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AMERICAN HUSBANDMEN,
COMMUNICATIONS

" PENNSYLVANIA

Agvicultural Society,
BY ORDER OF THE DIRECTORS.

PHILADELPHIA:
Printed by Clark & Raser, 33 Carter's Alley

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1]
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CONTENTS.

NOTICES ON NEAT CATTLE.

On the profits and general advantages arising from Improved Breeds of Cattle.
By Charles A. Barnitz, Esq., of Pennsylvania,

On the Dairy and Feeding Properties of Improved Short Horns.
By William Elmer, M. D., of N.J.

On Devon Cattle—On Short Horns for the Dairy and Shambles—their vigour
and fitness for labour. By T. Towner, Esq., of Connecticut.

On the extraordinary product, early maturity, and value of Improved Short
Horns. By the Rev. Henry Berry, of Acton Rectory, England—His Ex-
cellency Gov. Lincoln, of Massachusetts—Col. Lloyd, of Maryland—Wil-
liam Harris, M.D., Wilson Jewell, M.D., The Rev. J. H. Kennard, Ro-
berts Vaux, Henry A. Carpenter, Alexander Reed, and John P. Milnor,
Esquires, of Pennsylvania.

On the extraordinary product of one of Mr. Powel’s improved Short Horned
Cows, yielding butter at the rate of 205 pounds per week. By Reuben
Haines, Esq., Wm. 8. Warder, Recording Secretary of the Philadelphia
Agricultural Society, and John P. Milnor, Recording Secretary of the Penn-
sylvania Agricultural Society.

SHEEP.

On various breeds—Teeswater, Dishley, and Southdown—their characteris-
tics, form, flesh, and fleece. On early maturity—its importance—value
not determined by great size. By John Hare Powel, Esq.

On Southdown Sheep—their properties, hardiness, tendency to become fat—
the excellence of their fleeces and delicacy and flavour of the mutton.
By William Plallips, Esq., of Pennsylvania.

On Southdown Sheep—their fleeces, carcasses, and fine points. By James
Sykes, Esq., of Maryland.

On Southdown Sheep—their characteristics, forms, points, properties, and
vigour—on the quality and close staple of their fleeces. By Mr. Aaron
Clement, of Pennsylvania.

CROPS AND MANURES.

On the ill effects of soiling Cattle—the failure of Salt as Manure—the excel-

lence of Mangel Wurtzel, as winter food for Live Stock. By Major
Rudd, of Marton Lodge, England.

On Woad—its culture, product, and value. By Mr. J. Atherstone, of Philadel-
phia County.

On Guinea Corn—its cultivation, product, and value as food for Cattle. By
a practical Farmer.

On Woad—its cultivation in Europe. By John Hare Powel, Esq.

On the failure of European systems of Husbandry in America—Manures, re-
cent and old—composts, their application and cost. By the same.

CONTENTS.

Un deep Ploughing—oyster-shell lime—the management and application of
vegetable and animal manures. By the same.

On making Hay—Hay Houses—Pennsylvania Barns—arrangements of the
Fold Yard. By the same.

SUBSTITUTES FOR HAY.

On Indian Corn, sown broadcast on fallow—its farinaceous product, and value
as long fodder. By John Hare Powel, Esq.

On Indian Corn, sown broadcast on rye stubble and sward—its product and
value. By the same.

On Millet—its product and value as fodder—injurious effects when cut late.
By the same.

GRASS LANDS.

On Orchard Grass or Cocksfoot—cultivation—securing the seeds—quantity
sown, &¢.—causes of failure—product and value for pasturage and hay—
its nutritive qualities and superiority over timothy, both when green and
dry. By Loyd Jones, Esq., of Pennsylvania.

On the ill effects of close feeding at certain seasons—advantageous results of
repeated experiments in protecting the soil by after grass—its value and
use. By John Hare Powel, Esq.

On Clover—sowing—management, &e. By the same.

On Substitutes for Red Clover, Lucerne and Saintfoin—management, product
and value. By the same.

On Ohard Grass, Timothy, and Red Top, or Herd’s Grass—their compara-
tive values for pasturage and hay. By the same.

On Rape—its cultivation and product in seed—its value as green food for Neat
Cattle and Sheep. By the same.

On Grasses. From Sinclair's Hortus Gramineus Woburnensis.

ART OF BREEDING.

On the degeneracy produced by breeding in and in too closely—the advantage-
ous results of judicious crossing. By Major Rudd, of Marten Lodge,
England.

On Breeding—misapprehension of terms—Mr. Meynel’s practice, breeding in
and in—crossing—selection—objects—effects—Sebright's Theory, &c. By
John Hare Powel, Esq., in reply to Major Rudd.

Prize Essay, on the question, whether the male or female parent, have the
most influence upon the properties or points of the offspring. By the Rev.
Henry Berry, of Acton Rectory, England.

On the principles of Improved Breeding. From Sinclair's Code of Agriculture,
Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Agriculture, Sir John Sebright’s Letter to Sir
Joseph Banks, and Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

ROOT CROPS.
On Mangel Wurtzel—its cultivation, product, and value on Dairy and Breed-
ing Farms—causes of failure, &c. By John Hare Powel, Esq.

On growing and securing Root Crops—their application and value. By James
Williams, Esq., of Pennsylvania.

On the Saccharum of the Sweet Potato (Convolvulus Battatas). By Robert
Hare, M. D.

ie Ss

ORIGINAL NOTICES

ON

GROPS AND MANURE,

BY PRACTICAL MEN.

——

On the ill effects of soiling Cattle—the total
failure of Salt, and the successful application
of Bone Dust as manure—the excellence of
Mangel Wurtzel and Cabbages as Winter food
for live stock—the degeneracy produced by
breeding in-and-in—the advantageous results
of judicious Crossing evinced in the Turf horse
and other breeds. By a Gentleman well known
in Great Britain as an enlightened agriculturist,
and successful breeder of Neat Cattle and Sheep.

Marton Lodge, near Stockton on Tees,
(England.)

Dear Srr,—Accept my sincere thanks for
your polite and friendly letter, and for your in-
teresting present of the “ Memoirs of the Penn-
sylvania Agricultural Society.” I have read
them with great pleasure; they contain much in-
formation respecting the state of agriculture in
the United States, which is both new and grati-
fying tome. I rejoice that you are animated by
such zeal and spirit for improvement. If the
Atlantic did not intervene between us, { would

I

sue

** Breeding in-and-in” ercates Degeneracy.

undertake a journey to see you and your impor-
tant agricultural improvements. I fear, how-
ever, that we shall never meet. Ihave desired
one of my sons, who has a taste for drawing, to
make asketch of one of my cows in her ordi-
nary condition, when heavy in calf, and giving
milk, which I now inclose ; and I request you to
do me the honour to accept it—It will give, you
a better idea of my stock than any description
can convey, although my son has scarcely done
the cow justice in the representation. You
know that I purchased Mr. Charles Colling’s
BEST COWS; and you will be able to form some
opinion from this sketch, whether the Short-
horns, which have been imported into America,
are of the best kind. A change of bull is indis-
pensably necessary ; FOR “IN AND IN BREEDING”
very soon creates degeneracy.

Iam deeply sensible of the handsome man-
ner in which you have mentioned my name in
the “ Memoirs,’ and of the honour you have
done me by inserting my letter. You request
me to criticize them, but I do not feel myself
competent to point out any defects in your sys-
tem of agriculture; and the style of the Memoirs
merits unqualified praise. The science of agri-
culture cannot be reduced to any certain and
fixed principles like other sciences, on account
of the infinite variety of soils, and the difference
of climate. Your summers are much hotter and
drier than ours, and your winters are more se-
vere. In our summers, the thermometer of
Fahrenheit seldom rises to eighty in the shade,
and in winter it is seldom much below the
freezing point. Here we cannot grow Indian

)
5]
|
:

Soiling—-Mangel Wurtzel.

corn, which is so productive and so valuable.
Our climate is perhaps better suited to the
growth of turnips, and our pastures in summer
are perhaps more verdant and succulent than
yours, from the greater moisture occasioned by
our insular situation. 1 have travelled much on
the Continent of Europe, and on my return I
have always admired the superior verdure of
our English pastures. You read much in our
English publications of the expediency of soiling
cattie in the house during the whole of the year.
I do not approve of this practice, for it is surely
an unnatural one, as air and exercise, and the
selection of their own food, must benefit cattle,
as other animals are benefited by them. I can
say from actual experience of the two systems,
that cattle thrive much betier in the fields during
the period from the middle of May to the mid-
dle of November, than they do when confined in
a house. Soiling catile is very little practised in
England. We read in some books, that mangel
wurtzel is an unwholesome food for cattle, but I
agree entirely with you that it is a most valua-
ble and nutritive food. Many of our ablest
writers on Agriculture have been theoretical
men, and not good practical farmers—Hence so
many errors in the books. In the “ Memoirs”
you have inserted an able letter from Sir John S.
Sebright, to the late Sir Joseph Banks, on the art
of breeding domestic animals. Our best breeds
of horses for the carriage, the road, the chase,
&c., our cattle, sheep, pigs, and dogs, have all
derived their improvement from judicious cross-
ing. All the cases of failure have been owing
alone to injudicious crossing. You know that I

a Oe WEN eh Be Dee a, Le eo é: ed, ioe
> Me 2% re a
: Bj

Manure—Salt useless— Bones excellent.

have had long experience on these subjects, and
have been intimately acquainted with our great
improvers of cattle, sheep, and horses.

Many of our writers on agricultural subjects,
such as Sir John Sinclair, Mr. Curwen, and
many others, have strongly recommended salt as
a valuable manure. I have tried the experiment
myself, and have seen it tried by others on va-
rious soils and in various quantities; but I could
never perceive the least benefit. As a condi-
ment for cattle and sheep, it is very beneficial by
promoting digestion when used in moderate
quantities.

I do not observe in the “ Memoirs,” any men-
tion of cabbages as a winter food for neat cattle
and sheep—Perhaps your climate is not favour-
able to their growth. Here the large Scotch or
drum-headed cabbage is a most valuable winter
food, as it produces a greater weight per acre
than turnips. It is peculiarly valuable in some
districts, for it will flourish on strong soils which
are not proper for turnips. You are so perfectly
well informed of the state of British agriculture,
that I do not know whether I can give you any
new information, unless it be as to the recent
use of bones as a manure for turnips, and the use
in the north of England of the wnproved ploughs
made wholly of iron, without any wood what-
ever. The bones are first ground to powder in
a mill constructed for that purpose, and in a
powdered state are sown by the drill along with
the turnip seed. Very luxuriant crops of tur-
nips are thus grown without any other manure.
Bones have become an article of commerce, and
large quantities are imported from various parts
of Europe.

Crops—Woad—Culiure— Product— Value.

1 shall always be happy to be honoured by
your correspondence, and I remain, i
Dear Sir,
Most respectfully yours,
Bartr’w. Rupp.

P. S.—You have my entire permission to pub-
lish this letter.
To John Hare Powel, Esq., Powelton, (U. S.)

Philadelphia County, Feb. 1, 1827.
Joun Hare Powen, Esa.

Sir,—I cultivated some acres of woad in the
State of Ohio, which I cut six times during the
season; it produced about 30 cwt. to the acre,
for which I received, when brought to market,
422 cents per pound, equal to $420 per acre.

I have been accustomed to its cultivation in
England, where I used it for thirty years, as a
manufacturer. ‘The soil of America is quite as
well adapted, and the climate of the middle,
southern and western states, is better suited to
its growth, than that of Great Britain. The co-
louring matter was much stronger—the plant
Was more vigorous and rapid in its growth, and
its product was larger than that to which I have
been accustomed in Great Britain.

It prefers a deep, rich, and light alluvial soil
—its tap root extends a considerable distance
below the surface. Fine tilth is necessary, but
it may, like Indian corn, be grown upon a sward
reversed. I have found it a better practice to
sow the seeds in beds, late in the Autumn, or
early in the Spring, if the climate be severe in

Crops— Woad— Management, &e.

winter. When the plants have tap roots about
four inches long, they should be set out, at the
distance of 8 to 10 inches in rows—sufficiently
wide apart to admit either a horse and. cultiva-
tor, or a ten inch hoe, as the husbandman shall
determine, to keep them free from weeds.
When the leaves are about 9 inches long, but
always before their colour begins to change in
any part, they must be cut as spinach with a
knife—placed in baskets, and carried into a barn,
where they must be chopped forthwith, by
means of a chafi cutter, or similar instrument,
into pieces of about a quarter of an inch.

So soon as they have been thus prepared, they
must be bruised by a roller or bark mill, before
they shall have suffered from heating, which a
very few hours would cause. The bruised mat-
ter must be rolled by the hand into balls of two
or three inches diameter, according to the heat
of the weather. Care must be taken to expose
it to the free operation of air, whilst protected
from moisture. When dry, it may be stored in
heaps.

The subsequent crops may be twisted off,
without the use of the knife, as the roots at the
latter stages of their growth-are sufficiently strong
to resist the necessary force to remove the
leaves. It may be sown broadcast, but from the
extreme lightness of the seeds, great difficulty is
found in distributing them equally. In this
mode, of consequence, bare patches disfigure the
field, and materially affect the amount of its pro-
duct. The question whether the broadcast or
drill system should be employed, must be deter-
mined by the relative value of labour and land.

a ee eee Oe

Crops—Guinea Corn—Product.

I shall be very glad to communicate with any
gentleman on its cultivation, as its importance to
manufactures makes it an object of great interest
at this time in America.

One bushel of seeds, if sown in drills, is suffi-
cient for five acres—if sown broadcast, for one
acre. It is to be observed, that the woad must
undergo the process of couching, before it is fit-
ted for the manufacturer.

J. ATHERSTONE.

On Guinea Corn—its cultivation, great product,
and value as food for Cattle. By a Practical
Farmer.

Guinea Corn has been found a valuable crop
in South Carolina. It is believed that the cli-
mate of the eastern parts of Pennsylvania is well
adapted to its growth. Its product on very rich
Jand is said to exceed an hundred bushels per
acre—its weight is greater than that of wheat—
its farinaceous matter is exceedingly nutritious—
its stalks and leaves are useful as food for cat-
tle. Light alluvion is considered the best soil
for its growth. [It should be planted and culti-
vated in rows, as Indiancorn. In July the heads
appear—in August a part of them become ripe—
in the course of September, the principal part of
the crop is matured.

The portions which have become mature, are
harvested in succession by cutting the stems.
They are carried in baskets to a convenient po-
sition at the end of the rows—thence to a pro-
per house or barn, where they are stirred occa-

On Woad—its Culture.

sionally until they have become so dry as to be
secured against fermentation. An half peck of
seeds is sufficient for an acre, if it should be pre-
ferred to drill them as turnips. In the early
stages of its growth, it appears feeble. After it
has arrived at the height of two or three feet it
grows vigorously, and becomes hardy as Indian
corn.

The success of the crop depends much upon
the fertility and preparation of the soil—upon
frequent and light stirrings, and proper quanti-
ties of manure for the support of the plant.

A Farmer.

On Woad—its culture in Europe.

Woad is a biennial plant usually cultivated
on the Continent of Europe, on light soils,
reduced to fine tilth, and manured in the pre-
ceding autumn. The seeds are sown in March
or April, generally broadcast, and are harrowed
and rolled as those of grass. Great attention is
given to free the land from weeds in previous

seasons, and to carefully destroy them as they

appear during its growth. The leaves are ga-
thered from June till September in the first year,

and from June till August in the next, when the

plant puts forth its flower stems.

The process by which woad is converted into
the state fitted for the manufacturer, requires
much experience and minute attention.

I have the honour to be, &€c.

Joun Hare Powen.
Feb, 1, 1827.
To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

Pent ete

Substitutes for Hay.

On substitutes for Hay—Indian Corn sown broad-
cast on Fallow—its farinaceous product, and

value as long fodder. Lig

\

By Joun Hare Powe, Esa.
Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827.

The drought of the last Spring so much di-
minished the crops of hay, that various substi-
tutes were suggested for long fodder. A field
was ploughed early in June—part was manured
with ashes—part with rotten horse dung—part
with bones broken and strewed, at the rate of 250
bushels per acre—the ashes at the rate of 200—
the horse dung in quantities equal to 350 bushels
per acre.

Upon one acre of the field, three bushels of
Indian corn, and a bushel of millet seeds, were
sown together—the land was heavily harrowed
and rolled. As the millet seeds were bad, and
the Indian corn had been a long time thrashed,

twice the quantity was sown, which it was sup-.

posed would vegetate. The millet seeds princi-
pally failed—Not more than a third of the corn
appeared above the ground.

Upon adjoining portions of the field, ruta baga,
yellow Scotch, and flat'red top turnip seeds were
sown with Bennett’s trough, at the rate of five
pounds per acre.

The turnip seeds were lightly harrowed and
rolled—the portions of the field so occupied,
were in a state of as high cultivation as a garden.
When the leaves were about an inch and an half
long, all the turnips were harrowed with a light
seed harrow. For some time they appeared

kK

Se

Subsiiiules for Hay—AIndian Corn broadcast.

feeble, but they revived in forty-eight hours,
and grew more luxuriantly than I had hoped.

I caused a line to be stretched along the field,
by which a man was enabled to scuffle rapidly,
a space equal to twelve inches, as he advanced
in a straight direction. ‘The line was removed
until rows 6 inches wide were made in succession,
throughout the field, leaving the plants as if they
had been regularly drilled, thus diminishing the
expense of hoeing, which, by American labour-
ers, is little understood.

It will be obviously remarked, they might
have been drilled by a regular machine. I had
so often been disappointed in growing turnips in
drills, from the failure of the plants, that I was
determined to secure the crop if practicable, at
the expense of the larger quantity of seed. The
plants were subsequently thinned.

The ruta baga yielded at the rate of about 400
bushels per acre—neither the yellow Scotch tur-
nips nor white turnips were worth gathering.
The Indian corn, although intended to be taken
whilst green for long fodder, was allowed to be-
come mature, as it promised to produce much
grain. It was cut close to the ground, and
bound in the usual mode in small stacks. _ It
yielded thirty bushels of corn—a very large quan-
tity of long fodder, which was estimated at the
time, and has since, by the number of cattle
which it has supported, been considered equal
to two and an half tons of hay. No labour was
applied to the Indian corn after it was rolled,
until it was gathered.

These experiments with Indian corn, Swedish
turnips, yellow Scotch and white turnips, have

Substitutes for Hay—Indian Corn broadcast.

confirmed the opinions I have held, that tur-
nips are not:profitable in an Indian corn coun-
try, except with particular objects—more espe-
cially, as in this climate mangel wurtzel supply,
at much less cost, the purposes which they are
intended to meet.
| I have the honour to be, &c.
Joun Hare Powe.

To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

On substitutes for Hay—Indian Corn sown
broadcast on Rye- stubble and sward—its
product and value.

By Joun Harz Powet, Esa.

Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827.

After a rye crop had been taken, the richest
part of the field was ploughed—yellow Scotch
and white turnip seeds were sown with Ben-
nett’s trough, and were managed as before. ;

One acre of the same field was at the same

time ploughed—four bushels of Indian corn were
sown and ploughed under, with a- very shallow
furrow—an ‘adjoining acre, which had not been
previously ploughed, was sown with the same
quantity of the same corn, which was in the same
manner ploughed under with the stubble—it was
all harrowed and rolled. The land had been
limed five years since, and was in fine tilth. The
turnips failed entirely—the corn vegetated regu-
larly—covered the ground thickly, and put out
tassels when five feet high. It was mown when
in full blossom—treated exactly as hay; but from
the succulence of the stalks, it required much

Sipe a ane

Substitutes for Hay—Indian Corn broadcast.

‘more time and attention, before it could be

housed.

I found my cattle to-day contending for it ea-
gerly, when portions of it were thrown before
them in the midst of the most fragrant clover
hay. The quantity was See at two tons
per acre.

Upon another field, which, oe having been fif-
teen years in common, Was manured w ith oyster-
shell lime at the rate of an hundred bushels per
acre, I caused six bushels of corn to be sown
immediately after the sward and lime had been
reversed. The land was harrowed closely, and
heavily rolled—the crop was mown and managed
as that of the last field—its product was esti-
mated at two tons and an half per acre.

In another part of the same field, manure
taken fresh from the stable, was spread upon
sward which had been limed as in the last in-
stance. About three bushels of Indian corn were
sown on the dung, and were ploughed under

‘with the sward, which was after harrowed and

rolled. Fewer seeds were used, as it was sup-
eo the manure would cause most of them to

egetate vigorously.

“This piece of land, although shai shaded by
a close row of trees on its southern boundary,
produced more abundantly than the last. Tt was
cut and managed as before. I am inclined to
believe from the results of all these experiments,
that four bushels of corn in that state of sound-
ness, in which it is usually found after having
been thrashed some months, is the proper quan-
tity, or that three bushels from selected ears,
would be sufficient. It must be observed, that

ne

Millet—its value as long Fodder.

the latter part of the season was unusually fa-
vourable to the growth of Indian’ corn.
I have the honour to be, &c.
Joun Hare Powe .

To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

On substitutes for Hay—Millet, its value as long
fodder—its injurious effects when cut late.

By Joun Hare Powet, Esa.

Powelton, Feb, 1, 1827.

Notwithstanding the success in the experi-
ments with Indian corn, I should prefer millet as
a substitute for hay, and I should have last year
employed it, if I could have procured seeds of
good quality. Ihave obtained, in various sea-
sons, three tons of millet per acre—and in one,
much more than that quantity, so far as it could
be estimated by weighing one load, and keeping
an accurate account of the rest of equal size.

I cultivated thirty acres of millet in 1823, and
I should cultivate an equal quantity again, to sup-
ply the deficiencies occasioned by the failure of
the young grass, of the preceding year.

Iam not disposed to consider it a substitute
for Indian corn as a farinaceous crop, for obvious
reasons, Which I have explained at Jength. Mr.
Dupont, of Delaware, has cultivated it extensive-
ly, and continues to entertain the highest opinion
of its value. I am not aware of any evil attend-
ing its use as long fodder, except when it has
been allowed to become ripe; some danger is
then to be apprehended to neat cattle, from swal-
lowing the grain unbroken, which, adhering

Remedies for injudicious Feeding.

closely in the stomach, cannot be ejected for
the purpose of rumination—in one instance |
have known it to cause death. Similar effects
are sometimes produced by feeding cattle upon
Indian meal, without mixture with cut hay
or straw. The animal having been tied in a
stall, and tempted to consume as much as possi-
ble—the system is made sluggish by the want of
exercise—the stomach loaded with fat, becomes
unable to perform its office—the indigestible
meal coheres, causes sometimes apoplexy, and
always injury to the beast.
Graziers, feeders, and dairy farmers, have va-
rious appellations for the diseases, with which
their animals are assailed; and if the nostrums
and hard names which cattle doctors have given
in English books were to be regarded, the mala-
dies of neat cattle might be considered almost as
numerous as those of our own race—whereas in
fact they are very few, exhibiting in different
stages various symptoms, in most cases to be as-
cribed to sudden changes of temperature—to bad
management—to .external injuries and excess, or
deficiency in the supply of food. Free cireula-
tion of air—due proportions of succulent and dry
food—regular exercise, with protection merely
From wet, are the best preventives—copious
bleeding—large and repeated doses of Glauber
salts in molasses and warm water, followed by
castor oil and sulphur, are generally the best
remedies for disease.
I have the honour to be, &e.
Joun Hare Powet.

To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

Manures—Recent the mosi effective.

European practices inapplicable in America—on
Manures, recent and old—Composts, their ap-
plication and cost.

By Joun Hare Powe, Esa.

Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827.

I have long. contended that British practices
or European systems of husbandry, can seldom
be profitably applied upon American farms. In
no instance, [am led to apprehend, is this re-
mark more just, than in the preparation and use
of animal manures. Compost heaps, and the
various compounds which have been suggested in
Europé as substitutes for the common offal, with
which most well regulated American farms may
be brought to abound, I conceive it unwise to
employ, in a country where the relative prices
of labour and land are in ratios, inverse to those
which have given rise to expedients, incompati-
ble with our circumstances, and ruinous in a
climate marked by the extremes of heat and
cold.

It has been alleged, that where old grass lands
require top dressing, composts become the most
effective and cheapest manures. Iam prepared
to admit, that a compost heap which can be ob-
tained without much labour or expense in its pre-
paration, should always be regarded as an im-
portant item in the economy of the farm. The
commixture of earth, animal matter, green
weeds, or other vegetables, should never be ne-
glected, provided they be at hand—but I am as-
sured they should not be “ manufactured” by re-

Manures— Experiments.

peated moving, but should be left to the opera-
tion of heat and moisture, until they can be em-
ployed, and if practicable, be tcorporated inti-
mately with the soil.

Recent animal manures I have always consi-
dered the most effective and the most lasting,
whether they be applied to the surface, or be
turned under by the plough.

Parts of my grass lands have been, during se-
veral years, subjected to a variety of experi-
ments, which have confirmed the opinions I ad-
vance. In March, 1824, I caused “long dung”
to be spread upon a field of fifteen acres, adjoin-
ing one of the same extent, upon which equal
quantities of rotten manure had, early in the Au-
tumn, been strewed. The field was harrowed—
the long straw was collected by an horse rake—
was returned to the barn yard early in May, and
placed in the bottom of a deep trench, where it
Was saturated with the water escaping from the
stables and dung heaps on the margin of the
fold. The land upon which the recent dung
had been spread, produced certainly much the
larger crop of grass. In 4825, similar experi-
ments were made by putting rotten manure in
the Autumn, and fresh manure in the Spring,
upon equal parts of the field, to which the rotten
manure alone had been applied in the Autumn of
1823—similar results were obtained.

In the last year the same experiment was tried
by covering portions of the other field with old
manure in the Autumn, and a part with long
dung in the Spring—the results were as they had
been before.

Meadow Land—Management.

The straw having been soaked and bleached
by exposure, was loosened by the harrow—col-
lected by an horse rake, and after was used
throughout the summer, as litter for bulls, which
are necessarily confined upon a breeding farm

The crop of grass, in despite of the extraordi-
nary drought, much exceeded any which I have
ever had from the same land. ?

I have the honour to be, &c.
Joun HAre Powe.

To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

On Meadow Lands—Ill effects of close feeding at
certain seasons—/idvantageous results of re-
peated experiments in protecting the soil by
after grass—Its value and use.

By Joan Hare Powet, Esa.

Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827.

Long experience in the management of allu-
vial meadow had induced me to believe that
the injuries apparent after a succession of hay
crops, proceed not so much from the effects of
the scythe, as from the continued and close feed-
ing, which has generally been practised in this
county by tenants who occupy much the larger
portion of the marsh land.

It was supposed, that the extreme heat and
drought, which generally succeed the season, at
which the first crop is taken, are particularly in-
jurious to grasses upon such soils.

J caused a grazing farm of nearly an hundred

L

Grass Lands—Seeds— Quantity —Sowing.

acres of alluvion, which had been subjected to
every evil which the cupidity of the tenant could
pr oduce, to be mown for hay, at the time when
the grass was in full bloom. No animal was al-
lowed to feed upon it until the latter part of Oc-
tober, when its luxuriant pasturage afforded a
larger return than I could have obtained, had the
usual system been observed, in depasturing it
throughout the term of the greatest heat.

In the succeeding year, the same practice was
observed with similar success. ‘The land was
evidently improved, and has since commanded
higher rent, although the price of meadow land
has not generally increased.

I have the honour to be, &c.
Joun Hare PoweE..

To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

¢

On Grass Lands—Clover—Sowing, &?c.
By Joun Hare Powe , Esa.

Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827.
It is admitted, that in our climate, one of the
most difficult items of the husbandman’s art, is
the successful “laying down’ of grass lands.
Without adverting to the necessity of fine tilth—
the fit state of the soil, and proper selection of
seeds, I would suggest that not more than
half of the proper quantity, whether of clover,
orchard grass, timothy, or herd’s grass, is usually
sown upon American farms.
In England, where clover is less injured by
drought in the early seasons of its growth—by

Bx,

Grass Lands—Seeds—large quantity—advantages.

heat when the crop is removed—or by the ef-
fects of frost, succeeded by sudden thaws in the
Winter and Spring, a peck of clover, mixed
with a proportionate quantity of other grass
seeds, is usually sown upon an acre of land.

In this climate I have found three half pecks
of clover seeds, when combined even with two
bushels of orchard grass seeds, in no instance
too much for one acre of land.

Light harrowing, and rolling of the grain crop,
if the weather and soil be in a proper state, im-
mediately after the grass seeds are sown, I have
always considered the best mode of securing
their vegetation, as well as the best means of
improving the grain.

It has often been recommended to harrow in
August with a heavy brake, and to sow again
those parts of the field which appear bare of
grass after the crop of grain has been removed.
I have never succeeded in the attempt, except
when small quantities of manure were soon after
scattered over the parts, which had been so
treated, and in such cases I have never failed.

I am inclined to believe, that autumnal top-
dressing, with long manure, may with great pro-
fit be applied to protect the young clover, espe-
cially if the improvident husbandman has al-
lowed it to be fed closely, by horses or sheep.

In addition to the great advantage arising from
the stalks of the hay being finer and more valua-
ble as food, an important object is attained by
using abundant supplies of seed in our climate.
The land being more closely covered with the
larger quantity of plants, is not so much exposed

Grasses—Clover—Substitutes.

immediately after the crop has been taken, and
of consequence is less exhausted during the sea-
son of greatest heat, by the rays of the sun.
I have the honour to be, &e.
Joun Hare PoweE..

To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

On Grasses—Substitutes for Red Clover—Lu-
cerne—Saintfoin.

By Joun Hare Powe, Esa.

Powelton, Feb. 1, 1827.

We have long sought a substitute for red clo-
ver, and notwithstanding the efforts which have
been made for the introduction of Lucerne and
rye grass, | am disposed to think that the agri-
culturists of America have been generally inat-
tentive to this important subject, involving both
the support of our live stock, and to a great ex-
tent, the manure for our fields. Lucerne re-
quires more labour and accuracy of tillage than
most farmers in this state have either the means
or the disposition to apply. Its principal use is
in soiling, which no husbandman in Pennsylva-
nia, notwithstanding all that has been written or
said, has ever systematically pursued throughout
a succession of years.

Rye grass has not succeeded in the few in-
stances in which I have known it tried.

Saintfoin has been neglected, most probably,
in consequence of the failures proceeding from
the age of the seeds—they seldom vegetate when

a
ina

Clover—Substitutes—Saintfoin.

more than a year old, and hence fail when they
have reached us in the common course with
dealers’ supplies.

It is found in various parts of Europe—in Ger-
many—Switzerland—England and France. It
is considered one of the most valuable sorts of
herbage which can be cultivated on dry soils.
Its long root insinuates itself to a great depth in
gravelly and rocky lands. Its stems and abun-
dant leaves afford succulent pasturage, as well as
excellent hay. Deep calcareous soils are pre-
ferred for its growth. If the ground be prepared
by very deep ploughing and proper cleansing crops,
the product is unusually great.

Its hardiness in resisting the effects of frost and
drought, would render it peculiarly useful in
American husbandry. It should be sown as
early as practicable in the Spring, with half the
usual quantity of barley or oats. Four bushels
are the proper quantity of seeds for an acre.
Their quality may be known by the brightness of
the capsules, the fulness of the kernels, and by
their colour, which should be blue-grey or yel-
lowish-red. As the seeds are large, and are en-
veloped by thick capsules, they must be covered
at greater depth,and with more than usual care.
The roller should be applied, if the soil and
weather be in proper state.

The price in England is from five to six shil-
lings sterling per bushel. Saintfoin is managed
as clover, to which it is equal in nutrition and
product. It affords valuable after grass, which,
it is to be lamented, our husbandmen too much
disregard as the means of saving fodder, and

oe |

Grasses—Cocksfoot—Managemnt.

keeping their breeding ewes until the season of.
greatest trial, on the approach of the Spring. —
This v aluable plant continues during nine or
ten years in the soil. My attempts to culti-
vate it have not been successful, as all the seeds

which I had procured were old and did not grow.

I abandoned Lucerne, as it required more e labour
than 1 was disposed to apply.
I have the honour to be, &€e.
Joun Hare Powe.

_ To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

On Orchard Grass—Manner of cultivation—se-
curing the seeds—Quantity sown—Season and
mode—Causes of failure—Product and value
for pasturage and hay—its nutritive qualities,
and superiority over timothy, both when green
and dry.

By Loyp Jonrs, Esa.

Montgomery County, (Pennsylvania, )
February 5th, 1827.

Dear Srr,—l have cultivated orchard grass
for five and twenty years. My crops failed from
the bad quality of the seeds, until they were se-
cured by myself. When they are in the state
at which they can be shaken from the heads, the
stems are cut by a skilful cradler just above the
tops of the under grass. After some practice,
he is enabled to catch with his left hand the por-
tions taken by the cradle, and to place them re-
eularly as he advances. They are immediately
bound in sheaves large as a man’s leg. Double

Cocksfoot—Seeds— Quantily.

swarths are afterwards mown with a naked
scythe to remove the under grass, and leave at
proper distances throughout the field, openings
upon which the sheaves are shocked. They re-
main in this state from eight to ten days, until
sufficiently dry to be carried to the barn, where
they are forthwith thrashed to guard against heat-
ing, the great source of injury to the seeds of
this valuable crop. The usual manner of se-
curing them, by putting the sheaves into the
mow, is, I am satisfied, the most effectual mode
to destroy the principle of vegetation, as they
can rarely be so treated, without being mow-
burned.

After having been thrashed, they should be
strewed upon the barn floor—occasionally stirred
if the quantity be large, during eight or ten days,
until they are perfectly dry—without this pre-
caution they would inevitably be heated.

The under grass should all be mown for hay,
as soon as possible, after the seeds have been
harvested. If it be allowed to stand but for a
few days, it loses its nutritive properties—in fact
dies, after having lost the heads. The hay thus
made, and properly secured, although necessa-
rily harsh from having been allowed to pass the
stage of its growth when most succulent and nu-
tritious, I have found good fodder, for both horses
and neat cattle.

The product of seeds varies from ten to twen-
ty bushels per acre. I have had in a very fa-
vourable season, twenty bushels upon land which
would not have afforded, I think, ten of wheat.
The product of this, as of all crops, depends
much, of course, upon the season, and the pre-

Grasses— Timothy, &c.

paration of the land. The crop to which I ad-
vert, Was purposely grown upon a poor soil, to
show the excellence of the plant, and the fallacy
of the assertion, that it required very rich land.

I sow from eight to ten quarts of clover seeds,
and a bushel of orchard grass seeds per acre in
February, upon wheat or rye land. I should
prefer their being sown with oats or barley, as
the seeds could be covered more regularly with
the harrow, and their vegetation would be se-
cured. I do not apprehend injury from frost in
early sowing, but I dread the effects of drought
from late. I have never suffered from early,
but have generally had cause to regret the evils
of late sowing.

I consider orchard grass the best herbage tor
pasturage upon wpland—for hay it certainly can-
not be excelled.

I cultivated timothy for many years. As pas-
turage it.is utterly worthless after the first of
July, upon upland. Timothy hay is valuable for
turf horses, and those used in quick draught—
but for the purposes of farmers, I think it should
not be raised. I have long since discontinued
its growth. It is a great exhauster, and should
never be cultivated, unless it can be carted to
market, and be replaced by large supplies of ma-
nure.

I am, very obediently, &c.
Yours,
Loyp Jonzs.
Joun Hare Powe, Esq.,

Powelton.

On Grasses—Orchard or Cocksfool— Timothy
and Red-Top, or Herds-grass—their compara-
tive values for Pasturage and Hay.

By Joun Hare Powe , Esa.
Powelton, February 10, 1827.

In presenting Mr. Jones’ communication, it is
not necessary that I should advert to his accuracy
and reputation as a farmer, with which you are
sufficiently acquainted, to receive his opinions
and statements, with implicit reliance upon their
validity and force. He is the most successful
cultivator of orchard grass, with whose practice
I have become acquainted in any part of the
United States.

As he has detailed his mode of securing the
seeds, I may be allowed to state, that I have for
several years induced him to send large quanti-
ties of them to my agricultural friends, whose
experience, in confirmation of my impressions,
that when properly treated they seldom fail, es-
tablishes the correctness of his management in
collecting them.

I have before brought to your notice the ex-
traordinary product of cocksfoot or orchard
grass as pasturage upon strong soils—its early
appearance in the Spring—its vigorous and rapid
growth throughout the Summer and Autumn,
affording even in December, the most succulent
and nutritive herbage I have in this climate seen.

Of timothy as pasturage, I have had during
twenty years, opinions similar to those conveyed
by Mr. Jones.

On highly manured, or deep alluvial soils,
it produces greater crops of hay, than any

M

Grasses— Timothy—Herds-grass—their products, §¢.

grass I have grown, except red clover. Mr.
Welles, of Boston, a few years since obtained
four tons of timothy hay per acre, from a large
field. His well known precision, independent of
the ample proofs he adduced, sufficiently esta-
blishes the fact. When allowed to become ma-
ture, I think it causes as much exhaustion as a
crop of Spring barley or oats. And so far from
land becoming better, whilst exposed to the ef-
fects of the scythe, and the rays of the sun in a
regular course, wherein timothy is introduced as
the meliorating crop, I am led to believe that it
is made worse. If timothy be depastured after
the first crop has been taken, I apprehend that,
as its after growth is extremely feeble, in this
climate, the sun must have great effect upon the
soil, throughout the hottest season of the year.
Red-top or herds-grass has recently been
brought more into notice, and it will, I have no
doubt, be extensively cultivated, when it shall
have been better known. We see it general-
ly upon the i!l reclaimed marsh lands of an
adjacent state, where perhaps its extraordinary
hardiness and large product, even under the
most slovenly management, may have retarded
to a certain extent, the improvement of the dis-
trict in which it is principally grown. It will
flourish where no other grass, which we culti-
vate, can live. Its apparent qualities, and the
quantity of nutritive matter, are no doubt very
much influenced by the state of the land upon
which it is produced; hence when offered in the
market in competition with the produce of the
most highly cultivated upland—it is condemn-
ed. The seeds of this grass, as those of cocks-
foot, are rarely brought to the shops in a sound

———= roe

Grasses— Herds-grass—its tough and close Sward.

state—they, as the former, are surrounded by
chaff, which, if closely examined, will be found
frequently to envelope shrivelled kernels, and to
be infested with some of the most noxious weeds
with which a farmer can contend.

Upon a small piece of land which had been
occupied by Swedish turnips, and had been care-
fully tilled for many seasons in succession, two
bushels of herds-grass seeds per acre, in addi-
tion to the usual quantity of clover and timothy
seeds, were sown with Persian barley in the
Spring of 1820. A much larger piece was sown
at the same time, with timothy alone. The ti-
mothy soon disappeared from both—the clover
of course long since went out—the herds-
grass has formed a tough and valuable sward.

Upon arable farms it is sometimes trouble-
some, as it is tenacious of life as blue grass. _ Its
product is not generally heavy upon such lands,
and I should not therefore cultivate it with a re-
gular course of white crops, although upon a
grazing farm, or upon some large southern do-
mains, where it would be well that the landhold-
ers should forget half their possessions, it might
be expedient to cultivate it largely, and obviate
the necessity of indulging the fatting bullocks
with a regular ramble for the solace of their sto-
machs, throughout some hundred acres of grow-
ing Indian corn. ‘The herds-grass has the great
merit of being able to take care of itself.

I have the honour to be, &c.
Joun Hare Power.

To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

AUN CIALIS
HORTUS GRAMINEUS WOBURNENSIS.

EXTRACTS,

On Grasses—Orchard—Rye—Clover—Sainfoin, §e.—their pro-
ducts, comparative values, constituent paris, modes of sowing,
managing—quaniity, quality of Seeds, and adaptation to par-
ticular Soils.

In some plants there is a comparative excess of saline matter, and when
such plants are given unmixed with any other to cattle, they are most subject
to disease, or continue for a length of time before they improve, however
abundant the supply. The following facts, which came within my own im-
mediate observation, may serve as an instance to point out the importance of
a mixture of such grasses as possess some difference in the qualities of their
nutritive matter ; and at the same time they will show, that the bitter extrac-
tive is efficacious in correcting the over-succulency, or laxative nature of
green food, without the aid of dry vegetable fibre.

Two fields were sown down for pasture ; one with white clover and trefoil
only, and the other with a variety of the natural grasses, for experiment, with
a portion of white clover. The two fields were depastured with sheep. In
the enclosure of white clover a considerable quantity of cocksfoot grass grew
on the edge of the fence ; it was of a very harsh quality, from its unfavourable
situation, and consisted almost entirely of culms. Ina few days the sheep
went to this grass, and ate it down entirely, though there was a profusion of
the white clover. In the course of time many of the sheep became affected
with the disease termed red-water, of which several died. But in the adjoin-
ing field, which contained the natural grasses, cecksfoet grass, rough-stalked
meadow grass, rye-grass, foxtail-grass, and white clover, the sheep were not
affected with that, nor any other disease, and they left untouched the stems
of the cocksfoot, which were here of a more tender succulent nature, than
those on the edges of the other field, which were so greedily devoured by the
clover sheep. :

It may remain only to observe, that if the hard stalks of the cock’s-foot in
the clover field had been in sufficient quantity, they would most probably have
prevented the disease from attacking the sheep; but this could not have been
by virtue of the dry jidre only of the culms, because in the adjoining field,
where every thing was contrary to disease, the sheep rejected the culms alto-

ether. The dry, or mechanical action of the culms, was here wanting ;

e animals continued healthy, and fattened, because the bitter extractive
was in greater peyrn in the leaves or herbage than in the culms which
they rejected; and also proved beneficial, though combined with succulent
food, which could have nothing of the action of the dry hay or straw before
mentioned. * . . b ~ . . . x » *

The proportional value which the grass at the time of flowering bears to
that at the time the seed is ripe, is as 11 to 10; and to the grass of the latter-
math, as 5 to 2.

There has often been occasion to observe, that though grass, when left till
the seed be ripe, may afford a greater quantity of nutritive matter, neverthe-
less the value of the latter-math which is lost by this means is often greater
than the extra quantity of nutritive matter thus obtained ; add to this the im-
poverishing effects of the plants on the soil by the process of ripening the
seed, and the less palatable nature of the hay. The plants of grass are like-
wise much weakened by the production of seed, for in all the experiments I
have made the produce of latter-math proved always less, in many instances
one-half less, in a given time after the seed crop, than after the crop taken at
the time of flowering; I never could perceive. however, that the bad effects

Grasses —Rye—Cocksfoot, &c.—their comparative values.

extended in any degree to the next following season, the weight of produce
being then as frequently superior as equal or less.

Rye-grass appears to have been cultivated previous to the year 1677; be-
sides which, red clover, sainfoin, spurrey, trefoil, and nonsuch, were the only
plants then cultivated as grasses, or termed such. And it is only of late years
that any other species of the natural grasses has been tried as a substitute for
it in forming artificial pastures—as cat’s-tail grass (Phleum pratense); cocks-
foot grass (Dactylis glomerato); and fox-tail grass (Alopecurus pratensis).
The cat’s-tail grass appears to have been made trial of before either of the
other two, not more ress fifty years ago, by Mr. Rocque, a farmer at Walham-
green, near London. The seed of the cocksfoot grass was introduced about
the same time from Virginia, by the ‘Society of Arts, &c., but no trial was
made of it till several years afterwards: it was then called orchard-grass; and
it is but lately that the fox-tail grass has been tried on an extensive scale—
the merits of which seem to have been first accurately pointed out by the late
excellent Mr. Curtis in his several works on grasses.

There has been much difference of opinion respecting the merits and com-
parative value of rye-grass. It produces an abundance of seed, which is easily
collected and readily vegetates on most kinds of soil under circumstances of
different management; it soon arrives at perfection, and produces in its first
years of growth a good supply of early herbage, which is much liked by cat-
tle. These merits have, no doubt, upheld it till the present day in practice,
and will probably, for some time to come, continue it a favourite grass with
many farmers. But the latter-math of rye-grass is very inconsiderable, and
the plant impoverishes the soil in a high degree if the culins, which are inva-
riably left untouched by cattle, are not cut before the seed advances towards
perfection. When this is neglected, the field after midsummer exhibits only
a brown surface of withered straws.

Let the produce and nutritive powers of Aad seg be compared with those
of the cocksfoot grass, and it will be found inferior in the proportion nearly
of 5 to 18; and also inferior to the meadow fox-tail in the proportion of 5 to
12; and inferior to the meadow fescue in the proportion of 5 to 17. In these
comparisons, from which the above proportions arose, it was necessary to omit
the seed crops for the truth of comparison. a % #

Cocksfoot grass perfects an abundance of seed, and the plants arrive at a
productive state as soon as those of rye-grass; hence its superiority over rye-
grass, as above, is equally great for permanent pasture and the alternate hus-
bandry ; which is not so precisely the case with the fox-tail grass and meadow
fescue. One peck of rye-grass, with 14 lbs. of clover, per acre, is generally
considered sufficient for sowing artificial pastures. ae tt ¥ *

The proportions in which the seeds of the different species should be mixed
for permanent pasture :— ;

Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata) - : -
Meadow-fescue (Festuca pratensis) - - - -
Meadow fox-tail grass (dlopecurus pratensis) — - - -
Rough-stalked meadow-grass (Poa trivialis) — - - -

2 bushels.
2
2
Tall oat-like soft-grass Holcus arenaceus) - - - 0
5
2
0

2

4
lbs.
bushels

Meadow cat’s-tail (Phleum pratense) - - -
Hard, or smooth fescue (Festuca duriuscula, vel glabra -

J
Crested dog’s-tail (Cynosurus cristatus) - - - 1

Nerved meadow-grass (Poa nervata) — - - - 4 3
Wood meadow-grass (Poa nemoralis) - - - : 1
Narrow-leaved meadow-grass (Pou angustifolia) - oOE
Broad-leaved creeping bent, or fiorin (Agrostis stolonifera, var. 0
latifolia) : ss x 3 : ga
Rye-grass (Lolium perenne) - - 2 ARs vk &
hite or Dutch clover (Trifolium repens - - - 15 Ibs.

Bush vetch (Vicia sepium) - - !
Sweet-scented vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum)

Perennial red clover (Trifolium pratense perenne) . 12 Ibs.
Achillea millefolium, yarrow - - - 4

Grasses—Seeds—quantities and modes of sowing.

The proper quantity of grass seeds to sow, per acre, is a point of the great-
est importance, as regards the expense of the seed, and the speedy formation
of the most valuable sward. PERRET eh bs SR Se ee

When land is to be sown for permanent pasture, no admixture of any annual
or grain crop, or broad-leaved clover, should be admitted with the grass seeds.
Experience proves that they are highly injurious to the intention of speedily
forming a solid productive sward; and that the profit that may accrue from a
grain crop thus obtained, will be much overbalanced by the loss of grass in the
two following seasons. Every plant of these annual crops occupies a place,
to the detriment of the expected sward; besides rendering the surface porous
by the decay of their roots in the end of autumn, much mischief, likewise, is
done to the sward by portions of the crops being beat down with heavy rains.
The above mixture should be sown in the autumn or spring, at the rate of
four bushels and a half to the acre; much less will form a good pasture, but
when the seeds can be had from the farm at a moderate expense, the maxi-
mum quantity should be adopted. If sown in spring, it will be found highly
useful, in the following autumn, to give the surface a slight top-dressing with
rotten dung or compost, in which the seeds or roots of weeds are not suspected,
and to sow immediately after half a bushel, more or less, of the mixture of
seeds, according as the sward appears to be deficient of plants; after which,
(the top-dressing being previously well reduced by a slight bush-harrow,) the
roller should be liberally used; and rolling, for the first two years, should
never be neglected at any favourable opportunity. If the seeds are sown in
autumn, the top-dressing, re-sowing, and rolling, will be found equally requi-
site and beneficial in the following month of May ; and even if repeated in the
following autumn, they will greatly forward the intention. This is imitating
the process of nature in forming pastures—with this advantage, that for one
seed of a valuable species of grass supplied to the soil by the slow and gradual
process of nature, in one season, a thousand are supplied in the same space of
time; and thus take possession of their natural soil, without the danger and
inconvenience of expelling its usurpers.

There has been some difference of opinion respecting the manner of reap-
ing the produce of seedling grasses; whether by depasturing with sheep, or
by mowing after the plants have perfected their seed. The manure supplied
by sheep to the young grasses is of great advantage; but the animals are apt
to bite too close to the root, and sometimes tear up the young plants altoge-
ther. I have found, on repeated trials, that cropping seedling grasses before
they had produced tlowers, had the effect ‘of retarding and weakening the
after-growth of the plants for that season very much. But after the period of
flowering, cropping was found to strengthen, and rather encourage the growth
of plants. In the same way I found, that old plants of grass, when cut very
close after the first shoots of the spring made their appearance, afforded about
one-third less weight of produce in the whole season than those plants of the

same species which were left uncut till the flowering culms began to appear.

As the advantages of the manure of the sheep may be supplied by top-dress-
ing, and the disadvantages resulting to the tender seedling plants from early
and close cropping cannot so speedily be removed, the practice of suffering
the grasses to produce flowers before they are cut, with the application of
top-dressings, and the use of the roller, till the spring of the second year, ap-
pears to be far more profitable than the former practice of depasturing the
seedling grasses at an earlier period than the spring of the second year. But
in this, no doubt, as well as in other particular modes of management recom-
mended for general practice in the culture of plants, local circumstances may
interfere so much as often to render some modification of them necessary.
The superior value of sainfoin for soils on a porous or dry sub-soil is there-
fore manifest. * * ; x * # .
Sainfoin grows wild in all the chalky districts in England; but it was first
introduced to English farmers as a plant for cultivation from Flanders and
France, where it has been long cultivated. Parkinson, in the year 1640, says,
that it is “generally known to be a singular food for cattle, causing them to
give store of milk.”—Worlidge, in his Mystery of Husbandry, &c. (1681),
treats of sainfoin at large: “ In Wiltshire, in several places,” says he, “ there

% * *

ts.

Grasses—Suinfoin—its habits and quantity of nutrition.

are precedents of sainfoin that has been there twenty years growing on poor
land, and has so far improved the same, that from a noble per acre, twenty
acres together have been certainly worth thirty shillings per acre, and yet
continues in good proof.’——These extracts show the high opinion which was
entertained of this plant above one hundred years ago; but this was, no doubt,
in a great measure owing to the small number of plants then known for sow-
ing in the farm.

The experiments that have here been made on this plant were confined toa
clayey loam and a light siliceous soil. Upon these it was evidently inferior to
the broad-leaved and perennial red clover; but on chalky and gravelly soils
there have been abundant proofs of the superior value of sainfoin. After the
ample details of the uses and cultivation of sainfoin, given in Mr. Young’s
Annals, it will be difficult to add any thing new. It isa perennial plant, and pro-
duces but little herbage the first year, and on that account should not be sown
on land that is intended to remain only two years under grass. In Mr. Young’s
Annals we are informed, that sainfoin is allowed on all hands to be an admira-
ble improvement on limestone rocks and chalk downs, which, in order to be
cultivated to the greatest advantage, should be in this course, with no more
arable than is necessary for the change Thus, if sainfoin last sixteen years,
as it certainly will if properly managed, then sixteen parts of the down should
be sainfoin, and as many more parts as there are years necessary for tillage,
before the ground should be sowed with it again: suppose this period to be
five years, the portions would then be 16 sainfoin; 1 sainfoin pared and burnt,
and under turnips; 1 barley or oats; 1 clover; 1 wheat; 1 turnips; 1 barley or
oats, and with this crop sainfoin sown again—=22. In another part we are in-
formed that sainfoin is also reat improvement in thin, loose, dry, sandy
loams, upon marl or chalk bottoms.

Thin soils that wear out, or tire of clover, are laid down to great advantage
with it, will last twenty years, and pay the farmer as well as his best corn
crops. Ifa flock of sheep be an object of primary importance, this plant will
afford them plenty of dry food for winter, in hard weather. An acre of indif-
ferent land will yield two tons of sainfoin dry, and therefore twenty acres will
serve 1000 sheep for a month, supposing a sheep eats three pounds of hay in a
day, which is a large allowance. : = e es 34

It flowers about the middle and towards the end of June. The seeds are
large, and when sown in wet soils generally burst and rot without vegetating.
There is some difference of opinion with respect to the best season for sowing ;
according to several trials that I have made, the middle or end of April is the
most certain; but when sown in the autumn, unless the soil be favourable,
many of the plants are lost during the winter: should circumstances prove
otherwise, the autumn sowing will be found the most advantageous, as it af-
fords nearly a full crop in the ensuing season. * a ) ze

The grasses, and other plants, best fitted for alternation, as green crops
with grain, are such as arrive at perfection in the shortest space of time, or
within the compass of two years; such as have their leaves broad and suceu-
lent, and that do not quickly run to seed. Plants of this description are sup-
er to produce the greatest weight of herbage at. the least expense to the
soil. .

It is a curious and well-known fact, that any species of plant that has conti-
nued till its natural decay on a particular soil, cannot be again immediately
reared with equal success on the same spot, till some other crop intervene ;
but that a different species of vegetable will there succeed better, for its pecu-
liar period of life, than it would on a soil naturally better adapted to its growth,
where it had just attained to perfect maturity. This holds good with respect
to annual plants as well as to those that continue to live many years. But it
is better seen in the former, as their habits and duration in the soil are oftener
and more directly within the reach of common observation.

_On this antipathy of plants seems to depend the theory of alternate crop-
ping with green crops and grain—varying in some measure according to the
circumstances of soil and climate ; but the principle appears to remain the
same. P

On analysing a soil immediately before and after producing an impoverish-

Mangel Wurtzel—Carrots—Potatoes—iheir values.

ing crop, the results of such analysis do not point out any diminution in the
weight or proportions of its constituents sufficient to account for the weight
of vegetable matter produced. The decomposing animal and vegetable mat-
ters of the soil are the only constituents wherein a sensible loss is perceived.
M. Braconnot grew plants in substances free from any kind of soil, as in
flowers of sulphur, and in metal. He supplied the plants with distilled water
only. They arrived, by these means, to a perfect state of maturity. The
produce was submitted to careful analysis; and the results showed that the
different vegetables so produced, contained all the constituents of the different
species, precisely the same as when the plants were cultivated on their natu-
ral soils. 2 # * * * * * * * * *

Nutritive

Green Food. Matter.

lbs. Ibs.
Mangel wurtzel, or white beet, (Beta cicla,) produces upon a
suitable soil, or a deep rich loam, on an average, twenty-five
tons* of green food per acre, every pound weight of which
contains grains of nutritive matter; and therefore per

acre - - - - - - ° 3120
Carrots (Daucus carota), produce upon a deep light loam, on an
average, eleven tons, every pound of which contains 750

grains of nutritive matter - - - - 2640
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), produce upon a fresh loam, of
intermediate quality as to moisture and drymess, on an ave-
rage, 15 tons per acre, affording of nutritive matter per pound,

1000 grains - - - - 4800

The sceintaai field or white turnip (Brassica rapa, var.) affords
from a sandy loam, upon an average, per acre, 16 tons of
green food, a pound of which contains 320 grains of nutritive
matter - - - - - - - 30840 = 1638

The Swedish turnip, or ruta baga (Brassica, rapa, var.), pro-
duces on a favourable soil, or a strong loam, on an average,
13 tons per acre, a pound weight of which affords of nutritive
matter 440 grains - - - - -

Cabbages (Brassica oleracea, var.), which delight in a rich
strong loam, afford of green food, on an average per acre, 25
tons, every pound of which contains 430 grains of nutritive -
matter - - - - - - - 56000 3440

Kohl rabi (Brassica oleracea, var.), the produce from a soil
similar to that for cabbages or Swedish turnips, is on an ave-
rage 14 tons per acre, and affords of nutritive matter per
pound 420 grains - - - - - 31360 = «1881

29120 1830

If a plant, therefore, impoverishes the soil in proportion to the weight of ve-
getable substance it produces on a given space of ground, the following will
be the order in which the plants just mentioned exhaust the land.

Mangel wurtzel - - 25

Cabbages - - - 25

White Turnip = - - - 16 | The proportions which they bear
Potatoes | - - - 15> to each other with respect to
Kohl rabi - - - 14 ( weight of produce.

Swedish Turnip - =A an

Carrots - - - =) ot * oy 2 ae

* [ have found this variety less nutritious and less hardy than the pink or
light red mangel wurtzel. Seventy-eight thousand four hundred and forty-
eight pounds of the pink kind were produced, in 1823, upon one acre and
fourteen perches of farm land in Philadelphia County.—.4m. Ed.

On Mangel Wurlzel—Its cultivation, product, and value
on Dairy and Breeding Farms—Causes of failure—
Quality of Butter— Application of Cultivators—4d-
vantages of a flat surface in this climate—Superiority
of Indian Corn for the general purposes of “Ilmerican
Farms.

By Joun Hare Powet1, Esa.

Powelton, Philadelphia County,

I enclose certificates, showing that sixteen hundred and
thirty-four bushels of mangel wurtzel, weighing seventy-eight
thousand four hundred and forty-eight pounds, were produced
at Powelton, upon one acre and fourteen perches of farm
land, accurately measured by a regular surveyor.

I selected a parallelogram, containing thirteen contiguous
rows, which were drawn and measured in my presence, to
ascertain the largest quantity, which had grown upon the
richest part of the field. One hundred and forty-three bas-
kets, equal to one hundred and seventy-four bushels, were
produced upon thirteen and an half perches, at the rate of two
thousand and sixty-five bushels per acre, weighing 44 tons,
5 ewt. 27 lbs.

I am satisfied that the account of my farmer is correct, and
as the roots had been drawn ten days, had been closely cut
beneath the crowns, were dry, and entirely free from dirt,
both the measurement by the basket, and the estimate by
weight, must be fair. Ifa barrel had been used, or any other
large vessel, of stmzlar shape, the crop would appear greater,
as the measure would not have been so often filled, and con-
sequently not so often heaped.

Mrs Milnor, the Recording Secretary, was good enough to
superintend the measurement of the basket, and saw the man-
ner in which it was filled.

I submit to you the shingles containing the original scores,
and refer you to him for corroboration of the facts. It may
be well to state, that however great this crop may appear, in
England a larger product has been obtained.

My soil was not naturally strong; it has been gradually
so much deepened, as to enable Wood’s plough, No. 2,
drawn by four oxen, to plough fourteen inches deep. Fresh
barn-yard manure was equally spread upon the surface, and
ploughed under in the early part of April, in quantities not
larger than are generally used for potato crops in this coun-
ty. Early in May the land was twice stirred with Beatson’s
scarifier—harrowed—rolled—after stirred—harrowed, and
rolled again in the opposite direction. The holes for the

P

>

Mangel Wurtzel— Value on Dairy Farms.

seeds were made by a wheel containing pegs in its cireum-
ference, which penetrated the ground about an inch, leaving
intervals of four inches; the rows were made two feet asun-
der; two capsules were dropped into each hole; the wheel of
a common barrow was passed over them, thus compressing
the earth, and leaving a slight rut, for the retention of mois-
ture. .

A small cultivator, which I had contrived for the purpose,
was drawn between the rows soon after the weeds appeared ;
a three-inch triangular hoe removed the alternate plants,
leaving the others at distances, varying from 8 to 12 inches
asunder. The cultivator was twice used before the 20th of
July. The heavy rains of August made another hoeing ne-
cessary, and surcharged the ground so much with moisture,
that all roots increased much less in that month, than during
the same time, in the two last years.

In order to convey an idea of a mangel wurtzel crop, to
some of the members who are not acquainted with its usual
product, it may not be improper to state, that three-fourths
of the root extend above the ground—that | last year obtained
one, which at Mr. Landreth’s shop weiglied, some days after
it was drawn, 17 Ibs. 10 oz.

I this year desired smaller roots, which might grow so
closely, as by their leaves to protect the soil as much as pos-
sible from the exhalations of the sun. My cultivator, by its
peculiar form, enabled me to cut off the weeds when the
plants were so young, that if I had applied the plough, their
crowns must have been covered in many instances by earth,
occasionally falling from its land side. ‘The failure which
attends the cultivation of most root crops in drills, proceeds
from the neglect of weeds in their early stages. Four or
five days of delay, frequently make the difference of fifteen
days in the labour of making clean an acre of ground. The
same weeds which a boy with a sharp shingle could remove
at the commencement of one week, may, before the end of
the next, require the application of an implement drawn by
an horse.

Lascribe my success, in great measure, to the use of Wood's
extraordinary plough, which enters the soil more deeply,
and pulverizes it more perfectly than any other I have ever
seen with equal force in any country—to the use of cultiva-
tors, which complete the production of fine tilth—to the de-
struction of the weeds on their first appearance—to leaving
the smallest space upon which a horse can walk between the
rows, and above all to planting the seeds af a proper kind
upon a surface which is kept perfectly flat.

In proof of the advantages of this invaluable root, I exhibit

Root Crops cannot supplant Indian Corn.

eream obtained from one of my cows, which has been fed for
several weeks, exclusively upon mangel wurtzel and millet
fodder. You will find that its colour and flavour are perfectly
good; the butter which it affords, is more like that produced
in June, than any I have used, excepting such as had been
derived from cows fed on carrots and corn meal.

Notwithstanding the large product, I am confirmed in the
opinions, which I have repeatedly expressed, that in this
country, nothing can supplant the king of vegetables, Indian
Corn. I would recommend mangel wurtzel, in preference to
all other roots, for dairy and breeding farms: and to a limited
extent, where labour and manure are not too dear, in compa-
rison with the value of land, it should be cultivated upon all
farms.

The expense of preparation for a mangel wurtzel crop is
not so great as might be supposed.
The labour of four oxen, a ploughman and driver in

ploughing one acre, fourteen inches deep, costs $3.00
Three stirrings with Beatson’s improved scarifier,

which two oxen managed by one man, can readily

pass over five acres in good condition, in one day, 1.25

Two harrowings and two rollings, . i 5 > BS
Dibbling with a wheel, . : : ni OO
Dropping seeds, (if performed by men,) : +, 500
Pressing them under by a wheel, . : Z - 1.00
Hoeing and thinning, . . 15.00

Cleaning with Blockley cultivator, drawn by one horse, 3.00

$30.50
I am, very obediently, yours,

Joun Hare Powe.
To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

Philadelphia County.

At a meeting of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, held in November,

Mr. Powel exhibited a bottle of cream, produced by a cow, which he stated,

had been fed solely on mangel wurtzel roots, and millet hay. It was pro-

nounced by all who examined it, to be equal, in richness and flavour, to any

they had ever seen.

is Durham Short-horn heifers, fed upon these roots, yield very large quan-

tities of milk, affording the richest cream I have tasted.
Joun P. Mrinor,
Recording Sec’y. Penn. Ag. Soc.

We have counted the scores, examined William Powell the farmer, and are
satisfied, that the piece of land at Powelton, measured by Mr. Henry Serrill,
produced thirteen hundred and forty-one baskets of mangel wurtzel, and that
the part thereof containing thirteen and an half perches, produced one hun-
dred and forty-three baskets, all the roots having been closely cut below the
crowns.

Joun P. Mitwor,
Henry Serrice.

et ee ee US ee htt aie La. |

b

Mangel Wurtzel—Product—Certificates—Oaths.

November 15.

I have carefully measured the basket used by William Powell, and referred
to in the foregoing certificate, and find, that it contains precisely one bushel
and seven quarts. A basket of this size, wide at top, and of sufficient height,
was selected, in order that the beets might be fairly measured, by being placed
singly, nearly perpendicularly, their necks extending above the sides, upon
which others were afterwards laid horizontally until the usual heaped measure
was given; thus leaving as few interstices as possible. :
Joun P. Mityor.

Having measured the above piece of ground, I certify it contains one acre
and fourteen square perches. A part of which, containing thirteen and an
half square perches, had been staked out in order to ascertain the exact qu
tity of mangel wurtzel thereon. ;

Herry SERribr,
Surveyor.

Ihave measured the mangel wurtzel, taken from farm land at Powelton,
surveyed by Mr. Serrill, and am convinced from the careful manuer in which
I scored upon shingles with a knife every basket as it passed, from my hand,
and as I was checked in my account by the person who assisted me, it is not
possible any mistake could arise. Upon one acre and fourteen square perches,
thirteen hundred and forty-one baskets were produced. From the piece which
had been staked out, in order to ascertain the exact quantity of mangel wurt-
zel thereon, I took one hundred and forty-three baskets. The strip included
thirteen adjoining rows, which were measured from the edge towards the cen-
tre of the field without any break.

Wixriam Powett,
Farmer at Powelton.
~~

Philadelphia County, ss.
Personally appeared before me, the subscriber, one of the justices of the
peace, in and for the county aforesaid, the above named William Powell, who
being sworn, according to law, saith, that the foregoing statement is true, to
the best of his knowledge and belief. 14
Sworn and subscribed, this twenty-eighth day of November, A. D. 1823.
Grorcre Howarrn,
Jusiice of the Peace.

West Philadelphia.

A farm basket, properly filled with mangel wurtzel, was brought to my

store, by Mr. Powel’s farmer. The roots alone, weighed rather more than
fifty-eight and an half pounds.

Davin Hoopss.

The Committee appointed to examine the per relative to a crop of man-
gel wurtzel raised last season by John Hare Powel, Esq., after inspecting the
certificates, are unanimously of opinion, that Mr. Powel at Powelton raised
on one acre and fourteen perches of ground, thirteen hundred and forty-one
baskets, equal to sixteen hundred and thirty-one bushels of mangel wurtzel,
weighing seventy-eight thousand four hundred and forty-eight pounds; and
that he is justly entitled to a premium therefor from the Pennsylvania Agri-
cultural Society.
Grorce W. Hotstein,
Exisaun Lewis,
April 24th, 1824. Manvet Eyre.

Premium relinquished.
Extract from the minutes of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.
Jouyn P. Mityor,
Recording Secretary.

ee

LD
ql : eH

Manures—Lime—Decp Ploughing.

On Deep Ploughing—Oyster-shell Lime—the manage-
ment and application of Vegetable and /tnimal Ma-
NUTPES.

By Joun Hare Powe, Esa.

Powelton,

I have reclaimed, by oyster-shell lime and deep plough-
ing, a farm, made sterile by a series of the most exhaust-
ing crops, which the cupidity or folly of bad tenants could
suggest. I am not ignorant of the objections which have
been often brought, and not less ingeniously supported,
against breaking the ‘‘ pan,’? and reversing the sub-soil; but I
have seen few instances, where w/¢imate success has not at-
tended deep ploughing, in @ judicious course of manage-
ment, except on arid sands. I have turned up sub-soils, of
different hues, mixed with substances, varying, from tena-
cious clay, to loose gravel, or sparkling sand, and have found,
that those who condemned my “burying fertile mould be-
neath sterile clay,’ confess, that at the end of five years, I
obtain great crops, by means of deep and fine tilth, from a
chesnut ridge, and gravel bottom, originally covered with
barren ouk and cedar trees. Some of my friends, who are
in the habit of hauling manure to the distance of twelve miles,
may imagine, that my proximity to the town, affords a re-
medy for all the defects of soil. Within twelve years, I have
expended but six hundred dollars in the purchase of manure,
although during part of the time, large quantities of hay were
sold from my farm. Where the mould was five inches deep,
I ploughed ten in the autumn—applied caustic oyster-shell
lime, in quantities, equal to eighty or an hundred bushels per
acre. In the spring, I ploughed six, reversed the sub-soil,
and took a white crop. In the next autumn, I ploughed
nearly eight for a winter crop—in the succeeding year, the
original depth of ten inches was reached by the plough. In
some instances, for root crops, it has been gradually increased.
This day with Wood’s Plough, No. 2, drawn by four oxen,
my land has been ploughed for mangel wurtzel more than
fourteen inches deep. The “caput mortuum’’ or sub-soil,
after having in the first instance been corrected by the caus-
ticity of lime, and the expansion of frost—improved by the
atmosphere, and the caleareous matter which remained, was
turned below the depth of an ordinary furrow. The first crop

Manures—Animal—Season and Mode of Application.

was certainly better than that which had preceded it, as the
advantages derived from the lime, the larger supply of mois-
ture, secured by the greater capacity of the loose soil for its
deposite, and the increased depth of tilth, more than compen-
sated for the injury, that might be apprehended, from the ad-
mixture of small portions of ‘sour soil.””. The next crop was
nearly as good—the succeeding crops have gradually in-
creased in quantity, weight, and value. ‘The ingenious in-
ventor of the sub-stratum plough, has added much to our
means of improvement, in this, as he has done by the appli-
cation of his skill to the production of various implements,
valuable by their simplicity and cheapness—but whilst I ac-
knowledge the benefit he has conferred, by placing a substi-
tute for deep ploughing within the reach of those, who cannot
be tempted to reverse the sub-soil, I cannot avoid thinking,
that if the sub-soil in all cases be deleterious to vegetation
when brought to the surface—when meliorated by the chemi-
eal action of lime—by the expansion of frost—by exposure to
the influences of heat and light—by the operation of various
agents and manures, employed for the mechanical separation
of its particles, or the supply of its deficiencies, it must in
most cases, be injurious to the tender radicals, which have
been led to a “ caput mortuum;’’ whither they never could
have been seduced, but by the attractions of water, to vege-
tate, for a time—soon after to die, and disease or debilitate
the plant.

I have never had apprehension of the loss of animal manure
by sinking, as its component parts are generally so insoluble
in water, as to cause them to be left by filtration sufficiently
near to the surface for all our purposes: but I have had many
motives to guard against its escape by evaporation, and there-
fore invariably deposite it deeply, and generally in its fresh-
est state, beneath the surface of the land. My experience
during nearly twenty years has taught me that in this clv-
mate, where the exhalations of the sun during one season,
the influence of wind—the effects of melting snow, and tor-
rents of rain, during another, upon a surface made impervious
by frost almost to the edge of an axe, top dressing, except
when principally composed of caleareous matter, should sel-
dom be applied. Old pastures remarkable for the excellence
of their herbage, or grass lands within the reach of large
towns, may be profitably enriched by the application of ani-
mal manure to the surface in the spring, when the soil is
open, and the grass by pushing forth its leaves, soon affords
some protection, from the sun, whilst they imbibe to a certain
extent, the fertilizing principle, passing off in a gaseous form.

The expedients which the dearness of land, and the cheap-

i

Stercoraries—* Compost Pies’?—Foreign Practices.

ness of labour, have coerced certain Kuropeans to adopt, can-
not for ages become profitable, where the farmer tills gene-
rally his own soil; and the labourer is paid, and protected,
as being worthy of regard, and the wages of his toil. Com-
post heaps, in certain situations, may be advantageously form-
ed. In very few would they repay the cost of chopping,
turning, and scientific commixing, without noticing the loss,
in this climate, at each operation, of animal matter, by the
escape of its volatile parts—not the least essential of which it
is formed. I am satisfied, that all animal manures should,
if practicable, be applied in their freshest state—that where
this cannot be done, they should be covered with earth, and
exposed in the fold yard, to the treading of beasts, in order,
that the mass may be made compact—the air be excluded—
and consequently, decomposition retarded, until its influence
shall be directly applied, to stimulate plants, and enrich the
soil.

The curious sheds, ingenious stercoraries, and mellow com-
post ‘‘pies,’’ of which prints are given, and on which long
essays have been written, I have been convinced, are adapted
neither to the climate of Pennsylvania nor to our purses nor
plans.

I should be unwilling to shake off some of the prejudices,
which we have imbibed, with our mother tongue: but al-
though I do not object to cut a heavy cloth coat, in an Au-
gust day, after a foreign winter fashion, I am not prepared
to remain a colonist in thinking, that we cannot manage our
farms, without European precedent or rule.

If any man were to cultivate a large farm in this state, after
the most approved scientific mode, which the agricultural
Doctors would have us adopt, he might expect to have an
empty barn, and ere long a light pocket.

Science is essential to the agricultural art—chemistry aids
it at every turn,—cooking is a chemical process; yet I should
be unwilling to be fed, with soup from the laboratory of the
great Davy himself, unless he had been practised in season-
ing his broth—even if with the aid of the whole college of
physicians, it were scientifically compounded, as Smollett’s
feast of the ancients, and served in classic vases of gold.

I am, very obediently, yours, &c.
Joun Hare Powe .

To she President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

Hlay—Making and Securing.

On making Hay—Hay Houses— Pennsylvania Barns—
Arrangements of the Fold Yard.

By Joun Hare Powen, Esa.

Powelton, July 1, 1824,

Sir,—Your profitable management, much more than the
high state of cultivation, in which the officers of the so-
ciety found your farm, leads me to desire a statement of the
system you pursue, in the preparation of your soil—the ar-
rangement of your fields—the rotation of your crops—the
mode of securing fodder—feeding cattle—and the application
of their manure. I was struck by the appearance of your
stock, and gratified at finding that our opinions and practice
coincide, in the preparation of hay, and distribution of it in
hay houses, instead of huge mows.

I have thought the parade of Pennsylvania barns not more
profitable than the decoration of our fine blue waggons, or the
musical bells attached to our teams. The ingenious mode
adopted to deprive grasses of their most valuable and nutri-
tious parts, is so absurd, that it long since would have been
abandoned, I should hope, had not our prejudices in favour
of old usages, which generally keep practical farmers right, in
this instance put us all wrong.

In good weather, most crops of grasses can in this state be
secured without being shaken from the swarth. My uniform
practice for many years has been to allow grass to remain
nearly two days untouched, to gather it by an horse rake,
cock it in the hot part of the day, salt it, and place it in an
hay house, which admitsa free circulation of air. My clover,
like yours, retains much of the colour of its blossoms and
leaves. The advantage of pitching hay from the carriage,
into ‘‘a bank barn,”’ does not counterbalance the expense of
labour in preparing, the loss of nutrition in drying, and the
great danger of fire from heating, as well as from the escape
of moisture, which so often in ¢A7s climate attracts lightning,
to the utter destruction of the building, and all the hopes of
the farm.

The convenience of feeding, has also been brought to aid
the arguments, in favour of a great Pennsylvania barn. We
owe much of our success to the industry, care, and skill, of
our excellent German population, but I think it may be ques-
tioned, whether the expense they incur, in the arrangement
of their farm buildings, is not very often mischievous, not
merely useless, in making tender their cattle, and diseasing

Hay Houses—Cattle Sheds, &c.

them by bad hay. It is scarcely possible in this state, where
the changes of climate are sudden and severe, to guard farm
stock from suffering, when they are made warm throughout
the night, and are necessarily exposed to pelting storms
during part of the day.. I am conyinced, that milch cows,
and very young calves, require protection from cold—all
other cattle, if guarded from wet, and currents of wind, feed
with more appetite, digest with more ease, work with more
vigour, and encounter accidental exposure, with less danger
of harm, than if they be confined within thick stone walls, in-
haling an impure atmosphere, from which by the instinct of
nature, if not thwarted by the ill-judged contrivance of man,
they would fly.

I would suggest, that the position for the farm yard be se-
lected, as usual, at the foot of a small hill, of which the
southern side, should be cut in such manner, as to admit the
erection of a barn sufficiently large for all its usual purposes,
except that of holding hay, and feeding cattle. Roofs pitch-
ing to the south, and sufficiently capacious to protect all the
hay, straw, fodder, and stock of the farm, should be extended
at both gable ends. For the support of the fodder lofts, and
roofs, pillars of brick, or stone, should be erected at proper
intervals; for the security of the bank, and the road at its
edge, a wall somewhat higher than it, should be built—a space
of two feet should be left, between the northern side of the
loft and the wall. Racks should be placed perpendicularly,
‘with their outer edges exactly corresponding, and parallel
with the wall, and side of the loft. ‘Thus a space of two feet
would remain between them and the wall, to be filled with
hay. A long shutter, sufficiently wide, may be secured by
hinges, attached to posts, on the outer side of the wall, in
order that when the rack shall have been filled, by pitching
from above, it may be closed at a proper angle, to exclude
rain or cold air.

Stalls for cattle, pens for sheep and calves, should be at fit
distances placed beneath the hay—palings, and gates, might
secure them on the southern, or outer side. The hay being
exposed on two of its sides, would require infinitely less dry-
ing, than if pressed closely, in a great mass, within the thick
walls of a barn. It is scarcely to be believed, by those who
have not seen the experiment, how little drying grass requires,
when it is to be salted, and thrown lightly into an open hay
house. By beginning at one end of a long loft, and dis-
charging the loads, so as to not more than half fill it, until the
hay be extended to the other, by the time that the end at
which the farmer began, shall be quite filled, his hay, in de-

ys

Root Crops—JVhite Turnips.

spite of the state in which it had been hauled, will be suffi-
ciently dry.

The advantages I propose, are the saving of labour is
making the hay, of money in building the barn, of nutrition
from not exhausting the grass by unnecessary exposure, to the
rays of the sun; and to practical farmers, what to them is of
consequence, a return in profit, on cattle, which after being
fed from January to July upon hay, and grass alone, may be
exposed on Philadelphia shambles with credit to the feeder,
as yours have been shown.

I am yours, &c.

Joun Hare Powe.
To John G. Waimough, Esq.

On Root Crops—Growing—Securing— Their application
and value.

By James Wituiams, Esa.

Philadelphia County.

My present observations will be chiefly confined to the
culture and use of the common field turnip, the value of
which, I apprehend, is not sufficiently appreciated in this
country. I have frequently been told by farmers, that
unless near market, they are scarcely worth raising, and as
to fattening cattle with them, that was a thing utterly im-
practicable. Having seen that in England fat beef is made
from turnips, with very little other food, and believing there
was the same nutrition in them here as there, I resolved to
satisfy myself. I, therefore, about the beginning of January
last, purchased and stalled a pair of young oxen, or rather
what the drovers would term coarse, poor, rough stags.
They cost me $25. You may judge, by the price, they were
no great things, as fair store cattle of the same weight were
selling at the same time and place, for 17 to 18 dollars per
head. I had two bushels of turnips chopped up morning and
evening, and three quarts of ground oats and corn meal, or
buckwheat meal, mixed with each mess, which I divided be-
tween them. In the middle of the day and at night they had
alternately, oat straw, and corn fodder. In three months and
an half they were good beef, but I kept them another month
for a better market, and the latter end of April turned them
out to pasture with the cows, still feeding them night and
morning, but more sparingly. On the 25th of May, I sold
them for $70.20, which was six dollars per hundred. Asteer
fattened by Mr. John Risden, at Hopkin’s ferry, near
Holmesburg, was slaughtered at the same time, and was put
up about the same time that mine were. His was fattened on

White Turnips—Nutritive Properties.

42 quarts of Indian meal, about 4 bushel potatoes, and as much
good clover hay as he could eat per day. There was very
little difference in the quality of the meat; indeed I believe
they would have commanded the same price at the shambles
—and look at the difference of feed. The quarters weighed
as follows:

One Stag . . . . 605 lbs.—gut fat, 65 lbs.
I Ocoee on OOD ow AO, OO
Mr. Risden’s Steer,. . 650 -— do. 75*

* We shall at all times be glad to receive the communications of this intel-
ligent and zealous cultivator, and we trust he will pardon our exhibiting, in a
condensed view, the result of his very satisfactory experiment.

He states that “about the beginning of January, he purchased and stalled a
pair of young oxen, which cost twenty-five dollars.’ “Two bushels of tur-
nips chopped up morning and evening, and three quarts of ground oats and
corn meal, or buckwheat meal, mixed with each mess,” were “ divided between
them—in the middle of the day and at night, they had alternately, oat straw
and corn fodder.” In the “latter end of April they were turned out to pas-
ture,” “still feeding them night and morning, but more sparingly.” ‘On the
twenty-fifth of May,” he “sold them for $70.20.”

From the 5th of January to the 25th of May is 140 days. They con-

sumed daily, that is morning and evening, 6 quarts of ground oats

and corn meal, or buckwheat meal, = 840 quarts or 261 bushels at

50 cents . - - - - - - - : - - - $13 12
They ate oat straw or corn fodder, which within five miles of Phila-

delphia, was worth, it is presumed, at least 15 cents per cwt., or $3

per ton. Allowing each ox to consume or waste 2 cwt. per week,

the two oxen consumed or wasted, in 140 days, or 20 weeks, 4 tons

at $3 per ton . - - - - - - - - - 1200
Original cost of Oxen - - - - - - - - - 25 00
$50 12

Price obtained for the Oxen when fatted - . - - - 70 20
20 08

They ate 2 bushels of turnips chopped up morning and evening, that
is, 4 bushels per day, during 140 days = to 560 bushels, which at
3 cents 4-7ths per bushel would amount to - - - - - 20 08

Thus if our calculation be correct, it is established, that white turnips, when
chopped and manufactured into messes, are worth three cents and four-se-
venths of a cent per bushel. How much the labour of preparation is worth,
we venture not to decide, but suppose it to equal at least the value of the ma-
nure.

To determine the comparative values or nutritive properties of vegetables,
a series of experiments are necessary. They must be made upon various ani-
mals of the same breed—of similar ages—reared, fed, housed, managed, and
even watered under similar circumstances.—Epiror.

White Turnips—Nutritive Properties.

This establishes the fact, I think, that there is some virtue
in a white turnip, although a celebrated writer, in eulogizing
his favourite plant, the ruta baga, contemns it as the «poorest
of all roots of the bulb kind, cultivated in the fields.””? Again,
he says, ‘‘ hogs are the most able tasters in all creation; they
will eat nothing that is poor in its nature; a white turnip they
will not touch unless they be on the point of starving.”

My hogs, however, were not such epicures ; I have abun-
dance of proof, that I kept 13 hogs and pigs, last winter, al-
most entirely on white turnips; they had no other food be-
sides a bucket full, containing less than a half bushel of rye
shorts to a hogshead of water, and the sour milk from three
tolerable cows. They were always ready for the turnip, and
kept in excellent condition. The /at hogs fed on corn for
five weeks before they were killed, ate them with avidity,
until the day before they were slaughtered. I sometimes
chopped up carrots, beets, and turnips together, to see if a
preference was given. The larger swine ate indiscriminately ;
the smaller ate the turnips first, perhaps because they were
more easily masticated. My milch cows had from { to 3
bushels per day each, with three or four handfuls of meal,
which kept up a flush of milk, and I have at no time had
sweeter butter. Now, after what I have stated, you will
readily conceive it would be as difficult for the aforesaid writer
to convince me, that the white turnip is so very poor a thing
as he represents, as it was for him to persuade the generous
inhabitants of the Emerald Isle, that nine-tenths of the Irish
potato is composed of ‘earth, straw and water.” Yet this
same writer admits, alluding to the devastation of the turnip-
fly in England—* that if any man could find out a real reme-
dy, and could communicate the means of cure, while he kept
the means a secret he would be a much richer man than he
who should discover the longitude, for about fifty thousand
farmers would very cheerfully pay him zen guineas a year
each.”’*

What would Great Britain do with her numerous flocks,
and herds, without her turnip crop; and this subject, I sin-
cerely believe, is daily becoming of more importance to the
people of this country, and to the state of Pennsylvania in
particular. Our population is constantly and rapidly in-
creasing ; manufactures are increasing in the same or greater
proportion, and wool-growers will multiply i in the same ratio.
Sheep, of which it is computed there are already about
2,000,000 in this state, are now decidedly the most profitable
stock farmers can keep. Wool is now brought all the way
from the state of Ohio to the Philadelphia market. Let the

* The Fly attacks Ruta baga as well as White turnips.—Epitor.

White Turnips—Mode of Cultivation.

sheep proprietors, then, if they wish to keep their flocks on
cheap, succulent and wholesome food, during the winter
months, look tothe turnips, although the climate of this
country may not be so congenial to the growth of this escu-
lent as that of England. I have never found much difficulty
in raising a crop, even in unfavourable seasons. The plan
that I adopt and recommend is this: if, for instance, I wish
to sow three or four acres, I begin early in the season, and
pare half an acre or more, according to the state and appear-
ance of the weather; as soon as the ground is well ploughed
and harrowed, I immediately sow whilst fermentation is at
work; this is of more importance than many people imagine.
Always sow and plant on fresh ground, if possible. I then
run a roller over, if the ground is not too wet, to press the
seed to the earth, which I also consider of consequence, as
vegetation will more speedily ensue. I would also advise
that a harrow should be run over the seed before the roller,
as it may give the plant two chances against its most formi-
dable enemy, the fly. I fancy it has been pretty clearly as-
certained that this seed will bear a deep covering. I gene-
rally sow about 12 Ibs. per acre. In two or three days, or
as soon as convenient, and the weather permits, I prepare
another half acre or more, and so on tothe end. If, per-
chance, any particular sowing should have been cut off by the
fly, or from drought or some other unforeseen cause did not
succeed, I stir well the ground afresh and sow again. After
the ground is prepared, the labour necessary to bestow on
a turnip crop, compared with its value, is not worth men-
tioning. Sowing, pulling, topping and housing comprises
the whole. I last year sowed some purple top amongst four
acres of corn, broadcast ; I presume 1 had two hundred bush-
els to the acre; what I sold in market I got 184 to 25 cents
for. But supposing them to have been worth 10 cents for
farm use, my turnips were of more value than my corn of 40
bushels to the acre, at the price of that article last year.
Some of the turnips weighed 4 Ibs., and cultivated and_har-
vested at less than one-fourth the expense of corn. If al-
lowed to arrive at maturity, two men and two boys will pull,
top and secure from the frost even in the field, put in heaps
of 40 or 50 bushels each, and covered with earth, from 80 to
100 bushels, or more, according to their size; and still more,
if thrown into vaults or cellars, in the course of a day.

The objections made by many, that turnips are not worth
attending to in an Indian corn country, because they are a
precarious crop, appears to me to be an unfounded prejudice.
Corn, doubtless, is an excellent crop, and where justice is
done to it, entitled to all those eminent qualities emphatically

_ Sucevessful Experiments with Rape or Cole.

ascribed to it, of ‘meal, meadow and manure.”’ But corn,
as well as the turnips, has its enemies, and requires constant
attention, from the time it is planted until the ears begin to
appear. I have shown to the best of my judgment and that
of others, that where land is capable of producing 40 bushels
of corn to the acre, that the vacant spaces between have yield-
ed 200 bushels of turnips in a favourable season. But sup-
posing the turnips fail entirely, which is not probable, if the
method I suggest be adopted, what .is there lost in this case
but a little labour and a little seed; a consideration, I should
hope, too insignificant to deter any husbandman, who studies
his interest, from hazarding the experiment.
I am, dear Sir,
Your most obedient servant,

James WILLIAMs.

Joun Hare Powe , Esa.
Corres. Sec’ry of the Penn. Agricul. Society.

On Rape—Its cultivation and produce in Seed—
Its value as Green Food for Neat Cattle and
Sheep.

By Joun Hare Powe, Esa.

Powelton, Philadelphia County, 1827.

Dear Str,—In accordance with your request,
I have prepared a notice on the cultivation, uses,
and value of cole or rape.

I am not aware that rape had been cultivated
extensively in any part of the United States, until
4824, when Mr. Miller and Mr. Phillips of this
county, obtained crops so extraordinary in pro-
duct and value, as to induce them to recommend
it to the notice of their neighbours, by the only
sort of evidence, which operative farmers will
receive.

I have no knowledge of its cultivation, except
from my observations abroad. — It is highly valued
in many parts of Europe, as well for its produet
in seeds, as for the large quantity of green food

Rape—Cultivation— Hoeing, &c.

- which it affords throughout the greater part of
the year.

It may be sown either broadcast, or as turnips,
in drills—or, in beds, and be transplanted as
other varieties of the Brassica or cabbage genus.
The usual and most successful mode, is to sow
from two to three quarts of seeds broadcast in
June or July, when intended for green food, but
in August or September, when destined to pro-
duce seeds in the next year.

The process of transplanting is too expensive
in this country—the necessary hand-hoeing, un-
less the land has been well prepared by previous
cleansing crops, would make rape, in the broadcast
system, much more troublesome, than if culti-
vated in rows, admitting the introduction of a
horse-hoe. In favourable seasons I should not
hesitate, where land is cheap and labour is dear,
to allow it, when intended for green food, to
take its chance, without the aid of either hand
or horse-hoeing. _

It produces in ordinary seasons on rich allu-
vial, or other deep friable soils, from forty to se-
venty bushels of seeds, determined in quantity,
very much, by the accuracy of tillage and the
condition and nature of the land. Great care
and precision are necessary in harvesting the
seeds in June or July, of the year succeeding
that in which they are sown. When the pods as-
sume a brownish cast, and some of the seeds
become black, the crop is reaped with sickles—
laid regularly in handsful or grips in rows, where
it continues until the straw becomes somewhat
white—the seeds of the colour of which we find
them in the shops. If they be allowed to be-
come too dry, they fall out on the slightest mo-

Rape—Value—Effects upon Neat Cattle and Sheep.

tion—when carried too green, they are liable to
be heated. At the proper time they must be
thrashed in the field upon old sails or cloths, to
which the crop should be carried upon sledges
prepared with cloths, or by similar means. ‘The
seeds must be carefully spread in small quanti-
ties in granaries or on barn floors, and be oc-
casionally moved.

Sheep and neat cattle are extravagantly fond
of it—but of all plants, perhaps it is the most
likely to cause them to be blown.

There is much difference of opinion as to its
nutritive properties in the green state. I be-
lieve, that it quite equals the common cabbage,
and very far exceeds turnips of all kinds in the
quantity of nutrition it contains—in the value of
the oil for various manufacturing purposes, and
the excellence of the cake, after it has been ex-
pressed, for cattle food and the manure of drill
crops, no question can be entertained.

It is not a certain crop—as it is exposed to all
the enemies which attack turnips and cabbages—
and is liable to be injured at the season of blos-
soming by mildew and sometimes by frost.*

* This excellent plant and mangel wurtzel, were as early as the year 1788,

brought into the view of our farmers, by the original Philadelphia Society,
which having two years before recommended clover and gypsum, continued

“

its career of exertion and usefulness, until the year 1793, when the President,
and with him that Society, died.

Extract from the Report of a Committee appointed by the present Philadelphia
Society in 1826, to inquire into the proceedings of the Old Philadelphia So-
clety.

“The Committee beg leave further to report, that of all the members who
composed the old Philadelphia Society, none of the officers of the present Phi-
ladelphia Society” i * * . : i <

“ But it does appear that Mr. Bordley, Mr. Powel and Mr. Clymer, were the
most active officers of the association—that Mr. Powel as President attended
every meeting but five from the organization of the Society in 1785, until
March 1793—that in the summer of 1793, he having died, no other meeting of
the Society was ever held.”

. Philadelphia County, February 1, 1897.

TO JONATHAN ROBERTS, Ese.

President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

Dear Sir, .

By the frequent discussions which have appeared
on particular breeds of cattle, among gentlemen whose
liberal efforts must vindicate them from all suspicion
of deception, I apprehend that some mistake has arisen
from their estimates having been formed on specimens
of the respective breeds, varying so much in character
and properties, as to make it essential that they be
classed as varieties of a race, or even as individuals
of distinct breeds.

Lam the more confirmed in this impression, as some
of these gentlemen are separated by hundreds of miles,
and it ts probable that many of them who have been
most prominent in these discussions, have never had an
‘opportunity of inspecting those individuals which my
inquiries, and the examination of very extensive cor-
respondence with the most eminent English breeders,
have led me to consider as fair examples of the breed
which has been the subject of dispute.

a*

Independent of the liberal intentions by which vari-
ous persons are actuated in importing, and multiply-
ing, European breeds of stock, the emulation excited
by Cattle Shows, and the distinction conferred upon
the subject, by eminent men in many parts of the
United States, cannot fail to create a strong desire in
the parties and thew friends to establish the grounds
which they have taken, volving the soundness of their
opinions, however aloof from any other views than
those which the most generous minds might enter-
Eaan.

I am aware that this is a hackned topic, not
likely to afford interest to such as are not actively en-
gaged in the employment to which it refers; but as I
conceive a very large portion of our community, and
certainly not the least useful, are practically occupied
in pursuits with which it is intimately connected, I
have taken some trouble to make myself acquamted
with its bearings, and have toiled through a mass of
evidence, which has convinced me not only of the entire
justice of the following statements, but of the correct-
ness of the pedigrees which I have given.

In the language of the discrinunating Editor of
the American Farmer:—“ Every farmer who has ani-
“mals worthy of beng selected and reserved as pro-
“nagators of their kind, should Name them, and accu-

“rately note ther ages and pedigrees. Extracts from
“ Stock Registers, thus furnished and recorded, would
“effectually constitule a ‘HERD BOOK of autho-
“rity for general reference, preventing wnpositions,
“swing greater value to the good, excluding the spu-
“rious, and serving effectually the fair purposes and
“ laudable objects, of both venders and buyers.”

Tam of opinon that the pedigrees of many of the
anumals which have been sent to America, at high
prices, will, if critically examined, prove to be defec-
iwe on either side. Yet where no concealment has been
practised—twhere the deficient pedigree has been given
—or where none, except wpon one side is shown, no
mention to deceive can be imputed, nor can censure
be attached to the English breeder who sends to a
foreign land, animals which he supposes quite good
enough for ats purposes, if he require not more than
their value at home, and especially if he avow that
he does not deem pedigree essential to establish the re-
putation of his breed.

With a view to make the pedigrees clear to Ameri-
can husbandmen, who are not generally accustomed to
the subject, and who have no means of reference to the
Heyd Book, the origin of each animal has been traced
on both sides to as source, and hence when animals

Joun P. | Muxor,
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ay vy! aT TR +3 one . , 5 ec Ais

. als

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io Pag HY vary! skid! 9

THE PENNSYLVANIA AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
AT THEIR MEETING IN 1825, NOTICE PARTICU-
LARLY THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVED BREEDS
OF LIVE STOCK, AND UNEQUIVOCALLY DECLARE
THE IMPROVED DURHAM SHORT-HORNS TO BE
« THE RACE OF NEAT CATTLE WHICH EXPERIENCE
HAS PROVED TO BE SUPERIOR TO ALL WHICH WE
HAVE EVER SEEN.” )

JOHN P. MILNOR,

Recording Secretary.

Extract from the Report of the Committee on Neat Cattle at the
Pennsylvania Show of 1824.

Your committee do not attempt to designate the points, or
characteristics of the various animals which have been submitted
to their view, as the display of nearly an hundred and fifty neat

cattle of extraordinary excellence precludes the possibility of

their adhering, in the present instance, to the rule which had
been observed on former occasions; but they cannot avoid ex-
pressing their great satisfaction at the decided improvement
which has been made in the stock, by the introduction of Mr.
Powel’s * IMprovep DurHaM Suorr-noRrNs,” WHOSE BLOOD CAN
BE TRACED IN NEARLY ALL THE BREEDING ANIMALS, WHICH WERE
DISTINGUISHED AS BEST FITTED FOR THE GENERAL PURPOSES OF
THE COUNTRY, BY UNITING, WITH FINE FORMS, THE REQUISITES
FOR THE dairy anv ‘He stall.
. THOMAS SMITH,
THOMAS SERRILL,
MATHEW ROBERTS,
RICH. B. JONES,
C. CHURCHMAN,*

Committee for Neat Cutile.

* Allextensive graziers or dairy farmers.

EZ

MARYLAND CATTLE SHOW.
June 1, 1825.
The Committee on Neat Cattle report, that they award to
Col. Lloyd, for his bull Champion, the premium, “as the best
full blood Improved Short-horn Bull. Champion having hereto-
fore received a discretionary premium on his arrival in this coun-
try, his owner generously declined entering him for the premium
to be awarded to the best bull of any breed—believing, we pre-
sume, with this committee, THAT TO BE THE BEST BULL OF THE
Improved SHORT-HORN BLOOD, IS TO BE THE BEST BULL OF ANY
BREED.” * K *
EDWARD N. HAMBLETON,
ROGER BROOKE,
WM. CARMICHAEL,
CHARLES K. DORSEY,
REUBEN M. DORSEY,
JOHN KELSO.

At the Bricuron and Worcersrer Shows, Short-horned cattle
received the highest commendation and the largest rewards.

Opinion of a Committee of the Philadelphia Agricultural So-
ciety in favour of Short-Horns— Annual Meeting, 1827.

Mr. Powel having exhibited one of his imported heifers of the
Improved Durham Short-horn breed, the committee added, “she
possessed, in a high degree, all the fine points for which that va-

luable and beautiful breed of cattle is celebrated.—Notwith- -

standing she had been kept, thus far, through the winter without
grain, she was in high condition; the best evidence that could be
offered of her disposition to fatten on simple food.”
AARON CLEMENT,
MICHAEL NEWBOLD,
WILLIAM PHILIPS,
Committee.
Mr. Powel adduced evidence of the dairy properties of certain
families of the Improved Short-horned breed, among which were
recent letters from Dr. Elmer, of New Jersey, and Mr. Carpen-
ter, of Lancaster county.

he ee a

AT FOUR CATTLE SHOWS HELD BY THE PENN-
SYLVANIA AND PHILADELPHIA AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETIES, FIFTY-SIX ANIMALS OF SHORT-HORNED
BREED, TOOK PREMIUMS EQUAL TO $1160, although at
one of the shows, the principal herd of Short-horns did not con-
tend for a prize. It is believed that in no instance has any
THOROUGH-BRED individual of the Improved Short-horned breed
been beaten by any animal, of any other breed, at any show in
the United States.

“We are aware, that cattle with suorr norns, but without the
PEDIGREE, PROPERTIES, or PornTs of the IMPROVED BREED, al-
though sometimes purchased at great cost, have been condemned
as unthrifty, and ill adapted for American farms—and we are
also aware that some of those, which have been imported with
DEFECTIVE pedigrees, have been excelled, but rury should not
be received as specimens of the mproven breed.

From Bailey’s Survey of Durham, made by order of the British
Agricultural Board.

As a proof of the estimation in which this breed of Short-horned cattle is
held, not only by skilful judges from distant parts of the empire, but in tts
own immediate neighbourhood, it is merely requisite to adduce the catalogue
of Mr. Charles Colling’s sale, which took place at Ketton, on the 11th of
October, 1810, in consequence of his having declined business.

COWS.
a pee os Guineas.
Cherry, 11 years old, ie Lily, 3 yearsold, . «410
Kate, 4 years old, Daisy, 6 years old, ene - 140
Pen 5 years old, : a é Cora, 4 years old, ‘| 70
Countess, 9 years old, . 400 3 Beauty, 4 years old, 120
Celina, 5 years old, 200 + Red Rose, A years old, AS
ari 4 years “tie ae $ pry years old, ie ! 0
Lady, 14 years old, iss Peggy, 9 years old, 0
Laura, 4 years old, 210 Mag edalen, 3 3 years old, 170
Cathleen, 8 years old, 150 é
BULLS.
Comet, 6 years old, - *« 1000 3 Northumberland, 2 years old, 60
Yarborough, 9 years old, Alfred, 1 year old, by Comet, . 110
Cupid. Not sold. Duke, 1 year old, by Comet, 105
Major, 3 years old, 200 $+ Alexander, 1 year old, by Comet, 60
Mayduke, 3 years old, 145 3 Ossian, by Windsor, 76
Petrarch, 2 years old, 365 3 Harold, by Windsor, 50

BULL CALVES.

' Guineas. Guineas.
Ketton, by Comet, . y é 50 & Narcissus, ; P 3 ee TG
Young Favourite, . i - 140 ; Albion, . s : ° : 60
George, . Ra hed: A » 120? Cecil, : . 5 4 Aoeae F Au)
Sir Dimple, . : : : 96

HEIFERS.

Phebe, 3 years old, . 2) OS $ Lucy, 2 years old, . “ yej 32

Young Duchess, 2 years old, . 183 ; Charlotte, 5 . ° «,iqcpes
Young Laura, 2yearsold, .. 101
Young Countess, — . : - 206

HEIFER CALVES.

Iucilla, . g ; f : 106 3 Ruby, i - ; E 50
Calista, . : c . : 50 ; Cowslip, . j . . of ees

White Rose, . ‘ 5 ? 75

The total amount of the 47 lots (one being unsold) is 6073 4s. or neatly

£130 each?

To illustrate a remark in the’ prefatory letter, let it be sup-
posed that a bull was sent to America, called «C, got bya son of
BC,” his dam by “ B C;” hisg. d. by “« P;”’ his gr. g. d. by « N.”

The dam of the son of B C not being given, she was, most pro-
bably, a common cow—the gr. gr. g. d. of C, on the female side,
not being traced, it is to be presumed she was also a common
cow—and the dam of P, which begat C’s g. d. not being pani
she was also, most probably, a common cow.

Thus C’s gr. g. d., on the female side, was daledibande i ged:
by an half-bred bull, and out of an half-bred cow, was half-bred
—his dam, by a full-bred bull, must be three-fourths bred—hence
his sire being but half-bred, C can possess but 5-8ths of Improv-
ed Short-Horn blood.

Johanna, ( “ - % 35

Burs

—

a ele

Sarees

THE ORIGIN

OF THE

IMPROVED DURHAM SHORT-HORNS.

———-

Extracts from “ImpRoveD SHORT-HORNS AND THEIR PRE-
tensions,” by the Rev. Henry Berry, of Acton Rectory,
England—a gentleman distinguished not merely as
an interesting and scientific writer, but as a saga-
cious breeder of cattle, who has gained on various oc-
casions, honorary rewards for his Essays, as well as
Sor his beasts.

To the banks of the river Tees, separating the counties of
Durham and York, reference is to be had for an account of
the originals of the improved Short-horns.—There, upwards
of eighty years ago, existed a breed of cattle, for a description ,
of which the author is indebted to an old and celebrated
breeder now living,—in colour resembling what is called the
improved breed of the present day, except that the fashion-
able roan was not quite so prevalent ; they are described in
general character also to have differed yery little from their
descendants. Possessing a fine mellow touch, good hair,
light offal, particularly wide carcasses, and deep fore-quarters,
they were also justly celebrated for extraordinary proof when
slaughtered,—resembling thus closely their descendants of
the present day. ip ks is *

From all the information which can be collected, it ap-
A

Celebrated Males in 1730—Studley Bull, &c.

pears that the breed of cattle thus described, was crossed
with, and probably improved by, importations from the Con-
tinent. Several spirited individuals, at that early period, had
devoted much attention to the improvement of the breed of
cattle then prevailing in the counties of Durham and York,
and, amongst others, Sir William St. Quintin, of Scampston,
imported cows and bulls from Holland. In due time, the
produce of these animals was more widely diffused, and,
crossed with the best stocks of the country, which possessed
the same characteristics, became distinguished as the Zees-
water Short-horns, uniting, in a wonderful degree, good
grazing and dairy qualities. * * * — About eighty-
five years have elapsed since Mr. Milbank devoted his atten-
tion to this branch of rural economy. vi ‘ ig ¥
A cow, bred from his stock, and at that time the property of
Mr. Sharter, of Chilton, slaughtered when twelve years old,
having produced several calves, weighed upwards of one hun-
dred and ten stones.* This cow was the daughter of the old
Studley bull, one of the most celebrated ancestors of the im-
proved Short-horns. He is described to the author by a per-
son who often saw him, to have possessed wonderful girth
and depth of fore-quarters, very short legs, a neat frame, and
light offal. He was the grandsire of Dalton Duke, bred by
Mr. Charge, and sold by him, at the then high price of fifty
guineas, to Messrs. Maynard and Wetherell, in whose pos-
session he served cows, at half-a-guinea each. From the old
Studley bull are also descended William and Richard Bar-
ker’s, and Mr. Hill’s bulls, all animals of the highest repu-
tation in their day, and the originals of the improved Short-

horns. - * * ** . *

* Or 1540 Ibs.

—

Celebrated Males-—Hubback, &c.

Sir William St. Quintin imported several cows and _ bulls
from Holland;-and it may be added, that from him Sir James
Pennyman, who possessed estates in the counties of York,
Durham, and Northumberland, and was desirous to extend
this breed further north, obtained the cattle necessary for his
purpose. From these he presented six cows and a bull to
Mr, George Snowden, of Hurworth. * * 7 s
In the mean time, a person near Hurworth, having in his
possession a cow which there was every reason to believe
was bred from some of the stock which had been imported,
she was on this account, and from her superior form and
quality of flesh, thought worthy to be introduced to Snow-
den’s bull, and her produce afterwards became an object of
celebrity as the bull Hubback. This cow, when removed
from her usual pasture in the highways to good land near
Darlington, became so fat that she did not again breed, and
was consequently slaughtered. Her son evinced the same
extraordinary disposition to fatten, and became useless;
which was also the case with Bolingbroke, and several of
Mr. Colling’s best bulls, until he adopted the plan of keeping
them in the lowest possible condition. nen % It
shall suffice to remark, that in Mr. C. Colling’s bull Fol-
jambe, the Raraingham and Hubback’s blood were united ;
that this bull was the great grand-sire of Comet, and ren-
dered, by Mr. C. Colling’s own account, the most essential
service to his stock. Should the reader feel déSirous to trace
the pedigrees of the animals here mentioned, he is referred to

“¢ Coates’s Herd Book,” where every particular is faithfully
stated. % % x %

DATRY PROPERTIES

IMPROVED DURHAM SHORT-HORNS.

— a

From the Rev. Henry Berry’s Pamphlet.

The instances which are given as to milk, were obtained
by the author on the spot; and though he would gladly have
included any others, had they been furnished, it appears to him
that no trifling force is afforded to his argument, by the cir-
cumstance of the cases which are set forth being derived from
one stock,—irrefragable proof being thus furnished that they
are not solitary instances, but happening in the regular course.

The cows recorded, are the property of J. Whitaker, Esq.*
of Greenholme, near Otley, and are of the most esteemed
blood. [See Herd Book.| They have given, and give,
twice a-day, as follows :—

YELLOW ROSE, AT THREE YEARS OLD, FOUR
GALLONS TWO QUARTS, TWICE A DAY.

YELLOW ROSE, AT FOUR YEARS OLD, FOUR
GALLONS THREE QUARTS, TWICE A DAY.

RED DAISY, FOUR GALLONS, TWICE A DAY.
(She is the g. d. of Mr. Powel’s Desdemona, and the g. d.
of Mr. Powel’s Betty, on the male side.)

* Mr. Whitaker has with singular liberality made great exertion to aid the
selection of neat cattle and sheep for Pennsylvania, refusing on all occa-
sions, when animals from his fold were chosen, to fix the prices, leaving
them to be determined either by the agent in England, or by his friend
in America,—Am, Ed.

Mr. Whitaker’s Dairy Short-horns.

MAGDALENA, UPWARDS OF FOUR GALLONS,
TWICE A DAY.

WILDAIR, FOUR GALLONS, TWICE A DAY.
(The Dam of Mr. Powel’s Betty.)

WESTERN LADY, THREE GALLONS TWO
QUARTS, TWICE A DAY. (The Dam of Mr. Pow-
el’s Malcolm.)

VENUS, SIXTEEN YEARS OLD, THREE GAL-
LONS ONE QUART, TWICE A DAY. (The g.d. of
Mr. Powel’s Volante.)

ALFREDE, THREE GALLONS, TWICE A DAY.
(The g. d. of Mr. Powel’s Gloucester.)

ADELA, FIRST CALF, THREE GALLONS, TWICE
A DAY. (The Dam of the same.)

YARM, THREE GALLONS, TWICE A DAY. (The
Dam of Mr. Powel’s Yorkshire Belle.)

THESE COWS ARE STEADY MILKERS, POS-
SESSING GREAT INCLINATION TO. FATTEN,
AND MR. WHITAKER CANNOT BE TOO HIGHLY
COMPLIMENTED ON HIS SUCCESSFUL EXER-
TIONS. TO COMBINE THE TWO QUALITIES.
THE REMAINDER OF HIS STOCK WILL BE
FOUND BY NO MEANS CONTEMPTIBLE AS
MILKERS; BUT IT IS THOUGHT UNNECESSARY
TO REMARK UPON ANY ORDINARY QUANTI-
TIES. .

WITHOUT ENTERING FURTHER INTO PARTI-
CULARS, THIS SUBJECT MAY PROPERLY BE
DISMISSED WITH A REMARK OF MR. C. COL-
LING’S, THAT THE DUCHESS AND DAISY
TRIBES, WITH WHOSE MERIT AS GRAZIER’S

Proofs of Blood essential.

STOCK, THE PUBLIC ARE WELL ACQUAINTED,
WERE ALL GOOD MILKERS, POSSESSING THAT
VALUABLE UNION OF QUALITIES OF WHICH
IT IS THUS OBVIOUS EVERY BREEDER OF
SHORT-HORNS MAY AVAIL HIMSELF, WHO
CHOOSES TO MAKE IT THE OBJECT OF HIS
CARE.
IT REMAINS FOR THE AUTHOR TO REMIND
HIS READERS, THAT IT IS OF THE JMPROVED
SHORT-HORNS HE WRITES, AND NOT OF THE
GENERAL HERD OF CATTLE, WHICH ARE SOLD
AS SHORT-HORNS, FROM THE NORTHERN DIS-
TRICTS. * * x *

Improved Short-horns and their Pretensions, page 42.
» Pas

And it may be added, nor did he allude to those sent to
America without pedigree, or claims to the properties of the
high bred race. ;

The success of Mr. Whitaker’s breed in beating the Here-
fords on various occasions, and particularly in 1824, when
Wharfdale (by Excuanrer, dam Miranda*) ‘ dea/”’ all the
Short-horns, and afterwards ¢he field, as well as his triumph
at the Doncaster show in 1825, when Matilda, by Western
Comet, beat Mr. Champion’s, &c., proves that in points and
feeding properties, his famelies of Short-horns are not less

remarkable than in excellence for the churn.—. 2m. Hd.

* Enchanter is the sire of Malcolm—Western Comet was the sire of Wes-
tern Lady, Malcolm’s dam.—(See Herd Book.)

OES gt OP ee me,
’ oe é rs

“

PROOFS OF BARLY MATURITY,

AND

LARGE RETURNS FOR FOOD CONSUMED.

A heifer, three years old, by a grandson of the old Stud-
ley bull, bred by Miss Allen, of Grange, fed on a and
grass alone, weighed 1260 pounds.

Mr. George Coates slaughtered a heifer, by Snowden’s bull,
the sire of Hubback, fed on turnips and hay, which weighed
952 pounds, at two years and two months old. * * *

Thus much for the Tees-water cattle, the originals of the
improved Short-horns. ™ * = *

From this breed of cattle, possessing such recommenda-
tions, Mr. Charles Colling selected his original stock. * ™

Mr. Arrowsmith, of Ferryhill, who fed his Short-horns at
two years old—

In 1801, sold four for £25 each, two steers and two

heifers.

1802, sold six for £17 10s. each, three steers and three
heifers.

1803, sold four for £17 Os. each.

1804, sold six for £18 10s. each.

1805, sold six for £17 10s. each, two steers and four
heifers. ‘y a * * “. .

The time for selling from the beginning to the latter end
of May.

g*

Fat Cattle—Modes of Feeding.

They were managed as follows:—In the first winter they
got straw in a fold-yard, with nearly as many turnips as they
could eat. In May they were turned to grass; in November
put to turnips through the winter, and turned out to grass
the first week in May.

A twin heifer, belonging to Mr. Arrowsmith, calved the
last week in April, being kept the first year as the common
stock, was entered for a sweepstakes to be shown in June,
when two years old, and was then put to grass, with other
stock of the same age, in the usual pasture. In November
she was estimated to weigh 392 pounds, when she was put to
ruta baga, and hay and oil cake, of which she ate four hun-
dred weight, with two bushels of bean-meal, and one bushel
of barley. She went to grass on the first of May, and had,
from that period, neither cake nor corn. On the 23d July,
it was the unanimous opinion of the best judges, that she
weighed 812 to 840 pounds, having gained 420 pounds in
thirty weeks. - x by '

Mr. Walton, of Middletown-in-Tees-dale, had been (in
1808) in the habit of selling his steers at two years and a
quarter old, for £20 to £30 each, their weight being from
700 to 756 pounds.

His mode of keeping is as follows:—The cows seldom
calye sooner than April; the calves get new milk for the first
three weeks; after that a moderate quantity of scalded skim-
med milk, mixed with oil cake boiled in water, about two
quarts of each, along with good hay, for about three weeks;
after which they do very well in the pastures, without any
kind of hand feeding, until the latter end of November, when
they are treated in the same way as Mr. Arrowsmith’s, and

never get either cake or corn.

ti i ee

Major Rudd’s Steer—Cows—Deep Milking.

Mr. Mason, of Chilton, in the course of an experiment to
ascertain the weight of beef gained by the food given (tur-
nips), found three steers, under three years old, to have
gained 280 pounds each in twenty weeks. The three ani-
mals averaged 980 pounds each. * - *

A steer, bred by Mr. Simpson, of Aycliffe, and fed by
Mr. C. Colling, on grass, hay, and turnips, weighed, when
slaughtered, at four years old, 1890 pounds. = * MAE

A cow, by Mr. Coates’ bull Houghton, bred by Mr. Fol-
jambe, and slaughtered at Sheffield, when twelve years old,
weighed 1395 pounds. Both these animals appeared very
small.

Major Rudd, of Marton-in-Cleveland, obtained the pre-
mium offered by the Cleveland Agricultural Society, in 1811,
for the best steer, under three years old, fed on vegetable
food.* The steer he exhibited was sold to the butcher for ten
shillings per stone, and slaughtered when three years and
thirteen days old: the weight of his four quarters 1344
pounds. * ip ( 2 =

Sir Charles Morgan’s four years old ox, by Furioso,
weighed, four quarters, 2058 pounds.

That Short-horned cows, of the improved breed, having
high pedigrees, and the greatest tendency to fatten, not only
give a sufficient, but, in many eases, an extraordinary, quan-
tity of milk, the preceding account of that breed has satisfac-
torily shown; and the instances of the latter are sufficiently
numerous to present to any person, desirous of combining the
two qualities, the opportunity of selecting a stock productive

for the dairy, and inferior to none for the grazier’s use.

* % * *

* 7, e, without corn, cake, or meal,

Short-horns and Herefords compared.

A Short-horned steer of Colonel Cooke’s, fed on potatoes
and straw, was slaughtered when two years and twenty-two
days old. His four quarters weighed 1008 pounds. * ™*™

“< Dalkeith, Mid Lothian, Jan. 12th, 1824.
«« Sir,—I observed in your paper of the 22d December
last, that an interesting exhibition of live stock had taken
place at Smithfield; the age and weight of some, you state as
follows:
‘A Hereford ox, six years old, weighing one hundred
and ninety-nine stones* six pounds.
‘«‘ A ditto, three years and nine months, weighing one hun-
dred and forty-three stones two pounds.
‘In the same paper you take notice of some exhibition of a
similar kind in this quarter. " - ¥y % bd
«‘ In reference thereto, I beg to state, that Mr. John Ren-
nie, of Phantassie, produced at the show of fat cattle, before
the East Lothian United Agricultural Society, in November
last (of which I had the honour of being one of the judges),

six steers of the pure Short-horn or Tees-water breed, from_

eighteen to twenty months old, for which the first premium
for fat and symmetry was awarded. Three of the best he is
keeping on for another year, to ascertain the improvement
they will make, and the other three were sold to a friend of
mine in Edinburgh; the dead weight, or four quarters, of one
of these weighed one hundred and eighteen stones one pound,
or 1653 pounds.

* It may be proper, in this place, to remark, that whenever, throughout

this work, the weight per stone is stated, the stone of fourteen pounds is —

intended, unless another rate of computation be particularly expressed.

Short-horns and Herefords compared.

‘«‘ The same gentleman presented at the Highland Society’s
competition of fat stock, in November last, several of the
same breed, which also carried the premiums for symmetry
and fat. Two of these I purchased, viz.—one aged two years
and four months, four quarters weighing one hundred and
fifty-three stones seven pounds, or 2149 pounds; and one aged
three years and six months, four quarters weighing one hun-
dred and sixty-nine stones seven pounds, or 2373 pounds.
The last mentioned had (besides) thirty stones one pound, or
421 pounds of rough fat, all Smithfield weight.

Your most obedient servant,

‘WrLL1aAmM PLUMMER,

«“ One of the judges of fat cattle, of the
East Lothian Agricultural Society.

* To the Editors of the Farmer’s Journal.’’

Before this extract is dismissed from the reader’s notice,
let him apply the following test to the Hereford breeder’s
position and objection, and himself decide upon their title to

public regard :—

A Hereford ox, six years old, weighed - - - - 2792

A Hereford ox, three years and nine months old - 2004

A yearling Short-horned steer - - - - - - - 1652

A Short-horned steer, two years and four months old 2149
* * % * * *

The Short-horns are uniformly docile, and gentle in the
extreme, the bulls scarcely ever becoming mischievous, and
the cows and heifers permitting access under all circum-
stances, and for every needful purpose. The Herefords are
the very reverse.

Pedigree essential—700 guineas for a Cow.

MESSRS. COLLINGS HAVE FREQUENTLY SOLD
COWS AND HEIFERS FOR 1007. AND BULL
CALVES AT 1007. MR. CHARLES COLLING HAS
REFUSED 5007. FOR A COW; AND IN 1807, MR.
MASON REFUSED 700 GUINEAS FOR A COW. —

THESE GENTLEMEN LET BULLS OUT BY THE
YEAR: THE PRICES FROM 50 TO 100 GUINEAS;
AND THE PUBLIC ARE SO FULLY CONVINCED
OF THEIR MERITS, THAT THESE CELEBRATED
BREEDERS CANNOT SUPPLY THE DEMAND
FROM THE PURE BLOOD, WHICH THEY ARE AS
CAUTIOUS OF PRESERVING, AS THE AMATEURS
OF THE TURF ARE THE BREEDS OF THEIR RACE
HORSES, AND WHICH THE TAKERS OF BULLS
ARE BECOME SO WELL ACQUAINTED WITH,
THAT THE PRICES THEY GIVE, ARE IN PROPOR-
TION TO THE GOOD QUALITIES OF THE INDIVI-
DUALS, AND MERITS OF THEIR PROGENITORS—
MORE REGARD BEING PAID TO THEIR PEDI-
GREE THAN TO ANY THING ELSE; FOR THIS
PURPOSE THEY HAVE BOOKS CONTAINING THE
FULL PEDIGREE OF THEIR STOCK, SIMILAR TO
THE STUD BOOK OF RACE HORSES, BY WHICH
ANY PERSON WANTING TO PURCHASE: ANY OF
THEIR STOCK, OR TO HIRE BULLS, MAY SEE
HOW THEY ARE DESCENDED.

The Duruam Ox was bred by Mr. Charles Colling, of
Ketton, in the year 1796: his form and nice handling, indi-
eated every disposition to fatten at an early age, and the ex-

pectations entertained of him by the best judges, were not

Durham Ox—Weight not determined by Size.

disappointed: at five years old he was not only covered thick
with fat upon all the principal points, but his whole carcass
in a manner loaded with it, and was then thought so wonder-
ful an animal, and so far exceeding whatever had been seen
before, that he was purchased to be exhibited as a show, by
Mr. Bulmer, of Harmby, near Bedale, in February, 1801,
for 140/.: at this time he was thought to weigh 168 stones,
his live weight being 216 stones, (14 lbs. to the stone): this
did not arise from his superior size.

Mr. Bulmer got a proper carriage made to convey him in,
and after travelling with him five weeks, sold him and the
carriage at Rotheram, to Mr. John Day,

On the 4th of May, 1801, for - - 250.0 -0
On the 14th May, Mr. Day could have
sold him for _ - - . - 525
On the 13th June, for - - - 1000
On the 8th July, for - - - 2000

Mr. Day preferred keeping him, persuaded that his merits
were such, as would insure him a greater return: but these
prices are strong proofs of his very superior excellence, to
whatever had been seen in those districts before.

Mr. Day travelled with him nearly six years, through the
principal parts of England and Scotland, and arrived at. Ox-
ford, in February, 1807, where, on the 19th, the ox by acci-
dent dislocated his hip bone, and continued in that state until
the 15th April, when he was obliged to be killed; and not-
withstanding he must have lost considerably in weight, during
this eight weeks of illness, yet his carcass weighed

Twenty-eight Shorl-horns sold for $22,948.

sts. lbs.
Four quarters 165 12 .(14 lbs. to the stone.)
Tallow iv 12
Hide 10° 2

This was his weight at 11 years old, under all the disad-
vantages of six years’ travelling in a jolting carriage, and
eight weeks of painful illness: had he been kept quietly at
Ketton, and properly fed until seven years old, there is little
doubt but he would have weighed more than he did at ten
years old, at which age Mr. Day states his live weight to be

nearly 34 cwt. or 270 stones.
From which if there be taken for offal 50 ditto.
Leaves the weight of the carcass 220 stones.

Extract from the Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Agricultural
Society.

It appears by Bailey’s Survey of Durham, that at Colling’s sale
in 1810, seventeen cows were sold for 2,802 pounds 9 shillings
sterling—eleven bulls for 2,361 pounds—twenty-eight animals,
thus produced $22,948 67. That Major Rudd paid 400 guineas
for Lady of 9 years—for Lily 400 guineas—for Peeress 170 gui-
neas—for Petrarch 375 guineas; that Messrs. Wetherill & Co.
paid for Comet of 6 years, 1000 guineas. Mr. Champion, and
Col. Mellish have since paid 450 guineas, for the services of
Charles, during 2 years. A regular record is kept, in the Herd
Book, of the pedigrees of the animals of pure blood. Although
one hundred and forty breeders—130 bulls and nearly 3000 heif-
ers and cows, are enumerated in this volume, it will be seen, by
Major Rudd’s letter, that their cost continues to be as high as it
was 17 years since.

(

Mode of rearing —Food— Turnips—Straw.

Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman distinguished as
one of the most successful breeders in England.

_*¢Mr, Whitaker’s mode of rearing Improved Durham Short-
horns is nearly the same, as that of the breeders in the north.
Bull calves run with good nurses, until about six or eight
months old—from that age until about one year old, they
have hay, turnips, and a little linseed cake, afterwards hay
and turnips, or grass.

‘‘ Heifer calvesare taken from their dams when about three
weeks old, are put to cows, giving about half the usual quan-
tity of milk, or two calves are put toonecow ‘full of milk.”
With them, they run in the pastures until September, when
they are put to “fog.’? So soon as the weather becomes se-
vere, they have a shed, or house to run into, with straw and
turnip tops, and sometimes a little linseedcake. The follow-
ing summer they are put to grass, without any thing else,
until the winter, when they have straw and turnips, as the
dry cows; but when in milk they have straw, turnips, a little
linseed cake, or a little bean meal: ** for milk,”’ he observes,
‘¢we must have.”? Bean meal produces more milk than lin-
seed cake, but cake answers better for producing flesh and fat.
This method of rearing calves is found quite as economical
as by the pail.

‘“When the stock have fairly begun to feed, he considers it
most profitable to give them as much of the best food as they
will eat, taking care that the food of all kinds is consumed
before they have a fresh supply; and that every thing about
them is kept clean.

‘‘First in the morning a little hay is given, next a few tur-

Western Comet—Excellence as a Sire.

nips, after, about six pounds of cake—in the afternoon, the —
same routine is observed. 3

*‘ No apology, I assure you, was necessary in addressing
your letter of December last to me, on agricultural subjects.
The perusal of it, and the book which you were so kind as to
send, gave me great pleasure. My experience justifies me in
saying that I coincide with your observations in general.
Comet certainly gained great celebrity, yet his produce were
mostly unequal to himself. It is sed ‘like begets like,’ but
this bull never was the father of as good a one as himself; it
was otherwise with his sire. Favourite stamped all his off-
spring as superior to himself—perhaps no bull ever begat so
many good bulls and cows.

*¢ Hubback stands first with most breeders, but from all I

ean collect from the oldest breeders, particularly Mr. ag

who has excellent judgment, and had a better opportunity of
seeing the stocks of the Collings, Charges, Maynards, &c.
than any other man, being at that time a breeder, and almost
daily with them, I believe the SrupLtey Wuire Burt was

unequalled by any of his day. Mr. says he had the

best and greatest fore-quarters he ever saw, with as great an
inclination to fatten. Mr. Charge used him five or six years,
and till of late years all his stock were descended from him.
‘fT am happy to confirm your opinion, (Z speak from long
experience,) that selections may be made of good milkers
from the purest blood. Mr, Whitaker is largely concerned
in the cotton business, and having to provide milk for a
large establishment in 1810, he attended Mr. Charles Col-
ling’s sale. At the same time he saw a yearling bull at Mr.
Charge’s, which he bought, and afterwards named WesTERN
Comet. This bull, I may say, never begat a bad animal—
they all proved great graziers, with the best backs, quarters, -
crops, &c. &c., of any I ever saw.

Frederich— Western Lady, &c.

‘'T agree with you, that when a full blood dairy cow has
rest, she will lay on fat as quick as the grazing tribe—conse-
quently for most purposes, this kind is undoubtedly the best,
and in the end most profitable.

‘Mr. Wurtaker’s FreperRicK* is much admired, and
answers your description. His head is good—horn small
and beautiful—neck fine—shoulders lay well—breast good
and prominent—girth and crops good—barrel very good—
hind quarters long and handsome—tail fine and tapering—
huggins and flank extraordinary—touch mellow, and hide not
too thin, with an excellent quality of meat under it—plenty
of hair, mossy, &c.—and to conclude, he stands upon fine
boned legs.

‘<T should prefer a cow yielding about three gallons a meal
(i. e. 24 quarts a day) ale measure, to one giving more. The
best milkers have descended from the Daisys, Ducuesszs,
and WiLpaIrRs.

«¢ When I was in search of a bull for you in March last, I
informed Mr.

whatI wanted. He replied—if I wanted
one, I should go to Mr. Wurtraxrr’s fold, for we have no-
thing so good in this country as Freperick’s stock. |

‘“WesTERN Lapy exceeds all Mr. Whitaker has ever had,
for both purposes, i. e. milking and feeding.”’

Thus it appears from various Sources, ‘“ that there isa dairy,
as well as a grazing or feeding tribe of Improved Short-
horns;”’ that the Sruptey BuLt—Huspack—Fo.tsamBe—
and Favourite, were the most celebrated bulls of their day
—that JSrom them have descended the very best animals of
the race; and that fo them the breeders are most anxious to
trace the origin of their Short-horn stock; and it will be found,

* Frederick is the sire of Gloucester—Bolivar—Volante—Yorkshire
Belle—Lady Betty—and Desdemona.

Deep Milking —24 to 32 quarts per day.

on reference to the Herd Book, that SNowpEN’s—RosBson’s—
W alstTELL’s— Brown’s—Barxker’s—Smitn’s—JOiziy’s

—A.xcock’s and Mastrrerman’s bulls, were the males from

which these bulls were derived.
It may be seen by the Rey. Mr. Berry’s pamphlet—the
foregoing extracts—and by other sources, that the DucuEss, |
‘Daisy, and Wiipaire strains, are evidently those which are
considered the most valuable for dairy purposes. And to the
same pamphlet reference may be had to prove, how com-
pletely this opinion is established, by THE DAIRY PROPER-
Tres OF Mr. WuiTaker’s cows, many of them yielding

from 24 to 32 quarts per day.

_Lztract.

‘© We have also examined the Durham Short-horned cattle.
We have never seen animals better fitted for the yoke in
gait; the bull, although appearing heavy from his round
shape, moves with ereat vigour, and places his feet so accu-
rately, that the tracks made with his fore feet, are occupied
by his hind feet as he advances. The heifers also move with
alacrity, and have very straight legs.

“¢ We are all dairy farmers, and have visited Powelton at
our own suggestion, to satisfy our minds as to the dairy pro-
perties of the females. We do not hesitate to say that they
have all the appearance of great milkers, having also yellow
skins. We think the heifers excel in these points, all which

we-have seen.

Lioyp Jones, Isaac W. Roserts,
Pau. Jones, Davip RosBerts,
Joun Rozerts, JosepH TRASEL,
Grorce W. Rozerts, Isaac Heston.

Philadelphia County, Jan. 10, 1826.

[See American Farmer, yol. 7, page 361.

a

ON THE
PROFITS AND GENERAL ADVANTAGES

ARISING FROM

IMPROVED BREEDS OF CATTLE.

York, (Penn.) September 23, 1826.

Sir,—I write to give you some idea of my pro-
gress in the stock way, and I can now speak
largely of my profits arising from Yorkshire* and
Hebe;+ enough to satisfy any farmer that they
are much the most profitable investment of so
much money that can be obtained. Within the
last eighteen months, the services of Yorkshire
have brought, according to an account kept by
the person who has the charge of him at the
farm, $200 clear of expenses. I have also one
noble bull calf from Hebe, now eight months old,

* YORKSHIRE, got by Mr. Carpenter’s Lothario, dam an imported cow
selected in England expressly for dairy purposes.

Mr. Carpenter’s Lothario, begotten in England by Mr. Ashcroft’s George,
dam Moss Rose, imported in 1821, by Fish and Grinnell.
t HEBE, got by Rob Roy, dam by Sampson; g. d. Betty; gr. g. d. Old
Betty.

Rob Roy, got by Young Denton, dam Brindle by Mr. Lee’s imported bull.

Sampson, by son of Ossian, dam by Comet.

H

Pennsylvania Forest Lands adapted to Breeding.

which | think T may value at $200. I have also
twelve half bloods which I can dispose of at from
$20 to $40 each under a year old, making an
income of at least $400 on a capital of about
$400, and that capital itself improved one half
more in value. This is not mere paper profit,
but substantial value that can be tested, and | am
well satisfied that with a little enterprise, every
county in the state would afford three or four
establishments as profitable as mine, and of great
public utility.

Pennsylvania now pays a large annual sum to
Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio and New York, for the
finer kinds of stock cattle. Iam informed that we
pay to New York alone not less than $150,000
annually for cattle; and owing to the circum-
stance that breeders of cattle in the western parts
of New York have, for some years past, attended
to the selection and improvement of their stock,
it finds a ready market, and commands one-
fourth more per hundred, than cattle raised in
the interior of Pennsylvania. We have vast bo-
dies of waste lands in this state, even in our
mountainous districts, which are well adapted,
as the lands in New York, for rearing neat cattle
and sheep, and certainly have the advantage in
climate. I am persuaded, nothing more is want-
ing to render us altogether independent of our
more enterprising neighbours, than two or three
years’ attention to ow breeds of stock.

Profits of good Breeds.

Of all the different races of cattle to be found
in Pennsylvania, none can compare with the Dur-
ham Short-horns in the essential qualities of good
stock, early maturity, easy keep, €#c.; and al-
though it would be impossible for many indivi-
duals to obtain the full blood, yet I am confident
that a few full blooded males in each county,
would soon realize handsome profits to the en-
terprising owners, and in the course of a few
years would perpetuate an improved stock to
the exclusion of the miserable stunted race which
now lumbers our farm yards.

This, sir, is a subject of no common impor-
tance, and if the great exertions and sacrifices
you have made were properly seconded by the
enterprise of our farmers, we should soon have
reason to hail your introduction of this fine race
into our state, as a most important era in our
agricultural economy.

I shall from time to time trouble you with an
account of my improvements in the article of
stock, and shall be happy in receiving any occa-
sional hints on the subject that you may deem
useful.

I am, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
CHarues A. BarnitTz.

Joun Hare Powe, Esa.
Oor. Sec’y Penn. Ag. Soc.

On Cattle for the Dairy and Stall.

On the “dairy and feeding” properties of Im-_
proved Short-horns, by Dr. Elmer. |

Bridgeton, (NV. J.) January 9th, 1827.

Srr,—It affords me much pleasure to be able
to communicate to you the result of my labours
to improve my stock, and the high opinion which
I entertain of the Improved Short-horns for the
dairy and stall, confirmed by personal observation,
and actual experience, with those in my posses-
sion.

In making a selection of animals for the pur-
pose of improving my stock, I commenced by
purchasing of Col. Powel, in the year 1823, a
cow of one-fourth blood—the next year one of
three-fourths blood, and a full blooded male—
since that, others of different degrees of blood,
and some of pure blood, both male and female;
thus gradually progressing from year to year
through different grades of blood, until I have
attained the pure stock.* In pursuing this course,
I have observed that the nearer I approached the
pure blood, I found them to be more hardy, subsist
on less, and keep in better condition on short pas-
ture, than any of my other stock. From them I

* JILT, got by Bishop, dam Lucinda by Young Denton; g. d. Star; gr-
g.d. Milker.

KATE, got by Bishop, dam by Sampson; g. d. Betty; gr. g. d. Old Betty.

OSAGE, light roan, bull, calved in 1826, by Wye Comet, dam 2
(See the pedigrees of Virginia and Wye Comet.)

FLIRT, by Young Denton, dam Julia by Young Denton; g. d. an im-
ported Devon cow.

Dr. Elmer’s triai of Short-horns.

_ have bred calves of the most promising appear-

ance, and greatly excelling those of any other
breed that [ have seen.

I have at this time three half blood yearling
steers which are remarkable for size and condi-
tion, very docile, and in their general appear-
ance are superior to any other cattle in this part
of the country. They grazed during the last
season (from May until the middle of Novem-
ber) on high land pasture, and continued im-
proving so fast as to attract the attention of

many of the neighbouring farmers, notwithstand-

ing the severity of the drought, and the great
annoyance of the flies and moschettos which li-
terally swarmed with us during the season. In
regard to their dairy properties, they are equal te
those of any other breed.
Tam, with much esteem,
Yours, &c.

WiiitamM Eimer.
Joun P. Mitnor,
Rec. Sec. Penn. Ag’. Soc.

On the Excellence of Devon Cattle for the Yoke—
On the superiority of Improved Short-horns for
the dairy and shambles, and their vigour and
fitness for labour. By a successful practical
farmer of Connecticut.

Goshen, (Conn.) January 22d, 1827,
Srr,—I live in a section of the country where
the dairy forms a very conspicuous part of the.

Mr. Towner on Devons and Short-horns.

income of the farmer, and where very consider-
able attention is paid to the raising of cattle of
the finest description, and possessing the most
valuable and useful qualities. | have been ac-
quainted with a number of distinct breeds of cat-
tle of English importation. I have been very
intimately acquainted with Devons imported from
Mr. Coke’s stock in 1817, having myself pro-
cured and kept some of the best blood in the
possession of Messrs. Patterson and Caton, of
Baitimore, importers of the stock.

I have had considerable acquaintance with the
Improved Durham Short-horned stock—have
visited the farm of Mr. Powel, and viewed the
stock in his possession, and by him imported—
and do not hesitate to express my opinion de-
cidedly in favour of that breed of cattle as pos-
sessing more valuable and intrinsic qualities than
any other which have ever come under my ob-
servation. |

For the yoke I do not consider them superior
to Devons, and yet I see no reason why they are
not very well calculated for the labour of the
yoke, as they certainly possess good constitu-
tions, are vigorous in their motions, and walk
with speed and facility. But for the more com-
mon and useful purposes of fattening and the
dairy, they far surpass any description of their
species, combining great symmetry of form with
superior size—rapid growth and an unusual apt-

Mr. Carpenter’s trial of Short-horns.

ness to fatten. Such is my entire conviction of
their great superiority and excellence, that I have
procured a bull* from Mr. Powel’s stock, with
whose progress and improvement I am extreme-
ly well satisfied.
Very respectfully,
I remain yours, &c.
T. Towner.

To the Secretary of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

Carpenter Hall, Lancaster, (Pennsylvania,)
January 22d, 1827.

Dear Sir,—After a period of nearly five
years in breeding Short-horned cattle, I venture
to give my opinion, as far as my experience will
allow.

The crosses between the Short-horns and our
native cattle, and the continuation with the Short-
horns until we get seven-eighths or fifteen six-
teenths of the blood, all appear to be well adapt-
ed to our climate, and are remarkable for the
thickness of their coats.t Most of the Short-

* WARWICK, calved in 1825, red roan (bred by Mr. Powel) got by Wye
Comet, dam Belle, imported in 1824 (bred by Mr. Taylor); g.d. Lady (bred
by Mr. Taylor) ; gr. g. d. by Comet.

Belle’s calf Beau, took the first premium at the Pennsylvania Cattle Show
of 1825, and also a premium at the Cattle Show of 1826.

[See Wye Comet's pedigree.

t Long and close hair is one of the characteristic marks of the Improved
breed.

Improved Short-horns ‘easily wintered.”

horn cows that I have seen have all the marks
of deep milkers. One of my half blood cows
by Denton, brought forth a calf in May last, and
the calf for some weeks continued to suck but
two teats, both on the same side of the udder,
which was one-half the milk. From the re-
maining two teats, I saw drawn regularly every
day two buckets of milk, containing about three
gallons each. This cow got nothing but the
grass, and grazed with my other cows.

The next thing to be considered is the fitness
of these cattle for the shambles, of which I could
not give an opinion without seeing some of them
slaughtered, as it would be impossible to say
how they would cut; but as it regards their apti-
tude to fatten, and their early maturity, I give it
as my opinion, that they surpass every other
breed of cattle that [have ever seen. My steers
of three years old were perfectly fat last summer
on the grass, and some rising two years were
quite fat; they are much more easily wintered,
and will feed much better on straw and rough
food, than any other breed of cattle.

fam, &c.
Most sincerely yours,
H. A. CarpENnTER.

a ie

Extraordinary Cow, yielding 204 lbs. of Butter per week

JonATHAN RoseErts, Esq.
‘President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

Philadelphia County, May 31, 1827.

Dike Sir,—My residence, as you know, ad-
joins Powelton. My intimacy with Mr. Powel,
and the interest I take in his agricultural pur-
suits, particularly in the breeding of live stock,
have made me familiar with the details of his
farm, and the management of his cattle. I en-
close various depositions taken by George C.
Lentner, Esq., of Blockley, showing that an m™-
PROVED Durnam SuHort-HoRNED cow, Called
Belina, produced milk between Thursday morn-
ing the 24th inst. and Saturday evening the 26th,
i. e. in three days, from which eight pounds thir-
teen ounces of butter were obtained by the usual
process, at the rate of 204 pounds per week.

This cow has had no other food than slop of
Indian meal, clover and orchard grass, and has
yielded repeatedly by measurement, and so far
as can be ascertained by the bucket, continues to
yield, twenty-six quarts within the twenty-four
hours.

I carefully superintended the trial recorded,
and sufficiently know the parties who were em-
ployed in the operation, to believe their statements,
independently of the ocular demonstration which
I have had.

I am, dear sir,
Most faithfully yours,

Joun P. Mrunor, ~
Recording Secretory.

Improved Short-horned Cow—product in Milk and Butter.

Philadelphia County, ss.

Personally appeared before me the subscriber,
one of the Justices of the Peace, in and for the
County aforesaid, Thomas Morrison, who being
duly affirmed according to law, deposeth and
saith— |

That he has been employed as foldman at
Powelton for nearly nine years; that he has
milked the cow called Belina, since she was im-
ported in 1825; that he has never seen nor
heard of any extraordinary management, either
of this or of any other cow, nor of the milk upon
the Powelton farm; that all the milk given by
Belina, from Thursday morning the 24th ult.
until Saturday evening following, was drawn and
kept separately; that no mistake could be made,
as all the cows which were not dry, had been,
and are yet, upon distant meadows, excepting
Belina, and another, whose milk supplied her
calf, a month old, running at her side, and the
family, during the time mentioned, which milk
was always sent immediately into town from the
field.

Affirmed before me this first day of June, in
the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun-
dred and twenty-seven.

Grorce C. LENTNER.

Philadelphia County, ss.

Personally appeared before me the subscriber,
one of the Justices of the Peace, in and for the
County aforesaid, Sarah Sterling, who being duly
affirmed according to law, deposeth and saith:—

That she received from Thomas Morrison

Depositions on the product of an Improved Short-horned Cow.

Belina’s milk from Thursday morning the 24th
inst. until Saturday evening following; that it
was merely strained and put into common milk
pans in the Spring House, from which every
drop of milk had been previously removed; that
there could be no mistake, as the key of the
Spring house door was kept by her, and no per-
son was allowed to enter, excepting with her;
that several persons on the farm daily counted
the milk pans, and noticed all that was done.
Affirmed before me this thirty-first day of
May, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight
hundred and twenty-seven.
Greorce C. LENTNER.

—

Philadelphia County, ss.

Personally appeared before me the subscriber,
one of the Justices of the Peace, in and for the
County aforesaid, Maria Sturgis, who being duly
affirmed according to law, deposeth and saith:—

That on Monday night the 28th inst. she
skimmed the milk which Sarah Sterling had re-
ceived from Thomas Morrison between Thurs-
day morning and Saturday evening immediately
preceding; that she churned it the next day
(Tuesday) and obtained eight pounds and thir-
teen ounces of butter, which was weighed by Mr.
Milnor in her presence.

She further saith that she measured, on Wed-
nesday the 30th inst., a quart of cream taken
from Belina’s milk, that she churned it, and ob-
tained one pound five ounces and a quarter of an
ounce of butter, which was also weighed by Mr.
Milnor in her presence.

Affirmed before me this thirty-first day of

Eatraordinary Cream of an Improved Short-horned Cow.

May, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight
hundred and twenty-seven.
Grorce C. LENTNER.

Extract from the Minutes of the PattapELPHIA
Society ror promoTine AcricuLtTuRE, May
15, 1827.

John Hare Powel having presented some
cream, accompanied by the following statement,
R. Haines, Esq., was appointed by the Chairman
to ascertain, by a stop-watch, the time necessary

to convert it into butter. Whereupon he report-
ed that it required three seconds, which was re-
ceived unanimously, as the members witnessed
the fact.

R. Haines stated that he had questioned the
servants, and was satisfied that no preparation
had been required.

The cream was produced from an Improved
Durham Short-horned cow, bred by J. Whitaker,
Esq., of Burley, England, and now in the posses-
sion of John Hare Powel, Esq.

W.S. Warper, Secretary.

Philadelphia, 5mo. 31, 1827,

“This cream was skimmed by me on Sunday
morning, from milk which was taken from the
cow on Saturday evening. It had stood from
eight o’clock until seven the next morning. No-
thing was done to it but as common. _ I strained
it with the milk used for the family, and placed
it in a common milk pan in the vault.

“ Kriza TAustas.”

Extraordinary Cream of an Improved Short-horned Cow.

From Wilson Jewell, M.D.

: West Philadelphia, June 11, 1827.
Joun P. Mrinor, Esq.

Dear Sir—It affords me pleasure to answer
your polite note, dated the 8th inst., and I do not
hesitate to add my testimony for the correctness
of the statement published a few days since, in
reference to the Improved Short-horned Durham
Cow, owned by J. H. Powel, Esq.

Attracted by an account of so extraordinary
and novel a nature, | visited Powelton, in com-
pany with two of my friends, and had the grati-
fication of converting cream into butter in less
_ time than two minutes,* in a teacup, aided by a
spoon. The cream was of the consistence of
curd, and the quantity of milk shown, being the
morning’s production from one cow, as far as I
was competent to judge, appeared little short of
fourteen quarts, far exceeding my most sanguine
expectations, both as regards richness and quan-
tity. Very respectfully, your friend,

Wison JEwELL.

From the Rev. Joseph H. Kennard.
Hamiltonville, June 16, 1827.
Joun P. Mriinor, Esq.

Respected Sir—My visit to Powelton, in com-
pany with Dr. Jewell and Rev. D. Jones, was
short but very gratifying; every thing we beheld
gave us the impression, that the proprietor was
judicious in his plans and persevering in their
accomplishment.

With regard to my convictions of the truth of
what has been published in relation to the extra-

* It required, on this occasion, a longer time than usual, as the cream was
very fresh.

On the Saccharum of the Sweet Potato.

ordinary cow, I am free to say, that from all I
saw, and from the statement of Mrs. Sturgis, the
account published in the Saturday Evening Post,
of the 9th inst., appears to be a correct statement
of facts.

And further, it appears of the greatest impor-
tance to the interests of our farmers, that the Im-
proved Durham Short-horned breed of Cows be
extensively propagated.

Cordially wishing Col. Powel success in his
laudable efforts, | am Sir, very respectfully, yours,

Josern H. Kinnarp.

On the Saccharum of the Sweet Potato (Convol-
vulus battatas).

By Rosperr Hare, M. D.

Professor of Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania.

Dr. Tidyman, of South Carolina, lately
supplied me with some sweet potatoes, of a
kind in which sweet matter is peculiarly abun-
dant, and requested that I would ascertain if
there were any sugar in them. Having pared,
and by means of the instrument used for slicing
cabbages or cucumbers, reduced them to very
thin slices; about a pound was boiled in alcohol
of the specific gravity of .845, which appeared
to extract all the sweetness, yet on cooling yield-
ed no crystals of sugar. The solution being
subjected to distillation, till the alcohol was re-
moved, an uncrystallizable syrup remained. In
like manner, when aqueous infusions of the po-
tatoes were concentrated, by boiling or evapo-

Sweet Potatoes—mode of preparation for Beer.

ration, the residual sirup was uncrystallizable.
It appears therefore that the sweet matter of this
vegetable is analogous to molasses, or the sac-
charum of malt.

Its resemblance to the latter was so remark-
able, that I was led to boil a wort, made from
the potatoes, of proper spissitude, say s. g. 1060,
with a due quantity of hops, about two hours.

It was then cooled to about 65 degrees, and
yest was added. As far as I could judge, the
phenomena of the fermentation, and the result-
ing liquor, were precisely the same as if malt
had been used. The wort was kept in a warm
place until the temperature 85 F. and the fall of
the head showed the attenuation to be suffi-
cient.* Yest subsequently rose, which was re-
moved by aspoon. By refrigeration a further
quantity of yest precipitated, from which the
liquor being decanted became tolerably fine, for
new beer, and in flavour, exactly like ale made
from malt.

I have computed that five bushels, of potatoes,
would produce as much wort as three bushels of
malt; but I suppose that the residue would, as
food for cattle, be worth half as much as the po-
tatoes employed.

I believe it possible to make as good liquor
from malt in this country, as in England, but that
in our climate much more vigilance is required
to have it invariably good, principally because
the great and sudden changes of temperature,
render malting much more precarious. Should
the saccharum of the sweet potato, prove to be
a competent substitute for that of germinated

* In passing to this state, there should be a loss in gravity of about 4 per
cent.

Sweet Potato Yest, fitted to raise Bread.

grain, the quality will probably be less variable,
since its development requires but little skill and
vigilance.

Besides, as it exists naturally in the plant, it
may be had where it would be almost imposst
ble to make, or procure malt. Hops, the other

material for beer, require only Ti and dry-
ing to perfect them for use.

“They are indigenous in the United States, and
may no doubt be raised in any part of our terri-
tory.

I have dried in my evaporating oven, some of
the sweet potatoes in slices. It seems to me
that in this state they will keep a long while, and
may be useful in making leaven for bread.
They may take the place of the malt necessary
in a certain proportion, to render distiller’s wash
fermentable. The yest yielded by the potato
beer, appeared in odour and flavour, to resem-
ble that from malt beer surprisingly, and the
quantity, in proportion, was as great. In raising
bread it was found equally efficacious.

I propose the word suavin, from the Latin
suavis, sweet, to distinguish the sirup of the
sweet potato. The same word might, perhaps,
be advantageously applied as a generic appella-
tion to molasses, and the uncrystallizable sugar
of grapes, of honey, and of malt.

Crystallizable sugar might be termed saccha-
rin, since the terminating syllable of saccharum
is appropriated in chemistry to metals.

Joun Hare Powen, Esa.
Cor. Sec’ry of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

NR a OM Ne, dod G

Dairy Short-horns—Cream, §¢e.— Tried in America.

American Proofs of Dairy Properties.

| Ten 4 Philadelphia, 3d Mo. 1, 1826.
EsTEEMED FRIEND,

I thank thee for the pitcher of cream, the pro-
duct of one* of thy Short-horned Cows. No
stronger proof of the value of that family of ani-
mals for the dairy, need be furnished, than the
specimen before me. A portion of the cream
was subjected to friction, by means of a spoon
and plate, and it yielded butter of fine flavour, in
rather more than a minute. I! could scarcely
credit, what my own hand had effected. The far-
mers of our country will surely adopt this pro-
fitable race of stock, for the introduction of
which into Pennsylvania, they, as well as our
fellow citizens generally, are indebted to thy
practical judgment, and disinterested zeal.

With great regard and respect,
Iam, &c.

Roperts Vaux.
Joun Hare Powen, Esa.

From Dr. Harris, Vice President of the Pennsyl-
vania Agricultural Society.
Chester County, April 2, 1826.
JoNATHAN Roperts, Esq.

President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.
Dear Sir,—The interest you take in all mat-
ters connected with the improvement of farm

* It was from three cows.
B

Dairy Short-horns— Trial of their Cream.

stock, makes it unnecessary for me to apologize
for giving a detail of an experiment to test the
richness of cream afforded by Mr. Powel’s Im-
proved Short-horn Cows.

The cream was evidently fresh, and was stated
to have been taken from milk twenty-four hours
old. It was converted into butter in my pre-
sence, in a quarter of a minute, whilst I held the
watch in my hand, although it had been skim-
med but half an hour.

[ have interrogated the person by whom it had
been skimmed, and under whose inspection the
milk had been deposited.

I am satisfied from her statement, and that of
the person on the farm, that no extraordinary
care, nor management, nor food, have been em-
ployed to produce such result.

Very truly, yours,
Won. Harnis.

Letter to the Editor of the New England Farmer.

My residence adjoins Powelton. I visit it al-
most daily. I have during nearly five years
been in the habit of inspecting the stock. Iam
familiar with all the arrangements of the farm,
and have in the present instance, interrogated
the foldman. The cream to which Mr. Vaux
adverts was produced by three cows—one

Mr. Whitaker’s Short-horns, tried in America.

of them Belina, noted in the certificate of the
keeper of the Herd Book to have given daily 32
quarts in England—another, the second best
milker on the farm, none of them having been
fed at any time in an extraordinary way. Be-
lina has a large fat male calf; produced in Fe-
bruary, constantly at her side, and which, at
this time* cannot take all the milk, although the
pasturage is so bare from the excessive drought,
that two Maryland farmers yesterday observed
it was like that of Cecil county. They have no
other food than that which it affords.

Similar experiments to that made by Mr.
Vaux, were made by myself, Dr. Harris, and se-
veral others. From Mr. Vaux most probably,
not having been directed as to the mode of ap-
plying the friction, the butter was not obtained
so rapidly, as in other instances. I saw it pro-
duced in less than ten seconds. The cows had
been fed upon bran, what is generally called
shorts at the Pennsylvania mills, (with twenty
double bushels of which, two bushels of corn
meal had been mixed), small portions of mangel
wurtzel, and orchard grasst hay. The milk was
drawn night and morning, simply deposited in
pans, in a deep cold cellar, having been subjected
to no other treatment than that of straining and
skimming. It may be proper to observe that
Mr. Powel jocosely remarked he did not flatter

* May 23d. ¢ Cocks-foot.

' “~
Cattle for general Purposes. —

himself, that this cream if amalgamated in a
churn with the cream of other cows, would, like
the Alderney cream, come first,* nor would he
imply that all Short-horn cows are good milkers,
nor that such exrRAoRDINARY properties are
often to be found in the best tribes of the Im-
proved Short-horns, but that they are better fit-
ted for the general purposes of the country than
any race with which he is acquainted, and that
certain ramiies of Improved Short-horns are
deep milkers.

He further remarked that it was not the value
of a wool bearing, nor butter yielding brute, but
the “ soUNDNESS OF HIS OPINIONS,” he was anx-
ious to establish, and that he firmly believes that
there are various “native cattle,” as they are
called, of excellent properties, with which, (as

* Extract of a Letter from Reuben Haines, Esq. of Germantown.—* 1 have
long been of the opinion, that in England particularly, the great breeding
country, whence we derive our finest stock, too much attention was paid,
and vast sums expended, in the vain endeavour to procure a race that shall
excel in all the three great points of ‘the pail, the yoke, and the knife,” as
they are technically termed; and whilst other gentlemen were selecting the
finest forms to feast the eye, and a carcass, which if well fed, would grow
to an-enormous size, I wanted a small animal, whose carcass was too valuable
for beef, that would subsist on a small quantity of food, bear the heat and
drought of our summer and autumn, and produce the greatest quantity of
rich and delicious butter, in proportion to the food consumed. * 9 * *
One remarkable property of the cream of the Alderney cow is, the readi-
ness with which it is converted into butter. The week in which we kept it
separate, ‘it came,” as the phrase is, in five minutes; and in churning it,
mixed with the cream of other cows, we usually have had the Alderney but-
ter come first,} be taken out of the churn, and the operation continued half
an hour or more before a second gathering of butter has taken place.”—
Mem, Penn, Ag. Soc. pp. 20, 22.

{ If the carcass be too valuable for beef, how is it to be used ?
+ By what means could this be ascertained ?—En.

j

a misao hs ee ae .
ery oun
oa 4

-

Excellence of Half-Breeds, a

I know,) he has made great efforts, and at no
small expense, to have crosses by means of
improved bulls. »

Jon P. Minor,
Ree, Sec, Penn. Ag. Soe.

Extract of a Letter from Colonel Lloyd.
Talbot County, (Maryland,) Wye House, May 3, 1825.

My Dear Sir,—Many of my half bred Cham-
pion heiters,* (now two years old,) have had
calves this spring, and, contrary to my expecta-
tion, are 50 per cent. superior for milk to any
breed I have ever had. They have had only the
fare of the common cattle on my estate. All of
the mixed blood are so much superior to my
common stock, that | consider myself well paid
for my purchase,t by the mixed blood alone
which I have reared. My half blood young bull
which you admired, is now a noble animal.

I have given my mixed Devons a fair trial
with my.» mixed Short-horns, and it would be
only necessary for the most prejudiced or scep-
tical to see them to decide in favour of the
Short-horns. In size and form there is no com-
parison, and the Short-horns are vastly superior
for milk.

Yours, truly,

Kpowarp Luoyp.
Joun Hare Pownn, Esa.

* Champion, an improved Durham Short-horn bull.
} Col, Lloyd paid $1500 for three Improved Short-horns, two years old

Milking Properties—Temper, &c.

Bucks County, February 2, 1825.

Dear Sir,—lIt is now about three months
since I purchased of you a cow and bull calf,
since when, I have given great attention to them,
in order to ascertain their value as compared
with the common cattle of the country, and have
come to the following conclusion:

‘The cow, considering her age, (3 years) and
the food to which, at this season, she is necessa-
rily restricted, is a deep. milker—the most so of
any animal in my possession—a small consumer,
and easily kept fat, (surprisingly so, taking into
view the quantity of milk yielded,) and is per-
fectly gentle and docile in her disposition.

The bull, without any extraordinary keep, is
much larger than calves of his age, and in his
form and appearance more resembles a grown
steer than calves of his age (7 months). He
keeps very fat upon a moderate allowance, and
like the cow, is extremely docile. I-feel per-
fectly satisfied that the Improved Short-horns will
keep in fine order upon the same quantity of
food which, when given to animals of three-
fourths their weight, will not be found sufficient
to produce the same effect. This I state from
actual experiment, and consider the observation
perfectly just, as applied not only to my own
animals, but to the breed generally.

Quality of Butter.

My improved stock have been viewed by a
number of -my neighbours, and have been uni-
formly admired, and as you know, from my ex-
perience of their valuable properties, I have
been induced to increase the number by addi-
tional purchases from among your very extraor-
dinary stock.

Joun Hare Powen, Esq.
Cor. Sec’y Penn. Ag. Soc.

*

Extract of a letter from Henry A. Carpenter,
Esq., an extensive practical farmer, m one of
the most fertile, and best cultivated parts of
Pennsylvania, to the Corresponding Secretary
of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.

Lancaster County, June 14, 1823.
Dear Sir,

The two half blood heifers by the Short-horn
bull Denton, which you stated had calved last
July, produced through the course of last winter,
butter of a better quality, than any I ever saw
made in the month of May, and it was always
obtained in about ten minutes churning. One
of these heifers produced a calf the beginning of
June; the other (the three year old,) has sup-
plied nine labouring men all spring with a suffi-
ciency of milk, and butter once a day; which
production exceeded that of a fresh milch cow

Mitking and Feeding Properties.

of the common stock, which I had selected with
great care, and proved to be as good a milker as
the neighbourhood could produce. 1 am sorry
that I cannot give you an account of the produc-
tion of butter from the imported cow Moss Rose,
in a given time, as her calf had got so old before
the trial was made, that it would not take to
other cows; but I do not hesitate to give it as
my opinion, that twelve or fifteen pounds of but-
ter of the finest quality, can be made from her
in one week, as she possesses the power of se-
creting rich milk, in a greater degree than any
animal J have ever seen. I expect that this is
enough {o satisfy you, that as milkers, the Dur-
ham Short-horns are not to be surpassed. The
bulls are docile and quick feeders.

From Mr. Joseph Kersey.

Chester County, 2d Month i2th, 1825.

1 purchased an half bred improved Durham
Short-horn bull, which T sold at public vendue
for one hundred dollars, and | am happy to
learn that he has had, during the last season,
near one hundred cows. His docility, his apti-
tude to fatten upon little provender, are admira-
ble. 1 mised two of his calves, which, when
four weeks old, were generally supposed to be
two months old, from their being so remarkably
fleshy and well grown, although they had not

Value of Improved Breeds.

received any thing but the milk from their dams.
Robert Clemmens raised one from a cow that
would not weigh more than three hundred
pounds. He killed the ealf at six months old,
the meat of which weighed three hundred and
thirty-four pounds, for which he obtained ten
cents per pound.

‘There was a cow exhibited at the Paoli; her
calf was, at that time, one year and three days
old, and had been kept from her for one night,
and the next morning I milked from her at least
two gallons of beautiful rich milk, and owing to
her not being accustomed to being milked, it
was impossible to get it all from her.

Taking this breed in every point of view, I
consider them better adapted to the use of farm-
ers than any other breed I am acquainted with.
They arrive at maturity early, feed quick, are
good milkers, and are exceedingly kind and do-
cile; they have more weight in the most impor-
tant points, viz: the standing ribs, the sirloin, the
rump, &¢., and have much less offal than cattle
incommon. ‘Take one of this breed, and ano-
ther of the common kind, of equal weight;
slaughter them and sell them at the different
prices the different pieces command in the mar-
ket, and it will be found that the Short-horn will
return considerably the most money, merely be-

C

} hy

rhs Va
A a4
1 ,

*

BORK is ih ial i) I AT NA il | tl Lie

Improved Short-hornt-—« Light OffaleDeep Milking.

cause it has more of the high priced pieces, and
less offi.
1 am, very truly, thy friend, °
Josnren Kerspy.
Joun P. Minnor,
Ree, Seo’'y Penn, lg. Soe,

From David Comfort, of Philadelphia County.

Reseserap Frienp.—1 have this morning
seen the cow to which Joseph Kersey alludes in
the foregoing letter, She has all the appearance
of a deep milker, Her calf has been running at
her side, Tam assured, trom its birth; it appears
healthy and of good size; it sucked, 1am as-
sured, last night and this morning. ‘The cow
was also milked last night. She yielded this
morning, in my presence, in addition to the con.
sumption of the call) a quantity of rich milk
Which I suppose to be equal to about eight
quarts. My business is that of a practical farm.
er, LT have therefore purchased her call of the
last year, ata large price, with a view of raising
and improving dairy cattle, 1 think the other
cows on the farm of the improved breed, have
also the appearance of deep milkers,

Davin Comrorr,

Joun PL Minnor,
Ree, See’'y Penn, lg. Sov,

Trial of Yearling Heifers.

From Charles A. Barnitz, Esq.
York, Penn., May 23d, 1825.
Dean Sir,

Knowing the great interest you feel in all things
relating to our stock of cattle, it gives me plea-
sure to inform you of the flattering prospects I
have in the increasing excellence of the Im-
proved Durham Short-horns, which were obtain-
ed‘last spring. Yorkshire was nine months, and
Hebe fifteen months old, when they were pro-
cured; | have now had them one year, and their
improvement in size and beauty surpasses every
thing of the kind that has been known in this
county. We have a rich valley, highly culti-
vated, extending through York county, and al-
most every farmer has one or two choice cows
of the native stock, which he considers of a su-
perior kind; but from all that I have seen in my
own examination, (and | have taken pains in the
matter,) as well from what I hear, they fall far
short of Hebe in beauty, size, shape, and other
points of value. Early last summer I obtained
from a neighbouring farmer a beautiful heifer of
the native stock, of the finest shape and promise,
and of the same age with Hebe. 1 kept them
together upon the same feed until new year,
when the difference was so great, that allowing
for a small original difference in size, Hebe ap-
peared at least two years ahead in improvement.

Superiority of Improved Stock.

Yorkshire is an uncommonly fine animal, and
although not two years old, has the weight and
size of the best common bulls at five years old. -
The great breadth and perfect symmetry of his
frame is most extraordinary; his skin is covered
| with a coat of hair almost as fine as fur, and his.
fine handling shows an elasticity, which in the
course of another year will advance him to the
first rank of fine animals. |

Our farmers, who generally know the leading
points of good stock, have formed the highest
opinion of this breed, and all agree on the great
importance of extending them as rapidly as pos-
sible.—The great difficulty of obtaining them,
and the high prices they command, will for some
years retard the progress of the full blood; but
even the half blood, which almost every farmer
may obtain, must make a sensible improvement
in the course of two or three years.

The calves got by Yorkshire when he was
only a year old, from common cows, indicate the
great superiority of the breed in a remarkable
degree. A heifer calf, got by him on a common
cow, was lately sold for $20, when common
calves of the same age and best appearance, will
not command five dollars.

I hope, my dear sir, your exertions to pro-
mote the improvement of our farm stocks, may
be rewarded as well in value as in what I know
to be much more gratifying to you, the satisfac-

Improved Short-horns—Quantity and Quality of Milk.

tion of contributing so largely to the substantial
wealth and comfort of your fellow citizens.
I am, very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
Cuarues A. BAarnirz.
Joun Hare Powe, Esa.

Extract from a communication, made by his Ex-
cellency Levi Lincoln, Governor of Massachu-
setts—President of the Worcester County Agri-
cultural Society.

(Memoirs Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, p. 14.)

“Upon the subject of Denton’s progeny, I
should fear to write to any one less observing
and sanguine than yourself. With nineteen of
them, of different grades and ages, in my pos-
session, I can safely say, that my most confident
anticipations have been entirely answered. I
have now seven heifers in milk, four of them
3 years, and three 2 years old, and for richness in
quality and abundance in quantity, they are not
excelled by the very best cows of any age, of
the native stock. A heifer of 3 years, with her
second calf, has not been dry since she dropped
her first, having given four quarts on the morn-
ing of her second calving.

“Next to the Merino sheep, I consider the

introduction of the Short-horns, in the blood of

ee Ee LL OU

OTE Aa PTE ae A Ne Pe SOR ee SO Te Meas Bee eer Ae pl ie
als Ww, ‘ Ar . ala . » et . ae vw"

Hardiness—Dairy Qualities.

Denton, as the richest acquisition to the country
which agriculture has received. For the dairy
and the stall I speak with the utmost confidence
of their pre-eminence. From my three years
old heifers I have calves of the most promising
appearance, and greatly excelling any I have be-
fore seen. One of the heifers gives from 16 to
20 quarts of the richest milk, by the day, since
calving ; the other a little less, from the circum-
stance of having been in milk continually for
more than a year; but her milk is in no degree
inferior in quality. The last season she gave
eleven quarts at a milking, with grass only, and
this not unfrequently. They keep as easily as
the native stock, and are as hardy. I have this
year a three-fourths heifer calf from a half blood
of Denton by Admiral, the famous bull sent out
by Sir Isaac Coffin last year, to the Massachu-
setts Agricultural Society, and two others by the
celebrated bull “Celebs” on Denton’s half blood.
They are fine promising animals, although in no
respect superior to the three-fourths of Denton.
I have no knowledge of the properties of this
stock for labour, never having altered but one of
the males. I cannot, however, perceive any
reason to doubt their value in this particular.
Their form indicates great power, and mem have
much quietness and docility.”

Half Breeds at six times the price of common Stock.

@

Washington, (Pa.) December 3d, 1825.
Joun Hare Powe , Esa. | |

Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society.
DEAR Sir, .

I have seldom paid $200 in a manner more
to my satisfaction, than that paid for the young
bull.* The object I had in purchasing was the
improvement of my own stock. Jam now per-
fectly satisfied that this will be accomplished
equal to my most sanguine expectations; and I
have the additional gratification of seeing my
neighbours’ stock also rapidly improving. You
will probably recollect, that at the time I pur-
chased, I attributed the fine appearance of your

stock in some degree to extraordinary keep. ©

The little experience I have had is calculated to
do away this impression. I have sold every calf
I could spare, to experienced farmers, from six
to eight times the price of common calves; and
reserved the best. Several of my next spring
calves are already bespoke. Nonsuch took the
highest premium at our exhibition of 1824—at
our last show I entered all my stock for exhibi-
tion only, and not for premiums. The commit-
tee on cattle reported Nonsuch the finest ani-
mal they had seen. They noticed his calves in
the same handsome manner. There were 12 of
them on the ground. I herewith send you the
printed report. * * * * No fact appears

* Nonsuch, a half bred Short-horn bull, by Denton.

a) Se ‘ap — oo) a, ya it = = & See) Ll; oa ae oe = kf =
sy Hager ee Leet a. Tie ee ae) Oe ee Doce Meat Seer aar. Uk a) Soe
he « oe ae Sa d A re
4 * : ieee wa: ; 2.401% a +a .
1 Ms . A 3 : y

Short-horn Yearlings— Holstein Cattle.

to me more obvious than that the best possible
mode that could be devised to call the attention
of our farmers to the improvement of our native
stock, is to exhibit amongst them the best speci-
mens of what has been done in other countries.
The estimation in which the “Improved Short-
horns” are held by the practical men in England,
without taking into view our own experience,
ought at least to procure for them some indul-
gence until they have a fair trial. Iam so tho-
roughly satisfied of their excellence, that I do
not mean to stop until I have some of the pure
blood. I forgot to tell you in its proper place,
that my yearlings are easily kept in good order,

~ and excel in those points that indicate deep

milkers.
I am sincerely yours,
ALEXANDER REED.

Extract of a Letier from E. Wolcott, Esq., a skil-
ful practical farmer.

East Windsor, Conn., June 17, 1825.

In January last, I journeyed to Vermont, and
saw the descendants of the Holstein (Short
Horns,) cattle, imported by Wm. Jarvis, Esq.,
about fourteen years ago. Satisfied of the ex-
cellence of this stock, I purchased of Mr. Jarvis
a few heifers. In March, J travelled into Massa-
chusetts, and saw the imported bulls Denton,

ee do Pe a ee es ¥, 5, ae

improved Short-horns and Native Cattle compared.

Ceelebs, and Admiral, of the Improved Durham
Short-horn ‘breed, and many of their progeny.
Recently I have seen more of the same breed in
your possession, and in Baltimore: and should
think no lover of fine cattle could see them,
without acknowledging their excellence —How
fully Iam persuaded of their superiority over
any other breed of neat cattle, you may well
Know by the price I paid for a young male of
pure blood.

With sentiments of much respect and esteem,
I am, sir, your most obedient humble servant,

E. Woxicorr.
Joun Hare Powe n, Esa.
Cor. Sec’y Penn. Ag. Soc.

Passyunk, Philadelphia County,
f January 27th, 1825.

Sir.—In answer to your inquiries, I state that
my father and myself keep generally one hun-
dred milch cows. He has usually fed, annually,
from four hundred to six hundred head of cat-
tle; my business is exclusively that of a grazier
and dairy farmer. I have had in my possession
cows of various breeds, imported into Pennsyl-
vania, and have seen some of the best milch
cows purchased by order, in New England and
New York State. In addition to my other em-
ployments, my business as superintendent of the
District of Meadow at Schuylkill Point. leads me

D

The best Cow in Massachusetts.

constantly among the cattle grazed upon it. I
have no hesitation in declaring, after a minute
examination of the Improved Durham Short-
horn cows at Powelton, that I have never seen
any animals which I would prefer, as dairy stock.
The position and shape of their udders, their
thin necks and very small bone, together with
their whole form, give as much appearance for
milk, as any thing I have ever seen. I have
often sold cows from sixty to eighty dollars, of
the best breeds, which could be found before the
late importations of Short-horns.

WitiiAmM BRADLEY.

Joun P. Minnor,
Rec. Sec. Penn. Ag. Soc.

Extract from the Report of the Committee on
Neat Cattle, at the Cattle Show at Worces-
ter, Massachusetts, in 1825.

Governor Lincoln offered for exhibition three
half Denton* cows, all of excellent quality, but
one of them particularly noticed as an extraor-
dinary animal of her kind. * She has often given
from 24 to 27 quarts of milk per day, of excel-
lent quality, yielding a large proportion of
cream. The least quantity of milk given by her
in any one day during the summer drought, on
grass feed only, was 13 quarts! The committee
considered her tHE MosT VALUABLE MILCH COW
EVER EXHIBITED IN THE COMMONWEALTH.

* Denton, Mr, Williams’ Improved Short-horned Bull.

Sheep—Merino—Characteristic Marks, &c.

Sheep—Merino—On the necessity of attending to
Yolk—The characteristic marks and peculiari-
ties of the best varieties.

By James CatpweEtt, Esa.
Philadelphia, October 2d, 1826,

My Dear Sir,—To the queries which you
have done me the honour to address to me, I
have no hesitation in answering generally in the
affirmative, viz. I have generally found the finest
fleeces to contain the most yolk. Yet I have
known exceptions to this general rule, in sheep
that appeared to have a peculiar secretion, and
CONCRETION Of the yolk; those exceptions, how-
ever, have been so rare, as to establish in my
opinion the correctness of the general rule.

It is also, in my opinion, a characteristic of
the Merino fleece to have an abundance of yolk.

I have no hesitation in saying, that all who
have paid attention to the subject, must be aware
of the fact, that an individual of an ordinary
breed might accidentally be endowed with qua-
lities superior to the generality of its race. A
horse, for instance, might possess uncommon
speed, but it would be imprudent to breed from
such an animal for the purposes of the course,
without the corroboration of marks, which good
Judges could not mistake, to ascertain with pre-
cision the stock to which it belonged.

# * * * * * #

I beg leave to present to you an engraving of
one of my ewes, which, in my opinion, has all
the characteristics of the best variety of the Me-
rino.

Sheep—Merino—best varieties.

It must be perfectly well known to you, that
many varieties of the Merino were imported
from Spain. Ihave examined most of these i
portations, and found none equal in value, in:
estimation, to the variety, of which this engravii
shows the characteristic marks.

I would not have exchanged that ewe for the
best Saxon Merino I have ever examined. You
will observe that the head is covered with wool
down to the nostril. Bare heads are apt to be
accompanied by bare bellies and light fleeces.

* * x * * * *
With the greatest regard and respect,
Your obedient servant,
JAMES CALDWELL.
Joun Hare Powet, Esa.
Corres. Sec’ry of the Penn. Agricul. Society.

Extracts from, Dr. Parry’s Essay on the Nature, Pro-
duce, Origin, and Extension of the Merino breed of
Sheep.

“Tn the year 1765, Augustus Frederick, Elector of Saxony, introduced into
his dominions from Spain 100 rams and 200 ewes, chosen from the most noted
flocks. Part of these were established at the Electoral farm at Stolpen, on
the frontiers of Bohemia, six leagues from Dresden. Three other secondary
sheep farms were instituted, at Rennersdorf, Lohm, and Hohenstein, in order
chiefly to improve the native breeds by the Spanish cross. At the end of ten
years, these establishments were found to have had all possible success. The
sheep of the pure blood had preserved every valuable quality, and the ultimate
crosses had wool fully equal in fineness and beauty, to that of the pure Meri-
noes.” * * * * * * * * ; i

“ According to Lasteyrie, the pure Merinoes belonging to the Elector, —
* : * * aS .

amounted in 1802, to 3400.” . .
“The sheep of these flocks are larger or smaller, and yield
wool, according to the nourishment which is given them, and t

which they are treated On the whole, they are smaller and less productive, —
* * *

*

*,

than the original ones in Spain.”

“The winter food of the Saxon Merinoes consists of hay, lattermath, clover,
oat or rye straw, haulm of peas, vetches, lentils, &c. which are distributed
twice or thrice a day, according to their quality. Some cultivators give oil
cake, and bran or corn bruised, or ground into meal. They mix these articles
in a tub with the water which they give the sheep to drink, and afterwards
divide among them the more substantial sediment. This mixture, which they
find singularly beneficial to the lambs, should be made with hot water; and
seven or eight pounds of cake or meal are divided among 100 sheep.”

Sy

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ees

Lal UB oa PP.
a aa
On various breeds—Teeswater—Dishley—and
Southdown—their Characteristics— Form—
Flesh—and Fleece. On early Maturity—Its
Importance—Value not determined by great
Size.
By Joun Hare Powe, Esa.
Powelton, Feb. 20, 1827.
In a communication which I had the honour
to present to the society, I remarked—The
Teeswater sheep are the largest in Europe
—are slow feeders—tallow well within—carry
more flesh, and less fat without; but produce
much worse mutton, and much coarser offal,
than the Dishley breed. Their fieeces are heavy,
and afford, in common with the Dishley, what is
called combing wool. fitted for the manufacture
of camlets, and various articles of worsted. The
Southdown sheep are much smaller than the
Dishley—they are more hardy—their wool is
short, equal in quality to that of half-bred Meri-
no—their fleeces are not so heavy—they carry
more fat within, and much more flesh without,
than either the Dishley, Tunisian, Irish, or Tees-
water sheep. By their activity and vigour, both
of muscle and constitution, they are fitted to en-
counter every difficulty, as well as to endure the
extremes of heat and cold. They occupy, in
_ England, one of the most exposed and least fer-
tile portions of the island—their mutton is of the
finest kind, and commands the highest price, al-
though from the properties of the sheep it can
be produced at least cost.

Sheep—Form—Fleece tests of excellence.

There is no mistake more prevalent, and
none more egregious, than that which ascribes
excellence to great size. Unless it be had early,
and at comparatively small expense, large size
does not more determine the extent of useful-
ness in the quadruped, thaninthe man. Weight
is not always ascertained by size—It is affected
more by compactness and squareness in certain
parts, with rotundity of the barrel, than by mere
extension of the frame. If the hind quarters be
long, deep, and wide—the shoulders be placed
well back—the breast be ample—the brisket be
protruded—the back be broad—the loins wide—
the girth behind the fore legs and over the: chine,
be large, the animal must possess not merely the
frame which weighs most, but the form which
carries most weight in the valuable parts, and
affording suflicient room for the action of the
lungs; without which, health and thrift can be
seldom found.

Some animals have good forms, but are
“shelly,” as it is technically termed, conveying the
idea of the absence of the due quantity of flesh.
Some breeds produce too much fat, in propor-
tion to flesh: those which carry comparatively a
large quantity of flesh, ‘marbled when ripe,
with the propensity to become fat at an early
age, and in the shortest time, are those best fit-
ted for grazing purposes. These remarks apply
to neat cattle as well as to sheep. It is evident
that the product, whether in beef, mutton, butter,
cheese, or milk, must be estimated by the quan-
tity of food, before the result can be had. Early
maturity not only saves food, but spares capital
and gains time. The quantity and quality of the
wool is a matter of serious importance, when the

Sheep— Yolk essential to fine Wool.

value of sheep is to be determined. If do not
mean by quality, the fineness of the fibre alone, nor
do I mean to confine the remark to sheep whose
wool is of the finer sort. The filaments of
combing wool should part readily—those of fine
wool should be soft and elastic, as if it had been
frizzled. The mere fineness of the fibre, or
length of the staple, is not the only test of excel-
lence: a diseased, or half starved sheep, produces
fine wool, but not an elastic, nor useful material.

The sheep which produce the finest fleeces,
are not necessarily the best to form a breeding
flock. Wf their constitutions be not good—if their
forms be bad, the secretion of yolk, which is es-
sential for the support of the fleece, must be
small; the offspring, consequently, will be a de-
generate race. Thus, in selecting merinoes, re-
gard should be given to their forms, even in
those parts of the country where the demand tor
the carcass is so small, as to make mutton of
little value.

It has been objected that the mutton of South-
down sheep may be good—that its excellence,
if it exist, must be ascribed to their extensive
ranges of pasturage—that the ewes when four or
five years old are almost invariably destitute of
wool on their bellies—that they afford at that
age about 14 pounds, that the wethers afford 2
to 24 pounds of wool—that they can be found
in almost every flock of common sheep through-
out a considerable portion of Pennsylvania and
New Jersey—that their wool is not very visibly
finer, and that their mutton from the same pas-
turage is not-known to be better than that of
common sheep.

The following notices will determine how far

Sheep—Southdowns— Fleece, its quality. —

the assertions as to the hardiness of the animal—
the excellence of the flesh—the quantity and
quality of the wool are established by the opi-
nions of manufacturers, woolstaplers, graziers,
and men of faste.
I have the honour to be, &c.
Joun Hare Powe.
To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Sosiety.

Southdown Sheep—On their Properties—Hardi-
ness— Tendency to become fat—On their Fleeces,
close, heavy, and sufficiently fine for General
Purposes—On their Flesh—Its delicacy—Fla-
vour, and superiority to all other Mutton.

By Witit1aMm Puttuiirs, Esa.
Philadelphia, February 12th, 1827.

Dear Srr,—Agreeably to your request, I give
you my opinion of the Southdown sheep, exhi-
bited to a committee of the Philadelphia Agri-
cultural Society, of which I was a member. Al-
though the fleece in fineness is not equal to Me-
rino, yet I ascertained from dealers that a smALL
PART OF THE FLEECE WOULD MAKE GOOD BROAD-
CLOTH, AND THE REMAINDER IS IN HIGH ESTI-
MATION FOR INFERIOR FABRICS. Considering
all their estimable properties, I am of opinion
that such Southdown sheep as you exhibited, are
as valuable a stock, if not more so, than any
other that have been kept in this country.

THE FLEECE IS CLOSE, HEAVY, AND SUFFI-
CIENTLY FINE FOR GENERAL PURPOSES, AND A
SMALL PART FINE ENOUGH FOR ANY PURPOSE
to which wool is likely to be applied for many
years to come.

Sheep —Southdowns— Mutton—Its excellence.

To the excellence of the Southdown mutton,
I can with pleasure testify, as well as several gen-
tlemen whose judgment of the luxuries of the
table, will. not be doubted by those who know
them—They were so well pleased with it, that
they cordially gave the annexed certificate of
their opinion of the saddle of an imported we-
ther, which was a present to Mr. David Lewis,
who kept it upon his farm, on comMON PASTURE,
Without GRAIN OR ANY PARTICULAR ATTENTION,
and it was the finest saddle of mutton, in appear-
ance, delicacy, and flavour, I ever saw or tasted.
It was greatly admired by many others. Their
thriving properties, and tendency to become fat,
are very important recommendations.
I remain, with much esteem,

Yours,
WituiAM Paruies.

Joun HarE Powe, Esa.

We the subscribers having partaken of a sad-
die of mutton from Mr. David Lewis’ farm, of
the Southdown breed, the qualities of which are
not generally known here, are of opinion that it
is much superior in delicacy and flavour to any
other mutton we have eaten.

WILLIAM PHILLIPS,

JOHN CLEMENTS STOCKER,
JOHN SMITH,

LAWRENCE LEWIS,

J. K. WUCHERER,

L. CLAPIER,

ANTHONY STOCKER,
ROBERT TOLAND.

Philadelphia, February 12, 1827.

Sheep—Southdowns—Form and Fleece.

Southdown Sheep—On their Fleeces, Carcasses,
and fine Points.

By James Sykes, Esa.

(An extensive manufacturer of Maryland.)

Baltimore, October, 1826,

Dear Sir,—In reply to your inquiries upon
the subject of Southdown sheep, I take leave to
state, that I carefully examined the Southdown
sheep exhibited by Colonel Lloyd at the late
Maryland cattle show, and have samples of wool,
fairly taken from them, together with samples
from Merino sheep, exhibited at the same time.
I have no hesitation in giving, as my opinion,
that the Southdown wool is equal in quality to
the wool of the Merino sheep, shown upon that
occasion (with the exception of the sheep exhi-
bited by Wm. Patterson, Wm. R. Dickinson, Es-
quires, and General Mason) but, I would here
remark, that I considered none of the sheep ex-
hibited (except those owned by the aforemen-
tioned gentleman) full blood Merinoes, judging
from the fleece.

I believe the Southdown wool shown me at
Powelton, and the wool upon the Southdown
sheep of Col. Lloyd, equal in quality to the ge-
neral average of three-fourths blood Merino of
this country, and superior to much wool offered
for sale, as full blood Merino.

I consider the Southdown wool to be best
adapted to the sattinett manufacture, the fleece
being generally a close, short pile.

I think the Southdowns at Powelton possess-
ed of remarkably good carcasses and fine points,
and especially the ram last imported by you,
which, in those respects, I think superior to any
sheep I have ever seen.

Sheep—Southdowns adapted to general purposes.

I esteem the Southdowns a valuable race,
taking into consideration both carcass and fleece,
and, were I to engage in sheep husbandry
upon the sea-board, where mutton is an object,
should prefer them to any other kind J have yet
seen; on the other hand, were I to keep sheep in
the interior, where fleece would be my object, J
should prefer the finest woolled Merino or Saxon,
and would make my commencement from the
flocks of Wm. R. Dickinson, Esq. of Ohio, as 1
am now of opinion he has sheep equal, if not
superior, to the general race of Saxon sheep lately
imported.

J am, with great respect,
Your obedient servant,
JAMES SYKEs.

Southdown Sheep—Mr. Powel’s Inquiries, ad-
dressed to Mr. Aaron Clement, one of the most
successful breeders in the United States.

Dear Srr,—You have bred sheep for many
years—have travelled in various states—have

manifested great zeal for the improvement of

live stock—have been rewarded by the highest
prices, and highest. premiums for sheep of the
mixed Dishley, Teeswater and Southdown race,
and have aided me in procuring the very best
animals of that variety. I thus rely especially
upon your judgment and ask your replies* to
the following questions.

JOHN HARE POWEL.

Mr. Aaron CLEMENT.

*« Mr. Clement’s replies and the subsequent certificates are adduced in
refutation of the assertion, that Southdown sheep can be found in the com-
mon flocks of Pennsylvania, &c.

Sheep—Southdowns—LHacellence in Points, &.

Southdown Sheep—On their Characteristics—
their Forms, Points, Properties, and Vigour—
On the quality and close staple of their Fleeces.

By Mr. Aaron CLEMENT.

Have you ever seen such sheep as my import-
ed Southdown sheep?

/lns. I have seen sheep, whose faces and legs
have some resemblance to yours, but entirely
different in form, yours being decidedly superior.

Do you think sheep so peculiar in form and
appearance, could exist in Pennsylvania or New
Jersey, without your having seen them?

Ams. J have never known any of the pure
Southdowns to be in existence, in either of the
above named states, with the exception of those
said to have been imported by Captain Beanes
into New Jersey, and they have been crossed
with other breeds until they bear but little re-
semblance to the original stock.

Have these Southdown sheep close fleeces,
covering well their bellies with wool of fine qua-
lity?

Ams. Your Southdowns are clothed with wool
of fine quality, and close staple, their bellies well
covered.

Have they good forms, with the appearance |

of vigour and hardiness.

Ans. Their form I think superior to most
sheep that I have seen. They appear to be vi-
gorous and hardy.

Have they wide chests, wide loins, heavy hind
quarters, long frames, exhibiting a good carcass
for a grazier?

Ans. They possess the above named fine
points in a very eminent degree.

Very respectfully, yours,
AARON CLEMENT.

THE

Art of Brecytug.

On the adaptation of particular Breeds to the food, cli-
mate, and face of the country in which they are reared
—The necessity of breeding in, to fix Varieties, or to
establish Improved Breeds—The injurious effects of
breeding in-and-in TOO CLOSELY.

By Joun Hare Powet, Esa.

Powelton, October 5, 1826.

Dear Srr,—I have never considered any race of sheep
fitted for all the climates, soils, and objects of our vast terri-
tory ;* and I have endeavoured to show, that ‘‘ particular breeds
have been for ages retained in certain parts of Kurope, where
the shape of the animal has been made conformable to the
purposes, to the climate, to the food, and face of the country
upon which it has been reared. On the mountains of Scot-
Jand and Wales, on the bare chalk hills of the southern and
western parts of England, races of sheep have always been
bred, which, by the lightness of their carcasses, and the acti-
vity of their muscles, are enabled to find sustenance, and by
the closeness of their fleeces, are fitted to endure the ex-
posure, which, in mountainous regions, must always be met.
In the rich vales of Leicestershire, and highly cultivated
marshes of Lincolnshire, and other counties in the north, fa-
milies, the very opposite to these, have been as carefully bred,
possessing heavy carcasses, long wool, shorter legs, very small
bone, with the most sluggish dispositions, without either the
desire or the power to make exertion to obtain food.”’

And with these impressions, you will perceive I have not
given up long woolled ‘sheep, but have repeatedly ordered
them from England, in addition to several imported parcels,
which I had obtained here, or in Massachusetts; more espe-
cially as I consider combing wool essential to certain manu-
factures about to be introduced.

* Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, page 135.
N

Breeding—Varieties are fixed by breeding in.

My success in crossing Tunisian long woolled sheep with
‘* Br ane’s M1XED”’ family of Dishley blood, was sufficiently
manifest in the fine rams which you so much admired, on
their way to my friends in Maryland and Virginia. In cross-
ing these animals of different breeds, Bur NOT OF DISTINCT
RAGES, both being of THE LONG WOOLLED RACE, I did not
expect to obtain the good qualities of both, without the de-
Sects of either ; I but hoped to procure the hardiness and fine
mutton of Tunisian sheep, and some of the attributes, not of
pure Dishley, but merely of ‘‘ Beanes’ mixEp’’? ramiLy of
Dishley blood. I expected from mongrels but the degree of
excellence possessed by mongrels, until after a succession of
years, by proper selection and repeated crosses, I might have
fixed certain varieties in one family, constituting thus an im-
proved breed.*

I might have pursued my object for many years, without
danger of breeding too closely in, even if I had begun with
but two sheep. It is admitted by most of the opponents of
breeding in-and-in, that with certain views the father may be
united with the daughter—with the granddaughter—g. grand-
daughter—and g. g. granddaughter: for the g. g. grand-
daughter is supposed to retain one-sixteenth of the blood of the
original dam. But a brother and sister should very rarely be
joined, as they are both of precisely the same blood.

Much confusion has arisen from the want of proper tech-
nical Janguage to convey the principles upon which the art of
breeding has been established. The use of the words, family,
breed, and race, indiscriminately, causes no little difficulty in
communicating precise impressions on this subject: and to
prevent cavil in the use of terms, I will endeavour to illus-
trate the acceptation in which they are taken by me.

I have called all the old ‘‘ Bakewell’? sheep derived from
Beanes’ importation, ‘a mixed family,’’ as they are mon-
grels, derived from his importation of Dishley, Teeswater,
jumbled, in most cases, with Southdown, Irish, and common
American sheep. ‘The term family is used, to designate their
close affinity in all cases; yet the absence of determined cha-
racteristics, denies to them the appellation of ‘*a breed,”
which, I suppose, must be marked by points, properties, or
general conformation so distinct, as to leave no hesitation in
regard to immediate origin or descent.

But “race,” I conceive, in the language of breeders, em-

_* At the time this experiment was made, my attempts to procure sheep
from England had been defeated by the penalties opposed to their exportation
by the British statutes.

Breeding in—How far expedient.

braces many breeds; thus sheep are classed under the gene-
ral terms, ‘‘ long woolled and short woolled race.’’

By the term variety, I apprehend that breeders mean a pro-
duct fortuitous, or the result of design, exhibiting peculiar
characteristics, either in form or properties, or both, and
which are so decided, as to prevent its being assigned to any
known family, or particular breed.

* NEW VARIETIES ARE OBTAINED BY CROSSES
—THEY ARE FIXED BY SELECTION, AND
BREEDING IN. WHEN THEIR BLOOD HAS
BEEN COMMIXED, AND THEIR OFFSPRING HAS
BEEN JOINED DURING MANY GENERATIONS,
WITH REFERENCE TO THE APPROXIMATION
OF THE INDIVIDUALS SO JOINED TO THE
POINTS OR PROPERTIES DESIRED, PRODUCING
AN UNION OF THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PECU-
LIARITIES, THEY ARE SAID TO BE ESTABLISH-
ED OR FIXED IN ONE FAMILY, CONSTITUTING
THUS AN IMPROVED BREED.

The first cross produces a variety called an half breed—the
second, three-fourths—the third, seven-eighths—the fourth,
fifteen-sixteenths, and so on. The variation of the blood in
each cross is designated by figures to a certain point only,
because there is a point where all sagacious breeders acknow-
ledge, that the blood of the original sire or dam, is so nearly
sunk or expelled, as to be little estimated, leaving them at
that point, in possession of animals, usually equal to pure
blood.

If it were not received among breeders, whose experience
has led to the conclusion—if it were not sanctioned by men,
whose habits of investigation, and general knowledge cannot
fail to lead them to truth, it might be questioned whether an
improved breed could be found, whose attributes could be re-
tained without danger of some sudden transition, destructive
of all the objects, in the promotion of which, it- had been
sought. This position may be illustrated by the success
which the breeders of dogs, and even of birds, have attained.

The term “ breeding in-and-in’”’ appears to have been re-
ceived by some writers in a different sense from that in which
I apprehend it should be applied. I have considered Sir John
Sebright’s essay, published at the desire of the President of
the Royal Society, decidedly the best which has appeared
upon this subject; and in my impressions I am supported by
Sinclair and Young, the one quoting Sebright in the ‘‘ Code

~

* It will be recollected that this notice is intended for American husband-
men, who are not generally fainiliar with this subject.

‘

Breeding in-and-in too closely—Effects.

of Agriculture,’ the other establishing his positions in the
‘« Survey of Sussex,’’ by giving the highest authorities—facts,
as well as the opinions of practical men.

By opposing ‘breeding in-and-in,’’? Sebright does not in-
tend to exclude the union of animals nearly allied, for he
justly remarks—

‘¢ Mr. Bakewell had certainly the merit of destroying the
absurd prejudice which formerly prevailed against breeding
from animals, between whom there was any degree of rela-
tionship; had this opinion been universally acted upon, no
one could have been said to be possessed of a particular breed,
good or bad; for the produce of one year would have been
dissimilar to that of another, and we should have availed our-
selves but little of an animal of superior merit, that we might
have had the good fortune to possess.”’

And he continues, that brother and sister may even be
joined with certain views, ‘‘ should they sorH BE VERY
Goop, and PARTICULARLY SHOULD THE SAME DEFECTS NOT
PREDOMINATE IN BOTH, BUT THE PERFECTIONS OF THE ONE
PROMISE TO CORRECT, IN THE PRODUCE, THE IMPERFEC-
TIONS OF THE OTHER.’ Yet he opposes its being earried so
far, as some writers have imagined, it was pursued by Bake-
well, whose practice has never been traced.

I have contended that the effects of breeding cLosELy in, are
injurious; my practice, independent of any expression in fa-
vour of Sebright’s doctrine, will determine that I do not ob-
ject to the union, to a certain point, of animals nearly allied.
One of my finest bulls (Malcolm) which I imported at the
time I possessed many high-bred males of the same breed,
is derived from a cow begotten by Western Comet, upon his
g. g. granddaughter.

And that I am confirmed in this opinion by Mr. Coates, one
of the oldest breeders of Great Britain, is evident in his de-
claring, that he has seen no bull which he would prefer to Mal-
colm as a sire.

The celebrated Knight, Mason, Rudd, Whitaker, Berry, and
Sommerville, might be quoted in aid of that which has been
advanced; but more pointedly to bring the soundness of Se-
bright’s doctrine to your view, I would recal your own, and
your brother’s experience in flocks of sheep made decrepid by
too close adherence to the same blood.

Joun Harr Powe.
To the President of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society. ‘

ON THE PRINCIPLES

OF

LimprovedD Mrecving.

(Extracted from Sinclair’s Code of Agriculture, page 104,)

On the advantages of well-bred Stock— Breeding in— How
Sar essential—-breeding in-and-in TOO CLOSELY, TUin-
ous—Consequent decrease of size—Lass af character-
istics—and procreative power.

“The art of breeding consists in making a careful selection
of males and females, for the purpose of producing a stock,
with fewer defects, and with greater properties than their
parents, by which their mutual perfections shall be preserved,
and their mutual faults corrected.”

‘¢ The objects of improved breeding, therefore, are, to ob-
viate defects, and to acquire and to perpetuate desirable pro-
perties; hence, when a race of animals have possessed, in a
great degree, through several generations, the properties
which it is our object to obtain, and any tendency to produce

* Sir John S. Sebright’s Essay on the Art of Improving the Breed of Do-
mestic Animals, p.5 and 8. All breeding proceeds on the presumption, that
the tendency of any individual animal is, to transmit to its offspring, the
form, constitution, and qualities which it possesses; and as two animals are
concerned in the production of one offspring, that one is expected to inherit,
a form and constitution, compounded on the joint qualities of its two parents.
Thus it is found, in numerous breeds of animals, as in deer, in the West
Highland Cattle, in the North Devon, and in the wild cattle of Chillingham
Park: the offspring, for an indefinite number of generations, have borne the
same general characters — Observations by C. Mason, Esq., af Clifton, co.
Durhanc.

Breeding in-and-in too closely—E fects.

unwished for properties, has been extirpated, their progeny
are said to be well-bred, and their stock may be relied on.*
“It was upon this principle of selection, that Bakewell
formed his celebrated stock of sheep, having spared no pains
or expense, in obtaining the choicest individuals, from all the
best kinds of long or combing woolled sheep, wherever they
were to be met with;t and it cannot be doubted, that any
breed may be improved in the same manner, namely, that of

putting the best males to the finest females. After a superior —

breed, however, has thus been obtained, it is a point that has
been much disputed, whether it is proper to raise. stock,
1. From the same family; or, 2. From the same race, but of
different families; or, 3. From races entirely different.

“1. Breeding from the same family.—This method is
called breeding in-and-in, or putting animals of the nearest
relationship together.t Though this plan was for some time
in fashion, under the sanction of Bakewell’s authority, yet
experience has now proved that it cannot be successfully per-
severed in. It may prove beneficial indeed, if not carried
too far, in fixing any variety that may be thought valuable,§
but on the whole, it is so only in appearance. Under this
system, the young animal comes into the world, on, compa-
ratively, a very small scale. By keeping it fat from the first
moment of its existence, it is made to attain a greater size
than nature intended; and its weight in consequence will be
very great in proportion to the size of its bones. * Thus a ge-
neration or two of animals of an extraordinary form, and sale-
able at enormous prices, may be obtained; but that does not
prove that the practice is eligible, if long persisted in.|| On
the contrary, if the system be followed up, the stock get ten-
der and delicate, they become bad feeders; and though they
retain their shape and beauty, they will decrease in vigour
and activity, will become lean and dwarfish, and ultimately
‘incapable of continuing the race. The instances of this are

* Sir John 8. Sebright’s Essay, p. 7. Incessant care and attention, how-
ever, are necessary, to keep them up to the mark; and this is rather fortu-
nate than otherwise, since it perpetuates the merit of breeders, and the com-
petition of stock.

+ Young’s Lecture, p. 9.

t It having been found, that this system produced animals quite deficient
in vigour, those who are now possessed of a capital stock, keep two or three
streams of blood, quite distinct, that they may avoid a consanguinity.

§ Sir John §. Sebright’s Essay, p. 13. Paper by Henry Cline, Esq.,
Comm. vol. iv. p. 442. —

|| Paper by T. A. Knight, Esq., Comm. to the Board of Agriculture, vol.
ii. p. 185. These dwarfish males, however, may not have an injurious effect
on the stock of another person, especially the first cross, if the females be of
a coarser quality, and, on Mr. Cline’s principle, if they are of a larger size
than the males put to them.

Breeding in-an-in—How far expedient.

numerous. The celebrated breeder, Prinsep, found, that de-
crease of size unavoidable, in spite of all his endeavours, by
keeping his young stock well, to prevent it.* Sir John S.
Sebright tried many experiments by breeding in-and-in, with
dogs, fowls, and pigeons, and found the breeds uniformly de-
generate.t A gentleman who tried the system with pigs,
brought them at last into such a state, that the females gave

over breeding almost entirely, and when they did breed,
their produce was so small and delicate, that they died as
soon as they were born. Nay, Mr. Knight’s experiments
with plants have fully convinced him, that in the vegetable,
as well as in the animal kingdom, the offspring of a male and
female, not related, will possess more strength and vigour,
than where they are both of the same family.t This proves
how unprofitable such connexions are. ‘That is no reason,
however, why a breeder may not manage a particular family
of animals to great advantage, by shifting or changing, in-
stead of breeding directly from parents to offspring.§ Hence
the propriety of procuring males, from the flocks and herds
of those who have the same or a similar breed. It has been
remarked, that those farmers have in general the worst flocks,
who breed from rams produced on their own farms, and that
an interchange of males is mutually beneficial.||

“‘ With respect to the doctrine, ‘that when you can no
longer find better males than your own, then by all means
breed from them, for that best can only beget best;? it is
ably refuted by an intelligent author, who has devoted much
attention to the art of breeding. He observes, that there
never did exist an animal without some defect in constitution,
in form, or in some other essential quality; and such defect,
howeyer small it may be at first, will increase in every suc-
ceeding generation, and at last predominate in such a degree,
as to render the breed of very little value.1 Breeding in-and-
in, therefore, would only tend to increase, and to perpetuate
that defect, which might be eradicated, by a judicious selec-
tion, from a different family, in the same race.

* Paper by T. A. Knight, Esq., Comm. tu the Board of Agriculture, vol. ii.
185

t Sir John S. Sebright’s Essay, p. 13.

t has by T. A. Knight, Esq., Comm. to the Board of Agriculture, vol.
ii. p. 186.

§ Husbandry of Scotland, vol. ii. Appendix, p. 109. The same rule holds
good regarding the human species. By a train of unfortunate circumstances,
a brother and sister, german, ignorant of their close connexion together,
were married. They had ten children, all of whom died before their parents.

\| Paper by T. A. Knight, Esq., Comm. vol. ii. p. 172.

A T Seis 8. Sebright on Improving the Breeds of Domestic Animals, p.
an :

Crossing distinct races injudicious.

«2, The breeding from different families of the same race,
is therefore a preferable system. When these have been for
some time established in different situations, and have had
some slight shades of difference impressed upon them, by the
influence of different climates, soils, and treatment, it is found
advantageous, to interchange the males, for the purpose of
strengthening the excellencies and remedying the defects of
each family. On this principle, the celebrated Culley con-
tinued, for many years, to hire his rams from Bakewell, at
the very time that other breeders were paying him a liberal
price for the use of his own; and the very same practice is
followed by the most skilful breeders at present.

“<3. Any attempt at improvement, dy crossing two dis-
tinct breeds or races, one of which possesses the properties
which it is wished to obtain, or is free from the defects which
it is desirable to remove, requires a degree of judgment and
perseverance, to render such a plan successful, as is very
rarely to be met with. Indeed, though such crosses may, by
great attention, answer at first, yet it is generally found, that
great singularities attend such mixtures: and, in breeding
bulls, though some of them may apparently do, yet their
breed is not to be trusted.”

ON IMPROVING THE BREED OF ANIMALS.
(Extracted from Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Agriculture.—1826,)

By improvement of a breed is to be understood the pro-
ducing such an alteration in shape or description, as shall ren-
der the animal better fitted for the labours he has to perform;
better fitted for becoming fat; or for producing milk, wool,
eges, feathers, or particular qualities of these. The funda-
mental principle of this amelioration is the proper selection
of parents. ‘Two theories have obtained notice on this sub-
ject, the one in favour of breeding from individuals of. the
same parentage, called the in-and-in system, and the other
in favour of breeding from individuals of two different off-
springs, called the system of cross breeding. As is usual in
such cases, neither theory is exclusively correct,* at least as
far as respects agricultural improvement; for, as will after-
wards appear, the principles on which a selection for breed-
ing so as to improve the carcase of the animal depends, will
lead occasionally to either mode. a

e
* Sebright’s positions are thus confirmed. See his remarks upon Mr. Meynel’s eerie
“ from the father and the daughter and the mother and the son,” and even “ from brother an
sister ;” to which Sebright does not object, * if they should both be very good, and particularly
should the same defeets not predominate in both, but the perfections of the one promise to
correet in the produce the imperfections of the other.”—Letter by Sir John Saunders Sebright,
Bart., M. P.,; on the Art of Improving the Breeds of Domestic Animals.

!

On Breeding—Misapprehension of Terms—Mr.
Meynel’s Practice—Breeding in-and-in—Cross-
ing — Selection — Objects— Effects— Sebright’s
Theory—On fixing varieties—Sheep— Fleece—
Form—tts influence upon the Constitution and
Secretions of the Animal.

By Joun Hart Powet1, Esa.
(In Reply to Major Rudd, of Marton Lodge, England.)

Dear Sir,

On the degeneracy produced by breeding too
closely in-and-in, 1 consider myself peculiarly
fortunate in having your conclusive testimony.
This fruitful subject of misapprehension had not
till recently excited attention in this country
among writers, although the evil tendency of fol-
lowing any stream of blood into too close affi-
nity, has always been deprecated, and’ has been
uniformly avoided, in the practice of successful
husbandmen.

The subject is difficult, and the misuse of
terms, or the want of precision, has in some in-
stances been the source of discussion where little
difference of opinion in fact prevailed.

In the language of Sebright, on various occa-
sions, “{ have freely stated my opinions without
considering them as conclusive,” and I venture
to give the arguments which I have adduced in
support of his essay, in order that I may be cor-
rected by you, if | be wrong.

I apprehend, that his theory is. founded upon
the belief, that all domesticated animals are dis-
posed “to go back,’ as having some tendency
towards constitutional defects ; and inferring that
those of the same family are likely to be affected

by tendency towards the same point, he thinks,
R

Breeding from the Sire and Daughter.

that by the union of animals so situated, and
having such tendency, the defects will in the off
spring be increased.

If he had defined his acceptation of the terms
“crossing,” and “breeding in-and-in,” less diffi-
culty might have prevailed. It is evident that
the common application of these terms is very
different from that in which I conceive them to
be correctly used by him. He observes—

“Mr. Meynel’s fox-hounds are likewise quoted as an
instance of the success of this practice; but upon speaking to
that gentleman upon the subject, I found that he did not at-
tach ‘the meaning that I do, to the term in-and-in. He said
he frequently bred from the father and the daughter, and the
mother and the son. This is not what I consider breeding
in-and-in; for the daughter is only half of the same blood as
the father, and will probably partake, in a great degree, of
the properties of the mother.”

‘“Mr. Meyncl sometimes bred from brother and sister:
this is certainly what may be called a little close ; but should
they both be very good, and particularly should the same de-
fects not predominate in both, but the perfections of the one,
promise to correct in the produce the imperfections of the
other, I do not think it objectionable : much further than this,
the system of breeding from the same family, ae . my
opinion, be pursued with safety.” i

«¢ Although I believe the occasional intermixture of diffe
rent families to be necessary, I do not, by any means, ap-
prove of mixing two distinct breeds, with the view of uniting
the valuable properties of both: this experiment has been
frequently tried by others as well as by myself, but has I be-
lieve never succeeded. The first cross frequently produces a
tolerable animal, but it is a breed that cannot be continued.’’*

“‘If it were possible, by a cross between the New Leices-
tershire and Merino breeds of sheep, to produce an animal
uniting the excellencies of both, that is, the carcase of the
one, with the fleece of the other, even such an animal, so
produced, would be of little value to the breeder;t a race of
the same description could not be perpetuated; and no de-
pendance could be placed upon the produce of such animals;
they would be mongrels, some like the New Leicester, some
like the Merino, and most of them with the faults of both.”

* Should not the product of the frst cross be called a variety ?
+ Should not the term breed be used?

Breeding—Sebright’s. Theory.

Sebright asserts, as we all know, that varieties
even of pigeons are established by selection and
breeding in-and-in. The first cross produces an
animal called an half-bred—the second, three-
fourths—the third, seven-eighths—the fourth, fif-
teen-sixteenths, and so on. Of consequence, the
variety obtained by the first cross could not be
perpetuated, as the proportions of blood would
annually vary, producing new varieties; which,
after a long time and great vigilance in selection,
might be established, constituting that which is
technically called “an improved | breed.”

It cannot be denied, that the offspring of a
male and female, of precisely the same degree
of affinity to two distinct breeds, would not 2e-
nerally exhibit precisely the same character istics,
nor would they show precisely those of the sire
and dam. In some, the attributes of one of the
breeds would predominate, whilst in many, those
of the other would in different degrees most pro-
bably appear.

Do we not find facts, corroborative of this, in
the human family? But when the most desira-
ble points and properties have, throughout many
generations, been determined by the skill of the
breeder in selecting the animals, which most
nearly approximate the excellence which he
seeks—in uniting those whose union would, by
“the perfections of the one promise to correct
in the produce the imperfections of the other,”
“a new variety is fixed.”

The Leicester sheep has long and coarse wool,
with an open fleece—the Merino has short and
fine wool, with a close fleece; the properties,
points, and general conformation of these ani-
mals, are opposed as much as those of any

Breeding —Distinet Races should not be crossed.

beings, of the same species, with which we are
acquainted.

The product of the first cross, between a Me-
rino and New Leicester sheep, would be covered,
probably, with wool of medium texture; but
when carried farther, it might become too short
for combing, too long for the general manutac-
tures of the country.

Sebright does not approve of ithdeing “ (lis-
tinct races,’ and gives an instance to show, what
he means by distinct races. It is evident that
the term race, is not always used in the same
sense, nor should I have used it as he has
done. ‘The quadruped race embraces all ani-
mals having four legs, yet we find the term
race applied frequently to a variety of a parti-
cular species; the improved Leicester sheep are
called New Leicester, or the Dishley race.

It is evident, Sebright did not object to mixing
animals of races, which he does not qualify by
the term distinct; as he asserts, that Merino

rams are frequently put to Southdown and Rye-

land ewes, all being of the fine woolled race,
which he approves with certain views. Nor
would he object to uniting the Arabian with the
turf horse—he knows that the best turf horses
had been so produced; but he would oppose the

union of a Welsh pony with a draught horse, or -

an Arabian courser with a Suffolk punch, if he
desired animals either for the turf or the road.
He is aware that varieties, sometimes fortuitous,
sometimes the product of design, afford the means
of establishing improved breeds of animals, or of
meliorating cultivated fruits. He urges—

“The effect of breeding in-and-in may be develamien or
retarded by selection, particularly i in those animals who pro-

a oe

.Breeding—Effects of Climate and Food.

duce many young ones at atime. There may be families so
nearly perfect, as to go through several generations, without
sustaining much injury from having been bred in-and-in ;
but a good judge would, upon examination, point out by what
they must ultimately fail, as a mechanic would discover the
weakest part of a machine before it gave way.

‘‘ Breeding in-and-in will, of course, have the same effect
in strengthening the good as the bad properties, and may be
beneficial, if not carried too far, particularly in fixing any
variety which may be thought valuable.’’*

‘<I have tried many experiments by breeding tn-and-in
upon dogs, fowls, and pigeons: the dogs became from strong
spaniels, weak and diminutive lap dogs, the fowls became
long in the legs, small in the body, and bad breeders.”

He justly remarks—

«‘ Many causes combine to prevent animals, in a state of na-
ture, from degenerating; they are perpetually intermixing,
and therefore do not feel the bad effects of breeding zn-and-
in: the perfections of some correct the imperfections of others,
and they go on without any material alteration, except what
arises from the effects of food and climate.

‘The greatest number of females will, of course, fall to the
share of the most vigorous males; and the strongest indivi-
duals of both sexes, by driving away the weakest, will enjoy
the best food, and the most favourable situations, for them-
selves and for their offspring.

«¢ A severe winter, or a scarcity of food, by destroying the
weak and the unhealthy, has all the good effects of the most
skilful selection. In cold and barren countries no animals
can live to the age of maturity, but those who have strong
constitutions ; the weak and the unhealthy do not live to pro-
pagate their infirmities, as is too often the case with our do-
mestic animals. To this I attribute the peculiar hardiness of
the horses, cattle, and sheep, bred in mountainous countries,
more than to their having been inured to the severity of the
climate ; for our domestic animals do not become more hardy
by being exposed, when young, to cold and hunger: animals
so treated will not, when arrived at the age of maturity, en-
dure so much hardship as those who have been better kept in
their infant state.

‘<If one male, and one female only, of a valuable breed,
could be obtained, the offspring should be separated, and
placed in situations as dissimilar as possible; for animals kept
together are all subjected to the effects of the same climate,

* Here the evil tendency must be corrected by the breedev’s skill in. “se-
lection.”

Breeding—Form indicative of Properties.

of the same food, and of the same mode of treatment, and
consequently to the same diseases, particularly to such as are

infectious, which must accelerate the bad effects of breeding

ér-and-in.””

His observations upon sheep entirely agree
with those which I had made in England as well
as here. He continues—

“IN COMPARING THE MERINO SHEEP WITH
THE SOUTHDOWNS, WHICH ARE, ALLOWED TO
BE THE BEST OF OUR SHORT-WOOLLED BREEDS,
THE FORMER HAVE VERY MUCH THE ADVAN-
TAGE, BOTH AS TO QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF
WOOL; BUT, I BELIEVE, THE LATTER WOULD
PRODUCE BY FAR THE GREATEST QUANTITY
OF MEAT, FROM A GIVEN QUANTITY OF FOOD,
WHICH IS THE CRITERION BY WHICH WE DE-
TERMINE THE RELATIVE VALUE OF ALL ANI-
MALS AS GRAZIER’S STOCK.

«Taking the gross produce, both of wool and of carcase, at
the present prices, the Merino breed may perhaps be the most
profitable: but should it be generally introduced, fine wool
would become cheaper, and mutton dearer; it is therefore not
easy to form a conclusive opinion upon this subject.

“‘Great improvements may undoubtedly be made in the
Merino breed, as to their disposition to get fat. Their advo-
cates say, with truth, that the Southdown sheep were but a
few years ago as imperfect in shape as the Merino now are;
but they should recollect, that a disposition to fatten at an
early age was always the characteristic of the Southdown breed,
even in its most unimproved state, and that it was from its

possessing this very essential quality that so much attention

has been paid to it.

“‘It is well known that a particular formation generally in-
dicates a disposition to get fat, in all sorts of animals; but this
rule is not universal, for we sometimes see animals of the
most approved forms, who are s/ow feeders, and whose flesh
is of a bad quality, which the graziers easily ascertain by the
touch. The disposition to get fat is more generally found in
some breeds than in others.. The Scotch Highland cattle are
remarkable for being almost all guick feeders, although many
of them are defective in shape. The Welsh cattle have but
little disposition to get fat: not from being particularly ill-
shaped, but because they are almost invariably what the gra-
ziers call bad handlers.

«‘We must not therefore suppose, that the bad shape of the

-

Breeding — Yolk essential to fine Wool.

Merino sheep is the sole cause of its being so ill calculated for
the purpose of the grazier.

«¢ An observation which Dr. Genner made to-me about ten
years ago, (the truth of which has since been confirmed by
my own experience—that no animal whose chest was narrow
could easily be made fat,) applies particularly to the Merino
sheep, who are in general contracted in that part, and is well
worth the attention of those who wish to improve this breed.

«PERHAPS THE GREAT SECRETION OF YOLK,
SO ESSENTIAL TO THE PRODUCTION OF FINE
WOOL, AND WHICH IS EXCESSIVE IN THE MERI-
NO SHEEP, MAY BE INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE
FATTENING QUALITY.

“T HAVE ALWAYS FOUND THE FINENESS OF
THE FLEECE IN EXACT PROPORTION TO THE
QUANTITY OF YOLK IT CONTAINED. THOSE
WHO ARE UNACCUSTOMED TO EXAMINE WOOL,
MAY CONSIDER THIS AS A CERTAIN CRITERION
OF ITS QUALITY: FOR ALTHOUGH THE HAIR OF
SOME DRY FLEECES MAY BE FINE, IT WILL AL-
WAYS WANT THE ELASTICITY WHICH IS SO
MUCH VALUED BY THE MANUFACTURER.”

* uo * % % *

a

‘‘The fineness of the fleece, like every other property in
animals of all kinds, may be improved by selection in breed-
ing. The opinion, that good wool could only be produced in
particular districts, is a prejudice which fortunately no longer
exists.

** Climate, food, and soil, have certainly some effect upon
the quality of wool, but not so much as is generally supposed.
The fleece is affected by the degree of nourishment which the
animal receives, not by the quality of the pasture on which it
is fed. If sheep are highly kept, their wool will become less
fine, but in other respects its quality will not be deteriorated.
The wool of a starved sheep may be apparently fine, but it
will be brittle, and of little value to the manufacturer.

“A regular supply of food to the sheep is essential to the
growth of good wool; for that part of the hair which grows
when the animal is in a high state of flesh, will be thick, and
that which is grown when it is reduced by hunger, will be
weak and thin; and consequently the thickness of hair will
always be irregular, if the animal passes from one extreme to
the other.

‘The alteration which may be made in any breed of ani-
mals by selection, can hardly be conceived by those who have
not paid some attention to this subject; they attribute every

4 4

Breeding —Males kept for hire.

improvement to a cross, when it is merely the effect of judi-
cious selection.

<T have often been told, that from the beautiful shape of
Mr. Elman’s Southdown sheep, they must have been crossed
with the New Leicester; and that from the fineness of their
wool, they must have been crossed with the Merino breed;
but I do not conceive, that even the skill of this very distin-
guished breeder could have retained the good shape of the
former, without any appearance of the coarseness of its wool,
or the fine fleece of the latter, without the deformity of its
carcase, had he crossed his flock with either of these breeds.

“It may as well be contended, that the white pheasant,
which is now become very common, was produced from a

-eross with a Dorking fowl, whereas it was one of those acci-

dental varieties, which sometimes occur, and which has been
perpetuated by selection. ‘The same may be said of the end-
less variety in the colour, shape, and size, of rabbits, ducks,
and pigeons, in a domesticated state; a variety produced by
the art of man, and which did not exist in these creatures in
their natural state.

‘¢ A greater proof, I conceive, of what may be effected by
selection and perseverance, cannot be adduced

‘There is, perhaps, no means by which the breeds of ani-

mals can be so rapidly, and so effectually improved, as by its
being the particular business of some breeders to provide
male animals for the purpose of letting for hire. Our horses
could never have arrived at the degree of perfection which
they have now attained, but from the facility which has been
afforded to every one, by the public stallions, of breeding
from the best horses of every description, at a moderate ex-
pense.
«‘The breeds of sheep to which this practice has been ap-
plied, have attained great perfection, while those which have
never been attended to by persons in this particular business,
show no signs of improvement.

<< No trouble or expense will be spared by those who expect
to derive profit, not from the quantity, but from the quality
of the animals which they breed. The competition, which
must always exist between breeders of this description, will
be a never-failing stimulus to exertion.

«<The common farmer, who seldom sees any stock but his
own and that of his neighbours, generally concludes, that his
own hayearrived at the summit of perfection: but the breeder
who lets for hire, must frequently submit his male animals
to the inspection of the public, and to the eriticism of his
rivals, who will certainly not encourage any prejudices he
may entertain of their superiority.”

\

Breeding —Sebright supported by facts.

In illustration of Sebright’s positions, various
authorities might be adduced; but I consider the
successful practice of Messrs. Colling, Charge,
Maynard, Bates, Mason, Coates, Whitaker and
yourself, affords the most decided evidence of
the validity of his assertions, triumphantly sus-
tained by the records of the Herd and Stud
Books, wherein it will be found, that the best
individuals have been the result of occasional
and judicious crosses, and that the most valuable
varieties have been established by skilful selec-
tion, and breeding in-and-in to a limited extent.

J am, my dear sir, with great respect,
Most truly yours,
Joun Hare Powe.

Extracts from Loudon’s Encyclopedia of Agriculture.

That the breed of animals ts improved by the largest males, is a very gene-
ral opinion ; but this opinion is the reverse of the truth, and has done conside-
rable mischief. 'The great object of breeding, by whatever mode, is the im-
provement of form, and experience has proved that crossing has only succeed-
ed in an eminent degree, in those instances in which the females were larger
than in the usual proportion of females to males; and that it has generally
failed where thé males were disproportionally large. Culley’s Introduction,
&c. The following epitome of the science of breeding, is by the late emi-
nent,surgeon, Henry Cline, who practised it extensively on his own farm at
Southgate.

The external form of domestic animals has been much studied, and the pro-
portions are well ascertained. But the external form is an indication only of
‘Internal structure. The principles of improving it must, therefore, be founded
on a knowledge of the structure and use of internal parts.

The lungs are of the first importance. It is on their size and soundness
that the strength and health of animals principally depend. The power of
converting food into nourishment, is in proportion to their size. An animal
with large lungs is capable of converting a given quantity of food into more
nourishment than one with smaller lungs; and therefore hasa greater aptitude
to fatten.

The chest, according to its external form and size, indicates the size of the
lungs. The form of the chest should approach to the figure of a cone, having
its apex situated between the shoulders, and its base towards the loins. Its
capacity depends on its form more than on the extent of its circumference ;
for where the girth is equal in two animals, one may have much larger lungs
than the other. A circle contains more than an ellipsis of equal circumfer-
ence ; and in proportion as the ellipsis deviates from the circle it contains less.
A deep chest, therefore, is not capacious ; unless it is proportionably broad.

The pelvis is the cavity formed by the junction of the haunch bones with

*

4

ai

7

Breeding—Form how improved.

the bone of the rump. It is essential that this cavity should be large in the
female, that she may be enabled to bring forth her young with less difficulty.
When this cavity is small, the life of the mother and her offspring is endan-
gered. The size of the pelvis is chiefly indicated by the width of the hips,
and the breadth of the twist, which is the space between the thighs. The
breadth of the loins is always in proportion to that of the chest and pelvis.

The head should be small, by which the birth is facilitated. Its smallness
affords other advantages, and generally indicates that the animal is of a good
breed. Horns are useless to domestic animals, and they are often a cause of
accidents. It is not difficult to breed animals without them. The breeders of
horned cattle and horned sheep, sustain a loss more extensive than they may
conceive ; for it is not the horns alone, but also much bone in the skulls of
such animals to support their horns, for which the butcher pays nothing; and
besides this there is an additional quantity of ligament and muscle in the neck,
which is of small value. The skull of a ram with its horns, weighed five times
more than a skull which was hornless. Both these skulls were taken from
sheep of the same age, each being four years old. The great difference in
weight depended chiefly on the horns, for the lower jaws were nearly equal;
one weighing seven ounces and the other six ounces and three-quarters, which
proves that the natural size of the head was the same in both, independent of
the horns and the thickness of bone which supports them. Jn horned animals
the skull is extremely thick. Ina hornless animal it is much thinner, espe-
cially in that part where the horns usually grow. To those who have reflect-
ed on the subject, it may appear of little consequence whether sheep and cat-
tle have horns; but on a moderate calculation it will be found, that the loss in
farming stock, and also in the diminution of animal food, is very considerable,
from the productions of horns and their appendages. A mode of breeding
which would prevent the production of these, would afford a considerable profit
in an increase of meat, wool, and other valuable parts.

The length of the neck should be proportioned to the height of the animal,
that it may collect its food with ease.

The muscles, and the tendons which are their appendages, should be large;
by which an animal is enabled to travel with greater facility.

The bones, when large, are commonly considered an indication of strength ;
but strength does not depend on the size of the hones, but on that of the mus-
cles. Many animals with large bones are weak, their muscles being small.
Animals that have been imperfectly nourished during growth, have their
bones disproportionately large. If such deficiency of nourishment originated
from a constitutional defect, which is the most frequent cause, they remain
weak during life. Large bones, therefore, generally indicate an imperfection
in the organs of nutrition.

To obtain the most improved form, the two modes of breeding described as
the in-and-in and crossing modes, have been practised. The first mode may
be the better practice, when a particular variety approaches perfection in
form; especially for those who may not be acquainted with the principles on
which improvement depends. When the male is much larger than the female,
the offspring is generally of an imperfect form. If the female be proportion-
ately larger than the male, the offspring is of animproved form __ For instance,
if a well formed large ram be put to ewes proportionately smaller, the lamba
will not be so well shaped as their parents; but if a small ram be put to larger
ewes, the lambs will be of an improved form. The proper method of im-
proving the form of animals consists in selecting a well formed female, pro-
portionately larger than the male. The improvement depends on this princi-

le, that the power of the female to supply her offspring with nourishment, is
in proportion to her size, and to the power of nourishing herself from the ex-
cellence of her constitution. The size of the foetus is generally in proportion
to that of the male parent; and therefore, when the female parent is dispropor-
tionately small, the quantity of nourishment is deficient, and her offspring has
all the disproportions of a starveling. But when the female, from her size
and good constitution, is more than adequate to the nourishment of a fetus of
a smaller male than herself, the growth must be proportionately greater. The
larger female has also a larger quantity of milk, and her offspring is more
abundantly supplied with nourishment after birth,

_

Breeding —Good effects of crossing.

Abundant nourishment is necessary to produce the most perfect formed ani-
mal, from the earliest period of its existence until its growth is complete. As
already observed, the power to prepare the greatest quantity of nourishment
from a given quantity of food, depends principally on the magnitude of the
lungs, to which the organs of digestion are subservient. To obtain animals
with large lungs, crossing is the most expeditious method ; because well form-
ed females may be selected from a variety of tee size, to be put to a well
formed male of a variety that is rather smaller. By such a mode of crossing,
the lungs and heart become proportionately larger, in consequence of a pecu-
liarity in the circulation of the fetus, which causes a larger proportion of the
blood, under such circumstances, to be distributed to the lungs than to the
other parts of the body; and as the shape and size of the chest depend upon
that of the lungs, hence arises that remarkably large chest, which is produced
by crossing with females that are larger than the males. The practice, ac-
cording to this principle of improvement, however, ought to be limited; for it
may be carried to such an extent, that the bulk of the body might be so dis-
proportioned to the size of the limbs as to prevent the animal from moving
with sufficient facility. In animals, where activity is required, this practice
should not be extended so far as in those which are intended for the food of
man. ¥* * * * * = * *

Examples of the good effects of crossing may be found in the improved
breeds of horses and swine in England. The great improvement of the breed
of horses arose from crossing with the diminutive stallions, Barbs and Ara-
bians ; and the introduction of Flanders mares into this country was the source
of improvement in the breed of cart horses. The form of the swine has been
greatly improved, by crossing with the small Chinese boar. —

The pliancy of the animal economy is such, that an animal will gradually
accommodate itself to great vicissitudes in climate, and alterations in food;
and by degrees undergo great changes in constitution; but these changes can
be effected only by degrees, and may often require a great number of suc-
cessive generations for their accomplishment. It may be proper to improve
the form of a native race, but at the same time it may be very injudicious to
attempt to enlarge their size ; for-the size of animals is commonly adapted to
the soil and climate which they inhabit. Where produce is nutritive and abun-
dant, the animals are large, having grown proportionally to the quantity of
food which, for generations, they have been accustomed to obtain. * * *

The Arabian horses are, in general, the most perfect in the world; which
probably has arisen from great care in selection, and also from being unmixed
with any variety of the same species ; the males, therefore, have never been
disproportioned in size to the females.

The native horses of India are small, but well proportioned, and good of
their kind. With the intention of increasing their size, the India Company
have adopted a plan of sending large stallions to India. If these stallions
should be extensively used, a disproportioned race must be the result, and a
valuable breed of horses may be irretrievably spoiled.

From theory, from practice, and from extensive observation, the last more
to be depended on than either, ‘it is reasonable,’ Cline continues, “ to form
this conclusion: it is wrong to enlarge a native breed of animals, for in propor-
tion to their increase of size, they become worse in form, less hardy, and more
liable to disease.” (Communications to the B. of Ag. vol. iv. p. 446.)

The above opinions may be considered as supported by the most eminent
practical breeders, as Bakewell, Culley, Somerville, Parry, and others, and by
most theorists, as Coventry, Darwin, Hunt, Young, &c. T. A. Knight writes
in the Communications to the Board of Agriculture in favour of cross breed-
ing, as do Pitt and others in the County Surveys, but mostly from very limited
experience. = c bs é = Ar

Of the general Principles of Rearing, Managing, and
Feeding Domestic 4nimals.

After the birth, the first interference on the part of man should be that of
supplying the mother with food of a light and delicate quality, compared to

ra

Rearing — Food—Air— Exercise, §c.

that which she had been in the habit of using, and also of administering the
same description of food to the offspring, so far as it may by its nature be able
to use it. The gentlest treatment should accompany these operations; and
the opportunity taken of familiarizing both parent and offspring with man, by
gently caressing them, or at least, by familiar treatment on the part of the at-
tendant.

As the animals increase in size and strength, they should have abundance
of air, exercise, and food, according to their natures; and whatever is attempt-
ed by man in the way of taming or teaching should be conducted on mild and
conciliating principles, rather than on those of harshness and compulsion.

* * * * * * *%

Food, though it must be supplied in abundance, ought not to be given to
satiety. Intervals of resting and exercise must be allowed according to cir-
cumstances. Even animals grazing on a rich pasture have been found to feed
faster when removed from it once a day, and either folded or put in an inferior
pasture for two or three hours. Stall-fed cattle and swine will have their flesh
improved in flavour by being turned out into a yard or field once a day; and
many find that they feed better, and produce better flavoured meat when kept
loose under warm sheds or hammels, one or two in a division, a practice now
very general in Berwickshire. ee OR) ye ee
may be observed, that if the digestive powers of the animal are in a sound
state, the more food he eats, the sooner will the desired result be obtained; a
very moderate quantity beyond sufficiency constitutes abundance; but by
withholding this additional quantity, an animal, especially if young, may go

on eating for several years, without ever attaining to fatness.
* * * *

* * *

In young growing animals, the powers of digestion are so great, that they
require less rich food than such as are of mature age; for the same reason also
they require more exercise. If rich food is supplied in liberal quantities, and
exercise withheld, diseases are generated, the first of which may be excessive
fatness. * * 3 . * Common sense will suggest the pro-
priety of preferring a medium course between very rich and very poor nutri-
ment. * * * * * re *

Salt, it appears, from various experiments, may be advantageously given to —
most animals, in very small quantities ; it acts as a whet to the appetite, pro-
motes the secretion of bile, and, in general, is favourable to health and acti-
vity. In this way only can it be considered as preventing or curing diseases ;
unless perhaps in the case of worms, to which all saline and bitter substances
are known to be injurious. 4 * ‘3 * 3 *

Where a sufficient degree of warmth to promote the ordinary circulation of
the blood is not produced by the natural climate, or by exercise, it must be
supplied by an artificial climate. Houses and sheds are the obvious resources
both for this purpose, and for protection from extremes of weather. Cold
rains and northerly winds are highly injurious, by depriving the external sur-
face of the body of caloric more rapidly than it can be supplied from within
by respiration, and the action of the stomach; and also by contracting the
pores of the skin, so as to impede circulation. When an animal happens to
shed its covering, whether of hair, wool, or feathers, at such inclement seasons,
the effects on its general health are highly injurious. The excessive heats of
summer, by a yending all the parts of the animal frame, occasions a degree of
lassitude, and want of energy even in the stomach and intestines; and while
the animal eats and digests less food than usual, a greater waste than usual
takes place by perspiration. Nature has provided trees, rocks,. caverns, hills
and waters, to moderate these extremes of heat and weather, and man imi-
tates them by hovels, sheds, and other buildings, according to particular eir-
cumstances.

Good air and water it may seem unnecessary to insist on; but cattle and
horses, and even poultry pent up in close buildings, where there are no facili-
ties for a change of the atmosphere, often suffer on this account. A slight de-
gree of fever is produced at first, and after a time, when the habit of the ani-
mal becomes reconciled to such a state, a retarded circulation, and general
decay or diminution of the vital energies takes place.

Rearing —Cleanliness—Comfort, &c.

Moderate exercise ought not to be dispensed with, where the flavour of ani-
mal produce is any object ; it is known to promote circulation, perspiration,
and digestion, and by consequence to invigorate the appetite. Care must be
taken, however, not to carry exercise to that point where it becomes a labour
instead of a recreation. In some cases, as in feeding swine and poultry, fat-
ness is hastened by promoting sleep and preventing motion, rather than en-
couraging it; but such animals cannot be considered healthy fed; in fact their
fatness is most commonly the result of disease.

Tranquillity is an obvious requisite, for where the passions of brutes are
called into action, by whatever means, their influence on their bodies is often
as great as in the human species. Hence the use of castration, complete or
partial separation, shading from too much light, protection from insects, dogs,
and other annoying animals, and from the too frequent intrusion of man.

Cleanliness is favourable to health, by promoting perspiration and circula-
tion. Animals ina wild state attend to this part of their economy themselves ;
but in proportion as they are cultivated, or brought under the control of man,
this becomes out of their power; and to insure their subserviency to his wishes,
man must supply by art this as well as other parts of culture. Combing and
brushing stall-fed cattle and cows is known to contribute materially to health;
though washing sheep with a view to cleaning the wool often has a contrary
effect from the length of time the wool requires todry. * * * * = *

Comfort. An animal may be well fed, lodged, and cleaned, without being
comfortable in every respect; and in brutes, as well as men, want of comfort
operates on the digestive powers. If the surface of a stall in which an ox, or
a horse stands, deviates much from a level, he will be continually uneasy ; and
he will be uneasy during night, if its surface is rough, or if a proper bed of
litter is not prepared every evening for it to repose on. The form of racks and
mangers is often less commodious than it might be. A hay rack which pro-
jects forward is bad; because the animal in drawing out the hay is teased with
the hay seeds falling in its eyes or ears; and this form, it may be added, is apt
to cause the breath of the animal to‘ascend through its food, which must after
a time render it nauseous. For this reason hay should lie as short a time as
possible in lofts, but when practicable be given direct from the rick.

Extract from the Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Agricul-
tural Society.

The tendency towards fat proceeds, I should presume, from the power of
the animal’s stomach and intestines, to separate the nutritious from the excre-
mentitious parts of its aliment. Nature wisely destines certain portions of nu-
tritious matter, at proper times, for the secretion of milk. That milk is an
unctuous and very nutritious fluid, cannot be questionéd—much therefore of
nutrition, is withdrawn by the milk, from the formation of fat—but does it
follow, that such portions as have made butter, or produced fat in the calf,
when no longer directed towards the secretion of milk, must necessarily lose
‘ all their properties and pass off in urine or indung? Do we not invariably find,

that all cows, when dry, become more readily fat, than when they give milk ?
Is it not then to be inferred, that the matter, which would have passed off in
milk, may be made to produce fat? Does not our experience show, in all fa-
milies of wild cattle, where the perverseness of man has not interfered with
the dispositions of nature, that when kept quiet, and well fed, they exhibit
great tendency towards the secretion of fat? In the cattle even of Asia, and
China, in the Kyloes of Scotland, in the wild breeds of Louisiana, and in the
little mountain cows of America, such disposition is generally shown.

The mistaken ingenuity of the breeders of Holland, whence all the deepest
milkers, whether Hotperness, “ Ox1p Short Horns,” Holstein, or whatever
they may be termed in America, are in some measure derived, led them into
an absurd cross, which produced unthrifty animals, affording excessive secre-

Union of Properties for the Dairy and the Stall.

tions of bad milk—thus not only prematurely exhausting the cow, by which
they are given, but requiring great quantities of food for her support. That
disease, peculiar tendency towards fatness or leanness, or copious supplies of
thin, or lesser quantities of rich milk, or even the determination of a particular
colour to any definite part of the body, as white at the end of a Devon's tail,
may be established, by perseverance and art, every man conversant with the
subject will readily believe. Because a Hollander chooses to wear out hia
cow, or have a race ef animals, which will not readily become fat, even when
dry, and the cupidity of the venders of milk, in the neighbourhood of large
towns in England, or America, has led them to propagate for one object this
unthrifty breed of cattle, is it to be inferred, that the efforts of Colling’s coad-

jutors could not obtain, by crossing, a race adapted to the general purposes of

the country—fitted, at different times for the production of rich milk and the
secretion of fat?

Murray's System of Chemistry.— The blood is a compound of this kind,”
&c.—“ And if we suppose a fluid thus passing through tubes of different dia-
meters, and undergoing successive decompositions, we may easily conceive
that very different products may be formed from the same compound. This
affords a simple view of the nature of secretion. No complicated apparatus is
necessary for the performance of the change; all that is necessary being the
propulsion of the blood through minute vessels capable of contraction. It has
accordingly frequently been observed, that new products are formed without
the intervention of glands; such is the formation of the fat or of muscular
fibre. It is easy to conceive that the formation of these may take place in the
extreme vessels where these products are deposited, and in like manner in the
mere course of the circulation, may be formed the gluten, albumen, and other
principles of the blood itself. From secretion a variety of products are form-
ed, as the bile, milk, fat, the bony matter, the matter of membranes, and a va-
riety of others. These complete the formation of animal matter, and compre-
hend its several varieties. Such are the different steps of the process of ani-
malization. The food is digested in the stomach, mixed with animal matter
in the intestinal canal, and converted into chyle; this mingles with the blood,
and loses a portion of carbon in the lungs: in the extreme vessels it is con-
verted into the general principles of animal matter, and in the glands, is con-
verted into various secreted products.” hn

White, on the Formation of the Digestive Organs of the Cow.—Vol. 4. chap.
1. page 13.—“' The stomach then may be considered both as a muscular and as
a vital organ. If we view it in another light, we shall consider it as one con-
tinued bibulous surface, sucking up the chyle as it is formed, and conveying
it by means of the milk vessels, to the four receptacles which are named the
quarters of the udder. There is another order of absorbent vessels in the sto-
mach, and in the small intestines also, especially in the upper part, named
lacteals, which ramify through the mesentery, and terminate in the thoracic
duct, having previously passed through what are named the mesenteric
glands; that is for the most part, for some are seen going over their surface.
These lacteals are subsidiary, in their office, serving to convey chyle when the
mesenteric glands are inflamed and obstructed. Chyle, as we find it in the lac-
teals, is exactly like milk in every respect, and is, in fact, the same thing.
The fluid of the thoracic duct is different ; it is semitransparent, has always a
little oil floating on it, and is now and then found mixed with a little blood,
which probably falls into it after death from the great vein in which it termi-
nates. ‘This depends on the valve of that part giving way, in consequence of
death. Chyle and milk are then precisely the same thing, and in the cow
there are three thoracic ducts, two going to the udder and conveying milk,
and one to a great vein near the heart, conveying that fluid from which the
blood is formed. When the animal has young, the lactiferous vessels, for so
the minute branches of the two former thoracic ducts should be named, have
a predominant aptitude to absorb the chyle, and a sufficient quantity only is
taken up by the chyliferous vessels going to the third thoracic duct, to supply
the heart.”

- FROM THB BRITISH FARMER’s MAGAZINE,
AN ESSAY* ON THE QUESTION

** Whether the Breed of Live Stock, connected with Agri-
culture, be susceptible of the greatest Improvement from
the qualities conspicuous in the Male, or from those
conspicuous in the Female Parent?”

By rue Rey. Henry Berry, Acton Beauchamp, Worcestershire.

It will be acknowledged by every competent judge, that
the question proposed by the Highland Society is one abound-
ing in difficulties, but it is hoped that the facts and arguments,
which will be hereafter used, will prove that the writer has
bestowed upon the subject a considerable degree of attention,
and that he has not presumed to intrude visionary opinions,
unconfirmed by the test of experience, or adopted without
the previous labour of investigation and reflection.

That the discovery of an independent faculty (if such exist)
in the male or female parent, to confer peculiar properties on
the offspring, would be attended with beneficial results to the
breeders of animals connected with agriculture, must at once
be admitted; and this impression, generally entertained, is
probably one of the causes which have led to the assignment
of such peculiar faculty to the sexes alternately, as circum-
stances have occurred which appear to justify such opinion.
No fact is more notorious than this, that many breeders con-
sider certain horses or mares to confer striking characteristic
traits on their offspring. The samealso is asserted respecting
neat cattle, and it may be added, that such peculiarity is prin-
cipally assigned to the male. In order that the writer may
render more effective his arguments against the correctness of
such opinion, it is purposed briefly to state what are conceived
to be the circumstances which have led to its adoption, and
to exhibit them in their true light—as not justifying the con-
clusions to which they have led.

During all periods since agriculture has obtained any con-
siderable degree of attention, greater or less care, according
to circumstances, has been paid to the different breeds of ani-
mals, whose improvement formed an important branch of

* The Highland Society of Scotland awarded Mr. Berry their Honorary
Medal for his Essay on this subject ; but as by the rules of the Society we
could not avail ourselves of the Paper for our first Number, the Essay has
been kindly rewritten for us, which circumstance will account for any literal
variation, though the matter will be found the same.—LEditor

12)

Characteristics determined alike by the Sire and Dam.

rural economy. An obvious consequence of this care, result-
ing scarcely less from a laudable degree of emulation, than
from a desire of lucrative improvement, would be the produc-
tion of an improved race of ma/es ; the male animal affording
advantages superior to the female for the improvement of the
species, inasmuch as he is available to a number of the latter,
while the services of the female must be restricted to her sin-
gle, or little more numerous produce of the year, as the case
might be. Further, it may be observed, that in earlier times,
as in the present, the majority of breeders would pursue their
object of improvement with the less expensive and easily ac-
quired herd of ordinary females, looking to the selected males
for the accomplishment of their wishes. Few would possess
mares calculated to breed a stallion, as few also would have
a cow sufficiently good in quality to produce a bull for the
improvement of stock. The ideas entertained respecting the
requisites of a sire would probably be similar, and lead to the
adoption of a general standard of excellence, towards which
it would be required that each male should approximate, and
thus there would exist, among what may be termed fashion-
able sires, a corresponding forn: and character, different and
superior to those of the general stock of the country. ‘This
form and character, it may be observed, would in most in-
stances have been acquired by perseverance in breeding,
Jrom animals which possessed the important or fancied
requisites, and might therefore be said to be almost con-
firmed in such individuals. Under these circumstances,
striking results would, doubtless, follow the introduction of
such sires into a common stock; results which would induce
superficial observers to remark, that individual sires possessed
properties as males, which in fact were only assignable to
them as zmproved animals. A horse of the foregoing de-
scription, bred from ancestors of qualities similar to his own,
would impress his offspring strongly, the mares with which
he bred possessing no determinate character or form, as re-
garded their descent, being the produce of heterogeneous con-
nexion, of the co-mingling of perhaps a hundred different
shapes, and consequently possessing no tendency to any one
in particular. Further, the female’s produce, one annually,
would be presented too rarely to afford a conviction similar
to that entertained in favour of the male, among whose nume-
rous colts of the year, there must be, even by chance, a con-
siderable number bearing his features. In these, and in si-
milar circumstances, it seems not unreasonable to suppose that
the opinion originated of our breeds of cattle being more sus-
ceptible of improvement from the male than from the female
parent.

4
.
7
|
j
i

Breeding —High Blood—Importance and effects.

In the present day, effects of the same nature have produced

the same opinions, and the highly improved state of some of
our agricultural stock has contributed greatly to strengthen
and confirm them. It is observable, however, that the as-
signment of this intrinsic property is not made now, so ex-
clusively as formerly, to the male. ‘The female has also ob-
tained her advocates, who, without advancing any argument
in support of their doctrine, maintain it nevertheless with
considerable pertinacity. It is presumed that the cause of
this partial change in public opinion may be easily assigned.
To persons conversant with improved breeding, it is well
known that of late years numerous sales have taken place of
the entire stocks of celebrated breeders of S%res, and conse-
quently that the females, valuable for such purpose, have
passed into a numberof hands. Unfortunately, persons, who
have on these occasions become possessed of a fine female,
have not always been equally successful with regard to a male;
the high prices at which such animals have sold, having
placed an impediment in their way; or a disposition to deem
one step towards improvement adequate to the promotion of
their views, having led them to remain contented with a mea-
sure, which, to a certain extent, would benefit their stocks;
but which must also as certainly be considered a sacrifice of
the high-bred female in question. Such persons have intro-
duced a cow so acquired, to a bull, inferior in point of de-
seent, and general good qualities; and the offspring has proved
superior to the sire, by virtue of the dam’s excellence, to
which by certain degrees it would approximate; and thus has
arisen an opinion that particular females, also, possessed the
property of impressing their characteristics upon the off-
spring.
P THAT HIGH BLOOD, OR, IN OTHER WORDS,
THAT ANIMALS LONG AND SUCCESSFULLY SE-
LECTED, AND BRED WITH A VIEW TO PARTI-
CULAR QUALIFICATIONS, IMPRESS THEIR DE-
SCENDANTS IN THE MANNER HERE INTI-
MATED, is a fact too well established in experience to be
overthrown by any of the chance exceptions which may, no
doubt, be taken against this, as well as against other rules;
and TO HIGH BLOOD it is, that the writer ascribes the
quality, whether in the male or female parent, which the
Highland Society has been desirous to assign correctly; and
he is not without a hope that it will be thought he has shown
in as satisfactory a manner as a case, where much must de-
pend on conjecture, will admit of, how it has happened that
the opinions preyalent on this subject ever came to be enter-
tained.

Breeding —Crossing —effects.

The next object will be to support his opinion by the evi-
dence which certain facts present, as he thinks, conclusively
in its favour.

The blood stallion, MWi/itiaman, covered several seasons at
Bromyard, in Herefordshire. His colts were generally of a
chesnut colour, and partook ina striking degree of his pecu-
liar form. He was consequently pointed out as a horse im-
pressing his stock with his own characteristics; and instanced
as a proof of the existence of this peculiarity in the male.
But it should be remarked, that in no district, where a tole-

rable number of colts are bred, are worse mares to be found |

than around Bromyard. They are promiscuously and ill-
bred, and deficient in good form and character. Militiaman
is a chesnut horse, bred from a tribe also principally chesnut.
Is it then surprising that this horse, crossed with mares desti-
tute of characteristic features, and bred in such a manner as
to possess no predisposition to any particular form or colour,
should impress his colts with his own peculiarities, derived
from breed, or particular descent? It is presumed that no
other result could reasonably be anticipated.

Mr. John Heming, of Acton Beauchamp, Worcestershire,
had for some years a stock of common Hereford cows, of red
colour, with white faces, which uniformly produced calves of
the same colour. To this stock Mr. Heming used a bull, of
the improved breed, one season only. ‘The consequence
was, that the bull’s marks, dark spots on the face, appeared
in almost all his calves, and are prevalent in his descendants,
to the present day.. Mr. Heming’s originals were indiscri-
minately collected, and deficient in breed or uniformity of
characteristic, except in the white face. They were gene-

rally improved by the introduction of the well-bred bull; and.

his breed, it is suggested, manifested its influence by the man-
ner in which he conferred his peculiar colour.

Mr. Woodward, of Birlingham, Worcestershire, purchased
twelve deep-milking Yorkshire cows, without pretensions to
breed, or disposition to fatten. With these cows he used a
high-bred Hereford bull, and in the produce lost the disposi-
tion to milk, acquiring that of laying on fat. In a similar
experiment with the same cows and another Hereford bull, in
the following year, he experienced precisely the same results.
Comment is hardly necessary on these strong cases.

The writer has been some years in possession of an im-
proved breed of pigs, which are chiefly of a sandy or brown
colour, His sows of this breed, crossed with common coun-
try boars, almost invariably produce litters of their own co-
lour. Size only has been obtained by the cross. The same
results have followed the use of his boars with country sows ;

Breeding —Influence af Dam and Sire. ae

but the fact which speaks most forcibly for his argument is,
that a litter of pigs from one of these half-bred sows, by a
high-bred boar, he is now using, of a white tribe, are all
white; blood thus strikingly evincing its efficacy in confer-
ring characteristic traits.

The writer’s brother was also lately in possession of well-
bred pigs, whose peculiarity consisted in a short pricked ear.
The produce of these pigs, when crossed with the large pen-
dent-eared swine of North Wales, was invariably similar in
the ear to the better-bred animal, whether male or female.

Hitherto, the instances and arguments adduced have been
confined to the structure, or external marks of animals, and if
a satisfactory conclusion may be drawn respecting these, the
question proposed by the Highland Society as to disposition,
must be involved in it. A brief remark shall therefore suf-
fice, offered more with a view to show. that opinions are very
erroneously entertained on this subject, than from a conyic-
tion that the proceeding is necessary.

The writer has known many tribes of animals disposed to
break from their pastures, and has consequently heard it as-
serted that particular cows conferred the disposition on their
offspring. Now, the fact is, this was no matter of disposi-
tion at all, but was a consequence of the animals in question
having very thin hides, which rendered them impatient of
heat and the attack of flies. It is thus too frequently that,
for want of due attention, effects are ascribed to wrong causes.

To suppose that either the male or female parent possess
an independent inherent propensity to impress their off-
spring, is to embarrass the pursuit of breeding in no trifling
degree. Most persons can judge of the fitness of that pro-
ceeding which aims to improve the produce of an inferior
animal by the introduction of one superior. That like will
produce like, or, that, in ordinary instances, two good ani-
mals will breed a third good one, appears probable to every
capacity, from a consideration of very common principles,
notwithstanding admitted exceptions to general rules. But
to suppose that an independent sexual ability exists in either
male or female, appears calculated to unsettle the doctrines of
skilful men, and to lead to the adoption, in their stead, of
opinions unsupported by a reference to any known princi-
ples, leaving very important interests to the dangerous con-
duct of a blind guide.

If it could be proved that stock are more susceptible of im-
provement from the male parent, the question then would be,
how is a male, possessing the requisites, to be obtained?
Surely it will not be replied, that his being begotten by such
a male would alone be sufficient, without the possession of
excellence on the dam’s side. It is possible that a good male

Breeding — Pedigree essential.

may beget a son equally good as himself in externals, from
an ill-bred bad female, but it is certain that such son will
prove comparatively an inferior stock-getter, it being an es-
tablished fact that animals breed back in point of resemblance,
and it is therefore considered necessary, for the object of im-
provement or to retain excellence, to have a pedigree as little
dubious as possible, for several generations. SO IMPOR-
TANT, INDEED, IS THIS FACT OF CORRECT DE-
SCENT, THAT MANY BREEDERS, WHO HAVE,
FROM CAUSES WHICH IT IS DIFFICULT TO AS-
CERTAIN, A WELL-BRED ANIMAL OF DEFEC-
TIVE FORM, VENTURE TO USE HIM, RELYING
ON HIS BLOOD, AND EXPERIENCE NO REASON
FOR REGRET THAT THEY HAVE DONE SO. . But
what, in such circumstances, is the mode of proceeding? Is
such male used indiscriminately to all the females, or is it
considered necessary to check his tendency towards defective
form, by good points counteracting in the females? Un-
doubtedly such care is taken, and thus the system of judi-
ciously counteracting defects on either side, whether male or
female, is successfully practised, in preference to one adopted
on the belief of the existence of an independent sexual capa-
bility.

Tees already been remarked, that the great improvement
made during late years in our breeds of stock, has tended
greatly to promote the agitation of the question atissue. This
iseasily accounted for. Various circumstances have combined
to rouse the attention of farmers to the unprofitable state of
their stocks. The consequence has been, that well-bred males
have been resorted to, and the produce of the first cross has
so far exceeded the most sanguine hopes, taking its character
in externals, as well as in positive utility, in a great measure
from the well-bred male, that new advocates for the opinion
in his favour have thus been added to the number which pre-
viously existed.

A referetice to the stock of any professional bull breeder
would serve to show how erroneous is the opinion founded on
such grounds. It would there be seen that, upon the whole,
the produce of different years are subject to but little fluetua-
tion in point of excellence, supposing the requisite skill to be
practised by the breeder. The system of crossing the diffe-
rent males and females being correctly understood, and above
all, che females also being weil-bred, the standard of excel-
lence is supported wit’ tolerable uniformity ; and though oe-
casionally an extraordinary animal makes its appearance, none
of the effects are apparent which excite surprise when the
male only, or female, happens to be well-bred. Contrast this
state of things with that which will be apparent in the infe-

Breeding—High Blood predominates.

rior stock, to improve which the well-bred bull is put in re-
quisition. There it is that the produce astonishes, for there
the sire impresses characteristics peculiarly his own. If it
be inquired, why he doesso? ‘The answer is easy, for the
reason is obvious. His excellencies are the accumulated ac-
quisitions of many ancestors; they are positive, and in com-
parison fixed; while the cows, with which he has been used,
possess little or no character, and have been bred without re-
gard to any point, but the production of animals to increase
the stock upon the farm.

It is conceived that a few facts in corroboration of this rea-
soning may be here appropriately introduced. They will be
derived from the history of the Improved Short-Horns, a
breed of cattle with which the writer happens to be best ac-
quainted,

Mr. Colling’s bull, Comet, impressed the generality of his
stock with his own peculiar traits in so remarkable a degree,
that it was easy for a stranger to select them from a great
number of animals. But in Comet, it should be remembered,
centered what was called the best blood, and it ought to be
remarked, that, at that period, good short-horns were not
very numerous; and Comet, except in his owner’s and Mr.
Charge’s stocks, was introduced to cows comparatively infe-
rior. It is not, therefore, singular that from such a bull a
stock very superior to the dams should spring; but in Mr.
Colling’s own stock, where the cows were also superior, and
in Mr. Charge’s, to which the same remark applies, no such
striking effects followed the use of this bull. The cows pos-
sessed positive characteristics, the effect of improved breed-
ing, as well as Comet; and if his traits did predominate in a
more than usual degree in the offspring, it was principally
only where the cows bore a near affinity to him. The same
remarks are applicable to Major, a son of Comet. With
well-bred cows he proved himself a good bull, but it was
when he came to be used with inferior cows that his excel-
lence, as a stock-getter, was fully revealed; but his merit in
this respect is well known. High breed here again predomi-
nated in the usual extraordinary manner, for Major was by
Comet out of the celebrated Cow-Lady, all whose produce
sold at prices so high, as strongly to evince how they were
regarded in public estimation. Here then existed positive
qualities, transmitted by descent, on the bull’s side, before
which the indeterminate character of ill-bred cows gave way;
and it led to the production of a race better than the females,
an improvement to be ascribed to Major’s blood, and not to
any sexual superiority. ‘The same remarks may be made as
to Western Comet, a son of Major, out of a capital cow of
Mr. Charge’s. All his stock were most excellent, but the

Pedigree must have the support of excellence.

bull’s breeding was most pre-eminently evinced in his de-
scendants from ordinary cows. Thus it appears that when a
male and female are equally well bred, and of nearly equal
individual excellence, it is not probable that their produce
will exhibit any general proof of a preponderating power, in
either parent, to impress peculiar characteristics. But should
the contrary appear to be the case, upon diligent inquiry it
will seldom fail to be ascertained, that peculiar’ characteristics
have been derived from ancestors, which, under certain cir-
cumstances of contact or crossing, have become prominent
features in the offspring. A simple case will illustrate this
remark. Suppose the ancestors of a bull in the third or fourth
generation, to have possessed defective shoulders, but that
defect not to exist in himself, in consequence of close atten-
tion to this point on the part of his breeder. Cross such bull
with a cow defective in her shoulders, and, probably, the de-
fect will exist in the offspring in an increased degree, and
will obtain for the dam the character of breeding a produce
similar to herself. Whereas, in fact, this is an injudicious
cross, made in ignorance or disregard of the facts that animals
breed back; that they possess a greater tendency to defect
than to perfection; and that the only safe mode of breeding
is that of strictly scrutinizing the pretensions of ancestors.

With regard to the bulls which have been instanced, Comet,
Major, and Western Comet; had they been bred from cows
of very inferior blood, although they might have possessed
excellent form, with other good qualities, experience assures
us that they could rot have deserved regard as sives. Comet’s
sons, from well-bred cows, begot good animals; but such as
were descended from inferior females, left no reputation be-
hind them, but as sons of Comet.

In order that the foregoing reasoning may be understood,
and a very common and fatal error guarded against, it is
thought necessary to explain, as to the. terms high-blood and
highly- -bred, that the writer does not mean to attach unme-
rited value to mere pedigree, unsupported by solid preten-
sions to excellence; he would only recommend to public es-
timation, that long descent from animals all individually pos-
sessed of valuable qualities, which qualities are prominent in
their descendants.

If what has been advanced shall appear to be founded in
reason, then, it is submitted, that, with our present stock of
information on this subject, one only rational course of pro-
ceeding can be adopted by breeders, viz. that of resorting to
the best males; at once a simple and efficacious mode of im-
proving such stocks as require improvement, and the sole
mode by which stocks, already good, can be preserved in
their excellence.

2 r
sarin
> Soe

PRDICRAMS

; _.. MR. POWEL’S
Xuprovey Durham Short-yorw Cattle,
SELEOTED EXRBRESSLY FOR DAIRY PURPOSES,

BY MR. COATES,

The keeper of the Herd Book, and one of the oldest and most celebrated
breeders in Great Britain,

T'o whom a standing order had been given to obtain the best animals, and
without limitation as to price, when they could be procured from Mr. Whit-
aker’s fold.

{The following animals can be traced in the Herd Book.]

MALCOLM,
Imported in 1825, calved in 1823 (bred by J.

Whitaker, Esq.) got by Enchanter, dam Western
Lady,* by Western Comet; g. d. by Western
Comet; gr. g. d. by Western Comet; gr. gr. g. d. by:
Western Comet; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Haughton.

Enchanter, light grizzle (bred by Mr. T. Bates) got by His
Grace, dam Fairy (bred by Mr. Hustler) by Duke;
e, d. Orp Daisyt by Favourite, the sire of Comet;
er. g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. g. d. by Huspack.

Western Comet (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Mr. C. Col-
ling’s Major, dam Gentle Kitty, by Mr. Charge’s
Grey Bull; g. d. by Favourrre.

Hubback, calved in 1777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by
Snowden’s Bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James
Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William
St. Quintin, of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks of
Hurworth; g.d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of Ketton.

His Grace (bred by Mr. Bates) got by Ketton the Second,
dam Ducuess the Second, by Ketton the First, g.

* Western Lady gave 28 quarts per day,
7 Old Daisy gave 52 quarts per day.

Malcolm’s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book.

d. Ducuess* the First (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by
Comer; gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. g. d. by

Daisy Bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Favourr TE; gr. gr. .
gr. gr. g. d. by Huspack; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. |
by James Brown’s Rep But.

Duke, by Comer, dam Ducurss by Favourite; ¢. d. by
Daisy; gr. g. d. by Favourire: gr. gr. g. d. by
Hubback; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by James Brown’s Rep
Bui.

Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke, dam Pucen1x
by Forsampe; g. d. Favourrre, by R. Alcock’s
Bull; gr. g. d. by Smith’s Bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jol-
ly’s Bull.

Punch (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam
by Broken Horn; g. d. bred by Mr. Best.

Major (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam Lanpy,
by Grandson of Bolingbroke; g. d. Puonix by
ForsamBe; gr. g.-d. Favourite (bred by Mr.
Maynard) by R. Alcock’s Bull.

Grey Bull (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Favourite, dam
Fleck’d Lady, by Young Bartle; g. d. First Lady,
by Bartle; gr. g. d. Old Simmon, descended from the
Strupiey Butt.

Snowden’s Bull (bred by Mr. George Snowden) got by Mr.
William Robson’s Bull (bred by Mr. Waistell, near
Darlington) dam Barforth.

William Robson's Bull (or Waistell’s Bull) got by Mr.
James Masterman’s Bull.

James Masterman’s Bull (bred by Mr. Walker) got by the
STUDLEY BULL.

* Mr. C. Colling remarked “the Duchess and Daisy tribes were all good
milkers.” (Berry’s Pamphlet.)

Malcolm’s Pedigree.

Ketion the Second, got by Ketton the First, dam by Grandson
of Favourite; g. d. by Mr. James Brown’s red bull.

Ketton the First, got by Favourite; d. (g. d. of Orb
DucueEss) by the Daisy Bull (by Favourite) g.
d. by Favourite; gr. g.d. by Hussack; gr. gr.
g. d. by Mr. James Brown’s red bull.

Comet™ (sold for 1000 guineas) red and white roan, calved in
1804 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite,
dam Young Pheenix, by Favourite; g. d. Phenix
by Foljambe; gr. g.d. Favourrre, (bred by Mr.
Maynard) by Mr. R. Alcock’s bull; gr. gr. g. d. by
Mr. Jacob Smith’s bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr.
Jolly’s bull.

James Brown’s red bull (bred by Mr. John Thompson of
Girlington Hall) got by Mr. William Barker’s bull.

Daisy bull (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite,
dam by Puncu; g. d. by Husppack.

Bolingbroke, red and white, calved Noy. 12,1788 (bred by
Mr. Charles Colling) got by FotsamBz, dam Young
Strawberry (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Dalton
Duke; g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) by
Mr. R. Alcock’s Bull; gr. g. d. by Mr. Jacob
Smith’s Bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jolly’s bull.

Foljambe, white with a few red spots, calved in 1787 (bred
by C. Colling) got by Richard Barker’s bull, dam
Haughton, the gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. of Malcolm
(bred by Mr. Alexander Hall) by Hubback; g. d. by
a bull of Charles Colling; gr. g. d. by Waistell’s
bull; gr. gr. g. d. Tripes, bred by C. Pickering.

* See Bailey’s Survey of Durham, and Strickland’s Survey of Yorkshire,
fer the British Board of Agriculture.

E

Gloucester’s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book.

R. Alcock’s bull, bred by Jackson.

Broken Horn, ved roan, calved in 1787 (bred by Mr. R.
Colling) got by Hussack, dam by Hussack; g. d.
bred by Mr. Watson.

Grandson of Bolingbroke (bred by C. Colling) got by
O’Callaghan’s Son of Bolingbroke, dam Old Johanna,
by Colling’s Lame Bull.

Bartle (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Dalton Duke, dam de-
scended from the Sruptey Wurte Butt.

William Barker’s bull, yellow, red, and white, got by

Lakeland’s son of the SruDLEY BULL.

Dalton Duke, red and white (bred by Mr. Charge) got by
Mr. W. Dobson’s bull, dam by the SrupLEy BULL.

Richard Barker’s bull, sive of Fotsampe, calved in 1784,
got by Mr. Hill’s red bull, dam by ason of Lake-
land’s bull. Lakeland’s bull by the SrupLEy BULL.

O’Callaghan’s Son of Bolingbroke, red and white, got by
Bolingbroke, dam a red poll’d Galloway cow.

Lame Bull (bred by Mr. George Best—got by James
Brown’s White Bull.

Hill’s Red Bull, got by Brother of Dalton Duke, dam red

cow.
James Brown’s White Bull, got by Dalton Duke.

GLOUCESTER,
Imported July 1826, calved February 28, 1825 (bred
by J. Whitaker, Esq.) by Frederick, dam ApELa*
(bred by Mr. Whitaker) by Orpheus; g. d. An-
FREDEt (bred by Mr. Hustler) by Atrrep; gr. g. d.
by Windsor; gr. gr. g. d. OLp Darsy{ (bred by Mr.

d
|
.
i
|

* Adela gave with her first calf 24 quarts per day. 4 .
+ Alfrede gave 24 quarts per day.

(See the Rev. Henry Berry’s Pamphlet.)
$ Old Daisy gave 52 quarts daily.

Gloucester’ Pedigree.

C. Colling) by Favourite; er. gr. gr. g. d. by
Punch; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Huspack.

Frederick, roan (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Hulton, dam
Orbit, by Comet; g. d. Splendor by Comet: er. g.
d. Flecked Twin by Major; gr. gr. g. d. Red Sim-
mon by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon
by Bartle; gr. gr. gr. er. g. d. Old Simmon (bred by
Mr. Charge) descended from the Sruptey WuitE
BULL.*

Orpheus (bred by Mr. Booth) got by Mr. C. Colling’s Al-
bion, dam by Lame Bull; g. d. by R. Colling’s Su-
warrow.

Alfredt (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comer, dam Venus
by Ben; g. d. Puentx by Fonsamse;: rls d.
Favourrtet (bred by Mr. Maynard) by R. Alcock’s
bull.

Windsor (bred by Mr. C, Colling) got by Favourite, dam
Venus by Ben; g. d. Pucenrx by FoLsamBE; gr.
g. d. Favourrre, by R. Alcock’s Bull; erier.\e.'d.
by Smith’s Bull; gr. gr. gr. ¢. d. Strawberry, by
Jolly’s Bull.

Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke, dam Puontx
by Forramse, g. d. Favourrrr, by R. Alcock’s
bull; gr. g. d. by Smith’s bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jol-
ly’s bull.

Punch (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam
by Broken Horn; g. d. bred by Mr. Best.
Hubback, calved in $777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by

Snowden’s bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James

* It is considered expedient to trace the pedigrees of the imported ani-

mals on the male side—hence, where the same males occur in subsequent

pedigrees, repetition is unavoidable, to make the descent evident, to persons
who are not familiar with the subject.

{ For Alfred 200 guineas were refused,
+ Favourite, the dam of Comet.

Gloucester’s Pedigree.

Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William
St. Quintin, of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks
of Hurworth; g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of
Ketton.

Hulton (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Newton, dam Meteor
by Comet; g. d. Best Twin, by Favourite; gr. g.
d. Flecked Simmon, by Bartle; gr. gr. g. d. Old
Simmon.

Comer (sold for 1000 guineas) red and white roan, calved in
1804 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite,
dam Young Phenix, by Favourite; g. d. Phenix
by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite, (bred by Mr.
Maynard) by Mr. R. Alcock’s bull; gr. gr. g. d. by
Mr. Jacob Smith’s bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr.
Jolly’s bull.

Major (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam Lapy
by Grandson of Bolingbroke; g. d. Pucentx by
FoLsaAMBE; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr.
Maynard) by R. Alcock’s bull.

Bartle (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Dalton Duke, dam de-
scended from the SrupLey Wuire Butt.

Stupiey Wuite Butt, got by the Srupiry Butt, bred by
Mr. Sharter of Chilton.

Albion, light roan, calved April 18, 1810 (bred by Mr. C.
Colling, property of Mr. Booth); got by Comet, dam
Beauty by Marske; g. d. Miss Washington.

Lame Bull (bred by Mr. Booth) got by Mr. Booth’s Sir
Henry, dam Old Gaudy, by Mr. R. Colling’s Su-
warrow ; g.d. by Mr. Booth’s Son of the Twin Bro-
ther of Ben; gr. g. d. by Twin Brother of Ben.

Suwarrow (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Styford, dam by
Favourite.

Cha RU Ue A a A A a ca

Gloueester’s Pedigree.

Ben, red, (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Punch; dam by
Foljambe; g. d. by Hubback.

Foljambe, white with a few red spots, calved in 1787 (bred
by C. Colling) got by Richard Barker’s bull, dam
Haughton (bred by Mr. Alexander Hall) by Hub-
back; g. d. by a bull of Charles Colling; gr. g. d.
by Waistell’s bull; gr. gr. g¢. d. sti bred by C.
Pickering.

R. Alcock’s bull, bred by Jackson.

Bolingbroke, red and white, calved Nov. 12, 1788 (bred by
Mr. Charles Colling) got by Fotsampe, dam Young
Strawberry (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Dalton Duke;
g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Mr.
R. Alcock’s bull; gr. g. d. by Mr. Jacob Smith’s
bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jolly’s bull.

Broken Horn, red roan, calved in 1787 (bred by Mr. R.
Colling) got by Hussacx, dam by Huszack; g. d.
bred by Mr. Watson.

Newton (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Comet, dam Fanny,
by Mr. Charge’s Grey bull; g. d. Lady Short-Tail
by Johannot; gr. g. d. Second Lady by Favourite ;
gr. gr. g. d. First Lady by Bartle; gr. gr. gr. g. d.
Old Simmon.

Grandson of Bolingbroke (bred by C. Colling) got by
O’Callaghan’s son of Bolingbroke, dam old Johanna,
by Colling’s Lame Bull.

Marske (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite.

Sir Henry, red, (bred by Mr. Booth) got by Suwarrow, dam
by Mr. Booth’s son of the Twin Brother of Ben; g.
d. by Twin Brother of Ben.

Twin Brother of Ben, red and white (bred by Mr. R. Col-

ling) got by Punch, dam by Foljambe; gr. g. d. by
Habback.

Bolivar’s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book.

Styford (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Favourite, dam
by Punch; g. d. by Foljambe; gr. g. d. by Hub-
back.

Richard Barker’s bull, sire of Fotsampr, calved in 1784,
got by Mr. Hill’s red bull, dam by a son of Lake-
land’s bull. Lakeland’s bull by the SrupLey BULL.

Dalton Duke, red and white (bred by Mr. Charge) got by
Mr. W. Dobson’s bull, dam by the StupLey BULL.

Grey Bull (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Favourrre, dam
Fleck’d Lady, by Young Bartle; g. d. First Lady,
by Bartle; gr. g. d. Old Simmon, descended from the
STuDLEY BULL.

O’ Callaghan’s Son of Bolingbroke, red and white, got by
Bolingbroke, dam a red poll’d Galloway cow.

Red Bull, got by brother of Dalton Duke, dam red cow.

Johannot (bred by C. Colling) got by Mr. C. Colling’s
Cupid.

Cupid, calved in 1799 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Mr.
C. Colling’s Son of Favourite, dam Venus by Ben;
e. d. Phoenix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred
by Mr. Maynard) by Alcock’s bull.

BOLIVAR,

Imported Nov. 1826, calved May 5, 1825 (bred by J.
Whitaker, Esq.) got by Frepericx; dam Sweet-
heart by Hermit; g. d. Buxom by Lawnsleeves; gr.
¢. d. Brampton by Favourite;* gr. gr. g. d. Bright
Eyes by Favourrre; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Bright
Eyes by Favourire; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Fa-
VOURITE; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Punch; gr. gr.

er. gr. g. d. by Hubback; gr. gr. gr. ‘gr. gr.
r. g. d. by SNowDEN’s BULL; QI. gf. gr. gr. gr.

* Sire of Comet.

Bolivar’s Pedigree.

gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Masterman’s bull; gr. gr. gr. gr.
gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. god. by Waistell’s bull ; Waistell’s
bull by Masterman’s bull; Masterman’s bull by the
STUDLEY BULL.

Frederick, roan (bred. by Mr. Charge) got by Hulton, dam
Orbit by Comet; g. d. Splendour by Comet; gr. g.
d. Flecked Twin by Major; gr. gr. g. d. Red Sim-
mon by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon
by Bartle; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon (bred
by Mr. Charge) descended from the Srupiey
WHITE BULL.

Hermit, roan (bred by Mr. Baker) got by Lawnsleeves, dam
Manuscript by Simon; g. d. by Daisy; gr. g. d. by
Duke; gr. gr. g. d. by Bolingbroke.
Lawnsleeves, got by C. Colling’s Surplice; dam by George;
g. d. by Simon, out of Mr. Smith’s old cow.
Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke, dam Pucen1x
by Forsampe; g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock’s
bull; gr. g. d. by Smith’s bull; gr. gr. g. d. by
Jolly’s bull.

Punch (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam
by Broken Horn; g. d. bred by Mr: Best.

Hubback, calved in 1777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by
Snowden’s bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James
Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William
St. Quintin, of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks
of Hurworth; g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of
Ketton.

Snowden’s bull, the sire of Hubback, bred by Mr. George
Snowden, got by Robson’s bull.

Masterman’s bull, by the Srupiey BULL.

Waistell’s bull by Masterman’s bull.

t

Bolivar’s Pedigree.

Simon, got by Favourite, dam by Punch; g. d. by Bo-
lingbroke. ie»

Daisy bull (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite,
dam by Punch; g. d. by Huppack.

Duke by Comer, dam Ducuess* by Favourite; g. d. by
Daisy; gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. g. d. by
Hubback; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by James Brown’s RED
BULL.

Bolingbroke, red and white, calved Noy. 12, 1788 (bred by
Mr. Charles Colling) got by Forsampe, dam Young
Strawberry (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Dalton
Duke; g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard)
by Mr. R. Alcock’s bull; gr. g. d. by Mr. Jacob
Smith’s bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jolly’s bull.

Surplice (bred by C. Colling) got by Favourirr, g. d.
Puenix by FotsamBe; gr. g.d. Favourire, by
Alcock’s bull.

George (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comer, dam Lapy
by Grandson of Bolingbroke; g. d. PuHcnrix by
Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. May-
nard) by Alcock’s bull.

Comer (sold for 1000 guineas) red and white roan, calved in
1804 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite,
dam Young Phenix, by Favourite; g. d. Phoenix
by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourrre, (bred by Mr.
Maynard) by Mr. R. Alcock’s bull; gr. gr. g. d. by
Mr. Jacob Smith’s bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr.
Jolly’s bull.

James Brown’s red bull (bred by Mr. John Thompson of
Girlington Hall) got by Mr. William Barker’s bull.

* «¥yom the Daisys, Duchesses and Wildairs, the best milkers have
descended.”

a
pe

Lady Betty’s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book.

foljambe, white with a few red spots, calyed in 1787 (bred
by C.- Colling) got by Richard Barker’s bull, dam
Haughton, the gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. of Malcolm
(bred by Mr. Alexander Hall) by Hubback; g. d.
by a bull of Charles Colling; gr. g. d. by Waistell’s
bull; gr. gr. g. d. Tripes, bred by C. Pickering.

R. Aleock’s bull, bred by Jackson.

Grandson of Bolingbroke (bred by C. Colling) got by
O’Callaghan’s Sonof Bolingbroke, dam Old Johanna,
by Colling’s Lame Bull.

LADY BETTY,

Imported in 1825 (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) calved
in 1823; got by Alonzo, dam Witpair,* by R. Col-
ling’s Meteor; g. d. by Yarborough; gr. g. d. by
Styford; gr. gr. g. d. by Hutton’s bull, from James
Brown’s BULL.

/tlonzo, calved in 1821, got by Bates’ Cleveland, dam Rep
Darsy* (bred by Mr. Hustler) by R. Colling’s Ma-
jor; g. d. by Windsor; gr. g. d. OLp Daisy by Fa-
VOURITE; gr. gr. g. d. by Puncu; gr. gr. gr. g. d.
by Hussack.

Meteor (bred by R. Colling) by Comer, dam Diana by Fa-
vourITE; g.d. Orp Witpair by Favourirs; gr.
g. d. by Ben; gr. gr, g. d. by Huppacx; gr. gr. gr.
g. d. by SNoWDEN’s BULL; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by
Sir James Pennyman’s bull.

Yarborough (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Cupid, dam by
Favourite; g. d. by Huspack.

* Wildair and Red Daisy gave cach 32 quarts per day. (Sve the Rev.
Henry Berry’s Pamphlet.)

Lady Betty’s Pedigree.

Styford (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Favourite, dam by
Punch; g. d. by Foljambe; gr. g. d. by Hubback. ©

Hutton’s bull, got by a son of Bolingbroke. |

Cleveland, red and white, calved in 1819 (bred by, and the
property of Mr. T. Bates) got by Ketton the Third,
dam Ducuess THE First (bred by Mr. Colling) by
Comet, g. d. by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Darsy
BULL; gr. gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d.
by Hupsack; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by James Brown’s
red bull.

Major, red and white, calved in 1813 (bred by Mr. R. Col-
ling) got by Wellington, dam by Phenomenon; g. d.
by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Favourite.

Windsor (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam
Venus by Ben; g. d. Puoentx by ForsamseE; gr.
g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock’s bull; gr. gr. g. d.
by Smith’s bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Strawberry by
Jolly’s bull.

Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke; dam Pueenix _
by Forsamse, g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock’s
bull; gr. g. d. by Smith’s bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jol-
ly’s bull.

Punch (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam
by Broken Horn; g. d. bred by Mr. Best.

Hubback, ealyed in 1777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by
Snowden’s bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James
Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William
St. Quintin of Seampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks of
Hurworth ) g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of Ket-
ton.

Comet (sold for 1000 guineas) red and white roan, calyed in

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Lady Betty's Pedigree.

1804 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite,
dam Young Pheenix, by Favourite; g. d. Phenix
by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite, (bred by Mr.
Maynard) by Mr. R. Alcock’s bull; gr. gr. g. d. by
Mr. Jacob Smith’s bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. Jol-
ly’s bull.

Ben, red, (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Punch; dam by
Foljambe; g. d. by Habback.

Snowden’s bull, got by Robson’s bull; Robson’s bull by
Masterman’s bull; Masterman’s bull by the SrupLEry
BULL.

Cupid, calyed in 1799 (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Mr.
C. Colling’s Son of Favourite, dam Venus by Ben;
g.d. Pheenix by Foljambe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred
by Mr. Maynard) by Alcock’s bull.

O’Callaghan’s Son of Bolingbroke, red and white, got by
Bolingbroke, dam a red poll’d Galloway cow.

Ketton the Third, red and white (bred by Mr. Bates) got
by Ketton the Second, dam Ducuess the Third, by
Ketton the First; g. d. Ducuess the First (bred by
Mr. C. Colling) by Comer; gr. g. d. by Favour-
ITE; gr. gr. g. d. by Datsy BULL; gr. gr. gr. g. d.
by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Huspack;
gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gy d. by Mr. James Brown’s red
bull.

Daisy bull (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite,
dam by Puncu; g. d. by Husppackx.

James Brown’s red bull (bred by Mr. John Thompson of
Girlington Hall) got by Mr. William Barker’s bull.

Wellington, roan (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Comer;
dam Wirparr, by Favourite; g. d. by Ben; gr.

on

Belina’s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book.

g. d. by Huspack; gr. gr. g. d. by SnowpeEn’s
BULL, the sire of Huppack; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by
Sir James PennyMAn’s BULL.

Phenomenon (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Favourite,
dam by Ben; g. d. by Huspackx; gr. g. d. by
SNowWDEN’s BULL; gr. gr. g. d. by Sir James Pen-
nyman’s bull.

William Robson’s bull by Mr. James Masterman’s bull;
Masterman’s bull by the SrupLEy BULL.

Ketton the Second, got by Ketton the First, dam by Grandson
of Favourite; g. d. by Mr. James Brown’s red bull.

Ketton the First, got by Favourite; d. (g. d. of Op
Ducuess) by the Daisy Bull (by Favourite) g.
d. by Favounire; gr. g. d. by Huspgack; gr. gr.
g. d. by Mr. James Brown’s red bull.

BELINA,

Imported in 1825, (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) calved
in 1822; got by Barmpton, dam by Son of Welling-
ton, out of Charlotte; g. d. by Laird, &c.

Barmpton (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by George, dam
Moss Rose by Favourite; g. d. Red Rose by Fa-
VOURITE; gr. g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. g. d. by Fot-
JAMBE; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Husspacx.

Wellington, roan (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Comet,
dam Wiipair, by Favourite; g. d. by Ben; gr.
g. d. by Huppack; gr. gr. g. d. by SnowpeEn’s
BULL, the sire of Huppack; gr. gr. gr. g- d. 7 Sir
James PennyMAN’s BULL.

Laird, by Chieftain, dam Orp Ducuess by Daisy BULL; g.-
d. by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Hunpack; gr. gr.

g. d. by Brown’s oLp RED BULL.

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- Yorkshire Belle’s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book.

George (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Favourites, dam
Lady Grace by Favourite.
Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke, dam Pacenrx

by FotsamsBe, g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock’s

bull; gr. g. d. by Smith’s bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jol-

ly’s bull.

Punch (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Broken Horn, dam
by Broken Horn; g. d. bred by Mr. Best.
Foljambe, white with a few red spots, calved in 1787 (bred
by C. Colling) got by Richard Barker’s bull, dam
Haughton, (bred by Mr. Alexander Hall) by Hub-
back; g. d. by a bull of Charles Colling; gr. g. d.
by Waistell’s bull; gr. gr. g. d. Tripes, bred by C.

Pickering.

Hubback, calved in 1777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by
Snowden’s bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James
Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William
St. Quintin, of Scampston) by a bull of ‘Mr. Banks
of Hurworth; g. d. bought of Mr. Stephenson of
Ketton.

Chieftain (bred by Mr. Bates) got by Daisy bull.

Daisy bull (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favouritr,
dam by Punch; g. d. by Huspacx.

James Brown’s red bull (bred by Mr. John Thompson of

| Girlington Hall) got by Mr. William Barker’s bull.

YORESHIRE BELLE,*
Imported in 1825 (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) calved
in 1824; by Frederick, dam Yarm,t by Symmetry ;

* Yorkshire Belle gained the prize for yearlings at Otley Show, England,
+ Yarm gave 24 quarts per day.
(See the Rev. Henry Berry’s Pamphlet.)

ae ee

Desdemona’s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book.

g. d. by R. Colling’s Meteor; gr. g. d. 9 pinnae:
gr. gr. g. d by Grey bull.
Frederick, roan acid by Mr. Charge) got by Hulton, dam

Orbit by Comet; g. d. Splendour by Comet; gr. g. |

d. Flecked Twin by Major; gr. gr. g. d. Red Sim-
mon by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon
by Bartle; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon (bred
by Mr. Charge) descended from the Srupiey
WHITE BULL.

Meteor (bred by R. Colling) got by Comer, dam Diana
by Favourire; g. d. Otp Witpair by Favour-
ITE; gr. g. d. by Ben; gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback;
gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Snowden’s bull; gr. gr. gr. gr. ¢
d. by Sir James Pennyman’s bull.

Windsor (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourrre, dam
Venus by Ben; g. d. Puontx by Forsamse; gr.
g. d. Favourtre, by R. Alcock’s Bull; gr. gr. g. d.
by Smith’s Bull; gr. gr. gr..g. d. Strawberry, by
Jolly’s Bull.

Grey Bull, got by White bull, dam by Punch; g. d. by Fol-
jambe; gr. g. d. by Hubback.

White Bull, got by Favourite, dam by Favourite.

See Gloucester’s pedigree, for
peaisree,

Hulton, the grandsire, )
Comet, the gr. g. sire, and gr. gr. g. sire, |
Major, the gr. gr. gr. g. sire, of Yorkshire Belle.
Favourite, the gr. gr. gr. gr. g. sire, |
D nae . *
Bartle, the gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. sire, J

DESDEMONA,

Imported in 1825 (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.) ealved
in 1824; by Frederick, dam Delia by Cleveland; ¢

Desdemona’s Pedigree. —

d. Rap Darsy* by Major; gr. g. d. by Windsor; gr.

gr. g.d. by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Punch;
gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hussack.

Frederick, roan (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Hulton, dam
Orbit, by Comet; g. d. Splendor by Comet: gr. g.
d. Flecked Twin by Major; gr. gr. g. d. Red Sim-
mon by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon
by Bartle; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon (bred by
Mr. Charge) descended from the StupLtey WuttTe
BULL.

Cleveland, red and white, calved in 1819 (bred by and the
property of Mr. T. Bates) got by Ketton the Third,
dam Ducuess the First (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by
Comet, g. d. by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Daisy
BULL; gr. gr. g. d. by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d.
by Hupzack; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Mr. James
Brown’s red bull.

Major, red and white, calved in 1813 (bred by Mr. R. Col-
ling) got by Wellington, dam by Phenomenon; g¢. d.
by Favourite; gr. g. d. by Favourite.

Windsor (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourite, dam
Venus by Ben; g.d. Puonrx by Fotsamse; gr.
g. d. Favourite by R. Aleock’s bull; gr. gr. g. d.
by Smith’s bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Strawberry, by
Jolly’s bull.

Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke, dam Puonix
by Forsampe; g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock’s
bull; gr. g. d. by Smith’s bull; gr. gr. g. d. by
Jolly’s bull.

* Red Daisy gave 32 quarts per day. (See the Rev. Henry Berry’s Pam-

phlet.)

ee a ee

Punch (bred by Mr. R. ‘Colling) got WP

by Broken Horn; g.d. bred by Mr. Best.

Hubback, calved in.1777 (bred by Mr. John Hunter) got by ©

"

See Gloucester’s pedigree, for

Snowden’s bull, dam (from the stock of Sir James
Pennyman, and these from the stock of Sir William
St. Quintin, of Scampston) by a bull of Mr. Banks
of Hurworth; g. d. bought of Mr. seligeadaion: of
Ketton.

Hulton, the gr andsire,

Comet, the gr. g. sire, and gr. gr. g. sire, inl

Major, the gr. gr. gr. g. sire, of Desdemona.

Favourite, the gr: gr. gr. gr. g. sire,

Bartle, the gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. sire, J
VOLANTE,

Imported in July 1826 (bred by J. Whitaker, Esq.)
calved February, 1825; got by Frederick, dam Viola*
by His Grace; g.d. Venust (bred by Mr. Charge) by
Charles Colling’s Major; gr. g. d. Venus by Grey
bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Favourite.

Frederick, roan (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Hulton, dam

Orbit by Comet; g. d. Splendor by Comet; gr. g.d.
Flecked Twin by Major; gr. gr. g. d. Red Simmon
by Favourite; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Flecked Simmon
by Bartle; gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. Old Simmon (bred by
Mr. Charge) descended from the SrupLey Wuite
BULL.

His Grace (bred by Mr. Bates) got by Ketton the Second,

dam Ducuess the Second, by Ketton the First, g.

* Viola took the prize at Otley Show, England.
¢ Venus, when sixteen years old, gave 26 quarts per day. (See the Rev.
Henry Berry’s Pamphlet.)

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Ainnabella’s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book.

d. Ducuess the First (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by
Comet; gr.g.d. by Favourite; gr. gr. g.d. by
Daisy Bull; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by FavouriTsE; gr. gr.
gr. gr. g. d. by Huspack; gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d.
by James Brown’s Rep Butt.

Major (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comet, dam Lapy,
by Grandson of Bolingbroke; g. d. Puoenrx by
FotsamBe; gr. g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr.
Maynard) by R. Alcock’s Bull.

Grey Bull (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Favourite, dam
Fleck’d Lady, by Young Bartle; g.d. First Lady,
by Bartle; gr. g. d. Old Simmon, descended from the
STUDLEY BULL.

Favourite, the sire of Comet, by Bolingbroke, dam Puenrx
by Forsamse; g. d. Favourite, by R. Alcock’s
Bull; gr. g. d. by Smith’s Bull; gr. gr. g. d. by Jol-
ly’s Bull.

See Gloucester’s pedigree for

Hulton, the grandsire, 7
Comet, the gr. g. sire, and gr. gr. g. sire, |
Major, the gr. gr. gr. g. sire, tof Volante.
Favourite, the gr. gr. gr. gr. g. sire, |
Bartle, the gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. g. sire, J

ANNABELLA,

Imported in July, 1826, got by Peter (bred by Mr.
Booth) dam Attraction (bred by Col. Trotter) by
Pyramus: g. d. Aurora by Comer, gr. g. d. Mar-
cella by Son of Favourite; gr. gr. g. d. by Son of
FavourireE; gr. gr. gr. g. d. Hollon.

Peter (bred by Mr. Booth) got by R. Colling’s Pilot, dam
by Marshal Beresford; g. d. by Shakspeare; gr. g.
d. by Old Easby ; gr. gr. g. d. by Suwarrow.

G

AInnabella’s Pedigree.

Pyramus (bred by Col. Trotter) got by Comer, dam Anna

Maria, by Grandson of Favourite; g. d. Strawberry
* by Son of Favourite; gr. g. d. Hollon.

Comet. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

Favourite. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

Pilot, red and white, calved in 1817 or 18 (bred by Mr. R.
Colling) got by Major; dam Red Rose by Favour-
ITE; g. d. by Punch; gr. g.d. by ForsamBeE; gr.
er, g. d. by Hubback.

Marshal Beresford (bred by Major Bower) got by Comet,
dam Daisy; (bred by Mr. C. Colling) g. d. Oup
Daisy; gr. g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. g. d. by Hus-
BACK,

Shakspeare (bred by Mr. Booth) got by Easby; dam by
Mr. Colling’s Suwarrow; g. d. by Mr. Booth’s Son
of the Twin Brother of Ben; gr.g. d. by Twin Bro-
ther of Ben.

Easby, roan (bred by Mr. Booth) got by Mr. Colling’s Su-
warrow, dam Fareholme, by Mr. Booth’s Son of the
Twin Brother of Ben; g. d. by Twin Brother of
Ben; gr. g. d. by Twin Brother of Ben.

Suwarrow. (See Gloucester’s pedigree.)

Major. (See Betty’s pedigree.)

Wellington. (See Betty’s pedigree.)

Punch. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

Hubback. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

Twin Brother of Ben. (See Gloucester’s pedigree.)

Ben. (See Gloucester’s pedigree.)

Snowden’s bull, the sire of Hubback (bred by Mr. George
Snowden) got by Mr. William Robson’s bull.

Robson’s bull by Masterman’s bull.

Stately’s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book.

Masterman’s bull by the Studley bull (bred by Mr. Sharter
of Chilton).

STATELY,
Imported in 1822, calved in 1821 (bred by Mr.
Wetherell) got by North Star, dam Laura by Den-
ton; g. d. Selina, by Wellington; gr. g. d. by
Danby.

North Star, roan (bred by Mr. Wetherell) got by Comer,
dam Lady (bred by Mr. Spours) by Baronet (bred
by Mr. Mason); g. d. by Cripple; gr. g. d. by
Irishman.

Denton (bred by Mr. Wetherell) got by Comet, dam Young
Red Rose, by St. John; g. d. by Trunnell; gr. g. d.
by Danby.

Wellington (bred by Mr. Wetherell) got by St. John, dam
by Trunnell; g.d. by Danby.

Danby (bred by Mr. Wetherell) got by Paddock, dam by
White bull.

Comet. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

Baronet, roan, got by Chilton, dam Lydia by Favourite; g.
d. Nell by Mr. Mason’s white bull; gr. g. d. For-
tune (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Bolingbroke; gr.
gr. g. d. by Foljambe; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Hubback ;
gr. gr. gr. gr. g. d. bred by Mr. Maynard.

Cripple, red and white, (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Irish-
man, dam Fortune, by Bolingbroke; g. d. by Fotr-
JAMBE; gr. g. d. by Huspack; gr. gr. g. d. bred
by Mr. Maynard.

Trishman (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Styford, dam For-
tune (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Bolingbroke; g. d.
by ForsamsBe; gr. g. d. by Hussack; gr. gr. g. d.
bred by Mr. Maynard.

ie

Stately’s Pedigrees = a

St. John, roan (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Favourrte;
dam Fortune, (bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Boling-
broke; g. d. by Foljambe; gr. g. d. by Huspack;
gr. gr. g. d. bred by Mr. Maynard.

Trunnell (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Favourrrr, dam
Fortune by Bolingbroke; g. d. by FotsamBeE; gr. g.
d. by Husppacx; gr. gr. g. d. bred by Mr. May-
nard. .

Paddock (bred by Mr. James Brown) got by Mr. Robert
Charge’s bull (descended from the Studley breed), dam
Mr. James Brown’s red cow.

White bull. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

Chilton, roan, (bred by Mr. Mason) got by Favourire,
dam Lily by Favourite; g. d. Miss Lax (bred by
Mr. Maynard), by Dalton Duke; gr. g.d. Lady May-
nard, by Alcock’s bull.

Favourite. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

Mr. Mason’s white bull (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by
Favourite, dam Favourite (bred by Mr. May-
nard) by Alcock’s bull; g. d. by Smith’s bull; gr.
g. d. by Jolly’s bull.

Bolingbroke. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

Foljambe. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

Hubback. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

Studley bull. (See Gloucester’s pedigree.)

Simon. (See Bolivar’s pedigree).

Dalton Duke. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.) m

R. Alcock’s bull. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

STATELY’S OFFSPRING. -
Defiance, bull, calved in 1824, by Bishop, dam Stately.
Raymond, white and roan, bull, calved in 1825, by Wye
Comet, dam Stately.
Pocahontas, white and roan, heifer, calyed in 1826, by Mal-
colm, dam Stately.

Virginia’s Pedigree traced in the Herd Book.

VIRGINIA,

Calved in 1821, begotten by General, dam Rosemary

_ (bred by J. C. Curwen, Esq.) by Flash; g. d. Red
Rose by Petrarch; gr. g. d. by Alexander; gr. gr.
g. d. by Traveller; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Son of Bo-
lingbroke.

General (bred by General Simson) got by Young Star; dam
Queen by Bruce; g. d. Empress by WestTERn
Comet; gr. g. d. Bright Eyes by Marquis; gr. gr.
g.d. by Simon; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Traveller; gr.
gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Colling’s Lame bull.

Flash (bred by Mr. Seymour) by Mr. Colling’s Sir Dimple;
dam Carnation (bred by Mr. Seymour) by Cripple;
g. d. Moss Rose by Henry; gr. g. d. Rosebud by
Misfortune; gr. gr. g. d. Red Rose by Favourite;
gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Bolingbroke.

Petrarch (bred by Mr. Charles Colling) by Comet, dam
Venus by Ben; g. d. PuHoenix by Fotsamse; gr.
g. d. Favourite by Alcock’s bull; gr. gr. g. d. by
Smith’s bull; gr. er, gr. g. d. Strawberry, by Jolly’s
bull. |

Alexander (bred by Mr. Charles Colling) by Favourite.

Traveller, got by Bolingbroke, dam Old Blossom.

Young Star, got by C. Colling’s North Star, dam Mary
(bred by C. Colling) by Favourite; g. d. Venus
by Ben.

Bruce, got by Jupiter, dam Rola.

Western Comet. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

Marquis, got by Petrarch, dam by Daisy putt; g. d. by
Favourite; gr. g. d. by Huppack.

Siman. (See Bolivar’s pedigree.)

See

"seit Helin eile

ae Colling’s Lame bull. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.) — ee ‘

Sir Dimple (bred by Mr. G.: Colling) got by coil dam 3

ta _ Daisy, by Grandson of Favourite; g.d.OLp Daisy _

by Favourite; gr. é: d. by ae er. gr. 5 d. et
by Huppack. Bi a

Cripple (bred by Mr. Mason) got by midihins, dam Fortune
(bred by Mr. C. Colling) by Bolingbroke; g.d.by
ForsamBE; gr. g. d. by Huspack; gr. sr g. d. 7
bred by Mr. Maynard.

Henry (bred by Mr. Mason) got by St. John, dam Dandy by
Favourite; g. d. Lily by Favourire; gr. g. d.
Miss Lax (bred by Mr. Maynard) by Dalton Duke; a
gr. gr. g. d. Lady Maynard, by Mr. R. Alcock’s e
bull. . | »

4 Misfortune, got by Favourite.

Favourite. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

Bolingbroke. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

Comet. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.) -

Ben. (See Gloucester’s pedigree.)

Foljambe. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

Alecock’s bull. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.)

North Star (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Favourrre, .
dam Younc Pueenrx by Favourite; g. d. Pue-
nix by ForsamBe; gr. g. d. Favourrrr (bred by
Mr. Maynard) by Alcock’s bull.

Petrarch (bred by Mr. C. Colling) got by Comer, dam_ a
Venus by Ben; g. d. Puoentx by Foisampe, gr. q
g. d. Favourite (bred by Mr. Maynard) ste

cock’s bull. | *
Daisy bull. (See Malcolm’s pedigree.) BAR
Hubback. (See Maleolm’s pedigree.) |
ica

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4

cw il oh sae Fae a eee WOOMAL:) ARAL oa eee
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Burley’s and Shepherdess’ Pedigrees.

VIRGINIA’S OFFSPRING.

Monk, ay roan, bull, calved in 1824, by Bishop, dam Vir-
ginia.

Ohio, white and red roan, bull, calved in 1825, by Wye
Comet, dam Virginia.

Osage, light roan, bull, calved in 1826, by Wye Comet, dam
Virginia.

SHEPHERDESS,
Imported in 1822; (bred by Mr. Champion) got by
Magnet, dam by Prince; g. d. by a bull of the Duke
. of Leeds.
Magnet, got by Warrior, dam Magdalene (bred by Mr. C.
Colling) by Comet; g. d. by Washington.
SHEPERDESS’ OFFSPRING:
Blyth, bull, calved in 1824, by Champion, dam Shepherdess.
Romp, heifer, calved in 1825, by Bishop, dam Shepherdess.

Florian, red and white, bull, calved in 1826, by Wye Comet,
dam Shepherdess.

BURLEY,

Calved in February, 1826, white (bred by Mr. Powel)
begotten in England by Frederick, dam Belina by
Barmpton (bred by R. Colling) g. d. by Son of Wel-
lington out of Charlotte; gr. g. d. by Laird.

Barmpton, roan, calved in 1810 (bred by Mr. R. Colling)
got by Mr. R. Colling’s George, dam Moss Rose by
FavourniTE; g.d. Red Rose by Favourire; gr.
g. d. by Punch; gr. gr. g. d. by FotsamBE; gr. gr.
gr. g. d. by Hupspack.

George (bred by Mr. R. Colling) got by Favourite, dam
Lady Grace by FavourtirTe.

Chieftain (bred by Mr. 'T. Bates) got by Daisy bull.

For Frederick, Wellington, Laird, Favourite, Punch,

_ Foljambe, Hubback, James: Hirde. red
and Daisy, see the foregoing pedigrees. PEE Oe

; FAIRY,
~ Calved in 1820, got by Young Denton, dam Prize by

Young Denton, g. d. Buckhorn.

Young Denton, got by Denton, oer by Baronet, g. d. by

Pn | Cripple; gr. g. d. by Irishman.

a a Denton, got by Comet; g. d. by St. John; gr. g. d. by Old
mi Danby.

K Comet, Fairy’s gr. g. sire. (See Bolivar’s pedigree.) |

FAIRY’S OFFSPRING. .
Coquette, white, heifer, calyed in 1824, by Bishop, dam ©

Fairy.

Margaret, dark roan, heifer, calyed in 1825, by Bishop, dam
Fairy.

Richard, light roan, bull, calved in 1826, by Wye onl
dam Fairy.

James, white, bull, calved in 1826, by Malcolm, dam Fairy.
Daphne, dark roan, heifer, ealved i in 1826, by Wye eee FS
dam Coquette.

®

BISHOP,
Now possessed by J. Worth, Esq. (bred by Mr.
Curwen in England, got by Wellington, dam Arbu-
tus (bred by Mr. Gibson) by Harlequin; g. d. by 4
Yarborough; gr. g. d. by Duke; gr. gr. g. d. by

Jobling’s Traveller; gr. gr. gr. g. d. by Bolingbroke.

WYE COMET,
of a

(Now posse by Henry Watson, Esq. Conn.) be- a ;
gotten in . 4 by Blaize, dam White Rose by 3
Warrior; g. d. by Mr. Mason’s Charles; gr. g. a : di 3
by Prince; gr. gr. g. d. by Neswick. we

ey

*
'
¢
¥
‘
”;
in.
¢

NU

00025862600