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THE

HISTORY OP THE COUNTY

A2a>

CITY OF CORK.

BT

Eev. C. B. GIBSON, M.R. LA.

" The spreading Lee, that like an island fayrc, Encloseth Corke with his divided flood." — Spenser.

*• The Mayor of the town, with his brethren, received him in ther skarlet prowns, and * !icr tvp^ts of velvett, after the English fashion, and made u« the boste chore that ever we h*d in owcr lyvea." — State Paper,

IN TWO VOLUMES..

VOL. II.

■ » •

• •

• • •

!• • •

• • •

• •

• •

• • •

- • • •

«•• • •

» ■ • • •

• • • • • *

• « • • * -

LONDON: THOMAS C. NEWBY, 30, WELBECK STREET.

1861 .

THE

284628

T<L.

1»«S

...J

CORK :

PRINTED BY GUY BKOTIIBRS,

ACADEMY STEEKT.

hi 0f ^nhtnhx%.

His Exoellbnct Fbxdibigk William, EARL of CARLISLE, K.G.,M.R.I.A.,

Lord Lieutbnaxt ot Irelakd.

ADAMS, Thomas T., J.P., Tipperaiy Adams, Thomas, Cork Adams, John, Cork Aldworth, R. 0 , D.L., Newmarket Ho. Allen, Colonel, Douglas Allin, James, Handon Allman, G. J., F.R.S.,&c., Prof. Edin- burgh UniverBity Allman, R. W., Bandon Anderson, Sir J. C, Bart., London Anderson, Greorge, London Anster, J.,LL.D.,Prof. Law, R.,T.C.D Amott, Sir J., M.P., Monkstown Amott, Lady, Monkstown Amott, Thomas, Glasgow Amott & Co*s Library, Cork Arthur, D.L., J.P., London Ashe, Edmond, Cork Atkin, J. Drew, Eingstown Atkins, J. Cotter, Cork

BABINGTON, Thomas, Monkstown Baker, Godfrey T., D.L., Fortwilliam Baker, William, Cork Bailey, C, M.P., London Baldwin, H., M.D., Macroom Bahdoit, Rt. Hon. Earl of, Bandon Barlow, Captain, Queenstown Barry, G. 8., D.L., Lemlara Barry, J. Redmond, Dublin Barry, J. T., Youghal Barry, William BL, Cork Barry, James, Youghal Barry, John, Midleton Barry, Philip, M.D., Mallow Barry, J. H., Buttevant Barry, Rer. D. T., C.C., Booterstown Barry, Darid, EJngstown Barrett, W., Barbadocs— Cork Barter, B., J.P., Lirias, Cork

Barter, Doctor, Blarney

Batwell, W. E., Belfast

Bayley, R. U., Nenagh

Beamish, F. B., M.P , D.L , Cork

Beamish, Lieut.>Col., E.H., Lota Park

Becher, Lady, Ballygiblin

Becher, J. W , J.P., Hollybrook

Bell, William, Cork

Benn, Edward, Belfast

Bennett, George, Bandon

Bennett, John, Cork

Bernard, Hon. Colonel, M.P., Bandon

Bernard, Hon. Col , Ooolmaine Cast e

Bernard, Hon. and Rev. C. B., Bandon

Berry, P., Surgeon, Mallow

Berwick, Hon, Judge, Dublin

Blacker, Rev. B, H., Blackrock, Dublin

Bourke, J. W., Cork

Bowen, J. junior, Cork

Bowles, S., J.P., Fermoy

Boyle, Lady J., Courtmacsherry

Brady, Rev. W. M., Rector of Clonfert,

Newmarket Brady, C, Registrar to Bankruptcy

Court, Dublin Brash, William, Cork Brash, Richard, Cork Brennan, J. B., Cork Brosnan, Rev. T. C, R.C.C., Millstrcct Brown, J. C, D.L., M.R.I.A., Carlo w Brown, Rev. Canon, Cork Brown, William, Dundee Bryan, William, Passage Bryan, J. H., Dunmanway Buckley, Rev. C, P.P., Buttevant Buckley, Rev. M., R.C.C., Desertserges Buckley, Rev. T., P.P., Ballyclough, &c Buckley, Rev. J., C.C, Fermoy Bullen, Rev. W. C, Rector of HatficM

Heath, Essex

IV.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Bullen, D. B., Prof of Surgery, Queen's

College, Cork Burke, Sir B., Ulster Kiiig-at-Arms,

Dublin Castle Burke,Edmund, D.L.,61enbrook House Burrowes, Sir E. D , M.R.T.A., Port-

arlington Bustee^ J. W., M.D., Tralee Busleed, Mrs., Douglas Byam, Rer. R. B., M.A., Vicar of Eew,

London Byrne, John, Monkstown

CADE, Francis, Cork

Cagney, Dayid, J.P., Monkstown

Cagney, Michael, J.P., Cork

GaUanan, A. H.. M.D., Cork

Gantillon, Charles, Cork

Cabbert, Rt. Hon. Lord, Castlefireke

Carbery, William, J.P., Youghal

Carmichael, J., Cork

Carmichael & Co.'s Library, Cork

Cam^e, J. D., Cork

CarroU, Richard, J.P., Fermoy

Carter, S. C. E., Kilkenny

Casey, ReT. F. L., Cork

Casey, Rev. D., Castlelyons

Casey, Michael, Cork

Cashcl, Very Rey. Dean of, Cashel

Caye Mrs. S, Rossbrin Manor

Chambers, (George, London

Chambers, R, B^mount

Cbatterton, Lt.-6en. Sir J. C, Bart.,

K.H., Ac .Folkestone, Kent Cbatterton, Thos. J. Green, Tous^hal Cbatterton, Hedg^ E., Q.C., Dublin Chetwode, Ed. W., J.P., M.R.I.A.,

PortarlingtoB Chinnery, Rey. Sir N., Bart, London Clanchy, Daniel, D L., Charleyille Clarke, Dr., Dep. Inspect -Gen., Cork Clarke, Capt., Harbour Master, Cork Cleburne, Edward, Cork CleUmd, James, J.P., Kirkcubbin House

county Down Cliffe, W., Glenmore, Lismore Clonmacnoise, Very Rey. the Dean of Coehhm, Charles, Cork Coleman, Mrs. £., Herts, St. Albany Collins, M. T., Cork Collis, Rey. M. S., Fermoy House Coltsman, D. Cronin, J. P., Flesk Castle Conway, Rey. P., Cork Coppii^er, William S.. Barry's Court Coppinger, F., Monkstown Castle,

DubUn Gorballis, J. R., Rosemount, Co, Dublin Oorbett, J. H., M.D., L.B^.8 I., ProC

of Queen's College, Cork

Cork, Right. Hon the Earl of, D.L.

Cork Harbour Board Commissioners

Cotter, Sir J. L., Bart., Eastly, Mallow

Cotter, Rey. G. E., A.M., Rockforcst, Mallow

Cotton, Charles, Cork

Coughlan, Mrs. Cork

Covene^, Rey. Dr., Kinsale

Cox, Miss, Dunmanway

Crane, Thomas 8., Cork

Crawford, William, J.P., T^akelands

Creedon, Rey. John D., P.P., Dri mo- league

Crofton, Capt , C.B., Dublin Castle

Crofts, C, Butteyant

Croke, Rey. Doctor, Fermoy

Croker, C. P., M.D., M.R.I.A, Dublin

Croljr, H. G., M.D., Dublin

Cronin, D., Monkstown

Cronin, Rey. J., P.P., Midleton

Cummins, N., J.P., Ashley House

Curtayne, W. Cork

Curtin, T., M.D., Carrigmahon

Cussen, Very Rey. R , P.P., V.G., Bruff

DALE, Edward, Cork D' Altera, J. J., Aldemey Danckert, J., Cork Dayidson, J. C, Monkstown Dayis, R. G., J. P., Killeagh Dayis, J. N. C. A., M.R.C.S.L Dayis, J. W., Dublin Daunt, W. J. O'N., Kilcascan Deasy, Right Hon. Baron, Dublin De la Cour, Rey. R. W., Killowen Delany, Right Rey. Dr., R.C. Bishop

of Cork Delany, Barry, M.D., Kilkenny Dennehy, Bey. H. E., Queenstown Dennehy, Walter, Fermoy Db Vbbgi, Rt. Hon. Viscount, King's

County DsyoNSHiBB, His Grace the Duke of,

Lismore Castle Dilworth, Rey. D., P.P., Kilworth Donegan, D., Cork Donegan, J., Cork

DoMBRAZLB, Rt. HoB. Earl of, Doneraile DoNOiroHMOBB, Bight Hon. Earl of,

Tipperary Donoyan, R., Sirmount, Qycns Donoyan, J., Cork Dore, Bey. D., Skibbereen Dowden, Richard (Rd.), Cork Dowden, J. W., Cork Downing, J. M*C., Skibbereen Drew, KeY. P. W., Youghal Drinui, W. A., Cork Drury, Henry, Youghal

LIST OS 8UBSCBIBBR8.

V.

Donbtr, Jofopb, Cork Dancan, Captain, DeTonfihiro Bann, MiduMl, Cork Dnim, Geoige^ Glennj Dmueombe, Key. N C, Clonakilty Dunsoontbe, N., J.P., Eingwilliams-

towiL House Dyaa, J. W., Cork I^ke, Mrs., Liveipool

XDWABDS, 0., C.E., Cork £gant C. B., J.P., Monkstown England, J., Monkstown ±.Tans, Rev. B. M., A.M., Cloyne Srans, R. B., Cork Ereritt, WilUun, Skibbereen

TALYET,. Very Ect. J.,^ P.P., Glan-

mire Fbbmot, Eight Hon. Lord, M.P.,

Trabolgan Ferris, EeT. T., Ballyhooly Finn, Ber. J., Spike Island Finn, R, M.D., Cork Finn, Daniel, Cork Fitzgerald, Et. Eev. Dr., Lord Bishop

of Cork Fitzgerald, Edward, Youghal Fletcher, John, Cork Fljnn, James, M.D., Kilkenny Foott, H. B., J.P., Carrigacunna Castle Foott, Very Rey. D., Cork Fox, Eer. William, Mallow Forsayeth, T , Q.C., Eecorder of Cork Franklin, John, Cork Franks, Henry, Cork Freeman, Mrs. T. £., Cork Freeman, EeT. E. !>., Ardnageehy,

County Cork Freeman,. Eev. C, E.C.C., Passage French, Thomas G., J. P., Marino Furlong, John, Fermoy

GA6B£TT,EeT E.J.,Foynes, County

Limerick Galrin, Ect. J., Monkstown Gamble, MichaeL Cork Gardiner, ColoneL Cork Gardner, W. B., Cork Gaskell, P. Penn, Washington, America G^an, A., J.P., Kilworth Gibson, W. E., Blackrock, Cork Gilfanan, Sylvester, Cork GiOman, B. W., Major, Clonakilty Girens, Mathew, Hunting Ilill Gla»ow, William, Old Court GooMj Pierce, Monkstown GoUock, T., J.P., Forest, Coachfoid Gordon, Sir J., Cork

Gould, £. J., Belleville, Cork Grace, John A., Dublin Grant, T. St John, D.L., Kilworth. Grant, Miss, Perth Grant, Eev. P. W., Darlington Grant, Alexander, Monkstown Gray, Captain, Lotaville Greer, AQred, J. P., Dripsey House Green, Murdock, Dublin Green, John, Waterford Griffin, Bight Eev. Dr., Lord Bishop of Limerick

HACKETT, Sir W., J.P., Cork

Haines, John S., Cork

Haines, Charles C, Mallow

Hallowell, Kev. A. B., ClonakiUy

Hall, Eobert, Cork

Hammond, J., Queenstown

Hare, Hon. Eobert, J.P , Queenstown

Harley, John, Cork

Harman, J., Woodriew, Mallow

Harrison, Henry, Castle Harrison

Harvey, G. N., Consul, Cork

Haughton, Benjamin, Cork

Hay, Peter, Spike Island

H-ayes, William, Cork

Heard, John I., D.L., Kinsalo

Hedffes, W H. W., Hon., Lieut.-CoL,

D Jj., Macroom Castle Hcnnessy, J. C, J. P., Bollindeasig

House Herbert, Et. Hon. H. A., M.P., Muck-

ross ^bbey Herrick, T. B., J.P., Innishannon Hickmau, Colonel, Monkstown Hickson, E. C, Fermoyle, Kerry Hill, J. C, Co. Surveyor, 1 ullamore Hoare, Sir E., Bart., J.P., Kent Hoare, Capt. E., N. Cork Rifles, Cork Hobart, S., M.D., Cork Hobson, S. Le H., Youghal Hoddor, Capt. S., J.P., Ringabella Hodder, John T^ Ballea Castle Hodder, John, Cork Hednett, Jeremiah, Youehkl Hogan, Eev. W., P.P., Uastlemagner HoCTave, Francis, PhiHpstown Holland, Rev. T., Bandon Holmes, Thomas, Cork Hopkins, Rev. J. W., Kinsale Horgan, Rev. M., South Convent, Cock Horgan, Rev. D., P P., Ballincollig Horgan, Rev. M., P.P., Killamey Horgan, Rev. W., C.C, Cloyne Howie, Rev. J., A.M., Dean of Cloyue Hudson, J., Bay View, Shangarry Hudleston, J. A., Killicey, Dublin Hull,W.n.,J.r.,LcmcoiiManor,Skull

VI.

LIST OF 8UB8CBIBK&8.

Hungerford, T., J.P. , The lalandyClona-

kilty Hongerford, T., J.P., Oahirmore, Roes Hongerford, Thomas W., Willow Hill,

Carrigaline Hunt, Ed. L., Daneefort, Mallow Hutchins, Emanuel, Bantry Hyde, John, Creg, Fermoy Hyde, H. B., London

INCHIQUIN, Right Hon. Lord, Dro- moland, Co. Clt^e

JA60, R. P., Einsale

Jameson, Thomas, Cork

Jones, Thomas, Glenhrook Baths

Johnson, Noble, Rockenham

Johnson, G. C.,R. N., J.P., Rockenham

Johnson, William, Ck>rk

Johnson, J. B., Hermitage

Johnson, James, London

Joyce, John, Cork

Jenkins, W., Q.C., LL.D., Dublin

Jennings, T., Cork

Julian, Henry Bacon, Cork

Justice, H. Chinnery, Dublin

Justice, T. H., M.D., N. Cork Rifles,

Mallow Justice, William T , Yorkshire

KANE, Sir Robert, President of Cork Queen's College

Keane, Right Rev. Dr., R.C. Bishop of Cloyne

Eeane, James, Cork

Kearse, William, Cork

Kelleher, Rev. J., P P., Kinsale

Kelly, J. H., M.D., Spike Island

Keneflck, Martin, Kinsale

Kenny, J. C. F., A.B., M.R.I.A., J.P., Dublin

Keldabb, Mo8tHon.Marquis, M.R.I.A. Carton

Kingston, Rev. J., Dorset

Kircnofler, Rev. R. B., A.M., Macroom

Kyle, Rev. 8. M., Vic. Gen., Arch- deacon of Cork

LAFFAN, John, Lismore

Lambkin, Robert, Femev

Lambkin, James, J.P., Cork

Lamcrte, John T., Cork

Lane, Denny, Cork

Lander, Robert, Kinsale

Larcom, Major-Gen., C.B., M.R.I.A.,

Dublin Castle Leahy, F. R., Shanakidl House Leahy, Thos. J., Castletown, Berehavcn Ltnnihan, M., Limorick

Lentaigne, J , LL.D., Dublin Castle

Lewis, D L., London

Lewis, Mrs. D. L., London

Lloyd, C. W., Strancally CasUe, Co.

Waterford Loane, A., A.M., M.D., Bandon Longfield, M., D.L., Castlemary Limrick, T.H., Union Hall Linehan, J., C.E., Cork Lindsoy, E.^L.D., Blackrock, Cork LisTowEL, The Countess, Convamore Lucas, Major, A. H., J.P., Fermoy Lyons, Francis, LL.D., M.P., Cork Lyons, Rev. T., Spike Island Lyons, T., Sunville, Cork

Mao CARTHY, D. (Glas), Hants Mao Carthy, D., Glencurrah Macdonell, Rev. R., D.D., Provost of

T.C., Dublin Mac Dowell, Peter, R. A., London Mackay, U. R., BaUyroberts Castle Mackesy, Mrs., Castletown, Navau Mackenzie, J. T., London Maginn, Rev. C. A , M.A., Castletown-

roche Maguire, Rev A., Cork Maguire, J. F., M.P., Passage Mahon, M M., Churchtown House Mahony, K., J.P., Cullina, Killamcy Mahony, Martin, Cork Mannix, H., J.P., Glanmire Marsh, William, Cork M'Cabe, Rev. N.. Cork M*Cartby, J., J.P., Rathduane M*Carthy, Mrs. J., Cork McCarthy, Rev. C, P.P., Aghinagh

Macroom McCarthy, Charles, Cork McCarthy, J. G., F.R.S., Cork M'Cheane, Rev. J.C, Glanmire M*Daniel, Captain, R,N., J.P., Kinsale Meagher, Daniel, Cork M'Garry, W., Buttevant M'Gragh, P., Millstreet MiDLBTON, Rt. Hon. Viscount, D.L.,

London M^Kenzie, Thomas, Cork M*Namara Rev. J.. R.C.C., Cork M'Namara, Alexander F., J.P., Cork M*Namara, John, Cork Moody, J., Assistaat Barrister, West

Riding of Cork Molony, John, BaUinaboy Morgan, James, Cork Morgan, Captam, Bunahin House Monarty, Right Kcv. Dr., R.C. Bishop

of Kerry Moriarty, Rov. M., Mallow

LIST OP 8UB8CBIBEB8.

Til.

Moriarty, John, Mallow M oriarty, J., Bandon Morris, Jonas, Dimkathal Morrison, W. B. A., Cork Morrogh, J., J.P., Oldconrt, Boneraile Mowle, Ccmtain S. S., Cork Mnllaii, Fdiix, J.P., Monkstown Mnrphy, Very Bev. Dean, P J»., V.G.,

Coik Muiphy, Ber. J. J., B.O.C., Cork Murphy, J. K, D.L., Clifton Murphy, J., J.P., Bing Mahon Murphy, J. J., Bellevue Murphy, N. D., Cork Murphy, N., J.P.. MicQeton Muiphy, J. B , City Gaol, Cork Muiphy, F. M., Cork Murphy, John, Goreshridge Murray, Bar. T., P.P., V.G., Boascar-

bery Murray, Maurice, Cork MuBgrare, Sir B., Bart, D.L., Tourin

K AGLE, Dayid A , Queenfitown

NoUett, Henry, Cork

Noreott, Arthur, Park, Doneraile

Norcott, James, Springfield, ButteTant

Norman, F., Qitk

Norreyi, Sir B. J., Bart, D.L., Mallow

CasUe Norreys, W. D , J.P., Mallow Castle Kcwefi, F. W., LL D., Cork Newenham, BeT. £., Coolmore Newman, Bey. William, Kinsala Newman, Mrs., Dromore, Mallow Newsom, Samuel, Cork

(yBBIEN, Bev H., LL.D., Cork O'Brien, William Smith, Cahermoylc O'Brien, Michael, Monkstown O'Callaghan, J., Bock Cottage, Skull O'Connell, Bev. C, B.C.C., Cork CConnell, Bev. J., B.C.C., Cork O'ConncU, Philip, Cork O'Connor, Rev. W., P.P., Passage O'Connor, TneKerry, Listowel O'Connor, D. C , M.D., Cork O' Donovan, The, Montpeliei, Douglas O' Donovan, J., (Bossa,) Skibbereen O'Donnavan, W., LL.D., Purtarlington 0'D(»wd, James, London O'Farrell, Bev. T., R.C.C., Cloyne O' Flanagan, T. B , M.B.I.A., Dublin O' Gorman, Thomas, Dublin O'Halloran, Rev. S., Cloyne O'H anion. Rev. John, Dublin O'llara, Henrv, Cork O'Hea, Right Rev. Dr., B.C. Bishop of Bow

O'Keeffe, Bev. J., B.C.C., Drimoleague

O'Keeffe, William, Cork

Oliver, Silver, Lichera

O'Regan, Bev. P. D., P.P., Kanturk

O'Biordflm, D., Dublin

Ormond, Bobcoi, Cork

Orpen, Abel, Mallow

Oipin, Herbert, M.D., J.P., Bantry

CShea, Very Bev. Aitshdeacon, Corit

aSuUivan, Bev. William, Cork

CSullivan, Bev. T., B.C.C., Tracton

C Sullivan, P., Berehaven

PAGE, Joseph, Cork

Parke, Wilham, Drumsna, Co. Leitrim

Parker, W. D'Esterre, Passage

Parker, William, Cork

Penrose, Samuel, Shandangan

Penrose, George, Cork

Perrier, A., J.P., Lota Park

Perrott, Bichard, Cork

Peterson. N., Cork

Pierse, De Lacy & Nash, London

Pim, James £., Cork

Popham, Bobt., Mabeg House, Bandon

Power, Thomas, M.D., Cork

Power, F. G.^ Mountmellick

Portlock, Major-General, B.E., LL.D.,

F. B.8., &c., ftc, London Prior, Sir James, F.S.A., P.B., London Purcell, Bichard, Cork Purdon, Charles D., M.D., Belfast PuUand, Charles, J.P., Bray Head

Queen's College Library, Cork

BOBERTSON, Charles, Perth Robinson, Bev. J. L., Rector of Butte-

vant Robinson, B. B., Cork Roche, Colonel, J. P., Ballymonis Roche, W. J., Cork Rogers, R. H., Youghal Ronan, Walter, Cork Ronayne, Joseph P., Queenstown Ronayne, John, Ardsallagh House,

Youghal Boney, Sir Cusack, London Rorke, William, Tralee Ring, Joseph R., Mallow Riordon, M. P., Dublin Russell, Rev. J., P.P., V.G., Cloyne Ryan, Rev. R. J., P.P., Athea, Limerick Ryan, Michael, Limerick

SAINTHILL, Bichard, Cork Sandcs, Rev. 8. D., Rector of White- church

• • •

via.

LIST OF 8UB8CBIBXB8.

Scannell, John, DeTonport Scott, Robert, Cork BcuUy, Vincent, M.P., Cork Sealy, Mrs., Gortnahoma, Bandon Sealy, John, J.P., Castle Island Sealy, Gaptdn F., Bandon Seymour, W. D., Queenstown Shanmon, JEUglit Hon Earl of, Castle- martyr Shaw, A. B., J.P., Monkstown Shaw, William, J.P., Bandon Sheahan, T., A«M., Malahide Sheehan, EeT. G., P.P., V.F., Bantry Sheehy, Edward, Cork SheridEUi, J. C, Cork Sherman, BeT. J. F., Dublin Shields, W. J., Cork Shirley, Evelyn P., A.M., M.P., Gar-

rickmacross Shnldham, Capt. S. A., A.D.O. to Lord

Lieutenant Skerry, Cajpt C. F., Chatham Skerry, Hiss

Smitii, Aqnila, M D., M.B.I.A., Dublin Smyth, BeT. J. B., Castle Doneen Smyth, Hon. Mrs. Moore. Ballinatray Smyth, Mrs., Headborougn, Tallow Someryille, Bev. H., Doneraile Somerville, Thomas, D.L , Skibbareen Spike Island Library Spratt, H. D., Pencil Hill, Mallow Stack, Edward, Cork Stawdl, BeT. F., Doneraile Stawell, Mrs. C. H. E. A., Kilbritain

Castle Stevenson, WiUiam, Dunse, Scotland Stuabt, Bight Hon. Lord de Deciea,

Dromana Stuart, Capt. B.K., Combeimere Sugme, Charlef, J.P., Cork Sngrue, Francis, Monkstown Swanton, Thomas, Ballydehob Synge, Sir £., Bart, D.L, Parsonstown

TALBOT, Bt. Hon Lord de Malahide, M.B.I.A., F.B.S., Malahide CasUe Talbot, Adxniral C, Queenstown Tarrant, C, C.E., M.B I. A., Waterford Tattan, Jai^, Midleton

Taylor, DaTid, Belflist

Thackwell, Lady, Aghada Hall

Thome, T. H., B.N^ Queenstown

Thornton, Edward, Cork

Toleken, John, M.D., T.C.D., Dublin

Townsend, Horatio, D.L., Woodside

Townsend, Samuel, J.P., Dundanion

Townsend, S. P , Garrrcloyne Castle

Townsend, William, M.D., Cork

Townsend, E. P., Cork

Tracy, J. E., Cork

Trarers, Henry, Olonakilty

Triphook, Bct. J., Bector of Skull

Tuckey, F. B., Cork

Twomey, Bct. Wm., P.P., Churchtown

UNIACKE, General, Youghal Uniacke, Crofton, Eilleagh

YEBLINO, B., J.P., Newmarket

WALDBON, Laurence, M.P., Tip-

perary Walkw, BeT. W. 0., Fermoy Wallis, C. P., Cork Walsh, Bev. J,, B.C.O., Carrigaline Ware, Thomas, Cork Warren, Bct. B., Bector of Cannaway Waterford, The Mayor for 1860 Webb, Bev. B. F., Bector of Dunderrow Webb, Bobert, Mallow Welply, Dan, J.P., Upton House Welatead, Biohard. J.P., Bally waiter Wheeler, Joseph, Queenstown White, Charles T., Cork White, G. M., J.P., Castlewhite White, Joseph, Olonmel Whitelegge, Bct. M., B.A., Cork Whitty, Ci^tain, Dublin Castle Wilson, B., Queenstown Williamson, Arthur, MaUow Wise, Thos. A , M.D , Boetellan Castle Wood, H. W., London Woodley, F., A.B., Queenstown Worsley, Lady, Broekesley Park Wright, Thomas, Clonakilty

TOUNG, Wm., Junior, Bantry Milk

CONTENTS.

Chapter. Pagt.

I.— The Rebellion in the City, - - . . i

II Bichard Boyle, Fint Lord Cork, - - - 18

ni.—Cinl War in the Comity Cork, - - - 52

lY. — Oliyer Cromwell and the Commonwealth, - - 90

y.— Bestoration of Charles II.— Lord BroghiU— Catholic Petitioners

William Penn, - • - - - 124

VI.— Jamee II.— William IIL, - - - - 188

yn. — Marlborough at Einsale — Sir James Cotter — Sir Biohard Cox

Sir Bichard Kagle, - - - - - 163

Yin.— Tha City and the Corporation, - - -176

IX. — Armed Societies — ^Wolfe Tone and the Bantry Bay Expedition —

The Bebellion of 1798— The Two Sheares, - - 231

X. — BisfranchiBement of County Boroughs — ^The Irish Parliament—

The Sale of Irish Boroughs — The Legislatiye Union, - 256

XII.— Whiteboys — Sir John Purcell— Election Contests — List of

Members, - - - - - 287

Xin.— The Island City and the South Suburbs, - - 304

XrV.— Saint Finn Barrs, - - - . 340

XY. — Queen's College— Agricultural Farm — Gaols— The Northern

Suburbs of Sunday's -Well and Glanmire, - • S62

XYI.— GoTemment of Cork — list of Mayors and Sheriffs— Statement

of Accounts— Harbour Board — Customs, - - 384

X. CONTENTS.

XVII. — The River Lee— Blackrock and Ursuline Convent — Passage— Giant's StaixB — Ronayne's Grove — Monkstown Castle — Einna- skiddy — Rocky — Haulbowline — "Water Club — Queenstown— Charles Wolfe's Grave— The Great Island— Bel velly Castle, - 403

XVIII. — Spike Island — Convict Prisons — Fortifications of Cork Har- bour— Carrigaline River — Cork-beg — ^Trabolgan — Manufacture of Flax-— Wliitegate— Aghadar— Farsid— Bofltellan, - 422

XIX. — Cromlechs— Castle Mary — Cloyne Cathedral — Round Tovrer — Bishop Berkeley — Town of Cloyne — Margaret Corker — William Penn—Ballycotton, - - - - 439

XX. — Carrigtohill — James II. at Ballinsperrig — Barry's Court — Midleton — Mogeely — Castlemartyr — ^Leper House — Killeagh — Aghadoe — ^Toughal — Blackwater, - - - 44i*

XXI. — Fermoy ^Castle-Hyde— Kilworth — Glanworth — Mitchelstown — Ballyhooly — Convamore — Bridgetown Abbey — Carrigacunna Castle — Killaviillen — Mallow — Doneraile — Bnttevant — liscarrol — CharleviUe, - - . - 464

XXII. — Dmmneen — Ballyclongh — Lohort Castle — Kantork — New- market — Dromagh — MiUstreet — Xing- William's -town — Maoroom — ^BaUyronmey — ^Eilcrea Abbey — Ballincollig — Ovens — Blarney — St. Anne's, - - - -477

XXIII ^Reformatory at Upton — Bandon — Inishannon — Xinsale

Eilbritain Castle — ^Timoleagae — Dinworly Beads — ClonakUty Dnnmanway and Sir Richard Cox— Castle-Freke — Rosscarbery — Glandore — Bawnlehan and theO'Donovans— Castle-Townsend — Skibbereen — Baltimore and the O'DriscoUs — Turks — Fisheries Bantry— Western Coast-^CSuUiTan and Puxley— Mines, . 404

XXIV. — Population — Houses — Labour -Market — Emigration —

Baronies and Parishes, . « . « 528

THE

HISTORY OF CORK.

CHAPTER I.

THE BEBELLION IX THE CITY. A.D. 1603.

Camdek calls Cork, in the latter half of the 16th century, "a populous little trading town, and much resorted to; but so beset with rebel enemies on all sides, that they are obliged to keep constant watch, as if the town were continually besieged ; and they dare not marry out their daughters in the country, but contract one with another among themselves, whereby all the citizens are related in one degree or other."

The chief magistrate was chosen for the space of a hundred and seventy-five years — that is, from 1435 to 1610 — with but five exceptions,* from the following names : — Goulds, Koches, Terry s. Meads, Coppingers, Gblways, Sarsfields, Morroghs, Skiddys, Konaynes, Walters, and LavaUyns. Sir Henry Sydney tells

♦ The Jive exceptumt ar« — Godfrey Naiole, John Mezca, Christopher Creagh, Henry Walsh, and Francis Iffartel.

voLt n. 1

I niSTOBY OF CORK.

Elizabeth to take care of the towns, as " the loss of them would be the loss of the whole kingdom." He says, *^ they are the only force your majesty has to trust, out of the English pale of this realm.'* He styles them ^^ high 'pieces of regard^

It was the policy of the government of the day to foment a bad feeling between the town and country. If the spirit of rebellion which reigned abroad through- out the country had possessed the towns, the whole kingdom would have passed from under the British rule; the towns were, therefore, chartered, coaxed, and petted. But it was impossible to blind them to the fact, that the town is fed by the country ; that to devastate the country is to starve the city. Though the merchants of Cork would not marry their daughters to formers, they must buy their wheat and oats, their milk and butter, their sheep and oxen. These things were of more value than charters, " remarkable caps," or chains of gold.* When the pressure from without came, Waterford shut her gates in the face of the viceroy, and the Beautiful City assumed the impe- rious airs of a queen. Sir George Carew did not contemplate this when he sent his soldiers through Munster to destroy the food of the people, but the Lord Deputy Mountjoy did, for in his letter to the lords of the council, dated 26th of February, 1603, he speaks of "a dearth and famine which is already begun, and must of necessity grow shortly to ex- tremity; the bent of which alone have been many

* Chains of gold. Queen Elizabeth sent a silver collar of SS. to Maurice Koclbc, VfixoT of Cork in 1571. Henry IV , of England, was the first that gave the '^forget-mc not " its poetic meaning, by uniting it on his collar of SS. with his watO^^^'^^T '^souveiffne voua de moyj* The mayor's collar of SS. is now composed of gold a\nd precious stones, valued at £1,600.

\

RELIGION AND CORRUPT MONEY. 3

times sufficient motives to drive the best and most quiet estates into sudden confusion. These will keep all spirits from settling, breed new combinations, and, I feafy even 9tir tke fawns themselves to solicit foreign aid, with promise to cast themselves into their protec- tion."

These words were penned by this prescient states- man before the citizens of Cork refused to proclaim the new English sovereign, or the citizens of Water- ford had closed their gates against Mountjoy. But there were two other serious causes of discontent ; and it would be difficult to say to which the people were most opposed ; the one was an attempt of the govern- ment to force base money into circulation, and the other to press the Protestant religion upon a people who thoroughly detested it, and held it as corrupt as the coinage.

Eespecting corrupt and light money, the Deputy writes, '^ And first, whereas, the alteration of the coyne and taking away the exchange in such a measure as that first promised, hath bred a general grievance to men of all qualities, and so many ineommodities to all sorts, that it is beyond the judgment of any I can see, or hear, to prevent confusion in the estate, by the continuance thereof.'' Speaking of the army, he says, ^* They not only pay excessive prices for all tilings, but can hardly get anything for their money." We are convinced that the free circulation of the pure Spanish dollar rendered Philip, King of Spain, very popular in Ireland.

On the subject of religion, the Deputy Mountjoy speaks with as much modciation as wo could expect

4 HISTORY OF CORK.

from a statesman of his time, when the principles of religious liberty were understood, and practised by no party : — " And, whereas, it hath pleased your lordships, in your last letters, to command us to deal moderately in the great matter of religion, I had, before the receipt of your lordships' letters, presumed to advice such as dealt in it, for a time, to hold a more restrained hand therein." He tells their lordships there was a fear that the measures adopted against Catholics, in Dublin^ would be practised over the kingdom. He thinks that too great preciseness cannot be used in reforming our- selves, the abuses of our own clergy, our church livings, and discipline ; that the gospel cannot be set forth vsdth too much zeal and industry, " and by all ordinary means most proper unto itself; that is, set forth and spread in meekness." He does not think that any corporeal persecution, or punishment, can be too severe for such as shall be found seditious instruments of "foreign or inward practices," or that the principal magistrates should be chosen, without taking the oath of obedience, or tolerated in absenting themselves fix)m public divine service; but, he adds, ^^we may be advised how we do punish in their bodies^ or goods, any suchy only for religion, as do profess to be faithful subfects to her majesty, and against whom the contrary cannot be proved.^^

The reader may wish to know more of a man who held opinions so much in advance of his age. Charles Bloimt, or Lord Mountjoy, was at this time about thirty-five years of age, although he had beaten Hugh O'Neill, and O'Donnell before ICinsale, and supplanted the Earl of Essex, in the court of Elizabeth — a feat of

CHAELES BLOUNT. 5

even greater diflSculty and daring. Charles Blount was one of the handsomest cavaliers of his day. He was first noticed by the qneen, at Whitehall, in 1585, who asked her lady-carver who was the youth of the graceful stature and agreeable countenance ; aud was informed he was a learned student at Oxford, and the yoimger brother of Lord William Moimtjoy. The young student heard the whisper, marked the queen's gaze, and blushed to the eyes. Elizabeth gave him her huid to kiss, and said ^^I saw there was noble blood in thy veins.'* Some days after she witnessed his success at tilt with Essex, and awarded him a golden chess-queen, richly enamelled, which Charles wore in passing thr^igh the royal chamber. Essex, . observing the ornament, asked Mr. Fulke Gh-enville where he got it. ** The queen sent it to him after the tilting," was Grenville's reply. '^Now I perceive that every fool must have a favor," said Essex. Blount heard the words, and sent the prime favorite a challenge. They met in Marylebone Park. Essex was wounded in the thigh. When the queen heard it, she exclaimed, " By God's death, it's fit and proper some one should take the earl down, and teach him manners, otherwise there would be no ruling him " Charles Blount was too much of Or soldier to remain long at the queen's apron string. He broke away, and went to the wars in Flanders. Elizabeth wrote to her general. Sir John Norreys, to seiid her truant back. He was soundly rated on his return : " Serve me so once more, and I'll lay you too fast for running. You will never leave off till you are knocked on the head, as that inconsiderate fellow, Sidney, was."

6 HISTORY OF CORJC.

The queen appointed Charles Blount, now Lord Mount] oy, to succeed Essex in the government of Ireland. On her mentioning this appointment to Bacon, he replied, " Surely, madam, you cannot make a better choice, unless you send over my Lord Essex." " Essex !" exclaimed the queen, " When I send Essex back into Ireland I'll marry you ; claim it of me."

Mount] oy, like Ealeigh * and others, addressed the queen, even at the age of seventy, in the language of a lover. Only a few months before her death, and just before the rebellion in Cork, and the writing of the state letter from which we have quoted, he says — *' This, most dear sovereign, I do not write with any swelling justification of myself. M any impious tongue do tax my proceedings, I will patiently bless it, that by making me suflfer for your sake — I that have suf- fered for your sake a torment above all others, a grieved and despised love.^^ f

Elizabeth replied in the following strain : —

" 0 what melancholy humour hath exhaled up into your brain, from a fuU-fraughted heart, that should breed such doubt, bred upon no cause given by us at all, never having pronounced any syllable upon which

* RaUigh was in the Tower, before he came to Cork, for seducing and many- ing Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of the queen's maids of honor. The queen's barge passes under liis prison window. He rages and swears that ho sufl'ers all 'Hhe horrors of Tautallus," and must go through fire or water to see his mistress. His keeper, Sir George Carew, holds him by the collar. He tears off the knight* 8 new ponwig, and threatens to dagger him, but afler a desperate contest is carried back to his chamber. Here he writes Sir Robert Cecil a letter, which he knows the queen will see. — " How can I bide in prison while she is far off? I, who wa« wont to behold her, riding like AIexandcr\\mimQ like Diana, walking like Venus, the gentle wind blowing her fair hair about her pure cheeks, like a nymph !*'

•f A grieved and despised love. — Mountioy had other loves, which were not despised. He seduced the beautiful Penelope, the sister of his rival the Earl of Essex, whom he married after she had been repudiated by her injured husband, Robert, Lord Rich. Mountjoy died in 1606, under forty years of age, an unhappy man, blighted by his passions in the bloom of life and vigor of manhood.

REFUSAL TO PHOCLAIM THE KING. 7

such a work should be framed. There is no louder truiDp that may sound out your praise, your hazard, your care, your luck, than we have blasted in all our court and elsewhere indeed. Well, I will attribute it to God's good providence for. you, that — lest all these glories might elevate you too much — ^He hath sufltered, tiiough not made, such a scruple to keep you under his rod, who best knows we have more need of bits than spurs. Thus, " Valeant ista amara, ad Tartaros eat melancholia. Your sovereign, E. E."

Mountjoy, who was created Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by a new patent, dated the 18th of April,. 1603, within one month after the queen's death, might say^ or sing, with one of the Cecils,*

" Now is my mtfd clad like a parasite. In party^coloui'd robes of black and white, Orieying and joying too, both these together, But grieves or joys she most, I wot not whether. Eliza's dead — that splits my heart in twain ; And James proclaimed — that makes me well again."

Mountjoy sends Captain Morgan to Cork, the 11th of April, to have the new king properly proclaimed. Sir George Thornton, one of the two commissioners of Munster, applied to Thomas Sarsfield, then mayor, who replied that the charter allowed his taking ^'time to consider of it." Sir George replied that the king, who had a just right to the crown, had been proclaimed in Dublin, and that a delay would be taken ill. The mayor replied smartly enough, that Perkin War- beck had also been proclaimed in Dublin; and that much damage had come of their precipitation. The Chief Justice of Munster, Saxey, who was present,

♦ One of the Cecils. — Both the brothers, Robert and Thomas, got the credit of these lines.

8 HISTORY OF CORK.

said they should be committed, if they refased. Wm. Mead, the recorder, replied, " There was no one there had authority to commit them." The mayor, and cor- poration, adjourn to the court-house. Sir George Thornton paces up and down the walk outside, and after a time sends in to know if they have come to a decision. — " No." He waits another hour, and is in- formed by the recorder, in a passionate manner, that they can give him no answer till the next day. Sir Bichard Boyle, afterwards Earl of Cork, who was at this time Clerk of the Presidential Council of Munster, re- quested Mead not to *^ break out in so imreasonable and choleric a fashion." Mead, who was as smart as the mayor at reply, said, " Though I do not break out, there are several thousands ready to do so.'' Sir George Thornton requires an account of these words. " Very well,'' says Mead, " but the city must have three or four days to consult about this ceremony."

The recorder, who appears 1o have been the ring- leader of the rebellion, employed the time in arming the citizens, and guarding the gates against the admis- sion of his majesty's troops; but "they admitted several Irish, to whom they gave arms." An attempt was also made to seize Haulbowline, which had been but recently fortified. " About this this time," — Jan- uary, 1602 — writes Stafford, "the Lord Deputie and the Lord President went by boate to an island in the river of Corke, called Halbolin, sixe or seven miles from the citie, which upon view they thought fit to be fortified, being so seated as that no shipping of any burden can pass the same, but imder the command thereof. Whereupon direction was given to Paul Ive,

THE FOBT OF HAULBOWUNE. 9

an ingeneere, to raise a fortifioation there." — Paeata Hibemia, pp. 461, 462.

Boyle gives us the most eircumstaiitial account of this foolish rebellion, which seems to have sprung np without premeditation, and to have proceeded without plan, or any particular object on the part of the leaders.

Sir Gleorge Thornton desires the citizens to send, or rather allow some cannon to go from Cork to the relief of Haulbowline. They reply, "We have, as you see, called our brethren together about this busi- ness, and we have come to the resolution, that the fort of Haulbowline is a very pestilent impoverishment to our corporation, and therefore think it not meet to suffer any relief to go thither, nor will we." Are we to conclude from this language, that the corporation were at the expense of finding and maintaining this fort? They say again, "This fort was a needless work, and built in their franchises, without their consent, by the Lord President, [Carew] but not for any good to the city." They add, that they will ** take the fort, and keep possession of it "

Kichard Boyle mentions one " Edward Eoche, the brother of Dominick Koche, the priest," and Owen Mac Bedmond, a schoolmaster, as taking an active part in this rebellion. " This fellow," continues Sir Eichard, speaking of the schoolmaster, " said it was not known who was King of England. That, to his own know- ledge, about seven or eight years ago, there was no other mockery in all the stage plays, but the King of Scots ; that no Englishman would abide the govern- ment of a Scot; that he was the poorest prince in

10 HISTOBY OF CORK.

Europe ; that the President of Minister kept a better table than he.''

" Stephen Brown," continues Boyle, " was a great director about the ordnance, as also one Thomas Fagan, who fired a shot at Mr, James Grant, when he was returning to Sir Charles Wilmot, who sent him to the mayor. He had before this stripped Mr. Grant of his clothes, was the first man who put on his head-piece, and seized on the king's stores in the city. He ssiid, for his part, no king should rule him, but such as would give him liberty of conscience. He carried a white rod about the city, and was styled their princi- pal church-warden, and never suffered an Englishman or Protestant to pass by him imabused. He had the impudence to revile Sir Gerald Herbert, because he would not put off his hat, and do reverence to the cross, which he was then carrying about in procession.

" Sir Robert Mead, or Meagh, and John Fitz-David Eoche, were two priests who fomented this rebellion. Mead ordered Mr. Apsley, the king's storekeeper, to be killed, and his arms taken away. He also ordered the guard, which he placed on Skiddy's Castle, where the stores lay, to throw Mrs. Hughes, wife to the clerk of stores, over the walls and break her neck. He was the principal stirrer-up of the townsmen to take arms, and not only assisted in every sally to take and destroy the forts, but also drove such as were dilatory with a cudgel to the work.

" John Nicholas, a brewer, was also a cannonier to the rebels, and it was proved against him that he shot two soldiers from the walls ; he was assisted by John Clarke, a tanner, from Mallow, who very dexterously

SEIZURE OF SZIDDY'S CASTLE. 11

mounted the cannons upon the walls, when none else knew how to do it. He and Nicholas were both Englishmen. It was proved against Edmund Terry, another rebel, that he advised the mayor to take the key of Skiddy's Castle* from Mr. Hughes, the store- keeper, and place the ammunition in Pominick Gal- way's cellars, and that Hughes should not be suffered to come there without a sufficient guard; all which the mayor complied with. Edward Eoche, brother to Dominick Eoche, said that the city would fight against the king himself if he came to look for it, and that not only the country, but also the kings of France and Spain would assist them, if he did not give their church free liberty,"

Sir Bichard Boyle continues, ^^ The mayor'and re- corder imprisoned Mr. Allen Apsley, commissary of the king's victuals, and Mr. Michael Hughes, clerk of the munitions. The recorder, in person, with a guard, carried Mr. Apsley from his own house to the common gaol, and then distributed the king's stores as he thought proper. They demolished the fort on the south side of the city, in which action they killed and wounded several soldiers. The day before they demolished this fort, the recorder, striking himself on the breast, solemnly swore, at the door of Skiddy's Castle, that if the mayor would not take charge of the king's stores he would presently quit the town for ever, upon which te turned about to the crowd, who huzzaed and applauded him for his speech; then Thomas

• Skiddy's Castk stood on the west side of the North Main Street. It was bailt by John Skiddy in 1445. It was afterwards used as a powder magazine. A rat, saturated with turpentine and set on tire, was killed by a sentinel in passing into the powder TaiUt^. After this, the citizens petitioned to have the mugaziuo removed ; the building itself was removed in 1785,

12 mSIORY OF COEK.

Fagan and Murrough clapped on their head-pieces, and with their swords and targets forcibly possessed them- selves of Skiddy's Castle.

"The day before they demolished the fort, the mayor assembled the citizens, and told them, that before forty hours passed, all Ireland would be in arms against the king; that the crown of England should never more recover Ireland. He also wrote several seditious letters to most of the lords and chief men of this province, desiring them to join the citi- zens in their cause, which was for liberty of conscience.

" The recorder being asked why the king's fort was broken down by the people ? answered, it was his act^ and that he would justify it ; and said it was the act of the whole corporation, and done advisedly, and that they would make it good, saying, ^ That the building of that fort cost the queen nothing, it being raised by the citizens,' adding, ^ that the worst that could be done, was to make them rebuild it.'

** Several of them publicly abused the commis- sioners and the king's officers in this province, calling them * traitors,' * destroyers of the city and common- wealth,' * base-bom fellows,' * beggarly companions,' * yeomen's sons,' all of which was proved on their respective trials. Lieutenant Murrough had the im- pudence to send Sir Charles Wilmot word, that he was a traitor, and would prove it. His brother had been aide-de-camp to Captain Flower at* the siege of Ean- sale ; but he quitted his colours and deserted to the Spaniards, for which he was afterwards executed."

It only remained for the commissioners to proclaim James the Sixth of Scotland and First of England, out-

THE RELIGIOUS ELEMENT. 13

ride the walls, as they were not allowed to do so inside. 8ir George Thornton, accompanied by Lord Eoohe and wpported by eight hundred soldiers, proclaimed the king in the north suburbs, near Shandon Castle, the recorder protesting all the while against such a viola- tion of their " liberties." The commissioners, who appeared to have acted with great moderation, sent to Hanlbowline for artillery, when the citizens, under the leadership of William Terry, attempted to intercept fliem. A scuffle ensued, and several were killed on both sides.

The religious element in this rebellion was para- mount. Though a large portion of the inhabitants of Cork were of Danish, Norman, and Saxon descent, they were sincere Catholics, who hoped for the re- establishment of their own faith at the death of the queen. They had not forgotten, though five-and- twenty years had elapsed, that the Protestant bishop had burned the image of St. Donunick at the High Cross of Cork. They now retaliate, by retaking pos- session of the churches — which they sprinkle in order to exorcise the demon of Protestantism — ^by burning Protectant bibles and prayer-books ; by razing out the ten commandments, and substituting the emblems of their own faith. A number took the sacrament to strengthen them in defence of their religion. A legate from the Pope went through the city in procession with a cross, compelling all he met to bow down to it. They not only fired on Shandon Castle, where Lady Carew lodged, but on the bishop's palace, where the commis- sioners were assembled ; they killed Mr. Eutledge, and wounded a servant of Bishop Lyon, and told him, if

14 HISTORY OF CORK.

they had his traitor-master, he should not escape with his life. Such language and conduct is indicative of the detestation in which the Protestant religion was held even in the towns where it had been nurtured for half a century.

But this state of things could not be long counte- nanced in a city like Cork ; and the mayor and sheriffs knowing the decided character of the Lord Deputy Mountjoy, wrote him saying, they had received the king's proclamation on the 11th of April, but had put off the ceremony till the 16th, that it might be done with more solemnity. They also requested that the fort of Haulbowline might be put into their hands, and complained that soldiers in that fort had shot at some fishermen and boats which had been sent out for provisions. The commissioners, of course, gave his lordship a very different version of the transaction.

Mountjoy wrote them *^a smart letter" in reply, reproving them for " setting up the mass,* by their own authority, their insolence in stopping his majesty's stores and artillery from being sent to Haulbowline, and attempting to get them into their hands. At the same time, his lordship wrote to Sir Charles Wilmot and Sir George Thornton, ordering them to send as much victuals and provisions as they could, out of the city, to that fort, and Shandon Castle ; to draw some companies into the town ; and informed them, that he had assembled five thousand men to correct their inso- lences ; and that as most of the other towns in the pro- vince had committed the like disturbances, he intended

• Setting up the mass. — Moryson nays they rushed into apparent treason^ by " foolishly stopping the king's munitions, and insolently setting up a religion in oppotition to aufhority,'*

MOUNTJOY COMES TO CORK. 15

to begin with Waterford, who led the example fo the rest."

The following is Dr. Ryland's account of the Lord Lieutenant's yisit to Waterford : — " The Lord Deputy Mountjoy, judging that the situation of affairs of the province, required his immediate personal attention, proceeded with a numerous army into Munster, and on the 5th of May, 1603, came to Graco-Dieu, within the Kberties of Waterford, and summoned the mayor to open the gates, and receive him and his army into the city. The spirit of rebellion immediately appeared ; the gates were shut against him, and the citizens pleaded that, by a charter of King John, they were exempted from quartering soldiers. While the parties were thus engaged, two ecclesiastics. Dr. White and a young Dominican friar, came into the camp; they were habited in the dresses of their order. Dr. White wear- ing a black gown and cornered cap, and the friar wearing a white woollen frock. When they entered the Lord Deputy's tent. Dr. White commenced a vio- lent religious controversy, *all of which,' we are told, * his lordship did most learnedly confute.' He then severely reprehended the conduct of the citizens; threatened to draw King James^ sword^ and cut the charter of King John to pieces ; and declared his inten- tion, if they persisted in their obstinacy, to level their city, and strew it with salt. His menaces were eflfectual ; the citizens immediately submitted, and received the Lord Deputy and his army within their walls. They afterwards took the oath of allegiance, renounced all foreign jurisdiction, and, to prevent any future disturbance, a garrison was stationed in the city.'^

16 HISTORY OF CORK.

Mountjoy wrote to the Mayor of Cork, fipom his camp at Grace-Dieu, near Waterford, requesting him " to desist from his practices," saying, if he per- severed, he must adopt more seyere measures than he willingly would ; but many of the citizens, undeterred by this mild threat, were opposed to his admission. Mead, the recorder, strongly opposed it, so did Gould| Fagan, Captain Terry, Lieutenant Murrough, and ^^ an infinite number of mob;" but Alderman Coppinger, John Coppinger, Alderman Terry, the Galways, the Vemons, and the Martels, insisted that the viceroy should be received within the walls.

He entered Cork on the 11th of May, 1603. The citizens laid plough-shares on each side of the street through which he passed, intimating that the destruc- tion of the growing crops, by the soldiers, had caused so many ploughs to lie idle. As in the fable of the belly and the members, the citizens were at length brought to understand, that their interests were iden- tified with the country. To see the city of Cork, which had been always armed edp-a'pii against the country, admitting the Irish within its walls, and laying their idle plough-shares before the eyes of the viceroy, was something new in the history of these times. Smith says " the Lord Lieutenant took little notice of this silly contrivance." We did not expect to find Doctor Smith making so silly a remark. A people's cry for bread should sound in a ruler's ears as the roar of a famished lion. But the Lord Lieutenant did notice it ; his letter to the English council, from which we have quoted, contains the prediction of a dearth, which would ^^ breed new combinations, and would stirre the townes

SUPPRESSION OF THE REBELLION. 17

themselves ; " and his mild chastisement of the present rebellion, is something like an admission that the people had great cause for dissatisfaction. Mnrrongh, Butler, and the schoolmaster, Owen Mac Bedmond, who had no freeholds, were the only parties executed by martial law. Mead, the recorder, who was the ringleader, was tried by an Irish jury, and acquitted. The grand jury* found true bills against Mead, Bichard €k)uld, and others. Gould pleaded, in justification, before Sir Charles Wilmot, and Sir George Thornton, commissioners. Sir Nicholas Walsh, William Saxey, and George Comerford, justices, the injury he had sustained by being compelled to take the mixed or base money. He proved that the late Lord President's steward had purchased twenty barrels of wheat for the Lady Carew, which he, Bichard Gould, had purchased in France for nineteen shillings a bar- rel, of good silver money, and that the steward would give him but twenty shillings of the new standard or mixed money. The Cork jury, by whom he was tried and acquitted for the attack on Haulbowline, must have held that such fraudulent conduct was enough to drive any honest trader into rebellion. Mead, the recorder, appears to have had deeper projects in view. He afterwards got a pension from Spain, and went to Naples, where he wrote a treasonable tract, called, ^^ Advice to the Catholics of MunsteTj^^ a copy of which is preserved in the Bodleian library at Oxford. He died in Naples.

• The grand jttry were Owen O* Sullivan, Teige Mac Cormac Cartby, John Taylor, Thomas J. C. Oankrough, Garrett Barry, Joshua Barry, Edmiina Barry, Aithor Hyde, Charles Callagnan, William Mellefont, Bedmond Magher, Tiege Mac Carthy, John Barry, Garrett Buidhe Barry, and Bryan Mac Sweeny.

TOL. n. 2

CHAPTER II.

BICHARD BOYLE, FIRST LORD CORK. A.D. 1603—1641.

We have none of the proper materials of history for either city or county from 1603 to 1641. Sir Arthur Chichester was appointed Deputy to Lord Mountjoy the third of April, 1603. He was a pupil of the Puritan ministeri Cartwright, the great opponent of Episcopacy, who used to pray, " 0 Lord, give us grace and power, as one man, to set ourselves against them" — that is, the bishops.

8ir Henry Beecher was made Lord President of Munster in 1604; he succeeded Sir George Carew, or rather the commissioners, Sir Charles Wilmot and Sir George Thornton, whom Sir George Carew had appointed in his stead. The Catholics began to re- build their abbeys and monasteries this year ; £ilcrea and Timoleague were repaired or re-edified this year. The city and its liberties were separated from the county, and became a distinct barony, in 1605.

Lord Danvers, who, as Sir Henry Danvers, was Lieutenant -General of the Horse to Bobert Earl of Essex and Lord Mountjoy, became Lord President of Munster in 1610, in the room of Sir Henry Beecher,

i'.

EICHARB, EARL OP CORK. 19

deceased. Edward Legge* was vice-president to Danyers. He made a voyage to the West Indies with Sir Walter Ealeigh in 1584.

Sir Oliver St. John was Lord President in 1611, and Sir Bichard Moryson, vice-president. Sir Oliver be- came Lord Deputy of Lreland in 1616, and Donongh O'Brien, Earl of Thomond, Lord President of Munster.

The name of Eichard, Earl of Cork, frequently occurs about this time. Take the following examples :

^' Bichard, Earl of Cork, was this year admitted and sworn a free man of the city of Cork. On the 5th of September died Donough, Earl of Thomond, Lord President of Munster, and the Lord Falkland issued out a commission, September 7th, to Henry, Earl of Thomond, the Earl of Desmond, the Earl of Cork, liord Esmond, or any two of them, for the better govern- ment ofthis province during the vacancy of the president- ship, which was supplied by the appointment of Sir Edward Villiers, on the 29th of May.

" During his government the French and Spaniards gave out, that in revenge for the expedition to Eochelle, they would make a descent in Ireland. The forts of Cork and Waterford having been quite neglected, the Earl of Cork lent £500 to the Lord President Villiers, with which these forts were made defensible.

" When Lord Wimble ton amved at Kinsale, with the king's forces. Lord Cork took ten companies of foot, many of them being weak and wounded, and lodged and dieted them, near three months, upon his

* Edward Ligge. He married Mary, daughter of Pierce Walsh, of Mallow, by whom he had six sons and seven daughters. He was the first Protestant of his finnily, bat most of his children were brought up in the Catholic faith by his wife. ^Cfamne Peer, of England^ v. iii, p. 102.

20 HISTORY OF CORK.

tenants."^ He supplied the general with £500, and entertained him and all his officers nobly at Lismore.''

This remarkable man, as we learn from his auto- biography, or True Kemembrancer, was bom in the city of Canterbury, on the 3rd of October, 1566. His father died when he was but ten years old, in 1576, fflid a brother in 1586.

^^ After the decease of my father and mother, I being the second son of a younger brother, haying been a schoLor in Bennett's College, Cambridge, and a student in the Middle Temple, London, finding my means unable to support me to study the laws in the Inns of Court, put myself into the service of Bichard Manwood, Knt., Lord Chief Baron of her Majesty's Court of Ex- chequer, whom I served as one of his clerks; and perceiving that the employment would not raise a fortune, I resolved to travel into foreign lands, and to gain learning and knowledge and experience abroad in the world. And it pleased the Almighty, by his divine providence, to take me, I may justly say, as it were by the hand, and lead me into Ireland, where I happily arrived at Dublin, on the Midsummer eve, the 23rd day of June, 1588."

He was at this time but twenty-two years of age, with but twenty-seven pounds to begin the world, " When first I arrived in Dublin, the 23rd of June, 1588, all my wealth then was £27 3s. in money, and two tokens which my mother had given me, viz : — a diamond ring, which I have ever since and still do

• Up<m his oum tenantt. Smith says, that Sir William St. Leger, who was appointed President of Mnnster, April 14, 1627, charged all the corporations of the proTinee} except Mallow — where he resided — ** with the maintenance of the horse troops under his command." — Sit, of Cork, voi, i., p. 108.

BICHABD BOYLB DEPUTY ESCHEATOR. 21

wear, and a bracelet of gold, worth about ten pounds ; a tafltety doublet, cut with and upon taffety, a pair of black velvet breeches, laced, a new Milan fustian suit, laoed, and cut upon taffety, two cloaks, competent linen and necessaries, with my rapier and dagger."

Two years after this, there is mention, in a memo- randum roll of the Exchequer for 1590, of a certain Bichard Boyle as a deputy escheator to John Crofton, the queen's Escheator General. This was the age of Irish forfeited estates, of which the escheators took cognizance and care. Everything connected with these estates was conducted in the escheator's office. Sir Thomas More, speaking of English escheators, says, " One should not rail upon escheators, by terming them aU extortioners."* Sir John Davis, Attorney-General to King James, speaks thus of Irish deputy escheators :

" These deputy escheators make a suggestion, that they are able to find many titles for the crown, and obtain a commission to enquire for all wards, marriages, escheats, concealments, forfeitures, and the like. If this commission were well executed, and returned, they were good servitors. But what do they do? They retire themselves into some comer of the coun- ties, and in some obscure village, execute their com^ mission ; and there, having a simple or suborned jury, find one man's land concealed, another man's lease forfeited for non-payment of rent, another man's land holden of the in capita^ and no livery sued, and the like. This being done, they never return their com- mission, but send for the parties, and compound with

^AU extortioner t, Joknson thinkfl the verb to eheat, is derired from escheat ^becanse of tha many fraudulent measures taken in procuring escheats."

i

22 HISTORY OF CORE.

them^ and so defraud the orowiiy and make a booty and spoil upon the country ; so that we may conjeoture^ by what means one that was lately an eseheatof^s clerkf is now owner of so much land here, as few of the lords of Ireland may compare with him." The allusion in this passage to Lord Cork cannot be misunderstood.

Bichard Boyle is charged — ^it is true, eleven years after the alleged offence — with having practised a cheat before he was appointed to the office of Deputy Escheator. One Henry Deane stated, before the Star- Chamber Court, that Boyle counterfeited a letter from Sir Thomas Kempe to the Constable of Dublin Castle ; another from Lady Baker to Mrs. Kenny, the wife of Eenny the escheator for Leinster ; and another from Lady Hales to Lady Delves, " whereby he procured much friendship in Ireland." Bichard Boyle's or Lord Cork's defence is a very weak one. He acknowledged that a counterfeit letter had been delivered to the Constable, on his behalf, but that he was not privy to it. Who would think of forging a letter without the knowledge of the party interested. ^^ He thinketh there was a letter brought and delivered to the Con- stable Segar, on his behalf, for so the constable told him. He was never privy or consenting thereto, and doth know the same to be counterfeit."

Again, ^^ As touching these letters, supposed to be counterfeited, he saith he was not at that time above seventeen years old, for it is near eleven years since. !Neither, if they had been fiedsified, was it to the pre- judice of the queen's service, or anything concerning her highness, but he never delivered any such."

There may have been nothing in all this to the

BOYLE COMIOTTED TO THE ICARSHiXSEA:. 23

prejudice of the queen^s service, but much to that of Siehard Boyle's honor; perhaps he felt this, for he says he was not above seventeen years old. If this be true, it would have proved a very early develope- meut in state-craft ; but it was not true, and we cannot imagine how Lord Cork could make such a mistake respecting his own age. If the True Bemembraneer, penned by himself, does not lie, he must have been twenty-twO) and not seventeen, at this time He was bom in 1566, and came to Ireland to seek his fortune in 1688.

He was committed to the Marshalsea in May, 1697, by Chief Justice Gktrdiner and Sir Henry WoUop, on the charge of stealing a horse and a jewel. There were two other indictments against him. Two out of the four were found. Deane said he got twenty pounds from him not to prosecute^ Boyle obtained a ^x)wn pardon, which was purchasable in those days.

But he was not only accused of false dealing in procuring friends who helped him to the office of Deputy Escheator, but also of taking unfair advantage of his position for his personal aggrandisement. As Deane appears to have been a sort of hired accuser, and as Lord Cork had enemies in Sir Henry Wallop, Sir Robert Gardiner, and others, we should receive the evidence against him with caution, but some of the statements are of a very circumstantial character.

Bichard Boyle had high authority or example for such trafficking in forfeited estates. There were many who did much worse than he — who trafficked in the blood of those whose properties they sought. The following example is from the pen of Fynee Moryson : —

24 HISTOBT OF CORK.

" About this time [1590] Mao Mahown, the chief- tain of Monaghan died^ who in his life-time had sur- rendered this his country, held by tanistry, the Irish law. into her majesty's hands, and received a re-grant thereof under the broad seal of England, to him and his heirs males, and for default of such, to his broths, Hugh £oe Mac Mahown, with other remainders. And this man dying without heirs male, his said brother came up to the state, that he might be settled in his inheritance, hoping to be countenanced and cherished as her majesty's patentee ; but he found, as the Irish say, that he could not be admitted till he had promised to give about six hundred cows, lor such and no other are the Irish bribes. Afterwards he was imprisoned, the Irish say, for failing in part of this payment, and within a few days again enlarged, with promise that the Lord Deputy himself would go and settle him in his country of Monaghan, whither his lordship took his journey shortly after, with him in his company.

" At their first arrival, the gentleman was clapt in bolts, and within two days after indicted, arraigned, and executed at his own house ; all done, as the Irish said, by such officers as the Lord Deputy carried with him for that purpose. The Irish said he was found guilty by a jury of soldiers, but no gentlemen or free- holders ; that four English soldiers were suffered to go and come at pleasure, but the others, being Irish kerne, were kept straight, and starved till they found him guilty."

It is only fair to hear Boyle's defence of himself : —

" When God had blessed me with a reasonable for- time and estate, Sir Henry Wallop, of Wares; Sir

BOYLE ACCUSED TO THE QUEEN. 25

Bobert Gardiner^ Chief- Justice of the King's Bench ; Sir Bobert Dillam, Chief- Justice of the Common Fleas ; and Sir Siohard Bingham^ Chief-Commissioner of Con- naught, being displeased for some purchases I had made in the province, they all joined together by their lies, complaining against me to Queen Elizabeth, ex- pressing that I c^e over without any estate or fortune, and that I had made so many purchases as it was not possible to do without some foreign princess purse to supply me with money. That I had acquired divers castles and abbeys upon the sea-side fit to en- tertain and receive Spaniards. That I kept in my abbeys fraternities and convents of Mars in their habits, who said mass continually, and that I was suspected in my religion ; with divers other malicious suggestions.

" Whereof, having some secret notice, I resolved to go into Munster, and so into England to justify my-^ self; but before I could take shipping, the general rebellion in Munster broke out, all my lands were wasted. As I might say, I had not one penny of certain revenue left me, to the unspeakable danger and hazard of my life, yet God preserved me, as I reached Dingle, and got shipping there, which transported me to Bristol, from whence I travelled to London, and be- took myself to my former chamber in the Middle Temple, intending to renew my studies in the law till the rebellion were passed over.

"Bobert, Earl of Essex, was designed for the government of this kingdom, unto whose service I was reconmiended by Mr. Anthony Bacon, whereupon bis lordship very nobly received me, and used me with

26 HISTORY OF CORK.

favor and graoe^ in employing me in issuing ont patent and commissions for the government of Ireland, whereof Sir Henry Wallop^ treasurer^ having notice^ and being conscious in his own hearty that I had sundry papers and collections of Michael Eettlewell, his late under treasurer, which might discover a great deal of wrong and abuse done to the queen in his late accounts, and suspecting if I were countenanced by the Earl of Essex, that I would bring those things to light, which might much prejudice or ruin his repu* tation or estate, although I vow to Ood, until I waa provoked, I had no thought of it, yet he utterly ta suppress me, renewed his former complaints against me to the queen's majesty.

^^ Whereupon, by her majesty's special direetion, I was suddenly attacked, and conveyed close prisoner to the Gate-house, all my papers seized and searched, and although nothing could appear to my prejudice, yet my close restraint was continued, till the Earl of Essex was gone to Ireland ; two months afterwards,, with much suit, I obtained the favor of her sacred majesty, to be present at my answers, where I so fully answered and cleared all their objections, and delivered such fall and evident justifications for my own ac- quittal, as it pleased the queen to use these words^ viz., ^ By God's death, these are but inventions against the young man, and all his sufferings are for being able to do us service, and those complaints urged ta forestal him therein. But we find him a man fit to be omployed by ourselves, and we will employ him in out service, and Wallop and his adherents shall know thaK it shall not be in the power of any of them to

\

BOYLE ACQtJITTED BY THE QUEEN. 27

hiniy neither shall Wallop be any longer our

-. :- H ' M; I

^ Thereupon she direoted her speech to her lords in council then present, and commanded them pre- to give her the names of six men, out of which mi^t choose one to be Treasurer of Ireland. Her fisdling on Sir George Carew of Cookington, liien the queen arose from the coimcil and gave not only for my present enlargement but also dwBihHTgipg all my charges, fees, during my restraint, and gaTo me her royal hand to kiss, which I did, iMttrtily, humbly thanking God for that deliverance.'^ There may be a great deal of truth in what Boyle Mys about EettlewelPs papers, lliere can be no doubt titmt the Treasurer Wallop was a great enemy of his. Bit John Stanhope, writing to Sir George Carew, Not. 2t 1602, says ^^ there had been great workings against him, and many means made to put me into it, by tell- ing me that you were weary of him, and would give way to any such course. Now he is come, I am satis- fied, not only to deal myself, but to stop any other ooone against him." Cecil writes to Carew, ^* Although I bare never heard more general imputation thrown npcm any man, yet, when it came to the point, I saw DO man that coidd or would object to any particular." lliere is one &ot, which can be denied by none, and that is, that Bichard Boyle came to Ireland with seyen- teen pounds, a slender wardrobe, a diamond ring and dagger, and died one of the largest landed proprietors in the kingdom. He says his marriage with Mrs. Joan Apsley was the beginning of his fortune; that he got £500 a year in landed property with the lady ; but

28 raSTORY OF COBK.

the True Bemembrancer cannot be relied upon eyea here. His wife's property was but £400 a year, and Sir Eichard Bingham, the Govemor of Connanght, disputes his right to even this. His first wife, Mrs. Joan Apsley^ died in Mallow, the l4th of December^ 1599, and was buried in Buttevant church.

He was married to his second wife in 1603. ^^I returned to Ireland with my Lord President's license^ to repair to court. Where in his way to Dublin — where he proposed to embark — ^he dealt very nobly and fatherly like by me, in persuading me it was high time for me to take a wife, in hopes of posterity to inherit my lands, advising me to make choice of Sir Geoffirey Fenton's daughter, and that if I coidd affect her, he would treat with her parents to have the matdi between us, wherein he prevailed so far as the 9th of March, 1602, 1 was, in his lordship's presence, ooa- tracted to her, in her father's house, at Dublin.

^^ The 25th of July, 1603, 1 was married to my second wife, Mrs. Catherine Fenton, the only daughter of Sir Geoffirey Fenton, principal Secretary of State, and Privy Councillor in Ireland, with whom I never demanded any marriage portion, neither promise of any, it not being in my consideration ; yet her father, after my marriage, gave me a £1,000 in gold, with her ; but that gift of his daughter unto me, I must ever thankfully acknowledge, as the crown of all my blessings, for she was a most religious, virtuous, loving, and obedient wife unto me, all the days of her life, and the happy mother of all my hopeM children, whom with their posterity, I beseech God to bless." He waa knighted, on the occasion of his second marriage, by Sir

BOYLB's speedy journey to LONDON. 29

George Carew, who recommended him to purchase Sir Walter Baleigh's Irish estates.

We learn from the following passage when and how he made the acquaintance of Sir George, by whom he was appointed Clerk of the Council of Munster * in 1602 :—

" Being commanded by her majesty to attend court, it was not many days before her highness was pleased to bestow upon me the office of Clerk of the Council of Munster, whereupon I bought of Sir Walter Kaleigh his ship, called ^^ The Pilgrim," into which I took a freight of ammunition and victuals, and came in her myself, by long seas, and arrived at Carrig Foyle, Kerry, where the Lord President and the army were at the siege of that castle, which, when we had taken, I was there swore as Clerk of the Council of Munster, and presently after made a justice through all that province ; and this was the second rise that God gave to my fortune.

" Then, as Clerk of the Council, I attended the Lord President in all his employments, and waited on him during all the siege of Kinsale, and was employed by his lordship to her majesty, with the news of that happy victory, in which employment I made a speedy expedition to the court, for I left my Lord President at Shandon Castle, near Cork, on the Monday morning near two o'clock, and the next day, being Tuesday, I delivered my packet, and supped with Sir Robert Cecil, being then principal Secretary of State, at his house in the Strand ; who after supper held me in dis-

* derk of the Qmnctl o/Mumter ^His commission dates Norember 16, 1602.

Ae salary was " £20 per amium, and large fees of office."

30 mSTORT OF CORK.

course, until two o'clock in the morning, and by seyen that morning called upon me to attend him to the courts where he presented me to her majesty, in her bed- chamber, who remembered me, calling me by my name, and giving me her hand to kiss, and telling me that she was glad, that I was the happy man to bring the first news of that glorious yictory. And after her majesty had interrogated me upon sundry questiona, yery punctually ; and that therein I had ffiyen her full «ZL^ in W«y parties, *e ^pinV. - h» band to kiss, and recommended my dispatch for Ire- land, and so dismissed mo with grace and fstyour,"

He returns to Ireland to his friend the Lord Presi- dent, who is besieging the Castles of Berehayen and Dunboy. It is on their return to Cork that Sir Greorge proposes to his protege to purchase Sir Walter Baleigh'a property. ^^ He propoimded unto me the purchase of all Sir Walter Baleigh's lands in Munster, offering me his best assistance for the compassing thereof, which he really performed, for upon my departure forEngland he wrote by me two effectual letters, one to Sir fiobert Cecil, wherein he was pleased to magnify my service and abilities, and concluding with a request, that he would make intercession with Sir Walter Baleigh to sell me all his lands in Ireland, that were then altoge- ther waste and desolate. To Sir Walter Baleigh he also wrote, advising him to sell me all his lands in Ireland, then untenanted, and of no value to him, mentioning, withall, that, to his lordship's knowledge^ his estate in Ireland never yielded him any beneftt| but, contrarywise, stood him in £200 yearly for the maintenance and support of his titles. Whereupon

J

Boyle's lettee to carew ealeigh. 31

there was a meeting between Sir Bobert Cecil, Sir Walter Saleigh, and myself, where Sir Bobert Cecil mediated and concluded the purchase between us; accordingly my assurances were perfected, and this was a third addition and rise to my estate."

Thi, y^ property, whld. wa. pLh««l for a mor, song, was Sir Bobert Boyle's master-stroke. It was tiiis that gave him the standing of an earL I am indebted to the Duke of Devonshirei who has placed all Lord Cork's papers in my hands, for the following letter to Sir Walter Baleigh's son. The letter is dated January 16, 1631.

^'Hokoukable Sib,

" I received letters from you of the 11th of November, 1630, whereunto I made you a present answer, and in those my letters did represent unto you the infinite trouble and charge that your lady-mother and yourself did undeservedly, without any just grounds, by unnecessary suits, draw upon me when I was in England, which I shall not thoroughly recover these many years. I also tendered to your consideration, how I purchased your father's lands, when they were utterly waste, and yielded him no profit.

" The sum that I and he agreed upon was really paid, whereof I paid him in ready gold, a thousand crowns* sterling after his attainder, when he was a prisoner in the Tower. Which debt of mine to him, being forfeited to his majesty, I made choice (out of my love to him) rather to supply him with all in his extremity, than to accept a composition tendered to

• A tkoHtand crwms.^lhe property consisted of forty thousand acres.

82 HISTTOBY OF COEK.

me by Sir John Bamsay, after Earl of Holdemess, who, for five hiindred marks in ready money, offered to procure me a discharge, under the broad seal, for the debt ; yet in regard your father made it appear unto me, that he hoped, so he might be supplied with the thousand crowns, that it would do him more good than a thousand pounds would have done before he fell into his troubles, and much avail towards the procuring of his enlargement ; which my affection guided me to make choice of, although it constrained me to tarry two months in London, and to sue out a release from the king for the money, under the great seal, at my own charge, which the fees, with my own stay in London for no other cause, was very expensive and burdensome unto me, it standing me in no less than two hundred pounds sterling.

"Again, upon my purchase from your father, he entered into bonds to me of six thousand crowns — which I have extant under his hand and seal — to free the land, as well from all arrears due to the queen, which amounted to about one thousand marks, as from all other charges and encumbrances made by him, before he conveyed the land unto me. And I am confident, if her majesty's death and his own troubles had not happened, he would have cleared all those arrears, according to his undertaking, which afterwards I was enforced to discharge, as also to pay (as I can make it evidently appear) other two thousand seven hundred and odd pounds, for freeing the lands from such former estates and incumbrances as your father hath made them liable and subject unto, contrary to his covenant and bond, upon either of which I could

BOTI^^S LEITBB OX) CAHEW RALEIGH. 33

have no remedy against him by reason of his attainder, but by coming to himself, who deeply protested nnto me, that he knew of none of those enenmbrances when he made his assurance thereof nnto me; but that tiiiose that were so prejudiced against me and my tiile, were done by two villains that served him, the one he termed Bobert Mall, the other John Meares, the latter of which, in my knowledge, was the most dangerous and wicked impostor that I think did go upon the ground, and I am fully persuaded that he was the firebrand that, by wicked artifices, kindled and nourished the fire of all those causeless suits and troubles, which your mother and yourself, to my un- speakable vexation and charge, drew upon me. But Ur. Marrott, some two days since, told me that he was dead, and therefore I will only conclude with this prayer, Gtoi be merciful to his knave's soul, for doubt- less he was a very false, dangerous, and deceitful wretch.

" Moreover, sir, I pray believe, for upon the faith of a Christian, it is most true, that your father's last ooming into Ireland* cost me above 1,000 marks sterling, whereof I supplyed him, in ready money, with 350 crowns, as his several receipts, all written in his own hand, do testify, which are extant with me. Besides the oxen, biscuit, beer, iron, and other wants of his, which I bought and supplyed withall. And the tery day that he took shipping from Cork, on his last filial voyage, he did me the honour to dine with me,

^Zatt coming to Ireland, — Sir Walter Raleigh sailed from Cork harbour on JUi last unfortrmate expedition to the West Indies, the 9th of An^t, 1617. His ymtA Ifty in the rirer, somewhere between Dnndanion and Tiyoli. I have been MiDted to cedars at TiToli which tradition says were planted by Sir Walter Waigh's own hand.

VOL II. 3

34 HISTORY OP CORK.

■t

at Sir Bandall Clayton's house,* where at the table he ; let fall some speeches, as if he were not folly famished - for his journey, which I observing, made present means to get him a 100 crowns, in French crownS| which I knew would be current money in any place he should put in to water or victual. And after dinner, he and I withdrawing to a window, I told him I feared that by some speeches he had dropped at the table, he was not sufficiently furnished with monies for his voyage, and thereupon tendered 100 crowns, which he refused to accept of, protesting that I had fully supplyed all his defects beyond any hope or ex- pectation, and that if he should be driven into any harbour, or other extremity, he had Jewells, which he would sell rather than take any more monies of me» and thereupon called unto him the Lord Barry, the Lord Eoche, his son. Watt Ealeigh,t Captain Whitney, and divers others who had dined with us, and, taking his son by the hand, told them all that I had kept a continual house for three months together for himself and all his company, and that I had supplyed him with several provisions for victualling of his ships^ and with 350 crowns in ready money, and also sup- plyed most of his captains in his fleet with monies, and that now 1 would needs press upon him a hundred poimds in French crowns, which I have no need ot,

• Sir BandaU ClauUm, — The Claytons poeseased property in tliis oonntr. Clayton's castle, near Mallow, was besieged and taken in 1642. They lost thmr Irisn estates daring the reign of James I. Sir Bobert Clayton was appointed by the Corporation of London to escort Williami Prince of Orange, from Henley-on- Thames to the metropolis.

t JFati JW^.— Watt, is, of course, the contraction for Walter. He wif the eldest son. &e accompsnied his father on this expedition, and was killed in South America. The second son was bom in the Tower, and called, we oondndei Carew, after Sir Walter's keeper, Sir George Carew, Lord President of Mnnster.

BOTLE's letter to CABEW RALEIGH. 85

nor will not take, for I go from home as well contented as ever man did, and proceeding further with thankful reports and speeches of me.

^' He again took his son by the hand and said imto him, * Watt, you see how nobly my Lord Boyle hath entertained and supplyed me and my friends, and there- fore I charge yon, upon my blessing, if it please God that you outlive me and return, that you never question the Lord BoyU for anything that I have sold hvm^ for I do lay my curse upon my wife and children if they ever fiislion any of the purchases his lordship hath made of we, for if he had not bought my Irish land of me, by my &11 it would have come to the crown, and then one Soot or other would have begged it, from whom neither I nor mine should have had anything for it, nor such courtesies as now I have received/ and thereupon I accompanied him to the ship-boat, and at my depar- tm:e he renewed the favors I had done him, and this was the last time that I saw his face.

"And now, sir, when you have taken all this truth into your consideration, let your own heart and con- science be the judge, whether I have valuably and really paid the full price and value for this waste land I purchased of him, and whether my usage and de- meanour towards him, your deceased father, did deserve Boch chargeable suits and troubles as for the defence thereof you have put me unto, with this protestation, tiiat the titles I bought of your father, as it then stood, IBS so full of flaws and imperfections as if I had not, Id my infinite charge and travail, procured new letters litents, releases and confirmations from the crown,

36 HISTOBY OF CORE.

and [iii^'bie] the interest I paid for to your fath^ had , not enabled me to hold it as now I do.

^^ Sir, for conelnsion, I am yery well satisfied, bjr good learned counsel, and I think you are of the same opinion, that neither yourself or your mother can eithw , by law or equity recoyer anything from me, yrf, nmmt* j thelesSj if you mil both join in perfecting 9uch a releaae oi my counsel shall draw upj and I send unlo yoUy and thai without any condition^ I will make it appear unto yon • that I honour and respect those that your noble deoeased. Mher hath left behind him ; or if you rather desire io make your pretended right, either in law or equity, t^ . appear before two indifferent and understanding low* '' yers, that are men of learning and integrity, and tbift ; you likewise make it evident unto them what etrenxgfh and addition of title, or any act your mother and jom ". can do, that may tend to the bettering of your estate^ ' I am yery likely to be induced, upon notice from ymt • of the lawyer you will choose, to nominate and jom i another unto him, to hear and determine your pre* | tenoes. And so praying you to believe that I have j not been so ill-bred to neglect the answering of any noble gentleman's letters as I esteem you to be, I wiflk your lady-mother and yourself all happiness, so taka leave. From Dublin, 16th of January, 1631.

" Tours, wr, to command, j

We cannot say how this correspondence terminated» j or whether the dread of a husband's and a father's curse deterred Sir Walter Baleigh's widow and ohil* dren from farther questioning ^^ any of the purohaaes

TOTieHAL OOLLEGE PROPEBTT. S7

lordship had made/' or whether the hope of a douceur induced them ^^ to join in perfecting such a lelease/' as his council should draw up. If we were ignoiant of the fact, that Bojle had got the property £)r litde or nothing, this letter would lead us to suspect the justice and legality of the purchase.

His lordship got into hot water, and suffered loss, in oomiexion with the purchase of the Youghal portion of this property. Here he had to do with churchmen,, and the Deputy Stafford, who was £Etr more daring, and ahnost as cunning as himself.

The College of Youghal, a religious house, was founded by Thomas of Drogheda, eighth Earl of Desmond, in 1464, and widowed with property at that time worth £600 a year, which consisted, for the most pert, of tithes or church livings. This house enjoyed its property and privileges for some time after the Beformation, but in 1597, Nathaniel Baxter, who was then warden of the college, was required, under a penalty of a thousand marks — for which he was obliged to pass his bond — to resign the place into tho queen's hands in forty days. Baxter took advantage of the time to have the college and its livings passed, by letter of attorney, into the hands of Sir Thomas Norreys, then Lord President of Mimster. It was next made over on William Jones, of Youghal, who lidd it in trust for Sir Walter Ealeigh, the original vndertaker, Jones sold his interest, whatever it may iave been, to Sir George Carew, and Sir George Carew

his firiend Sir Bichard Boyle — ^we know not for what , but he paid dearly in the end, as we shall now

38 HISTOKY OF COBS.

Sir Walter Baleigh having been attainted of treason before the deeds and purchase were executed, Bichard Boyle had to pay a thousand pounds to the king in order to have this flaw to his title remedied. He obtained his patent in 1604 ^^ for all Sir Walter Baleigh's lands in Ireland/' in which this college is. particularly mentioned. But he was not at this time aware of the fact that Sir James FuUerton had also obtained a patent from King James, November 7ih| 1603, for concealed church lands, which enabled him to claim the lands of Youghal College. But the king had no objection to give patents to both. Boyle was^ therefore, compelled to give Fullerton ^^a sum of money " — ^we are not told how much — " for his title."

But the purchase of Fullerton's interest could not remove the flaw in his own title. He seems at last to have thought so, for he wrote Sir Qeorge Carew to get his kinsman. Doctor Boyle, made warden of the college. The Doctor, who was afterwards Bishop of Cork and Cloyne, let, or made over, the revenues of the college, as a marriage portion on Mistress FentoUi the daughter of Sir Geoffirey Fenton, Lord Cork's second wife. We are told that the lady's father in- sisted particularly on the revenues of this house tat her jointure. She obtained a lease of these revenues in fee farm for ever, at a rent of twenty marks yearly. The indenture bears date April 8th, 1605, and makes mention of the ^^ooUege and all the edifices," the lands of Ballymulcaske, one ploughland near Youghal, the parsonages and rectories of Youghal, Inchiquin^ Killeigh, Ichtermurragh, Ardeak, Aglishane, Beaver, or Carrigaline, Moyallow, Newtown, Olehane, and

BISHOP ATHBKTON's EXECUTION. 39

Aghcaromoe ; the parsonages of Miros, Skull, and dliemuok ; the yioarages of Eilmaodonough, Gariyoe, and Eiloredan, all in this county. The reotbry of Aj^ish, Idronine, in the diocese of Ardfert, with all their advowsons and patronages.

The Earl of Cork illegally possessed himself of vari- OQB other ohurch lands and benefices, to the utter ruin of Frotestant, as well as Catholic clergymen. ^^ No hngnage/' says Doctor Byland^ in his History of Waterford, ^^ can describe tke deplorable situation of the ohurch — about 1630 — several of the bishoprics, among others that of Waterford, were reduced as low as £50 a year ; and the stipend o/B&me of the vicarages 9ere mfy sixteen shillings per annum.^^

Doctor Atherton was at this time Bishop of Water- ford. "It was his duty,'' says Doctor Eyland, " to commence a prosecution against the Earl of Cork, for the recovery of Ardmore, Lismore, and other lands, fonnerly, and of right, belonging to the church, but then in possessicm of that earl. His lordship com- ponnded for the lands of the See of Waterford, by giving back Ardmore to the church, but Bishop Atherton sueing for the remainder, and being well qualified, by his talents and spirit, to go through with the suit, fell, as there is too much reason to think, a . aacrifice to that litigation, when he sujSered for a pre- ' tended crime of a secret nature, made felony in that ^ parliament, upon the testimony of a single witness, that deserved no credit, and who, in his information, pre- tended that the crime had some time before been com- [, laitted upon himself. The bishop, during all the time of I Idimost exemplary preparation for death, and even at the

40 mSTOBY OF CORK. \

I

mofmnt of his exeeutimj is stated to have absolutely : denied the fact, and the fellow who swore against him^ when he came to be executed himself, some time after, confessed at the gallows, the &lsehood of his accoBa* sation. Atherton was executed on the 5th of Decem- ber, 1640;^

As this language contains the most serious implica- tion, or charge, ever made on Lord Cork's character, or that could be made against the character of any on&— namely, the compassing of the death of an innocent man, and that man a bishop — ^we regret that Doctor Byland has not famished us with the eyidence oil which the charge rests.

The Irish Deputy, Lord Falkland, was called over * to England in 1 629,* on which occasion the sword of state was committed to the Lord Chancellor Lofhifl^. and the Earl of Cork, as Lords Justices. They were sworn in on the 26th of October, 1629. It was^ during their administration, says Smith, that '^ seyeral popish houses were seized in Dublin for the king's use." Not altogether for the king's use — Cork House, for example, on the side of Cork Hill, on which the church of St. Mary stood, was for the use of one Sichard Boyle. This establishment was first demised to Sir George Carew for the annual rent of six marks nine shillings, Irish. It afterwards passed into the hands of the Earl of Cork, who has given his name, or title, to the hill on which it stood.

The Earl of Cork, writing to Viscount Dorchester,

• In 1629. This year ib famoiu for the Battle of the Stares. «AU of a sudden an infinite multitude of stares," like a dark clond, passed oTer the oity. They were obserred to fight fniiotisly for seyeral hours. Great numbers M U the ground quite dead.

1^

i

LORD WENTWORTH APPOINTED DEPUTY, 41

ftaysi ^^ These locusts were also assembled in the city of Ck>rk, being very nnmerous, and have set up their sereral orders and convents, wearing their particular habits." He desires that the President of Munster, Sir William St. Leger, should be directed to follow in Cork the example of the Lords Justices in Dublin.

The Lords Justices the Earl of Oork and the Chan- cellor Loftus, delivered up the sword of state to Lord Wentworth, afterwards Earl of Strafford, who was appointed Lord Deputy of Lreland in January, 1631. The Earl of Cork became Lord High Treasurer of Ireland in the same year. He addressed the following letter to the Lord Treasurer of England, when he heard he had been superseded in his office as one of the Lords Justices. Conceal it as he will, he saw an enemy in Lord Wentworth, and apprehended the coming storm — conscience makes cowards of us all; and he had much in the shape of church and escheated property upon his conscience, of which Wentworth and Laud were anxious to see him disburdened : —

" Eight Honobablb and my singxjlae good Lord, " I gladly understand that his majesty, in his high wisdom, hath made choice of the Lord Viscount Wentworth to be Lord Deputy General of Ireland, of whose nobleness, wisdom, and plentiful estate, I heard much when I was at court, whereof reports hath made an addition from thence, since he was designed for this government, which I shall, with all alacrity, yield up unto him, as I am confident in general tran- quility, having a full heart, full of comfort, in that a nobleman of his abilities and reputation, with so full and absolute power, shall govern us.

f

42 HISTOBr OF COEK.

^^ And now I beseech your lordship to give me leave to put you in mind, that the services I have performed, and the endeavours I have used for the advancement of his majesty's affairs, have principally received en- couragement from your lordship, to whom, from time to time, I have carefully given an account of my pro- ceedings, as I shall ever acknowledge a great and perpetual obligation to your lordship, for preferring me to the office of High Treasurer * here, so, also, for the good words I understand you have constantly given, as well in public as private, of my services and travails.

^^ I doubt not that your lordship best understands that by how much the more I have dealt cordially and sincerely in the king's afiSEiirs, I have privately con- tracted to myself the more enmity and emulation, hoping it will not be conceived the least against a sincere and loyal servant, that when I found myself disenabled to perform those services for my master, that I desired, and might justly be expected, through the great oppositions and contestations raised against me, I humbly desired that, with his majesty's good grace and jGavor, I might be freed from this joint government, and give place to one more powerful and able, and of greater credit in court, to pass through his majesty's business, free from opposition, whicl^ in discharging my duty, I could not do.

^^ I am also much comforted that his majesty's free election (though I am a stranger and unknown to him) hath fellen on the Lord Wentworth, who, the sooner

• BtrfttUng me m the qfiee of Sigh Dretuurer, He was not iwom in tiH the Noyember of this year.

cork's letter to the lord treasurer. 43

he aniyes the better shall he be welcome unto me, being more than hopefully assured that your lordship will be constant to your own favors, and that yon will TOQchsafe to take upon yourself some part of the cares, that I may be delivered over to my successor, for the man which I truly am to his majesty and his services, and that those who are my maligners, only for the dis- charging the commands of his majesty, your lordship, and the rest of the council, according to the duty of my place, may not have power to insinuate or settle any prejudice of opinion in his lordship against me ; wherein I shall be the more secured of the Lord Went- worth's own virtue and instinct if it may be furthered with your lordship's noble advice and commendations, which favor, I presume, I may in some sort claim as merit, for that I have these two years and a half served the king, my master, faithfully and laboriously, with an upright heart and clean hands, and have neglected my own estate, and spent of my own over above four thousand crowns,* for which I expect no other retri- bution than grace and good acceptance.

" I humbly beseech your lordship to believe, that you cannot place your favors upon a more thankful subject than on your lordship's most humble and faith- fiil servant Dublin, 5th March, 1631.

" E. Cork.''

The Earl of Cork's first dispute with Lord Went- worth was respecting his wife's tomb, which he had fiet up in Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, and which Bay Lord Deputy " was resolute to pull down," of which Lord Cork, in writing to Sir William Beecher

• Ffmr thoutand eroumt. His income was £100 a month.

44 mSTOKY OF COAK.

from Dublin, 20th March, 1633, says, " Pd rather have my left hand cut o£" He writes and sends his son to Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. Wentworth also writes. Laud, who is a high-churchman, writes to the Lord Primate of Dublin, a friend of Lord Cork. ^' The information here was, that his lordship had got up his monument at the east end of the choir, just in the place where the altar or communion table stood, a place most unfit for such a purpose, and not offered, for ought I know, to be taken by any king in Christen- dom, and therefore most tuifit for a subject.^' Laud, in the end, says it may stand if screened off from the choir, but adds, ^^ I can hardly believe my lord had good council to put it there."

There it stands to the present day. It is thus de- scribed by a modem writer : — " In the choir are many^ monuments. That of the first Earl of Cork and several members of his family, which is placed on the right side of the altar, is an unsightly pile of black stone, of antiquated sculpture, with ornaments of wood, painted and gilt, exhibiting sixteen unconnected figures, le- presenting as many individuals of the fiunily." We conclude, from the above extract, that it must be a fac-simile of the monument in St. Mary's of YoughaL

Whether Wentworth, who resolved to pull down the monstrosity, was nettled at its being allowed to stand, we know not, but the next year he summoned Lord Cork to appear before him in the High Court of Castle Chamber — in Wentworth's time, a sort of Irish Star Chamber — ^in Dublin, to answer the Attomey-Oeneral, Sir William Beeves, who laid serious charges against him, for gaining and keeping illegal possession of the

WKNTWOBTH FINES LOBD COKK. 45

college and revenues of Yooghal. Charges were also made against the Bishops of Cork* and Waterford for aiding and assisting Lord Cork, and for procuring and retaining him in the illegal possession of this property.

The Earl of Cork is taken by suprise, and not having

Ids papers in Dublin, where he was then residing, asks

for time, and pleads his privilege, *^ it being parliament

time.'' The suit is put off till next term, when the

«arl produces his leases, deeds and patents. Lord

Wentworth, after hearing the defence, adjourned the

court, and sent a message to Lord Cork, to say, that if

he submitted his case to him he woidd prove the best

friend he ever had. Lord Cork, seeing no wiser course,

agreed to abide by the Lord Deputy's decision, who

fined him fifteen thousand pounds in lieu of the rents

and profits of the Youghal College property, which he

had drawn, and deprived him of all the advowsons

and patronages— of everything, with the exception of

the college-house and some fields or demesnes near

Toughal.

The earl was never so " done " in all his life. This decision was apples and nuts to Laud, who writes Wentworth, November 15, 1633—'* My lord, I did not take you to be so good a physician as you are for the truth ; a great many church cormorants have fed «o fall upon it that they are fallen into a fever, and for that no physic is better than a vomit, if it be given in time, and therefore you have taken a very judicious course to administer one so early to my Lord Cork. I hope it will do him good, though, perchance, he thinks

* The Bishop of Cwh was Bichard Boyle, cousin to the earl. Smith sajs, '' he repaired more minoos churches, and consecrated more new omeSi" in 1620, than any other bidxop of his time. He died, March 19th, 1644.

46 msXORT 01* CORE.

not so, for if the fever hang long about him, or the rest, it will certainly shake either of their estates in pieces. Go on, my lord; I must needs say this is thorough^^ indeed, and so is your physic, too, for a vomit never ends kindly that does not work both ways^ and that is thoraugh.^^

But Lord Cork has his revenge, and a fearfdl revenge it is, on the Lord Deputy. He is summoned by the English House of Commons to give evidence as it regards Strafford's Irish mal-administration. ^^ Though," says the Earl of Cork, ^^ I was prejudiced in no less than £40,000 and 2,000 marks a year "— the truth now comes out respecting the value of at least the Youghal portion of Sir Walter Baleigh's property or " waste lands " — " I put off my examina- tion for six weeks." Smith says, ^^ He was so generous as to put it off." But it comes on at last, and he is^ if we are to believe himself, ^^so reserved in his answers, that no matter of treason could^ by them, be fixed upon the Earl of Strafford." It is true that he tells of his having taken from himself several impro- priate rectories, and in particular that of Martalstown in Tipperary, which he gave to Arthur Ghiynn, his lordship's coachman's groom, who was inducted into the living ; but this was a trifle.

Strafford, in his reply to Lord Cork's charge, con- fines himself to Youghal, and acknowledges that he deprived the earl of church property of ^^ great value, which Lord Cork had unlawfully acquired." Lord

* TKorongK Lord Macanley lajs that Wentworth was the fint to use thii word thercugh. The word oocan in Spemer'a View of the State of Ireland. We conclude, from Land's play npon the word, that it was a fa?oiite tenn with Strafford.

LORD cork's revengb. 47

Cork is " very much irritated." This '^ smart rejoinder turned out to be very prejudicial to the Earl of Straflford's cause, who soon after was brought to the scaffold." Lord Cork's diary contains the following note of his death :— " This day the Earl of Strafford was beheaded. No man died more universally hated, or less lamented by the people."

The Earl of Strafford, with all his faults, was a far nobler and a better man than the Earl of Cork. He was a bold and most tyrannical administrator, but seems to have followed his own convictions ; his political economy was not very sound, but he saw far enough to discover, that the best way to enrich the king was to begin by enriching the people. Ireland owes its best and almost its only trade or manufacture to the Earl of Wentworth. He expended in one year £1,000 in importing a superior description of flax* into this oonntry. It was thus the foundation of the linen trade was laid, which he ventured to predict would prove a great boon to the country. He will be always held in the remembrance of the nation, for his courage and faithiiil adhesion to his unfortunate master, Charles I., who was weak enough to sign the bill of attainder at the request, it is true, of his faithful friend and minister.

"Strafford hearing of Charles' irresolution and ^ety, took a very extraordinary step ; he wrote a letter, in which he entreated the king, for the sake of public peace, to put an end to his unfortunate, how- ever innocent, life, and to quiet the tumultuous people,

* Flax, Sir John Clotworthy, one of the Pmitan members of the long par- vent, the second witness against Strafford, charged him, in his examination, ^pril 15, 1641, with coercing the Irish to mannfactnre flax in a way unknown to wi, with trecting looms and creating a monopoly in the linen yam trade.

48 HISTORY OF OORK.

by granting them the request for which they were so importunate. In this (added he), my consent will more acquit you to God than all the world can do besides. To a willing man there is no injury. And as, by God's grace, I forgive all the world^ with a calmness and meekness of infinite contentment to my dislodging soul, so, sir, to you I can resign the life of this world, with all imaginable cheerfulness, in the just acknowledgment of your exceeding favours."

The king took him at his word, which, it must be confessed, both surprised and startled the imprisoned nobleman, and induced him to exclaim, in the words of scripture, ^^ Put not your trust in princes^ nor in th$ sons ofmen^ for in them there is no salvation J^ He was beheaded on Tower Hill, the 12th of May, 1641. His discourse on the scaffold, says Hume, ^' was full of decency and courage. He said he feared the omen was bad for the intended reformation of the state, that it commenced with the shedding of innocent blood." Having bid adieu to his brother and Mends, he added, ^^ Now I have done. One stroke will make my wife a widow, my dear children fatherless, deprive my poor servants of their indulgent master, and separate me from my affectionate brother, and all my friends I But let God be to you, and them, all in all I" While disrobing, and preparing for the block, he said, ^'I thank God that I am nowise afraid of death, nor am daunted with any terrors; but do as cheerfully lay down my head at this time, as ever I did when going to repose I" ^, The second chapter of that beautiful and most ^^^markable book, the EixoN Basiuxe, or Picture of

I

\

CHABLBS' OPINION OF STBAFFOBD. 49

Kings, supposed, on good authority, to have been written by Charles during his imprisonment, contain the following reflections on the character and death of the Earl of Straflford :—

"I looked upon my Lord of Strafford as a gentleman, whose great abilities might make a prince rather afraid than ashamed to employ him in the greatest affairs of state. For those were prone to Create in him great oonfidence of undertakings, and this was like enough to betray him to great errors, and many enemies; whereof he could not but contract good store, while moTing in so high a sphere, and with so yigorous a lustre, he must needs, as the sun, raise many envious exhalations, which condensed by a popular odium, were capable to cast a cloud upon the brightest merit and integritie.

" Though I cannot, in my judgment, approve all he fid, driven, it may be, by the necessities of times and the temper of that people, more than led by his own disposition to any height and rigour of actions, yet I could never be convinced of any such criminousnesse in him, as willingly to expose his life to the stroke of justice and malice of his enemies.

" I never met with a more unhappy conjuncture of

a&irs, than in the business of that unfortunate earl ;

when between my own unsatisfiedness in conscience,

Bnd a necessitie, as some told me, of satisfying the

importunities of some people, I was perswaded by

those that I think wished me well, to choose rather

what was safe than what seemed just ; preferring the

ratward peace of my kingdoms with men, before that

inward exactnesse of conscience with God.

TOL, n. 4

60 HTSTOKY OF OOBK.

^' And indeed I am so faxre from excusing or deny- ing that complianoe on my part, for plenary consent it ^as not, to his destruction, whom, in my judgment, I thought not, by any clear law, guilty of death ; that I never bare any touch of conscience with greater regret, which, as a sign of my repentance, I have often with sorrow confessed both to God and man, as an act of so sinfuU frailtie that it discovered more a fear of man than of God, whose name and place on earth no man is worthy to bear, who will avoid incon- veniences of state, by acts of so high injustice as no public convenience can expiate or compensate.

^^ I see it a bad exchange to wound a man's own conscience, thereby to salve state sores ; to calm the storms of popular discontents by stirring up a tempest in a man's own bosome.

^^ Nor hath God's justice failed in the event and sad consequences, to show the world the fallacie of that maxime, better one man periskj though unjusUyj than the people be dtspleasedj or destroyed. But thou, 0 Ood of infinite mercies, forgive me that act of sinful oom- pliance, which hath greater aggravations upon me than any man. Since I had not the least temptation of envy or malice against him, and by my place should, at least, so farre have been a preserver of him, as to have denied my consent to his destruction."

The king concludes with the following beautiful prayer, where he employs the language of the royal psalmist in the confession of his sin in the case of Uriah : —

" 0 Lord, I acknowledge my transgression, and my fiinne is ever before me. Deliver me from blood-

A king's befentancs. 61

guiltmess, 0 God of my salyation, and my tongue shall sing of ihy righteousness. Against thee have I sinned, and done this evil in thy sight; for thou sawest the contradiotion between my heart and my hand."

He asks in another part of this admirable book, ^' Was it in ignorance I suffered innocent blood to be shed, by a false pretended way of justice ? 0 no, but with shame and grief I confesse that I therein followed the persuasions of worldly wisdom, forsaking the dic- tates of a right-informed conscience." Just before this pious monarch laid his head upon the block, he observed that the unjust sentence on Strafford, which he had suffered to take effect, was then punished by an equally xmjust sentence upon himself. We do not envy the Earl of Cork his triumph over this unfortu- nate nobleman.

CHAPTER III.

CIVIL WAB IK THE COUNTY COBK. A.D. 1641—1660.

A C0NQI7EBSD and an oppressed people require only the opportnnity to arise and east off their chains, and avenge themselves on their oppressors. The English civil war afforded this opportunity to the Irish, and it was promptly embraced. There was some indiscri- minate slaughter of the English in the north, but not to the extent that Irish Protestants imagine. In the south it was civil war^ which lasted from 1641 to 1650.

The Irish civil war differed from the English by the addition of a third and a fourth party. We had the Boyalist and Parliamentary parties, as in England, and along with these a great Irish party which we may style the Loyal Catholic Confederation, from whose bosom sprang the Ultramontane party, at whose birth both the Irish Boyalist and Catholic Confederate perished, leaving the English parliamentary party in possession of the field.

The objects of the great Catholic Confederation were two-fold — to protect the English throne and the Catholic religion. The following oath was taken by all the members : —

THB OATH OF THE ASSOCIATION. 53

** I, A, B., do profess, swear, and protest before God and his saints and angels, that I will, during my life, bear true faith and allegiance to my sovereign lord, Charles, by the grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, and to his heirs and lawfiil suc- cessors ; and that I will to my power, during my life, defend, uphold, and maintain, all his and their just prerogatives, estates, and rights, the power and privi- lege of the parliament of this realm, the fundamental laws of Ireland, the free exercise of the Boman Catholic faith and religion throughout this land ; and the lives, just liberties, possessions, estates, and rights of all those that have taken, or shall take, this oath, and perfonn the contents thereof.

'' And that I will obey and ratify all the orders and decrees made, and to be made, by the supreme council of the Confederate Catholics of this kingdom concerning the said public cause ; and I will not seek, directly or indirectly, any pardon or protection for any act done, or to be done, touching this general cause, without the consent of the major part of the said council ; and that I will not, directly or indirectly, do any act or acts that shall prejudice the said cause, but will, to the hazard of my life and estate, assist, prosecute, and maintain the same.

"Moreover, I do farther swear, that I will not

accept of, or submit unto, any peace made, or to be made, with the said Confederate Catholics^ without the eonsent and approbation of the general assembly of the said Confederate Catholics; and for the preservation and strengthening of the associatiov and union of the

54 mSTORT OF CORK.

kingdoiQi that upon any peace or accommodation to be made or conclnded with the said Confederate CathoUcs^ as aforesaid, I will to the utmost of my power, insist upon and maintain the ensuing propositions, until a peace, as aforesaid, be made, and the matters to be agreed upon in the articles of peace be established and secured by parliament So help me God and His holy gospeL"

This great Irish party was under the superintendence of the Supreme Council of the Confederate Catholics of Ireland, which appointed four generals for the respec- tive provinces — Owen Eoe O'Neill for Ulster, Bany for Munster, Preston for Leinster, and Burke for Con- naught. The Irish royalists were represented by, and fought beneath, the standard of the Marquis of Ormond. The extreme Catholic, or ultramontane party, was under the direction of Binuccini, Archbishop and Prince of Fermo, in the quality of Nuncio. The parliamenta- rians, at that time an extreme Protestant and Anti- Catholic party, were under the direction of the Earl of Cork and his family.

The first intelligence received in the south, of the outbreak or rising which commenced in the north, in the October of 1641, was communicated to Lord Cork, who was dining with his son-in-law, the Earl of Barry- more. His son. Lord Broghill, and the Lord of Mus- kerry,* were also present. They were at dinner when a gentleman entered, pale as death, with dispatches}

* Lord of Mutkerry^ i.e. Donongh Mac Carthy, the son of Oge Mac Garthji who was a student at Oxford when his father inade his escape from Oarew, who held him prisoner in Shandon Castle. See vol. i., p. This Lord Mna- kerry was created Earl of Glancarty, by Charles II., in 1&68. The Trenchat, who are descended from Elena, daughter of the Oxford student, now bear tho title of Clancarty.

BREAKING OUT OF THE KEBELLION. 55

and begged to speak with my Lord Cork in private. He informed the earl that the Irish were in arms^ from Leinster to Clonmel ; and that they were perpetrating horrible outrages on the English. His lordship, who was perfectly cool, requested the gentleman to sit down to dinner. He opens the dispatches, which consist of proclamations, warning the English to be on their guard.

The Lord of Muskerry, who is one of the confederate Catholics, and has a commission from King Charles in his pocket, to raise 4,000 men in Munster, makes light of it, and calls it some ridiculous report, for which there is no foundation. The Earl of Cork does not know what to think, but before returning to Lismore, sends the news to the Lord President, Sir William St. L^er, who is residing at Doneraile. The next report is that the Lord of Muskerry is up in arms, at the head of several thousand Lish rebels. Lord Cork and his sons, and we regret to say Doctor Smith, call tho Irish loyal confederates, in whose ranks were the first Anglo-Norman and Irish noblemen in the kingdom, "rebels." The Lord President St. Leger, who has a sincere love for the king, and who is ignorant that Lord Muskerry is acting under his instructions, col- lects his forces to oppose the Irish rising. He takes a position at Bedshard, a pass from the coxmty Limerick to the county Cork, at the eastern end of the Bally- houra mountain. Hearing that the enemy are in full march to meet him, he draws up in order of battle, and waits their onset.

An Irish trumpeter, accompanied by Walsh, a lawyer, issue from the pass, and demands a parley

66 mSTOHT OP COHK.

with the Lord President. The noblemen and gentle- men who surround 8t Leger, are astonished to behold a man of ^^ parts and education," like Walsh, issuing from the rebel camp. Walsh informs St. Leger that they have the king's commission for what they do, and that if he gets a safe conduct, he will show him the commission, under the great seal. St. Leger is thunderstruck. If this be true, it is he, and not my Lord Muskerry, who is in rebellion. Lord Broghill says it is a stratagem of Lord Muskerry to amuse them. Walsh gets the safe conduct, and returns the next day with a large parchment, containing a formal commission, having the broad seal affixed, directing Lord Muskerry to raise four thousand men for his majesty's service in the county. St. Leger peruses the document, returns it to Walsh, whom he dismisses, and then says to my Lords Dungarvan, Broghill, and Kinalmeaky,* the sons of the Earl of Cork, "My Lord of Muskerry has a commission for what he does. I will dismiss those men and act no farther. I would die rather than be a rebel." This was worthy of St. Leger. He disbanded his forces, although Lord Brog- hill, who held with the English parliament, insisted that it was a " cheat."

The Lish royalists, or Irish loyal Catholics, then under the command of Lord Mountgarret,t marched from the Ballyhoura moxmtain to Buttevant, and from Buttevant to Mallow, where General Barry, who had

* Kinalmiakyy from Ceann-neal-fneaoon, " The head of a noble root."

t Lord MowUgarret^ •*. e,y Richard Butler. He was a descendant of the eiriltli Earl of Ormond. He married Margaret, daughter of Hugh O'Neill^ Etn o^ ^rone. His son, Edmund, married the daughter of Lord Gastlehayeii, general or the Irish army, of whom we shall speak by and bye.

THE CONFEDERATES AT MALLOW. 57

served in the Spanish army, assumed the command of the army of Mnnster, to which he had been nominated by the Irish Confederate Council. Lord Barrymore, in a letter to Lord Cork, dated February 17, 1642, says, the Irish offered him the chief command. We require better authority than his own word for this. ** But," he adds, " I will jGu:st take an offer jfrom my brother [in-law] Dungarvan, to be hangman general at Youghal." This office might have better suited a man who hung " forty-three notable rebels for a break- jGut." Lord Cork calls Lord Barrymore ^^ the oldest oolonel in the province."

Mallow had two castles, the property of the Jeph- sons, who were at this time* great parliamentary men and great Cromwellians. Sir William Jephson, the eldest son of Sir John, moved in the house that Crom- well be offered the crown.f One of these castles, the picturesque ruins of which still adorn Sir Denham Norreys' demesne, was under the command of Arthur Bettesworth, and had a garrison of two hundred men. The other, called Short Castle, and in Irish, Castle Gan, was in charge of Lieutenant Bichard Williamson. The latter place was besieged by and surrendered to Major Purcell, who was serving with the loyal

* M tkit time. The Norreys, from whom the Jephsons were maternally desoended, were most special favorites with Queen ElizaMth, who writes to Lady Korrers, on the death of one of her sons — " My own dear Crow, nature can have itirreQ no more dolorous affection in you, as a mother, for a dear son, than the nttefnl memoir of his services past hath wrought in us, his sovereign." Lady Momjs was called a " crow,'' from the darkness of her hair. Her husband tola fke queen that the rumour of their son's death had made the croVs heart as black at her feathers.

t Ofered the croum. When Cromwell asked him why he had made such a Wa^oiif Jephson replied, in the Cromwellian stylo, " As long as I have the honor l» nt in parliament, I must follow the dictates of my conscience.'' **Get thee igm% for a mad fellow," says Oliver, with a dap on the shoulder. — Sumtf a Sistory ^Jb^Umdj vol vii. p. 261.

58 mSTOKY OF COBK.

confederates. Smith tells the following anecdote of Williamson, but does not mention his autho- rity: —

^' After Lieutenant Williamson had surrendered the Short Castle, he went into a public-hou»e, with some of his men, and a few of the Irish, to drink. He had not sat long, when an Irish officer entered the room with another man, who laid down a block and a large Bword, which apparatus startling Williamson, he asked what they were for, and was answered, to strike oflF his and his men's heads ; which was no sooner spoke, but Williamson snatched up the sword, with his left hand, took hold of the Irish officer by the hair, and drew him to the very walls of the other castle,* not far distant, where he gave him some kicks, and, letting him go, entered the castle with his men."

Mr. Clayton's castle, near Mallow, was taken — after some hard fighting — and its garrison, of twenty-four men, put to the sword. Mr. Bettesworth's house was also seized, and the royal confederate troops quartered there. In one of the four manuscript volumes of ^^ DepositiMa^ concerning the Murders and Bobberies Committed tfi the County of Corky'^ now deposited in Trinity CoU^^ Library, we find Mr. Bettesworth stating his losses at £2,279. William Kingsmill, of Ballybeg. deposes that he lost property to the amount of £7,242 12s. Id. James Baldwin, of Ballyhay, in the barony of Fermoy, who makes his mark, L B., lost to the value of £58 8a. " John Brice, of Cahirduggan, in the county of Cork, taylour, deposeth and saith, that on or about the 11th

* The other eastle—Hie rains of which stand on the banks of tho Blaekwfttar, within Sir Donham Norre)s* domcsno. This noblo pile was raised by one of th* Earls of Desmond.

THE DEPOSITIONS FOR THE COUNTY CORK, 59

of February last past, he lost, was robbed, and force- ably despoyled, of his goods, and chattells, and debts^ to the value of 1 9s. 6d." Sir Eobort Tirrell, late of tlie baiony of Small, county of Cork, knight," lost to the value of £1,786. Dina Holland, a ^' Brittish Pro- testant," wife of John Holland, of Enniskcene, in the parish of Xineagh, ^^ deposeth, on the part of her hus- band, now sick, that he was robbed to the amount of £59>" Dina makes ^^ her marke," and a queer mark it is. Those Protestants had no idea of writing. Mary Berry, widow and relict of Richard Berry, of Oag^;en, in the parish of Ballymoody, deposeth to the ksB of eight cowes, fewer yong heffers, one mare and eolt, to the value of £25, with oats, wheat, and rye, Talae eight pounds, and four pounds in ready money. Mary's name and mark are arranged thus : ^^ Mary M. B. Berry's mark." Thomas Bulmar's *^ mke " or marke, is a B on its back, thus, PQ , which looks like two bee-hives. Simon Lightfoot, of Kinsale, who lost "goods and chattells " to the amount of £141, signs himself " Symon S. L. light foote." Joane Crews, late of Mawlare, county of Corke, wid.," was robbed of £73, and her husband^ " because he had a fowling piece in his hand." Joan Law, a widow of Donowraile," lostproperty to the value of £16 8s., including " three £>wling pieces and fortie shillings." John Egan, of Mayallow — ^MaUow — makes his mark, and says he lost £85. Lawrence Spenser, in the barony of Kinalmeaky, in the county of Cork, yeoman, was robbed of £220 5s. ■lawrence Spenser makes his mark. Was this a de- ifoendant of the poet ? We have also, in the deposition numbered 2,353, the name of Bobert Milton. The

1

60 mSTORT OF CORE.

last name is that of Thomas More, written thns: ^^Thomoee, a Bryttysh Protestante/' of Eihitalloon, who was robbed to the amount of £814, and £15 m debts. The parties making these depositions yery frequently seek compensation for debts.

There are about two thousand of these depositions in the four volumes relating to the county of Cork, the whole of which I have read. They are nearly all drawn up in the same way, as if from a printed form. Some part of nearly every deposition is crossed out;: in other instances the pen has been drawn through the lines or words. The sums claimed are generally from £60 and upwards, but a few descend to shillings, like John Brice, the taylour, of Cahirduggan, who was- despoiled to the amount of 19s. 6d. The depositions are all dated 1642, and are for the most part signed — in the left hand comer — ^by either Phil. Brisse, Bo*. Southwell, Thos. Graye, Hen. Buggey, Thomas EllwelV or Jam. Wallis. We give the following as a sped'- men: —

DsposiTiOK No. 1737.

** Anthony Eingsmill, Clarke, lately of Moyallo, in ye Ooantb of Corke, deposeth and saith that near about Christmas last pMt and by means of this recent rebellion in Ireland, he hath lost, wis robbed, and forseably despoylcd of his goods and means, to the generall yalews following — ^riz., of debts due from Cormaeke Mao- Carthy, of Court Breckie, in ye Countie of Cork, who was aotoaUy in rebellion, Lieutenant of Blarney Castle, the Chiefe Lords of Muskerie ; and due from Walle, of Wales Town, in the Countie of Corke and Barony of Fermoy, who was lately in actual rebeUion, and for the same hath had his castle of Walestowne dimolisshed and was himself taken prisoner. The losses amounteth to nw^ft one poundes and fower shillings. Lastly this depo.'*^ deposeth

\

LOBD BROGHILL's BRAVEBY. 61

that this jeare and ye last in his ecdessiasticall meanes he hath sustained ye losse of one hundred poundes, by me

'* AkTHOKIA KlNGSHlLL.

** Jwroi coram nohis^

" !&>- P.buis, 1642. *'hsk. rugget, «' Thomas Ellwxli^."

Temple says, that while the Irish remained about Mallow they consumed no less than 50,000, others say 100,000, sheep, and a great quantity of other cattle, the property of the English. General Barry hovered for some time about Cork, while other portions of the Irish army advanced upon Lismore, which was under the care of Lord Broghill, the ablest of Lord Cork's sons. He writes his father thus : —

^^ My host noblb Lobb,

" Yesterday morning I had intelligence that two colours of the enemy were on this side Ballyduff, IrilliTig and rifling all the English, which made me draw out thirty foot and thirty horse, with Captain Bh)drick, who would needs accompany me. When I came to Ballygarron, I espied two troops of horse and advanced towards them, which, when they saw, they sent two light horse down the glen, towards the river, to caU up their foot — their horse retired into a lane — whereupon I made a stand, and would have had our musqueteers to have poured in upon them, and made them come into good ground to have charged them with my horse, but before we could effect this there Mme up to their horse a body of 800 foot, well armed with pike and gim, and also a troop of sixty horse, out of a wood. We staid till the foot came within musket

62 mSTOBY OF GORE.

shot, at random, and then I retreated some 100 pacem^ to a good plot of gronnd, to have drawn their horse from their foot, but they advanced towards ns, all together, which made Captain Brodrick, Hodge Power and I, think it best to retreat ; but first we made a stand of half a quarter of an hmr^ and gave them a flourish with our trumpet, which done, we came as &8t as foot could fall to Lismore, which they sent me ward they would lie in this night ; but I will never believe them till I see it, nor care for them when they aie here.^' The letter is dated " Lismore, Feb. 17, 1642." We glean the following from a letter to Lord Dun- garvan, dated Feb. 20, 1642 :— Mr. Bichard Butler,* brother to the marquis, with four colors, had passed the Blackwater. Lord Broghill sent out scouts to know who they were. An Irish officer, named Captain Fennel, rode out of the ranks and informed them ; and at the same time, gave a challenge to any oavalier in Broghill's army. An officer named Michael Jonea^ of great personal courage, rode out to meet hinu They cross swords, the Irish horseman retreats up(m his foot, Jones follows and has his horse shot under him. Dowling, a friend of Jones, seeing three men in am- bush, calls him back ; but while in the act of wheeUng round his own horse, is mortally wounded, and &1Ib out of the saddle. Jones endeavours to place his dying friend on horseback, but fails. Lord Broghill sends out a trumpet for the corpse^ who receives reply that

^^ Dowling was not yet dead.'' The body is sent in

•

• Mr. Siehard Butler of Kiloaah, brother to Jamet^ MarquU of Omumd. Ha wai a lieutenant-general in the Irinh army. He mamed Lady Franoea TooBMy sister to the Earl of Caatleharen.

LOBD EINALMEAKY AT BANDON. 6S

the next morning. Broghill adds, ^^ It was his father's old fowler, Trarers, that shot him."

Lord Broghill, who tells the story about Captain Fennell, gave a challenge himself, which he did not wait to redeem. Lord Castlehaven, a general in the Irish Confederate army, had taken Cappoquin and Dromana,* when a trumpeter approached to say that my T-iOrd Broghill was on the great Coney Warren, near Lismore, where he should be glad to meet him. Oastlehayen immediately marched towards my lord, ^' but upon coming near, my lord drew off and marched away." — The Earl of Castlehaven^s MemoirSj p. 80.

The protection and government of Bandon was oommitted to Lord Kinalmeaky, another of the Earl of Cork's sons. Cork, Youghal, Einsale, and Bandon, were the only towns in the county in the hands of the parliament party. As Bandon was a walled town, many fled to it for protection; a number of the English settlers from Clonakilty sought the shelter of its walls. The lord of Muskerry, whom Doctor Smith styles Lord Clancarthy, Ma« Carthy, Carthy Eeagh,-}* O'Donovan, and O'Sullivan, were assembling in Carbery, with wild and lawless bands at their heels. The lord of Muskerry, who was esteemed the head of the Irish party in Munster, not only hung several of the common people for thieving, but sent some of the Kinalmeaky tiiieves to Bandon, "where they met their desert" from the young Lord Kinalmeaky.

* DromatM, This place is incorrectly spelt Dromona in toL L p. 192.

t Mite Carthy Beagh. Daniel Mac Carthy, son and heir of Florence Mac Girthy, was suspected of being in the parliament interest ; but Carte says, " I live not fonnd uat he has ever stirred on the side of the parliament."^ Civ^f BmU Pqpen, p. 294.

64 HISrOBY OF CORK.

The Irish, under the command of Mac Carthy Beaghy approached the walls on the 18th of Februaiji 1642. Lord Einalmeaky made a sally with about two hundred foot and sixty horse. There was some hard fighting. The Irish, who were repulsed^ had over a hundred slain — " whereof five were gentlemen of note and leaders '' — and fourteen taken prisoners, who were " directly executed by martial law* at the town gate." Sharp practice this for men fighting for their king, and liberty to practise their religion.

Lord Cork, writing of this affiur to his relative, the Earl of Warwick,f says, " And now the boy has blooded himself upon them, I hope that God will bless him and his majesty's forces, that as I now write but of the killing of a hundred, I shall shortly write of the killing of thousands." — ^Pious language this, my Lord Cork ! But he explains : ^^ Their unexam][ded cruelty hath bred such desires of revenge in us, that every man hath laid aside all compassion, and is as bloody in his desire against them, as they have been in their execution of us." Lord Cork, who set up for a pious man, and who took for his motto, " God's providence is my inheritance," forgot the words, " The Lard wiU abhor the hhody man.^^ — ^^ Bloody men shall not live half their days?^ A year did not pass before " the boy,'* who had ^^ blooded himself ^^ at Bandon, was brought home a bloody corpse from Liscarrol.

The Lords Justices, in sending down the commis-

* Martial law. Commissions to execute martial law had been sent down for this purpoie by the Lords Justices, who took the side of the parliament. Loud Broghill tola Bichard Butler, of Kilcash, ** that for quarter, he never knew wiiaft the word meant."

t Earl of Wanoick, Charles Rich, second son of thii earl, mazried JmAx Mary, Lord Cork's seventh daughter.

YOUGHAL IN DANQEB. 65

810118 for the execntion of martial law on loyal Irish Catholics, return thanks to the Earl of Cork for his care of Youghal, and tell him they depend on him to keep it for the landing of supplies. The earl, who is now an old man, writing to another son-in-law, Lord Goring,* says, "To prevent the yielding up of this town to the rebels, as weak and infirm as I am, I am oommanded hither, and I have brought with me for my guard, 1000 foot and 60 horse, which I have here with me in defence of this poor weak town, where the Irish are three to one of the English ; and if it should be lost, all the hope and retreat of the English in the province is gone. And God willing, I will be so good a ocmstable to the king, my master, as I will die in the defence thereof, although I have no great hope to defend it, yet we will bestir ourselves as Englishmen.''

King or Parliament, it was all alike to my Lord Cork, provided he was allowed to hold his own. This letter was dated at midnight of Twelfth-day, after a heavy and sorrowful Christmas. He writes a few days after, and puts the following superscription on his let- ter : — " In all haste ! Haste 1 Fost-haste ! Haste ! "

Sir Charles Vavasor arrived in Youghal with a thousand men, in February, 1642. The day belauded, the native Irish executed eight of Lord Cork's English tenants, and boimd an Englishwoman's hands behind her, and buried her alive.

The city of Cork may be said to have been invested this year, 1642, by Irish troops, under the command of Lord Muskerry. Doctor Smith calls it a blockade.

- • Lord Oorinfff Viee-Cbamberlain. Lord Cwk's daughter, Lettice, wai married j te hia son, Colonel George Goring.

TOL. zi. 5

66 HISTORY OP CORK.

'< On the 13th of April the Lord Muskerry, who had kept his camp at Bochfortstown, within three miles of Oorky caused a party of the army to chase the Engliah scouts into the very suburbs." The Lord Fresidenti Sir William St. Leger, is within the walls, too siok to take an active part in the defence of the city. Lord Inchiquin and Colonel Yarasor get his permission to sally. They catch the besiegers in the act of packing up their traps; they chased them for three miles, taking their equipages and carriages, with Lord Muskerry's armour, tent and trunks. Mac Fineen's brother, better known as Captain SuganSj with two hundred of the Irish troops, were slain.

The parliamentary troops are in need of eyerytfaing, so much so that St Leger permits them to seise £4,000, which Sir Bobert Tynte, of Youghal, was transporting into England. Tynte was afterwards recompensed by the grant of land* between Youghal and Castlemartyr. Lord Cork says, writing to the Earl of Warwiek, ^^ Before this rebellion, my revenue, besides my houses^ demesnes, parks, and other royalties, did yield me fiffy pounds a day rent. I do vow unto your lordship that I have not now fifty pence a week coming to me.'* He had to provide in Youghal for fifteen companiefl^ who were fed on salt beef, barrelled butter, and bis- cuit— " with water to drink," — " which," says his lordship, ^^ made a rich churchyard and a weak gar- rison."

Lord Inchiquin, when greatly driven for supplies, called a council of war, which decided on seizing the

* Oirmt of land. His grant lay on the coast His honse or OMtley Billy* crenane, stood near Ballycotion Bay.

.•

DEATH OF SIE WILLIAM ST. LEGBB. 67

tobacco of all the patentees in the comity, of which there was a large supply in Cork, Xinsale, and YoughaL Some troops haying arrived, for which there was no provision, he ordered them to Youghal, which could scarcely support its own garrison. The men hesitated or halted on the way. Inohiquin sent a messenger to say if they did not march he would hang thenu This was no doubt to annoy my Lord Cork. Inchiquin was at heart more of a royalist than a par- liamentary man.

Sir Wmiam St. Leger, Lord President of Munster, whose heart was with the king, and in whose cause his eldest son had fallen at the battle of H'ewbury^ died at Doneraile, the 2nd of July, 1642. Dr. Smitiii 8ay% the distractions between the king and the parlia- ment so troubled his spirit, and made so deep an impression on his mind, that it threw him into a dis- order, of which he died. St. Leger, writing to Ormond, says, "It grieves me beyond any earthly sorrow, for the great distance and difference betwixt his ma- jesty and the parliament ; and if all the measures of the times, joined with my long and violent sickness, were not of force to subject me to the grave, yet the sorrow for these unhappy variances would crack a much stronger heart than your servant hath now left in him."

Ludlow says, the king appointed Lord Muskerry to the office of president, but the Lords Justices chose Lord Lichiquin,* who had married St. Leger's daugh- ter, which kept this nobleman on the side of the parliament.

* Lvrd Inehiqumy i. e. Murrough O'Brien, the sixth baron and first earl of lachiquim He married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William St. Leger.

68 HISTORY OF COEK.

The Irish confederate anny, consisting of 7,000 foot, 5,000 horse, and a good train of artillery, under the command of General Barry, re-entered this county on the 20th of August, 1642. They commenced opera* tions by the siege of Liscarrol Castle, which they assailed with a ^^ battering piece of so large a bore, that it was drawn by twenty-five yoke of oxen." The castle, the property of Sir Philip Perceval,* who was in England, surrendered on the 2nd of September, after a siege of thirteen days.

Inchiquin arrived on the ground the next day, at the head of the Parliamentary troops. Sir Charles Vavasor, Colonel Myn,f Captain Jephson, and the four sons and the son-in-law of Lord Cork, were in his army, namely, Lords Dungarvan, Kinalmeaky, Brog- hill, and Barrymore, with Master Francis Boyle, alteEr- wards Lord Shannon. In the Irish confederate army were Lords Eoche, Muskerry, Ikerrin,J Dimboyne^ Castleconnel, Brittas, Colonel Bichard Butler, and a number of other Irish gentlemen.

The Irish foot were divided into three bodies — ^the right wing was posted near a battery, on a hill ; the left near the castle, within a musket shot of another

* Sir FhUip Fereeval obtained grants of forfeited lands to the anumnl of 101|000 statute acres. He died 1647, when his son, John, was created a hanail of Ireland, 1661, by patent, with this remarkable clause, that the eldest son, or grandson, shall become a baronet after the age of 21, and daring tiie lifetane of the father or grandfather, as the case may be. Kobert, the second son of the fint baronet, was assassinated in 1677, by an unknown hand, in the Strand, Londan. Another member uf this family was assassinated by fiellingham in the lobby of the House of Commons, in 1812. The great-grandson of the first Sir Philm be- came Baron of Burton, county Cork, in 1716; Viscount PerceTal, of KantaK, is 1722; and £arl of E^ont in 1733. The present earl possesses much ptoperty in this county, in and about Eanturk, Buttevant, and liscarrol.

t Coionel Myn. — He went to England on a cessation of hostilities, tlid WW slain in Gloucestershire, and most of his Irish r( giment cut to pieces.

{JA^^rm.— Sir Pierce Butler, who was created Viscount Ucerrin in 16Sft. The eighth viscount was created Earl of Carrick in 1748.

BATTLE OP LI8CARE0L. 69

battery ; the third division, which consisted for the most part of pikes, stood between, and a little behind the other two. The horse occupied the brow of a hiU. Their position was well chosen. Lord Inchiquin advanced with a party of horse against the Irish cavalry. It was on this occasion that Lord Kinal- m^^y was killed, by a party of musqueteers that lay behind the hedges. His brother, Francis Boyle, a lad of nineteen, bore off his body and horse from the midst of the enemy. Inchiquin made one or two mistakes, but gained, notwithstanding, a decided victory. The confederates lost seven hundred men, three pieces of artillery, and thirteen pair of colors. There was quarter given to none, but Colonel Eichard Butler, son to the Lord Ikerrin, who was the last man of the Irish army that left the field. Inchiquin had only twelve men killed, and about twenty wounded. The loss of the confederates was not great : seven hundred from an army of seveu thousand five hundred; nor was Lord Inchiquin able to follow up the victory, but was compelled, for want of subsistence, to march back to Mallow, and disperse his troops in garrisons.

Although this battle was fought for the parliament and against the confederates, who were friendly to the king, Lord Cork has the face to write to the king's sincere and tried friend, the Marquis of Ormond, lieutenant-General of the kingdom, requesting that Kinalmeaky's commission — for the command of a troop of horse — may be transferred to his brother, Dungar- van ; and that Dungarvan's company of foot may be given to the younger brother, Francis. He also re- commends to his lordship's favour the young lord

70 mSTORT OF CORK.

Barrymore, his grandson, whose father has left ^^ a dis- tressed widow and four children, with an encumbered and disjointed estate, and with his country wasted." Lord Barrymore died on Michaehnas day. The old earl never lost anything for the asking, and recom- mended his sons to adopt the same practice. liOiA Dungarvan, accompanied by his brother, Broghill, had gone to England to solicit, on the sly, the office of Lord President, then held by Lord Inchiquin. The earl, writing to Dimgarvan, tells him to leave no Mend unsolicited, or fair means unattempted, to effect his object, " for," he adds, " if you return without it^ you will meet with thorns entering your sides, and be subject to such affi*onts as your spirit will not digest." That is from Lichiquin. He concludes, ^^It is more than high time to look about you, and prevent the malignant humours which are stirred up to your pre- judice." It was the earl's policy, as is clear from his applications to both the royalist and parliamentary parties, to run with the hare and hold with the hounds. But the old man was not in at the death, or restofa- tion. His tactics on these two occasions would have made a curious chapter in Irish history. He died in Youghal in 1643. Borlase says, '^ he was a persoii| for his abilities and knowledge in affairs of the world| eminently observable, inasmuch as though he was no peer of England, yet he was admitted to sit in tiie House of Lords upon the woolsack, ut conaiUariuM.^ This is all true, but we doubt if any wise or good man would envy him his prosperity. We need scaroely repeat Cromwell's compliment, that ^^if there had been an Earl of Cork in every county, the Irish oonld

LOBD cork's CHAEACTEB. 71

neyer have rebelled/* Quite correct, for there would have been no Irish to rebel. He and his sons neyer gare quarter* They never knew the meaning of fhe word. They were as cunning as Cromwell, and as cruel as Carew.

When we say that the Earl of Cork was a good husband and a kind fether, who provided ample for- tunes for his children, it is all we can say* Writing to his son, Dungarvan, whom he sent to England, re« specting his wife's tomb, he says, ^^ And indeed, Dick, in my best understanding, I must needs tell you, you have the best &ther in the world, that taketh this care, and maketh such provision for you, as I have done ; and, therefore, let me advise you not to slight or neglect me, as, since your coming into England, you have hitiierto done." Four of his sons were ennobled in tiieir father's lifetime, and seven of his eight daughters married to noblemen, or to the scms and heirs apparent of noblemen. Lady Alice to the Earl of Barrymore, Lady Sarah to Lord Digby, Lady Lettice to Colonel <3eorge Goring, son and heir to Lord Goring ; Lady Catherine to Arthur Jones, son and heir to Lord Bane- lagh; Lady Dorothy to Sir Arthur Loftus, son and heir to Sir Adam Loftus, Lord Treasurer ; Lady Mary* to Charles Rich, afterwards Earl of Warwick, and Lady Joan to George Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare. The fetlier's manoeuvring in bringing about the match with his daughter, Joan, and the young Earl of £ildare,

* The earl had an untitled son, more distinguished than any other member of

\m funilj, Bobert Boyle, the philosopher, who was styled " the father of che-

vflMtrj." Lady Mary, who was married to the Earl of Warwick, aimears to have

.^epn a person of great wisdom and worth. The Bey. Antiiony Walier styles her

-^ftf TtriuoM icoman found.** She was in the habit of calling prayer " hearU^Mte."

bif^rapher says " she was the most illottrious pattern of sincere piety and

' goo^ieaa the age had produced."

t

72 HISTOHY OF CX)RK.

will convey, perhaps, the most correct impression of his character we have got yet. Eildare, being a minor, and a mere boy, the Earl of Cork managed to get him- self appointed his guardian and the receiver on his estates, by bribing the grandmother, the Duchess of Lennox, with six thousand six hundred crowns. He then got the boy to sign the deeds for his daughter Joan's jointure, although he was not of age. Writing to another son-in-law, Goring, whom he employed on this ugly business, he says, ^^ It must be done without the duchess' knowledge." Writing to young Kildare, he tells him his property has much need of such a steward as he intends to be, and adds, ^' Although I know that anything you shall do herein, during your minority, will not be binding unto you, yet, I repose so much in your honour and integrity, and do presume myself and daughter shall deserve so well of you, as^ when you come of years, you will make good what you do in your nonage ; and so, with all the prayers and best wishes for your health and safety, all this fEOoily, with myself, desire to be remembered, most affection- ately, imto you, and so take a hasty leave from Dublin, the 20th of March, 1629. Your lordship's friend and servant, that loves and honors you,

" R. COBK."

The battle of Liscarrol was fcdly avenged the next year. Sir Charles Vavasor, who became governor of Bandon, went into Condon's coimtry, to besiege the castle of Cloghlea. The castles of Cloghlea and Coole had been wrested from the English during the previous year, by Eichard Condon. Smith says that quarter and safe convey had been promised to the garrisQD|

CASTLEHAVEN SUJEUPEISES COLONEL VAVA80B. 73

.which consisted of thirty-six of Lord Barrymore's troopers, who were all slain, with the exception of one, who escaped with thirty-six wounds. Sir Charles Vayasor's troops retook Cloghlea, in which they found twenty men, eleven women, and seven children, who were first stripped, and then butchered. This was even worse than the slaughter of Barrymore's dragoons. Major Howell interfered with Colonel Vavasor to save their lives, who committed them to the care of Captain Wind, who left them to a guard, that "fell upon them with carbines, pistols, and swords." Sir Charles vowed vengeance on the captain of the guard, but vengeance on himself, and the whole host, from another quarter, was at hand.

It was Sunday, the 4th of Jime, when Mr Hill, with a troop of horse, were sent to scout or pillage near Glooheen. The morning was dark and cloudy. When the sun dispelled the mist, they found themselves almost surrounded by the Irish horse. The English broke through, and passed the river Funcheon, and gained the top of the hill, with the enemy at their heels. From this hill to Fermoy, there is a narrow defile, through which they pressed upon their main body, that lay on the banks of the Blackwater, imder command of Colonel Yavasor. There was no escape. The Earl of Castlehaven, who commanded the Irish, gained a complete victory. The English lost their colors and artillery, and had five or six hundred slain, and a large number made prisoners, among which was their commander. Sir Charles Vavasor ; for Castlehaven had not adopted the bloody and inhuman practice of refusing quarter. The Irish commander describes the

74 HISIOBT OF CORE.

afiBair in his ufiual modest way. ^^ I lost no time in the charge, and quickly defeated his horse, who, to saye themselves, broke in on the foot, and put them into disorder. Their cannons were useless, being past the Blackwater. This (with God's blessing), and a great shower of rain, gave me the victory, with little or no loss. Sir Charles, that commanded, with several other officers, remained prisoners, their cannon and baggage taken, and all their foot defeated, bnt their horse, for the most part escaped. This happened on a Sunday, the 4th of June, 1648.'^

Lord Castlehaven, who commanded the Irish oon- federate army on this occasion, was a Catholic, bat a sincere royalist, and as distinguished for his humanity as for his noble birth.* He had served on the conti- nent. He joined the royal army in Berwick-on-Tweed. He was forced, by adverse circumstances, into the Iriflih civil war. An act of hospitality bestowed on the Marquis of Ormond, the fast friend of Charles, caused him to be arrested, his house at Maddenstown to be fired, and some of his servants slain. But a previoos act of hospitality and kindness — ^wherein he performed the part of the good Samaritan towards an Irish trooper, whom he found wounded, and whom he had lodged in his own house till restored to health — was the cause of his liberation. Though the trooper was of a di£Eerent fisiith and opposite politics, he was grate- ful. Ledwick — ^for this was his name — visited Castle- haven in prison, in Dublin, arranged his escape, and

• NoMe birth.-^9meB Tonchet, Earl of Oaitlehayen, and Baron Orier in Ir»- land, and Baron Andleyof Htleigh, in Staffordshire, in England. His anMitar came to England with William Sie Conqueror, and fouffht at Hastingi. Hemry Tonchet, the lord of Aldetfaeleigh, or Aadlej, was Lord Jutice of Ireland in 1869,

castlbhaven's humanity. 75

provided the horsee. It was Castlehaven's intention to hare gone to France, bnt being disappointed in the vessel, he set off for Kilkenny, and joined the con- federate Catholics, by whom he was made a general of horae. Speaking of his escape — ^for he was pursued — he says, '^ They killed many of my servants, and burned my house. This I saw as I passed by in the disguise of a servant to the trooper — and had notice by the way Aat OasHehaivm was seiged by the English.^^

'* I had,'* he continues, ^^ the good fortune to begin my command with an act of charity; for going to see Hie gamson of Birr, before it marched out, I came into a great room, where I found many people of quality, both men and women. They no sooner saw me, than, with tears in their eyes, they fell on their knees, deairing me to save their lives. I was astonished at their posture and petition, and having made them rise, asked what Ihe matter was? They answered that from the first day of the war, there had been continual ttction and bloodshed between them and their Irish neighbours, and therefore (understanding that I was an Englishman) begged I would take them into my protection. I knew there was too much reason for Uieir fears, considering they were to march two or three days through the woods of Iregan, and waste ooimtries, before they came to Athy, their next friendly garrison. I went, therefore, to the general imme- diately, and got to be commander of their convoy; and, to make sure, I called out 800 foot, and 200 horse, in whom I had most confidence, and carried off the i^ (Mple, who were, at least, 800 men, women, and chil- dren, and though sometimes attacked, I delivered them

76 HI8T0RT OP CORK.

with their baggage safe to their friends." God's bless^ ing on you^ and the blessing of the good Protestants of Birr on you, my Lord Castlehaven I — Vide " Coitle^ haven^s WarSy^^ pp. 49-50.

Three months after this defeat, of what we must style the parliamentary troops, the royalists, under the command of the Marquis of Ormond, made advances to the Irish, under the direction of the Confederate Council. These advances would have been made before, had the king been at liberty to do so. Castlehaven had returned to his brother-in-law's house, at Eilcash, to rest himself, when a trumpeter brought a letter from the Marquis of Ormond, who had been appointed by the king to hear Catholic grievances, and treat for accommodation. The Irish Council is called to acknow- ledge the king's gracious favor.

"After this," says Lord Castlehaven, "a treaty went on for a peace, and in a short time all was agreed, except a cessation for churches,* and the splendid exercise of religion, as in France and Spain* This was much insisted on by the confederate commissioners^ and as resolutely refosed by the Lord of Ormond, who alleged that the king, by agreeing to such an article^ might endanger the loss of his whole party in England.'* " It was certainly," continues the earl, " a great foUyi and a prodigious instance of blind zeal in the Irish clergy, to stand out thus with the king, after such repeated profession of loyalty, and so many battles lost by their generals."

The Irish may have felt they were demanding no

* Outatumfor churehtB. — ^We are not rare of his lordship's meaning hera, Imt conclude he refers to the deliyering np of the old Oatholio chnrGhea^ which weK in the poaseflsion of Protestants.

LOBD INCHiaUIN CHANGES SIDES. 77

more than their just rights, but they were demanding them at a time when the principle of religious liberty- was understood and practised by no party, and from a king, who was in the hands of a parliament, most violently opposed to the Catholic faith. A tempo- rary peace for twelve months was patched up between the royalists and confederates.

Lord Inchiquin, who was never a sincere parlia- mentary general, united with the Irish and royalist party, and carried over a large portion of his forces to England, and placed them beneath the royal standard. It was his desire to be confirmed in the presidency of Munster, but the king had just bestowed the office upon the Earl of Portland, so Inchiquin returned to Ireland a more violent parliamentary man than before.

This change of purpose brought about a more cordial union between Inchiquin and Broghill than had pre- vioudy existed. Lord Cork, in writing to Dungarvan, who was seeking the office of president — to which we have referred on a previous occasion — says, "The Lord Inchiquin is much scandalised at you and your brother Broghill, alleging that you have done him great wrong, in that before you departed from this, you wrote letters, which were read openly in parlia- ment, wherein you slighted his merit in the battle of Liscarrol, and attributed the chief honor of the day's service to Sir Charles Vavasor." But these slights were now forgotten, and both united their forces against the Irish. It was at this time they adopted the daring and decided measure of turning the Irish rout of Cork, Toughal, and Kinsale. To justify such a violent measure, there must, of course, be a plot,

78 mSTORY OP COMC.

either real or manii£Eictured ; we^ therefore, learn from a traot| published in London in 1644, bearing the name of Jane Coe, and entitled, ^^ A phi discovered m Ireland^ and prevented without the shedding of hhod^^^ that there was a plot. We give the following as a specimen of violent accusation without the shadow of a proof :— •

^^ I know you hare heard how my lord of Inohiqoin hath put the Irish out of Cork in July last, and not without much cause, for there was a most horrid, dam- nable, and bloody plot of conspiracy inyented and practised by the popish priests and blood-thirsty Jesuits, and the same of a sudden to be put in exeou* tion by the townsmen of Cork, that were confederates with Uiat bloody and arch-rebel the lord of Muskerry, who had prepared an army in his country near Cork, to be in readiness at an hour's warning, after he had intelligence from the popish priests and others of that faction, to approach towards Cork with his army of rebels, who should have been let into the town in the night ; and for that purpose they had agreed among themselves to have such townsmen that night to be in the watch, and in the court of guard, as should be in readiness to seize upon the magazine, arms, ordnaoM^ powder and shot, at an instant when the word should have been given, and the rest of their oonfederatea to be likewise ready to let in the rebels at the gate ; and so in the dead time of the night to enter into eveij Englishman's house, with swords, skenes, and pistols^ with full resolution to massacre, murder, and kill man, woman, and child ; for which horrible murders their holy fathers the priests had given to each one that

THE PRETBNDKD PLOT IN COBE. 79

undertake this bloody design^ a free pardon and dis- pensation.

'^ It pleased God, in the interim, that this execrable plot of treason was discorered, and the priests that were the ohief contrivers of this most damnable plot were taken, and at the time of their execution, con- fessed their mischievous intentions, which extended to the utter extirpation of all the English protestants in ICxmster, if God had not, in his infinite goodness and mercy, prevented it

^' For the rest of the townsmen that had engaged themselves in this inhuman conspiracy, they were so many in number, and being at least six to one of our Englidi, they could not so well be taken, or appre- hended, without great danger and much effusion of blood on both sides. But the governor of Cork, and the rest of the chief commanders, for the better pre- vention of so great a danger, devised a remarkable counter-plot (for the taking and apprehendiag the town's conspirators rather by policy than by violence), and for that purpose caused Captain Muschamp, governor of the Great-fort without the South-gate* of Cork, to fain and counterfeit himself to be in drink, and so, as it were in a merry humour, invite himself to Master Major [Mayor] his house to dinner; and accordingly he dined there, and after the Irish fashion, was kindly entertained, and divers cups passed round of sack, claret, and usquebaugh, in friendly manner, to welcome him, and make him the more merrily disposed.

• The Oreat-firi, without the South-gate^ was Fort Elizabeth, in Barrack Street. It was larger than Catt-fort, which was higher up. It was rebuilt after tibe rebellion of 1603, ** to curb the insolence of the citizens." The South-gate I alood at the end of the South Main Street, by the South bridge.

80 HISTORY OP CORK.

^^ And sitting at dinner, they discoursed of divers matters, concerning the present distractions of these times, and divers propositions were made, and every one gave their opinions, according to their own appre- hensions ; and amongst other discourses. Captain Muschamp, seeming to be in a merry humour, did speak these, or such like words :

" * Well, Master Major, if that it should please Qod that the parliament ships were in the harbour of Cork, if you and the rest would not take the covenant to be true to the king and parliament; I protest I would, with the great ordnance in the fort, beat down all the houses in Cork about your ears.^

^^ With that the major and the rest of the company rose up in a great fury, and said that he had spoken treason, and he should answer it, and so they brought him before the governor, and repeated the words he had spoken, desiring that he might be proceeded against according to law, in such cases provided. Whereupon the governor gave many thanks to Master Major, in showing himself so good a subject in dis^ covering such a treason as that was, saying it was time to look about us when we shall have the chief officers that are put in trust with matters of such oon- cernment as he was, being governor of the king's fort, should speak such treasonable words. ' And therefore. Master Major, you shall have my best assistance, and such punishment shall be inflicted upon him as mar- tial law wiU permit,'

^^ So the major, for the present, departed, and a mar- tial court was called, and the council of war met and sat upon his trial ; the business examined, the wit^

THE CATHOLICS TUENED OUT OP COEK. 81

nesses produoed, the words were proved against him, and being found guilty, was condemned by the council of war for treason, had his sentence given to be hanged next day. And at the time appointed, the sheriffs and the greatest part of the city came to see the execution, and the prisoner was brought out of the city well guarded, with a considerable company of musqueteers; and when they perceived that the chiefest and most dangerous men of the city were come out of the gates, fhe word was given, and the prisoner. Captain Mus- champ, being set at liberty, did command his officers to lay hold on all the chiefest of the citizens, and carry them prisoners to the fort, whereof he was captain and governor; and as soon as they were taken, the chiefest aldermen and others in the city were taken, and kept prisoners as hostages, to secure the English as well within as without the gates, which were at that instant shut up, and the drawbridge taken up, so that none could come in or go out, till all matters were pacified.

" And, in the meantime, there was a proclamation made, that if the Irish resisted the English, the soldiers should shoot them, and if any English were killed in that broil, the chiefest of their city should be hanged over their walls ; which proclamation did so terrify the Irish, that they were all glad to be quiet, and so there was no great hurt done, which was much to be ad- mired, that a matter of so dangerous a consequence should be effected without any further trouble, and the projectors thereof highly to be commended in devising Buch a stratagem of mercy, in time of such troubles and [ rebellion, to prevent the shedding of guiltless blood."

TOL. n. 6

82 HISTORY OF CORK.

This affair, described by Jane Coe, was no doubt very clever, but very disgraceful, especially to men in authority. This anti-popish plot, was worthy of ^ pot-house. The governor of an important fort feigns drunkenness, staggers, uninvited, to the mayor's house, broaches treason, is arrested, has a sham trial — ^his judges being in the plot — and is condemned to be executed. The principal inhabitants go out to see him hanged, and, at a given signal, are seized and turned out of the city, to wander as vagabonds up and down the country. Many of the Irish " rogues and rapparees " were of this class. The real rogues and rapparees were men like Inchiquin and Muschamp, who made them such.

Inchiquin was confirmed in the office of president, by the English parliament, for his conduct in this affair. Smith says, and he refers to the city oouncil books, '^ The civil authority ceased in Cork on the 26th of July, 1644, and was not renewed tUl the year 1656, when Sir William Fenton, Maurice Eoche, Christopher Oliver, John Morley, and John Hodder, who were ancient freemen, elected the said John Hodder to be mayor." But, notwithstanding, in Dr. Smith's list of mayors, we find the name of James Lombard, for 1645. Por ten years after, there was no civil magistrate in Cork ; that is for the ten years of Cromwell's usurpation.

A Frenchman* who had befriended one Thomas Newell — ^whom he styles Tam Neuel— and whom he

* A jy^n^Afmrn.— M. De la Boalkye le Goaz. He published his work in Paris, in 1653. The book was translated by Mr. Crofton Croker, in the year 1837.

TAK NEUSL AND THE FBENCHHAN. 83

accompanied to Cork in the year of the barring out, 1644, tells the following interesting anecdote : — " Haying arrived at Cork, Tarn Neuel, of whom I have before spoken, led me to his father's house. He knocked at the door, when a well-looking man appeared' and demanded what we wanted. Tam Keuel desired to know whether John Neuel was at home. The man replied that he knew no such person. Neuel insisting that the house belonged to the person for whom he had asked, was told, that it belonged to an English captain, who had it on the seclusion of the Catholics from the town. He was surprised to find eyents so deplorable had occurred to his family. I sympathised with him, and obseryed, ^ Since things were thus, we must seek a lodging, as the night was coming on.' * O, Mister Frenchman,' he said, * you cannot, with- out injustice, refuse to repair to the house, if not of my father, at least of some other relation. I haye uncles in the town where we shall be welcome.'

" "We found out one of them, and by hiin were re- ceiyed with all imaginable kindness, and Neuel learned that his father had lost, in the religious wars, more than £10,000 sterling, and had been obliged to fly to the country, to ayoid the tyranny of the English protestants. I remained eight days in this house, in the midst of continual festivity, and on taking leave, to pursue my travels, they thanked me for the assist- ance I rendered to Tam Neuel, and in spite of all I could do, repaid me the money I had furnished for his expenses from Limerick."

The Earl of Castlehayen re-entered this county in the beginning of 1645, at the head of 5,000 foot and

84 HISTORY OP CORK.

1,000 horse, and took Liscarrol, Mallow, Doneraile,. Mitchelstown, and some other plaoes. It was on this occasion that he captured Colonel Henry O'Brien, brother to the Lord Inchiquin, at Bostellan. Inohi« qnin remained for the most part on the defensiye. The civil, or rather military, history of this and the suc- •ceeding year, (1645 and 1646) consisted of little more than the taking and retaking of castles and small towns.

"Now, by way of digression," says Lord Castle- haven, ^^I must tell you that about this time (Mid- summer 1646) there arrived in the west of Ireland, Einuccini, archbishop and prince of Fermo, in quality of nuncio, sent by Pope Innocent the Tenth to the Confederate Catholics, and coming near the coast was chased by a parliameat frigate, commanded by one Flunkett ; but as he was ready to board him, he saw his kitchen-chimney on fire ; which to quench he was forced to lie by, and so gave the nuncio an opportu- nity of gaining the shore, to the great misfortune of the Confederate Catholics, and many other good and valuable interests."

Smith says, " His coming did little prejudice to the English interest, for he revived the distinction between the Irish natives and the old English Catholics, which split their party into different factions."

The only hope of the Catholic at this time was a cordial union with the royalist, but such a union wa8 violently opposed by the nuncio. " All this while,^^ says Castlehaven, " a treaty of peace with my lord of Ormond went on, though much opposed by the nundo and the national congregation of the clergy at Water*

J

THE BTUNCIO. BATTLE OF EN0CENIN0S8. 86

ford/' Again, ** The nuncio and this congrega- tion went so far as to declare that the confederate commissioners," who were in treaty with Ormond for a peace, "were perjured and foresworn, threatening them^ with thunders of excommunication in case of persist- ing." But the treaty of peace went on, and was signed in Kilkenny, called ^^ The Peace of Forty-wo^'^ but it had no effect, on account of the nuncio's determineds opposition, who went to war without his best friends, and was beaten, and when it was too late and Cromwell' was in the field, consented to unite with the Irish^ royalists.

The nuncio " had an ill reception " on his return to Bome in 1648. **Tou have acted rashly," — temerarU U gesmti — said the pope, of which reproof "and the loss of Fermo, he soon after died." The Marquis of Ormond was obliged, in self-defence, to make terms with the English parliament, and afterwards to leave the country for France.

The most important battle fought in this county, during the civil war, was that of Knockninoss,* north- west of Mallow. The parliamentary troops, under Lord Inchiquin, consisted of 4,000 foot and 1,200 horse ; the Irish army, under Lord Taaffe,"f of about 7,000 foot and 1,000 horse. The famous Sir Alex- ander Mac Donnell, or Mac Allisdrum,J with his

• Knoekmoas. — Cnoc-na-n-os, " Hill of the Fawns," in the parish of Suhnlter, to the north of Castlo^Magner, in this county.

t Lord Taaffef Theohald, son of Sir John Taaffe, who was advanced to the feextige of Ireland in 1628. Theohald was created Earl of Carlin^ford after the Sestoration in 1662, and got a grant of £4,000 a year. His son Nicholas, second etrl, fell at the battle of the Boyne, fighting for Kin^ James. He was succeeded \j his brother, the celebrated Count Taaffe, of Austria.

X Mac AUudrum, — Doctor O'Donovan says, Sir Alexander McDonnell was fadghted by the Duke of Montrose ; that he ieas Colla-Kittagh, and not the son of

L

86 HISTORY OF CORK.

Highlanders, fought under the Irish standard. Inchi- quin gained a signal victory. Four thousand of the Irish were slain. Mac AUisdrum and most of his men were put to the sword in cold blood. The English lost Sir William Bridges, Colonel Grey, Major Brown, and Sir Bobert Trayers. This battle was fought on the 13th of November, 1647.

When the parliament heard of the victory, they voted £10,000 for the service of Munster, and £1,000 as a present to Lord Inchiquin.

Inchiquin, who was either offended at the smallness of the present, or possessed with the love or demon of change, resolved a second time to unite with the roy- alists, and made advances to Lord Taaffe, whom he had just beaten, to unite their forces ; and to the Mar- quis of Ormond, who had fled to France, to return in all haste to Ireland. Declaring openly for the king, he was voted a rebel and a traitor by the parliament ; his loyalty was therefore above or beyond suspicion.

The marquis arrived in Cork the 29th of September, 1648. Inchiquin received him with every mark of respect, and took the post of lieutenant-general of his army. The Earl of Castlehaven became general of the horse, and Lord Taaffe master of the ordnance. The army consisted of 8,000 foot and 2,000 horse.

The marquis published a declaration in Cork, stating it was his purpose to maintain the Protestant religion, the king's honor or prerogative, the rights of parlia- ment, and the liberty of the subject. A copy of this declaration fell into the hands of Colonel Jones, the

*\ the real Colkitto/' of Antrim, as Professor Curry asserts. Tradition has depo* sited the sword of this famous warrior at Lohort Castle, belonging to the Earl of ^mont.

DCAXH OF CHABLES I. PHINCE RUPERT AT KINSALE. 87

friend of Cromwell, who sent it to the committee at Derby House. It was next read in parliament, and then forwarded to the king — who was a prisoner in the Isle of Wight — to own or disavow it. Charles Wrote to Ormond not to proceed further, till his negoci- ations with the parliament had been concluded. Those n^ociations ended in his decapitation.

To decapitate Charles I. was to enlarge the King of England. The Earl of Ormond had Charles II. pro- clauaed in Youghal^ Carrick^ Cork, Kinsale, and in all the other towns of this province. Prince Bupert, the great royalist general, and nephew of the murdered ]dng, entered the harbour of Einsale with sixteen eiups, displaying black jacks, ensigns and pendants. The prince and all his officers were in deep mourning. He came, as he stated, to prepare the way for Charles H. He was visited by the Marquis of Ormond, and treated with all honor and respect by the inhabitants. His fleet succeeded in making prizes of a number of com vessels, of which it stood in the greatest need. He sent a force to the relief of Scilly, and 5,000 pis- toles to the new king. Prince Eupert's brother, Maurice, had arrived in Kinsale about a fortnight before him.*

All this looked bright enough for the royal cause, but it was no more than a flash of wintry sun- shine. The English parliament sent Admirals Blake and Deane to blockade the harbour of Kinsale, which they accomplished, capturing the Guinea, one of Eu- pert's ships, which was out on a cruise. The prince

* Foriniaht before him. — Prince Bupert first put into CrookhaTen, owing to a aiiUke of tLe pilot.

88 HISTOBY OF CORK.

posts to Cork and Waterford, and asks for aid, in the shape of five ships, to assail the blockading Tea- sels, but is refused. He is, therefore, compelled to wait for winter storms to scatter or drive off the parliamentary vessels which hovered in and about the mouth of the harbour. But, in the meantime^ his own fleet of sixteen ships was reduced to four and the flag ship, from want, and consequent desertloii ; but with these he managed to give the enemy the slip and reach Lisbon in safety ; so nothing came of this promising expedition.

The Marquis of Ormond was equally unfortunate on land. He assembled a force of 8,000 foot and 2,000 horse at Carlow. His lieutenant, Lord Lichiquixi| with a part of this army, pressed forward to Drogheda, which surrendered after seven days, on honorable terms, the garrison, consisting of six hundred men, receiving permission to march to Dublin. Lichiquin's next move was on Dundalk ; from Dundalk to Newry, and from Newry to Trim Castle, taking aU these places. He then marched back and rejoined the main body of the royalist army under Ormond, which lay at Finglass, about two miles to the north of Dublin.

IVom Finglass they advanced to Bathmines. The parliamentary army in Dnblio, under the command of General Jones, had received eonsiderable reinforce- ments. Ormond, who was aware of this when too late for retreat, and who had watched a considerable portion of the night, expecting an attack, had retired to rest, when he was aroused by the shouts of the assailants. Some accounts say that he had 4,000 slain and 2,500 taken prisoner, but this is much over the mark. He

OBMOND's bout ax £AXHMINES. 89

lost all his artillery, baggage, money, and provisions. The sally proved a complete rout. Ormond wrote to Oeneral Jones for a list of the prisoners, when Jones replied, " My lord, since I routed your army I have not the happiness to know where you are, that I may TOit upon you."

We discover from a letter of Oliver CJromwell, dated Boss, November 14th, 1649, that the English parlia- ment voted General Jones £500 a year in Irish forfeited lands, for his victory at Bathmines. The letter is addressed to the Honorable Thomas Soott, of the Council of State, and opens thus : —

" Sir, I hope you will excuse this trouble. I under- stand the House did vote Lieutenant-General Jones five hundred pounds per annum of lands of inheritance from Irish lands, upon the news of the defeat given to the enemy before Dublin, immediately before my coming over. I think it will be a very acceptable work, and very well taken at your hands, to move the House for an immediate settlement thereof. It will be very con- venient at tihis time."

'

i

CHAPTER IV.

OLIYSB OBOMWBLL AND THB OOMMONWBAXTH.

A.D. 1649-^1656«

Ceomwell landed in Dublin, the 14th of August^ 1649, with an army of 9,000 foot and 4,000 horea He found the English troops, under Lieutenant-general Jones, flushed with their late victory over Onnond at Bathmines, and learned that they, and the parlia- mentary soldiers generally, had been committing acts of violence upon the people,* and, therefore, published the address from which we give these extracts : —

^^ Whereas, I am informed, that upon the marching Out of the armies heretofore, or of parties from gar- risons, a liberty hath been taken by the soldiery to abuse, rob and pillage, and too often to execute cruel- ties upon the country people ; being resolved, by the grace of God, diligently and strictly to restrain such wickedness for the future, I do hereby warn and re- quire all officers, soldiers, and others under my com- mand, henceforth, to forbear all such evil practices as aforesaid, and not to do any wrong or violence toward country people, or persons whatsoever, unless they be

• AeU of 9ioUnM %^pm ths peopU. Sir James Ware, the IriahhittoriaiiyWii about this time a hoetage in the hands of General Michael Jonee, for the deliTery of Dublin into the hands of Cromwell. He was not badly treated. He aftorwaidi got a pass from General Jonee to go to France.

CROMWBLL'S PROCLiS&ATION. 91

actually in arms or office with the enemy, and not to meddle with the goods of such without special order. "And, hereof, I require all soldiers and others, under my command, diligently to take notice and ob- serve the same, as they shall answer to the contrary at their utmost perils ; strictly charging and commanding all officers and others, in their several places, carefully to see to it, that no wrong or violence be done to any sueli person as aforesaid, contrary to the effect of these premises. Being resolved, through the grace of God, to punish all that shall offend, contrary hereunto, very severely, according to law or articles of war ; to dis- place, and otherwise punish, all such officers as shall be found negligent in their places, and not to see to the due observance hereof, or not to punish the offenders under their respective commands. — Given at Dublin, the 24th of August, 1649.

" Oliver Ceomwbll." Cromwell made his first movement upon Drogheda, which Inchiquin had lately wrested from the parlia- ment. He took the place by storm, putting about 3,000 to the sword. " I offered mercy to the garrison of Tredah,'' he says in his summons to the governor of Dundalk, " which, being refused, brought their evil upon them." Carlyle says, " the garrison consisted, in good part, oi Englishmen^^ — Inchiquin's troops, we conclude — who never gave quarter themselves.

We shall give the account of the siege in Oliver's own words, in a letter to the Honorable John Brad- ahaw. President of the Council of State, and dated from Dublin, September 16th, 1649 : —

^^It hath pleased God to bless our endeavours at

J.

92 HISTOBT OF GOHK.

Tredah [Drogheda]. After battery we stormed it. The enemy were about 3,000 strong in the town. They made a stout resistance ; and near 1,000 of our men being entered, the enemy forced them out again. But God giving a new courage to our men, they attempted again and entered ; beating the enemy from their defences.

'^ The enemy had made three retrenchments, both to the right and left of where we entered ; all whidi they were forced to quit. Being thus entered, we refased them quarter, having the day before sum- moned the town. I believe we put to the sword the whole number of the defendants. I do not think thirty of the whole number escaped with their lives. Those that did are in safe custody for the Barbadoes.''

In another letter to the Honorable William LenthalL Speaker of the parliament of England, and dated from Dublin, September 17, 1649, he says, " The next day, the two other towers were summoned, in one of which was about six or seven score, but they refused to yield themselves, and we knowing that hunger must compel them, set only good guards to secure them from run- ning away, until their stomachs were come down* From one of the said towers, notwithstanding their condition, they killed and wounded some of our men. When they submitted, their officers were knocked on the head, and every tenth man of the soldiers killed, and the rest shipped for the Barbadoes. The soldiers in the other tower were all spared, as to their lives only, and shipped likewise for the Barbadoes. ^^ Since that time" — that is, the taking of Drogheda — "the enemy quitted to us Trim and Dundalk. In Trim,

>

CROMWELL EN ROUTE TO CORK. 93

they were in such haste, that they left their guns be- hind them.''

He proceeds from Dublin to the South, taking Wex- ford and Eoss on his way to Cork. We shall be all the better acquainted with this remarkable man by marching from Dublin with him and his army. " Sir," — ^writing to the Speaker from Wexford, the 14th October, 1649 — "The army marched from Dublin, about the 23rd of September, into the county of Wicklow, where the enemy had a garrison about four- teen miles from Dublin, called £illencarrick, which they quitting, a company of the army was put therein. From thence the army marched through almost a deso- lated country, until it came to a passage over the river Doro, about a mile above the castle of Arklow, which was the first seat and honour of the Marquis of Ormond's family, which he had strongly fortified, but it was, upon the approach of the army, quitted, wherein we left another company of foot — thence the army marched towards Wexford.

He summons Colonel David Synnott, the commander- in-chief of the town, to surrender. Synnott must con- sult the mayor and corporation. Cromwell replies that he must be quick, and do it before twelve the next day. The corporation, to gain time, propose a treaty; they hear that Lord Castlehaven is on his march to their relief. Cromwell requires the town, and not a treaty, but let them send in their terms. Synnott sends a long paper, in which he requires liberty to exercise the Catholic religion, the possession of all religious houses and Catholic property, the pre- rogatives of Catholic bishops and other church digni-

94 HISTOBT OF COHE.

taries to remain intact, all corporate rights, public and private property, military stores, and to march out with flying colors.

To these demands Cromwell makes the following reply : — " Sir, I have had the patience to peruse your propositions, to which I might have returned aa answer with disdain, but to be short, I shall give the soldiers and non-commissioned officers quarter for life, and leave to go to their several habitations, with their wearing clothes, they engaging themselves to live quietly there, and to take up arms no more against the parliament of England; and the commissioned officers quarter for their lives, but to render them- selves prisoners. And as for the inhabitants, I shall engage myself that no violence shall be offered to their goods, and that I shall protect the town from plunder.

" I expect your positive answer instantly ; and if you will, upon these terms surrender and quit, and shall in one hour send forth to me four officers and two aldermen for the performance thereof, I shall thereupon forbear all acts of hostility. — ^Your servant,

^'OuvEE Cromwell."

But the answer, he informs us, had no effecti for while he was preparing it, the governor of the castle, " being fairly treated,'^ delivered up the place. When the Irish see the Cromwellian troops in the castle, they desert their walls, which are instantly stormed. The Irish lost about 2,000 men, and Cromwell **not twenty."

Cromwell advances from Wexford to Boss, which he summons in the following style. The summons is addressed to Lucas Taaffe, the brother of Lord TaaSbi

cbomwell's ubeety of conscience. 95

who commanded the Irish at the battle of Knockninoss, near Castle Magner, in the county Cork :

'^ Sir, Since my coming into Ireland, I hare this witness for myself, that I haye endeavoured to avoid effdaion of blood ; having been sent before no place, to which such terms have not been first sent, as might have turned to the good and preservation of those to whom they were offered; this being my principle, that the people and places where I come may not suffer, except through their own wilfullness. To the end I may observe the like course with this place and people therein, I do hereby summon you to deliver the town of Boss into my hands, to the use of the par- liament of England. Expecting your speedy answer, I rest, your servant,

"Oliver Cromwell."

Taaffe replies, that he is prepared to entertain a safe and honorable treaty of surrender. Cromwell tells him that he and his army may inarch off with colors, bag and baggage; that the inhabitants shall be guarded from the violence of soldiers, and permitted to live free and peaceably. Lucas Taaffe writes as follows : —

" Fob Oxnbbax Cbohwbll, these : —

'* Robs, 19th October, 1649. " Sib,

" There wants but little that I would propose, which is,

that such townsmen as have a desire to depart may have libeity,

within a convenient time, to cany away themselves and goods, and

liberty of conscience to such as shall stay ; and that I may carry

away such artillery and ammunition as I have in my command. If

you be inclined to this I will send, upon your honour, as a safe*

conduct, an officer to conclude with you, to which your inmiediate

■nswer is expected by, sir, your servant,

*' Lucas Taapfe."

I.

96 HISTOBY OF COKE.

To this very proper letter, Cromwell makes the

following memorable reply. It is one of the ooolest

and most candid denials of the right of the Catholic to

worship Ood according to the dictates of his conscience that was ever penned.

**FoB The Gotsbnob of Ross, these:

''Before Ross, 19th October, 1649. " Sib,

'* To what I formerly offered, I shall make good. As for your carrying away any artillery or ammnnition that you brought not with you, or that hath not come to you since you had the com- mand of that place — I must deny you that, expecting you to le«f8 it, tu you found it.

'* As for that which you mention concerning liberty of conscienoei I meddle not with any man's conscience. But if hy liberty of oon- sdence^ you mean liberty to exercise the Afcus, I Judge it beet to M9§ plain dealing^ and to let you know, where the Parliament of En^lami have power ^ that will not he allowed.

'' As for such of the townsmen who desire to depart, and carry away themselves and goods (as you express), I engage myself they shall have three months time so to do, and in the meantims shall be protected from Tiolence in their persons and goods, as others imder the obedience of the parliament.

" If you accept of this offer, I engage my honour for a punetoal performance hereof. I rest,

" Your Servant,

" Oliveb Cbomweli./'

For Cromwell to say, *^I meddle with no man's conscience," and to deny, in the same breath| '*a liberty to exercise the mass," is a piece of audacity, in the shape of self-contradiction, which the devil himsdf would scarcely venture on.

Taaffe seeing there was no use in parleying with such a man, and suspecting that further delay or re- sistance would subject Boss to the fate of Drogheda or Wexford, consented to render up the town.

r

OOLOmSL PHAIBy GOYEEHOB OF COBS. 07

It was wliile lying before Boss, that Oliver, writing to the Honorably Thomas Scott, of the Council of State, tinder date November 14th, 1649, says, "The Lord Biog^iill is now in Munster, where he, I hope, will do very good office. All his suit is for two hundred pounds, to bring his wife over. Such a sum would not be cast away. He hath a great interest in the men that come from Inchiquin. I have made him and Sir William Fenton, Colonel Blake and Deane — who 1 believe, at least one of them, will be frequently in Cork Harbour, making that a victualling place for the Irish fleet, instead of Milford Haven — I have made him and Colonel Fhayr, commissioners for a temporary management of afiEairs there.

*^ This business of Munster will empty your treasury, therefore you have need to hasten our money allotted to us, lest you put us to stand with our fingers in our mouths I I rest. Sir, your servant,

" Oliveb Cbomwell,"

This Colonel Phayr or Phair, who is united with Broghill, Fenton, Blake, and Deane, was one of the three* appointed by the regicides to see that the death-warrant on Charles I. was duly executed. He is immediately after this appointed governor of Cork, before the king's blood is dry upon his fingers. This Colonel Blake became Admiral Blake. The next letter is for the Hon. William Lenthall, Esq., Speaker of the parliament of England, and is dated Boss, 14th of November, 1649 : —

♦ Ot9e of the thr$e. — The other two were Colonel Francis Hacker and Colonel Hunclu. Colonel Hnncbi got the lands of Monkstown in Cromwell's time. There will a Doctor Hnnoks arrested in Cork, and sent as prisoner to Dnhlin, the I8th May, 1660, the day Uiat Charles the II. was proclaimed in Cork.

VOL. n. 7

98 HISTOHT OF COBK.

^^ About a fortnight since I had some good assurance that Cork was returned to its obedience, and had refused Inchiquin, who did strongly endeayour to redintegrate himself there, but without success. I did hear also that Colonel Townsend * was coming to me with their submission and desires, but was inter- rupted by a fort at the mouth of Cork Harbour, f But haying sufficient grounds upon the former informationi and other confirmation out of the enemy's camp, that it was true, I desired Oeneral Blake, who was here with me, that he would thither in Captain Mildmay's j&igate, called the Nonsuch; who, when they came, received such entertainment as these enclosed will let you see.

" In the meantime the Garland, one of your third- rate ships, coming happily into Walerford bay, I ordered her and a great prize lately taken in that bay, to transport Colonel Phayr to Cork ; whither he went, having along with him near five hundred foot, which I spared him out of this poor army, and £1,500 in money, giving him such instructions as were proper for the promoting of your interest there."

Colonel Townsend, who has managed to pass the fort in the Nonsuch frigate, informs them that Toughal has declared for the parliament; so to Youghal they go. The mayor, and some of the more influential citizens, come aboard. The mayor is disposed to make conditions before rendering up the place. Lord Brog-

^ Colonel Jbwnaend. — Mr. Caulfield Rpoaks of a Colonel Bichard TowBHudy ^bo attempted, in 1648, (rect6 1649) with Colonel Doyley, without their general^ Lord Inchiquin'a consent, to betray the towns of Munster to the Engliih ptriift- ment, for arrears of pay. — Journal of th$ Reverend Rowkmd Davie$f p. 96.

t Fort ai the mouth of Cork J£arhour,—T)m old fort was near Fort Carlitle. I believe some portions of it are yet yisible.

CORK 8BIZEB FOB CK01CW£LL. 99

liill aasmres him and his friends it would be more to their honor and advantage to make no conditions, to which they submit. " Whereupon," says Cromwell, from whose letter we quote, ^^ my Lord Broghilli Sir William Fenton and Colonel Phaire, went to the town and were received — I shall give you my Lord Brog- hill's own words — with all the real demonstrations of gladness an overjoyed people were capable of."

Colonel Phaire lands his troops at Youghal, where he leaves a garrison, and marches .with the rest to Cork, which he takes by surprise. The royalist gover- nor, Sir Bobert Starling, and indeed the whole city, except a few who had been awaked by the gingle of the fifteen hundred pounds, were caught napping.

The attack was made at night. ^^ One may truly say," writes a parliamentary officer, with a little touch of Cromwellian humour, " that he " — that is Sir Bobert Starling — " was divested of his government in the dark, and consequently could not see to prevent it." We discover, by a letter from Lady Fanshawe, that the Catholics, as well as royalists, were driven out of the city, stript, and woimded, and in the depth of winter. Lady Fanshawe was living at the Bed Abbey,* one of the towers of which stand — in Cum- berland Street — to the present day.

** I was in my bed when Cork revolted. By chance that day my husband was gone on business to Kinsale. It was in the beginning of November, 1650 [rect6 1649]. At midnight I heard the great guns go ofl^ and thereupon I called up my family to rise, which I

« The Red Abbey was foundec! as a convent for Angnstinian Eremites, or Avstin firian, in 1420, by Patrick De Courcj, Baron of Kinsale.

OQ

28402

d

100 HISTOKY OP CORK.

did as well as I oould in that condition. Kearing lamentable shrieks of men, women, and children, I asked at a window the canse. They told me they were all Irish, stripped and wounded, and turned out of the town, and that Colonel Jefferies, with some others, had possessed themselyes of the town for Cromwell. Upon this I immediately wrote a letter to my husband, blessing Ood's proyidence that he waa not there with me, persuading him to patience and hope that I should get safely out of the town, by Gbd's assistance, and desired him to shift for himself^ for fear of a surprise, with promise that I would secure his papers. ^^ So soon as I had finished my letter I sent it by a faithful servant, who was let down the garden wall of Bed Abbey, and, sheltered by the darkness of the night, he made his escape. I immediately packed up my husband's cabinet, with all his writings, and near £1,000 in gold and silver, and all other things both of clothes, linen, and household stuff that were portable, of value ; and then, about three o'clock in the morning, by the light of a taper, and in that pain I was in, I went into the market place with only a man and maid| and passing through an unruly tumult, with their swords in their hands, searched for their chief com- mander, Jefferies, who, whilst he was loyal, had reoeiyed many civilities from your father. I told him it was necessary that upon that change I shotdd remove, and I desired his pass that woidd be obeyed or else I must remain there. I hoped he would not deny me that kindness. He instantly wrote me a pass, both for myself, family, and goods, and said he would never forget the rei^ot he owed your father.

LADY PANSHAWB's ESCAPE. 101

'^ I came through thousands of naked swords to Bed Abbey, and hired the next neighbour's cart, which carried all that I could remove; and myself, sister, and little girl, Nan, with three maids and two men, set forth at five o'clock in November, having but two horses amongst us all, which we rid on by turns. In this sad condition I left Bed Abbey, with as many goods as were worth £100, which could not be re- moved, and so were plundered. We went ten miles to Kinsale, in perpetual fear of being fetched back again, but by little and little, I thank God, we got safe to the garrison, where I found your father the most disconsolate man in the world, for fear of his femily, which he had no possibility to assist ; but his joys exceeded to see me and his darling daughter, and to hear the wonderful escape we, through the assist- ance of God, had made."

While Broghill and Phaire are preparing his way in Cork, Youghal, Bandon, and Kinsale, Cromwell is breaking up his camp at Boss, and preparing a bridge to cross the Barrow. The Irish, imder Owen Boe O'Neill, are lying in force between the Barrow and the Nore, and " give out they will have a day of it, which we hope the Lord of his mercy will enable us to give them in his own good time." But while lying there, the Cromwellians were " not without some sweet taste of the goodness of God." The parliamentary fleet had taken the Dunkirk of thirty-two gims, and a Turkish flhip of ten guns, with poor-john and oil. Another mercy was the escape of a party of about 1200 — who liad been left on the sick list in Dublin — from the liands of Inchiquin, on the beach of Arklow. " With-

102 HI8Z0BT OP OOBE.

out doubt Inchiquin, Treyor, and the rest of these people^ who are very good at this work, had swallowed up this party/^ but God was on their side.

" Seeking GK)d for direction," Oliver sends a party of horse under Colonel Beynolds, to Carrick, which he takes by surprise. From Carrick they proceed to Waterford, and take the Passage fort, and a large castle, and then sit down before the Urbs Intacta, which they could not take ; so, in order to cover his Mlure and retreat, Cromwell writes in the following style to the Speaker. The letter was read in parliament, and ordered to be printed and published, and ^^ sent to all the ministers next Lord's day, who are to be, as they best may, the voice of our devout thankfulness fbr these great mercies." Let us see in what these meroiM consisted, for they did not consist in the taking of Waterford. ^^ It hath pleased the Lord, whilst these things have been thus transacting here, to add to our interest in Munster, Bandon-Bridge, the town— - as we hear upon the matter — thrusting out young Jephson, who was their governor, or else deserting it upon that jealousy. As also Xinsale and the fort there. Out of this fort 400 men marched upon artiolesi when it was surrendered; so that now, by the hand of the Lord, your interest in Munster is near as good already as ever it was since this war began. I sent a party about two days ago to my Lord of Broghill| from whom I expect to have an account of all."

We don't know how to understand what Cromwell says about Bandon« It is evident he got Broghill's version of it. Bandon was in the hands of the Boyles^ the Earl of Cork's sons, who did what they pleased

THE SEIZITBE OF EINSALE AKD BANDON. 103

with it. The Jephsons were always with the parlia- ment. If young Jephson gave np the governorship, it must have been through "jealousy ;'' but my Lord Broghill, who managed all, wished to gain eclat by giving th^ affair all the importance of a surrender.

Cromwell glorifies himself and Broghill on the occa- flion, in the following style : — " Sir, what can be said of these things ? Is it an arm of flesh that hath done these things ? Is it the wisdom of council or strength of men ? It is the Lord only. ' God will eurse that man and kis hatise that dares to Ihink otherwiseJ^ As many did think otherwise, and still continue to think other- wise, this " curse of Cromwell " must rest on many a head and house. It may be profanity, but we are more disposed to attribute the surrender of Cork to the fifteen hundred pounds sent there to bribe the leading men, than to any special divine influence. But what member of the parliament, for whom the letter was penned, dare say as much, or call this affair at Bandon a bagatelle ? After brow-beating and thundering at the recusants, like Jupiter Tonans, he began to coax and wheedle in the following style : —

" I humbly beg leave to offer a word or two. I beg of those that are faithful, that they give glory to God, I wish it may have influence upon the hearts and spirits of all those that are now in place of government, in the greatest trust, that they may in all heart draw near to God, giving him glory by holiness of life and conversation ; and that those unspeakable mercies may teach dissenting brethren" — dissentient members — "on all sides to agree, at least, in praising God. And if the Father of the family be so kind, why should there

104 HISTORY OF COBK.

be such jarrings and heart-burnings amongst the chil- dren ? And if it will not be receiyed that these are the seals of God's approbation of your great change of government — ^which indeed are no more yours than these yictories and successes are ours — ^yet let them with us say^ even the most unsatisfied heart amongst them, that both are the righteous judgments and mighty works of Ood ; that he hath pulled the mighty from his seat, and calls to an account for innooent blood ; that he thus breaks the enemies of his church in pieces. And let them not be sullen, but praise the Lord, and think of us as they please, and we shall be satisfied, and pray for them, and wait upon our God. And we hope we shall seek the welfare and peaoe of our native country, and the Lord give them hearts to do so too. Indeed, sir, I was constrained in my bowels to write thus much. I ask your pardon, and rest your most humble servant,

*^ Oliver Cromwbll.*'

He writes to Lord Wharton, who, we suspect, was one of the principal recusants, in the following style. The letter is dated from Cork, 1st January, 1649, rect6 1650:—

<< Mt dbar Friend, my dear Lord,

^^ If I know thy heart I love you in truth, and, therefore, if from the jealousy of unfeigned love I play the fool a little, and say a word or two at guess, I know you will pardon it.

" It were a vain thing, by letter, to dispute over your doubts, or undertake to answer your objections. I have heard them all and I have rest from the troubles

gbomwell's leiteb to lobb whahton. 105

of them, and of what has risen in my own heart, for which I desire to be humbly thankfcd. I do not oon- demn your reasonings ; I doubt them. It is easy to object to the glorious actings of GK)d if we look too much upon instruments I I have heard computations made of the members in parliament, the good kept out, the worst left in, etc., it has been so these nine years. Yet what hath God wrought? The greatest works last; and is still at work! Therefore, take heed of thiB scandal.

'^ Be not offended at the manner of Ood's working, perhaps no other way was left. What if God accepted their zeal, even as he did that of Fhineas, whom reason might haye called before a jury ? What if the Lord have witnessed his approbation and acceptance to this seal also, not only by signal outward acts but to the hearts of good men too ? What if I fear my friend should withdraw his shoulder from the Lord's work — oh, it's grievous to do so I — through scandals, through £Edse mistaken reasonings."

He concludes his letter thus : — " My service to the dear little lady. I wish you make her not a greater temptation to you in this matter than she is. Take heed of all relations. Mercies should not be tempta- tions, yet we too oft make them so. The Lord direct your thoughts into the obedience of his will, and give yon rest and peace in the truth I Pray for your most true and affectionate servant in the Lord.

" OUVBR CROlkrWELL."

*^ P.8. — I received a letter from Bobert Hammond, whom truly I love in the Lord, with the most entire affection ; it much grieved me, not because I judged,

106 HISTORY OF CORK.

but feared the whole spirit of it was from temptation ; indeed I thought I perceived a proceeding in that^ which the Lord will, I trust, cause him to unlearn. I would fain have written to him, but am straitened in time. Would he be with us a little ; perhaps it would be no hurt to him."

The following letter, which is addressed to the Honorable William Lenthall, Esquire, Speaker of the parliament of England, and dated Cork, 19th of December, 1649, describes his march from Waterford to Youghal : —

" Mr. Speaker,

" Not long after my last to you from Waterfbrd, by reason of the tempestuousness of the weather, we thought fit, and it was agreed, to march away to winter-quarters, to refresh our men until God shall please to give further opportunity for action.

^^ We marched off the 2nd of this instant, it being so terrible a day as ever I marched in all my life. Just as we marched off in the morning, unexpected to us, the enemy had brought an addition of near two thousand horse and foot to the increase of their gar- rison, which we plainly saw at the other side of the water. We marched that night some ten or twelve miles, through a craggy country, to KilmacthomaSi a castle some eight miles from Dungarvan. As we were marching off in the morning from thencOi the Lord Broghill — I having sent before to him to maroh np to me — sent a party of horse to let me know he wa8| with about twelve or thirteen hundred of the Munster horse and foot, about ten miles o% near Dungarvan, which was newly rendered to him.''

CROMWELL^ hBBBBL TO THE 6PEAKBB. 107

The letter goes on to desoribe the death of Lieu- teDant-Gttieral Jones, who was seized with a fever at Dungaryan, of whieh he died.

*^ In the midst of these grand sucoesses, wherein the kindness and mercy of God hath appeared, the Lord, in wisdom, and for gracious ends best known to him- self, hath interlaced some things, which may give ns canse of serious consideration [as to] what his mind therein may be. And we hope we wait upon him, desiring to know, and to submit to his good pleasure. The noble lieutenant-general, whose finger, to our knowledge, never ached in all these expeditions, fell (dck ; we doubt not, upon a cold taken upon our late wet march and ill accommodation, and went to Dun- garvan, where, struggling some four or five days with a fever, he died, having run his course with much honor, courage, and fidelity, as his actions better speak than my pen.

" What England lost thereby is above me to speak. I am sure I lost a noble friend and companion in labors. You see how God mingles out the cup unto us. Indeed we are at this time a crazy company ; yet we live in His sight, and shall work the time that is appointed unto us, and shall rest after that in peace. Yet there hath been some sweet at the bottom of the eup."

He explains what he means by the sweet. Colonel Zouehy wrote to say he had caught a number of the Irish straggling, about two miles from Passage, near Vaterford, which he had put to the sword. This was ^^ples and nuts to Cromwell, who had to retreat from Waterford.

lOS mSTOBT OF CORJC.

The body of the lieutenant-general was brought to Toughal— where Oliver took up his quarters for a few days — and interred with great solemnity, in Lord Cork's chapel, in the cathedral of St. Mary's. For this Cromwell orders a day of solemn observance ; and for Zouchy's success, a day of general thanksgiving.

He left Youghal on the 1 6th of December, and arrived in Cork on the 17th, where he received "very hearty and noble entertainment." He was attended by " My Lord Broghill, Sir William Fenton, and divers other gentlemen and commanders. Colonel Deane and Colonel Blake, our sea-generals, are both riding in Cork Harbour." " To-morrow," continues the writer of the letter* from which we quote, " the Major-General [Ireton] is expected here, both in good health, God be praised. This week, I believe, they will visit Einsale, Bandon-Bridge, and other places m this province that have lately declared for us."

It was while Cromwell was in Cork that the ultra- montane Catholic party convened an assembly at Clon- macnois, with the hope, when it was too late, of forming a imion to oppose the English parliament. They pub* lished an address, to which Cromwell replied, in what Thomas Carlyle, in his usual extravagant and sham style, describes as " probably the remarkablest state paper ever published in Ireland since Strongbow, or even St. Patrick, first appeared there." The paper is no more than a violent politico-theological tract. The writer, who was not Cromwell, argues closely from in- correct data. The Latinity is pure. Were Milton in

* ** Th$ Utter was addressed to an Honorable Member of the OouncQ of Stat«»" and dated Cork, 18th of Deoember, 1649.

BICHABD MAGNEE'S ESCAPE. 109

Ireland, in 1649, we should say he wrote it, for it is in his worst prose style — ^Milton could write mag- nificent prose — and a great deal in his rabid anti- Catholic spirit, Cromwell never wrote it.

Bishop Bramhall narrowly escaped the protector's hands in Cork, who seems to have owed him a gmdge. " rd have given a good sum for that Irish Canter- bury," said the nonconformist general, who was fond of a joke, though his jokes were generally poor ones. Being in want of artillery, he ordered the Cork bells to be oonverted into battering ordnance. Some of his friends remonstrating on the score of sacrilege, he replied, " Since gunpowder was invented by a priest, I think it not amiss to promote the bells into eanonsJ^

Cromwell's humour was sometimes of a very grim kind. Bichard Magner, of Castle-Magner, near Mallow, went to pay his respects. Some one whispered in Cromwell's ear that Magner was a troublesome fellow, who had been active in the late rebellion. Oliver received him with apparent favor, and gave him a letter for his friend. Colonel Phair, the Parliamentary Governor of Cork. Magner thought it prudent to look at the letter before handing it to such a man. He broke the seal, and read his own death- warrant, in these words — " Execute the Bearee." This letter shall be delivered, soliloquised Bichard, but not by me ; so he posted off to Mallow, and handed it to the officer commanding there — who had often preyed upon Ids lands — telling him that General Cromwell directed [Hkst he should deliver it in person. This officer did

hesitate a moment. It might contain instructions

his promotion ; it might give him a It/tj very likely,

110 mSTOEY OP CORK.

SO he posts off to Cork and delivers the letter to Phair, who reads it with surprise, and asks how he got it. Suspecting a tricky he sends to Cromwell, who has the order countermanded with no small chagrin. Bichard paid no more complimentary visits to Oliver after this.

Cromwell visited Kinsale and was handed the keys, which he did not, as usual, return to the chief magii^ trate, who was a Catholic, but handed them over to Colonel Stubber, the governor. Some one whispered in his ear that Stubber was not over strict in any religion. " May be not," replied Cromwell, " but as he is a soldier he has honor, and, therefore, we will let his reUgion alone this time."

Oomwell left Youghal on the 20th of January, 1650, and turned his face to the north. He writes to the Speaker from Castletown, in Limerick, F^b. 16, 1650: ^^ Having refreshed our men in winter quarterS| and health being pretty well recovered, we thought fit to take the field, and to attempt such things as GK>d, by his providence, should lead us to upon the enemy." He crosses the Blackwater, at Mallow, and presses on to the county Limerick, having dispatched Broghill to besiege Castletownroche. " His lordship," says Crom- well, ^^ drew two cannon to the aforesaid castle, which| having summoned, they refused, but his lordship hay- ing bestowed about ten shots made their stomachs oome down. He gave all the soldiers quarter for life, and shot all the officers, being six in number, to death.'' He says nothing of Lady Boche, by whom the oastle was defended in the absence of her lord.

Lord Boche and other Irish noblemen were indicted of treason by the Earl of Cork and his sons, in 1642*

BBOOHUL TAKES LOBD JKOCHe's GASXLE. Ill

« The Earl of Cork "—writes Dr, Smith— •' with the

assistanoe of his sons, the Lords Dungarvan, Broghill,

JQnalmeaky, and Barrymore, held quarter sessions of

I peace at Youghal, in which the principal rebels

te indicted of high treason." The old earl feeling,

perhaps, he had turned the screw too tight in the case

of Lord Boche, the proof of whose treason was by no

means evident, writes to the Speaker of the Commons,

and explains what he has done, and tries in this way

to shift the responsibility off his own shoulders. He

proposes that Lord Boche's property should be seized^

He was a wicked old fox, that fijrst Lord Cork, and

this Broghill, who seizes Castletownroche, is walking

in his father's steps. The father takes the land, and

the son the houses, of an innocent man. Lord Boche

ranked among the most loyal of any of the Anglo-

Korman barons. Maurice was a faithful adherent to

Charles IL, with whom he shared his pay in Flanders,

for some of these noble-minded men had to live on

their commissions. Lord Boche might have made

terms with Cromwell, had he possessed the same

aptitude of changing sides as my Lord Broghill. No

sian paid more dearly for his loyalty to an ungrateful

monarch than Lord Boche.

Cromwell advances from Castletown to Cahir, which

he took with one of his clever missives. ** Having

Inought my army and cannon near this place, I think

it fit to offer you terms honorable to soldiers." They

ire at once accepted. He marches to Kilkenny, where

[le adopts a somewhat different style, and speaks of

and the judgments of God, but offers fairs terms,

^h are accepted, after a lengthened correspondence,

112 HISTORY OF CORK.

and a breach in the walls. The citizens paid £2000 to save themselves from plunder. Cromwell marches from Kilkenny to Carrick-on-Suir, from which he writes the following letter respecting Cork-house, on Cork hill, Dublin. The " Countess of Cork," on whose behalf he writes, is the second earPs wife, and sister- in-law to Cromwell's most particular friend, Lord Broghill : —

^^ To THE Commissioners at Dublin, these :

" Carrick-on-Suir, 1st April, 1650. '* Gentlemen,

^^ Being desired by the Countess of Cork, that nothing may be done by way of disposal of such part of Cork-house as is holden of the Dean in Dublin (in case my Lord of Cork's interest be determined therein)| and that my Lord of Cork may have the refusal there* of before any other, in regard his father has been at great charge in building thereof, and some part of the same house is my Lord's inheritance, and in that respect, the other part would not be so convenient for any other.

" Which motion I conceive to be very reasonable. And therefore I desire you not to dispose of any part of the said house to any person whatsoever, until yon hear further from me ; my Lady having undertaken, in a short time, as soon as she can come at the sight of her writings, so as to be satisfied what interest my Lord of Cork hath yet to come therein, my Lord will renew his term in the said house, or give foil resolu- tion therein. I rest your loving friend,

" Oliver Cromwell."

THE CATHOLIC BISHOP OP BOSS HANGED. 113

Oliver marches to Clonmel, where victory seems disposed to desert his standard. More than half of his troops are enfeebled by sickness. To add to his per- plexity, he hears the Catholic bishop of Boss is assem- bling an Irish army of 4,000 foot and 300 horse for the relief of the town. To end his successful campaign by a defeat, or even a retreat, is not to be thought of, he therefore sends to his trusty and well-beloved Brog- hill, who has never yet failed him, who takes the field at the head of 2,000 horse and the same number of &ot, and marches to Eolcrea and Carrigadrohid castles, which he finds strongly garrisoned by the bishop, so he turns his horse's head in the direction of Macroom. The bishop fires this castle, and draws up his army in the park. Broghill charges, and puts the Irish to the rout, and succeeds in making their warlike bishop prisoner, to whom he offers pardon on the condition of his ordering the garrison of Carrigadrohid to deliver up the castle. They conducted the courageous church- man to the walls, as the Carthagenians carried Begulus to Bome, with the full persuasion that he would recom- mend his countrymen to surrender; " Hold out to the iMt " were his words ; so they hanged him then and there. A shame upon you, Broghill.

The castle was taken by a very simple stratagem. The besiegers cut up trees to the size of cannon, yoked them — as if weighty metal — to a number of oxen, and liad them planted opposite the walls. When the Irish saw the wooden ordnance, they began to parley, and finally agreed to surrender *'upon articles."

Broghill hastened from Carrigadrohid to Clonmel, where Cromwell still lay, with his army greatly re-

\ VOL. II. 8

i

114 niSTORY OF CORK.

duced and enfeebled by sickness. Morrice, who writes the memoirs of Lord Orrery, informs us that Cromwell was transported with joy at BroghilPs arrival ; that he embraced him, and applauded his late exploits, and that the whole of the protector's army cried out, " A Broghill ! a Broghill ! " The siege was renewed with vigor ; Clonmel was taken, and then Waterford ; after which, Cromwell returned to Youghal, where he had previously made his abode, and from which he em- barked for England on the 29th of May, 1650, bearing with him the curse of every Catholic in the kingdom. He left the command of the army to Ireton, whom he appointed Lord President of Munster.

Ireton was engaged in the seige of Limerick, on the July of 1652, when Lord Muskerry raised an army for its relief. Lord Broghill, who received intelligence that a body of Lord Muskerry's horse had marohed from the castle of Dromagh, near the Blackwater, gave pursuit. We give Lord Broghill' s account of the affair: — "In the morning early, I passed the river, near Clonmeen, where I met with ninety Irish, who were under protection. I asked them what they were assembled for ? They answered, they came out of curio* sity to see the battle. Having asked them how they knew there was to be a battle ? they answered, they had a prophecy that there was to be one fought on that gi'ound, one time or other, and they knew none more likely than the present. Upon which I again asked them, on what side the victory was to fall? Tney shook their heads, and said the English are to get the day.

" Having begun to march to their camp, the Irish

BATTLE OF KNOCKNACLASHY. 116

drew out on my rear ; but I marched on, with eleven squadrons of horse, and fifteen of foot, in order to draw them out of the wood they had taken shelter in, and to bring them into the plain. The bridge-barrel was fired on either side, but the enemy did not answer oiur shout; upon which a soldier cried out ^They are beaten already.^ 'Yes, says I, and shall be worse beaten presently.* The left wing, under Wallis, and eighty musketeers, with pistol bullets in their pieces, fired all at once in two ranks, and I did the like on the right wing.

'^ I had given orders that each wing of horse should consist of five squadrons, three to charge and two to second. That the middle troop, being in a body, should pursue, while the other two did execution. The foot, also, I ordered to consist of five battalions, three to charge and two to second.

" As the enemy outflanked us both ways I drew to the right, with the right wing, upon which the enemy advanced that way with 1,000 musketeers, and with their horse fought, horse head to horse head, hacking with their swords, but at length I routed their left wing. The enemy appearing with 140 horse in my rere, I faced about and charged through them, and charging a second time, bid my men cry out " they run, they run," whereat their first rank looked back to see if their rere did run, and they seeing the faces of their front, whom they really thought began to fly from our people, began to run in earnest, and so they aU fled."

The victory at one time seemed to be with the Irish> flo much so, that Captain Banister, who fought on the

116 HISTORY OF CORK.

left wing of the English^ rode off to Cork with the news of a defeat. The Irish never fought more brayely* Mac Donongh Mac Carthy, the Lord of Dnhallow, was slain as he charged at the head of a squadron of horse. '^ Not a horse officer of the Irish, except one, hut he or his horse was killed or wounded. All the first rank of my squadron, being thirty-three, were either killed or wounded. We resolved not to give or take quarter ; however, several had quarter after the battle." But no thanks to you, my Lord Broghill.

In a letter to the speaker, dated Blaimey^ Ist August, 1652, he says, ^^ We had a very fair execu- tion for above three miles, and, indeed, it was bloody, f(yr I gave orders to kill all^ though some few prisenerSy of good quality, were saved. All their foot field-offioers charged on foot, with pikes in their hands, so that few of them got off, it being too farre from any bogs or woods, which, they say, they selected purposely, that their men might have no confidence but in their courages, but we relyed on a better strength than the arm of fiesh, and when their strength fiedled them ours did not fail us. Their priests, all the way before they came to fight, encouraged them by speecheB^ bat especially by sprinkling holy water on them, and by charms, of which I herewith send you a copy.*]" Many of them were found quilted in the doublets of the dead. Certainly they are a people strangely given over to destruction, who, though otherwise understanding

* Bknmeyi or Blarney Cutis. Lord Broghill got possearion of tlkii caillfl^ til* property «f Lord MuBkerry, in 1646, where he sometimef resided.

t Copy of the SpelL " Jesu Christi, Filii Dei yiri, iUmnina me. Benadkti Mater Dei, Gabcmatriz Angelorum et totiiu niandi, ora pro me ad benedictiim Filium tuum flonun, Angelorum ad Coronam, Coelomm et oonfJetaoniBiy AffligeDtium Civitatia euro Jerusalem Pater Noster, Are Maria, Credo in Ombu**

\

r*^

BATTLE OP KN0CKNACLA8HY. 117

enoaghi let themselved be still deluded by ridiculous things and by more ridiculous persons- Had I been one of the charmed, I would have first tryed mine on the priest which gave it."

Our word, says Lord Broghill, was ^^ Prosperity P^ — theirs, " St. James ! " Our signal, white in hats ; theirs, green feme.*

This is called the Battle of !E[nocknaclashy. The site is not more than half a mile from Banteer Bridge, which crosses the Blackwater, near Clonmeen.

Thon fain wonldst talk on's yictory at Enocknaclashy, And praise him next to God — ^the Ood-a-mercy.

"On my return to Limerick," says Broghill, "Ireton fired three volleys for joy of the victory." This battle was followed by the surrender of Limerick, the last action of importance in this country during the civil war.

Lord Muskerry had a narrow escape at the battle. He was afterwards apprehended and tried for his life, but was acquitted, and passed into Spain, and from thence to France, where he sought the office of Maitre de Camp, with Cardinal Mazarine for his colonel. O'Sullivan Beare petitioned the French monarch for money to carry on the war, but without success. Lord Inchiquin moved for the generalship of a new Irish army, but was reminded of his massacre of the priests at Cashel, which we here record, though a little out of date. It occurred in 1645 : —

"All this while my Lord of Inchiquin overrun

« Ortm fim. One of the O'Callaghan's of the district in which this battle was fought is called Baith-na O'Callaghan, or, ** O'Calla^han of the ferns," per- hape in commemoration of the green Mm wcsn by the Iruh in this engagement.

118 HISTORY OF CORK.

Munster, and coming to Cashel, the people retired to the Eocky where the cathedral church stands, and thought to defend it. But it was carried by storm, and the soldiers gave no quarters, so that within and without the church, there was a great massacre, and amongst others, more than twenty priests and religions men killed." — Earl of Ctistlehavenh Memoirs^ p. 78.

The enemy being subdued, the conquerors set about dividing the spoil. " After the subduing of Ireland," says Ludlow, ^^ there was no small consultation how to divide every one^s portion, imtil at a general council of war. Lord Broghill proposed, that the kingdom might be surveyed, and the number of acres taken, with the quality of them, and then all the soldiers to bring i|L their demands of arrears, and so to give every man by lot, as many acres of ground as might answer the value of their arrears. The kingdom being surveyed, and the value of acres being given, the highest was esti* mated at four shillings the acre, and some only at a penny. Accordingly the soldiers drew lots for their several portions, and in that manner the whole forfeited lands were divided among the conquerors and adven- turers for money. At the same time it was agreed that the Irish should be transplanted into Connaught, which so shattered them, that they never made any head afterwards."

Lord Kinsale was one of those who was offered the alternative of " Hell or Connaught ;^^ but he had influ- ential friends who petitioned Cromwell, who wrote to Fleetwood to let him pass. There may have been another reason — his property was very small.

Lord Muskerry saved the most of his property by

WILLIAM PENK, THE QUAKER. ]19

giving £1,000 a year to Lord Broghill, which was arranged with Ludlow, aad the Land Commissioners, who made an order that Lord Muskerry's lady should enjoy her husband^s estate, except £1,000 a year granted to Lord Broghill. It was in this way that the Boyle family acquired such an immense property. We discover from a subsidy, or sort of income tax, levied twenty years after this — in 1676 — that the Earl of Cork had the best property of any man in Ireland. He paid £110, when the Duke of Ormond paid but £100, the Earl of Barrymore £30, the Earl of Clancarty £40, the Earl of Orrery (Lord Broghill) £20, Lord Courcy (Kinsale) £2, Lady Clancarty £16. Bishoprick of Cork and Boss £32 16s., of Cloyne £41 4s. — County and City of Cork, £1,364 18s.

Cromwell was not unmindful, in the distribution of the forfeited property, of his generals and friends. Sir William Penn, the famous sea-general of the com- monwealth, who defended Youghal in 1645, when besieged by Lord Castlehaven, is particularly men- tioned. In writing to Ireland in December 1654, he makes mention of his good and faithful services to the commonwealth, and directs that lands of the full value of £300 as they were let in 1640, should be surveyed and set apart for him. The lands were to lie in a con- venient locality, and near a castle or fortified residence. The property selected was the castle and manor of Macroom, and here, on his release from the Tower, in 1656, he resided.* But Macroom, as we have shown,

* He resided. It was this circnmstance that gave rise to the idea that Wm. Penn, the son, was horn at Macroom Castle. Ho was horn in London the 11th of Octoher, 1644, that is twelve years hefore his father, the Admiral, went to re- side at Macroom.

120 HISTOET OF COBE.

was the property of Lord Muskerry, who had suffered much iu the royal cause, to whom it was, therefore, restored ; but Admiral Penn got more than an equiva- lent in the Shannagarry estate, in the barony of Imo- killy, in this county. We learn from Mr. Hepworth Dixon's life of William Penn, that the Admiral's title to this estate was disputed by Colonel Wallace, and that his son \\ illiam, the famous Quaker, came to Ireland to defend his father's title before tho Lord Commissioners, which he did most successAilly. It was on this occasion, as we shall explain in our next chapter, that he was converted to Quakerism, got into prison in Cork, and turned out of doors by his father.

A number of Cromwell's soldiers became Quakers ; nor were these forgotten in the general distribution. Their preaching ability would rather bring them into favor with their oflScers. Mr. Henry Cromwell, the protector's son, who became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, informs Thurloe that their meetings were attended by Colonel Phaire and Major Wallace, and most of the chief officers of Cork. Major Hodder, the governor of Kinsale, kept a Quaker to preach to the soldiers. But this state of things did not out-live the restoration. The following biographical sketch of Eichard Pike, a Cork Quaker, will be read with interest : —

^^ Some years after the rebellion of Ireland, the English government sent an army for the reduction of the coimtry; and in or before the year 1648, my father, then a young man, became acquainted with an officer, a captain of horse, who was ordered over. He offered him a small command, that of a corporal in the

RICHARD PIKB, THE CORK QUAKER. 121

troop ; which he, after taking into consideration, accepted, at that time believing war to be lawful, in a just cause. He accordingly came to Ireland, where in seyeral military actions, he behaved himself with great bravery and courage ; and while he remained in the army, was much beloved by those who were best acquainted with him, being considered a man of honesty, sobriety, and justice.

"When the war was ended, he, with others, had allotments of land for their arrears ; yet he continued in the army for some time, until he was convinced of the Lord's everlasting truth; and because, for con- science sake, he could not use arms for the destruction of mankind, he was turned out of the army, after which he betook himself to a country life.

" On his marriage, which was before his convince- ment, he considered of a place of settlement, and having been a sober, frugal man, he had a handsome competency of stock to begin with ; also, being ac- quainted with and beloved by many of superior degree, they procured for him a custodium upon a place called Sarsfield Court,* about four miles from Cork, a situation which, at that time, carried a prospect of considerable advantage. It was, however, taken from him after he joined in communion with Friends, about the year 1665, when the Lord sent that faithful minister of Christ, Edward Burrough, by whom both my father and my mother were convinced of the truth, as pro- fessed by the Lord's people called Quakers.

* SarsJUld Court. Nothing more than the four walls of this court or castle ftBim* It is on the property of Charles Putland, Esq., in the parish of Rath- iooiiey, about one nule and a half to the north of the Tillage of Glanmire, in. this

■»

I

122 mSTOBY OF COKE.

^^ After this he took a farm, called Kiloreagh, seTen miles west of Cork, where he lived for some years, and there was I bom, the 15th of the 11th month, called January, 1657. In the year 1664, they disposed of their stock in the country, and came to Cork, where they kept a shop, and educated their children reput- ably, yet in plainness, according to truth, and in every respect they endeavoured to bring them up in the nur- ture and fear of the Lord.

^^ But to turn back a little. Some time after thej were married; his father, not knowing he was con- vinced of the truth, invited him over to England, offering to settle some estate on him if he would pay a mortgage that was upon part of it. Accordingly they both went, and were received by their relations with extraordinary kindness, for upon their first em- braces my father's hat fell off^ so that his father did not instantly perceive he was turned Quaker. But in a little time, finding that my father used the plain language {thee and thou to a single person) his fathei grew angry and sour, and seemed to change his mind as to the settlement he had promised, so they came back to Ireland, and never, that I heard, got anything from him.

"Now to proceed — though the government was changed in the year 1660, when King Charles the Second came in, and thereupon the old persecutors were turned out ; yet the same spirit appeared in the new magistrates, both in England and Ireland. Meet- ings were disturbed and broken up, and Friends cast into prison. Those who lived in this city (Cork) had their share, many being sent to gaol, wheie some con*

THE DEATH OF BICHARD PIKE. 123

tinned a long time ; among those was my dear father, who with others heing closely confined and crowded together, got a violent cold, which in the end turned to a dangerous distemper, and growing very weak, the gaoler not having suitable accommodation in prison for him, by reason of the throng, allowed him to go home for some days, where he grew weaker and weaker. I well remember that Susanna Mitchell, that worthy servant of the Lord and mother in Israel, came on a First-day morning to visit him— he dying the fifth d^y following,

" His words were so powerful, and so pierced my

heart in particular, that as soon as he had done, I

remember I went out of the room into another, in

great agony of spirit. Some of his exhortations during

his sickness were committed to writing and read at his

burial, previous to which it was advised that as he had

been a prisoner, his corpse should be carried to the

gaol and offered to the gaoler, which was accordingly

done, and he refusing to receive it, it was then carried

to the grave-yard and decently interred, his body being

the first that was laid there; and with him, in the

Bame grave, was buried his youngest child Benjamin,

who died either on the same day as his father, or the

day following." — See Life of Joseph Pike^ pp. 2, 3, 4, 6.

CHAPTER V.

SESTOBATION OP CHABLES II. LORD BBOGHILL CATUOLIC

FETITIONEBS — WILLIAM PENN,

A.D. 1657—1686.

Thebe is a tide in the affairs of nations as well as men. No one knew this better, or watched the ebb and flow of public opinion more closely than my Lord Broghill. He was the fast Mend of Cromwell and the Conmion- wealth, and one of the first to hail the restoration of CharlesII. He sends his brother, Francis,* — afterwards Lord Shannon — to Brussels, with a scrap of paper " nicely quilted in the collar of his doublet,'* to inform Charles that he has 5000 Protestants at his command. Charles, who knows that General Monk and others, are preparing the way for his restoration in England, is grateful, but declines the offer.

Broghill is in private treaty with Sir Charles Coote,t — who also acted with Cromwell — ^respecting the time and manner of declaring for the new king. Sir Charles writes Broghill to say their private •* de- sign had began to take air ; '' and he had better lose

« FrameiSf the fourth son of the first Earl of Cork, was created Vlacoant Shu- non in 1660, which honor expired with his grandson and laccenor, but was resumed in 1756, by Henr j Boylo, of Castlemartyr, grandson of Lord BroghilL

t Sir CharUs Coote was raised to the peerage, bj the title of the Earl of Monnt- rath, in 1661. His father, Sir Charles, made a surprising pavafe through Mountrath woods, for the relief of Birr, in 1642. Both Either and ion fought on the side of the parliament The father was slain in a tally at Trim, in 1643.

" HE OF THE king's DEATH- WAKBANT." 125

no time. Broghill is somewhat startled, but sees the necessity — ^lest he should be anticipated by some one else — so Charles is proclaimed in Cork, on the 1 8th of May, and the same day Colonel Phaire, Cromwell^s governor of Cork, and one with whom my Lord Brog-- hill had often taken sweet counsel, is sent prisoner to Dublin Castle, and Colonel Courthorp appointed governor in his stead.

Carlyle calls Phaire, or Phayr, " JSfe of the hinges ieafhrwarranV^ Whatever may have been his acts, in the a£GEtir of the king's death, he was a consistent republican. We find him, as governor of Cork in 1654, and Colonel Saunders as governor of Kinsale, dedaring for the English Parliament, and against Cromwell, when that great English general and dic- tator entered the house, with three hundred armed men, and turned out the members. But we do not find Phaire's name among the Committee appointed to Wait on Cromwell, and ask him to accept the crown. The second name on that list is " Lord Broghill," who Was one of the speakers in that farce to " Advise your %hness to assume the title and office of hingP His speech, which is a long one, and the Lord Protector's ^ply, may be seen in an interesting work called *' Treason's Masterpiece; or, a Conference held at Whitehall, between Oliver, the late Usurper, and a Committee of the then Pretended Parliament, who desired him to take upon him the title of the King of England, with an intent to exclude the royal line, wherein," continues the title page, which — like a JSootch grace, is as long as my arm — '^many of the leading men of those times did, by unanswerable argu-

126 HISTOKY OF GORE.

mentSy assert and prove Monabchy to be the onljr legal, ancieDt, and necessary form of govemment in those kingdoms." This was, indeed, beating the Cromwellians with their own weapons.

On the 11th of April, 1657, Lord Broghill was one of a committee to offer the crown to Cromwell, in the Palace of Whitehall. In the May of 1660, he had the audacity to appear in the same palace, among the Irish. nobility, by the side of my Lords Ormond, Muskerry, Boche, Castlehayen, and a host of loyal men, who met there to congratulate the king on his happy return ; not only so, but he took his pen and expressed his joyful sentiments, and those of the three kingdoms^ in a poem. Oh, shades of Cromwell and Ireton, is this the man who ran to succour you in the hour of your peril at Clonmel and Limerick? Is this the man whom you welcomed with vollies, and whom your sol- diers saluted with *' A Broghill ! a Broghill ! " Is this the hero of Knocknaclashy ? Tempara mutaniufj et na$ mutamur in illis. A poet of a kindred spirit to his own, who had seen some of Broghill's poetry in manuscripty writes —

" HiB sacred poems, now bat in the press. Will speak his noble praise in fairer dress."

Such genius and merit could not fail of its reward in the court of Charles II., who was proverbial for neglecting his real friends* and rewarding his enemies. Broghill was created Earl of Orrery, and was sworn of the Privy Council of England and Ireland, and appointed, by commission, Lord President of Munster. His commission bore date the 24th of April, 1660.

* Proverbial fornegleeting hit real friends. — "Do good to yonr enemifls, yoar friends will not injure you/' was Clarendon's advice to this monarch.

LORD BBO0HILL TUENS LOYALIST. 127

The Earl of Orrery, or Lord Broghill, as we shall

contmue to call him, had not left the court, when a

iramber of Irish lords and gentlemen petitioned to be

restored to their estates. A commission was appointed

to try their claims, of which Broghill — who, with his

brothers, possessed the largest portion of the forfeited

estates of the county — was a member. The petitioners,

knowing their hopes, were desperate with such a man

as their judge, offered him a bribe of j£8,000 in ready

money, and £7,000 a year, provided he would not

appear against them. Broghill refused the offer. He

might be required to disgorge more than this. He

had lately got £1,000 a year of Lord Muskerry's

states.

The king, attended by the now Duke of Ormond, was present at the commission. The petitioners were represented by Sir Nicholas Plunket, who spoke of their loyalty, and all they had suffered under the late nsurper, Cromwell, how unjustly they had been deprived of their estates, and a number of them driven into Connaught. Broghill, who was an orator as well w poet, stood up to reply. He congratulated his niajesty on his happy return, and took the opportunity of reminding him that his Irish Protestant subjects had been among the first to move for his restoration ; ^nd left it to the hoard to say whether, on that account, they did not deserve some favor. This was a master stroke — "on that account," They had been the first to bring back the king. He then turned to Plunket, handed him a paper, and said, "Is that your hand- writing ?" Plunket is knocked all of a heap, but has to acknowledge it. The paper contaiQed a declaration

128 HISTORY OF CORK.

of the supreme council, declaring their purpose to pro- secute the Lord Ormond, the king's most partioular friend, who is sitting by the king's side at this com- mission. He produced a second paper, which contained instructions from the supreme council to Flunket and others, to go to Bome, and in their names to ofEer Ireland to the Pope. If the Pope ref ased, to the Eong of Spain. If the Eling of Spain refused, to the King of France. If the King of France refused, to the Duke of Lorrain. And, if he refused, to any other Catholic prince who would accept it. "Are these men,'' said Broghill, turning to them with an ine&ble scowl of contempt — " Are these men, who have o£Eeied to give away a kingdom from his majesty, likely to prove good subjects."

Charles asked Broghill for the documents, perused them, and declared he was fully satisfied the petitioners deserved all they had suffered ; and gave it as his decision that the English should enjoy the estates which the Irish had clearly forfeited. In conclusion^ he was astonished at the audacity of the petitioners appearing before him with so much guilt upon their consciences ; so they were dismissed in disgrace from the royal presence. Was ever audacity more trium- phant. Would no one get up and ask who it was that offered the crown and kingdom to Cromwell ?

The petitioners made a mistake in selecting Plunket — who was mixed up with the ultramontane party— as their leader. But Ormond, who was present| should have explained to the king — we conclude tiiat he did so afterwards — that a large ntunber of the petitioners had nothing whatever to do with the violent

LOBD BROaKILL's PLOTS. 129

proceedings of Binnucini, or what was styled the Su- preme Council. The objects of the Confederates, as we have shown by their printed declaration, were loyal, constitutional, and reasonable. ^^ Their claim," says Carlyle, who worshipped Cromwell, "was for religious freedom. Their claim, we can now all see, tacujuatf essentially ^ty though fdl of intricacy.'' Of this intricacy Lord Broghill took advantage.

There were some concessions made to Catholics this year. Many of the inhabitants of Youghal were allowed, by letters patent, bearing date the 14th of February, 1660, to take possession of the property of which they had been deprived during the common- wealth, they being certified "Innocent Papists." The Duke of Ormond succeeded, in the May of 1661, in getting Lord Muskerry restored to his honors, and most of his estates ; but Castlemore and some other places remained in the possession of Broghill and other English adventurers.

Lord Broghill displayed great zeal in the discovery of Popish plots, and in the hunting up and driving out all sorts of fanatics. He was the Irish Titus Gates of his day. Maurice says, " The Lord Orrery, in order effectually to keep all things quiet in the province, had several spies placed up and down, to whom he allowed annual pensions, who gave him constant intelligence of all things that stirred, and by this means he dis- covered the above mentioned plot " — to seize the castle of Dublin. It appears from the following letter of Charles L to Orrery that there was something in fliis plot to seize Dublin castle : —

VOL. II.

1

130 HISTORY OF CORK.

" WhitehaU, June l3th, 1663.

" My Lord op Orrery,

" Though I had, before I received yours of May 28rd, a relation of the conspiracy against the castle of Dublin, from my Lord of Ormond, as also of the part you had in the discovery of it ; yet I was glad to read in yours many more particulars, especially for the application you used to prevent the further growth of this villany, which was so much, according to my judgment, that I cannot but recommend to yon the same manner of proceeding, if we shall be so unhappy as to meet with any more such occasions.

^^ In the meantime, I desire you to be assured, that I have all the value I ought for your affection to my service, and that 1 shall, on all occasions, requite it, as

" Your very affectionate friend,

« Charles R"

The earl thinks he has discovered another plot^ though, we suspect, that this time he found a maie's nest, but, if a real plot, the most horrible, in Charles' estimate, of any which had preceded it, namely, to restore the Long Parliament. There were forty mem- bers in the plot, who called themselves the Old Blade$y for they set themselves to buy up all the old armour in the country. Ludlow was to be general ;* the Dutch were to join them. They were to kill all who opposed them, to pull down the king and his lords ; and instead of bishops, to set up a " sober ministry."

* Ludlow was to he gemral. This honest and conBisteiit repnUican narnnrlj escaped being arrested at the restoration. He fled to Dieppe, and from tlienee to Switzerland. He returned to Engluid in 1689, where he was again threatantd with arrest, and therefore fled to Venice, where he died in 1603, aged 73. Hii independence rendered him obnoxious to Cromwell, who had him tent to Irelaiid.

THE QUAXBRS IMPBIS019ED. 131

The proof of this terrible conspiracy is by no means clear. A man named Brown, a republican — or Inde- pendent, we suspect — comes to an ensign Tambler, and after many groans and lamentations on the depravity of the age, tells him of the plot ; Tambler tells his wife ; his wife tells her friend, Mrs. Captain OHver, whom she binds to secrecy; Mrs. Captain cannot keep such a terrible secret from her husband ; Captain Oliver tells it to the Duke of Ormond, and the duke sends the captain to Lord Orrery, who was over the state plot department. We have now iirformed the reader all we know of this terrible plot, and all any one else knows of it, save and except the afore- mentioned Brown. There is one suspicious circum- itance we omitted to mention, there were arms found in Smsmiths^ homes ! Guns we suspect.

His lordship, in his character of President of Mun- Bter, summoned the bishop, mayor, aldermen, principal citizens, and officers of the line and militia, to meet him in Cork on a certain day in Jime, 1667. They came, when he harangued them on the burning of the fleet at Chatham, and concluded by ordering them "to suppress all conventicles in the city and suburbs, and to seize and punish, according to law, all those who either conducted, or attended such services. It was on this occasion that Lowe, and his disciple, William I^emi, the famous Quaker, were committed to the public gaol. Doctor Smith calls Lowe a quarter- inaster, who had lately come from England. Mr. Hepworth Dixon speaks of him as Penn's " old college friend, Thomas Loe." "About this period," says Crofton Croker, "the

132 HISTORY OP CORK.

sect called Quakers appeared in Cork, and there one of its most eminent members first became a convert to those opinions, which he afterwards carried into legis- lative effect — ^I speak of the illustrious William Fenn. Curiosity induced him to visit a religious meeting where the doctrines of Quakerism were explained by Thomas Lowe, who expatiated with so much force on the text, * There is a faith that overoometh the world, and there is a faith that is overcome by the world,' as to make a proselyte of Penn, who constantly after- wards attended their meetings, and assumed the garb of the society. Colonel Phaire, the governor of Cork, and several of the republican soldiers in the garrison, also became converts to the same tenets.

" On the 3rd of September, 1667, Penn, being at a meeting in that city, was apprehended, with many others, and carried before the mayor — Timothy Tuokey —who, observing his dress was less primitive than that of his companions, or perhaps recollecting that his father. Sir William Penn, was a man of considerable power and iufluence both in the country and in England, would have set him at liberty upon giving bond for his future good behaviour, which Penn refused to do, and was committed with eighteen others to the common prison. Immediately on his commitment, he wrote a manly letter to Lord Orrery, President of Munster, then at Charleville, who ordered his dis- charge, but suffered his fellow-prisoners to remain until released in the due course of law.

" Amongst the early religious associates of Penn was John Exham, distinguished by the name of ^ the Quaker Prophet,' an eccentric fanatic, originally a

JOHN EXHAH^ THE MAD QUAKEB. 133

soldier nnder Cromwell, but who, on the appearance of Quakerism, took a leading part in the dissemination of its paoific doctrines. His enthusiasm was so great, about the time of Fenn's imprisonment, that he walked through the streets, his head covered with sackcloth and ashes, preaching repentance and amendment of life, for which he suffered a long and severe imprison- ment"—C^o*^r'^ ^^ South oflreUnd^'^ p. 198.

The three paragraphs we have quoted irom Crofton Cioker — a most pleasant and interesting writer — con- tain, for certain, two, and we strongly suspect, three mistakes. There is no such text in the bible as Croker quotes : — ^' There is a faith that overcomes the world, and there is a faith that is overcome of the world." the words which report says were the means of Penn's conversion to Quakerism, occur in the first epistle of John, fifth chapter and fourth verse, and read thus : — ^^ Thu is the victory that overcometh the ^orldj even our faithP Again, Colonel Phaire, whom Croker represents as the governor of Cork, and a eouTert to Quakerism at this time, was arrested and sent to Dublin six years before this. Again, as this Was the first time that William Penn — who had Wi sent over from England to Cork to look after liis father's Irish property — ^had met the Quakers, We do not see how John Exham, the mad Quaker, can ^ classed among Penn's early religious associates, f enn was by no means a mad, but, on the contrary, a XQost sober-minded Quaker.

John Exham, the prophet, predicted a judgment on lord Orrery, or rather on his house^ which had a re- markable fulfilment. His lordship had built a stately

134 HISTOBT OF CORK.

mansion at Bathgogan, now Charleyille — the name was changed in honor of Charles II. — ^Exham stood before the door and denounced a curse upon the build- ing. His lordship's servants were about to lay yiolent hands on the prophet, when his lordship interfered to saye him, which induced the poor crazed man to modify his malediction and say, ^^ The evil shall not he in U^ dayeP The house was burned to the ground by tha Irish, twenty-three years after this, in 1690, by order of the Duke of Berwick, son of James II., after dining there.

Lord Orrery had now attained the meridian of terres- trial honor, and his sun began to decline. The year after the curse — if the reader will excuse our datinfi^ from such an event — ^his lordship was required to sur- render his commission as Lord President of Munster. He received intimation after this that his credit at court was on the decline, and posted off to London to bolster it up. While in London he is seized with the gout, and while in the gout, informed, by the Master- at-arms, that articles are laid before the House of Commons impeaching him of treason. He must attend to defend himself notwithstanding the gout. A friend meets him, hobbling up the steps from Westminster Hall to the Court of Bequests, and remarks on his weakness. " Yes, sir," said old Orrery, with all the fiery and boastful spirit of young Broghill, " my feet are weak, but if my heels will serve to cany me up, I promise you my head shall bring me down again." He was right. He managed to escape, principally through the influence of Lord Inchiquin.

After this, we are told, ^^ his lordship oonoemed

THE FALL A3XJ> DEAIH OF OBREBY. 135

himself but little with public affidrs, but spent the re- mainder of his life in a christian preparation for eter- nity." He died at Castlemartyr, in the October of 1679y in the fifty-ninth year of his age. The following lines, entitled ^^ Minerva's Check to the Author, for attempting to write an Elegy on the Bight Honorable and much-to-be-lamented Boger, first Earl of Orrery, were printed in London in 1680." We shall only quote a few of them, for the reader will agree with 1X8, that in this instance Minerya herself requires a " check " ; —

'* That news hath winds we every day doth find, And ill doth erer leave the beet behind ; Admire not then the death of Orrery ; Benown'd all's days, should in a moment flie Both far and near, the world to terrifie, At. Cork, at Dnblin, London, and at Paris Too soon't arrives, and Borne, bat there ne'er tarries, TUl at both Indies, or where'er more &r is."

The Earl of Orrery was succeeded by his son

lionel, who does not appear to have taken any active

part in public afiEeiirs. He died, without issue, on the

28rd of August, 1703, and was succeeded by his

krother, Charles, who was created a peer of England,

by the title of "Baron Boyle of Marston. It was, from

this son that the sphere, or astronomical machine,

ealled an Orrery, derived its name ; although the

credit of the invention belongs to Mr. George Graham,

a watch-maker in London. Mr. Desaguliers, in his

course of experimental philosophy, 4to., London 1734,

i, p. 431, remarks, "This machine, being in the

hands of an instrument maker, to be sent with some of

his own instruments to Prince Eugene, he copied it.

136 HISIOBY 07 GOBK.

and made the first for the late Earl of Orrery, and then several others, with additions of his own,"

Planetary machines were used by the Chinese at a very remote period, and by Archimedes and FosidoninSy to which Cicero makes reference in a passage, from which Faley may have borrowed his idea of the watch: —

'^ If the sphere lately made by our friend Fosidonina, which marks the course of the sun, and the moon, and the five wandering stars, were to be transported into Scythia, or to Britain^ who — even in those barbarwB countries — would doubt, whether reason had presided over its construction ? Yet these people — the Epicu- reans— doubt whether the universe, whence all things arise and are made, is not the effect of chance, or of some necessity, rather than of reason, and a Dwbm Mind. And they regard Archimedes as more desenr- ing of praise in imitating the changes of the sphere, than Nature in producing them." — De Nat. De&r. Vh. ii., cap. 34 tg 35.

The Catholics were treated with as much harshness during Charles' reign as during Cromwell's usuipaticnu This was not so much the fault of the king as of the laws and the times, which he could not change. An imprudent and illegal, but conscientious effort to reUeve his co-religionists from this thraldom lost James II. his crown. Charles, with more wisdom, and less oon« scientiousness, left these things to mend themselves. He was too lax and indifferent-- we shall not say en- lightened— ^to persecute any man for his creed, but there was, notwithstanding, a great deal of persecution under his reign, both in Enghmd and Ireland.

PROCLAMATION AGAINST CATHOLICS. 137

A proolamation was issued in 1673, forbidding CaHiolies to enter the cities of Dublin, Cork, Water- ford^ or Limerick. By another proclamation, they were ordered to be remoyed from all walled towns. We conclude, from the frequency of these proclamations, and the clearing out of the Catholic inhabitants, that their re-admission was winked at by the general body of the Protestants. In 1677 there was another proclamation compelling the Irish to hold their mar- kets without the walls. If admitted in too great mimbers, they might overmaster the city, for Titus Gates and his imaginary, or rather manufactured popish plots were in yogue at this time, and Cork was not behind Derry, Kilkenny, or Limerick in declaring their abhorrence and detestation of ^^ theploty This loyal abhorrence was expressed in the June of 1682.

We have no event of more importance with which to close transactions of this reign than the occurrence of "a most severe frost" in 1683. "The river Lee was frozen for many weeks, and carriages passed over from the ferry slip to the east marsh."

Doctor Smith, who is followed by Mr. Tuckey and others, erroneously closes this reign in 1683, instead of 1686.

CHAPTER VI.

JAJCES II. — WILLIAM III.

A.D. 1686—1690.

NoTHiNa could be more anomalotLS than the condition of James II. on ascending the English throne. He, a professed and sincere Catholic, stands pledged* to enforce laws which bear heavily against all dissenters £rom the established faith, and against those of his own persnasionf in particular. It is difficult to decide whether he was more to blame in taking or in break- ing such a pledge. The * temptations in both cases were great — in one a temporal, and in the other a spiritual crown.

But haying once decided on breaking or repudiating what he may have esteemed a sinM compromise, he acted boldly and above board, "The king," says Hume, " went openly, and with all the ensigns of his dignity, to mass, an illegal meeting." He even sent Caryl, his agent, to Kome, to pave the way for the re- admission of England into the bosom of the Catholic church. Innocent XI. advised the king not to be toa

• Fledged. — ''The first act of James's reign was to assemble thepriTy-oanneflv. where he made professions of his resolution to maintain the estabushed fgcmor^ ment, both in church and state."— ^tfm0^« Hutory of England^ ToLyiii. p. SMM.

t Ht9 own perauation, '' We are told " — said the Quakers, in thoir addrev— «( that thou art not of the persuasion of the Church of England. No nuNre m we ; wherefore, we hope thou wilt grant us tiie same liberty which thon iUoweit thyself ; which doing, we wish thee all manner of happineaB."

F

JAMES n«'S DETEEIONATION. 139

precipitate ; Bonqtdllo yentored to remonstrate, and say that churchmen were too busy at court. ^^ Is it not the custom in Spain/' said James, ^^ for the king to consult with his confessor ?" — " It is," replied the witty Frenchman, ^^ and for that very reason our affairs sncceed so ill."

But James was resolyed, in spite of friend and foe, to press boldly forward in the re-conversion of the English nation, and take the bull by the horns. Had he known the nature and strength of that animal, he would never have attempted anything so desperate or fool-hardy. James was not the man to take any sort of bull by the horns. Henry VIII. might do it, before the animal had become quite conscious of its strength ; and Oliver Cromwell might do it after this, in his own cunning way, by going round and round about the bull. But to face the animal, and to flaunt a scarlet robe or a pair of purple stockings between his very eyes, was positive madness. He dashed upon the royal tauridor and threw him right over the barriers ; causing him to flee for safety to the feet of the Grand Monarch of France, who had watched the whole pro- ceeding with the most sovereign equanimity.

But James did not allow to others the same liberty of conscience which he sought for himself and his fellow-religionists. We flnd him superseding his own brother-in-law — Henry, second Earl of Clarendon — in the government of Ireland, as he would not change his religion. Friendship, gratitude, and even the ties of kindred were sacriflced on the altar of his faith. This nobleman, who received the freedom of the city of Cork in a gold box in 1685, was removed from the

/ •'

140 HISTORY OF CORK.

Lord Lieutenancy of Lreland in 1686, to give place to Bichard, Duke of Tyrconnell, better known as '^ Lying Dick Talbot/' who had not the virtue of being faithful to his too-confiding master. Hallam says, *^ he looked at his master's interests in subordinatioir to those of his own." I believe, there is no doubt, that he at one time indulged the ambitious thought of placing the crown of Lreland on his own head.*

Writs of quo-warranto were issued in 1686, under the administration of Tyrconnell, against all the Cor- porations of Ireland this year, and judgment entered against most of the charters. Catholics, under the new regime, were admitted to the privileges of free- men, but we do not find that Protestants were dis* franchised. The agents employed in this affair were Sir Bichard Nagle of Annakissy, and the Chief Baron Bice. Doctor Smith styles them ^' the fittest instrue- ments to carry on this work."

Sir Bichard's character does not impress the reader with any idea of his clemency. Sir Thomas South- well, of Castle Mattress, in the county Limerick, was sentenced to death at Oalway. King James having resolved to grant him a pardon, was told by Sir Bichard that it was out of his power, that the act of attainder was a bar to the royal prerogative of mercy. The king persisted, notwithstanding, in granting the pardon* This Sir Thomas lived to become Baron Southwell.^

• I%4 eroum of Ireland on Mt own Imd. He waa in treaty with BoBrepofi m French agent, on this subject. M. Mazore has brought this fact to ligld. Me his Hut. de la Btvolut., ii., 281288 ; iii., 430.

t Baron Southti fy of Castle Mattress, was eleTated to the peerage of IrdMd.

sell wiro and aqua-Yit». The Soathwella of Kinsale were diatinguiihed hoapit '.

THE BANDQNIANS REVOLT. 141

The Lord Lieutenant Tyrconnell visited Cork in 1686, and was sumptuously entertained by the new corporation, presided over by Christopher Crofts, as chief magistrate.

The tabled were now turned on the Protestants. The Catholics began to display their loyalty by robbing the sassanachs of their flocks and herds, being accompanied in some of their raids by pipers, who gave them music for their mutton.

The townsmen of Bandon, who had disarmed the royalist garrison, under the command of Captain Daniel O'Neill, were fined £1,000, " with the demolition of their walhj which were then razed to the ground^ and never since rebuilt^ Tyrconnell thought they got off too cheap. In a letter, dated March 1 0th, 1G89, he regrets that Clancarty had entered into a treaty with the people of Bandon till the authors of the assault upon the garrison had been brought to justice.

It was Lieutenant-general Justin Mac Carthy that was employed to punish the Bandonians. We have a graphic description of this affair from the pen of Joseph Pike. " The English of Bandon revolted, and turned out the Irish garrison, upon which an army of Irish horse and foot gathered at Cork to reduce them. Justin Mac Carthy, afterwards Lord Mountcashel,* commanded them. Before they went towards Bandon^ some of the soldiers or others, laid a design to plunder the house of Bichard Terry, who lived out of the South

♦ Ju9t%n Mac Carthy y afterwards Lord MountcasheJ — ^We conelude he was so ereated by James II. in Cork, when taking charge of the 5001 croops that formed the first instalment of the Irish Brigade. He was afterwards badly wounded and ■lade prisoner by the Enniskilleners at Newtown-Batler, from whom he escaped^ He was accused of breaking his parole, hat was tried and acquitted by a Omrt of Honor, in France. He di^ in France of a wound roceiyed in the chest 9 ' ' ^uToy.

142 HISTORY OF OOHK.

Gate, at the Bed Abbej, and, in order thereto, got into the tower there, and made some shots out of it^ then gave out that the English were gathering there, to rise with the Bandon people ; upon which abundance of Irish gathered, and a hideous noise there was ; and thereupon the designers plundered the house.

" I remember, that at the very time of this hurly- burly, my cousin, Samuel Bandall and I, walking on the Custom-house quay, saw a multitude of people, but knew not the cause of their assembling ; and hastening into town we found the troopers riding violently along the streets, with drawn swords ; the soldiers running to arms ; the Irish in an uproar, crying out * The Bandon people are come, and killing thousands out of South Gate ; ' others, in confusion, cried out * Kill them all, kill them all,' and some looked wickedly upon us two, with countenances full of mischief ; yet we got safely through them to my house. During this time of confusion, many husbands left their families and houses and ran on board the first ship they could get, as did also many women and children, as believing the English would be all slain. The ships sailing directly for England carried the news that all the English were murdered ; but in a little time this confusion ceased, when the true cause was known." — Life of Joseph Bikt^ pp. 51, 52.

The Clancarty here mentioned was Donough, liie fourth earl. The Lord of Muskerry, who was oreated Earl of Clancarty by Charles II., died in London in 1665. He had three sons, Charles, Callaghan, and Justin. Charles was slain in a sea-fight with the Dutch, in June 2nd, 1665. He was a great favorite

Ui"

DONOUGH MACCARTHY. 143

of the Duke of York, and was interred at Westminster. His son, Charles James, died a minor, and his uncle, Callaghan, who had been educated in France, became Earl of Clancarty. He married Elizabeth, daughter to the Earl of Kildare, by whom he had four daugh- ters and one son, named Donough, the fourth earl. This Donough was educated by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and bred up carefully at Oxford. His uncle, Justin, (without the knowledge of his friends) married him, when not more than sixteen years of age, to the Earl of Sunderland's daughter, and sent him into this kingdom, where he continued a Protestant, until the arrival of Tyrconnel, by whom he was made Lieutenant-General of the Horse. "

But this was no more than a name, for he must pro- vide himself with horses, arms, and men. Of men he had no lack, but of arms and horses he stood sadly in need. To provide arms he made a night assault upon the city of Cork, and disarmed all the Protestants. The horses he seized in the neighbouring towns and villages. He attacked Castlemartyr, the residence of Colonel Boyle, where he took the horses and arms of a hundred and forty gentlemen, who made no resistance. He seized the property of poor as well as rich. A Mallow butcher, whose horse had been forcibly carried oflF, sought and obtained legal reparation. The judge required the Irish nobleman to make restitution. He sent a number of his troopers to Mallow, to do so. They tossed the butcher in a blanket, till they bumped and bruised him to death. The butcher's family got compensation for the murder from King William, who granted them j£600 per annum of Mac

144 HISTORY OF CORK.

CarjUiy's estate. The lands were called, '^ Tie eiUUe of the Butcher of Canscience.^^

It was the policy of James and his Mend, Louis, to make Ireland a royal arsenal, as well as a place of refuge. We may say with Yirgil —

'< Hicillius anna; hiB oumis fuit."

'* ^oc regnum Dea gentibos esse Si qua fata smanti jam torn tenditque fonetque."

Of all towns in Ireland, Kinsale was the most favoured by foreign landings. James II. came from France to Kinsale on the 12th of March, 1689. He was accompanied by the famous French ambassador, Count Avaux, whose duty it was to regulate all the movements of the royal fugitive. He left Kinsale on the 14th for Cork, where he was hailed with enthu- siasm. The following entry from the Cork Gh*and Jury Book, 12th March, 1688 :—

" We present that four hundred and twenty pounds be raised in the County of Cork, to be paid to George Crofts, Esq., who is forthwith to furnish the French fleet with fifty fat oxen, and four hundred fat weathers ; the same to be given to the admiral, officers, and sea- men of the said fleet, as a small acknowledgment of the universal thanks due to them from this kingdom in general, but from us, more particularly, for trans- porting his Majesty hither, we having the first bless- ings of his Majesty's presence in this country, for which we and our posterity shall ever praise Qod* George Crofts to be satisfied for grazing the said cattle till the return of the French fleef

James was met by Donough, Earl of Claneaiiyi

JAMES LEAVES CORK FOB DUBLIN. 145

whom he appointed one of the lords of the bed- chamber, making his regiment a regiment of guards.

Five thousand French troops landed in Kinsale the day James left for Cork, under the command of Count Lauzun and the Marquis de Lary, to replace which James sent over 5,270 Irish, under the command of General Mac Carthy. Here we have the first instal- ment of the famous Irish Brigade.

James was delayed in Cork about a fortnight,* for want of horses and baggage carts* Avaux says it took days to draw the money — ^which he brought fix)m France — ^from Kinsale to Dublin, although the amount was by no means considerable. It is probable there was more brass than silver and gold in the military chests.

He arrived in Dublin on the 24th of March, where he assembled a parliament, and in his speech from the throne, thanked the Irish for their courage, loyalty, and zeal, extolled the generosity of the French king, and insisted on his design of establishing liberty of conscience. Some very popular measures were enacted on this occasion. Among the most so, was one declar- ing Ireland independent of the English parliament ; another exempted all dissenters from ecclesiastical jurisdiction ; and another, that the tithes payable by Catholics should be given to the clergymen of that oommunion.

A bill was passed in this parliament for repealing the act of Settlement, which secured to Protestants the possession of forfeited estates. A bill of attainder

• Ab&ui afortmgkt, '< Where he remained about two weeks, and then pro- eeaded to Dablin."— Zi/tf of Joteph Pik$, p. 48. '^

VOL u. 10

146 HISTORY OP CORK.

was also passed against those Protestants who had fled the kingdom, and were in commnnication with the king's enemies. There were about three thousand attainted by this bill, including one duke, two arch- bishops, seventeen earls, seven countesses, seven bishops, eighteen barons, thirty-three baronets, fifty- one knights, and eighty-three clergymen — ^who were declared traitors, and adjudged to death and forfeiture of estates.

It was soon after this, on the 18th of June, 1689^ that James issued his proclamation for the receiving brass money. Richard Maunsell, of Cork, narrowly escaped hanging for refusing to take it. James could have adopted no more unwise measure. " When the Irish," says Cox, ^* saw the same piece pass for five, shillings in their quarter, and but for a penny in ours, they began to dispute that coin ; and if they had been more thoughtful they had, by that disproportion, esti- mated the value of both governments." There can be no doubt, as we have stated before, that the Spaniards made themselves most popular, by the free circulation of the pure Spanish dollar. Tyrconnell, in the end, was forced to decry the base coin, which was a project of Lord Melfort. Cox says, some gave Avaux credit for this bright thought, hoping, in this way, to decrease the draw on his master's treasury. Great quantities of this money was found in the Mint, in Dublin, after the battle of the Boyne. It was finally decried by the Lords Justices on the 20th of February, 1691.

A French fleet of forty-four ships, under the com- mand of Count de Chateau Benaud, appeared off Balti- more, on the 29th of April, and entered Bantry Bay.

KNGLTSH AND FRENCH FLEETS AT BANTEY. 147

The fleet contained a large quantity of military storeSy and a further supply of money. To give Louis XIV. his due, he behaved like a prince and a gentleman to James. An English fleet, under Admiral Herbert, appeared next morning before the mouth of the bay. The French bore down upon them with twenty-eight men-of-war and six fire-ships, and opened upon the DefiAuce, which led the English van. Herbert made several tacks, to gain the wind, and engage the enemy at close quarters, but failed ; so they " continued bat- tering upon a stretch till five in the afternoon," when the English sailed for Plymouth, to repair damages, and the French re-entered Bantry Bay. Herbert had about a hundred killed — among the number Captain George Aylmer, a lieutenant — and two hundred and fifty wounded. Both sides claimed the victory, and to render the decision more doubtful the House of Commons passed a vote of thanks to Herbert, and James ordered bonfires and a Te Deum for Chateau Benaud.

James appointed Lord Clare and M. Boileau, gover- nors of Cork, who appeared to have acted with severity towards the Protestants. " On the 11th of August, the Lord Clare, governor of Cork, committed all the Protestants of the city to St. Peter's, Christ Church,* and the Court -Houses; on the 10 th of September several were sent to Blarney Castle; on the 11th, many to Macroom ; and October the 13th, all the churches were shut up. In several places the gover- nors went into houses and shops, seized what they

♦ Ohrirt Church. ** A bomb fell through the roof of Chriit Church, but by God's providence, it did no damage." — (hx.

148 HI8T0BY OF COHK.

found, without the formalitj of a pretence, and took it away. M. Boileau, (who was governor of Cork with Lord Clare,) not failing in any punctilio of his country-dragooning, was supposed to have sent off for France to the value of £30,000 in money, leather^ and other commodities, the spoils of the Protestants of this rich city.^^

Dean Davies,* a Cork man, and a chaplain in King William^s Irish army, writes from London, the 11th of April, when hearing of the state of affairs at Cork — he gets the news as he returns from the coronation of William and Mary.

" The procession was very sumptuous, aooording to the printed account of it. The king went stooping, but no more under the crown than under the cap of maintenance. He looked very brisk and cheerful, and the queen abundantly more, and I pray God preserve them ! About seven in the evening, I got into the Park, having been at Westminster fourteen hours, and received an account that King James, in Ireland, pro- ceeded very severely against the Protestants, and, not- withstanding that he had promised a pardon to the men of Bandon, many of them were indicted at the assizes, and capias issued against them; that Mao Carthy had gone with him to Dublin, and a French governor left in Cork."

The most circumstantial account of the siege of Cork is by the hand of the same writer. This clergy«> man was at the battle of the Boyne, and near the Prince of Orange when he was hit on the shoulder.

* Dtan Davie t. Bowland Davies was appointed Dean of Cork in 1710. Hie " Joornal of the Very Beverend Rowland Davies" hai been ably edited and n* notated, for the Camden Society, by Biehard Caolfield, Esq., B.iL| of Oofk.

THE BAITLE OF THE BOTKE. 149

'^SOth. [June.] At two in the morning we de- camped again, and marched towards Drogheda^ where we found King James encamped on the other side of the Boyne. We drew up all our horse in a line opposite to him, within cannon shot; and as his majesty passed our line, they fired six shot at him, one whereof fell and struck off the top of the Duke of Wurtemberg's pistol, and the whiskers off his horse, and another tore the king's ooat on the shoulder.* We stood open during at least twenty shot, imtil a man and two horses being killed among the Dutch guards, we all retired into a trench behind us, where we lay safe while much mischief was done to other regiments, and in the evening drew off and encamped behind the hill."

'^ July Ist His majesty came up and charged at the head of the Enniskilling horse, who deserted him at the first charge, and carried with them a Dutch regiment, but the king's blue troops of guards soon supplied the place, and with them he charged in person and routed the enemy."

We shall give a few extracts from the journal of this Cork dean, descriptive of William's march from Dublin southwards.

"July 12. We marched from Johnstown to Timo- lin ; and his majesty, with the foot, to KilcuUen bridge. On the road our men were very rapacious, and, not- withstanding the king's proclamation to the contrary, they robbed and pillaged all the road along, and that

♦ Tore the king's coat on the shoulder. — The buif coat, worn by Willi«D, is in the possession of Mr. Robert Thompson, of Ravensdale. It is perforated in the jhoolder. The siie of the coat ^ows that William was a man of small stature. See Ulster Journal of Archioology, 1856, p. 91, note.

150 HISTOKY OF COEK.

even in the king's and general's presence ; whereupon strict orders were given to seize offenders, and several' were taken and executed at Elilcullen, and among them a quarter-master and a wagh-master of the Dutch dragoons.

*^ July 13. Being Sunday, our whole army halted, and by yesterday's pillage were full of beef and mutton. I preached in the field against swearing, on James v., 17, and while I was in the sermon, seven prisoners were led along our line in order to their execution,, and among them one of our regiment : whereupon our major took horse immediately, and went to the general to get him off, which he did, the rest threw dice to save their lives, and three of them were executed.

" 14th. We marched to Carlow and baited on our way at Hungerlins Bush. As we passed, two of the Enniskilling dragoons, hung by the way-side,* with papers on their breasts exposing their crime."

On the 18th, they take ^^a considerable herd of cattle" and lie down to sleep, when a hundred of Xing James's horse ride up, retake the prey, and kill twelve of the Williamite soldiers.

" 19th. We continued still in our camp, in expecta- tion of the foot coming up, in order to attack Waterford, which the enemy maintain. No action happened, except a prey or two taken and brought in. This day the king dined at Kilkenny, with the Duke of Ormond and all the court.

^^21st. I went to Clonmel, to visit Mr. Thomas

* Hung by the toaff-side. Pike, the Cork Quaker, writes—-'' In the third month, 1690, several Friends of Cork went to the half-yearns meeting in DaUia, notwithstanding it was dangerous to travel, by reason of the armies marthing t« and fro, and the plundering rapparees,"— X(/i; 0/ Joseph JNke, p 48.

HABLBOBOUGH COMES TO COBK. 151

Moore^ with whom I dined and spent most part of the day. But in the evening^ when I intended to mount my horse, my pistols and shoes were stolen, I suppose by some Danes [Danish troops} quartered there.

" 27th. In the morning early the king left Canick and marched towards Dublin.

"15th [September]. I went to Cashol to inquire after news. Being told that Marlborough was landed, and Scravenmore gone to Cork with fifteen hundred horse to join him, I waited on my Lord Ginkell, and he told me that Scravenmore only went to see Mallow and the Blackwater ; but his adjutant, Golstein, as- sured me that he had more business. I waited on the general's secretary also, with Dick Bonworth, to get a pass for him and his brother to go ta England, and in the evening came back.

" 19th. I sent to Cashel, to Dr. Burgh, to inquire for news, and especially of the proceedings of Scraven- more in the county of Cork. He sent me word that Scravenmore had lately routed a great body of the enemy near Mallow, and that having broken down that bridge, he was marched to Castletownroche. Whereupon my brother, Aldworth, and I resolved to go to him, and to quarter at Ballyhooley until the Lord Marlborough should arrive, or the Lord Scraven- more return.

" 22nd. — This day we received an account that the Earl of Marlborough was arrived, and had sent an express with an account of it to Cashel to Ginkell."

Marlborough's fleet sailed into Cork harbour on the 22nd, after taking a small battery of eight guns at its mouth. He took possession of Haulbowline island,

152 HISTOBY OF GORE.

wluoh had been deserted, and the next day, September the 23rd, landed his troops in Cork. The force oon- sisted of eight regiments, belonging to Marlborough, Trelawny, Churchill — ^Marlborough's brother — ^Beau- mont, Hales, Hastings, Collier, and Fitzpatrick, besides six companies of the Earl of Pembroke's marines, under the command of the Duke of Grafton, and three hundred foot of the Earl of Monmouth's regiment, under the command of Major Johnson.

The Duke of Wurtemberg did not arrive in Cork, as we shall see by the Journal, till the 26th, after the two new forts and Shandon Castle were in the hands of the English. The duke had an army of 4,000 foot, besides 1,200 horse, under the command of Lieutenant* General Scravenmore. It was at this time, as we learn from Tindal, in his continuation to Bapin, that the Duke of Wurtemberg paraded his claims as gen-» eralissimo, which the Earl of Marlborough^ parried with his usual tact and temper. His highness of Wurtemberg contended that, as the general of an army which had lately besieged Limerick, and as the prinoe of a sovereign house, the precedence was his. Marl- borough stood on his rights as an English general, who had received his commission from his prince and his parliament. The German grew restive and rude, the Englishman resolved and resolute. A Huguenot officer proposed a compromise — let them assume pre* cedence on alternate days. The proposal met the views without compromising the dignity of either of these great men. The first morning Marlborough

• The Earl of Marlborough.'^ ohn Churchill, Earl of Marlborough was not created duke till December I4th» 1702.

SIEGE OF CORK. 153

commanded, he gave the word ^^ Wurtmberg.^^ This compliment won the Qerman's heart, who, the next day, went to the charge with " A MarttoroughJ^

" 24th. — In the morning I marched to Cork, and acquainted Soravenmore — whom I found encamped the night before on the hill above Waters' mills, about half a mile from the city — of the resolution taken for the Duke of Wurtemburgh to join him, and that ac- cordingly he was on his march from Cahir towards him. He showed me a letter from a correspondent, that the Duke of Berwick,* with a great body of horse, was marched from Limerick towards New- market, with a design to get to him all the forces of Muskerry and county of Kerry, and therewith to raise the siege of Cork, and thereon gave me orders to return next morning to the duke and acquaint him therewith, and desire him to hasten up to Cork lest the enemy should come down before him and disturb our lodgment.

" In the afternoon, Scravenmore's adjutant, Eeks, returned from the Cove, with orders from the Duke of Marlborough to send a party of horse over the water to cover his foot toward Cork.

" About three in the afternoon, Major-General Tet- tau having drawn some cannon to Fair Hill, resolved to make a descent, and to attack one or both the new forts near Shandon Castle ; f but no sooner were his

• The Duke of Berwick, sou to James II., by Arabella Churchill, the Earl of Marlborough's sister, was not more than twenty years of age at this time. He tfterwards became a Marshal of France. He was a great favorite with the king, \k fathei . He married General Sarsfiold's widow. He was killed by a cannon kn at the Siege of Philipsburgh, in Germany, June 12th, 1734.

t ** Shandon Castle, on the north side, occupied a considerable eminence over I fte city. Lower down the hill are the remains of a thick wall, which perhaps r JMy haTe constituted one of the new forts." — Ihan Jkmti Jaurnaly edited by Mv^ (kuljieldyp. 150.

154 HISTOEY OF GORE.

men posted in order to that design, but the enemy set fire to the suburbs between him and them, and, having deserted both the forts and castle, retired in haste to the city.

'^ In the evening I conducted a body of horse over the river, at a ford under the church of Curry-Eip* pane,* and leaving Dick Travers to guide them by the bridge of Carrigrohan to the Lough of Cork,f I re- turned to Scravenmore, by the way having heard the Earl of Marlborough's drums on their march. When we passed the river, the enemy in the city beat their drums and gave huzzas, concluding that the Duke of Berwick was advanced hither to relieve them, and to engage the Earl of Marlborough before our horse came ap, but they soon found themselves mistaken.

" 25th. I went early, and met the Duke of Wurtem- berg at Fermoy, where he had just got his cannon over the bridge, resolving to encamp that night at Bathcor- mac. I delivered my message, and having received his answer, that he would be up with us the next night without fail, I returned immediately back to Clork. When I came to the camp, I found that Scravenmore was gone over to wait on the Earl of Marlborough, and therefore went over the river also, but not daring in the night to go to the camp, where I was a stranger (though I saw it from the hill) I went and quartered at Carrigrohan.

• Curry Kippane, " The ruini of this ancient clmrch, with its Tenenbla tcry, still remain. ^f7 ^^ situated on very high groond, on the north nda of the river Lee." — Ikon Lawi Jwamalyp. 150.

t Jjmgh of OoitTq^ which corers an area of about twclye acres, lies on the hulk ground to the south of the city, on the old road to £insale. A portion oftA* ground around it is called in the Ordnance maps, Omihia Jfori^ or the grest or gallows. It Uoa oontiguons to Gallows Green.

OAT FORI TAXBK. 155

^2fiihm I went to the oamp early, and missing faaTOomoie^ I deliyered my message myself to the IbI of Marlborough, after which I went home, and in lie afkemocm shewed a new way from one camp to fta oCfaer, by my honse at GiUabbey. In the evening lie Duke dT Wnrtemberg came to the camp on the avth flide of the city, we being also in possession of fltinrlinn Castle ; whence our cannon played both into fte IbrtB and the city ; and Scrayenmore, bringing over A Ui horse to join ns, took up his quarters at Gill-

^ 27th« The enemy having deserted their works at die CJat, without a blow struck, we became masters of il^ and began to oast bombs into the city."

Sir Bichard Cox is surprised that the governor of Cork should have deserted the Cat Fort, which became tikB easy prey of two sailors. ^^ Most parts of the walls md streets of the city were exposed to the musket shot from this fort ; yet so important a post was deserted, without a stroke, for the two seamen found it aban- doned and took possession of it, which is a thing nfanoct inorediblCj that either the enemy should leave it ao tamely, or that two men should have the confi- deooe to attempt it, and to boast (as they did before- hand) that they would take it : for though they peroeived no shot from thence, yet at that juncture they could not in reason imagine but that it was well provided both with men and ammunition."

(yfirieni in his Irish Dictionary, defines ^^ Catty a fight or pitched battle; also, an Irish battalion or regiment consisting of three thousand men." Caterva^ in Latin, consisted of a band of six hundred men. The

156 mSIOET OF CORE.

fort may have been so named from the large number of soldiers it was able to aceommodate.

Cat Fort stood on the high ground to the south of the oity. The site — at the top of Cat Lane — is now oocupied by a barrack for a sergeant's guard, but there is not a vestige of the old fort standing. Some think the name is derived from a warlike machine for under- mining walls. The following is from Du Cange: — ^^Yineas machinas bellicas quibus itur ad murum suffodiendum, quas Bononienses vooant cattos. Gatti ergo sunt viness sive plutei. Sub quibus miles in morem felis, quem Cattum vulgo dicimus, in subsiflais aut insidiis latet."

A machine of the kind, described by Du Cange, was called in Ireland a sow. In shape it somewhat resem- bled the animal whose name it bore. Like the wooden horse^ used by the Greeks at the siege of Troy, it was filled with armed men, who — if I mistake not — are called its ^^ little pigs," in the Facata Hibemia. Some of these sows bore to the walls, which were to be un- dermined, a brood of fifty pigs, who were not long rooting holes in the foundation.

Having got possession of the Cat, ^'we began," continues this warlike divine, ^^ to cast bombs into the city, and to play with our cannon against the fort,^ from thence and the Friar's Garden, and another bat- tery above th e fort, near the Mitrcf This morning I gave Scravonmore an account of the usefulness of the

* Thcfirtf i.e. the Elizabeth fort in Barrack Stroot. This fort, wUoh Lord Macauley says "lies in ruins," is in good preservation to the preient daj, lad oocupied by ner majesty's forces. Some of tne walls are of great '^^''*'

t The Mitre was probably a tayem. It is also mentioned in DiTe Dewnt'i JoorAol, who wrote in A.D. 17(K).

T0WN8BND OCCUPIES THE STEEPLE. 157

steeple * of the cathedral, that if boards were laid on the beams thereof, our men might gall the enemy in the fort from that place with their muskets ; whereupon lieutenant Townsend was sent with men thither, and aocordingly did very good execution."

Prom this elevated position they shot the governor of Elizabeth fort. To remove this party the Irish used cannon, which shook the steeple to its foundation. Townsend's men were terrified, and about to descend, when their leader gave directions to those below to remove the ladder, and remained in this dangerous post till the next day, when the fort surrendered.

The Dean continues his journal : '^ I also took eare to have the course of Droope's tfiill-stream turned, which ran through the north of the city, and drove a grist mill there. In the morning our heavy cannon were landed near the Bed Cow, by Eed Abbey, and there a battery was raised of thirty-six pounders, which playing against the city wall, soon made it tumble ; whereon the enemy let the bishop f come out to us, whom they made prisoner in the city, with all the clergy, and about one thousand three hundred of the Protestants; and towards evening they beat a parley, and came to a treaty, whereon a truce was granted until the next morning.

'* 28th. — ^The enemy not accepting of the conditions offered, our cannon and bombs began to play most

> I%« tteeple. — Mr. Caulfield thinks the round tower which stood in the f Avrcb-jard of St. Finn Barr's, may be here meant hy the steeple. In the msp "Cork in the Pacata Hibemia, the ** Steple of y* Catthedral Chorche^" is repre* ied as a square tower ¥rith battlements.

f I%e bithep was Doctor Edward WetenhalL He was a natiTe of Lichfield. iw«s appointed to the sees of Cork and Bose in 1678, which he held untU 1699, w1m9i be was succeeded by Diye Downes,

1

168 HISTORT OP OOBX^

fiercely, in so much fhat a breach in the city began to appear plainly, and when the enemy appeared on the wall near it, they were raked off by our small ordnance from the Cat Last night a captain, lieutenant, and forty men were posted in the brick-yard, near GKIl Abbey, to hinder the enemy from making their escape that way through the Marsh, and accordingly, some attempting it about midnight, Captain Swiney and four more were killed, and Captain McCarthy taken, being desperately wounded, and the rest forced into the city again. About one of the clock, the tide being out, the Danes from the north, and the English frmn the south, passed the river into the East Marsh, in order to storm the breach that was made in the oitj wall, and immediately the van posted themselyes under the bank of the Marsh, which seems to be a connter^ scarp to the city wall, in which approach the noble Duke of Grafton^ received a mortal wound in the point of his shoulder. The Salamander, also, and another vessel, which came up the morning tide, lay at the Marsh end, directly before the wall, and played their cannon at the breach, and shot bombs into the city, in the midst, whereof, the Earl of Tyrone and Lieutenant-Colonel Bycaut came out and made artidles for a surrender — ^the fort to be ours in an hour and the city next morning, all in arms to be prisoners of war. In the evening the fort was received by us, and the Protestants were set at liberty, and all was fall of joy,

* Eemy FUs-Bof^ I>uk$ of Oraftonj was an illegitimate ton of Cbazlfli IL and the Oocliefls of Cleyelana. ColUnB says, he receited a shot which broke two of his ribs. Mr. Edwards says, the shot was fired by a blacksmith, from a fivn in Post Offiee Lane. The place where he was mortally wonndad is called Oraftovs Alley to this day. He died in Cork the 9th of Ootobw. His body was brovglit to Eincland and buried at Eoston, Suffolk.

I •^ - -{ I ,.

THB GOTEBNOB FIRES THE SUBURBS. 159

Hie goyemor, Mao Gillicuddy, had but 1 wo small Ittiels of powder left. He was blamed by his own jutj for not evaouating a city — which was in no con- tStkm to sustain a siege — ^and returning to Kerry, when fci had an opportunity ; but such things are always aftor a defeat. But he was more blamed by the 8 for firing the suburbs, after being paid to spare ; *• Whereby," says Sir Bichard Cox, " one of most thriving cities, for bigness, in Europe, was, great part, laid in ashes, and hundreds of Protes- who before lived plentifully, were, by this bar- breach of faith, reduced to beggary." The ifl thus described by Joseph Pike, the Quaker : — ^ In the seventh month, 1690, Cork was besieged Vjr the English. The Lord Churchill, afterwards Duke €f Marlborough, commanded the siege, Mac Gillicuddy iMxng tiien the Irish governor of the city. He was a TfodBj boisterous, man, and gave out that he intended to bum the suburbs; upon which the inhabitants, T^ngli*^ and Irish, treated with him to save them, and •greed to give him five hundred pounds in silver, most of which was gathered and paid to him ; yet I could Bot trust his word, and removed the best of my goods, and thereby saved them. Notwithstanding which, he afterwards, without giving the least notice, burned both the north and south suburbs, whereby not only the houses but much goods were destroyed. The town was delivered up in a few days; and about four thousand, with the governor, taken prisoners, some of whom were put into our meeting-house, so that Friends had to me ' in lother place.''

Again he ites, ^^ When the town was delivered up^

I

1

160 HISTORY OF CORK.

tho prisoners, computed at about 4000, were put into the places of worship, so that Friends met in a back place, belonging to Thomas Wright's house ; and the weather being wet, the English soldiers as well as Irish prisoners, grew very sickly, and great numbers died, so that they buried them in a large hole or pit, almost every day. The citizens were also infected, and very many died, and the city became like an hospital, in a dismal condition, for a long time. At length many of the prisoners ran away, and others that remained were let go, but the governor and chiefs wore sent to the Tower of London." — Pik^s Life^ p. 53.

We conclude from the following that the Quakers were held as ^^ Friends ^^ by the Irish, and had the city been taken by storm, would have perished with them. "The Protestants were shut up in prisons* and houses, with guards over them, but Friends were at liberty, the Irish believing there was no danger fnm uSy so that if the town had been taken by storm, as it was on the point of being, humanly speaking, we should have been slain with the Irish."

Although there was no massacre of the Irish, there was plunder, the inevitable consequence of taking a city like Cork. " In the morning," continues Bean Davies, " many seamen, and other loose persons, en- tered the city through the breach, and other plaees, and plundered many houses, especially of property.

" As soon as the bridge could be mended the 'EbA of Marlborough and Scravenmore entered, and took much

* Shut up m prinmt. They had been previously diBanned br James' lolfiMB. " They began in the erening, near night, lining the streets witn ioldieri, mmad with lighted matches. They kept the design private, even from the tridi; ** when a friendly native rushes up to the Quifer with a ** Lord I Mr. Fike^ what are they going to do } " — I4fe of Joseph JPike, p. 50.

TREATMENT OF THE IBISH IN CORK. 161

pains to preserve the city from further damage. In the afternoon all Papists were ordered, by proclama- tion, on pain of death, to deliver up their arms, and to repair to the East Marsh, where all that had been in arms were secured, and after put under guard — the officers in the County Court-House, and the rest in the churches and other places."

The Rev. Charles Leslie, in his answer to King, (p. 162,) says, " the garrison, after laying down their arms, were stript and marched to a marshy wet ground, where they were kept with guards four or five days, and not being sustained, were forced, through hunger, to eat dead horses;" and when removed from the marsh they were ^^ crowded into jails, houses, and churches." We suspect that William's troops were not much better provided for. Cork was not large enough to feed and lodge two armies along with its own inhabitants.

Seven Irish regiments laid down their arms, namely Mac Gillicuddy's, Clancarty's, Tyrone's, Mac Carthy's, O'Donovan's, O'Sullivan's, and Barrett's. About 1,000 men, with the principal officers, were sent prisoners to England, About 4,500 of the Irish army,* which had defended Limerick, against Giakell, embarked at Cork, for France, under Lord Lucan, better known as Ge- neral Sarsfield. About a hundred and sixty Irish troops were blown up in the Breda man-of-war — which lay in Cork harbour— on the 12th of October, 1691. Captain Tenet, the commander, was taken up alive, but died soon after. There were some who asserted that

• Irish army. — There embarked from Munster 19,059 men, besides the General, Justin Mac Curthj, or MonBtcashel's brigade, which consisted of 5,270

TOL. n. 11

I

162 HISTOBT OP OORK.

this was " done by Colonel Barrett on purpose," but there is no proof whatever, except that he and his ser- vant escaped.

We learn from Sir Bichard Cox, that the Irish were treated with great harshness after the war. ^^ On the first of May, 1691, I was sent with a commission to govern the counties of Cork and city of Cork. I came there 4th of May, and had with me a commission of Oyer and Terminer and gaol delivery. I soon raised and arrayed eight regiments of dragoons and three of foot, which were tmder my command all that summer; they did great service, and did much execution upon the Irish, and took from them so much prey (to the value of £10,000) as set many of them up after the war. I took no share of it myself, though I might have had the tenth, but in everything I acted the part of a true Englishman, whose heart was in the cause, and in requital, had a very hearty address of thanks from both counties, and received from the government £150 by conoordatum, and from their majesties an abatement of half my quit-rent for ever,'* — Autobiography of Sir RicJiard Cox^ edited by Bichard Caulfield, Esq., B.A.

CHAPTER VII.

IfjLBLBO&OUOH A.T XIKSALE — SIB JAMES COTTEa— ^ SIB BICHABD COX — SIB BICHABD KAOLB.

A.O. 1690—1692.

Mablboeoxjgh's cavalry were on the road to Emsale a few hours after Cork had fallen. Brigadier Yilliers sent a trumpeter to summon the place. The Irish, after threatening to hang him for bringing such a message, fired the town and retreated into the forts.

Marlborough arrived in Eansale on the 2nd of Octo* ber. On the 3rd, Major-General Tettau and Colonel Fitzpatrick, crossed in boats, with 300 men, to the peninsula or tongue of land on which the ruins of the Old Fort and Kingrone Castle now stand. They took the fort by storm, the Irish retiring to the castle. Here they lost forty men by the explosion of a barrel of gunpowder, but refused to surrender till their gover- nor, Colonel O'DriscoU, and two hundred of the gar- rison, had been slain.

The New, or Charles Fort, was then summoned. The governor. Sir Edward Scot, said it was time enough, a month hence, to talk of surrender. The trenches were opened on the 5th of October, and batteries erected, on the east by the Danes, and on the north by the

164 mSTOBY OP OOKE.

English ; a mine was also sprung, and every thing ready for the assault, when the governor sent Colonel O'Donovan with the keys. He capitulated on the most honorable terms, namely, that his men, 1,200 strong, should march out with their arms, bag and bag- gage, and fall back upon their main force at Limerick. They were beholden, in some respect for this good treatment, to the bad weather, and the short commons in the English camp. Colonel Churchill, speaking of the want of everything among his troops, says, " They are fit to conquer, for they mriBt do that or starve, which they were very nigh doing." He could draw out '^ five hundred men, and not a hundred pair of shoes among them, which are not to be got for money, if he had it."

The Irish left a thousand barrels of wheat and eighty pipes of claret behind them. These were a great boon to men who had been living on brown bread and sour wine. About a month after this a French ship, laden with wine, sailed into Einsale, and anchored under the Old Fort, believing the town to be in the hands of James' troops, nor did the captain discover his mistake till his vessel was boarded by Marlborough's men. The earl left his brother, Colonel Churchill, as governor of Charles Fort, and returned to Cork, from which he sailed with his fleet to Forts- mouth.

It was during the October or November of this famous year, 1690, that the Irish, with 1,000 horse and five regiments of foot, under the command of the young Duke of Berwick, marched from Limerick to Macroom, but hearing of Ginkell's approach from

CASTLE-TOWNSBND BESIEGED. 165

Cashel, returned on their steps towards Limerick. They halted at Charleville, and fired Charleville House, after the duke had dined there, thus Mfilling the prophecy, or malediction, pronounced upon this house of the Earl of Orrery, by John Exham, the mad Quaker* Indeed this army plundered and fired most of the houses north of the Blackwater.

Five hundred men, under young Colonel O'Driscoll, attempted to fire Castle-Townsend, the residence of Colonel Townsend, in "West Carbery. They were stoutly resisted by the colonel and a garrison of thirty- five men. Twelve of the Irish dropped at the first volley. On a second attack, O'Drisooll, Captain Teig O^Donovan, Captain Cronin, and about thirty of their men, were slain, and a great number wounded,- " so they were forced to retire with loss and shame.''

Castle-Townsend was attacked a second time, this year, in December, by Mac Fineeu, who escaped from Cork jail. The place was defended on this occasion by a lieutenant and thirty dragoons. Their ammunition being spent, and five of their number slain, they sur- rendered on quarter; notwithstanding, says Doctor Smith, " the Irish slew the lieutenant."

Fermoy was attacked in the January of 1691, by Brigadier Carroll at the head of 1500 Irish, but the attack was repulsed by William's Danish auxiliaries and some Irish militia — fifty horse — under the com- mand of Colonel Donep.

There was a good deal of skirmishing on both sides in the early part of the year 1691, about Bandon, Clonakilty, Kosscarberry, and other places; and a number of the Irish, who were styled "Tories" and

166 HISTORY OF COUK,

" Eapparees,"* cut down, or captured and hanged. One of the smartest engagements of the season is styled the Battle of BottlehUl, which occurred on the first of April. About 100 men of the Cork garrison, under the command of Captain Thomicroft, were on their return from Bally hooly. They were met at Six- mile- Water by Sir James Cotter and Major Slingsby, at the head of 300 men. The English had just time to get into an old pound, that had a ditch breast high, which gave them a considerable advantage. The fight lasted for three hours, when Sir James was compelled to draw off his men, with the loss of sixty killed, and as many wounded. Captain Coppinger was slain on the field, and Major Slingsby carried prisoner to Cork where he died of his wounds.

The dethroned king had no more faithful or honoiw able follower than Sir James Cotter, f of Ballinspemg. He was acting under orders in passing through the county at the head of these armed bands. The follow* ing are copies of original documents, signed by l>pv connell. Sir Bichard Nagle, and Sir Bichard Cox — placed at my disposal by the Eev. George Cotter, of Eockforest, Mallow, a lineal descendant of this Sir James Cotter. The first is an order to ** Levy j£200 on the county of Corke." It is given at Limerick|

• Tbriei and Rappartes. << Forty pounds to b« raised and levied of fhe goodi and chattels of Charles Carthy and bonogh Mac Carthy. £20 of it to be paid to Frances Parker, widow of Will. Parker, who killed Collaghan MoCallagfaniy • prockimed Tory, and lost his life in the service; the other £20 to be paid to Newel for bringing in a Tory. These Tories were the followera of Charles and Donagh Macartny." — JRrom the Cork OrandJury Book for 1702.

t Sir Janus OotUr^ originally Ottir, or Mac Ottir. They were ozigisallT Danes, and settled in Insi Gall, or the Hebrides, in the middle of the twaUtn century, when one of them came to Ireland and assumed the goremownt of Dublin, or Ath-Claith.

tyrconnbll's order to cotter. 167

the 24th day of July, 1691. " Tyrconnell/' and " Ei Nagle, K's''^gnatures, are original autographs : —

" ORDER.

** To impower Sr. James Cotter to levy £200 from all the lands of ye Connty of Corke.

<< By his Grace, Richard, Duke of Tyrcomiell, Lord Lieut, and Genii GoTem'r of Ireland.

** Ttbconkell,

**' Whereas Sr. James Cotter, Ent., has been hitherto at gi-eat charges and expence in procuring and getting inteUigence of the designes, carriage, and indeavours of the enemie against his ma'tes army and liege people, by which means they were often preyented, and for the enabling him, the said Sir James Cotter, to carry on that good service, and to continue his said correspondence by encouraging and gratifieing the p'son giyeing the said intelli- gence, wee doe hereby impower and authorize him, the said Sir James Cotter, to raise, collect, and receive, by such meanes as he shall think fitt, the summe of two hundred pounds ster. out of all the lands within the countie of Cork ; hereby willing and requireing the commissioners and sub -commissioners, of the respective baronies within the said countie, to be aiding and assisting unto such p'son or p'sons as shall be appointed or named by the said Sir James Cotter in the collection thereof, for which this shall be to him and them a sufficient warr't. Griven at Limerick, the 24th day of July, 1691, and in the seventh year of his maj!f reigne.

** By his grace's command,

" Ri. Nagle, K."

The next paper is also dated from Limerick, August, 1691, and is an order to seize six hundred pair of brogues or pumps.* The soldiers of hoth kings were

* Brogues or pumps. — There are two kinds of brogue, the single and the double. The former has sole and upper only, the latter has a welt. The former is more properly the brogue, the latter a shoe. The brogue in Irish is called brag gahig, sndTthc shoe l»rag galldaj to distinguish between the English and Irish article. The brogue -makers pride themselves on the antiquity of tneir trade, and feel dis- posed to snub the mere shoemaker, as a cobbling and imperfect copyiit of their more noble art. The thing now called a brogue is nothing more than a shoe ; the only difference is in the material ^ that made of coarse leather is a brogue, and that of fine leather a shoe.

168 HISIOBY OF OOBK.

sadly down at the heels and out at the toes. Wooden shoes and brass money, had previously been the order of the day : —

" ORDER.

'* To Sr. James Cotter, to seize 600 paire of shooes, in the hands of Cap'n Cornelius Mo Gillycuddj.

*' By his Grace, Richard, Duke of Tjrrconnell, Lord Lieut. Gen'U and Gen'U Govem'r of Ireland.

" Ttbconnell,

" You are forthwith to seize six hundred paire of brogneSt or pumps, now in the hands of Gapt'n Cornelius Mc Gillyouddyt which were lodged there by Collonell Denis Mc GKllycuddy, for the use of the regim't now belonging to Collonell Charles Moiphy, whereof you are to deliver three hundred paire to Coll. M<»rphy» for the use of the said regiment, and the remainder you are to dis* tributhe in the garrison of Rosse, and for so doeing this shall be your warrant. Given at Limerick, the day of August, 16fl.

" By his grace's command,

" Ri. Nagle, K. " To Sr. James Cotter, Knt.,

Brigadeere of his ma'tes

armie."

The following correspondence does equal honor to the head and heart of Sir James Cotter and his Mend Sir Eichard Cox.

" Carl^ July eth, 1601.

'« Sib,

" Upon the score of our former acquaintance, and the eivOitj which you have used to our friends whilst you were governor here, and since, I think myself obliged to let you know, that I have both station and inclination to serve you. If it should happen that yim throw yourself upon me, without capitulation, (for your party it certainly ruined, and will every minute decay,) you shaU, undoubt- edly, be used as a man of honor ; but, if you are of this opmion, bring off as many as you can, and their arms, because jour terms

GOTIEB AND COX. 169

will be 80 much the better. This will seem odd if you don't appre- hend the ease desperate, but because I am sure 'tis so, therefore you have this Mendly advertisement from,

"Sir, " Your Tery affeo. friend and servant,

" RiCHABD Cox. *^ For the Hon. Sir James Cotter, those."

Sir James Cotter makes the fDllowing honorable reply, which contains a beautiful stroke of wit.

*• Sib,

" Notwithstanding our former acquaintance, it seems you do not know me. Whatever I might have done with sitting still, when laid aside, in civilities — ^which, for justice sake, I distributed without distinction — ^I am now convinced, and wiU, I doubt not, be in a condition to return your kindness, for reaUy your case is so desperate that you will soon have an occasion for it, and be con- fident in anything that is just.

" You find me. Sir, *' Your very afPeo. friend and servant,

'' Jakss Cotteb. " Give, I pray you, my services to all old acquaintances."

But poor Sir James was obliged in the end to sue for protection, which was freely granted. The ori- ginal order signed Bar. de Ginkell,* given at the camp before Limerick,- the 9th of October, 1691, is a "protection for himself, his family, servants and tenants, and his and their houses, household stuff, stock, blacke cattle, horses, sheepe, come and goods." It also contains a ^^ lycence for him and his servants to keep three cases of pistolls, three fuses and three swords, for their protection," The following is a copy of the protection : —

* Bar. de Ginekell, Earl of Athlone and Baron Angbrim. William Giutaiif Frederick de-Reede-de-6inkle, 10th and last Earl of Athlone, county Boscommon, Vucount Aghrim, died at the Hague, May 21st., 1844, when his Englishy or rather Irish, titles became extinct.

170 mSIOBT OF OOBS.

*< By his Excel. Lt.-Q6nll. GinokeU

Commander in Chiefe of their Ma'tes forces in Ireland.

** Whereas, Sir James Cotter of Ballynsperrig, al's Cotter^s Lodg, in the connty of Corke, Elnt-, is by the late capitulation with the Irish armie, entitled to his reall and p'sonall estate. And whereas he made suite to us for our protection* for himselfb, his ikmily, servants and tenants, and his and theire houses, household stuffy stock, blacke cattle, horses, sheepe, come and goods* and also one lycence for him and his serVts to keep, carry, and make use of for the defences of his person, house and goods, three oases of pis- tolls, three fusees, and three swords. We doe hereby take the said Sir James Cotter, with his family, servants, stock, tenants, and his and theire reall and personall estates into their matestT protection. And do hereby strictly charge and require all officers and others of theire mates^.T subjects to suffer and permit him, with his servants, horses and armes, to travcll about his lawful occations into any parte of this kingdome. And we doe hereby lycence him, and his servants, to use, carry, and keepe the said armes ; and all persons are hereby required not to molest him, or his servants, in the quet enjoyment of his, the said Sir James Cotter's, reall or p'scmall estate, att theire p'r'U. Given att the Camp before Limerick, this

9th of 8ber.

** Bab. db Ginckell."

The following certificate is copied fix)m the original document : —

'' Wee, the undernamed of the Citty of Corke, doe declare that during Sir James Cotter's beeing Gh>vemor of the said Cityf and County, the Protestants thereof, as much as in him lay, did reoeive all manner of countenance and favor from him, and that instead of being confined and imprisoned upon all allarms, as wee vrere by his predecessors and successors in that Government, hee desired all

• Our proieetion. — Protections were at this time giren or sold by Iriih ludfBL to the poorer sort of peoplo. ^ In March, the Lord Chief Jurtice jteyneU ana I went judges of assize to Cork and Watcrford, and by order of the goTemnumt ws gave printed protections to the Irish, for which we nad sixpence a-piece, M tkttt wc got 300 li. a-piece that journey." — Autobiogrt^hy of Sir Miehtard Cbs^ 9iUtHf MielMrd Catdfim, Saquir^ p. 13.

t Governor of thi said Citty. Sir Jumes was made <' GoYcmor of ihs (Xty of Cork and the Great Island near it," the 11th of February, 1690.

TESTIMONT OF COEK TO OOTTEB. 171

of us as were by them turned out of the citty and our houses to come into them again ; and that during his Oovemment there should be no such hardship put upon us, which he justly per- fonned; for which reason, and noe other that wee could either know or hear of, hee hath (to our greate prejudice) beene removed, being by the French £EU$tion represented as a man not fitt to be trusted where any Protestants were. — ^All of which we hold our- selves obliged to certifie, under our hands at Corke, this Ninth day of Deeember , 1691.

Daniel C&oke, Mayor.

« Sahueil Lote, / ^ ^"^

** Walter Nbale, Rect. and Vic. of St. Mary Shandon, and Vic-G^en. of the Dioceses of Corke and Rosse.

** John Cabb, William Roberts, John Qillican, Ulioh Greene, Fba. Rogers, Edmond Hahons."

** I must acknowledge that wee received the above mentioned kindnesses &om Sir James Cotter, and more than above mentioned, but as to the reasons of his being removed I know nothing.

'* E. COBKE AND RoSSE."

** Sir James Cotter did carry himself with much kindness towards

the English in the late times, and I believe the other particulars to

bee true.

" F. P. PoHEBOY, Dean.

" Edw. Synge, Rect. and Vic. of Christ Ch., Corke."

** I doe hereby certify that when I, together with Mr. Will. Southwell and Mr. Symon Griffith, was sent prisoner from off the French fleet in the Harbour of Corke, to Sir James Cotter, Gover- nor of the said Citty, that the said Sir James did use me, and the •ther two gentlemen, with all the humanity and kindness he was able, notwithstanding our being under sentence for treason against the then Government, and that he ventured to favor us and to be kind to us beyond our hopes and reasonable expectations. — AU of which I certiiie, under my hand, this 12th day of May, 1692.

" Chables Noethcote, Clergiman."

The following paper, complaining of the treatment ihe Protestant citizens received at the hands of the

172 mSTORY OF CORE.

govemor, Magilliouddy, is the very opposite of all this: —

**To His Gkaoe the Duke of Bolton, Lord Lieutenant General and General Governor of Lreland.

** The humble petition of the Mayor, Sheriflb, and oom- monalty of His Majesty's ever loyal City of Cork,

" Shbweth,

** That the said city of Cork is a very ancient city, and a place of considerable trade, and pays a very great revenue to hit majesty.

" That in the late king James' time, your petitionera suffered very much for their adherence to the Protestant interestit were put into prison ; and their suburbs, which make a oonaidar- able part of the city, were set on fire, and burned to the ground, by the then Popish governor, Magillicuddy, and notwithstanding he had before-hand agreed and promised to save the said submba, upon the payment of a considerable sum of money to him by yovr petitioners.

** That your petitioners were relieved from their priaons and their miseries by king William of glorious memory, under the command of your majesty's renowned and victorious general^ his grace the Duke of Marlborough, who besieged the said city, and took it in the year 1690.

'*That soon after, your petitioners supplied serml regiments of king William's army, with several considerable of money for their subsistence, for which your petitioners received any satisfaction, which has been a great loss to your peti- tioners, who have but a very small and precarious revenue fbr the support of their corporation.

" That the several governors of this kingdom, since the said siege, upon representations that the walls of the said oity ware of no strength or defence against an army, were pleased to give liberty to open the same for gates, in several places.

''That the tide ebbs and flows around the said oity* and the said walls, as they now stand, are of no defence, bat a charge to your petitioners, and that the ground next, without the «ud

CITIZENS PETITION DUKE OP BOLTON. 173

walls, as wen as the ground on wHch the said walls stand, belong to yonr petitioners.

'* yL&Y it please yonr grace, in consideration of the pre- mises to grant yonr petitioners the said walls,

" And your petitioners will ever pray."

JlBUJl. FBBKCH, WM. HAWKINS, | g.

Mayor. oha.s. cottbell. j ®"*

DANIBL CBONB. W2C. 1CA.STBBS.

JOS. FBA.KCKLTN. DAITIBL PEBOBIAU.

B. BNAFP. SAM. WILSON.

BIOHABD PHILLIPS. JNO. WHITING.

BDWABD HOABB. BOW. DELAHOIDE.

BDWABD BBOWNB. PHILIPS FBENCH. WM. LAMBLET.

The following are the names of adherents of James n., in this county, whose estates were forfeited. The list does not contain the name of the Earl of Clancarty who lost immense possessions : —

Barrett, Colonel John — about 12000 acres, barony of Barretts,

£1330 17 9, set at £1112. Barry, Edward — ^barony of Barrymore, £258 12 6. Barry, John Barry, of Derryloone-^barony of Ibane and Barryroe,

£50. Browne, Nicholas — barony of Imokilly and Youghal, £125, set at

£99 5. Coppinger, Walter — South liberties, £60, set at £56. Coppinger, Thomas — ^North Suburbs of Cork and Barrymore, £74 6. Coppinger, Thomas — 'South Liberties, £112, set at £50. Coppinger, Thomas, for life — City of Cork, £38, set at £25. DrisooU, Cornelius — barony of West Carbery, £35, set at £25 j

and barony of Condons and Clongibbons, £120, set at £100. Galway, Arthur, or Ignatius Goold— South Liberties, £43 15, set

at £24 10. €kdway, Walter — barony of West Carbery, £50. Galway, Edward — ^barony of West Carbery, £27, set at £20. Galway, Edward— -barony of Carbery, £502, set at £485 9.

174 HISTORY OF CORK.

Gk)old, Ignatius, or Arthur Galway— Cork city, £280 10, set at

£283 14. Qoold, Ignatius, or Arthur Galway — South Liberties, £72, set at

£67. Goold, Ignatius — Liberties, £15.

Qould, Ignatius ^Equity of redemption of Ballyphilip, sold for £10. M'Carty, Charles— £636. M'Carty, Charles, of Ardadugg — ^barony of Muskeny, £255, set at

£242. M'Carty, Charles, of Toonadrome— £136, set at £117. M*Carty Teige of Agliss— £357, set at £317. Murrough, Andrew, of Ballintyrry — barony of Barry more, £80. Murrough, Andrew, of Eilooolisldll — £77. Nagle, Sir Richard^barony of Fermoy, £34, Nagle, Pieroe — ^baronies of Fermoy and Duhallow, £502 8 6»

set at £412 2 6. Boache, Maurice— Kinsale, £8. . Sarsfield, Patrick — ^barony of Barrymore and Cork, £1S4, set at

£124. Sarsfield, Dominick — ^barony of Barrymore, £280, set at £269. Wray, Sir Drury, for life— St. Laurence's Chapel, or three

suages, £10, set at £1.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE CITY AND THE COfiFO&ATION.

Pbeyious to the civil wars, Protestants as well as

Catholics* were members of the Corporation, and filled

the offices of mayors and sheriffs, and we do not find

that they worked inharmoniously together ; but £rom

1656 to 1829, a period of a hundred and seventy-three

years, Boman Catholics were disqualified from filling

&e meanest office in the council. But we do not find

that the exclusion of the CathoHc, and his deprivation

of all civic privileges, produced those halcyon days of

peace which some anticipated. Disputes and wrangling

will occur in the best regulated communities ; and when

place, power, and pelf, are to be had for the striving,

we find those who have been reared in the same nest,

turning their halcyon backs against each other. This

state of things was of frequent occurrence in the Pro->

testant Corporation of Cork. If we are to believe a

writer of the period, this common council was more

tike a rookery of crows than a nest of young doves.

^He calls the court " D'Oyer Hundred," — a court of

Lon.

• FroUstonU aa well at CathoUet, Mr. Tuckey says^ " Some Protestants werei ~ -tonally adn ^d. but were mostly statesmen or official persons of distinction.'^ mnst then e naye bad the greater infloenoe.

176 HISTORY OF CORE.

These contentions assumed, as early as 1718, a more decided aspect, by the formation of a ^^ Liberal Party" in the Corporation, whose object was to wrest the corporate power, and the management of the ftinds, from the hands of a few men by whom they were abused. The great and parent abuse, from which all minor abuses sprang, was that which prevailed in the choice of mayor and sheri£&. The oi&cers were from a very early period elected by the guild or " Socictp of the Merchants Staple of CtyrTc^^ who chose firom their own body a mayor and two constables, who were sup- posed to guard the rights and public property of the body by which they were elected.

"We discover from one of the Boche MBS. how dvio elections were managed in the time of Henry VIIL ^^ The maior and both the bailivis for the tyme being, accordinge the use and custume of the same, ought and muste choise and electe three goode able men, that is to say, everye of theym one mane, of which three goode able p'sones, the hole comons of Coroke, forsaid shall electe one to be there gouvenor and maior of the same."

A case of bribery, on the part of the mayor, is then put to the Lords Justices and Judges. ^^ So the case is this — one of Corcke, forsaid, came to one of the bailivis, and bargayned, covenanted, and delivered unto hym, certeyn some of money, for the eleotinge and choisinge of hym to that purpose. And bo he did, and was elected and made maior by the hole com- mons of the same that year, by the meanes of the said bailivis six yere agone. Now, whether the same person so elected and made maior ought to have les-

CHOOSING THE MATOB. 177

titution of his money so delivered in man aforesaid or nof The following is the decision of the Court in Dublin : —

" Wherfor we do certifie youe, that the person which did give the money aforsaid to the other, cannot have accent for to recoyer the same money again ; no other recompense, therefore, be the order of the said law^ so knoweth our Lord who preserve you.

" Your lovyng frends,

" Gesald Aylmsb, Justice. Thomas Lttttbell, Justice. James Bathe, Baron. Thomas Cusake. Mb. Rotlobm."

The charter of James I., and the confirmatory charter of Charles I,, enacted that the commons, or burgesses, or the greater number of them, should meet in the Guild Hall, or some other convenient place, and continue there until they had elected the mayor and sheriflfe.

" And we do by these presents grant unto the said mayor, sheriffs and commons, yearly, and every year, on Monday, after the first feast of Saint Bartholomew, to assemble themselves, or the greater number of them, in the Guild Hall of the said city, or in any other convenient place within the same, and there continue until they, or the greater number of them, elect or name one person of the commons of said city to be and continue mayor of said city for one whole year, to ^ commence from the Monday after the feast of St. Michael the Archangel, thence foUowing.^^ The two flberiffs were elected at the same time, and in the same i'Way. We may imagine the excitement and uproar at icne of those courts, when jobbery and corruption were

VOL. II. 12

178 HISTOBY OP CORK.

more barefaced than in these latter days, and when a place in the council was really worth havlDg. Measures were therefore taken to arrange these elec- tions in a more quiet way. A bye-law was passed in 1609, which " enacted, that the office of mayoraltie should be supplied, successively, by the old mayors of the city, in turn." The next year there was another bye-law, enacting, that ^^none should be mayor but such as should first undergo the office of sheriff; and that every mayor's son and heir shall be elected and chosen sheriff, every one in his degree, and calling, and antiquitie, successively, being of habilitie'' — ^that is, capable of filling the office.

The reason for passing this law, obliging mayors' sons to serve a preliminary apprenticeship as sherifOs, was, that ^^ great enormitie and hinderances had re- sulted from admitting young gentlemen of tender years, the sons and heirs of mayors, to the offioe of mayoralitie"

This quiet and hereditary mode of choosing the chief magistrates was substituted for the clamor which prevailed in the Guild Hall; but many thought the cure was worse than the disease, so another mode of election was adopted. There is a picturesque castle on the banks of the Lee — we call it Blackrock Castle. Twelve council -men, with the sheriff, visited this castle once a year, where they dined^ and nominated three* of the burgesses as candidates. The freemen of D'Oyer Hundred then met, and chose one of the three as mayor for the ensuing year. As two of the three were stalking horses, and unfit to be elected,

* Nominated three, Bj a former bje-law only two were nominated.

CHOOSING THE MAYOR. 179

through some incapacity, the favorite of the twelve council-men scarcely ever failed.

This was some improvement on the former habit of nominating ^^ young gentlemen of tender years," but it did not satisfy the liberal party in the corporation ; they, therefore, met, and at a general assembly of all the members, on the 14th of January, 1721, decreed, with the unanimous consent of all the freemen and commons, that all former customs, usages, bye-laws, ordinances, orders or acts of council, and methods of election, heretofore established for the nomination and election of mayor, sheriffs, or members of common council, be henceforth repealed, destroyed, set aside, annulled, and made void.

^^ And be it enacted, ordained and established, by the authority aforesaid, that upon all elections to be hereafter made of mayor or sherife, to serve for the said city of Cork, the mayor, sheriffii, and commonalty, shall annually assemble at the Guild Hall of the said city of Cork, on the usual day of election, being three calender months before the Monday next after Michael- mas Day ; and that then and there, in open court, the mayor, for the time being, shall order the names of all the burgesses (or persons who have served as sheriffs of the said city, and who shall be resident within the said city, and no others,) to be written in several tickets, or small pieces of paper of equal bigness; every ticket, whereof, to contain the name of one such resident burgess, and no more, and then all the said tickets shall be, by the then present mayor, put into a hat, and five of the said tickets, and no more, shall Ihen, immediately, be drawn out of the said hat, in

180 mSTORT OP CORK.

open court y by a child, to be for that purpose appointed by the mayor, for the time being, and the names of the five persons, written and contained in the said five tickets or pieces of paper, so drawn out of the said hat^ shall be openly read by the said mayor, and that the said five persons, whose names shall be written in the said five tickets so drawn out as aforesaid, shall be the persons to stand candidates, and to be put in nomina- tion to be elected to serve as mayor of the said city for the ensuing year; and that as soon as the said nomination shall be made by lots, or ballotting, as aforesaid, that • then, and immediately affcerward, the same day, in open court, every freeman and member of the whole city or body-politic, then present, shall be polled, and his ycte taken for one of the said fiye persons so put in nomination as aforesaid; and that whoeyer of the said persons shall appear to haye a majority of the yotes or suffrages of all the freemen then present shall immediately be esteemed, and is hereby declared to be duly elected to serye as mayor of the said city for the ensuing year."

The manner of electing the sheriff was decided at this meeting on the 14th of January, 1721. "And be it further enacted and ordained, by the authority aforesaid, that as soon as the nomination and election of mayor shall be annually determined, as aforesaid^ in open court of D'Oyer Hundred, that then and imme- diately afterwards, the same day eyery year hereafteTi in open court, the mayor, for the time being, shall nominate one of the freemen or commonalty of the said city, not being an alderman, oonmion-oomieil man, or burgess, to stand candidate, and to be put in

ELECnNQ THE SHERIFFS. 181

nomination on the election for one of the sherifiBs of the said city, to serve for the ensuing year ; and the mayor then newly elected shall nominate a second person, not being an alderman, common-council man, or burgess, out of the said freemen ; and the recorder shall nominate a third person out of the said freemen, as aforesaid ; and the common-speaker a fourth person out of the said freemen or commonalty ; the common- speaker to consult the freemen, and name the person which they desire to be put up ; and that as soon as the said nomination of the said four persons shall be made in manner aforesaid, that then immediately in open court, the same day every freeman or member of fhe said city or corporation (then present) shall be polled, and his vote taken for two of the said four persons so nominated as aforesaid, and that the two of the said four persons who shall appear to have the majority of the votes or suffrages of all the freemen then present, shall immediately be esteemed and hereby declared to be elected, to serve as sheriffs of the said city for the ensuing year."

There is one proviso to these elections : — " Provided always that the said mayor or sheriffs, or any of them to be hereafter nominated or elected, be duly approved of by the Lord Lieutenant, or other Chief Governor, or Gk)vemors and Privy Council of this kingdom."

The following was the bye-law enacted at the same general meeting for the election of a councilman : —

" And be it farther enacted, ordained^ established tnd declared, by the authority aforesaid, that upon the death, resignation, or legal removal, of any one or more of the members of common council, or number of

182 HISTOEY OF COBE.

twenty-four, appointed by the said recited charter, to be of the common council of the city of Cork, the mayor for the time being, within twenty-one days next after the death, removal, or resignation of all and eyery 0uch meimber or members of the common ooundl, shall proceed to the nomination and election of such common council men, in such manner as herein after is mentioned and appointed, and shall, and is hereby required to give public notice in writing, to be posted up in the most public places and parts of the said city of Cork, of the day of such election to be in the Ghiild Hall of the said city ; and that such notice shall be posted up by the space of eight days next, preceding the day of such election, whereby all the members of the said city, and body politic, may be duly assembled at the Guild Hall of the said city, and the mayori sheriffs and commonalty being so assembled, shall pro- ceed to the nomination and election of such member w members to be of the said common council, in manner following : that is to say, that the mayor shall, in open court, order the names of all the burgesses resident within the said city of Cork, (not being members of theuK)mmon council before) to be written in tickets or small pieces of paper, in such manner as herein before is appointed to be done upon the nomination and eleo- tion of mayor ; and that all the said tickets or names to be put into a hat, and five of them to be drawn out by a child, to be for that purpose appointed by the said mayor ; and that the tickets or names of the five persons so drawn out of the said hat, shall be, and are hereby declared to be, the persons who shall stand candidates for, and be put in nomination to be elected

ELEGIINa A COUNCIL-MAK. 183

for one member of the said common council, to fill up the said number of twenty-four, according to the said charter, and that as soon as the said nomination shall be so made by lot or ballot, as in the case of nominat- ing mayors, then and immediately afterwards the same day in open court, every freeman and member of the said city or body politic, then present, shall be polled, and then, there and every of their votes shall be taken for Hie election of one of the said five persons, so put in nomination as afDresaid ; and that whoever of the said five persons, so nominated by lot as aforesaid, shall i^pear to have a majority of the votes or sufiBrages of all the freemen then present, he shall thereupon imme- diately be esteemed, and is thereby declared to be duly elected to serve as a member of the said common council, of the said city of Cork."

A court of D'Oyer Hxmdred was convened on the 29th of January, 1721, where a number of bye-laws were enacted, to check jobbery and corruption. Here is one of them: —

" And whereas, the mayors for the city, for some time heretofore, have collected several petty duties from the freemen at large, contrary to their rights and franchises ; which duties, and all pretence of right to the levying or taking the same from the freemen from henceforth, to be abolished ; by which means the main- tenance usually allowed the mayor will be very much lessened. It is enacted, ordained, and agreed, that the present mayor, William Hawkins, Esq., shall have a salary of three hundred and sixty-five pounds sterl. allowed him, for the support and honour of the magis- tracy for this present year, to be paid quarterly by the

184 HISTOBT OF COBK.

chamberlaiii of this oity, during such time as he shall serve as mayor thereof. And that the salaries of all succeeding mayors shall be fixed the last Monday in June, in open court of D'Oyer Hundred."

This bye-law had not the effect of curing the evil complained of, for we find John Swete, mayor in 1758, committing a number of tradesmen to bridewell for refusing to pay exorbitant quarterage to their masters. The tradesmen brought the matter before the King's Bench, where an attachment was issued to take the mayor into custody. But he got off with a fine of £600, ^^ provided he never again committed the same offence."

The conduct of the common council is next over- hauled by this court of D'Oyer Hundred : —

^^And whereas, for some time past, the common council did and have assumed a power of taking up money at interest, for the use, or pretended use, of the corporation, without the consent of, or consulting the other freemen and members thereof, whereby the revenues of the city were often loaded with unwar- rantable and imnecessary debts. And forasmuch as this is a matter of general concern to all the constituent parts of the whole community, and every member thereof, and ought therefore to have the most puUio consideration and sanction thereto, for avoiding the like mischief and inconveniencies for the future, and that the city may not hereafter contract any debt, but what shall be judged absolutely proper and necessary, and receive the most public assent thereto. It is enacted, ordained, and established, and from henceforth no money shall be borrowed or taken up at interest,

JOBBEBT IN THE COUNCIL. 185

for the use of the corporation, unless the consent of the mayor, sherifGs, and commonalty, or the major part of them, as aforesaid, be first had in open court of D'Oyer Hundred: and further, that all bonds perfected, or other securities entered into, for any such sum or sums of money so taken up, shall be signed by the then mayor, the sheriffs, (or one of them) and the common speaker for the time being, and the city seal affixed to them. And in case it should so happen that a common speaker, notwithstanding such consent to the commons so first had, should refuse to sign, that the then commons may assign any other person to do it; which signing of Sx so appointed shall be equally yalid, as if done by the common speaker, provided that the same be done openly, in ihe said court of D'Oyer Hundred.'^

The next enactment is a very wise one : —

^^ It is enacted, ordained, and established, that from henceforth no lawsuit shall be commenced, or defence in any one taken, on the part or account of the corpo- ration, unless the same shall be first agreed and con- sented to by the mayor, sherifis, and commonalty, or the major part of them, as aforesaid, in open court of D'Oyer Hundred."

We find Dominick Sarsfield, the Catholic mayor in 1689, directing Michael Goold, his attorney, to recover firom John Cornish, a butcher, the sum of sixty pounds — the rent of Spittal Lands — for a society of Jesuits then living in Cork. The Spittal Lands are now the property of the Cork Blue-coat School.

It was enacted, on the same occasion, that no public work or building shall be undertaken before an esti-

I

186 HISTORT OF OOBK.

mate of the charge and plan of the work is laid before the commonaltyy and their consent obtained in open court.

It was also enacted, '^ That every treasurer and chamberlain shall, at least once a-year, bring in his accounts to be audited in a Court of D'Oyer Hundred."

It was also enacted, ^^ That a duplicate book of all the revenues and incomes of the corporation, and of all the money disbursed or issued out for the puUie service, shall, for the future, be provided and kept for the common council, which book shall be always brought upon the table whenever they assemble, the said book to be prepared and kept by the common speaker for the time being."

It was also enacted, ^^ That no grant, lease, demise, or conveyance whatsoever, shall be made of any lands, tenements or hereditaments, or other the revenues or interests belonging to this corporation, unless there shall be first ten days public notice given, by affixing the same, in writing, on some public place of the New Exchange of this city, after which it shall be put up to cant, and disposed of to the highest bidder, who, being accepted of as a substantial and solvent ten^it, shall have a deed or lease thereof perfected to him in open Court of D'Oyer Hundred."

It was further enacted, " That no gift, grant, or donation whatsoever, of any of the lands, tenements^ or hereditaments, belonging to the corporation, or of any of the revenues, income, or interests thereof shall be good or valid to any person whatsoever, unless the same be approved of, and agreed to, in open Court of D'Oyer Hundred."

CORPORATION PROPERTY. 187

The mayor and council disposed of, from time to time, a great deal of valuable corporate property. Nicholas Dunscombe, Esq., of King-Williamstown, unites me to say: —

" On the 27th of March, 1686, a lease of the North Strand was made by the corporation to Alderman Koblett Dunscombe, for 399 years, rent £2 10s. A lease of part of the north-east marsh was also made by the corporation to said Alderman Noblett Dunscombe for eyer, rent £1 Is. 6|d. A lease of the south-east marsh — ^the great marsh of Cork — alias Dunscombe's marsh, was also made by the corporation to said Alderman Noblett Dunscombe for ever, rent £26. After the siege of Cork, 1691, the south-east marsh, alias Dunscombe's marsh, was surrendered by said Alderman Noblett Dunscombe, being too dear. The council accepted the surrender, and granted a new lease for ever, rent £10, and a fine of £100. Said Alderman Noblett Dunscombe also held another marsh, but after the siege of Cork, 1691, surrendered it, and some years after it was leased to Mr. Pike."

The corporation let, sold, mortgaged, gave, and jobbed away their lands and strands, fisheries, mar- kets, prisage tolls, everything. No young spenthrift heir ever ran through a handsome estate with more recklessness than the old mayors and coimcil-men of Cork. Take the following. It is

" A schedule of lands hereditaments mortgadged by the maior and corporation of Cork to be redeemed : —

** The fishing pooles with Mr. George Gould, John Coppinger, alderman, and Mr. Edmund Morrough, of the said citty, merchant, for the sum of 200 IL

188 HISrOBY OF COBE.

^^ The common land, the two fairs and the market, a pine of wyne of eyerie shippe or barge under pri- sadge, 250 IL

^^ The fees and duties of the market barrel, and the fees and duties of the water bailifs, with Mr. John Coppinger, alderman, and with Maurice Boche, of the said citty, merchant, for the sum of , 120 IL

" The prize, [tanen qu ?] with Henry Gould Ktz- Feeres, of the said citty, merchant, for the sum of ; 50 IL

^^ The cellars or shops under the tollsie, with Edward Boche Fitz-Morns, for the sum of 80 IL

^^ The market-house which Stephen Miagh holds by lease for the rent of xy. li. per annum, and in mort- gage, for the sum of 180 IL

"Item, Upon the college, to Walter Coppin- ger, ••.. 80 IL

" Item, Upon part of the same, to Mr. John Cop- pinger, 50 IL

" The rent reseryed upon a pair of stairs, and a backside, next to the county court, with Maurice Boche, for x.lLorziL

"Item, Upon the tower which Edmond Pounoh holdeth, 15 U.

" That the eighth day of August, 1627, Dominiok Boche, alderman, appeared before us in the tollaelly and deliyered 8uj£cient discharges of all the mortgages contained in this schedule, according the annexed coyenants to that effect. Witness our hands.

William Hobb, Mayor. Jom^ Meade, Becorder. John Coffingeb. John Goxtld.

Jahes Coffinoee. — Tyert.

'the CORK GUILDS. 189

We disooyer from another of the Boche MSS., dated the 20th of March, 1620, that the city tolls were let to Dominick Eoche, Alderman, for the space of twelve years, on condition of his binding himself to bestow £200 on ^^ a strong and sufficient gate-hottse, in and upon the north gate of the said citty," and " two sufficient stone bridges in the said citty, over the river where the timber bridges now are " — the one at the north and the other at the south gate. He stipulates to do this work within ten years, pix)vided there be no pestilence or plague within the city, or no war arise, whereby the toll or *^ tax may become of less value."

There were twenty-four guilds, or sub-corporate bodies in connexion with the corporation, who had their own special privileges and franchises. First, the merchants' guild, the date of which I cannot give. The guilds of goldsmiths, saddlers, bridle makers, pewterers, plumbers, tin-men, lattin workers, founders, braziers, glaziers, and upholsterers, were incorporated in 1657, the carpenters in 1667, the skinners in 1676, the victuallers in 1688, the masons, 1696, the coopers, 1702, the bakers, 1708, the cordwainers, 1724, the barkers, 1734, the brewers, 1743, and the painters, sawyers, and brogue-makers in 1787.

There was nothing more common in those days than for these guilds to bestow the freedom of the city upon persons who had no title or qualification for such a privilege. This was done by one of the guilds electing the honored individual as a member. The Lord Lieutenant * visits our city, and receives its freedom

* The Lord ZieuUtiant.-^asmarj 28th, 1781. "The freedom of the city W8» presented to the Lord Lieatcnant m a gold box, and to his secretary in a silyer box." Dec. 30, 1784. The freedom of the city was voted to the Duke of Butland

190 mSTOET OP OORK.

in a golden box, as a member of the honorable guild of bakers. A bishop or an archbishop arriyes, and receives a like honor from the brewers. An admiral or a great general comes, and there is a contention between the painters, skinners, tailors, and brogue- makers, for adopting the gallant stranger.

The sheriffs of Cork waited on the Duke of Rich- mond in Dublin, to whom they presented an address from the corporation, and the freedom of the city in a gold box; and to Sir Arthur Wellesley, who was then chief secretary, the freedom of the city in a sUyer box. The sheriffs were offered the honor of knight- hood,* which they declined.

We know of no more noble institution of our fore- fathers than that which bestows political and civio privileges as the reward of art and industry in any of the recognised trades; nor one that has been more scandalously perverted from its original purpose, and employed for the oppression of those — ^tradesmen and mechanics— it was originally established to aid and honor. The honor or privilege of a freeman of any one of these guilds is lowered and degraded by being bestowed upon a mere gentleman. A cook received the freedom of Youghal in 1689, on condition that he should dress the mayor's feasts ; and a barber, on con- dition that he should shave the corporation. We may smile, but there was reason in this, there was a quid

in a gold box, and to Sir Alexander Schombeiv in a silyer box. His Boyal BiA* ness Prince William Henry, arrived in Cork December 2, 1787» danced with MM Fitton, Miss EeUet, Lady Ualy, Miss Becher, and Mrs. Azmstead^ ind got Ul freedom in a gold box.

« The honor of knighthood,— k story is told of this Duke of Bichmond'a bcraig knighted an inn-keeper, with whose nands he was delighted. We beliere it vie Charles II. who knighted the rib of the ox, which is now ityled a " tMeikC* By whom the ^^ Baron of beef " was ennobled we cannot say.

FREEMXN^S BIGHTS SOLD. 191

pro quo here; but to give private and professional gentlemen the franchise of shoemakers or tailors — the Bev. Mr. Gregg, the great controversialist, votes in the Dublin corporation as a member of the guild of tailors — is to rob the tradesman of his rights and civic honors. The proper door of admission is the possession of some honest art or calling. He that enters in any other way should be looked upon as a thief and a robber. But if tradesmen will give away, or sell, or transmit from father to son, those privileges that belong to the honest apprentice, as much as a diploma does to a medical student, they must bear the consequences in the decrease of their civic status. The freeman's franchise has been often sold for five, and on some occasions for one pound. Eichard Fitton tried his right to the freedom of the city — as the eldest son of Mr. Burgess Fitton, then living — and succeeded.

But Catholics were most conscientiously excluded. No matter what the character or qualifications of a Catholic tradesman, or merchant, the guild door was firmly closed against him. All the privileges of free- men were confined to the Protestants.

There was published, at this time, a sort of political squib, entitled, " The Humble Petition of Patrick O'Connor," who was seeking the situation of excise- man. He declares, ** upon his honor," that he is *^ a gentleman of reputation, and an Irish Protestant, who loves his king, and values him at what he is worth, and wiU fight for him, or against him, or any of his relatives or acquaintances." This must have been a hit at the frequency with which many of the Cork Protestants had changed sides during the civil wars.

192 mSTORY OF CORK.

The expectant exciseman promises, should he be ap- pointed, " to see all, and everything, or nothing at all, as the case may be, of all such goods and commodities as pay, or should, or should not, pay duty." He also promises that he will not cheat the king more than what is now, and at all times, lawMly practised.

How Catholic merchants and tradesmen could raise their heads and flourish as they did, in the face of such disadvantages, is surprising. A pamphleteer, who signs] himself Alexander the Coppersmith, wrote " Eemarks on the Beligion, Trade, Government, Police, Customs, Manners and Maladies of the City of Cork/' in 1737, in which he gives his friends as many home thrusts as his enemies, for Alexander was a perfect Diogenes. He tells the Protestants, that through wealth, pride, envy and insolence, they have lost the trade of the city, which the Catholics have gained by vigilance. A most important branch of trade was the export of beef to our plantations. He sayB, that now " French gallies come hither, always consigned to a Popish factor,* whose relations and correspondenoe abroad, and union at home, whose diligence being more, and luxury less, than Protestants, will, at last, swallow up the trade, and suck the marrow of this city, and, like the ivy, will grow to be an oak, and prove absolute in their power over the commerce of those on whom they should be dependent for bread ; as a certain baronet observed, about four years ago, how secure do men of that religion live in despite of

* Dopish factor. By the charter of Charles I. it is enacted, that " no foreign merchant shalU within the city, bay from a foreigner, com, hides or wool, or any other merchandize, but from the said citizens." We conclude that these wordf, strictly interpreted, woidd exclude all who were not freemen^ i.e. Protestanti^ from trading with foreigners. The freemen only were to bo the factors.

I

I

PROTESTANT AND CATHOLIC DEALERS. 193

the law, wMlst Protestants look idly on, and by an easiness of temper, peculiar to themselves, suspend the execution of thox laws, which never required, not at their first meeting, a more severe execution than at this day.

" By running away with this profitable branch, not only the prejudice they do a Protestant trader, but the benefit arising to Popish dealers and tradesmen is destructive of the Protestant interest of the city. From the mutual kindness of all men under oppression, and a natural hatred of their oppressors, they deal with and always employ one anotlver. If a papist at the gallows wanted an ounce of :temp, he'd skip the Pro- testant shops, and run to M^' ^w Lane, to buy it ; and as the jurisdiction they acl Wledge is abroad, they would live independent of L e state at home, where they poison all things they touch. They have no regard to posterity ; they consider nothing but the present ; their schemes are always big with cunning, they want ingenuity, [ingenuousness] the life of business. In all works, regardless of the future, they mar the best undertakings, to make what they can of everything now."

There is something so extravagant, and at the same time so shrewd, in the remarks of Alexander the Coppersmith, that we feel disposed to rank him as a Catholic in disguise. The very name,* Alexander the Coppersmith, is that of an enemy in the camp. William Boles, one of the True-blue Protestants of those days, says, he can't find the Coppersmith in any of the reli-

• The very nam$. — " Alexander the Coppersmith did me much evil. The Lord ivwmrd him according to bis works.''—^^. PauTs second JEpiitle to Timothyy chap, 4, 9. 14.

TOL. n. 13

194 HISTORY OF OOBX.

gious sects of the city. '' If it be possible to fix suoh a yagrant in religion,^' he thinks it must be '^ among the Papists." Alexander must surely be sneering when he says, ^^ As the king, lords and commons have agreed upon the first [the Protestant] to be the most laudable mode of Christianity, I think every wise man must acknowledge, that in obedience to an act ofparUth menty we should be all of the established ohuroh."

In speaking of the great success of CathoUos, as the result of active industry in despite of corporate and guild privileges, he takes occasion to pour the most unmeasured contempt upon chartered rights, which had infiicted more permanent injury on those who possessed them, than on those who were denied them. He saw that the petted, pampered, and spoiled child had become the feeblest of the fiock. ^^ After tbe strictest scrutiny I could make into any privilege they can squeeze out of their charter, I really find that they have a right merely to exist, and meet by courtesy in the city court, where, by the power of custom, they may shut their door, talk of their grants, swallow their sack, and do nothing." But they did do some- thing, for he tells us in the same breath, ''The original intention of incorporating tradesmen was to discover and prevent frauds in trade, which valnaUa qualification they have converted into a power to raise money, oppress the workmen, and hunt them oat of the city."

Many of our Cork merchants must have been hor- ribly out at the elbows,* if anything like the following

* Out at the Mowt.-^A bye-law was passed in 1618, requiring ercrj ooiUMil- man who appeared in court| to oome in a good and aoffioient gown of hit owiiyMiid

THE BAILIFFS AKD MEBOHANTS. 196

la troey that about a hundred and fifty of them paid tfiB hsiliffii 80 much a-week, to give them time and mril trcatmoit. <^With what impudence will some cf flieM fellows approach a merchant, and sneer &mi* Enfy in his face upon change ; and they get more hats [ttfaitea] in walking the streets, than a mayor out of fSeaw If oyer I see an honest man salute a bailiff in Ab street, I immediately pronounce him his prisoner." the eourtiers," jb Lord Bacon, ^^ tiiose who fixBt to the citizens e in debt ; those who bow to US [Bacon was f ryer] are at law."

The landed proprietoi i or esquires without Hie city, no better off than the merchants. Mr. Jeffi*eys, if nsmey, had a horse that was able to scent a bailiff stk my reasonable distance, and bring his master off as nfe as Tam O'Shanter. An invaluable animal at such m period, and one that would have brought a high friee, if money had not been so scarce.

The condition of Cork prisons in the latter part of flie ei^teenth century, was not such as to reconcile a debtor to the loss of his personal liberty. It was not tin the year 1775 that a second door was opened in the south gaol, to separate the debtors from the crimi- nals. The debtors in the south gaol complained| throng the medium of the Cork papers, as late as Korember, 1782, that they were reduced to the neces- sity of drinking salt water : — " The debtors in the soath gaol were reduced to the necessity of drinking salt water very often for the last three months, their pomps being for a long time dry, and many of them

•o Vail owed gown, or ia defiralt, be censured tnd amerced or excluded fipom his of wimeinor natil h» should \mj n gown it novo.

196 HISTORY OF CORK.

in consequence very ill, they humbly besought the managers of the pipe water, through the newspapers of this day, [Nov. 20th, 1782,] to redress that great want." — Cork Remembrancer.

The labors of the philanthropist Howard had not as yet told favorably on the sad condition of the prisoner. This celebrated philanthropist visited our city on the 18th of June, 17 37. He was preceded by Sir James Fitzpatrick in 1786. " Sir James Fitzpatrick, a gentle- man of distinguished philanthropy, arrived in this city, after having made a tour through a great part of this kingdom, for the purpose of visiting the prisons* On the 4th [June] he made a minute inspection of the gaols of this city and county, in which he discovered many deficiencies and very great abuses. On the 5th and 6th he was entertained by the mayor and sherifib, and on the 7th was waited on, at his lodgings, by the ^ Cork Society for the Relief and Discharge of Confined Debtors,' who presented to him, in elegant binding, the printed account of their proceedings from their first institution, with an address, delivered by their secretary, the Rev. Francis Orpen."

But our city and county gaols possessed one property, which made compensation, at least to criminals, for most of their ills, it was easy to escape from th$m^ Nothing was more common in those days than ** breaking prison."

"Nov. 20th, 1782. One of the criminals, oonfine^ in the bridewell, made a hole through the roof, cmt rf which he leaped, and fell on a number of barrels on the head of a barrel carrier, who was acoidentally passing along, by which means he escaped.

BBEAKINQ PBISON. 197

^' Dec 27th, 1782. The criminals in the north gaol, hj the aflsistance of saws, cut their way through the ioor into the room where the keys were kept, which ftey broke open and got into the upper apartments, ad by making a rope fast, five let themselves down iodo the streets and escaped ; among the number was fhe noted Jack-a-boy, who was apprehended early on Mie following morning at Blackpool, and conducted Iftek to his old lodgings.

"Sept 20th, 1785. An attempt was made by the eriminals in north gaol to escape. To effect their purpose, they broke several of the inside doors to get to the top of the gaol, and from thence three conveyed themselves down by tying their blankets and sheets together. John Callaghan, otherwise Jaek-a-boy, a Bost notorious offender, and one Linehan, under sen- taiee of transportation, escaped; but the third was letaken, under a boat on one of the quays.

^*Sept. 9th, 1787. Three men, under sentence of trmsportation, ran out of the city gaol upon the door being opened; two of them were, however, stopped by the sentinel on the bridge, but the other made his

" Sept 26th, 1787. Three felons in the south gaol, under sentence of transportation, escaped from their dungeon through the sewer, and getting into the river, at low water, waded across to the north side, with bar- bolts on them. They were afterwards taken.

**Feb. 27th, 1791. A felon, confined in the county gaol, rushed out, when the latch was opened, and ran towards Hanover Street, over Wandesford's Bridge, where the turnkey overtook him ; upon this the villain

198 HISIOBY OF OOBK.

snapped a pistol twice at him, which, having miaied fire, he was immediately apprehended.

'' Oct. 11th, 1795. Serjeant MnlhaU, of the 105th, and some others, who had been concerned in the late mutiny, escaped from the bridewell of this city pro* yious to their undergoing the punishment they were to have received for the offence. It is said that the free-masons, to which he belonged, were oonoemed in his escape."

Alexander attributes the distress and insolvency of the merchants in his time, to the bankers, who dug their graves ; but if aU he says of the profligacy, stark glut- tony, duelling,* and expensive funerals of these men, be correct, they were ready for their graves before they got into the bankers' hands. Mr. Caulfield, ct Cork, has contributed the copy of an original document to the Journal of the Kilkenny ArchsBological Sociefy, (vol. i. pp. 75, 76, new series) which gives us s glimpse into the house of one of our city aldennen, Mr. Thomas Bonayne, who flourished in the middle of the seventeenth century, before Cork was in sudia bankrupt state, f We shall carry the reader no fiurther than the parlour and plate closet, premising that tlia bed-chambers had a fair supply of feather beds and good linen sheeting, and the kitchen a due stook (d plates and dishes, kettles, pans, brewing vats, and pM for aquavitaB, of which, as Sir George Carew wool^

* BueUing, — Alexander twits the Cork merchanta with qnazreQing "qB'< where cowardt are bound over. The man who draws hia iwoxd on ftfl '> would creep into its empty scabbard from real danger."

t Before Cork %oa» in tueh a bankrupt $UUe. — ^Dean Swift, wbo Tinted Ooik ^ 1706, says, " Cork, indeed, uhu a place of tnde, bnt, for acme yetti pMl| il ^^ gone to decay, and the wretched merchants, instead of being dMltt% m padl^ and cheats."

AN ALDBRMAN^S HOUSEHOLD. 199

y ^' no Irish gentleman's house is disfomished." We oommence with three drawing boards, Yalue £4 ; mx, stools, ooyered with Turkey carpet, £1 ; fonr plain MhMlb, 68. ; twelve chairs, great and small, £2 ; two ftMWiw for china we conclude — £1 ; two round tables, 16t. ; one Turkey carpet, £1. The plate closet contains silyer quilted Salter; one large and three small wine bowls ; one silver beer bowl, and a dozen ■trer spoons. There is also a little jewellery, a gold ■ad a silyer chain. The whole household stock is ^efaned at about a hundred pounds. A very moderate Mm for an alderman in those days. There was no SKtimYagance here. But this was long before the Cop- pMuuths' time, and before things had gone to the bad.

Alexander's remark on expensive funerals seems to be borne out by the will of a respectable citizen, named Zaehary Travers, who directs that he be ^^ buried with- out the pomp of aldermen."* Owen Began was a thirsty soul, and a man of a different mould, for he ordered a piper to play before his corpse, from his Isrose to the grave, and a gallon of ale to be poured on Usooflbi, which order was duly complied with. A man has been brought to life by pouring a scalding tumbler of punch down his throat, but never by ale. Here we may note that one Francis Taylor, who had been buried in 8t. Peter's church-yard, on the 1 9th of AprU, 1763, was found the next morning ^' sitting up in his grave, with his hands fall of clay." Bodies were laid near the surface in those days, a fortunate circumstance for Francis Taylor, but unfortunate for

^ With ^99^ o/aUUrmtn. A nuiyor of Cork tsked Bifhop Ltoo'i permiffioa Id attend ku wift'i funeral with swonl and maoe, and pomp of alaennen; and wv Th« biikop woold admit no iwoid or maoe to oTertopUf mitre.

200 HI8I0BY OF OOHK.

the health of the citizens generally^ and for those in the neighbourhood of St Peter's church in partionlar.

Some of the Protestant churches were going to de^ cay in the early part of the eighteenth century, as hat as the Protestant merchants. An act was passed in 1735, by the corporation, ^^ that the cathedral church of St. Fin-Barry, in the city of Cork, was, by length of time, grown so ruinous and decayed, that it was not safe for the inhabitants of said parish to attend diyine service therein, and that it had become absolutely necessary to pull down the same in order to have it rebuilt, and that the economy of the dean and chapter belonging to said cathedral, by reason of the smallness of its fund, and that the inhabitants of said parish, by reason of their poverty, were unable to support the whole charge of rebuilding the cathedral."

Another act was passed by the said corporation— « ^^That the parish of Saint Nicholas, in the south suburbs of the city of Cork, was so small, and the bounds thereof so intermeddled with other small oon- tiguous parishes, or parts of the said south liberties, called and described by the name of parishes (and in which no church was or could be built), that no pro* vision could be made for the support of a clergyman to officiate in the church then built, in said parish, nor even to repair said church, and in which, on that account, there had been no divine service for some time, and that said church was in danger of going to ruin. And also reciting that the inhabitants of the parishes, or parts of the south liberties called by these names, viz., St. Bridget's, St. John's of Jerusalem, St. Nicholas's, St. Stephen's, St. Mary's, and St. Domi*

PS0TE6TANT AND CATHOLIC CHUBCHES. 201

nick's, had there no church to resort to for the public worship of God, for remedy whereof it was enacted, that the Bishop of Cork, with the approbation of the archbishop, and consent of the dean and chapter, and a majority of the inhabitants of the said parishes, might, at a vestry in St. Nicholas's church, unite said parishes to St. Nicholas's parish for ever, provided, however, as the parish of St. Bridget was then the corps of the chancellorship of the cathedral, that the united parish of St. Nicholas should ever thereafter be deemed and construed to be the corps of the chancel- lorship of same, and that the chancellor of the cathe- dral should be deemed and become, to all intents and purposes whatsoever, the rector and minister of said united and newly erected parish of St. Nicholas.

The Catholic faith and worship were advancing as fast as the Protestant religion was declining : —

" A.D. 1698. There were in this county 30 regular clergy and 97 seculars, of whom 75 were this year shipped off from Cork, their passage and provisions being paid for by act of parliament.

"A.D. 1703. Sixty- two Eoman Catholic priests were registered in the county and city of Cork, of whom fifty-two were in the county and four in the city.

"A.D. 1729. The north and south chapels weie built.

"A.D. 1732. According to a return made by the hearth-money collectors in this and the following year, there were in the city of Cork 2,569 Protestant and 6,398 Eoman Catholic families."

Alexander, after descanting on the decay of the Protestant and the increase of the Boman Catholic

202 mSIOBT 07 OOBK.

faith, gives the ProteBtants of all denominatioiui the following good advice, which we have somewhat oon- densed. He recommends them to seek the good-wiU of their flocks, not by crouching, but by waUdng uprightly ; he teUs them to visit the sick m pur9e^ as well as the sick in body and soul ; that tbey should heal fractures among neighbours, by cordial interposi- tions ; he says that ^^ many preachers are weU skilled in the dark Back-shambles of divinity, lose their way in the Main street of religion." ^^ As to the younger dealers in divinity, of whom this city is pretty well stocked, they belie the register-book, out-date their age, set their faces in a frame, and plait their brows into such an affected sadness as makes Christianity look uncomfortable." We forgive the Coppersmith all he has said of the butter-dealers for this good advice.

The Earl of Orrery, writing to Dean Swift in 1736, says, ^^The butchers are as greasy, the Quakers as formal, and the Presbyterians as holy and full of the Lord, as ever. All things are in statu quo : even the hogs and pigs* grunt in the same cadence as of yore. Unfurnished with variety and drooping under the natural dulness of the place, materials for a letter are as hard to be found as money, sense, honestyi or truth."

On the 14th of May, 1764, nineteen master-barben were convicted at the quarter-sessions of exerdsiDg the functions of their trade on the Lord's day, and ordered to pay a crown fine for each offence. One of

* Eoen Uu hogi and pifft. The city was at one time lo orer-nm vitk «nima^ that the mayor WW obliged to let i?(i7-^h9w to abate tt^

HALF-FENNY 8HA7BBS. 203

them was found guilty of shaying three peESons at a half-penny each, for which he was fined three orowna. He was, however, excused from paying the fines, upon promising not to offend again*

It would appear from the foregoing, that the wrath of the prosecutors — ^whom we conclude were members of the honorable guild of barbers — ^was levelled against the half-penny shave. ^^ To shave a gentlemaui and powder his five sons' hair,'' cost five shillings a-quarter about a hundred and twenty years ago, but we can draw no conclusion firom this, as we are not able to say how often a gentleman shaved in the quarter.

The following was a more serious nuisance flian that of shaving for a half-penny, but we do not find it sup« pressed: —

'^ April 16, 1764. — ^A great number of fellows were at this time in the habit of assembling in Hammond's Fields, near Blarney, every Sunday evening, many of them armed with swords, in open contempt of magis- tracy, where they divided themselves into two parties, in order of battle, and generally maintained a running fight for several hours, in which some of both parties seldom failed getting broken heads ; from thence some of their leaders, after their evening's diversion, used to remove the scene of action to the city, and continue rioting the remainder of the night. Before the beginning of the previous war — ^when knocking down, street robberies, and sometimes murders, were so fre- quent here, that the inhabitants were afraid to stir outside their doors after night-fall — it was in those same fields that the ruffians assembled." — Tuck^^ p. 140.

204 HISIOBT OF GOBK.

Highway robbery and burglary were of frequent occurrence both in city and county. A tailor named Patrick Bedmond was hanged in G^ows Green, on the 10th of September, 1766, for robbing the house of John Griffin. He was cut down, after hanging exactly nine minutes. An actor, named Glover, succeeded, by dint of friction and fumigation, in restoring the circu- lation, and bringing him to life. He rose, got drunk, and went that night to the theatre to return Glover thanks, to the consternation and horror of the whole audience. He was the third tailor that had outlived hanging during ten years.

That very clever thief, Jack-a-boy, gave the authorities great trouble, for he was as agile as a monkey, and had displayed the same ability in gettMg out of, that he did in getting into prison. He was more than once whipped from the North to the South gate, without curing him of his propensities. A daring robber, named Bill Thunder, was shot down — after various hair-breadth escapes — by a party of gentlemen, near Mallow. These robbers and burglers enjoyed a large portion of the public sympathy. Take the following example : —

*^ April 18, 1767. — Jeremiah Twomey was executed at Gallows Green for robbing the dwelling-house of Joanna Norton, at Crosses Green. Her husband was so ill-treated the night of the robbery, that he died in some time after. Twomey was convicted of the robbery alone. The general opinion was that he died innooent» in consequence of which the mob brought him from the gallows, in his coffin, to the prosecutor's door, where they bled him, took the rope off his nedc, threir'

PUBUC EXECUTIONS AND PILLORY. 205

it in the window, besmeared the door and window- shutters with his blood, whilst showers of stones were pelted at the windows from every quarter. During this time, Mrs. Norton resolutely defended her house, threw the rope into the South river, and fired several shots at the mob. No person was, however, hurt. A party of soldiers soon came to her assistance, some of whom were left as a guard all night at the house.

" On the following day, as the executioner was pass- ing through the Main Street, he was attacked by the populace, who followed him a mUe out of town, pelting him with sticks and stones, by which he was des- perately wounded ; he was brought on a oar, by the dieriffs, to the South Infirmary. What more particu- larly exasperated the mob against him was, his having stripped Twomey's shoes off, while the body was hang- ing, claiming them as a perquisite of his reputable profession." — Tuchey^ p. 148 & 149.

We had in those days, as well as the present, female thieves and pickpockets. " During the interment of a corpse in St. Fin Barry's church-yard, a young woman, decently dressed, was detected picking a gen- tleman's pocket, which he soon discovered, and on examining her, found no less than seven handkerchiefs upon her, which were restored to the owners. The populace, afterwards, set the culprit in the stocks, where they threw several things at her, till it was thought she received sufficient punishment for such practices."

The pillory was at this time quite an improved ma- chine. It turned on a swivel, so that the full face of the tortured culprit might present a fair target for the

206 HISTDRT OV CORK.

rotten eggs, dirt and stones of every imp in the rabble ring.

A shoemaker underwent the newly-adopted operation of tarring and feathering, on the 24th of August, 1784.

We are disposed to rank the pillory and tarring and feathering under the head of popular amusements. In the same class we may place cock-fighting and bull-baiting. The former was deemed a sport fit for a gentleman. ^^ March 7th, 1767. A great cock-matoh between Bichard Longfield, of Castle-Mary, in the county of Cork, and Mr. Burton, in the county of Carlow, ended and was won by the latter."

This sport was held in high esteem in England, where ^^ a pious old cock-fighter " ordered that a main should be fought on his coffin lid before he was buried. Throwing at cocks was not in the same repute. "February 4th, 1770. This day, to the disgrace of Christianity and breach of the Lord^s day, a number of grown fellows assembled in different parts of the city to partake of the cruel amusement of throwing at cocks, which it was expected would continue till Shrove-tide."

Bull-baiting was also esteemed a plebeian sport. "June 11th, 1770. Some inhuman savages forcibly took a bull in the north suburbs, and after having driven him through the city with dogs, had him baited in the south suburbs for some hours, when the tormented creature ran from their carnage back into the city, which obliged the inhabitants to shut up their shops, and put an end to all business ; the bull being unable to proceed further than Broad Lane, was there, and near the Exchange, baited by dogs and

ANONTHOns LBTIEB-BOX. 207

their l)rother brutes^ armed with Btioks, for near five hours; and after having frightened four pregnant women into fits, tossed a horse nearly as high as a sign-post, threw a decrepid beggar and a standing of stockings into the kennel, gaye up the remains of his tortured life in a narrow lane, much to the disappoint- ment of his savage persecutors, and to the loss of his owner."

A similar practice prevailed in bofli Dublin and London. Spitalfield weavers, as late, at least, as 181 8, were in the constant habit of driving these animals stark mad. I suspect that some of these inhuman sports were imported into Ireland from the other side of St. George's channel.

A curious mode of abating public nuisances was adopted by the mayor in 1786 — ^that of " an ananfftnous Utter 'loxy This was placed near the Exchange. This reminds us of the Lion's Mouth, at St. Mark's, in Venice, through which every cowardly assassin whis- pered his spite into the ear of the doge and the council of three. But we can make allowance. "We conclude that the following note, addressed to the sheriffs in the October of 1772, was a fair specimen of the letters that might be dropped into the anonymous letter box : " Several of the inhabitants, who live near the Ex- change, present their respectful compliments to the iiew sheriffs, to remove a most flagrant nuisance from before their doors, that of a Breeches Market^ held there every Wednesday and Saturday, to the great ^ixnoyance of passengers, and highly indiscreet, as Overgrown fellows are frequently fitted with small- clothes in view of the females who pass by.*'

208 HISTOHT OF GORS.

If we are to believe Sir Henry ChristoU, or Castide, the Irish, at one time, wore no breeches. " The fourth day," says this good knight, in his narration to Frois- sart, " I ordayned other tables to be covered in the hall, after the usage of Englande, and I made these four kings to sit at the hyghe table, and their minstrels at another board, and their servants and varlets at another beneath them, whereof by semynge they were displeased and beheld each other, and wolde not eate, and sayd howe I wolde take from them their good usage, where- in they had been nourished. When they had heard that they suffered it, because they had put themselves under the protection of the King of England, they persevered in the same as long as I was with them* But yet they had one custom, which I knew well was used in their countrye, that tvaSj they dyde wear no brecheSj so I caused breches of lynen clothe to be made for them."

A more serious nuisance than that of the breediies market was that of public rioting, which was carried to a fearful extent during the latter half of the 18th century. The mayor of 1761, Andrew FranHin, had a Serjeant and twelve men to mount guard, at his door, during his last three months of office.

"April 28th, 1768. For some weeks past a great number of idle vagabonds had annoyed the city, by assembling in different parts of the suburbs on the Sabbath day, for the purpose of cutting and hadkiagi not only one another, but any of the inhabitants who might fall in their way. Several pitched battles were appointed to be fought by these gentry about the May- pole."

i

TRADE RIOTS. 209

'' December 31st, 1769 : — ^Bioting had beoome so common in this city, that it was not safe for any person to stand at his door without some weapon of defence, a most glaring instance of which appeared this evening. Four peaceable persons, near the Exchange, (two of whom were women) were insnlted, cut, and beaten, by one Mat Beily, a journeyman saddler, a most notorious offender, who came up to them severally armed with a knive, hammer, and stick, and used them as above, for no other reason than bidding him go about his business. Informations were immediately lodged against him, and a parish constable took him prisoner; he afterwards rescued himself, and nearly murdered the constable ; but he was subsequently retaken."

Some of these were trade, and others food riots. The tradesmen of Cork and Dublin were at fierce war in 1766 and the following years. Six hundred and forty pounds was granted in 1766, to Samuel Beale, Sobert Stevally, John Litchfield, Mary Simmons, and Thomas Beeby, in compensation for goods — manufac- tured in Dublin — and which had been destroyed on their way to Cork, by a riotous mob.

"January 11th, 1772. — A number of men this evening, with their feces blackened, and armed with hangers and bludgeons, entered the shop of a respect- able citizen, a woollen draper, near North Bridge, where they behaved in a most riotous and cruel man- ner, put out the candles, broke his shop windows in pieces, and cut, spoiled, and carried off large quanti- ties of his goods. No reason could be assigned for this outrage, but that he sold English and Dublin goods.*'

▼OL. n. H

mo HISTORY OF COBE.

** January 15th, 1772. — Some carts on their way to the city, with goods, were attacked near Dablin-hiU by a number of misguided people, who, by throwing great quantities of stones, obliged several of the owners, who were escorting them, to fly and leave the goods to their examination, which, after opening a box or two, they suffered to pass.''

*^ April 1st, 1772. — ^Four men destroyed a sloop near the Old Draw-bridge. She had a loom on board, of a new construction, which had been brought from Dublin."

The woollen trade of Cork, and Dublin also, was destroyed by the act passed in the reign of William and Mary for discouraging the Irish woollen trade. Addresses were presented in June, 1698, to the Houses of Lords and Commons against the Irish woollen trade, when William III. used these remarkable words : " I shall do all thai in me lies to discourage tJie woollen fnanu- faciure in Ireland^ and to encourage the Unm trade ^ therCy and to promote the trade of England.^^

The trade of a country takes a long time dying as well as growing, but there can be no doubt that the woollen trade of Cork and Dublin received a mortal thrust in 1698. On the 22nd of July, 1754, that is flfty-six years after the king had given this gracious reply to the English woollen manufacturers, four hun- dred weavers and combers walked in procession to the Cork gallows — a very significant place — with an effigy, we are not told of whom, dressed in chintz and foreign cotton, which they burned. They went farther than this^

* Linen Trade, — The success of the linen trade was owing, ai we bttve ahflWi^ ToU ii.y p. 47, to the exertions of the Earl of Strafford.

FOOD RIOTS. 211

for several linen and cotton gowns were burned on the backs of the wearers, being sprmkled with aqua-fortis.

Food riots, as a natoral consequence, follow trade riots. The people cry, first, " give us work: we are able and willing to do it." When this cannot be had, their cry is " Iread ! " and a terrible cry it is.

" Oct. 18, 1765. A mob, consisting of several hun- dred of butchers and weavers, armed with hatchets, cleavers, long knives and sticks, went through the city, and visited several of the merchants' cellars in search of meat and other provisions, which it had been reported were cellared up for exportation. They found little, besides some empty hampers, of which they made a bonfire on Mall Isle, supposing they were designed for transporting provisions in. They were put down by the military, headed by the city sheriffs, who apprehended seven of the most forward of them and committed them to the city gaol, but soon after- wards liberated them."

Provisions were so scarce this year that the mayor gave notice, that if any were shipped for exportation he would ^^ cause the same to be unladen and sold in the public market."

" March 12th, 1778. A mob assembled in the city and its suburbs, under pretence of searching for pro- visions, alleged to have been for exportation to the North of Ireland, and destroyed a great deal of property, breaking the doors and windows of several of the mer- chants' warehouses, and cutting down the masts, and destroying the rigging of ships. During the riot, some shots were fired, which killed two men and wounded several"

212 mSTOBT OF OORK.

Wheat was at this time about 29s. 6d. a bag ; oats and meal, 2s. 8d. a peck ; and potatoes, 5d. a wdght of 21 lbs. The following list gives us the weight and price of the household loaf,* and the price of wheat, meal, oats, and potatoes in Cork, from 1771 to 1800 inclusive : —

Tear.	Weight of the Six-pennj Hooiebold loaf:	Wheat per Bag.	Oatmeal per Peek.	Ftitatoea per Weight
	lh».	OB,	dr$.	«. d.	A	A	9.	d.
1771	5	4	0	23 0	2	8	0	5
1772	4	15	0	27 6	3	3	0	7
1773	4	10	0	28 6	2	2
1774	4	4	0	30 6			0	10
1775	6	0	1	27 0	2	0	0	4
1776	5	0	7	24 6	3	0	0	8
1777	5	7	2	24 0	2	0	0	H
1778	4	6	4	29 6	2	8	0	6
1779	5	15	5	21 0	2	2	0	S
1780	6	6	1	18 6	2	2	0	3
1781	4	14	0	25 0	2	8	0	6
1782	4	4	0	30 0	2	8	0	4
1783	4	6	0	30 6	3	8	0	9
1784	3	12	7	34 0	3	4	0	6
1785	6	15	5	21 0	2	0	0	2
1786	4	8	2	27 6	3	8	0	9
1787	4	14	0	25 6	3	0	0	H
1788	5	0	1	24 6	3	0	0	4
1789	4	2	0	31 6	2	8	0	4
1790	3	13	6	31 9	3	4	0	6
1791	4	1	0	31 0	3	8	0	5
1792				23 0	3	0	0	8»
1793	4	2	2	28 1	3	8	0	10
1794	3	5	1	36 0	3	8	0	4
1795	3	2	0	41 6	4	0	0	4
1796	3	4	4	39 6	4	0	0	H
1797	4	9	0	22 3				0
1798	3	7	2	32 0
1799	3	5	6	34 9	4	4	0	8
1800	1	14	0	59 0	8	8	1	4

* Soiuehold loaf. An order of the Court of lyOjer Hondxttd WM vmtdt December Srd, 1794, for the erection of public oTens, to be med whin fhe oSiii should not think proper to supply the citizens with bread of tlit k^ rfnu Ground near the Com Market was ordered to be tdten fbir tfaa new bakflcj.

PBICE OF PBOYISIONS. 213

The price of bread was proportionably higher, judging from our own times, than other articles. Butter was at this time about 4d. a pound ; brandy. Is. l^d. a quart ; claret from 9s. to 12s. a dozen.

Cheap wine and brandy led to hard drinking,* which prevailed in Cork to a fearful extent during the latter half of the eighteenth century. This habit was also fostered by the great number of political clubs and rendezvous houses which prevailed at this period. The Friendly ClUb was the first and most important. It was originally composed of the party who defeated the old corporation, and introduced new principles of civic government.

A cmious tract appeared in 1751, entitled ^' A Bamble through Bagdad, in a Letter from Philologos to his Friend,'' from which we take the following sketch. " Tender's a group of figures, by appearance men, but by their actions and their passions, rather monsters transformed to human shape." Harsh language this for the reformers of the old corporation. We have pictures of the principal members — by an old corporation man, we suspect. Mr. Thomas Bousfield, the founder, or father, of the club, a man of gravity, is styled Saturn ; Eobert Travers, who was never known to delay the bottle in its circuit round the table, Bacchus ; Adam Newman, a fiery man, with an impe- diment in his speech, Aaron Hothead ; Bobert Wrixon, Simon Foolspate ; Francis Carleton, remarkable for his pomposity and grandeur, Scalpin Lofty ; and William Owgan, the principal speaker, Orator Club. The

* Hard drmkmg, Philip Luckombe, speaking of sedan chairs, the &re of trbich was 4d. in 1778, says — ''These vehicles are extremelT convenient for the foUowen of Bacchus, who has a great number of votaries in tnia ci^."

214 HISTORY OF CORK.

object of the club seems to have been to promote the interests of the members of the corporation. They are described by Alexander the Coppersmith as ^^ persons who wanted to get into power, and for this end th<ey throw dust in your eyes."

A regular drinking club was established by trades- men in the city, the number of letters in whose christian names amounted to forty-five. They met at a publio- house where they spent forty-five pence each, and each drank exactly forty-five glasses of punch, which pro- duced forty-five toasts and sentiments, including the glorious memory, and a prayer against despotic rulers.

These political and drinking clubs became so much in vogue, that a number of gentlemen's servants estab- lished one in George's Street, ^^ and such a degree of respectability had this place of resort attained, that printed cards of invitation were regularly issued to the members on the nights of meeting." But the Cork magistrates, who seem to have had no proper appreciation of " high-life below stairs," suppressed this most respectable institution, on the 16th of Decem- ber, 1788, and, what is more extraordinary, committed a number of the members to bridewell. The masters of these servants probably wished to know where the money came from. The wages of men servants, about a hundred and twenty years ago, were from three to four pounds a-year. A brigadier-general's coachman got as much as six pounds a-year ; but this would not pay for printed cards. Paper, at this time, was eight or nine pence a quire.

This severity did not proceed from any disindinatiou on the part of the citizens for social or public amuse-

CLX7BS AND ASSEMBLY-ROOMS. 215

inents. They resorted, in 1760, to a green on Ham- mond's Marsh, where they had a band of music. In the adjoining Assembly- House they had cards, and dancing, twice a-week. A new Assembly-House was erected in George's Street, and a large room, with a music gallery,* and suitable apartments, in Tuckey Street, in 1770.

A great change has taken place since then. The first Assembly-House became the site of a Methodist, the second of an Independent Chapel, The Music Boom, in Tuckey Street, was, for some time, occupied as a Presbyterian place of worship.

The friendly feeling and social intercourse which existed between Protestant and Catholic, during a large portion of the eighteenth century, was owing to the concession, or silent submission, of the latter, to the deprivation of his civic and political rights and privileges. They consented to be patronised by their Protestant neighbours, and were therefore esteemed quiet and " genteel people." But this state of things coidd not last for ever. The Catholic merchants and tradesmen, who depended on nothing but their own industry and enterprise for success, were beginning to out-number and overtop the favored and pro- tected Protestants; they built better houses, kept better tables, drove handsomer carriages, and gave better fortunes to their daughters than the Protes- tants. Nor did they neglect to build better places of worship-t Mr. Philip Luokombe, who visited this city

* Ifutie gallery. — There were also weekly meetings called drunuy patronised by the military, where they promenaded, danced, and played cards. The price of ftdmiieion was small.

t Places of Wbrahip. The foundation of a Catholic Chapel was laid in Bandorn the 28th of April, 1796.

216 HISIOBT OF OORK.

in 1783, says, ^' On Sunday morning, early, I stepped into one of their mass-houses, and a spacious one it was. The priest had just finished the celebration of mass. There were seyeral elegant carriages standing before the door when I entered, and a prodigious crowd of people in the street, as motley an assemblage of human creatures as I had ever seen."

This prodigious crowd, or motley assemblage, began to feel its own power, or rather the people in the elegant carriages to estimate it, and see in what way it could be turned to their advantage, for their wealth was no compensation for the loss of political and civil rights, but rather a reason for their possessing them. But they must be cautious and bide their time, lor these were the days of American Independence, and of the great French revolution, when men in elegant oar« riages were carried to the guillotine. The volunteers of Belfast instructed their deputies — met at a conven- tion in Dublin in 1783 — to propose the admisdon of Boman Catholics to the rights of freemen, when Lord Eenmare, who was then esteemed the leader of the Irish Catholics, disavowed, in their name, any wish to be restored to these privileges. Low and prostrate as the Catholics were, this insult was too much for their patience. They assembled in a General Committee,* and disavowed both his lordship and his disavowaL They had not yet come to love the music of their chains, although they did not choose to have them knocked off by men like Wolfe Tone, or Maximilian Bobespierre. Their bosoms were beginning, at this

* Ommral Committee. — Composed of Catholic biBhops, coimtiT gvitUmtBi aad merclumto and traders, all resident in Dublin, who were named 07 tlie Cf^*^|ffii1ff^^ in the diiSerent corporate towns, to represent them, and goard their iatmrtik

CATHOLIC BIGHTS CONTEMNED. 217

time, to heave and swell with '^ the spirit of oniyersal emancipation/' which had swept like a hmricane oyer the eastern and western hemispheres. They petitioned the Irish parliament Their petition was treated with the utmost contempt,* and they, themselves, were de- signated as a rabble of obscure pot-drinking mechanics, who met in holes and comers, and fancied themselves the representatives of the Catholic body, which de- spised them. Flesh and blood could not endure this. Shame and indignation were boiling in the veins of the Catholic committee of Dublin. They would look no longer to the borough parliament of College Green, but look to themselves. They rose, coalesced with the dissenters and republicans of the North, and established the Society of United Irishmen. The English govern- ment had long anticipated such a state of things, and had prepared to meet it by the enrolment of Irish Protestants into militia and volunteer corps. But Irish Protestants acted for themselves. On the 15th of February, 1778, the corporation made a grant of three hundred guineas for raising troops for his majesty's ser- vice. The grant was confirmed by the Court JD'Oyer Hundred. The legality of raising troops, without the consent of parliament, was, at this time, under the consideration of English judges. On the 26th of March the following document was subscribed in Cork:

^' We, thb ukdernahed subsgbibebs, do aqbee to

IfiSOdAXE 0T7ESELVES FOB THB PUBPOSES OF PBESEBVING

• Uimcti eontempt. The Catholic petition had laid on the table of the house §K thx«6 days, idien it was rejected, on a special motion, by Dayid Latonche.

218

HISTORY OF COBK.

THE PBAGE OP THIS CnT, AND THE PR0PEBT7 OF ZHB US* HABITANTS THEBBOF. COBE, 26tH MaBCH, 1778.

Godfrey Baker, Jas. Morrison, John Terry, M. E. Westropp, Savage French, Paul Benson, Paul Piercy, Joseph Bogers, Noblett Bogers, Edw, Hoare, Thos. Boles, Biehd. Townsend, Wm. Saunders, John Digby, Wm, Harrington, John Snowe, Thomas Kift, James Ingram, Jas. Morrison, jr., James Sadler, Jno. Carleton, Christ. Waggett, Jo. Gates, James Kingston, Thomas Power, Bowl. Morrison, William Cotter, Timothy Hughes, Biehd. Harris,

Will. Mannix, Will Warren, Michl. Mahony, Willm. Badcliffe, Nobl. Johnson, Christ. Lawton, Thos. Benson, T. H. Coppinger, Henry Leahy, Vail. Johnson, Jasper Herriok, Gilbert MeUifont, Luke Foreman, James Bobinson, Christ Allen, James Baynes, John Hopkins, Thos. Cochrane, Saml. Jervois, Edward Sweeney, Jasper Bashleigh, Edward Daly, Mathew Bagnell, J. Wallis, James Carr, B. S. L. Atkins, Aug. Warren, Hugh Millards, Sampson Austen,

Ben. WhitestoOy Sampson Jervis, Sol. Newsom, W. Leyeester, Humph. Crowly, Jacob Crawford, Tho. Chatterton, Wm. Kennedy, Chas. Willoooksi Fitzmaur. Cogan, Wm. Beynolds, Joseph Bennett,. Great Smyth, Thoms. Smith, Hen. Hamilton, Fras. Dorman, Thomas Boiman, John Shaw, Thos. White, Bichard Clear, J. Gray Buddook, John Cuthbert| Bobt. Stawell, J. St. L. GiUman,. Peter Egan, Wm. Noroott^ Moore Hardawa^, Christ. Allen, Chas.

CJOBK VOLUNTEERS. 219

Jeffiry Piersy, WiU. WUoocks, P. Cossart Baker,

Peter Cossart, Jno. Jas. Murry, Henry Cuthbert,

Richi Perry, . Julius Besnard, Peter Hyald,

Boger Adams, Jno. Travers, John Cole,

Mann. Peacocke, J. Herbert Orpen, James Lee,

Joseph Harman, Aylmr. Allen, Jos. Gates,

John Cole, Ewd. Jameson, James Boyce,

George Archer, D. Mellifont, jr., Bobert Patterson,

Thorns. Wagget, John Woulfe, John Ths. Baron,

Chas. Denroche, Geo. Seymour, John Corker,

Jasper Lucas, John Connor, Fran. Busteed,

Tym. Lane, John Thompson, Thoms. Boles,

Thorns. Browne, John Peddy, Bobert Davies,

Hu. Sheworaft, Bichd. Beamish, Mat. Brown,

John Lapp, jun., Frans. Gray, E. W. Wilmot,

Bog. Q. Langley, Nicholas Kellett, Ferdinand Spiller,

John Bonand, Samuel Maylor, Bichard Lawton,

Wm. Digby, James Smith, Jams. Sweeds.

Henry Sheares,* Thomas Harding, Thoms. Gonnell.

Michl. Busteed, Michl. Hutchins,

The following is a correct list of the volunteers for this county, and the date of their enrolment. The cavalry consisted of one troop each : —

CAVALEY OP THE COUNTY COEK.

Texje Blue of Coek. Enrolled 1745. "Uniform: blue, laced silver, epaulets, white buttons. Furniture : goat-skin. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Kichard Earl of Shannon, and Captain Shaw.

MrrcHBLSTOWN Light Deaooons. Enrolled 1774. Uniform : scarlet, faced black, silver, epaulets, yellow

• Eenry Sheares^ the father of the " Two Shiora:*

220 HISIORT OF OOEK.

helmets, white buttons. Furniture : goat-akuii edged black. Officers in 1782 — Colonel Viscount Kings* borough ; Lieut.-Colonel, Henry Cole Bowen ; Majori James Badham Thomhill; Captain, Harmer Spiatt; Lieutenant, William Baymond ; Comet, William Al- sop; Chaplain, Thomas Bush; Surgeon, Dayid Fitz- gerald ; Secretary, John Eyan.

Blackpool House. Enrolled 1776. Uniform: green, laced gold, ditto epaulets, buff waistcoats and breeches. Furniture, goat skin. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, John Harding ; Lieut-Colonel, Thos. Barry ; Major, William Alexander; Lieutenant, Bradahaw Fopham ; Chaplain, Arthur Hyde ; Surgeon, Bidhaxd Maguire.

TouGHAL Cavalry. Enrolled 1776. Uniform: scarlet, faced white. Officers in 1782 — Captain com- manding, Bobert Ball ; Lieutenant, John Smith ; CShap- lain, Hon. Bobert Moore ; Secretary, John Segwidk.

Bakdon Cavalry. Enrolled 1778. Uniform : dark olive, green jacket, half lappelled, crimson velvet cuflb and collar, silver epaulets. Furniture : white dotli, hoseing and holster caps, embroidered. Device, B. G. harp and crown. Officers in 1782 — Colonel^ Sampson Stawell ; Major, John Moore Travers ; Captains, Bobert Waterhouse, Simon T. Davies ; Comet, Charles Ber^ nard ; Chaplain, Charles Hewitt.

MusEEBEY Blue, l. d. Enrolled 1778. Uniform : blue, lappelled, edged white, silver epauletSi idiite jackets, edged blue. Furniture : goat-skin. Qffioers in 1782 — Colonel, Bobert Warren; Lieut.-Golonel| Bobert Hutchinson; Major, Samuel Sweete ; LLeateoanf^

OORK YOLT7NTEBB8. 221

Thomas Coppinger ; Chaplain, Edward Kenny ; Adju- tant, Thomas Coppinger; Surgeon, Bichard Grey; Quuter-master, John Spread ; Secretary, James d' Al- tera.

DxTHALLOw Bakgebs. Enrolled 1778. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Hon. Charles Peroival; Lieut. -Colonel, William Wrixon; Major, Bobert Wrixon; Captain, George Crofts ; Comet, James Purcell ; Chaplain, Ar- thur Kiely ; Secretary, William Dore.

Imokillt Hobse. Enrolled 1778. Uniform : scar- let, faced black, yellow buttons, gold epaulets, yellow helmets, white jackets, edged red. Furniture : goat- skin, trimmed red. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Edward Roche; Lieut.-Colonel, Eobert McCarthy; Captain, Bobert Ball ; Comet, John Fitzgerald ; Chaplain, Jere- miah Heart ; Surgeon, John Nagle, M.D. ; Secretary, William Garde.

ZiLWOETH L. D. Enrolled 1779. Uniform : scarlet, faced green, gold epaulets, yellow buttons, and helmets. Furniture : goat-skin, trimmed green. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Stephen, Earl of Mountcashel ; Lieut.-CoL Arthur Hyde ; Major, John Hyde ; Captain, William Newenham ; Lieutenant, Thomas Power ; Comet, Gar- ret Wall; Chaplain, Hon. Bobert Moore; Surgeon, John Pigott, M.D. ; Adjutant and Secretary, Bichard Whitford.

Imokilly Elite Hoese. Enrolled 1779. Uniform : blue, faced red. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Bobert TJniack Fitzgerald; Major, Thomas Fitzgerald; Captain,

Travers ; Lieutenant, TJniack ; Chaplain,

Edward Hardwood ; Secretary, John Hanning.

222 HISTORY OF CORK,

DoNERAiLE Rangers l. d. Enrolled 1779. XJni- fonn : scarlet, faced green, edged white, gold epaulets, yellow buttons and helmets, green jackets, fetced red. Furniture: goat-skin. Officers in 1782 — Colonel| Sentleger Lord Doneraile; Major, Hon. nayes Sent- leger; Captain, Nicholas Green Evans; Lieutenant, John Watkins ; Comet, Nicholas Green Evans, Jun. ; Chaplain, Hon. James Sentleger; Surgeon, John Creagh, M.D. ; Adjutant, Bobert Atkins; Secretary, James Hennessy.

Qlanmire Union. Enrolled 1779. Uniform : deep green, faced black. Furniture: goat-skin, trimmed green. Officers in 1779 — Colonel, Henry Mannix; Captain, Simon Dring ; Comet, Dean Hoare ; Chaplain, Archdeacon Corker; Surgeon, James Bennet, M.D.; Secretary, Eev. Chambre Corker.

Cork Cavalry, Uniform : scarlet, faced blue, silTer laced ; silver epaulets, white buttons. Furniture : blue cloth, laced gold. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, William Chetwynd ; Major, John Gillman ; Captain, John Smith ; Comet, Paul Piersy ; Surgeon, Thomas Harris; Secretary, John Smith.

Mallow Cavalry. Enrolled 1782. Unifonn: green jackets. Officer in 1782 — Colonel Cotter.

Great Island Cavalry. Enrolled 1782. Uniform: scarlet, faced green; gold epaulets, yellow buttonsi white jackets edged red. Furniture, goat-skin. Offi- cers in 1782 — Captain, Wallis Colthurst; Lieutenanti William Colthurst ; Comet, Henry Widenham ; Adjutant, Bickard Donovan ; Surgeon, Patrick Fitz- gerald ; Secretary, John Boche.

COBK YOLUKTEEREU . 223

DTPANTRY OF THE COUNTY CORK.

CoBK AsxiLLBBY. Forco: 1 company, 2 four-pound- XTniform : blue, faced scarlet ; yellow buttons, grid lace. Officers in 1782 — Captain, Bichard Hare, joflL ; Lieutenant, Francis Jones.

BiOKiLLY Blue Abtillery. Force: 1 company, 2 -pounders. ITniform : blue, faced scarlet. Officers Jil782 — Colonel, Bobert XJniack Fitzgerald; Major, lliomas Fitzgerald.

TsuE Blub of Cork. Enrolled 1745. Force : 4 Qomponies ; 1 gren., 2 bat., 1 light. ITniform : blue, keed mlYer ; white buttons. Officers in 1 782 — Colonel, Bidiaidy Earl Shannon; Lieut.-Colonels, Godfrey Baker andJamee Morrison; Major, Michael BobertsWestrop; Cbptains, 8t. Leger Atkins, John Thompson, Francis Gny, and Bichard Perry ; Lieutenants, Jasper Lucas and Charles Denroehe ; Chaplain, William Jephson ; Surgeon, Davies, M.D. ; Secretary, John Terry.

CorkBoyke. Enrolled 1776, Force: 4 companies; 1 gren., 2 bat., 1 light. Uniform : blue, faced blue ; yellow buttons, gold epaulets and lace. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, John Bagwell ; Lieut. -Colonel, Hugh Lawton ; Major, John Bass ; Captains, Arthur Connel, Thomas Chatterton, James Chatterton, and Daniel

MKTarthy ; Lieutenants, Keams, Bobert Travers,

James Chatterton, jun. ; Chaplain, Henry Sandiford; Surgeon, Michael Busteed.

Hallow Boyne. Enrolled 1776. Force : 2 com- panies ; 1 gren., 1 bat. Uniform : blue, edged buff ; buff waistcoat and breeches, yellow buttons. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Sir James Lawrence Cotter, Bart \

224 HISIOBT OF GORE.

Captains^ William Gallway and Edmnnd Spenser;* Lieutenants, Samuel Lloyde and Bobert Eell ; Ensign, Edmund Carpenter ; Surgeon, John Faulkes ; Quarter- master, George Faulkes.

Bandon Boyne. Enrolled 1777. Force : 1 com- pany. Uniform: blue, edged buff; yellow buttons, buff waistcoat and breeches, gold epaulets. Officers

in 1782 — Ensign, John Loane ; Wright ; Surgeon,

Bichard Loane ; Secretary, Bernard Blake.

Caebbrt Independents. Enrolled 1777. Force: 1 company. Uniform : scarlet, faced green ; yellow buttons. Officers in 1782 — Captain -Commanding, William Beecher; Captain, John Townsend; Lieu- tenant, Lionel Fleming; Ensign, Beecher Fleming; Chaplain, Wm. Bobinson ; Surgeon, Thomas Clarke.

Attghbih of Core. Enrolled 1777. S companies. Uniform : scarlet, faced scarlet, edged white. Offi- cers in 1782 — Colonel, Bichard Longfield; Lieut-CoL, Henry Herbert ; Major, Ebenezer Morrison ; Captains, Bowland Morrison and M. Busteed Westrop ; Chaplaioi — Lee ; Surgeon, Samuel Hartwell.

Loyal Newbeert Musqtjeteebs. Enrolled 1777. Force : 2 companies ; 1 grenadier, 1 light. Uni£6rm : scarlet, faced black. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Adam Newman; Major, John Newman; Captains, Biohaxd Foot and George Foot ; Lieutenants, James Lombard and Edmund Lombard ; Chaplain, Henry Newman.

Cork Union. Enrolled 1776. Force : 4 oom- panies; 1 grenadier, 2 battalion, 1 light. Uniform:

^Mmmd Spmmr, — ^We oonclnde that tliia Edmund wu the "gntt-miA- great giandeon of the poet Spenner/' whom we mentioii in tc^ Lp p. 3l9y m having been hniied in Mallow ehoroh^jard*

COBE YOLUNTEERS. 225

scarlet, faced green ; yellow buttons. Officers in 1782 — Captain Commanding, Henry Hickman; Captains,

Benjamin Hayes, Simon Cooke, James Gregg, and

Galway ; Adjutant, James Hudson ; Chaplain, Bro-

derick Tuckey ; Surgeon, Townsend, M.D. ;

Secretary, James Gregg,

CuLLODEN Volunteers op Coek. Enrolled 1778. Force : 3 companies ; 1 grenadier, 1 battalion, 1 light. Uniform : blue, faced scarlet ; yellow buttons. Officers, gold epaulets. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Benjamin Bousfield ; Captains, Henry Newsom ; Sampson Jer- yais, and Isaac Jones ; Chaplain, H. Baggs ; Surgeon, Porter.

Eosscaebert Volunteers. Force : 1 company. Uniform: scarlet, faced blue. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Thomas Hungerford ; Captain, Michael Friend ; Lieutenants, William Morriss and John

Himgerford; Chaplain, Henry Jones.

Passage Union. Enrolled 1778. Force: 3 com- panies; 1 grenadier, 1 battalion, 1 light. Uniform: scarlet, faced deep green ; white buttons. Officers in 1782 — Major Commanding, Michael Parker; Cap- tains, Eichard Eoberts, Charles Clark, and Achilles Daunt ; Ensign, Edward Ford ; Adjutant, William

Atkins; Chaplain, Austen; Surgeon, Anthony

Mana ; Secretary, Michael Ford.

Bandon Independents. Enrolled 1778. Force: 1 ^^mpany. Uniform : scarlet, faced black, gold epau- lets, yellow buttons, green jackets, faced black. Officers in 1 782 — Colonel, Francis Bernard ; Captain, Bobert Sealy ; Lieutenant, Thomas Child ; Adjutant,

YOL. n. 15

226 niSTOSY op cork.

George Kingston; Ensign, John Travers: Chaplain, George Sealy ; Surgeon, Bichard Loane ; Secretary, Eichard Needham.

TouGHAL Independent Blues. Enrolled 1778. Force : 2 companies. Uniform : blue, faced scarlet, edged white. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Bobert XJniacke; Captain, Bichard XJniacke; Lieutenants, Edward Green, Hugh Pollock, and Samuel Nealon; Ensign, Eichard Seymour ; Adjutant, Samuel Nealon; Chaplain, John Lawless; Surgeon, John Sedgwick; Secretary, John Scamadon.

TouGHAL Bangers. Enrolled 1778. Force: 2 companies; 1 grenadiers, 1 light. Uniform: grass green, faced scarlet, gold lace and yellow buttons. Officers in 1782 — Lieutenant-Colonel Commanding) Meade Hobson ; Major, John Swayne ; Captains, Samuel Hobson and Thomas Browning ; Ist Lieu- tenants, Samuel Freeman and John Sedgwick, Junior ; 2nd Lieutenant, James Ellard, Junior ; Chaplain, Jonas Pratt ; Surgeon, John Haig, M.D.

KiNSALB Volunteers. Enrolled 1778. Force: 2 companies; 1 light, 1 battalion. Officers in 1782— Colonel, James Kearny ; Captains, Edward Leary and John Heard Edward ; Lieutenants, William Newman, Thomas Dunn, and Bobert Lander; Chaplain, Hon. Gerald De Courcey ; Adjutant, Jos. Coleman ; Sur- geon, Bobert Smith ; Secretary, George Frith.

Hanover Society, Clotjghnakilty. Enrolled 1778. Force : 2 companies. Uniform : scarlet, &oed bnffi Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Bichard Hungerlbrd ; Major, Thomas Hungerford ; Captains, John Hunger-

OOBK YOLTTNTBEBS. 227

finrd and Beecher Hungerford ; Lieutenant, Bwithin White ; Adjutant, Bichard Bagley ; Chaplain, John Tofwnsend ; Secretary, Thomas Morgan.

IKajstubk YounxTEEBB. Enrolled 1778. Force: 1 company. Uniform : scarlet, faced light blue. Officers k 1782 — Colonel, John James, Earl of Egmont ; Lieu- taant - Colonel, Captain James Purcell ; Chaplain, Gbrles Fennel; Surgeon, Daniel Williams.

H^WKE Union of Covb. Enrolled 1778. Force : 1 ionipany. Uniform : blue, edged and lined bu£^ yellow tnttons, buff waistcoat and breeches. Officers in 1782 — Captain Commanding, William Dickson; Captain, Jolm Colthurst ; Lieutenants, William King Sliegh,

Andrew Byms, and Balph Sliegh; Chaplain,

Atterbury ; Adjutant, William King Sliegh ; Surgeon, Jkmes Sail ; Secretary, William Hanah.

BulCEWATEk Bangebs. Force : 1 company. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Bichard Aldworth; Lieutenant- C<4onel, Stanard.

Blabket Volunteers. Enrolled 1778. Force : 4 companies ; 1 gren., 2 bat., 1 light. Uniform : scarlet, freed black ; white buttons. Officers in 1 782 — Colonel, Ctoorge Jefferys ; Lieut-Colonel, Daniel Gibbs ; Cap- tains, William Willisson, Edward O'Donoghue, Thos. Whaley, and Samuel Townsend ; Lieutenants, Francis Cottrel, William M^Creight, and Thomas Bubee ; Chaplain, Thomas Davies ; Second Chaplain, John Oibbs ; Surgeon, John Lee ; Secretary, Thomas Magin.

Newharket Rangers. Enrolled 1778. Force: 1 eompany. Uniform : blue, faced blue. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Boyle Aldworth ; Major, Wm. Allen ;

228 HISTORY OF CORK,

Captain, Sentloger Aldworth ; Chaplain, Henry Wes- ton ; Surgecm, Bichard Graham ; Secretary, Lawrence Curran. *

CuRRiGLASs Volunteers. Enrolled 1779. Force: 1 company. Ofl&cers in 1782 — Captain Com., Peard Harrison Foard ; Lieutenant, Stephen Eoleston ; Chap- lain, Percival ; Secretary, James Graham.

Castle-Martyr Society. Enrolled 1779. Force : 1 company. Uniform : scarlet, faced pale yellow. Officers in 1782 — Captain, William Hallaran ; Lieu- tenant, T. C. Wheble.

Inchigeelagh Yolttnteers. Enrolled 1779. Force : 1 light company. Uniform : blue, edged buff; buff waistcoat and breeches. Officers in 1782 — Captain Com., Jasper Masters ; Lieutenant, John Boyle ; En- sign, Benjamin Sweete; Chaplain, Edward Weeks; Surgeon, Wm. Grainger ; Secretary Henry Orainger.

MusEjaRRY Volunteers. Enrolled 1779. Force: 1 company. Uniform : blue, edged buff; buff waist- coat and breeches. Officers in 1782 — Captain Com., Thomas Barter ; Captain, William Ashe ; Lieutenant, John Barter ; Ensign, Matthew Menheer ; Chaplain, Edward Synge Townsend ; Surgeon, Bichard Grey, M.D. ; Adjutant, John Butler.

Doneraile Eangers. Enrolled 1779. Foroe : 1 company. Uniform : scarlet, faced green ; yellow but- tons, gold epaulets. Officers in 1782— Colonel, Sent-

* Zatvrence Curran. — This Lawrence, or Lowry, Carran, wts a brathflr to tiM jud{^c, John Philpot Curran. He married a Miss Webb, bj whom he had aim family. Captain John Curran, married to a .Vlin Armatrong, was amolhML Another son, William, kept a classical school in Kantnrk. He died ia Htw- market, where he is buried. Another son was in tihe Kantnrk wmlhn— A collection was made a few years ago to send him to America.

CORK VOLUNTEERS. 229

leger, Lord Doneraile ; Major, Hon. Hayes Sentleger ; Captain, John Welstead ; Lieutenant, George Boberts, Adjutant, Bobert Atkins; Chaplain, Hon. James Sent- leger ; Surgeon, John Creagh, M.D. ; Secretary, James Hennessy.

Bantry Volunteers. Enrolled 1779. Force : 1 company. Uniform : scarlet, faced white. Ofl&cers in 1782 — Colonel, Hamilton White ; Captain, Bichard Blair; Lieutenant, David Melefont; Ensigns, Henry Galway and John Young ; Adjutant, Henry Galway ; Secretary, Francis Hoskin.

KiLWORTH Volunteers. Enrolled 1779. Force: 1 company. Uniform : scarlet, faced green, yellow buttons. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Stephen, Earl Mountcashel ; Lieut.-Col., Arthur Hyde ; Major, John Hyde ; Captain, Bobert Hendley ; Lieutenant, John

Drew ; Ensign, Lord Kilworth ; Adjutant,

Bichard Whitford ; Chaplain, Hon. Bobert Moore ; Secretary, Bichard Whitford.

Mallow Independents. Enrolled 1779. Force :

1 company. Uniform : scarlet, faced green, yellow buttons. Officers in 1782— Colonel, John Longfield; Captain, George Stawell ; Ensign, Jonas Stawell ; Adjutant, James Magrath ; Secretary, James Magrath.

ToTTGHAL Union Fijzileers. Enrolled 1779. Force :

2 companies. Uniform : scarlet, faced blue, edged white, white buttons. Ofl&cers in 1782 — Major-Com., Thomas Green; Captains, John Beeves, William Jackson and David Freeman ; Lieutenants, Thomas Walshe and James Greene ; Chaplain, Richard Vincent ; Surgeon, Benjamin Jackson.

230 HISTORY OF OORK.

DuHALLOW VoLimTBERS. Enrolled 1779. Force: 1 company. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Broderiok Chinery ; Captain, William Leader ; Lieutenant, Henry Leaden

Ejnnelea and Kebrech Union. Enrolled 1779. Force: 3 companies. Uniform: blue, edged white, white buttons. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Thomas Boberts ; Lieut.-Col., Thomas Herrick ; Major, John Boberts ; Captains, lUohard Townsend, Thomas Daunt and Michael B. Westrop ; Lieutenants, George Daunt William Daunt and Carey ; Ensign, — — Feed.

CHARLEYILI.B VoLXJNTBBKS. Officers in 1782 — Colonel, Chidley Coote ; Major, St. George Hatfield ; Lieutenant, Sanders ; Secretary, George Hooper.

Imoeilly Blue Infant^t. Colonel, Bobert Uniack Fitzgerald.

V

CHAPTER IX.

ABMSD SOOIEIIEfl — WOLFS TONS AND THE BJLKTBY BAT

BXPBDITION — ^THB BEBBLLION OF 1798 —

THB TWO 8HBABB8.

The Yolunteer companies described in the last chapter, were little more than armed political clubs. Political elubs were the order of the day. Most of these had a strong Protestant bias, but withal a revolutionary tendency. Here rebellion was first hatched ; within these nests were reared the petrels of the coming storm. In 1772, ten years before the passing of what is styled " Irish Independence," there existed in Cork a society called the " Free Debating Society." Its president bore the ominous name of Henry Sheares. He was the father of the " Two Sheares." It is not improbable that these young men learned from the lips of their own father the first elements of those principles of liberty, the undue and violent development of which brought them to the scaffold.

We find, at this time, a disposition on the part of gome of these societies, to fraternise with the Roman Catholics. The armed company or club called the Cork Union, had their scarlet coats turned up with

232 HisroBT OF core.

green, and wore the green cockade. There was more than met the eye in this adoption of the national color. This armed company did not actually sing — ^for the words were not then composed —

** 'Tis the green, 'tis the green, 'tis the color of the tnie, And we'll back it 'gainst the olive, and we'll raise it o'er the Uoei"

but in passing one day through the Gband Parade, after a review in the Mardyke field, they fired seyeral YoUeys, and gave three cheers for Saint Patrick I

The English government were not slow in discover- ing this change of feeling, and that Ireland could be no longer governed on the " divide and conquer " prin- ciple. They hailed, we hope with sincerity, a better feeling between Protestant and Catholic, and passed an act on the 25th of September, 1778, permitting Catholics to take long leases; and on the 1st of Janu- ary, 1780, the repeal of the act of William and Mary, which prohibited the export of Irish woollen goods, was proclaimed in Cork amidst the ringing of bells, the firing of feu de joies, and public illuminations. But the repeal of this infamous law was too late ; our woollen trade was too far gone to be recalled ; it had now a fixed habitation in England. The repeal of the law was not worth the powder expended on the feu de ^ joie, but it amused the people.

On the Slst of May, 1780, there was a grand review " of the " United Independent Volunteers,^^ in the city " of Cork; and on the 4th of November, of the same^ year, the anniversary of King William's birth, ^'«OMi" of the armed societies met, and fired three voUiee on-^ the Mall. Irish Protestants were just beginning to^ open their eyes, and to understand that the bright^

THEOBALD WOLFE TONE. 233

picture of national prosperity, which had passed before them as the result of Protestant ascendeucy, was no more than a deceptive dream. There were men in the South who would have shut their eyes and dreamed again, but they were aroused from their slumbers by the shouts and firm tread of the volunteers of the Korth, of the men of Dungannon, who felt that they had been deceived and bamboozled, and who could stand it no longer. These were the men who dictated terms at the touch-holes of their cannon, who resolved

to be righted " or ." The country was proud of

these men. It was a glorious period, but it passed away with the independence which they won ; nor do we regret it, for it was the independence of a party and not of the nation.

Men of other views and other metal took their place. The brave but facile and amiable Lord Charlemont gave place to Theobald Wolfe Tone, a name like Maximilian Bobespierre, with which to terrify kings in their cradles. This man was the founder and secretary of the Society of United Irishmen. He was the most deter- mined man of his day. He was true to his motto — ^Nil desperandum. He did as much as man could do to conquer Ireland by French bayonets, in order that it might be converted to French and republican opinions, or to anything but what it was. He bore an undying hatred to the Euglish rule. He would " rather that France, Spain, the Autocrat of Bussia, or the Devil himself, had the country, than England.''

He landed in Havre- de- Grace on the 2nd of February, 1796. He kept a journal of his proceedings and, we may add, thoughts, from which we shall quote,

234 HISTORT OF GORE.

though we may not always mark the quotation. He writes from Paris, August 7th, 1796, in refereno&to the Bantry Bay expedition, '^ As I shall embark in a business in a few days, the event of whioh is uncertain, I take the opportunity of a vacant hour to throw on paper a few memorandums, relative to myself and family." He was bom in Dublin, the 20th of June, 1763. He entered Trinity College, got a schoIarBhi^ and then a wife; tried the law and Mled, wrote poli- tical pamphlets, organized clubs, became the secretary of the United Irishmen, went to America and from that to France, where we now find him just landed.

** Feb. 6th, 1796. — It is singular, but I have had several occasions already to observe it, that there is more difficulty in passing silver than paper." But we soon find him running out of both. " Eose early this morning and wrote a threatening letter to Camot, ^ if he did not put five pounds in a sartin place ' "

Camot, whom he styles the "Organizer of Victory," asks him were there not "some strong places in Ireland?" He answers, "I know none, but some works to defend the harbour of Cork. Camot thinks, and says, " Aye, Cork — ^but may it not be necessary to land there." — " By which I perceived he had been organizing a little in his own mind."

He hears bad news from Ireland, that Sir Edward Bellew, of Bellewstown, has been arrested, and writes^ " Well, a day will come for all this. It we cannot prevent his fall, at least, I hope, we shall be able to revenge it ; and I, for one, if it be in twenty yeazs from this, promm not to forget it My heart is hardm- ing hourly, and I satisfy myself now, at oncOi on points

BANTRY BAY EXPEDITION. 235

vhioh would stagger me twelye months ago. The Irish aristocracy are putting themselves in a state of nature with the people, and let them take the conse- quence. They show no mercy and they deserve none. If ever I have the power I will most dreadfully concur in making them a dreadful example."

He is introduced to Hoche, the general who had charge of the Bantry Bay expedition. ''As I was sitting in my cabinet, studying my tactics, a person knocked at the door, who, on opening it, proved to be a dragoon of the third regiment. He brought mo a note from Clarke, informing me that he was arrived, and desired to see me at one o'clock. I ran off directly to the Luxembourg, and was showed into Fleury's cabinet, where I remained till three, when the door opened, and a very handsome, well-made young fellow, in a brown coat and nankeen pantaloons, entered and said, * Vous vous 6tes le citoyen Smith ? ' (I thought he was chef de bureau.) ' Oui citoyen, je m'appelle. Smith,' He said, ' Vous vous appelez, aussi, je crois, Wolfe Tone ? ' I replied, ' Oui citoyen, c' est mon veritable nom.' * Eh bien,' replied he, ' Je Buis le General Hoche.' At these words I mentioned that I had for a long time been desirous of the honor I then enjoyed, to find myself in his company. * Into his arms I soon did fly, and there embraced him ten- derly.'

^^ He then said he presumed I was the author of the memorandums which had been transmitted to him. I 8aid I was. * Well,' said he, ^ there are one or two points I want to consult you on.' He then proceeded to ask me, in case of the landing being effectuated,

236 HISTORY OF CORK.

might he rely on finding provisions, and parfdcularly bread? I said it would be impossible to make any arrangements in Ireland previous to the landing, be- cause of the surveillance of the goyemment ; but if that were once accomplished there would be no want of provisions ; that Ireland abounded in cattle, and, as for bread, I saw by the Gazette that there was not only no deficiency of com, but that she was able to supply England, in a great degree, during the late alarming scarcity in that country, and I assured him, that if the French were once in Ireland, he might rely, that who- ever wanted bread they should not want it.

^^ He seemed satisfied with this, and proceeded to ask me, might we count upon being able to form a pro- visory government, either of the Catholic committee mentioned in my memorials, or of the chie£9 of the Defenders? I thought I saw an opening here to come at the number of troops intended for us, and re- plied that that would depend on the force which might be landed ; if that force were but trifling, I eould not pretend to say how they might act ; but if it was considerable, I had no doubt of their co-operation. ^ Undoubtedly,' replied he, ^ men will not sacrifice themselves when they do not see a reasonable prospect of support ; but, if I go, you may be sure I will go in sufficient force.' He then asked, did I think ten thou- sand would decide them ? I answered undoubtedly, but that early in the business the minister had spoken to me of two thousand, and that I had replied that such a niunber would effect nothing. ' ISTo^' replied he, ^ they would be overwhelmed before any one oould join them.' I replied that I was glad to hear him

BANTRY BAY EXPEDITION. 237

give that opinion, as it was precisely what I had stated to the minister ; and I repeated that, with the force he mentioned, I have no doubt of support and co-operation sufficient to form a provisory government.

"He til en asked me what I thought of the priests, or was it likely they would give us any trouble ? I re- plied, I certainly did not calculate on their assistance^ but neither did I think they would be able to give us any effectual opposition ; that their influence over the minds of the common people was exceedingly dimi- nished of late, and I instanced the case of the Defend- ers, so often mentioned in my memorials. I explained all this, at some length, to him, and concluded by saying, that in prudence we should avoid, as much as possible, shocking their prejudices unnecessarily, and that with common discretion, I thought we might secure their neutrality at least, if not their support. I mentioned this as merely my opinion, but added that in the contrary event, I was satisfied it would be absolutely impossible for them to take the people out of our hands.

"We then came to the army; he asked me how I thought they would act ? I replied, for the regulars I could not pretend to say, but that they were wretched bad troops ; for the militia, I hoped and believed that when we were once organised, they would not only not oppose us, but come over to the cause of their country en masse ; nevertheless I desired him to calculate on their opposition, and make his arrangements accord- ingly ; that it was the safe policy, and if it became necessary, it was so much gained. He said he would undoubtedly, make his arrangements, so as to leave

238 HISTORY OP CORK,

nothing to chance, that could be guarded against ; that he would come in force, and bring great quantities of armSj ammunition, stores, and artillery ; and, for his own reputation, see that all the arrangements were made on a proper scale. I was very glad to hear him speak thus ; it sets my mind at ease on divers points. He then said there was one important point remain- ing, on which he desired to be satisfied ; and that was, what form of govemmen t we would adopt on the event of our success.

^^ I was going to answer him, with great earnestness, when General Clarke entered, to request we would come to dinner with citizen Cetmot. We accordingly adjourned the conversation to the apartment of the president, where we found Camot and one or two more.

^' Hoche, after some time, took me aside and repeated his question. I replied, ^ Most undoubtedly a repub- lic' He asked again, * Was I sure?' I said, * As- sure as I can be of anything,' and that I knew nobody in Ireland who thought of any other system, nor did T believe there was anybody who dreamt of monardhy. He asked me was there any danger of the Catholics setting up one of their chiefs for king? I replied, ^Not the smallest,' and that there were no ohiefis- amongst them of that kind of eminence. This is tlii^ old business again, but I believe I satisfied Hoohe ; ii^ looks well to see him so anxious on this topiO| on^ which he pressed me more than all the others. Gaxnot^ joined us here with a pocket map of Ireland."

Wolfe Tone got his commission as a chef-de-biigad^ on the 2Srd of July, 1796, and received orders to

BANTRY BAY EXPEDITION. 239

embark at Brest, on board the Indomitable, of eighty guns, for Bantry, on 1st of December. The expedi- tion did not sail till the 16th. " At nine this morning a fog 80 thick that we cannot see a ship's length before 118. Hazy weather, Master Noah, damn it :

If we are doomed to die, we are enough To do our country loss ; and if we rise, The fewer men, the greater share of loss.

This damned fog oontinnes without interruption."

" December 21. — Last night, just at sunset, signal for seven sail in the offing ; all in high spirits, in hopes that it is our comrades. Stark calm all the fore part of the night ; at length a breeze sprung up, and this morning, at day-break, we are under Cape Clear, dis- tant about four leagues, so I have, at all events, once more seen my country; but the pleasure I should otherwise feel at this, is totally destroyed by the absence of the general, who has not joined, and of whom we know nothing.

^* December 22. — This morning at eight we have neared Bantry Bay considerably, but the fleet is ter- ribly scattered, no news of the Fraternity ; I believe it is the first instance of an admiral in a clean frigate, with moderate weather and moonlight nights, parting company with his fleet. Captain Grammont, our flrst lieutenant, told me his opinion is, that she is either taken or lost, and in either event it is a terrible blow to us. All rests upon Grouchy, and I hope he may turn out well. He has a glorious game in his hands, if he has spirit and talent to play it ; if he succeeds, it will immortalize him.

I

240 HISTORY OF CORK.

^^ December 25. — Last night I had the strongest expectation that to-day we should debark, but at two, this morning, I was awakened by the wind; I rose immediately, and wrapping myself in my great-ooat, walked for an hour in the gallery, devoured by the most gloomy reflections. The wind continues right-a- head, so that it is absolutely impossible to work up to the landing place, and God knows when it will change. The same wind is exactly favorable to bring the English upon us, and these cruel delays give the enemy time to assemble his entire force in this neighbourhood, and perhaps (it is unfortunately more than perhaps) by his superiority in numbers — in cavalry, in artillery, in money, in provisions, in short in everything we want, to crush us, supposing we are even able to effect- uate a landing at last ; at the same time that the fleet will be caught as in a trap.

^^ Had we been able to land the first day and maroh directly to Cork, we should have in&Uibly oaiiied it by a coup de main ; and then we should have a footing in the country, but as it is — if we are taken, my £Eite will not be a mild one ; the best I can expect is to be shot as emigr6 rentr6, imless I have the good fortune to be killed in the action ; for most assuredly if the enemy will have us, he must fight for us. Perhaps I may be reserved for a trial, for the sake of striking terror into others, in which case, I shall be hanged as a traitor and embowelled, etc. As to the embowellingi * Je m'en fiche,' if ever they hang me, they are welcome to embowel me, if they please. These pleasant prospects ! "

" December 26th. — ^Last night, at half-past

APPEEHEN8I0N OP WOLFE TONE. 241

o'clock, with a heavy gale of wind still from the east,

we were surprised by the admiral's frigate numing

under our quarter, and hailing the Indomitable with

orders to cut our cable and put to sea instantly. The

frigate then pursued her course, leaving us all in the

utmost astonishment." He then goes on to say, '^ All

our hopes are now reduced to get back in safety to

Brest. Well, let me think no more about it. * It is

lost and let it go. I hope the Directory will not dis-

laiss me the service for this unhappy failure."

This terrible and Nil-desperandum man had a heart, and a warm one. We close our quotations, from his journal with the following beautiful passage : —

*^ K God Almighty spare me my dearest love and darling babies in safety, I wiU buy and rent a little spot, and have done with the world for ever. I shall ueither be great nor famous, nor powerful, but I may ^ happy. God knows whether I shall ever reach Fiance myself, and in that case what will become of ^y family. It is horrible to me to think of it. Oh ^y life and soul I My darling babies shall I ever see you again. This infernal wind continues, without ^termission, and now that all is lost, I am as eager to get back to Prance as I was to come to Ireland."

Would that those holy thoughts and holy ties of ^e and children could have bound his indomitable ^irit. But no ; he must try again. He does so, and ^ captured ojff Loch Swilly, after a hard fight ; and Marched, with the French prisoners, to Letterkenny, Sir George Hill, who had been his fellow-student at Trinity College, discovered him in the regimentals of ^ French ofl&cer. He was put in irons, carried to

VOL. n. 16

242 HISTOBT OF OOBK.

Dublin, tried by court-martial, and sentenced to 1

hanged. He ai&ed permission to be ahoti and w

refused.

An exciting and extraordinary scene occurred tl

next day — the day fixed for his execution — ^in tl

Court of King's Bench, where that upright judg

Lord Kilwarden,* presided. Curran entered the coui

leading an aged man — Wolfe Tone's father — up to H

bench, where he made an affidavit that his son hs

been brought before a ^^ bench of officers, calling then

selves a court-martial, who had sentenced him 1

death."

" I do not pretend," said Curran, " that Mr. Tor

is not guilty of the charges for which he is accused.

presume that the officers were honorable men, but

is stated in this affidavit, as a solemn fsict, that M\

Tone had no commission under his majesty^ and therefon

no courUmartial could have cognizance of any crime m

puted to him^ whilst the Court of King^s Bench sat m £

capacity of the great criminal court of the land. ]

times when war was raging, when man was oppose

to man in the fields courts-martial might be endured

but every law authority is with me, whilst I stac

upon this sacred and immutable principle of the ooi

stitution, that martial law and civil law are incompat

ble, and the former must cease with the existence t

the latter. This is not, however, the time for argnin

this momentous question. My client must appear i

this court. He is cast for death this very day. S

may be ordered for execution whilst I address you.

* Lord KUwardm^ whose sarname was Wolfe, was afterwardi killed bj S met's party in Dubliiii in miitako for Lord Norbuiy. A aad mutakii fbr Btau

himself.

WOLFE tone's SUIdBE. 24S

the court to support the laWy and move fbr a 3orpu8, to be directed to the proTOst-maxthal arracks of Dublin and Major SandySi to bring lody of Tone.

hief- Justice Kilwarden, who heard the eloquent with breathless attention^ commanded that a habeas corpus ^^ be instantly prepared." lord," said Curran, ^^ my client may die vhila is preparing.''

Sheriff/' said the judge, ^^ proceed to the i, and tell the proyost-marshal that a writ is g, to suspend Mr. Tone's ezeoutiozi, and ae ^ £ not executedJ^

ourt awaits the return of the sheriff in a Atate I anxiety. But he speedily appears and says, rd, I have been to the barracks in pursuance )rder. The provost-marshal says he must obey mdys, Major Sandys says he must obey Lord lis, — " who was then Lord Lieutenant. Xilwarden rose, and his passion was actually *' Mr. Sheriff, take the body of Tone into

take proYOst-marshal into custody, take Major into custody, and for so doing show the order ." The sheriff hastened to tiie barracks, and ily returned. He whispers something in the oar — the whisper soon runs round the court — ^^ [?one, who knew nothing of the proceedings stay his execution, had inflicted a deadly toamd throaty with a penknife. He wrote the fol- )eautifal letter to his wife, just before he com* he fearful deed : —

244 nisTORY OP cork.

" Pro YOST Prison, Dobliv Barbacks, lOM November^ 1798.

" Dearest Love,

^^ The hour is at last come when we must part. As no words can express what I feel for you and our children, I shall not attempt it Complaint of any kind would be beneath your courage and mine. Be assured I will die as I have lived, and that you will have no cause to blush for me.

"I have written on your behalf to the French Government, to the Minister of Marine, to General Kilmaine, and to Mr. Shee ; with the latter, I wish you especially to advise. In Ireland I have written to your brother Harry, and to those of my Mends who are about to go into exile, and who, I am surOy will not abandon you.

^^ Adieu, dearest love. I find it impossible to finish this letter. Give my love to Mary; and above all things, remember that you are now the only parent of our dearest children, and that the best proof you can give of your affection for me, will be to preserve your- self for them. God Almighty bless you all.

^^ Yours ever,

« T, W. Toot."

He writes her afterwards " just one line,'' to infbrm her of some family arrangements, and then finally oca- eludes — " Adieu, dearest love. Keep your courage as I have kept mine. My mind is as tranquil this mo- ment as at any period of my life. Cherish my memory^ and especially preserve your health and spirits for the sake of our dearest children. Your ever affectionate^

«T. W. Toot."

LOTALTY OF IHE CATHOLIC CLEBGT. 245

He must have seen and heard the soldiers erecting the gallows beneath his windows while penning this letter, in which he says his mind is as tnmquil as at any period of his life. He had the power of dying in his own hands. He lived till the 19th, when he began rapidly to sink. Overhearing the surgeon whis- per, "K he attempts to move or speak, he will instantly expire," — "I can find no words to thank you, sir," said he, making an effort to rise. ^^ It is the most welcome news you could give me. What should I wish to live for?" He then fell back, and died without a struggle.

Wolfe Tone very honestly informed General Hoche, *E'

when he asked whether he thought the Catholic clergy would join them, '^ I certainly do not calculate on their assistance, but neither do I think they will be able to give us any effectual opposition. But here he was mistaken. Doctor Francis Moylan, Catholic bishop of Cork, from 1787 to 1803, gave all the illegal associates of these days the most strenuous and effectual opposi- tion. Sir Kichard Musgrave says, " The members of the Union in Cork were so desperate and sanguinary, that a proposition was made, and it was for some time discussed in committee, to murder the amiable Doctor Moylan, the titular Bishop of Cork, partly from motives of revenge, on account of his loyalty." The Catholic gentlemen of Cork were as distin- guished for their loyalty as the Protestants. On the 4th of June, 1779, an express came to Cork, ordering the 81st Highland regiment to march, at the shortest notice, to Bantry. A fleet of several ships of the line frigates and transports, were seen in Bantry Bay. A

246 HISTOBT OF OOEK.

second express arrived, ordering the Highland regi- ment to march to Bandon. The armed companies were also called out, when '^a great number of Boman Catholic gentlemen immediately offered ihemselTes as volunteers to join their Protestant fellow-citizens, and were well received." The French fleet turned out to be English. It raised the alarm by firing salutes for the king's birth-day.

The Bev. Mr. Barry, parish priest of Mallow, and the Bev. Mr. Barry, parish priest of Charleville, were active opponents of all kinds of United Irishmen, and democratic associations. Barry, of Mallow, gave information to government of a plan laid by a regiment to siege the town of Mallow, for which he got a pension of two hundred a-year, and the name of the Protestant priest. The following letter from lieut- General Lake— which appears among the Comwallis' correspondence— makes incidental reference to the oir- cumstance, in describing a like sSair among the Meath Militia, which occurred soon afterwards. The object of the second attack was to liberate some pri- soners of the regiment that were confined for treason- able practices — for treason in those days was as rife in the army* as among the civilians : —

<^ LIETTT.-OEirBRAL LAKE TO UEUT.-OOLONEL LTETIiSEALtf^

" Cart, May Tfl, 177&- *' My Dbar Colonel,

^^ Knowing how fast reports fly in this coonfijy particularly when they can produce mischief, I thiBk

• In ths army. It oune oat on the trial of Peter Shea, of Coik, that hi'' others had endeayoured to sedaoe the crew of the Venerable and Ajax ^ "war, stationed in Cork harbour.

DISLOTALTT OP THE MILITIA. 247

il right to inform you that the cause of this express ftooeeds from some of the Meath Militia. About [ Jcmrteen of them forced the main guard at Mallow, fiberated some prisoners of the regiment that were aonfined for treasonable practices, amongst whom was sergeant, and effected their escape with them.

' *^™een ourselves, I am apprehensive this may be of

extent in that regiment. However, at present fliey are all quiet, and will, I trust, be kept so by the fraeaution taken. A soldier of the regiment has given sneh information, and I hope much more will soon wme out. The Lord deliver us from such troops, and aend us better times.

" Believe me ever, with regards, most truly yours,

" G. Lake."

" Such was the rapidity of the organization," says Sir Bichard Musgrave, ^^ that in all the country con- tiguous to Mallow, Doneraile, and Charleville, the aiass of the people was sworn, and all the Protestants were disarmed, in the course of a few nights." He goes on to say, ^^ An immense quantity of pikes were fiibricated in Cork. Measures were concerted for taking the magazines, and so sure were the conspira- tors of succeeding, that poles were prepared, exactly fitted to the socket of a bayonet."

But 1798, as far as this county was concerned, went off without any remarkable outbreak or rebel demon- stration. This, at least, is the testimony of the Marquis Comwallis, who, in writing to the Duke of Portland, says, ^' There has been an inconsiderable rising between Bandon and Clonakilty , but the rebels were soon routed and dispersed. I have heard that the object [of the

248 HISTOBT OF GOBK.

rising] was to rescue some prisoners, which is a praotioe not unusual in this country." — (hrnwaXJiuf Oorm^ pondenee^ vol. ii., p. 354.

These risings and plots were generally e^otggeratecL Lord Comwallis, writing to the Duke of PorUand, May 9th, 1801, says, ^^ I received yesterday, at a late hour, your grace's letter, dated the 4th instant, acquainting me that Lord Longueville had been in* formed of a conspiracy for a general massacre in the barony of Muskerry, and that six of the principal leaders were apprehended. Had the plot, which is said to have been discovered, been of so very aeiioua a nature, it is impossible that I should not have heard of it . • . Your grace will see, from therepoxts I transmit, how greatly these dangerous plots are heightened by the warmth of the imagination.''

Sir Bichard Musgrave mentions ^^Boger Conor, confined in Cork jail,'' as the chief director, or orga* nizer, of the Union in Cork. It was he who kept open house for the reception of soldiers, and paid the bills of entertainment. It is said ^^ he even supplied fhe concubines, the more effectually to seduce them." We suspect that this Boger was a relative of the far more famous Arthur 0' Conor, who surrendered himself on the 3rd of July, 1797, Lord Edward Fitzgerald and Emmet becoming his sureties.

Conway and Swanton, both Cork men, were yeiy actively engaged. Conway was a watchmaker, and one of the Directory of Cork. Both he and his friend Swanton were arrested and sent to Cork jail, where Conway lost his health, and offered the government ^^ usefiil information " for his liberty.

CONWAY AND SWANTON. 249

Lord Casilereagh, writing a ^^ most secret ^^ letter to Wickham, says, ^^ I have the honor of enclosing you, for the information of his Grace the Duke of Portland, an abstract of some information received from Mr. Mao Gxdchen, who is secretly employed of Mr. Conway, who was one of the Directory of Cork, and of James Hughes, who was one of the chiefs of banditti that infested the Wicklow mountains." Mr. Boss, the editor of the Comwallis' Correspondence, says, " Mr. Conway offered to become a secret agent for detecting the leaders of the conspiracy. The information he gaye was very valuable." — ComwaUis^ Correspondencej voL iii., p. 85.

Swanton, who lived near Dunmanway, escaped to America, where he became a ^ffe. He returned to this county, two^ or three years ago, no doubt a far wiser man than he left it. Great revolutions always throw clever and, sometimes, good men to the surface of society. Swanton had never been a judge if he had not been a rebel. Lord Comwallis suspected that Mr. Eoche, of Trabolgan, was connected with the French landing, under Humbert, in 1798. Writing to the Duke of Portland, he says, " We have discovered a Mr. Teeling, of Lisbume, among the French prisoners ; and, I believe that we shall prove that a Monsieur La Roche is a Mr. Eoche of Ireland. Monsieur satisfied Mr. Cooke that he was bom of English parents in France, but, " after his departure fresh suspicions arose that he was one of the Soches of Trabolgan, county of Cork, and he was ordered to be arrested ; but he had previously escaped." — Cornwall Correspondence^ vol. ii., p. 405.

250 HISTOBY OF OOHK.

The very best men and most distinguished patriots were thought to be more or less leavened with reyolu- tionary opinions. Hemy Gratten was not only sua- pected, but believed, to have been fully compromised, and was, therefore, dismissed the Privy Council. See Comwallis^ Correspondence, vol. ii, pp, S97-8 and 417, which contains the letter informing the Duke of Portland that his dismissal had been ^^ notified in the Gazette."

The apprehension and death of the two brothers, Henry and John Sheares, was deeply felt by the in- habitants of Cork generally. Their &ther* was a banker in the city, and had represented the borough of Clonakilty in the Irish Parliament. A gentleman in Cork, who remembers the two brothers — Mr. Hum* phreys, of the Boyal Cork Institution — tells me that Henry, the elder, had a wine stain on his face, but that John was a very handsome man. Both brothers had imbibed the principles of the French Bepublioan school. They were in Paris, and present at the execu- tion of Louis XVI. O'Connell met them on his return from St. Omer and Douai, in January 1793, and ex- pressed his " horror " — as he told Mr. James Boche of Cork — "at the language of these imhappy men, in reference to the execution, which they had exultingly witnessed."

John Sheares was fearfully democratic. There can- not be the shadow of a doubt, after reading the following paper, which was found in his possession, and produced on his trial, that he contemplated not only a genenl

• TJicir father, Mr. Honry Shoaros, established a sooietf in Cork, in 1774, frr

the relief and discbarge of persons confined for «n<^ll debts.

THB TWO SHBAHES. 251

rising, but also a butchering of some and the imprison- ment of others. The paper was intended for publication after the rising, or couf dhtai: —

" Irishmen, your country is free I All those mon- sters who usurped its government, to oppress its people, are in our hands, except such as have *

" Your country is free, and you are about to be avenged. That vile government, which has so long and so cruelly oppressed you, is no more ; some of its most atrocious monsters have already paid the forfeit of their lives, and the rest are in our hands. The national flag — the sacred green — is at this moment flying over the ruins of despotism ; and that capital, which a few hours past witnessed the debauchery, plots and crimes of your tyrants, is now the citadel of triumphant patriotism and virtue. Arise, then, united sons of Ireland; arise, like a great and powerful people, determined to be free, or to die; arm yourselves by every means in your power, and rush like lions on your foes. Consider that for every enemy you disarm you arm a friend, and thus become doubly powerful in the cause of liberty; inaction is cowardice, and the coward shall forfeit the property he has not the courage to protect. Let his arms be seized and transferred to those gallant spirits who want, and will use them. Yes, Irishmen, we swear by that eternal justice, in whose cause you fight, that the brave patriot who sur- vives the present glorious struggle, and the family of him who has fallen, or shall fall hereafter in it, shall receive, from the hands of a grateful nation, an ample

♦ Such 09 hav$ "been slaughtered" or "slain," would bo an appro*

priate filling of the earU blanche.

252 HISTOBT OF OOBK.

recompense; out of that property which the crimes of our enemies have forfeited into its hands, and his name shall be inscribed on the national record of Irish revolution, as a glorious example to all posterity ; but toe Ukeunse swear to punish rohhery with death and m* /amy.

^^ We also swear that we will neyer sheath the sword until every being in the country is restored to those equal rights which the Ood of Nature has given to all men ; until an order of things shall be established| in which no superiority shall be acknowledged among the citizens of Erin, but that of virtue and talent.

^^ As for those degenerate wretches who turn tiieir swords against their native country, the national ven- geance awaits them ; let them find no quarter unless ' they shall prove their repentance by speedily desert- ing, exchanging from the standard of slavery for that of freedom, under which their former errors may be buried, and they may share the glory and advantages that are due to the patriot bands of Ireland.

<^ Many of the military feel the love of glory g^ow within their breasts, and have joined the national standard ; receive with open arms such as shall follow so glorious an example ; they can render signal servioe to the cause of freedom, and shall be rewarded aeoord- ing to their deserts. But for the wretch who turns his sword against his native country, let the national ven- geance be visited on him ; let him find no quarter.

^^ Bouse all the energies of your soul ; call forth all the merit and abilities which a vicious government consigned to obscurity, and under the conduot of your chosen leaders, march with a steady step to viotoiy ;

THE TWO SHEARES. 263

heed not the glare of a hired soldiery, or aristocratic yeomawry; they cannot stand the yigorons shook of fireedom. Their trappings and their arms will soon be yonrSy and the detested government of England, to which we vow eternal hatred, shall learn that the treasures they exhaust on its accoutred slaves, for the purpose of butchering Irishmen, shall but further enable us to turn their swords on its devoted head.

"Attack them in every direction, by day andby night; avail yourselves of the natural advantages of your country, which are innumerable, and with which you are better acquainted than they.

" Where you cannot oppose them in full force, con- stantly harass their rear and their flanks, cut off their provisions and magazines, and prevent them, as much as possible, from uniting their forces : Let whatever moments you cannot devote to fighting for your country, be passed in learning how to fight for it, or preparing the means of war ; for war, war alone, must occupy every miud and every hand in Ireland, until its long oppressed soil be purged of all its enemies.

** Yengeance, Irishmen, vengeance on your oppressors — remember what thousands of your dearest friends have perished by their merciless orders — remember their burnings, their rackings, their torturings, their mili- tary massacres, and their legal murders. Bemember Orr.'^

The Sheares were betrayed by Captain John Warne- ford Armstrong,* of the King's County Militia, who visited at their house as a friend, and spoke, with

« Capiwi John Warneford jLnmtrong di^d, in the King's Gountj, about two years ago.

254 HI8I0RT OF GORE.

apparent enthusiasm, of the measures or projects of the United Irishmen. It is not improbable that Arm- strong communicated with Fitzgibbon, the Lord-Chan- cellor Clare, for we find him using his best efforts — and we are only too happy to record it of him — to reclaim them before they were fully and publicly com- promised. The following, which occurs among the critical and miscellaneous papers of the late Mr. James Eoche,* of Cork, wiU be read with interest : —

^^ Before the outbreak of the insurrection in 1798, during the assizes of Limerick, Lord Clare desired to have an interview with the two Sheares, to which my father, in the hope of a pacific result, invited them to his house ; but it ended, unfortunately, in more intense exasperation and irritation, as was discernible in the young men's flushed features and defiant bearing as they parted. Yet the Chancellor's object was certainly benevolent and conciliatory, but they were intraotable. The interview was close and private, still I marked their aspect on leaving the house — ^inflamed and in- dignant in every lineament. Possibly overtures repul- sive to their feelings may have thus excited theuL^*

Lord Clare, after this, gave them up, and, it is said, got the infamous Toler — ^better known as Lord Norbury — appointed as Attorney-General, that he might oon- duct the prosecution. Sir Jonah Barrington waited on Fitzgibbon, and urged him to save the elder, if it were only for the sake of his wife and children. The

* Mr. James Boche was, for masy yoan, a Icadinfi" banker of Coxlc ; bat Ibad time for literary purmiits, as is evincea bv his two volames of '* Gritioal ElMj%'* contributed to tne Dublin Reyiew, ancl the Gentleman's Maganne. He WM I'resident of the Cork Institution^ His death occurred about the 1st of April, 1863. Ilis picture, by Mr. James Brennan, of this city, adomi the walli of^the Cork AthensBum.

EXECUTION OF THE TWO 8HEARES. 255

Oliancellor was piqued, and therefore inexorable. But ^t; the last moment a respite was obtained for Henry ; t^'iit, alas, it was a few minutes too late. The herald ^*rived in time to see the gory head in the hands of "the executioner, and to hear him exclaim, " This is the ^ead of a traitor."

A very serious aflGair occurred at Oulart, county Wexford, between the rebels and the North Cork Hilitia. A hundred and nine picked men, of the North Cork, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Poote, marched out to battle : of which number but two returned to tell of their defeat. "Lieutenant- Colonel Foote and one sergeant, the wretched remains of that fine and valiant body of men, were seen pensively riding over the bridge, and approaching the town." There fell, of officers, on this occasion, Major Lombard, the Honourable Captain de Courcy, (of the Kinsale family) Lieutenants Williams, Ware and Barry, and Ensign Keogh. Lieutenant Ware,* " a young gentle- man, just of age, possessed of a good property," and nephew to Lieutenant-Colonel Foote, lost his life by humanely reining in his steed, to raise a wounded boy, belonging to the band, to the saddle behind him. A rebel came up in the nick of time, and pulled him down with the crook of his pike. The commander had the crook of a pike in his pig-tail, but the ribbon broke, leaving the Irishman no more than a lock of his hair.

♦ Lieutenant Ware, — John Ware, the uncle of Sir James Ware, the historian, ■cttled in the county Cork, in the end of the 16th century. The Wares were oriffinally from Yorkshire. They came to Ireland with the Lord Deputy Fita-

its of John Ware, live at Woodford, near Malic

Wuliam. The descendants of John Ware, live at Woodford, near Mallow, of which Sir James Ware, the historian's father, was member in 1613.

CHAPTER X.

BiBV&iLKOHISBMBKT OF COUNTY BOBOUOHS — THB IBISH

PABLIAMBKT — THB SALE OF IBISH BOBOT70H8 —

THB LBGISLATIYB UKIOK.

A.D. 1800.

There were seven borough towns in this county dis- franchised by the legislative union, namely, Donerailey Charleville, Midleton, Castlemartyr, Clonakilty, Balti- more and Bathcormac ; and four which lost a member each, namely, Youghal, Elinsale, Mallow, and Bandoo. The county Cork lost eighteen representatives by the imion. But we are by no means disposed to conclude — ^without offering any opinion on the vexed question of self-government — ^that the removal of fheee borough members was a loss. To the Irish parliament their removal would have been a positive reliefl The members of the counties and large towns were swamped by these borough members, who were almost invariably the nominees and tools of the noblemen who owned the boroughs.

On some rare occasions we see one of these boroaghfl assuming an independent aspect. Youghal presented such an example in 1768 : —

^^ April 12th. — This day Bichard Tonson was ush- ered into the town of Youghal, by a great number of

THE IRISH PARLIAMENT. 257

tiia free and independent voters, with colours flying, guns firing, music, and every other demonstration of joy, for his timely assistance in the support of freedom and independence in their corporation. On the follow- ing day, at a dinner which was given, the toasts were expressive of exultation at their deliverance from the domineering influence of some private proprietor."

There never was a more corrupt assembly than the tiixee hundred men who sat in College Green, and who proved their corruption by voting away, at the bidding of their patrons, the legislative prerogatives of their ooontry. The Irish parliament of 1782 may be styled independent, but this cannot be said of the members, who were nominated by the aristocracy. The House bad been swept and garnished, but the inmates were imwashed.

Henry Grattan saw this, and calls it a ^^ borough parliament." Speaking of the act of Independence, he Mys, ^^ It gave the country a new political situation, wherein she ceased to be a province, and became a nation ; and of course rendered those borough parlia- ments, that were adequate to the management of a province," — to the management of Ireland when a province — "absurd and inapplicable when that pro- vince became a nation." He speaks of those who would retain the credit of reformers, while they cleave to the borough representation —who are willing to " let the people sit in the House of Commons, provided the aristocrats sat in their lap."

We learn from a Report of Commissioners on Irish corporations, previous to the passing of the reform bill, that there were forty-five corporate towns in Ire-

TOL- n. 17

258 HISTORY OF CORK.

land previous to the reign of James !• They were Ardee, Ardfert and Athboy, Athenry, Bannow, CaUan, Carlingford, Carlow, Carrickfergus, Cashel, Clonmel, Cork, Dingle, Donegal, Drogheda, Dublin, Doleek, Dundalk, Dungarvan, Fethard, (county of Tipperary), Fore, Galway, Gowran, Inistiogue, Irishtown, Kells, Kildare, Kilkenny, Kilmallock, Kinsale, Eiiocktopher, Limerick, Maryborough, Naas, Navan, New Boss, Old Leighlin, Fhilipstown, Boscommon, Taghmon, Thomas- town, Trim, Waterford, Wexford, and ToughaL

The number of Irish towns invested with the cor- porate rights of sending members to the Irish parlia- ment, during the two succeeding reigns, were sixly- one — Agher, Armagh, Askeaton, Athlone, Athy, Ballinakill, Ballyshannon, Baltimore, Bandon-bridge^ Bangor, Belfast, Belturbet, Boyle, Carrick-on-Shannon, Castlebar, Cavan, Carlemont, Clogher, Clonakilty, ColerainCi Dungannon, Ennis, Enniscorthyi Emm- killen, Fethard, (county of Wexford), Gorey, Hills- borough, Johnstown, Kilbeggan, Killileagh, EUlybegs, Lifford, Lismore, Londonderry, Limavaddy, MaIloW| Monaghan, Newry, Newtownards, Sligo, St. Johnstown, (county of Donegal), Strabane, Tallow, Tralee, Tuam, Wicklow. By Charles I., Banagher ; by Charles IL, Baltiuglass, Blcssington, Carysfort, CastlemartyTi Charleville, Dunleer, Granard, Harristown, Lanes- borough, Longford, Midleton, Portarlington, St. Johns- town, Tulstre, were invested with this privilege.

Some of these boroughs were erected by Mary snd Elizabeth. James I. created forty. When the lords of the pale remonstrated, he replied, ^^ What is it to you whether I make many or few. What if I oreated

COBK SUPPORTS THE UNION. 259

forty noblemen and four hundred boroughs ; the more the merrier, the fewer the better cheer."

Some of the counties and large towns were not of tiuB opinion, and therefore voted for the extinction of the assembly.

"April 23rd, 1800. — ^At a meeting of the city grand jmy, held during the Spring Assizes, in the city grand jury room, it was resolved imanimously: — *That the. •entiment of the city of Cork in favour of a legislative union with Great Britain, has already been expressed in the most decided and unequivocal manner, and that the ineffectual efforts which have been made to represent fliiB city as entertaining a contrary sentiment, afford us the most decisive evidence that the great majority of our feUow-citizens, in point of wealth, loyalty, and steady attachment to the constitution, still continue to approve of the measure.'

" This resolution was signed by the mayor, Philip ADen, the sherifiDs, Henry Hickman and William Lane, and also by the common speaker, John G. Newsom, in testimony of their approbation. There were, of course, numbers on both sides. Messrs. Jeffereys and Penrose went to London to present a petition to his majesty, signed by a number of freemen and others, in reprobation of the measure."

Lord Castlereagh, writing to Wickam, and speaking of the opposition in Dublin, says, '^ there is every reason to hope that a different sentiment prevails at Cork. The Protestants and Catholics of that city, who seldom agree on any point, are both alive to the great oo mercial benefits they would derive from it" The let is dated Phoenix Park, Nov. 23, 1798.

260 HISTORY OF CORK.

Lord Comwallis, who did more for the promotion of the measure than any other British statesman, and who tried from the first to lay its foundation on a wide and liberal basis, says, in writing to the Duke of Port- land, " I have reason to hope that the inhabitants of Munster, and particularly the citizens of Cork, are partial to the measure," — ComwalW Correspandeneej vol. ii., p. 454,

As I give this high-minded nobleman the prinoipal credit of carrying this most unpopular measure, it is only fair the reader should know the kind of union he^ wished to establish between the two nations. " I hay^ no great doubt of being able to carry the measure here^ but I have great apprehensions of the efficiency of it^ after it is carried ; and I do not think it would hare been much more difficult to have included the Catho- lics." Again, " I certainly wish that England would now make a union with the Irish nation, instead of making it with a party in Ireland. It has always appeared to me a desperate measure for the English government, to make an irrevocable alliance with a small party in Ireland." — Comwallis^ Carrespandeneef vol. ii., pp. 418, 420,443.

In the same letter to the Duke of Portland, he sayB, " As your Grace may wish to be informed of the par- ticular sentiments of the most leading characters, I think it necessary to mention that Lord Shannon, to whom I first addressed myself, is impressed in tbft strong^'st manner with the difficulties and disadvan- tages of the present system, and is disposed to enter- tain the measure favorably."

Again, ^^ After the distinguished part Lord Shaimoii

\

LOBD SHANNON A UNIONIST. 261

'iuiB taken throughout the whole of this tranaaotiony it

ia aeareely neeeeaary to assure your Qraee that nothing

-;waa omitted in Cork, where his lordship's inflnenoe is

ID deservedly ertensive, whioh oould serre the oause ;

tad I am not less bound to acknowledge the yery for-

ivd part Lord Boyle has taken on this occasion,''

Lord Boyle was the son of Lord Shannon, whom he iBoeeeded in the earldom, May 20th, 1807. He was Benber of the Lrish Parliament for Clonakilty, from Jime 1798 to 1797, and the county of Cork till January 1807. He died April 22nd, 1842.

It was from Lord Shannon's residence, in Castle- aartyr, that the marquis wrote the following letter to the Protestant Archbishop of Cashel : —

'< Castkmarfyr^ Aug. 22mf, 1799.

"Mt Dear Lobd,

^^I find that our friends in the county of IHpperary are decidedly of opinion that a county meet- ing should be called, and are under no apprehension about the success of the measure, I have, therefore, only to request that your Grace will allow your respect- able name to be sul^cribed to the requisition.

^^ I have the honor to be, &c.,

" COBNWALLIS."

The archbishop replies with all alacrity^ ^^At a quarter past nine o'clock this night, after the High Sheriff's messenger had taken my answer, I had the Jbonor of receiving your Excellency's letter from Castle- martyr, in consequence of which I hare written a ieoond letter, to tlie High 8heri£^ of which I take the

262 HISIORY OF CORE.

liberty of enclosing a copy, being numbered twO| and written on the same sheet of paper as the copy of my first answer. This second letter I shall send to fhe High Sheriff very early to-morrow morning.

** I haye, &o.,

" 0. Cashbll.'^

The archbishop adds in a postscript, ^< The dragoon who brought your excellency's letter will set out from hence early to-morrow morning." The archbishop had first refused to sign the requisition.

Lord Comwallis shews his gratitude by recommend- ing the archbishop for the primacy. ^^ If the king should think proper to give the primacy in the line of Irish bishopSy I do not think that he can, without much inconvenience, pass over the claims of the Archbishop of Cashel, nor do I know any other candi- date whose merits would justify such a superoesaioiL But should his majesty, on the contrary, select one of the English bishops, from the Irish bench, for that high station — according to the practice which has obtained for many years — I should conceive that the Bishop of Ferns would be the properest for his QhoioOi and that no man would fill that high office with more respectability."

The bishop referred to was Euseby Clever, who was consecrated bishop of Cork in March, 1789, and trans- lated to Ferns in June of the same year, and made Archbishop of Dublin in 1809.

Lord Comwallis did more, or at least as much, to carry the union, by the erection or promotion of peeors^ as by money. The applications made for lordly honors

r

CBBATION AND PBOMOnOK OF PEERS. ^63

were nnineioiiS) and on some oooasioiui rather bare- fMed or blunt.

^^ Lord InGhiqnin wrote to me early in the bufiinefla ^of the Union] to aak to be made a marquisi but his krdahip has no Irish inflnence to support his request ; if, however, your Qraoe [the letter is addressed to the Buke of Portland]' should wish to add his name to the Itmr mentioned in my paper, I shall hare no objeotion. In the poposed oreation of earls I hare to obserye, ! tint as the late Lord O'Neill and Lord Bandon were on the point of being promoted, in Lord Camden's administration, when the rebellion broke out, and the former lost his life, I recommend that they should be ereated a few days before the others^ to giye them the precedence."

According to these recommendations, Murrough O^Brien, fifth earl of Lichiquin, was created Marquis ef Thomond,* December 29, 1800 ;t and Francis Ber- nard, who had been raised to the peerage as Lord Bandon, Not. SO, 1793, was created Earl of Bandon, August 6, 1800.

Li the ^^ List of Persons recommended to His Hajesty for the dignity of the Peerage in Lreland,'* we find the name of WiUiam Hare, Esq., of Cork. '^ William Hare, Esq., and his son, have constantly supported the Union, and given a regular attendance, [in the Irish parUament]. Mr. Hare's property is said to exceed £12,000 a year in the counties of Cork and Kerry."

• Tht Marqms Thomomd wti cretted an Kngliahpeer, October 2, 1801. H« WM focceedcd in 1808 bj hU nephew, WilliaoL William wae nieceedad bj bb brotber Jtmee, the third and last marqoii, Angnst SI, 1846.

t J>tetmh9r 29, 1800. There were aerenteea promoiioiii in the Iriib pecncpe Badetbiadaj.

264 HISTORY OF COEK.

William Hare was created Lord Ennismore, July 30, 1800, and Earl of Listowel, January 12, 1822. ^^ Both father and son sat for Athy at the time of the Union. They bought their seats of the Duke of Lein- ster, and voted in opposition to his wishes." — Cwres^ pondence^ voL iii.

The following is the letter in which Lord Bantry is recommended for the dignity of viscount : —

<< MaBQUIS CoRNWAXUS to the DuKS of POBTLAIfl).

(Private.)

'* Ilane Castle, Aug, 17, 1800.

" My dear Lord,

" I have hitherto omitted to mention to your grace, that I promised Lord Longueville to move his majesty to confer upon Lord Bantry the dignity of a viscount. Tour grace is too well acquainted with the strong parliamentary interest which Lord Longueville* possesses, and of his support of the measure of the Union, to render anything further on my part neces- Bary in urging a compliance with his request.

" I have, &c.,

" CORNWALUS."

Eichard White, Earl of Bantry, was elevated to the peerage in 1797, in consequence of his service to the state on the occasion of the arrival of the Frenoh at Bantry Bay ; and to the dignity of viscount, Deo. 29| 1800, on which occasion his son-in-law. Lord Longue- ville, was raised to the like dignity. The title died with Lord Longueville in 1811.

* Lord Longueville^ in one of his querulous letters, claims Cork and Malknr, and six other seats as his own. — See OomwaUut Correopondmee, t. Ui., pp. i89«994.

r

COMPENSATION MONET. 266

Bichard Longfield was oreated Lord Longaeville in Oct, 1795. The Longfields, or LoDgchamps, cams to England with the Conqueror, and to Ireland at a mj early period. William, the grand-uncle of the first lord, lost estates, now valued at £30,000 a year, by adhering to James II. He procured a grant of £3,000 on William's accession. His younger brother, John Longfield, was a Williamite, and more fortunate ; he settled in the county of Cork, and was employed as a Collector at Mallow. Lord Longueville married Mar- garet, the only daughter of Bichard White, of Bantry, hence his zeal in getting his father-in-law raised to the dignity of a yiscount.

The compensation money paid for disfranchising and decreasing the representation in Irish boroughs amounted to £1,260,000. "Paid by the people,'' •aid Grattan, " for getting themselves turned out of parliament." The expression is more epigrammatic than true. It was not the people but the nominees of the noblemen, that were turned out. This was well understood, and it was the noble patrons of these boroughs that got the money. The price given for each borough was £15,000. Now as Cork had seven boroughs disfranchised, namely, Charleville, Midleton, Baltimore, Clonakilty, Castlemartyr, Doneraile, and Bathcormac, the noble patrons must have pocketed — deducting the small sums they may have given their nominees, £105,000. Lords Cork and Shannon, who were joint patrons of Charleville, received £7,500 for this small borough. Lord Shannon had more or less influence in four boroughs in this county, which were worth £60,000. Mr. Hare, afterwards Lord Ennismorei

266 msTOBY OF gore.

who was nominee of the Duke of Leinsteri for Athy, got JS1200| the duke taking the lion's share of the jei5,000, that is £13,800.

But some of the members made private bargains for themselves. Among this number was the famous Sir Boyle Boche, baronet, whom we claim as a county Cork man — ^the very Barney Sheehan of the Irish par- liament. Sir Boyle Boche was created a baronet in 1782. Whether it was for voting against, or for Irish independence, we cannot say.* He was member for Tralee, Gowran, Fortarlington, and Old-Leighlin* He was as celebrated for bulls as Lord Norbury for pons, or Curran for wit and ready repartee. On the intro^ duction of a bill into the Irish parliament for the better regulation of weights and measures, he moved in com- mittee that " every quart bottle should hold a qiiart." On another occasion he delivered himself thus : — " It would be better, Mr. Speaker, to give up not only a part, but, if necessary, even the whole of the oonstita- tion, to preserve the remainder.'' Speaking of an invasion from France, he styles the ManeillaUe the Marshal'law-men^ and adds, they will cut us to minoe>- meat, and throw our bleeding heads on that tabla, to stare us in the face.'' But with all his blimders, he possessed a large share of shrewdness, and his abnir- dities have often quelled the storm of political debate which the eloquence of Grattan had lashed into fary, he therefore felt that the state was his debtor.

We did not expect to find Sir Boyle Boohe| any more than his bird — although the animal is ubiquitouB

* Cannot tay. Sir Boyle Boche was the metseDger employed by Lord mare, in 1783, to say that the Catholics were satisfied with whtt hM ~ for them, which turned oat to be false.

SLR BOYLE BOCHE. 267

— among the leaves of the Comwallis Correspondencei but here we find him trying to pick up something for himself. He voted for the Union, and is now looking for his compensation : —

^' Sib Boyle Bocme to Lieut.-Colonel Ltetlehales.

*' London^ Thayer Sl.y near Manchester Square^ " May y^ 12M, 1801.

" DsAB Sib,

"I was surprised exceedingly to be informed, that Mr. Gerald Aylmer was put into the patent with me as Inspector of the river Kenmare, which has been a great disappointment to me, as Mr. W. A. Crosbie and I had come to an agreement about the exchange of our places, and he was certain that he had interest enough with Lord Hardwicke to effect it, which would have been very convenient for both, as he, who desires to live in England, would have been accommodated with a sinecure place, and I, who intend to be a resi- dent in Dublin, should be very happy in his situation of a Commissioner of Stamps.

" I have now been an officer in the revenue for upwards of twenty-five years, and am entitled, by the revenue laws, to retire upon my emoluments. My salary was three hundreds a-year, which I received quarterly.

" I had a deputy give me at sixty pounds a-year, which entirely excused me from any attendance. My deputy was obliged to share all captures with me, the value of which were at times considerable, all which I am willing to compromise for four hundred a-year upon the incidents of the revenue ; and in doing this, I shall be rather a loser than a gainer.

268 HISTORY OF CORK. '

i

^^If the Lord Lieutenant can do this before V departure, he would add to the obligations he \\ already conferred upon me.

^^ I request you, with your usual goodness to me, ip lay this letter before his excellency.

" I am, dear sir,

" Ever aflfectionately yours,

" B. EOCHB.'^

j-j-

Littlehales, in a pencil note to Marsden, r< ^^ I have informed Sir Boyle I could not interfere in this matter." A pension of three hundred pounds a- year was conferred jointly on him and his lady — besides his separate pension of two hundred pounds a-year, about eight days after he wrote the above letter. Sir Boyle Eoche made no blunder here.

Lest we shoidd conclude from the revelations of the Comwallis' Correspondence, that our grandfathers were much more corrupt than our fathers, or ourselveSi we would point the reader to the correspondence of the incorruptible Arthur, Duke of Wellington, who, when Irish secretary, did " dirty his fingers with so vile a job," as buying a borough, although he had over and over again refused (as he says at a later period) to become the proprietor of a borough. This correspon- dence displays no scruples about bribery and corruption. He found it the established machinery of his office, and he worked the machinery with his usual energy. He had eaten the king's salt, and what the government of the king expected of him, that it was his duty to do. He bought boroughs, he sold peerages, he jobbed his patronage, with a vigor and discrimination truly won-

1

\

COUNTY CORK MEMBERS. 269

He writes to his brother Henry to ask the price of a borough ; he announces "Pennefather promised me the refusal of Cashel, but he has not ^^ stated his price." He obtains Cashel, and we find tiiat Pennefather is authorised to draw £5000 upon Drummonds. He writes to London to know who is to le nominated for that borough, and is told that it is to be kept for a Mr. Peel. He orders the borough to be kept for this gentleman, whose name, in full, he will •end by a subsequent post ; and in the subsequent post he announces that the name of the gentleman is Bobert Peel, Esq., of Drayton Basset, in the county of Stafford. The correspondence is foil of such bargains. In one it is proposed to barter a borough for a bishopric.

MEMBERS SENT TO THE IRISH PARLIAMENT BY THE CONSTITUENCIES OP THE COUNTY OF CORE.

COUNTY OP CORK.

1585, April. Sir John Norreys, knt. William Cogan, Esq. John Fitzgerald, Esq., of Cloyne.

1613, April 19th. Dermod McCarthy, Esq., of Lohort. Andrew Barrett, Esq., of Ballincollig.

1634, June 23rd. Sir William St. Leger, knt., of Doneraile. Sir Donagh McCarthy, knt.

1639, March 2nd. Sir William St. Leger, knt., of Doneraile. Sir Donagh McCarthy, knt Eed- mond Roche, of Cahirduggan, expelled the 22nd of June, 1642, for the rebellion.

1661, April 25th. Hon. Eichard Boyle. Sir Henry Tjmte, knt, of Roxhall.

1661, June 2nd. Sir John Perceval, hart, of Burton, vice Tynte, deceased.

270 HISTORY OF COBK.

1665, Dec. 7th. Eoger Lord Broghill, vice Boyle,

deceased. John St. Leger, Esq., of Doneiailei

vice Perceval, deceased. 1692, Sept 19th. Hod. Henry Boyle. Sir St John

Brodrick, knt, of Midleton. 1695, Ang. 6th. Sir St John Brodrick, knt, of Midlc

ton. Thomas Brodrick, Esq., of Wandsworth,

Snrrey. 1703, Ang. 28th. Sir John Perceval, bart., of Bnrton.

Thomas Brodrick, Esq., of Midleton. 1713, Oct. 81st. Sir John Perceval, bart., of Burton.

Alan Brodrick, Esq., of Midleton. 1715, Oct. 20th. Hon. St John Brodrick, knt, of

Midleton. Henry Boyle, Esq., of Castlemartyr.

1727, Oct 26th. Hon. St John Brodrick. Henry Boyle, Esq., of Castlemartyr.

1728, March 30th. Sir Matthew Deane, bart, of Dro- more, vice Brodrick, deceased.

1747, Oct 28th. Arthur Hyde, Esq., of Castle Hyde,

vice Deane, deceased. 1766, May 17th. Charles Viscount Dungarvan, vice

Boyle, created Earl of Shannon. 1759, Nov. 6th. Richard Townsend, Esq., of Castle-

townsend, vice Lord Dungarvan, deceased. 1761, April 25th. Eichard, Viscount Boyle, Castle- martyr. Bichard Townsend, Esq., of Castle-

townsend. 1765, Nov. 11th. Hon. John Lysaght, Mount North,

vice Boyle, Earl of Shannon. 1768, July 21st Eichard Townsend, Esq., of Castle-

townsend. John Hyde, Esq., of Castlebyde. 1776. Sir E. T. Meade.

CITT OF CORK MEMBERS. 271

1782, James Bernard, Esq.

1783. Lord Kingsborough. 1791. Abraham Morris, Esq.

1797. Viscount Boyle.

1798. E. U. Fitzgerald, Esq.

CITY OP CORK.

1559, Jan. J. Miagh (Meade) Esq. Stephen Coppinger,

Esq. 1585, April. John Miagh, Esq. Thos. Sarsfield, Esq. 1613, April 30th. Edmund Terry, alderman of Cork.

David Terry, alderman of Cork. 1634, July. Dominick Coppinger, gent., of Cork. Sir

Wm. Sarsfield, knt., of Sarsfield Court. 1639, March. Sir Andrew Barrett, knt., of Castlemore,

Inniscarra. Dominick Boohe, alderman of

Cork. 1661, April 30th. Peter Courthorpe, Esq., knt, of

Courtstown. Kichard Kyrle, Esq., (knt.) of

Dromaneear. 1692, Sept. 12th. Alan Brodrick, Esq., of Midleton.

Robert Rogers, of Ashgrove, alderman of Cork* 1695, Augt. 2nd. Alan Brodrick, Esq., of Midleton.

Eobt. Rogers, alderman of Cork. 1703, Sept. 1st. Hon. Thomas Erie. Alan Brodrick

of Midleton. 1710, May 25th. Edward Hoare, Esq., of Duncathal,

vice Brodrick, appointed Chief Justice, Q.B. 1713, Oct. 26th- St. John Brodrick, Esq., of the Middle

Temple. Edw. Hoare, Esq., of Duncathal. 1715, Oct. 17th. Edw. Hoare, Esq., of Duncathal.

Edmond Knapp, Esq., alderman of Cork.

272 HISTORY OF CORK.

1727, Sept. 25th. Hugh Dixon, Esq., of Ballybriokeit

Edw. Webber, Esq., of Cork, 1731, Oct. 25th. Jonas Morris, Esq., of Cork, vice

Webber, deceased. 1735, Oct. 20th. Emanuel Piggott, Esq., of Chetwyn,

vice Morris, deceased. 1739, Oct. 29th. Sir Matthew Deane, bart., of Dro-

more, vice Dixon, deceased. 1751, Oct. 28th. Thos. Newenham, Esq., of Coolmore,

vice Deane, deceased. 1761, April 28th. John Hely Hutchinson, Esq., of

Knocklofty, Tipperary. Sir John Freke, bart.,

of Castle Freke. 1764, April 28th. William Brabazon Ponsonby, Esq.,

vice Freke, deceased. 1768, July 8th. John Hely Hutchinson, Esq., of Pal-

merston, Dublin. Wm. Brabazon Ponsonby, Esq. 1776, Eichard Longfield, Esq. 1784, Augustus Warren, Esq.

1790, Hon. J. H. Hutchinson.

1791, Et, Hon. E. Longfield.

1796, W. Hare, Esq.

1797, Mountiford Longfield, Esq.

YOTJQHAL.

1559, Jan. John Walch, Esq. John Portyngall, of

Toughal. 1585, April. Thomas Coppinger, Esq. James CoUen,

Esq. Francis Annias,* Esq. 1613, April 26th. Edmund Coppinger, alderman rf

Youghal. John Forrest, alderman of YonghaL

« FraneU Annuu. Could this bo any rclatiyo of the fiuuNyi J(dm Anaiii^ tht poisoner, vho was hanged 9th Nov. 1602 ? Vol. i. p. W5,

MEMBERS FOB YOUGHAL. 273

1634, June 24th. Edward Qough, alderman of

Youghal. Theobald Eonayne, alderman of

Toughal. 1639, Feb. 26th. Edward Gough, alderman. Theo- bald Bonayne, alderman. 1661, April Ist. Sir Boyle Maynard, bart, of Curri-

glass. Owen Silver, gent. 1692, Sept 19th. Hon. Henry Boyle, of Castlemartyr*

Bobert Fitzgerald, Esq., of Cork-Beg. 1695, Aug. 10th. Hon. Henry Boyle. Bobert Fitz- gerald. 1703, Sept. 2nd. Henry Luther, Esq., of Ballyboy,

King's County. John Hayman, merchant of

Toughal. 1713, Nov. 4th. Boyle Smyth, Esq., of Ballynatray,

"Waterford. Henry Luther, Esq. 1715, Nov. 12th. Lieut.-Qen. Francis Palmes, Dublin.

Arthur Hyde, Esq., of Castlehyde. 1719, July 20th. Henry Bugg, Esq., of Ballydaniel,

vice Palmes, deceased. 1721, Oct. 9th. Arthur Hyde, Esq., of Castle Hyde,

vice Hyde, deceased. 1727, Oct. 10th. James Tynte, Esq., of Old Sawn,

Dublin, and of Dunlavan, Wicklow. Hon.

James O'Brien, of Dublin. 1758, April 25th. Arthur Hyde, jun., Esq., of Castle

Hyde, vice Tynte, deceased. 1761, April 16th. Sir John Conway Colthurst, bart., of

Ardrum. Bellingham Boyle, Esq., of Glinfield. 1768, June 30th. James Dennis, Esq., of Dublin.

Hon. Joseph Lysaghf, of Cork. 3776, James TJniaoke, Esq.

VOL II. 18

I

i

274 HISTORY OF CORK.

1777, Eobert Uniacke, Esq. 1787> John Keane, Esq.

lONSALE.

1559, Jan. —Sir John Allen, knt., of Alincourt, Kildare.

Francis Agard, Esq., of Grange Gorman, Dub- lin, and of Fawston, Staffordshire. 1585, April. James Galwey, Esq., of Kinsale. Philip

Eoche, Esq., of Eansale. 1613, April 21st. James Eoche Fitz-Fhilip, of Kinsale,

Dominick Eoche, Fitz-Eichard gent, of Einsale. 1634, June 13. Wm. Gallwey, Esq., of Kinsale.

James Eoche, Esq., of Kinsale. 1639, Feb. Patrick Eoche Fitz-Eichard, of Kinsale-

Philip Eoche Fitz-Eichard, Esq., of Kinsale. 1661, April 11th. St. John Broderick, Esq., of Bally-

annanane. Eandolph Clayton, Esq., of Short

Castle, Mallow. 1692, Jonas Stawell, of Kilkeams. Edward South*

well, Esq., of Kinsale and of Kingsweston,

Gloucester. 1695, Aug. 15. Edward Southwell, Esq., of Kings*

weston, Gloucester. James Waller, Esq. 1703, Sept. 2nd. Hon. Henry Hawley, of Kinsale.

William Southwell, Esq. 1713, Oct. 26th. Edward Southwell, Esq., of Kings-

weston, Gloucester. Hon. Henry Hawley, of

Kinsale, 1725, Sept. 30th. Antony Stawell, Esq., of Kinsale^

vice Hawley, deceased. 1725, Sept. 30th. Sir Eichard Meade, hart, of Ballin-

toher, Tice Stawell, miselected.

MEMBERS FOR KINSALE AJH) BANDON. 275

1727, Oct. 4tL Edw- Southwell, Esq., of Eongsweston,

Gloucester. Sir Bichard Meade, bart. 1731, Oct. 22nd. Brigadier-General Gervais Parker,

of Dublin, vice Southwell, deceased. 1731, Oct. 22nd. Eichard Ponsonby, Esq., of Crotto,

Kerry, vice Parker, miselected. 1745, Oct. 22nd. Jonas Stawell, Esq., of Kinsale, vice

Meade, deceased 1761, April 20th. J, PoUiott, Esq., of Kinsale Edw.

Southwell, Esq. of Kingsweston, Gloucester. 1765, Nov. I6th. Agmondisham Vesey, Esq., of Lucan,

Dublin, vice FoUiott, deceased. 1768, July 5th. A. Vesey, Esq., of Lucan, Dublin.

James Kearney, Esq., of Garrettstown. 1783, Cromwell Price, Esq. 1790, William Crowley, Esq. 1797, Samuel C. Eowley, Esq.

BANDON, Inooepohatbd Mabch 30th, 1613.

1613, April 17th. Sir Richard Morrison, knt. Wm.

Crowe, Esq, of Crowesnest, near Dublin. 1634, June l7th. Sir George Wentworth, knt. Wm,

Wiseman, Fsq., of Bandon and Kelbegg. 1639, Feb. 24th. Sir Francis Slingsby, knt-, Kilmore.

Anthony Doppinge, Esq., of Dublin. 1661, April 4th. Eobert Georges, L.L.D., of Kilbrew,

Meath. John Eead, Esq., of Coolerelong. 169?, Sept. 19th. Sir William Moore, bart., of Eoss-

carbery. Edward Eiggs, Esq., of Eiggsdale. 1695, Aug. 1st. Edwd. Eiggs, Esq. Francis Bernard,

Esq., of Castle Mahon.

276 HISTORY OP OOBK.

1703, Sept. 2nd. Francis Bernard, Esq., of Castle

Mahon. Bichard Georges, Esq., of Eilbrew,

Meath. 1713, October 29th. Francis Bernard, Esq., of Castle

Mahon. Martin Bladen, Esq., of Albury

Hatch, Essex. 1727, October 23rd. George Freke, Esq. Stephen

Bernard, Esq., of Castle Mahon. 1731, Oct. 21st. Bellingham Boyle, Esq., of Glinfield,

Bathfamham, Dublin, vice Freke, deceased. 1761, April 23rd. William Conner, Esq. Thomas

Adderley, Esq., of Innishannon. 1766, Feb. 14th. Francis Bernard, Esq., of Castle

Bernard, vice Conner, deceased. 1768, July 2nd. Francis Bernard, Esq., of Castle

Bernard, vice Conner, deceased. Thomas Ad- derley, Esq., of Innishannon. 1775, W. B. Ponsonby. Esq. Lodge Morris, Esq. 1790, B. Chinnery, Esq. 1797, Hon. W. O'Callaghan.

HALLOW, Ikoobporatbd Fbbbuaht 27THy 1612.

1613, May 1st. Sam. Molyneux, Esq., of Louthstown,

Kildare. Sir James Ware, knt., of Macestown. 1634, June. William Kingsmill, Esq., of Ballyowen.

Thomas Bettesworth, Esq. 163 i, Jan. Sir Thomas Wenman, knt., of Ballintogher,

Sligo. Donogh O'Brien, Esq., of Dough Clare. 1639, March 2nd. William Kingsmill, Esq., of Bally-

owen. Thomas Beckett, Esq. 1641, May. Joshua Boyle, Esq., of Castle Lyons, vice

Kingsmill, past hope of recovery.

\ \

V

HEMBEB8 FOB MALLOW AND CHARLEYILLE. 277

1661, April 25th. Heyward St. Leger, Esq., of Castle- more. Thomas Pooley, Esq., of Dublin.

1692, Sept. John Jephson, Esq., of Mallow.

1695, Aug. William Jephson, Esq., of Mallow. Lau- rence Clayton, Esq. of Mallow.

1703, Aug. 31. Laurence Clayton, Esq., of Mallow. Bartholomew Purdon, Esq., of Ballyclough.

1713, Nov. 6th. William Jephson, Esq., of Mallow. Anthony Jephson, Esq., Mallow.

1715, Oct. 13th. William Jephson, Esq., of Mallow. Anthony Jephson, Esq., of Mallow.

1716, June 7th. William Brodrick, Esq., vice Wm. Jephson, deceased.

1727, Nov. 13th. Anthony Jephson, Esq., of Mallow. 1753, Oct. 9th. Courthorpe Clayton, Esq., of Anabell. 1756, Jan. 13th. Denham Jephson, Esq., of Mallow,

vice Jephson, deceased 1761, April 1 6th. Denham Jephson, Esq., of Mallow.

William Jephson, Esq , of Mallow. 1768, July 6th. Denham Jephson, Esq, of Mallow.

Denham Jephson, Esq., Mallow. 1783, Sir James Laurence Cotter, bart. 1790, J. Longfield, Esq.

CHABLEVILLE, Inoobforated Mat 29tb, 1671.

1692, Sept. 19th. George Crofts, Esq., of Churchtown^ expelled the 11th of October, for his services to King James. Henry Bowerman, jun., Esq.

1695, Aug. 13th. Hon. Charles Boyle. Jas. Ormsbyy Esq., of Athlaccagh, Limerick.

1703, Sept. 1. George Evans, Esq., of Ballyvenoghe. Robert Fitzgerald, Castle Dod.

278 HISTOEY OF CORK.

1713, Nov. 2nd. Sir Matthew Deane, bart., of Dro-

more. Bretridge Badham, Esq., of Ballyheen. I7l5, Oct 27tli. Colonel George Evans, of Carassby,

Limerick. Captain Wm. Boyle, Castlemartyr. 1721, Oct. Sth. Henry Purdon, Esq., vice Evans. 1725, Oct. 30th. Hon. James O'Brien, of Dublin, vice

Boyle, deceased, 1727, Oct. 14th. Pryce Hartstongue, Esq., of Brufi^

Limerick. John Lysaght, Esq., Mount North. 1743, March 12th. Edward Barry, Esq,, M.D., Dublin,

vice Hartstongue, deceased. 1759, Nov. 14th. Hamilton, Viscount Dungarvan, vice

Lysaght, created Lord Lisle. 1761, April 24th. Eobert Barry, Esq., of Dalkey,

Dublin. Eichard Longfield, Esq., Castle Maiy. 1768, July 12. Hon James Lysaght, of Mount North.

Eobert Barry, Esq., of Dalkey, Dublin. 1776. Eichard Cox, Esq. Thomas Warren, Esq. 1783, Eogerson Cotter, Esq. 1790, Sir J. Blaquire. 1797, Hon. C. H. Boyle.

MIDLETONy Incobpobatbd Jakua^t 2tn>, 1670.

1692, Sept. 22. Thomas Brodrick, Esq., of Midleton.

George Eogers, Esq., of Ballyknavin, Tipperary. 1692, Oct. 22. Henry Petty, Esq., of High Wycombe,

Bucks, vice Eogers, returned for Lismore. 1695, Aug. 7. Sir Francis Brewster, Knt, of Dublin.

St. John Brodrick, Esq., Wandes worth, Surrey.

Sept. 20. Charles Oliver, Esq., of donodfoy.

Limerick, vice Brodrick, excused by reason of

sickness.

MEMBERS FOR HIDLETON. 279

703, Sept. 9. St John Brodrick, Esq,, of Wandes- worth, Surrey. Bobert Foulke, Esq., of Cur- ragbnenensy. 1707, July 7. Henry Boyle, Esq., of Castlemartyr, vice Brodrick, deceased.

1713, Nov. 2. Artbur Hyde, Esq. Jepbson Busteed, Esq.

1715, Oct. 28. Thomas Brodrick, Esq., of Wandes- worth, Surrey. Edward Corker, Esq., of Muck- town, Dublin .

1727, Nov. 2. Eicbard Bettesworth, Esq., of Dublin. Eaton Stannard, Esq., of Tubber, Dublin.

1741, Oct. 19. William Annesley, Esq., of Dublin, and of Castlewellan, Down, vice Bettesworth, deceased.

1755, Oct. 30. Hon. James Hamilton, (Yisct. Lime- rick,) Dundalk, Louth, vice Stannard, de- ceased.

1758, April 21. James St. John Jeflfreyes, Esq., of Blarney, vice Hamilton, become Earl of Clan- brassill.

1759, Oct. 26. Francis Andrews, LL.D., of Dublin, vice Annesley, created Lord Annesley.

1761, April 14. Thomas Brodrick, Esq. James St.

John Jeffreyes, Esq., of Blarney. 1768, July 2. Jas. St. John Jeflfreyes, Esq., of Blarney.

Edward Brodrick, Esq. 1776, Henry Brodrick, Esq. 1783, Thomas Pigott, Esq. Arthur Dawson, Esq. 1794, B. B. Woodward, Esq. 1797, E. Harding, Esq. 1799, Major-General J. F. Craddock.

280 HI8T0BY OF CORK.

BALTIMORE, Inoobpob^tsd Mabch 25th, 1618.

1613, April 20. Sir Thomas Crooke, knt, of Baltimore.

Henry Pierce, Esq., of Dublin. 1634, June 1. Lott Feere, Esq. Edward Skipwith, Esq*

Dec. James Tracers, Esq., vice Feere, absent

in England on special occasions. 1639, Feb. 24. Bryan Jones, Esq. Henry Ejiyreton,

Esq. 1661, April 10. Sir Nicholas Furdon, knt^ of Bally-

clough. Bichard Townsend, Esq., of Castle

Townsend. 1692, Sept. 19. Col. Thomas Beecher, sen., of Sherky

and Castle Mahon. Edward Bichardson, gent.,

of Moorstown, Castlemore. 1695, July 13. Colonel T. Beecher, sen. Edward

Bichardson, gent. 1703, Aug. 19. Fercy Freke, Esq., of Bathbarry.

Thomas Beecher, Esq., Sherky. 1707, July 5. Edward Biggs, Esq., of Biggsdale^ Ties

Freke, deceased. 1709, May 10. Francis Langston, Esq., vice Beecher,

deceased. 1713, Oct. 26. Hon. Bichard Barry. Miohael Bee- cher, Esq. 1715, Nov. 1. Hon. William Southwell. Michad

Beecher, Esq. 1721, Sept. 26. Sir Feroy Freke, bart., of Castle

Freke, vice Southwell, deceased.

1727, Oct. 5. Sir Fercy Freke, bart., of Castle Freke. Bichard Tonson, Esq., DuncathaL

1728, April 27. Sir John Freke, bart., ofCuMeVnke, vice Fercy Freke, deceased.

MEMBEBS FOB BALTIMOBE AND CLONAKILTY. 281

1761, April 27. Sir John Freke, bart. R. Tonson. 1761, Nov. 30. William Clements, Esq., of Dublin,

vice Freke, returned for the city of Cork. X768, July 2. Sir John Freke, bart., of Castle Freke.

Bichard Tonson, Esq., Baltimore. 1775, J. Deane.

1778, William Evans.

1781, James Chatterton.

1783, Lord Sudley. Bichard Longfield.

1790, Bichard Grace.

1797, George Evans.

CLONAXILTY, Inoobpobatbd Mat 5th, 1618.

1613, May 3. Sir Edward Harris, knt., of Cahirmoney.

Sir Henry Gosnell, knt. 1634, June 19. Sir Bobert Travers, knt. Philip

M8iinwaring, Esq. 1639, Feb. 24. Sir Bobert Travers, knt. Peregrin

Banastre, Esq. 1661, April 8. Joshua Boyle, Esq., of Castle Lyons.

Arthur Freke, Esq. 1692, Sept. Sir Percy Freke, bart., of Castle Freke.

Francis Bernard, Esq., of Castle Mahon. 1695, Aug. 12. Sir Percy Freke, bart. Bryan

Townsend, Esq , of Castle Townsend. 1703, Sept. 1. Sir Balph Freke, bart., of Castle Freke.

Lieut. -Col. George Freke. 1713, Oct. 28. Sir Balph Freke, bart. Brigadier-

Gen. George Freke. 17J5, Oct. 17. Sir Balph Freke, bart. Brigadier- Gen. George Freke.

282 msiOBY OF ooek.

17179 Sept. Bichard Cox, Esq., of Danmamnay, yioe

Sir B. Yrekej deceased. 1725| Sept. 16. Francis Bernard, Jan., Esq., vice Cox,

deceased. 1727, Oct. 16. Francis Bernard, jun, Esq, of Castle

Mahon. Sir Bichd. Cox, bart., of Dunmanway. 1761, May 1. Bichard, Lord Boyle, of Castlemartyr.

Sir Bichard Cox, Bart., of Dunmanway. 1761, Nov. 27. Henry Sheares, Esq., of Golden Btush,

vice Lord Boyle, returned for the comity Cork. 1766, Feb. 15. Mathew Parker, Esq., of Yonghal,

vice Cox, deceased, 1768, July 7. Bichard Longfield, Esq., of Ckstle Mary.

Biggs Falkiner, Esq., of Cork. 1776, Thomas Adderley. A. Wood, 1784, Charles O'Neill,

1792, Sir J. C. Colthurst,

1793, Viscount Boyle,

1794, J. Hobson, jun. 1797, Thomas Prendergast.

CASTLEMAHTTB, Inoobpo&^thd July 28ih, 1674.

1692, Sept. 19. Sir Bichard Hull, knt. of Leamcon*

Bobt. Pooley, Esq., of Dublin. 1695, Aug. 17. Bobert Pooley, Esq., of Dublin.

Samuel Morris, Esq., of Ballybeggon, Kerry. 1703, Sept. 7. Thomas Keightley, Esq., of Dublin.

Joseph Deane, Esq., of Dublin. 1703, Oct. 18. Bobert Fitzgerald, Esq.,>f Cork-B6ft

yice Eeightley, returned for the county of d-

dare.

HEMBSBS FOB CASTLEMABTYB AND DONERAILE. 283

1703, Nov. 28. Sir Thomas Dilkes, knt., vice Deane,

returned for the connty of Duhlin. 1709, May 10. St. John Brodrick, Esq., of Cork, vice

Dilkes, deceased. 1713, Nov. 14. William Southwell, Esq, Eobert

Oliver, Esq., of Clonodfoy, Limerick. 1715, Oct. 29. Bartholomew Purdon, Esq., of Bally-

clogh. Charles Coote, Esq., of Mount Coote.

1727, Oct. 20. Bartholomew Purdon, Esq., of Bally- clogh. John Fitzgerald, Esq., of Ballynacorr.

1728, April 18. Michael O'Bryen Dilkes, Esq., of Dublin, vice Fitzgerald, deceased.

1737, Oct. 25. Thomas Evans, Esq., of Miltown, vice

Purdon, deceased. 1753, Oct. 23. John Lysaght, jun., Esq., of Mount

North, vice Evans, deceased. 1761, April 22. Anthony Malone, Esq. John Magill,

Esq., of Dublin. 1768, July 18. Sir John Conway Colthurst, bart., of

Ardrum. Attiwell, Wood, Esq. 1773, Sir J. Colthurst, bart.

1775, J. Bennet, Esq.

1776, Eiggs Falkiner, Esq. 1783, B. Chinnery, Esq.

1790, Sir James Lau. Cotter, bart. C. O'Neill, Esq. 1792, J. Hobson, jun., Esq.

1796, T. Prendergast, Esq.

1797, J. Townsend, Esq.

DONERAILE, iNCOiPoaATiD Mat Ibt, 1679.

1692, Sept. 19. John St, Leger, Esq., of Doneraile. Arthur St. Leger, Esq., of Doneraile.

29i mSTOBY OF CORK.

1695, Aug. 13, John Hayes, Esq. Edward Denny,

Esq., of Tralee, Kerry. 1703, Sept. 14. Sir Francis Brewster, kni, of Dublin.*.

William Phillips, gent. 1703; March 20. Joseph Kelly, Esq., of Kellymonnt^^

Kilkenny, vice Brewster, deceased. 1713, Oct. 28. Sir John St. Leger, knt., of Dublii=

and Grangemellan, Kildare. Bartholomew Pur —

don, Esq., of Bally clogh. 1715, Oct. 19. Hon. Arthur St. Leger, Doneraila

William Cansabon, Esq., of Carrig. 1727, Oct. 11. John Waller, Esq., of Castletown,

Limerick. Jephson Busteed, Esq. 1727, Oct. 11. Hon. Hayes St. Leger, of Doneraile^

yice Busteed, miselected. 1743, Oct. 20. William Harward, Esq., of Doneraile»

vice Waller, deceased. 1751, Oct. 25. Sir John Conway Colthurst^ bart, of .

Ardrum, vice St. Leger, become Yisconnt Done-

raile. 1761, April 21. John St, Leger, Esq., of GrangemeUan,

Kildare. Sentleger Aldworth, Esq., of New- market. 1768, July 8. Sentleger Sentleger, Esq., of Doneiaile.

Richard Aldworth, jun., of Newmarket. 1776, Hayes St. Leger, Esq. 1783, James Chatterton, Esq. 1788, J. Harrison, Esq. 1790, J, Bagwell, Esq. 1792, J. Maxwell, Esq.

1797, P. Holmes, Esq. John Townsend, Esq.

1798, Hon. B. St Leger.

HEMBERS FOR RATHCORMAC. 285

RATHCORMAC, Inoorpobatbd Mabch IItb, 1681.

1692, Sept. 19, James Barry, Esq., of Eathcormae.

Bobert Foulke, Esq., of Curraghnehensy. 1695, July 29. James Barry, Esq., of Eathcormae.

Eobert Foulke, Esq., of Curraghnehensy. 1703, Aug. 20. James Barry, Esq., of Eathcormae.

Sir Daniel Gahan, knt. 1703, Nov. 2. John Silver, Esq., vice Barry, returned

for Dungarvan. 3 713, Nov. 7. James Barry, Esq., of Eathcormae,

Edward Corker, Esq., of Mucktown, Dublin. 1715, Oct. 19. James Barry, Esq., of Eathcormae.

Jephson Bustead, Esq 1715, Jan, 2. James Tynte, Esq., of Old Bawn, Dublin,

vice Barry, returned for Dungarvan. 1727, Nov. 9. Eedmond Barry, Esq., of Eathcormae.

James Barry, Esq , of Eathcormae. 1727, Feb. 9. William Fitz-Herbert, Esq., of Shercock,

Cavan, vice Barry, returned for Tallagh. 1743, Oct. 26. Joseph Leeson, Esq., of Eussellstown,

Wicklow, vice J. Barry, deceased. 1743, Oct. 26. Brettridge Badham, Esq., of Bally-

heene, or Eockfield, vice Fitz-Herbert, deceased. 1745, Oct. 19. John MagilU Esq., of North Strand,

Dublin, vice Badham, deceased. 1756, May 26. Abraham Devonsher, Esq, of Kilshan-

nig, vice Leeson, become Lord Eussborough. 1761, April 18. James Dennis, Esq., of Dublin.

Abraham Devonsher, Esq , of Kilshanick. 1768, July 4. Abraham Devonsher, Esq., of Eil-

shanick. James Barry, Esq., Eathcormae.

286 HISTORY OF CORK.

1776, Wmiam Tonson, Esq. F. B. Beamish, Esq.

1783, S. Hamilton, Esq.

1784, Bt. Hon. T. Orde.

1790, H. Duquery, Esq. J. P. Cnrran, Esq.

1 797, N. Boyle, Esq. C. M*Donnell, Esq.

1 798, William Bagwell, Esq.

CHAPTER XII.

ITBITKBOTS — SIB JOHN PUBCBLL — ^BLBCTION C0KTB8TS'-'

LIST OF MEMBEBS.

A.D. 1800—1830.

This county was more or less disturbed dnring the early part of this century by Whiteboys,* or members of illegal associations. The burning of haggarts or £um houses was a common practice. To waylay, assault, and sometimes rob, was not uncommon. The following notices were collected by Mr. Tuckey from the daily papers of the period : —

" A.D. 1803, Sept. 4. — Between two and three this morning, eight houses and a forge, on the lands of Callas, in the parish of Inniscarra, were set on fire by a set of yillians, and consumed. The Muskerry corps, commanded by Captain Warren, succeeded in appre- hending seven persons."

But this was not confined to our county. As the following refer to our mail coaches we mention them :

'* A.D. 1807, Feb. 16.— The Cork and.Dublin maU coach t was, this night, stopped at Bed-Gap, in the

* IThitehofft were so called in the first initance from wearing their shirts orer t^ rest of their clothes. The WhiUbcft of a later period were generally distin- gniihed bj biaekmtd faces.

t Cork and Du&tm mail aw«A.— The first mail coach from Cork to Dublin wa^ crtablifthed br John Anderson, of Fermoj, for manj jeait a merchint and banke' iathedtjof Cork.

288 HISTORY OF CORK.

county Kildare, by ten or twelve armed ruffians. The guard fired a case of pistols and a blunderbuss, the latter of which having missed fire three times, the mails would inevitably have been robbed, but for a navy officer — Lieutenant Alexander — the only pas- senger, who came out of the coach, gave battle to the entire, and brought off the coach in triumph."

" May 20th. — The post-boy bringing the mail from Cashel, under the escort of one of the 7th dragoon guards, quartered here, was waylaid near Lower Green, by three fellows, two of whom fired at the guard. The post-boy directly turned, and hastened back to Cashel, while the dragoon fired upon one of the villians, who immediately fell ; the two others fled, and the dragoon pursued the object of his charge, whom he overtook before he reached Cashel.

"A.D. 1808, June 30th.— The post-boy who was conveying the mails from Skibbereen to Bantry, was attacked by two men with their faces blackened, and robbed of the mail, after being severely ill-treated."

The next incident is more thrilling : —

"A.D. 1811, July 12.— The Duke of Kchmond knighted the venerablo Mr. Furcell, whose singular intrepidity, in resisting an attack made on his honsB at Highfort, by a gang of ruffians, five of whom be either killed or wounded, had been a subject of admi- ration and surprise. The account of this transactioa is as follows : —

^ ' On the night of the 1 1 th of March, about one o'dockf after Mr. Furcell had retired to bed, he heard a nfli* outside the window of the parlour, which adjoined the room he slept in ; there was a door between the two

THE NIGHT ATTACK, 289

W loomsy but it had been nailed up, and some of the fur-

J nitme of the parlour placed against it. Shortly after

' He heard the noise, the windows of the parlour were

ikmed in, upon which he immediately got out of bed,

^tftermined to make resistance, when, recollecting that

lie had supped in his bed-chamber, he proceeded to

Srope for a knife which had been left there by accident,

tad haying fortunately found it, advanced to the door

leiding into the parlour, where he stood in calm but

iMolute expectation that the progress of the robbers

Wtmld lead them to his bed-chamber.

" Soon after, he heard the furniture, which had been piaoed against the nailed-up door, displaced, and almost at the same moment, the door itself having been burst dfea, the moon shone with great brightness, and the light, streaming in through three large windows in the parlour, afforded him a view that would have made any but an intrepid spirit not a little apprehensive. His bed-room was dark, the window-shutters being closed, and thus, without being perceived himself, he saw standing before him a body of armed men, the foremost of whom were blackened.

" Armed only with a knife, but aided by a dauntless heart, he took his station by the side of the door, and in a moment after, one of the villains entered the room, upon which Mr. Purcell instantly stabbed him. On receiving this thrust, the villain reeled back into the parlour, crying out, with an oath, that he was killed, and shortly after another who advanced was received in a similar manner, and also staggered back into the parlour crying out that he was wounded.

** A voice from the outside now gave orders to fire

Tou ri. 19

290 HISTORY OF CORK.

into the dark room, upon which a man stept forward, with a short gun in his hand,, and as this fellow stood ready to fire, Mr. Purcell, without betraying any emo- tion whateyer, haying looked at the man, and oalmly calculated his own safety, remained in a state of firm and manly expectation without flinching, until the piece, which had been loaded with a brace of bullets and three slugs, was fired, and its contents harmlessly lodged in the wall ; when he made a pass at him with the knife, and wounded him in the arm, and repeating the blow with similar effect, the yillain retired, as the others had done, exclaiming that he was wounded.

^^ The robbers now rushed forward from the parlour into the dark room, and then it was that Mr. Paroell felt the deepest sense of his danger; not daunted howeyer, but thinking that all chance of preserying his life was oyer, he resolyed to sell it as dearly as poesible, and accordingly, the moment the yillians entered the room, he struck at a fourth fellow with his knife and wounded him ; at the same instant haying receiyad a blow on the head, and finding himself grappled with, he shortened his hold of the knife, and stabbed repea- tedly at the fellow who seized him, and the floor being slippery from the blood of the wounded man, both ha and his adyersary fell. While on the ground togetfaar, Mr. Furcell thinking that his thrusts with the knife^ though made with all his force, did not seem to produce the same effect, which they had in the beginning of the conflict, examined the point of the weapon with his finger, and foimd that it was bent, and as ha lay struggling on the ground endeayoured, but unsueaOBn fully, to straighten it. While one hand was employed

SIB John's haibbheadth escapes. 291

in this attempt, he perceived that the grasp of his ad- Tersary was losing its pressure, and in a moment or two after he found himself released from it, the limbs of the robber being in &ct by this time unnerved by death. Mr. Puroell now perceived that this fellow had a aword in his hand, which having seized, he gave several blows with it, his knife being no longer serviceable.

^' At length the robbers, finding so many of their party had been killed or wounded, employed themselves in removing the bodies, which they dragged into the parlour, and by means of chairs with the backs placed upward, lifted out of the windows and aft;erward8 took away. In the mean time, Mr. Purcell retired into a |daoe apart from the house, where he remained a short time, and when the robbers retired, returned to the house, and having called up a man-servant from his bed, who during this long and bloody conflict, had not before appeared, placed his daughter-in-law and grandchild in places of safety, and took such precautions as circum- stances suggested, imtil the day light appeared. The next day, the alarm being given, search was made for the robbers, when the gim, which had been fired at Mr. Purcell, was found in the house of a man of the name of Noonan, who was afterwards taken and executed."

Sir John Purcell had two or three other hairbreadth escapes after this. A paper was slipped into his hand in a fair, containing a warning to ride home at once. He took the hint, but was pursued. He sought shel- ter in a friend's house. The pursuers entered soon after, but could not find him. Sir John lay hid in a cavity of the wall, behind a chest of drawers.

He was riding, on another occasion, with a friend, a

292 HISTORY OF CORE.

Mr. Seward, of Mallow, when he found himself sur- rounded by a number of Whiteboys, who sprang upon him out of a wood. They commanded him and his companion to dismount, but informed Mr. Seward that he had nothing to apprehend, as he was a kind man. The Whiteboys retired to a little distance, to decide on the kind of death they should give the ^^ Knight of the Knife^^^ as Sir John was called. Sir John, who was a miser, and always rode a bad horse, said to Seward, ^' If I had your horse, I think I could escape." " Take him," said Seward. Though nearly eighty years of age, he yaulted into the saddle^ and broke through his enemies like a thunderbolt. There was a wild shout of revenge, and a hot pursuiti but Purcell escaped. Poor Seward paid the penalty of his benevolence, but not with his life. They stripped him of his small-clothes, and tied him down on Sir John's garron, with a furze bush for a saddle.

We call these lawless men Whiteboys, although some insist that Whiteboys belong to an earlier period. Dr. Campbell says, ^^ The original cause of the rising of Whiteboys was this— some landlords, in Munster, set their lands to cottiers far above their value, and to lighten their burden, allowed commonage to their tenants. Afterwards, in despite of all equity, the land- lords enclosed these commons." The cottier tenants commenced their illegal proceedings by levelling the fences and ditches, hence their name of ^' levettera.^^

The retention of land^ and not any difference in re- ligion, called these illegal associations into exiatenoe. Baron Foster, Mr. Justice Day, and the late Lord Chancellor Blackbume unite in asserting that *' reli-

CHAIRINa OF HELY HUTCHINSON. 293

gion was totally out of the case, the outrages being inflicted with the most perfect impartiality upon Catholic and Protestant."

A yery serious attack was made some years after this on the life of George Bond Lowe, an active and zealous Protestant magistrate ; and at a later period, in 1829, a number of shots were fired into the carriage of Doctor Norcott, near Doneraile. This was called ^^ the Doneraile Conspiracy," and assumed a decidedly political complexion. Seventeen persons were charged with conspiring, and true bills found against four, Leary, Shine, Eoche, and Magratlu They were ably defended by Daniel O'Connell. The jury could not agree, and were discharged ; so the Doneraile conspi- racy, as the editor of the Chronicle informs us, " ended in a bottle of smoke."

Party politics ran very high in both the county and city of Cork, to the time of the passing of the Catholic Emancipation Act in 1829. The Cork Mer- cantile Chronicle^ speaking of the success of Mr, Hutchinson, the nephew of Lord Donoughmore, who was returned for the city in 1812, says, "If an angel could envy the situation of a human being, elevated to the pinnacle of honour by the enthusiastic gratitude of his fellow-beings, he would yesterday have envied the Honourable Christopher Hely Hutchinson. Never did we witness such a scene. Never did the oldest person hear from his progenitors the traditionary description of such an exhibition in Cork or its environs."

Mr. John Hely,* the son of Christopher Hutchinson,

* John Self/. This was the Hely Hutchinson wlio aided the escape of Lara- lette after the battle of Waterloo.

294 HISTORY OF COKK.

contested the city, in 1826, with Mr. Gerard Cal- laghan,* the nominee of the Brunswick Club, and the champion of ascendancy. The contest was exceeding close. At the close of the poll there were for Hutchin- son 1,020, and for Callaghan 960. It is said that the contest cost Mr. Hutchinson, or rather his uncle, Lord Donoughmore, £15,500. Mr. Hutchinson had 8ir Nicholas Colthurst for his coadjutor.

Mr. O'Connell came to Cork in the July of 1828, where he established a Liberal Club. He was enter- tained by the citizens, the band of the City Militia playing at the dinner. Mr. Oregg, a member of the Town Council, which was then Protestant, gave notice at a meeting of a Court of D'Oyer Hundred in Sep- tember, 1828, that he would move the censure of the court on Sir Nicholas, for allowing the band of the Cork Militia to play for O'Connell, who had just re- turned from Clare.-f Mr. Gregg expressed himself thus : —

" Yes, I do hope the government will remove Sir N. C. Colthurst from the command. Captain Harding, of the North, refused his band ; but Sir N. C Col- thurst granted that of the Boyal Cork City Begiment| and the man that would give his band would, for aught I know, give his regiment to that traitor, O'ConnelL (A deep sensation.J So help me God, if I were an officer of that regiment, I would not stay a single day, a single hour in it, and for what ? Because when the hour of danger would arrive, I would not rally under

* J/f . Gerard CaUaghan was the brother of <^ Dan Callaghtn." G«nurd btemt a Protestant.

f JReturmd/rom Clare. Bir. O'ConncU was returned t member of ParlinWBt

for the county Clare, Jul} 5th| 1828.

f^

PARTY POLITICS. 295

or with that man that conld act as Sir N. Colthurst has acted. Were I an officer in that regiment, I would, so lielp me Ood, institute a court-martial against a com- manding officer so acting, and I call upon a gentleman on my right (Ensign Good) to do so."

A meeting was held in the Brunswick Club soon after this. When the new sheriffs entered the room, Mr. Gregg expressed himself thus: — "Whilst Pro- testantism could boast of such men as James Cummins and his respectable young colleague, Mr. Ferry, Eng- land may defy the confederated world in arms. The rebel sword may flash, and the Papist's may glisten, but whilst the sword of the church and the state — wbUst the corporate falchion was wielded by such gentlemen as he now saw before him, in vain would O'Connell threaten, in vain would that congregated band of traitors and incendiaries, the Catholic Associa- tion, talk of their seven or seventy-seven millions."

This Mr. Gregg was a most extraordinary man. Having to propose a vote of thanks to Lord Kenyon and the Duke of Newcastle, he turned to Mr. Duns- oombe, the mayor, and expressed his profound sorrow that he would not be in office when his resolution would pass^ ^^ as it would certainly immortalise hinu'' When the resolution did pass, Mr. Gregg started up and swore — ^his usual oath was " so help me God " — that the ^^ thanks of universal Ireland were due to the Bev. Mr. Edgar, by whom it had been seconded, but Ireland has left him thirty years a miserable curate, to preach on tracts and starve. Great uproar in the corporation."

The Catholic Emancipation bill passed the 29th of

296 HISTORY OF CORK.

April, 1829. Bir Nicholas Conway CoIthurBt, one of the memhers for the city, died on the 19th of next month, which opened the way for Gerard Callaghan as a candidate. His address was the signal for battle. A deputation waited on Mr. Charles Beamish, request- ing him to stand. "Is it yonr intention to bribe ?" inquired Mr. Beamish. " No," was the reply. " Well then, you will lose the election." Mr. Beamish refused to stand. Sir Augustus Warren was waited on, and consented to contest the city with Gerard Callaghan, provided the election entailed no expense. The polling lasted for two days, when Callaghan was declared duly elected. "The return of Gerard Callaghan," writes Thomas Sheahan,^ the editor of the Cork Mereantile Chronicle J " was the bitterest wormwood to the liberaLs. I could not, for my own part, hear the sheriff pro- nounce it. I proceeded homewards from the Gourt- House through a comparatively unfrequented way, on which I overtook honest John Beynolds, who, too, was stealing away from the scene of our mortification, and who said to me, ' Eeally, when I see such men triumph, and the su&age as it is, I am strongly tempted to aell what I have, and go to America, and leave thia ooun* try for ever.' "

But this chagrin and anguish was not of long eon- tinuance. A rumour got abroad in a few days, that Callaghan was a government contractor, and that his election was null and void. There was a protest and petition, which Gerard and his Mends treated with the

* Thomas Sheahan was originally intended for the Catholio dmreb. Ha ww a tntor in the house of Mr. Dcasy (the father of the present Ju4ga DtMj) flf

Clonukilty. He died in April, 1836, and w buried in Father Mathsw*! ' —

where a handsome monument baa been erected to his memory.

GERARD GALLAGHAH UKSEATBD. 297

utmost oonteropt Mr. Dan. Meagher * went to Lon- don to watch the proceedings. The following is his lettefr: —

*^ 29, SiTRREY Street, Londok, ''Zrd of March, 1830.

^^Mt dear Sheahan,

^^Pm sure you'll not attribute my not addressing you before to any want of esteem and respect for you« I now give you the glorious news, the reward of all our labours. When the chairman pronoimced that *^ Gerard Callaghan, Esq., was not dufy elected^ my heart leaped from its place, and is now so full, I can write no more, than to say, Qod UesB you. Yours truly,

"Dan Meagher."

The rejection of Gerard Callaghan was followed by one of the most severely contested elections that ever occurred in the city or county of Cork. Mr Leader and Colonel Longfield, of Longueville, were spoken of as candidates, but the 9th of March, 1829, produced the address of William Henry Worth Newenham, of Coolmore. The address pleased the popular party. Though not a decided Liberal, he was noBrunswicker; and they felt confident that he would not act as the hewn tenens of Gerard Callaghan, under which aspect the public were disposed to view his bluff opponent, Dan Callaghan. After a contest, which lasted thirteen days, Mr. Dan Callaghan was declared duly elected. There were polled for Callaghan 1176, and for New- enham IIGO — majority for Callaghan 16. "Never,"

• Mr. Dm. JTMyW.— Thii worthy dUien died on tht Sth Augoft, IMO.

298 HISTORY OF CORK.

says a writer of the period, '^ was corruption more barefaced than during this election." Magistrates and clergymen were spoken of as having bartered their suffirages. It was computed that the majority of the electors had taken bribes.

Mr. Dan Callaghan, though a Catholic, and we believe an honest Catholic, owed his success to the Brunswick Club, as well as to the length of his purse- He was proposed by Mr. Lionel Westropp and seconded by Colonel Longfield. Mr .Westropp said, ^^ Perhaps it may seem inconsistent on my part to propose a man who has differed with me so tax in political principles ; but times are changed, the great obstacles to our imion are removed, and now, thank God, our joint interests and common objects should be to seek a fit and efficient representative for our city, not the agent of any party, or the slave of any aeot." Colonel Longfield said, ^^ I know there is a diflBsrenoe in religion between Mr. Dan Callaghan and his brother Oerai'd, but I know equally well that on the fundsr mental principles of the constitution they are agreed." To this remark Gerard said '^ hear," which created a suspicion that Dan was a Brunswicker ; but as John O^Connell, of Grena, the brother of the ** Great Dan," was present, and cheered, the people concluded it must be all right.

Mr. Dan Callaghan went to parliament, and on the 27th of April, 1830, annoyed the Liberals by not voting with Daniel 0' Council, who moved to bring in a bill to amend the law relating to Irish veetriesL '^We missed the Callaghans, for whoso return the brother of the Liberator had voted, and the Eings^ and

THE QBEkT CONTEST. 299

even the Hutchinsons/' exclaims Mr. Sheahan. Mr. Callaghan was courted in London, where he moved in what is styled "good society." He drank wine and lost money with George IV., but, to use the words of the writer we have just named, " the world was well rid of George lY. at a quarter-past three o'clock on the morning of the 26th of June, 1830 ; which pro- duced a dissolution of Parliament and a new elec- tion."

Gerard Callaghan began to canvass on his own account. Dan was in London. Beport said there was a split between the brothers. Mr. Boyle, the son of Lord Cork, and Mr. John Hely Hutchinson determined t^ enter by the breach, and addressed the incorruptible electors. The Callaghan Brothers submitted their differences and claims to the arbitration of six friends,* who are said to have expressed themselves thus : Mr. Gerard Callaghan, your brother is an unmarried man, and has no family. For these, and many other rea- sons, it is our opinion that he is the fitter candidate.

An unmarried man ! Ominous words these. What a promise of good things here for venal voters. It was reported that the Boyle or Cork family would expend ten thousand pounds to secure the return of their " Little Boy;" the Donoughmores would sell " the last stick of Knocklofty," before John Hely Hutchinson should be beaten ; and the Callaghans, especially the ** unmarried man," would "bleed as freely" as the others. But Mr. Hutchinson thought better of it, and withdrew his name before they came to the poll, as-

• The six friends were John Cotter, Joseph Leycester, Lionel We«tropp, A. Perry, William P. White, ind Henry Bagnell.

]

300 HISTORY OF GOBK.

sorting '^ that no rational man would expose himself to such an unlimited expenditure."

But the citizens must have a third man ; there oan be no contest, or bleeding, or fun, or anything of that kind, without a third candidate. Doctor Baldwin wbi, therefore, invited to represent the liberal party. Dr. Baldwin would not bribe, but he had no objection to bleed, but to his mode of bleeding there was a serious objection. Mr. Meagher says, ^^ Mr. Sheahan touched on a point to which I had not been insensible, and I do here confess that the duelling facility of the Doctor was always a serious drawback on his merits." But he stood, and was proposed by Mr. Thomas Lyons. The contest was a fearful one. Catholic and Protestanti Tory, Whig, and Badical laboured day and night. The war terminated on the 11th of August, the Dootor polling 388, Dan Callaghan 851, and Mr. Boyle 1152: The contest cost the Boyles about £5000, and Gal- laghan £2000. For the honor of the city be it said, that Dr. Baldwin's 388 votes were unpurchased. The affair came off without a duel.

The following is a list of the members of parliament for the city and county of Cork, since the passing of the Act of Union :

City of Corx Bepresbihatiyss sincb 1800.

1808. Hon.C.H.Hutcheson 1832. Hon. John Boyle. 1812. Sir N. C. Colthurst. Dan CaUaghan.

1818. Hon.C.H.Hutcheson 1885. CoL Chatterton,

1829. Gerard Callaghan, (unseated), (imseated). Jos. Leyoester.

1830. Dan Callaghan. (unseated.)

I

CITT AND COUNTT MBMBEBS. 301

Ab. Dan Callaghan. Col. Chattertooi

Herbert BaldwixL 1851. W. Fagan, (resigned) W. Dan Callaghan. 1852. Serjeant Murphj.

Francis B. Beamish. W. Fagan.

Ml. Fras. S. Murphy. 1853. Seijt. Murphy retired

Dan Callaghan. F. B. Beamish

B46. F. Stack Murphy, 1857. W. Fagan,

(resigned.) F. B. Beamish.

Alex. McCarthy. 1859. Same. J47. Dan Callaghan. 1859. W. Fagan died,

Wm. Fagan. F. Lyons elected.

U9. D. Callaghan, (died)

Cork County REPRESENTATivEa since 1800.

JOl. Viscount Boyle. 1832. Fergus O'Connor.

Col. Fitz-Gerald. (Jarret S. Barry.

t02. The same. 1835. F. O'Connor.

06. Lord Boyle. G. S. Barry. Hon. G. Ponsonby. 1837. G. S. Barry.

07. The same. Ed. Burke Boche. 12. Lord Boyle. 1841. D. O'Connell.

Hon. Rd. Hare. E. B. Boche.

18. Lord Kingsborough. 1847. Maurice Power.

Lord Ennismore. 1847. E. B. Boche. 20. Lord Kingsborough. M. Power.

Lord Ennismore. 1852. Vincent Scully.

26. Lord Ennismore. 1852. E. B. Boche. Hon. Bobt. King. V. Scully.

27. Hon. J. fioyle, vice 1856. B. Deasy. Lord Ennismore. 1859. R. Deasy.

30. Lord Boyle. A. McCarthy.

Hon. Bt King.

302 HISIOUT OF OOBK.

1869. R. Deasy. 1860. B. Dnasy.

V. Scully. 1861. N. P. Leader.

1859. R. Deasy (Sol.-Gen.)

HALLOW.

1812. James L. Cotter 1837. C. D. 0. Jephson 1818. Wm. B. Beoher 1841. Sir D. J. Norreya, R 1826. C. D. 0. Jephson 1847. Same

1832. Wm. O'NeilDaunt, 1852. Same

who wuniiMated by a Committee 1 QRiT QamA

oftlieHoiueofCommouinl839L 100<« Oame

1833. C. D. 0. Jephson 1859. Robert Longfield 1835. Same

KINSALE.

1806. Henry Martin 1841. Wm. H. Watson

1818. Geo. Coussmaker 1847. Rich. S. Guinness 1820. Adml. Sir S.Rowley 1848. Benjamin Hawes 1826. John Russell 1862. John Isaac Heard

1833. Lieut.-Col. Stawell 1857. Same 1835. Lt.-Col. H. Thomas 1859. Sir John Amott 1837. Fierce Mahony

TOXrOHAL.

1806. Hon. J. Bernard 1837. F. W. Howard 1818. Yiscount Bernard 1841. Hon.C.C.Cavendi8h 1820. John Hyde 1847. T.ChishlomAMtoy

1826. Hon. Geo. Fonsonbyl852. Isaac Butt 1831. Rt.Hon.G.Fonsonby 1857. Same 1833. John O'Connell 1859. Same 1 835. Same

COUMTT UElfBERS. 303

BANSON.

1806. Bt Hon. G. Tiemey 1837. Joseph D. Jaokson 1812. Bt.Hon.W.S. Bourne] 841. Same

1818. Captain A. Clifford 1842. Yisooont Bernard 1820. Hon. J. Bernard 1847. Yisconnt Bernard

1826. YiBoonntDtinoannonl852. Same

1827. Lord John Bussell 1857. Hon. W. 8. Bernard 18S1. Sir A. Clifford, B.N. 1857. Same

1832. W. Smyth Bernard 1869. Same

1835. Joseph D. Jackson

CHAPTER XIII.

THE ISLAND CITT AND THB SOIfTH 8UBURS8.

The city is generally believed to hare derived its name from the marshy ground on which it stands, thongh some think it is called Cork, from Core, King of Mnn- ster. Core was the grandfather of Aenghus, the first Christian king of Munster — he who had his foot pierced by St. Patrick's crosier * when undei^^ing the rite of baptism. The Annals of Ireland, for A.D. 438, make Core a cotemporary with St. Patricki and one of his co-workers, or ^^nine supporting props," in preparing the Seanchus Mor, or St. Patridn's Book of Laws ; but Doctor O'Donovan thinks the quotation apochryphal.

Corcach signifies a marsh — we still have our ^^ marskj^^ although it is built on — and oorrach, a boat Doctor Smith translates it ^^ a naval place, or a place of curraghs," or boats. He then launches out into a learned disquisition on the Coriondi, or Navigators, who made their boats of skins or leather; on the Welsh cruffhj the Latin corium^ and the Greek xnm^ Cork was also styled Corcach Mor Mumhan, or the great Cork of Munster.

St. Finn-barr has the best claim to be considered fha

* BU foot pierced by 6t. Patrick t crotier. This formed the taVieet of Ml rf Darry't earliest and most successful pictures, styled the " fiaptim of tlw Uf ^ Coshcl/' which was afterwards burned in 1793, with a portion of tho Irish ' of Parliament.

LOCH EIRC. 305

ftHmder of Cork, Colgan (in his Act. Banct.^ p. 607,) iiys it took its rise from a school or monasterj, estab- liflhed by St. Finn-barr at Lough Eire,* in the sixth eeotoryy to which such numbers flocked, from all parts, that it changed a desert, as it were, into a large city." Sir James Ware says, ^^ I take this lake, called by die name of Looh Eirch, to be that hollow or basin in which a great part of the city of Cork now stands, and lidch the industry of the inhabitants hath, frt)m time totiine, reclaimed and built on." Doctors O'Donovan ttd Beeves think the lake of Gougane Barra is meant, bot there was no city established there. Gk>ugane- Birra is celebrated as the retreat of a hermit, and no Boie« This is implied in the yery name, Gougane- Bttra,t " Barr's recess," or cave. He was also called Loehan. Macgeoghegan says he got this name at his btfrtisnu Lochan^ in Irish, means ^' a lake." It is iDOiB probable he received the name from his lonely raidence ; that he was called Finn-barr na Lochan, or ^ the Fair-haired of the Lake."

"Although," writes Smith, " this account seems to bid fieur for the settlement of this city on the south side of the river, where the cathedral and the abbey called Gill Abbey were erected, yet it may not contradict the received opinion of this city's having been founded by the Danes, and enclosed by them with walls, about the middle of the ninth century."

* Lteh Eire. — '* St. Barruis Tcoit ad lacum qui Sootie Loogh-Eirc dicitur. jsxta qu«m coDstruxit raonasterium." — Colgan. A nobleman, named Edo. b said to have granted him the ground for hii monaKtcry, on the Soath bank of the Lee. The Qoeen'i College, Cora, ia erected on a port of thia ground.

t Gmigamt Barra, — *' On the west coasts of Ireland, a g9u§ (oobhao) meaiif ialct of the aea, or a paitage worn by the sea into a rock or cliff."— -i>Mtor

Toi.. n. 20

306 HISTORY OF CORK.

We do not know what Doctor Smith means by the ^^ receiyed opinion." But we do know that his Danish theory is opposed to all the statements of our most reliable chroniclers. The Danes commenced their plundering and pirating on the coast of Munster, in the early part of the ninth century.* They made a landing in Kerry as early as 812^ but were defeated near Eillarney by Art, son of Cathal, king of Mun- ster. We learn from the Annals of Clonmacnjoise that the " Island of Corhe^'* by which we understand the city of Cork — not the south suburbs, but the idimA city — was spoiled and ransacked by the Danes in 819. The Four Masters say 820. In 833 the city was devastated by the Danes ; in 837 the county was miserably harassed by the Danes ; in 842 Cork was plundered and burnt, and its bishop slain by the Danes; in 913 Cork was burned and plundered by the Danes ; in 960, 978, 995, and 1012 Cork was wasted, plundered and burned by the Danes. In 918 they got ^^ peaceable possession of this province,'' but it was not till 1172 that the ^^ great city of Munster " and the adjacent county was "quietly possessed by the Danes or Ostmen." We suppose the Danes built the walU of Cork. It would appear from the frequenej and facility with which they plundered and burnt the city, that it had no walls. They knew how to guard what they had seized ; but they practised fh0 cuckoo policy of seizing nests which they had not built:

* Ninth eeniury. The AnnalB of ClonmacnoiM say Raohryii wm bvMi ty the Danes in 1792. << This," nys Dr. O'DonoYan, " w lAi ./IM aMmI « rtcwd madt hy the Jkm^t upon any part of IreUmd," — I^ Mntmrt. fdL L>

307. ^

CITY OF CORK IN 1570 AND 1622. 307

" For why ? Bmeum the good old rule Soffioeth them; the simple plan, That thej ahonld take who have the power, And thej should keep who can." — JRob Moj^t Ormtt,

HoUinshed describes Cork in 1570, as the fourth Gity in Ireland. It ranks now among the first three, md if there be any truth in the following prophecy, 18 destined to take the first place : —

** Limerick was, Dublin is, but Cork will be The greatest city of the three."

The chronicler just quoted calls Cork a haven royal, ^happily planted on the sea." Camden says it is ^' in the form of an egge,'' with the river flowing round it od between it, not passable but by bridges, ^^ lying »rt in length, as it were, in one direct broad street," Vy which we understand the Main Street.

In a rare tract, published in London in 1622, con- taining ^^ A Relation of the most Lamentable Burning of the City of Cork by Thunder and Lightning," we have the following description of the city : " The citie hath its beginning upon the side of a hill, which de- acendeth easily into one wide and long street ; the only principall and chiefe streete of the cittie. At the first entrance there is a castle, called Shandon Castle, and almost over against it, a church built of stone, as the castle is a kinde of marble, of which the country yield- eth store. The city hath many houses built of the same kind of stone, and covered with slate. But the greatest number of houses are built of tymber or mudde walls, and covered with thatch."

The city is thus described by Philip Luckombe, in 1783 : — " Cork is a large city, and extensive beyond

308 HISTORY OF CORK.

my expectation. The Main Street between the gaties is very broad, but other parts mostly composed of lanes, cutting the Main Street at right angles, ancL so narrow, that one of them, which is but ten feet wide^ is called Broad Lane?^ We are not, therefore, Bnr- prised to find that the Main Street — ^by which we are to understand the present North and South Miun Streets — ^was called at various epochs the Boyal Street, the Queen's Majesty's Street, the King's Street, and His Highness' Street. This was a way the Cork people had of honoring distinguished personages. Mr» Windele aflfords us the following amusing example:^-

" In the hey-day of the volunteers, (1783,) puUio gratitude was expressed to the celebrated Grattan, by giving his name to this street ; but shortly after the corporation took umbrage at his conduct, on some question of that day, dislodged the name, and in 1798 imposed that of Admiral Duncan. The bosineas was managed on the motion of Mr. Charles Cole ; but in 1806, when that gentleman was sheri£?, the late Ifr. Cooper Penrose thought it an appropriate opportimity to express his dissent from the act, and caused a stone to be put up, with the name of Grattan Street in- scribed in gold letters, where it still remains." Bui, notwithstanding the gold letters, it is called Duncan Street to this day.

Luckombe says that Cork was described to him as ^^ the magazine of nastiness," and the ^^ great shamblei of the kingdom," but he finds it ^^ really as clean, in general, as the metropolis. The slaughter-houses aie in the suburbs, and there, indeed, the gale is notuntainted.'f

Our beautiful city was distinguished, as late as

STATE OF THE STREETS. 309

1804, as the " dirtiest in the empire." "The mayor seized as many pigs this morning, Oct 9, 1805, as filled the conservator's pig-traps, which the owners, under the security of a wet day, had turned into the streets to provide for themselves." The following paragraph appeared in the Cork Mercantile Ckronickj on the 3rd of April, 1805 :—

" Our total indiflference in this city, to everything which concerns our public accommodation and credil^ has become a subject of wonder. Our nuisances seem to have a procreative power, and every day seems to shew some vexatious instance of their abominable fecundity. The day-traveller runs the -risk of being blinded from the screening of lime ; he is often inter- cepted in his way by the lagoons of water, which the obstruction of the public sewers retain in the streets; and if he be not rode over by the gallopers who charge along the streets, or run over by the cars, which are whirled along with no less rapidity, he may felicitate himself, on his return home, upon the cheap terms of such injury as he may receive, in tumbling over a few of the many heaps of rubbish which principally occupy our public ways.

" If the traveller by night escapes drowning he has no right to complain, for what with the darkness of the lamps, and the naked and unfenced state of the quays, to survive a night- walk is to become a matter of family thanksgiving. Every stranger who approaches this, the third city in his majesty's dominions, does it at the peril of his life, and one of the least dangerous of the highways into town is now through a sort of canal of mud, and has been so for a long time."

310 HISTOBY OF COBK.

The city lamps had been disoontinued on the 22nd of April, 1770, and on the 22nd of November, of the same year, we read, ^^ Since the lamps have been given np in this city, a number of persons were drowned, who, in all probability, might have been saved, if that useful and well appointed mode of lighting the streetB had been continued." The public are cautioned in a Cork paper, on the 26th of September, 1771, " As the long nights are approaching, to be careful how they passed over the old draw-bridge, after dusk, it being so old and out of repair, as to be imable to be turned into its proper place." Shortly after this " one Gervis Leary, returning about eight o'clock to his lodgings, opposite Shuttle Bow, Hammond's Marsh, having missed the little bridge — in consequence of the darkness of the night — fell into the channel and was drowned." Again the public are warned, ^^ in passing at night from Broad Lane to Fishamble Lane, through Cross Street, as the slip near the little bridge was quite out of repair, and several persons within the last few nights had fallen into the river."

Accidents of this kind, combined with numerous robberies,* seemed to have aroused the corporation to relight their lamps, if we may judge from the follow- ing meeting of those citizens who loved darkness rather than light : —

"August, 1772. — ^A meeting of the citizens was called on the 17th inst., at the Bed House Walk, to consider of legal methods to free themselves of the pay- ment of the new tax for lamps and watch money.'*

* " There were, at this time, (September, ] 770^ lurking in Tuioof paiti of tht city, a set of noctomal yillains, who were ever? night employed in bretkin^ open Btables." "At thi« time, (1772) infitances of pcrsoni being robbed M tkt roadi adjacent to the city, occurreci nightly."

IMPIiOVEMElCTS IN CORK. 311

We conclude from the next entry bearing on the matter, that no legal mode of putting out the lamps was discoyered by those Bed House, or red hot citizens ; they, therefore, adopted the summary mode of break- ing the lamps. ^^ Some evil-minded person broke every lamp outside South Gate, on the 28th of July, 1773.'^ About fifty lamps were broken in Blarney Lane, on the night of the 13th of March, 1774. From this period things began to look brighter in. the city. In 1790, there were one thousand six hundred lamps.

Two or three years after this we find the citizens bestirring themselves in the way of improvement. At the assizes, held on the 22nd of August, 1808, the fol- lowing presentments were passed. **For covering over, and filling, 80 feet in length of Lapp's Island dock, and making sewers, £200 ; for building a well, for the supply of water, near Skiddy-aore Lane, £28, 19s. ; £149, for arching over 112 feet in length of the Watercourse stream ; £13, 5s., for building a fan-arch over part of the Watercourse stream ; £57^ 12s. 9d., for building walls at each side of the ditch from the Mardyke Walk to the ferry opposite Sunday's-well ; £17 2s. 6d., for taking down 188 feet in length of an old wall, to widen the road leading from Cork to Blackrock ; £500 towards building a new gaol."

The following presentments were passed at the Spring Assizes for 1815 : — For filling and levelling Warren's Quay, or Lapp's Island dock, £11, lis. For rebuilding the ferry slip at end of Mardyke, £33, 16s. For changing and repairing the Glanmire Bead, from King Street to the village of Glanmire, £1029^ 14s. 6d.

312 HISTOBY OF OORK.

The Mercantile Chronicle complains, on the 10th of October, 1815, of the way in which the new pump wells of the city were left open, ^^ the inhabitants being exposed to the danger of being precipitated, during the dark winter nights, into enormous pits of water, which lay open like traps in the most frequented streets."

We have a most correct accoimt of the principal streets of Cork in Mr. Windele's excellent woik, Historical and Descriptive Notices^ to which we are much indebted. The following are the principal thoroughfares in the portion of the city enclosed within the fork, or two branches of the river :—

The Noeth and Sottth Main Streets — properly one street* — at the end of which stood the North and South gates of the old walled town, with their draw* bridges and castles, the spikes of which were adorned with many a bloody head. This was the grand tho- roughfare of the ancient city of Cork. But we haya little more left than the thoroughfare, or the ground on which the old stone and ^^ thatched houses " of the Meades, Boches, and Skiddys stood; even Skiddy's Castle, or the old powder magazine, at the north-eastern end, has disappeared.

The Main Street contains two churches; Ghriat Church, or the church of the Holy Trinity, in the South Main Street, and St. Peter's Church in the North Main Street We discover from one of the Boche MSS., bearing date Not. 24th, 1630, that the

* Properly one ttreei. *^ Fonning tho point of dlTision betweoi ihoM until March, 1 837, stood the Ezchanee and TholstL Thii ~ Bite of the '' Golden Castle," erected Dy the Roches, to whi B. Roche, Est}., of Trabolgan, the corporation still payarei Eittorical Nottccs, p, 17.

CHBI8T CHURCH AKB ST. PETER's CHT7RCH. 318

city within the walls contained but ^^ two small pa- rishes/^ * of which these were the chnrches.

Christ Chnrch stands on the eastern side of the Bonth Main Street. It is a plain structure with a gabled front. Mr. Windele thinks that the original erection is to be attributed to the Enights Templars. The church of 1690 had a steeple. The Protestants were confined in this church during the siege. Where could they find greater security ? A bomb*— one of William's bombs — fell through the roof, which injured the church, but not the people. The Irish replied with lead stript from the steeple. The present church was erected in 1720, with a lofty tower, 136 feet high. The tower began to sink, so 36 feet were taken off, leaying 100 feet standing. In 1810 it lost 40 feet more, leaving 60, which 60 were removed by Mr. Pain in 1828. It is now as plain, externally, as a bam, with the exception of a cut stone front.

The graveyard contains some ancient monuments, one of them as old as 1494. Here lies ^^ Thome Bonan," — Mayor of Cork in 1537 and 1549. Some kind and pious brother or sister prays, in 1642, "God's

PEACE BE WITH TOU MY TOW GOOD SHISTEES, ElLUT AND

Mabgabite." a stone, copied by Mr. Sainthill, bears the initials E. C. I. M., a pair of shears, and a smooth- ing iron. The profession of a tailor was something to be proud of in those days. An indenture, bearing date the 6th of February, 1606, stipulates that the ^* voyd roome, in the fore-front of St Peter's church,"

• IWo ttnall parishes. — " Whereas the whole city of Cork, being the shire city of the county of Cork, containing only two small parishes, and there being fonr diBsolved abbeys, viz, Gill Abbeys St. DominicVs Abbey, St. Auguslin's Abbey, and St. Francis* Abbey — that those abbeys, with their possessions and inhabitants, may be within the jurisdiction and goyemment of the officers of the dty."

314 HISTOET OF CORK.

may be Bet for building purposes ; but not '^ to anf artificer hut a merchant tailor?^ One Carrule, a tailor, got the ^^ Toyd roome/' and in three years after it was made over to Thomas Davie, ** for a grave* for his wife."

St. Peter's church is on the western side of the Korth Main Street. Mr. Windele styles the exterior '* mean," and the interior " elegant." Henry III. by a charter, bearing date 20th of May, 1270, confirms to the Bishop of Cork and his successors, the patronage and advowsons of the church of St. Mary Nard,t ^^^ £illmahanok, and the chapel of St. Peter at Cork — "Capelle Set. Petri, Corcag."— ^4?. Rot. Plac. 25 EcL I. in Tur Record^ Dublin.

In the South Main Street we have the main entrance to the Cork Porter Brewery. This extensive property of the two families of Beamish and Crawford, was established by the ancestors of the present proprietors, in the year 1792. It stands upon the south branch of the Biver Lee, and covers an area of five acres, irre- spective of five large malt-houses, situated in different parts of the city. The manufacture consists of single, double, and extra stout, of which about 120,000 barrels are made annually, and sold principally in the province of Munster. It is also exported to London, Liverpool, Bristol, Plymouth, Barnstable, and the west coast of

* For a grave. This graveyard, which runs from the bock of St Petei't church to Dimcan Street, should oe closed as a public nuisance.

t St. Mary Nard. This church was dedicated to Mary, the aistar of Lmrv^ who anointed the Saviour's feet with spike-ftare^. DiveDownes uljb^ ** 8t Ifairde Nard's church stood in the place where the King's Stone Fort now standi. Tbe mini do not remain. The Stone Fort [Elizabeth Fort] was built in QueonEliH- beth's time, and raised higher by Cromwell." We think the bishop ia respecting the fort. Cromwell onen raaed a fort and eastle, bat iWTer n that wo know of, in Ireland. He did not rcnmain in Cork more than two or days.

BEAMISH AND CBAWFOED's BREWERY. 315

Eogland. It employs about 350 tradesmen and labor- ers, who— since the opening of the brewery in 1792 — have been invariably paid upon the Friday, thus removing the temptations to irregularities and intem- perance. About £50,000 is expended annually in this province, in the purchase of barley, and nearly an equal sum in hops and malt, obtained from England. The pumps, elevators, and machinery are worked by two steam engines of twenty horse power each, which convey the malt to the mills, feed the coppers, mash the materials, raise the water, and transport the coal — the latter by means of an ingenious contrivance on the principle of a railway. Large tanks, capable of con- taining one thousand barrels of water, command the whole building, and afford complete security against fire, while an Artesian well ensures a constant and ample supply of an ingredient upon which the good quality of the liquor is mainly dependant. Exclusive of the tradesmen already mentioned, about twenty-five men, horses, and drays are constantly employed in the conveyance of porter to the different parts of the city and neighbourhood, while steamers and other craft furnish water carriage for the more remote districts.

Duncan Street or Grattan Street, which runs parallel with the North Main Street, was at one time an im- portant thoroughfare. It is now principally occupied by cabinet-makers. The Quakers have a nice meeting house in this street. The tide of population and the hum of business do not extend west of Duncan Street Here was once the fashionable end of the town. Here we still have the old Mayoralty House, which is used as an hospital. Here — on Grenville Place — Doctor

316 HISTORY OF GORE.

Barter has established a Turkish bath. The fine houses on the Mardyke Parade have a faded and antiquated appearance ; the Mardyke itself has lost tan ; Bache- lor's Quay is no longer a promenade ; Prospect Bow has lost its pleasant look; Nile Street and Henry Street* are wide and deserted thoroughfares ; Francis Street, Thomas Street, Peter Street, Moore Street, Millerd Street, Coach Street, and Devonshire Street, have their names recorded in this history out of pure respect of their bye-gone grandeur and gentility.

Patrick Street is the principal and best thorough- fare, and most fashionable promenade of the new portion of the city. The water of the Lee flowed up the middle of the street previous to 1783, and vessels laded and unladed on its quays. The south and east sides of the canal were called Hoare's Quay, and Long Quay, and Dunscombe's Marsh ;'|' and the north and west sides, Colville's Quay. The channel is now arched over. The Wesleyan Methodist chapel X and the Chamber of Commerce are the principal public buildings in Patrick Street. The offices of the Sautham or Daily Reporter and Examiner — Cork newspaper8§ — are in this street.

* Henry Strut. There is a Methodist Chapel in this street, the oldest Iban- dfttion beloneing to this hody in Cork. The original building was erected is 1752. John Wttley visited Cork in 1740, where he met with bu treatment from the '< better classes." His brother Charles, with eight other preadierii vert '* presented," by the Grand Jury, as '* persons of ill fame, vagabondii and «n«M»fff» disturbers of the peace.** — Windel^t UittoriaU Notictn,

t Dumeombift Marsh. The Presbyterian chapel in Prince's Street wti nilnnlt on this marsh in 1717. There was a Presbyterian chapel in St.- Peter's pnzlah in 1699. " In St. Peter's parish, in a lane, near the wall, is the meeting-iioiue ti the Presbyterians ; a large room ; the seats and galleries will hold about 409 people." — Dw0 Downed Journal^ pp. 108 and 104.

X Methodist ehapel. There is another Wesleyan chapel in French Ghurab Street, off Patrick Street, which or^nally belonged to the French FM>t«tnli^ who settled in Cork after the revocation of the £<uct of Nantes.

§ Cork newtpapere. — The Southern or Daily Reporter was established in 1807 ; the Qmetitution in 1821 ; the Oork Examiner in 1841 ; and the HmM in 1856.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 317

Between Patrick Street and Paul Street — on the site of the old Carey's Lane chapel — the Eev. Canon Murphy is building a beautiful Catholic church, the finest ecclesiastical structure in the city ; but one which will be completely shut in from public view* It may be admired from the back windows of Patrick or Paul Streets, like a beautiful bulb or root which has grown up and shot out graceful tendrils in a glass bottle. But the wonder by-and-bye will be, how it got there. And there, we suspect, it must remain, like "the Prison Flower," or a cloistered and veiled nun* The only means we can imagine of liberating this £Edr vestal is by removing the eastern side of that dirty narrow lane* called Paul Street. But where shall we find a Cork knight with the chivalry to propose any thing so daring or so grand to the corporation, although it would bring the church of St. Paul out of the mire. It was the corporation that made the original grant of the site of St. Paul's Church to the Eight Rev. Peter Brown, the Protestant Bishop of Cork from 1709 to 1735.

There are two other buildings in this locality which would be all the better for the labors of the Commis- sioners of Wide Streets, or the Improvement Depart- ment of the Corporation, namely, the AthensBum and the Eoyal Cork Institution, in Nelson's Place. The Athena3um is worthy of its name. It is a beautiful and highly-classical structure. The architect is Sir John Benson; the builder, Mr. "William Brash. It was constructed, for the most part, from the materials

* This dirti/ narrow lane was at one time a highly fashionahle locality. Mr friend Richard Dowden ^Richard), Esanire, informs me, that Brown Street — whicn makes a right-angle with it — was cossiaered ^^ one of the genteelest streets in Cork.*'

318 HISTORY OP CORK.

of the Cork Exhibition. It was opened, May, 1855, by his Excellency the Earl of Carlisle, on whioh oooa- sion the mayor, John Gordon, and Thomas Tobin, of Ballincollig, received the honor of knighthood.

The building now known as the Boyal Cork Incrtitu- tion was erected in 1724 as the Cork Custom Houae, and was not made over for the use of the Institution till 1832. The establishment of this literary society is owing to the exertions of the Bey. Dr. Hiucka^* a Presbyterian clergyman, of Prince's Street, who began by delivering lectures, in his own house, on scientifio subjects. The society was incorporated by charter in 1807. It received an annual parliamentary grant of £2,000, which was afterwards increased to j£2,600. This grant was discontinued in 1831. In 1832 the present building came into the possession of this body. The Boyal Cork Institution consists of a library, con- taining 12,000 volumes, principally scientific works ; a museum, a lecture room, and a reading room. It is the property of a number of proprietors, who paid thirty guineas each. Its affairs are managed by a committee.

Under the same roof is the School of Design, which was established in 1850. It received, at ^is time^ an annual grant of £200 from the corporation, and a special annual grant of £500 from parliament, after- wards reduced to £450. But these grants were with- drawn in 1854, and, as a consequence, the school was closed. This state of things was not to be endured* A meeting was called in the lecture-room of the Boyal

• Dr. Smckt. The Rer. Thomas Diz Hincks, whose piotnn hugi !■ ftt

Institutioii, was born in 1767| and died in Belfast, 1857.

CORK INSTITUTION AND SCHOOL OF DESIGN. 319

Cork Institution, of the friends of education and art ; and afterwards a more public meeting, of the Cork rate-payers, who unanimously resolved to tax them- selves, (under the Act of 1855, Sdt the establishment of libraries and museums) to the amount of one half- penny in the pound, for the revival and support of the school ; and thus the school was put on its legs again.

The School of Design contains a large collection of fine casts, done in Home, under the superinten- dence of Canova. These casts were presented by Pope Pius VII. to George IV., when Prince of Wales. The prince presented them to the Cork Society of Arts. This society became bankrupt before its dissolution, and the casts were seized for rent, when the Boyal Cork Institution stepped in with £500 and liberated Apollo Belvidere, Laocoon, Antinous, Mithridates, Maria Louisa, Venus de Medici, Juno, Ariadne, Adonis, Napoleon's mother, a piping Fawn, Bacchus, Cicero, Socrates, a boar, a cow, a lion, and a hundred other fine men, beautiful women, divine gods and goddesses, and remarkable animals, from a very unpleasant position.

The number of pupils, now in attendance, is about 160. Of this number about 60 are females. The charge of attendance is but ten shillings a- quarter, for instructions on three days in the week. The government pay a portion of the teacher's salary, and give prizes, busts and sketches, but the aid is not commensurate with the object. The School of Design contains some creditable specimens of the industry and ability of the pupils in a department where Corkmen have gained undying fame. Here are

320 UISTORY OF GORE.

engrayings of the six allegorical frescoes, painted by James Barry, in 1777-83, on the walls of the Addphi, or Society of Arts, in John Street, London. This eminent artist was bom in Cork, 11th of October, 1741. Mr. Crofton Croker has given us a sketch of the house in which he was bom, in Water Lane, Blackpool. He was the friend of Burke, with whom he quarrelled, for Barry was a man of a peculiar and irritable temper. Burke was kind, and, perhaps, patron- izing, and Barry could brook no patron, not eren in a man of Burke's high position. The following words, addressed to his friend, Doctor Hugh, are worthy of this noble Cork artist : — ^^ My hopes are grounded in a most unwearied intense application. I every day centre more upon my art, I give myself wholly to i^ and, except honor and conscience, am determined to renounce everything else." He died, February 22nd, 1806, and was interred in St. Paul's Cathedral Ther^ are one or two pictures in Cork by Barry's 'prentio^ hand*

Cork has produced an equally great, if not greater, living artist in Mr. Daniel Maclise. His friend, Mr.^ Sainthill, of Nelson Place, Cork, has several of Lin- early sketches, and among the number, two or three Sir Walter Scott, taken on the sly, when the novelist was in Cork. The young artist dodged him through the city, got a stroke at him from behind th^ counter of a bookseller's shop, a second on the steps o^ the Imperial Hotel. The third was a regular " sitting,'^

* 'JPrmties hand. Councillor Hewitt, of Summer Hill, Cork, hat a piolm c^ his uncle — a horrid daub — by Banr, but it is highly esteemed, for the at£i of MB— trast. We learn from Mr. Windelc, that a lion, by Bajry, " done for the dgm o^ a public-house," still exists somewhere in the neighbonrhood." WImvs ii thi^ lion of a picture to be found ?

THE GRAND PARADE. 321

IS he waited in his carriage for Miss Edgeworth, by rhom he was aooompanied in his tour through the (outh of Ireland. Perhaps the finest of his pictures, or which he received 18,000 guineas, was the mar- iage of Strongbow to Eva, the daughter of "the King »f Leinster. He painted some of the beautiful his- orical frescoes which adorn the corridors and lobbies if the Houses of Lords and Commons.

Both the Boyal Cork Institution and the School of )esign are in every way worthy of public support and oyal patronage. The corporation of Cork would be loing good service to these institutions, and to the Cork Athenaeum, by removing the ugly bulk of houses, and he soap boiler's establishment from Academy Street, rhich makes the natural approach. Has Cork no men f sufficient wealth, or public spirit, or literary taste, o come forward and place these institutions in a posi- ion worthy of their pure and noble objects ?

The Grand Parade, the widest thoroughfare in Jork, had its canal, or channel, in the centie, as late s 1780, when it was arched in. The equestrian tatue of George II.,* which now stands opposite the Jity, or Daly's club, formerly stood on a bridge — ^in he middle of the Parade — which connected Tuckey Jtreet and Old George's Street. The site is now KXJupied by a beautiful fountain. The houses on the Parade are even more irregular than those of Patrick Street. At the upper end, and opposite the western md of Patrick Street, we have the King's Old Castle, >r the old County Court-House, now converted into

The Equestrian Statue of George 11. is a lead casting by Van Oas, a Dutch- The horse is now supported by an iron crutch.

VOL. TI. 21

322 HISTORY OP CORK.

the splendid establishment of Mr. Fitzgibbon. An excellent meat, poultry, and vegetable market, passes between the Parade and Prinoes Street*

The South Mall runs at a right angle with the lower, or southern, end of the Parade. The oentre of the South Mall was also occupied by a canal — crossed by wooden bridges — ^which was not arched, or closed in, till 1801. This street contains some fine stmotoreSt namely, the Bank of Ireland, the National Bank, the County Club, and the Commercial Building, in oca- nexion with which we have the Imperial Hotel, which occupies the western comer of Pembroke Street. On the opposite comer is the Cork Library. This excel- lent institution was established in 1792. It contaiiu a large number of works on general literature. It 19 goyemed by a committee, chosen from the subsoriben. The subscription is a guinea a-year.

The Protestant Hall arose out of the refusal to allov Father Gayazzi to lecture on Eoman Catholicism ia the Cork AthensBum. The site of the hall is situated on a piece of ground to the rere of the honM at the south side of the South Mall, from which it hu an entrance opposite Cook Street. It has also i& entrance from Queen Street, immediately to the rm of Father Mathew's chapel. The hall is 98 feet long by 45 feet wide, in the clear of walls, and 36 feet hi^ from floor to ceiling. It is lighted from the sides ind end by large semi-circular headed windows, finished internally with pilasters and rich dressings. The pun between the windows are occupied by coupled Cdrift- thian pilasters, which support a rich cornice and enta- blature, haying breaks over the pilasters, nuuiing

PROTESTANT HALL. OLD GBORGE's STREET. 323

d the building. The ceiling is flat in the centre oovered in the angles. It is divided into panels nriched stiles answering to the coupled pilasters, r the entrance hall, at the South Mall side, will be iding-room, 30 feet by 19 feet ; a lecture-room, 45 by 19 feet ; a registry-office, 25 feet by 19 feet ; ttxee committee-rooms, with keeper's apartments, entire cost is estimated at £4,U00. The body of hall only is at present finished. Mr. Bichard Irash, of this city, is the architect of this beautiful ling, upon whose genius and useful practicable ty it reflects the highest honor. The foundation e of the Protestant Hall was laid by the Bight . the Earl of Bandon, on St. Patrick's Day, 1860, opened by him on the 12th of April, 1861. LD George's Street is long, but it has nothing to t of in breadth or style of houses. It contains an rpendent Chapel,* a theatre, and a very respectable L George's Street is a continuation of Tuckey et ; it runs from the Parade to the Custom House. i intersected at right angles by Princes Street, Iboro' Street,! Cook Street, and Warren's Place. Custom House stands in the fork of the river, jh here divides itself in two, sweeping round our id city : —

** The spreading JjCty that like an Uland fiiyre, Encloseth Cork with its divided flood."

here are those yet living who remember the site of

Thi IndtpencUnt Chaptl was built in 1831, on the lite of the old AMemblj a, durin;: tb«- minintry of the Hev. John liamet, now of London. The de« f the building' was by the Messn Paine, architects.

In MMrlhoroti^h Street is a Baptist Chapel. The burial grotmd in St Ste- I Lao6 \n in connexion with it. Among the names on the head-atones we Uleo, Austen, Fowkes, Falkiner, Jonos, and Lapp. Was this the Ltpp :aTe name to Lapp'< Quay }

324 HISTORY OF COKK.

the Custom House to have been a sand bank, one of the twelve or thirteen islands on whioh the city is built. I believe John Anderson, a Scotchman, and one of Cork's best and most useful citizens, was the fint who built a house on the Custom House island, henoe ^^ Anderson's Quay*" Off Anderson's Quay we have Dean Street, and in Dean Street a most excellent institation, called the Boyal Cork Sailors' Home, estab- lished, and now efficiently and heartily worked by Captain Stuart, of the Royal Navy.

Great George's Street is not so long, but widw and better built than Old Gorge's Street. It is (m the same plan as Westmoreland Street^ Dublin, but not so wide nor so sunny. It occupies the sites of a number of the narrowest and dirtiest lanes of Cork. It runs from the Grand Parade until it unites itself to^ or becomes a part of the Western Bead. On the right hand side of this street, as we leave the Parade, is the Court-House, whose graceful portico and Oorinthian columns excited the admiration of Lord Macauley. He speaks of a Corinthian portico, which would do honor to Palladio. It is raised on a platform of eleven steps, and surmounted by three majestic and beautiful figures of Law, Justice, and Mercy. The Court-Honse was built in 1835, by G. R. Paine, after a design by Keames Deane.

There are six bridges crossing the North and Sonih Channels, or branches of the river, that enclose Coik. On the South branch four — ^the Anglesea, or the Metal bridge. Parliament bridge. South bridge, and Clazke's bridge ; and on the North side two-— the North bridge and Patrick's bridge. The foundation stone of

GREAT FLOODS IN COBS. 32 D

bridge was laid by the arohitect, Mr. Michael Shanahan, the 26th of July, 1788| but the bridge was destroyed the next year by a flood.

The affikir is thus described in a Cork newspaper, bearing date January 17th, 1789: — <<This day the city exhibited a spectacle dreadful to behold ; a heavy fidl of rain began on the preyious day, and continued without intermission during the night, and haying dissolved the snow up the country, the river thundered down like a mountain torrent, broke every boundary, and overflowed the entire city between the gates. It rushed through the streets and avenues with the most impetuous violcDce, and by four o'clock had completely deluged all the flat parts, from the Mansion house to Ciold Harbour. In most^ places it was near five feet, in many parts seven feet high, and continued rising until seven o'clock at night, at which hour it remained stationary for some time ; about nine o'clock it happily began to subside, and at three o'clock the following morning returned within its usual limits.

^^ During this melancholy scene, several boats plied in different streets and lanes; many horsemen and persons in carriages would have been lost after night fell, had it not been obviated by the vigilance of the citizens, who held out lights to them, and cautioned them of the impending danger. The loss sustained by the inhabitants was very considerable. A cellar on the North Mall, a house at Baldwin's corner, and two in Globe Lane were swept away, as were also the quays in many places, so as to render the situation of the houses, particularly on Bachelor's Quay^ truly alarming.

t.

326 HISTOEY OF CORK.

^^ A brig, without any person on board, broke fron^ her moorings at the Sand Quay, and coming with heK broadside across the centre arch of the new bridge threw it down, and was itself completely destroyedL. Soon after the other arch came down. The Korth an^ South bridges received some injuries, but stood im.- moveable. On Hammond's Marsh boats plied as welJ as if they were in the main river.

^^ No flood within many feet of this, had ever beds known or heard of in this city before or since. Coix* siderable damage was sustained by many, but happilj only one life was lost — a man whose name toae Noah. On the following day the mayor ordered the markets to be opened, as the inhabitants would have been otherwise much distressed for provisions,"

We have the following account under date Sept 25th, 1789 :— " The key-stone of the kst arch of fha new bridge was laid by the ancient and honoFaUe societies of freemasons of this city. The morning ins ushered in with the ringing of bells, and an immeiue crowd had assembled in the principal streets befbn eleven o'clock. At about twelve the procession of the different lodges, dressed with their jewels and insignia of their respective orders, preceded by the band of the 51st Begiment, moved through Castle Street, down the new street, called St. Patrick Street, and advanced to the foot of the new bridge, which was decorated on Ab occasion with the Irish standard, the Union flag^ vA several other ensigns. Here they were saluted irilb nine cannon, the workmen dressed in white apiQOii lining each side of the bridge.

'^ The procession advanced up to the centre of (b^

ST. Patrick's bbidge. 327

last arch, where they were received by the cornmis- sioners and the architect. The last key-stone, which had been previously suspended, and which weighed forty-seven hundred, was then instantly lowered into its berth, and the Bible, laid upon a large scarlet velvet cushion, adorned with tassels and gold fringe, was placed upon it. Lord Donoughmore, as grand-master^ thereupon, in due form, gave three distinct knocks with a mallet.

^^ The commissioners were then called upon to men- tion the intended name of the bridge, which being communicated, the grand-almoner of Munster emptied his chalice of wine upon the key-stone, and the grand- master, in the name of the ancient and honouraUe fraternity of free and accepted masons of the province of Munster, proclaimed * St. Patrick's Bridge.' The whole body of masons then gave ^ three-times-three,' which was returned by nine cheers of the populace and the firing of nine cannon. After this the procession marched over the bridge and its portcullis, and having surveyed them, were again saluted with nine cannon.''

This bridge was again destroyed by a most fearful flood, which occurred on the 2nd of November, 1853, when seventeen or eighteen persons were drowned.

The foundation of the new bridge — ^now in course of erection — was laid, by His Excellency the Earl of Carlisle, the 10th of November, 1859, on which occa- sion, our mayor, John Amott, Esquire, Member of Parliament for Kinsale, received the honor of knight- hood. His Excellency, on the same occasion, cut the first sod on the Queenstown branch of the Cork and Youghal Kailway, and was entertained, along with a large and

328 HISTOEY OF CORK.

distinguished party of gentlemen, at Midleton, by D. Leopold Lewis, Esq., by whom the whole of the fimds of this railway were provided.

The quays on both sides of the two branches of the river, which enclose the city, are — ^Bachelor's Quay, opposite which — that is, on the other side of the stream — the North Mall ♦ ; KyrPs Quay, Coal Qoay^ and Lavitt's Quay ; opposite. Pope's Quay and Camden Quay ; Merchant's Quay and Anderson's Quay ; oppo- site Patrick's Quay and Penrose Quay. Here we have the Cork Steam Packet Company's Office, a graceful structure, surmounted by St. George and the Dragon ; and the Cork Terminus of the Great Southern and Western Bailway — ^a beautiful building, although I do not know how to style it. We shall call it Corinthian Gothic, for want of a better term.

On the southern branch of the river we have^ Lapp's Quay. Here is the Savings Bank, a graeefbl and elegant structure. On the opposite side, Albert Quay and the Com Exchange, where the Cork Exhi- bition was held in 1852 — an exhibition which did in- finite credit to Cork, in the getting up, entire ammge- ment, and business-like management. Within th# Metal bridge — which is a draw-bridge— we have Morrisson's Quay and Charlotte Quay, and opposite Union Quay and George's Quay. Vessels of consider- able burden can go up the South channel, as &r ai Parliament bridge — right into the heart of the oity— and lade and unlade on the quays.

The principal thoroughfares and buildings in tliA

* North Matt. — Hore stood the monastery of the MinoritiiM, or Fiim d ficandun, founded by Mac Carthy More, in 1231.— See toL i., pp. 177- W.

BLIND ASYLUM. S0T7TH INFI&MART. 329

southern suburbs aud liberties of Cork are the Yiotoria Boad, on which we have the C!ork and Passage Bail- way terminus, the Anglesea Boad, the South Terrace, the Free Church, the Blind Asylum, and South In- firmary, on Langford Bead.*

The Blind Asylum contains 40 males and 49 females. They are all children, or under age, with three or four exceptions. They are fed, clothed, instructed, and trained up in useful arts and industrious habits. Some of them are instructed in music. They are comfortably housed, clothed, and fed. They look happy and healthy. A number of those poor children were in the City and County Workhouses, where some of them became blind. The mortality is very small. There has been no death during the year 1860. To use the words of the re- spected secretary, Bichard Dowden (Bd.)^ Esquire, ^^a fair class of dietary and necessaries, approaching the rank of comforts, make food more in use than physic."

The South Infirmary, like the Blind Asylum, occu- pies a portion of the old poor-house. This institution was incorporated in 1722. It is supported by corpo- rate and government grants, bequests, and donations. It affords accommodation to 75 patients. The daily average number in the house is 50. The number of patients admitted into the hospital for the year 1860, was 600, with about 16,000 extems, who have been prescribed for. The expenditure for the year 1860 was £1,198 10s. 3d.

^Langford Boad. Here lives Mrs. Neilan, a lineal descendant of the poet Spenser, whose mother, Mrs. Sherlock, had a picture of the poet. I say, in toL i. p. SI 4, that Mrs. Sherlock's daughter <*Baw the picture." 1 find I mistook her; that what she really saw — to nse her own words — ^was **80fnethuw like the pieturcr' I conclude that Mrs. Neilan is a descendant of Nathaniel Spenser, of Itenny, whose wife's name was Rosamond, Mrs. Neilan, who keeps a Dame's school, is alio a Boaamond,

330 msroRT of core.

Lane's Iiistitution, for the relief of aged and destitate females, has been removed from Eutland Street, where it was first founded in 1843, and is now re-edified in Anglesea Street. The new building, whioh is oom- fortable, and cottage-shaped, and dedicated to Saints Joachim and Anne, was opened in I860. The present number of inmates is thirteen.

Near the South Infirmary is the junction of the Blackrock and Douglas Beads, the former nmning east, the latter south-east. More south-east still ig the Evergreen Bead, and the Cork Union Workhoiurei which will be ever green, or gangrene, in the public mind for its inhumanity to the poor. Sir John Amott visited the Cork workhouse on the 6th of April, 1859| and entered his opinion on the Union visiting book^ from which we take the following extract : —

^^ I have been shocked — I may say appalled— from my observation of the state of the children ; and the results of my inquiries have led me to the deliberate conclusion that it would be a mercy to close the gates of the Union House against them, and let them attain the mercy of death rather than be reared deformed, maimed, and diseased objects, through the system at feeding them, to which, I have reason to believe, their terrible state is attributable. For want of proper nu- triment, and change of diet, scrofrda has so infected those young creatures, that there was scarcely one of them, whom I examined, that did not bear plain and frightful tokens that their blood had been wasted to that degree, that the current, which should have bone vigour and health to their frames, was only a medium to disseminate debility and disease.

CORK W0BXH0U8E. 331

^^ There is no separate register of the deaths of chil- dren kept in the house, but I have been told, and can well believe it from what I have witnessed and detailed, that four out of every five die lefore they are adulUy and ihat the survivor iSy in the majority of instances^ destroyed in constitution.^^

This terrible statement bnrst like a bomb-shell over the heads of the Cork Guardians, and somewhat dis- turbed the placidity of the Irish Poor-Law Commis- sioners. An inquiry was called for, a number of wit- nesses examined, and the fearful fact fully established by the tables of Dr. Terence Brodie, the Poor-Law Inspector — who sat as chairman to take the evidence — that the annual mortality among the children, from in&ncy to 18 years of age, was 20, instead of 18 per cent., as was stated by the mayor. Sir John Amott, in writing to the Cork Constitution^ says : —

*' As I have verified this statement on oath, you must give me credit for not making it without inquiry or foundation. I have tested it by the Workhouse registry. The average number of children in the Cork Poorhouse, for the last four years, has been 868. The average number of deaths, for each of these years^ was 156, or 18 per cent, per annum. Take a hundred children, and deduct 18 per cent, for 15 years, and how many will remain of the hundred ? According to my reckoning, but five. We, therefore, lose 95 per cent., or nineteen-twentieths, in the 15 years — that is, before they arrive at maturity. My statement, there- fore, that four out of every five die before they are adults, is, according to the Union registry, considerably under the mark."

332 HISTOBT OF CORK.

The witnesses examined on this occasion, besides Foor-Law officials, were principally medical men and clergymen. Dr. Callanan, the most eminent physician in Cork, stated that ^^ such diet would make even animals scrofulous." The Lord Bishop of Cork, Dr. Fitzgerald, says in a letter to the mayor: — ^^ I am bound to say, in general, that the extreme preyalence of scrofula, among the younger inhabitants, struck me, as it did you, with a sense of painful horror." ^^ I can- not but wish that a very searching inquiry should be made into the causes of this lamentable state of things, and the best means of remedying it ; and I agree with you in urging, very strongly, a revision of the rolaB for the dietary hitherto acted on."

I visited the Workhouse and examined all the boya. There were about 104 ranked healthy. About two- thirds of these had the marks of scrofula. There were, besides these, 46 in a sort of scrofulous schooL In some instances the whole head was affected ; with some the neck ; others had sore hands and feet. To those 46, maimed and sick in school, we must add 22 in hospital. The eyes of these poor children were very seriously — I fear permanently — affected, and, I oon- clude, from scrofula ; making a total of 68 ranked as sick or diseased. Of the 46 deformed, maimed, and diseased in the Lazaretto school, only five entered diB- eased, so that 41 had been reduced to this pitiable condition while in the house. I found that some had been in the house over eleven, some ten, some nine^ some eight, some seven, some six, and some five years; the average of the 46 was about five years. I aaked ^w many of the male children there were who had

MORTALITT IK CORE WORKHOUSE. 333

grown from childhood to manhood. I was told six- teen. " Here is one of them, sir.'' I looked in the direction pointed out, and saw in the distance (judging firom his size) what I thought was a boy about twelve years of age. He approached, and I found he was a man / But how shrivelled and deformed ! In the hospital, a boy about twelve was brought before me, panting like a bird. I took him, at the distance, (judging from his face,) for an old man. What a look of orphaned desolation marked that child's face I It was aged by want and sorrow. The boy was dying on his legs.

The last report of the Irish Poor-Law Commissioners, and a committee now sitting in the House of Commons on the working of the Irish poor-law, reveal the fact that while England relieves 1 in 25 of its population, and Scotland 1 in 23, that Ireland relieves but 1 in 130. England and Scotland does four or five times as much for the poor with the same amount of money. The average number of those relieved outside all the workhouses in Ireland, for the last three years, is but 2,001 ; although the worst, most unnatural, and most expensive mode of supporting the poor is inside the walls of a poor-house. The sooner the whole system is abolished, and a good parochial system of relief, super- intended by committees of clergymen and magistrates, the better for the poor and the country at large. This country has much to answer for on account of its con- duct to the poor in these terrible dead-houses.*

We turn from the Workhouse to Father Mathew's

* Dead-houses, During the great distress as many as fifty and sixty dead bodies have been carted ont of the Cork poorhouse in a day.

334 HISTORY OF COBE.

Cemetery, at one time the Cork Botanical Gardens. Here lies a good man and a true philanthropist, though a poor man. Father Mathew died without a penny in his purse. His heart and hand were too large for his pocket. Theobald Mathew, the Apostle of Temper- ance, like John Howard, had but one objeot — the good of mankind. He was the superior of a convent of Capuchin friars in Blaok-a-moor's Lane, Cork, which was originally established by the Bey. Arthur O'Leary, a clergyman universally esteemed and loved for hit genius and worth. The Capuchin friars have lately removed to George's Quay, opposite Father Mathew's new church, as it is still called, on Charlotte Quay. The foundation of this beautiful gothic structure was laid in 1832. Though occupied, it is unfinished^ and remains, like the ^^ Mathew Monument," in statu quo.

That eminent sculptor, John Hogan,* was employed by the citizens of Cork, to prepare a bronze statue of Father Mathew, for which they were to pay £1|000. Hogan died of consumption, and the commission wis given to his son.

In the broken down and ruinous locality of Blaok-a* moor's Lane, we stumble on a fine new struoture, St Nicholas church, rising like the fabled phoenix £rom the rubbish or ashes of centuries. It stands near the site of the ancient church of St. Bridget; bat " strange fire " bums on St. Bridget's altar,! for the

* John Soaan was bom in Tallow, in the Oountj Watexford, in 1800; batUl parents residea in Cork before and after his birth. Cork has the honor of Ba^ turing and fostering his genius. Ho was first apprenticed to an attorney, udthv to Sir Thomas Deane, an eminent Cork architect. His first work was a MiMni car>'ed in wood, for the Koyal £xchango Assurance Office, on the South MalL

t St, BridgeCn altar, — ^The nuns of St. Bridget never allowed the firt toft out on her alta? at Kildare : <* Apud Kildariam oocurit ignii Sanets Bi^gidii^

ST. NICHOLAS' CHURCH. 335

ehureh of St. Nicholas is Protestant. It is a handsome cruciform structure. It was erected by the Ecclesias- tical Commissioners, from a design by their architect, G. Joseph Welland ; at a cost, to them, of £6,400 ; and to the parishioners of £500.

"St. Nicholas Church," writes Dive Downes, in 1699, " stood to the west of Eed Abbey. It has been ruinous time out of mind. It is supposed to be united to St. Barry's. The chtTrch-yard is enclosed, but there is a path through it. Some houses, viz., Piper's holdings, near the church-yard, belong to this parish, The houses, glebe, and all the tythes of this parish, belonged formerly to the priory of St. John of Jerusa- lem, now to the choir of St. Barry's.''

We learn from Smith that a new church of St. Nicho- las began to be erected in January 1720, under the auspices of Bishop Samuel Brown. The living is a rectory, formed in 1752, by the union of six parishes, St. John, St. Stephen, St. Mary Nard, St. Dominick, St. Bridget, and St. Nicholas. Dive Downes says, " St. Bridget's Church stood where the fort called the Cat* is now built. There is no appearance of the ruins of the church. The ruins did appear before the last war."

Dive Downes informs us that " St. John's Church stood to the east of Eed- Abbey. It is ruinous, and has been so for 80 years. Here was formerly a house

qnem inextinquibilem vocant, non quod extingni non possit, sed quod tam solicite moniales, et Sanctae ignem suppente materia fonent et natriunt, ut a tempore Tirginis per tot annonim curriciila semper manBit inextinctus. Oirald, Cam, de Mirabil., dist. ii., c. 34.

* Coiled the Cat, I find there waa a warlike engine called a rat or moflcaliu, aa well as a eo/ and a sow, — See vol. ii. pp 155, 156.

836 UISTORT OP CORK.

[a priory] near the church, where they entertained the knights of St. John of Jerusalem * in their travels."

The Blue- Coat School stands on the site of the chapel of St. Stephen. There was also the oonyenft and Leper Hospital of St. Stephen. This properiy wai granted to the city, or corporation of Cork, on the dis- solution of religious houses. Francis Blundell, Clerk to the Commissioners for Defective Titles, got a lease of it for twenty-one years, in the tenth of James L The estate consisted of ^^ fifty-sLs: gardens and severd thatched tenements." The ^^ place of the priory and hospital of St. Stephen," was vested in William Worth, hy a grant of the corporation, in 1674. The Catholics regained possession in 1688. Dominick Sarsfield^f as mayor of the city and prior of the hospital, ^^ authorised Michael Gould, his attorney, to recover the property from the tenants then in possession, and make it over for the use of the Jesuits of Cork. The Worths re- gained possession after the siege of Cork. Baron Worth made a grant of the house to the mayor and constahle of the staple of Cork, in 1699, for the sup- port and education of poor boys, and endowed it iridi the North and South Spittal lands. Dive Downes gives us an extract of the deed, which directs that a sum of £20, yearly, shall be paid ^^ for four scholars in Dablin

* ITtfi knights of St, John ofjenuakm. These charitable inidtiitioBa

extraordinary Titality aboat them. There still exists in Dooglas Street, the St

John Charitable Asylum, for aged and destitute poor men. It is an old house, where three poor men reside.

t ^* Dominick SargJUldj mayor of the city of Cork, and prior of the hoipltal of St. Stephen, without the South eate of the said city, pursuant to an order lati|f made in the common council of tXie said city, authorized Michael Oonld, of At city of Cork, gent, as his attorney, to recover from John Gomisk, and othen^ At lessees and tenants of the lands and tenements belonging to the said honitdi li the use and in trust for the BcTerend Fathers of the Society of Jeans, iKngii the said citjr, f^e sum of three-score pounds sterling, jearly, to commence friw tfti 25th day or Marcb^^kst, and to continne as in the said oraer of ooaneil is

r

THE BLUE-COAT SCHOOL. 337

College ; the rest, in trust, for a schoolmaster and poor boys, to be taught to read, write, and arithmetick." The " poor boys to have blue coats and caps, with other clothing, meat, drink, and lodging." The boys for Dublin College must be " natives of the city, and county of the city of Cork; for want of them the natives of any other county in Ireland alwaies to be preferred, all which natives, and none other, shall be named and chosen." They are to be chosen by the Inahop, mayor, and William Worth, or his heirs. ^^ The schoolmaster to have £26 per annum salary for teaching the poor boys, and to have £10 per annum for each poor boy's diet and clothing, and £5 per annum to the receiver or steward, and the boys not to be admitted before 8 years old, nor to stay after 1 4."

The income in 1750 was £467 5s. 6d.; in 1844 it was but £443 48. 4 d. I visited the school lately — it seems to be well conducted. Although in a poor locality, everything looks trim and neat about the school, and the children well taught and cared for. The £20 Irish, reserved for sending four boys to Trinity College, would not now suflBce for one boy, so that this part of the original intention is inoperative.

In Dunbar Street, which runs fix)m Douglas Street to George's Quay, is the South Chapel, a large edifice. Here is the Dead Christ, a figure in white marble, by Hogan ; and in Abbey Street, which is a continuation of Douglas Street, are the South Monastery and Pres- bytery, uiid the South Convent, in both of which establishments a large number of poor children, of both sexes, receive a most excellent and practical, education, fitting them for the after-duties of life.

▼01.. II. 22

338 HISTORY OF CORK.

The South Monastery is under the superintendence of the Christian Brothers, with Mr. Townsend as superior.

Near the South Monastery, in Cumberland Street^ if the Bed Abbey, already described. A oonvent of Augustinian Eremites, or Austin Friars, was founded here by Patrick de Courcy in 1420. But one tower of the abbey now stands. The priory, with its appoi^ tenances, was granted to Cormac Mac Carthy, Master of Moume, in 1577, for the yearly rent of £13 68. 8d. The Eremites disappear from 1577 to 1741, when they turn up in ^^an obscure nook in Fishamble Lane," from which they removed, in 1780, to Brunswiok Street.

In the Fishamble Lane locality, between Cross Street and Duncan Street — formerly called Grattan Street — we have the house and church of Franoisoan Friars. They built their church in 1830, at a cost of £4600. Their original foundation, as we have ex- plained in vol. i., pp. 177-179, was on the North Mali It was called the ^^ Mirror of Ireland^ Dive Downes,* the Protestant Bishop of Cork, describes it in his "Visitation," in 1700, thus:—

" St. Francis' abbey, on the north side of the Lee^ in the north suburbs of Cork. The site of it oontains a few gardens on the side of the hill, near the abbey.

• DtW Ihicnu. I take this opportnnity of expremng my great oUigatioM to the Rev. William Mazicre Brady, of Newmarket, rector of Clonfeit, who kM furnished me with a moet correct and excellent copy of the *' Viaitatuii of Divt Downes," Bishop of Cork and Bk)ss from 1691 to 1709. The original maawci^

was presented to the Library of Trinity College, March 19th, 1849, brj Moure Kyle, LL.D., Archdeacon of CorK, Yicar-GeneraL Archdaaoon jEjjtf"^ the manuscript from his father, Doctor Kvle, late Bishop of Oork. Tha Vifl^ tion of Dive Downes is full of ecclesiaitioal statiitioBi but they an sot dir mtw- tics, for the bishop writes in a natural and genial way. The MS. ia wau worth editing for the Camden Society, and we know of no one mora o^aUa of Mf this work well than Mr. Brady himdclt

ST. FRANCIS' ABBEY. 339

It is the estate of the Lord Orrery. Before the late troubles, held and inhabited by Mr. Bogers, Thomas Cooke, and others. In King James' time, a new chapel was built by the Mars on part of the abbey, but not where the former chapel stood. Some friars lived there in the time of the siege. The abbey, with the rest of the suburbs, was burnt. A good strong steeple remains standing. The chapel that was lately built having been burnt with the abbey, was repaired by Mr. Morrison, a merchant, and is now used by him as a warehouse."

CHAPTER XIV.

SAINT FINN-BABB's.

Gill Abbey, formerly called the Abbey of St. Finx- Babh, was the oldest ecclesiastical foundation in Cork. It stood near the site of the Queen's College. There is no portion of the building now in existence. A Frenchman, who visited Cork in 1644, says, " A mile from Korq is a well called by the English ^ Sunday Spring.'* Opposite to this well, to the south of the sea, are the ruins of a monastery founded by St. Guill- ab^. Here is a cave which extends fax under the ground, where, they say, St. Patrick resorted often for prayer."

The Frenchman was misinformed respecting the original founder of the abbey of St. Finn-Barr. It did not receive the name of Gill Abbey till after 1170. St. Finn-Barr gave his name to both cave and abbey. The cave was called " Antium Sancti Fion Barrie."

Old chroniclers inform us that seventeen prelates and seven hundred monks dwelt, at one time, within these walls. Mr. Caulfield thinks this a mistake, and says the story is founded on a misrepresentatioii of a passage in the Litanies of Aengus Eilideus, in which he invokes the assistance of the seventeen bishops and

ST. i^INN-BARU. 341

seven hundred servants of God, whose remains lie there. The remains of O'Donoghue, King of Cashel, who died in 1025, were also deposited in this sacred ground. The abbey got the name of Gill- Abbey from Giolla Aedh O'Murdhin, abbot of the monastery, and bishop of St. Finn-Barr's, who died in 1172,

A large number of the abbots of Finn-Barr^s or Gill- Abbey became bishops of Cork and of the cathedral of St. Finn-Barr^s, and were styled "Mitred Abbots." We cannot venture to say how many, in the list with which we are about to furnish the reader, had the honor of placing epos after their name, or a "f after their title. I believe there can be no doubt that Finn-Barr, the '^ Fair-haired," or " Grey-haired," was the first Christian bishop of Cork. He is thought to have flourished in the sixth — some say seventh — century.

" This most holy and elect of God, and most worthy priest, Barr, was bom of the sept called Ibruin Eatha of Connaught. He chose the clerical profession, and became a pupil of Mac-Corb, or Macrobius, who had been the pupil of Gregory the Great. He migrated to Munster, where he lived as a hermit, in a cave or cell,* on a small islet, in the lake now called Gougane Barra — the lake from which the river Lee takes its rise. From Gougane Barra he came to Cork, where he established a large school or monastery, and founded the cathedral of St. Finn Barr's, aroimd which the city sprang up. It was thus that St. Kevin left his rocky bed above the dark waters of Glendalough, to

♦ A cave or cell. A modern writer mentions the ruins of a chapel and •* eight €eBs.'* It is probable that St. Finn-Barr gathered a few scholars round him amon^ these wilds, who formed the nucleus of the larger school of the abbey of St. Finn-Barr, afterwards Gill- Abbey, in Cork.

342 HI8T0BT OF COBK.

found the city of the Seven Churches.* It is in re* treat and solitude that great and grand ideas are con- ceived, and the purpose or power to perform them nurtured. It was so with the author of Christianity ; it was thirty years before he showed himself to laoraeL It was so with God's prophets. It was so with the False Prophet. The religion of the Koran was oon* ceived in a cave.

We may here mention the case of a mysterious man^ whom we may style St. Finn-Barr's successor at Gou- gane Barra. ^^ In this parish," says Diye DowneB, bishop of Cork in 1699, ^^ lives Denis Mahoney, formerly priest of this parish, now a hermit, who has built seven chapels there. He was ordered, at Bome, to undergo the penance of a hermit, having been guilty of fiimi- cation." 'Tis said that St. Finbarry, from a odl in this place, was removed to the bi^opric of Cork.'' Doctor Smith says that Father Mahoney *' lived e hermit in this dreary spot for twenty-eight years.''

But Father Mahoney left a garden where he fimnd a wilderness, the trees of which he planted with hie own hand :

'* There is a green island in lone Gougane Barra, Where Allua of songs rushes forth as an arrow ; In deep-Tallied Desmond — a thousand wild foontains, Come down to that lake from their home in the mountains. There grows the wild ash, and a time^stricken willow. Looks chidingly down on the mirth of the billow ; As like some gay child, that sad monitor Booming, It lightly laughs hack to the laugh of the morning ;

* Seven Chwehee, " Here, in this solitude, the saint laid the ibimdatioft ef Ui monastic establishment ; it grew rapidly, became a crowded dtyi ft Hhool for learning, a college for religion, a receptacle for holy men, a MnctMiy for tike oppressed, an asylum for the poor, an hospital for the aiok."— JiUTt " Mkmtf* Tol. ii. p. 214.

FATHBK MAHONBY. 343

And itf loiM of dark hills— oh ! to see them all bright^niiig, When the tempest flings out its red hamisr of lightning ; And the waters rash down, 'mid the thnndei's deep rattle, like clans from their hills at the Toice of the battle ; And brightly the fire-crested billows are gleaming, And wildly firom Mollagh the eagles are screaming. Ok 1 where is the dwelling in TaUey or highland, 80 meet for a bard* as this lone little island ! '

tt

^^ Oppofdte to this island/' contmueB Smith, ^^ is his tomb, placed in a low little house, on which is this inscription :

^«H0C 8IBI BT SUCCBSSOBIBTTS IK EADSM YOGATIOKB,

MOHUiiBifTUM iMPosurr DoMiNTJs DocioR Dtonisius (VMahokbt Pr£8bttbe licit Indignus. An. Dom. 1700."

We conclude from the ^^ Presbyter Ueit Indigmu^^^ to which the words of Dive Downes give a peculiar ngnificance, that this hermit priest died a sincere penitent. Mr. Windele, who visited this district in 1844, could find no trace of this monument.

St. Finn-Barr was abbot of Gill- Abbey — for we must antedate the name, to avoid confusion — and bishop of Cork for seventeen years. He died in Oloyne, the 25th of September — we cannot say in what year — which is observed as his festival-t Tradition says that his remains were carried to Cork — ^to Gill- Abbey, we conclude — for interment, and that his relics were afterwards deposited in a silver shrine. Tho Annals of Innisfallen say : "A fleet, with Dermot O'Brien^

• So mett for a bard, Mr. J. J. Callanan, the author of these heantilhl lines, was a DstiTe of Cork. He wrote a poem called the *' Recluse of InohidonT," '* Donsl<i Com/' and other pieces of some heautr. He was originally intenoed for the priesthood, but auittinf Majnooth, ent<»red Trinity College, where he studied for the bar. He died in 1829 at Lisbon.

t Hu/4M(i94U, The 1 7th of March, which is St. Palriek's fMUfal, Is tha daj of his death, and not of his birth. Some would laj of his translation to hiaTtn.

344 HISTOKT OF COBK.

devasted Cloyne^ and carried away ^^the relics of Sarre for Cill-na-Clerich.^'

We are disposed to view St. Nessan as St. Finn- Barr's immediate suocessor, Colgan says St. Nessan was educated under St. Barr, at a school or monastery founded by that bishop, near Lough Eire. Nessan died in 551.

The next bishop we meet in the Annals is under date A.D. 685, ^^Boisseni, Abbot of Coroach Mor [Great Cork] died." This Italian name is spelt Bnssin by other writers.

^^A.D. 759. Donait, son of Tohenoe, Abbot of Corcach, died."

^^ A.D. 767. Sealbhach, son of Cualta, Abbot of Corcach, died."

«* A.D. 787 [rect6 792] Terog, Abbot of Corcach, died.

Two bishops of the same name, and apparently sons of the same father, occur next : —

^^ A.D. 796. Connmhach, son of Donat, Abbot of Corcach Mor, died."

" A.D. 812. [rect6 817]. Connmhach, son of Donat, Abbot of Corcach, died."

"A.D. 821. Forbhasach, successor of Bairre,* of Corcach, died."

^^ A.D. 850. Colann, son of Aireachtach, Abbot of Corcach, died."

** A.D. 892. Airgetan, son of Forannan, Abbot of Corcach, died."

" A.D. 907. Flann, son of Laegh, Abbot of Coroaoh| died."

* Succestor of Bairre. Comharba does not ncccnarily mean the imwi§imti

"cessor.

T0»

AIRCHINNEAGH OF GOBCACH. 346

'' A.D. 963. Aedh, son of Gairbhith, Lord [reot6 A.bbot] of Corcach Mor, died."

'*A.D. 958. Cathmogh, Abbot of Lismor, and Bishop of Corcach, died.'*

" A.D. 988. Colum, Airchinneach of Corcach, died." Colnm, who is here styled Airchioneach, is styled the [)oarb of St. Barry, and holy prelate, in the work ityled the War of the Gaels with the Danes. ^^ The niro priests " — who had witnessed the death of Molloy —returned home and told Colmn Mao Eiergan, the I!oarb of St. Barry, what had been done, and gave him he gospel, which was stained with the blood of Mahon ; md the holy prelate wept bitterly, and uttered a pro- )hecy concerning the future &te of the murderers* Doctor O'Donovan says — and we could haye no higher luthority — ^that ^^ the Airchinnech was always a lay- nan, or, at least, one who had merely received primam Umsuram?^ He quotes Sir John Dayies for the meaning )f the term. " There are few parishes, of any compass )r extent, where there is not an Erenach, which, being m office of the church, took beginning in this manner: nrhen any lord or gentleman had a direction to build i church, he did first dedicate some good portion of and to some saint or other, whom he chose to be his latron ; then he founded the church, and called it by ;he name of that saint, and then gave the land to some Gierke, not being in orders, and to his heires for ever j nth this intent, that he should keep the church clean md well repaired, keep hospitality, and give almes to he poore, for the souPa health of the founder. This nan and his heires had the name of Erenach. The Srenach was also to make a weekly commemoration of

346 HISrOBT OF oobk.

the founder in the chnrch. He had always primam ionsuranij but took no other orders."

" A.D. 1000. Flaithemb, Abbot of Corcaoh, died."

" A.D. 1027. Neil O'Mailduib, Abbot of Corcaoh, died."

'' A.1). 1028. Airtri Sairt, Abbot of Corcaoh, died."

^'A.D. 1034. — Cathal, Martyr, Airohinnftaoh of Corcaoh, died."

'^A.l). 1036. Ceallaoh Ua Sealbhaioh, a bishop, successor of Barri, a learned senior of Munster, died." This Abbot of Cork died during a pilgrimage.

^'A.D. 1057. Mughron Ua Mutain, successor of Bairre, noble bishop and lector, was killed by robbers of the Corca-Laighthe,* after his return from yespen."

<< A.D. 1057. Dubhdalethe Ua Cinaad Ha, Aizohin- neach of Corcaoh, died."

" A.1). 1085. Clereach Ua Sealbhaigh, chief saooes- sor of Bairre, the glory and wisdom of Desmond, completed his life in this world." ^^ This name is now anglicised Shelly and Shallow, without the prefix Ua or 0^" — Dr. ffDonavan^s Four Masters^ vol. iL, p. 92^*

^^A.D. 1096. Ua Cochlain, a learned bishop and successor of Bairre, died."

^^A.D. 1106. Mac Beathadh Bua h Ailgheanain, successor of Bairre, died." This name is now O'Hal- linan and Hallinan. — Dr. 0^ Donovan^ s Four MoiUri^ vol. ii., p. 980.

''A.D. 1111. Patrick O'Sealbhaigh, Bishop of Corcaoh, died."

• '* ODrea'Zaiffhiht.—T\aB was the tribe-Bume of the CDrinolls aai tihtir correlatives, who possessed a territory co-extensiTe with the diooese of Boai| ibnniiif the South- Western portion of the priesent conn^ of Cork."— Dr. """ " ""

MoiUriy Tol. i., p. 771.

OIOLLA ASDHA O'MTTIDHIN. 847

<<A.D. 1140. Domlinall Ua Sealbhaigh, Airohin- neaoh of Coroaoh, pillar of the glory and splendour of Vimster, died."

" A.D. 1140. The see of Cork being vacant — Saint Bernard states — a certain poor man, who was a idreigner, but a man of sanctity and learning, was, by Malachy, Archbishop of Armagh, nominated bishop, and sent to that see, with the approbation and applause «f the clergy and people."

<< A.D. 1162. Finn, grandson of Celechar Ua Cein- neidigh, successor of Colum, and who had been a suc- cessor of Bairre, for a time, died."

'* A.D. 1167. Oillaphadraig, son of Bonnehadh Mac Oarthaigh, successor of Bairre of Corcaoh, died."

"A.D. 1172. GioUa Aedha* O'Muidhin, of the &mily of Errew of Lough Con, Bishop of Cork, died. He was a man full of the grace of Ood, the tower of the virginity and wisdom of his time." This was the Oiolla Aedha from whom Gill Abbey derived its name. He came from the borders of Loch Con, in the cotmty Mayo. He was succeeded by Gregory, Bishop of Cork, who died in 1186. It was during his time that Dermot Mac Carthy, King of Cork, made a grant, and gave a new charter to St. Finn-Barr^s, or Gill Abbey. We are indebted to the researches of Mr. Daniel Mao Carthy, at the British Museiun, for a copy of this interesting document. We give the translation of the Latin copy, marked B.M. Addit. MSS. 4793, fol. 65, in the British Museum : —

• OioOm Atdhm, the Kmnt of St Aodk Gillj itill metni a yoath or Mrrtat boy. OuMa mdh, a '' red-hAured boj;" fiOU Ai&A, a '• Uaok-baiiwi boy."— Xhr. CtDomovan.

348 HISTOKY OP CORK.

"Thb Ghabteb of Dbbmot, Kino of Mctkstbb, touchthg THE Ghubch of St. John of Cobk.* a

'* Dermot, under favor of Diyine Proyidence, King of Munater, to all the faithful of the people, as future, §preeting and peace fiv ever.

*^ Being well persuaded of the fleeting nature of human memorj,

and of the unstable pomp of a perishable world, we have therefoce deemed it worthy to record in writing the affectionate zeal with which one Father Cormac, of blessed memory. King of Mmuster, built and confided to the protection of his people, the church of St John the Apostle and Evangelist at Cork, for the use of Archbuhi^ Maurice and his successors, and for the pilgrims out of Ckmnaught, the compatriots of St. Barry.f

*' And now having succeeded to our paternal kingdom, relying upon the Divine assistance, we have imdertaken, for the health of our soul, and of the souls of our parents, to defend the said chureh in such manner as it becometh royal mimificence to do, and to re- edify and enlarge the same in honor of the saints under whose pro- tection the said place is known to be : Be it therefore known to all the faithful, that we do confirm, for all time to oome to the Hud foundation, all that the said place now justly possesses, either by the paternal donation, or by the grants of other kings; for my glorious father the king, bestowed upon the said place LysnoldBrhy and Diarmid O'Connor endowed it with Aillina Carrigh.

" And be it known, furthermore, that we have ourselves granted to the said pilgrims the lands of Ilia, and by this our charter do confirm the same : and our illustrious son, Cormac 4 et the request of Catholicus, Archbishop of Tuam, granted in perpetuity to God and St. John, the lands of Maeldulgi, for the health of his soul and ours, to be enjoyed freely and without molestation, and exempt from all secular services, which grant of said lands we also hereby con- firm.

* Chureh of St John of Cork, Arohdall informs ug that the abbey of 8t Bur, or Gill AbbcYf was reformed for regular cannons, under the invocation of St. Joka the Baptist, Iby Cormac, king of Cork.

t PUgrima otU of Connaught, the compatriots of St. Barry, St Finn-fiiir was bom in Connaught, near the site of the town of Oalwaj.

X Ilitutruma son, Cbrmae. This was the iUuttriafUiie who lo«t hii hetd Ibr his unnatural rebellion against his father, Dermot, whom he seised and otst info prison. *■*■ Cormachofl in perfidia instinctus fhrore perBorerana, credideDi ^^**»^ copit atque in carcerem conjecet." — Stamhurrt.

KING dermot's charteb. 349

'' Now, finally, we do take under our protection the said monas- tery, with the aforesaid lands, which we exempt from all secular charge, and yield freely and peaceably to God for all time to come. Ind lest at any time any one should presume to call in question the ruth of those former grants, or of this our present grant, we have inthenticated this charter with the impression of our seal, and leliTcred it, in the presence of fitting witnesses, to the pil of Con- laught to be preserved.

" The witnesses are the following of clergy and people : —

" Christian, Bishop of Lismore and Legate of the Apostolic See DoNAT, Archbishop of Cashel Gbegobt, Bishop of Cork Bbicius, Bishop of Limerick Benedict, Bishop of Ross Mathew, Bishop of Cloyne DoNAT, Abbot of Mayo Gkeooby, Abbot of Cong Eugene, Bishop of Ardmore.*'

"A.D. 1204. Keginald, Bishop of Cork, died." " A.D. 1205. O'Sealbhaigh, Bishop of Cork, died." A.D. 1216. It was about this time that Henry III., of England, wrote to the Archbishops of Dublin and Cashel desiring that one Geolffry White should be con- secrated Bishop of Cork, he being " a learned, honest, and provident man" This bishop died in 1221.

"A.D. 1224. Maurice, or Marian O'Brien, after being three years Bishop of Cork, was translated to the lee of Cashel."

"A.D. 1238. Gilbert, Bishop of Cork, died. He iiad been Archdeacon of Cork, and was appointed to the see in 1225."

"A.D. 1264. Lawrence, Bishop of Cork, died." " A.D. 1266. William of Jerpoint, in the county of

350 HISTORY OF CORK.

Xilkenny, a Cistercian monk, succeeded this year to the see of Cork. He died the next year, in 1267.

A.D. 1267. Beginald, who had been Treasurer of Cashel, succeeded this year to the see of Cork| and died in 1276.

A.D. 1277. Bobert or Richard Donough, a Cisterman monk, succeeded Reginald this year. It was in this bishop's time, between the years 1288 and 1291, that the dioceses of Cork, Cloyne, and Boss, were yaloed, by direction of Pope Nicholas lY. The tithes of Eng- land and Ireland had been granted to Edward I., to defray the expenses of his expedition to the Holy- Land.

Bobert or Bichard Donough, Bishop of Cork, died in 1301, and was succeeded^ in 1S02, by John Mao Carwill, or 0' Carroll, who had been formerly Dean of Cork. He resigned in 1321, having been translated to CasheL

O'Carroll was succeeded in the diocese of Oork in 1321 by Philip of Slane, a Dominican friar, who died in 1326.

'^ A.D. 1326. John le Blond, Dean of aoyne, was elected this year, but it is doubtful whether he was consecrated. He died in 1327.

'< A.D. 1327. Walter le Bede, or Bufds, Canon of Cork Cathedral, succeeded this year to the biahoptic, but was translated to Cashel in 1330.

^^ A.D. 1330. John of Bally coningham suooeeded Walter le Bede, and died in 1347. This bishop got into trouble,* John, Bishop of Cork, became liable to

* Into tnmbU, An Abbot of Cork was indicted in ISOO for reeeiTiiig tad pro* tecting thieves and felons, but having pleaded the payment of a iaasm Sb% tlw jury acquitted }am,'^Wmdtl$f p. 78.

UNION OF CLOTNB AND ROSS. 361

the king for one hundred shillings, in oonsequence of the escape and death of John Fitz-John Martel, a felon who, being a literary person, had been committed to file bishop's care. But this the bishop denied. Mar- tel had been slain while escaping from prison.

" A.D. 1338. Thomas, an abbot* of Finn-Barr, in- dieted John Fitz- Water, and others, for cutting down a number of trees in his wood at Cloghan — ^the present upper Mardyke fields — to the value of one hundred ehiUings.

^^ A.D. 1347. John de Bupe, or Boche, Canon of the cathedral, succeeded this year to the bishopric, and died in 1358.

<< AD. 1369. Oerald de Barry, Dean of Cork, suc- ceeded this year to the bishopric, and died in 1393.

^^ A.D. 1396. Boger EUesmere became bishop this year, and died in 1406.

A.D. 1406. Gerald succeeded this year to the see of Cork.

A.D. 1414. Patrick Bagged became Bishop of Cork this year, and attended the Council of Constance, ^^ where, for his learning and other virtues, he acquired a great esteem." He was translated to the see of Ossory in 1417, which he occupied for four years.

Miles Fitz-John succeeded to the bishopric of Cork in 1418, and died in 1430.

THE UNION OP CLOYNB AND BOSS.

" Upon the death of Miles," writes Sir James Ware, " the temporals was for a time committed to Nicholas,

* An Mot. O'Fin was abbot in 1367, Maurice in 1359; the lune year William; Nicholas from 1377 to 1403 ; and Thady O'Calby in 1418.

352 HISTORY OP COBK.

Bishop of Ardfert, and Bichard Surlay, Archdeacon of Cork ; but before the end of the year 1430, Jordan, Chancellor of Limerick, was promoted by Pope Martin y. to the sees of Cork and Cloyne, both being vacant, and then canonically united ; yet he was not restored to the temporals till the 26th of September, 14S1. He sat more than thirty years,"

A.D. 1479. Gerald Fitzgerald succeeded to the sees of Cork and Cloyne, and died in 1479. "He appro- priated," says Ware, " the vicarages of Clonmot, Damgin, Donilbam, and Bally-Ispellary, to the Abby de Chore Benedict!."

A.D. 1479. William Eoche succeeded this year to the sees of Cork and Cloyne. Hesigned in 1490.

A.D. 1490. Thady Mac Carthy succeeded to the bishopric this year, and died in 1499.

A.D. 1499 -1536. Thady Mac Carthy succeeded Gerald, who resigned the same year, and was suc- ceeded by John Fitz-Edmund Fitzgerald, who died in 1536.

A.D. 1536—1556. Dominick Tirry, Eector of Shandon church, was elected successor to Fitzgerald, by command of Henry VIII., and was consecrated by Edward Butler, Archbishop of Cashel, and the Bishops of Boss, Limerick, and Emly. Pope Paul III. also appointed his bishop — Lewis Mac Namara — ^the 24th of September, 1540. Mac Namara died at Borne, and John Hoyedon was appointed— by the pope— on the 5th of November, 1540. Dominick Tirry, the king's bishop, held the see and revenues for twenty years.

A.D. 1557 —1570. Boger Skiddy, Dean of Lime- rick, was appointed successor to Tirry by Queen Mary,

BISHOPS 09 OOBK, OLOTNE, AND BOSS. S5S

md restored to the temporals the 18th of IToyember, 1667. He was bishop more than nine years, and then iwigned, after Mary's death. The see was vaoant nearly four years after his resignation.

AJ). 1670. Biohard Dixon, prebend of Bathmiohael, in the diooese of Dublin, was oonseorated bishop, and deprived within a year. Doctor Smith says — we do not know cm what authority— he was deprived '^ for popery." We have shewn, from state papers, (see vol. Ly pp.* 220-221) that he was depriyed for keeping '^a woman of suspected life," he having ^' a married wife."

A.D. 1672-1682. Dixon was succeeded by Matthew Cheyne, who died on the 13th of June, 1682, some say 1583. This was the man who burned the image of St. Dominick at the High Cross of Cork.* Edmond Tanner was Catholic Bishop of Cork this year.

BISHOPS OF COREy OLOTNE, AND BOSS.

A.D. 1682-1617. William Lyon, Bishop of Boss, succeeded this year to the sees of Cork and Cloyne, and held the three until his death, in 1617. Lyon was a native of Cheshire, a yicar of Naas, and chaplain to Arthur Lord Grey, the "Talus of the Iron Flail," of Spenser.

Lyon took an aotive part in the politics of the day. We learn from Sir William Herbert's letter to Sir Francis Walsingham, that Florence Mac Carthy's first arrest was arranged by this churchman. He speaks, in 1688, of '^ Florence Mak Cartye, whom the Bishop of Corke tooke." It would appear as if Sir William had no great opinion of the Irish Protestant bishops

• ni§h Cfou of CbrA.— We oonelnde, from amip in the FMtU Hibenia, tbii tbii crost ttood ia what if now called the Corn-market

VOL. II. 23

354 HISTORY OF COBK.

of his day. '^ Amonge many defects I fynde in these parts, I fynde none more than of a good bishop, which I wish to be an Irishman, for soe might he doe most goode."

Bishop Lyon expended £300 on the bishop's house at Boss, which, Ware says, was burnt three years after by Doncoim, the rebel,* The bishop died at an advanced age, on the 4 th of October, 1617, and was buried in St. Finn-Barr's cathedral. There is a very good picture! ^^ ^^ bishop in the present bishop's palace.

" A.D. 1618-1620. John Boyle, brother to Eobert, Earl of Cork, was ordained bishop in 1618, and died in 1620. He was buried in Toughal."

^'A.D. 1620-1636. Bichard Boyle succeeded his cousin John, and after filling the office for sixteen years was translated to the see of Tuam. He died in Cork, the 19th of March, 1644, and was buried in the Cathedral of St. Finn-Barr, in a tomb which he had prepared for himself. Doctor Edward "Worth, who preached his funeral sermon, said he had repaired more decayed churches, and consecrated new one8| while he was bishop of Cork, than any other bishop of his time.

BISHOP OF CORK AND ROSS.

« A.D. 1638-1648. Bichard Chapell, Dean of Cashel, and Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, was consecrated

* Doncottn the rebel. Rend *< Donnell O'Donovani who racceedcd ai eliuf of his name in 1584." — Dr, Ihnot'an.

f Good picture. One of the fingers seems to hare been romoTed, bat the h$aA has Jive finders and the supernumerary stump. The idea of his having been a sailor or admiral ma^r have sprung out of tliis stump. Now that the iloiy hM been fairly sot goin^^, it alford;} it the most substantial support.

BISHOPS OF COEE AND ROSS. 355

Bishop of Cork and Boss, the 11th of Octoher, 1638. We do not know how the gap of over two years — from Boyle's elevation to Tuam, in 1636, to Chapell's appointment — was filled up. He was a great contro- yersialist. Dr. Boberts fell into a swoon or fit, when apposing him at Cambridge, in the presence of James L The king then took up the cudgels and was worsted. The titular Dean of Cork refused to enter the lists with him at a later period, pleading that the Protestant iRflhop always killed his respondent. Chapell retired to England during the civil war, and died in Derby in 1648, leaving any property, of which he was possessed, to charitable and pious objects.

BISHOPS OF CORE, CLOTNE AXD ROSS.

" A.D. 1648-1663. We have no bishop from 1648 to the 2Tth of January, 1660 — a space of twelve years —when Michael Boyle was consecrated, who was trans- lated to Dublin in 1663."

" A.D. 1663-1678. Edward Synge was consecrated biihop in December, 1663, and died in Cork, the 22nd of December, 1678."

THE BISHOPS OF CORK AND ROSS.

A.D. 1678. Edward Wetenhall, or Wethenhale, was consecrated Bishop of Cork and Koss the 14th of Feb., 1678. He was born at Litchfield, October 7th, 1636. Ware says, " He immediately set upon the rebuilding the ancient ruinous house called Bishops' Court," where he resided. Wetenhall fell into the hands of James's adherents during the siege of Cork in 1690. " In the morning [the 27th of September] our heavy cannon were landed near the Rod-Cow, by Red-Cow

356 HISTORY OF CORK,

Abbey ; and there a battery was raised of thirty-six pouaderSy which playing against the wall soon made it tumble; whereupon the enemy let the bishop oome to uSy whom they had made prisoner in the city, with all the clergy, and about 1,300 of the Protestants," — Rowland Davies^ JoumaL

A.D. 1699. Doctor Wetenhall was succeeded by Doctor Dive Do^vnes* in 1699. This bishop, who is best known by his interesting journal, which contains the visitation of all the parishes of Cork and Boss, was bom at Thomby, in Northamptonshire. He was a fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. He held the Archdeaconry of Dublin from 1690 to 1699, when he was consecrated Bishop of Cork.

"A.D. 1709-1735. Peter Brown, who had been a provost of Trinity College, succeeded Dive Downes. He was as resolute to keep the sword and macet without his jurisdiction as his predecessor. Aldennan "W. Ffrench having lost his wife, writes the bishop, ' Since it hath pleased Almighty God to take to him- self my companion, and having a desire to doe her the last office as decently as I could so, I would beg of your lordship that the mayor, with his sword and mace, may accompany the funeral to the grave.' The bishop positively refuses, and takes a note or makes an entry of it, which he dates April 11th, 1721. The

* Live Doicnes. — He was a clergyman's son. Ills family waa originaUr from Suffolk. IIo married four times. ]iis tliird wife was daughter of Thomu Beclur, of this county, and his fourth, daughter of the 19th Earl of Kildare. He lift a son and daughter. His grandsoc, William Downes, was Lord Cbdef-Jiutiee flf the Court of King's Beuch, and w;u created fiaron Downos. The title ii now held hy a grandson of Dive Downes' daugliter, Anno, who miniGd Thomai Bngki of Kildare.

t Stcftrd and mace. When the Bishop of Salisbury, who itood up ftv hia pri- vileges in the same way, was asked at dinner if ho would take ionp, " Oh jmf* whispered his servant, *' if there is no tnaet in it ; the bishop doet not like

f

CORK, CLOYNE, AND BOSS UNITED- 857

corporation of Cork granted him the ground on which 6t Paul's church is built. He died 1735.

" A.D. 1735. Eobert Clayton, Bishop of Killala, SQOoeeded to the sees of Cork and £oss in this year, and was translated to that of Clogher in 1746."

"AJD. 1745. Eobert Clayton was succeeded this by Jemmet Brown, who was translated to Elphin

1772. It was in his time that bells were put up at fit. Finn-Barr's." Philip Luckombe, who visited Cork in 1779, says, ^^ I have not heard a bell in any of the churches too good for the dinner-bell of a country s^oire."

'^A.D. 1772-1831. Jemmet Brown was succeeded by Isaac Mann in 1772 ; who was succeeded in 1789 by Euseby Cleaver ; who was succeeded in the same year by William Foster; who was succeeded in 1790 by William Bennett; who was succeeded in 1794 by the Hon. Thomas Stopford; who was succeeded in 1805 by Lord John G. Bercsford ; who was succeeded in 1807 by the Hon. Thomas St. Lawrence, who died in 1831."

TUE BISHOPS OF CORK, CLOTNE AND ROSS.

"A.D. 1831-1847. Samuel Kyle was consecrated Bishop of Cork and Boss in 1831 ." Cloyne was again united to those sees in 1835.

" A.D. 1848, Dr. Wilson succeeded Dr. Kyle.

" A.D. 1857. Dr. William Fitzgerald, the present bishop, succeeded Dr. Wilson.^*

We are unable to give the date of the first erection of St. Finn-Barr's Cathedral. The present church is

M

358 nisTORT OP cobk.

of comparatively recent erection. The churcli of 1690 received so much injury during the siege, that, with the exception of the steeple, it was taken down in 1725, and rebuilt in 1735. The steeple is of more ancient date. A round tower stood in the ohnrch-' yard, of which no vestige now exists. M. de la BouUaye le Oouz, a Frenchman, who travelled in Ireland in 1644, published a work in Paris in 1653, in which he makes mention of this round tower. " In one of the suburbs of Korq, there is an old tower, ten or twelve feet in circumference, and more than one hundred feet high, which they conscientioosly believe to have been built by St. Baril, without lime or stone, to prove by this miracle his religion ; then it was lopped, or half destroyed, by the same saint, who jumped from the top to the bottom of it, and imprinted the mark of his foot on a flint stone, where the old women go with great devotion to say their prayers." Hanmer calls it a "watch tower, built by the Danes." It is marked on old maps of the city, as the *^ spire."

Dive Downes describes the parish thus: — '*This parish extends to the western stone bridge, and so runs by the west end of the stone pElizabeth] fort up to the sign of the Mitre, from thence to Oallows-green and the Spittal lands, and to Eillindrindownagh lands, belonging to St. Dominick's Abbey. Here some small fields and a smaU street, which are in this pariah, are not in the manor of St. Barry's, but in the city« All the rest of this parish, together with several other lands in several other parishes, belong to the manor of St. Barry's.

r

DIYB DOWNES' DIABT. S69

'* The tythe belonging to the JBoonomy in this parish is worth about £40 per annum. The tythe belonging to the Ticar's ehoral in this parish is worth about £80 per annum.

^^There was one mass-house in this parish. 'Tis BOW ruinous. No meeting house in this parish. In 8L Barry's 'tis thought there are two Papists for one Ptotestant There are not above four or five fiunilies of DissentingProtestants in this and the united parishes. The parishes of 8t John, Binn-Mahon, St. Stephen^ fit. Nicholas, St. Mary de-Karde— where the king's stone fort stands — haye been united time out of mind tothis parish.

^^ When Bishop Michael Boyle was herOi he lived in ihe city. The bishop and mayor used to go to St. Barry's church together. When they came to the middle of the eastern stone bridge, the bishop took the ligjht hand of the mayor, and the sword and other ensigns were left in Alderman Field's house, at the foot of the bridge, till they returned from church. Captain Hayes says he has seen this twenty times done.

'^ The lands of the parish of St. Barry belong chiefly to the Bishop of Cork, the Earl of Cork, Dean Davys, Ignatius Gold, lately forfeited to the king. Captain Travcrs, Mr. Pigott, Alderman Chartres, and Mr. Webber.

*^ Colman Sarsfield is Popish priest of this and the united parishes. He has been here about four or five years. He has a mass-house near Bed Abbey. He was bred at Bordeaux, in France, in the Irish seminary. Sarsfield, the priest of this parish, says nuuss twice

360 HISTORY OF CORK,

every Sunday moming ; and the rest of the priests in Ireland, by order from the Pope, have the privilege of saying two masses in one day, by reason of the great extent of most parishes or unions."

Although he calls the Catholics papists, a habit then in vogue, he was not a man of an unkind or anti- Catholio spirit. Speaking of the parish of Ardnageehy, and of its inhabitants, he tells us that David Tenjf^ papist^ ffives the seventh part of his milk to the poor.

The journal contains some curious illustrations of the state of society in 1699. Twenty pounds was given at this time for bringing in a Tory. Teige Daah was prosecuted for having a harper playing in his house on Sunday. The following fees claimed by the Vicar of Abbeystowry, reminds us of the hangman's perquisites : —

" The rector or vicar usually demands, besides bury- ing fees,* when the man of the family, or widow, dies worth £5, the sum of 18s. 4d. as a mortuary. If the man dies worth less than £6, they demand his second- best suit of clothes, or 6s. 8d. in lieu thereof. This has been adjudged by the bishop's court to be due, and is usually received, especially by the lay impropriators^ where there is no vicaridge endowed. The fees for burials, &c., are not the same in all parishes. The same is observed in tything of pigs."

The remains of distinguished men are but thinly scattered through the churchyard of St. Finn-Ban's. One of the stones bears this inscription —

^* Hero lies a branch of Desmond's race, In Hiomas UoUand's burial place/'

* Burying feea. Bailies, in Scotland, at one time, demanded the ^^ Strial kmu^" or cow, i.e. the best in the possession of the tenant when he died.

w

f

JOHN BEBNABD TBOTTER. 361

John Bernard Trotter,* the author of "Walks through Ireland," lies here. He was a descendant of one of the Earls of Qowry, the nephew of a bishop, and the friend and private secretary of Charles James Fox, whose eyes he closed in death. He died himself in the utmost misery on Hammond's Marsh. " He waa m man," says Doctor Walsh, " of cultivated mind, high honor, warm sensibilities, and liberal endowments— starting into life with all the advantages that could flatter an aspiring mind— connections, fortune, in- toast, talent, and personal merit, and seeming to touch the very point vllich placed him on the pinnacle of his hopes. Yet, without any known demerit, he was suddenly thrust from' his place ; and after sinking through all the gradations of a life, short as to time, but long indeed in chequered scenes of varied misery, he was shamefully suflfered to perish in the vigour of life— the victim of actual want, the pauper-patient of a dispensary. A poor orange woman was greatly attached to him, and brought him every day during his illness her best fruit, for which she would receive no compensation. Though apparently in good health she pined away as his malady increased ; when he died her strength sunk rapidly, and at the end of six days she died also, of no apparent ailment but excessive grief." He expressed a wish to be buried among the elm trees which shade the walk. " The breeze,'^ says he, "as it murmurs through the leaves, will sooth my weary spirit."

* John Itrmard Trotter. The first who bore the surname gained it by rulmg kmrd U> serve hin kiog, James III. of Sootlandf who ever aller called him "Trot- t<-r." The author of thia history is called Bemardy aftar John Bernard Trotter, whri was his ^Mifather. Would ue had known of hif distreH, which he concealed fr"ni hi« friends and relatives.

CHAPTER XV.

queen's college — AOBICULTUBAL FA.BM — 0A0L8 — THB NOBTHEBN STJBirBBS OF SUNDAY' 8- WELL AND OLAKKIBB.

On the classic ground of Gill-Abbey, and at no great distance from its original site, stands the Queen's College, Cork.* This beautiful and chaste building is in the florid Gothic style. It occupies the three sides of a quadrangle. The front, or north wing» which contains the library and examination hall, is two hundred feet in length. You enter beneath the arch of a noble tower. The library is a handsome,^ though not a large room ; the examination hall, a noble structure, 90 feet long, 36 feet wide, and 66 feet high. The museum occupies two beautiful apartments, and contains a valuable and interesting collection of mine- rals and fossils. The president. Sir Eobert Kane, and the vice-president. Doctor Eyall, have their resi- dences in the college. The whole literary staff of this institution stands deservedly high in public estimation. Indeed some of them possess an European fiame. The following tables give the number of matriculated stu- dents, from the opening of the college in 1849 to 1860 :—

* Quccn't OolUge was built by Mr. John Butler, from a design bj Sir ThoDM

Beauc.

r"

OUmSN'S 00£LBaB, OOSK.

368

TKARft.	^t^>^^if^	Ohoreh.	DvonlBstloMk	TOTAL.
1849-60 -	38	26	6	69
1860-61 -	63	40	10	118
1861-62 -	62	43	10	116
1862-63 -	66	40	13	109
1868-64	64	88	11	118
1864-66	66	46	9	120
1866-66 -	78	62	9	149
1866-67 -	61	60	18	139
1867-68 -	67	64	14	126
1868-69	60	62	13	126
1869-60 -	71	63	16	140

Total^ - 676 612 129 1,817

The following talm gives the number of dasseB, fhe number of lectures deliTered, and the number of stu- dents attending for the year 1858-1869. I believe the number of students has increased since : —

			Niunlwr	Ktunbtf	Nmnlwr
BKANCHKA OF INSTRUCTION.	liMtUZM	of LcetQiw	StQdMti
			WMkly.	ddiTWWi*	attcodtns
	-	-	9	186	32
Latin Langoago	-	-	9	167	88
EngliBh Language	-	-	3	82	27
History and Enghsh .	Literature	8	68	9
French Language	-	-	8	152	86
Celtic Languages	-	-	6	149	8
Hathematics	-	«•	8	186	52
Natural Philoaophy	-	-	8	246	61
Chemistry	-	-	3	70	48
Practical Chemistry	-	-	4	46	16
Zoology and Botany	-	-	8	70	82
Physical Geography	-	«•	8	12	6
Geology and Mineralogy	-	3	74	14
Logic	-	-	8	87	9
Metaphysics	-	•	6	116	6
Civil Engineering	-	-	8	188	25

364 nisTORT OF cork.

Number Nmnlier Nomber BRANCHES OF INSTRUCTION. j^,^ j^J^ g^^^

Weekly. deliTerod. ftttendiBt.

Agriculture - . - 3 182 10

Anatomj and Physiology - - 5 104 44

Practical Anatomy ... 5 120 84

Surgery - - • 3 63 22

Practice of Medicine - - - 3 61 IS

Materia Medica - - - 3 72 15

MedicalJurisprudence in Faculties I » q^ *-,

of Law and Medicine - )

Midwifery ... 3 60 14

English Law ... 8 72 4

Civil Law ... 8 64 3

Political Economy - - - 3 .24 4

There is an Agrioultural Sohool on the Western Boad, about a mile from the eollege. It was erected in 1859, under the auspioes of the National Board. It is able to aooommodate 32 pupils. The present number is 15. Each pupU pays £8 a-year, for which he is comfortably lodged, boarded, and instructed in EngUsli and agriculture. The pupils work on the £EUin, which consists of 120 acres.

There is a common approach from the Western Boad to the Queen's College and the County Gaol. This is not just the thing ; nor is it in good taste. An entrance nearer the city would save time and distance. The college is at a sufficient distance, without compel- ling students and professors to go beyond it, by the circuitous approach of the County Gkiol ; unlesB they choose the dirty back lanes in the neighbourhood of St. Finn-Barr's.

The County Gaol has a beautiful portico, conaisting of four Doric columns^ copied, we believe from the Temple of Bacchus, at Athens. Mr. Joyce, the

OOVNTT AND dTT GAOLS.

866

Ooyemor, has famifihed me with the following i of the numbec eommitted for the last ten years :•

Year, 1851	Coxninitted,	, 6,863	Tear, 1866	Committed, 1,438
— 1862	M	4,999	— 1867	1,877
— 1863	«(	8,677	— 1868	*• 1,123
— 1S64	CC	2,972	— 1869	1,064
— i1te6	c«	1,699	— 1860	1,173

The large number of committals in the fonofur years resulted from the fEimine, the effects of which were felt for years. During that frightfol period, many pre- ferred the gaol to the poor-house ; but not as many as might have been expected. The people did not pos- sess sufficient courage to commit a crime, and therefore lay down and died by the side of a ditch, or prepared for a death of almost equal certainty within the walls of a poor-house.

The City Gaol is on the Sundays-well side of the river. It is also a fine building. The following is the number of committals for the last ten years, and the daily average :

Year.

1851, 1862, 1863, 1854, 1865,

This is less than one-third of the committals ten years ago. In the County Gaol the committals for 1860 were, to a small fraction, but a fifth of what they were in 1851. The same remarkable decrease has occurred in the government prison of Spike Island, as we shall see by-and-bye.

No. Com- mitted.	DaUy ATcragc.
. . 3434	253
. . 2563	234
. . 2282	222
. . 2224	206
. . 1618	170

Tsar.	No. Gom* mitted.	DaUj
1866, .	. 1606	168
1867, .	. 1468	168
1858, .	. 1196	117
1859, .	. 836	76
1860, .	960	78

36G HISTORY OP CORK.

The Grand Jury formerly appointed the Board of Superintendence of the city, as well as of the county prisons, but by the Cork Improvement Act, 15 and 16 Victoria, passed in 1852, it was enacted that the mayor, aldermen, and burgesses shall appoint the said Board of Superintendence, officers, and servaiits of prisons within the county of the city of Cork, instead of the said Grand Jury.

The County Lunatic Asylum stands on the northern bank of the river Lee. The style of architecture is of the 14th century. The chapel and tower of a more advanced period. It is spread along an immense frontage, and is as windy as the caves of ^olus. The annual number of patients is somewhere about 500. The building was commenced in 1847, and erected at an enormous expense to the county.

On the same side of the river, and about a mile from Cork, are the Corporation Water- Works, erected in 1857. The engine, which was manufactured by the Messrs. Mac Adam, of Belfast, is styled a Comifih Pumping Steam Engine. It is guaranteed to raise 2,000,000 gallons of water to the height of 180 feet in twenty-four working hours. Judging from the fearful thumping of the engine, I suspect it will soon work itself out, or beat itself down. It consumes more coals than the corporation had reason to expect

The principal buildings in the northern suburbs of the city, besides those already mentioned, are the new Church of St. Yincent, Sunday's- well ; the Friary and Church of the Dominicans, on Pope's Quay ; the Catholic Cathedral ; St. Anne's and St. Mary's Shan- don ; the North Chapel and North Presentation Con-

THE NOBTHEBK 8I7BX7BB& 367

reat ; Christian Brotheis' Schools ; the Gfreen-ooat ^ohool; the North Infirmary; the Feyer Hospital; Hie Deaf and Dumb Asylum ; the Butter Market ; Murphy's Brewery, formerly the Foundling Hospital ; ind two distilleries. And at the Glanmire side, St. Patrick's Chapel; the new Scots' Church; a Methodist Chapel ; and the Cork Barracks.

The Dominican Friars, or the Friar FreacheiVi now of Pope's Quay, were originally established in the Convent of St. Mary's of the Isle, which was founded by Philip de Barry in 1229. A bronze equestaiaa statue of the founder was preserved in the ehuidi till the suppression of the house under Henry YIU. The convent, which was dedicated to the Yirgpji Maty, was called St. Mary's of the Isle from its insular position, being built on one of the thirteen marshes* or islands of Cork.

David Mac Kelly, who was Dean of Cashel and Bishop of Cloyne, took the habit of a Dominican in this house in 1237. He was translated the next year to the metropolitan see of Cashel, where he established a fraternity of the same order, and built for them " a beautiful church and abbey," not far from his own cathedral, on the Eock of Cashel. This David assisted ft the general Council of Lyon. He died in 1262. Philip de Slane, who was Bishop of Cork in 1321, was a member of this fraternity.

We do not know to what extent this convent was endowed by Philip de Barry. We find the prior, Friar Philip, suing Matthew de Cantillon, in 1306,

• Thirtem marshes. An old ground plan, or map, of Cork, in the Tower of Tendon, bearing date A.D. 1545, shews thirteen marahes or islandi.

368 HISTORY OP CORK.

for a messuage,* and its apportenauces in St. Nicholas Street, which he claimed in right of his churoh, as hay- ing been unjustly given by the late prior, Gilbert Planck, to Thomas de Sarsfield.

An annual allowance of thirty-five marks, from the royal treasury, was granted to the convent in 1309 ; and the charter of Edward II. to the city of Cork in 1317, a free passage was given to the friars to enter the gate of the lately erected city walls, nearest to the abbey. The friars were allowed, what might be termed in modern days, "the privilege of the latch-key." We find that the institution " suffered some relazatioa of discipline during the civil war in Cork, occasioned by the war of the Eoses in England, but this was amended by a general chapter of the order held in Bome, 1484. Fifty years after this we read in the Annals of St. Mary's of the Isle : —

*' A.D. 1536. All the Dominican communities of Ireland* inali and outside the pale^ being restored to discipline, and united a spirit, were formed into a distinct province of the order, to Im goyemed by an Irish provincial, freely chosen in chapter. ThUi proTidentially, was the Hihernia Dominicana^ by being separated from the authority of the English provincial, saved from utter ex- tinction, in which, as the parent province of England, it might have perished during " the Dissolution of Religious HouaeSy" Tsaim Henry VIII., or survived merely as a portion of a titular provinee.

'* A.D. 1544. This monastery of the Island at Cork, with ill its appurtenances, lands, water mills, salmon weirs, fishing pooby was confiscated to the crown, and sold to William Boureman, at a held rent of six shillings and nine-pencef a-year."

* A metntage is << a house and ground sot apart for household nsea."

•\ Six 8hilling$ and nine-pence. The Dominican Ahbej of KHmalloek suppressed about this time, when George Grenlitfe offered to take the abbof ni lands at a yearly rent of £4 10s. lie at the same time promises good aemee il gettini^ Gosshawkes and Merlyons.— a//«;Mfer of State P^tpen^ AJ>. Ifi09-1673» p. 163.

THB BOMmiOAN FRIABS. 369

ix shillings and nine-penoe| fpr three small gar- I, two stangs of land, a fishing pool, half a salmon ', three acres of arable land near Evergreen, and ity acres of pasture in Galvereston. William reman got a bargain.

he Dominican Friars were at one time possessed vo highly prized relics, the images of St. Dominiok of the blessed Virgin Mary. Matthew Cheyne, Protestant Bishop of Cork, laid violent hands oa image of St. Dominick, in 1578, and had it pub- bnmt at the High Gross, <^ to the great grief of [rish of that place." The ^^ miraculous image of Blessed Yirgin," a carving in ivory, about three 68 long, and a good deal worn and discoloured by I, is in custody of the friars, preserved in a silver ^ which bears the following insoriptibn : ^^ Orate Etnima Onoriee, filisB Jacobi de Geraldine, qu8B me fecit." This Onoria, or Honoria, the daughter of es Fitzgerald, was not the ^* long-lived Coimtess of nond," as Mr. Boche conjectures. The old countess' e was Catherine, and her father's name John — Fohn of Dromana ; nor was she the daughter of Sir es Desmond, who was slain by Burke, in 1697, as Croker thinks, but the daughter of James, the anth Earl of Desmond, long known as the pretended for whom the dispensation was procured to marry Carthy More.

L.D. 1647. Richard Barry, a Cork Dominican and prior of the in Cashel, refused to accept his life on condition of stripping atf of his religious habit, and assuming a secular dress, which lemed would be an act of apostacy. He was condemned to be )d aliye on the summit of the Rock of Cashel, and haying ▼OL. II. 24

370 HISTORY OP CORZ.

keroicallj suffered in the flames for the space of two hourtv was transfixed through the side with a sword. Four days after, when the parliamentary forces had retired, the Vicar-General, with tiha Notary Apostblic, Henry O'Callanan, having judicially the proofs of his martyrdom, conyeyed his sacred remains in procession and with joyful anthems, to the beautiful cloister of Ui conyent, where, perhaps, they are reposing undisturbed to the pm* sent day.

'^A.D. 1648. Brother Dominic de Burgo, a young profcsMJ member of the order of preachers, and near relatiye of the Eaxl cf Clanricarde, was made prisoner on board of the ship in which hs had taken his passage for Spain, to pursue his studies. He wa* thrown into prison at Kinsale, whence he made his escapt hf jumping from the top of the jail wall down on the sea-shore. Vor two days, he lay concealed in a neighbouring wood, all oorend with mud, without clothing, food, or drink. At length, he ftmd shelter under the hospitable roof of the Roches in that neighboD^ hood, probably of Garrettstown. He became, at a later period of life. Bishop of Elphin, for whose head or capture the gewa- ment offered a large reward, and to whom Oliver Plunket, die martyred Archbishop of Armagh, wrote from his dungeon, warnhf him of the attempts of the privy council against his life. He died in exile.

'*A.D. 1651. Father Eneas Ambrose 0*Cahil, an doqiMt preacher, and zealous missionary in Cork, being recognised u t Friar of the Dominican community, was rushed upon by a troop of Cromwell's soldiers, cut to pieces with their sabres, and his finihl scattered about, to be trampled under foot."

Father Eustace Maguire, who defended fhe oasile of Dromagh, near Kanturk, was a warlike member of thii fraternity.

James 11.^ who came to Cork from Kinsale in 1689| lodged in the old island house. It was deserted hj the brethren on the accession of William, Prinoe of Orange, and used as a residence by the mayor oi governor of Cork. It afterwards became the fo'VB mansion of the Earl of Inchiquin. This fiunily poo*

ST. kabt's of the iblb. 371

the rent-oliarge of the site on which the oonTent and which is now occupied by a new conyent of )ters of Mercy. In 1721 we find this school of ican Friars living in a narrow lane off Shandon

on the north side of the river, called, to this riary Lane. Here they bnilt a convent on the

Shandon Castle, where Sir George and Lady lived.* In 1784 they built a new convent and

on the same site, and in 18S2 was laid the tion of St. Mary's Church, Pope's Quay, which is lexion with the priory ; and in 1848 the foun- of the present convent, immediately above the

Convent of the Sisicebs of Mebct of St Mary's Isle, which now occupies the site of the old ican Priory, is a beautiful Tudor structure, de- by Mr. William Atkins. The foundation was . 1850. The house was first opened and occu- y the order of the Sisters of Mercy in 1862. ►undress, Miss Catherine Macauley — being an I — was reared by a respectable Protestant family )lin. She commenced her novitiate in 1827, and Lstalled, as a patroness of the order, in 1830. umber of the sisterhood is about thirty -five, board, clothe, and educate about sixty orphan 01, and give the advantages of their asylum to six females, whom they fit for servants. They perintend a school — in connexion with the Na- Board — of about 300 children, and take the

George and Lady Cariw lived. Sir Geom's wife was Joyce, daughter of #lopton. of Warwickshire. She and her huBhand lie buried in the Church rd-on-Avon. A rusty helmet and a tattered homer are suspended abore b.

372 msToiiT OF cork.

superintendence of an excellent hospital^ establis! in the old Mayoralty House.

The Catholic Cathedral stands on a command height on the north side of the city. It is now, ^ its massive square tower, a noble ecclesiastical str ture. Mr. Windele says its interior " presents one the richest specimens of the florid gothic in Irelam The altar and ceiling are gorgeously decorated, was built in 1808, on the site of an older church, bi in 1729, by the Right Beverend Timothy MacCartl Catholic Bishop of Cork and Cloyne. The pres cathedral church was founded by the Bey. D. Moyl

The Yery Eev. Dean Murphy has been kind enoi to furnish me with the following list of Catholic Bishc and the year of their appointment : —

CATHOLIC BISHOPS OF CORK AND CLOTHB.

A.D. 1580. Edmond Tanner. A.D. 1646. Eobert Barry. A.D. 1684. Pierce Creagh. A.D. 1694. John Baptist Slyne. A.D. 1710. Denis McCarthy. A.D, 1728. Timothy McCarthy.

CATHOLIC BISHOPS OF CORK.*

A.D. 1749. Eichard Walsh.

A.D. 1763. John Butler. •

A.D. 1787. Francis Moylan.

A.D. 1803. Florence Mac Carthy, Coadjutor Biafc

A.D. 1815. John Murphy.

A.D. 1847. William Dekny.

• CtdhoUe Biihopt of Cork. The diooesM of Cork and Cloyn^ whkk kift long united, were separated in 1749.

CATHOLIC BISHOPS OF COBK. 873

/ We have copied the Mowing list from a manusoript W in thi possession of the Very Bey. Canon Eelleher, 4f Cntale : —

^ 1712. Dr. Denis Mao Carthy, oonsectated Bishop Mikak^ Goyne and Boss, died, Mareh, 1725.

1726. Dr. Timothy Mac Carthy Babach, consecrated Biihop of Cork, Cloyne and Boss, died, August 20th, J747, aged 83 Tears.

' 1747. Dr. Bichard Walsh was consecrated in Dublin jBiihop of Cork, with Dr. John O'Brien, Bishop of Cbyne and Boss. Dr. Walsh departed this life on a JJndfty morning, about five o'clock, January 7th, 1763, 76 Tears.

1763. Dr. John Butler, uncle to the Lord Dunboyne, consecrated Bidiop of Cork, and came the 17th day of June, 1763, to Cork, and lodged a night w two Mt Mr. Crotty's, neav Ballyyolane.

Dr. Creagh.

1786. Doctor Francis Moylan, consecrated Bishop of Cork, died, 1816.

1800. Doctor Florence Mac Carthy, coadjutor, died, 1810.

1815. Doctor John Murphy, died April 9th, 1847.

1847. Doctor William Delany."

The bishop, John Butler, above mentioned, succeeded to the title and estates of his nephew, Lord Dunboyne, and applied to the pope for permission to marry, which was refused. He thereupon read his recanta- tion, and married a Protestant lady — a Miss Butler of Hilford, county Tipperary — ^but had no issue. After a time he sent for Dr. Gahan, an Augustinian friar, and returned to the Catholic church, and at his death

374 HISTORY OP CORK.

bequeathed part of the property to Maynooth CoUegg^ which supplies the funds for the Dunboyne Soholarsh^

The Dunboyne title became extinct at the bifliiop^s deathy but was revived by the decision of the Hbuae of Lords in 1860, in the person of Theobald Kii- waiter Butler. The barony of Dunboyne is a ereatioD dating as far back as Henry YIII. The dowager Lidy Dunboyne, or the bishop's widow, died in Augmt^ 1860, in her ninety-sixth year. She married a seoood time, the late J« Hubert Moore, Esq., of Shamm Grove, near Banagher, in the King's county.

St. Anne's Shandon, or Sean-dun,* stands on Shan- don hill. It was built in 1722. It is a pliiB structure, with a pepper-castor steeple, 170 feet lu^ having a good chime of bells, placed there in 1760. Mr. Francis Mahony, better known as Father Ftonl^ a man of whose genius Cork may be justly proud^ wrote thus of these Shandon bells : —

*' With deep affection, And leooUection, I often think on

Those Shandon bellf ! Whose soundB bo wild, would, In days of childhood. Fling round my cradle

Their magic spelli.

On this I ponder, Where'er I wander, And thui grow fonder,

Sweet Cork of thM; With thy heUi of Shandon, That sound so grand on The pleasant waters

Of the riyer Lee."

• Stan-duH^ i.e^ " the old fori." On this hill stood Shandon CmOs.

ST. anne's shaitdon. 375

One of the tombstones in the churchyard bearo this [iHoription : '^ This monument is erected at the charges if Elizabeth Coppinger, chief of the name, who de- mmi the 28th of July, 1681, aged 71 years.''

The Green -Coat School, in connexion with this ikan^, was established in 1720. There is still a ihacd on the premises, where twenty-two boys get ifban English education, and a blue jacket once a year, hithesame groundare asylumsfor poor men andwomen^ ink ihey appear in a very decayed state. These insti* Btions are thus described by Mr. Wiodele, in 1844 : — " The Green-Coat, in the churchyard of St Anne'& Bttndon, was erected in 1720, and is supported on a leqnest of £24, (now producing £235 8s. yearly,) left fj Stephen Skiddy, of London, vintner, in 1784 ; a prmnt from the corporation, and another bequest, under he will of Eoger Brettridge, made in 1683. The pross income is £493 18s. In this establishment 41 Protestant widows and 7 old soldiers are maintained^ ind 20 boys and 20 girls are supported,* and educated, md finally apprenticed out to trades. Day and Sunday ichools are attached. The alms-house stands to the •ere of the schools, and forms, with the latter, three ddes of a square. A piazza runs in front of the base- nent story, consisting of numerous arches, and forms I perfect cloister or ambulatory. In Skiddy's alms- [louse died, 1792, aged 103 years, Catherine Parr, jreat grand-daughter of the famous old Thomas Parr ; but her years were exceeded by those of Margaret Ward, who, at the age of 106, died in the alms-house 3f St. Peter's parish, in the year 1797.

• Supptirtfd. Thp children arc not inpported now. The whole of the hofld- iDgi, ID conoGiion with those chahtiot, hire a dirtj and broken-down tppenrnnee.

376 HISTORY OF CORK.

St. Mart's Shakdon. An old cliurch of this name stood a little to the east of St. Anne's. It was de- stroyed during the siege of 1690, when the Goyemor of Cork, Macgillicuddy, fired the suburbs. St Mary's^ in Shandon Street, was built in 1693. The ground was given by Sir Henry Sydney, as appears by the following tablet over the door : — ^^ Ad Edifieandiim Templum Hoc Quantulum est agri Donum Paroehi» Sanctee Mariee de Shandon. Dedit Nobilisaisnu Dominus, Henricus Yicecomes Sydney, Hibemiie Prorex. An. Domini md.cxciii. Cujus memorisB in Sternum floreat." It is a plain but comfortable church. There is an idea that the vaults of this church, like that of St. Michan's,* in Dublin, poflieM the property of preserving bodies from decay. Mr. Windele informs us that the body of the Bey. Hr. M ^Daniel, a chaplain of the City Gaol, who died in 1768, was found perfect thirty years after death. His body was somewhat the colour of bogwood, and was perfectly dry and smooth. ^^ He is said to have Imn a hard liver J^ The whole of the body has now gone to decay. We learn from Halls' Ireland, that the bodies of the Two Sheares were lying in the vaults of 8t Michan's in a high state of preservation to a very late period. ^^ The principal vaults are in a long ooxxidiff under the centre of the church, off which there are thirteen chambers. In one of these were depodted the remains of the two unfortunate brothers^ 8hearei|

* St. Michan*t. ** The bodies in the best itate of prcscnration art in a Tanlt under the riffht angle of the transept ; one of which is said to be tha b^r af St. Michan, laid there 200 years ago. It is that of a man of short atatiire, ud ■ still ouitc perfect. The nails continue on the hands and ftet, and the enlin af the flesh and skin remains on the bones." The flesh is like the corer of aa old book, bound in law-calf.— J7a/^ Irtlandy vol. ii. p. 318.

BTJTTER-BTJYERS OF HALLOW LANE. 377

who were executed for rebellion in 1798. They were, until the last few years, in a state of perfect preser- vation." They were removed to another vault, which was not as dry, and since they have " rapidly decayed, and are now almost mere skeletons." They lie side by side in two uncovered, coffins, with their skulls upon their chests, where their gory heads were placed the day they were executed.

From Shandon Street we proceed to Mallow Lane, the site of the old Butter Market.

On the butter-buyers of Mallow Lane, Alexander the Coppersmith makes a most ridiculously fearful on- slaught in 1737. " This suburb, by various acts of cozenage, its happy situation, and possession of the weigh-houses, has branched itself into such business, as almost to overtop its mother." He would sooner see the weigh-house in Gallows Green. " Every country fellow, who has generally something to buy, when he sells his butter, must of necessity stalk through the whole city, where he has an opportunity of gaping at every shop. Pray, sir, is it not a very uncomfortable sight for any Protestant shopkeeper of this city to behold thatch and a skylight edified into decent windows and slat ; when a flat-footed Milesian shall have the impertinence to have his table graced with a chaplain and pinched diaper." We suspect he refers here to the fortunes made by butter-buyers, on whom he pours out this viol of his wrath : " They rob a man of his purse and never bid him stand. Highwaymen defy. Mallow Lane men pretend justice. The very fragments of the rogueries of this lane"— does he refer to the butter scrapings, by fragments — ^* would feast

378 HISTOET OF CORK.

all the bites in the kingdom. That nursery of yillainy* should be suffered to continue no longer^ but presented and removed as a nuisance. When honesty wbb sick in Hamflesh, she crawled to Mallow Lane to die, and gave her last groan among the butter-buyers."

William Boles, a true-blue Protestant, obsenres^ ^^ In this Coppersmith's remarks on Mallow Lane, he has blattered forth a crowd of general crimes, without entering into any particular. The single instance he gives of their roguery is notoriously false, though it might have been easy for Alexander to publish a hun- dred true ones ! "

The present Weigh-House, or Butter Market, in Church Street, is under the exclusive management of the Committee of Merchants of Cork, a highly respect- able body, who, at one time, regulated all civic affiunu They are now no more than a voluntary association, and possess no corporate charter as butter merbhants. It is almost the invariable practice for the butter-buyerB to advance money to the farmers or butter-sellers, who bring their butter to the merchant, by whom they are accommodated. This arrangement must more or leas interfere with the independence of the trade, but it does not appear to work badly. A price is fixed on the various kinds of butter, at a sort of public auction of the butter-buyers. The butter is classed by the butter-tasters, who are employed at a salary al £200 a-year each, and whose characters are above suspicion. The butter is then branded, as firsts, seconds, thirds, fourths and fifths, as the case may be. The worst quality is called " a bishop^^^ for what we cannot divine.

CORK BUITEB MABKET.

379

Bishop Brinkley, of Cloyne, wandered one morning into the Cork Butter Market, and inquired of one of the porters, to whom he was unknown, respecting the various classes of butter. ^^ What do you call the best?" inquired Brinkley. " The first quality, your honor." " And the worst ? " " The worst, your honor, is a bishop." '^ A bishopy^^ said Brinkley, in surprise. " Now, may I ask you, my good fellow, why you call the worst a bishop ?" ^^ Bekase, your honor, a bishop is the very worst quality." *^ I see," said Brinkley, walking off.

The following is an account of all the butter which has passed through the Weigh-House, from 1770 to

Year ending

Mays, 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790

CaakB.

»> >♦

>> >» »»

14,658 14,418 13,801 7,052 8,710 14,234 16,552 24,751 20,326 18,827 21,064 19,576 16,835 18,580 18,481 23,063 31,655 25,608 17,011

Firkini and Kegs.

105,809

144,516

161,345

153',646

178,136

214,246

181,219

193,296

167,937

173,865

220,917

230,644

221,688

205,145

178,611

193,178

172,998

225,921

231,371

204,030

179,448

Year ending	Caaka.	Flrkina and Kegs.
Mays	,1791	16,475	197,683
»»	1792	16,020	203,677
»	1793	21,411	211,548
>»	1794	16,477	179,958
)f	1795	16,031	121,631
»	1796	17,037	202,648
»»	1797	21,374	198,963
99	1798	21,737	201,267
99	1799	18,588	184,657
»>	1800	17,138	166,111
9»	1801	16,455	157,906
9>	1802	19,664	217,073
99	1803	21,383	262,898
99	1804	19,551	204,495
99	1805	18,950	202,055
>»	1806	17,467	220,708
9»	1807	14,882	241,593
9>	1808	13,255	208,025
»»	1809	• •	219,790
»»	1810	• •	230,647
>»	1811	. •	284,481

380

HISTORY OF CORE.

Year ending
8th May,	1812
»	1813
9\	1814
9t	1815
>»	1816
9»	1817
»>	1818
M	1819
9»	1820
>»	1821
dOth April,	1822
»»	1823
♦»	1824
»♦	1825
n	1826
>»	1827
>9	1828
>»	1829
>♦	1830
**	1831
»>	1832
**	1833
>»	1834
>♦	1835
««	1836

Firkins andKegfl.

259,995 253,932 279,032 251,678 261,385 268,544 231,495 244,035 306,670 314,573 283,307 236,250 249,395 234,847 243,791 274,599 291,893 302,207 277,947 249,596 240,663 264,003 271,198 279,553 278,557

Year ending
30th April,	1837
>»	1838
»»	1839
>»	1840
>»	1841
if	1842
99	1843
»»	1844
»•	1845
99	1846
>»	1847
8l8t March, 1848
9f	1849
99	1850
Ist March,	1851
>9	1852
>»	1853
»»	1854
>»	1855
»>	1856
»9	1857
»>	1858
99	1859
««	1B60

Firkiiu mndKegi.

250,485 238,400 255,646 236,038 222,765 229,696 266,765 287,711 254,873 272,198 253,861 275,857 827,449 842,259 306,626 344,501 318,851 338,908 370,646 400,694 401,836 401,881 481,462 391,239

The Christian Brothers' Schools and Monastery are in Peacock Lane. This and the kindred institution in the south of the city, in Abbey Street, have done much for the instruction of the rising generation of Cork. The children get a good practical English education, which embraces not only reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, and geography, but drawing, mathematics, and the use of the mechanical powers. There are four schools, containing about 1,000 eaoh, in connexion with the two establishments. Gentlemen

CHRISTIAN brothers' SCHOOLS. 381

of high mental culture, are still found willing to devote their lives to the noble duties of the schoolmaster. Gerald Grifl&n, the author of the " Collegians," and a number of other works, entered the Peacock Lane Monastery, and became a teacher in their schools. Here he died, June 12th, 1840, of consumption. He lies interred in the cemetery of the monastery, among ever- green shrubs and pleasant flowers,— as becomes a poet, — ^but it needs not shrubs nor flowers to keep his memory green and fragrant in the minds of his countrymen.

We now cross the opening or glen — called Blackpool, or the Watercourse — ^which cuts the chain of moun- tains on the northern side of the river. On Patrick's hill, which forms the eastern spur of the Glanmire ridge of hills, stands Barry's castle. The site is still pointed out on old maps. The castle is now called Audley House, and is in the possession of our respected fellow-citizen, Mr. Keane. On this side of the river lay the three cantreds of ground granted by Henry II. to Fitzstephen, which Fitzstephen left to his nephew, Philip de Barry, and which King John confirmed to William de Barry. The Barrymore property lies chiefly on the north bank of the river and harbour of Cork.

The Catholic Church of St. Patrick, on the Lower Glanmire Road, was erected in 1845 by the Right Rev- Doctor Murphy, Catholic Bishop of Cork. It is a handsome Grecian edifice, by no means unworthy of the refined taste of the architect, Mr. G. R. Paine.

♦ Blackpooly or Dubhlinne, is still si^ificant of its original name. The Irish name was given to a part of the river Liffe^, hence Dublin. The only black part of the Liffey is above Bloody Bridge. It is fast washing out ita original denle- ment.

382 HISTORY OP CORK.

A Cork newspaper, when speaking of the new Scots' Church, says : — " This beautiful structure, which is now rapidly approaching completion, will be, when finished, one of the handsomest public buildings in Cork, and, as the committee truly state in their circular, ^ at once an ornament to the city, and a suit- able edifice in which to celebrate the wordiip of God.' The site is happily chosen, and presents, perhaps, the most favourable point that could be found in the most picturesque localities around the city. It is on the plateau below Belgrave Place, fronting King Street, directly overlooking and presenting commanding views for a long distance above and below, of

'The pleasant waten of the river Lee/

From the nature of the ground no future buildings can be erected to affect this position of the church, so that its architectural proportions will always be seen to the best advantage. The style adopted is the second period of Gothic ; the plan is slightly cruciform, having tran- septs projecting about five feet from the body of the building. A prominent feature of the exterior will be the tower and spire, rising to a height of one hundred and forty feet from the ground, the tower being crowned by an effective cornice, with gargoyles at the angles, from which springs the spire. The lower portion of the tower has a groined stone roof, and forma the principal entrance to the chapel, being protected by wrought iron gates."

Higher up on the Glanmire Boad, and just below the Barracks, is the pretty Church of St. Luke's. It is a chapel-of-ease to St. Anne's Shandon. It is

COEK BARBACKS. 383

situated in the ancient parish of St. Brandon. The design is by G. B. Paine. This church was opened the 2nd of July, 1837. It has lately received a new eastern wing, which has greatly improved its sitting accommodation.

The Core BarralCES occupy the crown of the hill to the north-west of St. Luke's Church. Mr. Windele says they occupy the site of an ancient entrenchment, called Bath-MoTy or the "Great Fort." The principal square is a splendid area. It contains accommodation for four regiments of infantry and 1,000 cavalry. It was first occupied in 1806. The panoramic view of the city and opposite hills, the river and its estuaries, from these heights is very beautiful. The view of the country from the northern side, including Blarney and its old castle, is very extensive ; displaying a great breadth of rich and well-cultivated land.

CHAPTER XVI.

GOVEEKMENT OF CORK — LIST OF MAT0B8 AND SREBIFri — STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS — HARBOUB BOABD CITSTOXS.

A.D.

Cork, from an early period, had its governors appointed by the crown, as well as its mayors appointed by the corporation ; and these governors, from the strong castle of Shandon, or Cat or Elizabeth fort, managed to govern the citizens as well as the soldiers.

The proper jurisdiction and prerogatives of the mayor of Cork were not properly defined till 1843, by the act 3 and 4 of Victoria, cap. 9, by which " that part of the county of the city of Cork, not within the municipal boundaries of the borough of Cork, was con- stituted a barony in itself; and for grand jury, civil and commercial purposes, a part of the county of Cork."

In the following document we find Mountiford Long- field and Noblett Johnson styled governors of the county and city of Cork, of which Noblett Johnson subscribes himself mayor : — "

*' Know all men, that we, Mountiford Longfield, Esq., and the Right Worshipful Noblett Johnson, Mayor of Cork, Ooremors of the County and City of Cork, by virtue of the authority to us giTsn by a certain act of parliament, passed in the fortj-ninth year of the reign of his present majesty, entitled, * An act for amending ftad

CHIEF MAGISTRATES OF CORK. 385

feducing into one act of parliament the severajl laws for raising and training the militia of Ireland,' and of all other authorities, me, thereunto enabling, have oonstituted and appointed, and by these presents do constitute and appoint William Johnson, of the said city. Esquire, to be a Deputy-Goyemor of the said County of the Cil^of Cork, to have and to hold the said office of Deputy-Governor, with all privileges and authorities thereunto belonging ; the name of the said William Johnson having been first presented to, and not disapproved of, by his Grace the Lord Lieutenant, and the said William Johnson having delivered to the Clerk of the Peace- a des- cription of his qualification, pursuant to tiie said act. In witness, whereof, we have h^eunto set our handwriting-seals, this twen^- third day of July, 1810.

*' MOUKTIFOBD LONGFIBLD, Coloucl,

City of Cork ( } Regt. of Militia.

NoBLBTT Johnson,

Mayor and Gbvemor. ** William Johnson, Esq., to be Peputy-

Govemor of the County of the City

of Cork."

The city is now governed by a Mayor and Town Council. According to the Municipal Act, 3 and 4 Victoria, cap. 108, the Town Council consists of sixty- four members, who are elected by eight wardSj into which the city is divided. Each ward elects ' eight members, and the two in each ward who have the most votes, become aldermen, which gives sixteen alder- men. One -third of the council go out annually, and half of the aldermen triennially. The mayor is elected by the coimcil on the 1st of November, and becomes, ex officio, a justice of the peace for the city. The new act came into operation in 1841, when, to use the words of Mr. Windele, " the choice of the first mayor, under the new system, fell upon one of the best and worthiest of citizens, Thomas Lyons, Esq., who iflpt-

VOL. II. 26

386 HISTORY OF COBK.

mediately after his eleotion, was chaired through the

city."

CHIEF MAGISTRATES OF THE GITY OF CORK.

PROY08T8.

1190 John Dispenser 1249 Eliah Stackpole 1252 Walter Wright 1236 Walter Eynoff 1251 J. Wenchedon

MATOBS.

1272 Richard Morren 1330 Nich. Morraine 1360 Percl. Vinoent

1273 Richard Wine 1331 Rd. Postwind 1361 Percl. Vincent

1274 Richard Lee 1332 Richd. Leleigh 1362 Wm. Drooper 1279 Walter Tardiff 1333 Richd. Leleigh 1363 Adam Rnth 1281 Walter Rute 1334 Robt. Lebolout 1364 William Skiddj 1285 Peter Russel 1335 B. de Montibus 1365 William Skiddy 1287 William Pollard 1336 John Wedlock 1366 Percl. Vincent

1290 Walter Tardiff 1337 John d'Espencer 1367 William Skiddj

1291 Walter O'Hejn 1338 John de Bristol 1368 Jordan Keidiff 1293 John Lavallen 1339 J. Fitz> Abraham 1369 Wm. Drooper

1310 John Walters 1340 D. de Montibus 1370 John LeUown

1311 WiUiam Bond 1341 Peter RashaU 1371 John Lehlown

1312 NichdelaWeilj 1342 E. de Stackpole 1372 Thomas Tliidi

1313 Wm. Hadvivre 1343 Walter Reisch 1373 Wm. Drooper

1314 Walt, de Kerdiff 1344 William Pollard 1374 Wm. Downaae

1315 Nich. O'Hejne 1345 William Pollard 1 375 Thomas Tkish

1316 John de Ligre 1346 Walt, de Kerdiff 1376 Wm. Drooper lol7 N. de la Weily 1347 Wm. O'Heyne 1377 Wm. Downaae

1318 A. Milksbury 1348 John Wallen 1378 Thomas Thish

1319 S. Coppenger 1349 W.deWandesparl379 David Miagli

1320 Richd. Delahoid 1350 Walt, de Kerdiff 1380 John Lombard

1321 A. do Stackpole 1351 Nich. O'Heyne 1381 David Miagh

1322 Walter Reisch 1352 N. Delahoyde 1382 Robert Drooptf

1 323 Gilbert Monk 1353 Walt, de Kerdiff 1 383 John Mynns

1324 J. le Dispenser 1354 Percl. Vincent 1384 John Mynns

1325 Richd. Morraine 1355 John Gallenger 1385 John Mynne

1326 Edw. de Tailour 1356 Walt, de Kerdiff 1386 Robert Drooper

1327 Roger Tryal 1357 John Gallenger 1387 John Malby

1328 Roger le Blon 1358 Adam Ruth 1388 John Malby

1329 WUliam Albus 1 359 Walt, de Kerdiff 1 389 John Lomfattd

MATOBS OF COBE.

387

S90 William Polrnt

391 Redm. Kerrick

392 A. Staokpole

393 Redm. Kenicfc

394 Robt. Flemming

395 John Warriner

396 T. Honybeard

397 Thos. Burdeys

398 John Warriner

399 John Mainen

400 John Knap

401 Richd. Lavallen

402 William Sughin

403 John Benefiat 1404 John Skiddy

405 John Lignce

406 WiUiam Sughin

407 John Wright

408 William Sughin

409 Thomas Morton

410 John Warner

4 1 1 Thos. Murrough

412 T. Mordonton

413 Patrick Rice

4 1 4 Thos. Mollenton

415 Robert Gardiner

416 Robert Gardiner

417 Robert Gardiner

418 Robert Gardiner

419 Thos. Mollenton

420 Thos. Mollenton

421 Robt. Bordener

422 Thos. Mollenton

423 Pierce Drooper

424 Robert Gardiner

425 D. Landebrook

426 GeoffryW^hite

427 D. Landebrook

428 Edward Dantz

429 Godfry'.WaUe

430 Geoflr. Gallway

431 William Anasey

432 William Anasey

433 John Menia

435 John Murrough

436 G. Gallway

437 John Murrough

438 John Skiddy

439 John Skiddy

440 John Meagh

441 John Morrough|

442 William Gold

443 WilUam Gold

444 John Murrough

445 John Gold

446 Richard Skiddy

447 John Gold.

448 Patk. Gallway

449 John Ghdlway

450 Richard Skiddy

451 John Gold 45-2 Richard Skiddy

453 Wm. Gallway

454 WnUam Skiddy

455 Richd. Lavallen

456 Wm. Gallway

457 Richard Skiddy

458 William Skiddy

459 Patk. Gallway

460 Thos. Murrough

461 Richard Skiddy

462 John Gallway

463 William Gold

464 John Gold

465 John Skiddy

466 Richard Skiddy

467 John Meagh

468 Godfry Naiole

469 John Mezca

470 Richard Skiddy

471 John Gallway

472 Wm. Gallway

473 Thos. Murrough

474 William Skiddy

475 Richd. Lavallen

476 John Gallway

477 Wm. Gallway

478 Richard Skiddy

479 William Skiddy

480 WiUiam Skiddy

481 Wm. Gallway

482 Richd. Gallway

483 Wm. Gallway

484 William Skiddy

485 Patk. Gallway

486 Wm. Gallway 4at William Skiddy

488 Maurice Roche

489 Wm. Gallway

490 John Walters

491 Maurice Roche

492 John Lavallen 498 William Gold

494 John Walters

495 Thos. Ck>ppinger

496 John Lavallin

497 Maurice Roche

498 John Lavallin

499 John Walters

500 Maurice Roche

501 William Gold

502 Wm. Gallway

503 Edmund Gold

504 John Gbillway

505 William Terry

506 William Skiddy

507 John Skiddy

388 HISTORY OF CORK.

508 Richd. Qallway 1542 Wm. Sarsfield 1576 William Roche

609 Edm. Gallway 1543 William Skiddy 1577 John Qold

510 Edmund Qold 1544 James Gold 157ft WalterGaUwmy

511 Edmund Terry 1545 Richard Gold 1579 Maurice Boche

5 1 2 John Gallway 1 546 William Qold 1580 Thomas SanfieU

513 John Roche 1547 William Qold 1581 Christ. Wa^ten

514 Edmund Terry 1548 Patrick Meagh 1582 Patk. Gallway

515 Richard Skiddy 1549 Thos. Ronayne 1588 James Roche

516 Walt. Gallway 1 550 Dominick Roche 1 5 84 Geoige Gold

5 1 7 John Skiddy 1 55 1 William Terry 1585 Stephen Waltera

5 18 Nicholas Skiddy 1552 James Roche 1586 Stephen Tpaj

519 Patrick Terry 1553 Patk. Gallway 1587 Robt Coppinger

520 Edmund Roche 1554 James Gold 1588 Edmund Itoy

521 David Terry 1555 Christ. Meagh 1589 John Skiddy

522 Richard Gold 1556 Wm. Sarsfield 1590 Dominiid^ Boeha

523 Maurice Roche 1557 William Skiddy 1591 David T^

524 Edmund Gold 1558 Dominick Roche 1592 Henry Walsh

525 William Terry 1559 Edmund Gold 1593 Patk. Gallway

526 John Skiddy 1560 Edw. Gallway 1594 fVanoiH ICartel

527 Walt. Gallway 1561 John Gallway 1595 James Mea^

528 John Skiddy 1562 A. Gallway 1596 Patk. Gfellwqr

529 Patrick Terry 1563 Maurice Roche 1597 George Odd

530 Edmund Roche 1564 S. Coppinger 1598 John Skiddy

531 Richard Gold 1565 Richard Roche 1599 James SanSeU

532 Patk. Gallway 1566 Wm. Gallway 1600 T^Uiam Mead

533 David Roche 1567 Edmund Gold 1601 John Mead 584 James Gold 1568 John Gallway 1602 John Obp|nB(er

535 Wm. Coppinger 1569 A. Gallway 1608 Thomail

536 Rohert Meagh 1570 John Meagh 1 604 Edmund Terty

537 Thos. Ronayne 1571 Maurice Roche 1605 Robt CSe^pwgerr

538 William Terry 1572 S. Coppinger 1606 Wm. Satifield

539 James Roche 157S John Walters 1607 Philip Mirtd

540 Richard Terry 1574 William Terry 1608 David Teny . .

541 Christ. Creagh 1575 James Ronayne 1609 Dominidk Boaha

I cannot vouch for the perfect correctness of flie following list of mayors and sherifb, bat it is as coiTect as I can make it : —

MAYORS AND SHEBIFF6 OF COBK.

389

HAYOBS.

SHEBIFFS.

1610 Edmond Qallwey, Edward Roohe, Henry Gould Fitz-Piers

Oct., 1609

1611 George Gold Fitz- Dominick T^rry Fitz-Edmond, Andrew Edmond, Oct. 1,1610 Gallwey Fitz- Walter

1612 Domk. Tyrry Fitz- Stephen Miaglji Fitz-Garrett, Patrick

Edmond, Sept. Lawallyne Fitz-Richard 30, 1611

Dominick Gallwey, Nicholas Roohe, who died in office^ and

Jan 31, 1611 was succeeded hy Ed. Roche Fitz-John

1613 Wm. Skiddy Fitz- George Lombard, George Morrogh

John, Oct. 1,1612

1613 Patrick Tyrry Fitz- John CoUinayi^e, Maurice Kynt William, Jan. 13,1612

1614 D. T. Fitz-David, Edmond Gold Fitz-George, Philip

Oct. 6, 1613 Pounch Fitz-John

E. T. Fitz-Edmond, Adam Gold Fitz-Patriok, Christopher

Jan. 13, 1613 1615 W. G. Fitz-George, Oct. 3, 1614

Grallwey Edmond Gold FitaMSenryy Nicholas Lombard Fitz-James

}616 G. T. Fitz-Edmond, Dominick Roohe Fitz-James

Oct. 2, 1615

John Grallwey, James Gold

John C. Fitz-John, Maurice Roche Fitz-James, Thomas Jan. 31, 1615 Martell Fitz-Philip

1617 Patrick Tyrry, July John Copping er Fitz-John, William

20, 1616 Gallwey Fitz-Edmond

1618 W. G. Fitz-George, Thomas Morly, Lancellot Teape

Oct. 6, 1617

1619 J. Coppinger Fitz- Robert Glover, Richard Cooke

John, Oct 5,1618

1 620 W. T. Fitz-Richard. John Ghilbert, Robert Myntren

1621 A. S. Fitz- William, Henry Roberts, Richard Rowse

Oct. 2, 1620

1622 J. Coppinger, Jun.,

Oct. 1, 1621

1623 J. R. Fitz-Patrick,

Sept. 30, 1622

1624 J.Roche,Sept.6,1623 James Lombard, James Kearney

John Addisy John Tucker Richard Connell, Edmond Murphy

890 HISTORY OF CORK.

1 625 H. Gold Fitz- Adam, John Miagh Fitz-Henry, Bichd. HaUyn

Oct. 4, 1624 Fitz-Robert

1626 E. M. Fitz-Philip, Stephen Martell, Da^id Lombard Fitz-

Oct. 3, 1625 James

1627 Wm. Hore, Oct 2, John Gold Fitz-James, James Mathew

1626 Fitz- James

1628 D. T. Fitz-Edmond, Stephen Gould, James Fitz-Gexald

Oct. 1, 1627

1629 Jas.Murroghe, Oct. Maurice Roche Fitz-Patribk, Melchcr

0, 1628 Lavallin

1 630 Hiomas Ronajne . . W. T. Fitz-George, T. Fitz-John-Genad

1631 Maurice Roche, Oct. Micholas Skiddy, Patrick Drady

4, 1630

1632 J. G. Fitz-Patriok, Richard Tirry, John Drady

Oct. 3, 1631

1633 W. R. Fitz-Domin- Robert Goppinger, Edward Oould

ick, Oct. 1, 1632

1634 Richd. Roche, Sept. Robert Verdon, Dominiok Tiny

30, 163a

1635 Thos. Marten, Oct. James Roche Fitz- Patrick, WiOitafc^

6, 1634 Kearney

1636 Robert Miagh, Oct William White, Dominick Morrogh

5, 1635

1637 Dayid Meade, Oct Patrick Arthur, William Verdon

8, 1636

1638 Patrick Lavalin, Thomas Sarsfield, William Tiny

Aug. 18, 1637

1639 T. Sarsfield, Aug. James Fitz-Patrick Sarsfield, Jame^

2 1 , 1 639 Fitz-Dayid Gould

1640 T. Fitz-Geo. Goold, Stephen Goppinger, John Fitz-Mamm

Sept 3, 1639 Roche

1641 Melcher Lavallin, George Tirry Fitz- William, Philip

Oct. 5, 1640 Martell Fitz-Edward

1642 M. R. Fitz-Patriok, Francis Roche, Edmond Roche

Nov. 1, 1641

1643 John Roche Fitz- R. Golwey, P. Roche; ihe latter hmvk^ Maurice, Oct. 3, 1 631 died before he was swom^ R. T. Kti-

1644 Robert Goppinger Robert was elected, on the IBth d% ef

1645 James Lombard October, in his stead

MAYOBS AND SHERIFFS OP COBK.

391

1656 John Hodder* .

1657 WiUiamHodder .

1658 Philip Mathews .

1659 Jonas Morris

1660 Chris. Oliver

1661 Walt. Cooper

1662 Rich. Covett

1663 James Vandeluer.

1664 Rich. Basset

1665 Noblet Dunscombe

1666 Thos. Farren

1667 Christopher Rye .

1668 Christopher Rye .

1669 Mathew Deane .

1670 James Finch

1671 Jn. Newenham .

1672 John Hawkins .

1673 Thomas Mills

1674 John Bayley

1675 Geo. Wright

1676 WiUiam Field .

1677 Timothy Tuckey .

1678 Thos. Kitchenman

1679 John Bayley

1680 Robert Rogers .

1681 William Al win ..

1682 Richard Covett ,

1683 John Wright

1684 Edward Webber .

1685 Christopher Crofts

1686 Edward Hoare . 1687t WiUiamBaUard

1688 Patrick Roche

1689 Dominick Sarsfield

William Hodder, Philip Mathews Richard Covett, Timothy Tuckey Richard Basset, John Bayley Richard Lane, Noblet Diinscombe Thomas Farren, John Flynn Christopher Rye, Nicholas Sling Robert WiUiams, Thomas Crook William French, Richard Purdon James Finch, Mathew Deane John Newenham, Patrick Ronayne John Hawkins, Timothy Tuckey Thomas Mill, Qeorge Wright Thomas Kitchenman, Robert Fletcher William Field, Richard Harvey WUliam Wren, Thomas Walker Jonathan Perry, John Bayley Thomas Franklin, John Terry James Mills, Thomas Wills Robert Rogers, William Hull John Wright, Edward Webber Edward Youd, John Sealy William Allen, Christopher Crofts William Malebome, Richard Terry William Ballard, William Howell Randal Hull, Henry Qerald Thomas Croneen, Stephen Cook William Charters, Eleazer Lavers Zachariah Coke, Samuel Bayley Edward Hoare, John Bayley Daniel Crone, John Champion Thomas Browne, Edward Tucker William Coppinger, William White Bat. French, Thomas Morrough Patrick Meade, Patrick Nagle

* For ten years there were no civil maeistrates, it being the period of Crom- well's usurpation. In the year 1655, Sir William Fenton, and four others, who were ancient freemen of the city, met together and elected John Hodder, Mayor, and William Hodder and Philip Mathews, Sherifis. Since this time all the offices of the Corporation have been nlled by Protestants.

1 1687. — Ignatius Gould was also mayor this year, for James II.

392

HISTORY OF CORE.

• •

• •

• •

690 WiUiam Ballard . .

691 Daniel Crone

692 William Charters

693 William HoweU . .

694 Peter Renew

695 Samuel Loye

696 Jas. French

697 William Roberts . .

698 William Goddard

699 Theo. Morris

700 John Sealy

701 Simon Dring

702 John Whiting .

703 £dm. Knapp

704 William Andrews

705 Fras. Cotterel

706 Bernard Poye

707 Jos. Franklin

708 Row. Delahoyde . .

709 Noblet Rogers . .

710 Edward Hoare • .

711 Richard Philips ...

712 Daniel Perdriau • .

713 John Allen

714 Edward Browne . .

715 PhiHp French

716 William Lambley

717 Abraham French

718 John Morley

719 John Terry

720 Joseph Layite

721 William Hawkins

722 Dan. Pierce

723 Ed. Brocklesby

724 Qeo. Bennet

725 Amb. Cramer

726 Robert Atkins

727 Thomas Brown

728 Hugh Millard

• •

William Roberts, William Green Peter Renew, Samuel Love John Whiting, Richard SAocomb James French, Simon Dring John Raynes, William Goddard Ed. Knap, Jonathan Tressilion Theoph. Morice, Ferd. Peningtooi Richard Crab, Thomas Kinsmell William Andrews, Edward Teamans Barth. Taylor, John Allen Joseph Ruddock, Fr. Cotterel Joseph Franklin, Bern. Poye William Masters, Abrahum Watkins Mathins Smith, Edward Brown Daniel Perdriau, Rowl. Delaboyde William Cockeril, Daniel Pierce Noblet Rogers, Patrick Hamilton Edward Hoare, John Elawkins William Lambley, James Morison Richard Philips, Samuel WHaon Thomas Barry, Samuel Ablin John Terry, Richard AbdiiB Philip French, Anthony Goss Abraham French, Joseph Layite John Morison, Hugh MiDard John Morley, Francis Power Thomas Shears, Thomas Brown William Hawkins, Charles Cotterel Edw. Brocklesby, Joseph Auslm John Maunsel, George FQ^er Samuel Croker, James Farroaut William Ougan, Augustus Carr^ Robert Atkins, George Bennet Amb. Cramer, James Hulet Francis Rowland, Thomas Pembi William Bustead, John Franklin James Crook, Ambrose Jadcson John Atkins, William Lane Dan. Engane, Thomas Austin

HiLTOBS AND SHERIFFS.

393

• •

• •

• •

Jolin Atkins Jo6. Austin James Hulet Sam. Croker Ihomas Pembroke G^eo. Fuller ^mb. Jackson rhomas Farren . John Baldwin ^dam Newman . , IVilliam Fuller . . larding Parker . . [lichard Bradshaw Nm. Owgans landle Westrop . . Villiam Winthrop Villiam Lavite . . Villiam Taylor . . [ugh Milliard ^an. Crone • .

William Holmes . lobert Wrixon . William Busteed. . lathias Smith ir J. Freke, bart. eorge Hodder . , 3hn Reily /^m. Harding sher Philpott , • )hn Swete hineas Bury )seph Witheral . . ndrew Franklin . . >hn Wrixon >hn Smith jyle Travers ^illiam Parks . . im. Maylor ts. Chatterton . . u.

Franeis Healy, Harding Parker Whetenhal Hignet, John Baldwin Jamfis Piercy, Robert Travers Wm. Newenham, Adam Newman Robert Dring, Walter Lavite Thomas Farren, Wm. Delahoyde William Fuller, Thomas Brown Daniel Qrone, Richard Bradshaw Christ. Carletou, Hor. Townsend Randal Westropp, Natb. Bany John Terry, NeUet Philips G^rge Fuller, William Clarke William Taylor, William Winthrop Mathias Smith, Hugh Millard Robert Wrixon, William Harding Sir Richard Cox, bart.. Usher Plilpot Nicholas Ford, David Bruce Phineas Bi^, William Holmes William Busteed, Qeoi^ Hodder James Chatterton, Hugh Reily Jotm Webb, John Swete Sir J. Freke, bart., R. Newenham Francis Carleton, Hugh Swayne John Wrixon, Stephen Denroohe John Cossart, Eevan Izod John Smith, Jos. Witheral Samuel Maylor, Godfrey Baker Thomas Newenham, John Roe Boyle Travers, P. Westropp W. Parks, Christ. Collis Andrew Franklin, Dan Connor H. Harding, Thomas Owgan W. Fitton, James Morrison Walter Travers, Robert Lane Francis Rowland, William Coles Henry Wrixon, William Butler Sam. Rowland, W. Wilcocks John Travers, John Harding S. Twogood French, H. Lawton

26

394

HISTOST i>F CORK.

• •

• •

• •

• •

1768 Noble PhiUips

1 769 Godfrey Baker

1770 Chriflt. Collis

1771 John Webb

1772 John Roe

1773 Francis Rowland. .

1 774 John Travers • •

1775 Waiiam Butler ..

1776 Hugh Lawton . •

1777 Thomas Owgan .•

1778 Palms Westropp . .

1779 John Harding

1780 Fn. Carleton

1781 Walter Travers ..

1782 Sober Kent

1783 Richard Kellet ..

1 784 James Morrisson . •

1785 Sir John Franklin

1 786 Sir Samuel Rowland

1787 James Kingston . .

1 788 Richard Purcell ..

1789 H. Harding, died. Sticeeeded by Humphry Crowly

1 790 Richard Harris

1791 Henry Puxley

1792 John Shaw

1 793 William Wilcocks

1794 John Thompson .

Sober Kent, Richard Lloyd Benjamin Bousfield, Richard Kellet Peter Cossart, Jasper Lucas John Wrixon, Henry Puzley Richard Harris, John Franklin Kingsmill Berry, FranoiB Carleton, , Thomas Fuller, Philip Bennet W. Lawton, M R. Wettn^ip, C. Denit John Day, William Leycester Thomas Harding, Richard Lane Christopher Lawton, Richard Puree Michael Busteed, Yesian Pick James Kingston, Aylmer Allen R. Hutchinson, Peter Dumas John Thompson, J. Lindsay John Shaw, Thomas Waggett Philip Allen, Humphrey Crowley William Lumley, Henry Sadkir Christopher Allen, Christopher Wag Rowland Morrisson, Jeff. Pierqy J. Herbert Orpen, Paul Maylor Thomas Harding, jun., N. Johnson

• •

C. Ferguson, Sir H. B. Hayes James Sadleir, Thomas Dorman William Clerke, John Forster Charles Eyanson, William Lane David Perrier, Knighted whiU m o

Henry Bagnell Strettel Jackson, Michael Wood 1796 y. Pick, Knighted Thomas Oibbings, Edward Alkn while in office

Robert Harding, John Cuthbert, ju Abraham Lane, Isaac Jones Thomas Pope, Richard Digby Henry Hickman, William Lane John George Newsom, J. N. Wris Thomas Dunscombe, Christopher C

1795 Jasper Lucas

1797 Kingsmill Berry

1798 Philip Bennett

1 799 Michael Busteed

1800 Philip Allen

1801 Michl. R. Westropp

1802 Richard Lane

• <

• •

UAY0B3 AND SHERIFFS OF COBK.

395

1803 C.AMeiiydied. Sue- John Cotter, jun., William Busteed c^eeM by T.WdLggeit .

• •

Peter Besnard, (George Knapp Richard N. Parker, Richard Maguire Richard Lane, Charles Cole Joseph Leycester, George S. Waggett Wm. Jameson, jim., Anthony Perrier,

Knighted tchile in ojffUt Thomas Harris, John D. Church Robert Deane, J. Besnard, jmi. Edward Newsonx, James Lane Bartholomew Qibbings, Francis Hodder Joseph Garde, Henry Bagnell, jmi. Henry Bennett, William Johnson Thomas Deane, William Lucas Charles Perry, Charles Eyanson J. W. Newsom, Samuel Lane H. B. Westropp, T. F. Harrison William Preston White, G^rge Atkins Lionel J. Westropp, T. P. Boland Isaac Morgan, R. Leycester John Saunders, Julius Besnard William Crofts, Robert Lawe Edward Colbume, John Bagnell George Newsom, Andrew Spearing John Wallis, William J. Jones Robert Eyory, Osborne Savage Samuel Perry, jun., J. J. Cummins James Wallis, Nicholas Vincent George W. Foott, Thomas Deane,

Knighted while in office Aylmer Richard Martin, William John Charles E. Hardy, Wm. Lumley Perrier Randal Howe, Aylmer Allen

1804 Charles Eyanson

1805 Rowland Morrison

1806 John Day

1807 Thomas Harding. .

1808 John Forster

1 809 Noblet Johnson • .

1810 Paul Maylor

1811 Thomas Dorman . •

1812 Peter Dumas

1813 Sir D. Perrier, knt.

1814 John G^. Newsom,

1815 Henry Sadleir ..

1816 Edward Allen ..

1817 Thomas Gibbings. .

1818 Richard Digby ..

1819 Isaac Jones

1820 Sir A. Perrier . .

1821 Edward Newsom . .

1822 Henry Bagnell ..

1823 Barthw Gibbings..

1 824 J. N. Wrixon . .

1825 T. F. Harrison •• l8-26Richd. N.Parker..

1827 Thos. Dunscombe . .

1828 Thomas Pope

1829 George Knapp ..

1830 Joseph Garde

1831 John Besnard

1832 Joseph Leycester

1833 Chailes Perry ..

1 834 Richard Lane, (/iW. William White. Knighted while in office. Succeeded by A,Spea.rmg George Foott

1835 Peter Besnard . . William Rogers, J. B. Ballard

1 836 John Saunders . . James C. Perry, Richard B. Tooker

1837 John Bagnell . . Robert Vincent, George F. Sadleir

396 nisxoHT of cork.

1838 Lionel J. Westropp Thomas Exham, NioholM OuBmioft

1839 James Lane . . George Newsom, William Hania

1840 Julius Besnard ..« Ben. Deeble, Jas. Dowman

1841 Thomas Lyons . . ■■ ■ ^

1842 F. B. Beamish .. Sir George Gk)oId, bart* ' 1849 James Morgan

1844 William Fagan .. William Eissane Rogers

1 845 Rd. Dowden (Bd.) James Monrough

1846 Andrew F. Roohe David Leahy Arthur

1 847 Edward HaokeU . . Jer. Stack Murphy

1848 William Lyons •• Thos. Summerville Reeves

1 849 Same. Kni^hUd. Thomas R. Sarsfield 18£0 John Shea . • Wm. Wriion Lojoester

1851 James Lambkin Sir Thomas Deana

1852 Wm.Haokett Knid. Francis B. Beamish

1853 John F. Maguire Andrew G. Wood

1 854 John N. Murphy Francis Lyons

1855 John Gordon. KnUL North Ludlow Beamish

1 856 William Fitzgibbon Sir William Lyons

1857 Same John Nicholas Murphji

1858 Daniel Donegan • • Gudfrey Thomas Baker

1 859 John Amott • • William Horatio Crawlbrd

1 860 Same. KfUghUd Fn^^ieia Robert I^eahy

1861 S$me •• William Johnson

Since tlie Beformed CorpoTation act of 3 Yiotoria, there was an act to amend this passed the 24tli of August, 1843, which requires that the Toting burgefs shall be rated at five pounds, and the elected membw at twenty pounds.

By the Cork improyement act of 1861, the offioe of Treasurer of the county of the city of Cork was abo* lished.

There was an act passed in June, 1866, to enable the mayor, aldermen, and burgesses of Cork to remoTe certain bridges, build new ones, and confirm oertain

« Sir OMrg$ Goold, bari. — ^The metioe of electmg two sheiiib lor tlis «i^ Ytw abolished by 3 ft 4 Victoria, and the ^ypointment of one reited im ths owb.

>r'

NEW BRIDGES ilND WATER-WOBKS. 397

arrangements with the pipe- water trustees^ atid to alter, amend, and enlarge certain powers and provisions of the Cork improvement act of 1852. The new act commences thus :

'* Whereas the bridge in the borovgb of Cork, known ba 6t. Patrick's bridge, was by a fl6od in the riyer Lee, on the 2iid dajr of NoTember, partially de8ttx)yed ; and whereas it is expedient that the mayor, aldermen and burgesses of the borough be enabled to remove the remaining portions of that bridge, and instead tSiet^f, to build a new bridge over the said river in the borough, at or near the site of that bridge. And whereas the bridge in the borough, known as Northgate bridge, as at present constructed, interferes with the free flow of the said river Lee, and is the cause of constant floods in the upper and middle districts of the borough; and' whereas it is expedient that the corporation be enabled to remove the said Northgate bridge, and instead of that bridge, to build a new bridge over the said river, in the borough at or near the site of that bridge'* —

It was by the authority of this act that the corpora- tion purchased the shares of the Pipe Water Trustees, and now levies a public or domestic water rate, St. Patrick's bridge is in course of erection, but we hear nothing as yet of the removal of the Northgate bridge ; but Bome was not built in a day, and much has been done of late years by the corporation for the improve- ment of the city. The following is the sum total of the receipts of the various departments of the corpo- ration, from 1st September, 1859, to 1860 :—

Borough Fund, - - £12798 12 7

General Purpose Fund, - 10856 17 11

Improvement Fund, - - 14833 8 9

Pipe Water Fund, - - 2068 18 6

Pipe Water Revenue Account, - 6863 15 11

Bridge Fund, - - 7481 1 11

Total, £54,887 15 7

398

HISIORT OF COBK.

The following ia the statement of ^ash balances to the 31st of August, 1860 :—

	JBt.	®t*
Borougli Fund,	—	£3900 5	2
General Purpose Fund,	111 1 2	—
Improvement Fund,	212 6 10	—
Pipe Water Fund,	807 5 10	—
Pipe Water Revenue,	3025 1 4	—
Bridge Fund,	—	1286 8	11
	£4155 15 2	£5186 14	8

The City Treasurer says, writing April 11, 1861, ^' I don't beUeye there is any corporation in Ireland in such a flourishing condition. The corporation of Cork contrasts most favorably with those of Dublin and Belfast. The rates levied off the city of Cork have not been so low for the past twenty years as during the last twelve months ; and, notwithstanding that the city has extended and increased during the period mentioned, nevertheless, the city rates have annual^ decreased. ^^ As regards our improvement rate we have power to levy 5s. in the pound per annum, and during the past year it has been only 2s. in the pound, or £16,200 under our maximum rating power on the whole area of taxation. We have power, also, to levy a ' borough rate,' and we have not hitherto availed of it. The debt occasioned by the "Water Works will be reduced out of the water rates, by about one thousand pounds per annum. This can scarcely be looked upon in the light of a debt on the city, the citizens getting an abundant supply of the purest water on the most economical terms."

BOBOUQE FUNDS.

399

E 5

ir

11

sir

se-l

HI'

li

i I

J .» ft r ?

Irti ill

400 HISTORY OF CORK.

The revenues of the city about the year 1750 were as follows :* —

Fee-fiffm rents, - - £S4S 19 8|

Leaflet for yean, - - 73 0 0

Tolb or Oateage, - - - 600 0 0 .

Shambles, - - 140 0 0

For standing of pedlars, - - 60 0 0

Paid by water-bailiff - - 80 0 0

£1286 19 Si

The following is Smith's list of the salaries of the officer's of the city, iirespeotive of << a gainea for eaeh sermon on state days/' twenty pounds per annum to reduced widows of aldermen, and fifteen pounds to reduced widows of burgesses.

The Mayor's salary has been of late years, £500 0 0

That of the Keeorder,

The Chamberlaiu,

A Sword-bearer,

The City Surveyor,

Two Serjeants at mace, to attend the mayor, each £5, 10 0 0

Two bellmen, £8 each per annnm, and for the) dothing £6 eadi, • • J

Keeper of the Bxehange, 6 0 0

Keeper of the city elodks, . 5 0 0

The city pays ground rent fbr the Exchange, which \ is payable to the Roches far the site of Golden / Castle, that stood where liie Sxohange is built, > 30 0 0 and the same &mily has another castle. in Shan- ( don Castle Lane, called Short Castle, /

For guard-room for officers.

For judges' lodgings,

For fire and candles for city guard.

To captain of the halbardiers.

60 0 0

80 0 p

10 0 0

SO 0 0

0 0

8 0 0

5 0 0

80 0 0

4 la 0

£726 IS 9

The Cork Harbour Commissioners constitute liie most important board in oonnexion with the Cknpoim-

CORK HARBOUR BOARD. 401

tion, if we can say it is in oonnexion with a body of ^hich it is perfectly independent. The Cork Harbour Commissioners are appointed mider a local act of Ist George IV,, chapter 52, 1820. They are thirty-four in number. The two members of Parliament, and the Mayor, and Sheriff of the city of Cork are ex-officio members. The remaining thirty are elected by the Town Council of the Corporation of Cork — five from their own body and twenty-five from the public at large. The qualification of a Harbour Commissioner is real estate of the annual value of £30, or personal estate to the value of £1,000. They are the conser- vators of the port, and possess a general control over the shipping, boat-traffic, and quayage. They appoint harbour masters, who have extensive powers. They are a ballast-board, and, as a pilotage authority, nomi- nate and control the pilots.

Their produce on imports this year is £7,383 12s. 9d. The largest items are — wheat, 262,653 quarters; In- dian com, 187,673 quarters; tea, 9,321 chests; deals, 233,600; and staves, 535,702.

The produce of exports amounts to £2,977 10s. 8d. The principal items are — butter, eggs, bacon, pigs, sheep, cows, calves, wheat, oats, barley, Indian com, flour, whiskey, and gunpowder. The total receipts of the Harbour Board, from all sources, amoimt to £19,608 15s. Id.

The income of the Harbour Commissioners is ex- pended in deepening the river, improving the quays, and reclaiming land on the borders of the river. Their ownership of land is limited, by act of parliamwt, to five acres.

402

HISTOBX OF COBE.

The following particulars respeoting the trade oP^ Cork, in connexion with the Custom House for the last ^ ten years, has been forwarded to me by F. CassQll, ^ Esquire, the Collector :-

rear ending

5tli January, 1851

2 3

3l8t March, 4

5 6 7 8 9 1860

• •

• •

• •

Dmtt«6 Raoeited.

£246,462 236,530 231,395 228,378 239,983 260,437 273,742 286,296 269,073 271,349

CDMdngYaMeli Inwwd.

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

2,300 2,399 1,919 2,262 2,298 2,358 2,387 2,845 2,098 2,877

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

• •

Inward.

581

464

4ie^

466 856 42a 864 864

865

This shews a decrease both in the number, of sels, and the amoimt of customs, compared with ilie last ten years. The customs, of Cork, as giTea bj Smith, a hundred and twenty years ago, were as fol- lows : —

Ynn

1740

1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

£52,404 9 54,946 i 58,038 16 57,991 8 54,849 8 51,764 18 58,827 18 54,490 18 10 64,737 11 01

10|

6 9

1749, C&iarter ending 24tli June, 27,087 6 9

The inland duties, excise, licenses, quit^zenii and hearth money, amounted to about £1,400 per ammm^ exclusive of the collections of Einsale, Baltimon^ nA Mallow.

CHAPTER XVII.

^Bl KITSB LSB — BLACKSOGK AlTD UBSULINB OOKYBNT — FaAaOX ^-OIUTT'S STAIB8 — KONKSTOWir CA8TLB — BINNA8KIDDT — KOCKT — HAULBOWLINB — WATBB CLUB — QUBBNSTOWN — CHABLBS WOLFB's OBAYB — THB OBBAT ISLAKD— BBLYBLLT CABTLB — BOKAYKB's OBOYB.

The river Lee runs at the base of a noble ohain of hills which extend for six miles above and for four miles below the city. There is but one natural pass in this mountain range — through Blackpool. The Great Southern and "Western Bailway, which runs under the Cork Barracks is tunnelled through the solid rock. The downs rest on the old red sandstone, por- tions of which are as hard as granite and capable of a fine polish. The sides of the river are clothed with rich foliage, and adorned with a number of beautiful mansions. We are pointed to cedars, at Tivoli, said to have been planted by the hand of Sir Walter Baleigh. It was from this part of the river he sailed on his last unfortunate expedition. Among the principal resi- dences, on the Glanmire side of the river, we may mention, Fort William, Sunmier Hill, Woodhill,*

• WoodhiU, the rMidence of Cooper Penrose. Sarah, the daughter of John Phil pot Currao, who waa betrothed to Emmet, waa mamed beneath thif roof to C^nptain Henry Sturgeon.

404 HISTOEY OP COBE.

East Yiew, Lota More, Lotabeg, PFOspeot, Lota Parici Lota, Lota Lodge, Dunkathal, and Inoheia. Below this we have the Little Island, from which Lord TJJa takes his title. The Lisles or Lysaghts, of MoontnorChi are an old family. John Lysaght distinguished himself under the Earl of Lichiquin, in 1641, and his 001^ Nicholas Lysaght, commanded a troop of horse, in THny William's regiment, at the battle of the Boyne. '^Fleasaot Ned Lysaght'' was a member of thb family. He is described as '^ short in staturOi with a clever, queer, comical, expression of countenance, and a very long nose ; the best wit on the circuity ffae best song writer of his day." He wrote the Sprig of EBiilb* lagh, Kate of Gamavilla, and the Bakes of Mallow* Ned Lysaght was god*fiither to Liidy Moi^^alL

On the right side of the river from Gdirk to Mdllkl^ town we have Ashton, Cleveland, OUfton, DottdHtftttgiF and Bliackrock Castle. A castle wad built hieto k 1604, by the Lord Lieutenant Mountjoy. TlMipMMit beautiful little structure Was erected by the tutpMUfloij, for about £1,000. It is now in the pOSBeaitiiii of 'tilt Harbour Board. It stands oA the prcmokUf if Hinn-Mahon,t now called Bing-MahotL Die ttdk town or village of Blackrock is a ple^itlant MfeifteiMl at a convenient distance from the city, t^hidh il roiflhii by a railroad in about five minutes. Illiilili thd^HM of St. Finn-Barr's. The chui;0h, whioh haa a flhndtir

* DundanioHy or Dnn-daingean, <'a strong castle." We have ,

Dangan Castle, in Meath, formerly the residence of the WeUe^ flaiU^. danion house, near Cork, stands on, or near, the fite <tf an old OMUe.

t J^mn-ifaAofi, t.«., the promontory of Mahon. For the promontorj opposite Honkstown was called Bian-a-Skiddyi m promontory. DiTe Downes says of Binn- Mahon, " Eo^ and OmiMr of those lands. They forfoitea them in the last rebellion to the !!■(•.

BLACKKOCK CONTENT. 405

graceful spire, is a chapel of ease to the cathedral. The Ursuline Convent, of Blackrock, is a noble mansion, with about 40 acres of rich land. It contains 47 nuns, some of whom superintend the education of about 60 young ladies, who board in the house. They also teach about 300 children, in a school connected with the National Soard. This sisterhood was originally founded in Cork, in 1771, and was removed to Black- rock in 1840. There is a pleasant cemetery on the grounds, with white marble headstones ^Uke the shades of departed vestals — standing among the Dypress trees. The sister, by whom we were accom- panied, smiled as she marked our curiosity in noting the ages on the tombs. No concealment here. We told her of a maiden lady who left it as a dying request that her age should not be recorded on the lid of her Boffin.

Proceeding down the river we pass, on the right, EUng-Mahon, Lakelands, Old-Court, Ardmore, Bock- bgham, Horsehead, Pembroke and Passage, which consists of wharfs, docks, two or three terraces, and a slender line of houses running along the river. A bw better built mansions are beginning to climb the sides of the hill. The town contains a Protestant church, a Catholic chapel, and a Methodist meeting liouse. Pembrokestown and the town of Passage was a^nted to John Parsons by James II., and came into he possession of the Stamers and the Bolands, who jitermarried with the Parson family.

There is a railway, about six miles in length, from Uork to Passage. We learn from the Cork Directory tf Thomas Holt, published in 1837, that in 1810,

406 HI8I0RT OF OOBK.

"but one diligence ; i i1 reen Cork and Passage, which carried four lU, A which was rarely filled.

At present [1837] il 300 gingles licensed, of

which, perhaps, two thirds ran between Cork sad Passage, each of which hoi s four persons. Some of them make three or fi r tri a, daily ; besides a day oar, whioh holds six ogers. The estimated

annual nnmber of pe: ;oing and retarning, by

land, between Cork and Pi ige, is 420,000;"

The Hotel and Baths of Qlenhrook stand midwa; between Passage and Monkstown. Viewed from the river, they remind flie trav ller of a Turkish temple on the BosphoruB. On the high ground conuuaDding the baths, is Glenbrook House, the summer reaidenco of Edmund Burke, Esquire, a deputy lieutenant of the oounty. Carrig-Mahon is noble mansion, and com- mands a splendid prospect. Here we have the Tuikish baths in perfection, id the hydropathio system, con- ducted with ability id professional sk^, by the proprietor, T. Curtin, '. ., LD.

Between Can ion id Honkstown Pier are the

Giant's Stairs, or lat at has been left of them,

by the new and beautiful i d whioh winds round the shore beneath Carrig-Mahon demesne and the castle grounds. A vessel, commanded by Captain Cole, foundered and went down in the deep water, at the foot of the Giant's Stairs, in 1768, The stairs lod to

• JUnwri Amb. This gentlamMi slated to lUe great itnteniiui, irium name he baan. ItWM ths opinion of — late James Uoilic, of Cork. banlB, author of "Ciitioal Enaji and B«*iein," that Mr. Burku's rumitv U an oldd branch of the Fiu-Andslm, or th« Bail of UUter (]l< Buru:o. tlwii Ibe On Bnm of Cutle-Uonnell, or the Lorda Claoriekard. Thix lamilj were in amall portion of tbe Drifinal inharitanoc . ,^,,u.

D the Oe Bnma npoMCHtcamg

giant's stairs and ronayne's court. 407

a cave,* in which, tradition says, Mao Mahon, a giant, confined yonng Eonayne, the heir to a large property in the neighbourhood. The boy was liberated by a Waoksmith, who boldly entered the cave, bearded the giant, and carried ofi the lade

There must be some foundation for this story. The cave is still here. Within a few hundred yards of Carrig- Mahon, or Mahon's Eock, and three or four miles higher up the river is Loch Mahon, and on its S. W. shore Binn, or Bing-Mahon. We hence conclude, that some gigantic Irish chieftain, named Mahon, had his castle above this cave, and that he employed the cave as the Earl of Desmond did the " Murdering Hole," beneath Strancally Castle, as a prison or dungeon.

Dr. Smith, speaking of the Mahons, says, *^ These Mahowns derive their pedigree from Kean Mac Moyle More, who married Sarah, daughter to Brian Bom, by whom he had Mahown, the ancestor of all the sept. It is from this Kean the village of Iniskean, in Car- bery, has its name, and from this sept that Bandon is sometimes called Droghid MdhonP Mahon is the an- cestor of the Mahonys, or O'Mahonys.

The Bonaynes lived at Bonayne's Court, on the banks of the Douglas river, within two or three miles of Carrig-Mahon. The old gabled house, with its high- pitched roof and red brick chimneys, is standing to the present day. A chimney-piece in one of the rooms bears this inscription, " Morris Bonayn and Margaret Gould builded this house, in the year of our Lord

♦ A cave. — It is on Darling, or Fairy Hill, the property of James Johnson d' Altera, Esquire, an oflBcer in the royal artillery. The caTe, which had become a refuge for tbicTcs and robbers, was closed in 1835. The d' Alt eras are of French descent, and came to this country after the revocation of the Edict of

Nantes.

408 HISTORT OF CORK.

1627, and in the third year of Eling Gharles. Lot* God and neighbours. M.K. — ^I.H.8. — M.G.*'

Some of the Bonajmes lired on the Great Maakli it the other side of the riyer, opposite Canig'Mjibemt The tradition is, that the blacksmith, who libented young Bonayne from the giant Mahon, crossed the river in a boat. Joseph Sonayne, Esquire, of QneeBs-^ town, informs me, that the Philip Bonayne, mentioiied in the following passage by Smith, was the Iboy of the cave : — ^^ Not for west from the castle of Belirelly is Bonayne's Grore,* form^ly called Hodnai's Wood ; a good house and handsome improvements of PhiUp Bonayne, Esquire. From the gardens one has m charming view of the river and shipping up to Goik| as also the town of Passage on the opposite sihoro. This gentleman has distinguished himsdf l^ ssi^psnl essays in the most sublime parts of the matheaiaties; among others, by a treatise on algebra, whiok luMl passed several editions, and is muA read and ostosmed by all the philomaths of the present tinA. Ha kas invented a cube, which is perforated in such a BiamiMP that a second cube of the same dimensioiis Hiay be passed through the same, the possibility of wIuiAl he has demonstrated, both geometrically and algebnoaallyi and which has been actually put in praotiee by tka in-^ genious Mr. Daniel Yorster,! of Cork, wiih whooi I saw two such cubes.''

« Sonayn^s Orwe, formerljf caUti Eodmf» W6oi^ now ICvfaio^ flit of Thomas French, Ksquire. The old house was InniMd dowB Ml jmhi^ taft t new one is in course of erection. The shore near the hoaw and cppowa Piai||% was called " Ronayne's Strand."

f Daniel VaraUr wsa probablj the father of Elias Yoiteri ulio kiplAMlMl in Cork, and wrote a work on anthmetic which is popalar in tibt aoamlj f$ a» present daj. He built Voeterbuigh, on the Olanmure aida d Oaiifwr. '^"^ are persons still living in Cork who remember the Domiiie^ nifk kit *^ cocked hat.

M0NK8T0WN CASTLE. 409

Monkstown, in the barony of Kerricurrihy, is beau- tifully situated on the shore of what may be styled the inner harbour. Some say it derives its nai&tie from a small establishment of Benedictine mo^ks, called Legan Abbey, belonging to the Priory of St. John, Waterford ; and that the monks received a grant of land from the Mac Carthys, in the fourteenth century. Here they built the small chapel,* the four walls of which are still standing in Monkstown churchyard, and which was used as a domestic chapel by the Arch- deacons.

Dive Downes says, writing in 1700, " I saw Monkstown church. The church walls, built with lime and sand, are still standing. The timber of the roof is up, and some slates on it." We oonclude from the following passage, from an old family document, put into my hands by the late Bobert Shaw, Esquire, t that this church was built by John Archdeacon.

" Here lyeth the body of a very noble man, John Archdeacon. He built this church for the Divine Father. He gave these fields to chosen Mends, i^irhose minds rejoices to the stars. The ground enjoys a chapel, the chapel and fields that bound the castle of the famous master, who was the builder, and died the 12th of April, 1660."

The Castle of Monkstown was built by Anastatia Gould, wife of John Archdeacon.

* Small ehapd. This chapel was the last retreat of a few monks from the Abbey of St. Mary, Bath. Those small chapels were called chantries, for it was the habit to chaunt the mass in these places, for the founder's soul. There is a amaU chapel, or chantry, of this kind at Rathcooney, near Glanmire.

t Robert Shaw^ £squirt. — This family was originally Scotch, and formed part of the Clan Chattan. We have an interesting description of this clan in the Fair Maid of Perth. Wm. Shaw came to Ireland, in 1689, in King William's army. He was a captain in General Ponsonby's regiment, whom he carried from the field when wounded. His descendant, Robert Shaw, was created a baronet in 1821 . His brother, Bernard Shaw, was Collector of Cork.

VOL. IT. 27

410 HISTOBT OF COBS.

* "A.D. 1636.— MonkBtown Castle and CJourt were reowde. Reader, you are to observe that it was not John Archdeaoonvlmt his wife,* Anastatia Gould, who built the four castles of Monkstown, and the court, in his absence, «s he was from home. On bis xetnni he did not like the building, and said that a building near a baxbour was « building of sedition, which, alas ! turned out so/'

'* A.D. 1660. — Archdeacon died, and when Cromwell came to Ireland, he was deprived of his castLe, lands, etcetera, but not his life, which they did not covet."

We learn from Dive Downes that Cobnel Hunks^ one of the three deputed to exeoute the death-wanant of Charles I., got the Monkstown lands, and, we ocm* elude, eastle, in Cromwell's time. Hunks sold the lands to Primate Boyle, brother to the first eari of Cork ; who '' gave about £400 for it to Hunks." The Archdeacons must have got it baok, or rented It fron Boyle, for they were dispossessed of it ix^ U9% iGp their adhesion to James II.

Dive Downes, writing in 1700, says, "Mr. O'Callaghan, a Protestant, lives in Monkst0Wii| W m good square castle with flankers.'^

This property now belongs to Lord De YescL A grand-daughter of Primate Boyle, who bought the'eslato from Hunks, married Sir Tliomas Yesey, who. was afterwards Bishop of Killaloe, ancestor to the pneseoot proprietor in fee. Sir Thomas Packenham, anoesfeor of the Earl of Longford, obtained a portion ci Hdi property through his marriage with the jmng&t daughter of Primate Boyle. Bernard R Shaw, Esquin^ of Monkstown, holds Monkstown Castle and gronndi by lease, from Lord De Vesoi.

•But hit wife.^Then is a tradition that she Mlt the OMttt Ibr S mm^ She aupplied the workmen with proYitions, bought at iiich low, §md mid JtmA high pnoee, that, in balanoing her acooimtB, she was Vat ioiar

BALLYBRICKEN — ROCKY — HAULBOWLINE. 411

Opposite Moukstown is Ballybrioken,* the residence of Daniel Connor, Esquire ; Fort Prospect, or Prospect Villa, the residence of General Burke, and the pretty village of Binnaskiddy, above which rises a Martello tower. This noighbourhood is graphically described by Bishop Dive Downes, in 1700 : —

** I saw Hingskiddy f and Ballybricken. Ringskiddy and Bally- bricken are one plougbland and fifteen acres. Ringskiddy makes the point betwixt Carrickaline bay and Raphine brook. There is a heap of rubbish in Mr. Abraham Dicksons orchard at Ballybricken, which was a church heretofore. Captain Hayes remembers the walls standing. The people of both these places pay their tithes to Mr. Folliot, tenant to Dean Synge; nothing is allowed to any clergyman. Island Creagh, Island Core, and Island Cahill, in the harbour of Cork, (being almost unprofitable) belong to the lands of Ringskiddy. Haulbowline Island is the estate of the crown ; there is an old fort on it, built in Queen Elizabeth's time, now out of repair. Formerly the Earl of Cork was gOTcmor of it. All these islands, together with Spike Island, belong (as 'tis said) to the Great Island."

We have no difficulty in detecting Eocky Island in Creagh Island, for creagach is rocky in Irish. Core, Chore, or Ford Island, may stand for King Island, approached by a ford. Between Spike, Eocky, Haul- bowline and Queenstown, is Eat Island, a barren rock. Eocky Island is an important powder magazine, it contains at the present time about 300 tons of powder. Haulbowline, J a depot for naval and military stores.

* Ballybricken *^ is supposed to be the same with Templebrackiuuij, io the Visitation Books." — Dive Lowiies.

t Ringskiddy ^ or Rinnaskiddy, the " Promontory of Skiddy." The Skiddy's were of Danish descent. The name often occurs in this history. Einnaskiddy may have been called after the man who built the castle in the North Main Street of Cork. There was a stone chair in this castle, in which the head of the family was enthroned, or installed.

X J^aulbotcline. A chain or cable was at one time drawn from Whitepoint •cross the channel to Haulbowline, and made fast to the bow of a vessel. This

412 HISTOHT OF CORK.

The Water Club, now known as the Boyal Cork Yacht Club, was established on this island in 1720« Mr. French, of Marino, the present Admiral of the Cork Yacht Club, tells me that ^^ ladies attended* the Club dinners on Haulbowline, in a sort of uniform, which consisted of a yellow or orange habit, with a blue cape, displaying a silver anchor on the shoulder, and a black hat, tied under the chin." The Water Club, on a gala day, is thus described by two English gentlemen in 1784 :—

** I shall now aoquaiiit your lordship with a ceremony they hATe at Cork, where we axe arrived. It is somewhat like that of the Doge of Veniee's wedding the sea. A set of worthy gentle- men, who have formed themselves into a body, which they call the Water Club, proceed a few leagues out to sea, once a year* in a number of little vessels, which, for painting and gilding, ezceeda the king's yachts at Greenwich and Deptford. Their admizaL who is elected annually, and hoists his flag on board his little Tcawi, leads the van, and receives the honours of the flag ; the rest of the fleet fall in their proper stations, and keep their line in the eamo manner as the king's ships. This fleet is attended with a piodigioiia. number of boats, which, with their colours flying, dmma beating, and trumpets sounding, forme one of the meet agreeablo and splendid sights your lordships can conceive." — TWr iMrcy^h /rf- land, p. 118.

Philip Luckombe, writing in 1799, says, '^ Under. this island we saw seyeral elegant yawls and pleasure boats, belonging to a society, formed by the neigh*

line or cable was hauled up eTerj night to proTent TCMela puiiog throi^ tlM narrow channel in the dark. It was hanled in at the bow of the TeMtLiuMt

some have derived the name of Uie island. It was anoientlT oaUed JMe or " Fox Island."

* Ladies attended. The following reeolution was paaed bj the Cfl^^ My 9th, 1807 :— '' Resolved, that the wives and daughten of the memben of the GU be also considered as members of the Club, and entitled to " '

THE WATER CLUB. 413

"bouring nobility and gentry, who meet here erevy Saturday, during the summer half-year, to dine and make merry, in an apartment which they have fitted up for that purpose, very commodiously, among the ruins of the fortifications.'*

Some of the rules of the old W C • qi

and curious. "Ordered — that mi b]

more than two dishes of meat fbr the club. Ordered — that no admii to

more than two dozen of wine to his tr , : it always been deemed a breach of t ent :

constitutions of the club, ex y li Is

judges are invited. Ordered — tl no 1( g- 1 wige, large sleeves or ruffles, by any m

at the club." The club kept of , or

steward, called the " Knight of L ''

The old members, in 1720, 5re L I Inchiquin, the Hon. James O'Bryen, ( les O'Neal, Henry Mitchell, Eichd. BuUen, (chaplain,) and John Eogers. The new members, in 1760, were Thomas Newenham, Morrough O'Bryen, George Conner, Eich. iJttgfield, James Nash, William Hodder, Philip Lavallin, John Newenham, Walter Fitzsimonds, Samuel Hoare, Wil- liam Hayes, Michael Parker, Abraham Devonshire, John BuUen, Eobert Eogers, James Devonshire, John Walcot, Thomas Parsons, Henry Puckly, Eobert Newenham, Edward Eoche, Edmund Eoche, Eichard

* Stfftvard, called the Knight of the Island. The old castle, in which the Water Club met, was erected by the Lord Deputy Mountjoy, and Carew, in 1602, (rol. i., p. 80 who put a constable in charge, with a salary of Is, 2d. per diem. This constable, we conclude, was the first ** Knight of the Island." The last knight was John Sheehan. His grandson is coxswain of one of the engineer boats on Spike Island. His grandfather, like Bobinson Crusoe, was the only man liying on Haulbowline. His father was born there, about 90 years ago. Tlie coxswain is the oldest inhabitant of Spike.

414 HTSIORY OF CORK.

Dunsoombe, Bobert Atkins, John Baldwin, Bobort Baldwin, Sampson StawelL

The Boyal Cork Yacht Club, of the present day, has its club-house in Queenstown, which was built in 1864. The number of regular members, exdusiye of honmafy members,* is about 300, and the number of yaohts, belonging to members, about 60.

A new club, called the Queenstown Yacht dub, was established in Queenstown, in January, I860. The following is a copy of the Admiralty Wanant, authorizing the use of ^e ^^ Bed Ensign of Her Msr jesty's Fleet":—

" By the Commisrioners for exeoating the office of Lord High himr ral of the United Kingdom of Grett Britain and IvdaDd» hb.

" Whereas, we deem it expedient that the ▼easds fwlnagihg to the '* Queenstown Yacht Club/' shall be permitled to wear thii nd ensign of her Majesty's fleet, with the distfaiotiTe marks of Aft dub on the ensign and bargee. We do, therefixre,by wtaaof tte power and aathorityveeted in iis,herely warrant and aiitlioriaattiswd ensign of her Majesty's fleet, with the distinetiTe mailDi(of Iki^dBb thereon, and on the bargee, to be worn on board &• iMpeotiva yesselsjjdonging to the ''Qaeenstown Yacht Club'' aoemdiBg^y,

" oNen ander oar hands and the seal of the office of adninlij, this 14th day of January, 1860.

a-»»^ ( Ghablxs Ennr. Bigneo, ^ ^^jj^ Wbixmmmax^

'< By command of their lordships.

W. J. RoMAxta."

Queenstown, formerly Coye, was a small village in 1786, consisting of a few huts inhabited by fiflhermeii| pilots, and tide-waiters. Smith says, ^^ CSove^uunh^

• Honorary mmben. " That the Admiral om the QMenslofwa 8lalio% Hi Fla; Lieutenant, Secretary, and the Captain of the Flag Sh^ tl QMMBfeMra^ te ex-officio honorary members of the Clnb, without payment of snhwf^' the General Commanding the Cork District, hit Aide-de-Cta^ Hm Adjutant General, and Assistant Qnarter-Master GeiMraL"— r ~

QUEENSTOWN. 415.

bited by seamen and reyenue officers." A mile from it is the parish church of Clonmel, with a decent parson- age house. Thomas O. French, of Marino, probably the oldest inhabitant of the island, informs me that,, with the exception of a part of the old Admiralty house, all the rest of Queenstown has been built since 1799. He speaks of an old inn called the ^^ Anti- gallicon, a wooden house standing on the beech, into which the sea flowed during high tides, covering the floor with sea-weed, instead of rushes or a Brussel's carpet.'' Think of this and then look at the Queen's hotel. It was near this spot the queen landed, on her visit to Cork, in 1849. Some poet says that flowers spring np where angels tread. This town is advanc* ing with a queenly step, and assuming the dignity and port of the socer et conjux of Kingston. This is to be attributed to its beautiful scenery, mild and sheltered position, and the great facilities of travelling both by water and railroad from Cork to Queenstown. The Queenstown branch of the Cork and Toughal railway, now nearly finished, will increase these facilitijds, if it has not the effect of inducing the inhabitants of Cork to go farther, and explore the beauties of the Black- water, from Youghal to Lismore.

The average population of Queenstown is about 10,000. There is a line of houses running along the beach, but they are buiit, for the most part, like Clif- ton, on the side of the hill. There is a Protestant, a Catholic, a Presbyterian, and a Methodist place of worship in the town. The Presbyterian Church is a pretty object when viewed from a distance. Queens- town has a Sailors^ Home — the number who entered

416 HI3X0BT OF OOBK.

during last year was 6S2. This exceeds the preriaiui year by 50. The amount of money lodged by pmnis who haye availed themselves of the Home, during ffae year, was £2,168 12s. A large portion of this sum would have been foolishly spent if not lodged in n& hands.

The general business of the town depends on fhe number of vessels that visit the port. Mr. Philip Scott, in his examination before a committee of the House of Commons, in June 1860, said: — ^'I am a merchant and a shipowner at Queenstown ; the nnmbec of vessels which arrived in Queenstown lait year, laden with com, was 778 ; of these 196 disdhaxged at Cork, and the remaining 682 proceeded to wiou ports, principally of Ireland. I would allow five shillings per ton off the freight rather than send my vessel round to Limerick ; the total number of d^ps which called at Queenstown in 1869 was 1|680; of these 778 were laden with com, 186 with engar, 7S with guano, 188 with timber, 21 with rioe^ and 486 with various atuSs. There is a large steamboat tnda between Cork and England ; and nearly all the Ame- rican steamers call there, both outward and homowiid bound. The passenger traffic of these vesseb waa oa the increase, an^ would ultimately be expetibeA to reach 400 or 600 a-week."

Queenstown is govemed 1^ Town Commiaaionen. A portion of the town is well lighted and cleaned, hat much yet remains to be done, especially in fhs nejgk* bourhood of Hbty-Oround.^

About a mile from Queenstown, on the other aidB of

* Holy Chrotmd, remarkaU* at one time for reiy diirapiitabli

M '.WS-.

CHARLES WOLFB's GRAVE. 417

the hill, within the four walls of the old unroofed church of Clonmel, rest the ashes of the Bey. Charles Wolfe, who wrote the beautiful elegy on the Burial of 6ir John Moore. Mr. and Mrs. Hall could not find the grave. I made it out after some trouble. Wolfe's %omb lies in a dark comer, overgrown with nettles, and sadly in need of the friendly chisel of some old, or new, " Mortality.''

Within a few yards of his grave I found a thin slab of white marble, bearing the name of Thomas Tobin, the author of the "Honeymoon," the "Faro Table," the " Undertaker," and the " School of Authors." This clever dramatist was bom in Salisbury, in 1770, and died, in 1804, in his thirty-fourth year, within sight of land, when on his way to the West Indies for the benefit of his health. His remains were brought to Cove and buried here.

I visited Wolfe's grave a second time, accompanied by a literary friend, who told me the following anec- dote of his elegy on the Burial of Sir John Moore : — " Charles Wolfe shewed me the lines in manuscript, with the beauty of which he was so much impressed, that I requested a copy for insertion in a periodical with which I had some connexion. Wolfe first re- fused, but was persuaded to comply. I laid the verses before some two or three savants, who were in the habit of pronouncing on what should, and what should not, appear in the periodical. The lines were read, ridiculed, and condemned, and I was laughed at for imagining such * stuff'* worthy of publication. I felt

* Stuf. Tbo gentleman who presented them had ftirniahed our poet, Moore, « itb tome of the '* 9tuff," or material, or Irish muaio, to which he eet eome of hia

Uatitiful mclodiei.

418 HISTOBY OF CORK.

myself in a very awkward position^ but I took eowag» to retam the manuscript, and to tell ChaileB Wdft^ that, on more mature consideration, I did not fhink the periodical I had named worthy of its insertion.'^

I see by an unpublished letter of Charles Wolfoi that he sent a copy of these lines to his friend, John Taylor,. at the Bey« Mr. Armstrong's, Clonoulty, Cashe^ on the 16th of September, 1816. << My dear John, I liay» completed the Burial of Sir John Moore, and will here inflict them upon you. You have no one but yoQXBelf to blame, (for praising the two stanzas,) that I told you so much."

Charles Wolfe's claims to rank as a poet of a hi^ order, do not rest on one or two odes. What <oui be^ more beautiful than the lines composed for the Irish air of Gramachree ?

« If I had thought thoa ooold'it hsv* disd^ I might not weep for thee -, Bat I forgot, when hj th j fide^ That thon coold'st mortal he. It nerer throngb mj mind had pait» The time would e'er he o'er, And I on thee ahonld look my lait. And thon shonld'st nnile no more.

And still upon that faee I look. And think 'twill smile again ; And still the thought I will not brook. That I must look in Tain ! But when I speak, thou do'st not say, What thou ne'er leffst unsaid ; And now I feel, as wdl I mij, Sweet Mary ! thon art dead."

The Bey. Charles Wolfe was the curate of Bonon^ more, a rural parish in the diocese of AnnagL W^ should scarcely expect to find the very highest qpeni* mens of pulpit eloquence addressed to a poor imA

THE Q&EAT ISLAND. 419

and comparativoly ignorant people. It is from the fragments of this young man's sermons, that Doctor Whately, (the present Archbishop of Dublin,) has se- lected the highest order of pulpit oratory, with which to adorn his learned and elaborate treatise on Elocu- tion.

Charles Wolfe died of consumption. Writing to a friend, under date. May 28th, 1821, he says, "At length the die is cast — the doctor has, in fact, stripped me of my gown" — prohibited his preaching. He died at Queenstown. Just before his death he began to pray for all his dearest friends, but his voice failing, ex- claimed, ^^ Ood bless them all!^^ He then whispered in his sister's ear, " Close this eye, the other is closed already ; and now farewell."

Charles Wolfe was a student of Trinity College. Close beside his grave nestles another of the Alumni of the same Alma Mater. I think the name is Charles Connor, who died young. The two lie together, covered with foliage, like the Babes of the Wood, but the foliage consists of rank nettles.

If we can believe our ancient chroniclers, or our modem historian, Mr. Haverty, who is both learned and correct, the ancient inhabitants of the Great Island, on which Queenstown is situated, gave name to Great Britain. Inis Mor, or the Great Island, was anciently called Ard-Neimhidh, from Ard, " Great," or ** high," and Nemedius, a chieftain, who came from the borders of the Euxine sea, and who, with 2000 of hisfollowers, died here of a pestilence. His followers were harassed by the Fomorians.* Some of them, under

• The Fomorians are thought by some to have been African pirates ; by others,

420 HISTORY OF OOBK.

■

the command of Briotan Maolj a grandflon of Nemedini^ sought refage in the island of Albion, which took tibe name of Britain from this Irish ohieftain, not flrom iiiB fabulous Brutus. Another portion of these refogesi migrated to the north of Europe, henoe the Tuatha dd Danann; and a third colony, under Simon Ikeifl^ another grandson of Nemedius, went to Gr^eoe, where they were conquered, raid made slaves, and oompeUed. to carry burdens in leathern bags, whence fhey obtained the name of Firbolgs, or Bagmen.

The Island is now divided into the eastern and western parishes, which form the union of GlonmaJ^ and is in the diocese of Cloyne. Haulbowline^ BgSkd^ and Bocky Island belong to the eastern diyisiony wfaidi is called Templerobin. The western division inoludes a part of Foaty Island. At the foot of the bridge which connects Foaty to the Great Island, stands Bel- yelly Castle,* evidently built to guard the pass between the twqt.i8l^^^s* It is in the possession, and on ffae property, of Bernard B. Shaw, Esquire, of Monkatown. One of the square towers are standing, and in good preservation. It is 60 feet high ; breadth, at baae^ SO feet. The arches are beautifully turned ; the marks of the twigs, upon which they were turned, look as firesh in the mortar as if the work had been done a few yean ago. The castle belonged to the Hodnett8.f The Barrys and Boches besieged Lord Philip Hodnett in

PhceniciaiiB. The name in Iriah implies that they were aaa robheit. TIm hUk name of the Oianta Caoaewaj if OkffhmMtthlbmMmri^ky or tibi '^SUppii^ fltw of the Fomorians."

• BelveUf is eometimee called Bellroir. Smith's dariTttioii Is ** the way of the ford." Seal, in Irish, means a sandbank.

t Th$ HodnHtt came fW>m Shropahire. Thej hoiU tfaa OMlli of sherry, near Cluuakilty, from which Uioy took tho aaaa of Mairtwij

1^

BELVELLY AND FOATT. 421

1329, put most of his people to death, took possession of the Great Island, and called it Barrymore.

The principal residence of the lineal descendant of the Lords Barrymore is on the adjacent island of Foaty. The Barrymore title became extinct in 1828, on the death of Henry, eighth Earl of Barrymore. The pre- sent heir to the estates is a minor.

The first Earl of Orrery, in a letter to the Duke of Ormond, dated June, 1666, says, " If I were an enemy, and to invade Ireland, I would land in the Great Island, of all places, for it stands in Cork Harbour, has but one pass into it, is above six miles about a fertile place, and nothing to oppose their landing there ; which, also, is in the midst of the best quarters, almost equally distant from Cork, Toughal, and Kinsale. I intend to send forces into it, and repair the Fort and Belvelly Castle, both which stand on the pass."

The Great Island is approached by three ferries — the western, between Passage and Carrigaloe; the middle, between Monkstown and Mr. Wheeler's Dock,* and the East Ferry, from a point between Belgrove, the beautiful residence of Mr. Bagwell, and Garrane- kinefeake. Steam-boats are continually plying up and down the river, and through the harbour, presenting every facility for cheap and pleasant travelling.

♦ Mr. Wheder^a Beck \b 420 feet long, 60 feet "wide, and 16 feet deep, in ordinary neap tides. There is 19 feet of water OTer the blocks in spring tides.

CHAPTER XVIII.

8PIKB ISLAND — COKYICT PBX80N8 — FOBTIFIOJLTIOirB OV COSK HA.BBOVB — CABBIGALIKB BIYEB— GOBK-BXO^-TBABOLCMLjr — MA.NUFACTUBE OF FLAX — ^WHITEGATfi — JLQUADJL — ¥AMM1J>— B08TELLAN.

Spike Island, which lies in the middle, and opposite the mouth of Cork harbour, is about an Irish mile in circumference. We learn from the Sarsfield papers, that William Liych granted the lands of Innyspyge * to John Fyke, in 1427, and John Fyke made oyer his holdings in Inyspyk to Maurice Bonan of ilSnsaley in 1490. It afterwards passed into the hands of the Boches and Gal ways. The Earl of Albemarle obtained a grant of the island in 1698, and oonyeyed 66 aores of the lands of Spike Island, *^ the estate of Arthur Qalway, attainted," to William Smith, of Ballymore. The island was purchased by the goyemment from Nicholas Fitton, towards the end of the eighteenth century. It was lately sold in the Incumbered Estates Court, and purchased by Lieut.-Colonel Beamishi who now holds the fee.

Luckombe, writing eighty years ago, says — *' Spike Island is a noted place for smuggling; for small yesseIS|

• Innyspynge or Inytpyk, now Spike, is from Inis-apic. Spic or ipiot VM a spike or a sharp>point^ instrament. Spike Iiland at one time ran to a ihuper point than it does now.

SPIKE ISLAND. 423

at high water^ steal in unseen by the officers of Cork." We are still pointed to the "Gold Bock," at the eastern extremity of the island, where one of these smugglers buried a crock of gold, and a black man — ^whom he had slain — to watch it. There is no such watch or sentry as the ghost of a black man.

On the crown of the island is a convict depot or goyemment prison. The number of prisoners is now about 500, but as many as 2,500 were confined here in 1850. Spike Island prison is one of five goyem- ment prisons, under the superintendence of three directors. There is a male and female prison at Mountjoy, Dublin, built on the same plan as Penton- yille prison. The rule is, to commence the imprison- ment at Mountjoy, where prisoners are kept in separate confinement for eight months, and are then drafted either to Philipstown or Spike.*

The convicts at Spike are engaged at the fortifica- tions of the island, under the superintendence of the engineer department. The amount of work performed by the convicts last year, was nearly equal to the entire expense of the prison. The prisoners are fairly fed and fairly worked, and when they leave the prison are generally better able to do a fair day's work than when they entered it.

Enlarged and enlightened principles, based upon the great laws and motives that regulate and influence our nature, have been laid down and most successfully carried out by the present board of Irish Prison Directors. Captain Walter Crofton, C.B., in a pam-

* Fhilip»to\cn or Spike. — Tradesmen and delicate persons are generally sent to rhilipstown. Some piiHonera were until lately sent to Bermada.

424 HISTORY OF COHK.

phlet lately published, ou the '^ Immunity of Habitoid Criminals," gives it as his deliberate opinion^ that such characters, when re-conyicted, should be sentenced to seyen years penal servitude, four years of which to be certain imprisonment, the liberation during the other three to depend on the conduot of the prisoner. Here the prisoner is at once furnished with a moilYe to good conduct, and a very powerful one— the love of freedom. There is a classification among the prisoners by which their progress is marked, and whioh admits of some slight amelioration of their condition while prisoners, the effect of which is in daily and hourly operation. There is nothing a prisoner understands better, no matter how ignorant he may be in other respects, than his number of good marks, or when he is due for promotion, and when to reeeiv6| or write a letter to a relative or friend. I look upon the writ- ing and the receiving of these letters — ^hundreds of which have passed through my hands as chaplain — not only as a source of pure pleasure, but also of high moral improvement to the prisoner.

The directors of Irish convict prisons established what they call intermediate prisons at Forts Cariisle and Camden, where smaller numbers of the best behaved prisoners are located, in order to give fall effect to what Captain Crofton styles " theprine^ph of individualisaiion^^^ in other words, to distinguish and draw out those men from the mass. The object is not, we conceive, to give prison warders greater &cilities for espionage, but to bring the mind of the prisoner into more frequent oonnexion with those who are not prisoners, inasmuch as the esjprit de carps of a prisoner

SPIKE ISLiLND PBISON AND FORT. 425

is of the yery worst kind. The prisoners at the forts are allowed to leaye what may be properly called the prison, and visit a neighbouring village, without a warder. This system of teaching the prison bird to fly before it is granted liberty to depart, is more fully carried out in Smithfield prison, Dublin, where pri- soners are employed in various avocations through the city. I met one of them in the Castle-yard, with official letters in his hand. The following is the

Total number of ConTicts in custody in Ireland, on tlie Slat Decem- ber, in each of the years from 1S53 to 1S60, indusiye : —

Temrs. Males. Females. TotaL

1863 - - 3,764 - - 614 - - 4,278

1864 - . 3,241 . - 691 - - 3,932 1866 - - 2,629 - - 833 - - 8,462

1866 - - 1,996 - . 780 - - 2,776'

1867 - - 1,616 - - 682 - - 2,298

1868 - - 1,296 - . 611 - -, 1,806

1869 - . 1,187 - . 444 - . 1,631 1860 - - 1,076 - - 416 - - 1,492

Spike Island is an important military station, with a strong fort. The fort is nearly rectangular, with 6 bastions, mounting 28 guns. The old Westmoreland battery,* at the east of the island, is in course of re« moyal. It is contemplated to mount about 20 addi- tional guns on the sea faces.

Camden Fort is a sea-battery of 12 heavy guns. The land side is to be remodelled, and about 30 addi- tional guns mounted. Carlisle is a battery of 20 guns, and is to have 30 more. There was here, in Smithes time, the remains of a large regular fortification, with

* Wettmortiand battery was erected by Colonel, afterwards General, Vallancey, in 1791. The barracks were erected in 1806.

TOL. II. 28

426 insTOEY OF cork.

platforms for gun batteries level with the water. There is a portion of the old walls standing to the present day. A 12-gun battery, looking seaward, is contem- plated at the Queenstown Hospital,* one of 6 guns at Whitepointjt and one of 4 guns at Cork-beg J a Mar- tello tower at Eiiigabella, and three Martello towers at Ballycotton. There are five of these towers within what we may call the harbour, for the Great Island is within the harbour, three at the back of this island, one at Haulbowline, and another on the high ground to the south east of Binnaskiddy. Each of these round towers, which some think are built to puzzle future antiquarians, are being mounted, each with a heavy gun, of a long range, which is wheeled round on a circular railroad, so as to look to any point of the compass. These towers might annoy an enemy as well as puzzle an antiquarian. They are sometimes mis- taken by strangers, who are not antiquarians^ for the far-famed Irish Boimd Towers.

On the top of Corrabinny, or the " Bound-hill^" near Camden Fort, was an ancient earthwork of some de- scription. Smith says, ^' On its summit is one of the ancient tumuli, raised to the memory of some Irish or Danish hero of former ages. These sepulohrea were

* Queenstown Ifospifal. '* The old battery under the hospital at Qneemtowu, 'which is now dismantled, should be remodelled, and armed with one tier of heavy guns. The position of this work is admirably adapted for raking tiie ^proeeh to the uDjier part of the harbour, and would afford supjyort to the work on Spiko Islana if attacked on the eastern sidC| on which aide it ia moat eaeilj ■iiilelJe^' Defence CommtMwneri Report.

t irhitepoint, ** We further recommend that a small open battery dundd kt placed on SVhitepoint, to rake the narrow channel between Spike lalnad nd Queenstown, and to aid in the protection of that part of the haroonr."— J Qmmusumera' Iteport,

X Oork'bep. *< It is desirable to occupy Cork-beg with a amali wwfc, to vent an enemy from obtaining possession of it, as weU as to afford a bettor a firo on the harbour."— 2>#/en^ ummieeiomr^ Report*

CABBIGALINE RIYEB. 427

often placed on the sea-i Witness that of JSneas

for his nnrse Caieta, mei by the Mantnan bard,*

in the beginning of the i ^nead : —

« Tu quoque, litoribuB noetris, ^neia nutrix, ^ternam moriens famam Cajeta dedisti. At pins exequiif iBneas rit^ solutis Agg«re oompoaito tamuli, postquam alta quienmt JSquora tendit iter Telii." — .Xntad VII,

The Awn Buidhe, or Yellow, or Carrigaline Biver, discharges itself into Cork harbour, between Corrabinny and Fort Camden, t In a bend of the riyer nestles the little Tillage of Crosshayen. Higher np the stream is Tnbberayoid, or Drake's Pool, where Admiral Sir Francis Drake lay concealed, when chased into the harbour by a superior Spanish fleet. On the right bank of the riyer is Coolmore, the fine demense and mansion of the Bey. E. Newenham, and higher up Carrigaline Castle. On the left bank, Hodder's-field and Ahamartha Castle.

Dr. Smith says, ^^ The first earl of Cork designed to build a town at Carrigaline ; and as it lay nearer the harbour's mouth than the city of Cork, and also had the adyantage of a deep and nayigable channel, he intended it should riyal that city in trade. He was induced to pursue this scheme out of a pique to the

* JVah/imm htard. As thii passage is both correotlj and beaatiftillj rendered by Drjden, we give his rersion : —

.'* And thoQ, 0 matron of immortal fame, Here dying on the shore, has left thy name ; Caieta, still, the place is called from thee, The nurse of great Eneas' infimcy. Now when the prince her funeral rites had paid, And o'er her bones a lofty mound had made. He ploughed the Tyrrhene seas with sails display'd.*'

t Cawiim Fort^ called after John Jeffreys Ptmtt, second Earl of Camden, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1795.

428 insTORT OP cobk.

citizens of Cork, Tvho entered a bye-law in their oomal books, that no citizen should sell any lands or estate la the city to that nobleman ; but the rebellion of 1641 ruined the design." The parish of Cairigaline ia pazfly in the county and city of Cork, and partly in tbi barony of Kinnalea.

Four miles to the south of Carrigaline is the parish of Tracton, where there was an Abbey of Cisterdaii monks, founded by Mac Carthy in 1224. The monkfl| who came from Alba Lauda, in Wales, called flie abbey De Alba Tractu. Great multitudes resorted here, as it was reported the monks were in possesrioD of a portion of the true cross.

Sir James Craig and Henry Gilford got a grant of the abbey and abbey lands from Elizabeth in 1568| on paying the sum of £7 ISs. Sir James Craig saaigpsd his interest to the Earl of Cork, in the seventh year of James I. Smith, writing more than a hnndred yean ago, says, ^^ It is now quite demolished, and near it is the seat of Samuel Daunt, Esquire."

The Daunts are of high and ancient lineage. Some writers on heraldry identify it with Danntre. lioi the wars of the Boses, in the 15th century, the Daunfi were Lancastrians. The following letter, addreseedb)^ Prince Edward, son of King Henry YL and Maigsnt of Anjou, to John Daunt of Gloucester, is taken from a copy in an ancient pedigree of the Daunt fiunily, in the Herald's office, Dublin : —

" To Our Trusty and WeU-beloved John Daunt—

" Trusty and WeU-beloved, Wee greet yowe weU; aoqpudBtag yowe that this day wee be arriyed at Waymoth in 8a&ty«UMndbi our Lorde, and at our landing wee have Imowledge that tbe kfag^i

(f

FITZGERALDS OF COBK-BE0. 429

great rebell Edward, Earl of March, our enemy, approoheth him in armes towards the kinge's highness; which Edward we propose, with God's grace, to encounter with all haste possible. Wherefore wee hartely pray yowe, and in the kinge's name charge yowe, that yowe incontinent, after the sight hereof, come to us wheresoever wee be, with all such felloship as yowe canne make in your most defensible aray, as our trust is that yowe will do.

Written at Waymoth aforesaid, the ziii day of April [1471].

Moreover wee will that yowe charge the Bayliffe of mSr rUn Pdrion to make all the people there to come in tiieir beste aray to us, in all haste, and that the said bayliffe bringe with him the rent for our Lady Day last past, and hee nor the tenants fayle not^ as he intends to have our £Eivour. '* Edwajid."

O'Neill Daunt, of Eflcascan, in the parish o£ Bally- money, is a descendant of this ancient family.

Opposite the mouth of Carrigaline Biyer, and near Carlisle Fort, is Cork-beg, or Little Cork. Cork-beg is a pretty little peninsula, mentioned in old documents as an island. It originally belonged to the Condons, who were buried here. Near the modem mansion of Mr. Penrose Fitzgerald,* are remains of an old castle built by the Condons in 1396. William Condon sold the property to John Fitzedmond Fitzgerald, of Cloyne, in 1591. The purchase of Cork-beg, together with Aghada and other places, was confirmed to John Fitzedmond by James I., in 1608. This Fitzedmond Fitzgerald was, with Sir John Norris and William De Cogan, a member of the parliament assembled in Dublin in 1685, at which the vast estates of ,the Earl of Desmond were confiscated. He protested (as we have shown, vol. i., p. 271) against the wholesale con-

^ Penrose Fitzgerald. — The proper snmame is Penrose. James Penrose, of Woodhill, the grandfather of the present proprietor, married Miss Fitzgerald, the daughter of Colonel Fitzgerald, of Cork«beg, through whom the property descended to the Penroses.

430 HISTORY OF CORK.

fiscation of this princely inheritance, and endeayonred to baffle the Undertakers, when Sir Henry Wallop produced a document, which proved that Fitzedmond had entered into a confederacy with the earl, while in rebellion, to save this property. Fitzedmond was also accused of " compassing the match between the Earl of Clancarty's daughter and Florence Mac Carthy," of whom he was god-father, but his friend, Sir Thomas Norreys, of Mallow, defended him from this charge, in a letter to Sir Francis Walsingham, dated ^^ Yonghall, last of Bep% IbSSJ'— Journal of Eil. Arch. Soeiefy, Yol. iii., p. 239.

Sir Walter Baleigh, writing to the Earl of Leicester from Lismore, says — " I am bold, being bound by very conscience, to commend unto your honour's consider- ation the pitiful estate of John Fitzedmond of Cloyne, a gentleman, and the only one untouched and proved true to the queen, both in this and the last rebellion. Sir Warham St. Leger can deliver his service, what he is, and what he deserveth." It was really handsome of Baleigh, for this Fitzedmond refused to gratify Sir Walter by fighting the battle of Chore Abbey, or Midleton, over again, for which Baleigh charged him with cowardice in the presence of the Earl of .Ormond. There was no one more willing than the TSngKaTi knight, to make the amende honorable. See voL L, pages 257 & 258.

John Fitzedmond had as great a genius or am- bition for the acquisition of other people's property, as Bobert Boyle, and knew how, when the occasion required it, to make as poor a mouth. Among the State Papers, vol. 37, July 2, 1572, is the "Petition

CAHLISLB FORT AND TBABOLGAN. 431

of John Fitzedmond Fitzgerald, of Clone, [Cloyne] oo. Cork, gent.," which recites his services, as sheriff of Cork, against;, the rebels — ^his decay — ^his prayer for the fee farm of Chore, Traoton, Ballymartyr, Cork-beg, and the common gaol of Cork, called the King's Castle, which he will rebuild, and the constableship, with a fee. He also asks for the reversion of the abbey of Tracton, and the parsonage of Cork-beg. The petition is addressed to the Privy Council. The Lord Deputy Mountjoy, in his journey from Cork to Waterford, (March 8th, 1602,) " lodged at Clone, [Cloyne] a town manor house belonging to the bishop of that sea, iut now passed in fee farm to Master John Mtssedmonds^ who gave cheerful and plentifril entertainment to his lordship, and all such of the nobility, captains, gentle- men, and others, as attended him. The deputy, as well to requite his perpetual loyalty to the crown of England, as also to encourage others in the like, at his departure, did honour him with the order of knight- hood."— Pac. ffib.y p. 503.

The site of Carlisle Fort,* and the heath around it, was sold by the late Mr. Penrose Fitzgerald, of Cork- beg, for a very large sum of money, to the government. On the high ground near the fort, stands Kupert's Tower, t and further south, near the mouth of the harbour, the police barracks and the lighthouse, and round the south-east point, Eoche's Tower. In the valley, at the other side of this line of hills, is Tra- bolgan,J the noble mansion and demesne of Lord

♦ (kirlisle Forty so called after Frederick, fifth Earl of Cailisle, who was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1780-1782.

t Super fs Tower. — We cannot say how Ruporf s Tower got this name. Prince Bupart, as we have shown, (vol. ii., p. 87) visited Einsale and Cork in 1649.

X Trabolgany i.e., the shore of the Belgro.— ?r«/Mfo^,

Ii

432 HISTORY OF CORK,

Fennoji the Lieutenant of this county. Trabolgan makes a fine appearance from the sea, just before we round the point to enter Cork harbour. The approach to the house from the land side is frilly a mile in length. The part of the avenue Ijring between the triumphal arch and the house, is lighted with gas lamps, which shine out yery pleasantly among the trees. Lord Fermoy has established a very extensive, and, as well as we can judge, a most perfect flax manu&o« tory on his property. The machineiy is worked by a powerful steam engine; but he does not find the growers keeping pace with him. He united with Mr. Dargan, the great railway contractor, in establishing a similar manufactory at Eildinan, and here, as well as at Trabol- gan, the machinery and workmen are idle for a large portion of the year, for want of the raw materiaL Lord Bandon, his brother, (Colonel Bernard) and Mr. William Shaw, of Woodlands, have laboured for years to promote the growth, and make a market for the sale of flax, but their success bears no proportion to their exertirauu Trade cannot be forced ; but as Mr. Maguire, the mem- ber for Dungarvan, says, in his Irish Indutirial Movement^ written on the occasion of the Cork Exhibi- tion, ^^ I can see no reason why there should be for the future so vast a disparity between the quantity grown in Ulster and the quantity grown in the rest of L:elaad| as there was in 1851 ; why Ulster should grow 128,726 tons, and the rest of Ireland but 14,893 tons. The soil of Ulster is not more suited to its growth than the soil of Munster ; and the same crop which would repay the Ulster farmer for his labor and outlay, would abo repay the Munster farmer for his labor and outlay."

POER HEAD AND WHTEEGATE. 433

But we hope for a better state of thingB, as the result of the operations of the Munster Flax Society, which is employing experienced persons to instruct fEmners how to cultiyate flax, and how to prepare it for the Ulster Market. This society, which receives a small sum from goyemment, quite disproportioned to its objects, giyes small gratuities to aid the erection of scutching mills, and in various ways, to the best of its ability, endeavours to encourage a trade, which took a firm hold of the Irish soil and Irish mind in Ulster, more than 220 years ago. — See vol. ii., p. 47 of this history.

The sea-coast from Trabolgan to Ballycotton is wild and precipitous. Between these two points we have Fewer or Poor head. Here are the ruins of an old castle, standing on a cliff, which rises precipitately above the waters that roar for many a fathom beneath it. We conclude it belonged to a Power or Peer. The Powers predominate in the neighbouring county of Waterford. Jeoffrey Peer was one of the witnesses to the charter or grant made by Henry II. to Fitz- stephen and De Cogan.

But to turn inland. The pretty village of White- gate lies embayed on the south side of Cork harbour, as we round the peninsula of Cork-beg. It contains about one hundred houses, many of them occupied by fishermen. They have a clean and cheerful appearance. There was a great deal of straw plait manufactured in this village. Crochet work has taken its place, as it has done in a hundred other villages throughout the country. The village of Whitegate is partly in the parish of Cork- beg and partly in that of Aghada.

434 niSTOBY OF cobk.

Aghada, which name * seems to mark the site of a battle, is about a mile and a half from Whitegate. The village is small, but the great fEtcilities afforded by river steamers — ^which stop at Aghada pier — ^for tra- velling to Cork, and by oars to Cloyne and BallyoottoD, is improving the value of property in this part of the harbour. Some good houses and pretty cottages are springing up along the shore.

Adjoining Aghada isL the village of Farsit. Mr. Windele, in his " Historical Notices," says, "It for- merly gave name to the whole harbour, which, in early times, was called Beala-far-sid, t.^., the ford of the man of Sidon, a name clearly indicating one of those early settlements of the Phcenician navigators, known in later times as Cuthites or Scots."

We think this derivation of Farsit, or the man of Sidon, rather far-fetched. Doctor O'Donovan infonns me that ^^ Fersat "f ^^ applied to several sandbaiiks, formed by a fresh-water river and the refluent tide. Bel-fersaite, now Belfast, was called from a sandbank of this nature, which was crossed by the people when the tide was out.

Bostellan demesne, formerly belonging to the Mar- quis of Thomond, now the property of Mr. Wise, occupies a tongue of land about a mile broad, between the creeks of Farsit and Saleen.

♦ Which name.—*' Aghada, belonging to a fight or battle— contantioni. owr. Te]some:'—(/linlly's Irish Dictionary. ^

t Fersat.— In the counties of Mayo and Sligo there are Tarioii8/#r««ei of CUi kind, which can be crossed when the tide is out. ^Die coimtzT peopla. who fl«- quentlj cross them, mark their position by two heaps of stonea, t£it ther venture on them while they are as yet covered by the ebbing tide. TIm ta monest direction given by them to a stranger travelling on foot ii, " If yoa get th% fersat, you can shorten the way by four milea." " You iml And it m to wait for the/«-;M^ than to go round by tiie bridge." J)r,ODm9Hm,

ROSTELLAN DEMESNE. 435

The third and last Marquis of Thomond died July 3rd, 1855, leaving no descendant; " on which occasion," says Sir Bernard Burke, '^ the marquessate of Thomond, and earldom of Inchiquin, and the barony of Thomond of Taplow, became extinct ; but the barony of Inchi- qnin devolved on Sir Lucius O'Brien, Baronet of Dromoland, now thirteenth Lord Inchiquin."

BosteUan was sold on the death of the last marquis, and purchased by Mr. Wise, The name of Wysse, Wyse, or Wise, is of great antiquity in England as well as Scotland. The armoria] bearings of Wise and Wise- man shew the English and Scottish branch sprung from the same stem. The family took root in Scotland at an early period. We find them ranged under the standard of the heroic Bruce, in opposition to Edward. A Wise commanded — under Bruce — the force by which the lord of Lome was defeated, at Branderawe, in 1301. His standard was displayed in 1314 at the ever memorable battle of Bannockbum. Thomas Alexander Wise, Esq., M.D., F.E.S.E., late of Hill- bank, in the county of Forfar, in Scotland, is now resid- ing at Kostellan House, from whom I have received the following memoranda : —

" The oldn church * of Eostellan was situated near the battery,! in^front of the castle. It has long since disappeared. A sycamore tree, beneath which the cler- gyman is * read ' into the parish, points out the spot

* The old chureh.—JioQioT Wise has lately discoTered, in the demesne, the foondations of what was once called the '* Old monastery."

t The battery. — The wall at the west end of Eostellan demesne, and its round

tower, has the appearance of a battery, and here are four brass pleees pointing

down the harbour, on one of which we read — ** Assubbvs Kosteb mb Feoit,

r Amstelrbdam, a? 1646." We conclude from the date, it was brought here by

k Inchiquin, when generd of the Parliamentary troops. The other three pieces

.. are of more modem date, 1786.

436 HISTOEY OF COBX.

where it stood. Near this is the site of the anoieiit churchyard, which may still be distinguished in diy seasons, by the grass drying np over flag-stones^ pro- bably left near the surface. It is believed by many of the inhabitants, that an old woman cursed the Tho- monds for removing the grave-stone of her fsunily, to pave a new kitchen. She predicted they would never have a direct heir, and that crows would never build their nests in the woods of Bostellan. Both proved true. The three Marquises^ of Thomond bad no male heir, and crows do not build upon the stately trees near the castle. I can find no flag stonea in the kitchen floor that could have been tomb-stoneBi and as cranes have taken possession of the trees^ this accounts for the absence of crows.

^' In the entrance hall of the castle of Bostellan, was a large two-handed sword and a helmet^ that had belonged — it is said — to the renowned Brian Boni| the progenitor of the Thomond family. On the sale of the property, the sword was left, but the helmet| which was a comparatively modem piece of armour, removed. Its real history was discovered on the occasion of tiie nieces of the late Admiral Sir Bichard Ghrant, visiting Bostellan. On that occasion the old admiral requested them to enquire for ' the helmet he had picked tg^ m SpaiUj and which had for years decorated his ship's cabin,' and which, at the request of the marquis, he had sent to Bostellan, as a suitable companion to the two-handed sword."

In the hall of Bostellan is a statue, in lead, of Ad- miral Lord Hawke, ordered by the corporation of OoiA» The excitement having cooled down before the statue

ADMIBAL HAWKE's STATUE. 437

-was completed, the work was left on the artist's hands. The Earl of Inchiquin became the purchaser, and set it np near the battery, with its back towards the un- grateful city. It fell from its pedestal many years ago, and lay buried beneath a heap of rubbish. Here it was discovered by Doctor Wise, in a sadly battered state, wanting a nose, which has been supplied with great skill. The admiral is now established in the hall of Sostellan, amidst a splendid array of guns, pistols, blunderbusses, swords, spears and daggers, of ^ eyery imaginable size and shape, intermingled with the antlers of Irish deer, and the heads of Indian tigers. Here the old warlike admiral* must feel quite at home. The conduct of the corporation to Lord Chatham,* or rather to his statue, was on a par with their conduct to Admiral Hawke. When Cork supported and lauded the measures of the great statesman, he praised both i city and citizens, of which they shewed their appre- ciation by voting him a statue, and the freedom of the city in a gold box. When Cork was quoted against Chatham, " Quote Cork against me, forsooth," thun- dered the great commoner — " What do I care for what is done in Cork, that refuge for pirates, that spawning ground for smugglers, and prolific nursery of priva- teers." It was after this that his statue was stow.ed

^* The old icarlike admiral. We conclade that Her Majesty'i ship Smok^ which, for the last few years, has been guard-ship of our harbour, was called after this old admiral.

* Lord Chatham was a descendant of the Fitzgeralds of Dronuma. A branch of the English YiUiers settled in Ireland, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and became ennobled, in the Irish peerage, by the title of Orandiaon Ed. Yillien, the eldest son of George, fourth Viscount Orandison, married, in 1676, Catherine, daughter and heiress to John Fitzgerald, of Dromana. The third danehter of that marriage, Harriet Yilliers, married Kobert Pitt, of Booonnoo, and Mcame mother to Lord Chatham, and grandmother of William Pitt, the younger.

438 HISTORY OP CORK.

away in a wooden box. It has lately emerged from the box, and now adorns the Cork Athenaeum.

But this was nothing to their ingratitude and dis- loyalty to James II. We quote from Mr. Windele's Historical Notices^ page 20 : " In the County Grand Jury Eoom is a wooden statue of William III., the history of which is not a little curious. It originally represented his father-in-law, James, but on his down- fall, the statue was dishonorably flung aside, having, however, been first, for the sins of the original, deca- pitated. For several years it had lain neglected, under the stairs leading to the offices, until the rebuilding of the old Court House, (King's Old Castle,) in 1806, when it was once more placed on a pedestal in the Grand Jury Boom, at^d the lost head replaced hg that of William. From the old it was removed to the new Grand Jury Eoom, by order, in 1836." Cork has very many sins to answer for on the score of numu- ments to great men. George II. is fast sinking into the belly of his horse, and the horse is supported by an ugly crutch. There is the monument of Father Mathew ; or, I ought rather to ask, Where is the munmr ment of Father Mathew ?

The Bostellan property has been greatly improved since it came into the possession of the Wise fiunily. I went over the estate about three years ago, with a friend, who thought of purchasing it, and it is so altered for the better, in its woods and walks, its tillage and its pasturage, that, to use a conmion expression, I should scarcely have known it

CHAPTER XIX.

3B01CLECHS — CASTLE-MART — CLOTNB CATBEDBAL — BOUND

TOWER — BISHOP BERKELEY TOWN OF CLOTNE — MABGABET

COBKEB— WILLIAM FENN — ^BALLTCOTTON.

Phb barony of Imokilly * 13 distinguished for its old nonument3, be they Christian or Druidical. An meient cromlech, or tomb, stands on the strand of Saleen, within Eostellan demesne. The top, or **altar- itone," as it is sometimes called, fell down, but has >een restored by Doctor Wise. The stones of a second H*omlech are lying near the path above the shore, rhere is a very fine one in the beautiful demesne if Mr. Longfield, of Castle-Mary. The top stone is 1 6 feet in length, by 11 in breadth.

Some think these stones are merely monumental, to nark the ashes of the dead; others, that they are [)ruidieal altars, on which sacrifices were offered. Doctor Smith, speaking of the altar at Castle-Mary, ays, " Adjoining it is a large round flag-stone, or able, which was probably used for cutting up the dctims for the sacrifice." Again, " This place was tailed formerly Cot's- rock, from the remains of a Jruid's altar." He adds in a note, " This altar was lamed, in Irish, Carig croith| the Sun's-rock. The

* Imokilly is derived, by Doctor O'DonoTan, from TJi-Mocaille, the name of p ancient Irish sept, of which Mac Tire, of Oastlemartyr, was the chief at the bne of the JEngUsh invasion.

440 HISTORY OP CORK.

ancient Irish worshipped the sun, and swore by its head." Could Cot's-rock be a corruption of Gk)dV Tocky and God's-rook the English translation of Grom- leac, or God's flag or stone? Mr. Windele saya^ " Crom was the Supreme Power, the Jupiter Tonans of the ancient Irish." Or could Cot's, or Cat's-rock, 6e a sort of half translation of the original name, Otarraiji' a-catha^ *^ the Eock of worship." " And Jacob aroee up early in the morning, and took the stone that he had put for his pillow, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil upon it, and he called the name of that place Beth' El^ ^ Qod's-house.' " — Gen. chap. xviiL, T. 18, 19. Bising behind Fermoy is the mountain of Caim-na-Thiama^ in English, the Lord's-heap, a name expressive of the cairn, or heap of stones on its Bummit In Irish, Ti-mhor signifies the Supreme Being; and Ti-ama, a lord or prince ; but may not the term lotd be sometimes used, as in English, in the saperior sense ?

The old cathedral town of Cloyne is about tiiree miles from Bostellan. It is called in Irish ChoM* Umha^ ^^The Lawn of the Cave." There axe some very deep and interesting caves in a lawn or field near the old cathedral, where tradition says the early Christians sought shelter from the Druids. Theae caves are thus described by Bishop Bennett, in a letter to Doctor Parr : — " At the end of the garden is whit we call a rock shrubbery, a walk leading under young trees, among sequestered crags of ' limestone, whieh hang many feet above our heads, and ending at tie mouth of a cave of unknown length and depth, whieh branches to a great distance under the earth, and is

CLOYNE CATHEDRAL. 441

tanctified by a thonsand wild traditions." A subter- ranean river or stream runs through these mysterious md dark caves.

A bishopric was established in Cloyne in the sixth lentury. Coleman, the first bishop, is generally con- idered to have been a disciple of St. Finn-Barr, of )ork. His church at Cloyne is thus described by the luthor of the life of St. Brendan : — " Erat hie Cole- aanus, filius Lenini, vita et doctrin^ inter sanctos ireecipuus. Ipse fundavit ecclesiam Clonensem^ qusD Bt hodie cathedralis et famosa in partibus Momonise. ylaruit in seculo sexto, sed placide tandem in Domino •bdormivit anno C04."

Mr. Croker describes the cathedral as a '^ small leavy building, without any pretension to ornament." 3ishop Bennett concluded it was built between the niddle and close of the thirteenth century, as it has 10 mouldings of the zigzag kind, nail-'headed or billeted dnd, nor round arched windows, which distinguish irhat is called the Saxon, or rather Norman archi- ecture, before the introduction of the Gothic, in the ime of Henry III.

There is an old manuscript in the British Museum, vhich is believed to have belonged to Sir James Ware, Slo. LI. ; of the Clarendon Collection, 4,796. It con- ains the following account of the virtues of Cloyne as i place of burial.

"In the life of Ryan it is set down, that the best bloods of reland have chosen their bodies to be buried in Cloyne, which ihoice, for that Ryan had such power, being a holy bishop, through

* FUius Lenini. — He is called Coleman Mao Lenine. He is thought to have loen oonsin-germaln to St Bridget.

▼OL. II. d9

442 msTOiiY OP corx.

the will of God, that what souls harboured in the bodies buried under that dust, may never be adjudged to damnation, wiierefore those of the said blood, have divided the churchyard amongst themselves, by the consent of Ryan and his holy clerks."

In Cloyne we have a very fine specimen of a Boundk^ Tower, now used as a belfrey.* " Near the churoh,*^" says Dr. Smith, ^^ stands a ronnd tower, 02 feet higtr: and 10 feet in diameter. The door is about 13 fee^^ from the ground, and faces the west entrance of th^ church, as all the doors of these kind of buildings do^ that I have seen." The most correct and minute de- scription of this tower is that by Richard Bolt Brash , Esquire, architect, in the Journal of the Kilkenny Arch83ological Society, vol. ii., pp. 263-266. Erom this valuable and learned paper we find the Cloyne tower is 100 feet and 2| inches in height, and 9 feet 2 inches in diameter at the sill of the doorway. It is divided into storeys by seven off-sets. It is built of a yellowish brown sandstone, in spawled rubble woric, and not in courses. A small portion of limeHrtone^ and a few blocks of red sandstone are used at flie facings.

Doctor Fetrie has written a very able, leamedi and elaborate work, containing 256 architectural illnBtiar tions, in order to prove that these towers are of CShriS' tian origin, and were intended for belfireys and places of protection. He draws the following oondnBioiis from his premises, or extensive collection of feota :—

1. That the Irish were unacquainted with the art of constructing an arch, or with the use of

* A belfrey. — A bell waa hung in tbis tower, in 1683vpi6Mnt«d by ikm Bfi^ Rowland Davies, Dean of Ross, and afterwards of Cork. Tne towor as a prison, from wbich a daring fellow, named Colbort, ontside, bj means of the bell-rope.

ROUND TOWERS. 443

anterior to the introduction of Christianity. These towers have arches^ and are built with stone and lime* cement.

2. That no building in Ireland, assigned to pagan times, displays the existence of architectural skill necessary for the construction of such towers.

3. That no writer, previous to Qeneral Valiancy, attributes the round towers to any other than a Chris- tian, or, at least, a medisBval origin.

Doctor Petrie promises to shew, in another work, descriptive of ancient churches and towers — which he has not yet published — that these buildings are never found unconnected with ancient ecclesiastical founda- tions; that they exhibit no features which are not found in the churches with which they are connected ; that on several of them Christian emblems are observ- able; and that their whole style of architecture is Christian. In proof of their original use, as belfreys, he argues, that the Irish, from an early period, had campanilia, called in Irish annals and other ancient authorities, cloictheach^ and that clogas^ a synonymous term, or a corrupted form of the same term, is used in Ireland to the present day. In proof of their object and use as places of refuge and safety, he quotes Colonel Montmoreucy's " Historical and Critical In- quiry into the use of the Irish Pillar Tower," and Sir Walter Scott's " Review of Eitson's Annals of the Caledonians, Picts and Scots." We give the passages:

'* The pillar-tower, as a defensive hold, taking into account the period that produced it, may fairly pass for one of the completest inventions that can well be imagined. Impregnable every way, ai.d proof against fire, it could never be taken by assault. Although

444 HISTORY OP CORK.

the abbey and its dependencies blazed around, the tower disregarded the fury of the flames ; its extreme height, its isolated position, and diminutive doorway, elevated so many feet above the g^und, plaoed it beyond the reach of the besieger. The signal once made, an- nouncing the approach of a foe, by those who kept watch on the top, the alarm spread instantaneously, not only among the wm^toa of the cloister, but the inhabitants were roused to arms in th^ country many miles around. Should the barbarians, in the interval^ before succour arrived, succeed in ransacking the convent, anft. afterwards attempt to force his entrance to the tower, a «loiiea» dropped from on high, would crush Mm to atoms."

Sir Walter Soott writes as follows:

" In Ireland there exists nearly thirty of these very peonBar buildings, which have been the very cnues antiqttariorum. They could not have been beacons, for they are often placed in low aitoa- tions, although there are sites adjacent well calculated for witch towers. They could not be hermitages, unless we sappoae that some caste of anchorites had improved on the idea of Simon Stylites, and taken up their abode in the hollow of such a pillar as that of which the Syrian holy man was contented to occupy the top. They could hardly be belfreys, for although always placed dose cr nssr to a church, there is no aperture at the top for suffering the ■ound of bells to be heard.

«< Minarets they might have been accounted, if we had authority for believing that the ancient Christians were summoned to prajgs like the Mahometans, by the voice of criers. It is, howeter, sU bnft impossible to doubt that they were ecclesiastical buildiiiga, and the most distinct idea we are able to form of them is, from the circumstance that the inestimably singular scene of Irish antiqai- ties, called the seven churches in the county Wicklow» indndss one of those round towers, detached in the usual mamiflr, and another erected on the gable end of the nunons chapel ct 6t Kevin, as if some architect of genius had discovered the means of uniting the steeple and the church. These towers might fomHj have been contrived for the temporary retreat of the priest, and the means of protecting the * holy things ' from deseeration on the 00- cosion of alarm, which, in those uncertain times, suddenly and as suddenly passed away."

BEBKBLEY AND SWIFT. 44$

Some distinguished men were bishops of Cloyne. JLmong the most eminent, I may mention Doctor George Berkeley, to whom Pope ascribes every Tirtue under heaven. He was promoted to the see of Cloyne by Queen Caroline, the consort of George II., the 17th of March, 1734. When Lord Chesterfield, in 1746, offered him Clogher, worth twice as much, he declined it, because ^^ he had enough," and he ^^ admired the scenery of Cloyne." He wrote many valuable works» but thought more of his tract on " Tar Water," than any other of his productions. He candidly acknow- ledged that he looked upon tar water as a sort of panacea. The work by which he acquii*ed the greatest notoriety was his " Principles of Human Knowledge," written to meet the infidel objiBctions, then in vogue, respecting the independent self-existence of matter. He argued, and argued truly, that we have no proof of the existence of matter, but by our perceptions. Those who did not understand him, imagined that he denied the existence of matter, and laughed at him for it ; and those who did understand him had no objection to join in the laugh. Dean Swift visited Cloyne, and entered the palace while Berkeley was in the garden, either tending his plants, or making ex- periments on the virtues of tar water. A heavy shower of rain caused him to seek the shelter of the house, the door of which he found closed against him. He knocked, but got no admittance. Looking up to the windows, he saw the witty dean grinning down on him, and said, " Come down and let me in ; don't you see the rain?" — " There's no such thing as rain," replied Swift, *^ it is merely a perception."

A

440 HISTORY OP CORK.

He left Cloyne for Oxford in the July of 1752, in order to roperintend the education of his son. Am he disapproved of non-reBidence, he offered to resiga Us bishopric, but the king would not hear of it^ allowing him to live where he pleased. Has last aot^ before leaving Cloyne, was to make an arrangement by which £200 was distributed annually among tiM poor householders of Cloyne, Aghada, and the Bela- bouring villages. He left Cloyne for Oxford, in July, 1752. On Sunday evening, January 14th, 1763, he was lying on his oouoh, listening to one of Bishop Sherlock's sermons, which his wife was reading to him, when he was seized with what his physioians oalled a palsey of the heart, and expired so suddenly and quietly, that it was only when his daughter went to give him a cup of tea she perceived he was dead, ffis remains were interred in Christ Churoh, Oxford, where a monument is erected to his memory. In penran he was stout and well made ; his face was benignant and expressive, his manners kind and polite, and his oon- vcrsation, when excited, on the independent self- existence of matter, or the virtues of tar water, warm, animated, and enthusiastic.

Crofton Croker describes the town of Cloyne, in 1824, as straggling and miserable, composed of mnd cabins and an inferior description of houses. In 1800 the number of houses was 308, and people 1600. In 1813 it contained about 2,000 inhabitants. In 1838 tlie number was 2,227. The town consists of two streets, intersecting each other at right angles. The number of houses is about 850, which are small and irregularly built. The only manufiwture in the town

I

M

WILLIAM PENlt's PESGENDANTS. 447

is that of brognes and hats. The land in the neigh- bonrhood of Cloyne is most excellent. Limestone prevails throughout the district. There is a quarry of fine Italian dove coloured marble at Carrigaorump.

In the neighbourhood of Cloyne is the castle of Ballymaloe^ the former residence of the Corkers, who came to Ireland with King William. The family tomlx is in Cloyne Cathedral. A Miss Corker was buried here. When the tomb was opened, some years ago, an orange silk handkerchief was found binding her brow; and I am credibly inibrmed,. by a lady, a near relative of the family, who saw the precious relic, that ^^a guinea was freely given for a square inch or two of it."

Shanagarry is about two miles from Cloyne. We have shewn that the Shanagairry estate wad granted by Charles II. to the famous Quaker, William Fenn, in exchange for Macroom, which was restored to its proper owner, Lord Muskerry. Mr. Peter Penn-. Gaskell, a lineal descendant of William Penn, has been residing at Shanagarry House for the last two or three years. He inherits a portion of Penn's Irish property, as well as property in Pennsylvania, or Phil-, adelphia. William Penn was married twice. First, in 1672, to Guielma Maria Springett, from whom Mr. Penn-Gaskell is descended. He married a second time, in 1696, Hannah Callowhill. His sons, Thomas* and Eichard, by this marriage, were joint proprietors of Pennsylvania.

Ballycotton is a good fishing village, about four

♦ Thomas. This Thomaa married Lady Juliana Fermor, daughter of the Earl Pomfret. Their daughter, Sophia Margaret, married, in 1796, Archbishop Stuart. Primate of Armagh, and d^cd in 1847, whose daughter, M«rj Juliana, marriea Thomas, Viscount Northland, now Earl of Ranfurley.

448 HISTORY OF CORK.

miles from Cloyne, on the south- western shore of St ^ George's channel. The harbour would be^ like Cork ^ a ^^ Static bene fida carinis," if the two islands at i entrance were united to each other, and to the mail land. One of these islands is crowned with a fin. lighthouse. There is an island, or rock, further ou called the Cottony from which, of course, we hav^c Ballycotton.

The town is becoming the resort, in summer, of sea- bathers, many of whom are satisfied to reside in the cabins of fishermen, which are fitted up for their temporary accommodation.

I saw, in many of the houses, or oabins, of this village, a bellows of a very curious construotioxu It is a sort of little windmill, built into the hob, which is hollow. You turn a handle, as you would that of a grindstone, and the air rushes out through a tube at the Btde of the fire. It performs its object perfectly, and it has this advantage, that ffour neigMnmrM cannot hmmrn iiy and must, therefore, provide for themselvefl. It would be well if every village in Ireland had this sort of bellows. It would save poor people a great deal of time, lost in borrowing. There is nowhere yoa hear the question so often put as in Ireland, '* TFS2Z ffem lend me the loan of your bellows ? " And the wont of it is they all want it about the same time. We strongly recommend the Ballycotton bellows to all poor people. A handy-man might erect one at his firs side, in two or three hours, at the cost of a ahillingi or the utmost, one and sixpence^

CHAPTER XX.

CABIIGTOHILL — JAMES II. AT BAI.LIN8PBE&IG BARBT's COUBT

— MIDLBTON — MOOBEI.Y — 0A8TLBMABTTB — LBPBB HOUBB — KII.LBAOH — ^AOHADOB — ^YOUGKAL — BLACKWATEB.

The distance by rail, from Cork to Yonghal, is twenty- seyen miles. The completion of this railway, which was commenced many years ago and broke down, is altogether owing to the ability, enterprise, and capital of D. Leopold Lewis, Esquire, of London, who has lately purchased the town of Youghal from the Duke of Devonshire.

The principal stations on the Youghal line of rail- way, are Carrigtohill, Midleton and Eilleagh.

Carrigtohill * is described by Smith as ^^ a small village, eight [Lish] miles fix)m Cork, seated on an arm of the sea, which at high water flows under a bridge of eight arches, and overspreads a large tract of land, making an excellent marsh for fattening horses." It is scarcely correct to call the marsh an arm of the sea. Carrigtohill lies to the north of the Little Island, round which a stream of salt water still manages to creep. In the old parish church of Carrig- tohill is a monument of Italian marble, erected to the memory of Sir James Cotter, of whom we have spoken

* Carrt^tohUi, or CarrigtfMU, meaiiB " ft CftTtd rock," from tarri^^ a rock, &nd toUUy a cave The limettone rock ftboonda here.

450 HISTOKT OF COBK.

largely in this history. Sir James lived at Ballio- sperrig, now Annesgrove, near the village. There is a tradition that James II. lodged here ; and the tradi- tion gains support from an elegy written on Sir James Cottar's death, in which Ballinsperrig is oalled ^' Tk$ Palace of Jame^P In an inventory of the household furniture, taken at Sir James' death, is ^^ a velvet bed. and hanging, with gold brocade," in which the king* is supposed to have slept. The bed was afterwaids given, or sold, to Lord Barrymore, and burned at the fire of Barry's Court.

Smith dismisses Barry's Court in two lines. ^' Haif- a-mile to the south [of CarrigtoMQ] is the ruin of the castle of Barry's Court, which gave title of Banm to the Earls of Barrymore." The castle is a noUe ruin — and not altogether a ruin — ^for it is well roofed in, and used as a bam and granary. It is a quadran- gular structure, of the 14th century, about 70 feet high, and has three towers communicating at eaoh storey with the principal apartments. There is a tra- dition, that Barry's Court was erected on a more anoient structure belonging to the Lyons or Lehanes of CSaatle- Lyons, and that in removing the rubbish to lay tiie foundation of the Norman structure, a stone was found with this inscription, " 0 Lehan hoc fecit kohl" Doctor O'Donovan does not " believe a word about the inscription."

The arches of the old castle are beautifully tamed. The marks of the chisel on the cut stone around the doors and windows are, in appearance, quite fredu It is said that Giraldus Cambrensis penned a portion of his account of the Irish-Norman conquest in thia

babbt's court. 451

castle, but I conclude it was in a fonner structure^ perhaps on this site. The Norman castles of Carri- galine and Ahamartha, on tl|| Carrigaline river, bear the marks of far greater age. Over the chimney- piece of the apartment above the chapel (for there is a dispel in the castle of Barry's Court) are inscribed —

k^JkC^ 1688, I.H.8. D.B. ET. E.B. UE. EI.E.B. I. PECFBVT.

*^ David Barry and Eliza Boche caused me to be erected." In another apartment is ^^ ▲.d. 1596."

William Coppinger, Esquire, is now the proprietor of Barry's Court. The name is of Danish origin, but Mr. Coppinger is descended on the female side, from the Mao Mahons of Clare, where his principal property lies.*

Midleton is thirteen miles from Cork. It is so called from its being nearly midway between Cork and Youghal. The original name, as we have already shewn, (vol. i. p. 267,) was Chore Abbey, from the Abbey of Mary de Chore, established by Barry Fitz- gerald. The town received a charter of incorporation from Charles II., dated June 10, 1670, which granted to Sir John Brodrick, knt., that his estate should be constituted of the manor of Midleton, with a seneschal, or court baron, and a court of record, with jurisdiction within the manor to the amount of JC200, and that the

* Mat Mahont of Clarty whert his primeipai property Ue$. Mr. Dftnitl Owen If Addyn tells the following story respectioff thif propertj. ^ The Mae Mahon estate, in the county Clare, now held hy Mr. Coppinger, of Barry's Court, waa ooce in frreat jeopardy, as the Mac Mahona had reaaon to fear a diseorerer. A ▼err spiiited, though ancient maiden, a Miai Mao Mahon, reaoWed to eztricata her family b} becoming a Protestant. Before doing so, she coanilted a friar opon the propriety of her intentions. He very firankly told her, that if for the sake of lucre she would change her creed, she would imperil ber sooL " Here goea, then." she cried, *' better at any time that the aoul of an old maid ihoold go to the deril, than that the property of the Mac Mahons of Clare ahoold go to the Protestants"

452 HISTOEY OF eOBE.

town^ with the oastlid lands of Castle Bedmond and Cor- Abbey, part of the said manor, should be a free borough and corporation, under the designation of the ^^ borough and town of Midleton." It returned two members to the Irish parliament previous to the a49t oi Independence, and one from that to the XJnioni idien it was disfii^nchised. The present lord of the manor is Charles Brodrick,* Viscoimt Midleton.

The town is described by Smith, as oonBisting of ^^ One long street, ranging from the north to the south bridges." Midleton has made great strides during the last thirty years. The Midleton distillery, the pro- perty of the Messrs. Murphy, is one of the largest in the South of Ireland. It employs about 150 penKms* The weekly arerage wages is from £90 to JBIOO..

In the parish of Dungoumey, to the north eaat of Midleton, is an ancient Irish rath ; and on a rooky near the church, the remains of a castle of the BairySi a collateral branch of the Barrymores, which collateral branch possessed the Dungoumey property, fixmi 1816 to 1700.

Castlemartyr, the residence of the Earl of Shannon, is not far from the Mogeely station. It was formerly called Ballymartyr. Here, before the English oon- quest, dwelt Mac Tire, chieftain of the anoient sept of XJi Mocaille, from which the barony of Imokilly gets its name. This was the Mac Tirid who, << stealing

* JBrodrick.—Sir Alan Brodrick, knt., came to Ireland, and ■accetdad Sir Adam Loftas, in 1660, as surveyor and estimator of Iriah forfeitad aitalei. Bi ohtained considerable grants of land in Ireland. Alan Brodrickt ta cndMat lawyer, chairman of the Irish House of Commons, Solicitor and Attomej^GcMnli and Lord Hi^h Chancellor, was adyanced to the peerage of Ireliuid, in ITlVf* Baion Brodnck, of Midleton, and was created Visooont Midleton in 1717. » present and sixth Tisoount succeeded to the title on die death of hk oowiik in 1848.

I

CASTLEMARTYR AND KILLEAGH. 453

suddenly and unawares," upon Milo de Cogan and young Fitz-Stephen, "treacherously murdered them, and five of their servants," at Lismore, to which he * had invited them, in 1185. %ee vol. i., p. 25,

Castlemartyr afterwards came into the possession of Fitzgerald, who inherited from his kinsman, Fitz- stephen. It subsequently came into the possession of the Cork or Boyle family. The first Earl of Orrery got the town erected into a borough in 1663, "with the nomination of the chief magistrate, recorder, town clerk, clerk of the market, and other proper officers, to the earl and his heirs for ever ; " with the privilege of Bending two members to parliament.

Smith says, Castlemartyr was anciently called Lepetr^% town J from a leper-house belonging to an adjacent place called Ballyouteragh.* Luckombe, speaking of Midle- ton, or Chore Abbey, says, " Near the water side is an ancient building, supposed to have been used as a leper- house.'^ We learn from Bishop Dive Downes, that the Cork Blue-coat school stands near the convent and leper-house of St. Stephen. There can be no doubt that a disease called leprosy prevailed at one time throughout this county. The poet Spenser, comparing England with Ireland, says : —

** No waling there, no wretchedness is heard. No bloodie issues, nor no leprosies."

The pretty town, or village, of Elilleagh is twenty miles from Cork. The name is thought by some to mean grey church, from cill4iath^ but Doctor O'Donovan

* ^ Ballyouteraghy which was a Tillage of some note. There is a tn tf

its having been remarkable for a copper factory, Ballyoutery signifying ^ u hraziers. Yet is no copper ore near this place, but iron mines almost e i round iV—SmUKi History of Obrkf Tol. i., p. 125.

454 HISTORY OP cobk.

tells me that ^^ every Killeagh ^ in Ireland is caiU- liath^ grey wood." He has ^^ no reooUection of a dll- ' liath, grey church "

The town consists of one regular street, neatly builb, containing about 160 houses. A nunnery is said t43 have been founded here, in the 7th oenturyi by St^. Abban, near the spot where the parish chureh nov^ stands. A very handsome new 6atholio ohapel haA just been built here. There is a railway station here. Near the town, and on the rising ground, aboye the road to Youghal, is Drondihy House and demesne, the seat of Soger Gh*een Davis ; here, also, is Mount TJniacke, the residence of Norman Uniaokei and Aghadoe House, which is thus described by a writer, in 1836. The principal seat is Aghadoe Hoiisei the residence of Sir Arthur de Capell f Brooke^ baxonet^ not more remarkable for natural beauties than for its having remained in the same family more than 600 years, while nearly all the other estates in the South of Ireland have been confiscated. It was granted| in 1172, to Philip de Capell, lineal ancestor of the pre* sent baronet, and id called by the peasantry ^'the maiden estate," to distinguish it from the numerous forfeited properties in its vicinity.

Smith speaks of ^^ Aghada, the house and plantations of Richard Supple." Richard Brooke Supple, F«B.8.| assumed the sign manual, and the original surname of

« Every Killeagh.— There is a Killeaffh in the King's Oonntj, in the Comlr Clare, in the Counties Antrim, London(&rry, Donegi^ Tippenuji Watwford^ and Cork.

fSir Arthur de Capell Brooke. Philip de Capell came OT«r with Fiti- Stephen, who made him a grant of the A^iadoe estate. It if ftUl held bj tha original tenure of knights' service, the annnal presentation of aptir <tf apnnat Easter. Cable or Capell island, near Toughal, maj hare been UMlvdMiatht

grant. Hence the name.

[

KILLEAGH TO YOUGHAL. 455

his family, in 1797, more than 50 years after Smith wrote his history. Sir Bernard Burke, in his Peerage, speaks of an old MS. in the British Museum, whioh' gives a list of English families that came to Ireland in the time of Henry II., Eichard I., and John, in which are found that of " James Cappell, otherwise Capell, otherwise Supple, Baron," Bichard Supple married Mary Brooke, and succeeded to the estates of Great Oakley, and took the name of Brooke.

From Toughal to Cork is twenty-seven miles hy rail, and from Killeagh to Youghal, seven miles. The railway runs near the shore. Nearly the whole of this coast was at one time covered with timher, which has left the usual deposit of peat, or turf. Youghal, or Eo-coill, signifies a " yew wood." The following heau- tiful passage, from Mr. Hayman's Annals of Youghal — a work to which we must refer the reader for a correct and circumstantial history of this old and interesting town — is as true as it is poetical: — "The opening scene of human colonization is, generally, beside a river's mouth. On the shore, the wigwam of the savage first sends up its wreathing volumes of smoke; and by-and-by the settlement is formed, and some chief chosen to give laws to the community. The estuary of the Blackwater in Munster must have attracted the attention of settlers from the remotest times. The aborigines, who shunned the toil of cultivating the earth, would find strong inducement to tarry on a spot where, by launching a canoe, their animal cravings would be immediately satisfied with the abimdant sup- plies of both river and sea."

Youghal is a borough town, and before the act

456 HISTORY OP CORK,

Independence, returned two members to the Iriish par^ liament. Its first foundation is of remote antiquity. It received from King John a charter of incorporation, as early as 1209, which is still preserved among the archives of Lismore Castle, the property of the Duke of Devonshire.

The charter of the 49 Edward III. directs that the dues hitherto paid at Cork for certain staple articles, shall be henceforth paid in the port of YoughaL The following petition from Cole's Exchequer Documents, illustrative of English history, proves there was a receiver of customs in the port of Youghal, as early as the 18 Edward I. :—

** Petition of William | To the noble King of Englana and to bit DK Berkamstbdb. | Council, William de Berkamstede Aew^

eth, that he has been in the kingfi kt* vice in Ireland at lokel, [Youghal] to keep the new eiiitoiii« IS years, by the order of the Justiciary and of the TVeasurer* and itSl is there, and has had nothing for his services nor for hia work &r all that time, by great labour, and a great part thereof haa beeft faj reason of the keeping of this custom, because he Uvea at all timns in the said town, to deliyer the merchants who cannot be ddajed. And a companion, who is joined with him to keep the cnatCHii, who has the half of the king's seal to keep as a check upon him, and the half of the indented roll, is paid for all his time and lor all bia service, aad aUowanee mode at the exchequer of Divelyn [Dabtm.] Of this the said William prays the king's gp:ace, that hia aearrioe finr all the said time be aUowed to him, for the soul of King Heniy^ The king directs that a writ be sued to the justice, that bis reaaon- able service be paid to him by those who put him into offioOt and who ought to pay his demand/'

The Bar rock renders the approach to the harbonr of Youghal dangerous during the prevalence of east, south-east, or southerly gales. The mariner muet alao

HABBOUE OP YOUGHAL. 457

II.

\-

^ keep a sharp look out for the Black*rooks, which do not show till half-ebb. If a vessel must be '^ beached " I in Youghal bay, the flat strand to the north-west is i the best ground for her.

I The »a i. u^f g^at tooads .■> «,, land .long f this shore. The flat strand was once a race-course. , Immediately beneath the sand is a layer of deep peat, from which bogwood is often raised. This IB a splendid shore for sea-bathing, and the facilities of travelling between Cork and Youghal, afforded by the new railway, is likely to increase the number of visitors and residents, and the value of building pro- perty, as is the case at Queenstown. About a mile and a-half north-east of the town is a timber bridge^ erected by Qeorge Nimmo, in 18S0, which unites i Youghal and the county of Cork with the county of . limerick. This bridge is constructed of Memel fir. It \ is 1,787 feet long, and 22 feet broad. It cost £22,000, I besides £8,509, paid to the corporation for the ferry.* '' The government advanced £10,000 as a loan. Now I that the new railroad to Cork is open, a steam ferry will be necessary to ply between the opposite shores. Mr. Lewis has placed a steam-boat on the river, which runs up to Cappoquin.

The population of the town, at the present time, is about 9,000. It was formerly more than this. The woollen trade was carried on here extensively ; there was also a porcelain and fine delf manufactory, but these trades belong to the history of the past.

The most interesting object in the town is the old

• Rny. — ** Holljrood day the ferry-boat of Touffhal was cast away, and about thirty persons drowned."— i;on^ O^rJI^s Diturpf Sept 14, 1616.

VOL. II. 30

458 HISTORY OF CORK.

house of Sir Walter Baleigh, where he is said to have resided in 1588 and 1589 ; ^ where he entertained his friend, the poet Spenser, ere they emharked for Eng- land, to superintend the publication of the first three books of the ^^ Faerie Queene." The house is in the old English style, with high pointed gables. It is pre- served in excellent order by the present proprietor, Mr. Fim. The old pannelling looks bright and polished. The house is called Myrtle GFrove, for this tree, as well as the bay and arbutus, grow luxuriantly in the grounds or garden, where tradition says Sir Walter Baleigih planted the first potatoest imported into Europe.

One of the bay windows of Myrtle Grovei or Sir Walter Baleigh's house, overhangs the grounds ci St Mary's Church of Toughal, which, in an aiehiteotmal point of view, is one of the finest, and in a historioal point of view, the most interesting of all our old eode- siastical structures. The building is GnLcifinm, oon- sisting of a nave, with aisles, north and south tcanseptSi and a choir or chancel. In the angle of the nave and north transept stands a massive square tower, about fifty feet high. The main body of the church, tzan- septs and tower, are in the early English stylsi which prevailed throughout the thirteenth century. This noble edifice was rebuilt by Thomas Fitzgerald, eighth Earl of Desmond, A.D. 1464, who, with his wife, Hia countess, were buried here. This lady is often 0(m« founded with ^Hhe old countess," the wife of Thomas Maol, 12 th earl, whose epitaph reads thus : —

* Retided in 1588 and 1589, during which yean, as we find from Uie reoovii of

the oorporatian, Sir Walter Ealeigh was major of Yooghal.

t FUmted the Jirnt potaioet. — As this honor has been claimed te ground in another part of the town, I shall lea^e it an open qneation.

ST. mart's, youghal. 459

SHAKID-A-BOO !

THOMAS FITZGBRALDy

EIGHTH EABL OP BESMOKD,

BE-EDIFIEI) THIS GHTJBOH,

A.D. 1464.

There was a religious foundation here from a very early period. Almost all the massive pillars, which form the numerous lofty arches of the church, are based on stone coffin lids, of the eighth and ninth centuries.

The most beautiful portion of the building is the choir, which is in the decorated English style, and contains an east window, that, in Ireland, at least, has not its equal in size, beauty of form, and tracery, or for the richness of its stained glass. We saw this church some years ago, when the choir was nothing more than a roofless ruin. The stone muUions of some of the windows had given way, and fallen to the ground. The nave, too, had been sadly disfigured by depraved taste. Its roof, of massive dark Irish oak — an object in itself well worth going some distance to see — ^was hidden, and covered over, by a modem lath and plaster ceiling. The side arches were crammed with galleries, and its great-western window concealed by a hideous old organ. Square timber sashes replaced the gothic windows, with stone mullions and pointed tops, which once adorned the side walls of the aisles. The lofty and graceful gothic windows of the north transept were almost entirely built up with stones and mortar. Here " one of the most ancient Norman tombs in Ireland was concealed by a bulk, thrown up by an alderman," which he intended for a monument.

460 UISTORY OP CORK.

The restoration of this beautiful churoh, called by the first Earl of Cork ^^ one of the fayrest churches in Ireland/' is owing to the untiring exertions, and, we may add, in many instances, to the individual liberality of the Bector, the Eev. P. W. Drew, of Youghal, who has fairly earned the title of ^^ Insiauhaiob BriNiB.'' In the south transept we have the monument of the Earl of Cork, with figures of himself, his two wives, and the various members of his family, the taste of which we do not admire, but the taste is his lordship's and not the rector's. His lordship's worldly-minded- ness, and master-passion for the grandeur of thia world, was strong in death, and has produced a monater monu- ment. But its monstrosities render it an object of the greater interest ; we, therefore, give Mr. Drew eredit for preserving the original likeness.

St. Mary's, of Youghal, contains the monuments of Lord Broghill, the Earl of Cork's ablest son, — the first earl begat a son in his own likeness — of Thomas Fleming, Lord of Slane ; and of Sir Edward Yilliais :

HERE LIES THE BODY OE SIR EDWARD VILL WHO DIED LORD PRESIDENT OF MW8IEB, ANNO DOMINI 16[26].

<< Munstor may curse The time that VQlen ouii6|

To make us worse By LeaTeinge Such a nuu ;

Of noble parts, As none can Imitate

But those whose harts Are married to the Statt ;

But if they presse To imitate his fune,

llunster may blesse The time that ViUen oam*.'*

Here is the monument of the Smiths, of Balliaatisy. A daughter of this house, Penelope, married, in 1886^ His Boyal Highness, the Frinee of Capua, brother of Ferdinand, the late King of Naples. Here are the

a •

CX)LLEQE OF TOUGHAL. 461

monuments of the Meades, the Bennetts^ and the Haymans. Here are also two monuments belonging to the Drew family,* who claim descent from William, second son of Bichard, fourth Duke of Normandy.

The churchyard is an interesting spot, and contains some noble trees and old grey tombstones. One of the oldest stones bears this inscription : —

" HERE LTETH THE BODIES OF MT TWO GBAKBMOTHBRS^

HAIDIN KAMS, fOX AJfTD 0HX7B.''

Springing from the western wall of the churchyard is a round tower, and six old pieces of cannon, with this inscription : — " This tower was erected, and th^se guns placed here, by the Eev. P. W. Drew* They defended the town in ancient time :^-^

*' Just hear ^hat the old fetlowi saj, When Frenchmen landed at Monastraj, Om of us made them scamper awaj."

The college of Toughal, as we have stated, in vol. i., p. 80, was founded by Thomas of Drogheda, eighth Earl of Desmond. There is scarcely a vestige of the old house in existence. The present college, a good sub- stantial square building, was erected by Mr. Qiles, in 1782. The religious school, or fraternity, first estab- lished on the site, consisted of a warden, eight fellows and eight singing men, who lived in a college manner, at a table, on an income of £600 per annum-^a tre- mendous sum in those days. We have already explained (in vol. ii., chap. 2) how Sir Walter Baleigh got this property, and how he lost, or sold it, and how

• Drew family. William, second son of Bichard, fourth Dnke of Normandy, eamc to England with his nephew, William Uie Conqueror. He had three sona, Walter, Drew, and Richard. Drew, the second son, is the ancestor of the Drews of MocoUop Castle, County Waterford. -Burkis Tterag$.

462 HI8T0BT OF COEK.

it passed to the Earl of Cork, and how he lost it, and was fined £15,000 by Lord Wentworth — afterwards Earl of Strafford — and how he got it again^ after Strafford's death.

The Earl of Cork resided in this eoUege for many years. We conclude, from his diary, that he was a very good family man, and looked closely after his domestic expenditure :

'* Jan. 21, 1613. Paid for my blue bed and my Turkey table, £6; and for my gilt and green bedstead, with the frames of the ohair and two stools, £4 ; and for five yards of damask to make op the chair and stools, 50s. ; and to the upholsterer for ailk fringe, and making up the chairs and stools, and the round eushion of ^**riT^, £8.

'* Aug, 31, 1616. My brother, Smith,* had of me aU^yarda of black satin, for which he is to pay, as it cost me IDs a-jazd.

'' Sept. 9, 1616. I received dOs. in money, and a hackney in Hsa of the other 508., by Morgan Brien, in discharge of lOOa. lire. Roch of Ballnedoghie did owe me.

<' Sept. 10, 1616. I gave my Lady O'Brien as mooh ™*«i|;lii^ f3me £Pryze as will make her a gown at her departure ttom me.

*' Nov. 30, 1616. John Nagle, of Ballinamona,t [with whom he had some dealing], sent me ffireze for a jerkin and breeohea tat mj sons' wearing.

*' Dec. 7, 1616. I have agreed with Spooner, the pleaterar, to work at Lismore, for thirteen weeks, himself and his boy, for £4 48. sterling, and I to lend them a troxise when they begin their wodk after Christmas, and they to find themselves ; and if he or hie boj absent themselves, or neglect their work on working daya, throvi^ their own default, then he is to lose his quarter's wages."

Lord Cork bought and sold public offices. He bought the office of Town Clerk of Youghal for his

• Brother Smiih, of Ballinatraj, who was nurried to the earPs fislw,

t BaUmamona. " I ha^e promised a lease of the tw9 plooghlandi of Ballyas- mona, porcuU of Ardmoor, to Matthew Horo and John Naffle, for £80 stanlw a*ycar." — Lord Cork* a Diary ^ Jpril 18, 1616. Mourne Abbey beloogsd to tht Kulghts Templars of Jerusalem. It now belongs to Lient.-Otdonol Kovth liOdlsv Ikamish, to whom it gives the title of Matter of Mntrm.

FIRST EA&L OF COBK. 463

servant, Thomas Quintyn, and the Seareher's office of Youghal for his servant, Thomas Jazie. ^^ Paid Mr. David Condon to the use of Mr. Patrick Fox, for the remayn of the purchase of the Searcher'is office of Youghall, which I bestowed on my servant, Thomas Jazie, £6 sterling." He even sold his office g£ Clerk of the Council of Munster, which he got from his old fiiend, Sir Gteorge Carew.

''Sept. 29th, 1612. Mr. Randall Clayton owes me £80, as the remain of the £200 for whioh I surrendered to him my office of the Clerk of the Council in Munster."

For a correct account of the nunnery chapel of St. Anne, foundedr 1190, on the west side of the harbour ; the Franciscan friary, founded in 1224, by Maurice Fitzgei^d, on the side of a lull to the south of the town, and the Dominican friary, commonly called the North Abbey, founded in 1268, by Thomas Fitzmaurice, we must refer the reader to Mr. Hayman^s work.

The scenery of the river Blackwater, from Youghal to Lismore, is only surpassed by that of the river Lee, from Monkstown to Cork. We first see it sporting like a wild maiden among the mountains and glens of Kerry ; it takes the sombre or dark tinge, from which it derivesjits'^name, as it passes through the bogs of Duhallow ; from the bridge of Mallow we discover the first decided propensity to array itself in its rich foliage, which it continues to cultivate, till it glides from our view into the county of Waterford, with all its charms matured. But as if the river felt that the county Cork had the best claim on its gratitude, it approaches and kisses our^shores, before it throws itself into the sea at Youghal.

CHAPTER XXI.

F IBMOY — OI.8TX1S-HT DX — X lLWOBTH-*-«IJLK WO&TK— ^mrOHBU- TO WK — BALLY HOOLY — COB YAJfOBB — BBIDOBTOWB ABBST-^ CABBIG AOUKBl. CA8TLB — KILLAYXTLLXB — XALLOW — IMBB. BAILS— ^BUTTBYANT — LISGABBOL CHABLBYILLB.

Fermot lies on the banks of the Blaokwater, nearly equi-distant from Cork and Mallow. An abbey of Cistercian monks was founded here in 1270, by Sir Bichard de Bnpella, who was Lord Jnstioe of Irelaiid in 1261. The barony of Clongibbon, in whioh ilie monastery is situated, is part of the anoient tenitoiy of Feara Maighe-Feine, of which the O'Keeflfos were chieftains or kings. Donogh Mao Keeffe, King of Fermoy, commanded the Irish in an eiqpedition agamst the Danes, in 954. Keating says, this distxietwaB bestowed by a king of Munster on an eminent JhuiA, who aided his Munster majesty in the day of batUei by causing the sun to stand still for an hour or 00, to enable him to polish off his enemies. The Draid caught the idea from Joshua, chapter x.^ T. 12,

Fleming was the first Norman knight who gained possession of these parts. Fleming had a &ir daughter, named Amy, whose heart and hand were won by young Adam de Bupe, who entered the lists, as Fleming'i champion, against Condon,* whom he slew by a

* Cbtufofi.— The Condons or Cantons were a Nonian famfly, and luid tmOm and large possessions in the county to a late period. The town and pnidi of Fermoy is not in the barony of Fermoy, but in the barony of Gondona awl ^ ~~ gibbons.

ADAK DB KUPE. 465

shot in the thigh. With Amy oame the inheritatioe known evet after as ^^ Boohe's oonntry.''

Adam de Rnpe is mentioned by chroniclers as a man of '^ great possessions and power/' in Pembrokeshire, who foonded Pill Priory, the church of St. Mary Boche^ and bnilt Boohe castle, on a barren rock,^ fSrom which the surname is derived.

Edmund Burke Boche, Baron of Fermoy^ is de*" scended from Edmund, the third son of Dayid^ Lord Boche, and Yiscount Fermoy. A Son of this Edmund — ^Maurice Fitz-Edmund Burke — received, when mayor of Cork, in 1671, an autograph letter from Queen Elizabeth, with a patent and collar of SS, in acknow-^ ledgment of his services in suppressing the rebellion of the Earl of Desmond.

I have explained, in a note on the second page of this volume, that Henry IT. of England, was the first that gave the little flower, called " forget-me-not," its poetic meaning, by uniting it on his collar of 8S, with his watchword " Souv^igne vovs de moyy

Sir Anthony Woodville (the brother of Elizabeth Woodville, who was married to Edward IV.) mentions the following incident : " Truth it is, that the Wed- nesday before Easter-day (1466), I drew near toward the Queen of England and of France, my sove- reign lady, to whom I am right humble servant, subject, and brother ; and as I spoke to her highness on my knees, my bonnet off my head, according to my

* Om a harrm rock. — It had been foretold that Adam de Bupe aihoiild die of the bite of a viper. Ho therefore erected his castle on a barren rock, at a distance from any vegetation that might be likely to harbour such an animal, but one wif introduced in a faggot of wood, which fiilfilled the prophecy, and old Adam's dc^riny.

466 HI8T0BY OF OORK.

duty, I know not how it happened, but all the ladiea of her court environed me about, and anon I took heed that they had tied about my left knee, a band of gold, garnished with precious stones, whioh formed a letter. It was a collar of SS, meaning atmpemmee^ m ramjBD^ brance, which, when I perceived, truth to say, it came nigher to my heart than to my knee; and to thb collar was hanging a noble flower of souyenanoe (a forget-me-not) enamelled, and in manner of emfttise."

The present neat town of Fermoy was almost created by the late John Anderson, &ther of the late Sir James Anderson. It was he who built the bridge, the prin^ cipal hotel, and a number of the houses, and made the goyemment a free grant of forty acres of land ftr the barracks of Fermoy and Buttevant. It was he whe ran the first mail coach between Cork and BoUini which passed through Fermoy. The present popula- tion of the town is oyer 6000. Fermoy, which is defla and regularly built, is situated on the Blaokwaier. TSeax the bridge stands the former residence of Joha Anderson, and about three miles higher up, on the river, the beautiful demesne and mansion of CaeUe- Hyde. Arthur Hyde was one of the original Under- takers, who got 6000 acres of the Earl of Desmond's forfeited estates in 1689, at a rent of a penny an aorei — See vol i.jp. 273. The Castle-Hyde property hat been lately sold in the Encumbered Estates Court.

Kilworth, a market and post town, lies about torn miles to the north of Fermoy, on the banks of the river Funcheon, and consists of one long irregular streeti with some good houses. This neighbourhood was the scene of some battles in the time of the ciyil war. The

MOOBES OF MOOBB PARK. 467

; castle of Cloghlea, built by the Condons, was taken

^ and retaken more than once. Moore Park, the seat of

\ the Earl of Mountcashel, is situated on the right bank

^ 4>f the Funcheon. The demense, which is richly wooded,

I* contains about 800 acres. The Moores are of Norman

^ descent Thomas de Moore accompanied WiUiam the

I Conqueror into England, and fought at the battle of

Hastings. His descendant, Bichard Moore, came to

Ireland in the reign of James L, whose son, Stephen

Moore, purchased the estate of Salworth, in this county.

He was personally known to William III., to whom

he lent £3,000, which the king repaid by appointing

him the governor of the county Tipperary, and colonel

of its militia. His grandson, Stephen, was raised to

ibe peerage of Ireland, July 14th, 1764, as Baron

Salworth, and created Viscount Mountcashel, of the

city of Cashel, January 22nd, 1766. He was succeeded

by his second son, Stephen, who was created Earl of

Mountcashel,* the 5th of January, 1781.

The village of Glanworth, to the west of Kilworth, and five miles south west of Mitchelstown, is also on the Funcheon. The district was anciently called Glanore, or Glen-Oir, " the Golden Glen,^' from its great fertility. On a rock, above the Funcheon, are the ruins of Glanworth Castle, which was occupied as late as 1601, by a Lord Fennoy. The ruins consist of a square tower or keep, connected with which was a more modem building, of superior construction, con- taining the state apartments, within a quadrilateral, enclosed by strong walls, defended at each angle by

* Earl of Mountcashel. — He was born the 20ih of August, 1792^ and succeeded to the title of third earl in October, 1822. His eldest son, Stephen, Lord Kilworth, was bom 11th of March, 1825.

468 HisiOBY or cork.

a round tower. In this locality are the rninfl of an abbey, said to have been founded by the Boehea in 1227. Between Olanworth and Fermoy is a laige cromleob, tbe top, or altar^stonC) of wbidi ii 17 Ifeet long by 8 feet wide.

Mitchelstown is a market and post town, in the perish of Brigown,* and barony of Condons and Clangibbona, the country of the White Knights. Fitzgibbon, the White Enight, who betrayed the last Earl of Desmond,. died without male issue. His daughter, M ai^garet, the heiress to his estates, married William Fenton, eon of Sir Geofirey Fenton, Secretary of State for Irdand, and brother-in-law to the first Earl of Cork, who makcs^ the following entry of the marriage in his diaxy :—

" Dec. 29, 1614.— My brotlier-[m-Iaw,] WOHam Ftstoa, married, in mj house of Yonghal, by Mr. SnetweU, the to Margaret Neen Morrish Gibbon, heir-general t6 the White Knight, which young couple I beseech God to bless and praapsr."

Their daughter, Catherine, was married to 8ir John King, the ancestor and head of the Kingston hASj^ who was elevated to the peerage by Charles IL, in 1660, for his zeal in restoring the monarchy. H^ had previously, like Lord Broghill and many othef8| been an active and zealous Cromwellian. The preeent and fourth Earl, Bobert Henry, succeeded his &ther in 1839. His elder brother, Edward, Yisconnt Songs- borough, died unmarried, before his father, in 1887. He was the author of a very learned work on the Antiquities of Mexico.

The Kingston property was originally worth £40)^000

* Briffoum. The parish may haro derived its ancient ntme from the .........

stream or river Bregog, of which Spenser speaks in his Colin Qoit— At JHUkft

of Cork, vol. i., pp. 291-299

KINGS OP MITCHELSTOWN. 469

a-year, subject to a debt of £260,000^ which was in- creased by George, third Earl, late Lord Kingston, to ^400,000, incurred on elections, and the building of a beautiful castle, one of the finest in Ireland. The pre. Mnt nobleman added £100,000 to the debt, bringing it up to about half-a-million. The Tipperary portion \ <rf the property, worth £16,000 a-year, was sold in tlie Incumbered Estates' Court, and the proceeds applied to the lessening of the debt, which is now I ^educed to £120,000. The present earl, who is un- \_ married, has only a life interest in the property, which ' ifl strictly settled, and goes to his brother, tlxe Hon. James King, heir-atrlaw.

Smith, writing in 1749, says, ^^ JVlitchelstown is the principal place in this barony*'' He speaks of ^^ the fine house and park,* and improvements, and the gar- dens kept in fine order.'' The gardens of Mitchelstown Oastle were, till within the last few years, the finest in the county. A number of very exoellent alms' houses, called ^'the college" and a minister's house, have been erected on this property, to which an endowment of £1,200 a-year is attached. Smith describes the church, in his time— which was a chapel-of-ease — as in decent repair; and the walls of the old church, as built of large blocks of a very fine freestone. ^^ Here were the remains of one of the round towers, which stood 30 yards from the south west angle of the church, and fell in the memory of several people."

Colgan says this place was a bishopric. The Baculus Finachani, or St. Finachan's staff, ^^on which the

* The park, or demesne, contains 1,100 aoree, exclnslTe of wood. It is now in the potseeaion of Michael and Edward O'Brien, Esqoires.

470 HISTORY OP CORK.

adjacent country people used to swear," was preserred in this parish. The saint's festival was kept an the 25th of November.

About six miles from the town, in the oonnly Tipperary, are the far-£Etmed Mitohelstown oaves. I am given to understand, by a respectable gentleman, who possesses landed property in the neighbourhood, that one of these caves is called the Caye of the Qiej Sheep. Could this have been the cave in which the last Earl of Desmond lay concealed from his pursoen^ and in which he was found by his oousin, the White Knight, who delivered him into the hands of his old enemy, Sir George Carew, who had him sent to the Tower of London, where he died, and lies bmied. See vol. i., p. 336. If we believe in ourses^ we should say a curse rests on the Fitzgibbons or SangstonSi tn this black treachery.

There are two routes from Mitohelstown to Mallow. The one is through Kildorrery and Doneraile. Kl- dorrery, on the borders of Limeriok, stands on the crown of a high hill, very difficult of ascent. Onr forefathers, who knew but little of the meobanioal powers, had no idea of ascending a hill in onrves, on the screw principle, but went right at it in a stnight line. As we do not like steep ascents, and as fliis road would take us almost out of the county of CSoik, we shall approach the town of Mallow by the vallej of the Blackwater, a far pleasanter route.

The lands of Castle-Hyde join those of Creg, where we find another of Lord Boche's castles. Two w>i1<m beyond Creg is the village of Ballyhooly, near whioh is Convamore, the splendid demesne of Lord Ennismore.

BRIDGETOWN ABBEY. 471

The yiew of the river from the demesne, and the Nagle ^mountains is very fine. About a mile abovtf Conya- more, the Awbeg, or Mulla, of Spenser, meets the Biackwater, and then passes beneath the rocky cliffs €i Benny, where Mr. O'Flanagan heard that one of the y^ poet's descendants had had his tiiroat out by his jealous housekeeper. — See vol. i., pp^ 312, 313.

Bridgetown Abbey lies in the low ground, between the conflux of the Malla and Blackwater. The priors of this abbey — ^which was foimded by the Boches — were men of great power and importance in their day. Thomas Prior, of Bridgetown, in 1375, in compliance with a writ of Edward IIL, was appointed to proceed to England, with other chosen persons, to advise the long on the government of that kingdom, and on other important matters. There are some old and interesting monuments in the abbey, and one, near the altar, sup- posed to be that of the founder, Alexander Fitz^Hugh Boche. It bears a head in high relief, and an inverted armorial shield, charged with one fish. The present Boche arms are three. In a small chapel is a tomb inscribed — " A.D. 1634. Theobald Boch."

Continuing to ascend the Blackwater, we come to the little town or village of Ejllavnllan, near which are the ruins of Monanimy, thought to belong to the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. About a mile to the eastward of the village is Carrigacunna Castle.* The old castle is a square massive tower, seventy feet high, which looks down as sternly on the plain as it did 200 years ago. Close by stands the modem and peaceful

* Carrigacunna CoiUe^ rendered by Crofton Oroker, Oarrignaetmny, " the rabbit' 8-rock."

472 HISTORY OP CORK«

residence of Mr. Foott, one of the oldest magisirateg in the 6ounty. There is a tradition that James II. was lodged and entertained here, by its proprietoFi Sir Biohard Nagle, when that unfortunate monarch was on his way to meet his nephew and son-in-law^ William, Prince of Orange, at the Blackwater. The following interesting account of the Kagle family has been for- warded to me, by my friend Mr, Spratt, of Pencil-hill, Mallow, the nephew of Mr. Foott, of Carrigaounna Castle : —

*' The present representative of the family of Sir Riehard Nagle, Attorney-General for Ireland in the reign of James II., is Mr. Pierce Nagle, who has been for some years absent from this oofuntrj. His property at Annakissy, in the parish of Cleiior, fonned a part of the fiunily estates. The Annakissy estate, on. which are th« remains of one of the family mansions, has recently pasted under the Encumbered Estates Court, into the possession of an Ic^gKaK gentleman. The paternal great-grand&ther of the prcMat head of the femily was James, son of Pierce, brother of Sir fiowlaiid. Ifir. Pierce Nagle sent his son, James, to be educated at St. GeniHiBe» in France, where James II. spent the last years of his troihled Efe. There the youthful descendant and heir of the Naglee begia hii career in life, as a page in the suite of the exiled monaroh, and brought up under the eye of his uncle. Sir Richard, then a James Nagle lived to the age of 99. Pierce, finther of Jamei,fiBed the office of High Sheriff of this county in the reign of James II., and used the power and influence of his office and poeitian with such good effect, in favor of his Protestant fellow-subjeots, that a statement setting forth and acknowledging his justice and humanitj was drawn up and subscribed by numbers of the principal Protes- tant gentlemen of the county. In the subsequent reign, when tha penal laws against the Roman Catholic population were ^n^'tltfril ia their utmost rigour, Mr. Nagle was licensed to have and to arms ; a privilege then denied even to the Roman Catholic The kindness and protection afforded by this gentleman to bia fnh tostant fellow-subjccts, in the time of their adversity, hie been

CASTLETOWN, MALLOW, AND DONEEAILB. 473

trasted with the conduct of his brother, Sir Richard Nagle, who made himself the instrument of those severities which haitened the Ifdl of his sovereign and the ruin of his own fortunes."

Leaving the Black water, we follow the ^course of the: Mulla through a deep wild glen, to reach Ca&ftletown* Boche, the family seat of the Lords Boche, now called Castle Widenham. For an account of the siege of the old castle, see toI. ii., p. 110.

Mallow, the next place of importance after leaving Castletown, is a borough town, 20 miles by rail from Cork. The population is between six and seven thou- sand. It has been represented in the English Parlia- ment by Sir Denham Norreys, (the lord of the manor,) for over thirty years. Sir Denham Norreys has erected a new Spa House* and baths on the Spa Walk, and a new castle in his beautiful demesne. The old castle, whose picturesque ruins stand within the gate, on the banks of the Blackwater, was built by one of the Earls of Desmond, a large portion of whose pro- perty was inherited by Sir John and Sir Thomas Norreys, the ancestors of the present proprietor, Sir Denham Norreys.

Doneraile is a small but neat market and post town. It was formerly a borough town, and returned a mem- ber to the Irish Parliament. Sir William St. Leger, who was Lord President of Munster in the reign of Charles I,, held his court here. For his noble and loyal conduct during the crisis of the Irish civil war, and for the wise and impartial administration of old

♦ Spa Hotue. The temperature of the Mallow Spa yaries from 66° to 72'*. It contains a great deal of gas, the constituent parts of which are 93.5 of nitrogen

474 HTSTOBY OF COEK.

Sir Anthony St. Leger, we must refer the reader to the earlier portions of this history. His views, as Mr. Trotter * says, were those of a great statesman, and his administration of Irish afiairs^ under great and various difficulties, far superior to that of his predeoes- sors. He served the crown of England faithfully, and followed the pasRions of no party. Such a character gave safety to Ireland and strength to England. No- thing can be finer than the Doneraile demesne, which is adorned by some of the best reaches of Spenser's Awbeg or MuUa.

Buttevant is about four miles from Doneraile and seven from Mallow. It takes its name from the war- cry of the Barrys, Boutes en evanij " Push forward." In ecclesiastical books it is called Bothon, and by Spenser, Eilnemullagh. It was at one time an aneient corporation, governed by a mayor and aldermen. The remains of the town wall were to be seen in Doctor Smith's time. Here are the ruins of an anoient abbey, founded in the reign of Edward I. by David da Barry. Within the old walls reposed the ashes of some of the Fitzgeralds, Prendergasts, Donegans, Meades, Dowlings, Healys, NagleSj Lombards, and Supples. Here are the skulls t of the heroes that fell at the battle of Knockninoss. The old town is little more than a Golgotha, or place of skulls. With the exception of the new Catholic church, notfaing seems to have grown or flourished here for oentmies. Sir James Anderson, the son of John Andersoni oC

* Mr, Trotter, in his Walkt through Ireland^ penned in 1817 and pnblkhtd fai 1819.

t Th4 skuUt of ths heroes who fell at the battle of Knoehmom. A ■knU of t«j lar^ dimensions is, or has been, pointed oat as that of the ftmons wurior. Mm AUisdrom, who fell on this ocoaaion fighting at the Irish aide.— See iroL L, p. 6ft.

BUTTEYANT AND SIB JAMES ANDERSON. 476

Fermoy, built a castle and flour-mills here, and lost both. Here he commenced his experiments and extra- ordinary labors for the construction of a steam-carriage for common roads, upon which he spent a fortune and reaped no reward, except the satisfaction of having labored for a noble object. I haye often heard him say, " Others will reap the rewards of my labors when I am dead and gone.''* He is now gone, and a purer patriot, a sincerer friend, or a more accomplished gen- tleman neyer breathed.

Six miles from Buttevant is the village of Liscarrol, with the ruins of its noble castle, a rectangle, 240 feet by 120, flanked by four circular and two quadran- gular towers. It is thought by some to have been built in the reign of King John. The Barrys pos- sessed it before it came into the hands of the Fercival family. For its siege, in 1642, and the battle fought beneath its walls, we refer the reader to page 68 of this volume.

The distance from Buttevant to Charleville, by rail, ts nine miles. The ancient name of Charleville was Bathgogan. It was changed in honor of Charles II., by Lord BroghiU, afterwards Earl of Orrery, who had it made a borough town. Writing to the Duke of Ormond, 11th of December, 1662, he says, " I hope, by your grace's favor, to get it made a borough, and have it bear the name of Charleville, it being now called by the heathenish name of Eathgogan." He

* Dead and gone. Sir James Caleb Anderson, of Butteyant Castle, baronet, died in London, the 4tb of April, 1861, aged 69. As be leaves no niale descendant, the title, which was conferred on the son for the eminent public serrices of the " faUier, John Anderson, died with him. It is a pity that a title, thns conferred, •honld be allowed to die out, for Sir James Anderson has left nephews, the grand- eons of John Anderson, of Fermoj.

476 HISTOBT OF CORK.

adds, ^^ I admit neither Presbyter, Papist, Indepen- dent, nor, as our proclamation says, any other sort of fanatic to plant there, but all good Protestants, and am setting up manufactures of linen and woollen cloths, and other good trades.''

Boger Boyle took the title of Earl of Orrery from the name of the barony, and that of Baron Broghill from a castle and manor to the west of Charleville, belonging to the Fitzgeralds.

The Earl of Orrery built a magnificent mansioii in Charleville, which was burnt down in 1690, by order of the Duke of Berwick, who had dined there ; thus fulfilling, as we have shewn (in page 166,) the pre- diction of John Exham, the mad Quaker.

Charleville is an incorporated market and post town.

The number of houses in 1831 was 741. The pieBent

number of inhabitants must be oyer 4,000. It has a

Protestant Church, rather a handsome Catholic Chapel,

National Schools,* and a National Bank. The Eail of

Cork is the principal proprietor, and is esteemed a good

landlord. The new road from Charleyille to Groom

improved the trade of this town, by shortening the

distance to Limerick. The new railway to Foynea^

now in contemplation, will increase the faoilitiea of

intercourse. Charleville is on the borders of the

County Limerick. The mail coach, from Cork to

Limerick, passed through this town, near whioh ia a

station of the Great Southern and Western Bailway,

« National Schools. Clmrles, fourth Earl of Orrery, gare 10 aerei of I«id te a' Charter School in Charlovillc. The building was erected at the cott of ittM^ and opened on the 16th of April, JV^S, and 30 childreni 10 bojiwd lOjid^ admitted.— See Smith's Ilistory of Cork, vol. i., pp. 304^ 806. WhaloTtlil school, and what of tiie endowm^nt.^

CHAPTER XXIL

DBUMNEBN — BALLYGLOUOH LOHOBT CASTLE — KAITTUBK

MEWMABKBT — DBOMAGH MILI.8TBBBT — BUNG-WILLIAM's-

TOWN — MAG BOOM — BALLY YOUBN BT — KILOBBA ABBEY — BALLINCOLLIG— OYENS — BLABNEY — ST. ANNE's.

We can now travel by rail from Mallow to Kanturfr^ or rather to the Kantnrk station, but we prefer the Navigation Bead and the banks of the Blackwater* One of the finest places on its banks is Longueville, the seat of Richard Longfield, Esquire, of whose family I have already spoken, in page 265 of this volume. To the north-west of Longueville is Bally-Thomas, belonging to the Bullens.*

Opposite Longueville, at the other side of the river, stands the old ivy clothed castle of Drumneen, which is styled the principal house of Pebble O'Callaghan. The Irish poet, Aeughus O'Daly, describes his visit to this castle, about the year 1600. I shall take the liberty of paraphrasing his words : —

*^ Tho Great 0' himself^t ^^^ ^'^ down, by his danghter^ And that for my supper, a mug of cold water. 'Twas on water alone for that night that I fed ; I declare, on my conscienee, 'twas 88 thick as the bread."

* The BuUens came to this country and settled at Kinsale early in the 17tli century. "^^^J ^^ descended from Jefi&ey Bullen of Salle, in the county of liorfolk, ^andfather of Anna Bullen, second wife of Henry VIII., and mother of Queen Elizabeth.

t The Great Cf AtrnM;//*.— Cornelius O'Callaghan had been nrior of B but wajB elected chief ol his name in 1578. Colgan says a "astery Oa * friars was founded by the O'Callaghans, at Clonmene, two Oa se miles ] u]^ the Blackwater. The present head and representatiye Oi Liimoro.

478 HISTORY OF CORK,

The Newmans, now of Dromore House, in the paiifth of Kilshannik, resided for some time in this oastle* They came from Wincanton, in Somersetshire, to Ire- land, in the reign of Charles II. Bichard Newman's* patent bears date 28th August and 2nd James II. It secures to him, in consideration of the sum of £64 Ss. Sd., the castle and lands of Drumneen, and other lands and tenements in the county and city of Cork ; the said lands to be erected into a manor, called the Manor of Newbery. The grant in the city of Cork consiBted of ^^four messuages in Christ Church Lane, extending from the street to the old building called the oollege."

From Longueville to Bally clough is about one mile. Smith calls Bally clough a ^^ pretty village." It is now a poor one. There are some interesting monuments in the old church. One to John Lysaght, of Mount* north, who died 1746, and another to Mrs. Catherine Boyle, the wife of Henry Boyle; and if the lady was only half as good as the marble testifies, we may oap the climax of her praise — if this be possible — and say^

** Underneath tliif stone doth lie, Ab much yirtue as conld die.'*

Lohort castle is about an Irish mile from Bally- clough, and the same distance from KnockninoflSi the site of the famous battle fought in 1647. This is one of the finest old castles in Ireland. It was built^ it is supposed, during the reign of Eing John. It is the property of the Earl of Egmont, who keeps it in a

* Bichard Newman. — This Richard Newmanwas High Stewaxd ofWeftmiMttr^ and a faithful adherent of Charles I., whom he aooompanied through til hii difi- cnltics and dangers, on some occasions supplying him with laige sumi of moBiir. Colonel Newman was granted an augmentation or arms by Charles L, t pn«4f^^yi^ imperially crowned, for his bravery at the battle of Worcester.

LOHOBT, BALLTGIBLIN, AND EANTURK. 479

state of most commendable preservation. The castle is eighty feet high, with walls ten feet thick. It was originally surrounded by a deep moat. It contains some fine apartments, which are occupied by the Earl of Egmont's agent.

About a mile and a half from Lohort, is Ballygiblln> the modem and beautiful eastellated mansion of Sir Henry Becher.* The Becher £Eimily came to Ireland in the time of Elizabeth. Colonel Becher was aide- camp to William III. at the battle of the Boyne, who presented him with his watch, which is now in the possession of Mr. Becher, of Lakelands, near Skib- bereen.

Eanturk'l' is a market and post town, in the barony ©f Duhallow, about ten miles from Mallow, and thirty from Cork. It lies at the confluence of the rivers Alio and Dalua, which flow into the Blackwater, two miles below the town. Kanturk; is a thriving little town, with a population something under 4000. Near it are the ruins of E^nturk Castle. It is a paralello- gram 120 feet long, by 80 feet wide, flanked with four square towers. The castle was never completed, it having been represented to Elizabeth as a place of too much strength and importance for a subject; the works were therefore stopped. Mao Donough Mac Carthy, of Kanturk, was killed by Tyrone during the civil wars, and his lands in Duhallow seized by his kinsman,

* Sir Henry Becher haa in his possession a pedigree tiding his ancestors, through his paternal grandmother, to Sir Eustace do Bridgecourt, who came from Uainanlt in 1328, with Phillippa, queen consort to Edward III. The pre- sent haronet's father was Mr. Wrixon, who was created a haronet in 1831, and his mother the accomplished and justly celebrated actress, Miss O'Neill.

f Kanturky from Ceam-tuircj "the head, or perhaps hUl of the boar."— Br. (/Donovan.

480 HISTOKT OF COBK.

Dermod Mao Owen Mao Carthy — the heir, Cormae Mao Carthy, being an infant; but the Lord Deputy Chiehester interfered in his behalf with !Eing James in 1611, who restored him his estates. A large por- tion of this property now belongs to the Eiarl of Egmont.

To the north-west of Santurk is the mansioii and fine demesne of Castleoor, the property of Major James Barry, of Ballyclongh. It formerly belonged to the Freemans.* An old oastle belonging to the Banysy stood in the ^' pleasant park " of Castleeor. It appears from this that the estate has gone baek to the original proprietors, and that the Barrys have got their awn again. The Ballyolough braneh of the Barrys daims to be senior to the Barrymores. They lived originally at Lisnegar, near Bathcormao.

Kewmarkot is between four and five miles firom Kan* tm*k. It formed a part of the forfeited estates of the Mao Auliffes, and was granted to the Aldworth fiunilj, who established a new market here, hence the name. Kewmarket House, the seat of Biohard Oliyer Aid- worth, a descendant of the St. Legers, is near the town. Here also is Mount Eeeffe, and the Priory^ fi»^ merly the residence of John Fhilpot Cnrran.f Cunaii was a townsman and ootemporary with Barry Yelyerton. When boys they went to school together to Midleton. Yelyerton was raised to the Irish peerage in 1736| and to the dignity of Yisooimt Avonmore, for his seryioes

* Th$ Freemans possessed considerable property in tliis eonnty. Asm mar lied Edmund Spenser, a linetd dtocendant of the poet.

fjohn Fhilpot Curran. — The name Curran or Citrraiie It Giltio. mother was a Fhilpot. Some think the Philpots are CromweUiiiii. Oinckell, King William's famous general, was married to UnoU Fhilpoli field, a Dutch lady.

DROMAGH AND MILLSZREET. 481

in voting for the Union. Cuiran was at this time a member of the Irish House of Commons. The Marquis Comwallis, then Lord Lieutenant, writing to his brother the Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, says : — " We hope, in the course of this week, or at latest on Mon- day next, to pass the Union bill in the House of Com-* mens. The [opposition] party is breaking to pieces, and the Fonsonbys have occasioned great disgust by bringing Curran, a most disaffected, though a very able lawyer, into parliament,"

Dromagh Castle, on the property of Nicholas Fhilpot Leader, lies about four miles south-west of Eanturk* Here are the ruins of a fine old castle, built by the O'Keeffes. Lord Muskerry marched out of this castle in. 1652, to encounter Lord Broghill, at the feanous battle of Knocknaclashy, near Clonmeen. — See vol. i., pp. 114-117. Dromagh is about the centre of the coal or culm district, which runs from within a mile and a-half of Kanturk to Millstreet. Dr. Smith, writing in 1749, says, — " Near this place a vein of coal has been discovered, and considerable quantities have been raised.'^ The quantity of culm raised by Mr. Leader is considerable ; Doctor Justice also raised large quan- tities on his property between Mount Justice and Duaragil. The culm is principally employed in burn- ing lime.* There is a great deal of bog and bad land in this neighbourhood.

Millstreet is a market and post town, in the parish of Drishane and barony of West Muskerry, eight miles from Kanturk and twenty miles from Mallow, on the

* In burning Ume, — The " sweet" calm, which is free of sulphur, is employed at '^ smiddies," but there is very little of this kind raised.

482 HISTOBY OF CORE.

Zillamey line of railway. It is a poor town, with about 1,600 inhabitants. The principal seato are Drishane Castle, Coomlegane, Bathdoane, Monnt Leader, Moimt Justice, and Duaragil Castle.*

King-William's-town, in the parish of Nohoval and the baroD J of Duhallow, is about ten miles from Mill- street, and the same distance from Castle IdiEmd. It is of recent erection and is called after William lY. The crown lands, in the centre of which it is sitoated, formed part of the forfeited territory of the G^EmSbb. A lease of these lands was granted, more than a oentnry ago, to the Cronin family.f On its expiiation, tlie Commissioners of Woods and Forests oommenoed, in 1832, a series of experimental improTements in dnin. ing, planting, building, and road-making, on which they expended j£l 7,000; the grand juries of Cork and Eerry adding nearly j£8,000, making a total of about £25,000. The improred land was then pat up for purchase. Mr. Yincent Scully, one of the present members for the coimty Cork, purchased King- William's-town and Upper and Lower Glen GoUin^ which he sold in the Encumbered Estates Gonrt| in 1858, to the present proprietor, Nicholas Dunsoomlie^ Esquire, North Mall, Cork, who has expended a gnat deal of money, and displayed much skill and enterprise on their improvement. He now makes £ing-WilIiam^s- town House his permanent residence. The Tillage

* Duaragil Castle. — This picturcsqne castle, OTerhanginr th» banb of te Blackwater, has been greatlj improved bj Doctor Justice of Mallow, whote fiorily has been in possession of the property for nearly 200 yean. It oimnallj hdni^M to the sept O'EeefTes, who also owned the castles of Dromagh ana Dronuiciiii^ ia the barony of Duhallow.

fOnmin family^ now represented by Cronin of Park, netr KSIanMT. Ikw arc descendants of the Ui Dubhagain chie&, of Fermoy, who an dwo^ndad ftwi

Mogh Both, the Druid.

MACROOM CASTLE. 483

lies in a yalley, on the banks of the Blackwater^ which aeperates it from the county of Kerry. Three miles higher np, on Moinganine^ we meet the source of this beautiful river^ and about a quarter of a mile from its Bource, the Beidhteach an Jarla, or the ^^ Plain of the Earl,'' where Garrett, the sixteenth Earl of Desmond, lay concealed before his murder by Daniel Kelly, recorded in vol. i., and pages 264 and 265 of this history.

Macroom, in the barony of West Muskerry, is 13 milei south-east of Millstreet, and 24 miles west of Cork. It is a post and market town. The name is thought to be derived from Maide-crom, a gnarled or crooked wood ; some say from an oak which grew in the market place. Mr. Windele, with more proba- bility, derives the name from Maigh-cruim, or the " Plain of Crom."*

Sir Kichard Cox says the Carews built a castle here in King John's time. Mr. Windele thinks it was built by the O'Flyns, from whom it was called Caisleau- i-Fhlionn. It was repaired and beautified by Tiege Mac Carthy, father of that '^ well-deserving gentleman, the rarest man of all the Irishry," Sir Cormac Tiege Mac Carthy. For an account of the taking of this castle from Cormac Mac Dermot Mac Carthy, Lord of Muskerry, in 1602, we must refer the reader to chap. xxii. of the first volume. The castle is on the banks of the SuUane river. Smith describes it in his time as consisting of two square towers, about 60 feet high.

• The Plam of tU Orom '• It ngniflat the Plain of Chroll^ who wai Um Soprtme Power, the Jupiter Tonans of the Ukdent Lriih. His alUr wit the Crom-le«0|

and his priest the Crom-thcar."

484 HISTOBY OF CORK.

Mr, Windele styles it ^^one huge square masB of masonry."

This castle, and property around it, was granted, ob the termination of the civil war, to Admiral Pemi| who fought on the side of the Parliament. For this he was indebted to Oliver Cromwell. There ia an im- pression abroad that Fenn, the famous Quaker, was bom here. Smith says, ^^8ir William Fenn, the famous sea admiral, was bom in it;" that ia the Quaker's father. Both statements are equally incor- rect, as I have explained elsewhere (voL ii., pp. 119, 120). Lord Muskerry, created (for his fedthfulnesi to the royal cause) Earl of Clancarty, got it baok fix)m Fenn. Lord Muskerry's grandson, Donough| the fourth earl, lost it again, and the whole of hia vart estates, for his loyalty to James XL Maoroom C^Mtle is now in the possession of Colonel White Hedges^ the brother to Lord Bantry, and heir to his estateSt Hie inherits the Macroom property from his grand-mtoler Bobert Hedges Eyre, who died in 1840. It waa at one time the joint property of the Earl of Bandon and the Hon. Bobert Hedges Eyre. The town, which contains about 2000 inhabitants, is pleasantly aitoated on the Sullane, a river only inferior to the Lee.

Two or three miles to the west of Macroom ia Ganig- a-Fooka Castle, of which we speak in page 404 of Hiia volume ; and about a mile further south, Dun-dariok Castle, built by the Mac Carthys, which waa forfeited after the great civil war of 1641.

Ballyvoumcy, or the ^^ Beloved town,'' is eight miles to the west of Macroom. The river Sullane xiraa in this parish. St. Abban, who died in 660| founded a

CAHBI6ADR0HII) AND EILCEEA. 485

monastery here. The old church was dedicated to St. Gk>bnata. Sir Nicholas Colthurst, baronet, is the prin- cipal proprietor. Much of the land is mountainous, but a considerable portion has been brought under cul- tivation. With the exception of King-William's-towD, Ballyyourney is the most north-westerly town in the county.

To the east of Macro( ( cast Carriga-

drohid, before the walls li Lgrd I bill hung

the Catholic Bishop of It It

was built by the Mac Cai s I ith y,

who committed it to the k of t O^J ^ To

the east, the village of C 1 ; to the n h

Coachford, in the parish ^ i ^

Carrig-na-muck Castle, b i to t (

In the same parish are tl of tl i irch of

Kilcoleman, and on th< river Dri jr, the Dripsey paper mills. The pape mai n here * is of a

very superior quality.

Further east the Lee unites its waters with the Bride, near the old church at luniscarra. It was in this district that Hugh O'Neill met the assembled Irish chieftains in 1600, aud installed the gigantic Florence Mac Carthy as the Mac Carthy More.

To the south, on the banks of the Bride, in the parish of Desertmore, are the castle and the beautiful abbey of Kilcrea, founded in 3 467, by Cormac Mac

* TKepapfr manufacttirtd hire. — Mr. Alfred Greer, the proprietor, hai another mill for the manufacture of coarser paper, at Glenville, on the bride, dittant about ten mile* from Cork. The excue dutj paid on the paper manofactured at theee two mills, averaged, during the laxt few jean, between nine and tan thonaand ponndi. >I r. A lien has ^aper millt for the manufacture of brown, ingar, and tiaraa

Kper, on the Shouma nver, abont 2^ milea from St Ann'i, Blamej ; and Mr. tair haa one at Butlerttown, Glannure. Thia mill baa baao working manj feai% making brown and sugar paper. Theee are all the paper milk in the ooontj.

486 HISTORY OP CORK.

Carthy, sumamed Laider, the man who ordered that ^^ the Sabbath should be strictly observed throughout his territory." He was slain, say the same authority, the Four Masters, by his own brother, Owen, and his sons, in 1495. Smith says he was wounded at Carrig- namuc, by Owen, the son of Teige Mac Carthy, and died in Cork, and was buried in the abbey in 1494. This corresponds in date with the following inscription :

HIC . JACET . CORMACUS . FIL . THADEI . FIL . COBIIACI .

FIL . DERMITU . MA6NI . M9 CARTHT . DNYS . DB .

MUSGRAIGH . FLAYN . AO . ISTIVS . C0NVENTU8 .

PRIMUS . FUNDATOR . AN . DOM . 1494 .

Here also lies Arthur O'Leary, termed thie Outlaw :

*^ So Arthur Leary, generouB, handsomey braye, Slain in his bloonii lies in this humble graTe.

Died Maj 4th, 1778, Aged 26 Teon."

O'Leary's horse had beaten that of Mr. Morrisi who revenged himself by demanding the winning animal for £6, pleading the force of an old penal Btatnte* against Catholics. O'Leary indignantly refused the offer ; a scuffle ensued, and O'Leary was outlawed and shot down like a mad dog. Mr. Morris was shot two months after, through a window on Hammond's Manhi by O'Leary's brother. Arthur O'Leary's wifid| the aunt of Daniel O'Connell of Derrynane, wrote a beau* tiful kean on her murdered husband* His brother, who shot Morris, escaped to France with Pattiok Moriarty, where they barely escaped the guillotine.

• Pleading tht fore$ of an old penal itatue —A limilar eaae occmi^ wmt Skibbercen. The man who covetted his neighbouii hone went to a magiiinii for redress. The magistrate, *' a high Protestant/' took down a hona-wEipni laid it on his shoulders. " There," said he, "is the law thai I lay dowm tt ttfa case."

ARTHXna O' LEAHY AND CARBIGROHAN. 487

" Paddy," said O'Leary to his friend, ** we were nearly

In this abbey also lies the remains of Boger O'Conor, mentioned in page 248 of this volume. I find he was the brother of the more famous Arthur 0' Conor, who died in France.

From Kilcrea to Ballincollig is about six miles. Here is an c^d castle belonging to the Barretts, said to have been built in the reign of Edward III. Here are also extensive powder mills. A mile and a half from Ballincollig, on the southern banks of the Lee, stands the castle of Carrigrohan, which the Barretts got from the Mao Carthys. The Barretts w^e of English descent. Hugh O'lS'eill, when marching by one of their castles, asked to whom it belonged, and was, told, ^^ to one Barrett, a good CatholiC| whose family have possessed the estate for 400 years." " No matter," said O'Neill, ^^ I hate the EngHsh churl as if he came but yesterday."

About a mile and a-half from. Ballincollig is Ath- nowen, or the Ovens, -f a parish partly in the barony of Barretts, but chiefly in that of East Muskerry. Smith speaks of remarkable limestone caves which are now nearly filled up. Had Smith seen the Mitchels- town caves, he would have thought nothing of these.

♦ Shortened. — We do not know how 0*Leary escaped being lengthmtdy for he had been seen to advaDoe deliberately up Peter's-Church Lane, with a g:an in his hand. It is probable that Morris's family did not wish to be stained with the blood of the second brother. They first denied that Morris had been hit. The Cork Remembrancer of July 7th, 1773, said, " Three shots were fired at Abraham Morris, at his lodgings in Mr« Boyce's house. The balls entered a little below the window, but did no miBchief." This was false ; he was wounded in the side, and ncTer left the house alive. O'Leary had a great deal of public sympathy for his " wild justice of revenge."

t Ovmt. The Irish word uaimk, means both a cave and an oven. — OJSeiUi^M Irish Dictionary.

488 HISTORY OP CORK.

We discover, from the same authority, that Onesi- phonis Fhaire, a descendant of Colonel Fhaire, resided at Grange, in this parish. Colonel Phaire, of the death-warrant, Cromwell's governor of Cork, was carried to Dublin, in 1660, with a guard of fifty troopers, and from Dublin to London, where he ob- tained a pardon, through the interference of Lord Clanoarty, whose life he had saved. ^^ He died peace- ably* near Cork, and was buried in the AnahaptiBt burying-yard of that city."

The more we know of the Lords of Muakerry, or the Earls of Clancarty, to whose castle at Blarney we now turn, the more we feel disposed to esteem them. Donough MacCarthy, who was educated at Ozfoxdi is accused, by those who had an interest in ooofifloated property, of cruelty to Protestants. We have already referred to the case of the Mallow butcher, wiio was tossed in a blanket, and bumped to death, by his dragoons, for seeking reparation for his horee ; bat it would not be fair to make a general responsible Ibr the violent conduct of his troops during a civil war. There were no greater thieves, or more violent Bcoimdrelii^ than the Dutch troops and Enniskillen dragoons in William's army ; they robbed and ill-used the ooxatij people right and left, and stole the pistols, and very shoes, of their own chaplain, Dean Davies, of CorL Ludlow, who was one of the Commissioners appointed to try this Lord Clancarty, says he was charged with having put several of the English to death, on tbe road between his house, or castle of Maoroom, aad

•Me died peaceably. Lord Broghill, the Iriflh Titm Oatflf of Us dij,l*- tempted to implicate him, as well ai Ludlow, in a oonspinoy to mivt thi Oommonwealth.— iS^/io^ 130, 131.

DOKOUQH, LOBD CLANCABTT.

Cork ; but he acknowledges that " it appeared that divers of the English Tfere mnrdered by the codti^, appointed to conduct them safe to Cork," and that " Lord Vuskerry had taken what care he ooxild for their security, and had done what in him lay to bring the person who was guilty of that blood to justice." Of these charges, we are tfAd, " the eourt acquitted him, and be was permitted, according to his article^ to pass into Spain." — Lttdhto^a Memova, p.- 442.

It was his splendid property,* and not his blood, that his political enemies sought. The whole of his estates, along with his castles of Macroom and Blarney, were confiscated. His most determined enemy was Sir Biehard Cox, of Dunmanway, who prepared the charges against him, for which he " received the thanks of every Protestant of figure in the county." But King "William, who was a more just ruler than he gets credit for, granted him a pension of £300 a-year, on condition of his quitting the kingdom, and never taking up arms against the Protestant succession. Lord Macauley's last volume of the History of England has an interesting account of this earl's early marriage and clandestine union with the Earl of Sunderland's daughter. He finally retired from society, to an island in the Elbe, which he purchased from the citizens of Altona. Here he t^rected a house, planted a garden, and built storehouses for wrecked property. Here he saved many lives. He kept the wrecked property in his storehouses for a year, and if an owner was found within this period, the goods were restored on the pay-

*Su splendid properlf.—Vpou a Idok calculatioD, intde in the middle oTthe kst cenliiry, his property wu rappowd to be worth £lfiO,000, pet umnm ; uid in I79S, Bboiit £200,000.

490 HISTORY OP CORK.

ment of two per cent. Here he died, Oct« 22nd, 1734, aged 64, perhaps a happier and better man than he would have been as lord of wide Muskerry and Blani^ Castle. He left two sons, Bobert and Justin*

Bobert, the fifth earl, entered the English nayy^ but soon left it and went to France, where he had apart- mentB in the palace of Louis XY., and a pension of £1,000 a year. He married twice, and died in 1770, in his 84lli year, leaving two sons, who died without issue.* The title is now inherited by the Trendies, who are descended from Elena Mac Carthy, (the aiater of Donough) who married one of the Trenches.

The sale-book of forfeited estates,t preserved m the library of the Dublin Society, contains the fdllowing entry of the sale of the castle, castle gronndsi and village of Blarney : —

'' Oct. 1702.^Set up by cant at Chicbester Hqiite-T-BktiMrf, witb tbe village, castle, mills, fairs, customs^ and aU lands* ^nd Oft park thereto belonging, containing 1,401 acres. ltaal'faha» £370 4s. ; yearly rent, £295. This lies within Ibar miles of Ckvk, it has a castle and mansion house, formerly the residsnc^ off tbe Earl of Muskerry, a chapel, two mills, and several mdl iMMuei and cabins ; the land is arable, and good pasture, and within the park is a fine oak wood, etc. Value of the wood, about £1,000. Tenant's name, Rowland Davies.:^ Purchaser, Sir Riohaid I^ynei Lord Chief. Justice, for £8,000.— November 17, 1702/^

* Without tMtftf.-^The Mac Carthrt, of CarrignaTar, are a oolhtflnl teaftsh tf this great family, the descendants or Daniel Mao Caithy, the mieU of DiOHl^ created Earl of Clancartrby Charles II.

t Forfeited estates. The Hollow-sword-hlade CompanTjnirohMed miailj dl the land about Blarney. About 3,000 acres is now hela by CDSrlis PnHaad* m^ whose ancestor was a member of this company The lame comptiiy pviroftfliH nearly the whole of the barony of Barretts. Lonise Rente do TWfonOoaili tf Queronaille, created Duchess of Portsmouth by Charlea II., got 410,000 of tti purchase money as a douceur from her royal lorer. A Cork gentleouaiy ounkoN veracity I can place the most perfect reliance, told me he had tho DiuhMir norifl to the HoUow-sword-blade Company, in his hand.

X Tenanfs name, Bowland Jhvisa. Mr. Windele Mys, << Dooi Dsfiss enW Hway with him, from the castle, sufficient materiala to build his Dawstown, in the neighbourhood."— Jffw/orww/ NoHcee, p. 282.

BLABNBT CASTLE. 491

The pnrchaser, Chief-Justice Fyne, feaiing that the Earl of Clancarty might disturb his title^ sold his in- terest in 1703, to General Sir James Jeffi*eys, grandson^ we suspect, of the Colonel Jeffrey 8 who seisbed the city of Dork, at midnight, for Cromwell, in 1649.< — S^e pages 99-101.

General Sir James Jefifreys won his title of knight banneret in the army of Charles XII., of Sweden^ and the hand of a lady claiming alliance to the royal family. Sis son, the Honorable James Jeffi*eys, was afterwards ^nyoy at the court of Sweden* A descendant of his oiarried the sister of the Lwd Chancellor Fitzgibbon^ Earl of Clare. If we can beUeye the stories toldb if this lady, she must have inherited a large share of lier brother's indomitable spirit. She obliged, or per<^ maded the Grand Jinry of the^ county to build a bridge to ornament the castle, and when the water^ which is^ mbject to fixed laws, refused to run under her bridge, the applied to have the course of the riyer changed, but this the Grand Jury could or would not do.

^ 'Tis Lady Jeffireys 'wbo owns that station,* Like Alexander or Helen fair ; There's no commander, in all this nation, ^ In emulation can with her compare*"

About a mile and a-half from Blarney Castle is St. Ajine's, Doctor Barter's establishment. It stands on a

* Who awns that ttaium, ' Blarney, where we nOw hare a railway station.

the metre and style of the Orovea of Blarney^ of which we haye giyen a specimen

Aoire, are an imitation of a similar production — hj a " dnmkeii oohhltf,"— in

pnis« of Castle-Hyde.

" The bees perfuming the fields with nrade, As yoa rove down the Blaokwater side ; ^

The trout and salmon, playat backgammon, All to adorn sweet CasUe-Hyde." ^

bbit Richard Alfred Millikin, the author of the •* Oroves of Blarney," " Ode to the

Lee," *' Knop, a Fairy Tale," and many other poems, was a man of true genius.

So was bom at Castlemartyr, in 1767, and diea 1815. He practised for soma

fwurs as an attorney, in Cork.

492 HisroBY OP cork.

fine eminence, and is Burronnded by pleasure grounds^ upon which the doctor has displayed some taste and expended more money. It was first called Doctor Barter's ^^ cold water '^ establishment ; it should be now styled his warm water establishment. Here is the Turkish, or warm water, or warm air bath, with more than eastern luxury. In a very cleyer leotore, delivered on the subject at Bradford, Doctor Barter says, it is melancholy to think, that our beloved queen has not the advantages of the Turkish bath. If all that the lecturer states be correct, an effort should be made either to remove the queen to Blarney, or Dootor Barter to Buckingham Palace.

The bath was esteemed an indispensable lozaiy among the Bomans, during the deeUne of fkai ei^^nre, but by those best read in Boman history, it is sappoied to have exercised a deleterious influence, in effinni- nating that once noble and warlike nation. The Turkish bath has great attractions for lazy and luxurious people, with whom the ^' killing of time '' is an imporiaiit oon- sideration, but it would not be amiss for iltich people to inquire, whether a temperature of IbO'' does net press both heart and pulse to a gallop that will oany them to the end of life'js journey sooner than they contemplated. Some learned physiologists assert^ that our span of existence is regulated by the number of our pulsations. Be this as it may, the heart that beati the fastest does not generally beat the longest.

Doctor Barter says, ^^ I find the bath highly tooM^ and the rule with me is, to put weak people in ofto^ as I find that the action of temperature is fistyorable to growth and nutrition." A hot-house developee plaati

THE TUBKI8H BATH. 493

faster than the open air, but, like the eastern lily, they soon fade. The female figure attains an early develope- xnent under an eastern sun, and fades as quickly. An eastern woman loses all beauty and comeliness before she is thirty. We have women who are beautiful at forty, and comely at fifty.

The necessity of cleanliness, and the comfort of a warm bath, are questioned by no one. A Turkish bath may also prove an important auxiliary in the case of various complaints, wlien superintended by a ekUful physician^ but in unskilled hands, or in those of an empiric, it is positively dangerous. To employ it generally, as a sort of panacea, is worse than absurd.

€HAPTER XXIII.

BEFOBMA.TOBT AT TTPTOV ^-BAITOOH -r IKISHAHKOII — KUTBiU KILBBITAIN 0A8TLB — TIMOLBAQITB -<- DUNWOBLT BIUM-^ OLOKAKILTY — DUBXABWAY AND 81B BZOKABD OOZ— OABIIiB- TBBKB — B086CABBBBT — GLANBOBB — BAWKTsKHAM ABD TBB o'doBOYABS — CASTLE-T0WB8BBD— SKIBBBBBBB— BALTZKOmS AND THB o'dBISCOLLS — TUBX8 — FI8HBBIB8 — BAVTBT— Wm* BBN COAST— O'SULLIYAN AND PUXLBY — ^XIBBS.

Fhom Cork to Bandon is twenty miles by raiL There is a branch line in course of construction from. Ballin- hassig, which will make the distance from Oork to Kinsale about the same distance as from Cotfc to Bandon. Near Upton, on the Bandon linoi is the Cork Beformatory, established under 21 and 22 Yict. cap. 103. It consists of a plain substantial building on the hillside. There is a farm of 112 aores^ in oon- nexion with the house, which provides abundant and wholesome employment for the inmates. Judges and magistrates are empowered to send boys under rixteea years, and who have been sentenced to imprisonment for fourteen days and upwards, to this and similar institutions, and to direct that they shall, if necessazji be detained for a period not less than three, and not exceediog five years. The parents of such children will be obliged, if able, to subscribe towards their suppofC and training. Cork is principally indebted to the en-

core: befobmatoht, bandon. 495

lightened patriotism of the Honorable Judge Ber- wick,*— whose name is held in deserved estimation in this county — for the erection of this institution,

Bandon is a borough, market, and post towil, on the Bandon river, from which it derives its name. It was first called Bandon-bridge. It formed a part of the grant of forfeited estates f made to Fhaire Becher, in Elizabeth's reign. James I. granted to Henry Becher the privilege of a Saturday's market, and two fairs, ^^ at the town lately built on the south side of the river Bandon, near the bridge." In the grant made to Becher, in 1612, of a moiety of the ter- ritory of Kinalmeaky, which was erected into the manor of '^ Castle Mahowne," power was given to him and his heirs, to appoint a clerk of a market, in the " newly erected town called Bandon-bridge."

These grants were shortly after purchased by the first Earl of Cork, who may be justly styled the founder of the town. Through him, the Earls of Cork and Shannon, and the Duke of Devonshire, possess property in the town and neighbourhood. The Earl of Bandon is also a proprietor, but the principal part of his property is in Kerry and in the western part of the county. The Bernard family have alwavs been esteemed good landlords and kind to their tenantry.

The following extract from an original letter written by his agent to the Lord Bandon, of April 23rd, 1793, preserved among the papers of Wm. T. Crosbie, Esq., of Ardfert Abbey, county Kerry, will afford a good

* Judge Berwick, in speaking of the South Mall, I forgot to notice the new fonntain, erected at the cost of this truly kind and humane gentleman.

t Forfeited estates. Phaire Becher got 12,000 acre^ at a penny an acre See " Table of Undertakers, February, 1689," in page 273 of first vol.

496 lUSTORY OP CORK.

idea of what an ^^ Irish tenant gala '' was at the close of the last century : —

*' None who wero not tenants did I invite, except those named by you, viz., Father Morgan Flaherty, Tim M'Cktrthy, Charles Casey, Doctor Leyne, and Father Nelan, son to Old John. Tliese I asked as Catholics particxdarly attached to yon. Had I gone for* ther I must either have excited jealousy, or summoned half the country. We had a company of 22 in the parlour, of whom I will send you a list next post. In the break&st-parlonr there was another company of second rate, and the third rate dined in the tent pitched in the avenue near the abbey. In the parlour your claret was made free with, as Stephen teUs me he opened 34 oottlea. In the breakfast-parlour port wine and rum-punch were supplied in abundance, and abroad large libations of whiskey-punoh. We had two quarter casks (above 80 gallons) of that beverage, made the day before, which was drawn off unsparingly for those abroadt and plenty of beer besides. Two patteraroes, borrowed ftom Jaek Collis, and placed on the top of the abbey tower, announced oar dinner, toasts, and our exultation. Pipers and fiddlers enlivened the intervals between the peals of the ordnance. The Uay-nwn and maids, with their hobby horse, danced most oheerfollyv and were all entertained at dinner, and with drink in abundanee. An ox was roasted whole at one end of the turf house, on a large aah beam, by way of a spit, and turned with a wheel well contriTed bj Tom 0*Brien. It was cut up from thence, and divided as wanting. The name of its being roasted entire was more than if two oze^ had been served piecemeal. Six sheep were also sacrificed on the ooea- sion, and, in short, plenty and hospitality graced both your board and your sod ; and a fine serene evening favoured happily the fffm and hilarity of the meeting. All was happiness, mirth, and good humour. God save great George our king was cheered within and abroad, accompanied with fiddles, pipes, &c., &o.''

The Bandonians would admit of no piping or fiddling like this. " In this town," says Dr. Smithy writing of Bandon, in 1749, ^^ there is not a Popish inhabitant^ nor will the townsmen suffer one to dwell in it^ not a

BANDOKy CASTLE-BERNABD. 497

piper to play in the place, that being the music used formerly by the Irish in their wars." The town, at this time, could raise 1,000 men fit for arms. The woollen manufacture, an Irish kade which William III. was petitioned to suppress, and which he fidthfiilly promised to discourage, once flourished here. The trade has now altogether left our shores, while the manufacture of linen has departed to the north, and with it the growth of flax.

There are two parish churches in this town — Kil- brogan and Ballymodan. The latter contains a fine old monument, erected to Francis Bernard, Justice of the Court of Common Fleas, with this inscription : —

Eranois Bebkahd, EsaxJiBB,

OBUT JUNE 29TK, 1781,

^TATIB BVX 68.

A beautiful new church, in the purest Gothic, has been lately erected on the site of the old church of Ballymodan. The foundation was laid on the 9th of March, 1847, by the Earl of Bandon, who subscribed ^500 towards its re- erection. To aid the building of the former edifice, the first Earl of Cork says, (in his Diary, Sept. 10th, 1614,) "1 gave my yeare's rent of my p'sonadge of Ballymodane, as a help towards the bwylding of the new church at Bandon-bridge." The present new church was not built before it was re- quired. There are about 1,400 Protestants in the parish of Ballymodan.

About a mile to the south-west of the town is Castle Bernard,* the splendid mansion and noble park of the

* Ocutl^ Bernard. — ^* Six miles west of Bandon, a little east of Iniskean, is Palace* Anne, a handBome, large, well-built house of Roger Bernard, Esq, with

L

498 HISTORY OF COBK.

Earls of Bandon. The more modem residenoe, built by Judge Bernard, is incorporated with the old fortalioe of Castle Mahon, the seat of the O'Mahonys.

The Bandon river discharges itself into the sea at Kinsale. The passage of this river through the glen, near the pretty town of InishannoUi is very beautiful. The new Protestant church in this town or village, is a very fine structure. Inishannon was formerly walled, and a place of some note. In this neighbour- hood are the foundations of several castles. Kilg^bban Castle, on the. river Bandon, built by Mac Carthy ; Downdaniel Castle, built by Barry Oge in 1476| at tiie confluence of the Bnnny and Bandon rivera; and Carriganassig.

From Inishannon to Elinsale the river runs through a rich loamy soil, its banks here and there clothed with rich foliage, still j ustifying Spenser's description of

*^ The pleasant Bandon, erowned with many a wood."

Here also are the ruins of old castles and mansioDs^ the principal of which is Foul-na-long, or Hup-peol| belonging to the Boches, which was taken by the men of Bandon in 1642, by which means they opened a correspondence with Einsale. In the churoh-yard of the parish of Dunderrow, within three miles of Kinaale^ is a monument, with an inscription : — " To the memory of Edward Roche, Esquire, of Trabolgan, and his wife, Mrs. Mary Archdeacon, of M onkstown, who both died in the same hour, on the 23rd of January, 1711." The seaport town of Xinsale derives its name ftom

kitchen and " Iniakeen, Bfoile More

TOWN OF EIN8ALB. 499

Ceann-sailej " the head of the sea." The promontorf which juts out about six milea to the south-east^ is called the Old Head of Kinsale. Here was an aooient eucampuieut,* on the site of which stand therainB of a De Courcy castle. Miles de Cooroy, son of the celebrated John do Oouroy, married a De Cogan, and built a castle on the Old Head. The Ordnance map has a *' church in ruins " near Bandy Cove, on the old head. The Ber. John H. Hopkins, Bector of Kinsale, says: — "The churoh is built of unhewn stone, and mortar made from bnmed shells. The building is oblong, measuring about thirty-five feet by twenty. It was entered by a low narrow door in the western gable, and lighted by slits like those in the staircase of an old castle, two of which remain. The Gastem gable is surmoanted by a rudely constructed circular archjf and slightly bayed ; the other is also bayed, and surmounted by a flat atone. The ruin ib known as the church of Courtmather."

Kinsale is one of the oldest corporate towns in Ire- land. The preamble of the charter, 7 of Edward III. says, " the town was surrounded by Irish enemies and English rebels, and that the burgesses had always obeyed the king's orders in repelling the same, who had often, by sea and land, assailed the town." The power of choosing a sovereign or mayor wqs granted by this charter, for their loyalty. Bat Kinsale did

■ An ancient tneaapmenl. — " Thit place, in ancient KDOrii, ii uid to hsTS be«n a royal seat of the kings of Ireland, beiag called Dun-EeanBa." — SmiWi Mulery of Cork, vol. i., p. *«.

t Oirtular arch. — Doctoi Petrie gives seTeral eiamplei in hli leamid woA on £ccleeiastical Aichitectuie, to ebewUiatwe bate no example of the use of thaarah or lime cement as earlj as the nith eentuty.^ — Jketor Biiri^t Seimd "Rictrt, pp. 127-133.

500 raSTORY OF CORK.

not always preserve its loyalty intact. It countenanced the pretensions of Lambert Simnel, and was therefore visited by the Earl of Eildare with five ships and 600 men, and obliged, in 1488, to renew its oath of alle- giance to Henry YII. The following certificate of the bravery of William Loggan, captain of a king's ship is interesting : —

''August 3, 1545. Certificate by the soyereign and prineipal inhabitants of Kinsale, stating the gallant conduct of Williani Log- gan, captain of the king's ship called the Murderer^ which was captured by a French ship, off Kinsale, July 6th, 1545. The Murderer y which was a Scotes ship in tyme past, was taken bj Fransmene * upon the king's coast, and by the haven moatb of his majesty's toune of Kinsale. The said Wyllame manly fimght against the said Frenshmene, where was no more with hym, that stand, as we are informed, save x [ten] men. After his pnner and part of his men was kylle, said Wyllame fought stiU manbf^ and worshipfully, and so kylle certayn of said Franshmen, Tlie ^M Wyllame Logane, and so many as stood with hym» lep out in one of the shipis bott, [boat,] and so say his lyff."— Oniiniiftir ^SimU Papers, 1509-1573, jp. 72.

In June 30th, 1535, Philip Boche, merdhant of Elinsale, sends *^ two falcons, three merlons, a spanow- hawk, and two grey-hounds " to Crumwell, the minister of Henry YIII., by one Davy Shihan, (Sheehan) '' to pray his help to get the patent for Einsale renewed, and to have the king's gift of cooket to mRinfft^n the walls of Xinsale." It is then added the same patent [the old patent] was sent last year, by the oonndl and commons of Kinsale.— Cbfewrfar of Utate Papers from 1509-1573,/;. 13.

♦K-. * ^«'»«»<T "''^" P»P«r ia a curious iptcimen of tii« different wave ia whkk «1^® ^yy!^ or name, was spelled in the same document. The w^ Fiwci- men u spelled "iVa«wa»i^," ^^ lYmmMhrnem,- and <« jR^NtAeNN." It «di seem as u the brare townsmen of Einsale studied varietp in spdling.

TOWK OF KINSALE. 601

For the account of the Spanish landing at this port, under the command of Don Jnan de Aqnila, and the consequent siege and battle, between Moun^'oy and Hugh O'Neil, we refer the reader to the previous pages of this history. For this rebellion, if we may call it such, the town of Xinsale was supposed to have for- feited^ its charter.

Prince Maurice, the nephew of the ill-fitted Charles I., entered the harbour of Einsale at the end of January, 1649, and his brother, Prince Bupert, with sixteen ships, displaying black jacks for the murdered king, on the 10th of February. Oliver Cromwell visited Kinsale, either in the December of the same year, or in January, 1650, when he handed over the keys, with which he had been presented, to Colonel Stubber. (See page 110.) James II. entered this harbour, with a French fleet and army, the 12th of March, 1689. The Earl (afterwards Duke) of Marlborough came here the 2nd of October, 1690, and Major-General Tettau, and Colonel Fitzpatrick, on the 3rd, when they took the old and new forts, and Bingrone Castle. These were the last and most important political and warlike events connected with this old corporate town-

The old corporation or government, by a sovereign and burgesses, no longer exists. It comes under the new Irish Municipal and Corporation Act, and is governed by Town Commissioners, who, I find by the public papers, have just disposed of the mace and other insignia of the old corporation by public auction.

'' The insignia of this ancient corporation were put ap to public auction, last week, by the Town Commissioners. They consisted of a mace, punch-bowl, and ladle, all silver. The two latter articles

502 HISTOBT OF CORK.

were purchased by some of the resident gentry. The maoe, the most interesting relic of the whole, was knocked down to the Ber. Dr. Neligan, Rector of St. Mary's Shandon. It is very heasTj^ weighing 79f ounces of old hall-marked silver. It is about three feet nine inches in length, and screws into two parts for the ooa- yenience of carriage or packing. It has the ancient arms of Kiiwali» engraved on the sides." — Cork Daily Reporter^ May 18, 1861*

They might have parted with the pundh-bowi and ladle, but to sell the old mace was in very bad taste indeed. It is more than bad taste; it is a flin and sacrilege, against those old and hallowed fbelingSi which form the basis of what we style true

'•;in- nni;iH

'' Is there a man with soul so dead, Who neyer to himself has said,

This M mff own, my native Umit Whose heart hath ne'er within him bnni'd. As home his footsteps he hath tnm'd, From wandering on a foreign strand."

The town is pleasantly situated, near the sea. The old houses, climbing the sides of the hill% have a picturesque appearance. The barrack, containing ao- commodation for 600 men, stands on a fine eminenoe. Charles Fort,* mounting six 24 and six 32 poundera, commands the entrance of the harbour. On tbe tongue of land, round which the Bandon riyer windSi we have the outlines of the old fort, with its onrtainB and counterscarps, that giye a very correct idea of Spanish engineering and fortification in the daya-of our Elizabeth, and Philip, King of Spain.

The general shipping trade of the town ia inoenr- siderable. Vessels drawing more than 10 feet cannot cross the bar at low water. The usual anchorage is

« CharUt Forty so called in honor of Charles II. It was begun in 1670^ nd completed at the cost of £73,000. It then mounted 100 pieoea of ' carrying from a 24 to a 42 pound bell.

KINSALE AND KILBRITAIN. 503

off the village of Cove ; but the river Bandon is navi- gable for 12 miles — ^to Odliei^s Quay — ^for vessels of about 200 tons.

Fish is the staple trade of Eiusale. . Sprats and herrings are taken in seines, within the bay^ as £Eir as the Old Head ; haddock, maokarel| turbot, gurnet, cod, ling, hake and conger eels, in &e open sea, and salmon in the river.

The fishermen and their families live On the outskirts of the town, called Scilly, 05 the " World's End." They were originally English, who came over in Queen Elizabeth's time. Dr. Smith says, " They never marry out of the village, so that they are all related to each other." He quotes the following lines as descriptive of their fishing village :—

** And on tbe broken payement, here and there. Doth many a stinkitig sprat and herring lie ; A brandy and tobacco shop is near, And hens, and hogs, and dogs, are feeding by ; And here a sailor's jacket hangs to dry."

About four miles south-west of Kinsale is Kilbri- tain, or Cill-Britain, once described as " a fair town in the barony of Carbery and county of Cork." Kilbri- tain is the residence of Lieut«-Colonel Alcock Stawell. Here stood an old castle, erected by Sir John de Courcy, of Kinsale- There is a story that he pawned it to Mac Carthy Beagh for a white weazle ; that the weazle died, and Mac Carthy retained the castle. De Courcy was afterwards slain by Mac Carthy, in the island of Inchidonny, in the harbour of Clonakilty, in 1295. We tell, in volume i., page 148, how young Gerald, of Kildare, the brother of Silken Thomas and

604 HISTOBT OF COBK.

the Fair Oeraldine, sought refuge here, and how Manns O'Donnell, who married his aunt, attempted to betiay him.

To the south-east of £ilbritain in Coofanaine GasUe, the seat of the Hoiu)rable Colonel Bernard. The old castle was possessed by the men of Bandon in 1642, and kept in English hands ever since.

About four miles to the west of Coolmaine u the village or small post town of Timoleagne, where it is probable St. Molaga had a house or cell.* The Four Masters say the monastery for Franciscan fnan was founded in 1240, <' by Mao Carthy Beagh, Lord of Carbery, and his own tomb was erected in the friary. In this monastery also, Barrymore, (VMahony of Carbery, and the Baron Courcy are interred." Here also are the tombs of the O'Cullananes, the O'Dono- vans, the Deasys, and the O'Heas.

About five miles south of Timoleagne, on the shore to the west of the Seven-Heads, is Dnnworly Say, so famous for its Irish Beads. The Bev. Br. NeligaOi of Cork, found some hundreds of these beads, of TBxioiis colors, on the strand. For an account of them, see Papers Kilkenny Archoeohgieal Society^ vol. ii., pp. 69- 61, new series. It has been suggested that they wen used for devotional purposes at Timoleagne Abbey. Some suspect they are of more ancient origin and use; We learn from another paper of the Kilkenny Areh- sBological Society, (vol. i., p. 149, new series,) that Lord Londesborough has an amber bead, mieribti with an Ogham. The following passage from DoeCor

• ^(Mtftf or 0ff0.~Timoleague-— 2]MMA-Jfo&^a--<* Thf hoiiM of MolagiL^ lUi ;:aint was a Dative of Fermoy, in which distriet he founded a monaitAiy.

DUNWORLY BEADS. 505

Smith's History of Corky (vol. li., p. 406,) gives some significance to the Dunworly beads. " In the barony of Ibowne, in a place called Dunworly, on a high cliff» is one of these caverns, which the force of the sea has worked about half-way, so that the cavity hangs over the precipice, and is quite exposed." Here, he says, is one of these ^^ works of stone, which the Irish name coharas." He describes another at Bosscarbery. " The roof of each cell consisted of a Gothic arch, formed of stiff clay." He next quotes the Sev. Mr. Marmaduke Cox, who, writing in 1765, describes another in the parish of AghabuUoge, with fifteen chambers and five hundred skeletons.

After making all due allowance for exaggeration here, and reducing the five hundred skeletons to fifty, or, if the reader wishes, to five, there is something more left than a mere urkbra or shadow. There were three skulls, and one ^* more perfect and clean " than the rest, with " teeth very regular and distinct," and a " beautiful carved wood comb," that may have passed through beautiful hair. A string of beads would crown this lady's toilet. But beads and ornaments of various kinds are often found in the sepulchres of the dead. Now, if the Dunworly caveni may be ranked as sepul- chral, and if it was '' quite exposed^^^ as Dr. Smith says, to the sea, which had " worked about half wap^^ into it, is it unlikely the Dunworly beads, which Doctor Neligan picked up among the sand, were washed out of it ? The Kilkenny Arehceological Journal^ (vol. ii., p. 8, new series,) contains an illustration of a very curious glass bead, found at Ballintlea, about a quarter of a mile from the Bath of Ballinaclough, in the Queen's County*

VOL. u. 33

506 HISTORY OF CORK.

To the south of Timoleague is Abbey Mahon,* and the ruins of a monastery, founded by Benardine monkSy and near the mouth of Clonakilty harbour, Courtmao- sherry, a house, built by Hodnett, an Englishinani who came from Shropshire, and assumed the Irish name of Sherry, or Mac Sherry.

Inchidonny Island lies in the mouth of Clanakilty Bay. By an inquisition held in Ck)rk, (Not. 4, 1584,) it was escheated, for want of heirs, to the crown. It is now the property of Thomas Hungerfordy Esquire. The Hungerfords are the descendants of yery noble ancestors. Sir Thomas Eungerford was Speaker of the English Commons in 1398 ; his son, Walteti Lord Hungerford, fought under Henry Y. at Aginoonrti where he took the Duke of Orleans prisoner. He was Lord High Treasurer under Henry YL The fiunily came to the county Cork in 1640 or 1641| where they got Tarious grants of land. '

The following is an extract from the Surrey Book f of the Grand Jury of the county of Cork, found in Dive Downes' Diary : —

" The Island of Inchidonny, als. the Isle of Man, the duct greeves of Carhoo-Duffee, on the north of the said island, and tht three greeves of Kineene, lying on the north west patt of tlie ssid island, in the diocese of Rosse and county of Corke, aet to Bkksri Hungerford/'

• Abbey Mahon. The eighteen ploughlancLi, in the ptriik of Abber XaliB were granted to the abbey by Lord Barry, bnt the abbey waa ■«¥» flafrtrff, wk at the dissolution of religious houses the property was seized by the ecowa.

f Survey Book, " In the hands of the Treasurer of the eoimij of Coite a* three books, each of them containing an account of the lamdain theaofwal iMHsii* of the said county Corke. There are also two other books in his OHtod|y, t^ taining copies of the presentments made by Orand Jnriei. The oiiaiBal vntf^ mcnts are kept by the Deputy Clerk of the Crown for Om eooaty of (kA, ii* chest, in his lodgings in Corke."— Dim Downeif Limy.

CLONAKIITT AND IKOttlDONNT. 607

Clonakilty ia a post and market town, twelve miles from Bandon and thirty-two miles fh>m Cork. It is governed by town oommissioaers. It was formerly governed by a sovereign and burgesses, like Einsale. * It was a borough towD, and sent members to tlie Irish parliament. It was inoorporated in 2nd of James I., through the interest of the Earl of Cork. At the breaking out of the civil war in 1641, the lEnglisli settlers in Clonakilty fled en masse to Bandon, whioh was a walled town. Lord Forbes, a Scottish nobleman, who had served with distinction under Qastavns Adol<- phuB, marched to the relief of Clonakilty, where he left two companies of Scotch troops, and some Bandon militia, and pressed on to Bath-Barry. The Irish rose in his absence, and cut off the Scotch regiments, the Bandon men making good their retreat to an old fort near Boss, where they maintained their ground till reinforced by Lord Forbes. The Irish retreated, and made for Inchidonny, in Clonakilty harbour, but the tide coming in, a number of them were drowned. On Lord Forbes' return to the town, he found some of the English settlers imprisoned in the market-house, who firmly believed they were to be burned alive, as a feu dejoie for the victory of the Irish over the Scotch.

A very good classical school was established here in 1808, by the Earl of Shannon, who assigned a fine house and some land towards its support. Here that pure and noble-minded lady, Miss Donovan, established a female school in connexion with the Nationnl Board, which was a model for the whole county, and did much for the moral and social advancement of the females of the town and neighbourhood, where the influence of

508 HISTOHT OF CORK.

her good works and noble nature will be long felt. The Bey. Doctor Collins, B.C. Bishop of Cloyne and Boss, who was examined by a committee of tli^ House of Commons on the state of the poor of Ireland, and the author of several tracts on the same subject, was born in Clonakilty. It is also the birth-place of the Bight Hon. Bickard Deasy, LL.D., one of the Barons of the Exchequer, who was member for this county from 1855 to 1860.

Ten miles north-east of Clonakilty, is Dunmanway,* styled by Doctor Smith, a pleasant thriying little town. It is a market and post town, in the parish of Fanlobbus. It consists of one street, of about half-a- mile in length. There is a Protestant churoh, a Gatholio chapel, and a Methodist meeting-house in this town. The Commissioners of the National Board f have established a model school here. The town of Don- manway is intimately associated with the name of Sir Biohard Cox, the historian and Irish Lord Chancellor. We learn from his " Autobiography," edited by Ifr. Caulfield, that Sir Bichard Cox was born in BandoDi the 25th of March, 1650. His grandfather came from Wiltshire, and settled at Eilworth, ^^and bora his share in the calamity of 1641." His fEtther, a ''yeiy strong and valiant person," a captain in Major-Gtonend Jephson's regiment of horse, was murdered by CSaptain Norton, who stabbed him with a pen-knife as fbof

• Dun-fia-m-beann, or " Fort of Gables," now anglioiied into DiaiMttWifc. The castle was built in 1607, by Catherine, the daughter of Thonm of PrughtH;

eighth Earl of Desmond, " a truly hospitable woman."

t National Board. The number of children on the roll of Halioml in this county, on the 81st Deeember, 1869, was— Catholioi, l7»Miff; of all denominations, 616. The numbers in the prorince it Mii_ Catholics, 40,092 ; TrotcstaDts, 1974. Total of all denominaticmty 61|(

era. bichabb cor. 609

\rcre walking together. Hie mother, "-an ingeniouB and pretty hlaok woman," waa daughter to Walter Bird, " thrioe sovereigQ, and along time Beoorder of Clonakilty." She had been married before, bnt her former husband, Captain Batten, was killed at the Biege of Dnngarran. She did not l<mg sorriTe the second calamity, but, " through greef, fell into con- sumption, and died the following winter." Eiohard Cos's uncle, John Bird, took care of the future Lord Chancellor, and sent him to school to Thomas Barry, of Clonakilty, where he made some progress in classics, rhetoric, logic, and physics. He attributes his succesa in life to his honesty. Let us hear his account of it :

"The rise of my (brtime BpruQg from a principle of honesty, and' I thank God I can truly say, that from my infancy, I have had a great r^^rd for religion, sincerity, and virtue. I owed a cob,* which, by driblets, I had lost at the track-table, and beins dunned for it, I stole one from my uncle, but being checked by my prin- ciple, I restored it immediately, and resolved to take some lawful coarse to pay that debt, and fonuBh myself with mora money."

His uncle bound him to an attorney, at which pro- fession he made money enough to keep himself in good clothes and good company, and finally to go to England, where he met the Earl of Cork, who was very kind to him. He returned from England the llth of January, 1673, came to Bandon, bis birth-place, and, by hia uncle's advice, married Mary Bourne, she being fifteen and he not fully twenty-four. "This was the rock I had like to split upon, for though she proved a very good wife, yet being disappointed in her portion, which was ill paid by her mother, and in driblets, and from

' Chh, a Spaniih rii or eroM-dolUr, weighing 17 dwt., nd nlued »t 4» 9d.

510 HISTORY OF COBK.

whom I received other unkindnesses, I retired into the country, and lived at Clonakilty for seven years, but very plentifully and pleasantly."

After this he becomes Beeorder of Kinsale^ and makes £500 a-year of his practice. Here he made the acquaintance of Sir Bobert Southwell, Secretary of State to King William. He became one of Sir Bobert's private secretaries, and by his influence was advanced to the position of second Justice of the Court of Common Fleas, from which he managed to climb to the Irish woolsack.

Dunmanway owes everything to Sir Biohard Cox, who established an English colony here, made new roads and removed the parish church * into his new town.

Here Sir Bichard established the manufiuAare of linen, diapers, fustians, and giftwebs. He gave a house rent free to the man who, through the year, had made the best and greatest quantity of linen, and had the following inscription, in gold letters, placed over his door : —

" DATITR DIONIOBI : Tilts House is rentfree^ for the superior industry of the Pdeeeuor"

The following description of the industry and pros* perity, which once prevailed in this thriving little towii, is well worthy of record : —

** Sir Richard also gave premiums to the apprantiees and k ncymen, and to the girls of the spinning aohool, acoording to merits. Those who bought and sold the greatest quantitY of cloth manufactured in this country, at the &di of this placet

« Tiarith ehureh. — The prefl«iit new church of Fanlobbiis wtf ersoM in 18f I, at a cost of £1,000.

DtTNUANWAT, CASTLB-FIUiKB. fill

' prcmiumB ako ; and bo greatly haa this maimfootiire L

its first settlement in this country, but a very finr jrean ago, that in 1748 thero were, by a moderate eompntation, 400 lu^sheada Af flax seed aown on this side of the county.

" But its effects will still appear in a etrongcr light, ttotn tho increase of the number of hoiues and inhabitants in Dnnmanway. In 1 735 there were not more than 60 very iadiflbvnt houses, 13 □ot iababited, or by be^ars only, and 30 by people who were fiir the most part poor and idle, for want of employment. la May, 1747, there were 67 housra, which contained 250 Protestants and 807 Papists, in all 557. There were reckoned tn the town 87 flax wheels and 51 woollen wheels. In May, 1749, the honses were increased to 117, containing 405 Protestants and 402 Papists, in all 607. In all the houses there were 226 flax wheels and 22 woollen wheels, besides those of the spinning school. On the first of May, Sir Richard annually appointed a review of all the wheels, on a pretty green near the town, which makes no inelegant entertain- ment, to see so many young creatures rescued from want, idleness, and misery, decked out in decent apparel, earned by their own in- dustr}- ; and to countenance this review, the young ladies of the best distinction exhibited their skill in spinning in this public assembly."

Sir Richard Cox died the 3rd of May, 1733, at the advanced age of eighty-three.

To the south-west of Clonakilty is Castle-Freke, the Doble residence and beantiful park of Lord Carbery. It was formerly called Hath-Bany, from an aaoient fortalice, of the Barrys, which stood here. It was in tlic possession of Sir John Freke, baronet, when Bmith wrote his history. The present Lord Carbery is de- scended from George Evans,* who was created Baron Carbery, of Carbery, in 1716. His aeoond eon, John,

• George Evani. " The familT of Eratii claim deioant from Eljitan Olodrjdd,

/ rrincc Fferlys, founder of the IV. Eojral Tnbes. In the liiteenth century tiro of

1 the fuTDily settled in IreUod. John Eruu, ancestor of the Lordi Cubrar; and

' R.>b«rt Kvaae, from wjiom deiivet the bmily of E>eni of Bajmonnt, Owm^

Dublin, and Kobinsloim, Conntj Wwtmwth."— .flurfa'j Fttragi.

BOSSCAABBRT, BUTDUFF.

I

" There, ftUo, vliera the winged ihip* w«ie leen, In liquid ir&Tei to cut their fbunj wif. And thousand flihen, nnmbeied to hare been, To that wide lake, looking for plenteoui jmf, Of flsh, which they with but nud to hetray, Ib now no Uke, nor any flahei') ■tore, Nor ever ehip* ahall nil then an; nun

This Rnciect cathedral town was formerly called Eoss-Alithri, the *' Wood of the Pilgrims." The cathe- dral is said to have heen founded, in the beginning of the sixth century, by St. Faohnan Mongaoh, " the Hairy," who had been Abbot of Molana, a monastery on an island in the Blackwater, near Toughal. His memory is held in great veneration in BoBscarbery, of which diocese he is pauon saint. The following interesting tradition is related of him : It was his daily habit to retire to the side of a hill, near the town, for prirate prayer. It happened one day that he left his prayer- book behind him. The night was very wet, but the prayer-book was as dry, in the morning, as Gideon's fleece — " the angels had built a smaU chapel over it" This little chapel, or oratory, stood on the hill side. Doctor Smith says it was repaired by a person, who, in a fit of sickness, had vowed, if he recovered, " to build a church." To build a church, and re- build an oratory,* are different things.

About a mile to the west of Boss is Banduff CasUe, in Irish Beann-Dubh, "the Blaok Gable," built by Catherine, daughter of Thomas, eighth Earl of Des- mond. Smith says it was built by the O'Donovans,

• RehuiidanoratoTi/. This pttriffloniaiM Denitent 1 >*'^i

thplittleomtor^, whichirerebut lafeetl ly 8 _ -

eick ," Probably he mav hare pleadc ' uc.< ■■ I

built on the foundHtiDD of tbe angeU, foi » i . biw

514 HISIOBT 07 COBX.

and adds, ^^ near it, at Ballyrenme, are the roiiui of the largest house in Carbery, erected by Sir William Coppinger." Two miles west, is the small but ezod- lent harbour of Olandore, on the heights around which a number of pleasant seats are spring^g up. Here an the ruins of Glandore Castle, built by Barrett in 1215.

To the west of Glandore harbour is the pariah of Myross, in Irish, Gardha, ^^ a garden," — ^for the land is yery good — and the village of Union HalL There are extensive ruins in this parish, at Carrigillihy, supposed to belong to the Abbey do Sanoto Mauro, foundedy some say, by Diarmid Mao Carthy, King of Cork, for Cistercian monks. In this parish is Bawnlahani ono of the houses of O'Donovan, of Castle Donovan, chief of that ancient family — ^^a worthy and oomteous gentleman," writes Smith. This is the O'Donovan mentioned in the keen composed for Sir Biohard Oox.

The O'Donovans are descended from Eoghaa the Splendid. He contended with Con of the Hundred Battles, who drove him out of Ireland into Spain, where he married Beara, the king's daughter. But he soon returned, at the head of a powerful armj, and put into a harbour in Munster, which he called J7Mf- HaveUy in honor of his wife. He again met Con, whom he defeated in ten successive engagements, winning the supreme chieftaincy of the southern half of Ireland. But the half of Ireland did not satisfy the Splendid Eoghan. He saw that Con's revenues, derived from ships in Dublin and other ports, were greater than his own, and proposed an equal distribution of profits^ which Con refused, so to battle they went again. They met on the plain of Lena or MoyIena| in the

THE o'DONOTiJTe. filS

Queen's Comity, where Con took thd BOQthem hOTo by surprise. Eoghan was slain "bj Gotil, the son of Monuu

He left two sons by bis Spani^ wife— OilioU 01it% (who succeeded his iatber) and Lughaidh Lagba, a champion of extraordinary strength and bravery. Olnnt was succeeded by Eo^ban, the fitther of Cormao Cas, the ancestor of the O'Briens of Thomond, and of Fiacha, the parent of the O'Donovans, and of what are called the seven royal families of Mnnster. The Donovan from whom the family name is derived, is he of Bruree, who united with Mahony and Ivor the Dane, in the treacherous murder of Mahon, the brother of Brian Boru, as recorded in the first chapter of this history.

This great family is divided into three great septs, the Clan-Cahill, Clan-Loughlin, and Clan Eneslis. The O'Donovans of Bawntahan and Caatle Donovan, were chieftains of Clan-Cahill. Mnldowdy O'Morrison, a southern poet, composed an ode on the accession of Donnell O'Donovan to the chieftainship, in 1639-1640, in which he hints that Donnell had rivals for that high honor, but adds that his bravery, hospitality, and bounty, marked him as the true chieftain, and ^aew all his competitors into the shade. The poet concludes with a eulogium on his wife, Sheela, or Julia, the daughter of Bory O'Shanghneesy, of the royal house of Connaught.

This Donnell was a loyal subject * throughout the civil war, and therefore had his property oonfisoated in favor of the CromweUians. He died in August, 1660.

■ A hyal tuhjut.—lt wu hii bther who, in 15M, boined tfa« Uahop'i hooM, nt Rosa, see p. 3S4 and who met ffNaill, at InniicuTB, in 15BP, to pitpara for ■

iiiK campaign against the que«n'i goTsraiHint

516 HISTORY OP CORK,

Conor Cam O'Daly, of Mninter-Bhaire, oomposed his elegy, a copy of which is in the possession of Dr. 0' Donovan, the learned Editor of the Four Masters. His wife, Sheela, who was twenty years younger than her husband, died in 1680, just twenty years after him. She also had her elegy.

Their son, Daniel lY., petitioned Charles IL for the restoration of his father's property, and got back the manor of Baheen, but no part of the manor of Castle Donovan, which the king, by patent, had granted to Lieutenant Evanson, at an annual rent of £22 4b. 1 Id.

This Daniel, better known afterwards as Colonel O'Donoyan, was committed in 1684, by Sir Emanuel Moore, on a charge of treason, for conspuing the deaQi of the king, in his lodgings at Whitehall, but he was entirely acquitted. We find him, July 1689, a colonel of a regiment of foot, in the service of James II. In October, 1690, he was deputy-governor of Charles Fort, in Kinsale, which he surrendered to Mail- borough on honorable terms.

He was required, at the conclusion of the James and Williamite war, to march with his regiment to CSork harbour, and there to embark. The order is dated 12th Nov., 1691, and signed *' Jo. Wanehopb." It would appear that Colonel O'Donovan did not obey this order, for on the 4th of January, 1692, we haye a " Permit,^' signed " B. Townsbnd,*' for " Colonel O'Donovan to travell to Timoleague, to deliver him- selfe a prisoner unto the High-Sheriff, without molest- ation, he behaving himselfe as becometh." He was alive in January, 1701.

He left by his wife, Victoria, daughter of Captain

IHB o'DOHOTANa OP BAWNLAHAST. 517

Coppinger, one daughter, Yiotoiia, who married Cap- tain Cornelius O'DonoTan, the anoestor of the present O'Donovan, Morgan William, of MontpeUier, Douglas, in this county. The colonel had, by a second marriage with Elizabeth Tonson, a son, Captain Bichard O'Dono- van, who had a son, Baniel, who, failing in male heirs, leaves, by will, the property to Morgan, of Montpel- lier : —

" I leave my estate clear, aa by my setdemeat vOl Bppeor, to my eldest eon, Bichard O'Donovan, and hit heire, male, lawfully begot^ ten ; and in failure of issue, male, in him, to my second son, John Donovan, and his heirs, male, lawfully begotten. In failure of issue, male or female, in either, I leave the reversion of my estales to Morgan Donovan, Esquire, now living in the city of Cork, and to his heirs, male, law^ly begotten ; subject, in case of accidents, to the sum of £10,000 sterling to my eldest daughter, Ellen O'Dono- van, and the like sum to bft paid to my second daughter, Jane O'Donovan, and to their heirs, and if cither should die the Rurvivor to come in for the £20,000." — See Ih; O'Donovan't Four Matttri, Appendix, pp. 2458, 2459.

John O'Donovan, Esquire, LL.D., is a descendant of the Castle-Donovan branch of this family. Edmond Donuvan, of Bawnlahan, killed the eldest son of O'SulLivan Bears, in some dispute about the boundary of their estates, and fled the county of Cork, settling . at Gaulstown, in the county Kilkenny, previously to 1643. Doctor O'Donovan's lather was an Edmond, He was bom in 1760, and married, in 1788, to Eleanor Hoberlin, of Eochestown, and died, 29th July, 1817, enjoining his eldest son, who sat by his bedside while he expired, to remember his descent He requested that his body should be buried " along with the good men of Dunkitt, but not under the large tombstone,"

518 HISTORY OF CORK.

I need hardly say that these injunctionB were piously observed by higf children.

To the west of Myross is the fishing yillage of Gastla- townsend, situated on the north side of the harbour of Castlehaven. The harbour is half-a-mile wide, aii4 well sheltered ; vessels of 500 tons burden can andhor here. There is a ferry from this to Myross. CSastle* townsend derives its name from the seat of Colond Townsend. For an account of the siege of CSolonel Townsend's castle^ see page 195 of this volume.

The town of Skibbereen lies five or six miles to the north-north-west of Castletownsend. It is a market and post town^ in the parish of Abbeystowry.* It is situated on the southern bank of the river Ilei^ and consists of seven streets. We conclude that the last census will give this town a population of over 4,000, although no part of Ireland suffered more, or lost mote of its population during the great famine of 1846-1848, than the town and district of Skibbereen. Skibbereen, as well as Dunmanway, Clonakilty, and Bandon, had its woollen and linen trade ; but this belongs to their pest history. It is well situated for trade. The tide, from the harbour of Baltimore, fiows up to the town, and the river Hen is navigable for vessels of 200 tons to Old Court, two miles below the town. The paroohial church of Abbeystowry is situated in Bridgetown. Here is a B.C. chapel, a beautiful Greoian edifioe^ erected in 1826, under the direction of Doctor Collini^ B.C. Bishop of Boss,

« Abbeyttowry,—To the west of Skibbereen stood tlio dd abboj, whidi gnt

name to the parish. *• In it," writes Smith, " are serenl old tombi, ud in pov ticular a large one of the Boches." It was here, is we kun from Divt Ikmmm, ttiat the rector demanded, as a boning fee, <« the second b«t nit of dotto flf At dead man, or 6s. 8d. in Ueu thereof." Set p. 360 of thii TohnM.

BALTIMORE AND THS O'DBISCOLIA 019

About five miles to the sooth-west of Skihbereen is the old English borough town of Baltimore. It be- longed originally to the O'DrisoolIs, who possessed every acre of Carbery* before the English inTamon. The Mac Carthy's, who afterwards became the lords paramomit, lived at Cashel, the O'Sidlivaas at Knook> raffan and Clonmel, and the O'DonovanB at Croom and Bruree. The harbour of Baltimore was at one time crowded with O'DriscoU's fishing boats and war pinnaces. The O'DriscolIs were bold sailors, who did some trade in the pirating line. Pineen, or Florence, and his base-bom son, Gilly Duff, or the Black Boy, were on the cliffe on the 20th of February, 1673, from which they spied four vessels beating about in the storm before the harbour's mouth. They descended, took to their boats, and went aboard the La Sancta Maria de Soci, which was laden with 100 tons of rich Portugal wine, and offered to pilot the vessel into the harbour for three pipes of the precious juice. The offer was accepred, and the captain and crew afterwards invited to dine at the castle, where they were clapped into irons, and the ship plundered. The wine had been consigned to Waterford merchants, who, on hear- ing the news, fitted out an armed vessel, suddenly entered the harbour of Baltimore, and boarded the wine ship, from which Gilly Duff O'Drisooll and 24 of his comrades escaped, after reducing the 100 pipes of wine to 25. The Mayor of Wat«rford fitted out another expedition to revenge the robbery. They landed ou Sherbiu Island, and seized O'DrisooU's castle of Dun-

TUBKS^ FISHERIES. 621

and carried off about a hundred of the English to Algiers ; and among the number, William Gunter — ^^ a person of some credit" — ^his wife and seven sons. The Algerines were pilotted into the harbour by ** one Hacket, a Dungarvan fisherman." The men of Water- ford had not yet forgotten the seizure of their wine ship.

The Earl of Cork, writing to the lords of the English council some time after this, says : — " They certainly intend another, attempt * on these coasts the next sum- mer, and with forces to surprise the whole coast at once, by dispersing their fleet to every part, according to the strength of such places. This report so suddenly succeeding the former disaster, hath begotten so many^ doubts and fears in the minds of the inhabitants there* abouts, as, unless some timely prevention interpose, it is conceived it may dispeople the sea coasts of the English inhabitants, whereby the harbours may be left open to enemies, the fishermen of the coast and in the deep may be utterly overthrown, and his majesty deprived of their services for supply of his navy on all occasions. The pilchard fishery also may thereby, and in all probability will, be interrupted, and his majesty much hindered thereby in his customs. And lastly, which is not least considerable, the kingdom may be thereby deprived of the benefit they may otherwise have, of the importation of coyne, there having been some years £16,000, and in some other years £20,000, observed to have been imported into this kingdom for

♦ Another attempt. In Lord Cork's letter to Lord Dorchester, with a map of Baltimurc, he says the Turks were to attempt the forts of Cork and Kinsale, the one being the fort of Hawlbolyn, at the mouth of the rirer of Cork, and the fort of Castle-park, near Kinsale, from both which forts the wards and ordnance were withdrawn before." The letter is dated from " Dublin, 19th February, 1681"

vll. II. 34

522 HISTORY OP CORK.

pilchards, and most of the money coming from the French or Hollanders."

The Earl of Cork took a deep interest in these fisheries. The following entry occors in his diary : —

'' April 16, 1616.— Sent Ennys O'Driscoll £12 sterling, to begin to sett up the Pilcber ffishing at Long Islande, and I paid him thereof, in money, £9 158., and gave him my acquittance for 45t, sterling, being by him due to me for my last Easter rent, with a warrant to take out of my woods, in Sleight Teag O'Mabowne'i lands, timber for their fishe presses and fyshe houses."

I find that the fisheries,* on this coast, had began to decline even in Smithes time, or more than 100 years ago. Writing of Bantry, he says, " A few years ago, when the pilchards frequented this bay, it was a very thriving town, but for want of employment is again fallen into decay."

The present state of the fisheries on our coast, from Youghal to Castletown, is by no means enoonraging. The report of the Commissioners for 1867 states, that our fisheries in Youghal, Queenstown, Einsale, and Castletown, are decreasing. The same may be said of Skibbcrcen, and indeed of every other fishing station on our coast. Our fisheries received a fearftil blov during tho famine, when fishing boats were left to lot on the shore. The efibrts made of late years to reviva the deep sea fisheries, have not been successful.

Bantry is a small post and market town, at the northern extremity of Bantry Bay, in a valley encir- cled by lofty mountains. This place gives title to Lord Bantry. Bichard White, of Bantry, was raised

« Fisheries. Mr. Richard Mead, of Bando!?. etnght and enrad S80.800 fliL of all kinds, in 1749 ; and Mr. James Yuung, 482,500lieniagiy sad 2S1 HRili m sprats, the preceding year.

WESTERN COAST. DEAK SWIFT. 523

to the Irish peerage as Baron of Bantry, the 31st of March, 1797, for his loyalty and zeal, during the French attempt, under General Hoche and Wolfe, to make a landing at Bantry Bay, described in the ninth chapter of this volume.

Nothing can be more wild or magnificent than the coast from Glandore to the extreme west of the county, with its bluff headlands. Dean Swift, who spent a summer in this neighbourhood, describes it in his Carbrioe Rupes, parts of which remind us of Virgil's best and boldest style : —

" Ecce ingens fragmen scopoli, qaod rertice lummo Desuper impendet, nullo fiindainine nixnm Decidit in fluctnB, maria undique, et nndique saxa Korrisono stridore tonant, et ad »thera murmur

Erigitur "

The principal headlands are Toe Head, the Bill of Cape Clear, Brow Head, Mizen Head, Three-castle- head, Sheep's Head, and Dursey Head ; within which is the far-famed Bantry Bay, which is as open-mouthed as a shark. On the left, as we enter the harbour, is Beare Island, and on the opposite and western shore the village of Castletown Bearehayen, to the south of which are the ruins of the famous Castle of Dunboy, once the strong-hold of O'Sullivan Besu'e, now in the possession of M r. Puxley.

Mr. Puxley, of Dunboy, was shot by Morty Oge O'SuUivan, in 1754. A military party was dispatched from Cork to Bearehaven to apprehend the murderer. O'SuUivan had fortified his house, which he defended till his ammunition was exhausted, when he rushed forth and broke through his enemies, but when clearing a hedge, was shot through the heart.

524 HiaronT op cork.

It is asserted, but from all I can leanii I believe incorrectly, that O'Sullivan Beare was betrayed by his servant, Scully. Be this false or true, the story has given rise to some spirited lines in ^' BlacJtwood^$ Magazine.^^ We give the first two verses : —

" The sun on Ivera no longer shines brightly, The Yoice of her music no longer is sprightly ; No more to her maidens the light dance is dear, Since the death of our darling, O'Sulliyan Beare.

Scully, thou false one, you basely betrayed him, In his strong hour of need, when thy right hand should aid him ; He fed thee, he clad thee, you had all could delight thee ; You left him, you sold him — may Heayen requite thee."

0' Sullivan's body was lashed to the stem of a king's cutter, and towed through the sea, to Cork, where his head was spiked on the South-gate. Some of O'Sul- livan's followers were killed and others wounded in his defence. One of them, named Connell, is the reputed author of the following keen, written in Cork gaol, the night before his execution : —

Eleot on O'Sqlliyan Bbabk.

'* Murtj, my dear and loved master, you carried the swmy lor strength and generosity. It is my endless grief and sorrow — ionow that admits of no comfort — that your fair head should be gaaed at as a show upon a spike, and that your noble frame is without life. I have travelled with you, my dear and much-loved master, in foreign lands. You moved with kings in the royal prince's anny; but it is through the means of Puxley I am left in grief and con- finement in Cork, locked in heavy irons, without the hope of relief The great God is good and merciful ; I ask His pardon and Hif support, for I am to be hanged at the gallows to-moirrow, without doubt. The rope will squeea^ my neck, and thousands will Uunent my fate. May the Lord have mercy on my master. It ia finr bis sake I am now in their power.

" Kerryonians, pray for us ! Sweet and melodioas if joor voice.

0*BULLiy&N BBi£fi AND- FUXLET. 626

My lilcBsing 1 give jrou ; but f ou will never see me agus among fuu alive. Our heada will be put upon a spike for a ahov; and under the cold snow of night, and the burning aun of summer I Oh, that I was ever born ! Oh, that I over retoraed to Bears- haven ! Mine was the best of masters that Ireland could produce. May our soula be floating to-morrow in the rays of endless glory.

" The lady liis wife ! Heavy is her grief, and who may wonder at that, were her eyes made of green stone, when he, her dear husbiind, waa ahot by that ball: Hadbe retreated, our grief would be lighter, but the brave man, for the pride of his country, could not retreat. He has been in king's palaoea. In Bpain he got a pension. I,ady Clare gave him robes bound with gold laoe, as a token of remembrance. He was a captain on the coast of Franoe, but he should return to Ireland for us to lose him."

The rocks and mountains of Beare, to which ha must needs return, are, to the present day, "both wild and sterile, but here, as in other places, the riches of the centre more than compensate for the sterility of the surface. The copper mines on the O'SuIIivan Bcare property, now in the possession of the Puxleys, are the richest in Ireland. It is to be regretted that the majjs of the Ordnance Survey, intended to indicate tlie geological structure of this district, are erroneousty coloured. The colouring indicates the eld red sand- stone, which is condemned by miners as " non-metal- liferous." Captain William Thomas, a high authority on such a subject, says, "The whole district southi- west of the counties of Cork and Kerry, belong to the clay slate formation, intersected by numerous elvans, dykes, cross-courses, slides and floccans, and is abun- dantly traversed by metalliferous veins, and irom these are obtained the ores of copper, lead, and silver."

Francis Lisabe, Esquire, C.E., C.M.E., who haa lately published a valuable pamphlet, shewing the

626 HISTORY OF CORK.

erroneous colouring of some of the maps of the Gh>Yem- men! Geological Survey, has favored me with the fol* lowing sketch of the principal mines in this district : —

BEABXHAYXK HIKE,

*^ This mine is private property, and the fortunate partiea haye for yery many years received enormous retums, varying* it is believed, from £30 to £40,000 per annum, and now, at the depth attained, about 200 fathoms, giving evidence of greater richness than ever, and the above large profits are expected to increase. A perfoet town is now to be seen at the mines, as it gives em]^ymeiit to be- tween 1,000 and 2,000 men, women and children.

THE aUBXrVALLIO MIKE.

" This mine is now being developed by a Dublin Company, with every prospect of becoming a most valuable property, as its indica- tions are of the most flattering description.

KILOVENOOUE-BOOSKA AKD GUBTAOLOOKA.

** AU these mines are at present in abeyance, from that unfertonate cause which has destroyed so many really good properties, namdtf— - a want of capital, spirit, and unanimous feeling, on the part of the shareholders, to prosecute them in a legitimate maoiier. Large quantities of lead ores, raised from these mines, had rsachod high prices in the English markets.

DHUBADE MINE.

" This mine has been worked for some years, and has prodnoed large quantities of rich ores of copper. The amphitheatre-lika appearance of this mine reminds us of its rich neighbour. Bears- haven ; and the late rich discoveries made induce the belief, that is a short time the present spirited proprietors will be amply reworM for their perseverance and energy.

BBOW-HEAD MIKE.

^^ Here is another instance of the want of unanimous feeling in the London shareholders, to carry on these mining operations with the spirit their fine property deserves. This mine, in a veiy short period, produced a great deal of the richest copper ore, and only requires capital and energy to prove highly remuneratiTe,

MINES ON THE WESTEBN COAST. 627

OBOOKHATBN ICINB.

'' This mine, now in ^ill operation, has lately sent a cargo of copper ore to market, and eyerj fathom sunk is preying more and more indicative of great riches in depth.

BALLTOUMISH MINB.

'' This mine is, like Bearehaven, a private speculation, and one which must he most satisfactory to all concerned, getting richer and , richer as it descends. It is now ahout 100 fathoms deep, and its prospects certainly such as to warrant the outlay now so judiciously expending.

'' All the mines I have mentioned are most advantageously situ<- ated, good roads making them easy of access. This, together with fine harbours close at hand, cheap and willing labourers, and a geological structure (clay, slate, or killas,) the most favorable for the production of minerals^ must convince the most sceptical^ that the county of Cork possesses the elements of a first-rate mining district.^*

Of the Cappagh mines at Skidl, W. B. Brady, Esq., C.E., F.G.S., says, in his report of the 5th of October, 1 858, ^* The geological formation of the series is known as primitive schist, clay-slate, having strong parallel elvan courses (granitic porphyry) interstratified with quarlzose veins, of a promising description for the lasting productions of copper ore. I am confident," ho concludes, *^ that success will attend the re- working of the [Cappagh] mines, if carried on with prudence and energy." ''This mine," says Mr. Lisabe, te now iu full work, and the proprietors are proceeding in a legitimate and mining-like manner, and will shortly reap a rich harvest."

CHAPTER XXIY,

POPULATION — HOUSES — LAB0I7B-1CABKST — SKIGBATIOH — BARO- NIES AND FABI8HB8.

The tables in pages 531-534 give the baronies, the parishes in each barony, the acreage and population of each parish, in 1841 and 1851, so that at a glance we can see the great decrease which occurred during the famine. The population in the East Biding of Cork, in 1841, was 460,414, which was rednoed in 1861 to 351,397, shewing a decrease of 109,027. The population in the West Eiding was, in 1841, 312,984, and in 1851 211,761, shewing a decrease of 101,223. It appears from this that the East Biding lost nearly a quarter, and the West Biding nearly a third of its population. But this decrease occurred in fiye yearSi for the famine did not begin till 1846. The five gean^ from 1846 to 1851,* would tell a far more fearful tale than the ten years, from 1841 to 1851. The popula- tion in 1846 — the year before the famine — ^was greats than the population in 1841. I do not think it oould have been less than 800,000 ; and this was reduoed in five years to 563,148. Some baronies lost nearly half ; in other places nearly all were swept away.

* The five years, from 1846 to 1851.— The increase WM moi grett duing tkit period. The poDulatioii of England had increased 14 per cent from 1831 tol841, while that of Ireland had increased hnt 5 J per cent. When the pqpiUatioii wm found to press too much upon the lahonr-market, the natond imtmeft of MiftCy checked early marriaees. There were three marriagahle men unnuunied ia InltM for every two in England, and one in Scotland, hetween 1881 and 1841.

DECREASE OF POPX7LAnOK AND H0X7SES. 629

The number of houses* in the East Siding, in 1841, was 72,946, of which 2,260 were unoccupied. In 1851 the number was reduced to 54,902, of which 3,885 were unoccupied. The number of houses in the West Eiding, in 1841, was 52,373, of which 1,397 were unoccupied. In 1851 the number was reduced to 36,136, of which 2,847 were unoccupied. I expect the census of 1861 will shew a decrease in the number of occupied houses. This decrease, in houses and population, is altogether confined to the country, for iu the towns there has been a small increase.t

But, notwithstanding the great decrease, there is reason to believe that even still the Irish labor market is overcrowded, that the supply is greater than the demand. In 1831, out of a population of 1,867,765 males, 20 years of age, 1,277,054 were classed as agriculturalists. We learn from the letter of Mr. Stanley, published by Mr. Nicholls, in his Second Irish Poor Law Eeport, in October, 1837, that in some parts of Ireland, the labourer was employed on an average but 24 days in the year; in other places 36 days; in others 90 days; in some 160; in Louth it was 210 ; and in Antrim the majority of the labourers were em- ployed the greater part of the year. I am in posses- sion of returns which shew that before the famine, labourers in and about towns in this county were em- ployed on an average but three days in the week, and

* Number of Jiouset. The census of 1861 gires, in this county, 16,215 "fourth- class houses, or mud cabins, having only one room for all the memben of the family, of every age and sex. See Agficulturai StoHstietf JrU<md, 1860. By an Act, 23 Vict., c. 19, loans may be obtained from the treasury for proTiding better

houses for the labouring classes.

t Small increase. We may here and there mark ao increase in the populAtlon of some parishes, between 1841 and 1861, but this will be found to reeult nromthe flockiiii]: of the poor into the towns and poorhouses.

530 HISTOBY OF CORK.

tradesmen but two days in the week. From all I can discoyer the agricultural labourers in this county are not employed, at the present time, more than four days in the week; and I doubt that the average wages, throughout the year, is more than a shilling a-day. ISoT have we factories or mills, where a labourer's child may earn two or three shillings a-week.

We cannot be surprised, under such circumstances, at the numbers that leave our shores in search of employment elsewhere. From the 1st of May, 1861, to the Slst of December, 1860, 146,422 emigrated from the county and city of Cork alone. The returns for the year 1860 shew an increase of about a third over 1859. The total number of emigrants from Ireland, from the 1st of May, 1851, to the Ist of September, 1860, was 1,140,982. I make these statements on the authority of the Irish Registrar General.

We may regret to see such numbers Leaving our shores, but it is better they should go than starve at home. It is better for those that go and those that remain. The Irish have ever been distinguished fiur attachment to their country. The Exile of Ebut is not an overdrawn picture of an expatriated Irishman^ but there are no people more sensible of the import- ance of emigration. There seems of late to prevail amongst them the same sort of natural instinct as that which impels a hive of bees to cast a swarm, or the feathered tribes to leave our shores at the approach of winter. And this Btate of things will prevail while wages and the means of support in Ireland continue at their present low standard.

EAST RIDING.

ACBEAQB AND POFUIuLTION OF PAB1BHE9.

—		^u	MiZi'		No.lrf
				Hmni o[ Fuiih.
~in"	"Tn'
						IHl	I8«
BAmRWT.				WURT OF C«B>
Sri^'iiVTo'.'rirof'"::				B»Uiii»«»y, Piitof ' .	et»	111	M
HA			CBirlgiUiiB, Put of			1B«
Or.ui>(tll. Ptrlot			IMS		1«0S		Ma
	lOMS		3100	DuDBnlloge, PdH of			■ta
wiiiiKbnrch/pnttol ..		«!)«	wo			u
					MW		Ml
				Kllcnlly			4U
ArrtnuReehT	lasH	iJaa	S317	kuiudUt, Put or	kI	at	in an
				StAniui'>^uldo>i,Ft,D		337S	*a?
Britway, pMlof..	MU	wa
saro	UK	S	SI. Rtibu'L Put of	3100 MO	IIM
C^t^lj^^P^-f ...	9710	SM4	ma	WUiwhuiTh. Pjut o( ;	J150	!3W	iw!
Cl<«imiUt,P»«of	8379	B16	SM	TUewar	I4M
Uunmnunij, Putot ..
	QMB			fAWZ-ii^i,			itxnt
S^".'- ■■	1475	MS	•01	1348	BWT	MMV
		HI	HtFiBlarVPwtof . HI. Muy't Mundon, Pl-ol		8»7
SCr... ;■; ;:	oow					l«U
U41	14M				I3M0
KncKliniOumi!.P»rtdf ..		aii					tias
Ll'iroQld				8l.'pe°^'i 1			MOt
miltlilKid .. ..	leai
MoBwJhii, Pan of		31U	1B8	BJh^^^Trf	««	iSS	1«I
	4-as	1S«S	■M				no
	saw		Wl		S3ID8		IMW
TiitDiilcrabin						OHl	4H0
	4sni		1128			H»D	Mm
WhilMUareb, PMlof .,		IM				MP	m
TtUcwiJ							*m
						«IU	»n
				Kilomisnui	I3M	Ul	m
						lona	fOOD
AitWrOM		IW					t«
		IMH		KlLiliaiuilg	!;i91	sua	MIJ
r,iiTc?iin., Part'of :::	»9«			Knoekumplc			lot!
	niB			SlallDw. I'ui of ,. .
	im			Nohavilililj, Put ot .	1IM3	33M	300*
!'','r'itv'?"'rfur°' ■"		M»	ioi	RortMi ... .			m
				TuHjl««, Piunof		awi
kli'i'rl^r^v'I^or' V,	m5	im;	4m	AidslcHgb	1939	3M	im
				BiiUrh,)- P«to( B^jhoot ... .			»w
				Mia		•M
			1043	5isa		1»1S
	IMS		44S				am
			IMS				im
Li-Mwi''*Muii,llop,Pl.of'						34*	IM
			tm			IIH	M>
		Moe	MM
Maniliiil.Kpini ...	7am		aoVB	Climoi			rw
				DmjvtUMf. Purl of .			tn

HI8I0RT OF COBE.

	HoloT	PoputaHmi	MimtarPuiih.	Ho. of
		In		iatt»	Id	la
raoerallB	HM41	U30	tSM
r»r»hr, Partof ... OluiVDrtb, PjirU«f . Kildoirny, Part o(	mi IBSS	U39	963 2199	BUtXfHTd Brtnnr, Pirt of ...	9800 son m	938 Mil	IIT«
an	is!?	s*	C«frl(illiuf, P»rt of	4349 CM	IMO 19	S9S 'J5 su 891
Mjiiow. p«tof:::	£1	lOsa	eoa	KU^ittSS P«l of Klnurr Knockiriii}', Put or ..	ua 1 11 lOOS
	13M	lOBl	Lrfrtmonej		9W	709 US
S? :: -.	MB* MM	'Sio	'»!	■aomj '.'.	1	ns9	™
™OKiU.T.				tmnuuMHi.	use	IIW	911
Aghadi		IMS		B^n^		IMS	"^
ArrtiiEb	IBSO
	3liM			Clonmult, Putof		iw	101
BillfoaRhlcr. .. .	luge	'™	1300	Knockmonni^ Pirt of .	H«e	Ull nss	mi
		IM	BS
	isna
Cloine ,■,■. *	eges			■INULL
CrnVbtg	aew		ISIl		4SS
		HI!			Mtl		!!!
						m	t»
Gumackknnetnks				Klln>an,Pu1af ,.		IM	HO
						em
						us	■Hi
iDch ^ .. ;				RlngTOn^Futof		■III	iS
					1M«	4M	Ml
KiifeiMth ■-": ;			son;	Tidei"
			1179
Kilmuhon
Mogwlv '' Moitmhii, Put o(	"i?	1)04	"m	ifS»™	»7T0	^	mi U7I
TirMkin" TnbDLnn TliJew«;r	'iH	1110	BW	BdUuibar. Pn%ot ST'™'- ■	;g		■1
*9^	'"^	'".!'	MCI	1	IM
						iin	TW
							»!!!
					HM	m	Ml
«-«»TCU»BlllT.				U«n7clojoc, PkI of . Onuah, Put ol	49M	"S	iM ■1
SiSib^/' '''^ °' ■				InLibaim	MIMI	ON	HM
ttrriKiJiiH.. Pulior	HH	JJfJ	Ufa	KUboam	4I0I	1*1	>S
Kilbmulty, Pirtof				KUniirrT. PutoT		ni	11
Kiipit.i«, Pmo'f	'ri9	sii	sw	SSfivX-^ :	MWl	mi
3=11	ilw	S21S	Sr ;; :			ii
				n»	ua	IMT
?™ni;J"««r •■ '•'	a«s4			St plDbVi, r«rl ol		Mt	M*
	«o ..		8L Kkbolu, Put ol		9B	IM

ACREAGE AND P0PI7LATI0N.

Sunt of Piriih.	It^	""-»•
IMl	IMI		IMl	,1s,
B«llyclo«b. Pnrl o( .. Brrgotw CburcliniHD, Fanol ,. as:!«,.r.;i., :: Huckmy^lpnrt of '	m	low l asso ;::	1 'J!	Ku'Eglmic. Pari •>! KUbran*y SliimSom Tollyleur, Part at	J. :S . HI . 1*13 , )7S . «M? :j I!e6	Utll »ifli	1 SUM

WEST RIDING.

ACHEAGE ASD POPULATION OP PARISHES.

			^.^ ^ 1 PopdUliOB
Niincdf P.n*b.			Sunt at Pukh.	Aom
	In		IB In
						IMl IWl
milTHT.				KUmocoiDog^ Put or	190S	IW	M
	US7				IMM
	i;fljB			Mur«gh.P«to( - -	1SI8	US	SH
				EalhtKirTy, P«nof- -			IN
				lk-g,P>/tdf - -	tm»	83H	4;u
KilcMktn. Pwt ol -		HOI
	I77R	«M»
KitlniwlBnggb
	MOB		iOtXI	AbhcT-trowrj - .	mw	aras
							tax
				Cihc««b, P.« or - .
Bnllioadn-. Ptttlor- -				OMllcliiiten . .		MM	3)81
	3MB			1M«
	HiLl	iM7		cr^h " r r	JOM	(41
B"li™un™' ' -	;3W			Drimeh, Part D( - .
						!1S1
				Kildia-.lK8,Putof -		IBM
				Mrnxa		nu
	j»ii			Tultasb . .		«)9a
				TiJewiy of Ri™- Eta ■
		1652	B95
		JBftO
		SIKO	]«Oft	CmhfTsgb. Put of -	11119
		1907	,ia»s	Dnrru., Pul of - .	ftiil	s:3i
	lasj			Kilcoc . .		233B
■'Hiii.l.'br'iLin	lifts
T«iipl«iiil.iUn, P.r[ of	9»
Tnupluirlnp, Put t.1
		m		8».3r
TidowajofarndgDRiTBt
				KHroMi. Pari of ' -	»»4
				RininoBB^ Part of - -
e>!ill(rtiilrv. Piitl df		nao		J MO
Drinanh. l>ir[ o! -	4SS	1086		Tldcmj of Buddn niTBT	IBS
Ponlohbiu	aasos		S!M
InchlKKlnitb, Purl of
				Abhernulioii
				ARtflcId
			iilB	CMlleientTT, Pun of -
Kllmnn, rirt of -	m	a	",S	DwerLPurtof

634

mSTORT OF OOBE.

PopolEUon I

KU vmnmore. Put of XUmeni, I'u" '

Tsnplfanulu TnnpLpqubiLui. Part of Timolngue, Pirf of

Btllymodaa, I'at

BHPTLwrgH, Pa Xllbngin

MniTigt, P»rt 0 TmpLnniirtln

Dri»han*,p»rlrf lachltcelagh, Pmrt

KllniBiiT. Put of

INDEX.

Ahtejtrtowry, ii. 51B.— ibboto, i. 20.— Aon^'bu9, Sing, i- G, tl- — Aeng^m O'Dalj, i. C6, 67, 328— AffoDe, i. 126, 192, 193.— Aghada, ii. 434.— Aldworth, ii, *80.— AlejHnder the Copp«i9mith,ii. 192,195. — AJferinea ii. E20, £21.— Allen the Jesuit, i. 340, 246.— AndeTBons, ii. 314, 466, 474, 476,— Anneagrove, ii. 450.— Anonymom Lelter-boi, ii. S07. —

Archci James i. 402 ArohdesiKmi,

ii. 409, 410— Anniiu, John, j. 338, 346— Armstrnng, ii. 253.— AnuB, 101-104, 116,— Armj, i. 101-104, 115, 276-278 1 ii. 161.— Anemblj RuoniB, ii. 214, 215.

Bng^Bl^ i. 216, 217,— Bailiffs, ii. 195.- Baltimore, i. 3SS; ii. 519-621. — Ballinamona, ii. 462. — BaUj- l)ri<:kcn,ii.411.— BallycottoD, ii.44B. — BsUjclriugh, ii. 478.- Ball jTour- nej, ii. 484.— Ballinoollig, ii.487,— Bankrupt Merchnnla, ii. 194, 19S.— Fiindon, ii. C.'S, 101, 108, 141, 247.- Bandon, Lord, ii 263,432,496498. — BanlT7,iL H6, 147,239-241, 246, 62-1, Sf3.— fiantry. Lord, ii. 264 266 — Barbers, li. 202, 203. — Barracks, ii. 383.— Bam>tt«,i. 229.— Barretts, ii. liil, 161.— BaiTTlnora, ii. 54, 57, 73— Barryi,!, C9,31,Ba, 89, 166, 170, 336; ii. 56, 61, 430.— BarT)''a Castle, ii. 381. — Barry's C"urt, i, 201, 257 ; ii. 4iO, iSI,- Snint Barry's GoBpel, L 3,— Barry, James, tbe artist, ii. 304, 320. — Beamieh and Crawford's Brewarr, ii. .314, 315.— BearehOTon, i. 386 ; li. 514. — Bermingham tower, i. 287. — Bechcrs. ii. 479.- BeWeUy Castle, ii. 420.— Berwick, Duko, ii. 163, 164, 166— Berkeley, ii. 446, 446.— Bishops of Cork, i. 93, 108, 921,

223 ; ii. 45, 109. 344-367, 372-374, 445.— Bishops of Cloyne, i. 823.— flisbopi. ii. 45, 109, 344-357, 372- 374, 446.— Blaokwaler, i. 300, 392; ii. 463.— Blarney Castle, i. 85. 267, 368, 403, 412; ii. 116, 147.— Blaok- rook Castle, ii. 1 78, 404,— Blaokroek ConTent, ii. 405.— Blamej, ii. 116, 147.— Blake,ii. 87, 97,98.— Blinding i. Bfl. — Blind Asylitm, ii. 329.— Blue- coat School, ii. 186, 336, 337

ii.,08,72;8ei,410.— Boyne,ii.l BouniJanes of Kingdom of Ccn-k, L 2! -=4.— Brehon Laws, i, 6»-58.— Biian Boru.i. 1 -6.— Broecbes market, ii. 207.— Breworr, U. 314, 316.— Browns, i. 237, 282, 263 — Brogbill, ii. 94, 61-G3, 64, 6S, 97, 101, 106, 108, 113-117, 119, 1241, 136.— Bro-

derick, ii. 462 Bneues, ii. 167.

—Biidgetown Abbey,. li. 47,471

Bruree, i, 1.— Buikes, i. 80, 243, 317, 336, 417.— Bntlora, i. 75, US; ii. 62, 64.— 117-123, 135, 163, 164, 232-266.— Bull fiaitinr, ii. 206, 2o7. — BuUens, ii. 477.— Butter Market andMerchaats, ii. 377-390.— Butle-

ant, ii. 4

Coir-

la-llnnia, ii. 40. — Calhighani, iL 294-300, 477. — Centred, i. 21.

— Cap of MainlODBBM, i. 98 Ca-

pell, li. 454. — Capital Punishment, li. 204, 206.— CaroWB, i. 41 to 43 — Corew, Sir George, i. 29f, 293, 323, 42* ; ii, 6, 371— Carliila Fort, ii. 431. — CarrigMnnna, ii. 47a— Car- rigadrohid, ii. US, 4SS. — Carrigaline, ii 427, 428.— Carrigaline Castle, i, SS, 171, IDS; ii. 427.— Carrigaline Rirer, ii. 427. — Carrig-a-roola i, 404 ; ii 484.— Corrig-U Bhon, ii. 406,

636

HISTORY OF CORK.

— Camgtohill, ii. 449. — Castles, i. I 28. — Caatlecor, ii. 480. — Castle- Freke. ii. 611, 612.--Castlehaven, i. 385, 415. — Castlehavcn, Lord, ii. 62, 63, 73 to 76, 83, 84.-.Castle- Ilyde, ii. 466.— Castlemartyr, i. 236 ; ii. 143, 452, 453.— Castle-Mary, ii. 206, 261, 439.— Castletown-Roche, ii. 110, HI, 151,473.— CasUc-Town- send, ii. 165, 518— Cat Fort,ii. 165, 156, 158, 335. — Catholic Cathedral, ii. 37a to 374. — Catholic Confedera- tion, ii. 52 to 54 — CecU, i. 341, 344 — Cemetrv, ii. 334. — Chantries, ii. 409.— CharleviUe ii. 476, 476.— Charles Fort, ii. 163, 602.— Charters, i. 20, 95 to 98.— Chatham, ii. 437.— Chej-ne, Bishop, i. 221 — Chore Abbey, i. 257. — Christ Church, ii. 312 to 314. — Christian Brothers' Schools, it 537, 338, 380, SSL- Churches and Religious Houses, i. 108 to 111, 222, 223; ii. 20O to 202, 215, «16, 312 to 314, 316, 317, 323, 334 to 339, 366 to 377. — Church l*ropertv, i. 148; ii. 119.— Civil War, ii. 52 to 123.— Clancare, i. 193, 194, 198, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 230, 278 to 286, 337. — Clancarty, ii. 119, 141 to 144, 161, 173, 488 to 490.— Clancarty, Ladv, ii. 119— Clanrickard, i. 368. — clarence, Duke of, i. 82. — Clay- tons, ii. 34.— Cloak, i. 231 to 233.— Clonakilty, ii. 247, 506 to 608.— Cloughlea, ii 72, 73. — Cloyne, ii. 410 to 448.— Clubs, ii. 213, 214, 231 to 233, 245, 246.— Cocket, i. 96. — Cock- Fighting, ii. 206. — Coinage, i. 169, 183 ; ii. 3, 146.— Coleman, ii. 441.— Collar of SS., ii. 2, 465, 466. — Commoners, i. 106. — Condons, i. 230 ; ii. 72, 464, 467.— Confiscated Property, i. 271 to 275; ii. 118 to 120,127, 129, 145, 146, 173, 174.— Connough, i. 275. — Conor, ii. 248. — Convamore, ii. 470. — Conway, ii. 248. — Coolmore, ii. 4^7. — Coote, ii. 124.— Coppinger, i. 32, 330; ii. 166, 451, 520 — Cork City, i. 1 to 17, 26, 65, 66y 78 to 83, 98 to 101, 145, 147, 146, 151 to 162, 175 to 217, 234, SJ40, 259, 260, 293 to 300— Cork, Name, Origin, Streets, and I*ubllc Buildings ol, ii. 300 to 339.— Cork, County of, i. 20 to 33.— Cork-bog, ii. 426, 429 to 431.— Cork Countess, ii. 112.— Cork, First Earl of, ii. 8, 11, IJ, 19 to 61, 64, 66,

66, 71, 7«, 462, 463.— Cork Harbcnr, i. 170 to 172 ; ii. 234, 422 to 438 — Cork-hill, ii. 112.— Oormac Mac Car- thy, i. 7 to 9. — Cormac Mac Dermot, i. 403 to 41f , 4«S.— ComwaUia, ii. 260 to 266.— Corporation, IL 176 to 191^ 386, 396. — Corporation Ae- coonts, iL 397 to 400.— CorrabinDy, ii. 426.— Coshering, i. 195, 196 — Cot's rock, ii 439, 440— Cotter, Sir James, ii. 166 to 171, 449, 460.— Court Page, i. 127 to 130, 137 to 142.— Cowleyg, i 109, 163, 164 — Cox, Sir Richard, ii. 168, 169, 6o8 to 611 ^Criminals, ii. 196 to Isiu^ 866, 423 to 426— Croft, Sir James, i. 174.— Crondeoha, ii. 439, 440, 48 J. Cromwell, Oliver, i. 310 ; ii. 67, 89 to 120.— Culm, ii. 481.— Currai, ii. 228, 242,480.— Customs, iL 402.

Daltins, i. 105.— Danes, L 2-4, 18, 11*; iL 306-307.— Dart, throwing of, i. 22, 23— Daunts, ii. 428, 429.— Davells, L 241 — Davies, Dean, ii.

148, 493.— Deasys, L 31 Deasy, ii.

508. — De Burgo, L 33. — De Cogans

L 20, 24, 25, 31-83, 72, 271

De Courcys, i, 33-41.— J)e Lacy, L 21, 33-39.— Deanes, L 21.— D'Oyer Hundred, i. 96.— D'Oyer Court of, ii. 177-186. — Desmond, Earls of, Maurice, Ist Earl, i. 41, 44-49.- Maurice Oge, 2nd Earl, u 49. — John, 3rd Earl, L 60.— Jarrett, the poet, 4th Earl, i. 50, 58, 69.— Sir John, 6th Earl, L 61. — Thomas, 6th £arl,L 61. — Jame^ the Usurper, 7th Earl. i. 69, 62, 72, 73.— Thomas, 8th Earl, i. 74, 80, 83; ii. 458, 459. — James, 9th Earl, L 84-86.— Maurice, 10th Earl, i. 90- 93, 113 James UthEarl of Des- mond, L 113-117, 121, 183.— Thomas, 12th Earl, and old Countess, his wife, i. 124-129.— Sir John, 13th Earl, i. 130-134.— Court Page, 14lh

Earl, L 130 to 166 James, I6th

Earl, L 134-181.— Gerald, 16th Earl, L 184-210, 234-249, 261-266 — Diarmaid Mac Carthy, i. 7-26 — Dixon, Bp., i. 221. — Dominican Friars, ii. 367-371.— Don Juan De Aquila, i. 367-383 — Donnell-na- Pipy, i. 286.— Donncahed, i. 386.— Dun-a-long, L 886; ii 619. — Done-

raile, ii. 84 ; Conspinunr, ii. 293

Downes, Dive, ii. 338, 366.— Depo-

Mam, u. 5B-61.— Diesa, i. ISl,' \3i, 160, 231-a;t3.— DrUWe, i. 413. Drake's Pool, ii. 427 — Dfiptev, H. ISS.— Dromuia, i. IBS, ii. €S.— Dromagh, ii. lU, 411.— Dnirr, Sir WiUiam, i. 236, 336, 34L, 344— DrumneeD ii.2T7.— DoeUingiiL lOS. Dubai low, ii. 116.— Dtmbof Owtte, ). 384 402; ii. 613, GS4. — DdUe- marke, i. 41.— Dun-an-Oir, i. tS3. — Dungairan, Lord, ii. 66, SB. — DunmaDway, ii. 60B'51 1.— Don- worly Deads, ii. 506.

Edward IV. i., 80.— Egmont, Uml — Pfircival. —Election of Mayor, Bho- riffe and Council, ii. 173 to 1S3.— Elizabeth Fort, ii. 167. EmigmtioQ, ii. 630. — Enniamore, Lord, iL 2S4. — Kriu, i. SS, 66. — Escheaton, ii. 31. — Essex, Earl of, i. 316-3201 ii S, 36. Evans, ii. 611, 612. — Exeonlioiit, ii, 20*, 206.

Fair Gcraldiue, i 110.— Puniue, LBT, H» ; ii. 628.- Fuuhawe, Ladt, iL 9& to 101.— Fvnit, ii. 434.— Ftntow, u. *8, 97, 108, 468.— Pennoy, LSlSj ii. 440, 464 to 466.— FenDoy, Lordi, ii. 433, 407. — FiDn-Barr, u. 304, 340-361.— i'iaheiioe, ii. fiai, 632.— Pitz-Adelm, i. 21, 3S. — FiU-Ed- nionds, i. 30 1 , 267, 27 1.— Fitzgeraldi, i. 41 to 61, OS, \»6, 187 to 310, 242; Jnmcs Fitz-Maurice, i. 299 to 343 ; Sir John, of Desmond, i. 180, 300, 206, 209, 242, 244, 260 to 261 ; James Oge, i. 24i, 260, 261 ; James Filz-Thomas, i. 274, 201, 204, 323

33r,, 348; ii. 264, 256, 46B.— Fit^-Unuiice, i. 24, 345, 38S.— Fim-Slephen, i. 20 to 26, 41. ■— Fiii-Widtcr, i.26 — Fiti-William, i, 214, 216, 223,— Flax, ii. 47, 432, 43;(, 610, 611,— Floods, ii. 32S, 326, — Florence Mac Carthj, i. 230, 284 lo 280, 336 ti. 353.— Fouly leland, ii. 420, 421. -Food Biota, ii. 311.— Foi friled Estatea, i. 371 lo 276 ; ii, 145, 146, 17a, 174, 612.— Fortifica- tii>[i«, ii. 234, 426, 436.— Fianciscan Monastery, i, 177 to l70.r-FTaDce, i. 116, 117, 107; ii. 146-147, 234- 311.— Freedom of the city, ii IBO- 192.— Funcheon, ii. 466, — FnneraJs, ii, 1!I9.

s. ear

Oerald Griffin, ii. 381,— Oiant'i Stairs, ii. 4D6-loa.— Gill Abbey, ii, 166. 168, 3ia, 341-943.— Guickell, ii. 160, 170.— Gl&ndore, ii. 614, 623.— Glanworth, ii 467— Olenbrook Hotel and Baths, ii. 406. — Glenbrook Honae, iL 406.— Glibbes, i, ISl, 231.

— Gouldfi, i. 32; ii. I, IT, 410.

— Oongane-Batro, ii. 306, 341- 343. — Gra)', Liird Leonard, i. 134-6 144-145, 161-168.— Grandison, i. 4i.~-Granon, Du]<e, ii. 168._OTat- tun, ii. 360, 367, 308 —Great Island, i 29. 30;u, 410 421.- Gr^jr, Lord Lord Arthur, i. a62'366.— Qteen- CoaC School, ii. 376 — Gren;, ii, 204, 206.

Hammond, ii. 106. — Hoiperi, i, 78, 336.— Ham Money, i. 183.— Har- bonr Board, ii. 400, 401. Hare, if. 263.- Haulbonlinu, ii. 8, 9, 111, 420, 426.— Hawke, Admiral, ii.436, 437.— lledgea, Wliite, u. 484.—

Henry IL, i. 16, 20, 21 Hodnetti,

ii.420,606.— Uo^n, John, ii. 334.— HoriDhoTt,!. 104,106. — Hospitalitv, i. H3.— HooMi, iL 620 —Howard,

John, ii 196 Hungerforda, ii.

60fi — Hnnks, ii. 07, 410.

ImiikillT, barony of, I 30; ii. 439.— iDchiqiiin, Lord, ii. 60-70, 77, 78, 86.88, 97, 08, 263.- iDehidoBny, ii. 606. — luiabanuan, ii. 498; Inoii. (,'una, i. 321 — Irelon, ii. 108, 114, 117.— Iriah Brigade, ii. 146.

Juils,ii. 364-366. — James Pitimaurice,

i. 236-243 James I. city refuseito

proclaim him, t. 1-17,— Jamea II. li, 138-140, 438 — JelEreys, ii. 196, 360, 401. — Jephsons, i. 2B3 ; ii 57, 6H, 102, 103.— Jobbery in Iha Council, ii. 1B3-188.— John i. JO, 34— Jonte, ii. 36, 83, 89, 107, lOS.— JubUoo faniily, li. 483.

Eanturk,ii. 470, 480.- Eeine, I 102, lia.— Kildar^i. 108.118-123,126, 143. — Kilbrituin, i. 73; ii. 608, e03.—Eiloiea Abbey, i. 85, 408;

ii. 113, 123, 48.'>-187 Kilcolamon,

i. 314, 316. — Killesgh, i. 30; ii. 463, 454, — Kilwarden, Lord, ii. 243— Kilworth, ii. 466— Einal.

538

UISTORY OF CORK.

285, 354-374; ii. 87, 102, 108, 110, 144, 145,4y8-503.— Kin*alc,Lord,ii. 1 18.— KnighU Fees, i. 32 — Knock - naclashy, ii. 114-117. — Knockninoss, ii. 86, 86, 474.

Labor Market, ii. 529. — Lambert Sim- nel, i. 88, 89. — Lane's Institution, ii. 330. — Latin, i. 160. Le Gros, i. 25.— Lee River, ii. 403-410. — Leper Hospital, ii. 336, 463.— Liberal Partv, ii. 176. — Liscarrol, ii. 68, 69, 84, 475 —Literature, i. 61, 59, 64, 68, 76, 80.— Lixnau, Baron of, i. 24, 345.— Lobott Castle, ii. 478, 479.— Loneiield, ii. 206,266 — Longueville, Lord, ii. 2G4, 265. — Lords Jufltices, i. 33. — Lougb of Cork, ii. 154. — Loch Eire, ii. 305 — Lougbguirc Castle, i. 326. — Lowe, George Bond, ii. 293. — Lunatic Asylum, ii. 366. — Lysbin Castle, i. 327. — Lyon, Bisbop, ii. 13. 199, 353, 354.— Lysagbt, Xed, u. 404.

Mac Allisdrum, ii. 85, 86. — MacCartbys

i. 1,5, 7,9, 12, 17, 23,27,31,39,

46, 46, 69, 71, 73, 84, 86-87, 113,

116, 160, 171, 227, 228, 230, 390;

ii. 63, 116, 141, 146, 161.— Mac

Cartby, Cormac,i.5-9. — MacCarthy,

Diarmaid, i. 9, 12, 17, 23-27, 31 ;

ii. 347-349.— M'Cartby, Florence, i.

66, 230, «82, 286,331, 363— Cormac

MacDermott, 403-412.— MacCartby,

Laider, i. 85 ; ii. 486. — Mac Cartby

of Duballow» ii. 116, 480. — Maclise,

Daniel, ii. 320. — Mac Mabons, ii. 24,

406-408, 461. — Mac Sweeny s, i.

229.— Mac Eggan, i. 396, 407, 419,

422.— MacGillicuddy, ii. 169, 161-

172— Macroom, ii. 113, 483,484.—

Macroom Castle, i. 408. — MacTirid,

i. 25 ; ii. 453— Maguirc, i. 322, 323.—

M ttj,'ner, ii. 1 09.— Mabons, ii. 406-408

— Mabonys, see Mabons. — Mallow, i.

292, 334; ii 5o-61, 84, 110, 161,

246, 247, 473.— Mallow Butcber, ii.

143, 144.— Mallow lane, ii. 193.—

Manners and Customs, i. 231. —

Marlborough, ii. 161-164 Martello

Towers, ii. 426. — Mayors of Cork, i. !^4.— Mayors and Sheriffs of Cork, ii. 386-396.— Matbcw, Rev. Tbeob.ad ii. 334.-Mcades, ii. 8-17, 6^2.— Merchants, ii. 176, 192-196.— Mid- leton, i. 267; ii., 452. — MiU- Btrcet, ii. 481. — Mines, ii. 626- 627.— Mitcbclstown, ii, 84, 468-

470.— Money, i. 183, 1»4.— IdonVs- town, ii. 409, 410. — Monkstowu Castle, ii. 410. — Moorea, ii. 467. — Mortimer, Earl of March, L 71. — Mountjoy, i. 358-376, 381, 882, 390; ii.2-17.— Moontcashel,!!. 141, 467. — Mountganet, ii. 66. — Moume Abbey, i. 114. — Mojlan, B C. Arch- bishop of Cork, ii 249. — Monster, i. 1. — Murage, i» 96. — ^MuskeriTf Lord of, i.403-412.— MuskerrvLor^, 64-56, 66. 66, 1 14-^120, 129,488-490.

Nagle, Sir Richard, iL 14^, 167, 168, 472, 473.— Names in City, ii. 1.— Newmans, ii. 478. — ^Newmarket, ii. 480.— Norman Conqnest, L 13-18.— Norman Castles, i. 27-28. — Nonn«n« in Ireland, i. 99, 100. — Norcott, 1). ii. 293.— Norreys, i. 269, 270, 283, 286, 289, 291, 317, 318 ; ii. 67.— Nugent, John, 1. 828-330.

O'Briens, i. 1-12 ; iL 84.— O'Calla^- hans, ii. 117, 477. — O'Conncll m Cork, ii. 293-295.— (yConor, IJennot i. 323 327.— CConor, Kerry, L 414, 416.— CDaly, i. 66, 67, 228.— CDonoTans, L 1-6, 890; ii 63, 161, 164, 614-517.- O'Donndl, Hogh Roe, i. 287, 288, 361, 862, 363, 414* 416.— O'Driscolls, i. 69, 227, 887, 390, 402, 414 \ ii. 166, 619, 5S0.— CHea's, i. 31.— (yXeeffes, i 228 ; ii. 464, 482.— (VLearys, ii. 485- 487.— O'Lethan, i. 29, 30.--0'More, i. 294.— O'Mahonjs, i. 1-3, 227.— O'Neill, Hugh, i. 288-291, 320, 321. — O'SulHyans, i. 137; ii 63, 117, 161, 523-625. — (TSalliTan Beare, i 170, 193, 194, 196, 198, 364, 366, 384-402, 410, 416, 417; ii. 523.6?6. — Old Countess of Desmond, i. 124-127. — OUamhs, i. 61, 77. — Old Fort, ii. 164.— Ormonds, i. 26, 117 123, 149-160, 164, 184-186, 192, 193, 246, 263, 264, 262-266; ii. 76, 86-89, 127, 160 — Orrery, ii. 136, 136.— QTens, ii. 487.

Palace, i. 196. — ^Paper Mills, ii. 486.— Parliamentary Earl, i. 333-336 — Parliaments, i. 270. — ParliameDt,

Irish, ii. 257, 268 Parliament,

Mimbers, ii. 269-286. — Parliament, Fu^^lish, Cit^, Coimty, and Borough Mcmbexs, ii. 300- 303. — Patrick's Bridge, ii. 324-328.— Pelham, Sir

ass

TMUiam, i. J45, 246, 261, 252.— I'taal Laws.ii. 4eti.— Penna, ii. 119, 120, 447, 484.— Perkin Warbeck, i. 00-94.— Porrott, Sir John, i. 210, 211, 31S-ai7, 225, 235, 269, 287-- Pcrcirals, ii. 68. — Penoculion, il. 131--134, \37, 175, 486.— Pbaij, ii. 98, 9a, 99, 109, 120, 126, 488.— riiilip. King of Spain, L 380, 381.— PirBCT,i. 168,170-172 -Piikpocketa ii. 205.— Pile, ii. 120-123.- PiUorj, ii.205,20K.—Pioto,ii. 78-82,99 101, 123.- Poer,i.21.— Poet^i.64-88.— I'oer II end, ii. 433.— Politica, ii. 216, 217, 231-233, 245-286, 293-31X1.— I'npnlntioii, ii. 628-630. — Piicim, u. 21^, 213, 423-425.- PriiiMS, ii. 196- I9fi,365.— PsalterofCasbeVi 75,76. ^Purcell, Sir John, ii. 288-292.-- Vn-ilejf, ii. 623-625.— Pjkes, ii, 120.123, 159, 160, 422.

Qiiiikera, ii. 120-123, 131-134, 169, I GO.— Queen'! College, ii, 362-364 — CJMccnatown, ii. 414 416. — Qneens- Inwn Uarbour, ii, 416,— QneeuBtoTn Yacht Club, ii. 414.

Ealeiffh, Sir Walter, i. 252, 257- a.iO; ti 8 — Baleivh, Carew ii. 31, 10, 430.- Raleigh, Wat, ii, 34.— RnpparecB and Tories, ii 188,360.- KayiDond Le Gros, i, 23.— Rebellion in the city, ii- 1 17.— Rebellion or Ciril War of 1041-1660; ii. 62- 123— Rebellion of IT98, ii. (45- 23-1.— Red-Abbej'. ii. 99, 142.— liclijrion, ii. 4, 76, 84, B5, 108, 109, 1113, 194,200-202,— Religious Folin- il.itiaD!', *M Churches and RtUgioue HoiiMis. — Revenues, i. 223. — Bichard III., i 125 — Rincrew, i.

187 RinEione, i. 45; ii, 163 —

Itinnaskidil;, ii. 411. — Itinuccini, ii. B4, 8.i—EiotiDp,ii. 201-211,— Unckv, ii- 411, 420.— Roches, i. 30, 31, 4R, 135, 204, 209, 258, S-VJ, 200, 2(t7, 423 ; ii. 9, 10, 13, 110, 111, 240, 264, 422, 484, 465, 470, 471.— Roche, Sir Boyle, ii .360-268— Roniij-nos. i. 30; ii. 407,'tOH,422 — RoB1ellan,ii.84,436- 438.— Rosa, Bishop of, ii. 113, 612, 613.— Bound Towers, ii. 442-444.— Ropl Cork Inalitution, ii. 318,321- Hoyal Yncht Cluh, ii. 414 — Rulara, i..!.l. 31, 11,44, 40, 50, 71, SO, 81, H->, 1:8. (i9, ma. 112, 1P3, 114, 117 IW, ]■:*, l.U, 134, 135, 137, 167,

174, 181, 193, IBS, 104, 211, 221- S35, 287-293, 246, 259, 2«S; ti. 18, 19, 40-43, 147, 3S4, 385.— Rapert, Frinoe, ii. 87, 83.- Rupait'a lowar, ii. 431 Bojiell, Sir Willian, i.

Sabbnth Breaking, u. 30?, 203, iOS,— Sailors' Uomca, ii, S24, 416, 416. — Baleen, ii. 434 — SuaSeldf, ii.7, 336. Sarsfield Court, iL 121, 186.— Saun- der?. Dr. i. !41.— Srhool of Design, ii. 318-3(1 — Sehoola and School- niiiitetB,i. 77.— Soolt.SirWnllor, in Cork, ii. 320, 311.— Scot*! Church, ii. 382 — Shandon Castle, i. 336, 407 I ii. 13, 14, 153, 307.— Shannon, Lard,ii. 114,261.- 8hana,ii.409.'- SberilTa, ii. 366-396.— Shean, ii.

219. 231, (60-255, 370, S77

Bioge of Cork, ii, 161-163 -Silken Tliumaa, i. 1 10.— Simnel, Lambert, L 88,83.— Sir John, of Desmond, i. 200,

204, SU, 236, (59, 261 SirCormao

MacTei^e, i. 267, 268.— Skiddf, i. 32. 17S, 189, 200, 201, 203; ii. 37o— Skiddy'a Alms Houie, ii. 37S— Skiddy Casllo, ii. II, 12 - Skibbcreen, li- 618. — Smcrwick, i. 2,18-266,- South InfinnaiT, ii 32ft— Boulhwell. ii, 140 — Spaolsa Shipc, i. S07-— Speniah t Italian Lauding, i. 236, 243, 253-166 — Spaniards at Kinsale, i. 354-374, — Spenser the Poet, and his desceadanls, i. 254, 296, 315.— Spenser, ii 224, 329' — Spain, corr^iondeDce with, i, 360, 383,— BpikeIsl»nd,ii.422-426;8piko Island Priaon, ii. 423-426; Spike Island Fort, ii 426,- Stanley, Sir John, i. 68— State of Society, i. 61- 68, 60, 61, 84-87, 97, SO 112, 123, 225 ; ii. 202-216 —State Policr, i. 127-129, 323, 363; ii. 2— 3uta Ctan. i. 376, 376 —Strafford, ma

i. 197, 239. 240 —St Anne's don, ii. 374, 375.- St.Lukk*s, ii.383, 383 —SL Leger, Anthony, i. 137- 144, 166, 159, 160, 162 167 ; ii. 474; S^ Warham, 206, 206,208,209,211, 212.282,383, 331, Sas;SirWilliam, ii 20, 65, 66, 66, 87.— St Mary's of the Isle, i. 179, 180 ; ii- 371, 37'' — St. Mary's Bhandon, ii. ^""i.- Panl's Church, ii. 317.~ P Church, ii. 314— St. Cu 441.— SuUonc, ii, 483.-!

540

HISTORY OF COBK.

464, 466.— Surgery, i. 176.— Surrey, Lord, i. 108, 114 — Suseex, i. 182 — Swanton, ii. «43, 244.— Swift, Detn, ii. 198, 623.— Sydney, Sir Henry, i. 198, 199, 206, 226 ; li. 1, 3.

Taaffe, Lord, ii. 86, 86, 94-96.— Talbot, Sir John, i. 68.— Taniitry, i. 62, 63, 69-71.— Thomondfl, ii. 263, 486.— Thornton, Sir George, i. 423. — Thornton, ii. 7, 9, 13, 14, 17.— Throwing the Dart, i. 22, 23 ; ii. 412.— Timoleague, ii. 604.— Tiptoft, i. 81, 8«.— Town Council, ii. 886.— Townsend, ii. 98, 167, 166.— Tra- bolgan, ii. 249, 431, 43«,— Tracton, i. 206.— Tracton Abbey, ii. 428.— Trade Riots, ii. ;f09, 210 —Travel- ling, ii. 406, 406.— Trotter, John Bernard, ii. 361, 474 — Tyrconnell, ii. 140, 141, 167,168.— Tyrrell, Cap- tain, i. 294, 388, 401, 402, 410,413, 417, 423.

Undertakers, i. 272, 278. — UniacVe, ii. 464— Union, ii. 269268.— Upton, ii. 494.

VavBtoar, Sir Chailei, ii. 65, 66, 68, 72-74, 77.— ViUicra, u. 19, 460— y olontem, Citr and Countjr of Coi^ ii. 2l7-280.~Y08teii, iL 408.

Wallace, ii. 120. •— Walten, John, Mayor of Cork, hanged, i 90, 94. — Warbeck. Perkin, i. 00-94.— Wane,

ii. 266 —Water Clnh, ii. 412

Waterford, ii. 16— Water Works, ii. 366.— Wentworth, Lord, ii.41-61. — Whiteboys, ii. 287-9^93. — ^White-

?Bte, ii. 438. —White- Knighta, L 36, 336, 848 ; ii. 468 William

III., ii. 148-160, 438.~inimot, ii. 10, If, 17— mw, u. 436,— Wiie, WilMam, i. 147.— Wolfe Tone, iL 238 245. _ WoUiD'B, BeT. Cbailea, Graye, ii. 417-419. — WolMy. i. 108, 109 — Workhonw, Cotk Un»n, ii. 330-383.

Toughal College, L 80 ; iL 37-40, 461, 462 ; Harbour, iL 456, 467 ; Town, i. 224; u. 65, 98, 99, 108, 110, 114, 448, 455-463.

fay BHOTHER8, PRINTEH8, 26 AMD 27, AOADEMT BTinT, CORK.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

DAILY EXPRESS.

Hr. Oibsoii if deepl; read in the antiqaitieB and histoir of Ireland. He hM written two Tomancea, [DUaded on portionB of our annals. Uo iia diligent blook- lottoi student, giien to lUBloricid research, and j'eta liiverof Ihe pirtiirsamie, and lias the bapp; fscolt)' Of prodncing life-like pictnres of thu past. Wi^ ull these, he has a pnctical turn uf mind, an eye to atilitj, and a constant mroeptioQ of the actualitiea arotrndhini. H» 'a an original thinker, a trun pntnot. A> a I'rotOBlant, eameet jet tolerant, and napuUe uf sjmpatLiBing with eaineat aod true men of all a^ and all churche>. Ilia stylo u terse, nointfd. aad Cordble. Sui:h a man is eminentlj qualified to write a histor; cf that beautiful city encla«ed b;' " the spreading Lee," — that cit^ whiib, in the olden times, muds tta EagUah rihiturs the be«t cheer they ever had in llit>ii lives, — whooe eune are so dtsUoguinlied by their talents and learning in the Tariaus professions which they adorn, and which is so rapidly adTanj^ing in prosperity. The fiist Tulume of the History baa not disajipointed the high expectatioiu of uie poblic. It is a TaluAhU oontribaliou to our hutorie literature.

CORK EXAMINER.

success, to aveid the prosinesi which threatens a book, dealing with rery ancient chronicles, that hold httle more tbaa names, dates, genoalt^ss, and ■ few striking cvpnis ; and even the driest part of Mb work— tliat embracmp the period from the lOth to the 12th centuries— is scarcely formidable enouKh to daunt the most frivolous reader. To local readers the value of mch a book as thia must b« self- evident One can scarcely travel Rve miles, through ai)y part of the County of C<>rk. without seeing the time-defying remains of some Castle, that had once been a fiirtress of Ibo Desmond, the M'C'arthy, the CSuUiTan, or some other of the

nt tribes that so long vindicated the independence of the country against foreign inntion. A glance at this work endows the dry stones with life. The author, in lirinj^n^ his narra^ve to the point at which ire And it, has not only displayed much cnre, but has evidently striven to be imiMrtial, and has eretjwhere wnght tu ultord knonled^ rather than gratify prejudica.

CORK CONSTITUTION.

Mr Cibson has faithfiilly realized his promise*, and a respMtable octaTO of over 434 pages {as a Grst insliilmentj has emanated &om bis pea, tuUj jnttifyiiig llic public expcclotinn that it would be a work in all respects worthy to represent this great and wealthy county en the shelvea of every pahlio and private fibrarj. Throui;hout the work t\ie learned author has eihibited a minute aoquaintance with his subject. Mr. Gibson, in a clear and able manner, iltnstrates the leading events of the History of the County of Cork, and aa the reader travels with him along this unexplored path, he captiiataa him with the charm he sheds aronnd the re- laiuiaceucGG which every castle, abbey, lordly manor, orandent battleBeldniggetta-

)PINIONS OF THE PRESS.

DAILY EXPRESS. Mr. Oibson if dwplj rewl in the antiqaitui and hutmr of Ir«)nd. H* im ittcn twi) rumanren. fimniled ud poitiooi o( oui umali. He k a 4Uig«a bkrib- tei gliiileni, pitiT to hir :i , and

1 tli8 happy facuUy o ■ ■ .. ; „ , |.„.l A „h 41

•»B. ho has a practical lu:„ [ ,..,■„.:. ... ,m ;., u^;.L,, au^ ^ t.j;..^;t j.,iU'iition the actuulilii'S oruiiDd hiin 11> L> au <j(i[iiial tlimkor, a liiw patriot. Ai a otfclKDl, L'STDL'st Vet (cUraiit. uid capablo of ifinpatliuiiiB «itil mnatf aad le nitn <■( all a).fa auil all cliiircbea Ilia Ajla la lont, polDttd, and (bniU*. .ch a niiui if iniiuciitljr q^u'ilili^d to irriUi a hiMoi; of that bMBlifDl cilj gnnlfod

"(he fpri'sding I.ec"— thai ciri nhii-h. ID tbt oldan timw, mad* ila BnriWi iili<nitWUst I'ht-erthejre.ti Lad id tbuiiUrca,— vhuw xiu an an diatupiMbad

thtir talents and U«nimg in the larioiu dtoImboim whicb liurj adora, and lich is HI lupirilr adranciu^ in [^Mpcrily. Tlu fliat Tolnma of ttw HiMorj baa t diiHi[>|><iiDti-d thehi)[h t'lpL-ctalioDa uf UupuUic. It ii ftTiln^* oai'~~~*~'~~ our fauturic litortiturc.

CORK EXAMINER.

rccu. til avoid Ilie nroiinea* irhich thrsatem a book, daaliaf with T«n n. _ r..niA.'. thai hM little mote than munaa, dalaa, ft«DMla^ and ■ bw abOd^ iulK , ami I'Vrii tlii' itrit'il port ot hii work— thai embraciDS the pariod fron th* iih til 111!' l;2ih ccnttirica— is scanelj fonuidabl* gnooxli to datiBt tha ma*t ivvliiu:. ri:>drr. T" lnuil readun tlie value ofaucb a book aa tU* U«t b« aalf- ident < In.- i mi siarc.^Iv travel live nilea. thronifh aqy part of tha Contr *t •rk. Hillioiil -irinit the timc-di'l'vin)c remain! of lome CMla, tb«t bftdowa bMB foitrr-s :( the n.'Kiiinnd. the MH'arlby, the O'SoIliTan, or aoM etbv of thi eat tnlii'i ili:it eu loiit; < indicated the independanee of Ih* oonBbT againathniga iniin.iii'n A ^■Iniici' at this work cndon Ihe drjrctooeo with lifa. Tb* antbor.

KrLTi^'iiiL' hi- riitrrativf' U> the point at wfaiob wa And it, baa not doIt dinland iich ciri', i>iLt h^is I'videiiilv ftriicn to be inuttitial, and baa aniTwban aaiybt

iiiliTil kiiMuliil/i rather t'Lan gratify prajaotB*.

CORK CON riTUTlO

Mr liil«on ban faitbfuIlT realiied a

ir 424 ]iaK>'t [u a llrtt inrlalment) b_ «.

!■ ]>i.Mii' i'\|i>>'Uliii[i that it would be a -v.. L iii< k-ri':il und wi^dihv cc.unly on the abeWea „ - ^

br<"i;.-li<'iil Ihi Hi'tk tbe learned author baa eil ■

i< lulijK't Mr riihtiin. in a cleat and ableiDti , i ^ i

! till' in-.(..[y :! the County of Cork, an^ - n. .. ii> uibet]pl.ind [lalh, he mptivaleii bii" " j

,ini" ■ iici-ii "liiih evfrr nutle, atbry, loi i, ^,