nil
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LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class
HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA
VOLUME 1
HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA
VOLUME 1
Paths of the Mound= Building Indians and Great Game Animals
BY
ARCHER BUTLER HULBERT
With Maps and Illustrations
THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY
CLEVELAND, OHIO
1902
v«
COPYRIGHT, I9O2 BY
THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
TO
MY FATHER
THIS SERIES OF VOLUMES
IS AFFECTIONATELY
DEDICATED
'Je ri1 aurais point aux Dieux demandt d' autrc pere.
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE ... .n
GENERAL INTRODUCTION . . 17
PART I I. THE COMPARATIVE METHOD OF STUDY 37
II. DISTRIBUTION OF MOUND-BUILDING
INDIANS . -43
III. EARLY TRAVEL IN THE INTERIOR . 53
IV. HIGHLAND LOCATION OF ARCHAEO
LOGICAL REMAINS . . .68
V. WATERSHED MIGRATIONS . . .94
PART II
I. INTRODUCTORY . . . 101
II. RANGE AND HABITS OF THE BUFFALO 103
III. EARLY USE OF BUFFALO ROADS . no
IV. CONTINENTAL THOROUGHFARES . 128
ILLUSTRATIONS
I. ARCH^OLOGIC MAP OF WISCONSIN (showing interior location of re mains) ...... 48
II. ARCH^OLOGIC MAP OF OHIO (showing
interior location of remains) . 52
III. ARCH/EOLOGIC MAP OF ILLINOIS AND
INDIANA (showing interior loca tion of remains) . . . -55
IV. EARLY HIGHWAYS ON THE WATER
SHEDS OF OHIO . . . -78
PREFACE
BEGINNING with the first highways of America, the first monograph of the series will consider the routes of the mound-building Indians and the trails of the large game animals, particu larly the buffalo, as having set the course of landward travel in America on the watersheds of the interior of the conti nent. The second monograph will treat of the Indian thoroughfares of Amer ica; the third, fourth, and fifth, the three roads built westward during the old French War, Washington's Road (Nema- colin's Path), Braddock's Road, and the Old Glade (Forbes's ) Road. The sixth monograph will be a study of Boone's Wilderness Road to Kentucky ; the seventh and eighth, a study of the principal portage paths of the interior of the continent and of the military roads built in the Missis sippi basin during the era of conquest;
12 HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA
Vol. IX. will take up the historic water ways which most influenced westward con quest and immigration; the famed Cum berland Road, or Old National Road, " which more than any other material structure in the land served to harmonize and strengthen, if not to save, the Union," will be the subject of the tenth monograph. Two volumes will be given to the study of the pioneer roads of America, and two to the consideration of the history of the great American canals.
The history of- America in the later part of the pioneer period, between 1810 and 1840, centers about the roads and canals which were to that day what our trunk rail way lines are to us today. The " life of the road " was the life of the nation, and a study of the traffic on those first highways of land and water, and of the customs and experiences of the early travelers over them brings back with freshening interest the story of our own " Middle Age. ' ' Horace Bushnell well said : " If you wish to know whether society is stagnant, learning scholastic, religion a dead formal ity, you may learn something by going
PREFACE 13
into universities and libraries; something also by the work that is doing on cathedrals and churches, or in them; but quite as much by looking at the roads. For if there is any motion in society, the Road, which is the symbol of motion, will indicate the fact. When there is activity, or enlarge ment, or a liberalizing spirit of any kind, then there is intercourse and travel, and these require roads. So if there is any kind of advancement going on, if new ideas are abroad and new hopes rising, then you will see it by the roads that are building. Nothing makes an inroad without making a road. All creative action, whether in government, industry, thought, or religion, creates roads." The days when our first roads and our great canals were building, were days when " new ideas were abroad and new hopes rising." The four volumes of our series treating of pioneer roads and the great canals will be a record of those ideas and hopes and the mighty part they played in the social development of Amer ica. The final volume will treat of the practical side of the road question. An index will conclude the series.
HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
NOTHING is more typical of a civiliza tion than its roads. The traveler enters the city of Nazareth on a Roman road which has been used, perhaps, since the Christian era dawned. Every line is typical of Rome; every block of stone speaks of Roman power and Roman will. And ancient roads come down from the Roman standard in a descending scale even as the civilizations which built them. The main thoroughfare from the shore of the Yellow Sea to the capital of Korea, used by millions for millenniums, has never been more than the bridle path it is today — fit emblem of a people without a hope in the world, an apathetic, hermit nation.
Every road has a story and the burden of every story is a need. The greater the need, the better the road and the longer and more important the story. Go back
18 HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA
even to primeval America. The bear's food was all about him, in forest and bush. He made no roads for he needed none, save a path into the valley. But the moose and deer and buffalo required new feeding- grounds, fresh salt licks and change of climate, and the great roads they broke open across the watersheds declare nothing if not a need.
The ancient Indian confederacies which tilled the soil of this continent and built great mounds for defense and worship — so great, indeed, that the people have even been known as "mound-builders" — un doubtedly first traveled the highest high ways of America. Some of them may have known the water-ways better than any of the land- ways — for their signal stations were erected on the shores of many of our im portant rivers — but the location of their heaviest seats of population was where we find the richest lands and the heaviest popu lations today, and that is in what may be called the interior of the continent, or along the smaller rivers. Such stupendous works as Fort Ancient and Fort Hill are located beside very inferior streams, and
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 19
between such works as these, placed with out any seeming regard for the larger water ways, these mound-building Indians must have had great thoroughfares along the summits of the watersheds. About these earthworks they constructed great, graded roadways, commensurate with the size of the works of which they were a necessary part, but so far as we know these early peoples built no roads between their forts or between their villages. They made no thoroughfares.
It was for the great game animals to mark out what became known as the first thoroughfares of America. The plunging buffalo, keen of instinct, and nothing if not a utilitarian, broke great roads across the continent on the summits of the watersheds, beside which the first Indian trails were but traces through the forests. Heavy, fleet of foot, capable of covering scores of miles a day, the buffalo tore his roads from one feeding-ground to another, and from north to south, on the high grounds; here his roads were swept clear of debris in summer, and of snow in winter. They mounted the heights and descended from
20 HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA
them on the longest slopes, and crossed each stream on the bars at the mouths of its lesser tributaries.
Evidence remains today to show what great thoroughfares these buffalo roads were, for on the summit of many of the greater watersheds may be seen the re mains of the old courses, and there the hoofprints of centuries of travel may yet be read. If the summit should be bare of trees, the very contour of the ground may suggest the old-time, deeply-trod roadway; where a forest lies over the summit a remarkably significant open aisle in the woods speaks yet more plainly of the ancient highway, where only shrubs and little trees are found in the center of the track.
It is very wonderful that the buffalo's instinct should have found the very best courses across a continent upon whose thou sand rivers such great black forests were thickly strung. Yet it did, as the tripod of the white man has proved; and until the problem of aerial navigation is solved, human intercourse will move largely on paths first marked by the buffalo. It is
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 21
interesting that lie found the strategic passage-ways through the mountains, so that the first explorers came into the West through gaps where were found broad buffalo roads ; it is also interesting that the buffalo marked out the most practical port age paths between the heads of our rivers — paths that are closely followed today, for instance, by the Pennsylvania and Baltimore and Ohio railways through the Allegha- nies, ,the Chesapeake and Ohio through the Blue ' Ridge, the Cleveland Terminal and Valley railway between the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas rivers and the Wabash railway between the Maumee and Wabash rivers. In one instance (that of the Cuyahoga- Tus carawas portage) the route of the ancient portage — most plainly to be discovered because it was for so long a time the boun dary of the United States that lands on the west of it were surveyed by a different system from those on the east — is crossed by a modern road seven times in a distance of eight miles.
But the greater marvel is that these early pathfinders chose routes, even in the rough est districts, which the tripod of the white
22 HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA
man cannot improve upon. A rare instance of this is the course of the Baltimore and Ohio railway between Grafton and Parkers- burg in West Virginia. That this is one of the roughest rides our palatial trains of today make is well known to all who have passed that way, and that so fine a road could be put through such a rough country is one of the marvels of engineering science. But leave the train, say, at the little hamlet of Petroleum, West Virginia, and find on the hill the famous old-time thoroughfare of the buffalo, Indian, and pioneer and follow that narrow ' ' thread of soil ' ' westward to the Ohio river. You will find that the rail way has followed it steadily throughout its course and when it came to a more difficult point than usual, where the railway is com pelled to tunnel at the strategic point of least elevation, in two instances the trail runs exactly over the tunnel. This occurs at both " Eaton's " tunnel, and *' Gorham's " tunnel (or " No. 6 ").
With the deterioration of the civilization to which the mound-building Indians belonged, the art of road-building became lost — for the great need had passed away.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 23
The later Indians built no such roads as did their ancestors, nor did they improve such routes on the highways as they found or made. But they collected poll- taxes from travelers along them, setting an example to generations of county commissioners who collect taxes for roads they do not improve.
That the later Indians used the paths made by the buffalo they hunted is beyond question. Warring Indian nations lured each other into ambush by stamping a buffalo hoof upon the soft ground in their trail. And when, later, Daniel Boone hewed his path through Cumberland Gap toward Kentucky, he plainly says that he left the Indian road on Rockcastle river and marked out the remainder of his way over a buffalo trace.
The great Indian trails, covering the land as with a network, and leading by the straightest practicable courses to all stra tegic points, became of momentous import ance to the white man when he turned his attention to the interior of the continent. When the Indian learned the value of his furs, a great tide of trade set eastward over a thousand rivers and woodland trails. On
24 HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA
these same rivers, but more frequently on the trails, white traders ventured westward with their bright wares — and the western land became known among a much larger coterie than before. The tales of the trad ers, together with dreams of commercial exploitation led to the first careful explora tion of the interior of the continent by such men as Walker, Gist, Boone, and Carver, to whom these narrow " roads of iron," as the Jesuit missionaries in the north called the rough Indian trails, were shining paths to an El Dorado. The first two great roads built westward were opened under the direc tion of trading companies: the road from the Potomac to the Ohio by Captain Cresap, for the first Ohio Company, and the road from Virginia to Kentucky by Daniel Boone, for the Transylvania Company. And these were at first only blazed and widened Indian thoroughfares which had been used from times prehistoric. Ji
The missionaries, too, were great ex plorers, and they knew the Indian thor oughfares perhaps better even than the traders ; at least they knew some that white men had never traveled before them.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 25
" Whither is the paleface going? " asked an old Seneca chieftain of the indomitable Zeisberger; " why does the paleface travel such unknown roads? This is no road for white people and no white man has come this trail before."
" We reached home very late at night," wrote a brave Jesuit, " after considerable trouble — for the paths were only about half a foot wide where the snow would sus tain one, and if you turned ever so little to the right or left you were in it half way up to your thighs."
When the land was once discovered, its conquest was directed along the very paths on which these explorers came. To the armies which conquered the West the Indian thoroughfares were indispensable. Washington followed narrow Indian trails while on his mission to the French on the Allegheny in 1753; in the year follow ing he widened Nemacolin's Path across the mountains over which he hauled his swivels to Fort Necessity. Braddock followed the same rough path in the suc ceeding year, making a great gorge of a road which, after a century and a half, we can
26 HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA
follow as plainly as a new-made furrow behind a plow — even to the ford and char- nel-ground where the thin red line was swept away in that torrent of lurking flame. Three years later, prejudiced against Vir ginia's Braddock Road, the dying but indomitable Forbes — truly, as the Indians called him, a Head of Iron — mowed an other swath of a road westward through Carlisle and Bedford to Fort Duquesne, that Pennsylvania herself might have a road through her own province to the Ohio river. Braddock's Road paused abruptly on the brink of a bloody ravine seven miles from Pittsburg; but the home-stretch of the road built by this Head of Iron is the beautiful Forbes Avenue of today.
The Great Trail of the West was the highway between Pittsburg and Detroit, and its story is the bloody story of the Revolutionary War in the West. For cen turies this path had been a famed thorough fare, throwing its great sinuous lengths over the watersheds from the lakes to the " Forks of the Ohio." Over this track the brave Swiss Bouquet led the first English army that crossed the Ohio river, making a
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 27
tri-track road to the Muskingum valley and bringing to a triumphal close Pontiac's bloody rebellion. The old Iroquois trail up the Mohawk valley and across the great watershed of New York to the Niagara river was a famous Revolutionary highway and afterward became one of the impor tant pioneer routes. On the Great Trail to Detroit Lachlan Mclntosh erected the first fort built by the thirteen colonies west of the Ohio, Fort Laurens on the Muskingum near Great Crossings, where Bouquet had thrown his army across the river in 1764. Indeed, throughout that whole half-cen tury of conflict in the Central West the lines of conquest were the lines of the earlier routes of travel. Washington, Braddock, Forbes, Bouquet, Lewis, Shirley, Sullivan, Clark, Brodhead, Crawford, Irvine, Mclntosh, Harmar, St. Clair, Wayne, and Harrison followed these old highways and fought their battles on and beside them. These campaigns were not made by water but by land. Had they been made by rivers, the courses of their routes would have been frequently de scribed and mapped as having an important
28 HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA
bearing on the history of each campaign. Because they were made by land over routes which have never received attention from historians the real ground- work of these campaigns has been entirely omitted. Each would be far better understood in every way if its route were clearly de fined. A thorough understanding of our history is impossible without a knowledge of these highways of trade and war and the strategic points they covered and con nected.
But of vaster interest is the study of the surging armies of pioneers and the occupa tion of the great empire conquered by these armies for them. To the emigrant each tawny trail was a path to a Promised Land. They came in thousands and hun dreds of thousands over the roads of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. And what roads they were ! It was impossible for those pioneer wagons to follow the Indian paths with any exactness. Even Braddock avoided the steeper hills and yet was compelled to lower his wagons from some hills with blocks and tackling — many being demolished at that. And yet to
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 29
avoid the high ground was inevitably to run into bogs and swamps which were even worse than the hills. We do not have roads a mile wide nowadays, but this was not an unheard-of thing in the days of the pioneer roads. It was preferable to have them a mile wide rather than a mile deep, which would certainly have been the case in some places if one track had been used alone. And even with numberless side tracks, skirting in every direction around the more dangerous localities, horses were not infre quently drowned, and great wagons heavy with freight sometimes sank completely out of sight. The Black Swamp Road through Ohio south of Lake Erie was one of the most important in the West. It is recorded that on one occasion six horses were able to draw a two-wheeled vehicle but fifteen miles in three days. A newspaper of August 31, 1837, affirms that " the road through the Black Swamp has been much of the season impassable. A couple of horses were lost in a mud hole last week. The bottom had fallen out. The driver was unaware of the fact. His horses plunged in and ere they could be extricated were drowned." It is
30 HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA
comforting to think there has been some improvement in our country highways. Such accounts as this would have a ten dency to influence the most skeptical.
The rivers were also great highways for emigration, particularly such streams as the Ohio which flowed west. With the building of the great canals new and more stable methods of travel were at the dis posal of prospective travelers and there was an increase in the great tide of home- seekers. The smaller inland rivers were not likely so largely used by these armies of pioneers as some have thought. For instance, in a history of one of the interior counties of Ohio (which is divided by one of the best rivers in the West) is a twenty- five page description of the first immi grants, and of only one does it say : * * James Oglesby was a very early settler . . . and is said to have traveled up the Mus- kingum and Walhounding rivers in true Indian style in a canoe." And, though the Ohio river was always a great highway to the West and Southwest, it was used less perhaps in the early days of the immi gration than later. Flat and keel boats
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 31
cost money, and money was a scarce article. In summer the river was very low, and one party of pioneers, at least, spent one-third of the entire time of journey from Connec ticut to Marietta, Ohio, in coming down the Ohio from near Pittsburg. It took half as long to come those two hundred miles by river as to come all the way from Con necticut to the Ohio in a cart drawn by oxen. Moreover, even as late as the time of the starting of a regular line of steamer packets from Pittsburg to Cincinnati ( 1 796) the passengers were assured in an adver tisement that, in addition to being provided a place to sleep and something to eat, they would have each a loophole from which to shoot! The coming of steam navigation revolutionized river travel as later it revolu tionized land travel.
This series of monographs will treat of the history of America as portrayed in the evolution of its highways of war and immi gration and commerce. The more impor tant highways, both land and water, will be specifically treated with reference to the national needs which they temporarily or
32 HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA
permanently satisfied. The study of any highway for itself alone might prove of indifferent value, even though it were an Appian Way; but the story of a road, which shows clearly the rise, nature, and passing of a nation's need for it, is of importance. It is not of national import that there was a Wilderness Road to Ken tucky, but it is of utmost importance that a road through Cumberland Gap made possi ble the early settlement of Kentucky, in that Kentucky held the Mississippi river for the feeble colonies through days when every thing in the West and the whole future of the American republic lay in a trembling balance. It is not of great importance that there was a Nemacolin's Path across the Alleghanies; but if for a moment we can see the rough trail as the young Major Washington saw it while the vanguard of the ill-fated Fry's army marched out of Wills Creek toward the Ohio, or if we can picture that terrible night's march Wash ington made from Fort Necessity when Jumonville's scouting party was run at last to cover by Half King's Indians, we shall know far better than ever the true story of
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 33
the first campaign of the war which won America for England, and realize as never before what a brave, daring youth he was who on Indian trails learned lessons that fitted him to become a leader of half- clothed, ill-equipped armies.
The first aim of these monographs is suggestiveness ; there is a vast deal of geo graphic-historical work to be done through out the United States. There is no more interesting outdoor work for local students than to trace, each in his own locality, the old land and water highways, Indian trails, portage paths, pioneer roads or early county or state roads. Maps should be made showing not only the evolution of road-making in each county in the entire land, but all springs and licks of importance should be correctly located and mapped; sites of Indian villages should be marked ; frontier forts and blockhouses should be platted, including the surrounding de fenses, covered ways, springs or wells, and paths to and fro; traders' huts should all be placed, ancient boundary lines marked, old hunting-grounds mapped. Those who can
34 HISTORIC HIGHWAYS OF AMERICA
assist students in such explorations are fast passing away. Much can be done this year that can never be done so well in all the years which will succeed.
In subsequent monographs the author will endeavor to thank such persons as have assisted him in their preparation. For the work already completed and for that yet to be done I am especially indebted to Mr. Arthur H. Clark, for encouragement and assistance ; to the Hon. Rodney Metcalf Stimson, for the freedom of his splendid collection of Americana lately presented to Marietta College ; and to the patient, devoted assistance and collaboration of my wife.
A. B. H.
MARIETTA, OHIO, July i, 1902.
PARTI Paths of Mound-Building hrdrans
CHAPTER I
THE COMPARATIVE METHOD OF STUDY
THE latest explorations of the mounds erected by those first Americans, known best as the mound-building Indians, have revolutionized our concep tions of the earliest race of which we know in America. Very many notions, founded upon the authority of the earlier archae ologists, seem now to be either partly or wholly incorrect. Many assumptions as to the population of this country during the mound-building era, the degree of the civilization, and the perfection of the arts, have not been substantiated by the more accurate studies which have been made in the past decade.
The most important reason why so little progress has been made in unraveling the mystery of the mounds that abound in cen tral North America is that " the authors
38 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
who have written upon the subject of American archaeology have proceeded upon certain assumptions which virtually closed the door against a free and unbiased inves tigation." l Of these assumptions, the one most detrimental to the advance of the study of archaeology is that which has affirmed that ' ' mound-builders ' ' and Amer ican Indians were two distinct races; thus all conclusions reached concerning the "mound-builders" which were founded upon the earliest knowledge we have of the American Indian were denied to archaeol-
ny . But the evidence of latest explorations d investigations makes it positive that the ' ' mound-builders ' ' were not a race distinct and apart from the race we know as Amer ican Indians : ' ' The links directly connect ing the Indians and mound-builders are so numerous and well established that archae ologists are justified in accepting the theory that they are one and the same people."2 This fact having been placed beyond the realm of speculation, a great mass of
1 Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Eth nology, p. 601. */</., p. 17, art. 7.
COMPARATIVE METHOD OF STUDY 39
testimony furnished by the study of the American Indians is to be admitted in settlement of the question raised concern ing the history of the mound-builders in America.
First, this testimony will be found to set aside once and for all the exaggerated state ments as to the high grade of civilization reached by these first Americans. It does not appear that the mound-building Indians occupied a higher plane than that reached by the Indians as first known by Europe ans. One of the most exaggerated notions of these Indians is that which ascribes to them very perfect ideas of measurement; the alleged mathematical accuracy of cer tain of their monumental works having been cited repeatedly as a sign of their advanced stage of civilization. It has even been affirmed that their mathematical accuracy could hardly be excelled by the most skillful engineers of our day.
Recent explorations have dispelled this entertaining theory : ' * The statement so often made that many of these monuments have been constructed with such mathe matical accuracy as to indicate not only a
40 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
unit of measure, but also the use of instru ments, is found upon a reexamination to be without any basis, unless the near approach of some three or four circles and as many squares of Ohio to mathematical correctness be sufficient to warrant this opinion. As a very general and in fact almost universal rule the figures are more or less irregular, and indicate nothing higher in art than an Indian could form with his eye and by pacing." 3
The fanciful theory of a great teeming population during the mound-building era is equally without foundation. Even the size and extent of the mounds do not imply a great population. An authority of repu tation gives figures from which it can be shown that four thousand men, each trans porting an equivalent of one wagon-load of earth and stone a day, could have erected all the mounds in the state of Ohio (which contains a greater number than any other in the Union) in one generation.4
3 Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnol ogy* P- 645.
4 Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio, vol. vii., partii., p. 37.
COMPARATIVE METHOD OF STUDY 41
When it is realized that the art for which the earliest Indians have been most extolled was not, in reality, in advance of that known by the ordinary Indian, and that the population of the country in the mound- building1 era cannot be shown to have exceeded the population found when the first white men visited the Indian races, it is easy to see in the erection of the mounds, the burial of dead, the rude imple ments common to both, the poor trinkets used for ornamentation, the houses each built, the weapons each employed, a vast deal of additional testimony proving that the " Mound-builder" and Indian were of one race.
Thus the true historical method must be to compare what is definitely known of the earliest Indians with the relics and memo rials which are surely those of the mound- building era in order to reach undoubted facts concerning the prehistoric Indians. This applies equally to customs, weapons, edifices, ornaments, and what is of present moment to our study : highways of travel.
However, a complete detailed study of the highways of the early Indians according
42 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
to this method will not be indulged in for certain respectable reasons; there are very few undoubted routes of the mound-build ing1 Indians, and a detailed comparative study of these and later Indian routes would become, under the circumstances, too speculative to be of genuine historical value. Our purpose, then, will be, merely to give the reasons for believing that the earliest Indians had great overland routes of travel ; that, though they lived largely in the river valleys, their migrations were by land and not by water — in short, that these first Americans undoubtedly marked out the first highways of America used by man, as the large game animal, the buffalo, marked out the first great highways used by animal life.
These highways were the highestways because their general alignment was on the greater watersheds : and our study may be better described perhaps by a subtitle — a study in highestways.
CHAPTER II
DISTRIBUTION OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
THE mounds of these first Americans of which we know are found between Oregon and the Wyoming valley, in Pennsylvania, and Onondaga county in New York ; they extend from Manitoba in Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.
The great seat of empire was in the drainage area of the Mississippi river; on this river and its tributaries were the heav iest mound-building populations. Few mounds are found east of the Alleghany mountains.
In the Catalogue of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains, issued by the Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Insti tution,5 the geographical extent and density of the mounds in central North America is brought out state by state with striking suggestiveness. While the layman is 5 Bulletin, 1891.
44 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
warned that these maps " present some features which are calculated to mislead," and that the maps indicate ' ' to some extent the more thoroughly explored areas rather than the true proportion of the ancient works in the different sections," still some conclusions have already been reached which future exploitation will never weaken.
It is not expected that future investiga tion will change the verdict that the heav iest mound-building population found its seat near the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. ' ' There is little doubt, ' ' writes Dr. Thomas, "that when Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia have been thoroughly explored many localities will be added to those indi cated . . . but it is not likely that the number will be found to equal those in the area drained by the Ohio and its affluents or in the immediate valley of the Missis sippi." 6
This fact, that the heaviest populations of the mound-building Indians seem to have been near the Mississippi and Ohio is, of
^Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnol ogy, P- 525-
THEIR DISTRIBUTION 45
course, shown by the archaeological maps. In a rough way, subject to the limitations previously mentioned, it can be found that the following fourteen states contain evi dences of having held the heaviest ancient populations :
Ohio, Michigan,
Wisconsin, Georgia and Arkan-
Tennessee, sas,
Illinois, Missouri and North
Florida, Carolina,
New York, Minnesota,
Kentucky, Iowa,
Indiana, Pennsylvania.
Now, by our last census the states which contain the largest population today are : New York, Indiana,
Pennsylvania, Michigan,
Illinois, Iowa,
Ohio, Georgia,
Texas, Kentucky,
Missouri, Wisconsin,
Massachusetts, Tennessee.
Thus of the fourteen most thickly popu lated states today perhaps twelve give fair evidence of having been most thickly popu-
46 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
lated in prehistoric times. As a general rule (but one growing less reliable every day) the heaviest population has always been found in the best agricultural regions ; the states having the largest number of fertile acres have had, as a rule, the largest populations — or did have until the cities grew as they have in the past generation.
This argument, though necessarily loose, still is of interest and of some importance in the present study. The earliest Indians found, without any question, the best parts of the country they once inhabited if we can take the verdict of the present race which occupies the land.
Coming down to a smaller scope of terri tory, can it be shown that in the case of any one state the early Indians occupied the portions most heavily populated today? It has been said that, in Ohio, four counties contain evidence of having been the scenes of special activity on the part of the earliest inhabitants: Butler, Licking, Ross, and Franklin. These are interior counties (at a distance from the Ohio and Lake Erie) and, of the remaining sixty-three interior counties in the state, only seven exceeded
£*UFQ«M\*^
ARCHAEOLOGIC MAP OF WISCONSIN [Showing interior location of remains}
}
THEIR DISTRIBUTION 49
these four in population in 1880 — when the cities had not so largely robbed the country districts of their population as now. Thus the aborigines seem to have been busiest where we have been busiest in the last half of the nineteenth century.
In Wisconsin the mound-building Indians labored most in the southern part of the state, where the bulk of that state's popu lation is today — seventy-five per cent being found in the southern (and smaller) half of the state.
In Michigan, a line drawn from the northern coast of Green Bay to the south western corner of the state includes a very great proportion of the archaeological re mains in the state. That line today em braces on the southeast thirty-three per cent of the counties of the state, yet sixty-three per cent of the population.
Thus it can be said that in a remark able measure the mound-building peoples found with interesting exactness the por tions of this country which have been the choice spots with the race which now occu pies it.
Here, in the valleys, and between them,
50 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
toiled their prehistoric people. Their low grade of civilization is attested by the rude implements and weapons and domiciles with which they seem to have been content. Divided, as it is practically sure they were, into numerous tribes, there must have been some commerce and there was, undoubt edly, much conflict. Above their poorly cultivated fields, or in the midst of them, they erected great earthen and stone for tresses, and, flung far and wide over valley and hill, stand the mounds in which they buried their dead.
ARCHAEOLOGIC MAP OF OHIO
[Showing interior location of remains}
CHAPTER III
EARLY TRAVEL IN THE INTERIOR
IT has been noted that a considerable portion of archaeological remains in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Wiscon sin are inland — or away from the largest river valleys. The lands on the lesser streams were occupied in some instances for the entire distance to the springs. For instance, in Ohio and Kentucky we find only a fraction of the ancient works on the shores of the Ohio river — either mounds or forts. In Ohio the largest collections are found in the interior counties mentioned, as is the case in Kentucky, at a distance varying from fifty to one hundred and fifty miles from the great water highway which flows by these states on the north or on the south.
As with these states, so with the counties within them — the mound-building people seem to have been scattered widely. An
54 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
archaeological map of Butler county, Ohio, shows that the remains are found every where quite without reference to the largest streams. In this county there are more works in Oxford township in the far corner of the county than in Hanover township, which lies between Oxford and the Miami river. Today there are six hundred more inhabitants in Oxford township (exclusive of the population of Oxford village) than in Hanover township. There are more remains in Reily township, which is sepa rated from the Miami by Ross township, than in Madison township, which is bounded by the Miami and is drained by a larger stream than any in Reily. St. Clair town ship contains several works in the western portion, on the branches of the Miami river, and almost none at all in the eastern portion which is bounded by that river itself.
Crawford county, Wisconsin, has also been mapped. Though bounded on the south and west by the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers, fifty per cent of the ancient works are at a distance from those streams.
ARCHAEOLOGIC
[Showing
MAP OF ILLINOIS AND INDIANA
interior location of remains}
EARLY TRAVEL IN THE INTERIOR 57
The large proportion of remains in Ken tucky are in the western portion of the state situated along the watershed between the Ohio and Tennessee valleys. In Indiana the great majority of works are in the eastern tier of counties where there are no streams of importance.
This makes up a sum of testimony that enables one to say that in some instances at least the mound-building peoples were largely a rural people ; in some noticeable instances their works are found more pro fusely on the smaller streams than on larger ones. In this they differed in no wise from the red-men who were found living in these regions mentioned when the whites first came to visit them, and we might have held to our original line of reasoning to reach this same conclusion. It might have been shown that the red- men in Ohio and some of the neighboring states lived more on the smaller streams than on the larger ones, and then made the deduction that the mound-building people did the same.
For this was true. The three centers of Indian population in Ohio were on the
58 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
smaller streams. The Delawares made their headquarters on the upper Muskin- gum; the Wyandots had their villages on the Sandusky river and bay ; the Shawanese were on the Scioto, and the Miamis on the rivers that have borne their name. The well-known Indian settlements on the Ohio and on Lake Erie can almost be counted on the ringers of one hand, while the towns at Coshocton, Chillicothe, Piqua, Fremont, and Dresden were of national importance during the era of conquest. Referring to the location of the Indians of Ohio an early pioneer casually writes: " Their habita tions were at the heads of the principal streams. ' ' 7 There was almost no exception to the rule.
The explanation of this may be found partly in the great floods which were, doubt less, more menacing near the larger streams. While the floods rise perhaps faster today, it is doubtful if they reach the height that they did in earlier days. Then, at flood- tide, a thousand forest swamps, licks, pools, and lagoons which do not exist today added their waters to the river tides. General
7 Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler, p. 23.
EARLY TRAVEL IN THE INTERIOR 59
Butler, who was on the lower Ohio just after the Revolution, was advised by a friendly Indian chief to locate Fort Finney high up from the Ohio in order to be clear of high water. Under the date of October 24, 1785, he wrote in his Journal : " Capt. George, who had lived below the mouth of this river [Miami] assured me that all the bank from the river for five miles did abso lutely overflow, and that he had to remove to the hill at least five miles back, which determined me to take the present situa tion."8
Under such circumstances as these it is not surprising that the Indians preferred the little rivers to the larger ones. The smaller streams amid their hills did not rise so high, and when they did rise safe camping spots could be found on high ground not far removed.
What was true of these Indians was probably true of any antecedent race.
Assuming, then, that the mound-building people lived (in these states more particu larly noticed) on the lesser " inland"
8General Butler's Journal, "The Olden Time," vol. ii., pp. 455-456.
60 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
streams where the later Indians were found, there is no question but that they moved about the country more or less as the Indians themselves did. Although the former people were more nearly a station ary people, yet we know that they hunted, and it is not reasonable to believe that they did not have commercial intercourse. In fact, from the contents of their mounds, we know they did. We also know that the various tribes made war upon one another, or at least were made war upon by some enemy.
All this necessitated highways of travel. Any one who has studied the West during Indian occupancy does not need to be asked to remember that travel in the earliest days in the interior was by land as well as by water. Those making long journeys at propitious seasons, such as the Iroquois who went southward in war parties, the Moravians being transferred to Ohio from Pennsylvania, pioneers en route down the Ohio river to Kentucky, the Wyandots on their memorable hegira to the Detroit river, used the waterways. But the main mode of travel for explorers, war parties, pioneer
EARLY TRAVEL IN THE INTERIOR 61
armies and missionaries seems to have been by the paths which threaded the forests.9
Of the hundreds of Indian forays into Virginia and Kentucky there is perhaps not one, even those moving down the Scioto and up the Licking, that used water trans portation. In their hunting trips the canoe was useless except for transporting game and peltry to the nearest posts, and this was done often on the little Indian ponies.
For long months the lesser streams were ice-bound in the winter; in the summer, for equally long periods, they must have been nearly dry, as in the present era of slack-water navigation the larger of them are frequently very low. Even travel on
9Cf. Gist's, Dr. Walker's, Boone's, Washington's, Post's, Zeisberger's, Croghan's, Heckewelder's, journeys into the West as related in their Journals or letters; note the routes of such armies as those led by Bouquet and Mclntosh which went from Fort Pitt to the interior of Ohio, or by Lewis which marched from Virginia to the mouth of the Great Kanawha, or by Harmar, St. Clair, and Wayne, which went northward from the Ohio river toward the Great Lakes. Troops were shipped fre quently from Pittsburg and Detroit westward by water, but is there one instance where they were transported into the interior on the smaller rivers? Cf. Pentland's Journal, " History of Western Pennsylvania," appen dix, pp. 389-391.
62 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
the Ohio in low-water months was exas- peratingly slow. One pilgrim to Ohio spent ninety days en route from Killingly, Connecticut, to Marietta, Ohio — thirty-one of them being spent in getting from Will- iamsport, Pennsylvania, down the Monon- gahela and Ohio to Marietta! Tbe journey from Connecticut in a cart drawn by oxen to the Monongahela took but twice the time needed to come down the rivers to Marietta on a ' ' Kentucky ' ' flatboat ! 10 With high- water, and going down stream, a hundred miles a day could be covered.11
That the first pioneers into the interior of Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana preferred land routes to water is plain to the most casual reader of the history of the pioneer period. Such great entrepots as Wells- burg, Ohio, Limestone, Kentucky, and Madison, Indiana (all on the Ohio), attest the fact that the travel to the interior was by land routes and not by the smaller rivers.
And so, throughout historic times, one rule has held true in the region now under
™Ltfe and Times of Ephraim Cutler, p. 21. 11 Hildreth's Pioneer History, p. 159.
EARLY TRAVEL IN THE INTERIOR 63
survey : that the lesser streams have never been used to any large degree as routes of travel by the white race, or by the red race before them. It is thus reasonable to believe that the earliest people, who so largely inhabited the interior valleys, found land travel more sure and expeditious than water travel on the little streams. A great many mound-building people lived by these smaller streams where so many of their works now stand. That they had ways of getting about the country goes without say ing. In some instances the earth and stone with which they worked was brought from a distance. This could not have been accomplished by any means by water. We know they fought great battles ; it is exceed ingly doubtful and all against the lesson taught in times that are historic, that these armies traveled water routes. True, there were watch " towers" along the river banks, and the rivers of real size were un doubtedly the routes of armies — but it has been the opinion of some archaeologists that their enemies came from the north. There are no rivers flowing from the inte rior of Ohio, for instance, to Lake Erie that
64 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
are even now when dammed of a size suffi cient to warrant us the belief that great armies passed over them.12 We cannot imagine a hostile army of power great enough to have necessitated the building of such a work as Fort Ancient ever coming to it on the little river on which it stands. Speaking of the mound-building Indians, MacLean remarks : ' * In order to warn the settlements [of mound-builders], where such a band should approach, it was found necessary to have . . . signal stations. Judging by the primitive methods em ployed, these wars must have continued for ages. If the settlements along the two Miamis and Scioto were overrun at the same time before they had become weakened, it would have required such an army as only a civilized or semi-civilized nation could send into the field. It is plausible to assume that a predatory warfare was car ried on at first, and on account of this the many fortifications were gradually built.
12 Gen. Moses Cleaveland, on coming to the site of the city which bears his name, found he could not ascend the Cuyahoga because of the vast quantity of deadwood which filled it.
EARLY TRAVEL IN THE INTERIOR 65
During a warfare such as this, the regular parties of miners would go to the mines, for the roads could be kept open, even should an enemy cross the well-beaten paths."13 Here a scholar of reputation gives the strongest kind of evidence in a belief that overland routes of travel were in existence and were employed in prehis toric times — by incidentally referring to them while discussing another question. It is difficult to think of any possible alternative. The verdict of history is all against another.
Assuming, then, that overland routes of travel were used by this earliest of Ameri can races of which we have any real knowl edge, it is to the purpose of our study to consider where such routes were laid. L The one law which has governed land travel throughout history is the law of least resistance, or least elevation. " An easy trail to high ground " is a colloquial ex pression common in the Far West, but there has been a time when it was as common to Pennsylvania and Ohio as it is common today along the great stretches of the
18MacLean's Mound Builders, p. 145.
66 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
Platte. The watersheds have been the highways and highestways of the world's travel. The farther back we go in our his tory, the more conclusive does the evidence become that the first ways were the highest- ways. Our first roads were ridge roads and their day is not altogether past in many parts of the land. These first roads were " run," or built, along the general align ment of the first pioneer roads, which, in turn, were nothing more than " blazed" paths of the Indian and buffalo^ A single glance at one of the maps of tne Central West of Revolutionary times, for instance, will show how closely Ifire first routes clung to the heights of the watersheds. And for good reason : here the ground suffered least from erosion ; here the forests were thin nest; here a pathway would be swept clear of snow in winter and of leaves in summer by the swift, clean brooms of the winds. For the Indians, too, the high lands were points of vantage both in hunting and in times of war.
In every state there were strategic heights of land, generally running westward; in Ohio, for example, the strategic watershed
EARLY TRAVEL IN THE INTERIOR 67
was that between the heads of the lake rivers and the heads of those flowing south ward into the Ohio. Across this divide ran the Great Trail toward Detroit and the lake country. In western Virginia a strategic watershed was that formed between the heads of streams flowing northward into the Ohio and southward into the Kanawha. And in a remarkable degree the strategic points of a century and a half ago are the strategic points today, a fact attested by the courses of the more important trunk rail way lines. The steady rise and importance of such a city as Akron, Ohio, is due to a strategic situation at the junction of both an important portage path and of a great watershed highway.
With all these facts in mind it is not pre sumptuous then to inquire whether the mound-building Indians did not find the high lands and mark out on them these first highways of America.
CHAPTER IV
HIGHLAND LOCATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS
IN examining the standard work on the exploration of the American mounds, the Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institu tion, by Dr. Cyrus Thomas, it is plain that the mound-building Indians were well acquainted with the watersheds and high lands in the regions which they occupied. As a general rule it can be said that they cultivated the lowlands and built their forts and mounds upon the adjacent heights; but, so widespread are their works over the counties which they occupied, that it seems evident that they were at least well acquainted with all the surrounding terri tory. Whatever may have been the signifi cance of their works, it is reasonable to believe that they were erected to be seen and visited ; it is sane to believe that they
HIGHLAND LOCATION OF REMAINS 69
were erected near the highways traveled, as has been the case with all other races of history. It is now in point to show that their mounds and effigies were not only on high ground, but often on the ranges of hills.
Examining Crawford county, Wisconsin, we find the mound-builders' works " on the main road from Prairie du Chien to East man," which " follows chiefly the old trail along the crest of the divide between the drainage of the Kickapoo and Mississippi rivers. . . The group is, in fact, a series or chain of low, small, circular tumuli ex tending in a nearly straight line northwest and southeast, connected together by em bankments. . . They are on the top of the ridge."14
" About 2 miles from Eastman, just east of the Black River Road, . . . are three effigy mounds and one long mound. . . They are situated in a little strip of woods near the crest, but on the western slope of the watershed and near the head of a coulee or ravine. ' ' 15
14 Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnol-
°gy, P- 52.
15 Id., pp. 54-55-
70 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
" In the same section . . . are the remains of two bird-shaped mounds, both on top of the watershed." 16
' The next group surveyed . . . are on the crest of the ridge heretofore men tioned and on both sides of the Black River Road."17
11 Mound No. 23 ... is also in the form of a bird with outstretched wings. It lies ... on top of the ridge, with the head lying crosswise of the highest point." 18
" Mound No. 24 is close to the right or east, on the high part of the ridge, extend ing in the same direction as 23." 19
1 Northward of this group some 400 yards, there is a mound in the form of a quadruped, probably a fox, . . . partly in the woods and partly in the field on the west side of the road. It is built on the crest of the ridge with the head to the south."20
16 Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnol ogy, P- 54- 17 Id., p. 56. ls/^., p. 58. 19 Id., p. 58. 20 /</., p. 59-
HIGHLAND LOCATION OF REMAINS 71
" About a mile southward of Hazen Cor ners ... is a group. . . . They are all situated on the northern slope of the ridge not far from the top." 21
" . . . A small group . . . situ ated west of the Black River Road, . . . on the top of the ridge in the woods. The ridge slopes from them to the east and west. ' ' 22
" Some 10 or 12 miles southwest of the battle-field of Belmont [Missouri] is one of the peculiar sand ridges of this swampy region, called Pin Hook ridge. This ex tends 5 or 6 miles north and south, and is less than a mile in width. . . There is abundant evidence here that the entire ridge was long inhabited by a somewhat agricultural people, with stationary houses, who constructed numerous and high mounds, which are now the only place of refuge for the present inhabitants and their stock from the frequent overflows of the Mississippi." w
21 Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnol ogy^ p. 60. 22 Id., p. 62. 23 Id., p. 184.
72 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
" These . . . are situated on the county road from Cairo, Illinois. . . . They are the highest ground in that im mediate section ' ' (Missouri).24
Crowley's Ridge, running through Green, Craighead, Poinsett, and St. Francis coun ties (Arkansas) forms the divide between the waters of White and St. Francis rivers, and terminates in Phillips county just below the city of Helena. Most of the bottom lands are overflowed during high water. There are some evidences of archaeological remains throughout the length of this ridge.25
" The works . . . one mile north east of Dublin [Franklin county, Ohio] are on a nearly level area of the higher lands of the section. ' ' ^
" The group shown . . . is on a high hill near the Arnheim pike, Brown county [Ohio]."27
" On nearly every prominent hill in the
24 Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnol ogy, p. 192. 26 Id., pp. 198-215. 26 Id., p. 449. "/A, p. 451.
HIGHLAND LOCATION OF REMAINS 73
neighborhood of Ripley [Brown county, Ohio] are stone graves." 28
" Just east of Col. Metham's residence, on a high point overlooking the valley was a mound." 29
"... A group . . . located 2 miles southwest of the village of Browns ville [Licking county, Ohio] and half a mile south of the National Road, on a high hill, from which the surrounding country is in view for several miles." 30
In the Catalogue of Prehistoric Works issued by the Bureau of Ethnology almost every page gives proof that the mound-builders were occupants of the highlands. Some quotations will be in place :
" Inclosures, hut-rings, and mounds on a sandy ridge between the Mississippi River and Old Town Lake at the point where they make their nearest approach to each other, and near the ancient outlet of Old Town Lake " (Phillips county, Arkansas).31
28 Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnol-
°gy, p- 452.
29 7^., p. 458. 80 Id., p. 458.
31 Catalogue of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains, p. 22.
74 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
Remains of an Indian fort on the summit of a precipitous ridge near Lake Simcoe."32
1 ' Stone cairn ... on ridge between Anawaka and Sweetwater creeks ' ' (Doug lass county, Georgia).33
' ' Stone cairn on a ridge ' ' (Habersham county, Georgia).34
; ' Stone mound on a ridge ' ' (Hancock county, Georgia).35
"Deposit . . . on a ridge half a mile south of Clear Creek " (Cass county, Illi nois).36
' ' Mounds on the spur of a ridge, midway between the Welsh group [Brown county] and Chambersburg, in the extreme north eastern part of the county ' ' (Pike county, Illinois).37
1 ' Group of mounds on a ridge in Skillet Fork bottom " (Wayne county, Illinois).38
32 Catalogue of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains, p. 26. 33 Id., p. 48. 34 Id., p. 50. 86/</., p. 51. 36 Id., p. 57- 37 Id., p. 63.
"/</., P. 69.
HIGHLAND LOCATION OF REMAINS 75
" Mounds on several high hills " (Frank lin county, Indiana).39
" Four mounds on top of a ridge near Sparksville" (Jackson county, Indiana).40
' ' Stone enclosure known as Fort Ridge ' ' (Caldwell county, Kentucky).41
" Indian mounds ... on ' Indian Hill ' " (Hancock county, Kentucky).42
" A group of circular mounds scattered along a ridge between Fox river and Sugar Creek " (Clark county, Missouri).43
11 Two parallel embankments stretching across a hog-back between two ravines" (Livingston county, New York).44
" Embankments on Ridge road . along the edge of the bluff overlooking the Ridge road " (Niagara county, New York).45
" Cairns on ridges " (Caldwell county, North Carolina).46
39 Catalogue of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains, p. 74. 40 Id., p. 75- 41 Id., p. 91. 42 Id., p. 94- 13 Id., p. 128. "Id., p. 144. 45 Id., p. 146. 46 Id., pp. 152-153.
76 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
!< Stone cairns ... on trail cross ing ridge between Tuckasegee river and Alarka Creek" (Swain county, North Caro lina).47
Flint Ridge in Coshocton and Licking counties, Ohio, contained stone and earth mounds and quarries; " Indian trail from Grave Creek mound, West Virginia, to the lakes, passing over Flint Ridge."48
Some of these remains are undoubtedly of no later age than the Indians whom the first whites knew ; many of them are of far earlier times. It is now held by the most prominent archaeologists that there are works of the mound-building Indians which do not date back far from the time Colum bus discovered America. Thus any work which gives evidence of having been in existence five hundred years may belong to the mound-building era. And through out all these five hundred years there is hardly a time when there is not evidence of Indian occupation. So the line between the mound-building Indians and the later
47 Catalogue of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains, p. 157.
48 Id., pp. 169, 177.
EARLY HIGHWAYS ON THE WATERSHEDS OF OHIO
HIGHLAND LOCATION OF REMAINS 79
Indians, among whom the building of mounds was a lost art, is exceedingly hard to draw.
These quotations give some evidence that the builders of our earliest archaeological works were well acquainted with the high grounds. It is not apparent now that in any signal instance there exists evidence of a reliable character that any watershed was a highway ; all we are seeking to show now is the very general fact that these people lived and moved and had their being often far inland on the heads of the little streams which never in historic times have served the purpose of navigation, and that here many of their works are found on the high grounds where it is sure all previous races have made their roads.
Now, it has been suggested already that lines of land travel have varied little since the time the buffalo and Indian marked out the best general courses across the conti nent. Mr. Benton said that the buffalo blazed the way for the railroad to the Paci fic. In a general way this has been the rule throughout our history ; the first routes chosen have often proved the best the tripod
80 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
could find. Now it would be significant if it could be proved that there are numerous archaeological remains along these strategic lines of travel. This, probably, cannot be shown. There is, however, strong evidence that is worthy of consideration. Many of the early routes of travel converged on certain well-worn, strategic gaps in our mountain ranges. It is interesting to notice how many archaeological remains are found at these points. A few quota tions from the Catalogue of Prehistoric Works will be in point:
" Stone cairns in Rabun Gap" (Rabun county, Georgia).49
' ' Pictographs on large bowlders in Track Rock Gap " (Union county, Georgia).50
" Ancient fire-bed and refuse heap at Buffalo Gap (bones and pottery found here) " (Union county, Illinois).61
" Mound near Cumberland Gap" (Bell county, Kentucky).52
49 Catalogue of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains, p. 52. ^ Id., pp. 53, 54.
51 Id., p. 68.
52 Id., p. 90.
HIGHLAND LOCATION OF REMAINS 81
* * Cairn at Indian Grave Gap on Green Mountain ... in the trail ' ' (Caldwell county, North Carolina).53
" Mound . . . said to be . . . toward Grandmother Gap ' ' (Caldwell coun ty, North Carolina).54
" Mound . . . one mile southwest of Paint Gap post-office. . . . Cairn at Indian Grave Gap, in Walnut Mountain . . . on south side of road from Mar shall to Burnsville " (Madison county, North Carolina).55
" Cairn at Boone's Gap on Boone's Fork of Warriors Creek ' ' (Wilkes county, North Carolina).56
" Cairns at Indian Grave Gap (Blount county, Tennessee).57
" Cairns in the gap on the. state line at Slick Rock trail" (Monroe county, Ten nessee).58
" Mound 500 feet long, 250 feet wide,
53 Catalogue of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains, p. 153. 54 Id,, p. 152. 55 Id., p. 156. 56 Id., p. 158. 57 Id., p. 200. ^ Id., p. 209.
82 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
and 40 feet high . . . 2% miles west of Rockfish Gap Tunnel ' ' (Augusta county, Virginia).59
Some of these cairns do not, in all proba bility, date back to the mound-building era, but the mounds and other archaeolog ical works probably do, giving the best reasons for believing that the earliest of Americans found the strategic paths of least resistance across our great divides.
But not only in the mountain passes have our tripods placed their stern stamp of ap proval upon the ingenuity of the earliest pathfinders of America. In a host of instances our highways and railroads follow for many miles the general line of the routes of the buffalo and Indian on the high ground. This is particularly true of our roads of secondary importance, county roads, which in hundreds of instances fol low the alignment of a pioneer road which was laid out on an Indian trail.
No one can examine the maps and dia grams of the archaeological works of central North America with this truth in mind
59 Catalogue of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains, p. 218.
HIGHLAND LOCATION OF REMAINS 83
without noticing how largely these works are found near to some present-day thor oughfare. This is of significance. While it is true that works near such highways are perhaps more quickly discovered and easily approached, it is at the same time doubtful if any of importance have been ignored because they are at a distance from highways of approach. The relation of these works to neighboring roads has also been accidentally emphasized by the neces sity of describing their position, which is often most easily done by a reference to adjacent roads. For all this due allowance must be made. At the same time this does not explain the fact that a significant frac tion of these works lie along the general alignment of our present routes of travel and are in numerous instances touched by them. It need hardly be added that these roads were laid out with as much reference to the stars above them as to the ancient works near which they accidentally pass.
The following instances have a bearing on the question :
Two miles from Madison, Wisconsin, a line of mounds is found beside a highway
84 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
to the city. The road passes through one of the group and the remainder follow the road on high ground almost parallel with it.60
The road from Prairie du Chien (Wiscon sin) to Eastman is paralleled by a long line of works. As previously noted (p. 69) this road follows the alignment of an old Indian trail.61
There are mounds on both sides of the Black River road near Hazen Corners, Wis consin.62
In the archaeological map of Hazen Cor ners, Wisconsin, the works bear a signifi cant relation to the junction of the three roads which meet there. Supposing the roads to be the prehistoric route of travel, it is seen that all the mounds lie just beside them, many even touching them, but in only one instance does a mound cross any of the three present roads. True, the roads may have destroyed some of the works, but of the effigy mounds, at least,
60 Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnol ogy, PP- 46, 47.
61 /</., p. 52. 6S/</., p. 56.
f
HIGHLAND LOCATION OF REMAINS 85
it is sure that the figures are complete, or nearly so.63
It is to be noticed with reference to the effigy mounds that, to a person standing on the present highway the figures are ' ( right side up." In the case of the animal fig ures, if the road runs to the left of a figure that figure is found to be lying on its right side ; if the road runs on the right the figure is found to be lying on its left side; the feet are toward the road. In the case of birds, either the head or the tail is toward the present highway.64
A line of mounds lies on high ground on the northeast bank of the Mississippi river, near Battle Island, Vernon county, Wiscon sin. The road to De Soto is on the same bank and lies parallel with them through out their length.65
A remarkable line of mounds and effigies lies near Cassville, Grant county, Wisconsin. A road runs exactly parallel with them. The mounds lie on the west and the effigies
63 Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnol ogy, P- 55-
64 Id,, pp. 54, 55, 56, 59.
65 Id., p. 78.
86 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
on the east. The animals lie in a correct position to be viewed from the road.66
Between the Round Pond mounds (Union county, Illinois), which are so near together that " one appears partially to overlap the other," runs a roadway.67
A roadway cuts through the ancient works on the Boulware place, Clark coun ty, Missouri ; the alignment of the road and the series of works is nearly the same.68
The Rich Woods works, Stoddard coun ty, Missouri, lie on a long, sandy ridge ; ' ' the general course is almost directly north and south." The road to Dexter runs near them, touching one, in the same north and south direction the entire length.69
The Knapp mounds, Pulaski county, Ar kansas, * * the most interesting group in the state," are surrounded by a wall of earth. A roadway passes through the entire semi circle formed by this surrounding wall,
66 Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnol ogy, P- 85- 67 Id., p. 1 60. 68 Id. , plate viii. 69/</., p. 175.
HIGHLAND LOCATION OF REMAINS 87
and passes between or at the base of the mounds contained within it.70
A road runs through the entire length of the ancient stone work near Bourneville, Ross county, Ohio.71
A state road (Lebanon to Chillicothe) crosses over Fort Ancient. At the spot where this road ascends to the fort, the embankments of the latter are found to be increased in height and solidity, showing that this point was most easy of ascent - probably the very spot where the ancient road was made.72
A road passes through the entire length of the North Fork works (Ross county, Ohio).73
A road passes through the entire length of ancient work, Ross county, Ohio.74
Two roads cut ancient work in Fayette county, Kentucky.75
70 Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnol ogy, p. 243, plate opp. p. 244.
71 Squier and Davis's Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, plate iv.
72 Id., plate vii. 73 Id., plate x.
74 Id., plate xii., No. 4. 75 Id. , plate xiv. , No. 4.
88 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
Ancient work is cut in two by road from Chillicothe to Richmondale, Liberty town ship, Ross county, Ohio.76
The state road passes through the great Graded Way in Pike county, Ohio, one of the most famous works in the United States. It is surely significant that a modern road should pass so near the very track which evidently was a highway in prehistoric times.77
Such are the conspicuous examples of ! ancient works that are now found to be on the alignment of modern routes of travel. In two singularly significant instances — in the Graded Way in Pike county, Ohio, and at Fort Ancient, Warren county, Ohio — there is no doubt that the modern road passes over the very track of the road used by the mound-builders. These two famous works, with the exception of the Serpent Mound probably the most famous in all the Central West, are near no stream of water which is not frozen in the winter and nearly dry in the summer. There can be
16Squier and Davis's Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, plate xx. 77 7#., plate xxxi., No. i.
HIGHLAND LOCATION OF REMAINS 89
no reasonable doubt that their builders used the routes on the watersheds.
As was said at the beginning, it does not seem wise to attempt to speculate on the probable routes by which these early tribes found their way to and fro between their works within the interior of the country. That they did so pass it seems difficult to doubt. That those early ways were along the watersheds, higher or lower, we may well believe, since for the races that have occupied the land since their time these watersheds have been the routes of travel — and will be until aerial navigation is assured.
That these earliest Americans had roads of one description or another, there is suffi cient evidence. About their great works there were graded ways of ascent, up which the materials used in construction were hauled or borne. Now and then we find mention of some sort of roads which may seem to have been of a less local nature, but so far as highways of war and commerce are concerned there is no evidence which can be admitted into this treatise.
It will not be of disadvantage, however,
90 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
to give a brief catalogue of such roads and ways as seem of most importance in the Catalogue of Prehistoric Works previously quoted :
MANITOBA, DOMINION OF CANADA: " Calf Mountain " (Tete de Boeuf), a mound 95 feet in diameter and 1 5 feet high, with a graded roadway 2 feet high, running south west from it 154 feet; about 60 miles north of Pembina. 78
JEFFERSON COUNTY, GEORGIA: Remains of large cemeteries and a broad trail lead ing to Old Town, 8 miles from Louisville, on the eastern side of the Ogeechee.79
LOWNDES COUNTY, GEORGIA: Ruins of an "old town" within a few miles of Troupville, " with roads discernible, which are wide and straight."80
FAYETTE COUNTY, INDIANA: Camping grounds and traces of old trails in Sees. 34 and 36, T. 13 N., R. 13 E.81
FRANKLIN COUNTY, INDIANA: Traces of camp sites and old trails are observable on
78 American Antiquarian, vol. viii., pp. 369, 370. 19 Smithsonian Report, 1879, p. 443.
80 White's Historical Collections of Georgia, p. 541.
81 Smithsonian Report, 1882, pp. 737-749.
HIGHLAND LOCATION OF REMAINS 91
Sec. 31, T. 10 N., R. i W. ; Sec. 33, T. 10 N., R. 2 W.; Sec. 10, T. 12 N., R. 13 E.82
UNION COUNTY, INDIANA : Traces of camp sites and old trails are observable on Sees. 8 and 11, T. u N., R. 2 W. ; Sees. 34 and 36, T. 13 N., R. 13 E. ; and Sec. 7, T. 14 N., R. 14 E.83
MADISON COUNTY, LOUISIANA: Group of earthworks, consisting of seven large and regular mounds and an elevated roadway, half a mile in length, on the right bank of Walnut Bayou, 7 miles from the Missis sippi river.84
BALTIMORE COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS: Old Indian trail in same county, leading from the rocks of Deer Creek (Hartford county) to an ancient settlement near Sweet Air.85
LICKING COUNTY, OHIO: Work on Col- ton's place on Newark and Flint Ridge road — a conical hill which has had a road way ' ' cut entirely around it ; the dirt is thrown up the hill, leaving a level track
^Smithsonian Report, 1882, pp. 730-749. 83 Id., pp. 728-749.
84Squier and Davis's Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, pp. 115, 116, plate xxxix. ^Smithsonian Report, 1881, p. 682.
92 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
with a wall on the upper side." Two miles and a half northeast of Amsterdam.
WEST VIRGINIA : Indian trail from Grave Creek mound to the lakes, passing over Flint Ridge.86
PIKE COUNTY, OHIO: Ancient works at Piketon, consisting of parallel walls, graded way and mounds.87
It is not, however, on this slight evidence of local roadways that one would wish to base belief that the early Indians opened the first land highways in America. It is possible that they had great, graded roads near their towns and no roads elsewhere, but it is hardly conceivable.
We have seen that the mound-building Indians occupied, in many instances, the heads of the lesser streams, and the argu ment in favor of their having opened the
86 Catalogue of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains, p. 177.
81Atwater, Transactions of the American Antiqua rian Society, vol. i. (1820), pp. 193, 194; Howe's Histor ical Collections of Ohio (1847), p. 413; Squier and Davis's Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, pp. 88-90, fig. 20 and plate xxxi., No. i, and p. 171, fig. 57, No. 3; MacLean's Mound Builders, pp. 37-38, fig. 4; Shepherd's Antiquities of the State of Ohio, p. 61.
HIGHLAND LOCATION OF REMAINS 93
first land highways has been based on this interior situation which, unless the lesson of history in this case tends to false reason ing, necessitated landward routes of travel. There is, fortunately, one last piece of evidence which will more than make up for any lack of conclusiveness which inay be laid to the charge of the preceding arguments.
CHAPTER V
WATERSHED MIGRATIONS
A FEW descriptions of the local road ways of the mound-building Indians have been cited ; reasons for believ ing that they used the watersheds, to a greater or less degree, as highways for passage from one part of the country to another, have been described. Let us look at the matter of their migrations.
That these people did migrate there is no doubt among archaeologists. The many kinds of archaeological remains now found indicate that they were divided into many different tribes, and the great distances between works of similar character show that the various tribes labored at divers times in divers places. " The longest stretch where those apparently the works of one people are found on one bank [of the Mississippi river] is from Dubuque, Iowa, to the mouth of Des Moines river. As we
WATERSHED MIGRATIONS 95
move up and down [the Mississippi] we find repeated changes from one type to another. ' ' 88
The direction from which these mound- builders entered the regions where their works are found, and their migrations within this region, must be decided by a careful study of the varying character of the mounds and a classification of them.
This work has not been done, save in the most general way possible, though one highly important conclusion has been defi nitely reached. It is that the generally received opinion heretofore held by archae ologists that the lines of migration were along the principal water-courses is not found to be correct, and that these lines of migration were across the larger water courses, such as the Mississippi, rather than up and down them.89
* ' One somewhat singular feature is found in the lines of former occupancy indicated by the archaeological remains. The chief one is that reaching from New York
88 Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnol-
°gy> p- 526.
89 Id., p. 526.
96 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
through. Ohio along the Ohio river and onward in the same direction to the north eastern corner of Texas ; another follows the Mississippi river ; another extends from the region of the Wabash to the headwaters of the Savannah river, and another across southern Michigan and southern Wiscon sin. The inference, however, which might be drawn from this fact — that these lines indicate routes of migration — is not to be taken for granted. It is shown by the explorations of the Bureau, and a careful study of the different types of mounds and other works, that the generally received opinion that the lines of migration of the authors of these works were always along the principal water-courses, cannot be accepted as entirely correct. Although the banks of the Mississippi are lined with pre historic monuments from Lake Pepin to the mouth of Red river, showing that this was a favorite section for the ancient inhab itants, the study of these remains does not give support to the theory that this great water highway was a line of migration during the mound-building period, except for short distances. It was, no doubt, a
WATERSHED MIGRATIONS 97
highway for traffic and war parties, but the movements of tribes were across it rather than up and down it This is not asserted as a mere theory or simple deduction, but as a fact proved by the mounds themselves, whatever may be the theory in regard to their origin or uses." 90
It is for future scholarship to point out to us the origin, movements, and destiny of this earliest race after a careful compara tive study of the remains which contain all we know of them. But may we not believe that the great watersheds were to them what they have been for every other race which has occupied this land? We submit : the greater watersheds should be carefully considered in connection with the study and classification of the various kinds of prehistoric remains with a view to solv ing the question of the movements of the mound-building Indians in America. The purpose of the first part of this monograph has been accomplished by pointing out some reasons for the belief that these early people opened the first landward passage-
90 Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnol-
- 525-526.
98 PATHS OF MOUND-BUILDING INDIANS
ways of the continent on these watersheds. These may be summed up as follows:
(i). The mound-building Indians, like the later Indians, were partial to interior locations ; some of their greatest forts and most remarkable mounds are found beside our smaller streams.
(2). These works are scattered widely over such regions; if there was any com munication it must have been on the water sheds, land travel here always having been most expeditious and practicable through all historic times.
(3). They were acquainted with some of our most famous mountain passes, showing that they were not ignorant of the law of least resistance ; and, to a marked degree, their works are found beside, and in gen eral alignment with, our modern roads — which to a great degree followed the ancient routes of the Indians which so invariably obeyed this law.
(4). The comparative study of the mound-building Indians' works proves that the migrations of that race did not follow even the larger streams by which they labored most extensively.
PART II Paths of the Great Game Animals
("BUFFALO ROADS")
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY
, T T THEN the first Europeans visited the VV Central West two sorts of land thor oughfares were found by which the forests could be threaded: paths of the aborigines and paths of the great game animals such as the buffalo. These paths were familiarly known for half a century as Indian Roads and Buffalo Roadsrj1 That these two kinds of thoroughfares were easily distinguishable one from the other and that both were ways of common pass age through the land will be made plain later.
Many varying theories regarding the coming of the buffalo into the central and eastern portions of this continent have been devised, but of one thing we are sure, namely that, among all the relics exhumed from the mounds of the pre-Columbian
102 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
mound building Indians, very few bones of the buffalo have been found. Bones of other animals are frequently, even com monly, brought to light, but the remarkable fact remains that almost no buffalo bones are discovered. Considering that the buf falo was the most useful animal possible to aboriginal tribes like those in prehis toric America, there is but one conclusion to be reached, and that is that the mound- building Indians had but little acquaintance with the buffalo.
For this reason it has seemed altogether best to treat the routes of the mound-build ing Indians first, and the routes of the great game animals, which were known as Buffalo Roads, second — on the theory that the buffalo came into the Central West sometime between the mound-building era and the arrival of the first European ex plorers.91
91 A most ingenious theory regarding the advent of the buffalo into the Central West will be found in Prof. Shaler's Man and Nature in America.
CHAPTER II
RANGE AND HABITS OF THE BUFFALO
THE range of the buffalo or bison in the United States formerly extended from Great Slave Lake on the north to the northeastern provinces of Mexico on the south — from 62° latitude to 25°. Its west ward range extended beyond the Rocky mountains and embraced quite a large area, remains having recently been discovered as far west as the Blue mountains in Oregon ; farther south, herds roamed over the region occupied by the Great Salt Lake basin and grazed westward as far as the Sierra Neva da mountains. East of the Rocky moun tains the feeding-grounds embraced all the area drained by the Ohio river and its tributaries, extending southward beyond the Rio Grande and northward to the Great Lakes as far as the eastern extremity of Lake Erie. The southeastern range prob ably did not extend beyond the Tennessee
104 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
river, and only in the upper portions of North and South Carolina did it extend beyond the Alleghanies.
The habitat of the buffalo included feed ing-grounds, stamping-grounds, wallows and licks. Their feeding-grounds em braced the meadow valleys where the choicest grazing was to be found.92 The habit of keeping together in immense herds while feeding soon exhausted the food in any single locality and rendered a slow, constant movement necessary. A herd so immense that it remained in the sight of a traveler for days required a vast area of feeding-ground to sustain it during a season.
When a herd rested to ruminate the buffaloes arranged themselves in a peculiar, characteristic manner — the young always in the center with the mothers, the males forming a compact circle around them. By such a conformation were the ' ' stamping- grounds ' ' made — each animal crowding and pushing from the outside of the herd, where flies and insects were more trouble some, toward the center.
92 Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Kentucky, vol. i., part ii.
RANGE AND HABITS 105
A peculiar custom of the buffalo was * * wallowing. ' ' In the pools of water the old fathers of the herd lowered themselves on one knee, and with the aid of their horns, soon had an excavation into which the water trickled, forming a cool, muddy bath. From his ablutions each arose, coated with mud, allowing the patient suc cessor to take his turn. Each entered the " wallow," threw himself flat upon his back, and, by means of his feet and horns, violently forced himself around until he was completely immersed. After many buffaloes had thus immersed themselves and, by adhesion, had carried away each his share of the sticky mass, a hole two feet deep and often twenty feet in diameter was left, and, even to this day, marks the spot of a buffalo wallow. The " delectable laver of mud " soon dried upon the buffalo and left him encased in an impenetrable armor secure from the attacks of insects.
While the actions of a herd of buffaloes were very similar to those of a herd of cattle, yet very dissimilar to the habit of domestic cattle was their propensity to roll upon the ground. Though a bulky, ungraceful
106 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
animal in appearance, the buffalo rolled himself completely over, apparently with more ease than a horse. A buffalo, by rolling over in this manner, often dusted himself in what was known as a " dry wal low."
The buffaloes' licks, which afforded salt, that mineral so necessary to their health, were the foci of all their roads, the favor ite spots about which the herds gyrated and between which they were continually passing. So important were these consid ered when white men first entered the West that every lick was carefully included in all the maps of the first geographers. Filson's map of Kentucky, for instance, made during the Revolutionary period, contains a large number of circles with dots about them which were the signs of "Salt Springs & Licks," all of them being connected, by trails, " some cleared, others not."
The saline materials of these licks are derived from imprisoned sea-water which has been stored away in the strata below the action of surface waters. When these rocks lie nearer the surface than the line of drainage, the saline materials are leached
RANGE AND HABITS 107
away. The saline materials increase with the depth until the level is reached where we find the water saturated with the ingredi ents of old sea-water. The displacement of these imprisoned waters is induced by the sinking of surface water through the vertical interstices of soil and rock, and the natural tendency of the water to restore the hydrostatic balance. This action is much more likely to occur when the rocks above the drainage are limestone or shale with an underlying bed of rock composed of sandstone or other rock through which water may permeate. That such a pressure exists and that some such process is at work is shown by the waters rising ten feet or more above the surface when enclosed in a pipe.
The endurance and speed of the buffalo far exceeded that possessed by domesticated cattle. With a good start a swift horse could only with difficulty overtake a herd of buffaloes. Their gait was an awkward, lumbering gallop, and the speed which they attained was much greater than it appeared to be. When running at full speed, rough ground and an occasional
108 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
tumble were taken in a matter-of-fact way and seemed scarcely to retard trie progress of the herd. If a ravine intersected its trail, the herd dashed down the vertical, rocky sides and on up the opposite slope, resuming its onward rush as if no obstacle had appeared.
The extensive courses of the buffaloes necessitated the crossing of large streams. This often caused a loss of many of the old and young members of the herds, especially if the stream was swift or swollen. Often, after having successfully battled their way entirely across the stream, a bluff or a miry landing-place beyond proved disas trous. Buffalo herds boldly crossed rivers on the ice. Large numbers have been known to be drowned, when crowding too closely together, by the breaking of the ice beneath their weight. Herds have even been known to cross upon floating ice, when they fell an easy prey to the Indians, and many were drowned.
The following incident is related by Col onel Dodge: " Late in the summer of 1867 a herd of probably four thousand buffaloes attempted to cross the South Platte near
RANGE AND HABITS 109
Plum Creek. The river was rapidly sub siding, being nowhere over a foot or two in depth, and the channels in the bed were filled or filling with loose quicksand. The buffaloes in front were hopelessly stuck. Those immediately behind, urged on by the horns and pressure of those yet further in the rear, trampled over their struggling companions to be themselves engulfed in the devouring sand. This was continued until the bed of the river, nearly half a mile broad, was covered with dead or dying buffaloes. Only a comparative few actually crossed the river, and these were soon driven back by hunters. It was estimated that considerably more than half the herd, or over two thousand buffaloes, paid for this attempt with their lives. 'v 93
911 Chicago Inter Ocean, August 5, 1875.
CHAPTER III
EARLY USE OF BUFFALO ROADS
THE first explorers that entered the interior of the American continent were dependent upon the buffalo and Indian for ways of getting about. Few of the early white men who came westward journeyed on the rivers, as the journals of Gist and Walker attest, and to the trails of the buffalo and Indian they owed their success in bringing to the seaboard the first accounts of the interior of the conti nent.
From Gist, Walker, and Boone the world learned the most it knew of the trans- Alle- ghany country prior to the Revolution. Gist pierced central Ohio and came around homeward through eastern Kentucky which Dr. Walker had explored, and Boone hunted from the Holston to the Kentucky river.
To these men three routes of travel were feasible — Indian thoroughfares, buf-
EARLY USE OF BUFFALO ROADS 111
falo roads, and the beds of dry streams. It seems that of the two former routes those of the Indian were easily distin guished from those of the buffalo. In Dr. Walker's Journal (1750) this is made clear from the frequent mention of the several kinds of roads he found. Of the Indian thoroughfares he writes as follows:
" April i4th. We kept down the Creek 5 miles Chiefly along the Indian Road.
" i$th. Easter Sunday. Being in bad grounds for our Horses we moved 7 miles along the Indian Road, to Clover Creek.
11 1 8th. Still cloudy. We kept down the Creek to the River along the Indian Road to where it crosses." 94
On the other hand such specific mention of buffalo roads as the following may be noted :
" Our horse being recover'd, we travelled to the Rocky Ridge [Clinch Mountain]. I went up to the top, to look for a Pass, but found it so Rocky that I concluded not to Attempt it there. This Ridge may be known by Sight, at a distance. To the
94 First Explorations of Kentucky (Filson Club Pub. No. 13), p. 50.
112 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
Eastward are many small Mountains, and a Buffaloe Road between them and the Ridge."95
"We kept down the Creek 2 miles further, where it meets with a large Branch coming from the South West, and thence runs through the East Ridge making a very good Pass ; and a large Buffaloe Road goes from that Fork to the Creek over the West Ridge, which we took and found the Ascent and Descent tollerably easie." m
"In the Fork of Licking Creek is a Lick much used by Buffaloes and many large Roads lead to it." 97
" We went up Naked Creek to the head and had a plain Buffaloe Road most of the
9 i QQ
way.
" I blazed several trees four ways on the outside of the low Grounds by a Buffaloe Road, and marked my Name on Several Beech Trees."99
Boone, while relating the opening of his
96 First Explorations of Kentucky (Filson Club Pub. No. 13), pp. 44-45- 96 Id., p. 47. 97 Id., p. 51. 98 Id., p. 61. 99 Id., p. 66.
EARLY USE OF BUFFALO ROADS 113
great road westward by way of " Warrior's Path " through Cumberland Gap, distinctly states in his autobiography that as he left the Gap in the distance he came to a point where the Warrior's Path and the buffalo road diverged. The former ran westward through what is now Danville and Louis ville, while the latter went northward. Boone followed the buffalo road to the mouth of Otter creek where Boonesborough was founded.100 Colonel Logan afterward opened a road westward toward Danville and Louisville on the general course of the Indian trail.
Thus it is plain that in the earliest days there was a marked distinction between the roads of the buffalo and the Indian, though each undoubtedly used, at times, the other's track, and in some places, such as Cumberland Gap, the buffalo and Indian tracks were identical. Dr. Walker in the quotation given above, " We went up Naked Creek to the head and had a plain Buffaloe Road most of the way," was speaking prob ably of the ll Warrior's Path " leading directly to Cumberland Gap though not 100 Boone 's Autobiography,
114 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
aware that the road he traveled was more than a buffalo path.101
That buffaloes were accustomed to trav eling Indian routes is clearly proved by a number of incidents. It is said that when the Catawbas came up to Ohio in search of the hated Iroquois they cut off buffalo hoofs, tied them to their own feet, pursued the Indian trail and ambushed themselves. The Iroquois, following the fresh buffalo tracks, soon found themselves the victims of their own credulity.
Two instances of travelers meeting buf faloes on Indian thoroughfares and the quar rel for the right of way are to the point :
Joseph Buell, in a journey from Vincennes to the Ohio, relates this incident in his jour nal under date of October 4th: " In our march today, came across five buffaloes. They tried to force a passage through cur column. The general ordered the men to fire on them. Three were killed and the others wounded." 102
101 Fjrst Explorations of Kentucky (Filson Club Pub. No. 13), p. 61, note.
102Buell's Journal, Hildreth's "Pioneer History," p. 157-
EARLY USE OF BUFFALO ROADS 115
Dr. Walker writes the following tinder the date of June ipth, 1750: " We got to Laurel Creek early this morning, and met so impudent a Bull Buffaloe that we were obliged to shoot him, or he would have been amongst us." 103
Buffalo roads should be divided into two classes — local and transcontinental. The former were the short roads which con verged from the feeding and stamping- grounds, brakes and meadows, to the licks where the animal's natural craving for salt was satisfied. The transcontinental routes were those used in migrating from one por tion of the country to another, like the great route through Cumberland Gap.
Such regions as Kentucky, where there were numerous salt licks and great areas of meadow-land near by, became favorite haunts for herds of buffalo, and here their local roads are of such a nature as to be reckoned among " the national curiosities of the state. ' ' Broad, hard, and often deep, these great roads were adopted immedi ately by Indians and white men alike as
103 First Explorations of Kentucky (Filson Club Pub. No. 13), p. 70.
116 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
highways of travel. They are thus de scribed by some early writers:
" The roads opened by these animals may be reckoned among the national curi osities of the state [Kentucky], being generally wide enough for a carriage or waggon way, in which trees, shrubs, etc., are all trampled down, and destroyed by the irresistible impetus of the mighty phalanx."104
Croghan wrote in his Journal (1765): " We came to a large road which the buffaloes have beaten spacious enough for a wagon to go abreast, and leading straight into the Lick."105
In the MS. autobiography of General James Taylor of Newport, Kentucky, is found this statement "Big Bone Lick . . . has been a great resort of the buffalo, and the roads . . . were larger than any common ones now [1794] in the State, and in many places were worn five or six feet deep." 106
104M'Murtrie's Sketches of Louisville, p. 58. 105 First Explorations of Kentucky (Filson Club Pub. No. 13), p. 169. >°6/</., p. 170.
EARLY USE OF BUFFALO ROADS 117
" A foot-path, zigzagging through the freshly made stumps of trees and past some saplings of dogwood and pawpaw, led down from the station [Bryant's] to this spring, while a much broader track sloped from the main gate on the southeastern side of the stockade to a road a little distance away and nearly fronting the fort, that was a priceless boon to the pioneers. It seemed an ancient product of human skill, but was, in fact, a ' trace,' hard and firm, made by the buffaloes alone which had thundered over it for a thousand years in their jour neys to the Salt Licks." 107
From the time Boone led the van of the pioneer hosts into the southern portion of the Ohio basin until the present day, the buffalo routes have perceptibly influenced the course of travel. Writes a Kentucky historian :
" Exploring the country from the head waters of Cumberland river to the Ohio, they discovered its main streams, and its variety of soil and surface. By following its trodden roads, or ' traces ' as the
107 Bryant' s Station (Filson Club Pub. No. 12), pp.
74-75-
118 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
pioneers called them, which the buffaloes made from their grazing fields and brakes, they [Boone and his brother] found a num ber of the great ' licks ' to which wild animals in countless multitudes commonly resorted in hunt of salt. These buffalo traces are plainly marked out to the present day."108
One or two references will show how common it was to refer to buffalo " traces " as the main thoroughfares of Kentucky: " Hardly had the plaudits of the pioneers for the women of Bryant's Station died on the stillness of the sultry August air ere summer breezes carried the story of the awful carnage and destruction at the Battle of the Blue Licks, from the valley of the Licking, by the buffalo traces, to the set tlements on the Kentucky River."109 " . . . It was the 1 6th of August when Caldwell and McKee, piloted by Simon Girty, assailed the place [Bryant's Station]. They had surrounded it during the previous night. They came like the pestilence that walks in darkness, unexpected and un-
108 Smith's History of Kentucky, p. 7.
109 Bryant's Station (Filson Club Pub. No. 12), p. 131.
EARLY USE OF BUFFALO ROADS 119
seen. They had marched along the buffalo traces or stolen through the forests without having given to any one any notice of their intention."110
The course of one of these famous ' ' traces ' ' is thus described :
" From Big Bone Lick buffalo roads led to Blue Licks, and also southwest to Dren- non's Lick, in Henry County, thence to the crossing of the Kentucky just below Frankfort. From the valley of the river they then passed to the high ground east of Frankfort by a deeply worn road yet visible, known as the Buffalo Trace, to the Stamping Ground, in Scott County, a town named from the fact that the animals in vast herds would tread or stamp the earth while crowded together and moving around in the effort of those on the outside to get inside and thus secure protection from the flies. Thence they passed by the Great Crossings, so called from its being the place where they crossed Elkhorn, two miles west of Georgetown, and thence eastward to Blue Lick, May's Lick, and across the river into Ohio. Their roads formed in
110 Bryant' 's Station (Filson Club Pub. No. 12), p. 135.
120 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
the comparatively level country the routes of the immigrants through the dense for ests, impenetrable from the heavy cane, peavines, and other undergrowth. They also determined in many portions of the State not only the lines of travel and trans portation, but also of settlement, as particu larly shown between Maysville and Frank fort, a distance of about eighty miles, where the settlements were first made along the Buffalo road, and later the turn pike and railroad followed in close prox imity to the route surveyed by this sagacious animal, which Mr. Bent on said blazed the way for the railroad to the Pacific. The same idea is embodied in the vernacular of the unlettered Kentuckian who said that the then great roadmakers were ' the buffler, the Ingin, and the Ingineer. ' " m " May 3ist, 1765. Early in the morning we went to the great Lick, where those bones are only found, about four miles from the river, on the south-east side. In our way we passed through a fine tim bered clear wood; we came into a large
111 First Explorations of Kentucky (Filson Club Pub. No. 13), pp. 184-185,
EARLY USE OF BUFFALO ROADS 121
road which the buffaloes have beaten, spacious enough for two wagons to go abreast, and leading straight into the Lick. It appears that there are vast quantities of these bones lying five or six feet under ground, which we discovered in the bank, at the edge of the Lick. We found here two tusks above six feet long; we carried one, with some other bones, to our boats, and set off."112
" Monday, Oct. i;th, 1785. Here Mr. Zane found the drove of Buffaloes which he pur sued; they took up this creek to the licks. Here are large roads to the licks. Below this creek is a large bottom of fine timber. Three miles down Mr. Zane killed a fine buffalo, which induced me to encamp. " 113
Another historian, after describing the bold attack of the British and Indian horde on Bryant's Station, speaks of the route of the retreating army and its pursuers :
" It was not difficult to find the road on which the departing enemy had marched.
119Croghan's Journal, "The Olden Time," vol. i., pp. 407-408.
113 Gen. Butler's Journal, " The Olden Time," vol. ii. p. 450.
122 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
They had taken what was known as the middle buffalo trace, leading along near where Paris and Millersburg now stand, to the salt springs at Blue Licks. It was easy to follow these roads which the buffalo, the pioneer engineers of the great West, had laid down as best for travel. Once having ascertained the route which the Indians pursued, the marching was rapid. . . . The enemy in front of them had showed no haste in their journey to their own land. Leaving on the morning of the i/th, they had camped some twenty miles away. During the day of the i8th they had marched about eighteen miles more, and now, on the morning of the igth, they were only three miles in advance of their pursuers, on the east side of the Licking, at the point where the Maysville and Lex ington road now crosses that stream over a suspension bridge. . . . Forming in line and riding in the narrow trace, which rarely exceeded seven or eight feet in width, two or three abreast, the pioneers soon struck a little branch, along which the trace wound its way to the bottom of the Licking River. About a mile from the ford the
EARLY USE OF BUFFALO ROADS 123
trace left the hillside and turned north westwardly into this branch and followed it down to the mother stream. At this point some consultation was held among the officers, and it was here that Boone, whose great experience and whose thorough knowledge of the country gave his opinion much weight, suggested that, instead of following this trace and going down the river, they should follow the ridge and strike the Licking two miles above, cross at Abnee's or Bedinger's mills, and thus come down to the banks of the Licking some two and a half miles above Blue Licks, and cross the Licking into a wide valley from which, a mile eastwardly, they would gain the ridge along which the trace pur sued its way into Fleming and Mason coun ties. . . . The command ' Forward ! ' rang through the woods and echoed along the hillsides, and down the fateful trace to the Blue Licks ford the cavalcade pursued its march. At the point where the trace strikes the Licking the valley is a quarter of a mile wide. It is two hundred feet on the western side, where the Kentucky pioneers emerged from the forest, and some
124 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
eight hundred feet wide on the east side, where the foe for hours had been waiting the advance df the pursuers, whose pres ence by this time was thoroughly known to them. . . . Across the Licking the trace followed up the hillside of the ridge, which was rocky and barren of all trees and vegetation. For ages the buffaloes had come to these licks to find salt. Instinct had taught them the necessity of periodical visitations to these saline springs, where nature had provided this essential for animal life, and for hundreds of years, along these narrow paths, cut out of the woods by the ceaseless trampings of these mighty herds of buffalo, had come millions of these animals to find health and life in the waters which gushed from the Licking bottom. When they had satisfied nature's call for salt, these herds would climb the adjacent hills to lie down and rest through the day and sleep through the night. On these eminences thousands of them would stand and watch the incoming buffaloes as they emerged from the trace on the west ern side, and, plunging into the waters of the Licking, swim across the stream and
EARLY USE OF BUFFALO ROADS 125
slake nature's demand for this necessary product, which here the Great Provider for all animal life had laid up in unlimited quantity. . . . The backbone of the ridge along which the fight was to occur was about four hundred and fifty feet in width. Trigg was ordered to the right, and his route was close to the edge of the ravine which comes up from the bank of the Licking and reaches the top of the hill close to the point where the Sardis turnpike leaves the Lexington and Maysville road." 114 , The favorite paths of the settlers were these li traces " made hard as modern roads by the herds which had traversed them. Even the first main street of Lexington was almost impassable in bad weather, and was deserted for the road of the buffalo near by.115 With the passing of the buffalo, their old routes became clogged in time with wind-strewn brush and fallen trees; but, so good was the course and so solid the footing, that the pioneers cleared these routes in preference to opening roads of
114 Bryant's Station (Filson Club Pub. No. 12), pp. 159-172.
ll*Ranck's History of Lexington, Kentucky, p. 105.
126 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
their own. A specific illustration of this is noted by a Lexington historian :
" A buffalo ' trace ' fortunately ran from this station [Bryant's] close to Lexington, and the settlers of both places joined forces in clearing it of logs, undergrowth, and other obstructions ; a wise measure as subse quent events proved, for, owing to it, the troops from Lexington that went to the assistance of the besieged station, in 1782, were enabled to reach it much sooner than they could otherwise have done." 116
" ... The main road from Louis ville to Lexington [Kentucky] passed through it [Leestown] about a mile below Frankfort. This road had been originally made by the buffaloes, and crossed the Kentucky River at one of the few places along its extended course where it was practicable to make the passage." 117
' ' The roads [in Kentucky] first made by the buffaloes and adopted by the pioneers, are laid down with such accuracy that the position of those old historic places may be ascertained at this distant day by measure-
116Ranck's History of Lexington, Kentucky, p. 29. ™John Filson (Filson Club Pub. No. i), p. 18.
EARLY USE OF BUFFALO ROADS 127
ment from known objects whose positions have not changed." 118
The important part played by buffalo roads in the development of Kentucky is noted by Mr. James Lane Allen in The Blue-Grass Region of Kentucky;™ two notices of early road-making in that region are found in General Butler '$> Journal. •
" Sunday, Oct. 3Oth. This morning sev eral of the inhabitants came to visit us. Capt. Johnston, a sensible man, proposes he will apply to the general Court for an order to mark a road from Lexington to this place [mouth of the Miami river], which Gen. Clark and myself recommend warmly." 12°
" Sunday, Nov. 2Oth. We were this day informed by people from the station that the inhabitants of the Lexington and other set tlements had blazed a road to the Big Bone Lick, agreeable to the proposition of Capt. Johnston of October 3Oth, approved and recommended by Gen. C. and myself." 121
™John Ftlson (Filson Club Pub. No. i), pp. 18-19.
119 The Blue-Grass Region of Kentucky, pp. 245, 261- 262, 267, 283.
180 Gen. Butler's Journal, " The Olden Time," vol. ii., P- 458.
191 /rf., p. 484.
CHAPTER IV
CONTINENTAL THOROUGHFARES
TURNING from a particular region, where, because of the close proximity of licks and feeding-grounds, the buf falo made local roads, it becomes of interest to look at the country at large and note the great continental routes.
For an animal credited with but little instinct, the buffalo found the paths of least resistance with remarkable accuracy.122
Undoubtedly the migrations of the buffalo caused the opening of the great overland trails upon which the first white men came
122 <« The stupidity of the buffalo, as well as its sagac ity, has been by some writers overstated. A herd of buffaloes certainly possesses . . . the sheep-like pro pensity of blindly following its leaders. ... A little reflection, however, will show that in such instances as the rushing of a herd over a precipice or into a pond ... is not wholly an act of stupidity, but comparable to that of a panic-stricken crowd of human beings." — "History of the American Bison," Ninth Annual Report, Department of the Interior, p. 472.
CONTINENTAL THOROUGHFARES 129
into the West. The nomadic trait which induced migratory movements was acquired through necessity. The animals moved in herds. The Central West, for instance, was, when white men first saw it, covered largely with forests; between the forests were open spots covered with rank grasses. These " opens " were of various sizes from little patches surrounded by forests to great treeless expanses miles in length and breadth.
However large these open prairies, the herds of buffalo would in a short time ex haust the supply of grass and then troop on to fresher fields. Fires, grasshoppers, and drouth also tended to destroy the buffaloes' feeding-ground and to send them on long pilgrimages. Thus it is probable that in the day when the eastern portion of the United States was included in the habitat of the buffaloes, these animals were continuously trooping along over their great roadways throughout the summer, one herd after another, in search of fresh licks and springs.
The buffaloes migrated annually from the north to the south, and throughout their
130 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
habitat in the United States, their great trails were north and south trails. The rivers flowing mainly east or west into the Mississippi are crossed usually at right angles by the more important trails of the buffalo. The annual movement was caused not so much by the change of temperature (though buffaloes which remain sometimes in cold climates seek the warmer, secluded spots) as by the frozen condition of the ground and the depths of snow which buried the grasses upon which they fed. When, from various causes, the annual north and south migrations of the buffalo herds of the Far West were discontinued, an east and west migration took place — the herds mov ing westward to more protected portions of the country. As late as 1872, hunting parties made their headquarters during the summer at Hay's City, and in winter moved their quarters a hundred or a hundred and fifty miles westward of their fall camps; near Hay's City the grass was buried under ice and encrusted snow, while near Ellis the ground was bare. Thus unnaturally the migrations were turned east and west rather than north and south, and the trails
CONTINENTAL THOROUGHFARES 131
which marked the former lines of migra tion were cut by deep- worn trails crossing them at right angles.123
During the reign of the buffaloes in the Ohio basin their greater thoroughfares were undoubtedly made by their annual migrations, even though the extent of this movement did not exceed a few hundred miles. In this day the winters are appre ciably milder along the Ohio river than even in the northern portions of the states of which it forms the southern boundary. And here, as in the Far West, the routes of the buffalo are north and south with here and there a great cross trail.
These greater trails lay largely on the watersheds which the buffalo found with great certainty. He was an agile climber despite his great size and weight. Writes Mr. Allen, " They will often leap down vertical banks where it would be impos sible to urge a horse, and will even descend precipitous rocky bluffs by paths where a man could only climb down with difficulty, and where it would seem almost impossible
123 Ninth Annual Report, Department of the Inte rior, p. 466.
132 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
for a beast of their size and structure to pass except at the cost of broken limbs or a broken neck. On the bluffs of the Mus- selshell river I found places where they had leaped down bare ledges three or four feet in height with nothing but ledges of rocks for a landing-place ; sometimes, too, through passages between high rocks but little wider than the thickness of their own bodies, with also a continuous precipitous descent for many feet below. Nothing in their history ever surprised me more than this revelation of their expertness and fear lessness in climbing." 124
Ordinarily the buffalo laid out his road with commendable sagacity, '' usually choosing the easiest grades and the most direct courses, so that a buffalo trail can be depended upon as affording the most feas ible road possible through the region it traverses." 125 JThis was because their weight demanded the most stable courses and they were thus very sure of avoiding
124 Ninth Annual Report, Department of the Inte rior, p. 467. On this point see further Dr. Coues's communication given in Part II.
125 Id., p. 467.
CONTINENTAL THOROUGHFARES 133
low grounds, preferring even difficult climbs to passage-ways through soft ground ; we have made one quotation, from Dr. Walker's Journal, which notes that one "Buff aloe Road" which he followed afforded an " Ascent and Descent tollerably easie."126
The three great overland routes from the Atlantic seaboard into the Central West were undoubtedly first opened by the buffalo ; one was the course through central New York followed afterward by the Erie canal and the New York Central railway; the second from the Potomac through south western Pennsylvania to the headwaters of the Ohio; the third the famous route through Cumberland Gap into Kentucky.
These three routes led to the northern, the central, and the southern portions of the great Ohio basin. It is certain that the two latter routes were great buffalo migra tion routes and there is little doubt that the route through New York was a buffalo thoroughfare. There were lesser thor oughfares which, though latterly known as Indian trails, were undoubtedly paths of
126 First Explorations of Kentucky (Filson Club Pub. No. 13), p. 47.
134 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
the buffalo. One of these was the famous Kittaning Path from the headwaters of the Juniata to the Allegheny, the route of the Pennsylvania railway across the Alle- ghanies ; another was the old trail through Carlisle and Bedford, Pennsylvania, later known as Forbes 's route to Pittsburg. Still another was the well-worn path over the Alleghany divide by way of Hot Springs, the present route of the Chesa peake and Ohio railway.127
In the Central West the greater migra tory routes were, in Kentucky the route from Cumberland Gap to the Ohio by way of the great licks; in West Virginia the course from the head of New River down the valley of the Great Kanawha, also on the watershed from the Monongahela to the Ohio by way of Middle Island creek and Dry Ridge; in Ohio the great trail from the ' ' Forks of the Ohio ' ' (Pittsburg) across the watershed which divides the streams (in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois) which flow into the Ohio from those which flow into the lakes ; the trails up the Mus-
127 Walker' s fournat (Filson Club Pub. No. 13), p. 73, note.
CONTINENTAL THOROUGHFARES 135
kingum and Scioto and Miami to the lakes, in Pennsylvania the great trail running north and south on the western spurs of the Alleghanies, Chestnut Ridge and its prolon gation, Laurel Hill; in Tennessee the great Warrior's Path through Cumberland Gap to the country of the Cherokees and Catawbas. The great routes of the buffaloes were north and south routes. The Ohio was the only river which greatly facilitated west ward migration in the pioneer period. Most of the smaller streams in the Central West run approximately north and south — in general alignment with the known thor oughfares of the bison. For the Indians the north and south trails were exceedingly convenient, since, throughout the period of intertribal Indian wars with which we are acquainted, the major portion were between foes who needed north and south roads upon which to reach each other quickly ; the great war trails of Indian history in the Central West led north and south, and were usually on the general alignment of, if not over, buffalo routes. In the earliest of historic days we find the Iroquois fighting the con federacies of the South — and that warfare
136 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
kept up until Europeans allied the various Indian nations with them in their wars. When the Shawanese were driven from the South they came northward to the Cum berland, doubtless on the routes made by buffalo migrations, for these would have brought them just where they were first found by geographers.
The subsequent migrations of thej^jiawa- nese into the Alleghanies were also un doubtedly made over buffalo routes across the Great Kanawha and Monongahela val leys. At least, from the beginning to the end of the strange wanderings of these " Bedouins of American Indians" they remained within the habitat of the buffalo and the lesson of history clearly states that within that habitat man has found the routes of the buffalo the most practicable. Of the Wyandots, who according to their legends came into the Central West by the Great Lakes, buffalo routes cannot be said to have determined their distribution, but the Delawares, fleeing from the valley whose name they bore, no doubt came westward to the Muskingum on prehistoric routes used by the buffalo.
CONTINENTAL THOROUGHFARES 137
Thus buffalo traces must have influ enced, to some extent, at least, the dis tribution of the Indian nations who were found occupying the Ohio basin when, about the middle of the eighteenth century, white men came to know it. A significant proof of this is found in the fact that no Indian nation permanently occupied the region now embraced in the state of Ken tucky, to which, because of the unusual quantity of licks and meadow lands, the buffaloes were manifestly partial and where their roads are best known. Thither came all the Indian nations and here all con tended in the immemorial conflict for pos session of this land which they, as well as the buffalo, loved.
The buffalo, because of his sagacious selection of the most sure and most direct courses, has influenced the routes of trade and travel of the white race as much, pos sibly, as he influenced the course of the red- men in earlier days. There is great truth in Thomas Benton's figure when he said that the buffalo blazed the way for the rail ways to the Pacific. That sagacious animal undoubtedly "blazed" — with his hoofs
138 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
on the surface of the earth — the course of many of our roads, canals, and railways. That he found the points of least resistance across our great mountain ranges there can be little doubt. It is certain that he dis covered Cumberland Gap and his route through that pass in the mountains has been accepted as one of the most important on the continent. It is also obvious that the buffalo found the course from Atlantic waters to the head of the Great Kanawha, and that he opened a way from the Potomac to the Ohio. How important these strategic points are now considered is evident from the fact that a railway crosses the mountains at each of them; the New York Central, the Balti more and Ohio, the Pennsylvania, and the Chesapeake and Ohio cross the first great divide in the eastern portion of our country on routes selected centuries ago by the plunging buffalo. One of the most interest ing of specific examples of a railway follow ing an ancient highway of buffalo and Indian is to be found on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern railway line between Grafton and Parkersburg. While searching for the old highway from the Monongahela to
CONTINENTAL THOROUGHFARES 139
the Ohio, an explorer asked an old resident to describe its course. "From Parkers- burg," said the informant, " it goes on to Ewing's Station, Turtle Run, and Kanawha Station ; it goes over Eaton's Tunnel, follows Dry Ridge into Dodridge county and passes through Martin's Woods, just north of Greenwood, to Center Station where it turns east, crossing Gorham's Tunnel, and goes down Middle Island Creek."
" The Indians must have patronized the railroad well," observed the student, " since their trail passes by all the stations and tunnels."
" Law, no," broke out the disappointed old man, " they wa'n't no railroad them days, but when they come to build it they follered the trail the hull way." It is nothing less than wonderful that the old highway selected by the instinct of the bison should be found in two instances, in a space of twenty miles, immediately above the railway tunnel.
Other strategic lines of travel perhaps first opened by the buffalo were the portage paths between the heads of streams, espe cially those of the Ohio basin and the lake
140 PATHS OF GREAT GAME ANIMALS
streams on the north and the Atlantic streams on the south. Undoubtedly in his migrations north and south the buffalo deeply wore the river trails, for here he was close to water and the river meadows which constantly offered all the nourishment he needed. At least, when white men first came into the West they found great paths over the portages which were more of the nature of buffalo roads than Indian trails. Certain of these portages have been noted ; others were between the French Creek and Lake Erie — a portage undoubtedly well known to the buffalo — which the French named Riviere aux Bceufs in honor of these mon- archs of the forests; others again between the Cuyahoga and the Muskingum, the Scioto and Sandusky, the Wabash and Mau- mee, St. Joseph and Kankakee, Fox and Illinois, etc. The prehistoric use of portages has elsewhere been noticed in connection with the mound-building Indians. They were perhaps the earliest of traveled ways of the continent.
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