aukdt ffl't'

knrte hain. ire bare {ndddn) aur sust hai?]. aisd khiydl ( pdjiydna) hai. {jidddnoii) ke sdih hamesha suh-

hat rakhnd khub nahin. ki/ne din se turn ko yih (blmdri)

hai ? us but-khdne men ek (but) hai.

yih {khiydl) kahdii sepaidd hu,d ?

turn kyiiiikar {gumdn) karte ho ki main yih kahul kuriifigd?

yih patlhar ki {mdnind) lakri se band,i hai.

ivniko {('.bhi) wahdn jdnd hogd.

mu'liim hold hai is kdm karne men {huhut) March hogd.

jismfdni aur ruh {bdkt) hai.

ice apni tajwlz men (mustakiU)

huii'i. ia'lim {dend) ham par icdjib hai.

140

impartial — incomp arable.

An upright judge will be xm- partia I,

These mountains are impass- able, having on all sides impenetrable forests,

Everj'thing in this world is imperfect,

His behaviour is impertinent.

It is very important to attend to this,

Have you seen the exports and imports f

They impose on whomsoever they can.

They practise every kind of imposition,

How can I believe an biliti/ ?

It is impossible for me to comply with what you say,

He is a notorious iiupostor,

What he said made an impres- sion on me.

What he tells me appears very improbable,

To act thus would be highly improper, and therefore im- prudent.

Can you improve what he has written ?

Nothing impure will enter hea- ven,

This has arisen solely from your inattention.

We have lately had incessarU rain.

Had this piece of wood been an inch longer, it would have done verj' well.

He feels no inclination to study.

Do you know what is his in- come 1

This is incomparable writing,

rdstbdz hakim ('adt7) hogd.

yepahdr (be-guzdr) haiti, isliye

ki un k'l chdron taraf jangal

(dushivdr-guzdr) hain. jitni chizen duniyd men hain sab

(ndkis) haiti. is ke d'mdl (be-adabdna) hain. bahut {zarur) hai ki ham yih bat

ghaur se karen. tum ne {dmdanl) aur raftani kd

asbdb dekhd hai ? jis se we {dacjhd) karne sakte

hain, karte haiii, we sab tarah kd (makar) karte

haiii. kyuiikar main {muhdl) ko bdwar

kardn ? yih {mumkin nahhi) ki iumhdre

kahne par main ^amal karun, wuh {makkdr) mashhdr hai. jo us ne kahd us kd {asar) mere

dil men hai. jo wuh farmdtd hai mujhe (kki-

Idf-kiyds) ma'liim hold hai. aisd kdm karnd (ghair-mundsib)

aur sabab {behudag'i) kd hai.

jo usne likhd hai, tum use {isldh

kar sakte) ho ? ko,t (ndpdk) chlz bihisht men dd-

khil na hogi. yih sab tunihdri {kam-tawajjuhi)

se hu,d hai. thore din se {bahut) pdni barsd

hai. yih lakri agar ek (pnr) bari holt

to is kdm men dll.

xiDvh parhne kl (khwdhish) nahhi

rakhtd. tumjdnte ho us kl {dmdani) kyd

hai.? yih sab se '^^achchhd) likhd hai.

incomplete— inhuma n.

Your book is incomplete,

Will my staying here till the first of next month be any inconvenience to you?

It will be inconvenient for me to wait on you to-morrow,_

Is what I say correct or in- correct ?

My family has lately been in- creased,

There is a rumour of increasing the army,

They speak indecent language,

He is now independent of any one,

Is there an index to this book?

How long have you been in India ?

This is not to be treated with indifference,^

Is this an indigenous plant ?

I was formerly employed in Mr. 's indigo factory,

I heard of your indisposition last week,

I knew him from his infancy,

What do you infer firom what

he said ? We must show kindness and

respect to our inferiors, as

well as superiors, God is infinite in power and

wisdom, We have no influenceo\ert\iera., Is there no one here that can

give me information con- cerning this? She is very ingenious, He possesses much ingemdty, The petition was signed by

every inkahitant of the vil-

Their disposition is inhnman,

HI

tumhart kitdh (nd-famdm) hai. dusre mahtne klpahli tdrlkh tak

mere rahne se tumheii kuchh

(ranj) hogd ? kal iumhdre sdth mulukdt karnd

mujhe (dushwdr) hogd. jo main kahtd hiiii durust hai yd

{nd-durust) ? thore din se mere Hydl {barh-

g(i,e). fauj ke (barhdne) ki khabar hai.

we (bfhilda) bdt kahfe haul, wuh bVfiU sab se {dzdd) hai.

is kifdb men (fihrist) hai ? turn kitne dinon se {Hindustdn)

meii ho ? yih kdm aisd nahm ki turn {glia-

JJat) kaio. yih nihdl {isi mulk kd) hai ? puhle main ne fuldne sdhib k'l

[ull) ki kothi men kdm kiyd. tui/ihdrl {himdri) kd ahiodlmaiii

ne ga,e hafle se sund. maiii us ko (larakpan) se jdntd

hi'ai. us ne jo kahd, us se turn kyd

{natija bdjhte ho) ? ham ko chdhiye ki sab baroil

{chhotoii k'l) ta'zhn kareu.

khudd kt hikmat aur kudrat {be

kiyds) hai. ham un par (kddir) nah'in hah'i. koj yahdii aisd nahm jo mujhe

is mukaddame ki (Jdiabar) de

sake ? wuh ban [sanna') hai. us k'l ban CakT) hai. ^arzi par sab gdnw ke {rahne-

wdlon) ne dast-khatt kiye.

un kd mizdj {berahm) hai.

iniquiti/ — intellect.

They delight in all kinds of

iniquity, I never did liim the least

injury. His health has been injured

by too great exertion, He practises injustice towards

all, They are all innocent, These animals are inoffensive, An inquest was held yesterday

on the body of a person who

shot himself, What kind of an iiised is this ? He is so Ul that he is in- sensible, You had better insert this in

your letter. How very insignificant is man,

compared to the Almighty !

His words are insincere. They behaved in an insolent

manner, He has lately become i

Call a person to inspect this cloth.

The goods are aU ready for your inspection,

I will be with you in an instant,

Man acts from reason, animals from instinct,

In Europe and Bengal ai-e noble institutions for com- municating knowledge.

Can you instruct me in this science ?

I have insured that vessel for 50,000 rupis, and I have the insurance-policy in my possession.

She has a wonderful intellect,

we har tarah (gundh) karne men

khush hain. main ne us par kuchh {fulm)

kabhl nahin kiyd. zigdda mihnat karne se us kt

sihhat men {Malal ho gaya). wuh har tarah kd (zulm) ddini-

yon par kartd hai. we sab {be-gund_h) hain. ye jdnicar {muz'i nahin) hain. ddmi jo apne ilpar goli mdrke

rnar-gayd, kal us kl {tajwiz)

(hi. yih kis kism kd (kird) hai ? wuh aisd bimdr hai ki (behosh)

hai. tumhen apnekhatt men yih {likh-

nd) bihtar hai. Tchudd kaisd bard 'aztrn, aur

ddmi kaisd nihdyat {nd-chiz)

aur la,tm hai! is kl bdleti (nd-rdst) hain. unhon ne (be-adabdna) kdm

kiyd. us kd there din se (deicdld)

nikld. ek ddmi ko is kapreke (jdnchne)

ko buld,o. dp ke (muldhize) ke wdste sab

ch'izen taiydr haiii. main {ek dam) men tumhdre pas

dfu'igd. ddini ^aklse, aur jdnwar {jibilli)

se,fiU kartd hai. icildyat aur Bangdle men laUim

ke bahut achchhe^ {dhab) hain.

yih ^ilm tum mujhe {parhd) sakte

ho? main ne pachds hazdr riipaiye ko

us jahdz kd {b'lmd) kiyd, aur

{bime kd kdcihaz) mere pas

hai. 'ajab tarah kt {^akl) us kl hai.

intelligence — island.

143

How did you receive ttis intel- ligence ?

He is an intelligeoit man,

Intemperance hurts body and mind,

Have you any intention to go to Europe ?

There is no intercourse between us,

I have no interest in this matter.

Why should we interfere in that affair ?

You must interpret what he says to me.

If you know not the language of the country, you must use an interpreter,

I hope, sir, I don't i7iterrupt you,

Your coming here is an intei-- ruption to my business.

Shall I introduce you to that gentleman ?

He was intrtisted with the whole business,

It is said, a house will be built at Ganga Sagar for the benefit of invalids,

Who invented this instrument ?

The Nawab imagined his sol- diers were invincible.

He has given me an invitation,

Where is the invoice of these goods ?

His affairs are much involved,

These lines are irregular.

The Company have given per- mission to clear the island of Ganga Sagar,

his tarah turn ne yih {Tchahar)

pa,l ? wuh {hoshiydr) ddml hai ? (bad-parhezi) jism aur mizdj ko

muzirr hai. wilayat jane kd tuinhdrd {i> dda)

hai ? turn se ham ko kuchh {Hldka)

nahrn. is men meri kuchh (gharaz) nahin

hai. ham kyiin us ham men (hdth

ddlen) ? jo wuh mujh ko hahtd hai tum-

hen {tarjuma karne) hugd. agar turn yahdn ki bat nah'n'i

jdnte ho to {mutarajjim) se

mukdlama karo. ai sahib, invjh ko ummed hai ki

jandb ko {tusdV) na dial, tumhdre due se mere kdin mei'i

(kkalal) hold hai. main turn ko us sdhib se {inuld-

hat) karvm,ungd ? us ko sdrd kdm {sipurd) kiyd

gayd thd. mashhur hai ki Ganga. Sdgar

men {za'ifon) ke liye tk makdn

banegd. yih dla kis ne (ijdd) kiyd ? nauwdb ne apni sipdh ko (ghair

macjhlub) tasauwur kiyd. us ne meri {da'wat) ki. asbdb ki {fihrist) kahdi'i hai ?

us kd kdr-o-hdr (abfar) hai. ye satren {sldhi nah'in) . Gangd. Sdgar kd (jazira) saf

karne ko Kampani bahddur

ne hukm diyd hai.

j<icJca I — kindled.

J.

The jackal is very cunning, He is to remain in jaU one

year, Is that the king's jester t

Jeicels — pearls, diamonds, &c. Joi'/i these two boards together, What I said was only in joke,

Bring the waste-book and jour- nal,

I am now going to make a long journey,

This news affords me great

py,

How can I judge of his charac- ter, I don't know htm ?

The (English) judge summed up the evidence, and the jury gave their verdict,

The (native) jvAge punished the delinquent,

Squeeze some jv^ice out of this lemon.

How far can you jump ?

He is the senior, I the junior,

God is jttst and merciful.

This is not justice,

He savs nothing in justijication of it.

(siydl) bahut shu'urmand hai. wuh {kaid-ldidne) men ek baras

rahegd. kyd touh bddshdh kd (thafhol)

hai ? (zeipar) moil hird, tea gh air a. indonolakhfonkobdham{mild,o). jo main ne kuhd sirf (haiiisi) se

thd. musauwade ki bahi aur (roz-

ndmcha) ld,o. main ab dur kd (safar) karne

jdtd hi'in. is khabar se mujhe baft (khushi)

hai. us ko maiii nahinjdntd, kyunkar

us ke hakk men (tajiciz)

kaniTi ? {jdj sdhib) ne gaicdhon kl zabdn-

bandi kd khuldsa sundyd, aur

(juri) ne/aftrd diyd. (kdzlj ne iaksir-wo" ko sazd ' di. is limu kd (Jarak) nichoro.

tum kitnl dUr (kud) sukte ko ? tvuh bard, main {chhotd) hdn. khudd (^ddil) aur mihrbdn hai. yih {insdf) nahin hai. wuh apne JVl kd Cuzr) nahin kartd.

K.

Keep this money for me till I is nakd ko mere darkar hone tak

want it, Break this cocoa-nut, and eat

the kernel. It is sinful to kill animals

without cause, Thev kindled a fire with straw.

tum apne pds (rakho). is ndriyal ko toro, aur us kd

(gudd) khd,o. kis'i jdmcar ko be sabab {mdrnd)

gundh hai. uuh'jn nepaydlkddld,o (bandyd).

kindness — laugh. 145

They showed us very great nnhon ne mvjh par hajl (mihr-

kindness, bam) k'l.

We traversed the kingdom of ham ne futnam (jtiulk) i Iran ki

Pei-sia, sat'- ki.

Give me a kiss, then fly your ek (hosu) mujh ko do aiir {pa-

kite, lany) urane ja,o.

This is a beautiful cat, she has yih bahut khub bilfi, aur us ke

two kittens, do (bachchf) haii'i.

He fell on his knees, and asked us ne apne (zdnu) tekkar \iju

pardon, chdht.

Try if you can open this ^-Jt?/!?, dekho, turn is (chhuri) ko khol

sukte ho.

Here is a knot in this string, is rassi vieii ek {gira) hai, is ko

loose it, kholo.

What is wealth without know- bacjhidr Cilm) ke, daulat kis kum

ledge! ki hut!

Do you know what people think turn (jdnte) ho ddnii tisc kuisd

of him ? jdnte haiii ?

They lahour hard for their loe barl (mihnaf karke) aprn gus-

living, ran karte hain.

Here are fifty lahourers em- yahdn pachas (mazih'ir) is kdm

ployed, mm tnush^hi'd haiti.

It will cost a /a/t/i of rupees, ek {lakh) riipuiya is kd kharrh

hogd.

Being lame, he walks with a uiih (langrd) aur Idthi iekkur

stick, chaltd hui.

Place this lamp in the hall, yih {chird^) ddidn mei'i rakho.

Will you go by land or by turn {khuskkt) jd.oye yd turl?

sea ?

Where do you mean to land ? turn kahdii {utroge) ?

Ghulam Husain is the landlord Ghuldm Husain is ghar k'l (md-

of this house. I am his lik) hai, main us kd kirdyaddr

tenant, hun.

Do you speak our lavguagel inm hamdri (zabdn) b(dfe?

I am overcome with languor, mvjh par {mdndagi) ghdlib hai.

I caught a large fish yester- main ne kal ek {bun) marhhli

day, pakri.

I saw him last Tuesday, (guzre) Mangal ko main ne us

ko dekhd.

Why do you laugJ/, without be sabab kyun {hanste) ho ?

reason ?

ua

Imcful — liberty.

Is it lavful to do this ? Having laid by his profits, he

became i-ich, Let us lay aside everj-thing

that is evil.. They are exceedingly lazy, That poor man is blind, another

leads him, Melt this lead in the fire. Where does this road lead to ? Don't lean upon the table, I saw a monkey leap over the

fence. You can learn faster than I,

I took a lease of this house for

five years, It is late, let us now take leave, It is said he intends soon to

leave this country, He led so bad a life no one

respected him. He left all his business to his

sarkar. Being lame of his right hand,

he writes with the left. This writing is not legible, He fell off his horse, and broke

his leg, Sir, are you now at leisure,

can I speak with you ? I am very poor, can you lend

me a few rupees ? My wages are less than his. Why did you let loose the

horse ? Let us see if we can read this

book. The ground is quite level, By doing this you are liable to

a penalty, He is exceedingly liberal, They were in prison, but are

set at liberty,

yih karna (icajib) hai ? munafiC ko {jam'') kar vcuh Jau-

lat-mand ho gay a. ham ko chahiye sdre burd,iyon ki

{chhor-deii). we nihdyat (sust) haiti. wuh bekas andhd hai, dusrd usi

{rah batdtd) hai. is she ko dg ineii {pighld.o). yih rdstd kahdi'i ko {jdtd) hai ? mez par (bujh) mat do. maiii ne ek bandar bdr {phdndte)

dekhd. turn mujh sejaldl {s'lkhne) sakte

ho? viaii'i ne yih ghar pdnch baras ke

liye {kirdya) liyd. der haj, hum {i-ukIi?ot) hon. sund hai, ki wiihjald is mulk ke

{chhorne) kdirdda rakhtd hni. wuh aisi burl chdl {chald) ki kist

ne us ki Hzzat na ki. us ne sab apnd kdm sarkar ke

{hawdle kur diya). wuh ddhind hdth laid katke,

{bd,en) hdth se likhfd hai. yih likha {parhd nahii'ijdid). wuh apne ghore se gir para uur

us kd {pdnw) tut gay a. ai sdhib, abhi tuni ko {fursaf)

hai, main bat kar saktd hiai ? main bahut Idchdr hun, thore

rupaiye {karz doge) ? merd mahind us ke se (kam) hai. tuin ne ghore ko kis waste {chhor-

diyd) ? {dekhen), is kitdb ko ham parhne

sakte hain. yih zamin sab {bardbar) hai. yih kdm karne se tum par jari-

nidna {Idzim) hogd. . tvuh bard {sakhi) hai' we kaid-khdne meii the, lekin ab

{ciihute) hain.

library — live.

Have you seen his library ? The dog licks water with his

tongue, Lift up the lid of this box, He thinks nothing of telUng a

lie, He lies down under the shade

of a banian-tree, Life is short, we ought now to

prepare for eternity. He fell to the ground lifeless,

Can you lift this stone?

Is this package light or heavy?

Tell him to light a fire,

We must lighten the boat_,

otherwise it will sink, It lightens very much, I was out yesterday in a storm

of thunder and lightning, My house is very much like

yours, I should like much to visit

Europe, 1 am limited not to give more

than one hundred rupees. This cloth must have a lining, How many links are there in

that chain ? A lion is stronger than a tiger, Her lips are red. Is the medicine you speak of a

liquid 1 Write a list of the things sent

to Dacca, Listen to what I tell you.

The translation is too literal, Give me a little, I don't ask for

much, He is ofa lively disposition, I shall respect him as long as I

live.

turn ne us kn{kutuh-Jchdna)jlekhdl kuttd zuhdn se pdiii {pita) hai.

is sandiik kd {dhakna) uthn,o. wuh {jh'iith) bulne meii kuchh

naliin darfd. pipal ke darakht ke sdye ke tale

wuh (sotd) hai, (zinifagi) kam hai, ham ko fikri

^dkihat chdhiye. wuh (bejdn) hukar zamtn par cjir.

pitrd. turn is patthar ko {uthd) sukte

ho? yih bojhd bhdrl hai yd (halkd) ? dg ijaldne) ko tuni use kaho. hamen kishtl (halkd karne) do,

nahit'i to dub jdiegt. abh't bnhut (chainakti) hai. maii'i kal titfdn nur {bijl'i) ke

irakt bdhir thd. merdi^har tumhdre ghar ke{ham-

shakl) hai. ivildfjat jdne kt miijh ko hart

{khwdhish) hai. ek sau rupaiye se ziydda dene ki

miijh ko {parwdnag'i) nahhi. is kapre ko {astar) darkdr hai. is zinjir men kitni {kariydii)

haiii ? {sker) chile se ziydda kautc'i hai. uske {honth) (Idl) haiti. jis dated ko turn khdte ho so

(patl'i) hai? jo chizen Dhdke ko ga,m unki

ifard) likho. jo main kahtd hun {kdn dharkar

sunn), yihfakat {bdl kd) tarjuma hai. mujh ko {zarrd-sd) do, maiii

bahut nahhi mdngtd him. is kt tabi'at ban (chdidk) hai. jabtak main {ji,ungd) us ko inu-

karram jdnuiigd.

o 2

148

liver — liisty.

lie is ill of the liver comiolaint. He told me to load the boat

with indigo, Is this gun loaded ? Do you know the virtue of the

loadstone'} May I beg the loan of this book ? Tell the baker to give three

loaves, There is no loch to yom' box,

Where shall we lodge to-night? These rooms are very lojty, Why do you thus loite^' away

j'oiu* time ? How long is this piece of cloth ? How long shall you remain

there ? Let me loolc through your

s'pying-glass, When you go to Calcutta, buj'

me a looking-glass, Try if you can loose (untie) this

knot. The joints of this chair are

very loose, Take care you don't lose the

knife I gave you, He has met with great loss, He lost his way in coming from

the city, I purchased ^velots at to-day's

sale. This is the flower of the lotvs, They have no love for each

other. This is a very low room, The price he asks is very low,

Lower this bucket into the well, "'heirs is a lucrative employ- ment, Put this luggage in the boat, iie is now grown veiy lustg,

us ko (jigar) ki himdri hai. nd,o men ml {bojha,l kurnt ko)

nnijh ko hukm di>/a. yih banduk (bharj) hai ? turn (makndfis) kikhassiyat jdnte

ho? yih kitdh (mdnge) doge? roti-wdle ko kaho, tin {rotiydii)

de. tumhnre sanddkche men {hifl)

nuhlii hai. dj k'l rdt ham knhdn (raheiige) ? ye kothriydn bahut (unchl) haii't. turn kyuii is tarnh (jhajiut men

aukdt (ganwdte) ho ? yih kaprd kitnd {lumbd) hai ? tum {kilne din) watidii rahoye ?

turn apne ddrb'in se mvjhe [dekh-

ne) do. jab tum Kalkatle kn j'l.o to mere

irdste ek {d,h}u) lend, dfkbo, tum yih gira {khol) sakle

ho. is (hauki ke jar bahut (dhllt)

huiil. jo chhuri main ne tum ko di,

khabarddr us ko na (khond). vs ko bard (nuksdn) hfi.d hai. shuhr se jab icuh phird to rdh

{hhul-gayd;. main ne dj ki farokht-gdh men

pdnch {gaihnydn) kharid kin. yih (kaiiwal) kd phitl hai. dpas men {inuhabbat) nahii'i hai.

yih kdthrl bahut (nicht) hai. icuh buhut {thori) kimat mdngtd

hai. is dol ko kii,e men niche (ddlo). un ke kdni men bard {nafd*) hai

is (asbdb) ko kishfl meii rakho. tcuh bahut {mold) hu,d hai.

ma chine — means.

What is the name of this

machine 1 He was bit by a mad dog, He made me write the letter

directly, Having made a pen, he began

to write. These are magnificent apart- ments, He has two maid-servants, J/a^-e haste and write the letter, Who manages his affairs ? We ought to love all mankind,

He spoke to us in this manner,

This garden needs some ma- nure, Show me a too;) of Bengal, This floor is paved with marhle,

The regiment will march to- morrow,

Put a m arh on the paper that is yours,

I have been to the market,

"When will their marriage take place ?

He is a very kind master (mean- ing teacher or preceptor),

Who is the master (meaning oivner) of that slave?

Is your wirtsier (meaning a Euro- pean .5re?i<^ema?i) at home?

Call the carjDcnter and his mate now.

How can they work without materials ?

By what means can j"ou do this?

is {ale) kd nam kyd hai ?

wuh (Aiwdne) kutte se kdfd gayd. us ne usi wakt mujh se khatt_

ijikhwd-liyd). us ne kalam {bandke) likhnd

shunt' kiyd. ye koihriydii bahut hizim {^dli-

shdn) haiii. us kl do {^auratni chdkar) hciin. ijuhU) Matt likho. uskd kdm kaun {karfd) ? hum ko chdhiye ki sab {bam-

ddam) ko piydr karen. us ne {is tarnJi) se hamdre sdth

bdtchit kl. is bd(jh men {pdiis) ddlnd zarur

hai. Bangdle kd {naksha) dikhd,o. ghar mpi'i sang i {marniar) bich-

hdyd hai. kal lashkar kd {kilch) hogd.

jo kdcjhaz tumhdrd hai us par

{nishdn) karo. main {bdzdr) gayd thd. un kl {shddl) kab hogl ?

icuh bard mihrbdn {ustdd) hai.

us ^uldm kd {mdlik) kaun hai ?

kyd tumhdrd {sdhib) ghar meii

hai? barha,t aur us ke (sdihi) ko kaho

ahhi due ko. bagkair {sdmdn) ke we kyunkar

kdm kar snkte hain ? turn kis {fadbir) se yih kdm kar

sukoge?

O 8

]50

mean — misery.

I mean to go to Khidai-pur

to-moiTo\v, Measure this cloth, This is a kind of vieasure. Meet me at Maulavl Sa'id's

house to-morrow, I am reading a book of memoirs, Make a memorandum of this, I liave a bad riiemory, Tell the carpenter to mend this

box, We ought ever to be merciful,

This is an article of merchan- dise,

lie is now a merchant in Cal- cutta,

I walked four miles and met no one,

What is the best method [mode) of learning a language ?

I did not arrive there till mid,- day,

Shall I put it at the top, or in the middle ?

This papei' is middling.

She is mild in temper.

Grind this wheat in the mill,

I liave considered this in my own mind,

Had you minded what he said, then it would be well,

Lead and copper are dug out oi mines,

I shall return in one minute,

The}- are full oi mirth,

They are always in mischief.

The wicked man is always

m iserable, Misers never think they have

enough. They live in great misery,

kal nierd {irada) Khidarpiir jane

kd hai. is kapre ko [napo). yih ek kisni {paima,ish) ki hat. kal Malauvi Su^td he ghar meii

mujh se to {muldkdt) karo, main (tazkire) kt kitdb parhtd. is kl ek (i/dd-ddsht) band,o. inerd {hafiza) bahut burd hai. ' sandiik kl {inarammat karne ku) i

barha,i se kaho. ham ko (rahm) karnd hamesha

mundsib hai. yih mdl {lijdrai) kd hai.

ivuh ah {sauddgar) Kalkatte men

hai. main do kos chald gayd ek bhi

(na dekhd). ko.i zahdii sikhne kd kaun sd

{tar'ik) hihtar hai ? maiii [do-pahar din) wahdiinahli'i

pahunchd. niuiii is ko upar yd {blch) men

rakhut'i? yih kdgh<iz (mutaioassif) hai. wuh {muld,iin)-mizdj hai. is gehiiil ko {chakkl) men p'lso, main ne yih apne {dil) ine.n taj-

vc'iz kiyd. us ki bdt agar turn [jndnte) to

khdb hold, s'lsd aur tdmbd {kdiis'i) se nikdld

jdid hai. inaii'i tk (pal) men phir dfingd. we bahut (khushl) se bhare

haiii. ice hamesha (Jjure kdm) karte

hain. bad dd;nt hamesha (dardmand)

rahtd hai. (bukhil) kl Mrs kabht nuhiti

bharll. we bare {dukh) inci'i rahlc haiil.

misfortune — mud.

He has met with a great mis-

fortune, I was grievously misled by

following yoiu- advice.

This is owing to your misma- nagement,

We ought not to misspend our time,

I suppose you have misrecio7ied these i-upees ; count them again,

He has much onisrepresented the matter.

They fii-ed several times at a leopard, but missed it,

You mistake my meaning.

We should not mistmst without

cause. Mix these together. It is improper to mock any

one, He is of a modest disposition. They molest us very much, I shall receive the money after

one month, The moon has not yet risen. He will come in the morning, The motion of this wheel is

very quick, What is your motive for doing

this ? Have you seen the Himalaj'a

rnozintain ? Ha\ ing mounted his horse, Bfe

rode off, This is a motirnfid history.

The whole country mourns his

loss. There is much mud on the

ri^-er-side.

us ne barl {(ifat) uthd,}.

tuvihdri nasihat ke mxnrnfik chalne meti mvjh se burl (chiik) hi(,i. tumhdri {be- khabari) se yih uisd

hn,d. ham ko mundsih nakv'i ki apne

loakt ko {zd,V) karei'i. muin samajhtd fiuii turn ne rn-

paiye ginne men {saho ki) ;

phirkar gino. us neyih mukaddama {barkJiildf)

dikhdyd, ek chile par toe kaiigoUydn laydi-

ydi'i, lekin us ke ek hhi (na

Jay'i). turn meri bdt ko {ulld) samajhte

ho. be suhab kisi se bad {Vtikdd)

hond, hum ko mundsih nah'in. in dono ko bdhain (mild-do), kisi ki {nukl kurnd) mundsih

nahhi. n-uh (sharmanda) mizdj hai II e ham ko buhut {satdti-) hdiii. ek (mahhie) ke bu^d invjhe {ru-

pae) milenge. ahlnk (chdnd) uthd nahin. viih (subh) ko dwegd. is charkh ki {harakat) buhut jald

hai. is kdm karne kd tumhdrd kyd

(bd^is) hai ? turn ne Himdiay (pahdr) dekhd

hai ? umh apne ghore par {charhkar)

chaJd gayd. yih bahut (rikkat-dmez) kissa

hai. us ke marne se sdre mulk ko

{^am) hu,d. daryd ke kindre ban {kJchar)

hai.

152

muddy — nice.

Why do you bathe in muddy

water ? I have bought a mule for 200

i-upees. He was murdered by robbers. They are always murmuring,

Are you fond of music ?

I spoke several times, but still

they continued mute, This will be for oui- mutual

benefit,

kis waste fum (gande) pdnl mei'i

nahdte ho ? main ne do sai rilpaiye ko ek

{khachar) mol liyd. us ko choron ne (mar-dald) . in ki labVat hameshd {shikdyat-

wdr) hai. (rdg) tuinhen hhdtd hai ? main ne ka,i bar unhei'i to kahd,

lekin ice {kJidmosh) rahe. is men {tarfain) kdfd,ida hogd.

N.

In Bengal, little children are accustomed to go naked,

This vessel's name is the Moira,

Have you read this narrative ?

All the people of this nation speak his praise,

The tiger is tierce by nature,

She is a naughty girl.

Have you learnt navigation ?

This is 7ieat writing,

It is not anj-ways necessary

that you should go there, I have need of your assistance,

It is absolutely needful that I

should go. This is owing to your neglect,

They are idle and negligent. He is a neighbour of mine, He lives in this neighbourhood. Have you seen my neic book ?

We will go there neo:t month,

I have broken the nib of my

pen, These are very nice mangoes.

Bangdle mei'i larlce {harhana)

rahfe huin. isjnhdz kd (nam) Mob a hai. turn ne is {kisse) ko parhd hai ? is mulk ke sab (Jog) is ki ta^rlf

karte haiii. apni (JabVat) meii sher bard

tund- mizdj hai. icuh chhokri (natkhat) hai. turn ne kyd {malldhi) s'lkhi hai? yih {achchhd) likhd hai. tumhdrd wahdn jdnd kuchh (:a-

rur) nahin. main tumhdri madad ki {ihtiydj)

rakhld hun. mvjh ko wahdn jdnd bard {zarur)

hai. tumhdri {be-khabarT) se yih hu,d

hai. ice sust avr {ghdfil) haxn. icuh merd (paros'i) hai. y^ih is {nazdiki) meii rahtd hai. ium ne merl {na,i) kitdb dekh'i

hai? ham {dtisre) mahine wahdn jd-

enge. main ne apne kalam kt {nok) tor

ddn. ye bahul (achhe) dmb hain.

n 12^ p ed — occasio ned.

I nipi)ed my fingers with the

pincers, I cannot bear so much noise,

What they say is all nonspnse, The plaintiff was nonsuited, He asked, but I gave him

My fingers are numh with cold,

"What nwnler of persons were

present ? There are numerous errors in

your writing. They took with them their

little child and its nurse,

153

main ne aprii urtgU ko miichne se

{dabd) rakhd. main ifne (shor) kd mutuhummil

nuhtn ho sakld. jo toe kiihle hain sab (bdfU) hai. fnnjddi k'l ndlish{ndmunzur)hil,i. us ne mujh se mdiigd lekin main

ne (kuchh na) diyd. meri ungliydil jdre se {thithir)

ga'tn. (kitne) ddm'i hdzir the ?

iumhdre Ukhne men {bahnt si)

(jhaltiydil hini'i. we apne chhofe larke aur {dd'i)

ko sdih le gu,e.

How can the boatmen row

without oars'} In a court it is usual for

witnesses to take an oath. You should pay obedience to

his orders, Cood children are obedient to

their parents and obliging to

every one, I must obey his orders.

What was the object of your going there ?

You should try to oblige your master.

These words are obscure,

This term has become obsolete,

Thisiis an obstacle to my learn- ing,

They are obstinate in their opinions.

There was no occasion for your coming.

He has occasioned his parents trouble,

b ighnir (ddnd) kc malld/i kt/iiii-

k(tr nd,o khyo-sakte hidi'i ' gaivdhoii ko 'addlut nieii [kasam)

khdnd dastur hai. mundsib hai ki tum is kd {/uikm)

mono, achchhe larke md bap ke {tdbi' -

ddr) aur sab se {mutmod^i')

huiti. mujhe us kd hukm {kabul karne)

hngd. tumhdre loahdnjdne kd kyd {sa-

bab) thd ? khuddicand ko {rdzi rakhnd)

tumheri mundsib hai. ye aljdz {mu''ammi) hniii. yih istildh filhdl (matrdk) hai. yih mere sikhne kd {mdnV) hai.

ice apne khiydl men (khud-sar)

hain. tumhdrd yahdn and kuchh {dar-

kdr) na hFi,d. us ve apne md bap ko bard ranj

{diyd).

154

occupied — ordered.

After another month, I shall

have occupied this house

twenty years, I don't remember this ever to

have occurred before, This is a very remarkable oc-

currence, This is a very odd kind of

expression, What q^ewce have I committed? I cannot think of thus offending

him, Had I known this before, I

should have off'ered you my

services, I am going to Mr. 's office,

He is a European officer, There is no oii in the lamp. Once upon a time, an old man and an old woman went to the forest to gather sticks. There is some omission in copy- ing, I omitted to mention that,

God is omnipotent and omni- present,

Open the door, ,.

How does this medicine op)e- rate ?

What ojnnion do you form on this subject ?

His house is opposite to mine.

He has met with much oppo- sition, I have brought some oranges. He is celebrated as an orator, This is an order for a hundred

rupis. This school is without order, I have ordered the goods to be got ready.

dUsre mahine ba^d is ghar men mujh ko bis bar as (honge).

mujh ko pad nahvi ki kabhi age

aisd {ittifdk hii.d). yih barl td'ajjub ki {bat) hai.

yih {'ajab) tarah kd lafz hai.

maiii ne kyd (taksir) ki hai? aisd us ko {nd-khiish rakhnd),

mvjhe pasand nuhin. agar main age aisi bat jdntd to

tumhdri madad karne ko {hd-

zir) hotd. main fuldne sdhib ke {da/tar'

khdne) meiijdtd hia'i. wuh Farangi (^uhdeddr) hai. chiragh me7i (tel) nahvi. kisi wakt ek (hurhd) aur ek

(burhiyd) jangul men lakriydn

chunne ko ga,e. khcff. ke likhne meii kuchh {saho)

ho ga,l hai. main yih bat kahni (bhiil-

gayd). khiidd {kddir) aur {har jdhdzir)

hai. darwdza (kholo). yih daicd kaisi {tdsir rakhtihai) ?

.is meii turn kyd {kiyds) karie

ho? us kd ghar mere ghar ke [sdmh-

ne) hai. bahut logon ne iski (mukhali/at)

ki hai. maiii ne {kaule) mol liye. wuh (fasih) mashiir hai. yih ek sau rupa,e ki [hundi) hai.

yih maktab be (tarbib) hai. sab chizon ke taiydr karne ko main ne {kukm kiyd hai).

oriental — ^artaJce,

He was -uell versed in oriental

literature, Do you know the origin of this

saying? This is not the original v,^r\t\ng, They wear different kinds of

ornaments, These children are orphans, We cannot overcome the enemy,

The river has overflou-ed its

hanks, It is better that you overlook

his offence, A sudden gust of wind overset

the boat. Who is the oxvner of this house ? Whose oxen are these ?

{mnshrikl) Him se icuh JchUh icdkif

hai. turn is bat ki [as!) jdnie ho ?

yih likhd (asll) nahm hai.

we rakam rakam ke {zewardt)

pahiniiydn huifi. ye htrke (yatim) haiii. dushnian par ham {cjhdlih) hone

nnhl)) sakte. dariyd kdpdnl kindron se {bdhar

gay a), agar is ki taksir turn {^mu'df

karo') to bihtar hoi. ck d ek haivd ne aisd tapdncha

mdrd ki kishti [dUb ga,!). is ghar kd kaun (mdlik) hai ? ye kiske {bail) haii'i ?

P.

I have received a -packet from

Madras, In what fage of the book does

the word occur ? I have a. pain in my head, Where did you get this p>aint ? In former times, there lived in

China a celebrated painter,

by name Mani, This is a beautiful painting,

He became ^?a.^e through fear

(literally yellow), Have you read that pam.2:)hlet? There are ten panes of glass in

this window? I have forwarded to him the

parcel. Sir, I beg jonr pardon, He said that his parents had

given him leave to do so, r invited him to partake of

some fniit, but he would not.

mandrdsi ]chutut_ kd ek {kharlfa)

pdyd hai. kitdb ke kis (safhe) men wuh

lafz milid hai ? mere sir men (dard) hai. turn ne yih (rang) kahdn pdyd ? agle' zamdne men Chin ke mulk

men mdni nam ek bard (inu-

saiiwtr) thd. yih bahut khdb-mrat (tasuiir)

hai. dur ke mare us kd rang {zard)

ho gayd. turn ne yih (chhnfi kitdb) parhi ? is khirkt men das (khdne) shlshe

ke hai/i. maiii ne (gathrl) ko us ke pas

bhej-diyd. ai sahib, mujhko (mu'df) kijiye. us ne kahd mere {rnd-bdp) ne aisd

karne ko ijdzat di. main ne mewa {khdne kl) duUcal

kl, lekin us ne kabul na kl.

lo6

pa rt ial ity—j)e nsive.

We ought not to show par-

tiality in our judgment, I find I am mistaken in this

jmrticular, He is apaiiner in the hovise of

Messrs. Palmer and Co., Each of them favours his own

jycuiy, Have you got a pass for these

goods ? This coin does not pass in

That ship brought many j^f^s-

sengers, One ought never to be in a

passion, He has obtained a passport to

go to Agra, This path leads to the village, It becomes us to exercise pa- tience in adversit}'^, They &.ve patient and 2}faceahle, He patronizes whatever tends

to the welfare of the country, You must give me a.2)attei')i to

work by. In reading, you ought to pause

where there is a stop, I have had a month's pay be-

foiehaud, lie is a very just man, he pays

all his debts. He will have only pecuniary

loss. The windows are so small, one

can but just peep thi-ough

them, These children are peevish and

percerse. For doing this you must pay a

penalty, Lend me your penknife to cut

my pen, His turn of mind is pensive.

ham ho munasib nahlii ki kis't l\

insif men {tarnfddn) knren.\ main ab dekhtd hiin ki is {bdl\

men mvjh se (jhnlulj hu,l. wuh Palmar sahib ke yhar i

ek (sharlk) hai. har ek apne {farik) ko dos\

rakhtd hai. turn ne (j-awdna) pay a is asbdL\

kd? I

yih zarb Bangdle men {glihain

murauwuj) hai. bahut {inusdfir) jahdz meii the.

kisi ko na chdhiye ki (^usse) \

ho. \

us ne gre jane kd {rawdnu) I

payd. yih (rdh) gdnw jdne ki hai, ham ko mundsib hai ke mml'iat

men {sabar) ikhiiydr karen. ice {.sdbir) aw {muld,im) hain. jis mm mu'k ki saldh ho, tcuh us

men (madad kartd hai). mvjh ko ek (namuna) dljiye jis

se kdm kariiti. parhne tiifii, turn ko wakf ki

jugah (thaharnd) zarur hai. muiii lie pahle ek mah'ine kl {ta-

lab) pd,t. wuh bard diydnat-ddr hai, apnd

sab icarz {add) kartd hui. is kijakuf nakdt (nuksdn) hoyi.

kharkhariydn aisi tang haiii, ki

ko,i us se fakat (jhdnkne)

sakld hai. ye larke {chirchire) aur {bad-

zdi) haiii. yih kdm karne se tumhen {jar'i-

mdna) dene hogd. apne {kalam-fardsh) mujh ko do

(kalam) bandne ko. is kd dil {mw'afukkir) hdi.

perceive — 2)idy.

157

I perceive no error in your

composition. This blemish is not perceptible, Your work is now perfect, We ought to aim stX perfectio7i,

though we cannot attain it,

He generally promises, but he

does not perfoi-m, The whole apartment was filled

with perfume, The house is nerfumed by the

fragrance of these flowers, Perhaps this news may be

true. Is this regulation to he perrna-

nent 1 I have permission to go for

three months. Bring a permit for these goods,

Will you fei-mit me to walk a little in your garden ?

There is a perpetual flux and reflux,

I am much perplexed in this

Who is that person ?

I have done this deed through his persuasion.

His answers are peHinent,

You must make a petition to the merchants,

Have you a phial for the medi- cine ?

This phrase is very common,

[ am not fond of taking physic,

Do you know what physician

visits him ? I will show you a beautiful

picture, Give me a sma\\ piece of paper,

He is a person of great jnety, wuh bard {d'lnddr) hai. p

jo turn ne likha hai main is meii

(fhalti nahln {paid). yih ddfjh {ghair muhsus) hai. ab tumhdru kdm (tamdm) hil,d. hum ko chdhiye lei ham {/amain

0 kamdl) taldsh karen, guki

hdsil na ho. wrih ak.mrwa'da knrtd hai, lekin

(pilrd nah'm karid). sard kamrd {khush-bo) se mua^t-

tar fhd. in phulon ki khitsh-bo se sard

ghar {muhak-gayd). {shdyad ki) yih khubar sach ho,

kyd yih d,m {pd,eddr) hood ?

main ne {ruklisai) pd'i tin muhine

ki.- {rawdna) to is asbdb ke lejdne

kd. apne bdfj]i meii zarra sair karnc

kJ [ijdziit) doye? jiiwdr bhdthd {hameshu) hai.

is kdm meii main bahut {ghabrd-

td) hull, ivuh {shakhs) kaun hai / un ke {kahne) se muiii ne yih

kdm kiyd. is kd jaivdb (shd.isfa) hai. turn kochd hiye ki sanddgar sd-

hibon ko {'arzl) kuro. tumhdre pas dawd rakhne ko

{shishi) hai ? yih chalan ki (bdt) hai. main {dawd) khdue nuh'in

chdhtd. tumjdnte ho kaun {hakim) dated

kartd hai ? maintum ko ek bahut khicb-surat

(fastoir) dikhdfiiigd. mujh ko ek chhotd {tukrd) kdghaz

158 pilgririi — ])oiiit.

The pilffnm is gone on j^t7- icuh (hclji) {Jiajj ko) gaya hat.

grima</e,

His house is ornamented with us kd ghar {satunon) se aids

pillars, hai.

I want a pair of pincers from main ek {saiiddsi) iin se chdh

them, hnii.

Whose is that pinnace now yih {bnjra) jo jdtd hai kiskd ha-

passing ?

I was near falling into &pit, karlb thd ke main {garhe) m<

gir partd.

The afflicted should excite our ham ko chdhiye ki bhndron pi

pity, (rahm) kareii.

What a pity you did not tell {afsos) hai ki turn ne mujh k

me this ! kahd .'

What is ihejolace called where kyd nam hni vs (jagah) kdjui,'

he lives ? tcuh rahtd hni ?

The plague of this business is ts kdm k'l {mihnat aur mushaV\

endless, kat) kd iniihd nahhi. V-

This writing is plain and easy yih {sdf) likhd hai, aurba-dsdil

to be read, parhdjdld hai. |1

Who is the plaintiff in this is mu''dmale tnen kaun{mudda^it

affair ? hai. I

Have you seen the plan of the is ghar kd (naksha) turn ne dekh

building ? hai ?

Smooth this board with a (rande) se is takhle ko sdf karo

plane,

Are these planks for sale? kyd ye (tnkhfe) bechne ko haii'i

The inside walls are plastered andar d'lwdr ke (gachhkdri) hu

with lime, hai.

We have now no time to plai/, ham ko ab {khelne) ki fursa

nahhi.

If he had informed me of this agar ivuh peshtar mujh ko kahtd

before, I should have been to main ziydda {khush) hold

better pleased,

I pledge my word to act in this main ne {ikrdr kiyd hai) ki maii

manner, yil)i karuiigd.

This kind of frait is plentiful, is kism kd phal (bahuf) hai.

I have an excellent ^^^om^A and mere pas ek achchhd (hai) aui

one pair of oxen, bailoii kl ek jori hai.

When the rains arrive, I shall jab harsdt diregi, to main is za-

plougli this field, min meii {hai chald/u'iyd).

He is a poet; have you seen wuh (shd'ir) hai, jts ka dkhir

his last^oe»i? (s/it'r) turn ne dekhd hai?

This needle has no point, is su'i k'l {nok) nahhi.

2)oint — precepts.

159

She has been at the 2:>oint of

death, Had you asked, I could have

2)oi/Uecl out to you in what

manner to act. He received us with gi-eat po- liteness, He rides out every morning on

his po7iii, He is now become poor, Calcutta is a very pop>ulous

city, I have his p)ortrait in my

possessio n. Had I studied earlier, by this

time I might have possessed

much learning, There is no possibility of your I getting there to-day, i If the letter goes by to-day's I post, you must send it to the i post-office now, [What will be the postage ? 1 have sent word to the post- master, I AVhy do you sit in that postzire ? ' What is there in this pot ? i Though in great poverty, she

is happy, [It is beyond my power to

understand this. What you purpose, I think, is

not practicable,

' Whence arose this practice ?

He is an effective practitioner and a competent physician,

We ought not to praise the undeserving,

Her health is very preca- rious,

In the book which you gave me are many excellent pre- ' cepts,

wuh marne ke (karib) ha,! th'i.

agar turn piichhte, to niuiti kam kd ffiur {batata).

us ne ham se ban {taicazu') se

muldkal kl. tvuh {(aftii) par har subh ko

saudr hold hai. wuh ah {ghar'ib) ho gayd. Kulkatta bard {dbdd) shahr hai.

{mere pas) is ke {chihre ki tas-

uir) hai. agar main age parhfd, to in

dinoii men {^alldma hold).

yih {imkdn) nahiii ki itne \irse

meii turn dj uahuii puhuncho. agar tu7n dj kl {dak) men khatt_

bhejo, to abh'i [ddk-ghur) men

bhejnd chdhiye. {dak kd mafiml) kyd hogd ? main ne {ddk ke munshi) ko

khabar bhej'i hai. turn kijiin is {tarah) bailhte ho ? is {lote) men kyd hai? uuh bd-wajfid bare {fakr) ke

khiish hai. is kd samajhnd mere {makdi'ir)

se bdhir hai. jo turn irdda karte ho merenaz-

dik {nd-mumkin) maUum hold

hai. kahdii se yih {^ddaf) hu,t hai? v:uh {jarrdhi kdrigar) hai, aur

{huklmi kdbil). buron kl {mndh karnd) ham ko

Idzim nahin. is ki tandurusli {bekiydm) hai.

jo kitdb turn ne mvjh ko dl, us mai bahut achchhe {ahkdm) hain.

P 2

160

p redid— principal.

We Qiiiinot ^:!re(Zzci what will happen on the morrow.

Your prediction has been ful- filled,

I prefer your house to my own,

Which of these two is prefer- ahle ?

We ought to get rid of preju- dice,

He received a premium of 100 rupees,

They are preparing/ to go to England,

The doctor wrote this prescrip- tion,

He said so in my presence,

Tlie Nauwab of Lakhnau sent this elephant to the Gover- nor-General as a, present,

By your kindness my Ufe was 2)reserved,

Are j'ou fond of preserves ?

Who is the president of that society ?

I presume, sir, you have lately arrived in this country,

This is merely a pretence,

These are very pretty flowers,

I could not prevail upon him to i-emain here longer,

This disorder is at present very prevalent,

1 thought you might have pre- vented their going away,

You went j9?-ej;io«5 to my arrival,

Vv'hat is the price of this ? Is that really the unarkct price (or jjn'ce current) ?

We ought to shun pride,

business

be princip)al in the

jo kul hogd, us ko ham dj nal

{hol-sukie). jo {bat) turn ne kahi th'i so h

hai. mujhe apne gharse tumhnrn yh

(piydrd) rna^ldin hntd hai. in dono men se kaun {pasan

hai? ham ko chdhiye ki {td'assu.

chhor den. us ne ek sau rupaiye {in'dn

pdyd. we IVildyat jane ko {musta'idi

haiii. hakim ne yih (nuskha) Ukhd hi

us ne mere (sdiuhne) aisd kahd Lakhnau ke Nuuicdb neyih hall

Gavarnar Bahddur ko{hadiyi

bhfjd. tumhdri mihrbdnt se hamdr'i jd

{bachi). tumheii (murabbd) hhdtd hai ? us jams' at kd [sarddr) kaun hai.

ai sdhib, main (samajhfd) hui

ki dp yahdn thore din se d,.

hain. yihfakat (Mia) hai. ye bahut (khubsurat) phdl haiii. wuh yuhdii ziydda rahne ko men

kahne se (rdzi na hd,d). yih wabd biljVl bahut (phaill)

hai. mujhe khiydl thd, ki turn unhe,

jdne se {bdz rakh sakte the). tuiiihdrdjdnd meredne ke [kab^)

thd. is ki (kimat) kya hai? kyd

icuhi {bdzdr kd nirkh) hai '

ham ko chdhiye {(jharur) se par- he z kareii. is kdm kd [sarddr) kaun hai ?

priided-

The book will shortly be printed, ''How many prisoners are in jail?.

They held a private conver- sation,

< Is there a probahility of my

seeing him ? 4 Tliat is not at all prolable,

Where can I procure a budge- row.

Those articles are the produce of this country.

This garden ptroduces nothing but weeds.

They use only projane lan- guage,

I promised to call upon him to-day,

By this our happiness will be promoted,

Man is prone to err.

Let me hear you p>ronounce this word,

Is my pronunciation con-ect?

What proof can you give of this?

If you take away this prop, the roof may full,

This doctrine is propagated everywhere.

Do you conceive this to be proper 1

He is a pei-son oi property,

You will have yowv proportion of profits,

I propose that we share the ss between us,

Are you the proprietor of this

house ? Will you prosecute him for his

offence ? He is now in gi-eat prosperity,

2}Tosperity. 161

yih kitdb jaldi {chhapl) jd,egz.

kaid-Ichdne meii kitne {kuid'i)

huin? unhun ne {tnakhfi) bdicKit k'l.

us ko dekhne men mvjhe kuchh

{ihtimdl) hai? wuh (fhuir (muhtamal) hai. kahdii {inileyd) ek bajrd ?

we snb chtzen is mulk meii [paidd)

hu,i. haiti. is hdyh meti khurdh ghds ke sivjd,e

aur kuchh nahtn {itgtd). ivefakat (burl) bateii kuhte hahi.

main ne us se {wd'da kiyd) ki dj

iumhdre pas d,iliigd. is sabab se hamdri khiishi {ziyd-

da) hogi. ddm isaho ki taraf {md,H) hai. turn is lafz ko {bolo), main

sunun. merd [talaffuz) durust hai ? turn is ki kyd {duW) Idte ho ?

agar turn (situn) ukhdr- ddloge

io chhat gir pareg'i. yih taTirn har jagah men {mu-

rauwaj) hai. turn samajhie ho yih {munasib)

hai? wuh bard (daulatmand) hai. nafa' men turn apnd purd {/lissa}

pd,oge. main {kahtd hdn) ki jo kuchh

nuksdn hii,d hai, ham (urn

dpas meii /iissa karen. turn is ghar kd {mdhk) ho?

is ki takstr ke ba- sabab turn

(ndlish karoge) ? ab us kd burd {nu.sib) hai, P 3

16:

2^ rospero m — p uvijii

His affiiirs arc now very p)''''OS-

prospers,

It is a prince's glory to protect bis people,

Tliey fled to the king for pro- tection,

They who are proud have little sense,

I can prove this to be time,

Tliis is a common proverb, Being in service all the time,

liave you not provided for

your family ? Providence directs all things,

This disease affects the whole province,

JNIake provision for your jour- ney.

He does everything he can to provoke me.

She is a wise and prudent

woman, A p vff of wind will upset this

boat, ^Ye P'ust pull the boat along

with a rope, Let me feel y owe pulse, You may expect to he punished

for this, I am reading a dialogue between

a pupil and his preceptor. If I had had sufficient money,

I should have purchased the

house, Tliere were few furcliasers, God only is pure, that is, free

from sin. Can you inform me how the

heart may be purijltd ?

is wakt us ke kdm meii (dnrusfi)

hritl hai. jo kam vith kartd .">."

{kdmydb hot a hni). . - i apne ddniii/on ki (himdyat) bud'

shah kofakhar hai. ice (pandh) ke liye bddshdh kl

tnraf bhdg". jo (tnacihrur) haiii we kam ^dkl

haiti. is bdt kl saddkat par maiii {dafil |

dene) saktd hait'i. yih {masal) mnshki'ir hai. itne din se naukari karte ho, aur

abtak apne Hydl ke waste

kuchh {j(ima^) na kiyd? {Parwardigdr) ke hukm se sab

chiz jdri hai. yih biindr'isab {mulk men) phuill

hai. turn {tosha) safar kd tahjdr

karo. wuh apne makdur bhar merd

(^Ms;>-rt dilwdne) ko kdm

karld hai. icuh bari ddnd aur Caklmand)

hai. ' hawd ke ek {tapdiiche.) men yih

kis'ntl dub-jd,eyi. hamen kish/l kd gun {kltlnchne

hai). main tumhdri (nabz) dekhuii. turn yoJfin jdno ki tumhen is ke

liye {sazd milegi) . maiii (ustdd) aur (shdgird) ke

saivdl ojawdb parhld huii. agar maiii bahut sd rdpaiya

rakhtd to ghar (mol-letd).

{hhariddr) bahut thore the. fukaf khudd {pdk) hai, yahie be

'aib. turn mujh ko bafd-sakfe ho ki dil

kyunkar {sdf ho sukld hai) /

jmr pose— quotation. 163

i) I jfuiyose to consider tliis sub- maiii ne {tkahrdyn) hiii ki yih jecL, mukaddama fujunz karunga.

■ purpose do you do kis {kdm) ke Hije yih bundle ho ?

He found a inirse wHli five us ne pdnch ashrajiyun k'l {thuU'i)

ashrafis in it, pa,i.

Our soldiersj9etrstterf the enemy hamdre lashkar ne dushman ko

sixty miles, sdth kus {bhugdyd).

Your -pursuit of pleasm-e is tunihdrtCaish-ju'i) befd,ida hai.

fruitless,

Bejmt all his savings into the jitnd rupaiya usne bachd rakhd

bank, thd, sabbdnk men {rakh- diya).

He has many good qualifica- icuh achchhi {khiibiydii) rakhld

tions, hoi.

Are 3'ou qualified 1)0 do this turn is kdm karne ke {ld,ik) ho ?

work ?

Of what quality is this cloth ? yih kis (kism) kd kaprd hai ?

YN^hat jwayit^Yj/ do you wish for ? turn kis (kadar) chdhle ho 7

They appear to be fond of 2dhiranunko{jhagrd)bhdtdhai.

quo.rrels,

Whj^ do you quarrel one with turn kyiiii dpas men [lurle) ho ?

another ?

Is the work printed in folio, yih kitab kis Uirdh chhdp'i gti't ?

quaHo, octavo, or duo- sard takhtuhai, yd{doioa>kd),

decimo? yd chau icarkd, yd si uurkd ?

The king and queen were both malik aur {inuhka) wahdn ilono

jn-eseut, hdzir the.

Take some water to quench thordpdnilekar piyds {bujhd,o).

your thirst,

That vessel came q^lid•, wuh jahdz (jald) dyd.

We must quicken our pace, if agar ham aj wuhdii pahunchne

we wish to arrive there this chdhle haiii, to kadam (jald'i)

evening, uthdnd hogd.

Give me a quill and a quire of ek (kalam) aur ek (dasta) kd(jhaz

paper, Hndyat k'ljiye.

When do you mean to quit turn kub yih ghar {chhoroge) ?

this house?

This is a quotation from some yih [fikra) aur kist kitdb se chun

other book, liyd hai.

rags — recollection.

Paper is made of rags,

Some of the garden rails are

broken. It rains very fast. Are you fond of raisins ? What is his rank in the army? The stream is very rapid in

the rainy season. This is a very rare plant. He is very rash in his conduct, He is a great rascal, At what rate do you buy this

cloth ? It is not good to eat rice

raio, I cannot reach so high,

He reads eight or ten hours

every day. Sir, the carriage is ready, Tliis is all real, not show merely, Man has reason, the beasts have

it not. What is the reason you cannot

be silent ? What you say is reasonable, That house has been rebuilt,

I received your letter, dated

1st March, Give me a receipt for the

money. Is this intelhgence receJit ? Tell me the recipe for this

medicine. Have you reckoned what these

things will come to ? I now recollect what you told

me, I have no recollection of his

telliner me it,

(gudar) se kaghaz bant a hat. bagh ki kuchh {bar) tUt ga,l.

nrenh khiib (barasta) hai. {kishmish) tuinhen bhdii hai? fanj men us kd kya {IchUdb) hai ? bursal ke mausim men dariyd ki

dhdr (/ez) hii,i hai. yih nadir {biitd) hai. icuh kdin men bahut {befikr) hai. ■vcuh bard {hardmzddd) hai. kis (klmaf) turn ne yih kaprd

khnridd ? kachd chdwal (khdnd) Mub

nahlil. main ilne Unche tak nahvi {pa-

hunchnef^saktd. iciih har roz dth das ghante

(parhtd) hai. sahib gar'i (taiydr) hai. yih sab [huklki) hai, na famdshd. {'akl) ddm'iko hai, nujdnwar ko.

turn (kis waste) chupke rah nah'in

sukte ? jo turn kahle ho wuh (udjib) hai. wuh yhar {phirkar tuiydr kiyd)

gayd hai. tunihdrdkhatt miaoarrildia pahll

March kd {mvjhe pahunchd) . un rdpuiyuA ki {rasid) mujh ko

do. yih {nail) khabar hai ? is daird kd {nuskha) turn mujh ko

do. turn ne (Iiisdb-kiyd) in chizoA ki

khnut kyd hogi? jo turn ne mujh ko kahd thd, so

maiii abhi {ydd kartd huii) . nnijhe (ydd) nahvi ki is ne mvjhe

yih kahd.

recommendation — renew. 105

Sir, be p]eased to give mo a ai sahib, ek (sifarish-nanin) fu-

letter of recommendation to lane sdliih ke nam men 'inayul.

that gentleman, kljiije.

I desire no o-ecomjjense for mainlumhdrlkhidmaf-guzaiikd

serving you, kuchh (ajar) nahtii chdn/d.

They two are now reconciled, ab we dono {muttujik) hu,e

haiii.

Have you any expectation of apud (mdl) pane ki, turn kuchh

recovering your property ? umined rakhfe ho ?

If there be any mistakes, rec- ayar is men kuchh (fhaltl ho, to

tify them, {durust) kijiye.

I have very much reduced my vmin ne apna kharch bahui (kum

expenses, kiyd hai).

To what do these words refer ? ye sab bdten kis ke {hakk men

haiii) ?

Can you give me a reference to aisd ddmi bald sakte ho jo turn

any one ? se (ivdkif) ho ?

The more I reflect upon this is mukaddame men, jilni mam

circiunstance, the more I ifikr) kartd hun, isi kadar

regret it, mujhe ranj hold hai.

I feel much refreshed by the mujh ko is hawd se bun {tdzagi

air, hoti).

He will be obliged to refund itne rupaiye us ko [phir-dene

this sum, honge).

He has refused what advice I jo nasikat main ne kl, so us ne

oft'ered, [na mdni),

I bear him very gi-eat regard, main bar'i {takr'im) is kl kartd

hun.

You ought to have regarded meri nafilhat (mdnnd) tumhai

my advice, mundsib ihd.

His regiment is gone to Cawn- usk'i (paUan) Kdnhpiir mm ga,t

pore, hai.

I regret I did not follow your tumhdrt nafihat na mdnne se

advice, main bahut {pashemdn) huii.

I shall rejoice to see him, us ke dekhne se main {khush

hiingd).

These matters need to be reg'?^- ye S'lb mukaddame {mukarrar

lated, kiyd chdhiye).

The business proceeds with yih kdm bare (intizdm) se Hldka

regularity, rakhtd hai.

There is no ready money re- kuchh nakd [bdki) nahin.

maining,

I wish to renew the lease of main is ghar kd paid {phir kir-

this house, dyd) chdhtd hun.'

^'^"^•iouse needs r.^«,-,,

'•-S^/-^o hundred ten days ^'^^ "P^y Jonin

..KiTess!"^ ^^-P^^fe^ce will ■i-ad I acted as f).« ;^^^^ J sbomd\S-7, advised

>> nat re«/,, J ' J ^y quSin? ^^" ^-ke to

^ ^y question 2 "'^ """^^e to ,J^-;e_^.ade a ..^,,, ^^

'S;i:^^--^ the subject to

^'^ conduct wa.s ,.

^ by many ^ ^^Proached

J: on will res'tn. r

Is that ?t^'"; '■'■*'■*.'

"'■"'""« ««f Us data

, (^akrar)Z^ ^'^'' ^^A «« ;l-

main turn <i^ f j .

1

resistance — ring. 1G7

The enemj' fled without resiJ- dushman haghuir {muhahih) ke

ance, bhag-gayd.

They are resohite in their pur- ice jo {irdda) karfe hain us par

pose, kd,im rahte haii'i.

To do this requires resohdion, is kdm men {istikldl)_chdhiye.

1 am resolved to do so no 7nuin ne dil se {irddd kiya hui),

more.

ki phir aisd na kartaigd.

He is everywhere respected, wuh sab jagah meii (inu^azzam)

hai. I pay great respect to what he us k'l bdt ko maiii bahiit (mdntd)

says, hu)i.

I had no rest last night, kal kl rdt main ne kuchh {dram)

napdyd. I have restored more than I jitnd main ne liyd thd, us se si- took away, ydda {add kiya hai) . What was the result of your iumhdri tajwiz kd {ma,dl) kyd

deliberation ? hai ?

From this measm-e many bene- is kdm se bahutfd,ide {nikhnge).

fits will result, Can you retain this in your turn is ko ydd men rakh {sakle)

memory ? ho ?

At ten o'clock the company das ghanfe ke icakt malifil {bar-

began to retire, khdst hone) lagi.

When do you propose to re<Mr?i? turn kab {phir d,oge) ? I have revised what I had main ne jo likhd thd use {durust

written, kiyd hai).

Trade is now beginning to ab iijdrat ne phir {chamaknd)

revive, shuru' kiyd.

The General rewarded the sol- faujddr ne sab sipdhiyoi'i ko

diers, {in' dm diyd).

Tie this with a riband, is ko {J tie) se bdndho.

That merchant is very rich, icuh sauddgar bard {daulat-

mnnd) hai. What are riches to him who jis kd dil khair karne par md,il

has no heart to make a na ho, us ko {daulat) se kyd

right use of them ? fd,ida ?

Can you tell the meaning of is {mu'amme) ki mu'ni turn kah-

this riddle ? sakte ho ?

He rides on horseback every wuh har roz subh ko ghore pur

morning, {saivdr hotd hai).

They ridicule serious counsel, we achchhe mashwarepar {hanste

hain) . She has lost her diamond ring, us ne apni almas ki {angufhi) kho-ddfi.

168

rings^sailors.

The bell rings daily at twelve

o'clock. This fruit is beginning to r^^en, If you wish to be a good scholar,

rise early every day, The price of indigo has rise7i

lately, The sea roars loudly,

He has been rohhed of all his

plate. The ship ran upon a roci:, and

was lost. The roof of the house fell in. How manj'' rooms are there iu

the house ? Those trees were dug up by

the roots, Make the boat fast with a rope, Rub youi- hands with this leaf. The vessel ran upon a sand- bank, and lost her rudder, By these deeds he will iu the

end be ruiiied. What rule do you observe iu

study ? God is the rtde^' of the vmiverse. Run after him and call him

back. This knife is covered with i-ust,

ghanfa har roz do pahar ke ivakt

{hujtd) hai. _ _ yih niewa [pakfajdtd hai). agar turn fdzil hu,d-chulife ho, to

har roz ban /ajar (rt/ho). thore din se nil hi kimut (burh-

gayd). samundar bard {shor) kartd

hai. us k'l sab rikdbiydil (c/io?-7) gn,iii.

yih jahdz (pahdr) par charhkar

mar a paid, ghar k'l \chhaf) gir-pari. is ghar men kiine (kainre) hain 1

ye sab dardkht (jar) se khod-

ddla ga,e haiti. kishfl ku {rassl) se bdndh-do. apnehd/hoii koispattese (mala), jahdz ret'i ke file parcharh gayd

aur us ki (paltcdr) fut-gad. in kdmoii se dkhir ku u-uh (kha-

rdb hogd). dat-s 7ne7i tumhdrd {daslur) kya

hai ? khuddjahdn kd (Mkiin) hai. us ke plchhe (dauro) aur use

buld-lo. chhurl {zang)-khurda ho gait.

S.

This is mdeed a sad misfortune, yih ek (ban) muslbat hai.

He is used to ride without a us ko bacjhair {zln) saivdr hone

saddle, I heard of his safe an-ival in

London, We may live here in safety,

This boat has neither mast nor sail,

ki ^adat hai. maitinesund wuh xahih {salumat)

Landan pahuiichd. ham yahdii {dram) men rahne

sakte hain. is kishti men {pal) aur masffil 7iahin.

Sailors visit different parts of {malldh) tarah latarali ke inulk- the globe, on ki sair karte hain.

salary— search.

His safari/ is 500 rupees a

month. There will be a sale of salt

to-moiTOw, These articles are not sale- able, Yours and mine are both the

same, Show me a samj>le of the

rice, This rice is full of satid, Your book has afforded me

much satisfaction, They are never satisfied, Save this for to-morrow, I have saved my friend from a

very great danger, Tell the caipenter to sato this

board in two. This is an old saying, These articles are now scarce. Scatter this seed on the ground, I have bought a score of sheep, He treated my advice with

scorn, Scrape the ink off your pen, I have scratched my finger with

a nail, Why do you scraiol on my

paper ? These children scream all day,

This lock is fastened on with screws.

This is the village scribe,

The ship will go to sea to- morrow,

What did you give for that seal ?

Have you sealed your letter ?

There are no seams in this cloth, I had a long search to no pm-- pose.

MS kd (mah'ina) pan smi rvpaiya

hni. kal (namak) kd {mldtn) hocjd.

yih ashdb kdbil (farokht) ke

nahin. tumhdri meri dona Id {ek rakam)

hai. miijh ko chdwal kd (namUna)

diklid,o. yih chdical (bdlu) se bhard Jiai. tumhdri kifdb parhne se niujh ko

bahuf (khiishl) hi'i,?. toe kahhi {asuda) nuh'in. is ko kal ke ivdste {rakho). main ne apne dost ko bahut bare

khotre se {hachdyd) hai. barhaii se kaho, ki yih takhia

\dre) se do tvkre kar-de. yih {bat) pur dm hai. ye ch'izen hiJJi'l (kamydb) hain. yih tukhm zamiii par (bo-dn). main ne (bis) bheren mol lii'i. us ne meri naslhat ko {halkd)

jdud. kalnm se siydlii (punrhhn). main apni ungli ek kil se {chhil-

ddl'i). mere kdghaz par kyiii'i {lakiren)

karte ho ? ye larke tamdm din (chilldyd)

karte haiti. yih kufal {pech) se band kiyd

hai. yih bast'i kd (kdtib) hai. kaljahdz (samundar) menjd,egd.

turn ne us (muhr) kd kyd diyd ?

turn ne apne khatt par {muhr kl

hai) ? is kapre men (stwan) nahin hai. mainne bahut (faldsh) ki, magar

usko na pdyd.

Q

170

searching — servant.

I have been searclang for this

all day, This is a pleasant season of the

year, We walked by the sea-shore,

They keep all things secret,

You will find this in the foui-th

chapter, fifth section, You may remain here secure,

I see, the trouble I take to teach you is useless.

Sow this seed in the garden, If we seeJc for knowledge, we

shall find it, The police-ofiicer seized him, Select what things you choose,

I intend to sell my old books

and buy new ones, I send my servant to Calcutta

once a week, The king said, Send for the

executioner, He is a sensible man, She possesses much sense and

judgment, It behoves us to keep our

senses under control. This sentence has no beginning

or end, My sentiments agree with yours,

How long is it since their sepa- ration? They live in separate houses,

The sky is serene and clear. Are you serious in what you

say? Send a sei'vant.

\ \^^.

Iti

iTchfi) raA\i kl pancht Iffi

maiii we us H din bhar (tab

kl hai. haras men yih (mausim) bt f jht

achchhd hai. ham ne {dariyd ke kinare)

kl. we sab bateii {makh,

haii'i. us ko chauthe hdb kt pdnch

{fasl) men pd.nge. turn yahdn {khdlir-jam'') se ml

sakte ho. mam {dekhtd) hiui, kimertfa.^.

fumhdre sikhldne meA bejd

hai. is {b'lj) ko bdgh men bo. agar ham Him {dhiindhen).

albatta pdwenge. I

kofwdl ne use (pakar-liyd). turn jo jo chiz chdhte ho (

kar-lu). merd purdni kitdb (bechne), ui I-

na,t mot lene kd irdda hai. I main apne naukar ko hafte mA

ek bar Kalkatte (bhej/d) hfoA badshdh ne kuhd ki {jalldd ko]

(buld.n). icuh Caklmand) ddmt hai. us ki hart {^akl) aur iajiciz hai

ham ko chdhiye ki apne {haudss

znbt men rakheii. is (jumle) kd na aicwal hai

dkhir. is men merd tumhdrd (kiyds)

bardbar hai. kitne roz se un men (judd,l) haii

toe (judejude) gharon men rahte

hain. dsmdn Jdiiib (sdf) aur nurdnt ha\ jo ium kahte ho {sach) hai yd |

nahhi ? >

ek {chdkar) ko bhejo.

—show.

171

hdthi-ddi'it tariih taruh ke kd-

vion men {at a hai). maiti ne das bivas un kt {khid-

mat) ki th'i. muiii aj Murshiddbdd (jatd huii) .

Ivoiy serves for various pur-

r,»oses, I liave been in Ms service ten

J ears, I s<t oflf to-day for Murshida-

bad, I have set the trap in the place jis jagah turn ne vnijhe kahd,

you told me, mavinewahmddna(ddl-diyd).

I will now settle my account, maiii ab apnd hisdb (purd ka-

He was punished severely, Sew these two together, Sit in the shade of this tree. My house is shaded with trees,

ake the boughs of the tree, ibnake off the dust on your

clothes, What, have you no shame ? Do you know what shape the

earth is ? He has received his own share

out of the property. Is your knife sharp ? I am just going to shave, The sun shed his beams over

the earth, Give me a sheet of paper, 1 have found a beautiful shell,

It rains fast, let us shelter

om-selves, '«'he sun shines with great

power to-day. Do you know how to shoot

with arrows? Whereabouts is his sho]} ? Can you shorten this? He shot at the tiger twice, but

missed him. He has an epaulet on his

shoulder, Please sho^o me the book you

spoke of,

IS ne (ban) snzd pd,l.

in dona ko bd-ham (siyo).

w<f darakht ke {sdye) mtn baifho.

inerd ghar darakht u/i se {say a-

ddr) hai. {hild,o) darakhf ki tham. tumhdre kapre par gar d pail hai,

{jhdr-ddlo). iiimhen kyd {sharm) nahhi ? turn jdnte ho zauiin hi {hai,at)

kais'i hai ? vsne mdl se apnd (Jiissd) pdyd

hai. tumhdri chhuri {tez) hai ? main {hajdmat) kariingd. suraj kl dhiip sdrl zamln par

{phail't). ek (takhta) kdghaz mujh ko do. main ne ek bahut khUbmrat

_{stpi) pd,l. pdni barastd hai, ham ko {pandh

lene do), dj suraj kl (dhdp) bahut saJdit

hai. turn tlr (chaldne) jdnte ho ?

us kl {dukdn) kahdn hai ?

turn is ko {kotdh kar)-sakte ho ?

us ne sher par do bdr {goll lagd,l)

lekin Jchatd kl. uske {kdndhe) par ek nishdn hai.

ji^ kifdb kd dp ne mujh se zikr kiyd, so mvjhe {dikhld,o). q2

] 72 shun—

Shun the company of the

wicked, Shut the room door, there is

such a noise, He has been sick (or ill) a long

time, Why do you sigh f

Tliis is a sign of rainy weather. Please to sign this paper.

It signifies little what they

say> For the foolish silence is best,

Tliey all remained silent, This is a silk manufactory. What can be greater silliness

than to think thus? My case is similar to yours.

His love towards us is sincere,

He is a man of sincerity,

She sings very sweetly.

Their religious opinions are

The boat is sinking,

No man is so just that he sirs

not. Sit down, and see if you can

Tinderstand this or not. What size is the book you

speak of? Here is a sketch of the village,

He has much skill.

He is a skilful physician.

The sk// is overcast,

I had no sleep all last night.

He sleeps every morning till

eight o'clock, The cut in my hand smarts

very much.

badddmiyon kt mhbat se {parhez

karo). kamre kd darwdza {band karo),

bard shor hold hai. wuh baliut din se {bimdr) hu,d

hai. turn kyun {thandi sans) bharte

ho? yih Caldmat) bdrdn ki hai. mihrbdnl se is kacjhazpar (sahih)

kljiye. jo we kahte hain kuchh {muzd-

yakd) nahin. be-icukiifon ko {khdmosht) bihtar

hai. we sab (chup) rahe. yih (resham) kd kdr-Tchdna hai. is khiydl karne se aur kyd ziyd-

datar {ahmaki) hai? intra ahudl tumhdre ahwdl ke

{mushdbih) hai. tcuh ham ko {dil se) piydr kartd

hai. ivuh bard (rdst-baz) hui. wuh achchhd {gdti hui). in ke mazhab k'l bdt {nirdfi) hai.

nd,o {diib-jdit) hai.

aisd ^ddil kahin nahln ki {gundh

na kare). (baithkar) deKho turn yih saniojh-

ne sakte ho yd nuh'in. jis kitdb kd turn ne zikr kiyd,

tcuh kitni (ban) hai / yih gdnio ke nakshe kd (thdfh)

hai. uski bari (kdbiliyat) hai. icuh bard (kdbil) hukvn hai. (dsmdn) par badit bu,i hai. kalmaiii tamdin rat nahvi [suyd) . wuh bar subh ko dih ghante tak

(svtd) hai. merihdihkijardhal bahut {dard kurt'i hui).

smell — specimen.

173

Let me smell that flower, These flowers are without smell, Why do you smile? The house is full of smoke, This is smooth paper, These dogs snarl at one another, He snatc/ied it out of my hand, You sneeze, because you have

got a cold, Snow is white, Have you bought any soaj) ?

This pen is very soft,

This soil is fertile.

May I solicit, sir, this one favour,

I wished to tell you something, but have forgot what,

This occasions me much sor- row.

He appears very sorroivful,

I am sorry for my offence,

Sort these papers.

Is this the sort you wanted ?

The soul must be happy or

miserable, I hear the sound of music. That fruit is sour, don't eat

it. Sow these flower-seeds in the

garden. Leave more space between the

lines, In the space of three months, He besought them to spare his

life, A spark of fire may set in

flames a whole village, He speaks the Bengali langiiage

well. Show me a speciw.en of your

writing.

Vjuh phiil mujh ho {sunghne do), is phiil men (Jchttsh-bo) nahin. turn kytin {hanste) ho ? ghar {dhu,m) se bhar gayd. yih (chikna) kdgliaz hai. ^e kutte milke {bhaunkte) haiii. us ne zor se {chhvi liyd). trim ko zukdm hu,d hai, isliye

{chbmkte) ho. {barf) su/aid hai. turn ne kuchh {sdbUn) mol-Hyd

hai? yih kalam bahut (norm) hai. yih (zam'in) ser-hdsil hai. sahib, agar ijdzat den, to maid

ek {^arz karim) ? main (kuchh) turn se kahne chdhld \

thd, lekin bhiil gayd. j

yih mujh ko bahut (dukh) deld 1

hai. j

vcuh bahut {dilgtr) md'lum hotd j

htii, i

maiii apm taksir ke icdsfe bahut

[ranjida) him. in kdghazon ko {kismat karo). turn is {kisrn) kd chdhfe ho ? {rdh) khush rahegt yd ndkhijsh.

main musiki ki {dicdz) sunta hun. U'uh mewa {khattd) hai, use mat

khd,o. isphul kd by bdgh men {bo).

satarmi men ziydda (fork)

'rakho. fin mahine ke Carse) men. us ne un se apm jdn (bakhshi)

chdhi. ek [chingdri] sdre gdiiw ko phoiik

sakti hai. ivuh Bangid khdb {boltd) hai.

apne khatt kd ek (natnuna) di- khd,o.

Q 3

174

sp edacles — sticJc.

They we

Hu spends his money as fast as

he procures it, Thoy trade in different kinds

of spices, Take care you don't spill the

ink, He has done this merely out of

spite, Having spZz't the cocoa-nut, his

friend and himself drank the

milk, You have spoiled my paper.

There is a spot of ink on your

clothes, Spread this mat upon the

floor, Having spread a net at night,

he caught many birds, Tlie weeds spring up very fast

here, SprinMe a little water. That is a stag of twelve tine, He was sittting on the stairs, When you read, stand in your

proper place, They all stared to see me, The people were nearly stai'V-

ing, He is a person of high station. She intends to make a long

stay there, He still continues steady to his

purjiose, The jackal steals what he can

laj- hold of, The bank of this river is very

steep, Can you steer a vessel ?

Stick these papers together

with paste. He walks with a dick,

we {'ainak) lagale hain.

jaisd louh jald paid hai, tcaisdhi

jald {kharch kartd hai). tee tarah inrah kd {masdlih)

bechle hain. khabarddr roshnd,t mat (gird,o).

yih us ne fakat (dushmani) se

kiyd, ndriyal ko (torkat) wuh aur uskd

dost pdni pi-ga,e.

merd kd^az turn ne {khardh)

kiyd. iumhdre kapre par siydhi kd

{dagh) hai. is saff ko zamin par {bichhd-do).

us ne rdt ko jdl (ddlkar) bahut

chiriydn phdiisiii. khurdb ghds yahdn bahut jald

{barhti) hai. thord pdni (chhirko). tcnh hdrah-singd {hiran) hai. wuh {slrhi) par buithd thd. jab turn parho, tab upni jagah

par {khare raho). we sab mujh ko (takte the), sab ddml hhukh ke mdre, kar'ib

the, ki (mur-jdwen). Vjuh buland {martuht) kd hai. wuh bahut der loahdn (tuhue) kd

irdda kartl hai. abtak uuh apne irdde par {mu-

kirr) rahid hai. gldarjo pdtd hai, {churd lejdld

hai). is duriyd kd kindra bard (unchd)

hui. turn juhdz ko {zabt kar) sakfe

ho ? in kdghazun ko ley't se {mild-do).

icuh {Idfh'i) pukarke phirld hai.

sticls — success.

175

He is gatlicring zvood (litera,lly sticks) in the forest.

This paper is too stif,

Cannot you be stili for one moment ?

This fly has no sting,

I am now so weak I can scarcely stir,

He has great store of learning,

I did not hear that stori/,

Is this ruler straight 1

Strain this milk through a cloth,

I am a stranger here,

Where can we get straw ?

I have but little strength,

Stretch out your hand,

I will go as soon as the clock stril-es,

He struck him with a stick on the head,

Have you any string ?

They stripped him and took away his clothes,

They are strong and healthy.

Getting into the boat, he stuck in the mud,

They study all the day long,

I stumbied in running across the road.

We ought to subdue our pas- sions.

What is your advice on this subject ?

They szibmittcd to the con- querors.

Will you subscribe to this pub- lication ? Some people write on leaves

as a substitute for jjaper, With your assistance I have

succeeded, We have had little success in our work.

wuh jangal meri {Juhiydu)

chunid hui. yih kdr/haz hard (sakhf) fi"i- turn ek dam {chap) nahlil rah

sukie ? is mnkkhi ke {dank) nah'ui. main aisd kamzor hiui, ki {hiind)

Oushwdr hai. us ku 'ilm {bahut) hai. wuh {kissa) main ne na sund. kyd yih (mistur) sldh'i hai.'' kapre se is dudh ko {chhdnu).

maiil yahdn {ajriahi) hail, {fjhds khushk) kuhdii pdwengs ? mujhe {bahut kuivwal) nahii'i. apnd hdth {isidhd karo). ghante ke {bajte) hi ?miin

jd,ungd. us ne ek lakri us ke sir par

{mart). tunihdre pds {rassl) hai? unhoti ne {barhana karke) uske

kapre le-liye. ice (kuirl) aur tandurust haii'i. wuh kishtl meii charhle klrhar

meri {phans-gayd). we din bhar (parhle haiii). rdsfe ke us pdr jdne men, inert

{thokar) lagt. ham ko mundsib hui, ki apne

nafs ko {ddntte-rahen). is {bat) par tumhdri kyd saldh

hai ? wc Qhdlibon ke {mail') rahe.

turn is kitdb par {dastkheit ka-

roge) ? beCze log kdt^az ke {'iicaz) palte

par hkhte halt), tumhdri niadad se, mean apne

{maksild) ko puhunchd hiifi. is kdin meri ham ne chunddii

{Jd,uhi) na pdyd.

successor — swim.

17o

Who is to be Hs sticcessor 1 The sqmrrels suck this fiiiit, He did not s^(ffer me to sell

the goods, Will this kind suit you ?

Your ad^'ice appears suitahle, I have but two suits of clothes,

It is now the summer season, He has received a summons to

attend the court to-morrow, Who superintends this work ? It will then be in vain to suj)-

plicate, Can you supply me with these

articles ? He has no means of support,

How does he szipport his family ?

I should suppose you are mis- taken,

I am not sure that it is so,

I am his surety,

We saw a dead body floating on the surface of the water,

I felt gi-eat surprise on hearing this,

He would have been greatly surprised had you told him this,

I am surrounded with difficul- ties,

I have no suspicion that he has done this.

Look — here 'is a swarm of bees,

Sweep away this litter,

The sugar-cane is very sweet,

My foot sicelled gi'eatly.

Can you teach me to svjim ?

is he {Jcd,im makam) kaun Jiogd? banbild,oismeice ko{khdlehuin). us tie mujh ko dsbdb bechne {iia

diyd). yih kism tumhdii {pasand hoti

hdi) ? tunihdri nasihat {mundsih) hai. mere pas fakat do (jore) kapre

hain. ab {garnn kd mausim) hai. kal ^addlat men hdzir hone ko is

ki (talbt) hai. is kdm kd kaun {muhfamim hai) ? us icakt {tauba karnd) muf'id na

hogd. turn ye chizen mere liye {Id-de)

sakte ho ? us k'l {yuzrdn) kd ko,i four

nah'in. uuh kyiinkar apne laicd/iikoii ki

{parwarish kartd hut) ? main {samajhtd) hiin ki turn ne

ghalafi kl hai. mujhe {yakin) nahin ki aisd hvL,d

hai. main us kd (zdmin) hdii. ham ne ek murda ddnii pdni {hi

sath) par pairte dekhd. is bdt ice sunne se mujh ko bard

{izHrdh) hii,d. agar yih bdt turn us-se kahfe, to

wuh bahut (^ta'ajjub) kartd

mahi mushkiloii meii (ghird) huii.

mujhe (gumdn) nah'ui, ki us ne

aisd kiyd hai. dekho ek makkhiyoii kd {yhol)

yahdn hai. is kCcre ko (jhar-ddlo). gannd bard {mlthd) hai. nierd pdnw bahut {phul-nnyd). turn mujh ko {pairnd) sikhd-

sakte ho ?

sxoings — tie.

177

This parrot savings upon a yih toid dande par bailhkar

■wire, {jhiiltd hai).

Where is my sword ? meii (tcdwdr) kahdn hai ?

They teach without any system, ive be-{dhub) parhdie huin.

Come in, and take of your

cloak. He takes medicine usually once

a month, Having taken the fort, they

entered the city, They talk incessantly, He teaches English and Ben- gali, The same teacher that taught

you, taicght me. Mind you don't tear your new

book, Tell me where 1 may meet with

him, This will tend to increase our

knowledge. It is now ter7n time, the court

is open. When do you expect this aflfaii-

will terminate ?

Sir, I return you maxiy thanks,

This house must be thatched

anew. Do you wish for thick paper or

thin ? ^

They exercise no thought on the

subject. He threatens to punish them.

The prince sat on a throne, Throtv these bits of paper out

of doors. It thunders very much. Tie it quite fast.

hh'itar d,o, apne lahdde ko

{utdro). tvvh har mahtne men ek bar

daud ikhdld) h/d. kiVe ko (itkar) shahr men dukhl

kiyd. toe humesha (baktehain). icuh Angrezi aur BangJd dono

{sikhdtd) hai. jis {vstdd) ne turn ko (sikhdyd),

usi ne mujh ko bhi {sikhdyd). khabarddr tapm na,t kitdb turn

mat (phdro). viitjhe{batd,o) us-se kahdn muld-

kdt hogi. yih haindre HIni barhdne ko (ma- dad karegd). yih (darbdr) kd wakt hai, ^add-

lat khul'i hoi. turn kyd samajhte ho, yih mu-

kaddama kub {unjdm) pdtve-

gd? sahib, main dp kd bahut {shukr)-

gitzdr hun. yih ghar na,e sir se {chhdyd)

jd,egd. turn (mold) kdghaz chdhfe ho,

yd [bdrik) ? is bdt men ve kuchh apin ('aki)

ko dakhal nahtil dete huin. tcuh un ki suzd dene ko {fahdld

kartd hai). bddshdh-2dda{ta'kht)parbaithd. yih kdfjhaz ke tukre darudze ke

bdhur {pheiik-do). bddal bahut (yarajtd) hai. use Miub niazbvt {bdndho).

178 tide-

The tide has begun to flow, Who brought these tidings 1 There is a tiger in that forest ;

also a tigress, together -with

two young ones. This ground has never been

tilled, Where shall we procure timher ? Youth is the time of learning, He is very timid, I am quite tired, This is a title only. They smoke tobacco, This is tolerable writing, She has got the tooth-ache, We travelled by the light of

torches, The boat was tossed with the

waves, •

Touch this with your finger. There are plenty of toys in the

bazar. What is your trade ? They transact different affairs

there. That money has been trans-

feii'ed to me. We have transgressed God's

commands, ■ Translate this into Persian, Is this a good translation ? He has been transported for

life. We travelled all the way on

foot, He is travelling in Persia, He treads so softly, I don't

hear the sound of his step,

Their conduct is very trea- cherous, I am going to the treasury, I tremble with fear. His trial will take place to-day,

ahhi {jo,ar) shurn^ hai.

kaun yih (khahnr) Idyd ?

us jangle men {sher) hai, aur

{shern'i) bhi, do bachche ke

sdth. iszatnin men kabhi (khelT) nah'in

(hurt).

ham (shdh-fir) kahdyi pdwenge ?

j:twdni sikhne kd (icakt) hai.

uuh hahut (dartd) hui.

main bahut [mdndd ho-gayd).

yihfakat {sar-ndma) hai.

loe {tambdku) pile hain.

yih likhd {kuchh achchhd) hai.

us ke {ddnt men dard) hai.

ham ne {rnash^ul) jaldke sail

kiyd. maujon se kishli {tah o bald) hu,t.

is ko apne ungll se {chhn.o). bdzdr men bahut (khilone) haiii.

tumhdrd (pesha) kyd hai?

ice wahdn rakam rakam kd kdro-

bdr {karte haiii). tcuh rupaiya mvjh ko (de-gayd)

hai. ham nelchuda k'l {nd-farmdni ki) .

is kd Fdrsi men {tarjuma karo). kyd yih (tarjuma) Miiib hai ? iciih j'lte ji {jald-watan) kiyd

gayd hai. ham rah bhar piydda (chale) .

•«« tow^ Fdrs men (safar kartd) hai. wuh aisd dhista (chaltd) hai, ki

us ke kadam kl dhat nahin

ma'ldm hoti. in ke fiUoii meii [daghd-bdzl-

bhar) hai. main (khazdne) metijdfa hwi. viaiti dar ke mdre {kdmpld) hun, us kd (mukaddama) dj hogd.

trijie — united.

171

KVhy do you thus trijle away

your time ? This is but a trivial (or trifling)

aflfair, I He gives them much troiihle, I can always <r«s< to what he

says, I am not anj^ways afi'aid to

trust him, T am convinced what he says

is the whole truth, It is of no ufe my trying to do

this, They tumbled over one another, Her voice is a httle ozU of time,

Turn over this leaf.

Twist these cords together.

kyun turn aisi susti se aiddt

(gamrd/e) ho ? yih. hahut (subuk) bat hui.

v:uh un kobahui (dikk) deid hai. jo trith kahtd hai, mabi us pur

hamesha [Vtikdd kai) sakld. viujhe us par {Vtikdd rukhne)

men kachh dar nahh'i. niujh ko yukJn hai jo tcuh kahtd

hai, so sub (sach) hai. is kdm ke Hue meri {dzmdjsh)

befd,ida hat. ice ek dusrs par (gir-pare). uski dwdz kuchh kuchh (btrang)

hai. is tcarak ko (id(d,o). in rassiyon ko mildke {ainfho).

V.

This is an ugly shaped letter, I have left behind my umbrella,

They were unanimous in their

go or not. To act thus is uyilecoming, (rod only is unchangeable. Why do you needlessly undergo

all this trouble ? I do not zmderstand your mean- ing. Will you undertake to manage

this business ? This letter came imexpeded, He is wholly rtnflt for the task

assigned him. The house is unfurnished, She is quite unhappy on this

account, Thi'ough Grod's mercy we es- caped unhurt. Owe sentiments are united,

yih harf {had surat) hai.

main {chhdtd) pichhe chhorke

dya hun. un sab kd {ek khiydl) hi~i,d hai.

kuchh [mukarrar nahin) ki ham

jd.eiige yd nahln. yih kdiii knrnd (7,d-mundsib) hai. khudd hifakat {bar kardr) hai. turn be sabab 'kydii yih musiba-

ten {uthdte) ho ? main iumhdrt bdt ki mo'idnahlri

{saniajhtd). turn is kdm karne ko {kabul)

karoge ? yih khatt {ndgahdni) pahuiichd. jo kdm uskeicdstemukarrarhu.d,

icuh karne ke {ld,ik) nahiii. is ghar kd {latrdzima) nahhi. tcuh is sabab hahut {ranjida) hai.

khudd ki mihrbdni se ham {be-

dfaf) bnch-rahe. hamdrd khiydl {ek taur) hai.

unjiist — varnisJiBd.

Do you conceive this to be

unjust f We shovild not be unkind to

each other. To do so is unlawful, They are very unlearned, Unlock the door. Why are you so unmerciful ? Their demands are unreason- able. The ways of God are unsearch- able. Our joy is tmspeahable, His mind is very unsteady, I am altogether unwilling to

go there, It were unwise not to agree to

this, He has proved himself un- wo'dhy of your protection, : Are there any wp-per rooms in i this house ? j They are uprigld in their deal-

ings, I No one urged him to do so.

This business is urgent,

Of what tLse is this ?

I never uttered such a word.

Inm samnjhte ho hi yih {nd du-

rusl) hid? ham kn dpas men {berahnii) kar-

nd khah nah'iii. aisd karnd {khildf i shar^) hai. we bare (jdhil) haiii. darwdze kd kvfl [kholo). kis ivdste tilm aise {berahm) ho ? un ki du^d,fin (be-insdft ki) haiii.

khudd ki hikmaferi (samajhnd)

hamdrd makdur nahhi. hamdr'i khushi (bekiyds) hai. us kd dil buhut {bekardr) hai. inai)i wahni'i jane se sakht {nd-

rdfi) hail, us kd kabul na karnd (beicu-

kiifl) hai. us ke kdm se zdhir hoi ki uuh

iumhdre niadad ke{ld,ik nahhi) . us ghar men ko.i (bdld-khdna)

hai? we apne kdr-o-bdr men bare

(rdst) haiii. kisi ne aisd karne ko use {lakdzd)

na kiyd. yih kdm abhi hahut {zarur) hui. yih kis {kdm kd) hai? inaiii ne aisi bat kabhi nahtii

He exerts himself in vain, I value his fi-iendship greatly,

What is the value of these pearls ?

These things are valuable,

He is full of vanity,

There are various opinions about it,

This chair has not been var- nished,

{kahJ).

tvuh {befd,ida) kashish karfd hai. maiii uski dosti bahui (pasand

karfd hiin). un motiyoii kl {klmat) kyd hai ?

ye chtzen bart {kimati) haiii.

icuh (ahttrur) se bhard hai.

is bdf par (tarah tarah ke) ik]ili-

Inf ha in. is chiiuki men {rau^an) nah'iii

mild yayd.

ventured — icant.

181

Confiding in his luck, ho ven- tured all his property on this risk,

Verily I cannot believe j'^ou,

I meet with nothing but vexa- tion in this business,

They make no distinction be- tween vice and viiiue,

We should be viijiiant in avoid- ing evil,

What is the name of this vii- huje t

He cannot vindicate his con- duct,

I must not violate the orders of the government,

His temi^er is very violent,

Let us always maiiitain virtuous

conduct, I am going to visit him, She has a tine voice, Is the book in one or two

volumes 1 He is now on a voyage to

]\Iadras,

apnl kismnl ke bharose par, usne

apnd sara nidi us tijdiat men ■ (de-dii/d). {albutta) tnm ko hdwar na kar-

saktd hull, is kdm men siwd,e {tasdV) ke,

hameii aur kuchh /d,idu na

hu,d. {burd,i) aur {hhaldii)ke darmiijdn

we kuchh furk nuh'iii karte. ham ko burd,l se parhez karnd

(zarur) hai. is {basil) kd ndni kyd hui ?

wuh us ke liye ''uzr nahin kar-

(saktd). sarkdr kd hukm mvjh ko {^udui

karnd) na chdhiye. tcuh mizdj men bahut ( yhussu-

luar) hai. ham hamesha {nekbakhti) ke kdm

karen. main us kl (tnuldkdt) kojdtd. is kl achrhhl {dwdz) hai. is kitdb kl ek (jild) hai yd do ?

ab wuh Mandrds ko {daryd kd safar) kartd hai.

W.

Please to give me a wafer, What wages do you receive ? Tell him to wait in this room,

I have been waiting for you two hours,

You must endeavour to wake early,

Do you mean to walk or ride ?

The garden wall has fallen,

I have wandered in all direc- tions over the country,

I want much to see him,

mujh ko ek (tikU) dljiye. kyd (mnhind) turn pale ho ? us se kaho ki is kumure men

{thahur-jd,e). main nr tuinhdre liye do ghari

{luivukkuf) kii/d hai. turn zarur tarke {ufhd) karo.

turn (piydda), yd sawar jd,oge ?

bdgh kl (dlwdr) gir.pari.

main ne mulk men sab taraf

{sair kiyd) hai. mam us ko bahut dekhne {chdhtfi

huii) .

182 1

This is his warehouse, This table is warjied, This horse is warranted without

blemish, Wash your hands. Who is your washerman t Why do you waste your paper ?

I toatch an opportunity of going

there, Your watch goes remarkably

well. These candles are of teax, Is this the wat/ to Calcutta ? I wear a suit of clean clothes

eveiy day. The weather is now icarm, He iceaves the kind of cloth we

wear, He will return in a loeeh, He uieeps because of the death

of his son, Has this sugar been weighed ? What is the weight of this

stone? You are welcome, Tell them to dig a well, I understand well what you

say. This paper is very wet, I whispered that to him,

I heard somebody whistling. You are welcome to the whole, I want some cloth wider than

this, He died leaving a wife and six

children. The bird flew out at the xcindow, 1 like the winter season,

She possesses much wisdom. They only are wise who fear God,

-wise.

yih un ka (guddm) hai.

is mez men (kham) d-gayd.

{wiCda) hai ki is ghore ke kuch

^uih nuh'in. apne hath {dho,o). tumhdrd (dhobi) kaun hai ? turn apnd kdghaz kydn {khardh

karte ho ? main icahan jane ko fursa

{dhundhtd) huii. tumhdri (ghart)-achchhl chah

hai. yih batti (mom) ki hai. yih {rah) Kalkatte k'l hai 7 main har roz ek sdf jord ka

{pahintd huii). abhi mausim (garmi) kd hai. jis tarah wuh (bunfd) hai, han

usi tarah kd kaprd pahinte. wuh ek {hafte)men phir divegd. wuh apne bete ke marne ke sabat

(rota) hai. yihshakar {fault) ga,i hai? yih patthar kitnd {bhdri) hai?

turn {bhale d,e) ho.

ek {ku,d) un se khodne kaho.

jo turn kahte ho so maiii {khub]

samajhtd hiiii. yih kdghaz bahut {tar) hai. main ne tcuh bat dhista us ke kdt

mei'i {kahi). ekddmi{s'itibajdte) .maiiine sund. turn chdho to {sab) lo. maiii thord kaprd is se ('onz)

chdhtd hfai. wuh ek (joru) aur chha larki

chhorke mar-gayd. chiriyd {khirki) ki rah se ur. gd.'i mujh ko {jdre kd ynausam) bhdtc

hai. us ki bar'i {ddnd'i) hai ? {^aklmand) fakat ice haiii jc

khudd se darte haiii

ii'ish — zephyr.

183

What is j-our wish ?

They icish to remain here,

Has he any tvitiiesses ?

This tcorkl was created by the

power of God, Nobody can evince wonder at

this, She works to support herself

and famUy, We worship one God only,

I am not worthy of so much

kindness, Venom was extracted from the

wound, Some of oiu" sepoys were

That ship was wrecked, Wring the water from the cloth, Let me see if I can write as well

as you. You have bought the wrong

kind of seed.

tumhdri (Mwdhish) kya hat ? we yahdn rahne (chdhte) hain. uske ko,i (yawdh) haiii ki nahii'i ? yih (diinyd) khudd hi kudrat se

paidd hii'i. ko,i ddm'i is se {Jd'ajjub na ka-

regd). wuh (mihnaf) kurke dp ko aur

apiie larke bdlon ko pdlti hat. hamfukuf ek khudd k'l {Hbddat)

karte haiii. main iinl mihrbdnl ke {ld,ik)

nahtii. {zakhm) se zahar nikdld gaya

hai. hanidre ba'ze sipdhi {zakJimT)

hu,e. wuhjahdz (labdh hu,d). kapre kd pdni {nichor) ddlo. dekhuii, main tumhdri mdnind

achchhd {Hkh)-saktd hiai. turn ne {aur hi) kism kd b'lj mol

liyd hai.

This stick is a yard long, He is ten years old, That appears yellow, Yesterday it rained much, She is quite young, In the season of youth,

yih lakri ek (gaz) Iambi hai. uski 'M»ir das {baras) ki hai. wuh (pild) maUum hold hai. (kal) pdni bahut barsd. wuh nau {jawdn) hai. {jawdni) ke aiydm men.

He showed great zeal, They are very zealous, The breath of the zephyr 1 pleasant to us.

usne bard (fapdk) izhdr kiyd.

we bare (s argarm) hain.

{bad i sabd) ham ko khush all

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