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HISTORICAL SKETCH
OF THE
FIRST CHURCH IN BOSTON,
ITS FORMATION TO THE PRESENT PERIOD.
TO WHICH ARE ADDED
TWO SERMONS,
ONE ON LEAVING THE OLD, AND THE OTHER ON ENTERING THE NEW HOUSE OF WORSHIP.
BY THE LATE
REV. AVILLTAM EMERSON, A.M. A.A.S. &, S.H.S
THE 'IWELFTU I'ASrOK. OF SAID CHURCH,
BOSTON,
PTTTILISHED BY MUNROE Sc FRANCIS- NO. 4, CORN HI LI..
1812.
DISTKICV OF MASSACHUSETTS, TO Wlf ;
District Clerk's Office. BE it r.iiieinbcrcil, Tiut, on the uveuy-sixih J^v "f Ueccinl.sr. A. D. ,81 1 , :iiul in t!ie xhirty-sUth y^ar of the iiidqvinltncc ot the UnittU St .nsor' Ameiica, RUTH EMEKSON, oi' the said disiriLt, Ins dciJO.siti.d in this > ffice the litit ot u book, the right whert-cf she CUirils, as inopricor, in the words following, to wit ;
•' An IllSTO'.iCAL SKETCH of the FIRST GHURCrl (N BOSTON, from its firmntion to the prest,nl i)c. iod. To which art addtd Two Sernions, o;.t- on It.vinj; 'h <j;c1, hi <! the other on e.iteri % the ucw houie of worshiji. By t!ie late Rev. WILLl.-i.M EMEKiiOX, A.M. A. .AS. fc S.H.S. the twelfth p:i»tOP of s;iid chureli."
lii tonfcinuty to the ^Ct of ttn^ cgngrcss of tlie United St trs, eiititied, ' .\n act f 1 r the cn- co'.irij.^ nie.it of le.iniing. by securing the copies of in <i|)S. cJiarts, aiul books, to ih ■ .tiithors and I'rjprietors of sucll copies, during the tinits therein mentioned ," anil also 10 an aci.en- titi'.d, " .All act snpplemcnt.ii y to an act. entitled, ;^n act for ilie ciicouraj,'enienc of learning, by securing the cop.es of m i]>s, ch ins, and books, to th. .tuthors and piipiictors of sucll topi s, ;;urii!g the tunes therein nieiu^oned ; ^nd '-itrindinjj the b^nilirs ihere<if !o iljc arts of O-sigliine. tngraviiiE, and etchinji historical and other p mts."
WILLIAM S. SHAW, CJlerk of uic pittiii;t 01 Mass.>chusclts ,
ADVERTISEMENT OF THE EDITOliS.
THE following work is published, without material altera- tions, us it wus left by the author.
It is to be reijretted, that he did not live to complete his de- sign.
To what was prepared respecting Dr. Chauncy is added a sketch of his family by Dr. Clarke.*
As several of the author's late society have earnestly request- ed, that this history should contain some records of their two last beloved pastors, accounts of them have been added from documents, which have been already published.
The notice of Dr. Clarke is from the collections of the Mas- sachusetts Historical Society, vol. vi. p. 3. consisting of a " Sketch of the life and character of Rev. Dr. Clarke," supposed to be wriucn by Rev. Dr. Belknap ; and an extract from President Willard's discourse, delivered at First Church, the sunday after the decease of Dr. Clarke.
The account of Mr. Emerson is extracted from the discourse, delivered at his funeral by Rev. Joseph S. Buckniinslcr, minister of Brattle-street church.
To the whole are added, agreeably to the original design of the author, two sermons ; one preached, on leaving the old house of worship in Cornhill ; the other, at the dedication of tlic new meeting-house in Chauncy-placc.
23 Dec. 1811. * rublibhcd in an appendix to his sermon on the death of Dr. Channcv.
INDEX.
I. From tlie formation of the church, 1650, to the settlement of
Mr. Cotton, i633. . .... ... 9
II. Prom the settlement of Mr. Cotton, to his death, 1652. . . 18
III. From the death of Mr. Cotton, to the settlement of Mr. Nor-
ton, 1656 87
IV. From the settlement of Mr. Norton, to his death, 1663. . 91
V. From the death of Mr. Norton, to that of Mr. Wilson, 166". . 101
VI. From the death of Mr. Wilson, to the settlement of Messrs.
Davenport and Allen, 1668 107
VII. From the settlement of Messrs. Daven])ort and Allen, to the
death of the former, and the installation of Mr. Oxenbridg-e. Including the years 1669, 1670. ..... Ill
VIII. From the settlement of Mr. Oxcnhridge, to his death, 1674. 125
IX. From the death of Mr. Oxcnbrldge, to the settlement of 3Ir.
Wadsworth, 1696 127
X. From the ordination of Mr. Wadsworth, to that of Mr. Bridge,
1705 146
ZI. From the ordination of Mr. Bridge, to the death of Mr. Allen,
1710 153
XII. From the death of Mr. Allen, to that of P-Ir. Bridge, 1715. 158
XIII. From the death of Mr. Bridge, to the settlement of Mr. Chaun-
cy, 1727. . . • • ■ • -166
XIV. From the settlement of Mr. Chauncy, to the death of Mr. Fox-
croft, 1769. ...... 173
XV. From the death of Mr. Foxcroft, to the settlement of Mr.
Clarke, 1778 181
XVI. Sketch of the life and character of Mr. Clarke. . . .215
XVII. Character of Mr. Emerson. . • ... 223
Mr. Emerson's last Sermon in the Old Brick meeting-house, 17 July, 1808. ...... 229
Mv. Emerson's Sermon at the dedication of the new house of worship, in Chauncy-place, 21 Jul)', ISOS. - . , 245
HISTORICAL SKETCH
FIRST CHURCH,
SECTION I.
From the formation of l!ie Church, 1630, to the settlement of Mr. Cotton, 1633.
The four men particularly eminent and active in sect, l laying the foundation of the First Church in 1530 Boston were John Winthrop, Isaac Johnson, Thomas Dudley, and John Wilson.
The first of these illustrious characters was the first governour of Massachusetts.
The second was a gentleman of family and fortune, who, with his honourable lady, was swept away by the ravages of a mortal disease in the infancy of the settlement.
Mr. Dudley was a long time deputy-governour, and afterwards governour of the colony.
Mr. Wilson was a minister of religion, abound ing in zeal, prudence, and charity.
10 WILSON.
SECT. 1. Such were the leaders in the honourable enter- 1630. P'ise of founding a religious colony. With others of similar religious and political opinions, they had f<jr some time belonged to an association in London, called " The governour and company of Massachusetts Bay." On leaving England, they brought with them the patent, or charter, of the plantation. The members of this company were distinguished, among the settlers of the American wilderness, for piety, wealth, talents, and liberality. In principle indeed they were puritans ; but they never seceded from the episcopal church, until they left their country.
The Arabella, the vessel, in which they crossed the Atiantick, anchored in Massachusetts Bay, on the 17 June, 1630. After exploring My stick river, they came ashore at Charlestown, on the first of July, with a view to a permanent resi- dence.
yjiily. 8 July, a thanksgiving was observed in the
several plantations, and on the 23 August, the first court of assistants was holden on board the Arabella.
The first question agitated was. How shall the ministers be maintained ? It was agreed, that Mr. Phillips, minister of the Watertown plantation, should have 30/. a year, and Mr. Wilson 20/., until his wife, whom he had left in England, should come over, when he was to have the same. Sir R. Saltonstall undertook to see, that the agreement should be fulfilled in regard to
17 June.
Aus
WILSON. I !
Mr. Phillips, and governour Winthrop assumed sect. i. the same care for the salary of Mr. Wilson. 1630.
As soon, as a few civil arrangements had been made, it was determined, that a church should be regularly imbodied.
On the 27 August therefore a fast was ap- 27 Au^-. pointed, a covenant formed and subscribed, Mr. Wilson was chosen teacher, Mr. Nowell an elder, and Mr. Gager and Mr. Aspin wall deacons. These gentlemen w ere severally confirmed in office ])y the imposition of hands and by prayer. It was how- ever universally understood, that the ceremony, as it respected Mr. Wilson, did not imply a re- nunciation of the ministry, which he received in England.
The following is the form of covenant, which was subscribed by the members.
" In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, and in obedience to his holy will and divine ordinance,
" We, whose names are here underwritten, being by his most wise and good providence brought together into this part of America, in the Bav of Massachusetts, and desirous to unite into one congregation or church, under the Lord Jesus Christ, our head, in such sort, as becometh all those, whom he hath redeemed, and sanctified to himself, do hereby solemnly and religiously, as in his most holy presence, promise and bind our- selves to walk in all our ways according to the rule of the gospel, and in all sincere conformity to his holy ordinances, and in mutual love and
i 2 M ILSOX.
SECT I. respect to each other so near, as God shall give
^i-^ ■
I63U. US i^racc."
Probably sixty-four men and half as many women immediately signed this religious obli- gation.
The first meeting-place of the congregation was in the umbrage of a large tree. Whether they had better accommodations, during their con- tinuance at Charlestown, and of how many weeks or months exactly that continuance was, it is per- haps impossible to say. It is certain, that the settlers had scarcely rested, before they perceiv^- ed, that the south side of the Charles was pref- erable to the north, both for commerce and situ- 1631. ation. Of course they began to remove to the peninsula. At first those, who had thus removed, went back to worship at Charlestown on the Lord's days. In a little time, publick worship was celebrated alternately on each side of the river. At length the First Church took its station altogether in Trimontane, which was soon called Boston, after a place of the same name in Lin- colnshire, England, where some of the emigrants were born, and v^ hence they expected Mr. Cotton, a congregational minister of superlative worth.
Early in 1631, Mr. Wilson made a visit to England. On the morning of the 29 March,he had an affectionate meeting, at the governour's, with a number of the brethren, where he commended them in prayer to God, and exhorted them to steadfastness in faith, purity, and brotherly love^ He recommended to them the strict observance
WILSON. 13
of religious rites, during his absence ; and, as skct. i. governour Winthrop, dcputy-governour Dud- i63i. ley, and elder Nowell, in his opinion, were best qualified to lead the dGvotions and supply the in- structions of the congregation, so he in a manner consecrated them to the temporary execution ot pastoral duties. He sailed from Salem, 1 April, and arrived in London, the 29th of the same month. But his place was soon after supplied by Rev. Mr. Eliot.
Akhousrh the founders of Massachusetts and of our church forsook their native country with the express design of enjoying perfect liberty of con- science ; and, although doubtless it was the orig- inal intention to preserve ecclesiastical affairs dis- tinct from those of the state, yet these interests became immediately blended.
The church at Salem had called Mr. Roger Williams to the office of teacher. It had been said of this man, that he refused communion with the church in Boston, because its members would not make a publick declaration of their repentance for having continued their connexion with the episcopal church, whilst they remained in Eng- land. He had also taught, that the magistrate ought not to punish breaches of the sabbath, nor any offence against those laws of God, which re- late solely to his worship. Alarmed at this de- gree of liberality, the magistrates immediately signified to Mr. Endicott their dissatisfaction with the proceedings of the Salem church ; and even fiotified to Mr. Williams himself their pleasure.
i4 WILSON.
SECT. I. that he would not suffer the union to be consum-
1631. mated, until their permission should be known.
In the exercise of the same power, derived partly from their civil capacity, and partly from their standing in the church, the governour, deputy-governour, and elder went to Water- town to inquire into an opinion maintained in that church, that the church of Rome was right. After the matter was debated before numbers of both congregations, the opinion of the Watertown elder, whose name was Brown, with the general approbation, was condemned as erroneous.
The difficulty did not here terminate. Elder Brown persisted in his errour. The Court was applied to, interfered, and wrote to the First Church to consider the propriety of his continu- ance in office. The Church answered, that if the Court would prove the allegations, she would silence the offender. At length. Messieurs Win- throp, Dudley, and Nowell repaired to Water- town, where the congregation was divided on the subject in question. The governour said, " We have come to you, as peacemakers. You may choose, whether we shall enter upon the investiga- tion of the controversy in the character of magis- trates, as members of a neighbouring congrega- tion, or as referees, not satisfied with the notice, you have taken of our previous advice." Mr. Phillips, the pastor, desired them to act as mem- bers of a neighbouring congregation only. On this condition a hearing was had, in which both
WILSON. 15
parties complained, relented, and promised the sixt.i adoption of conciliatory measures. i63z~
The affairs of the church as well, as of the 26 Mav. plantation, were prosperous ; though occasions ivere not wanting of debate among individuals and in the community. Instances of political inter- ferences with ecclesiastical concerns were often taking place. No church could be gathered without permission from the magistrates ; and none could be a magistrate, nor even vote for a magistrate, unless he was member of a church thus politically gathered. In this politico-reli- gious condition, questions would frequently arise respecting the nature, qualifications, and power of various offices. They were at a loss, for exam- ple, whether the same person, at the same time, might be a civil magistrate and a ruling elder. If not, which should he lay down, what should be done ? Might there be divers pastors in the same church ? These questions the church pro- posed to the consideration of her sister churches in Plymouth and in Salem.
The first question was answered unanimously in the negative ; and thenceforth Mr. Nowell re- linquished his office in the church, and devoted himself entirely to the duties of a civilian.
The second received a doubtful answer ; be- cause the answer to the first involved an experi- ment, the results of which were not known.
To the third was given the same kind of reply ; because the respondents did not wish to deprive the church of any means of improvement she
1,6 WILSON.
SECT. I. could fairly ciijoy ; and, at the same time, they 1632. were not ignorant of the rivalry and feuds, whicK are the natural, though not unavoidable, conse- quence of placing two or more persons with equal powers in the same office.
On the return of Mr. Wilson from London, which was on the 26 May, 1632, the congregation began to build a house for publick worship, and another for the pastor. Towards these purposes they made a voluntary contribution of 120/. They erected the church on the south side of State- Street, not far from the spot, on which the Exchange has been newly reared. Its roof was thatched, and its walls were of mud.
As the season grew late, and the weather se- vere, those members of the congregation, who belonged to Charlestown, found it troublesome to worship in Boston. Accordingly they signified their desire to constitute a new society on the north side of the river. The 11 October was set apart for seeking direction of God ; and, on the 14th, thirty-three persons were peaceably dismissed from their relation to the church. The)' then elected Mr. James their teacher, and formed what is now the congregational church in Charles- town.*
The congregation now fixed their eyes, for a teacher, on Mr. John Kliot, who had arrived the
* " And now upon this separation I find t!ic number of males in the church of Boston (after nigh two years continuance hei-e, in which time doubtless additions were made to it,) amounted but to about 70 or 80, the body of the inluibitants." [Foxcroft's Cent Serm.]
WILSON. ir
preceding year, and luid officiated, for the most sect. i. part, during Mr. Wilson's absence, and who af- 1639. terwards immortalized his name by his apostle- ship among the Indians. But he had already de- termi?;ed on a settlement at Roxbury, and would not be persuaded to alter his resolution.
The 22 November was solemnized, as a fast, on which Mr. Wilson, hitherto the teacher, was ordained the pastor of the church. At the same time were elected Mr. Oliver a ruling elder, and two deacons, on all of whom hands were imposed, as a sign of consecration.
One hundred and thirty men, and nine- less. ty women had now become members of the 6 Aug-, church. But, besides the loss of the Charles- town members, several had died, several others had removed to S.ilem, and a few had returned to England. Probably the church did not now number more, than a hundred communicants. Four children were baptized in the first year, eleven in the second, three in the third, and four in that part of the fourth, which elapsed before Mr. Cotton's ordination. Of these twenty- two there were eleven of each sex.
SECTION 11.
From the settlement of Mr. Cotton, 1634, to his death, 1652.
SECT. II. On 4 September, 1633, arrived from Eng- ^^ land, with Mr. Hooker, and many other emi-
4 Sept. g^^i"'ts of distinction, Rev. John Cotton. His ce- lebrity, which was great in England, had already filled the American settlements, and prepared him a most welcome reception. His abilities were considered, as common property ; and it was the immediate concern of the wise and good, where he should fix his residence, and how obtain an honourable support.
The scene of his and his wife's admission into the church was such, as displayed the precision and sanctity of his character, and interested the feelings of every beholder. Mrs. Cotton, on their passage, had brought him a son, whom he called Seaborn, but whom he did not baptize, un- til he was admitted into the church at Boston. He assigned two reasons for the omission. One was, there was no settled congregation on board the ship. Secondly, he said, a minister has no power to administer the seals of the covenant, ex- cept in his own congregation. " He desired, his
WILSOX. COTTON. 19
wife might also be admitted a member, and gave a gp^.^ ^j modest testimony of her ; but withal requested, she might not be put to make open confession, which, he said, was against the apostle's rule, and not fit for women's modesty ; but that the elders might examine her in private. So she was asked, if she did consent in the confession of faith made by her husband, and if she did desire to be admitted ; whereto she answered affirmatively, and so both were admitted, and their child baptized, the fath- er presenting it ; the child's baptism being, as he did then affirm in another case, the father's in- struction for the help of his faith."*
It was first proposed, that Mr. Cotton should be maintained from the treasury, in consideration of the political as well, as ecclesiastical benefits, which were expected from his ministry ; but the maturer judgment of a majority of the coun- cil quashed the proposal. He might have select- ed any situation in the country ; and he was in fact urged to accept several invitations, other than what he received in Boston. But he was some- what compelled by the advice of the governour and council as well, as the unanimous voice of the First Church, here to bestow his principal la« bours. Accordingly a fast was observed, on 17 October, when " he was solemnly ordained teacher of that church, by the imposition of the hands of the presbytery, as was Mr. Leverett, an ancient professor of religion of Mr. Cotton's con-
* Winthrop.
-0 WII.SOX. COTIOX.
SECT. II. gregation in England, cdained ruling elder ol ^(533 the same church, the congregation testifying their consent by lifting up their hands. Mr. Wilson, pastor of the same church, demanded of him, if he accepted of that call. He paused, and then spake to this effect, that however he knew himself unworthy and insufficient for that place, yet hav- ing observed the passages of God's providence, which he reckoned up in part, in calling him to it, he could not but accept of it. Then the pas- tor and the two ruling elders laying their hands upon his head, the pastor prayed, and speaking to him by his name, did thereby design him to said office in the name of the holy ghost, and did give him the charge of the congregation, and did thereb}', as a sign from God, endue him, at least prayed, that he might be endued, with gifts fit for his office, and largely did bless him. Then the neighbour ministers, that were present, did, at the pastor's m.otion, give him the right hand of fellowship, and the pastor did make a stipulutioa between him and the congregation."
In answering the invitation of the church, Mr. Cotton recommended to their care a few friends, who belonged to his society in England, and who had followed him to this coui.try. They were of course provided for.
The ministers in the neighbourhood, having become sufficiently numerous, formed an associa- tion, and met, once a foitnight, in rotation, atone another's houses. At each meeting some subject of moment was debated. Mr. Skelton and Mr.
WILSON. COTTON. 2 1
Williams, of Salem, were offended at the rise of sect.ii this institution, and predieted, that it would origi- ^^33 nate a presbytery, or superintendency, that would end in the ruin of the church's liber- ties. Mr. Hubbard, in his ms. indulges a bitterness of invective against these gentlemen, which the expression of their fears can hardly jus- tify. The event however has proved, that their suspicions were groundless. What they con- demned was the origin of the Boston Association of congregational ministers, who continue, every second monday, in the afternoon, to hold a meet- ing for prayer, theological discussion, and social intercourse. Yet perhaps there is not a place in the world, where the independence of individual churches is more perfectly enjoyed, than in this metropolis, and its vicinity.
Immediately upon his induction, Mr. Cotton entered upon the duties of his office ; and so great was his influence both in ecclesiastical and civil affairs, that the measures, he recommended in his sermons, were forthwith adopted in the church ; and his private political counsels were with equal readiness enforced by the government. The congregation received continual accessions ; and more were here added to the number of communicants, than in all the other churches of the country. Many, who had been notoriously immoral, came and confessed their sins, and were received into the bosom of the church. Mr. Wilson was equally zealous and successful in maintaining the discipline of the church. The
22 WILSON. COTTON.
SECT. IT. elders, deacons, and several private brethren jg.^ were faithful coadjutors in the work of general edification ; so that no religious community ever appeared in a more prosperous condition.
There was no subject, which Mr. Cotton did not discuss ; and whatever doctrine or sentiment he delivered, he maintained by the word of God. He showed from the scriptures, that the ministry ought to be maintained from a publick chest, which was to be supplied by a weekly contribu- tion. Mr. Cotton had expended towards his own settlement 80/. a reimbursement of which he refused. 60/. were contributed for the finish- ing of his house, and 100/. for his and Mr. Wil- son's support.
The earliest notice of the 5th day or thursday lecture is given in Winthrop's journal for this year, when it seems to have been already estab- lished.
There was now some contention in the church of Charlestown ; and, among other sources of strife between Mr. James the pastor and Mr. Nowell the elder, it was questioned by the latter, whether they were in fact separated from the First Church.
The rules and discipline of the church were so rigidly observed, that a person coming from a neighbouring church, in which he was here well known to enjoy a fair character and a regular standing, could not be received, without renewing the profession of his faith in the language of his confessors.
WILSON. COTTON. 3.3
Mr. Cotton taught, that a magistrate ought not sect. ii. to be deprived of his official character without j^^j^ just cause, and that for no cause should he be arraigned, as a publick convict.
Mr. Wilson, this year, it seems, made another visit to his native country.
On every occasion, where a matter was dispu- ted, Mr. Cotton settled the difference by his pub- lick preaching. Mr. Hooker and liis friends were about to remove to the Connecticut. Their de- sign was strenuously seconded by some and op- posed by others. After the matter hud been for some time debated, Mr. Cotton ended the affair by preaching from Hug. ii. 4. showing the strength of the magistracy, ministry, and people. In their authority consisted the strength of the first, in their purity that of the second, and in their liberty that of the last. Each estate, he said, had a negative voice, and yet the ultimate power should reside in the whole body of the people.
The thursday lecture was now suspended, 4 October every other week, to give place to another lecture at Cambridge, on the alternate thursday.
Mr. Eliot blamed the magistrates for over- reaching the Pequods in a peace made with them. Mr. Cotton was appointed to deal widi him, and desire him to make a publick recantation ; which he did.
The thursday lecture reverted to its ancient ii Dec order. It was customary for the inhabitants oc- casionally to transact business relative to the po-
^4 WILSON. COTTON.
SK(jT. II. lice of the town, immediately after lecture. On 2634 11 December, this year, they chose seven new selectmen, to the exclusion of very worthy gentlemen, who had served them in preceding years. But Mr. Cotton interposed and showed from scripture, that it was an order of heaven to have all such business committed to the elders. Such was the weight of his authority, that he caused, on the succeeding thursday, a new elec- -^,. tion.
13 Jan '^"^^^ church, this day, kept a fast on account of the pastor's absence in England, and the proba- bility there was, that he and his companions Avould be detained and troubled. 19. 1 an. There was, on 19 January, a general meet- ing of the ministers, by the request of the gover- nour and assistants, to deliberate on these two questions. First. What ought to be done, if a general governour should be sent out of Eng- land ? Second. Is it lawful to carry the cross in our banners ? In the first case they were agreed, that they ought not to accept him ; but to defend their possession in the best manner they were able. On the second they divided, and came to no decision. 15 March. About this time, a disturbance happened at Lynn. The pastor had been somewhat arbitrary ; and some of the members, from a spirit of re- sentment, questioned, if they were a true church, and commenced a separation. The pastor and his adherents requested the advice of sister churches. Meanwhile, the pastor desired the
1 Nov.
WILSOJf. COTTON. 23
authors of the schism to commit their grievances S'^.ct. it. to writini^. They refused. He therefore was i635 for excommunicating them ; and wrote to the churches to desist from their intended visit. The letter was read immediately after thursday lec- ture, when it seemed to be the general opinion, that the churches ought to hear both sides of the dispute. Accordingly they went upon the ground ; heard the parties ; acknowledged them a true church ; and reconciled the members.
Rev. Mr. Wilson arrived here from England esept. in company ^vith Mr. Shepard, Mr. Jones, and others. It was probably now, that his wife ac- companied him. The voyage, which Mr. W. now finished, wlis remarkable. He more than once narrowly escaped shipwreck. On his re- turn from England, he was forced by foul \vea- ther upon the coast of Ireland, and, after many dangers, he visited the country. He met many persons interested in the settlement of Newengland. From Ireland he passed into Scotland, and into the north of England, and, through his whole tour, he met whh persons of quality, who were concerned for the prosperity of Newengland, and who esteemed his visit among them a smile of Providence.
In December, 1635, Mr. Norton arrived at Plymouth.
The ministers occasionally interposed, in case of differences among nicigistratcs ; yet rarely or never, unless expressly requested by the gover- nour and assistants.
D
26 WILSON. COTTON.
SECT. II. In the month of January, 1636, the church at 1536_ Cambridge was gathered by Mr. Shepard M'ith .Ian. great solemnity. It was there questioned, how many persons might constitute a church. The number three was thought too small ; but it was determined, that seven might lawfully constitute a church. Mr. Cotton was present, and gave the right hand of fellowship to the newly organized church. 25 Feb. The churches of Lynn and Salem were much divided. Corn was scarce ; and removals fre- quent. A general fast was proclaimed. This church in particular observed it with great devo- tion. April. The principal part of the old church at Dor- chester having removed, Mr. Mather and others began a new one. Several persons attempting to join them were rejected for the present, on the idea, that they hated sin, not so much because it was in itself odious to God, as because it was hurtful to themselves.
It having been made manifest from the scrip- tures, that a certain number of magistrates should hold their offices during life, Mr. Winthrop and Mr. Dudley were accordingly chosen upon ihat principle.
The peculiarities of Mr. Williams were still a source of inquietude among the churches. The colonists were frequently returning, for the pur- pose of commerce or friendship, to the parent country. When there, it was natural for them to worship at the churches of their friends. Yet
WILSON. COTTON. 27
such was the abhorrence, which Mr. W. entertain- ^e<"t. n. ed for episcopal worship, and such was the rig- i636. our of his discipUne, that he would suffer none of his congregation to give a moment's counte- nance to the cause of conformity ; and on such, as had offended, he was sure to impose some sort of penalty. It was agitated in the First Church, whether, out of tenderness to the consciences of their brethren, persons going hence to England should refrain from joining in episcopal worship. It was said, that hearing was not holding com- munion, and therefore determined in the nega- tive. The next plan was to make them a church by themselves. This was opposed, both because thev were too few to make a church, and because the forming of new chnrches, on such grounds, could not be justified by the word of God. It was, lastly, asked, if they should be excommuni- cated. This measure was unpleasant, and not to be resorted to, unless they should withdraw them- selves, and behave disorderly. A continuance with the church was to procure a degree of tolera- tion in matters of opinion. This is the first ray of liberality, that has shed itself upon the ecclesi- astical institutions of our country.
Mr. Peters preached at First Church, and so- licited of the congregation, among other things, these two ; first, that they would relinquish the labours of Mr. Cotton, whilst he should go through the scriptures, and raise marginal notes on the difficult passages. The second wasj that a
28 WILSOX. COITON,
SECT. n. plan of church government might be drawn up 1636. accordin£^ to scriptye.
Until this time, tlic First Church had enjoyed a scries of unequalled prosperity. But, towards the close of the year 1636, the congregation was distracted by one of the most extraordinary theo- logical controversies, that ever was agitated. A married woman, by the name of Anne Hutchinson, had long been infected with antinomian principles. The opinions, which she first privately and after- wards openly avowed, w-ere such, as these, viz. That the person of the Holy Ghost dwells in a jus- tified person. That no degrees of sanctification furnished any evidence of justification ; and that consequently all the genuine sanctification in a true believer consisted in a personal union with the Holy Ghost. So strenuously did she hold and propagate these and similar notions, that she bitterly opposed those of the clergy and laity, who were for cooling the ebullitions of her en- thusiastick zeal. She said, that none of tlic min- isters, Mr. Cotton excepted, preached the cove- nant of grace ; that they preached the covenant of works ; they could not preach the covenant of grace, because they had not the seal of the spirit ; and that they knew no more of the grace of Christ, than the apostles knew before their mas- ter's resurrection.
Mr. Wheelwright, a brother in law of Mrs. Hutchinson, and formerly an episcopal clergyman in England, openly favoured the doctrine of his sisten Od:iers in the church espoused her
WILSON. COT ION, 29
cause : nor was Mr. Cotton himselt" free from sect. it.
suspicion, if he was from blame. 1636
These opinions were soon noised among the neighbouring churches, and arrested the particu- lar attention of all the ministers. Whilst the general court was sitting, they took an opportu- nity of visiting Boston, for the express purpose of inquiring into the controversy, and consulting with individuals of the legislature, what was to be done. For so intimately connected, in that day, were the civil and sacred concerns of the state, that, if the church was in danger, the magis- trates interfered, or, if the state was threatened, the ministers of religion durst not be silent.
Mr. Cotton and Wheelwright joined the con- ference, and, by explaining their notions of sancti- fication, gave tolerable satisfaction.
Mr. Wheelwright being the friend and sup- porter of Mrs. H. her partisans in the church were desirous of having him associated with Messrs. Wilson and Cotton. The proposition was opposed. It was said, that the church was already furnished with able ministers, who were known to the brethren, and whose labours had been wonderfully blessed, and that it was wrong to hazard the peace of the congregation, by intro- ducing a stranger, whose sentiments and conduct had already begun to kindle the flames of conten- tion. Governour Vane questioned the ground of opposition, since Mr. Cotton had approved the doctrine of the candidate. Mr. Cotton replied, that he acknowledged a similarity of opinion, on some
3© WILSON. COTTON.
SECT IT of the points in dispute with Mr. W. but since 1636. he was apt to raise questions of doubtful utility, he thought it safest not to have the church proceed in his election. Mr. W. was accordingly per- mitted to take charge of the church at Mount Woll.ston.
The feelings of the brethren had become high- ly irritable. The opposition to Mr. Wheelwright had awakened a spirit of animosity. Points of doctrine, which had been calmly discussed in the pulpit heretofore, could not now be touched, without wounding the feelings of some of the brethren. The affair was warmly, though with christian forbearance, contested between Mr. Cotton and governour Winthrop. The latter appeared to great advantage. He seemed equally cautious of imbibing erroneous doctrine himself, and of rashly censuring the errours of others. He dealt with his teacher faithfully, yet affectionately ; and concluded the interview by requesting Mr. C. not to talk of the personality of the Holy Ghost, and terms of that nature, which were never used in the purest churches, during the three first cen- turies, but to confine himself to matters, which were better suited to promote the edification of individuals and the peace of the brotherhood.
Sir Henry Vane, the governour, who had arrived this year from England, and who had a high rep- utation for seriousness, was rather favourably inclined to the Hutchinsonian superstition. He asserted the indwelling of the Holy Ghost in every believer, and such a personal union, as trinitari-
W1LS6V. COTTON. 31
ans suppose between the Logos and the man sect. ii. Christ Jesus. But Mr. Wilson, the pastor, Mr. ifijs Winthrop, and all the more rational part of the congregation desired, that, as the person of the Holy Ghost could not be found in scripture, but was a term of human invention, it might be dis- used.
Though the dispute ought to have been confin- ed to the church, yet the court, from motives of curiosity, love of power, and religious zeal, insist- ed upon entering into its merits. Mr. Vane was even jealous of the right, which the churches and ministers thought, they possessed, of terminating the controversy independently of the magistrates. But Mr. Peters, a minister of Salem, sharply re- buked the governour and plainly insinuated, that, if governours would concern themselves only with the things of Caesar, the things of God would be more quiet and prosperous.
The zeal of Mr. Wilson, on this occasion, manifested itself in a lamentation over the dark and distracted condition of the churches, and im- puted to the newly broached opinions the divis- ions, they lamented. Mr. W's speech originated questions on the doctrine of sanctification. Mr. Cotton had, that dav, taught, that evident sanctifi- cation was evidence of justification ; that, in cases of especial desertion, desires of sanctification were actual sanctification, and that the lowest desree of gracious sincerity afforded matter of conifort. Mr. Cotton and the governour however main-
WILSON. COTTON.
SECT. 11. tained, that nothing could compensate the want of 16,36. '<^ concurrent sight of justification.
Mr. Cotton and others were offended at Mr. Wilson's speech ; and they accordingly went to admonish him. But the pastor and his friends were unable to perceive, that any rule had been violated. On the same terms with the rest of the elders, he had been called to the court, where it was desired and expected, that every one would express his mind with the utmost freedom, both for discovering existing danger, and for remedy- ing the evil. Mr. Wilson explained ; but ex- planation was unavailing. It was insisted on by his accusers, that he should answer publickly for his indiscretion ; and the governour was forward among those, who with bitterness and reproaches were arraigning the conduct of this benevolent man. Governour Winthrop remarks, " It was strange to sec, how the common people were led by example to condemn him in that, which, it was very probable, divers of them did not understand, nor the rule, which he was supposed to have broken, and that such, as had known him so long, and what good he had done for that church, should fiill upon him with such bitterness, for justifying himself in a good cause. For he was a very holy upright man ; and for faith "and love inferiour to none in the country, and most dear to all men." The teacher also betrayed the weakness of human nature, and too easily joined in the censure of his mild associate. But the meekness and moderation of the pastor triumph-
WILSON. COTTON. 33
ed over tb.c misguided zeal of ihe teacher and the si-xt. ii. flock. He ansucicd them in the language of '^^^~^~ gentleness, and by the wisdom of his behaviour calmed the murmurs of opposition. It was also fortunate for Mr. W, that the first time he preached, he was exceedingly happy in his sub- ject, and in his manner of treating it ; insomuch that the governour professed himself satisfied, and laboured in Mr. Ws behalf for the satisfaction of others.
This was not the end of the church's conten- tion. One heretical opinion paved the way for another, and schism succeeded schism. It was maintained, that the Holy Ghost dwells in a believ- er as much, as he dwells in heaven ; that a man is justiiicd, before he believes ; that faith is no cause of justification ; that the letter of the scripture holds forth nothing, but a covenant of works ; that the covenant of grace, which can be known only to believers, is the vital principle of the scriptures ; that a man may attain to high eminence in sanctincation, gifts, and graces, even so as to have special communion widi Christ, and after all be damned. In short, with the persons holding these notions nothing would an- swer, but an immediate revelation, assuring of divine acceptance.
Extravagant as the assertion may seem, these extravagant notions were received by the mem- bers almost universally. The pastor and three or four others made the only exception.
#.i4 WILSOV. COTTOX .
SECT. It. Thai Mr. Cotton should give his voice in ia 1636. ^'°'^^' ^^ ^"^^^ heretical opinions, it may be ration- ally supposed, was matter of offence to his cleri- cal brethren. Determined to make him explicit, they stated sixteen articles, on which they entrea- ted unequivocal answers. He complied. On some of the points he was satisfactory ; on others not. His answers induced several replies ; and so much engaged were the ministers in opposition to the prevalent enduisiasm, that they persuaded the general court, at its next session, to have an universal suspension of the lectures for three weeks. 1637.; The year 1637 opened with gloomy prospects. Though oppressed with difficulties at home, the congregation was not insensible to the sorrows of their brethren in foreign climes. The churches in Germany were in a miserable condition. In England lordly bishops were deposing numbers of Christ's faithful followers, making havock among the puritans, and every where introducing the fopperies of papists. The plague was raging on the continent of Europe, where thousands were threatened both with the sword and famine. The depredations of the Indians were frequent in the Connecticut settlement, and anew menaced the peace of their own territory. These troubles, added to their ecclesiastical dissensions, moved the appointment of a general fast.
But the observance of no rites whatever was able to abolish the existing differences on points of faith. Mr. Cotton, alone of all the clergy,
WILSON. COTTON. 35
was on the side of the fanaticks ; and the very sect, ii circumstance of his dissenting from his brethren ~^^' was sufficient to give the dispute a wider notorie- ty and a keener edge. Though the teacher was not to be shaken from his creed, nor betrayed into rashness, he was far from being easy under the weight of so respectable an opposition ; and, though superiour to the adoption of unworthy means to promote the views of a party, he was yet wiUing to seize a favourable occurrence for strengthening the cause, which he thought to be just. A ship full of passengers was now ready to sail for England. It was natural to embrace such an occasion for renewing ancient recollecr tions, and disburdening the heart of its cares. " Tell our transatlantick friends," said Mr. Cot- ton, " that all our strife is about magnifying the grace of God. Some seek to advance the grace of God towards us, and some the grace of God within us. The lovers therefore of the doctrines of grace will here be sure of a cordial reception." Though this message to the unilluminated sa- voured of nothing, but the honey of the bee ; yet there v/ere others, who felt a sting in the words. Mr. Wilson replied. He said, " I know none among either the elders or brethren of these churches, who do not labour to magnify the grace of God in the justification of believers, as that doctrine is contained in the holy scriptures j nor are there any, to my knowledge, who deny the importance and necessity of sanctification." The matter of dispute was trivia, and most of the
36 , WILSON. COTTON.
SECT. TT. bystanders Averc equally well satisfied with both I63jr_ of the divines ; but the effect was unpleasant. Such a theological rencounter under such cir- cumstances indicated, that a wound had been given to the peace of the church, which was not easily healed, and which would frequently bleed before the eyes of the whole community. Be- cause the ministers contended, the people could not agree. One party ranged itself on the side of justification ; the other on that of sanctification ; and the distinction between the advocates for free grace and the adherents to works was as broad, as what separates protestants and papists.
The general court, which commenced its ses- sion in March, upheld its interest in the contro- versy. It had a party in favour of Mr. Cotton and the majority of the church ; but the majority was on the side of Mr. Wilson and his friends. Of course the correctness of the proceeding against Mr. Wilson was questioned, and his speech in the last court, and the whole tenour of his conduct were adjudged not only faultless, but reasonable.
It was in this session voted, that the ministers should be requested to give tlieir advice concern- ing the authority of the court in ecclesiastical af- fairs. The ministers complied with the request, and agreed in two things. First, That no legis- lator, without leave of the court, should publickly be questioned by a church concerning any speech, which he may have made, whilst acting in his legislative capacity. Secondly, That all such
WlI.SO>;. COTTON. J7
heresies and errours of any church member, as sect. ii. are manifestly dangerous to the state, the court TTZT" may proceed to condemn, without staying for the determination of the church ; but opinions, turning merely on texts of doubtful interpretation, or on questions, about which wise and pious men have innocently diftered, shall first be submitted to the deliberation of the church.
Mr. Wheelwright was to be questioned at this court concerning a sermon, he hud preached, which was said to be seditious. His friends, who made the majority of the church, petitioned the court, first, that, as freemen, they might be present in cases of judicature ; and, secondly, that they would define and publish their power in casuistical and ecclesiastical cases. This petition was ungraciously received, and immediately re- jected. The court said, that they were in the liabit of determining causes in publick ; but they should insist on the right of private deliberation, whenever they thought proper.
The cause was at length agitated. It appeared, that against all, who walked in a covenant of works, maintaining, that simctification was an ev- idence of justification, Mr. Wheelwright in his sermon had bitterly inveighed. Such persons he denounced as antichristians, and excited against them a vehement opposition. He was summoned before the court. His sermon was produced, which he justified without the least palliation, confessing, that he still meant all, which he seemed to express. The elders of the other
58 WILSON. COTTON.
SECT IT churches, on being questioned, unanimously ack- 163/. novvledged, that they felt themselves pointed at and maligned in the aforesaid discourse. After some debate, he was adjudged guilty of sedition and contempt of the court. His conduct was thought to be marked by peculiar aggravations of guilt. A fast had been appointed, as the means of healing breaches in the peace of the church, which his sermon seemed designed and calculated to widen. From this judgment the governour and a few others dissented, and entered their pro- test ; which however was not admitted, because it exculpated Mr. Wilson, and in this instance dis- approved the doings of the court. First Church also offered a petition in behalf of Mr. Wheel- wright, which justified his vsermon. The court deferred sentence, until thenext session, and took advice of the ministers concerning the propriety of enforcing his sentence. They were diffident in their opinions on the subject, and recommended him to the care of First Church. This was done, and his appearance enjoined at the next court.
These differences gave motion to the pens as well, as spirit of controversy. Among other tracts, the magistrates issued an apology, justify- ing the sentence of the court against Mr. Wheel- wright. Against this sentence , the majority of the church had said many hard things. They had also remonstrated in a loud and angry tone, and been guilty of unfairness. In abbreviating Mr, Wheelwright's sermon, they actually altered
WILSON. COTTOX. B9
both the words and meaning of offensive pas- skct. n. sabres. Mr. W. himself too published a treatise, 71
o r ' l6,>~.
relative to the dispute, which also spoke a differ- ent language from that of the sermon. The ser- mon was answered, and its doctrine refuted, by the clergy. This answer dre^v another from Mr. Cotton, who narrowed the ground of contro- versy ; and in the election sermon, preached, the next day by Mr. Shepard, the differences w^ere so concisely stated, that the affair was brought almost to a close. Indeed so much had been written and said on the subject, so much had been controverted, and so much conceded, that polemick divines of the first perspicacity could alone determine with accuracy, where the point of contention was ; and, if the passions of the com- munity had not been highly excited, the dispute would have seen an earlier termination. The re- ligious combatants were at length agreed in the following particulars. First, that justification and sanctification were together in time. Secondly, that a man must know himself justified, before he can know himself sanctified. Thirdly, that the spirit of God never witnesses to the realii) of justification, vviihout a previous conviction of a wonderful work \\Tought upon the soul. The dift'erence between the controversialists came final- ly to this. One party affirmed, that the firat as- surance of a justified state originated in an abso- lute promise, and not in a conditional one also. The other maintained, that christian assurance arose from a promise partly abBokite and partly
40 wiLbo:;. corroN.
SiiCT. II. conditional. The former held, that no man
1637. couid have any true assurance, without such a sense of" a good work having been wrought up- on his soul, as no hypocrite could attain. The latter contended, that the only sure evidence of continuing in a justified state was a continuance in a state of holiness.
Mr. Wheelwright, as commanded, appeared at court. Because however a day of general hu- miliation was appointed, on which all the church- es were to choose referees, for settling the differ- ences, a respite was granted him by the court, un- til its next session. If, at that period, he should retract his errour, he v/as given to understand, that he would probably experience a lenity, which otherwise might not be expected. He answered, If I have been guilty of sedition, let me die. Recantation is out of the question. If you pro- ceed thus unrighteously against me, I shall appeal to the tribunal of my king. The court told him, that they were satisfied of the rectitude of their course, and that, on a revision of his case, their decision would be exactly, what it had been ; but if to the meditated conference among the ministers the Lord should afford new light, they would cheerfully use it in ordaining a new sentence.
The design of the magistrates in thus deferring the execution of the sentence was to give ample testimony of their uprightness. The friends of Wheelwright had been so censorious and insolent in their speeches in court, and so outrageous in their conduct abroad, as to injure their cause.
VVILSOX. COTTON. 41
I'he moderate party was daily waxing stronger sect. ii.
both in numbers and influence, and were now J637. able to crush the fanatick and his adherents. But they were willing to make the equity of theii measures palpable to the world, by cultivating a temper of moderation, and still extending the conciliatory hand.
A proof of the pious dispositions of the patri- archs of Newengland is found in many of their in- stitutions, and particularly in their observance of fasts and thanksgivings. On experiencing any publick calamity, a day of humiliation was imme- diately ordained, and a day of thanksgiving, when Providence had blessed them with remarkable fa- vours. A*victory had recently been gained over the Pequod Indians, and, on that account, the 15 June, 1637, was appropriated by all the churches to the exercise of publick thanksgiving.
The friends of order, now making a large ma- jority, were resolved, that their opposers should feel their power ; and frequent opportunities oc- curred, in which love of truth and the publick quiet were put in opposite scales. Through the influence of the dominant party, a man, named Greensmith, was censured by the general court for saying, that all the ministers, excepting two, were principled in a covenant of works. This had been said and punished before. The man appealed to the king ; but he was nevertheless committed.
The wound nowever, which fanaticism had received, was by no means mortal. It was con-
42 WILSON. COTTON.
SECT, IT. stantly receiving balm and consolation from the " parent coimtry. A brother of Mrs. Hutchinson
and other friends of Mr. Wheelwright, recently arrived, immediately rallied round the antinomian standard ; and though the administration would allow them neither trust nor countenance, yet they had a large portion of zeal, and of course could not but have a portion of influence. They were continually preaching the peculiarities of their sect, which imbittered, poisoned, and in- flamed the popular mind. Such were the effects of their doctrines upon the timid and credulous, that some became intoxicated with the joys of as- surance, some deranged, and others were driven to despair. One woman, in particular, of the congregation, having been long worried with ter- rours concerning her spiritual state, grew at length so furious, that she threw her child into the well, saying, '* now my damnation is inevitable."
This unhappy state of religious affairs was viewed with concern by serious and enlightened christians, who carefully seized upon every fa- vourable opportunity for soothing the passions of the populace, and giving a right direction to their zeal. Rev. John Davenport, who, in the course of the past month, had come hither, like many of his profession, for the enjoyment of religious liber- ty, was laudably instrumental in furthering the work of peace. He preached the thursday lec- ture from Cor. i. and in his sermon held a strong 17 Tiiiv light over the nature and dangers of those divisions, which had sprung up in the church, and most
WILSON. COTTON. 4?>
tenderly pressed upon his hearers the duties of sect. n. candour, forbearance, and brotherly love. 163;^.
Exhortations of this complexion were not with- out their effect. Private meetings of ministers and the brethren were had for the removal of misunderstandings. A day of humiliation was observed in all the churches with especial refe- rence to their distracted condition, on 24 July, and on the 30th of the same month, a conference of ministers and elders was holden, in the hope of effectuating pacifick measures. Here Messrs, Wilson, Cotton, and Wheelwright were presents The speech, made by the first of these gentlemen before the court, which at first was so ill receiv- ed, and which had been the subject of much sub- sequent altercation, was now reviewed in moments of greater tranquillity . The passions were asleep, and the explanations of Mr. Wilson were heard with candour. He declared to his reverend com- panion, that, at the time of making the speech alluded to, it was not his intention to condemn doctrines, which they had publickly delivered, but such opinions, as had been disseminated in private circles, and industriously propagated to the injury of serious preachers and upright chris- tians. As to the rest of the speech, it was the vmanimous opinion of the elders, that it was inof- fensive and even justifiable under the circumstan- ces, which called it forth. Mr. Cotton had no objection to offer against the general sentiment ; but gave a conciliatory exposition of the affair on the following sunday. This sudden and favour-
4.4. 'iVlLBOV. COTTON.
SECT. II. able change in the aspect of the controversy was 1637. very observable, especially by those, who knevr, that Mr. Wilson had formerly made, in sub- stance, the very same declaration. The fact was, that, in the heat of contention, words and argu- ments had been used with gentlemen to no effect, because not weighed with care, nor even heard with patience.
MAug. ^'^ 2Q August, began at Cambridge the fa- mous synod, called the assembly, at which all the pastors, teachers, and elders in the country were present, as well those, who had lately arri- ved from England, as those, who were immedi- ately connected with particular churches. Of course Mr. Davenport was a member of the body. Mr. Shepard, minister of the church in Cam- bridge, introduced the labours of the assembly by prayer. The first day was consumed in prep- aration and arrangement. Erroneous opinions were first laid before the synod, next improper expressions, and lastly abuses of the scriptures. On the second day. Rev. Peter Bulkley of Con- cord, and Rev. I'hos. Hooker were chosen mod- erators ; and they continued in office, until the close of the sitting. Eighty opinions were condemned, some as blasphemous, others as erroneous,andall,as unsafe. Almostall the members subscribed the con- demnation. AfeWjthoughin sentiment with the ma- jority, thought it discreet to withhold their names. Sevtiral members of First Church, together with others, disliked the idea of so many opinions being coudemned. They said, the votes of the
WILSON. eOTTON. 4;>
synod brought a reproach upon the country, sect. ii. They disbcheved the statement, on which the ^^^yT sense of the assembly had been taken, and called for the names of persons, to whom these errours W'-ere imputed. They were answered, tJiat it could be abundantly proved, that all the errours, which had been named, had authors and abettors in town or in country ; but that prudence dicta- ted the concealment of names. The minority however were too much warmed with the sub- ject to suffer any thing to be secreted. They w^ere vociferous for names and witnesses. In vain did the moderators call to order, and in vain remind them, that, in case of disturbance, the magistrate must interpose. It was answered, that the magistrate had no province in such an assembl}'. One of the moderators retorted, that, if immediate silence did not ensue, an opportuni- ty would be given for testing the correctness of the two opinions. There \vas so much severity in this sort of language, that some of the Boston members retired, and came no more to the as- sembly.
Five points remained in question between Mr. Cotton and Mr. Wheelwright on the one part, and the rest of the elders on the other. The articles, about which the parties were at issue, were imbodied, and the mode and meaning of the expressions used were agreed upon by all, excepting Mr. Wheelwright.
The first related to our union with Christ. The question was, if the union take place before
46 WILSON. COTTON.
1637.
SECT n ^^^ operation of faith. It was agreed, that there ■ is a difference between habitual and actual faith, and that there is no marriage union with Christ, until faith becomes actual or operative.
The second related to the evidence of justifica- tion. It was agreed, that saving sanctification was coexistent, concurrent, and coapparent with the witness of the Spirit.
It was agreed, that the new creature is not the person of a believer, but a body of saving graces within him ; and that Christ, as a head, quickens, preserves, and actuates, but is himself no part of, the same.
The fourth respected effectual calling. It was agreed, that the soul is enlivened by an operative faith, wrought at the time by the Spirit, and that justification and sanctification are coeval ; yet that God does not justify a man, before he is ef- fectually called, or, in other words, before he is a believer.
It was agreed, that Christ and his benefits may be offered to a man under, but not m, or by, a covenant of works.
When these questions were first agitated, each party delivered its arguments in writing, which were read in the assembly, and afterwards their answers. This mode of doing business consum- ed much time to no good purpose. But as soon, as they began to state and define their questions, the points in dispute were rendered intelligible, and speedily settled.
WILSON. COTTON. 47
Having determined questions of right, those of sect, u expediency came next to be considered. Ac- lesr. cordingly the last day of its sitting, the synod de- liberated and resolved on the following questions.
1. That though a few women may meet togeth- er for the purposes of prayer and mutual advice* yet such an assemblage of females, consisting of sixty or more, as is now every week formed, in which one of them, in the character of principal and prophetess, undertakes to expound the scrip- tures, resolve casuistical cases, and establish doc- trines, is determined to be irregular and disor- derly.
2. Though a private member may ask a ques- tion publickly after sermon for information, yet this ought to be very wisely and sparingly done, and never without leave obtained of the elders ; but questions on matters of speculation, such as are now agitated in many places, in which doc- trines are frequently opposed, and those deliver- ing them bitterly reproached, is on no account justifiable.
3. A person, refusing to come to attend publick worship to receive church censure, may be pro- ceeded against, though absent ; yet it is advisable, if convenient, that the magistrate should compel him to be present.
4. A member, differing from the rest of the church in any opinion not fundamental, ought not to absent himself from the celebration of ordinan- ces ; and, if a member, thus circumstanced, shall desire a dismission to another church, holding
48 "VVILSON. COITON.
SKCT. II. opinions agreeable to his own, the churei), to 1637. which he belongs, ought not to grant his request.
The assembly dissolved itself ; and the gov- crnour proposed, that, since the Lord had been graciously present with its members, and its af- iairs had been so regularly conducted and amica- bly concluded, a like meeting should be had once a year, or at least the next year, to settle what of controversy still remained doubtful, and nourish dispositions of charity. The motion, as it displayed the goodness of the goveniour's heart, was universally pleasing ; but it was not thought prudent to adopt the measure.
The governour also moved, that, as there was a difference in different churches in the manner of supporting their ministers, it should be agreed, what mode of maintaining them is most evan- gelical ; but the ministers feared to decide upon this question, lest it should be said, that the assembly was gathered for their own ad- vantage.
Mr. Davenport, as he had been previously requested by the assembly, preached from Phil, iii. 16. In his sermon he enumerated the prin- cipal causes of dissensions among christians, and stated the beneficial effects of the synod. With sound argument and much eloquence he persuad- ed to unity his christian brethren, who now sepa- rated under auspicious appearances. The mem- bers of the assembly were boarded, and those belonging to Connecticut were brought and re- turned, at the publick charge.
16J
WILSON. COTTOX. 49
However satisfactory might have been the re- sect. i.i. suit of the synod to the churches in general, some of the members of First Church were so dissatis- fied with it, that, because the success of the synod was mentioned, as one of the causes of gratitude to God, in the autumnal thanksgiving, they ab- sented themselves from the religious exercise This disrespect to the doings of the assembly was contagious. The hopes of peace, 'fondly indulged for a time, were found to be illusive. Though Mr. Wheelwright and his party had been confuted in the assembly, yet they persisted in their opinions, and were as busy as ever in nourishing the spirit of ecclesiastical contention.
On 2 November, the general court assem- bled at Cambridge. They found,that two so op- posite parties could not continue in the same body, without putting to hazard the peace, if not the existence of the whole. Former disputes were renewed with all their former virulence ; and the fires of party, which had been seemingly quenched, were found only to have been smother- ed. Mr. Wheelwright, by persisting in his owii justification, rendered abortive all previous exer- tions for establishing a reconciliation. He was accordingly banished the government. He ap» pealed to the king ; but he was told and convin- ced, that an appeal of this sort was nugatory. He of course relinquished it ; and the court per mitted him to go to his own house, upon promis- ing, that he would leave the jurisdiction, within
jO WILSON. COTTOX.
SECT. ir. fourteen days. The breach of this promise was ~~^Y to be followed by a surrender of his person to the niiigistrate.
It was thought best to pursue a course of ener- getick policy towards bringing the controversy to a close ; and to follow up the severity towards Mr. W. by a similar treatment of his sister. Mrs. Hutchinson was accordingly sent for by the court. She was formally accused of the er- rours in sentiment and practice, which have al- ready been described,* and the charges were sustained by a host of witnesses. This trial was very extraordinary. Perhaps the ecclesiastical annals of no country can furnish a similar instance. On her entering the court, she was addressed by govcrnour Winthrop in a strain of uncommon solemnity. " Mrs. Hutchinson," says he, " you are called here,as one of those, who have troubled the peace of the commonwealth and of the churches. You are known to be a woman, who have had a great share in divulging and promo- ling those opinions, which cause our present troubles, and to be nearly joined not only in affini- ty and affection with some, whom the court have noticed and censured, but you have spoken di- vers things injurious to the honour of these churches and their ministers. You have also maintained a meeting in your house, which has been condemned by the general court, as a thing not comely in the sight of God, nor suitable to your sex ; and, notwithstanding it was condemn-
• P. 28,
WILSON. COTTON. Jrl
ed in the opinion of all sober and judicious per- sect ii sons, you have continued the same. We have jgo^^ therefore thought it good to send for you, to un- derstand how things are, that, if you are in an er- roneous way, we may reduce you, that so you may become an exemplary and profitable christian among us. Otherwise, if you shall be obstinate in your errours, the court will take such a course, as to prevent your giving us further trouble. I therefore entreat you to say explicitly, whether you hold and assent to those opinions and factions, which have already been handled in court."
Whilst the governour was making this speech, and during some time of her first appearance be- fore the court, she was modest and reserved ; but her judges entreated her to be open, and in- sisted upon an honest confession of her secret sentiments, respecting the merit and manner of preaching common among the ministers. She still seemed unwilling fully to reveal her mind. They began to question her, and she to answer them. As much as two days was she before the governour and assistants, perplexed and irritated by their queries. Sometimes indeed she an- swered with too much pertness and pride ; but, for the most part, she referred her accusers and judges to the scriptures, whose authority they all acknowledged, and whose words, it must be con- fessed, as urged by the woman, often caused them some little confusion. Mr. Cotton was im> plicated in the examination, and by the mildness of his manner,' and his nice discriminations con.
52 WILSON. COTTON*
SECT. II. tributed to increase the embarrassment of the
j(S57. court. At leng'th it was voted to banish Mrs. H. from the jurisdiction, as a woman unfit for their society, and to imprison her, until the execution of the sentence.
In reflecting upon the course of behaviour pursued in regard to this affair, we can hardly help dropping a tear of compassion over the intol- erance of the age, and the hardship attending the case of this female fanatick. It is true, there was plenary evidence, that she possessed an unquiet, bold, and turbulent spirit, and was full of enthusi- asm ; yet it is oasy to see, that the whole contro- versy originated in too strict an adherence to the words of the scriptures, without regarding their connexion and spirit, and in a strong attachment to an unbendmg discipline.
The errour vv^as not invisible to several mem- bers of First Church. Though they too much favoured the extravagant fancies of Mrs. H. yet it was not solely on that account, that they es- poused her cause. They thought, that a spirit of unjustifiable persecution had been indulged, and they were determined to resent it. Their ill-will accordingly manifested itself against the govcr- iiour. They were desirous, that the ministers should call him before them to answer for the part, he had acted in the affair. Advertised of their wishes, he exculpated himself to the congregation. He told them, that if he were arraigned, he should advise with the elders concerning the power of the church to interlere in civil concerns. He
WILSON. COTTON. o.3
then showed, that he was in the exercise of his sect, n. functions, as a civil magistrate ; that in that capac- igsr. ity there was no power paramount to his ; and that though, as a member of the church of Christ, he was, hke other members, subject to its rules, yet, as a ruler in one of the kingdoms of thio world, he ought to command the obedience of christians. " What I have done," says he, " in this affair, I have done for the maintenance of peace, I can justify by instances in sacred history every part of my conduct. If priests have some- times laid restraint upon kings, these in turn have undertaken the control of priests. If a magistrate should be guilty of taking private property by theft, he would be amenable to the church ; but if, in discharging the duties of his office, he should banish from the state a disorderly subject, whether or not belonging to the church, I should consider him, as acting without the con- trol of any ecclesiastick authority. I am also able to justify my conduct in this affair by the opinion of several of the clergy and other christian breth- ren, whose advice I have taken and very carefully followed. In short, I have acted in the whole ol this business conformably to my oath, which obliges me to do whatever I think for the glory of God and the common good. It has long been manifest to my friends as well, as to myself, that these opposite parties would not live together in peace, and that the only method of restoring tran- quillity to the state was the banishing of the greatest offenders."
54, WILSON. CQTTOX.
SECT. II. In the month of March, 1638, Mrs. Hutchin-
jg.g son took up her residence in Roxbury. Here
she was visited both by the wise and foolish, both
,March. ^y ^^^^ wellmcaning peacemaker and the queru- lous disputant. Some went to her house to dis- cover the extent and depth of her errours, some to cure, and others to multiply and aggravate them. The bruit of her heresy was indeed renew- ed with so much ardour, that the magistrates found it necessary to summon her before them. 15 March. She C:^me, and on 15 March, at a publick lec- ture, appointed for the purpose, her errours were enumerated and condemned. She herself was solemnly admonished before the whole congrega- tion. Mr. Cotton read the admonition, and une- quivocally reproved the proud and contentious spirit, which had appeared in a woman, who had formerly been among the warmest of his admir- ers. The general court was now sitting at Cambridge ; but the govcrnour and treasurer,be- ing members of First Church, were permitted to join the congregation in approving the punish- ment.
On 22 March, Mrs. H. appeared again. In the hope of her repentance, she had been libera- ted by the court. She had resided, a little while, at the house of Mr. Cotton, that he and Mr. Dav- enport might have opportunity of fully detecting her errours, exposing them to her conscience, and inducing a penitent temper. Their exhortations were not wholly without effect. She retracted in writing most of what were called her JamiiisticaJ
WILSON. COTTON. 55
©pinions ; yet with such modifications and restric- sect. ir. tions, as rendered her acknowledgment of no val- ^^^s. lie in the estimation of the church. They requir- ed an oral explanation, which should express more clearly a renunciation of her heresies. She then declared, that it was Justin God to leave her to imbibe and disseminate these wrong opinions, for slighting his sacred ordinances and reviling the rulers of his people. This confession, which was made apparently under the influence of a christian temper, and which concluded with a re- quest for the prayers of the church in her behalf, awakened an expectation, that she might return to something like a decorous behaviour. But this expectation was baseless, as the fabrick of a vis- ion. The moment they came to particular defi- nitions, she was as wild and impudent as ever ; and so palpable were her contradictions, that she as- tonished and alienated those, who had formerly been her advocates. The last gleam of hope having fled, that she would ever conduct herself, as a sober and peaceable member of the church, a motion was made for her excommunication. Feeling a tenderness for the woman, and some- what of horrour at the contemplated measure, some were for substituting another admonition ; but the vote passed, and Mr. Wilson pronounced the sentence. The transaction is recorded in the fol- lowing words. " Ann, the v/ife of our brother William Hutchinson, having, on the 15th of the third month, been openly in publique congrega- tion, admonished of sundry errours held by her,
56 AVILSON. COITON'.
SECT. II. was, on the same 22d day, cast out of the church 1^^ for impeniteutly persisting in a manifest lye, then expressed by her in open congregation, the 15th of the same month, 1638."
After excommunication, her spirits, which had been previously depressed, revived, and she glori- ed in her sufferings, thanking God, that she was counted worthy to be abused for the sake of Christ. But her own joy, on this event, could not have exceeded what was felt by the bulk of the people. They had so long been agitated by this vexatious affair, and such bickerings had it caused in families as well, as churches, that the prospect of its termination was universally pleas- ing.
Notwithstanding the order of court, Mrs. Hutchinson seemed inclined to linger among her friends. Accordingly, two or three days after her excommunication, the governour sent her a war- rant, obliging her to leave the limits of the juris- diction, before the close of the month, and to abide in her house, until her departure. On the 28th, she went by water to her farm at Mount Wollaston, whence she wiis to sail with Mr. Wheelwright's family for Piscataqua. But she changed her mind, and journeyed by land to Providence, and thence proceeded to an island in the Narraganset bay, which her husband and others of her sect had purchased of the Indians, with the view of commencing a settlement by themselves.
WILSON. COTTON. if
Althoiigh Mrs. Hutchinson was gone, it was sec r. ii.
Jong, before the effects of the controversy respect- jg-^ ing her ceased. Neighbouring congregations could not but be interested in it ; and it had pro- duced a strong sensation in the whole vicinit}'. Roxbury church, in particular, contained mem- bers, who subscribed the obnoxious petition, ^^s"':' They were however admonished at first, and, because they would not submit to the censures of the church, were eventually excommunicated.
xVlthough it should seem, that the magistrates and ministers, united as they were in governing the state and church, were terrible and irresistible in their sway, yet there were not wanting instan- ces, in which their power was defied. Just be- fore the expulsion of Mrs. H. and whilst the court was sitting, one John Green of Providence wrote a letter to the governour and assistants in an uncour'cly style. This man had accused the court, and probably with reason, of acting in an arbitrary manner ; of persecuting Mr. Williams and his friends ; and of cruelly restraining them from divulging their opinions. This freedom of speech had procured him a fine. He had ac- knowledged his errour, and his fine had been re- mitted. But now he crimhiated his former sub- mission, and justified himself in his first act of repugnance to what he deemed an intolerant spir- it. It was to no purpose to send to Rhodeisland for this offender ; but the court ordered, that, if he and certain others, believed his confederates',
iT
58 WILSON. COTTON.
SECT. II. bhoiikl be found in this jurisdiction, they should 15J8 cither confess their fault, or obligate themselves, on pain of imprisonment, to be seen no more hereafter within the limits of the state.
At this court also several military officers of distinction, who had espoused the fanaticism of Mrs. Hutchinson, were sent for and examined. They acknowledged, that they had been misled by the pretence of exalting Christ and debasing the creature. Experience had taught them, that they had followed a delusion, the natural tendency of which was to promote schism among church- es and individual christians. They blessed God, that he had showed them their errour, before it had become fatal to their peace.
Thus ended one of the most intricate, vexatious, and unhappy disputes, that ever distracted an in- fant community. Much blame undoubtedly belongs to the antinomian party, by whom it originated ; but the magistrates and ministers are not wholly to be exculpated. Our ancestors had settled this country for the sake of enjoying 1 he rights of conscience and the liberty of private judgment. Yet here was a woman arraigned, condemned by the court, expelled from the church, and banished the commonwealth for doing nothing more, than the exercise of this freedom implies. The catastrophe of this deluded and un- fortunate woman and her family it is melancholy to relate. Her husbiind, being one of the pur- chasers of Aquetneck, sold his estate in Massa- chusetts, and removed with his family to that isb
Wn.SON. COTTON 5f
and. On the death of Mr. H. in 1642, Mrs. ^^^'^- "• Hutchinson, dissatisfied with the people or place, '638. removed to the Dutch country beyond New Ha- ven ; and, the year after, she and all her family, consisting of sixteen persons, were killed by the Indians, with the exception of one daughter, whom they carried into captivity.* Several strange stories respecting this woman and her companion, Mrs. Dyer, are to be found in Win- throp's journal, which at this day arc hardly cred- ible. They are of little importance, and hold no proper connexion with the merits of the contro- versy.
Although we have reprobated the spirit, with which this long dispute was managed, on the part of the governour and the majority of the clergy) yet perhaps they could hardly have been more lenient. On a first view of the affair, we are ready to wonder, that the private opinions of a woman, and even the parlour lectures, she was pleased to hold at her house, should excite so strongly the apprehensions of the most learned and powerful men in the state. We are ready to ask, what harm could have arisen from the sen- timents, lectures, and even calumnies of this in- fatuated female, so long as she enjoyed no pecu- liar political privilege, and could nowise direct the power of the magistrate. Yet reflection teaches us, that human nature was the same at that period, as it is now ; and we know, that those,
* Holmes's Ann. i. 29S.
60 ^^ llsox. ^o tion".
who then held the reins of government in the state and church, were wise and good men. Can- dour therefore would lead us to conclude, that they did what, on the whole, was best to be done, and that the peace of the christian community could not otherwise have been preserved.
The temper of these times is visible in the care taken by the court to guard against extravagance in dress. It was imagined by some of the magis- trates, that the women indulged themselves in too much expense this way. They accordingly con- ferred with the ministers on the subject, and charged them to address themselves to the con- sciences of their hearers. The ministers promis- ed to attend to the matter ; but it was found, that their own wives participated in this fault, and therefore little was effected in the business.
Two years since, a Mr. Bernard, of Batcomb, Somersetshire, England, transmitted a manuscript to the magistrates, and another to the ministers,the object of which was to show, that the mode of gathering churches in this country was wrong. So busily had the clergy been occupied, since the arrival of this work, with the hutchinsonian dispute and its consequent mischiefs, that none had found time to answer it. It was now an- swered by Mr. Cotton, who, about this time also, replied to another treatise written in defence of a form of prayer.
In Decern !)er, this year, a woman was hanged for murdering one of her children. She had been a member of the church at Salem, but had been
WILSOy. COTTON- 6i
excommunicated for antinomianism ; and she pre- sect. ii. tended to justify her crime by internal rcvela- i^3cj7 tions.
On the recommendation of the magistrates and ministers, a fast was kept to deplore the prevalence of the small-pox, the want of zeal in the profes- sors of religion, and the general decay of piety. Mr. Cotton, in his exercises on that occasion, copiously and particularly lamented his own and the church's indolence and credulity, whence it happened, that the errours, which had required immense labour to extirpate, had become so gen- erally disseminated. He stated the particular rea- sons and manner of his deception, and justified the measures, which had been adopted to expa- triate the fomentors of ecclesiastical discord.
The behaviour of the hutchinsonians but too well justified the severity, they had experienced- At Aquida, whither they had retired, they were constantly broaching some diabolical errour. Among other foolish notions, they maintained, that women had no souls, that moral virtues were the antichrist mentioned by the apostle Paul, and that the devil and the Holy Ghost had an indwel- ling with every believer.
Those, who went to the falls of Piscataqua,gath- ered a church there. They wrote to First Church, desiring the dismissal of Mr. Wheelwright, whom they were about to employ, as an officer. First Church refused to comply with the request, because Wheelwright did not himself join in the
6.2 V;iLSON. COTTOX.
SECT. II. request. A personal application on his part was ""[^ afterwards made, which was immediately granted. A Mrs. Oliver of Salem, whose temper had been soured by sufferings in England for noncon- formity, caused the court, about this time, no lit- tle uneasiness. The magistrates and churches of Massachusetts were also much disturbed by the contentions at Providence. The degree of eccle- siastical liberty, which Mr. Williams there intro- duced, seems to have been greater, than the peo- ple were able to bear ; and he had acted on max- ims, the consequences of which were not clearly foreseen.
A church, recently formed at Weymouth, settled a minister by the name of Leathall, who became unpopular at court. It was alleged against him, that he innovated upon the order of the churches, and, in particular, that he was for the general admission of baptized persons to the communion, without a particular examination of their faith. However salutary this species of re- form might be, in certain circumstances, it was inexpedient at that age of the Newengland church. It brought upon Mr. L. and his church the whole weight of the odium theologicum. His measures were controlled ; and he was compelled publickly to retract his opinions. This was not all. It was unsafe to express an opinion, that the christians at Weymouth had a right to institute whatever dis- cipline they conceived to be agreeable to the scriptures. Every man, in short, who attempted to act unfettered bv the decrees of the court, and
WiLSON. COTTOI^. 6 ^
tiie judgment of the ministers, found himself cir- sect. ii. cumscribed. The punishment of one Britton, in igs? particular, is worth recording. He had spoken reproachfully of the answer, which was written to Mr. Bernard's book, against the mode of consti- tuting and governing the American churches, and had moreover freely espoused the cause of Mr. Leuthall. For this conduct, as he had no prop- erty to pay a fine, which they might impose, he was openly whipped.
In the beginning of this year, the church was troubled with a Capt. Underhill, who, after be- having in a licentious manner in Boston, went to Piscataqua, where he derided the censures and authority of the church.
Mr. Cotton, preaching from Kings viii. 8. un- dertook to show, that, when magistrates are oblig- ed to provide for the maintenance of ministers, the churches are in a declining condition. He gave it, as his opinion, that the preaciiers of the gospel should be supported, not by lands, reve- nues, and tithes, which are the occasion of pride, contention, and sloth, but by the voluntary con- tributions of 'heir hearers.
At Providence Mr. W. and some of his com- pany were rebaptized, a f^cw months since ; after which he denied communion with all others. Now again he was ready to question his second b5*ptism, unable to derive its authority from the apostles, otherwise than by the ministers of Eng- land, whom he judged no authority whatever. In this difficulty he imagined, that God would
C4 "WILSON. LOl rOK.
si:cT. ir. raise up some apostolick power. He thereiorc 1639. devoted himself to the expectation of that office. Formerly he could commune with none, but his wife, no^v he was in charity with professors of every class. On account of his thus shifting his ground, some of his followers left him, and re- turned to the churches, whence they had issued.
A lesson on morals may be taken from a cir- cumstance, which, this year, happened. At the general court, holden in November, great com- plaint was made of the oppression of certain tra- ders. One Robert Kaine, who kept a shop in Boston, was notorious. The deputies fined him 200/. and the magistrates 100/. The last sum only was paid. After the court had censured him, he was called to account by First Church. He bewailed his offence ; but a partial defence was set up by him or his friends, on the ground, that if a man lost in one commodity, he might make it up in another, and that, if through ignorance a man had sriven more for an article, than it was worth in Europe, he might sell it for more, than it was worth in Newengland. These things afforded Mr. Cotton an opportunity, on the next lecture day, to expose the errour of such false principles, and to give some directions on the subject. The false principles were these. 1. A man may sell as dear, and buy as cheap, as he can. 2. If a man lose by casualty in some of his commodi- tics, he may raise the price of the rest. 3. That he may sell, as he bought, though he paid too dear, and though the commodity be fallen. 4,
WILSON. COTTON'. 65
That as a man may take tlie advantage of his own sect. it. skill, so also he may of another's ignorance or nc- ""^eso"^ cessity. 5. Where time is given for payment, the same recompense is to be taken of one, as of another.
Rules for trading were these. 1. A man may not sell above the current price, that is, such a price, as is usual in the time and place, and as another, who knows the worth of the commodity, would give for it, if he wanted it ; as that is cal- led current money, which every one will take. 2. When a man loses in his commodity for want of skill, he must look at it, as his own fault or cross, and therefore must not lay it upon another. 3. When a man loses by casualty of sea, it is a loss cast upon himself by providence, and he may not ease himself of it by casting it upon another. For a man would thus seem to provide against all providences, that he should never lose. But where there is a scarcity of the commodity, there men may raise their price, for now it is a hand of God upon the commodity, and not the person. 4. A man may not ask more for his commodity, than his selling price, as Ephron to Abraham, the land is worth so much.
Some of the brethren were for excommunica- ting the man ; but he was excused by a simple admonition, on the presumption, that his errour was rather in his judgment, than in his heart.
Towards the close of the year 1639, the con- gregation meditated the rebuilding of their housr
T
65 WILSON. COTTOX.
SECT. 11. of worbhip. The old one, which was erected in ^^.50 1632, having become not only decayed, but also too small to accommodate the people, there was no question about the necessity of a new house, but a ^vidc and warm difference of opinion re- specting where it should stand. Some of the inhabitants were for placing it on what was then called the green, now probably common street, which was the governour's first lot. Others, par- ticularly the tradesmen, were inclined to build it still nearer the market, than where the old one stood, which was near the spot now occupied by the northwest corner of the Exchange. Many words were expended in both talking and writing on the subject. Mr. Cotton, without whom nei- ther ecclesiastical, civil, nor secular affairs appar- ently prospered, at length interfered. It was un- safe, in his opinion, to remove it to the green, as many persons had purchased and settled round the market, in the expectation of being accommo- dated, as in other things, so in their proximity to the place of worship. It was finally determined with a good degree of harmony to erect the new church on the plat, where the Old Brick lately stood, and which now is covered by the block of buildings in cornhill square. The contractors for the work calculated, that it would cost 600/. They offered to take the old for half that sum, and the complement was to be supplied by volun- tary contributions of the people. The church however cost about 1000/. ; yet the expenses
WILSON. COTTON. ^7
were defrayed without either murmurs or assess- sect. ii. ments. ig3?.
The religious society was now in a prosperous state. That disaffection, which a majority of the members had formerly manifested towards the pastor and governour, had happily subsided, and all was tranquillity and love. A while since, these gentlemen were viewed, as under a covenant of works, and having no interest in the doctrines of grace. But, under these suspicions and cool treatment, they had behaved with great meek- ness, never complaining of unkind usage, nor manifesting zeal for the propagation of their own opinions. Though often and strongly solicited to withdraw themselves from communion, they had withstood the solicitation, until now the odi- um, which was upon them, had gradually worn away, and they found themselves in possession of the wonted confidence and affection of their friends. The governour in particular had a proof of the returning love of the brethren, when, suf- fering a heavy loss, through the delinquency of a bailiff, they generously presented him with 2Q0/, Men of prudence have here a fresh stimulus to perseverance in a course of moderation, and a new proof, that principle and truth will cventualh.- triumph over faction and falsehood.
In truth, the temper of the times had begun to soften, and, if theological combatants had lost none of their inward bitterness, they had yet learned to contend with better manners. Some- what of this accommodating disposition is visible
65 WILSOX. COTTON.
SECT. II. in a dispute, M'hich happened about this time be- """ jgo(j tween the magistrates and ministers, concerning the frequency and length of lectures. It was matter of observation and complaint among many, that the minds of the people were too highly ex- cited on the subject of religion, and that their health and property were impaired by a continml routine of devotional exercises. It was thereif:;rc proposed, that the general court should correct the procedure by some wholesome restrictions. Ministers vrere grieved at the proposal and said, that, admitting the evil to exist, it ought not to be cured in this way ; for it would be a virtual sub- jection of the ecclesiastical to the civil authority, whicli would go to abridge the liberties of the church, and create a stigma on the age in the eye of posterity. Finding the clergy so hurt by the intended measure, and knowing their influence in the community, the magistrates pushed the mat- ter no further. The discussion was nevertheless attended with salutary consequences. 1640. It seemed, as though the hutchinsonian contro-
versy was never to be terminated. In March, 1640, the church sent a deputation of three mem- bers to Aquida to learn the grounds, upon which the church in that place admitted to communion excommunicated members. But the mission was v/orse than useless. It served to foment a parly spirit at home, and to exasperate the minds of those, for whose benefit the measure was in- tended. The persons, admonished, disclaimed any alliance with First Church, and of course its au-
WILSOX. COTTON. c9
thority. They had adjoined themselves to anoth- sect. ii. er church, and, as members of the new church, ^^^^ claimed the right of making their own regula- tions. This was not the only instance of the ac- tive, artful, and persevering spirit of Mrs. Hutch- inson. She was continually fruitful of contrivan- ces to secure her power, and to entangle in her toils the young and unwary. Two young men, designed for the ministry, by the names of Col- lins and Hales, were successively led by curiosity to be acquainted with so extraordinary a charac- ter. Their curiosity ended in a complete subjec- tion to her sway.
Ineffectual as had been many efforts of the church towards producing a penitent temper in her refractory children, there is an instance on record of a different sort. One capt. Underbill, a notorious rogue, had often been admonished and suspended, and was at length cast out of the church for his ambitious, lascivious, and adulte- rous conduct. Still he showed no signs of re- pentance. Waxing worse and worse, he seemed ripening for eternal perdition. At Piscataqua he had established a church, and put himself in the governour's chair. But his civil and ecclesiasti- cal power was wholly directed to promote his own selfish and diabolical ends. Once indeed he pre- tended to something like a reformation ; but his hypocrisy was too evident to deceive the most charitable and credulous christian. All at once however he came from the eastward, and threw himself at the feet of the cliurch. All disguise
TO "WILSON. COTTON.
SECT. u. ^ind palliation and pride were at an end. With "^^ abundance of tears he bewailed and aggravated his offences, justifying the afflictive dispensations of providence towards him, and all the frowns and censures of the church. He went to the a-en.eral court, which was then sitting, and there repeated his dolorous contritions. Yet not many months elapsed, before he was as diligently as ever at work in scenes of contention and iniquity.
Ever since the commencement of the hutchin- 1641. sonian dispute, there had been so much talk and dissensions about the rights of the church and the authority of the court, that it was thought neces- sary by some, that the power of each should be exactly defined. A motion to this effect had been made, at a former session of the legislature. At the session holden in October, 1640, the sub- ject went through a new discussion ; but there was so great a difference of opinion among the members, that no decision was obtained.
In the face however of that rigorous discipline, which was supported by the joint authority of magistrates and ministers, there were some, who were bold enough to indulge the utmost liberty of thought and expression. A Mr. Hugh Bewett, for instance, made no secret of declaring his belief, that he was free from original sin, and that, for some time past, he had been guilty of no actual transgression. In this avowal he seemed desirous of gaining no peculiar reputation for sanctity ; for he maintained, that similar purity of life is at- tainable by christians in gencj-al. Yet he was
WILSON. COTTON. 7.1
thought a monster of impiety, and by the court of ^ect h. assistants banished the jurisdiction. ~Imi~
At the autumnal session of the general court, in 1641, it was ordered, that the ministers should agree upon a form of catechism, which should be printed for general use.
It was again the misfortune of our church to be troubled with one or two members of the Hutchinson family. Rumours of their new and increasing heresies at Aquida had sometimes reached this part of the country ; but, as they were at a great distance, little apprehension was felt concerning them. Becoming every thing by turns, they at length turned baptists ; andj as if the parent church had not been sufficiently en- lightened with their new divinity, a son of Mrs. H. and a son-in-law, named Collins, came to Bos- ton with a fresh supply of innovating doctrines. It was now taught by these fanaticks, that there had been founded no true churches, since the days of the apostles ; that the church was at present in the wilderness ; that she could enjoy no ordinances, and make no progress, until she came forth from her state of darkness. Hearing certain of their scandalous speeches against First Church and the civil government, the govemour sent for Collins and Hutchinson, who came before him, and who, refusing to acknowledge contrition for their errours, \vere committed to prison. The court afterwards fined the former of these men 100/. and the latter 50/. ; but, as they utterly re fused to pay, patiently remaining imprisoned, the
72 WILSON. COTTON".
SECT. II. magistrates relented, remitted their fines, and iCAi S'^^^' them their liberty.
Perhaps die morals of the inhabitants of the tow a never were purer, since its setdement,than at the present period. It is said, that of twelve hun- dr(^d men bearing arms on a training day not one was intoxicated, or guilty of using profane lan- guage.
It may be proper here to mention an instance of pastoral fidelity in Mr. Cotton. It was moved in caucus by one Mr. Hathorne, a man of some influence, that two of their deputies, of long- standing, who had fallen into low circumstances, but otherwise respectable, should be dropped and succeeded by others in more eligible circumstan- ces. Mr. Cotton, hearmg of the project, took occasion, on the next lecture day, pointedly, though prudently, to condemn it. He taught, that, if old and faithful officers had grown poor in the publick service, they should be maintained at the publick expense. The reproof was clearly understood and pungently felt ; for the motion was never renewed.
The unbounded liberty of opinion, which was ^^*-- tolerated at Providence, was, at times, the occasion of no little disturbance. Gorton was incessantly busy and sometimes mischievous. It was con- tended amongst them by some, that a portion of power belonged to the church ; others maintained, that she had none. Mr. Williams moderated the fury of the parties.
WILSON", corrox. 73
One Turner of Churlestovvn, having led an sect. Ji. immoral life, became alarmed at his situation by iq^TT the preaching of Mr. Shepard. His religious melanclioly rose to such an intolerable height, that he threw himself into a pit and drowned.
William Aspinwall, who had formerly been banished for his adherence to Wheelwright, came and voluntarily confessed his errours, and was received into the bosom of the church. He did the same to the general court, who thence released his banishment.
Capt. Underhill was now in favour with the ehurch, who assisted him in his preparations to go with his family and seek a settlement among the Dutch in the state of Newyork.
A cooper's wife at Hingham, under the influ- ence of enthusiasm, went to a creek in the neigh- bourhood of her house and threw in her child, about three years old, with an intention to drown it. This attempt was repeated, though it proved successless through the interposition of passen- gers. She assigned no other reason for her conduct, than an endeavour to save her child from ever- lasting misery ; and she could not endure, that it should suffer that torment, of which she was cer- tain. She insisted upon it, that she had sinned against the Holy Ghost, and was incapable of re- ' pentance.
In this year appeared a surreptitious edition of Mr. Cotton's book on the seven vials. A Mr. Humphrey had gotten the notes from a man, who
71. W ILSOX. COl TON.
SECT. u. had taken them in shorthand from the preacher's 564'2. mouth, and printed them in London. Mr. Cotton complained much and justly of this injury ; not that he was ashamed of his sentiments, but he was entitled to the care, at least, of perusing aixl correcting the copy, before it was printed.
Almost every year brought generous contribu- tions of people into the infant settlement from the parent country. Latterly however from the cir- culation of unfriendly reports concerning New- cngland, the spirit of emigration had greatly cool- ed. It was therefore a pleasing circumstance to welcome, in September of this year, the arrival of Mr. William Hibbins with a small company, whose dispositions and habits were in unison with the feelings and views of those, who had already become attached to the soil. Their voy- age had been perilous, and their thanksgiving to almighty God for the escape, they had made from a world of dangers, v/ere proportionally fervent and observable.
It was in this year, that Messrs. Cotton, Daven- })ort, and Hooker received an invitation from England to visit that country, for the purpose of sitting in synod upon the principles and mode of ecclesiastical government. The request excited much attention and a diversity of opinion. Mr. Cotton, at first, thought favourably of a compli- ance, and so thought Mr. Davenport ; but Mr. Hooker, in this instance wiser than his brethren, openly gave it, as his opinion, that it was not their duty to leave their flocks in this wilderness, and
WILSON. COITON. 75
and traverse an ocean of three thousand miles ^ect.ii. to enter upon disquisitions and a controversy, of i642. which it was impossible to foresee the probable termination. Several circumstances, fortiniately for these worthy divines, obstructed their voy- age ; for letters soon were received from Eng- land, informing of a breach between the king and parliament, and advising the ministers to remain in Newengland.
Another application of a different nature shortly after was received from Virginia. It was addres- sed to the general court, and gentlemen of influ- ence in the community, beseeching them to send ministers of the gospel into that region, that its inhabitants might be privileged with the preach- ing and ordinances of Jesus Christ. Messrs. Phillips, Tomson, and Miller were designated by a meeting of the ministers at thursday lecture ; but Mr. T. only could be prevailed on to obey the call.
If ministers were unwilling to emigrate from Massachusetts, others were differently inclined. Many persons, growing discontented with their situation, thought to mend it by a removal ; but they not only thence lost the benefit of the educa- tion, discipline, and worship of christians ; but also plunged themselves into new and inextrica- ble difficulties of a temporal kind. These dis- tresses excited so much sympathy, and the pro- pensity to emigrate nevertheless continuing, that it began to be a question in the church, whether, among christians thus situated, emigration was
"WII.rjON. COTTON.
lawful. It was said, on the one part, that people coming together into a wilderness of beasts and savages, and here entering into a state of civil and ecclesiastical society, do implicitly bind them- selves to support that social state. How then can they break away from such a society without the general consent ? Who would abandon the privileges of European society for a residence in the desert, if he must run the risk of being left to subdue it alone ? If one may take up his connexions, so may another ; and in ihe event of a general departure, where is the commonwealth, the hope of so many ardent and excellent minds ? Where is the church, which was planted with so much difficulty, and watered with so many tears ? On the other side, it was alleged, that, if restraint was begun to be laid on the actions of settlers, there was no knowing, what would be the end ; that enterprize would be checked ; that it was resisting that very liberty, in the exercise of which this colony was commenced ; and that people never would vigorously assist in builds ing up a state, in v^hich they were compelled to remain. It was therefore pretty generally agreed, that ail should enjoy their freedom, though it clearly was the duty of each one to choose rather with Moses to suffer affliction with the people of God, than to seek temporal ease and pleasure at the hazard of ruin.
In November, 1G42, arrived here from the isl- and of Madeira a small ship laden with wines and iruitj in which came her owner, Mr. Parish. This
WILSON. COTTON. 77
gentleman had lived several years with papists stxt. ii. and jcs>uils, who endeavoured to dissuade him .J642 from coming to Newengland, telling him, that its inhabitants were the worst of all hereticks, the destroyers of bishops and churches, and the pro- moters of all sorts of mischief. On coming to this country however, he found the previous rep- resentations of it to have been, false. He blessed the providence of God, which had conducted him hither, and departed with a declaration, that he would not lose what he had gotten in Boston for the wealth of the world.
On hearing the news of the civil wars between ^54- the king and parliament of England, First Church devoted a day to fasting and prayer ; and her ex ample was followed by most of her sister church- es. These days of humiliation, in the opinion of the magistrates, were becoming too frequent ; but they neither durst nor chose to abridge the liberty of the churches.
The mode of raising the salaries of ministers was different in different churches. Some did it by taxation, others by voluntary contribution.
On 4 June, Mr. Knolles, having returned from Virginia, whither he and his fellowlabourers had gone to disseminate the gospel, presented letters from respectable gentlemen in that region to the governour and some of the ministers. It appeared that the mission had been productive of happy effects.
There are instances of seventy in the discipline of the church, which have been salutary in the
rs ^vILSo^!. cotton.
SECT. II. issue. A Mrs. Hett had been cast out for her
1643. wicked and blaspliemous speeches, who became alarmed at her situation, reformed her manners, and returned to the discharge of her pious and social duties.
In this year, assembled all the ministers of Mas- sachusetts in the town of Cambridge. About fifty composed the assembly. They all boarded in commons, during the session ; and their diet was so simple and so economical, that each meal was furnished to the members for sixpence a piece. Mr. Cotton and Mr. Hooker were the moderators. The object of the convention was to resist the attempts of certain persons, lately ar- rived at Newbury, and others to establish a pres- bytery.
The church was troubled with the errours of the fanatical Gorton, whom the governour took with his adherents and brought to Boston. At first they refused to attend pubhck worship, but were at length prevailed on to hear Mr. Cotton, on condition that they might have liberty of re^ plying to his arguments. The opinions of this sect, like those of Mrs. Hutchinsow, were a com- pound of Calvinism and fatalism, and almost utter- ly unintelligible to the generality of christians. They maintained, for instance, " that there was nothing now but Christ ; that ordinances, means, and ministers were merely the inventions of men, and shrines only of the temple of Diana ; that, as Christ lived eternally, so he died eternally ; that magistracy was an idol of the people ; and that a
WILSOX. COTTOX /.-
man might as well be a slave to his owu belly, as sect. it. to his own species." Such was the nonsense, i644. which, in those days, disturbed the peace of the churches, and which the magistrates and ministers thought fit to chastize with fines and imprison- ment.
In the beginning of the year 1644, Mr. Wheelwright, who, five years since, had caused the church so much uneasiness, wrote a letter to the general court, in which he discovered a spirit of moderation, penitence, and love of peace, that gave great satisfaction. He was accordingly, af- ter a time, released from the odium and sentence of banishment, under which he had been holden. Congregationalists were alarmed at the increase of the baptists. The magistrates, after encoura- ging the elders to use with them the means of reformation, ordered, that such, as continued ob- stinate, should be banished. It ought to be re- membered for the honour of the ministers of the Prince of peace, that they did somewhat towards softening the rigour of this unrighteous decree.
There was, this year, a petition drawn up in 1545 Hingham, and signed by seven of the inhabitants, complaining, among other thirjgs, of the want of religious liberty. It stated, that there were many persons in die community of good morals, and members of the church of England, who are yet prohibited the Lord's supper, because they will not subscribe the church's covenan t. Such a subscription they could not justify to their con- sciences, on the principles of the scriptures. Yet
80 WILSOX. COTTON.
sr.CT. II they were compelled to attend on publick vvor= ~^[^3 sliip, every Lord's day. Much notice was taken of them, and many hard speeches uttered con- cerning them, if they did not stay, whilst the chil- dren of others were baptized, although baptism was denied to their own ; and in some instances they \'iere forced to contribute to the maintenance of such ministers, as would not receive them into their flocks. It was, on the ground of these com- plaints and disabilities, that they requested liberty, either as episcopalians of enjoying the benefit of ordinances with congregationalists, or of forming an episcopalian establishment for themselves.
Six of these seven petitioners were cited before the court and charged with a number of offences and a general character of rebellion to the order of the churches, and accordingly were fined and imprisoned. Governour Winthrop's popularity ^vas put at hazard by this affair ; but he defended himself with so much firmness, and he possessed so entirely the confidence of a great majority of the commonwealth, that he was exculpated, and thenceforth shared more liberally than ever in the affections of the people. The petitioners howev- er were not to be thus disheartened in their pur- pose. They resolved to lay their case before the parliament of England ; and Dr. Child and Mr. Fowle accordingly took ship immediately in prosecution of this purpose. Tlie government of Massachusetts were alarmed at the measure, and did every thing in their power to frustrate the design. Mr. Cotton hesitated not in one of his
1647
WILSON. COTTON. fc
sermons to declare, that, if any person should at- sect. ii. tempt to carry writings complaining of the eccle- siastical proceedings of this country to Britain, he \\'ould be a Jonas in the ship. These words of the patriarch were considered oracular. It so liappened, that a violent storm arose on the pas- sage, and one of the female passengers, distracted with fear, went to Mr. Fovvle, and by her cries and entreaties prevailed on him to give up the obnox- ious petition, which she instantly cast into the sea. Mr. Fowle had however taken care to pre- serve the original papers, which he published, on his arrival, under the title of " New England's Jonas cast up at London." But the Parliament were too busily engaged in other concerns to take cognizance of the thing.
In the year 1648, terminated the synod, which ^g^g began its session in Cambridge, in 1646. Its sessions had been short and infrequent. Its la- bours principally consisted in compiling what is called the Cambridge platform, which, together with the Westminster confession of faith, they now recommended to the general court and to the churches of Nevvengland.
In 1650, there were about forty churches in Newengknd, and seven thousand, seven hundred and fifty communicants.
Nothing remarkable transpired in the church from this time until the death of Mr. Cotton. One thousand and thirty-four children had been baptized, since Mr. Cotton's ordination. Of these 538 were males, and 456 females.
fe.'jo
ii2 UILSON. COTTON.
six'.T. u. There had also been admitted, during this peri- " ~~ od, that is, from the beginning of 1634 to the end of 1652, 306 men and 343 women, in all 649. Seventeen persons had been admonished publick- ly, and five excommunicated for irreclaimable er- rours. It was an uncommonly interesting epoch to the church. A fraternity was to be formed of discordant materials. Many of those, who com- posed the church,had been educated Episcopalians, and were therefore disinclined to vary from estab- lished forms. Others had come to Newengland, rather as adventurers, than as christians, and could hardly be subjected to any ecclesiastical or political rules. But the sagacity and evcrwatch- ful discipline of Mr. Cotton was astonishingly efficacious towards conforming all descriptions of characters to habits of obedience and order. The talents, industry, and influence of this man were of such immense importance to the church in its infant state, that it will not be improper to close the section with a few notices of his life, writings, and character.
Rev. John Cotton was born at Derby, Eng- land, of respectable parents, in 1584. He was early sent to the grammar school in the place of his nativity, whence he was taken to Cambridge, and admitted a member of Trinity college. His industry and attainments were equally conspicu- ous ; and he soon became first a member, and afterwards a fellow of Emmanuel college in the same university. Frequent opportunities occur- red for the exercise of his abilities ; and in all of
WILSON. COTTON. 83
tliem he fully disclosed a deep penetration, a fine sect, ii fancy, and uncommon scholarship. So perfect jg.,., was his knowledge of the Hebrew, that, it is said, he could easily converse in that language. He cheerfully assumed the profession, to which his parents had destined him, and consecrated his faculties to the good of the church. His fu'st labours in the ministry were bestowed on a con- gregation in Boston, Lincolnshire, which duly es- timated his singular powers and faithful services. But there he was threatened with the rod of pre- latical oppression. He was too simple in his manners to kneel at the altar ; and too busy in unfolding the great doctrines of his master to con- form with exactness to the idle ceremonies of episcopal invention. Mr. Cotton fled to a coun- try, where he might read and interpret the scrip- tures for himself, and worship the Deity without doing violence to the dictates of conscience. In 1633, he embarked for Ncwengland ; and never did the congregational church in this section of our country receive a more valuable accession from the parent state. On his arrival, which was a joyous event to all descriptions of people, he was immediately associated with Mr. Wilson, as teacher of First Church. Here he interested him- self in both the ecclesiastical and civil aflfairs of the new plantation ; and so commanding and extensive was his influence, that he was styled the patriarch of Newengland. It may be al- most said, that from him Boston received its name, and its inhabitants their laws. In expound
81 WILSON. COTTOX.
SECT. II. ing the scriptures, and in applying their holy 1652. precepts to the consciences of his hearers, he was remarkably In mi nous, powerful, and consolatory. All his fellow- worshippers were seriously impres- sed by his gravity and devotion in the house of God. He was equally eminent for his capacity, as a ruling elder in the church, having an unusual power of expression and management. " He was indeed a burning and a shining light ; and the people were willing, for a season, to rejoice in his light.'^
It was not however permitted to this great and good man to enjoy an unclouded day of terrestrial happiness. In opposing the tenets of Roger Williams, he was accused of supporting princi- ples, which he had formerly laboured to subvert. England saw him resist the spirit of hierarchy ; here he seemed desirous of cherishing it. Again, in the antinomian dispute, which happened in 1637, concerning Anne Hutchinson, Mr. C. un- fortunately espoused with too much tenderness the cause of fonaticism, and, in the heat of the controversy, lost his temper, and, of course, a portion of his dignity and influence. His ene- mies, for who is without them ? failed not to use his apparent inconsistencies to his mortification. His life was rendered uneasy, and he sighed for the undisturbed repose, which he had vainly hop- ed to enjoy in this land of promise.
Meekness, piety, goodnature, and talents how- ever, such as fell to the lot of Cotton, could not long sufi'er their posscssour to be comfortless. It
W1I.S0N. COTFON. 8:>
could scarcely happen, that a career of life so ^spxt. ii. honourably begun should be otherwise, than glo- ~^ riously finished. A mind bursting with gene- rous efforts for the welfare of society soon regain- ed its tranquillity ; and his affectionate heart re- ceived the consolation, he wished, in the gratitude, the confidence, and the improvement of his friends. The clouds, which obscured his de- scending sun, like a storm of thunder in June, gave way to a mild and peaceful radiance ; and the glories of his departing day had all the majesty of full orbed virtue. He died, 23 Dec. 1652, at the age of sixty-seven, universally and deeply la- mented. Both governours and governed bewail- ed the loss of a man, who, if he loved the rewards of religion, had a still greater love for religion it- self, and who, if he loved the possession of power, was disposed to use it for the security of just men and the triumphs of truth. He carried with him to the tomb the unutterable regrets of his friends ; and every individual of an afflicted community was ready to adopt the words of Elisha, when he beheld the ascending prophet, " My father, my father, the chariots of Israel and the horsemen thereof."
List of Rev, John Cotton's works.
1. The way of life, in four treatises. Lond. 1641, pp.
481. 4to.
2. Christ the fountain of life. Lon. 1651. pp. 256. 4to. r>. God's mercies mixed with his justice. Lon. 1641,
pp. 135. 4to.
86 AVILSON. COTTON.
SECT ir "*' r*o^"'^"g °ut of the seven vials. Lon. 1645. pp. loG.
J to.
1652. ^ Yhe church's resurrection. Lon. 1642. pp 30. 4to.
6. The way of the churches in N.E.Lon. 1645. pp. 116.
4to.
7. Holiness of church members. Lon. 1650. pp. 95. 4to.
8. Abstract of laws and government, (posth.) Lon. 1655.
pp. 35. 4tO.
9. Keys of the kingdom of heaven. Lon. 1644. pp. 59*
2d ed. 4to.
10. Exposition on the xiii. chap, of Rev. Lon. 1655. 4to.
11. Milk for babes.
12. Sermon on 1 John, folio.
13. Expositions on Ecclesiastes and Cant. 165. 12mo.
14. Treatise of nevi^ covenant (posth)
15. Answer to Mr. Ball concerning forms, &c.
16. Discourse on grounds and ends of infant baptism.
17. Discourse on singing of psalms.
18. Discourse on things indifferent- ly. Answer to Mr. Cawdry.
20. Answer to Mr. Bayley.
21. Answer to Mr. Williams.
SECTION III.
From the death of Mr. Cotton, 165S, to the settlement of Mr. Norton, 1636
X HE four years, which elapsed between the death
of Mr. Cotton, and ihe settlement of Mr. Norton, ^^'^ "^'
were not strongly marked by imy events, either 1652.
prosperous or adverse to the church, if we except
the waste of life in those, who had contributed to
her foundation and support.
The death of Hon. Thomas Dudley, many years lieut. governour, and afterwards for three several years, governour of Massachusetts, happened on 31 July, 1653. He was born at Northampton, England, in 1574. He had been an ardent, ac- tive, and useful member of the church, seeking its prosperity with an enlightened and steady zeal. His excessive bitterness against sectaries had been unpardonable in any otJier, than an age, when the principles of civil and religious liberty were imperfectly understood. He had been con- versant with martial as well, as civil lite, had filled a variety of offices, and all of diem with dignity to himself and u.sefulness to the publick. The dis- pute, into which he was led with governour
g8 WILSON.
SECT. III. Winthrop, in 1631, strikingly displayed the — TTTT' pictv and s:cntleness of both. The srovernour had raised in Mr. Dudley a belief, that Cambridge would be tlie seat of government, and, on the foot of that expectation, he there planted himself and family. Boston however became the capital ; and Dudley demanded satisfaction of Winthrop for the disappointment and expense, he had sus- tained. The matter was referred to the ministers, who decreed that the governour should procure them a minister at Cambridge, and contribute to his subsistence ; or, fliiling in this measure, should give the deputy 20/. towards defraying the cost of his building. The alternative was cho- sen ; but, on paying the stipulated sum, the dep- uty generously refused its acceptance ; and the affair was terminated with mutual professions of esteem and confidence.
Ecclesiastical concerns were not now the sub- ject of much conversation ; for the state was bus- ily employed in protecting herself against her en- emies. 16.55. In the year 1655, according to the historians of that day, Mrs. Anne Hibbins was tried and con- demned for a witch, and executed in the follow- ing year. There is however no notice of this fact in First Church records. 1556. On the extinction of so splendid a luminary, as that of Cotton, it became necessary, in the esti- mation of the church, to kindle in its place anoth- er light. Rev. John Norton of Ipswich, then distinguished for his literary and theological at-
WILSON. 89
taiiiments, was mentioned, as a suitable candidate ; sect. iir. and, it was said, had been nominated by Mr. 1555. Cotton hiinselfin his last hours. This gentleman soon came to Boston, and resided here awhile, ex- ecuting the duties of a minister ; but he occasion* ally visited Ipswich, and, on the death of Mr. Rogers, in 1655, the tradition is, that he was al- most persuaded to return to the people of that place. On 29 Nov. 1655, a church meeting was holden at the house of the pastor, in which it was voted to give Mr. Norton 200/. towards the pur- chase of a house, on the supposition that he be- comes the teacher of the church. Numerous obstacles impeded the union. After the lapse of nearly four years, the sitting of several ecclesiasti- cal councils, and the decision of the governour and magistrates in favour of his removal, he and his wife were admitted members of First Church, 6 July, 1656 ; and his installation took place, on the 23d of the same month.
From the commencement of the year 1653 to 16J6 the end of 1656, there had been two hundred and ten children baptized, one hundred and twenty- three of whom were males. Twenty -four persons, during the same period, were admitted to com- munion, seventeen of whom were women. Three men and as many women had been dismissed, at their own desire, to other churches ; one male ad- monished for keeping evil company ; three males excommunicated for the sins of drunkenness and adultery ; and one male, acknowledging the sin
M
90 WILSON.
SECT III ^^ drunkenness, for which he had been suspend- — ;; — ed, restored to the bosom of the church.
No regular record of marriages and deaths, for aught that appears, was, at this or any subsequent period, kept by any of the pastors, until the time of Dr. Clarke,
1655.
SECTION IV.
From the settlement of Mr. Norton, 1657, to liis Jcatli, 1663.
In the opinion of the church and its friends, the g^^^ ^^^ settlement of Mr. Norton was an auspicious event. One of his earliest official duties was to go with elder James Penn to Siilisbury, for the settling of a religious controversy. In those days, missions of that nature were sufficiently frequent. For a similar purpose he went with a delegate to Hart- ford, in the beginning of 1657.
A deal of mischief was now happening to the quakers, twelve of whom were banished by the government.
In January, 1657, the following question was proposed to the church, which passed in the af- firmative. " Whether the relation of immediate children of church members be such, as giveth the church a church power over them, and conse- quently, whether it is the duty of the church to ex- ercise that power regularly upon them, that their life and knowledge may be answerable to the en- gagement of their relation ; and whether it be the church's mind, that solemn notice be given to them seasonably." It was, in consequence of this
1657.
92 AVILSON. NORTON.
SECT. IV. vote, for some time the practice of the church to 1657. admonish and even excommunicate the offending children of church members. In the course of the year, a kind of synod was holden by twenty-six ministers to consult on the subject of enlarging the door to the ordinances, particularly to baptism. It was agreed, that the children of church mem- bers should be baptized. For the same and one
1562. *
other purpose, another synod was holden at Bos- ton, in 1662, by recommendation of the general court.
The decision was similar, in the case of bap- tism, to what had been formerly given. The synod declared, that " church members, who were ad- mitted in minorit}^ understanding the doctrine of faith, and publickly professing their assent there- unto, not scandalous in life, and solemnly owning the covenant before the church, wherein they give up themselves and children to the Lord, and subject themselves to the government of Christ in his church, their children are to be baptized." The other matter before the synod was, whether it be expedient to have a consociation of churches ? This question was answered in the affirmative. Yet it does not appear, that any measures were taken to effectuate the design. 1663. -f^^^ following year is rendered memorable in
the church by the death of Mr. Norton. This gentleman was born, 6 May, 1606, at Stortford, Hertfordshire, England, of poor but respectable parents. In early childhood, he discovered a ripeness of wit, which indicated extraordinary
WILSON. NORTON. 93
powers in future life. He was seasonably placed sect, iv at school under Mr. Strange, of Bunningford. ^gg. At the age of fourteen, he was sent to Peter- house, where he stayed, until he had taken his first degree. Here a missionary of the roman church, carefully observing his talents and beha- viour, used every means to draw him into the support of the catholick faith without success. He left the university for an ushership at the school, and a curacy in the church of Stortford. He here devoted himself to the writing of sermons, and became excellent in the practice. His learn- ing and abilities rendered him an object of atten- tion with the dignitaries of the church ; but his conscience would not suffer him to conform to episcopal ceremonies, which he deemed unscrip- tural. A fellowship in Katherine-hall, Cam- bridge, he was also solicited to take by Dr. Sibs ; but his aversion from episcopacy prevented his acceptance. He contented himself with being private chaplain to Sir William Marham, in Two- Knights-house. He was also associated with a number of pious ministers, equally firm with himself in dissenting from the established church, in the maintenance of a stated lecture in his native town, from which, he always thought, he derived professional and personal improvement.
Mr. Edward Winslow, afterwards governour of Plymouth, sailing for England, in 1633, was em- ployed by the people of Old Colony to procure them a minister. In the execution of this design
94 WILSON. NORTON.
SECT. IV. he met with Norton, and persuaded him to come
1663. over.
In the year 1634, Mr. Norton married, and embarked with his wife for Ne wen gland ; but, being driven back by a violent storm, he did not arrive in America, until the following year.
He resided in Plymouth, one winter only, com- plaining, that his accommodations were not such, as he expected, and preferring the situation of Massachusetts, and the temper of the inhabitants. Having awhile associated with the ministers and people of Boston and the vicinity, he planted himself in Ipswich, where a company of worthy christians contributed as much to his comfort, as he to their edification.
On his removal to this church, he wrote the life of his predecessor in a style of eloquence exceed- ing any thing, which this country had witnessed in any of his contemporaries. At the age of thirty, his reputation for scholarship was high in the parent country. Here, with the exception of president Chauncy, he was without a rival. In 1644, Gulielmus Apollonius of Zealand, a dutch divine, sent hither a number of questions on ecclesiastical government. It was unanimously agreed among the clergy, that Mr. Norton should assume the task of answering the work. He despatched it, the following year, in the first latin book ever writ- ten in this country. It is prefaced by a short address to the reader signed, Tho. Goodwin, Phil. Nye, Sidr. Simpson, dated Lend. Feb. 16, 1647 ; and by an elaborate epistle of some length
WILSON. XORTOX. 95
to the author, signed Johannes Cotton in Ecclesia sfxt. iv Bostoniensi Presbyter doccns. The performance jsGS. was celebrated in both hemispheres for the learn- ing, discernment, candour, and elegance, which it displayed.
In the synod, which met at Cambridge in 1646, and protracted its sessions, until 1648, Mr. Nor- ton acted a conspicuous part, revealed an unusual acquaintance with school divinity, and left the traces of his pen in the lines of the platform.
His tenets were in the highest degree rigid, surpassing in terrour even those of the celebrated Calvin. He maintained, that there is one God subsisting in three persons ; that the will of God is the cause of all causes, and second causes the eifects of the first cause ; that the will of man is an instrument disposed and determined to its action according to the decree of God, being equally subordinate to it, as is the axe to the hand of the hewer ; that man, even in violating God's command, fulfils God's decree ; that the infallible ordering of the existence of sin for a better end, and the forbidding of sin are not at all inconsist- ent, but fall under the compass of the same one volition of God, which cannot be resisted or de- feated ; that God is not the author of sin, and yet that he does not merely permit it, since he has decreed it ; that the reprobates freely commit such a measure of sin, as fits them for the intend- ed measure of wrath ; that man is a free agent, having a real efficiency, though subordinate to the first cause, which determines the second in its
96 W[LSOX. NOUTOX.
SKCT. IV. operation ; tlmt all mankind participated in Ad Tt^i am's sin, and also have it imputed to them ; that original sin is the hereditary and habitual contra- riety and enmity of the nature of man against the ^vhole will of God ; that God has elected, whom in his wisdom and mercy he pleased, to eternal li-fe ; that the conversion of these is the effect of God's spirit ; that good works are necessary, as the way to salvation, but not as the cause ; that the only meritorious cause of salvation is the active and passive obedience of Jesus Christ, which is imputed to believers, and received by faith alone ; that only the elect believe in the Re- deemer ; that their faith is the effect of absolute, special, irresistible grace ; and that the will is passive, not having the nature of a free agent, in the first reception of grace.
The severity of his religious system led Mr. Norton to favour a principle of intolerance. He had charity enough to walk with those, between whom and himself there was a difference of senti- ment on subjects of minor importance ; but, when he thought the fundamental doctrines of Christianity were denied, he justified the magis- trate in unsheathing the sword ; not recollecting, that what he deemed a fundamental doctrine might be considered an unessential tenet by a fellow- christian ; and that, since they both had renounced the authority of any earthly infallible judge, the only way to live quietly was to allow- to each other the right of inquiring and deciding for himself.
WILSOX. NORTON'. 97
In his piiblick performances Mr. Norton prov- sect.iv. cd liimself master of a copious eloquence, equally j^.., eapti\ating to the scholar and the unlettered chris- tian. Those, who had enjoyed his pastoral in- structions in Ipswich, frequently travelled to Bos- ton, after his removal, for the l3enefit of his lec- tures ; and such was the influence of his prayers on the young divines of that day, that they made him their model, as to the matter and manner of their pulpit devotions.
In private life Mr. Norton was blameless and exemplary, though he had to contend with a chol- erick temper, and a natural inclination to gaiety.
To his other good qualities Mr. Norton joined an ardent and steady attachment to his adopted country. His patriotism led him to earnest and successful efforts to prevent hostilities between the people of this colony and their Dutch neigh- bours, and afterward to embark for England in company with Simon Bradstreet, esq. with an ad- dress to Charles II. on his restoration to the throne. This embassy however, in its issue, was fatal to the popularity and peace of Mr. Nor- ton. Hiving faithfully served the interests of the country, the agents returned with this assur- ance from the king, that he would ratify to the colony its charter. But along with this promise was a requisition, that justice should be adminis- tered in his name, and that all persons of sober conversation should be permitted to enjoy the or- dinance of the supper themselves, and that of bap-
98 WILSON. NORTON.
SECT. iv. tiiini for their children. Here was an infringe- '^^ nient, as the people conceived, of their religious freedom ; and it was instantly reported, that the agents had sold the liberties of the country. Mr. Norton's consciousness of integrity was hardly able to sustain his share of an unmerited reproach. The chilling looks, which he received from coun- tenances, once expressive of nothing but approba„ tion and friendship, damped the ardour of his professional pursuits, and contributed, it is thought, to shorten his days. For, after his re- turn, his wonderful talent in extempore prayer was no longer admired ; and the same sermons, which in other days were heard with a kind of ecstacy, now fell powerless on the ears of a lan- guid auditory. It is traditioned, that even the venerable and benevolent Wilson was heard to say, that he must have another colleague. Mr. Norton died suddenly, 5 April, 1663, leavhig no children. He was the author of the following publications.
1. Responsio ad totam quaestionum syllogen, Sec. Sec.
Lond. 1648. 12mo.
2. A letter in latin to John Dury.
3. A Discussion of the Sufferings of Christ. 165,3. I2mo, 4- The Orthodox Evangelist. 1654, 4to.
5. Election Sermon, 1657, 12mo.
6. Life of Rev. John Cotton, 1658.
7. Heai-t of Newengland rent by the blasphemies of the
present generation, Sec. 1660, &vo.
8. Election Sermon, 1661.
9. A Catechism.
WILSON. NORTON. 90
10. Three choice and profitable sermon s on several texts ^^(j'j- j^ being the last sermons, which he preached at the ■■■■■ election, at the Thursday lecture, and on the ^^^'^• sabbath. 1664.
From the year 1657 to the end of 1663, seven- ty-one members were added to the church, forty nine of whom were females.
During the same space of time, the number of female baptisms was one hundred and fifty-four,and that of male baptisms one hundred and forty-nine.
Concerning the period, to which these minutes relate, we cannot but remark, that a persecuting temper was the fault of the age. The quakers especially were now treated with a degree of severity altogether unjustifiable, on any principles of the gospel or of common humanity. It is to be feared, that Mr. Norton too much approved the course, which was pursued against them. For they cordially rejoiced in his death, and re- ported, " that the Lord had smitten John Norton, chief priest of Boston, and, as he was sinking down by the fireside, being under just judgment, he confessed the hand of the Lord was upon him, and so he died." Mr. Norton undoubtedly partook of the fault of the age, which was a per- secuting temper. Men, who had been imprison- ed in England for their zeal in nonconformity, were here imprisoning others for precisely the same fault. They mixed their politicks with their religion, and blended the articles of their creed with consideration for the publick safety.
log WILSON. Is'ORTON.
SECT. IV. The age therefore, of which we speak, was ^^g., necessarily an age of theological bitterness, incon- sistency, and strife. The weaker party was the prey of the stronger, and the conscientious secta- ry, like Noah's dove, found no rest for the sole of his foot.
SECTION V.
from the death of Mr. Norton to that of Mr. Wilson, including the years 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667'.
At the age of seventy-six, Mr. Wilson was once sect, v more left alone with the care of the church. It jgg^ could not be expected, that he should now be able to make very vigorous exertions towards the increase and prosperity of the flock ; yet there appears to have been no diminution of zeal for the cause of religion, either in the pastor or the members. From the beginning of 1664 to the close of 1667, eighty-three persons, forty-nine of whom were females, adjoined themselves to the church. In the same space of time, two hun- dred and twenty-four children were baptized, one hundred and fourteen of whom were females.
The records appear to have been correctly .gg^ made, and good order maintained in the church.
But the period was come, in which the earthly labours of the pious Wilson were to be exchang- cd for rest in the mansions of heaven .
This virtuous and amiable man was born at Windsor, England, in 1588, and was son of Rev. Dr. Wilson, prebendary of St, Paul's, London.
102 WILSON.
SECT.v. He was educated at Eton college, under Udal jggg and Lcingley. After a residence of four years, he was removed to Cambridge, in the 15th year of his age, and admitted into Kmg's college in 1602. Becoming acquainted m rhis place with a number of pious young men, he occubiorwhy asso- ciated with them in his chamber for prayer and the reading of theological books. Having receiv- ed ordination from a bishop, he was for some time minister of Sudbury, county of Suffolk, where he was silenced for nonconformity. His father used every imaginable means to reclaim him, but to no purpose. He then advised him to enter upon the study of law. This advice young Wilson obeyed, during two or three years ; but his heart was still bent on being a minister of re- ligion. He was permitted to proceed for master of arts ; but the degree was not without difficulty to be obtained, except by subscribing articles, to which he was conscientiously opposed. He however refused to subscribe, whatever the refu- sal might cost him. He adopted a most solemn resolution to go to the ends of the earth, if he might thence enjoy liberty of conscience and a pure worship. He kneeled at the deathbed of his father for a blessing, which he obtained.
He was employed, as a chaplain in families of rank and opulence, where, with a boldness hon- ourable to his profession, he reproved the profane and censured the levity of the ga;^ and irreligious. Though persecuted and silenced, yet he repeated
WILSON. 103
ly obtained a liberty of preaching, through the in- sect, y tercession of friends, and his own perseverance. leez"
Such a precarious freedom however was little better, than continual bondage. He resolved up- on travelling to a country, which, if it possessed fewer means of knowledge and elegant subsist- ence, afforded the finest field for the cultivation of unfettered religion.
He came hither in the same company with governour Winthrop and the first settlers of Mas- sachusetts. In 1631, he went to Eng]?nd for his wife, whom he there left the preceding year. He gave it in charge to governour Winthrop and elder Nowell to prophesy and exhort in the church, during his absence. Mr. Eliot, the apos- tle however, landing about the time of Mr. Wil- son's departure, officiated in his stead.
Mr. Wilson returned with his family, in 1632. In 1634 he again crossed the Atlantick, and, after visiting Ireland and several parts of England, came back, the following year, to America, which he thenceforth made his perpetual residence. He here fulfilled, during thirty -seven years, the office of pastor ; three years before Mr. Cotton ; nine- teen years in his company ; seven years with Mr. Norton ; and four years after him.
He was more beloved for his humility, benev- olence, and sweetness of temper, than admired for his talents, as a preacher, although these, ip his younger days, were nowise contemptible. He was strong in fai<"h, j^et svronger in love. In many instances he seemed to attain to a full assu-
104 WILSON.
SECT. V ranee of faith ; and 'the verity of his predictions
T^ was proverbial. AVhen Mr. Norton was called to leave Ipswich, to be a successour to Mr. Cotton, the colleague of Mr. Norton, Mr. Rogers oppo- sed the measure. Some persons in company with the latter remarked, that Mr. Wilson by his argument, or rhetorick, or both, would effect his purpose. Mr. Rogers replied, that he was more afraid of his faith, than of his arguments. This reputation for an unwavering faith and a prophet, ick spirit brought many of his friends to his dying bed, with a request, that he would designate the sins of the times, which, in his opinion, were the most heinous, and which, in their operation, \vould probably operate most ruinously on the country. He gave his opinion freely, saying, that God would judge the people for their rebellious, self- willed spirit, for their contempt of civil and ec- clesiastical rulers, and for their luxury and sloth. Here perhaps we shall do well to recollect, that his mind was greatly enfeebled by age and dis- ease. With all his zeal for religion and benevo- lence for mankind, he had no sympathy with the sectary. Like Norton, Dudley, and others, he was for compelling the imiformity of irregular christians with other arguments, than such, as were furnished by reason and revelation. Go not after those enthusiasts, said he, for, whatever they may pretend, they will rob you of ordinan- ces, rob you of your souls, rob you of your God. He indulged a poetical vein in writing ana- grams on his friends, in which he always contriv-
WILSON. 10;
cd to convey some moral and religious instruc- si:ct. v tion. In reference to these, which were not al- iqqy~ ways exact, and to liis remarkable hospitiility, it was said by the witty author of the Sinjple Cob- bler of Agawam, that the anagram of John Wilson was, " I pray come in, you are heartily welcome." In all the offices of friendship and good neigh- bourhood he seems to have been a model of christian charity, being full of compassion to the distressed, of advice to the friendless, and of con- solation to the aged. To designs and deeds of beneficence his heart and his purse were always open. He loved the house and worship of God, and was coacerned for the spiritual improvement, not only of his own congregation, but of the neighbouring churches. He was seen assisting at their lectures as long, as he was able to preach ; and, after age had palsied his head and his hands, his heart still glowed with the warmth of youth, and he was, conversant among his friends, coun- selling them to adhere firmly to the good profes- sion of their faith, and in the language of St. John exhorting them, " Little children love one another."
His humility shone brightly to the last. On his dying bed he was surrounded by many of the congregation, who desired to witness the closing scene of the good man's life, and to see with what calmness so excellent a christian would die. He told them, that he should soon go to be with his departed friends in heaven. Yet he added, I
0
106 WILSON.
SECT. V. have been an unprofitable servant. The Lord be merciful to me a sinner ! He died, 7 Aug. 1667, in the seventy-ninth year of his age.
Mr. W. preached his last thursday lecture, 16 Nov. 1665, which was taken in short hand by a hearer, and afterwards published. He also published a tract in London, entitled Helps to Faith.
SECTION VI.
From the death of Mr. Wilson to the settlement of Messieurs Davenport and Allen, embracing the year 1668.
It may not here be amiss to glance at the condi- sect, vi tion of the churches in general. The morals of legg. the people,* it was thought, had lost something of the purity, which marked the fathers of Neweng- land. This declension from primitive holiness was attributed partly to a disrespect for synodical decrees, and partly to the inattention of the clergy to their pastoral duties. The governour and council therefore, in 1668, wrote a serious and affectionate letter, addressing it t;o each minister in the colony. It called upon the teachers of re- ligion in a solemn manner to guard against the slumbers of sloth, and renew their zeal for the spiritual improvement of the souls committed to their watch, and for the general promotion of piety in the land. The measure was well receiv- ed, and attended with a beneficial effect. f More diligence was observed by pastors in their cate- chetical instructions ; and a disposition was mani- fested to print and circulate books on practical piety.
* Neal i. 368. f Holmes' Ann. i. 401.
108 VAC A XT.
SECT. VI. It was ill tliis year, and with a view to the rc- 1558 rival and diffusion of a spirit of piety, that an at- tempt \vas made to print an edition of Thomas a Kempis. The design however failed, througli an apprehension in the general court, that the book, being written by a papist, might excite a reli.sh for popish principles. Capt. Daniel Gookin and Rev. Jonathan Mitchcl, who were licensers of the press, were accordingly ordered by the court to stop the progress of the work. What would be thought, at this day, of a legislature, which should forbid the publication of any one book of any one sect of christians '? Indeed a like degree of rigour, at the same point of time, was not exer- cised in the parent country. But it had grown customary with men, who had fled the tyranny of the lord bishops to practise the tyranny of the lord brethren.* Intolerance was the order of the day ; and the government of each individual church was as eagle eyed in discovering heresy, and sometimes as cruel in punishing it, as the Spanish inquisition.
This truth was disgracefully manifest, about this period, in the suft'erings of the baptists. At the very moment, when congregationalists were writhing beneath the lashes of persecution in England, they seemed determined in this country to retaliate vengeance on dissenters from them. This wicked conduct was neither unnoticed nor unreproved.f A letter was sent from London to
* Clialmers i. 39^, t Neal i. 3~1.
VACANT. 109
the governour of Massachusetts, signed by Drs. skct. vi. Goodwin and Owen, Messrs. Nye and Caryl, i66s and nine other ministers, entreating him to use his authority for releasing the baptists from pris- on, and rescuing them from the power of sangui- nary laws. But this letter, though penned with moderation and gentleness, and containing the most touching appeals to the heart, made no im- pression on the congregationylists of Massachu- setts. The baptists still groaned in prisons. The most unrighteous laws stared them in the face ; and the most villanous conduct was se- cretly practised to their mischief.
This treatment of the baptists was compari- tively trivial to what the poor quakers endured. They were subjects of reproach, scorn, buff'etting, scourges, torture, and death. They were strip- ped of the clothes, they wore, and robbed of the beds, whereon they lay. The vessels, in which they ate, wgyg forced from them, and their food itself reduced almost to nothing. If any thing in extenuation of this persecuting spirit may be al- leged, it is the exceedingly irregular and extrava- gant behaviour of the sectaries, who kept no terms with decency, and strangely imagined, they were doing God service by violating the rules of good manners.
The church was, for the first time, vacant ; and the desk was supplied by preachers, whom cir- cumstances threw in the way.
Six men and four women were,this year, admit- ted to the church, and three male and two female children baptized.
no VACANT.
SECT. VI. ^" the death of Mr. Wilson, the church seem jggg to have had no idea of supplying his place by a young man, or a man, who had not been educa- . ted in -England.
Rev. John Davenport of Newhaven, had for- merly exercised his talents in this church, and therefore was not wholly unknown to several of the members. Fame moreover had ever distin- guished him among the preachers of this country. He was now seventy years old. At first view, therefore, he would hardly relinquish, at such an age, a place, of which he might be called the planter and patriarch. Those however, who knew all the circumstances of his situation, knew, that he was displeased with the union of Newha- ven and Connecticut colonies, and had always manifested a particular attachment to the metropo- lis of Massachusetts. He was accordingly invi- ted, and he accepted the invitation. Because of his advanced age however, it was thought expe- dient to unite with him in the care of the church
« Rev. James Allen. The latter gentleman had
been ejected by the Bartholomew act from his living in England, and, for four years, had been a member of First Church. These two gentlemen were installed together, as copastors of the church, on the ninth of December, 1668.
SECTION VII.
From tbe settlement of Messrs. Davenport and Allen to the death of the former and the installation of Air. Oxenbridge. Including the years 1669, 1670.
Phe removal of Mr. Davenport was a remark- ^^^ ^^^
able event, not only in the history of this church,
but in the ecclesiastical history of Massachusetts.* It will be recollected, that, in 1662, a synod was holden in Boston, which decreed, that persons, owning the covenant, might have their children baptized, although they did not observe the Lord's-supper. The result of this synod Mr. Wilson had subscribed ; and a neglect to observe it, or a disposition to oppugn it, he considered, in his last days, as one of the lamentable errouis of the times. Whether he had particular reference to Mr. Da\ enport, in uttering this lamentation, cannot now be known. Certain it is, that Mr. Davenport was opposed to ihis result, vvlicn it passed, and published his opinion against it after- wards. But, notwithstanding [his church r greed with their late pastor respecting the dcteimina- tions of the synod, and were thereiore widely
* Trum. i. 484.
DAVEXPOUT. ALLEX.
Siyj. vii. asunder from Mr. D. yet they saw fit to elect 1G69. hiiTj, and he to obey their summons. The union ho '.V ever was not effected without difficuhy. There were, at that time, two parties in First Church, one of which strongly opposed the measure,* both on account of the age of the can- didate, and the rigidity of his sentiments. Mr. D. had also to surmount a high bar to his removal in the affection of his own church, and in their determination to retain him. In this situation of affairs, it was not surprising, that Mr. D's installation should kindle the flames of ecclesiastical contention. Nor was the evil con- fined to a small district. Mr. Davenport had been considered, as the head of a party more strictly calvinian, than the body of the colonists. He had also personal friends, and so had the par- ty in First Church, who opposed him.
A part of First Church therefore, to the num- ber of , formed a society, which made the third con2'res:ation in Boston. Seventeen minis- ters publickly testified their disapprobation of the conduct of the majority of First Church, and es- pecially of its three officers, Messrs. Davenport and Allen, and elder Penn. It was said, on the part of the ministers, that the whole truth respect- ing Mr. D's dismission was never told them ; that parts only of letters were read, which ought to have been fully exposed ; and that the publick were not ingenuously dealt with upon the sub- ject. It was denied by Mr. D. and his friends,
* Hutch, i. 247.
DAVENPOrtT. ALI.KN. 113
tliat the letters concealed would have been evi- ^.ec y^ dence, that the church at Newhaven refused a dis- 777Z~~
' 11)09
missal to her pastor ; but only have shown an un- willingness to make it her immediate act.* A de- gree of blame attached to both sides. On one side more simplicity and uprightness of conduct was to have been expected ; and those of the other were too curious and meddlesome. The event was not foi'tunatc for any body. Mr. D. shortly died ; Newhaven church became divided, and long remained destitute of a pastor ; and First Church, besides losing a respectable portion of her members, was engaged, for fourteen years, in a controversy with the New, or Third church. This quarrel is said to have been terminated, in consequence of a danger, which happened to both churches, through an attempt to make an episco- pal establishment in the town. From this mo- ment they exerted their joint efforts to oppose the missionaries of the English bishops. At first however, the contention was so sharp, that First Church refused to join in acts of communion with the Third ; and lines, and even imprisonments were, in some instances, the result of a fiery and misdirected zeal.f Mr. Bellingham was now governour ; and, being warmly opposed to the seceders, he called the council together with a view of quashing the design, on the presumption, that the erection of a new edifice would militate with the publick safety. To be sure, the forming
* Hutch, i. 248. + Back. i. 388.
114 DAVENPORT. ALLEN. .
SEC. \ II. oi ii i'*-'vv church, at that period, was a design of ^j vaster niag-nitude,than at the present day ; for near- ly the whole country were enlisted on one side or the other of this unpleasant warfare. But the council were not equally apprehensive with his excellency of ensuing mischief. The general court at length interfered in favour of First Church, and raised a committee to inquire into those prevailing evils, which were the probable cause of God's displeasure towards our land. *" The following is part of their report. " Declen- sion from the primitive foundation work ; inno- vation in doctrine and worship, opinion and prac- tice ; an invasion of the rights, liberties, and privileges of churches ; a usurpation of a lordly prelatical power over God's heritage ; a subver- sion of gospel order ; and all this with a danger- ous tendency to the utter devastation of these churches ; turning the pleasant gardens of Christ into a wilderness ; and the inevitable and total ex- tirpation of the principles and pillars of the con- gregational way ; these are the leaven, the cor- rupting gangrene, the infecting spreading plague, the provoking image of jealousy set up before the Lord, the accursed thing, which hath provoked divine wrath, and doth further threaten destruc- tion." One seems at a loss, on whom to fix this general invective. It was well understood, at that day, to be aimed at the Third Church, and the ministers consenting to its organization.
* Hutch, i. 249.
DAVENPOllT. ALl.EN. IJ5
The bitter pill contained in the report produced sec. vii. retchings in the stomach and burnings in the "^^ heart. At its next session, the general court was addressed by a portion of the clergy too respecta- ble to be neglected, and in language too solemn and pathetick to be silenced. The deputies were now delicately reminded of the services of the clergy, in the early settlement of the country ; and of the happy union, that subsisted between Moses and Aaron, of whom it was said, that, if the for- mer conducted the people, the latter transported the ark of the covenant. They were assured of the loyalty of the ministers ; of their inflexible regard to the principles of Congregationalism ; and of their hatred of disorder and licentiousness. The ministers thought it necessary thus to vindi- cate themselves from the charge of innovation and apostasy, which had been implied, if not ex- pressed, in the abovementioned report. They in- sinuated, if they did not feel, that they had suffer- ed from the rage of a party, who had endeavoured to widen, instead of healing, the breach between First and Third Church, and to misrepresent and disguise the business in the view of the commu- nity. They hoped, an apology would be readily found for their conduct, if they had erred ; and, if they had been wronged, that their wrongs would be redressed. They concluded with a declaration of the purity of their intentions, and of their wish to resist, if possible, the antiministerial spirit, which was rising and spreading in the country, and which, through the sides of the clergy, was wounding the cause of religion.
116 DAVENri'oirr. allf.n.
SKC. vlL This address made a serious and salutary Im- j^^^ pression on the court. They saw the necessity of giving it a kind and respectful answer. Hav- ing- therefore apologized for the imprudent warmth, that might have actuated their body, the preceding year, they proceed to express their wishes for conciliation, equity, and peace. They decreed, that all papers referring to the late un- pleasant controversy should be accounted useless ; and that no odium ought to rest upon those min- isters, who had been instrumental in establishing the Third Church. In doing this, however, care ^vas taken to secure the authority of the magistrates ; and due caution was administered against questioning the rectitude of legislative proceedings.
It will hence be seen, what sort of connexion subsisted between the civil and ecclesiastical or- ders of the state. Various causes operated, at times, to diminish the influence of the christian minister. As new settlements were made, par- ishes were multiplied. The means of subsistence and of knowledge to the pastors of these little flocks were necessarily narrow ; and they not in- frequently complained, that they prophesied in sackcloth. Want of knowledge and of wealth was consequently want of power. Yet, with all tlicir poverty and the disadvantages of their situa- tion, they possessed their full share of talents and virtue, and were therefore not to be contemned nor neglected. They remembered the views, which planted New cngland ; and, if they had not
DAYEXPORT. ALLEN. 1 1 7
the learning, they were still animated with the sec. vn. spirit, of their predecessors. Though the civil- ^^^^ ians of that day acknowledged and revered their piety, yet they provided with a jealous eye against the increase of hierarchical rule. So that the churches, notwithstanding their professions and boast of independency, were actually under a kind of political control ; and, on the contrary, through the influence of the clergy, magistrates, who were annually elected, were occasionally displaced, when they were thought to have in- fringed against the rights of the church.
The most acrimonious and lasting dispute, which took place between First Church and any of its sisters, on the subject of Mr. Davenport's removal, was that between this and the church at Dedham. Letters are now preserved in First Church records, which mark the heat of the ec- clesiastical thermometer,at that disputatious period.
The majority of First Church adhered steadilv to their choice of Mr. D. and their attachment to his person. In this agitated condition of things, it was not to be expected, that the church would re- ceive large accessions. In 1669, two men only and six women were received, as members. Twenty male and nineteen female infants, in that year, were baptized. But, after Mr. Oxenbridge j^^^ was associated in the pastoral care, in the follow- ing year, fifty-four persons, thirty-five of whom were women, seated themselves at the Lord's table. In that year also, thirty-one male and twenty eight female children were baptized.
1 I S DAVENPORT. ALLEN.
SEC. VII. In the ])receding year, such was the disturbed TTI" condition of the church, that offences were fre- quently happening, and yet the ancient vigour of administration was impaired. The practice however continued, of excommunicating mem- bers for almost all sorts of crimes, and of restoring them to communion, upon manifestations of re- pentance.
On 12 Feb. 1669, " Edward Ransford and Jacob Eliot were dismissed from the office of deacons for setting their hands, with other breth- ren, to desire their dismission from the church ; because the church had chosen Mr. Davenport for their pastor."*
On 29 March, 1670, " at a meeting called about our dissenting brethren, the question, whether the church see light from the word of God to dismiss our dissenting brethren, that desire it, was answered in the negative unanimously.*
" At a general meeting of the church, on 16 August, 1669, it was voted by the church, that our honoured magistrates do draw up instructions for capt. Clarke to N. Haven, that they might declare the owning of the letter sent from them to this church to be a true dismission for Mr. Dav- enport."
e e
" At a meeting of y church : on y 20 : of au-
e t r
gust : 69 It was voted by y church y maj
11 eh r
gen y elders w capt dark m Stoddard
* First Church Records, p. 01.
1670.
DAVENPORT. ALEX. Uy
and m Cooke do draw up a letter in answer to y ' letter sent from Dedhani church, enquiring after
the proceeding of y church about a letter or let-
e
ters from y church of N. Haven to this church, and to sign it in the name of the church."
" On 25 Aug. 1669, the church met to hear the letter read, that was sent to Dedham, and they did unanimously concur with it, as their own mind."
At a church meeting, on 9 Oct. 1699, " upon hearing the letters read from N. Haven in answer to a letter of two of the elders to them ; it was voted unanimously, that the church doth stand to the former vote and judgment, in the case of the elders, about the extracting the sense of the let- ters dismissive."
These extracts from the records of the church sufficiently show, that she must have been much agitated respecting the affair of Mr. Davenport's removal, and the publick opinion concerning that measure.
The congregation does not appear to have been insensible to the object of religious association. The following vote indicates a laudable concern for the arrowth of vital relip-ion.
" At a publick church meeting, on the 13th of the 10th mo. 1669, it was agreed on and concluded by a unanimous vote, that the elders should go from house to house to visit the families, and see how they are insti acted in the grounds of reli- srion."
t2d DAVENPORT. ALLEN,
SEC.viT. Mr. Davenport died suddenly, on the 11th, ac- iGTQ. cording to First Church records, and according to Hutchinson and others, on 15 March, 1670. Although his career in Boston was short and troublous, it had been long and glorious in Nevv- england. Few men were better qualified for planting the gospel in a new world ; and seldom has any man made a happier use of his natural and moral energies. This remark ought to be verified by a biographical sketch of the father of Newhaven.
Rev. John Davenport was born at Coventry, England, in 1597. He was sent to Merton college, in 1613, whence, a^ter two years, he was removed to Magdalen hall, which he left without a degree. By his incessant and success- ful application he became one of the first of schol- ars, and by his gravity, warmth, and case of elo- cution, one of the most popular of preachers. He early imbibed the sentiments of puritans, and became a minister to a congregation of them in Colman street, London. Such was the spirit of those times, that he was obliged to resign his pastoral charge. In 1633, he retired into Hol- land, where he became united with a Mr. Paget, whom he opposed, on account of his administer- ing baptism to children indiscriminately. A controversy ensued, which rendered his situation uncomfortable, and he returned to London. It seems, he had formed an acquaintance with Mr. Cotton, previously to his sailing for this country, and now enjoyed the benefit of his correspond^
DAVENPORT. ALLEN. 12;
eiice. By the favourable representation, he re- sec. Air ceived of America, he was led to form a conncx- 7Z^ ion with Messrs. Eaton, Hopkins, and other re- spectable characters, for the purpose of settling in a land so propitious to civil and religious liberty. They arrived, in 1637, when the antinomian con- troversy was beginning to rage, in Avhich Mr. D. took a decided and useful part. Not finding sufficient room for themselves and their friends in Massachusetts, they made a large purchase between the Connecticut and Hudson rivers, and founded the city of Newhaven, of which Mr. Davenport became the minister.
With the bold, enterprising spirit of a reform- er he devoted his time, money, and strength to the acquisition and security of what he believed to be the right of the citizen and the christian. He had an idea, that a reformation was never car- ried any further, than by primitive reformers. An emigration into this country therefore, in his opinion, afforded the fairest opportunity for the pu- ritans to effectuate their pious and liberal designs.
No man was ever more scrupulously careful in guarding the doors of the church, and none more rigid in his notions of church discipline. Yet he lived to see and lament, that, with all his caution, the hypocritical and vicious would some» times find their way to the baptismal font, and the communion board. He refused, for example, to baptize children, unless he had evidence, that they were born of christian parents, who regu- larly walked in all the ordinances of the gospel
\22 DAVENroRT. ALLEX.
SE(;. Ml. In tlic early part of life, he was continually prcach- , (;,,, ' hv^ and publishing af^ainst what he called promis- cuous baptism, and he thought, that God by a pailicular providence called him into Holland, that he might bear witness against it in a country, where it was generally prevalent. His rigour in this respect caused him both labour and vexa- tion. For even in those days, there were chris- tians, calling themselves orthodox and puritan, who differed concerning what were the requisite qualifications for the initiatory seal. Mr. Cotton said, that a baptismal creed should contain three articles. Mr. Norton was content, that it should contain only one article ; and others were willing, that baptism should be given to children, whose parents made no profession of faith, except what was implied in attending the ordinance. These last contended, that bringing one's child to be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ is in very deed one of the most solemn modes of declaring a belief in the gospel, and entering into covenant with God.
In sentiment with Mr. Cotton respecting the civil as well, as religious polity of the bible, he endeavoured a system of order, which should nearly correspond with the hebrew institutes and the usages of the primitive christians. The scheme undoubtedly originated in the best inten- tions of the heart ; but, in our day, it can hardly be believed, that ethicks, good sense, and knowledge of mankind, such as Cotton and Davenport pos- sessed, should conceive it practicable.
DAVENPORT. ALLEN. 123
He possessed a large share of personal cour- sec. ml age as well, as a literary and religious heroism. ^^Z^ His intrepidity saved king Charles's judges,*' who fled to Newhaven, in 1661, and who were hidden in his house, whilst he preached in publick be- fore the pursuers a sermon from the following words. " Take counsel ; execute judgment ; make thy shadow, as the night in the midst of the noonday ; hide the outcasts ; bewray not him, that wandereth. Let mine outcasts dwell with thee. Moab be thou a covert to them from the face of the spoiler, "f
In private life Mr. Davenport was beneficent, exemplary, amiable ; much practising, what he constantly recommended, ejaculatory prayers. On receiving favours, he would resolve to increase his self-examination and watchfulness ; and he was wont to repay the ill usage, he met with from enemies, by renewed efforts of kindness to his friends. His piety, prudence, and firmness were the subject of general commendation.
As a scholar, Mr. Davenport was always placed in the first rank. His judgment was profound ; and his excursive fancy was guided by a correct taste. Such was the opinion of the Westminster divines of his abilities, that he was hivited to a seat in their synod.
He was minister of Newhaven, nearly thirty, and of First Church, not quite two years. He died of an apoplexy, in the 73d year of his age, on 15 March, 1670. His portrait is in the mu-
* Stiles's Life of the Judges. f Isai. xvi. 3, 4.
I2i DAVENPORT. ALLEN.
SEC.vir. seiim of Yale college. He was author of the i670~' folio'^^iiig publications.
1. Sermon on 2 Sam. i. 18. 1629.
2. Letter to the Dutch Classis. 1634.
3. Instructions to the elders of the English Church. 1634.
4. Report of some proceedings against John Paget, &c,
1634.
5. Allegations of scripture against baptizing certain in-
fants. 1634.
6. Protestation about the publication of his writings.
1634. "
7. Apologetical Reply to answer of W. Best. 1636.
8. Discourse about civil government in new plantations.
1642.
9. Profession of his faith at admission, &c. 1642.
10. Knowledge of Christ, in regard to types, See. 165^.
11. Messiah come. Sermon. 1653.
18. Saints' Anchor hold in storms, &c. 1661.
13. Election Sermon, 1669.
14. God's call to his people, Sec. two fast sermons. 1670.
15. Power of congregational churches, 8cc. (posthumous.)
1672. He also wrote a latin letter to the famous Duroeus, which the rest of the ministers of Newhaven colony subscri- bed. He moreover left behind him an exposition on the Canticles in a hundred sheets of small hand wri- ting, which never was published.
SECTION VIII.
From the settlement of Mr. Oxenbridge, 1671, to his deatli, 1674,
IVTr. OxenbridQ-e and his wife had been admit-
SEC vni. ted members of First Church,on 20 March, 1670,
and, on the 10th of the month following, he was ^^'"'" unanimously chosen pastor. Whether any for- mality was observed in his induction into office does not appear. No memorandum of Mr. Dav- enport's death is to be found in the records, yet the slightest irregularity in any of the members is carefully registered.
This is evident, that Mr. Oxenbridge was a popular preacher, and that his talents excited a lively attention to religion in the members of the congregation. During his four years' labour in the church, eighty-one persons, fif- ty-four of whom were females, were admitted to communion. In the same period, ninety-one boys and ninety girls were baptized.
On 10 March, 1672, there was a publick con- tribution made by the congregation for the use of 1672. the college at Cambridge, at the motion of the council, and beside the publick, there was a pri- vate subscription, to which many subscribed, and a like subscription was circulated in the country.
126 ALLEN. OXENBRIDGE
16;
SRC. vrn. The baptists were still persecuted in the colony ; ' but Allen and Oxenbridge have the merit of giv- ing no countenance to a most unchristian practice. Rev. John Oxenbridge was born in Daventry, Northamptonshire, England, 30 January, 1609,and educated at Oxford, where he was some time a tutor. Becoming a preacher, in 1633, he went to Bermuda, and assumed the care of a church. He returned to England, about the year 1642, and was pastor of a church in Beverly. Afterwards he became fellow of Eton college. Ejected from his living, in 1662, he travelled to Surrinam ; thence to Barbadoes ; and thence, in 1669, to Nc wengland. He is reckoned by the historians of Boston among the most elegant writers as well, as eloquent preachers of his time. Like his great and good piedecessors, he was sincerely at- tached to the congregational interest ; and the piety, which he cherished at heart, exhibited itself in his habitual conversation. As he was preach- ing the thursday lecture, 23 December, he was ta- ken suddenly ill, forced to break off his discourse, and carried home, where he languished, till the 28th, when he died. He was buried, on 3 1 st, with great solemnity.*
Mr. Oxenbridge was author of the following publications.
1. Double watchword. 1661.
2. Propositions of propas^ating the gospel in Guiana.
3. Election Sermon, 1671.
4. Seasonable seeking of God.
* First Church records, p. 37.
1674.:
SECTION IX.
From the death of Mr. Oxenbridj^e, 1 674, to the settlement of Mv. Wadsworth, 16»J6.
During ten years, the congregation was ""^^^ g^cT ix
the sole care of Mr. Allen.
In the year 1679, there was a synod called by ^ ^^ the general court, under an apprehension, that the sins of the land loudly cried for the vengeance of heaven. The aspect of publick afiairs was in- deed portentous ; yet there seem not to have been any uncommon marks of national degenera- cy. The ministers however obeyed the sum- mons of the civil authority, and placed at the head of their body Mr. John Sherman and Mr. Urian Oakes. The first question, to which their atten- tion was called, was, " What are the sins, which have provoked the divine anger ?" The second, " What are the means of icmovinj>; it ?" The synod resulted, and communicated their result to the general court. It pointed out the sins of the times, and depicted in glowing colours the ca- lamities of the country.* In most churches the covenant was renewed, and in every church some
* Mather. Hutchinson.
128 ALLEN.
SECT. IX. notice was taken of the Reforming Synod, and of ^"^I^ the measures, it recommended, for reviving the power and spirit of religion.
Some indeed questioned the sincerity of the leading men in the country, who were instru- mental in convoking the synod. The gay and licentious court of Charles II. could hardly be- lieve, that there were men of piety enough in Newengland, who would take the pains, which were there taken, to promote the practice of sound morality.*
First Church also did not see the propriety of
5Au"- calling this synod. Yet its leading members could not be accused of being inimical to the in- terests of truth and religion. On 5 August, the following vote was passed by the church.
" Voted, upon an order of the general court, to send elders and messengers to a synod to meet, the 24th day in September. Though we do not see liffht for the callinsr of a svnod at this time ; yet, there being one called, that what good there is or may be encouraged, and evil prevented, by our testimony, we are willing to send our mes- sengers to it ; though, whatever is there deter- mined, we look upon and judge to be no farther binding to us, than the light of God's words is thereby cleared to our consciences."!
In this vote is manifest the spirit of liberty, which prevailed, in those days, and which now an- imates a large majority of the churches in this commonwealth. The members of First Church m particular were uniformly careful to guard the
* Holmes. f First Cliurch records, p. 39.
ALLEN. ■ 129
freedom of the brethren against the encroach- sect. ix. ments of the civil authority. This as.sertion will 1679 be further evident by the subsequent vote, which was passed on the same occasion.
'' Voted by this church, 5 Aug. upon an order and advice of the magistrates, that all the elders of tills town might jointly carry on the 5th day lecture."
" In answer to the motion of the honoured miigistrates about the lecture ; though, as an in- junclion, we cannot concur with it, but do hum- bi}' bear our witness against it, as apprehending it tejidinsr to the infrin^xement of church libertv ; yet, if the Lord incline the hearts of the other teaching oificers of this town to accept the desire of our officers lo give their assistance with those of this church, who shall be desired to carry on their fifth day lecture, we are \villing to accept their help therein."*
Sixty-four persons were admitted tocommunion, in this decade of years, thirty- nine of whom were females. During the same period, seventy male and seventy-seven female children were baptized.
By recurring to the controversy existing in the churches, consequent upon the installation of Mr. Davenport, it will be seen, that no harmony now subsisted between the First and Third Ciiurches. Such a state of ecclesiastical aliena- tion, obviously inimical to the cause of religion, was secretly lamented by the lovers of peace in both societies. It is to the honour of First
* Fii-.st Church records, p. 40.
1.30 ALLCN.
SECT. IX. Church, to whichever party it properly apper- 1682. tained, that slie was prior in her conciliatory overtures. The foUowino: extracts, which are copied exactly from her records, will show the formal, cautious, yet frank and generous manner, in which the reconciliation was besfun and com- plcted.
" At a meeting of the First Church in Boston, Apr. 23, 1682."
" A motion to the South Church."
" Question. Whether you be willing, keep- ing the rule in its intireness, and not revoking your testimony thereto, with that rule of church order, which we have proposed assent unto, and is published, as the judgment of the churches of Newengland platform of discipline, Chapt. 13th throughout, to forgive and forget all offences, as respecting ourselves, that, we judge, have justly been taken at our dissenting brethren ?
" Supposing this pass in the Old Church.
" Question. Will it not be expedient, that it be lovingly presented to the dissenting brethren, and tliat society, by a meet person or persons, and that they be desired to signify by writing their approbation of that rule, and judging any deviation from it to be irregular, and, if the re- turn be acceptable, that it will be recorded by both, in memory of an happy issue of that uncom- fortable and long breach, and the beginning of our desired peace, which the Lord grant. Amen." " Voted in the affirmative together."
ALLEN. 1 3 1
" Letter from the Third Church in Boston in sect. ix.
return to the above motion." i682.
" Worshipful, reverend, and beloved." " As we cannot but with grief acknowledge the great evil, that there is in divisions from the sad experience, which we have had of the dange- rous influence, which the distance betwixt you and us hath had in this land, so we desire hearti- ly to acknowledge the goodness of God in ac- cording your hearts to look towards a pacifica- tion, and with thankfulness to adopt, at your hands, the kind tender of reconciliation made un- to us, to the furthering whereof God forbid that wc should wilfully put any obstruction ; we rather desire to put all the hands we have to the accept- ing of it ; as being sensible of the truth of what is intimated, 2 Sam. ii. 26. That " if the sword devour forever, it will be bitterness in the end."
" As for the condition of accommodation, which hath been presented to us from yourselves by the worshipful Samuel Howell, esq. and the Reverend Mr. Allen, we are fully and freely ready to subscribe it. And, as we have publickly and particularly in the last synod acknowledged the platform of church discipline, which was agreed upon by the elders and messengers of the church- es to be for the substance of it orthodox, so we do now in particular approve what we do believe the thirteenth chapter of that book throughout to be according to rule and the mind of God in his word, respecting the case therein treated of, and that any deviation therefrom is irregular, and
1 32 ALLEN.
SECT. iz. wherein any of our sinful infu-mities have been 168 J. grievous to all or any of your church, we ask forgiveness both of God and of yourselves ; and desire daily to pray, " What we know not teach thou us, and if we have done amiss, we will do so no more." For ourselves we are heartily content, that all things, wherein we judge ourselves to have been aggrieved cease [and] be buried in oblivion." " The God of grace direct you to a good and happy issuing of the great aifair, which you have so candidly begnn, and cover all the failings of his people under the robe of Christ's righteous- ness, grantmg unto us all the blessings of the gospel of peace, and to yourselves the blessed- ness of peacemakers !"
" So pray, worshipful, reverend, and beloved, your brethren in the lord Jesus Christ,
SAMUEL WILLARD,
in the name and with the free and full vote of the brethren of thf third g-athered church in Uoston. To the Rev. Mr. James Allen, teacher, and Mr. Jolin Wiswall, ruling elder, of the first g'ather- ed church in Boston. These,
To be communicated to the church."
" Letter from the First Church in Boston to the Third."
" At a meeting of the First Church of Christ in Boston, May 7, 1682."
" Honoured, worshipful, reverend, beloved i» the Lord."
" We have received your return by the wor- shipful Mr. John Hull, esquire, and the Reverend
ALLEN. 133
Mr. Samuel Willard to our motion to hear, seot.ix.
wherein you express your thankful reception and 1682. full concurrence with the condition of accommo- dation therein mentioned, which we declare to be acceptable to us. And, wherein our sinful infir- mities have been grievous to you or any of your church, we mutually ask forgiveness of God and you. And desire all offences, we judge have been given us, may be forgiven and forgotten, desiring to forgive others, even as we believe God for Christ's sake hath forgiven us."
" And we further entreat, that both our mo- tion and your return and this conclusion may be recorded with you, as it shall be with us, in memory of a happy issue of our uncomfortable dispute and the way of our peace."
" Now the God of peace, that brought again from the dead our lord Jesus Christ, that great shepherd of the sheep, by the blood of the ever- lasting co\'enant, make you perfect in every good work to do his will, working in you, that which is most well pleasing in his sight."
" So pray, honoured, reverend, beloved, your brethren in the faith and fellowship of the gospel,,
JAMES ALLEN. JOHN WISWALL."
" With the full and unanimous consent of the brethren."
Whether the growing debilities of Mr. Allen rendered a colleague necessary, whether it was his particular desire, or whether, such being the paucity of preachers in those days, the church tliought itself obliged to enlist into its service
134 ALLEN. MOODEY.
SECT IX. every minister, whose assistance might be pro- jgg.-, cured ; several persons, about this tinie, were invited to cooperate with the incumbent teacher in feeding his flock. A Mr. Sanipbon Bond, in particular, on the 26th of Sepir.niber of this year, was invited to tlie office of assistant f^reacher ; but the vote, for some reason, was never carried into effect. 1684. ^^t, on 3 May, 1684, a measure of this kind was happily effectuated in regard to Rev. Joshua Moodey. This gentleman was son of William Moodey of Newbury, born in 1632, and was grad- uated at Harvard college, in 1653. In 1660, he was invited to become minister of Portsmouth, where he regukirly and faithfully laboured, until, in the month of February,* in this year, he was violently suspended from office by the tyranny of governour Cranfield. Persecuted in Portsmouth, he fled to Boston, where he was received with open arms by the members of First Church. |
* Alden's account of Relig-ious Societies in Ports tr.outli. f Mr. Moodey was invited to tlie situation, he lield in the chui-ch, 3 Muy, 1684, as will appear from tlie following extracts from First
Church records.
" 11, 3 mo. 1684."
" At a meeting of tlie Old Church in Boston." " Q. Brethren, the providence of God having brought Mr.Joshua Moodey unto the town under such circumstances, as you know, whether you be willing, that, in the name of the church, lie be de- sired, during his abode and residence here, to be constantly helpful to our teacher, Mr. James Allen, in preaching the word of God among us ? Voted affirmatively."
" 'rhe providence of God having cast Rev. Mr. Joshua Moodey among us by shutting the door of liberty for his ministry in his own oluu'ch at Portsmouth, we do earnestly desire, that he would con- stantly exercise ministry with our teacher among us, until he hath
ALLEN. MOODF.Y. 1 35
He here commenced his labours under flattcrinj^ skc. ix. circumstances. The congregation \\ere pleased i684. with him, as a man, as a scholar, and as a theolo- gian. He was so distinguished for his literary and scientifick attainments, that, on the death of president Rogers, 2 July, 1684, he was elected his succcssour. Bat he preferred his situation, as assistant minister in First Church.*
The death cf Charles H. which took place, on 1685. 16 Feb. 1635, and some revolutions in the polit- ical order and customs of M:»ssachusetts, conse- quent on that event, secin to have made no es- pecial change in the ecclesiastical usage of these davs. In the follovviiig year, when sir Edmund 1586. Andros arrived with a commission from king James for the government of Newengland, a more serious apprehension was indulged for the old- fashioned liberty of i.'idependent churches. Though all denominations of christians were to be tolera- ted, yet there was manifested a strong partiality for the church of England. There was, as yet, no episcopal church in Boston ; but the liuirgy was begun to be read, and the burial service to be used at the interment of the dead. The puritans were alarmed. Half a century before, the intro- duction of the common prayer book would not have been extremely abhorrent to the feelings of
free and oprj-" liberty to return to them again, which we express as an explanation of our former vote by our mind therein.
Voted unanimously, as attest, JAM!:S \LLKN, JO'IN V/It5\/ALL." * Belknap's N. Hamp. i. 210. Collections Hist. Society, vi. 5.
136 ALLEN. MOODEY.
..p(^^,^ j^ Bostonians. But a variety of circumstances, since that period, had strengthened their antipa-
1686. . . T% T A 11
thies to the episcopal service. Mr. Allen was one of the two thousand ministers, who, in 1662, had, in a manner, been sacrificed by the Barthol- omew act. The congregational character with its growth had acquired a respectable degree of independence and hardihood ; and the designs and manners of englishmen, arriving from the parent country, as they were not altogether cal- culated to secure confidence, began to awaken unpleasant suspicions. The presence of the excellent Moodey reminded every one of the im- perious and abominable conduct of Cranfield, I who had insisted, that the Lord's supper should be administered conformably to the english liturgy, and in no other way; * and the behaviour of Randolph and Andros wore a similar aspect. In this state of things a meeting was had at Mr. Al- len's, at which all the ministers and four of each congregation were present. They had the same impressions respecting the intentions of the gov- ernour. They believed, that he purposed making use of a meeting-house for the celebration of pub- lick worship according to the liturgy ; and they were agreed in opinion, that they ought to frus- trate his purpose. Their counsels however were ineffectual. After viewing the three meet- ing-houses, the govcrnour determined to make use of the one belonging to the Third, or Old South, society. It was in vain, that the measure
♦ Alden's account of Religious Societies in Portsmouth, p. 12-
Al-LEX. MOODEX- 137
was deplored by a number of the most respecta- sect. ix. ble proprietors ; that tliey urged iheir right to the j^^ edifice, and the land, on which it stood, and the cruelty of infringing on their religious immuni- ties. The governour caballed with two or three busybodies, and ordered the sexton of the church to open the doors and ring the bell. The fellow durst not refuse obedience to the first magistrate of the colony ; and the service was performed in the meeting-house agreeably to his wishes.* This infraction on the rights of congregationalists was perhaps never repeated ; for immediately af- terwards the fust episcopal society in Boston was instituted, and a church consecrated to the english establishment. f
Joseph Dudley had been president of Massa- chusetts ; and, although the change, which com- menced with his administration, was ominous to the people, yet they had no suspicion of his reli- gious principles. J His successour however, sir Edmund Andros, fully opened the eyes of the community to the snares, which were laying for them. Andros considered all congregational clergymen, as laymen. A design was now laid to establish the church of England on the ruins of Congregationalism ; and, as a means of carrying this plan into effect, it w^as intended, that no mar-
* Holmes' Annals, i. 469.
t In this year also, was constituted the french protestant society of christians, consisung of pious refugees, wlio had fled their coun- try, on the revocation of the edict of Xantz. They reared a small brick rlmrch in school street.
I Hutch. i.3l5. S
1687.
ir,8 ALLL:X. ?iI0O!)EV.
SEC r. IX. riagcs should be legal, which were not solemniz- 16S7 ^^ ^y ''^^ episcopal priest. This was not all. The people ^verc threatened with the loss of their meeting-houses. But the tcrrour of their appre- hensions was mitigated by the tolerant proclama- tion of James ; although there were some of the wisest and best men of the congregational order, who thought, that it smelt of popery, and was the fruit of an artful scheme. Many congregations agreed to address the king, and that of First Church anions; them.*
o
So great were the political agitations of this period, both in England and America, that the voice of religion was, for the most part, silent. The most gloomy fears pervaded the friends of ecclesiastical liberty. They saw the press re- strained, the rights of conscience violated, and the most intolerant and tyrannical doctrines op- enly advocated. It was on this day of darkness, when the possessions and immunities of Neweng- land w ere most seriously threatened, thdt the pat- riotick and intrepid Matherf secretly sailed for England, and with his own hand presented the complaints of the people to the king against the
6 Nov.
^6S7 * " ^°^'^'^' ''> ""a>"'Tiaus consent of the brethren, tliat an address
should be drawn up to he sent to his majesiy in their names to ex- press their liumi.'le thankfuhiess for his g-racious decLaration of lib- erty to our consciences, and securing our liberties.
JAMES ALLEN."
"Mr. ******* only moved, tliat it might be known, what was
writ. It was answered, there was a libertj' for any, that desired it,
to see it at my house ; which satisfied all with tha vote foremen-
tioncd." First Church records, p. 45.
t Rev. Increase Mather, D. D. President of Harvard college.
ALLEN. MOODEV. 1 39
government of the province.* That providence sect. ix. however, which has ever patronised with pecuUar care the principles and rights of the congrega- tional churches of this country, still favoured their independence on the kingdoms of this world, and, in due time, dispelled their dismal apprehensions.
The fiscal as well, as religious concerns of the society, were now managed entirely by members of the church ; and the pastor probably, for the most part, was present and presided. At these meetings, a variety of matters was usually agita- ted ; and provision for the ministry, for the stran- ger, for the poor, for the reformation of morals, and for the preservation of church property, was often made, at the same meeting, and sometimes almost in the same vote. In a note below the reader may find an illustration of this remark in several examples, which, whilst they develop, are honorary to the ecclesiastical character and cus- toms of the day.f
* Hutchinson i. 328. Belknap i. 234.
t " July 22, 1691 Voted, that our brethren, Mr. Jeremiah Dummer and capt. Pen Townsend do assist the deacons in recov- ering fourscore pounds of money, due from Mr Wharton's estate to the church for a parcel of land sold him on fort-hill." pp. S3, 99.
" Voted, that the deacons do sell a piece of land near Mr, Valen- tine's, he is about to buy of them." Ibid.
" Voted, that our brethren, major Hutchinson, Mr. Ezekiel Chee- vers, Mr. Dummer, Mr. Front, Mr. Deering debate and prepare an answer for the church to the inquiry of the deacons about the way to pay for the rent of Mr. Moodey's iiouse, for the time past, and also to acquaint themselves with the church stock in the dea- cons' hands <, and what is given and fit to be settled on our teiichinc:
1692.
IV) AI.LKX. MOODEV.
i^jiCT.ix. Among the enlightened, bold, and faithful ec- "ifisT^ clesiasticks of Nevvengland, in her infantile state, Joshua Moodcy, who now, for several years, had adorned the pulpit of First Church, will ever stand in a conspicuous station. It is not won- derful therefore, that the society, which knew his worth, should, on the prospect of losing him, make a formal effort to detain him, as a perma- 1690. j^^j^^ associate with their present pastor. But
2i Sep. . , ^ ^
there was a probability, that he might return in peace to the people of his former charge. In 1692, this probabihty became a fact. He resum- ed in Portsmouth, at the earnest entreaties of his congregation, and by advice of an ecclesiastical council, the functions of an office, which he dearly loved, and to which he was supremely devoted. Yet, though he valued himself chiefly on his la- bours, as a divine, and though, such was his dili-
officer, to be i^ifhoiit variation, unless by church consent, and that they assist about ordering the poor." Ibid.
" Voted, ten poinid a year be allowed to our teaclicr for his wood at the least." Ibid.
" Voted, that each one will endeavour to prevent i:)nllution of the Lord's day by any oftlieir families, and that they will sliut up shops, before sundown, on the last day of tlie week, and bring- their cliil- dren and servants within doors, God assisting." First Churcli records, p 53-
" 26 yuly, 1691. Voted, upon debate about the poor, that they ought,as town dwellers,to have the benefit of their privileg-e belong, ing to the poor oi the town under religious government. Is. xlv 23. and that the deacons only furtlier supply them with further support, as shall be in general directed by the church, and advised by the ruling- ofhrers. Gal. vi. 10." Ibid.
3 August 1691. " Forti/, that our teacher have an hundred and four pound, a year, that is, forty shillings, a week, and ten pound for wood, yearly, and more, as the church is able." Ibid.
ALLEN. MOODEY. 141
gence, as a writer, that, in the course of his min- sect, ix, istry, he composed upwards of four thousand "^2 sermons, he was not deficient in fulfilling the du- ties of a neighbour and friend. His integrity and goodness of heart were especially manifest in the affair of witchcraft, which was producing its mise- ries, about the time of his returning to Piscataqua. A Mrs. English, a well bred, amiable woman, inhabiting Salem village, was accused of witch- craft. Her husband, who was also eminent for his worth and accomplishments, visited her in prison ; and therefore he too was accused and im- prisoned. On some kind of pretence, they were removed to the jail in Boston, where they were visited by Mr. Moodey, who invited them to church, and who preached before them from these words, " If they persecute you in one city, flee to another." He meant, that the sacred ad- vice, which he gave, should be liberally understood and followed. He more than assisted them in making the application. He procured the means of their escape and conveyance from Boston to Newyork ; wrote letters to governour Fletcher of that place ; and secured them a respectable recep- tion and safe retreat. In the following year, Mr, and Mrs. English returned, and ever gratefully and justly ascribed their salvation from the gibbet to the intrepidity and benevolence of Mr. Moo- dey.* This beneficent man was however a suf- ferer for his virtue. The prejudices of the times
* Mr. Bentley's letter to Mr. Aldcn. Sec account of Religious Societies in Portsmouth, p.33.
142 ALLEN. MOODEV.
SECT. IX. were against him for the very act of fortitude ir>9o above related ; and he went from Boston with a diminished reputation in the eyes of the multi- tude. But he had a better testimony in his fa- vour, than that of publick applause, even the wit- ness of a good conscience before God. This heavenly comforter attended him through life, and whispered sweet peace to his departing spirit. His days had been checkered, but their conclusion was serene. He was on a visit to Boston, in the f^ummer of 1697, when he was taken with a sickness, of which he died, on the 4th of July. Dr. Cotton Mather*^ preached his funeral sermon, which is preserved in the Magnalia, and which represents Mr. Moodey, as having expired in the vigorous faith of beholding that Redeemer, whom he had served in the gospel.
Mr. Moodey published a practical discourse on the benefit of communion, being the substance of several sermons,! in 1685. This was reprinted, in 1746. He also preached and published the election sermon in Massachusetts, for 1692.
From the beginning of 1685 to the close of 1692, there were admitted into First Church one hundred and ten persons, of whom ninety-two were females. In the same time, two hundred and fifteen persons had been baptized, of whom the females were one hundred and eleven.
It is natural, whilst contemplating the concerns of a single churcli, to glance at tlie condition of
- M.ir-iialia iv. 192. f Allen's Biograpliical Dictionar)'.
AJ.LEN. MOODEY. 143
the churches m general. But the period, of skct. ix. which we treat, was in every view critieal and im- 1692. portant. The government and politicks of the • country were assuming new forms ; and none could foresee the consequences of the change. It was in this year, that the old charter of Massa- chusetts gave place to the new, whence the peo- ple ot the colony were deprived of a portion of their ancient privileges ; though the new did, what the old charter did not, expressly provide for liberty of conscience to all denominations of christians, excepting papists. This year also was marked by various calamities in the natural as well, as civil and ecclesiastical history of America. The floods in Delaware were destructive both of property and of life. An earthquake at Jamaica buried in the ruins of Portroyal two thousand of its citizens ; and three thousand persons more of the white inhabitants of the island were swept ** away by the pestilence, that followed.* In New- hampshire the small pox was raging. It was now too, that prodigious stories and appearances of witchcraft were rife ; and the heart of sensi- bility is distressed in recurring to the dslusion, distraction, and bloodguiltiness, of which the country, especially Salem, was the scene.
On 17 July, 1693, Rev. John Bailey, an ejected 1593 minister from England, was invited to join his 17 july labours with Mr. Allen's in teaching the congre- gation.f This act does not seem to have passed
* Holmes' \nnals ii. 14.
t Voted, that our teacher do invite Mr..Tchn Bayley to assist him m preaching' constantly, while among us, three times in a month, or oftener, if he please. First Church records, p. 54.
144. ALLEN. MOODEY.
SECT. IX. from any necessity, for Mr. Allen was not more,
1693. than sixty years of age ; but from a zeal in the society to avail themselves of new light, whenev- (. r it was in their power, and also from motives of cliarity. Here was a good man, who had been persecuted in his native country for his attach- ment to congregational worship ; and there was a disposition to support the reputation, which Newengland had already acquired, for being the asylum of persecuted christians.
29 Nov. On the 29th of November, in the same year, Mr. Benjamin Wadsworth, who, three years be- fore, had been graduated at Harvard college, was invited to the same office of assistant teacher, once a month. t This vote was renewed three several times ;J and the candidate continued to preach, as
f " Voted, at a meeting' of the church at my house, imanimously, ^J JNov. ^^^^^ Qj^ij. teacher invite Mr. Wadsworth to assist him constantly, ouce a month, or any other vacancy in preacliing, and any other help, he shall judge needful." First Church records, p. 54.
\ " It is agreed to and voted by this church, tliat Mr. Benjamin
1694. Wadsworth be desired to continue his mini.stry among us, once a '2 .liily. month ; and at other times, when, by the providence of God, Mr.
Bailey is hindered in his work, and our teacher desires it. Hoping-, that, in time, there may he such a door open for a manifestation of Our mutual closing for further work and service for Christ in this cluirch." Ibid. p. 55.
" Voted, at a church meeting-, March 19, 1694-5, that we do de- sire Mr. Benjamin Wadsworth to continue his labours in preaching-, once a month, to us ; and at other times, as the works be needed, and he be by our teaclier desired ; in order to a teaching officer among us." ISid.
•' Mr. Wadswortli his answer in writing-, which was read to the church, June 23, !695, in which he accepted their call according- to this vote." Ibid.
" Voted, December 18, 1695. At a cliurch meeting. Whereas Mr. Wadsworth, in iiis late answer to the church, hath expressed his willingness, (if we continued our afl'ectjon to him) to the ser-
ALLi:X. MOODEY. J 45
an assistant, the greater part of the time, nntil 8 sectix. September, 1696, when he was inducted by the i696 neighbouring ministers with a Ibrmaliiy, hitherto
unpractised in the land.f
During the four last years, ending with 1696, eighty persons of the congregation became com- municants, sixty-two of whom were females. One hundred and fifty-seven children were bap- tized, within the same period, of whom eighty- three were boys.
vice of Christ in this church, we do fully and sincerely declare, we continue in the same mind and attection towards him, as formerly ; and do therefore, in order to the fulfilling' our desires, request him to conie to the toiun, and live among us ; purposing (God willing) to proceed to his full settlement in office among us,withoutloss and un- reasonable delay, according to the custom of the churches amongus.
JAMES ALLKN." Idid.
" 1656, May the 5th, voted at a church meeting, i>y tlieir can de- sire, tliat tliey do unitedly desire tlie continuance of Mr. John Bailey in his ministry among us. And also, that the teacher, in tlieir name, advise Mr. Wadsworth to takeout his dismission from the church, he belongs to, and join with this church." I6id. p. 56. .-
June 21, 1696, the name of Benjamin Wadsworth appears among the additions.
" Vugust 9. Voted anew a choice of Mr. Wadsworth to [the] teaching office ; and 8th of September to be the day of ordina- tion. Five neighbour churches to be sent to ; the North and South in Boston, Charh^stown, Dorchester, and Roxbury."
" -vug. 30. Voted, that, afier Mr Wadsworth's ordination, he shall be declared a pastor to this church."' The following is after- wards added in Mr. Wadsworth's hand writing. " This vote was executed, 8 Sep. 1696." Ibid.
f " liiave seen an account," says Mr. Hutchinson, " of an ordi- nation, about the year 1640, of Mr Hooke, at Taunton, then Cohas- set, in Plymouth colony, by the schoolmaster and one of the bretii- ren, an liusbandman, although Mr Wilson and Mr. Mather, two ministers, were present. But the general practice was otherwise ; and,at this day, an ordination by the lay brethren, althougli it might not be condemned, as invalid, yet would be generally disapproved iind discountenanced." Hutch, i. 374. T
1697.
SECTION X.
From the ordination of Mr. Wadsworth, 8 S^^ptember, 1696, to that ofMr. Bridg-e, iO May, 1705.
Fo R a little more than a year, the congregation was SECT. X. under the united care of Messrs. Allen, Bailey, 16116. ^iid Wadsworth. But this union was interrupted, near the close of the following year, by the death of Mr. Bailey, who, upwards of four years, had been an assistant to Mr. Allen, and who had en- deared himself to all his hearers and acquaintances by a most fervent piety and untired beneficence. f He was born, 24 Feb. 1644, near Blackburn, in Lancashire, England, of a mother, who early dedicated him to the service of God, and careful- ly instructed him in a knowledge of the scrip- tures. He was initiated in grammar under an eminent schoolmaster, by the name of Sager, and afterwards taught the higher branches of science and literature by Dr. Harrison, whose life is drawn in the Nonconformist's Memorial. J At the age of twenty-two, he began his ministry in Chester, where he stayed a short time only, on ac- count of his congregational principles, and whence he was removed by government to Lancashire jail.
t Mather's Magnalia, iii. 232. \ Vol. i. p. 330.
ALLEN. BAILEY. WADSWORTIL I ir.
Released from prison, he travelled into Ireland, sect. x. and took the charge of a congregation in Limer- iQgy ick. He, here laboured for fourteen years, with indefatigable industry and brilliant success. So distinguished was he by his talents and fidelity in office, as to attract the notice of people of the first rank, and to obtain the offer of a deanery and the promise of a bishoprick, on condition of conform- ity. But neither flattering prospects of fame and opulence, on the one hand, nor the most cruel in- dignities, on the other, were sufficient to divert his purpose of fulfilling the ministry, which he had received, in the manner corresponding with his notions of evangelical simplicity. Free from factious design, he maintained a straight and fear- less course. Though the tenour of his life was blameless, beneficent, and amiable, so that he could go nowhere without finding friends, yet he suffered another most grievous imprisonment for his opinions ; whilst papists, in the same period and region, experienced the blessings of tolera- tion and peace. Said he to his judges, " If I had been drinking, gaming, and carousing with company at a tavern, I presume, my lords, I should not thus have been treated, as an offender. Must praying to God and preaching Christ with a company of christians, who are peaceable, inof- fensive, and serviceable to his majesty and the government, as any of his subjects ; must this be considered, as a greater crime ?" The recorder answered, " We will have you to know it w a srreater crime."
M3 ALI.Ey. BAILEY, WADS WORTH.
KECT. X.. '1^^ ^^^'^ virtuous and suffering nonconformist
Neweno'Iand at Icnpth afforded a covert from tlie
1697. , ^ ^ ,
howling and destructive tempest.* Arriving in this country, in 1G83, he was freely indulged by providence, in what he deemed the best of earthly employments, the preaching of the gospel. His discourses were plain, popular, fervent ; calcula- ted rather to compel his hearers into the way of salvation, than to exercise their understandings with his learning and logick, or their imaginations with rhetorical flowers. After the example of the pious Shepard,t he resolved, that the study- ing of every sermon should cost him tears ; that, before he preached it to others, he would profit by it himself ; and that, in carrying it into the pulpit, he would consider himself, as if going to give an account of his stewardship. His life was such, as showed itself influenced by these resolutions. He was rigidly watchful of his heart, conversa- tion, and actions ; and so tender was his con- science, that sometimes the most innocent indul- gences occasioned him regret and disquietude. " Three things," he would say, " I desire to get ^ patience under the calamities of life, impatience under its moral infirmities, and earnest longings for the life to com.e." The scriptures were dear to him, not only as a professional stud}', but as a treasury of intellectual wealth to the scholar and of consolation to the pious individual. In one of his letters to a friend he writes, " How terrible are the thrc;itenings, how precious are the prom-
* Allcii's !!if::-rraphic.il Dictloiiaiy.
j Hev. 'I'lumias ylien.ii-d oi' Cainhrldcre,
ALLEN. BAILEY. WADSWORTH. 149
ises, how serious are the precepts, how deep are rsECT. x. the prophecies of this holy book !" It was evi- ~~[^^ dent from his manner of conducting social pray- er, that his heart was in it, and that it was intend- ed to operate, as a rule of life. His addresses to heaven frequently contained the following peti- tion, " May we not be of the number of them, who live without love, speak without feeling, and act without life." With great calmness and high hopes, at the age of fifty-four, he terminated his diligent and exemplary course, on sunday, 12 December, 1697, and was interred the thurs- day following.*
He published, " Man's chief end to glorify God," a sermon preached at Watertown, 1689, and an address to the people at Limerick, in 1684.t Dr. Cotton Mather preached his funeral ser- mon, which has supplied the principal materials to the several notices of his life. He was buried in the cemetery in Common-street, Boston, where many of his descendants have mingled their dust with his. The names of Willis and Belknap mark a number of his posterity in the female line ; and there are now living two of his grandchil- dren, three great-grandchildren, and several of the fifth generation.
The discipline of the church, at this time, 169'* seems to have been carefully attended to ;J
' First Ci)h. R. p. 57. f New Eng. ^\og. Diet.
\ The following may serve, as a specimen of clmrcli censures, at that clay, frequently administered. " »****■* ****** ^vas admon- ished publickly, Jan. 16, 1698, for begging charity of people for some poor person or persons, as she pretended, yet keeping the most of \\ at she so gathered for her own use. In the management
169 ALLEN BAILEY. WADSWORTH.
SECT.x. thoiig^h it is easy to perceive, that there was a jggg gradual relaxation of the rigour formerly prac- tised.
Ecclesiastical controversy still had its foment- ers in the state ; and tracts were frequently appear- ing in defence of some useless reiick of antiquity, or in favour of some silly innovation. The fol- lowing record, in the hand writing of Mr. Allen, may contribute to show the temper of the times and the sentiments of the church. " Feb. 10, iroi. 1701. Whereas there is a print lately come forth dedicated to the churches of Christ in New- england, entitled, " Gospel order revived," wherein are harsh expressions and unmeet against the present practice of this church and the pro- fessed way of congregational churches therein ; we do herein declare our utter dislike thereof, though we do not condemn those, who conscien- tiously practise otherwise. And we desire the platform of the church discipline may be reprint- ed, that those, who are unacquainted with it, may know it, which is the directory of our practice, so far as it agrees with the word of God. Voted by a very full consent."*
There were now probably in the church two hundred communicants. The rules of its disci- pline were rigid, and commonly observed with exactness. This remark applies with equal truth
of this affair, am.! discoursing witli persons ribout the same, she was a'so guilty of stmdry abominable lies. She was again restored, Aug. 28, 16:^3." First Chvu'ch records, p. 57.
* First Clnu'ch records, p. 59.
ALLEN. WAUSWORTH ' 5 J
to all the churches then s^rovving in Newengland. sect, x Our fothers had lost, though somewhat of their 1704 learning, yet little of their puritanism. All offi- cers of the church were ordained by prayer and the imposition of hands. The distinction be- tween pastors and teacl^ers, and betvveen elders and deacons, though constantly diminishing, was still regarded. Small deviations from the puth of christian sobriety, in the professors of religion, subjected them to the admonition, if not censure of the church, whilst heinous oflences were pun- ished w^ith immediate excommunication.*
During the last eight years, beginning with 1697, one hundred and seventy persons adjoined themselves to the fellowship of the church, sixty- nine of whom were men, and one hundred and one women. Two hundred and ninety-two chil- dren had, in the same period, been baptized ; one hundred and forty-eight of whom were males, and one hundred and forty-four females.
Mr. Allen, through the infirmities of age, had ceased preaching, in his turn, the thursday lec-
* This, though a far more frequent punishment, in that day, than tliis, was viewed, as one of tlie most terrible of evils. *' A law was made, in 1638, that, if any person stood excummunicated, six months, tliey should be liable to fine, imprisonment, or banisliment, as the court of assistants should determine ; but this law ai)proachcd too nigii to the ecclesiastical laws in Ens^land, so much complained of, to continue lonsj in force, and, in '639, it was repealed. But the first laws seem to deprive an excommunicated person, and also a whole church, if separated from the rest, of all civil privileg-es, al- tliough the platform does not suppose deprivation of civil rights and autliority to be the necessary consequence, yet even by the plat- form all others were to " forbear to eat and drink with excommvini- cated persons." Hutchinson i. 373.
152 ALLEN, WADSWORTH
SECT. X. turejf and rarely took on him any portion of the 1704. service of the Lord's day. In quest of his succes- sour,the eyes of the church were turned upon Mr. Thomas Bridge, who came to Boston with his family, 17 March, 1704, and who was soon em- ployed, as a probationer for the pastoral office.
t 29 September, 1702. " Voted, that this committee be desired to advise with those ministers, which carry on the weekly lecture in Boston, and with their advice endeavour to supply Mr. Allen's monthly turn in the said lecture.'' First Church records, p. 98.
SECTION XI.
From the ordination of Mr. Bridge, 10 May, 1705, to the death of Mr. Allen, 22 September, 1710.
On the tenth of May, 1705, Rev. Thomas Bridge| was regularly installed a colleague pastor sf,ct. xi. with Messrs. Allen and Wadsworth. The 17o5~~ church designated the mode of induction, and two of its elders united with the ministers in the im- position of hands. ^
\ " An answer to a vote of the First Church of Clirist in Boston from Kev. Mr. Thomas Bridge, d;ited M:irch 31, 1705.'' " Dearly beloved,"
" I have entertained your former invitation, and this also with fear and trembling, being sen.sible of the greatness of the work, and my manifold infirmities ; but I am not my own ; and my en- coura 'cment is, that the grace of Christ is sufficient for me. I have therefore solemnly, freely, and entirely resigned myself up to his dispose, and find satisfaction therein. I bless liis glorious name for the acceptance, my labours have found amongst you, and looking upon it, as his work, that your hearts are inclined to give me this ca I therefore thankfully and willingly accept it." First Church records, p. 88
§ At a meeting of the church, 17 April, called to make the necessary arr.ant^ements for ordination, after voting to send for the three churches in Boston, and the chiu-ches in Roxbury, Dorches- ter, Charlestown, and Milton, the brethren proceeded to the as- signment of particular services. " Upon the question, who should give the charge to Mr. Bridge, and lay on hands, at his ordination; Resolved by vote, that our teacher Allen should give the charge, I"
iroj.
Iji ALI-EN. ISHIDGE. \VAlJ;5Wt)inil.
SRCT.xi. From 1702 to 1709 the church caused its dea- cons and comniittees no small trouble in the management of its real estate. The property in question was a house, lately occupied by Mr. William Persons, some land, which, a short time before, had been given by Mr. Richard Taylor, another parcel of land near Fort-hill, and a house and lot of land, on the south side of Summer- street, called Hollingshead's lot. At a meeting of the brethren, in September, 1702, they deter- mined to sell the first mentioned house, with the land given them by Mr. Taylor, and to retain the Fort-hill land, which had been bargained away, but not paid for, to Mr. Richard Wharton. At a meeting, 7 April, 1709, they agreed to purchase an estate of capt. Balston, in Water-street, at the price of 300/. for the use of the ministry, and, at the same time, voted to make sale of Hollings- head's lot. Towards purchasing the phice in Water-street, Mr. Dummer generously assisted them by advancing the specie. But the situation not answering expectation, it was voted, at a sub- sequent meeting,the next year, to sell ii.* At the
and have lllKMly lo desire nn}- ancient elders to pray before and af- ter ; and tliat the Rev. .Mr. Increase Matiier and Mr. Samuel Wil- lard be the persons desired to join with our elders to lay on liands."
"Thursday, 10th of May, 1705, the Rev. Mr. Thomas tSridge was ordained a pastor over the First Church of Christ in Boston. Mr. James Allen, teacher, gave him tiie charg'e, and layed on hands with elder Brldgliam, and elder Cope, or Cobb." F.C.ll. p. 188.
* " At a meeting of the church, at the house of the Rev. Mr. Benjamin Wadswortli, Jan. 5th, 1709- iO. On consideration of some inconveniences, attending the situation of the liouse lately purchas- ed, for tlic use of tlie ministry, (at tlic time not foreseen,) which make it unsuitable for the occasion ; Voted, that the deacons be
ALLEN. BRIDGE. WADSWORTH. 155
same time, they voted to retain the Hollingshead's sect, xl lot, and to apply the proceeds of the foremention- J7io~" ed sale to the building of a suitable house for one of the ministers. This lot is the land, since occu- pied by Chauncy-place, First Church, and the adjoining block of houses in Summer-street be- longing to the society ; and the house, erected in 1710, was the one, in which Drs. Chauncy and Clarke died, and which was taken down, in 1807.
22 September, 1710, died Rev. James Allen, ^o scpt the senior pastor of the church. He came to this country, in 1663, recommended by Mr. Good- win. He had been a minister in England, and a sufferer by the act of uniformity, passed, 24 Au- gust, 1662. He was not violently but steadily the friend of ecclesiastical liberty, and resolutely act- ed on the following opinion ; " When the gov- ernours of the church impose, as conditions of my communion, things, that are either unlawful in themselves, or that, after due examination, I verily believe, are unlawful, I am bound, in obe- dience to the authority of Christ, rather to desert
desired, and hereby are empowered, to make sale of the said house and hind, u'/M the land since added thereto by grant Jrom the toun, io the best profit and advantage they can ; and to ext;cute a sufficient deed or deeds, in due form of law, for passing and conveying the same. Voted in the affirmative. The said Jan. 5, 1709-10, Tliat the money, which shall be produced and raised by the sale of the said house and land, be employed and laid out for the building a conve- nient suitable house, for the use of the ministry ; to be erected on the church land, known by the name of Hollingshead's lot. Voted in the affirmative, the same time. That the vote lately passed for the disposal of Hollingshead's lot be rescinded and made null. \o- ted in the affirmative, at the same time." F. Church rccordsj p,
too.
156 AIXEN. BUIDGE. WADSWORTII.
SECT. XI. that communion, than comply with the terms and 1710. conditions of it."f
This opinion does not seem to have been adopted hastily, nor to have been variable in its influence. He was equally moderate and lenient in his concessions to others, on the score of indi- vidual freedom, as he was strenuous for the en- joyment of his own rights. He was willing to render to Caesar all proper tribute ; but he was unwilling, that C;iesar, in the capacity of civil mag- istrate, should interfere in holy things. The vote of the church, passed, 5 August, 1679,J in regard to thursday lecture, verifies this remark. Anoth- er vote, in the same year, and likewise penned by Mr. Allen, will serve to show, that he was equally desirous of shielding the church against the pow- er of the clergy, as against that of the civil ruler. There was then, as there commonly is in every period and portion of the church, a number of ministers, who, not contented with the power of doing good, were ambitious of pre-eminence. So synods must be called, and canons ordained for the regulation of ecclesiastical affairs, and wo to that church, which should dare to dispute the hierarchal authority. It is therefore not a little to the honour of this church, and its aged teacher, that, at so early a period, the vote alluded to should appear in the records.
Mr. Allen had enjoyed a long, virtuous, and happy life of seventy-eight years, forty-six of which, he had been a member, and forty-two, a vigilant ruler and instructer of the church.
t Scott's Christian Life. | See p. 129.
ALT.EN. BRIDGE. WADSWORTIl. \57
His wealth gave him the power, which he used, sect. xr. as a good bishop, to be hospitable. i7io~
He published " healthful diet," a sermon . <' Newengland's choicest blessings," an election sermon, 1679 ; " serious advice to delivered ones ;" " man's self reflection a means to further his recovery from his apostasy from God ;" and " two practical discourses."!
His posterity have been respectable in Massa- chusetts, several of them having been publickly educated, and employed in offices of responsibili- ty. One of them is, at present, a worshipper in First Church.
During the six years, ending in 1710, twenty- four men and sixty-six women had been admitted into the church. In the same space, the number of baptisms was two hundred and two, one hun- dred and thirteen males, and eighty -nine females-
t American Biograpliical Dictionary.
SS:C XII.
SECTION XII.
From the death of Mi- Allen, 22 September, 1710, to that of Mr. Bridge, 26 September, 1715.
I HE year 1711 was rendered memorable to the ■ church by the burning of its house of worship.
1711. .
3 Oct. The fire was occasioned by the intemperance and carelessness of a strange woman. Until 1760, it was called the great fire. It consumed the townhouse, all Cornhill, and the greater part of State-street. The loss sustained, through this disa.strous circumstance, by the congregation, was greatly alleviated by the kindness of the two neighbouring societies. The members of the Third Church, (Old South,) unanimously voted an offer of their church, for the mutual benefit of both congregations ; and generously stipulated a weekly provision for the pastors of the afflicted society. The votes relating to this measure were sent to Messrs. Bridge and Wadsworth, accom- panied by the following letter, which enbalms in the memory of First Church the piety, good sense, and sympathy of a Pemberton.
" Boston, October 12, 1711." " Reverend gentlemen,"
" I'he church of Christ, which I stand related to, having considered the present dispersion of
BRIDHE. WADSWORTII. 159
your flock, through the holy hand of God, in the sec, xn. late desolation of their meeting-house, thought it mi. a proper and necessary expression of their chris- tian love and regards, to yourselves and flock, to pass the votes, a copy of which I now send you, according to their desire, which you may com- municate to your church, if you think proper. The votes were passed with the greatest unanim- ity and readiness. It will be to the last degree pleasing to us to have the advantage of your gifts and graces in every article desired. The last vote, which invites you to administer the special ordinances with us, in your turns, we hope, will be agreeable to your church ; for sure we are, it is a point of fellowship justifiable by the first and strictest principles of these churches."
*' The allwise God has holy ends, which he is carrying on by the present dark dispensation your people are under ; and, if it may but be servicea- ble to advance the spirit of unity among these churches of Christ in this town, whereby we shall be better qualified for the society of the assembly of the first born above, we shall all have reason to bless and adore the holy providence of heaven."
" May our gracious God speedily and peaceably repair your desolations, building up and beautify- ing your church with greater measures of his ho- ly spirit ; may all under your charge be your crown and joy in the day of Christ. This, rev- erend brethren, shall always be the prayer of your affectionate brother,
EEEXEZER PEMRERTON.''
1.60 BRIDGE. WADSWOinil.
SEC. XII. " At a meeting of the church in the south part '^ of Boston, October 7th, it was voted, that the Rev. Mr. Bi idge and Mr. Wadsworth, pastors of the First Church in Boston, be desired, during the present dispersion of their flock, to carry on akernatcly one half of the work of preaching in this congregation."
" That the deacons of this church make the same weekly allowance to them for this service, that they do to our own pastor."
" That the Rev. Mr. Bridge and Mr. Wads- worth be desired also to take their turns in the administration of baptism and the Lord's supper with us.
EBENEZEU PEMBERTON."*
The following letter, of the same date and pur- port, from the Fourth Church, (Brattle street,) was communicated, at the same time.
" Boston, October 12, 1711." " Reverend sirs,"
" I think it meet to acquaint you, that, having stayed our church, the last evening, after the pub- lick exercises of worship, there past unanimously the following votes."
" That yourselves be desired, under the pres- ent awful Providence, and till it shall please God, that your meeting-house be rebuilt, statedly and alternately to be and assist with us in the carry- ing on the worship of God among us."
" That, out of the contribution weekly collected, three pounds be paid you, every week."
* First Cluirch recoi-d.s, p. 102.
BRIDGE. WADSWORTH. 161
*' That you be desired, if it may be, for the sec. zii. time you continue with us, to join with us in an 1711. equal administration of all ordinances, in particu- lar baptism and the Lord's supper."
" Sirs, these our desires we accompany with our thankful acknowledgements of that good spirit of brotherly affection, wherein you have come among us, and wherewith you have so kindly ac- cepted our bounden christian respects. We ask a further interest in your love and prayers, and hope, it will please God to make your presence and labours with us, from time to time, abun- dantly serviceable to his own glor}-, and our spir- itual good."
" Reverend sirs, your unworthy brother in the ministry of Christ,
BENJAMIN COLMAN."
*' Reverend Mr. Tliomas Bridge,
and !5cnjamin Wadswortli, pastors of tlie First Church in Boston."
Due notice was taken of these expressions of christian sympathy ;* but w^hether in the Third or Fourth Church the congregation mostly wor- shipjDcd is unknown. Mr. Wadsworth preached, the Sunday after the conflagration, in the Third Church ; and the sermon delivered, together with the one last preached in the church consumed, and the first preached in the Old Brick, were pub- lished in a small volume, a copy of which is in the Theological Library.
* " Whereupon tlie First Church of Christ in Boston, Oct. 12, 1711, voted, that our reverend elders be desired, in the name of his church, to render thanks to the Rev. Mr Pemberton and Mr. Golman and to their churches for tlieir kind respects to us in their several letters of this date." First Church records, p 101
162 lunnriK. avadswokth.
1712.
SEC. XII. During their scattered condition, the church were not inattentive to the rules of ecclesiastical order, and the means of improvement. The lib- eral christian will read with pleasure the subse- quent extracts, and will probably discover in them the seeds of a liberality, which, in regard to the admission of church members, has ever since been spreading and maturing in the churches of Massachusetts.
" At a church meeting, 29 Feb. 1711-12, the following proposals were voted at the school-house.
" First Church in Boston proposed to the rev- erend elders,
" That, when persons desire admission into the church, they be examined of the nature of a church, of the institution of ordinances and offi- cers, of the authority and rule given by Christ to the elders, of the duty and privilege of the brotherhood.
" This is to be summarily communicated to the church, together with the relation and belief of the party desiring admission.
" That no objection be made to the receiving of any person professing faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, repentance of sin, and having a measure of scriptural knowledge of the order and govern- ment appointed by Christ in his church ; al- though he have not the persuasion, which others possibly may profess, about some particulars, that are matter of dispute among learned, pious, and holy men."
From the moment, in which the old meeting- house was burned, the church was diligently em-
BRIDGE. WADSWORTH. 163
ployed in making preparations for a new edifice, sec. xii.
25 June, 1712, was founded the fabrick of the " ^^^^ Old Brick ; and, on 3 May, of the succeeding year, it was appropriated to reHgious use.f There appears to have been no particular solemnity ob- served, on entering the church, except on the Lord's day ; but the records of First Church contain a particular account of a day, religiously set apart to the dedication of the Fifth Church, (New North,) which was first entered, as a house of worship, 5 April, 1714.
On 26 September, 1715, Rev. Thomas Bridge, j-j^ senior pastor of the church, died. He was in the fifty-ninth year of his age, and the eleventh of his ministry in this church. He was born at Hackney, England ; was regularly educated ; became first a merchant, and afterwards a pious and useful minister of religion 4 He travelled first into the Mediterranean ; thence to America ; laboriously preached at several of the West India islands ; whence he came to Boston, and was in- vited to this church. He is represented, as re- markable for his sincerity, meekness, and humili- ty. He was not easily excited ; yet his patriot- ism was warm ; and he omitted no opportunity to manifest his love for the civil and religious liber=
t The only durable relick of the Old Brick is deposited in I-'irst Church Vestry. It is a tliick piece of slate stone, about two feet long, which was taken from under a window, in the second slorj-j on tlie south side of the church. It contains in two lines the follow- ing record.
BURND TO ASHES OCTOBr 3. iril. REBUILDING June 25th 1712. •
I Eliot's Biog.
161 BRIDGE. WADSWOHTH.
SEC. XII. ties of the country. In the unsuccessful expedi- 1715. tion, which, in 1707, was made against Portray- al, he was invited to accompany the commission- ers. 5 June, the church voted its consent to his compliance. He sailed from Boston, 5 July, and returned, on the 1st of September fol- lowing.
Mr. Bridge was upright in his dealings, of kind affections, devout in his habits, and irreproachable in his morals.* Prayer was his gift, and the bible his library ; and so sincere and strong were his expressions of humility, that he frequently kin- dled a blush on the cheek of the forward young man, and shamed the ambitious out of their love of distinction. He received the degree of master of arts, in 1712, from Harvard college ; and his name is affixed to the class, which was graduated, ' in 1675. Like his predecessors, Norton, Daven-
port, and Oxenbridge, he made a sudden exit from the scene of his labours, leaving behind him a name, which is better than precious ointment, and four publications, evincing his concern for the cause of righteousness and the welfare of man- kind. 1." The mind at ease." 2. " What faith can do." 3. " Jethro's counsel." 4. " A ser- mon before the artillery company." Mr. Bridge's funeral sermon was preached by Dr. Colman ; his remains were treated with particular respect ; and his surviving family, for a long time, receiv-
o ' Allen's Biography,
BRIDGE. WADSWORTH. 165^
ed the sympathies and support of a generous sec. xir. congregation.! ins."
In the five years, ending with 1715, one hun- dred and forty- six persons were admitted to communion, ninety-six of whom were females. During the same time, eighty-six boys and nine- ty-six girls were publickly baptized.
t " The Rev. Mr. Thomas Bridge, a pastor of the Old Church hi Boston, died on Sep. 26, 1715, and was buried in Mr. Cotton's tomb, Sept. 29, 1715."
" Meniorandmn. The church, having voted to defray the charge of the Rev. Mr. Bridge's funeral, chose to endeavour it by a publick contribution, on the Lord's day. This was notified, on Oct. 2, that the contribution aforesaid would be expected, on the next sabbath. Accordingly, on the next sabbath, viz. Oct. 9, the contri- bution was, as one of the deacons told me, one hundred and ten pounds, five shillings and a penny. The funeral charges came to about 104/."
" Memorandum. The committee aforesaid ordered Mrs. Bridge, our pastor's relict, forty shillings per week out of the contribution box, for the present, till they should give further order." First Church records, p. 106.
SECTION Xlli,
From the death of Mr. Bridge, 26 September, 1715, to the settle- ment of" Mr. Cluiuncy, 25 October, 1727.
SEC. XIII. Early in the year 1717, Mr. Thomas Foxcroft 1717. of Cambridge was invited to preach to the socie- ty ; and the universal approbation, he obtained, placed him a colleague with the surviving pas- tor, on the 20th of November, in the same year. As a specimen of the composition of a popular young preacher of that day, I have preserved in a note a copy of Mr. Foxcroft's answer* to the church accepting their invitation to settlement.
* •• Cambridge, March 23, 1717. " To the Old or First Church in Boston. " Reverend, honourable, and beloved, «' It hath pleased the great Head of the church (who turncth the hearts of his people, as the rivers of waters, and doth wondrous things, which none can search out the reasons of,) to inchne jou to •make choice of so unfit a person, as myself, to settle in the office of a pastor to this flock. I am deeply sensible, how unwortliy I am of the dignity, how every way unequal to the duties of this holy cal- ling, which is of God excellent and difficult. As indeed who are sufficient of these things of themselves ? But our sufficiency is of God. Humbly therefore depending upon the grace of our Lord .lesus Christ, without whom we can do nothing, as having good hope in that sweet promise. Matt, xxviii. 30. " Lo, I am with you alway, even to the end of the world." I do now with gratitude and humility accept your call, as the voice of God; and do sol- emnly promise and resolve, if the Lord permit, and account me worthy, putting me into the ministry, to make it the grand study and cmplojTiient of my life to preach the unsearchable riches of
VVADSWORTH. FOXCROFT. i67
As is customary, after the settling of a new sec. xtii. pastor, the church had a meeting, in December, 1717. elected some new officers, and passed some votes respecting their fiscal concerns, f
The independence of congregational churches in Boston has been maintained from the begin- ning ; and perhaps their freedom will best be
Christ unto you, according' to the commandmeHt of the everlasting gx>spel, for the obedience of faith, for the perfecting of the saints, for the edifying of the body of Christ, so long as it shall please God to continue me among you , that ye might know tlie love, which I have more abundantly to you all.
And now, under a just view of the importance, weiglit, and diffi- culty of tlie awful work of watching for souls, and feeding the flock of Christ, I beseech you, brethren, that ye strive together with me, in your prayers to God for me, that those gifts and graces may be multiplied upon me. In the diligent exercise whereof I may ap- prove myself a ready scribe, well instructed for the kingdom of God, and furnished to every good work ; that I may come unlo you with joy by the will of God, and may with you be refreshed ; that I may find mercy to be faithful to the interest of God's glory, and be wise to win souls ; that my service may be accepted of the saints, and tliac I may be unto God a sweet savour in Christ, that so I may give up my account with joy to the chief shepherd at Iiis appear- ing ; and the Lord grant unto us all, that we may find mercy of the Lord in that day. I am your affectionate
friend and servant,
THOMAS FOXCROFT." f " At a church meeting, at the meeting-house •' Voted, that the deacons, for tiie time being, be desired exactly to record, in a book or books, procured at the charge of the church, wliat they receive, from time to time, in their weekly and monthly contributions ; and also what they shall receive, at any time, as lega- cies or donations to the church ; and that they shall also as plainly record in said books, how much and to whom they disburse or pay, from time to time ; and also how much and to wliom of the poor of the church they shall give, as there is occasion, out of tlie monthly contribution ; that so, whenever tlie church shall see meet to ac- quaint themselves with these accounts, tlie state of their temporal affairs may the more clearly and easily appear unto them." First Church records, p. 108.
168 WADS WORTH. FOXCROrT.
SEC. XIII. preserved by keeping clear of entangling allian- j^j-, ces. There is however a partial coalescence between churches, which rather promotes, than hinders, the general objects of religious associa- tion. Some congregations, from local proximity, affinity of theological opinions, or other circum- stances, are more likely to associate, than others ; but such associations have no effect on the disci- pline or interiour regulations of individual socie- ties. Thus there is a certain indefinable union among all the congregational churches in the metropolis. Their ministers are united in hold- ing an association at each others' houses, every other monday, in supporting a Theological Li- brary, J in preaching a weekly lecture, and a quarterly charity lecture ; and the several con- gregations tacitly agree in attending these lec- tures and favouring these institutions. The First Church is united with the Fourth, the Sec- ond with the Fifth, and the Sixth with the Sev- enth, in support of a monthly lecture, attended commonly, on the friday, immediately preceding the Sunday, on which is celebrated the Lord's supper. The union, for this purpose, between the First and Fourth churches commenced, in the be- ginning of the year ITSO.f The lecture is
1 This institution, which was founded, 1 June, 1807, invites however, and i-eceives, subscriptions from both clerg-y and laity of all denominations.
f " The sacrament of tlie Lord's supper being- administered on the first Lord's day of every month, as in our old churcii, so in that neighbouring one, of wliich the Rev. Mr. Colman and Cooper are pastors; their church, by a letter dated January 18, 1719, made a motion to ours, that a lecture, on every friday, in the afternoon
WADSWORTH. FOXCROFT. l>69
attended in Brattle-street, and preached by the sec. xiu pastors of the two congregations alternately. jj^^q There is indeed no express warrant for such an exercise in the christian scriptures ; and some have doubted the propriety of upholding the cus- tom. They have alleged, that it tends to bring the ordinance of preaching into contempt with some, by making it too frequent, and that its ef- fect is injurious to others, by inducing a belief, that some unusual, peculiar preparation is neces- sary for commemorating the death of our Sa- viour. But it ought to be remembered, that an attendance on this lecture is by no means con- sidered an indispensable requisite for communion, on the following sunday ; and that any religious institution, which brings people voluntarily to- gether, naturally expands the mind, and can hardly be unfavourable to the progress of charity. In the case just mentioned, the effect of the lec- ture has been happy. It has contributed to the harmony of both the ministers and brethren of the two societies. t
In 1725, Mr. Wadsworth was chosen presi- 172^3 dent of Harvard college. His fiock parted with him reluctantly, yet amicably, not without delibe- ration and prayer, yet without the formality of a
niigljtbe attended, in their meeting-house, by these two churches, and tlie lecture sermons be preaciicd by the ministers of both cliurclies. This letter was read with us, on the L(jrd's day, Feb. 7, 1 719-20, and, after a week s time for consideration, our church, by a (silent) vote, complied with the motion tliey made to us.
•' This vote, was on February 14, 1719- JO.'' First Church 'ecords, p. 110.
t Dr. Thacher's Genturv Discourse.
/
ktO WADSWOUTH. lOXCROFT.
SEC. xm. dismissing council. He continued to preach to
j-r25. them in his turn, for some httle time, after he was
installed at Cambridge ; ever afterwards enjoyed
their friendship ; and, at his death, left a legacy
for the poor of the church. f
President ^Vadsworth was born at Milton, in 1669, and graduated at Harvard college, in 1690. He was the first minister of this church educated at the neighbouring university. He was the son of capt. Samuel Wadsworth, who distinguished himself by his courage, and, in 1676, fell a victim to the Indian war. The president, with filial pie- ty, erected a monument to the bravery of his flitherand his valiant soldiers.*
The powers of president Wadsworth's mind were rather strong,than brilliant ; and his manners rather grave, than animated. His memory was uncommonly retentive. He could easily quote almost any verse in the bible, without recurring to the page ; though he wrote his sermons with care, he always delivered them memoriter. In the office of president of the college, he wanted not prudence and fidelity ; but, in bodily stature and dignity of deportment, he was inferiour to his predecessor Lcverett ; nor were his science and literature so various and conspicuous, as preemi- nently to distinguish him, as the head of the uni- versity. Yet he was a practical, useful charac- ter. As a preacher, he was perspicuous and sol- emn ; as a pastor, watchful and exemplary ; and, as a christian, so liberal and exact in his charities,
t F.C. rerords, p. 4112. * Holmes's Annuls, i. 429.
WADSWORTH. FOXCROFT. J7^1
as to give to the poor a tenth part of his income, sec. xiu. He was author of several publications.* tt^
This gentleman was dismissed from his pasto- ral office, 16 June, 1725, and from the labours of human life, 12 iMarch, 1737, in the 68th year of
* 1. An artillery election sermon, 1/00. 2. Exhortations to piety, 1702.
y. Three sermons, entitled, Men worse in their carriage tp God, than one another ; Psalms sung with grace in the heart ; A pious tongue an enriching ireasurcj 1706.
4. Discourses on the day of judgment, 1709.
5. A sermon on assembling at the house of God, 1710.
6. The weli-orriered family, 1712.
7. Five sermons, viz. The first, on 30 September, 1711, from Psalm Ixxiii. 1. being the last delivered in the old meeting- house, which was burnt, 2 October, 1711. The second, from Lamentations iii. 31. at the south meeting-house in Boston, 7 October, 1711, being the first Lord's day after the fire. The third, on 18 December, 1711, from Psalm xxvi. 8. being a fast kept by the Old Churcli, occasioned by the burning of their meeting-house. The fourth, on 3 May, 1713, from Ilag. ii. 9, being the first in the Brick meeting-house, where the former was burnt. The fifth, on 12 November, 1713, fromZech. iv. 7. A thanksgiving sermon, for tiod's goodness, in providing a new meeting-house for the Old Church j with a preface, giving some account of the fire, 2 October, 1711.
8. Explanation of the assembly's catechism, 1714.
9. Invitation to the gospel feast, in eleven sermons, 12mo. Saint's prayer to escape temptation ; a discourse on the de^th of Isaag Addington, 1715.
10. Election sermon, 17". 6.
11. Twelve single sermons on various subjects, 1717.
12. Zeal against flagrant wickedness ; essay for spreading the gospel into ignorant places, I/IS.
13. Ciirlst's fan in his hand ; Imitation of Christ, a christian duty, 1722.
14. A dialogue between a minister a.id his neighbour, on the Lord's supper, 1724.
15. It is honourable not shameful to suffer, 1725.
16. The benefits of a goo^, and the mischiefs of an evil conscience in fourteen sermons ; None but the righteous saved, 1725.
\12 ' WADSWORTH. FOXCHOFT.
SEC. XIII. his age. He was minister of this church,twenty-ninc years, and twelve, a president of the university. Upon the removal of president Wadsworth to
17 Aug. Cambridge, a fast was immediately kept by the congregation, and measures were taken to supply the vacancy with another pastor. 12 June, 1727, a choice was made. Of one hundred and ten votes given in for a minister, three were scatter- ed, Mr. Welsteed had forty-three, and sixty -four were for Mr. Chauncy, who was declared duly chosen, and who was ordained, on the 25th of October following.* At a meeting, on the sec- ond of that month, the brethren of the church passed a number of votes, preparatory to the or- dination, selected their council, and assigned the principal parts of the consecrating service. jjr27. During the twelve years, ending with 1727, two hundred and forty-one persons had been ad- mitted into the church, one hundred and fifty-six of whom were females. In the same time, four hundred and seventy-four children were baptized, two hundred and fifty-eight of whom were males.
* " October 25, 1727, Mr. Chauncy was accordinprly ordained. Mr. Wadsworth being sick, and not at the ordination, Mr. Foxcroft began with prayer. Mr. Chauncy preached the sermon from Matt. xxviii. 20. Mr. Thacher prayed after the sermon. Mr. Colman presided, as moderator, in taking the votes, and giving the charge ; praying both before and after. Dr. Mather gave the fellowship of the churches." First Church records, 122.
SECTION XIV.
From the settlement of Mr. Chauncy, 25 October, 1727, to the death of Mr. Foxcroft, 18 June, 1769.
"VV^E have now anived at a memorable period in si:c.xi\ the history of First Church. During forty-two years, the present pastors lived in great harmony with each other and their flock ; and, whoever has heard of the Old Brick Church in Boston, will find it associated, in his memory, with the names of Foxcroft and Chauncy. The affairs of the church were now in a flourishing condition. She saw her elder pastor unrivalled in popularity, as a preacher, and already marked, in his young colleague, the dawn of those brilliant powers, which were destined to enlighten and improve the age.
It was during the joint ministry of these two men, that the church of England made her most strenuous exertions to introduce the forms of episcopacy into the provinces of Newcngland. These attempts were resolutely resisted by the divines of this metropolis, who, in the success of such measures, apprehended an injuiy to that re- ligious liberty, for which their fathers had aban- doned their native country, and encountered the
1^4 POXCROFT. eUAUNCY.
SEC. xrv. difficulties of planting this western wilderncsi. 1729. The ministers of First Church were strongly in this sentiment. The elder of them, Mr. Fox- croft, had been educated in the episcopal church, and was designed for her service. But, from a thorough examination of the principles of Chris- tianity, and a research into ecclesiastical history, he became a sincere convert to Congregationalism. It was the active influence of this settled opinion, that drew from Mr. Foxcroft, in 1729, a publi- cation, entitled, *' the ruling and ordaining power of congregational bishops, or presbyters, defend- ed." This treatise was an answer to Barclay's Persuasive, and was written in so masterly a manner, as to be itself unanswerable. What Mr. Foxcroft was, from principle, Mr. Chauncy was from principle, and from constitution, and from the prejudices of education. His early no- tions of civil liberty, his theological studies and sentiments, and all the habits of his great mind were opposed to prelatical establishments. Ac- cordingly in the episcopal disputes, as we shall see, which were agitated between 1760 and 1770, he bore a part, that does equal honour to his pat- riotism and his learning.
During the united ministry of Foxcroft and Chauncy, several improvements took place in the management of both the spiritual and fiscal con- cerns of the society. Until now, the church, that is, the male communicants, were alone concerned in fixing the ministers' salaries, and, in short, in making all pecuniary appropriations. But, in this vear, it was voted, that, " whenever there is occa-
IToO.
roxcnoFT. chauncy. \T5
sion for money to be raised,ihe congregation be no- secxiv. tified to meet with the church in the doing of it." ^^
About this time, the question, relative to the enlargement of baptism, which was agitated, in the year sixteen hundred sixty-two, Mas again the subject of conversation among the clergy, and of discussion in their churches. At a meeting of First Church, 3 iMarch, the fifth proposition of ^^^l- the result of the synod, in the year abovemention- ed, was voted to be a rule in the church.* At the same time also, was renewed a vote of the church, which passed in January, one thousand six hundred fifty-seven, relative to the discipline to be exercised over the children of church members.
The same subject, in regard to the terms of admitting members, which was considered, in 1712, again solicited the attention of the brethren. Relations of what are called " experiences" were still continued in the church ; but the number of those, who disapproved the practice, was greater, than that of its advocates. Accordingly the fol- lowing question was proposed, 9 June, 1730, which, though not decided immediately, was finally passed in the affirmative. " Whether, in case any particular persons appearing, in a judg- ment of charity, visible saints, and offering to join with this church in full communion, do seriously scruple the practice of making a relation, as usual at admissions, whether, in such case, it he your mind, that persons shall be left to their christian liberty, and admitted Vv^idiout obliging tliem t© comply with the said custom ; provided always,
i See Sect. IV. p. 93.
176 . rOXCllOFT. ClIAUNCY.
SEC. XIV. t-liat they do make a publick confession of their
TIZ faith or beHef, and that the elders do declare their
having received satisfaction by private examination,
asto their knowledge and experiences in religion?"
The salary of the ministers, for several years previous to this period, had been 4/. 10.y. a week, 1731. a sum, which was found inadequate to the pur- pose. Towards the close of this year, several at- tempts were made to increase it, and, in the be- ijinnins: of 1732, it was raised to 6/.
It was now, that the time of beginning divine service in the afternoon, on Sundays, was altered from 2 to 3 o'clock. This measure, which orig- inated in First Church, was concurred in by the churches in the south part of the town.
It was the custom, in the period of which we are writing, for each church in the government to express, in some way, its sense of the doings of every other church. Thus the records of this church contain a particular account of its atten- tion to a pamphlet, written concerning an eccle- siastical dispute at Salem, of so little notoriety, as not to be thought worthy of mention by the his- torian of that town.*
* " Lord's clay evening, March 2, 1734-5. The brethren of the clmrch were stayetl, and received inioimation of a printed pam- phlet, entitled, /\ faithfnl narrative of tiie proceedings of the ec- clesiastical council convened at Salem, in 1734 ; occasioned by the scandalous divisions in tlie first church in that town. Which pam- phlet was sent, superscribed to the pastors, to be communicated by a committee of the said council, appointed to prepare a narrative of their proceedings for the press, and, wlien printed, to communicate the same to the several cong-regational churches in the province. The matter was left under consideration, for a week,"
" Lord' s-day evening y March 9. Tiic brethren of the churcli, be- ing stayed after the publick worship, Voted,That they woukl meet,
FOXCROFT. CHAUNCV. 177
It had hitherto also been the usage mthis church sec. xiv. to hold the scats and pews, for the most part, in 1737."
on the next Wednesday se'ennight, at 2 o'clock, p. m. in tlie meeting- house, to liave the abovesaid narrative communicated."
" Wi'dnesiiay, March 9, 1734-5, 2 o'clock, p m. The church met in the meeting-house Then we proceeded upon the business ol" the meeting, the communicating of the narrative of tlie late council atSiilem. One of the pastors read out of it, one hour, and the other, for another hour. Then, tlie weather being very cold, a motion was made, tiiat we should adjourn to Mr.Jonathan Williams's house, whicli was voted. And, the bretiiren immediately repairing thither, we finished reading of the book, abovesaid."
" Ui)on whicli, among ')ther matters discoursed, a considerable debate was had on the propriety of this church's accepting and ap- proving the result of a council, in which we were not represented by our delegates, nor so much, as invited to be present."
" Then, upon the motion made by sundry, it was Voted, that the affair should lie under consideration ; and the meeting was,by vote, adjourned to the first Wednesday, in May next, being the 7th day of the month, at 3 o'clock, p. m. in the meeting-house.
Entered pr. T. FOXCROFT."
" Wednesday, May 7, 1735. The church met, by adjournment, upon the Salem affair ; but there being but a very small appearance of the bretiiren, by reason of a town-meeting, this day, it was thought proper to adjourn for some considerable time, by reason of the lute surprising turn of affairs in Salem, the aggrieved brethren having claimed to be the majority, and declared themselves to be . the first church in Salem. Therefore it was Voted, that this meet- ing he adjourned to the last Wednesday, in June next, being the 25th day, at .3 o'clock, p. m."
" yune >S. The church met, and, there being but a thin appear- ance of the brethren, they adjourned to the next sabbath evening, in order to urge and procure a more general attendance."
•* Sabbath evening, j^uue 29. Church stayed, and adjourned, till to-morrow, at 10 o'clock, a. m."
" yune 30, a. in. The brethren came together more generally, (between fifty and sixty being present,) and, after a long debate upon the objection, made at the first meeting, and now renewed. Voted, Not to proceed any further, in the consideration of tlie Sa- lem affair, by a great majority. The question put both affirmative- ly and negatively." First Church records, pp. :34, 135.
Thus seven meetings of the church were had for the discussion of a question, in which no member had any peculiar coneern. Y
ir62.
.1.78 FOXCROIT. C!IAU\CV.
sj:c. XIV- coiniiion, and to choose a committee, every few* 1737. years, to seat the meeting-house. This, I be- lieve, is still the practice in most of the religious societies on Connecticut river.*
Pulpit services were not formerly so frequently exchanged among ministers in the Newengland churches, as at the present day, nor so frequently practised by the united presbyters of this church, as by those, who had no colleagues in the pastoral care. As they advanced in years however, they gladly admitted the occasional labours of other clergymen, not only in the desk, but in the admin- istration of ordinances ; yet, it seems, the measure was so novel, that it was thought expedient to sanction its propriety by a vote of the church.f
* " 1691. Nov. 24. Voted, that our brother Parsons, and Samp- .son Stoddard, and brother Brown do exercise church power in seat- ing- persons in the meeting-house."
" April 2, '^713 At a meeting- of the church, Voted, that Dr. Cook, colonel Hutchinson, Mr. Addingtnn, Mr. Eliakim Hutchin- son, colonel Townsend, Mr. Welsteed, Mr. Jeremiah Allen, Mr. Gouch, be seaters of the new meeting-house, now built, and that it be left to their prudence and discretion to dispose of seats and jiews, as, tlicymay think, will be most for the good and welfare of the church and congregation." First (;hh. R. p. 104.
f " Miiy 2, 1762. After the administration of the ordinance of the supper, this day, I proposed it to the ciiurch, in consid- eration of the Ilev. Mr. Foxcroft's being taken off' from his publick labours, for the present, and in order to prevent inconveniences, in case of my being indisposed, or occasionally from home, on the Lord's day, that any of our ordained ministers, in regular standing, niig-ht, without offence, be desired, agreeably to the platform and the usage of other churches of the congregational denomination in this province, as there was need of it, to administer either of the sa- craments, when the church is assembled for publick worship ; Vo- ted, without any difficulty or objection, that this proposal be com- plied with, and that other pastors, in regular standing, may, as there is need of it, administer the Lord's supper to this church, or bap- tism to their children. CHARLES CHAUNCY." F.C.Rec,
FOXCUOIT. CIIAUNCY. \T9
On 18 June, 1769, died Rev. Thomas Fox- sfx. xiv. croft, senior pastor of the church, lie had lived, j^^g almost seventy-three years, fifty-tuo of which he had spent in the ministry. He was critically skilled in the greek language, a theologian of some excellence, and the author of many sermons in print. The follovving is the most correct list of his publications, I have been able to obtain,
1. A sermon at his own ordination, 1718.
2. A sermon on kindness, 1720.
3. A sermon on the death of his mother, 1721.
4. A sermon on the death of l.\v. John Corey, 1722.
5. A sermon on the death of dame Bridget Usher, 1723.
6. A sermon on the death of George I. 1727.
7. A sermon on the death of Hon. Penn Tovrnsend.
8. A sermon on the death of Rev. William Waldron.
9. A sermon on the death of Rev. John Williams, 1729.
10. A sermon on the death of Thomas Blowers.
1 1. A sermon on the death of Benjamin Wadsworth, 1737.
12. Essay on the state of the dead, 1722.
13. The day of a godly man's death better, Sec. 1722^
14. Duty of the godly to be intercessors. Sec.
1 5. Two sermons showing how to begin the year, Sec.
16. God's face set against an incorrigible people, 1724.
17. Sermon at the ordination of Rev. John Lowell, 1726,
18. Discourse preparatory to the choiceof aminifster, 1727^ 1^. A discourse on death,
20. A discourse on the earthquake.
2 1. A discourse at the ordination of Rev.John Taylor, 1 728.
22. Answer to Mr. T. Barclay's Persuasive, 8cc. 1729.
23. Century sermon containing history, ebservationsj Sec.
1730.
24. Pleas of gospel impenitents refuted.
25. Divine right of deacons, 1731.
26. Sermon to a young woman,under sentence of death, 1733.
27. A sermon occasioned by the labours and visits oi
Mr. Whitfield, 1740.
180 FOXOHOl'T. CriAUNCY.
SEC XIV ^^" ■'^ sermon at a private family meeting, 1742.
29. An apology for Mr. Whitfield, 1745.
1769. 3fj^ Saints' united confession in despair of their own righteousness, 1750.
31. Like precious faith obtained by all, 8cc. 1756.
32. Thanksgiving sermon for the conquest of Canada,
1760.
In the early part of life, Mr. Foxcroft was a captivating preacher ; but, in the year 1736, he received a paralytick shock, which obscured the lustre of those talents, which, until then, had pro- cured him great and merited applause. He sus- tained the character of an eminent christian, and religiously performed the duties of the various stations, which he filled.
During these forty-two years, one hundred and eighty-one persons had been admitted members of the church, fifty-three of whom were males,and one hundred and twenty-eight females. In the same time, one thousand and forty -nine children were baptized, five hundred and forty-four of whom were males, and five hundred and five were females.
Other transactions of the church in this period might here be penned ; but it is needless to multiply records, which have no peculiar nor striking characteristicks. I therefore drop the chain of ecclesiastical notices, relating to the time of Foxcroft and Chauncy, and enter on a review of the writings, life, and character of the latter.
SECTION XV.
From the death of Rev. Thomas Foxcroft, 18 Jvine, 1769, to thu settlement of Rev. John Clarke, 8 July, 1778.*
IT HERE facts are merely to be recorded, or a concatenation of events related, the plodding pen of industry may execute the task. But fully to develop the powers of a great man, to trace the manner of their edification, and to note at once, sufficiently and impartially, their beneficial influ- ences on the community is an arduous and difficult employment. It is therefore with a trembling hand, that I undertake to sketch the eminent and various merits of the late reverend and learned doctor Chauncy. That this article of biography should not have been finished, as it was begun, by the colleague, whom he elected and loved, my immediate predecessor, I have ever considered a misfortune to the cause of letters and of rational Christianity. It is vain however to deplore irremediable evils. I shall now use the best means, I can command, to supply this defi- ciency, and trust to the good will of my friends, and the superiour diligence of my successours, to correct m}^ mistakes.
The subject of this memoir was born at Bos- ton, 1 January, 1705. He was son of Mr. Charles
* This section, as will be seen, the author did not live to com- plete. Ed.
SEC. XV
1&2 CHAUNCY.
1730.
SEC. XV. Chauncy, a merchant from England, who was " the youngest child of Rev. Isaac Chauncy, pas- tor of a church in London, who was the eldest of six sons of the venerable and reverend Charles Chauncy, formerly president of Harvard college. At the age of seven years, Mr. Chauncy lost his father. Into whose care he then fell, and bv whom he was prepared for the university, I have never been able to leain. He entered college, at twelve, and became master of arts, at nineteen years old. But where he resided, and under whose direction he studied, during the time of his leaving col- lege, until he became a preacher, is also un- known.
The time and manner of his induction to the pastoral office have already been noted. Until some time after his ordination, nothing occurred of an extraordinary nature. His early efforts, as a preacher, seem to have excited nothing like rapture in the breasts of his friends, or extreme aversion in the minds of his dissentients.
The first publication of Mr. Chauncy M^as made, in the fourth year after his settlement. It is on the death of Mrs. Sarah Byefield, which happened, 21 December, 1730. It is prefaced, after the custom of those days, by a dedication of the author to the honourable and bereaved con- sort, and is founded on that passage in James iv. 14. " For what is your life ? It is even a va- pour, that appeareth, for a little time, and then van- isheth away." After a short and easy introduc- tion, the author proposes to consider, first, the representation, that is here given us of man's life ;
CHAUNCY. 183
and, secondly, to show, what influence such a rep- sec. xv resentation ought to have upon us. This clear ^^ and happy division of his subject is clearly and happily discussed. There appears no peculiar aptitude in the choice of die text, as the deceas- ed was neither young nor very old. Nor is there any ease of transition between the body of the sermon and the character suffixed. These faults however, if such they may be called, are expiated by the variety of useful reflections, which enrich the discourse.
Early in the year 1732, Mr. Chauncy gave another sermon to the publick, on the subject of early piety, occasioned by the death of Miss Elizabeth Price, a young lady of seventeen years old. The text is Psalm cxix. 9. " Wherewith shall a young man cleanse his way ? By taking heed thereto, according to thy word." A squeam- ish critick might be as dissatisfied with the choice of his text, as with that of the preceding. But whoever looks for a curious taste, in this writer, respecting words, will surely be disap- pointed. It was the intention of the preacher to recommend early piety, and to show, that the holy scriptures are the best guide to the perform- ance of that duty. Contrary to the usual manner of funeral discourses, he delineates the character of the deceased under the first head of the dis- course.
In the following year, our author published another funeral sermon, occasioned by the death of his friend, judge Byefield. Like his perform- ances in general, it is strongly marked by sinceri-
18 i CHAUXCV.
S!ic. XV. ty, piety, and good sense ; but it displays no cf- 1733. ^^^'^^ ^^ fi"^ writing, or an attempt to improve the style of compositions, at that time fashionable. The fact is, Mr. Chaimcy had no taste for rheto- rical studies. So little versed in poetry was he, that he is said to have wished, somebody would translate the Paradise Lost of Milton into prose, that he might understand it. He loved nature, simplicity, and truth, and looked upon the art of rhetorick, rather as an inflamer of the passions and a perverter of reason, than as an instrument of good to mankind. His aversion indeed was so rooted towards the noisy and foaming fanaticks of his time, and his attachment so strong to Taylor, Tillotson, and writers of that stamp, that, in the company of intimate friends, as is reported of him, he would sometimes beseech God never to make him an orator. One of his acquaintances, now living, hearing this report, remarked, that his prayer was unequivocally granted. Yet I have been informed, by one of his hearers, who is an excellent judge of sermons, that Dr. Chaun- cy Avas by no means an indifferent speaker, that his emphases were always laid with propriety, often with happy effect ; and that his general manner was that of a plain, earnest preacher, so- licitous for the success of his labours. He ordi- narily entered on his task, whether of composing or delivery, apparently without much nerve, as a labourer commences his daily toil, uttering a deal of common truths in a common way. But he had always a design, which he kept clearly
CHAUNCY. 185
and steadily in view, until it was prudent!}' imd sf/ r.w. thorouo-hiv executed. ~~
In 1734, he preached before the ancient and honourable artilleiy company. The sermon is preserved in the library of the Historical Society, and, like other of his works, reveals a clear head, a full mind, and an honest heart.
The next sermon, published by Mr. Chauncy, was in 1737, on the death of deacon Jonathan Williams. It seems to have been well suited to the occasion, and is written with no small portion of mental vigour.
In 1739, Mr. C. published a sermon on reli- gious compulsion, which is hi the Theological Li- brary. It contains the principal arguments, which, in both hemispheres, have often and suc- cessfully been used for promoting freedom of in- quiry, and the right of private judgment, in mat- ters of religion. At the time however, in which this sermon was delivei-ed, it must have appeared to great advantage, as the arguments against in- tolerance, here used, were by no means so com- mon, as at this day. In this, as in almost every peiformance of our author, there is apparently an utter carelessness in the choice of words. He seems habitually to have taken such, as first offer- ed themselves, sufficiently expressive indeed of his ideas, but sometimes such, as no dictionary con- tained. In this sermon also are urged the usual arguments for attending on the Lord's supper.
In 1741, Mr. C. published a sermon on the death of Mrs. Lucy Waldo, which is in the li- brary of Harvard college.
1B6 (IIAUNCY.
si-.f \:v. Ill the same year too, he publi^^lied a senuon on i?4i. '''^' "*^^^' Cleat lire, which I have not been able to find.
He likewise published, in this year, a sermon on an unbridled ton.i^ne, wJVich, though not writ- ten seeming-ly with much care, yet contains some eloquent passages. Some persons, not very - friendly to our author, have remarked, that he was a proper person to preaeh against an unbri- dled tongue, as, from his occasional hastiness and strength of expression, he experimentally knew its disadvantages. But he certainly wrote in the mildest strain ; and his most watchful adversa- ries were never able to detect, in his publications, a single intemperate or unguarded sentence. IT42. In 1742, Mr. C. published a sermon on the outpouring of the Holy Ghost. In this excellent discourse may be found the following sentiment, tiiat the extraordinary effusions of the Holy Ghost did not make the subjects of them better men. This undoubtedly is a correct notion, and had been advanced by Whichcote and other en- glish divines ; but it was a novel sentiment amorig- american theologians, when Chauncy ut- tered it, and would by many be received with distrust, at the present day. At the same time, it is remarkable, that this sermon contains senti- ments, which would now be thought calvinistick, and which, one would think, could hardly be rtconciled with what is taught in the sermon on the various gifts of ministers.
The last mentioned discourse was preached ' previously to that upon the Holy Ghost, and pub-
CH.VVNCY. 187
lishcd, inllie same year. It has been said, that, in secxa*. this discourse, Mr. C. put forth the greatness of ~„^^' his strength. It is a noble effort, and has senten- ces, and even paragraphs, which \vould do hon- our to the understanding and affections of any minister in Christendom.
In the same year, 1742, he pubHshed a sermon on enthusiasm, which is also one of his powerful and happy productions. It was the first per- formance, in which he affixed to his name the ti- tle of the doctorate in divinity, which he, this year, received from the university of Edinburgh. He was now thirty-seven years of age. The times called for the decision and energies of such a mind, as Chauncy's ; and he shrunk not fiom fulfilling the task, which providence assigned him. A set of fanatical men, at this time, appear- ed, assuming to themselve:: the power and right of judging who, among the ministers of Neweng- land, were converted, and who not. Of these high pretenders to a kind of inspiration, one of the foremost was Mr. James Davenport of Southhold, on Longisland. To this man, whilst on a visit to Boston, Dr. C. addressed a letter of close examination and sharp rebuke, and prefixed it to his sermon on enthusiasm. The doctor's character was now fixed. He had entirely and honourably committed himself to serve the cause of enlightened and pure religion, in opposition to the heats and phrensies, then prevalent in the country. Of course he was denominated, by field preachers and their adherents, the great
1.38 CIIAlNLY.
aF,c. \v. " opposcr." Dr. C. was an acutL and diligent ~jTT^ observer of all their movements, and, througli nu- merous and intelligent correspondents, in various parts, came at a perfect knowledge of their inten- tions, measures, and effects.
With the same design of resisting, if possible, ir4J. the torrent of fanaticism, which was threatening to overwhelm the country, as that, with which he Avrote and published his sermon on " enthusi- asm," he published, in this year, an account of the french prophets, in a letter to a friend. Indeed he left no reputable means untried to convince the more intelligent part of the community, that religion consists not in a heated fancy, in a set of ardent phrases, in hearing a multitude of ser- . mons, or merely saying many prayers, but in a pure heart and a beneficent life.
In accomplishing this purpose, the work, which cost him the greatest pains, which made the greatest clamour among the enthusiasts of the day, and which perhaps, at this time, is account- ed one of the most powerful antidotes to theolog- ical empiricism, in the country, was his " Seas- onable thoughts on the state of religion in New- england, a treatise in five parts. I. Faithfully pointing out the things of a bad and dangerous tendency, in the late and present religious ap- pearance in the land. II. Representing the obli- gations, which lie upon the pastors of these cluirches in particular, and upon all in general, to use their ende-.ivours to suppress prevailing disor clers ; with the great danger of a neglect in so
CIIAUNCY.i 181)
important a matter. III. Opening in many in- sec. xv. stances, wherein the discouragers of irregularities ~; h..ve been injuriously treated. IV. Shewing what ought to be corrected, or avoided, in testi- fying against the evil things of the present day. V. Directing our thoughts more positively to what may be judged the best expedients, to pro- mote pure and undefiled religion in these times. With a preface, giving an account of the antino- mians, familists, and libertines, who infected these clunclics, above an hundred years ago ; very needful for these days ; the like spirit and er- rouis prevailing now, as did then. The whole being intended and calculated to serve the inte- rest of Christ's kingdom."
The title page of this work, which is here care- fully copied, sufficiently gives the character "of its design. Mr. Whitfield, who visited this country, in 1740, had produced a strong sensation of a re- ligious nature in the people on the seaboard, from Maine to Georgia. This distinguished and very popular man was followed, in his itinerating ca- reer, by Messrs. Tennent, Davenport, and others, who had all the zeal of their leader, without his talents, and all his assurance, without his address. The young european methodist had a most sono- rous and commanding voice, and this, united with a ready utterance, and captivating attitudes, se- cured him a world of admirers. The minds of the people became highly excited. They were no longer satisfied with the cool and moderate strain of preaching, practised by the generality of the Newcngland ministers. They had gotten a
190 CHAUNCY.
SEC. XV. taste for a loose, incoherent kind of sermons, 1743 which contained strong appeals to their imagina- tion and senses. These they must have, and af- ter them the}^ would go. Had the itinerants, who followed, preceded Whitfield, probably the country might have remained quiet. But men, who were incapable of raising the tempest, were able, by means of dust and rubbish, to continue the troubled state of the atmosphere. All the country was agitated. A variety of disorders were the consequence. Some ministers indeed there were, who secretly and openly favoured these, what they called, revivals of religion, and zealously cooperated with Mr. Whitfield and his friends, invited them into their pulpits, and either published or wrote in their behalf. Among the I clergy of this description were Messrs. Moodey of York, Emerson of Maiden, and Bliss of Concord. The first was great-grandfather, the two last grandfathers of the writer of this tract. Many there were, who, though dissatisfied with the conduct of these itinerants, yet durst not openly condemn it. Their opposition was se- cret, for fear of the people. But others came forward manfully, in defence of what they deem- ed rational and true religion, and testified their disapprobation of the prevalent disorders of the day. At the head of this class was Dr. Chaun- cy ; and the principal engine, he constructed for the purpose, was the work noiv under notice.
The story of the early spiead of antinomianism in this country, with which he introduces the work, is interesting to every lover of american
ClIAUNCY. lyi
history as well, as to divines. He could hardly sec.xv. have better described, with the aid of inspiration, jj.^., the temper and conduct of modern enthusiasts, than he has described them, in the practice of the aniinoniians of his own days. Thoroughly un- derstanding the temper of his opponents, he knew what, and how much, to concede to them. He was familiar with their pretences and devices, and frequently detected them in crrours, where they felt themselves safe.
In p. 252, he gives a specimen of his power of sarcasm, which is nowise contemptible. It was urged by the friends of Mr. Whitfield, that " there is no good effect of the preaching of un- converted ministers." " If by unconverted ministers," says Dr. C. " be meant such, as have been guilty of the most filthy uncleanness, under the highest aggravations, the preaching of such has not been without good eftect, even according to the mind of those, who make this objection. For, it is generally known of a famous preacher, horribly guilty in this kind, and proved to have been so, and deposed from the ministry on this account, that the effect of his preaching, in the extraordinaries of the present day, equalled, for a time, all that the most noted among our new ])reachers could pretend to. He so preached, as to be flocked after by multitudes of all sorts, and, so far as shrieking, and screaming, and falling down, and being in ag(3nies of distress, or rap- tures of joy, are a sign of the good effect of preaching, he might compare with any for the evidences of it. But he was a converted minister
192 CllAL'NCV.
SKG.xv. in the opinion of the people ; and there have not ,_,„~ been, it is true, these extraordinaries followina:
17 V)- 'J
the word preached by those, called unconverted, though they hope, notwithstanding, they have not laboured altogether in vain."
The first part of this work is that, which cost its author the most labour, and which left the deepest impression. It was to expose, in a strong light, the errour of many prevalent doc- trines, and the falsehood of many round asi^er- tions, which were continually in the mouths of the fanatical tribe. To this end he made copious extracts from Baxter, Gurnall, Stillingfleet, and even Flavel ; and, out of the mouths of these pi- ous and orthodox divines, condemned their ex- travagant rantings and abominable censoriousness.
These rantings and censures and irregular preachings of the itinerants, and the swoonings and screams of their converts, were acknowledg- ed, by the sober part of the christian community, to be imprudencies. But the Dr. superiour to hypocrisy, and fearless of the wrath of his adver- saries, insisted on coming out and calling them by their right name, " things of a bad and dan- gerous tendency."
It was alleged by the new converts of that day, and by their friends, that too much was expected of them. Dr. C. replied, that it was not expect- ed, they would act like angels ; but it was expect- ed, they would act like rational beings.
President Edwards stated, that, " as the influ- ences of the Spirit were new and extraordinary, so it was to be expected, that those, who were the
I
CIIAUNCY. 19;
subjects of them, would be likely to run into ex- skc xv. travagance." Dr.C. replies, " The pretence, that 1743 they arc new and extraordinary, will not do. The true account to be given of the prevalent mistakes is not their newness ; but a notorious errour, as to the way and manner of judging in this matter." President E. still urged, that, " under lively impressions of the Spirit's influ- ence, persons would be likely to speak and act with great earnestness and vigour," &:c. Dr. C. answers, " Occasional excesses and weakness are to be overlooked ; but the w^onder is, how an ex- traordinary discovery of the greatness and excel- lency of God, the importance of eternal things, the preciousness of souls, and the danger of their perishing, should make men vain and conceited, full of themselves, and apt to throw contempt upon others."
President Edwards remarks, " It is no wonder, if we have some irregularities, because Satan ex- erts himself now more powerfully, than ever." Dr. C. concedes readily, " that Satan has had a great hand in fomenting these disorders, and therefore thinks, that, instead of contriving excu- ses for them, they and their author ought to be resisted more courageously."
Having prepared the way, in the first part of his work, by stating distinctly, what things were of a bad and dangerous tendency, and proving, that they were so, our author proceeds, in the conclusion, to call upon christians in general, and christian ministers in particular, for their indus- trious aid in the suppression of these disorders.
A A
l-.M. CIIALXCV.
SEC. XA-. He exhorts them not to be deterred by idle fears. Z7., nor reproaches, nor anv sort of injurious treat- ment, froni correcting as far, as may be in their powei-, what ought to be corrected, and avoiding what ought to be avoided. Whatever may be the theological sentiments of the reader of this book, he will acknowledge, if he be a man of dis- cernment, that it develops strong powers of reas- oning, and an intimate acquaintance with the religious condition of the country, at the time of its publication. Of course it had a most exten- sive circulation ; it is in the library of almost ev- ery american divine ; and, even now, perused with pleasure and improvement by all the lovers of rational religion. iMi. • In 1744, Dr. Chauncy published a sermon, which he delivered at the installation of Mr. Thomas Frink, on 1 Tim. iv. 16. " Take heed unto thyself and to thy doctrine ; and continue in them ; for, in doing this, thou shalt save both thyself and them, that hear thee." Without any exordium, he comes directly upon the subject, and iirst describes the duty of ministers to take heed to themselves and their doctrine ; and, sec- ondly, enforces the powerful motive, suggested by the text. His great object is to be useful ; and, that he may be useful, he takes care to be intelligible. With all his zeal against falsehood, he proposes truth in an unobtrusive manner, and endeavours to expose the errours of fanaticks, without injuring their feelings.
In tlie same year, he preached the convention scrmf)n before the congregational ministers of
CHAUXCY. 19;
Massachusetts. In this masterly pei lormance, he cautions his brethren in the ministry against the occasions of contempt from those words in Titus ii. 15. "Let no man despise thee." Well aware of the power of opinion, he urges on ministers the importance of securing it in their favour, that they may be useful in the world. " Are we content," says he, " to live useless ? Are we willing to go on in a round of attending the duties of our call- ing, and do no good ?" With great plainness and pungency he presses home his subject upon the consciences of his hearers, and leaves this impres- sion upon the mind of his reader, that, whether the author himself were loved or hated, he could not be despised.
In the same year, the Dr. addressed a letter to Rev. George Whitfield, publickly calling on him to defend his conduct, or confess his faults.
In 1745, he addresi^ed a second letter to the 1745 same person. I have never seen either of these performances ; but it is thought, that the exer- tions of Dr. C. in opposing the fanaticism, exci- ted by Mr.W. and others, were serviceable to the cause of rational religion.
In the last mentioned year also, he gave to the publick a sermon, which he preached, on a day of thanksgiving, appointed in grateful and pious commemoration of the reduction of Cape Breton.
Another sermon, this year, he published on the death of Mr. Cornelius Thayer, one of the dea- cons of his church. So he took for his subject the character of Cornelius, and for his text, the notice taken of him in Acts x. I, 2. It is a plain.
196 tlllAUNCY.
sr.c XV. s(Misible discourbc, written with no art and little
1745. eftbrt, yet instructive and consolatory. In de- scribing the character of Cornelins, the Dr. says, " \\^hat he gave away in alms to the poor was his Qvvn, not the property of his creditors. He did not defraud one man, that he might exercise charity towards another ; much less did he think of atoning for his injustice by being boinitiful to the necessitous."
On 6 February, 1746, the Dr. preached the
1746. thursday lecture, and prepared a discourse on the existing rebellion, in favour of the pretender, which was soon afterwards published. It con- tains an historical account of that event, and is enriched with valuable notes. After discussing the passage of scripture, selected as the text, he applies the subject to the political event, which had created a strong sensation through every part of the kingdom. He first takes notice of the de- sign, formed against the king and the nation, then represents it, as altogether nefarious, in its natural tendency and moral aspects, and lastly encourages his hearers to hope, that so wicked a plot will be frustrated by a God of order and righteousness. Throughout the discourse, the author shows him- self to be a true patriot as well, as a good chris- tian ; and that lie had carefully attended to both the politicks and the religion of his country.
In 1747, Dr. C. preached the election sermon, His text is 2 Sam. xxiii. 3. In this, as in every discourse, our author comes almost immediatciv to the main object, which he has in view. He never fatigues his hearer with a tedious introduc-
CHAUNCV. 197
tion, which, for any connexion it holds with the six:. \^ . sul^ject, might as Avell have been omitted, as de- ^^^ livered ; but usually prefaces the statement of his design with a few pertinent and luminous re- marks. Tiie plan of this discourse is to show, I . •' There is a certain order among mankind, ac- cording to which, some are intrusted with power to rule over others. II. Those, who rule over others, must be just, ruling in the fear of God." The former of these heads he speedily and prop- erly despatches. Under the latter, he distinctly notices the various instances, which demand the interposition of an equitable ruler. They must be just in their private capacity, just in the use of their power, in the laws,by which they govern, in the execution of those laws, in the payment of debts due from the publick, in m.aintaining the liberties and privileges of the subject, in defend- ing the state, and preserving its peace and safety, and, finally, in promoting the general welfare and prosperity of a people. In dilating on that topick, in which the Dr. said, that rulers ought to be just " in maintaining the liberties and privileges of the subject," he takes occasion to plead the cause of his professional brethren, who had suf- fered severely, through the fluctuations of the medium. He then enforces upon rulers the duty of equity, upon a principle of piety, and exhibits the certainty, uniformity, and excellence of that principle, in a very striking point of light. The whole is closed with addresses to both rulers and people, on the subject of righteousness between man and man, in such pungent language, as
198 CIIAUNCY.
SEC. XV. could not fail of producing an extraordinary ef- 1747. feet. *' And will you," says the Dr. " our hon- oured rulers, by any positive acts, or faulty neg- lects, suffer yourselves to be instrumental in the continuance of such a state of things ? God for- bid ! You are, my fathers, accountable to that God, whose throne is in the heavens, in common with other men. And his eyes behold your con- duct in your publick capacity ; and he sees and observes it, not merely as a spectator, but an al- mighty righteous judge ; one, who enters all up- on record, in order to a reckoning day. And a day is coming, it lingers not, when you shall all stand upon a level with the meanest subjects, before the tremendous bar of the righteous judge of all the earth, and be called upon to render an account, not only of your private life, but of your whole management, as intrusted with the con- cerns of this people."
This is a specimen of a strain, long continued, in which the Dr. reproved many of his hearers, for legislating in a manner, which injured exces- sively the morals of the province. Some indeed were so piqued on the occasion, that they hesita- ted and debated in court, whether, according to custom, they should print the sermon. Of this fact Dr. C. was informed. He sharply replied, " It shall be printed, whether the general court print it or not. And do you, sir," addressing him- self to his informant, " say from me, that, if I wanted to initiate and instruct a person into all kinds of iniquity and double dealing, I would send him to our general court."
CHAUNCY. 1 9«
Such was the righteous zeal of a man, whose sec. xv indignation against wrong could never be sup- ^^^^ pressed ; and whose lofty sense of right nothing could bring down ; who had no sympathy for knaves and hypocrites ; who loved and cherished the civil and religious liberties of his country with an ardour bordering on enthusiasm ; who was never carried away by a wild imagination, or weak credulity ; who was conversant rather with facts, than fables, with principles, than feel- ings, and with arguments, than words. If this man had not taste, it was the fiuilt of his age, or of his education ; there was no deficiency in intel- lect or feeling. He had a fiiir, sound, well bal- anced mind, which saw every thing through a correct medium, and reported truly the results of its investigations.
In 1749, Mrs. Anna Foxcroft, wife of Rev.
1749.
T. Foxcroft, died. Dr. C. preached and pub- lished a sermon from those words in Rev.xiv.13. " I heard a voice," &c. He first describes the persons, pronounced blessed ; then notices the time, when their blessedness begins ; and, lastly, specifies the instances, in which they are blessed. The application to the case of the deceased is respectful to her memory and the feelings of sur- vivers. It is said, that Dr. C. believed in a qui- escent state of the soul, between death and the resurrection. The contrary would be thought his opinion from perusing this discourse.
About the year 1750, there was formed a so- ^^^„
. . 1/52-
ciety for encouraging industry, and employing the poor. Before this society Dr. Chauncy, in
17J-i.
2'JO CHAL.NCV.
SEC. XV i752, preached a sermon from 2 Thess. iii. 10.
"~:, — " This we commanded you, that, if any would not work, neither should he eat." The Dr. first as- CLitains the sense of the command ; in the next place, justifies ; and, lastly, applies it. It is a g-ood sermon, and shows him to be well acquain- ted with human nature, and firmly attached to the welfare of the political community, to which lie belonged.
In 1754, Dr. C. published a sermon on the horrid nature and enormous guilt of murder, which he had preached, at the thursday lecture, the day, when a malefactor was executed. He first explains the crime of murder, excepting from it accidental killing, killing in self-defence, in just and necessary war, and those, who are sentenced to die by the laws of the country ; and, second- ly, enforces the command in the text. He repre- sents, in strong and lively colours, the guilt of the sin, of which he speaks, and is more pathetick and animated, than usual, in the close of the dis- course.
In this, as in every small as well, as lar- ger work of Dr. C. it is worthy of observation to see, how desirous he is to be useful. You find him ever endeavouring, by his labours, to in- crease, both his own and his neighbour's activity ; to multiply instruments of light and comfort to mankind ; and to promote, in himself and others, a useful and beneficent life. ,,-^ On the morninar of 18 November, 1755, the
inhabitants of Boston, and of all the northern and middle states of North America, were surprised
CIIAUNCV. 201
with the most violent shock of an earthquake, that sf.c.xv. ever was experienced, in this part of the world. [755" Many houses were shattered, hundreds of chim- nies were thrown down, walls broken, and huge chasms made in various parts of the earth. It lasted, about three minutes. On the Sunday fol- lowing this terrible event, the Dr. preached a sermon from Job ix. 5. 6. on earthquakes being a token of the divine anger. He shows, first, that these convulsions proceed from the First Cause ; and, secondly, that he ordinarily causes them, in testimony of his righteous anger. In dilating upon the second part of the subject, he takes no- tice of those sins, which may have provoked the anger of God, and particularizes unclcanness, sab- bath-breaking, pride, unrighteousness, drunken- ness, enmity to Christ, and ill-treatment of him.
In the same year, he published a letter, relating to the Ohio defeat. It appears to have been writ- ten to a friend in England, where it was reprinted. Dr. C. proves himself to have been well acquain- ted with the american politicks of his own times, and a warm defender of the honour of Newengland.
He wrote also, this year, a particular narrative of the defeat of the french army, at lake George, in a letter to a friend.
In 1756, Dr. C. preached and published a ser- mon, on the earthcjuakes in Spain, entitled, " The earth delivered from the curse, to which it is at present subjected," from those words, in Rev. xxii. 3. " And there shall be no more curse." This sermon contains a good variety of sentiment as well, as of curious theological speculation. The
BB
202 (JIIAUNCV.
SEC. XV. ^^"- thought, with most of the divines of his day. jTT^ that the earth underwent a great aheration, in con- sequence of tlie fail of Adam ; and, to the present disordered and troublous condition of our world, lie opposes that paradisaical state, in which man no longer shall be a sufferer. He is of opinion, that the seasons, soil, climate, and bowels of the earth have all been cursed in such a manner, as to be different from what they were before the lapse of Adam, and that the who'e constitution of nature has been chany-ed for the worse. The final cause of this curse, he believes, to be the ultimate good of mankind. And, having served the generations, as a scene of trial, he holds, that it will revert to its pristine order, beauty, and loveliness, and be the heavenly residence of vir- tuous men. Having quoted a number of texts in support of this hypothesis, he concludes, " It should seem very plain therefore, that the new heavens and new earth, so particularly spoken of, both by the apostle Peter, and the apostle John, are this w orld of ours brought back to its paradi- saick state, or one that is better ; and that the ver}^ world, we now live in, thus changed and made new, is the place, where good men, after the resurrection and judgment, shall live and reien with Christ forever and ever."
In 1757, Dr. C. published the sermon, which ^'^^' he preached, the Sunday after the death of Mr. Edward Gray. The subject is " Deeds of char- ity rewarded at the judgment day with everlasting blessedness." And the text is Matt. xxv. 34, "5, 40. It is a plain, sensible discourse, but un- doubtedlv written calamo currcnte.
CIIAUNCY. 203
The next publication of Dr. C. which arrests sfxtxy'. and is well worthy of notice, is " The validity oi ^.-g-, presbyterian ordination asserted and maintained. A discourse, delivered at the aniiivcrsaryDudleian lecture, at Harvard college in Cambridge, New- england, 12 May, 1762. With an apperidix, giving a brief historical account of the epistles ascribed to Ignatius ; and exhibiting some of the many reasons, why they ought not to be depend- ed on, as his uncorrupted works."
He states in this discourse the things, in which congregationalists agree with episcopali- ans. All are agreed, that it is the will of Christ, that an order of ministers should be continued upon earth ; that none unqualified should assume the pastoral office ; that, in the investiture of office, certain forms should be ol:)served ; and that the act of investiture should be performed by those and those only, who are authorized to perform it. Then comes the consideration of the grand ques- tion, Who those officers are ? The episcopalians, on their part, contend, that there were, from the beginning, two orders of christian ministers, bish- ops and presbyters, and that the former of these only had, and ought to have, the power of ordina^ tion. Dr. C. on the part of congregationalists affirms, that Jesus appointed and designed, that there should be one order only of christian minis- ters, and that the terms bishops and presbyters are used synonymously in the christian scriptures and in the writings of the christian fathers of the two, certainly, if not three first centuries. After learnedly discussing the subject, he concludes,
204 CilAl NCV.
SKC. XV. " I trust, I may now say, it has been miidc siitFi- 1762. ciently clear, from the positive evidence, that has been exhil:)ited in the former part of this dis- course, and from its not being invalidated, but rather strengthened, by the counter-evidence we have examined in the latter part, that the power of ordination was not deposited in the hands of bishops, as distinguished from presbyters ; but that bishops or presbyters, meaning by these terms one and the same order of officers, were vested with power to ordain in the chuich of Christ ; and consequently that ordination by a council of presbyters, as practised by these churches, is valid to all the ends of the gospel- ministry."
To this valuable sermon is added a still more valuable appendix, in which the Dr. abundantly proves, that the reputed epistles of St. Ignatius are entitled to no credit in settling the dispute between episcopalians and presbyter ians.
The next sermon published by the Dr. was the one, which he preached at the ordination of Rev. Joseph Bowman, missionary to the mohawk Indians. The dedication is to the marquis of Lothian, and written with more elegance, in point of style, than usually marks the writings of our author. The title of this discourse is, " All na- tions blessed in Christ." And here is discerni- ble, for the first time, a glimpse of that scheme of universal salvation, for which Dr. C. was so abused by some, and celebrated by others. He says, in his sermon, p. 20. " And can it be sup- posed, when the promise is thus gloriously exten-
CHAUNCY. 20.>
sive, as to its object, that a few only will be bless- sr.c. xv ed, in consequence of it ?" The three things, o^-~~^~ uh.ich he particularly treats, are the seed, in whom this promise is made, the just import of the bles- siii!^ promised, and the extent of that promise. He has two curious notes, in which he delivers some sentiments in regard to the Indians of this country, which were, at that time, and arc still, un- fashionable. He thinksjthat they ought to be chris- tianized, without being civilized ; and, that all our efforts at education and evangelizing, instead of educating Indian youths among ourselves, should be made upon them in their own country.
In 1765, Dr. C. published twelve sermons, re- lating to Sandemanians. The first sermon is on 1765. Gal. ii. 16. " Knowing, that a man is not justifi- ed by the works of the law, but by the faith of Jesus Christ, even we have believed in Jesus Christ, that we might be justified by the faith of Christ, and not by the works of the law ; for by liie works of the law shall no flesh be justified." This is the text. The sermon begins thus. " The first and last clause in this verse are ex- press in affirming negatively," &c. Rev. J. Con- dy, when these sermons were first published, took them up in a bookseller's shop, and, on read- ing these words, laid them down, saying he was satisfied ; he wished to read no more of these affirmative negations.
Notwithstanding however the inelegant com- mencement of the sermons, they make a work, every way creditable to the talents of their author. Dr. Eliot, a contemporary with Dr. Chauncy,
206 GHAUNCV.
SEC. XV. said, on reading these discourses, that, much as he was acquainted with Dr. C.'s powers, he was astonished at the production.
In the first discourse he proves, that justifica- tion is impossible by the works of the law. Af- ter explaining the wordsjustif//, and works of the law, he proceeds to his proofs. " To justify," he says, " is not to make just, as to sanctify is to make holy ;" but " it is to account or adjudge, as just." By " works of the law" are some- times meant the law of natural religion, sometimes the law of divine revelation, and again the law ritual ordained by Moses. His object is then to show, that, in whatever sense the word laxu is un- derstood, it is impossible to comply fully with its requisitions ; that God never intended to judge any of his lapsed offspring by the rigours of law ; that he always meant to be merciful to the crea- tures, he had made ; and that it is only on the compassionate terms of the gospel, that any of the children of Adam will ever be saved.
The second discourse, on the same text, is occupied in answering the question, " Wherefore then serveth the law ?"
It was given, because of transgressions, because mankind Irad obscured the light of reason, and to prevent the utter loss of all distinction between virtue and vice.
It was added,because of transgressions, that the Jews might have a certain rule of duty, and that bv knowledge of law they might have a knowl- edge of sin.
It was added, that the malignity of sin might be more apparent.
CHAUNCY. 207
It was added, in fine, that the Jews might be si:c. xv. excited to repentance, and to accept the pardon, 3^ proffered them in the revelation of grace.
The moral law as well, as the Jewish ceremo- nies, was designed, as a schoolmaster to bring the Jews to Christ. It led them to a knowledge of sin, to discipline their hearts and minds, and trained them to those dispositions and habits, which the gospel was to promulgate, to cherish, and ripen.
The third discourse, which is on the same text, proposes to ascertain the nature of justify- ing faith.
" Faith," says the Dr. *' herein differs from knowledge. Faith is the mind's assent upon tes- timony, and upon the testimony of God, if the fiiith is christian. Knowledge is an assent grounded on the perception of the bodily senses, or the operation of our reasonable powers." He says, that two things are to be considered in re- gard to a justifying faith. One is the object, about which it is conversant ; the other is, the assent of the mind with reference to this object. Sometimes the object of christian faith is the doctrine of Jesus ; sometimes God ; sometimes Christ ; Christ, as the Messiah ; Christ, as the Son of God ; Christ, as shedding his blood on the cross ; Christ, as risen from the dead. Dr. C. takes occasion in this discourse to touch upon the unreasonableness of censuring one another's creed, and the worth and loveliness of a charitable spirit.
" The short of the matter is," says he, *' the truths contained in the revelations of God, con- sidered in one collective view, are the proper ob- ject of faith."
208 CIIAUNCV,
SKt; XV
The fourth sermon is occupied in showinc^ the 1765. proper influence or operation of this justifying- faiih. It shows itself in a new temper, in good works, in regeneration, repentance, and holiness of heart and life. It showed itself in the obedi- ence of Abraham, Abel, Enoch, and Noah ; and is, in short, visible in the life of every good man.
The fifth sermon continues to display more particularly the nature of justifying faith.
The sixth assigns to justifying faith its proper place.
The seventh shows that " human endeavours, in the use of means, are the way, in which faith is obtained." Our author here combats the notion maintained by Solifidians, that God is the sole author of faith in the soul of man, and that it is wrought independently of all human agency and cooperation. He allows indeed, and contends for the truth, that God is the author of the truth to be believed ; but he insists, that the act of be- lieving is man's ; and, that faith, like every thing else,is to be sought for in the use of the means of religion.
In the eighth discourse Dr. C. proceeds with the arguments, and specifies particular acts, of which a man, though destitute of justifying faith, is capable, and which, as a reasonable being, he ought to perform. He contends, that sinners may, with the divine aid, so exert their rational facul- ties, as to be convinced of the being and perfec- tions of God ; of the difference between moral good and evil ; of their obligations to choose the first and avoid the last ; of the immortality of
GIIAUNCY. 209
1765.
their souls ; of the truth of revelation ; and of the sec. xv. importance of fleeing from the wrutli, wiiich is ' denounced against the impenitent. In conse- quence of this faith, though not a justifying one, the Dr. affirms, that sinners may grieve for their sins, practise duties formerly neglected ; read the scriptures ; prefer religious meditation to the vanities of the world ; attend to the institutions of Christianity ; to prayer ; and to the culture of their religious affections. These things are their indispensable duty. Even if they cannot per- form them from the highest principles, they ought to act under the influence of the best prin- ciples, they possess. Better avoid sin from no higher motive, than the mere dread of hell, than not avoid it at all.
In the ninth discourse it is stated, that these endeavours of sinners, previousl}' to their arriv- ing at justifying faith, are the ordinary methods, by which the Deity begins and effectuates the work of faith in their hearts. Instances are ad- duced in proof and illustration ; and it is pretty well established, not only that the use of means is connected with the attainment of salvation, but that means are blessed in proportion to the dili- gcnce,with which they are used.
The tenth discourse is occupied in answering objections. It is objected, for instance, that faith is an entire and immediate act of almighty power. Dr. C. answers, Should this be the truth, it will not follow, that human endeavours are needless. For God, if he please, may as well make seeking sinners the subjects of this gift, as the thought-
(T.
210 Cli.VL'NCV.
SEC. XV. less and obdurate. Should it however prove true, that, m the bestowment of faith, men are not
i765.
mtrcly j.nissive subjects of this gift, the preceding remarks upon human endeavours are highly im- portant. xVnd this way of communicating tlic gift appears most rational and scriptural. It seems reasonable to suppose, that God, in draw- ing sinners to Christ, would accomplish the work by cooperating with human faculties in the use of proper means. Had the powers of u\cn been destroyed by the original lapse, it would indeed be impossible for them to do any thing of them- selves, until those faculties were restored by a di- vine energy. But, as they exist in men, it is reasonable to suppose, that God would produce faith within them in a way, which is adapted to their character. And this is the way prescribed in the scriptures. Faith in Christ is a command- ed duty. A neglect to acquire this faith is de- clared to be a sin. It is thus made certain, that men are considered, as accountable agents in the Ijusiness of faith. Why did Christ work mira- cles, but to produce in the mindsof men the work ofuiidi? And why are the means and motives so numerous of exciting attention to the truths of the gospel ? Plainly, that men might not want suitable stimulus to the discharge of their duty, and that, if negligent, they might be without ex- cuse. For *' how shall they call on him, in whom they have not believed ? And how shall they believe in him, of whom they have not heard ? And how shall they hear, without a preacher ?'"
CIIAUNCV. 211
From these questions of the apostle, this is his sec. xv. conclusion. " So then faith comet'i by hearinij, and hearing by the word of God."
^- * ^ *****•. * * * *■ -^ * * * * ^- •* * * * ^- ^ ^ *
[The author had proceeded no further, at his death.]
ACCOUNT OF DRCMAUiXCYS FAMILY. KV 1)U. CLAUKK.
" Charles Chauncy, from whom the Chauncys in this country descended, was born, A.D. 1589. He had his grammar education at Westminster- school ; and was at school, at the time the gun- powder plot was to have taken effect ; and must have perished, if the parliament-house had been blown up. He was afterwards, when qualified, sent to the university of Cambridge, where he commenced bachelor of divinity, and was chosen hebrew professor. But the vice-chancellor. Dr. Williams, preferring a kinsman, he was fixed in the greek professorship. He was an accurate hebrician and grecian, and indeed admirably skilled in all the learned languages. He went out of the university an eminent gospel- preacher ; was first settled at Marston, and afterwards re- moved to Ware, where his success became mat- ter of much observation.
It was in the days of archbishop Laud, that, for ease to his conscience, he came over to New- england. He arrived at Plymouth, a few days before the great earthquake, which happened, 1 January, 1638. He spent some time at Piym outh, ministering to the church there, with their
212 CH\U.\CY.
SEC. XV. pas*;or, the Rev. Mr. Reyner, and then settled at Scituate, where he continued about nine years ; when, upon an invitation iVom his old friends at Ware, he purposed a removal back to England with his family ; but, when he came to Boston, in order to take passage, the overseers of Harvard college, by their vehement importunity, prevailed upon him to take the presidentship of that socie- ty, in which place he continued to the day of his death, highly honoured for his learning and piety.
In the year 1671, he made his farewell ora- tion, on the day of commencement ; and, towards the close of the year, exchanged this life for a bet- ter, in the 82d year of his age, and the 17th of his presidentship over Harvard college.
He left behind him six sons, every one of whom received their degrees at the college, and some of them from the hands of their aged fath- er. They all, for a time, were preachers ; and some of them settled in the ministry, and contin- ued in it, till death.
Isaac, the eldest of the sons, left this country, and became pastor to a church in London. If I mistake not, he officiated with the Rev. Dr. Watts. He had three children. The youngest, by the name of Charles, came out into this coun- try, and settled here a merchant.
From this Charles descended Charles, who was born 1 January, A. D. 1705."
To this I would add, that, at the age of sev- en years, Dr. Chauncy lost his flither. At twelve, he entered college ; commenced master of arts at nineteen ; and was associated with the
ciiArxeY. n:
Rev. Mr. Foxcroft, in the pastoral care of the ^r-C- xv Fiist Church, 25 October, 1727. In 1742, he was honoured with the degree of doctor in divin- ity by the university of Edinburgh. He expired, 10 February, 1787, in the 83d year of his age. Dr. Chauncy had three children.
J Catalot^ue of (he printed works of Dr. Chauncy.
A sermon on the dealh of Mrs. Sarah Bycfiekl, 1731. A sermon on the death of Miss Elizabeth Price, 1732, A sermon on the death of judge Byefield, 1733. A sermon before the artillery company, 1734. A sermon on the death of Mr. Jonathan Williams, 1737. A sermon on religious compulsion, 1739. A sermon on the death of Mrs. Lucy Waldo, 1741. A sermon on the new creature, 1741. A sermon on an unbridled tongue, 1741. A sermon on the various gifts of ministers, 1742. A sermon on the out-pouring of the Holy Ghost, 1742, A sermon on enthusiasm, 1742.
Account of the french prophets,in a letter to a friend, 1742. Seasonable thoughts on the state of religion, 8vo. 1743. A sermon at the instalment of the Rev. Mr. Frink, 1744. A sermon at the annual convention, 1744. A letter to Rev. George Whitfield, publickly calling on him to defend his conduct, or confess his faults, 1744. A second letter to the same, 1 745.
Thanksgiving sermon on the reduction of capeBreton, 1 745. A sermon on the death of Mr. Cornelius Thayer, 1745. A sermon on the rebellion in favour of the pretender, 1745. An election sermon, 1747. A sermon on the death of Mrs. Foxcroft, 1749. A sermon for encouraging industry, 1752. A sermon on murder, 1754. A sermon on the earthquake, 1755.
Account of the Ohio defeat, in a letter to a friend, 1755- A particular narrative of the defeat of the french army, at lake George, in a letter to a friend, 1755.
2 1 4 CHAUNCY.
_-,,, -„^ A sermon on the earthquakes in Spain, Sec. 1756,
A sermon on the death of Mr. Edward Gray, 1757.
The opinion of one, who has perused the summer morn- ing's conversation, Sec. 1758. Dudleian Lecture. On presbyterian ordination, 1762. A sermon at the ordination of Rev. Jos. Bowman, 17G2. Twelve sermons, particularly referring to the Sandema-
nian doctrines, 1765. A sermon at the ordination of Rev. Mr. Bowen, 1766. A sermon on the death of Dr. Mayhcw, 1766. Thanksgiving sermon on the repeal of the stamp-act,
1767. A sermon at the ordination of Rev. Mr. Howard, 1767. Remarks on the bishop of Landaff's sermon, in a letter
to a friend, 1767. Answer to Dr. Chandler's appeal, 1768. A sermon on the death of Rev. Thomas Foxcroft, 1761). A sermon on the death of Dr. Sewall, 1769. " Trust in God, the duty of a people," Sec. a sermon
preached at the request of a number of patrioiick
gentlemen, 1770. Reply to Dr. Chandler's appeal defended, 1770. A complete view of episcopacy. Svo. 1771. Five sermons on the communion, 1772, A sermon on " all things in common," 1773. A just representation of the hardships and sufferings ot
the town of Boston, in a letter to a friend, 1774. A sermon on the <' accursed thing," 1778. The mystery hid from ages, or the salvation of all men.
8vo. 1784. The benevolence of the Deity, fairly and impartially
considered. 8vo. 1784. Five dissertations on the fall and its consequences. Svo.
1785. A sermon upon the return of the society to their house
of worship, after it had undergone the necessary re- pairs, 1785.
SECTION XVI.
Sketch of the life and character of the Lite Kcv. Dr. CU\rke.
John Clarke, D. D. pastor of the First Church in Boston, was born at Portsmouth, in sec. xvf Nevvhampshire, April 13, i755 ; graduated at 1793 Harvard college, in 1774 ; and ordained, July 8, 1778, as colleague with the late Dr. Chauncy, with whom he lived, in the most intimate and respectful friendship, about nine years ; and af- terwards continued assiduously and faithfully la- bouring in the service of the church, until the Lord's-day, April 1, 1798 ; when, in the midst of his afternoon sermon, he was suddenly seized with an apoplexy, fell down in the pulpit, and ex- pired in less than twelve hours ; having almost completed the forty-third year of his age, and the twentieth year of his ministry.
Descended from respectable parents, who live to lament an only son, he discovered in early life the signs of genius and industry. At the uni- versity, he was distinguished by a close attention to classick and philosophick studies, by a strict obedience to the laws, and by irreproachable morals. In the office of preceptor, he was gentle and persuasive, beloved by his pupils, and es- teemed by their friends. As a publick preacher.
2 i (> CLAUKE.
SFX'.x\ J. Ills compositions bore the marks of penetration, judgment, perspicuity, and elegance. Faithful to the interest of religion, he deeply examined its foundation and evidence ; and, persuaded of the truth and importance of the christian system, he recommended, by his publick discourses and pri- vate conversation, its sublime doctrines, its wise institutions, and its salutary precepts.
Though fond of polite literature and philosoph- ick researches, yet he considered theology, as the proper science of a gospel minister. To this ob- ject he principally devoted his time and studies, and was earnestly desirous of investigating every branch of it, not merely to gratify his own sacred curiosity, but that he might impart to his hearers the whole counsel of God. He was habitucilly a close student ; and it is not improbable, that the intensencss of his mental application proved too severe for the delicate fabrick of his nerves.
His devotional addresses were copious and fervent ; and his intercessions strong and affec- tionate; discovering at once the ardour of his pie- tv, and the warmth of his benevolence. In the private offices of pastoral friendship, he was truly exemplary and engaging. His temper was mild and cheerful ; his manners easy and polite ; and the social virtues of an honest heart gave a glow to his language, and enlivened every circle, in which he was conversant.
In the relations of a son, a brother, a husband, a father, a guardian, a correspondent, a master, a friend, and a member of several literary and char-
CLARKE. 217
itable societies,* his deportment was marked sec. xvi. with aftection, fidelity, and carefulness. He was j^qg concerned for the interest, reputation, and happi- ness of all his connexions ; and zealously devo- ted to the cause of science and humanity.
Beini^ successour to ten eminent luminaries of the church of God, he was studious to emulate them in piety, learning, and usefulness. Like three of them, he was suddenly called off from his ministerial labours, and, having happily escap- ed the painful agonies of a lingering death, is gone to receive the reward of a faithful servant, and enter into the joy of his Lord.
Dr. Clarke's printed works are four sermons, one on the death of Dr. Cooper, one on the death of Dr. Chauncy, one on the death of Dr. N. W. Appleton, and one before the Humane Society ; An answer to the question. Why are you a Chris- tian ? which has had three editions in Boston, and three in England ; and Letters to a student at the university of Cambridge."
A volume of Dr. Clarke's sermons has been published, since his decease. It is a selection, that does honour to his memory ; and will be cherished by the christian and the scholar, as ex- hibiting, in elegant and very impressive language, the pure and pious sentiments of one of the best of men.-j-
* Dr. Clarke was a counsellor of llic American Academy of Arts and Sciences, corresponding' secretary oi the Humane Society of the commonwealth of Massacliuscits, and one of the members of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
t [To t!iis has since been added a volume, containing- Beventecn sermons to the young-.] 1)D
218 Gi^AliKE.
SEC. XVI. His remains were entombed, the friday after j-y3_ his decease, with every mark of esteem and affec-
> April, tion. A sermon was preached at his interment by Rev. Peter Thacher, D.D. from 2 Sam. i. 26.
8 \i)iii ^'^ ^^^^ Lord's-day after the decease of Dr. Clarke, a discourse was dehvered to his bereav- ed flock, by Rev. Dr. Willard, president of the university in Cambridge, from which the follow- ing character of the deceased is selected.
" Being a tutor at the university, when he be- came a member, and the class, to which he be- longed, being committed to my particular care, I had an early opportunity of knowing his charac- ter, and I was soon led to distinguish in him that genius and application to study, together with that amiable disposition and excellent spirit, which have ever since conspicuously shone in him. For two years and a quarter, I continued with the class, and, during that time, his improve- ments in literature and science were very observ- able ; and his conduct was so uniformly good, in every respect, that he never merited or received a censure, or a frown from any one, who had the care and instruction of the youth ; and I found by information, after my leaving the class and the university, that he maintained the same char- acter, through the whole of his collegiate course. And perhaps there never was a student, who passed through the university and went into the world with a fairer reputation, and few with more solid and useful acquirements.
For some time after Mr. Clarke left the uni- versity, he was engaged in the instruction of
«.ARK£. 219
youth, in which employment he was highly sec. xvi esteemed and beloved. But, whatever his pur- ~~7~~
. 1798.
suits were, he did not suffer his mind to be di- verted from the great object, he had in view, which was to fit for the sacred desk. ^Vhilc he was faithful in performing the business he under- took, he devoted his leisure hours to accomplish himself for that profession, which lay nearest his heart ; and he pursued his theological studies with great assiduity, so that,when he first entered the desk, it was not with a superficial knowledge. His natural abilities and literary acquirements were such, as enabled him to search the sacred oracles with accuracy, especially the original of the new testament, and to attend to every sub- ject in divinity with judgment. And such was the candour and fairness of his mind, that few men, perhaps, have been more free from prejudices in their researches. He therefore became a scribe well instructed in the gospel system.
His discourses early discovered an elegant taste in composition, a correctness, propriety, and pertinence in thought, and that strain of serious- ness and piety, which could not but be attrac- tive. You, my brethren, soon heard of his worth ; and, when you employed him, as a candi- date for the ministry among you, your expecta- tions from him were not disappointed ; nay, it will not ' be beyond the truth to say, that they were more than answered. After preaching with you a competent time, he was ordained over you, as a colleague pastor with the venerable, learned, and valuable doctor Chauncy, with whom ht?-
22'J CLARKE.
SKC. x\ 1. served, as a son with a father ; and between them 1798. there ever existed the most happy harmony, till the day of the doctor's death.
Having obtained a settlement, he did not grow remiss about future improvements, but continued tlie same assiduity, which had been a distinguish- ed trait in his character. To the liberal arts and sciences, for wliich he had a true relish, and in which he was no common proficient, he, at times, paid attention. But these he considered, as noth- ing mure, than handmaids to divinity, and of but secondary consideration. Divinity was his pro- fession ; and to this he directly applied a principal part of his time. He had devoted himself to the cause of God and the Redeemer, and he would not suffer other pursuits, however pleasing to his in- genious mind, to steal him away fiom his proper functions, and rob him of that time, which he considered himself bound in duty to employ for the instruction and edification of his flock, either in preparation for his publick labours among them, or in private interviews with the various mem- bers. I have dwelt the more largely on this part of his character, because a scholar of Dr. Clarke's ac- quirements, and taste for literature and science, is under a strong temptation to spend more time in such pursuits, than is consistent with properly dis- charging the duties of his sacred profession.
Your pastor employed himself much in the study of the holy scriptures. To these heavenly oracles he repaired, as the sources of divine knowledge, and endeavoured to gain right iij:)pre- bensions of the truths contained in them, both for
CLAUIvE. 221
his own sake and the sake of his hearers, whom sec.xvi. he instructed in these, according to his best iin- [J^' derstanding, after making use of the most ap- proved helps he could procure, and which he was constantly laying himself out to obtain.
His pulpit performances were always accepta- ble. With those compositions of his, which I have either heard or read, I have ever been pleas- ed and edified. His treatise in defence of Chris- tianity, entitled, " Why are you a christian ?" is perhaps as valuable a piece, as has been written within the same compass. By its conciseness it is well adapted to being dispersed ; and by its perspicuity and pertinence happily calculated to convince and confirm. It is highly esteemed, not only on this, but on the other side of the Atlan- tick. I have received,but a little while since,a let- ter from a respectable divine in Greatbritain.* In this letter he says, " We have here been greatly pleased, instructed, and impressed by a little piece, by one of your ministers, Mr. Clarke, entitled, "Why are you a christian?" And after mentioning, that three editions of it had been printed in Eng- land, two of which he himself had carried through the press, he adds, " The circulation of it cannot fail to give pleasure to the pious and worthy au- thor, and to insure its views of usefulness."
His pleasing private intercourse with you, and also with the children of the society, whom he delighted to instruct, you need not be reminded of. The impressions made by these endear- ments will not be soon, if ever, effaced. Indeed, so sweet was his disposition, and so engaging his
* The Rev. Joshua Toiilmin, D. D. of Taunton.
*23 CLARKE.
vSEc. XVI. manners ; so pleasing was he in his conversa- i-.9g tion, and so amiable in all his interviews with those he met, that a general esteem of and affec- tion for him was almost unavoidably excited ; and he was beloved by all, but the determined foes of virtue and goodness.
Ipass over his domestick virtues,in which he was eminent, and which all, who knew him, witnessed.
What an unspeakable loss have you sustained in the death of such a minister and friend ! But let the bereaved relatives, let the members of this religious society, consider the consolations, which offer themselves in the midst of their grief. You have all abundant reason to conclude, that he was a man of habitual piety, and that he lived mindful of his exit ; so that, although he was suddenly summoned out of time into eternity, he was prepared for the change, and that " his loins were girded about, and his light burning." He may be said to have been watching, when his master knocked. He was even then particularly employed in his service, engaged in the very act of religious teaching, and endeavouring to prepare men for a better world.
Such grounds of comfort have we, when we reflect upon the character of our dear departed friend. We consider him, as one, who had been sealed with the Holy Spirit of promise ;* and that, having been thus sealed, he is now ascended to that " Holy One, who inhabiteth the praises of Israel."|
* A part of the text, treated upon by the clcceasecl,on the forenoon of the day of his decease, previous to the communion. Eph. i. 13.
f The subject, upon which he was treating in the afternoon, %vhen he was seized with the fatal malady.
SEC.XVU.
SECTION XVII.
The following character of Rev. Mf. Emerson Is extracted from Rev. J. S Buckminster's sermon, at his funeral.
** Help, Lord, for the godly man ceaseth ; for the faithful fail from among the children of men I" Psalm xii. I. ^^^^•
The godly man ceaseth. The Reverend Wil- liam Emerson*^ gave early indications of devoted- ness to the service of God. He was a descen- dant of pious ancestors, through many genera- tions ; and the only son of one of the most pop- ular and promising ministers of Newengland, vjh.o died early in the american revolution. The mother, who survives to mourn over the death of her son, saw him with delight soon giving his at- tention and studies to the word and ministry of that God, to whom the prayers and wishes of his parents had directed his first thoughts. They, who knew him best, during the most trying pe- riod of youthful virtue, bear witness to the sin-
• The following dates and facts, relating to Rev. Mr. Emerson and his family, may be grateful to iiis friends and the publick.
He was the son of Rev. William Emerson and Pheb© his wife, daughter of the Rev. Daniel Bliss.
He was born at Concord, 6 May, 1769.
Graduated at Cambridge, 1789.
Ordained at Harvard, 1792.
Installed in the First Church, Boston, 16 Oct. 1799,
Died, 12 May, 1811.
2>24 KMEUSOX.
SFX.xvir. gular purity of his mind, tenderness of his con-, " science, devoutncss of his feehngs, and strictness of his manners ; qualities, which, by God's bles- sing, age and experience did not diminish, and which his christian profession afterwards secured and improved.
In one of the longest conversations, which I was permitted to hold with him, a few days be- fore his death, when his mind seemed to be lighted up anew, and his faculties to collect fresh vigour, he expressed the most grateful and pious satisfaction in the circumstance, that he, with all his father's family, had so early felt the obligations of the gospel, as to give them- selves up to Jesus Christ by a profession of his religion. The privilege of being a christian then occupied his thoughts ; and he continued to talk with unusual animation of the benefits of early communion ; and to express his wishes, that his eldest son, then at his bedside, might not forget early to seek, nor be so unhappy as ever to forfeit, this christian privilege. That great article of the christian dispensation, the resurrection from the dead, was the frequent theme of his meditations, and of his publick instructions ; so that his faith was not vain, nor his preaching vain ; for his faith was always strong enough to render his preaching the expression of his own intimate per- suasions, and the cheerful employment of his life. 1808 ^^ ^^^^ practical strength of his faith and piety
^^ , he was permitted to give us a memorable exam- ple, during that sudden attack, which he sustain- ed, a few years since, in all the fulness of his health and expectations, when he was busily pre-
EMEKSOX. 223
paring for a publick service. Those, who then sec.xvii. saw hini brought down, in an instant, and without ^^ any previous warning, to the gates of death, can never forget tlic steadfastness, with which he re- ceived the alarm, and the singular humility and composure, with which he waited, during many days, doubtful of life, and expecting every hour to leave all, that was dear to him on earth, to pre- sent himself before God.* Next to the satisfac- tion of behaving well ourselves, in an hour of tri- al, is that of witnessing the tranquillity of our friends, and finding, that we need not fear for their example, while flesh and heart is failing, for God is the strength of their heart and their por- tion forever.
The same steadfastness, and tranquil foresight isii of his dissolution God has enabled him to exhibit, through the whole of the distressing and lingering disorder, of which he died. A few hours before his death, he overheard some conversation re- specting those, who should pass the night with him ; and he summoned strength enough to ar- ticulate " God is with me !" The great inte- rest, with which some persons always watch the
* It was in the year 1808, that he was attacked with a profuse hemarrhajje from the lungs, from the effects of which he never completely recovered. But the disease, of which he died, had not probably the remotest connexion with this bleeding. It appeared upon examination, that the lower orifice of the stomach was al- most entirely closed by a schirriious tumour, or hard swelling-, which on the inside was ulcerated. So completely was the pas- sage of the pylorus obliterated, tl\at a drop of water could hardly be pressed through it from the stomach, whicl> was full. EE
226 E.MEKSOX.
SEC.xviT. l^st intelligent exercises of a spirit, which has beeti ^gj, warned of its departure, was here not disappoint- ed. No one could leave his presence without a secret consciousness, that tlie collected, intelli- gent, and strong indications, which he daily gave, of profound submission to God's will, and un- ' shaken faith in his gospel, were very much to be preferred to the indistinct raptures and ejacula- tions, which are so often caught from the lips of the dying, where more is supposed to be meant, than meets the car, and more is put into the speech, than was originally contained in the thought. The approach of death gave no new colour to his faith ; and he has left us a proof, which will long be remembered, not of the truth indeed, but of the power of those principles, by which, for nearly twenty years, he had preached and practised.
He was ?i faithful as well, as a pious man. Of his fidelity in his ministerial office, you, my hear- ers, are of course better judges, than the preacher. Rut from his extraordinary correctness of man- ners, and disposition to method in the disposal of his time, great fidelity might be expected in what he regarded, as his duty ; and this sentiment as well, as the desire of doing good, would engage so careful a mind,ashis,inthe punctilious discharge of the duties of his profession. The prosperity of this ancient church was peculiarly dear to him. He looked back with veneration almost unbound- ed on some of his predecessors here ; and while lie breathed much of their spirit, he successfully
EMERSON. 22?
emulated their merits. He was a happy example of ^.^^^ j^^.^j that correct and rational style of evanu:elical preach-
° * 1811.
ing, of which the yet lamented Clarke has left so fair a specimen. Our departed brother had long been employed on a history of the First Church ; and was engaged in the analysis of the works and character of Chauncy, when his progress was ar- rested by the disease, of which he died, and he was called to join the company of those great and good men, whom he had before known only in their works, but now face to face.
Such is the constitution of society among us, that much of the care of our literary and charita- ble institutions devolves upon those clergymen, who have disposition and qualifications for the task. Mr. Emerson's industry, integrity, accu- racy, and fidelity were well known in the nume- rous societies, of which he was a member. The town has lost a diligent observer of its youth and their education ; the Academy and Historical Society an associate greatly interested in their flourishing state ; the University an attentive overseer. The clergy throughout the country have lost a hospitable and liberal brother ; his family a most careful and excellent father, hus- band, and master ; and his friends an honourable and faithful friend.
O 'tis well With him. But who knows what the coming hour VQ'l'd in thick darkness, brings for us I
328 E.VIERSOX.
SEC XVII "^^^^ following is, we believe, a correct list of his acknowledged publications.
1811.
1. Sermon at Harvavfl, 4 July, 1794.
2. Sermon at the artillery election, Boston, 1799.
3. Sermon before the Roxbury Charitable Society, 1800. 4f. Sermon at the ordination of Rev. Robert Smiley, 23
September, 1801.
5. Boston Oration, 4 July, 1802.
6. Sermon on the death of Rev. Dr. Thacher, 1802.
7. Sermon at the ordination of Rev. Thomas Bede,1803.
8. Sermon on the death of madam Bowdoin, i803.
9. Sermon before the Boston Female Asylum, 1805.
10. Sermon on the death of Charles Austin, 1806.
11. Discourse before the Humane Society. 1807.
12. The first, second, third, and seventh discourses in the fourth number of the Christian Monitor, with the pray- ers annexed to each discourse.
13. A selection of psalms and hymns, embracing all the varieties of subject and metre, suitable for private de- votion and the worship of churches. 12mo. i808.
II. Sermon at the ordination of Rev. Mr. Clark, Bur- lington, 1810.
His father was son of Rev, Joseph Emerson and Mary his wife, daughter of Rev. Samuel Moody of York. The following extract from an obituary notice of his early death is dated
"Concord, Nov ist 17r6. On the morning of the Lord's day, the 20th of October last, died at Rutland, on Otter creek, the Rev. Mr. William Emerson, pastor of the church of Christ in this town, in the 55th year of bis ag-e. His zeal for the liberties of his country, which appeared from the be- ginning of the present troubles, animated him to accomp-any his brethren in the reinforcement lately sent by this state to our army at Ticonderoga, as chaplain of a regiment. But tlie hardships, to which lie was exposed, soon overcame his delicate constitution, and brought on the symptoms of a bilious fever ; which, \\hen he h.ad proceeded a few miles on his return, attacked him v.itii greater violence, and prevailed, until his Lord called him from tlic labours find sufferings of this hfe to receive his reward."
f.OOD M£N ALWAYS DESIRE THE PRESENCE OF GOD
A SERMON,
DELIVERED AT FIKST CHURCH, BOSTON, 17 JULY, 1808, THE DAV OF LEAVING THE PLACE OF WORSHIP FOR A NEW EDIFICE. BY WILLIAM EMERSOy, THE PASTOR.
Exod. xxxiii. 15. If tliy presence g'o not witii me, carry us not up hence.
▼ ▼ E have arrived, my brethren, at so noticeable a peri- od in the history of our church, that I was unable to restrain myself from addressing you, on the singular oc- casion. For sufficient reasons, and, I hope, for our own and the common benefit in time to come, we are about to abandon this house, which, for ninety-five years, has been used, as a place of worship. In resigning it to a ruin, which, in a few years, would, in spite of all our exertions, inevitably have overtaken it, and which, in a few years more, will creep over all terrestrial things, we are naturally led to review the records of our society. We feel a strong inclination to recur to the days of our fathers, and trace the most memorable passages in their christian pilgrimage. This duty I had proposed to my-
230 SEKMON I.
self, in looking forward to the day, which we now be- hold. An unforeseen, and, to me, awful dispensation of providence however, in suspending the exercise of my ministry, seemed to cover this purpose, and all my other purposes, with a veil of darkness. But that God, whose province it is to heal as well, as to wound, is prolonging a life, which was apparently destined to immediate waste. May it be in mercy to my and your souls ! Blessed God ! " If thy presence go not with me, carry me not up hence !" If thy pleasure may not prosper in my hand, take away utterly that life, which thou hast so severely threatened ! For thy favour is life, and thy loving kindness is better than life. Never- theless, O God, not my will, but thine be done !
Since then it seems to be the will of heaven, that I should resume my pastoral labours, I cannot, I say, de- ny myself the pleasure of putting you in remembrance of the divine conduct, towards this church, in former generations, and of imploring, with you, the divine presence in our contemplated removal. It will hardly deserve the name of a discourse ; and, were not my sit- uation perfectly well known, I should sit in silence with you, and meditate on the desolation hastening upon these hallowed walls. But I cast myself on your candour and kindness, which, in most instances, have exceeded my expectations, and my deserts in all.
The words, which I place at the head of my dis- course, were spoken in an address to God by the he- brew legislator. On his way from Egypt to Canaan with the israelitish tribes, he was favoured of Jehovah with frequent interviews. The Deity is said to have conversed with him " face to face, as a man talketh
SERMON I. 23 X
with his friend." He was directed what course to pursue, when to travel, and where to rest. A cloud by day, and a fire by night, were tokens of the divine presence, and formed the guidance and consolation of the journeying Jews.
Moses had now received the ten commandments from the mouth of Jehovah. During his stay in the mount however, the rebellious disposition of the people broke forth, in a request to Aaron, that he would make them a god to go before them. At this unpardonable instance of infidelity, the anger of the Lord was justly kindled, and he said to Moses, " Depart, and go up hence, thou, and the people, which thou hast brought up out of the land of Egypt ; and I will s^nd an angel before thee ; for I will not go up in the midst of thee, for thou art a stiff-necked people, lest I consume thee in the way. And when the people heard these evil ti- dings, they mourned, and no man did put on him his ornaments." As for Moses, he was overwhelmed with sorrow. Though innocent himself of the great trans- gression, he was yet alive to its dangers and conse- quences, with respect to the people ; and as much,as he censured their folly, he was determined to share in their fate. He interceded for their salvation, and could not endure the thought of being deprived of the conduct of Jehovah. Irksome, as was a precarious residence in the wilds of Arabia, and pleasing, as was the prospect of resting in the land of Canaan, he was willing to re^ nounce the last, and endure the first, rather than losf the protection and presence of the Lord. " And he said, if thine own presence go not with us, carry us not up hence,"
SEllMON i.
The spontaneous prayer of any pilgrim to a better world ! Yes, good men always desire the presence of God. As they love what is excellent, so they desire to be intimately acquainted with the source of excellence. They have no relish for worldly advantages, if they can- not be enjoyed with the presence of God. Offer them power, and they reject it ; wealth, and they despise it ; pleasure, and they loathe it, if these goods are not to be possessed, except at the expense of their integrity, and their religious principles. They will not violate the laws of God to obtain the favour of man. They will not inhabit the most fruitful soil, and under the happi- est skies, and in the most magnificent buildings, if they must be confined to the company of the wicked, and deprived of the institutes and instructions of religion. Virtuous men, from the beginning of the world, have manifested a disposition to separate themselves from the workers of iniquity, and put themselves under the pro- tection of heaven.
This truth might be illustrated by numerous exam- ples in sacred history.
Abel had no sweet communion with his brother Cain, and Enoch preferred walking with God, in soli- tude, to mixing with the idolaters of his age. Noah sufficiently testified his desire for the presence of God, l)y seceding from the corrupt antediluvians, whom his preaching could not reform, and by building an ark for the salvation of his house. Abraham showed his regard for the divine presence, in renouncing his kindred and country, and seeking a habitation in a strange land. Isaac was under the influence of the same religious principle, and accordingly preserves himself and his
SERMON I. 253
family pure from the contagion of idolatry and vice, then prevalent in the world. And the same principle of piety actuated the vows and obedience of Jacob, who solemnly promised, " If the Lord will bring me in safety to the land of my fathers, then the Lord shall be my God." Joseph was an illustrious instance of a man, who desired the presence of God ; who kept his integrity amidst the most pressing temptations ; and who uniformly adhered to truth, conscience, and duty, whatever the adherence might cost him. Moses too, from the time, when he was called, to the day of his death, seems to have felt the same reverence and anxie- ty for the divine approbation, which he expresses in the text. He was ever unwilling to go, where God went not, and ever desirous to dwell, where God had pitched his abode. " He chose rather to sujffer affliction with the people of God, than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season ; for he had respect unto the recompense of re- ward." The same likewise may be said of Joshua, Caleb, Samuel, and David, who all desired to enjoy the divine favour, and to be guided by the divine hand. The last mentioned character especially was remarkable for the warmth of his devout affections, and the zeal he bore for the offices of the sanctuary. *' When," says he, *' shall I come, and appear before God ? I will go unto the altar of God, unto God my exceeding joy. How amiable are thy tabernacles, O Lord of hosts ! Lord ! I have loved the habitation of thy house, and the place, where thine honour dwelleth. One thing have I desired of the Lord, that will I seek after, that I may dwell in the house of the Lord all the days of my
FF
':3-i si:rmon i.
life, to behold the beauty of the Lord, and to inquire in his temple."
To this hst of worthies I might add the names of numbers of the hebrew prophets, who endured all sorts of temporal evil, rather than forfeit their allegiance to God, and their interest in his favour. See, in particu- lar. Job, Nehemiah, and Daniel, tormented with the sharpest afflictions, which were either incurred or borne from a regard to the presence and promises of God.
The catalogue might be swelled by the mention of a liost of christian confessors and martyrs, headed by the founder of our i eligion, who were all devoted to the will of God, who made his service their employment, and his glory the end of their ambition. Hear the blessed Jesus, amid the agonies, which he suffered in the gar- den. " The hour is come, and what shall I say ? Shall I say, Father, save me from this hour ? No ; thou knowest, that I came not to do my will, but thine. Glorify thvself." Similar was the language of all his apostles as soon, as they were instructed in the nature of the gospel. They had no will but God's ; and their seasons of travelling, and their places of rest, were en- tirely under the direction of Providence. They left their all, whether it were little or much, to follow Christ. Parents, children, and wives, lands, houses, and reputation, nowise hindered their obedience to the intimations of heaven. In the face of reproach and imprisonment, of tortures and death, they hesitated not to go, where God went, and to speak what he com- manded. No. " None of these things moved them, neither counted they their lives dear unto them, so that they might finish their course with joy, and the min- istry, which they had received."
SERMON 1. 235
Ecclesiastical as well, as biblical history, furnishes the lives of many, whose piety, and fidelity to their reli- gion, in the midst of bitter and sanguinary persecutions, are an honour to the christian name. Think of the universally harassed condition of christians, until the reign of Constantine. Recollect their sufferings under the cruel Dioclesian. Consider also the distressing and wicked wars, which differing sects of christians have waged with each other. In these various calamities, multitudes have suffered bravely, for what they have supposed to be the truth, and for the sake of enjoying that favour of God, with which the practice of virtue is connected.
If, my brethren, you go back only as far, as the be- ginning of the seventeenth century, you will find vast numbers of men, who honestly and gloriously con- temned the means of living, and the honours of the world, when weighed with the dictates of conscience and fidelity to their God. " Take away these goods," said they, " they are not worth our peace." Two thousand ministers of the gospel, at the period of which I am speaking, were ejected from their livings for their nonconformity to the church of England ; and many of them were hunted, with a malignant fury, from corner to corner, until the burden of their sorrows sunk them to the grave.
The conduct of the puritan fathers of Newengland il- lustrates the same sentiment of heroick piety. You well know, my brethren, the motives, which governed them in leaving the wealth, society, and comforts of Europe, for the wilds of America. They were unwil- ling to dwell, where they could not enjoy the presence
236 SERMON I.
of God. Resolved on worshipping God in spirit and in truth, they accounted no enterprises hazardous, and no sacrifices dear, which promised them so rich a priv- ilege. They valued their country, but they valued more dearly the rights of conscience. They loved their lives, but they loved their God more. They esteemed the civil and local immunities of their nation, but they 'esteemed, far more highly, the opportunity of educating their children in the fear of God ; in a knowledge of the first and inalienable duties of the rational nature ; and of rearing a pious, sober, and righteous generation. It was under the impression of these sentiments, that the pilgrims first sought an asylum in Holland, and after- wards crossed the Atlantick. It was from a regard to the approbation of God, that, as soon as they touched these shores, they dedicated themselves and their chil- dren to his service ; erected temples for his worship ; instituted colleges for the promotion of science and vir- tue ; and sowed the seeds of learning, piety, and good manners, wherever they planted a tree, or broke the soil. The neighbouring university and the numerous inferiour schools of literature, in this commonwealth, are so manv vesti2:es of their wisdom and beneficence. In particular, do the churches in this metropolis and vicin- ity give proof of their zeal for religion ; of their concern for the house of the Lord and its services ; and of their determination to support, at whatever expense, the inter- ests of learning and morals.
With what reverence and gratitude do we cherish the memory of men, who seemed to incorporate themselves with whatever promised to advance the Redeemer's kingdom and the interests ot posterity ! Wherever we
SERMON I. 23f
aast our eyes, we are saluted with tokens of their piety and care. So sincere and zealous were they to give a tincture of holiness to all their doings, that their civil polity was in a manner borrowed from the bible. They valued the approbation of their minds, more than the ap- plause of the world, and they feared no other powerj than God.
Such, my brethren, were the founders of this church, who came to this country to worship God agreeably to the dictates of conscience ; to serve him rather with the mind, than with the precisions of bodily posture ; and to honour him rather by a remarkable piety and holiness of life, than by a ritual, addressed to the imagination and the senses.
The history, which precedes this discourse, is evi- dence, that these principles were kept in view by your worthy predecessors. They were uniformly the support- ers of piety, order, and the rights of conscience. From the gathering of this church, to the present hour, its members have not ceased to worship God in the name of Christ. They have regularly maintained the ministry and ordinances of our common Lord. They have been attentive to the order and discipline of the churches, and the edification of individuals. And whilst they have duly respected the forms of antiquity, and opposed an innovating temper, they have cherished a laudable spirit of improvement. The freedom of our civil gov- erntnent has tended to abate the rigour of ecclesi- astical courts ; and the severity, with which discipline was formerly administered, has latterly been unknown among you. You have begun to believe, that the pow- er of councils is advisory merely ; that the only platform
238 SERMON I.
of church government, which is legitimate and obliga- tory, is contained in the scriptures ; that there is, upon earth, no iiifellible head of the church ; that we have only one master, even Chiist, and one only father, even God.
Tiiese articles of belief, my brethren, have, for many yeurs, been i'lnnly fixed in the minds of the members of this church. May these capital objects of our re- ligious association be kept constantly in view i
Through all the changes, incident to an ancient insti- tution, there has never been a time, in which you have not devoted tlie Lord's day, either by yourselves, or in union with a sister church, to the worship of God and christian edification.
The covenant, which was signed at Charlestown, on the twenty -seventh of August, 1630, was renewed in Boston, on the sixteenth day of October, 1632. It was then that this ecclesiastical establishment was begun. In that year was built the first edifice, which was ever rear- ed for publick worship in the town of Boston. It stood at some distance from this place, and vi^as far less spa- cious and magnificent, than even this ancient house. But its thatched roof and walls of mud answered all the purposes of marble temples with their gilded domes and cushioned altars. Enclosed in that humble meeting- house were some of the noblest and purest spirits, that ever bore the christian name. There the venerable Wilson exercised the functions of the pastoral office with the meekness of Moses, and the benevolence of St. John. There the learned, ethical, and eloquent Cot- ton expounded the scriptures with the boldness of an inspired prophet, and dictated, with holy zeal, the meas- ^ires of both church and state. There the excellent
SERMON I- 23P
Winthrop, the inflexible Dudley, and the godly Novvcj altcrncitcly prayed and prophesied, and gave the whole weight of their talents and influence in favour of evan- gelical principles and manners.
In the second edifice, which was completed in 1640, and stood till 1711, were still heard the teachings of Wilson and Cotton. It was there too, where the co- pious and masterly Norton urged home the doctrines of the gospel, upon the consciences of sinners ; where Davenport lifted his aged voice in pious supplications ; where Allen guarded the flock against the fanaticism of innovators ; where Oxenbridge poured forth his elo- quence before the great congregation ; where the scien- tifick Wadsworth perspicuously taught the way of sal- vation ; where the energetick Bridge called sinners to repentance ; and where the persecuted Moody and the unoffending Bailey generously lent their aid to the ser- vice of the sanctuary.
The present house was built in 1712, and has re- sounded with the instructions of Wadsworth and Bridge^ whom I have already named, and here my three imme- diate predecessors have publickly laboured. Yes, here the worthy Foxcroft exhorted his hearers to become rec- onciled unto God, through a blessed mediator. Here Chauncy's erudition dispelled the glooms of ignorance and fanaticism, and taught his hearers to offer to their God a reasonable service. And here the admirable Clarke, equally distinguished for his biblical and classi- cal knowledge, charmed his hearers to the knowledge and love of their duty.
In addition to the regular services of the ministers of this church;, the several edifices, which they hnvc bnilt
240 SERMON I.
have been devoted to the weekly labours of the neigh- bouring clergy. As early, as the settlement of Mr. Cotton, the 5th day or thursday lecture was begun to be preached. It was maintained by the ministers of this church, until 1679, when, at the request of the magis- trates, and by a vote of this church, the ministers of the Old North and Old South churches, then the only min- isters in town, were invited to take their turns in preach- ing this lecture. From that period to the present, as often, as a minister adjoins himself to the Boston Asso- ciation, he is requested, as a thing of course, to take his turn in preaching the thursday lecture. There was a time, when this lecture was suspended, about ten months, in the years 1775 and 1776. Dr. Andrew Eliot preach- ed the last of the old series, and the first of the new. How many excellent sermons has this institution been the means of producing ! What an incentive to lauda- ble emulation among the divines of this metropolis !
But this place is henceforth no more to be a scene of moral and religious entertainment. We are going to the fourth spot and the fifth house, which have been de- voted by this church to divine service. The history and habits of our society show, that it has indulged no superstition in regard to the places, modes, and times of religious homage,
W^e sometimes wish, and wish in vain, for the clear intimations of the divine will, which the Jews enjoy- ed. To us no Urim answers. For us no priest in gorgeous habiliments, supplicates the divine benediction. The time was, when a certain mountain in Judea alone was deemed holy ; and the belief still is, in many parts of i::hristcndomj that particular forms arc exclusively ac>
SERMON I. ^4i
ceptable to the most high God. But, to rational chris- tians, the hour has long since come, when true worship- pers worship the Father in spirit and in truth ; when every place is accounted holy, in which the one living and true God is adored by enlightened understandings and honest hearts, and where the rituals of religion are made subservient to a virtuous life. To the ancient jew indeed Jehovah declared, " In all places, where I record my name, there will I come 'unto thee and bless thee." And true it was, that, where that awful name was not inscribed, the priest offered no sacrifice, and the prophet waited in vain the inspiration of his God. Now, wherever there is a heart to pray, there the altar and the sacrifice are made ready. Now, wherever two or three are met together, in the name of Christ, there his father and our father, his God and our God will be in the midst of us, to listen to our requests, to pardon our sins, to sustain us under the troubles of life, and to grant us consolation and encouragement in our heaven- ly course.
Farewell, then, ye venerable walls ! you are not necessary to the purity of our worship. Much as we have loved this ancient habitation of the Most High, and notwithstanding the tenderness, with which we would treat the feelings of local devotion, we disclaim the idea, that, in relinquishing this for a more spacious and convenient church, we are guilty of robbing God of his dues, or the community of their sacred rights. No. We violate none of the laws of God in betterinp-
o
our accommodations for publick worship. We break none of the commandments of Jesus Christ, in exchang- ing a house, which is exposed to the noise and dust of a
24j SEiaiOX I
publick street, lor one, which is remote from the busi- ness and amusements of the town.
To my heart this edifice is dear, from various cir- cumstances. But to say, that the removal is attended with no painful sensations, we do not. Here it was, my brethren, that I received the charge of your souls, and here have I oi'ten renewed to you my vows of fidelity. Here we have frequently sitten, under the banner of Je- sus, and his fruit has been sweet to our taste. How of- ten have we here eaten the bitter herbs of penitence for past offences, and taken to our lips the cup of joy and salvation ! Here have I baptized and instructed your children, endeavouring to form them to the temper and habits of Jesus.
In uttering my own feelings, I have no doubt of ex- pressing" yours. It is true, not one of you present con- tributed personally, either of your wealth or wisdom, to the identical establishments, of which I have been speaking. But, God be praised, you have continued to walk in the steps of your fathers. There has never been a time, when you have been unwilling to provide things decent and honourable in the sight of all men, for the support of religious instruction, and for rendering commodious and amiable the tabernacles of our God. The church, which you have recently built, and in which you expect shortly to worship the God of your fathers, is another confirmation of the truth, deduced from the text, that good men desire the presence of God. If there were no zeal in this society for the maintenance of sabbatical rites, the advantageous arrangement, which you have lately made, would not have taken place. However therefore we may m this age be blamed for
SERMON 1 i443
our inferiority in religious zeal to our puritan ances tors, we are yet willing to make some sacrifices for the honour of God and the religion of Jesus. In every part of our country, there are some to be found, and thous- ands, I hope, in this capital of the state, who would be unhappy in a privation of sacred privileges, and who arc willing to deny themselves many enjoyments, and prac- tise many mortifications, for the love they bear to the interests of religion, and the hope they entertain of its blissful rewards.
There is in man a propensity to roam. He loves novelty and variety. Were it not for this disposition, no improvements would be made ; no sciences nor arts would be cultivated. Society would remain stationary, or rather be retrograde. Every man would contentedly continue in the condition, in which his father left him, and indolence, torpor, and sensuality would creep on all the bodily and mental faculties. Look at the condi- tion of the Chinese. Shut up within themselves, they have no enterprise nor ambition. The understanding is shackled,and errours are perpetuated ; and, though they may be free from the agitations of more improved soci- ety, their repose is that of the grave.
And now, Lord, what wait we for ? What is our heart's desire ? Is it wealth ? Or splendour ? Or power ? Or the pleasures of sense ? No, thou om- niscient being, thou knowest,that we want thy presence. We want the rest, which springs from peace of con- science, from sense of repentance, hope of thy pardon and the prospect of heaven. If thy presence go not with us in the bestowment of these favours, carry us not up hence.
S44 SEUMON I.
Justified therefore, my brethren, to our own con- »ciences, in this important transaction, let our future conduct be such, as shall meet the approbation of God. For let it never be forgotten, that, if we would have God's presence go with us, we must go with God's presence. We must fear the divine power, imitate the divine benevolence, and obey the intimations of the di- vine will.
Finally. In whatever place and under whatever cir- cumstances we may hereafter celebrate the praises of God, let us be careful to render him an acceptable ser- vice. Henceforth, if possible, let our worship be puri- fied from all superstition. Let no motives of worldly interest or ambition enter into our religious performan- ces. Let us carr}^ with us this truth to our new tem- ple, and bear it about with us continually, that the pub- lick offices of devotion are designed to promote the practice of virtue ; and that, if they fail of attaining this end, the Almighty will demand of us, " Who hath required this at your hands to tread my courts ?"
May the author of wisdom and power teach us the knowledge, and aid us in the performance of our whole duty, that,having served him voluntarily, sincerely, and faithfully, on the earth, we may at last be admitted to the general assembly and church of the first born in. heaven ! Amen,
TH£ QESIRES OP GOOD MEN WILL BE GRATIlrlEli.
A SERMON,
DELIVERED AT FIRST CHURCH, BOSTON, ON THURSDAY, 21 JULY, 1808, WHEN DIVINE SERVICE WAS FIRST PERFORMED IX THAT EDIFICE. BY WILLIAM EMERSON, THE PASTOR.
Exod. xxxiii. 14. My presence shall go with thee, and I will give thee rest.
A ND is there a place in the universe, where thou art not ? Omnipresent and eternal God ! Whither shall we go from thy spirit ? Or whither shall wc fly from thy presence ? The immensity of space is thy constant abode, and every portion of it is filled with thy glory.
Yes, my brethren, the vast creation is the dwelling- place of the Most High. Every ray of light is a proof of his presence. The awful womb of night is the pa- vilion of his rest. You feel his breath in every wind, that blows. His pencil is at work in every opening flower. His voice is audible in the musick of the for- est as well, as in the thunder of the skies and the roar of earthquakes. To mortal eyes he is indeed invisible. You go forward, but he is not there ; and backward,
246 SERAI y\ 11.
but you do not perceive him ; yet he is as really present in tliis place, as ye yourselves ; and you can as easily fly from yourselves, as from the beams of his eye, or the grasp of his hand.
Althougli however the presence of God is universal, it is not yet universally manifest. The Deity was as truly present in the bush, which Moses saw, before, as after, it was enveloped in flames. He was as really existing in all portions of the aerial expanse, always, as when the pillars of smoke and of fire conducted the steps of the hebrew pilgrims.
To this extraordinary and benignant display of the divine presence the venerable prophet alludes in the text. But a most heinous offence of the Jews awakened the anger of the Almighty, and caused him to threaten them with the loss of his presence. As God however is usually better to us, than our fears, and always better, than our deserts, so, in the case before us, he repented of the neglect, which he thought to show to the erring Israelites ; and he showed it not. Upon their penitence and promises of obedience, he blotted out their sin, and renewed his declarations to conduct and settle them in the land of Canaan. " My presence shall go with thee, and I will give thee rest."
Although there is a propensity in man to roam, yet there is also in his nature an almost uncopquerable love of rest. These two permanent principles in human na- ture the Creator has set over, one against the other, as mutual, salutary checks to the excesses of each. Thus if, in the ardour of youth, we love to go in quest of ad- ventures, in the torpor of age we are desirous of repose. We are with difficulty prevailed upon to quit our native
SERMON II. 24:
tir, and remove to scenes, with which we have associa- ted no sentiments of tenderness and affection.
Yet no man, in this probationary state, is permitted to gratify all the wishes of his heart. Good and evil arc wisely blended together, in every stage of our terrestrial career. Contrary to their wishes, many times, those, who love tranquillity, arc obliged to enter into the tu- mult and confusion of the world ; and there are those again, who delight in the bustle and noise of the multi- tude, who are compelled to walk in the path of seclusion.
Such, nevertheless, is the versatile nature of man, the all conquering power of habit, and the unchangeable goodness of God, that the ingredients of happiness arc ever within the reach of virtuous men. A man, at case in his conscience, and satisfied with his own en- deavours, can hardly be rendered miserable. A faithful servant of God may assuredly calculate on the favour of him, whose favour is life, and whose loving kindness is better than life. The presence of God may be always expected by a virtuous community. The desires of good men, having for their object the approbation and guidance of heaven, cannot fail of being eventually gratified. If God is infinitely good, he never would have created human beings, unless, in favour of those beings, he intended to display the benignity of his na- ture. The very existence of man is a proof of the goodness of God. The desire of happiness, in a crea- ture, evinces the possibility of a happy condition. The appetites of hunger and thirst afford proof, that bread and water may be obtained ; and they, who hunger and thirst after righteousness,are already pronounced happy ; so certain is it, that they will be filled.
::48 SERMON II.
The whole tcnour of the scripture promises is in la. vour of tlie sentiment, that God is the protector of good men, and that he will grant them the desire of their hearts. Our Saviour teaches, that God is better, than the best of parents. " If ye, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your children, how much more shall your heavenly father give good things unto them who ask him."
The conduct of the divine providence towards the virtuous, in every age, has been a beautiful illustration of the same consolatory truth. Recollect, my brethren, the lives of those eminently good men, whose pious de- sires were mentioned in the preceding discourse. You will find, that they had a sense of the divine favour, and a hope of the divine guidance. See the presence of God with Abel, in the witness which he received, that he was righteous. Enoch, before his translation, had this testimony, that he pleased God. The presence of God was eminently with Noah, whilst building the ark, and was afterwards his salvation and joy. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, though they did not receive the prom- ises, had yet the favour of God, in this world, and died in expectation of a better country, than Canaan supplied. The presence of God was with the patriarch Joseph, and the divine counsels wonderfully prospered in his hand. And Moses surely, among whose records the text is found, was extraordinarily the subject of divine favour., So too were Joshua, Caleb, and the posterity of the he- brew emigrants. Jehovah fulfilled the promise, which he had made to their fathers ; his presence went with them to the country of Palestine, where he gave them rest. It was a rest from the yoke of bondage, which
SEIIMON 11. 249
they endured in Egypt ; it was a rest from the wenri- some journics, which they were obliged to take in tlie arabiaii wilderness ; it was, lastly, a rest from the wars, Avhich they necessarily waged with savage nations. Bat it was not a rest from the ordinary labours of life, nor from the calamities, to which our nature is at all times exposed.
Beginning with the sacred founder of our religion, and tracing the history of his apostles and followers, through every successive period to the present, we shall have additional proof, that good men may be sure of the guidance of heaven. In every age of the world. God'ii presence is with them, and he gives them rest ; not indeed a rest of sloth ; not a rest of voluptuous- ness ; and not always a rest from the arrows of slander, and the sword of persecution ; for every age, probiibly, can furnish its Neros and Domitians. But the good are generally secure of a tranquil life, and are always untroubled by the persecutions of a guilty conscience, and the multitude of sorrows, which usually infest the path of the wicked. The rest, which God gave to good men, under the former dispensation, and to the early christians, was a rest from the unfruitful works of darkness, and from that sorrow of the world, which worketh death. And this kind of rest is the in- fallible portion of the righteous in the worst countries, and in the worst times. The good man cannot be de- prived of his confidence in God, and in the final recti- tude and benevolence of the divine administration. To be able to praise God in adversity as well, as prospe- rity, is to enjoy a peace, which passeth all understand- ing. To be superiour to the petty disasters and vexa
HH
2JJ SEKMON 11.
tioiis of lil'c ; to be able steadily to pursue, what is bnivcly designed ; to be deaf to the noise of a turbulent world, that the whispers of conscience may be distinctly heard ; and to descend with cheerfulness and hope into the valley of the shadow of death ; this is the peace of the just, and the most valuable rest, which, on this side heaven, remains for the people of God.
May those of us, who have experienced the presence of God, in moments of danger and affliction, and been able to commit our souls to a faithful Creator, when the terrible image of death was staring us in the face, be duly grateful to the almighty physician of soul and body ! Bless the Lord, O my soul, and all that is within me, bless his holy name ! Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits !
Such a rest, my brethren, as I have been describing was eminently the portion of those worthy men, who gave a name and a character to Newengland. Where was there ever a people, since the age of miracles, more favoured of heaven, than these puritan pilgrims ?
The governour and company of Massachusetts Bay, who laid the foundation of this christian society, in 1630, met innumerable difficulties in accomplishing their pious designs. But the presence of God was with them to dispel their fears, to increase their faith, and to animate their labours. The church, which they here planted, became a fruitful field. Their efforts to enlarge and enrich it were marvellously blessed. The expectations of our fathers were gloriously realized. A few years of toil were succeeded by an age of improve- ment and of rest. They were no longer tormented with the war whoop by night, nor with the sight of con
SERMON II. 251
flagrations and ruin by day. We rejoice to reflect upon the success, which crowned the exertions of men, who were w^armed with a love of truth, freedom, and the sreneral welfare to make the most noble sacrifices. We,
o
this day, look back with admiration and gratitude to God, when we think of the powerful talents, exemplary lives, and faithful services of a long succession of pas- tors and teachers, who have laboured in this christian vineyard, and who arc now at rest with God.
Let us be thankful, my brethren, for all the good ef- fects, which have resulted from this institution, in times past ; and for all the advantages, of whatever nature, which it now enjoys.
As far, as fallible mortals can judge, this day is aus- picious to our interests, as a religious community. In place of an ancient and decaying house, situated in the most busy and populous part of the town, w^e possess this new, commodious, and beautiful edifice ; where, in the silence of retirement, yet in the centre of the territo- ry of the metropolis, w^e may worship the Lord our God. Not that we contemn those venerable walls, which have enclosed so many pious worshippers, and which have so often resounded with excellent instruc- tions and the divine praises. No, thou God of our fathers, thou knouxst,that we, thy servants, " take plea- sure in the stones, and favour the dust thereof."
Nevertheless, we rejoice in a more decent and com- fortable church. And we bless God, who giveth skill to the children of men, for his remarkable protection of and smiles upon its artificers ; for the fortunate circum- stances, that have attended its erection and completion ; for the activity and firmness, gentleness and discretion.
SERMON ir.
which have marked the conduct of the committees of the society, in effecting this important arrangement ; and for the entire union, subsisting among us.
Ah, how good and pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity ! Next to the favour of God, it is nat- ural and right for good men to love the approbation of God's children. They may not indeed seek the praise of men, as an end ; but it delights their hearts to know, that their services are acceptable to the multitude of their brethren. It cheers and encourages them, in their labours for the good of the community, to know,that they have the wishes, prayers, and cooperation of the virtuous.
Withhold not this encouragement, my brethren, to Avell doing, when it is in the power of your hearts and tongues to bestow it. It is impossible, in all cases, to reward the patriotick for their publick -spirited exer- tions. The Israelites were unable to repay the benefi- cence of Moses with any thing in their gift ; the least they could do, was to give him their gratitude and con- fidence. Who does not admire the self-denial and enter- prise of Abraham, and what one of his descendants did not reflect on his faith, piety, and benevolence, with the highest degree of gratitude ? In every age of the world, those men are to be ranked among our greatest benefactors, who exert themselves to rear temples to the living and true God. We honour and love our parents, who brought us into the world, and nursed our infancy, and guided our childhood ; but those are our parents in the truest sense, who labour to create us anew in Christ Jesus ; who travail, as it were, in birth again, until Christ be formed \\ithin us, the hope of glory ; who in- d(3Cttinate us into the principles of the gospel, and mould us into the image of its blessed founder.
SERMON II. 25o
111 this connexion, the leading members of this socie- ty, who have originated and carried into effect the re- building of the house of our God, are entitled to our o-rateful acknowledsrments. May their successful el- forts in this honourable design serve to unite us still more fn-mly in the faith and charity of the gospel ; and may the bond of peace, by which the members of this fraternity have been bound together, continue to be its joy and glory to the latest posterity.
To this end, my brethren, you will keep the object of your religious association always in view. You will seek the things, which make for peace, and things, whereby one may edify another. You will do well to remember, that no professions, however pompous, no ceremonies, however splendid, no offerings, however costly, will any wise atone for moral defects. You will never, I hope, imagine, that the presence of God consists in the number of your ministers, in the riches of their learning, or in the lustre of their talents. The presence of God is real- ly and gloriously with you, when you practise virtue ; and the absence of virtue cannot be compensated by the building of the most gorgeous temples, and exhibitions of the warmest zeal.
It cannot be too deeply imprinted on our minds, that the means of virtue are not virtue itself. The contem- plation of the Deity, whether in the closet or the church, is well, if that contemplation inspires the love and imi- tation of his moral attributes. The Deity is a being of perfect justice, truth, wisdom, order, and benevolence. The worship of such a being naturally fills the mind with the admiration of every moral excellence. The love of God is the love of truth ; and he, ^vho professes
2S4 SERMON II.
to be a servant of God, and, at the same time, disre- gardtj his oath, his promise, or liis asseveratioti, is in fact a liar. The worship of God is reverence for perfect justice. He therefore, who worships God, and yet is guiky of fraud, is either ignorant of the nature of reU- gion, or practises hypocrisy. The homage, which christians pay in pubUek to the Father of the universe, is a homage to benevolence ; for he, who mvxXc uil things, is the lover and preserver of his creatures. He therefore, who worships God, and is, at the same time, malevolent and selfish, is either a stranger to religion, or mocks and contemns it. Let it then be clearly under- stood, that, in dedicating this temple to the most high God, we dedicate ourselves to the love, reverence, and practice of virtue. We hence consecrate the society to the veneration and culture of whatsoever things are just, true, honest, lovely, and of good report.
Forever sacred be this temple to the promotion of truth and righteousness ! Long after we, my brethren, shall have mingled our dust with the ashes of our fath- ers, may this vineyard of the Lord be fair and flourish- ing ! May her branches be beautiful, and out of her roots may there come forth many strong rods, who shall defend the truth of Jesus, and uphold the rights and liberties of the church universal. Peace be within her walls, and may faith and hope and charity be her constant guests ! For our brethren and companions' sake, we will now say, peace be within her ! As in times past, so in future, may the Highest himself estab- lish her ; and of this ancient church may it long contin- ue to be said, this and that man was born in her !
As for this house, which we have builded, let us re- member, brethren, that it is henceforth none other, than
SEllMOX II. 255
the house of God and the gate of heaven. How amia- ble are thy tabernacles, O Lord of hosts ! We will lierc serve thee with gladness, we will come before thy presence with singing. We will open the gates of righteousness, we will go into them, and praise the Lord. For the services of our earthly temples are not only a figure, but a foretaste, of the worship of that temple above, which is eternal in the heavens. We cultivate in these scenes of local devotion, the same moral and intellectual powers, which we hope will be expanded and brightened, and forever exercised, in the celestial courts. Blessed be this day, which cometh unto us in the name of the Lord, and let the peace of God rest upon this house ! Always may it have the power to call off our views and affections from a world of sense and sin, and exalt them to a world of intellect and order ! Ever may it be a place, where the Father of all shall be worshipped in spirit and in truth ; a place of serious inquiry and religious improvement; where the sympathy of kindred souls shall heighten the glow of devotion ; where the sweet communion of saints shall strengthen the piety, and cement the love of the broth- erhood ; and where the sincerity and fervour of our prayers, and the spirituality and harmony of our h}'mns, shall form at least some faint resemblance to the wor- ship of the general assembly and church of the first born in heaven.
It is there only, my brethren, where the presence of God aflfords fulness of joy, and where rivers of pleasure flow always at his right hand. Think not therefore to obtain permanent rest in this sublunary scene. Ev- ery thing wilhin, around, above, below, is continually
2o6 SERMON Jl.
saying to us, Arise ye and depart ; for this is not your rest. Heaven is the place of your happy destination. In that region of purity and peace there will be an ever- lasting end of cares and toils and pains ; and its blessed inhabitants arc made pillars in the temple of God, and go no more out.
Ah ! when, my brethren, shall we constitute part of that glorious and happy convention ? They have no longer any use for real temples, and these servile forms. The presence of God is indeed with them, and in it there is abundance of rest for the weary soul. Theirs is in truth a satisfying peace, and a blessed tranquillity. Their glorified frames know no fatigue, and their per- fected spirits no weariness. No sin assails the soul ; no enemy disturbs the joy ; no affliction imbitters the bliss, of the beatified saint. All is light and peace and felicity ; and their enlarged understandings, free from prejudices and err ours and doubts, emulate the knowl- edge and improvements of holy angels.
Let us be virtuous, my brethren, and this presence of God, this rest, shall be ours. By a proper reverence of God's house and worship on the earth, \ve shall ob- tain a seat in the mansions of heaven. Which may God of his mercy grant, through Jesus Christ our Lord . \men.
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