HISTORY OF THE BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB INSTITUTED SEPTEMBER 22, 1831 “MARE ET TELLUS, ET, QUOD TEGIT OMNIA, C@LUM” VOL. XXVI. 1926, 1927, 1928 EDINBURGH PRINTED FOR THE CLUB BY NEILL AND CO. LTD., 212 CAUSEWAYSIDE 1929 il, 2. 3. i “I oc Or ge HISTORY OF THE BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXVI. PART J.—1926. Annual Address by Rev. Hinry Paton, m.A., delivered 13th October 1926 Two Hundred Years Ago Z : : : Reports of Meetings for 1926. By J. H. Craw, F.s.a.scor. :— (1) STOBO anp DAWYCK: 16th June (14) CHEVIOT: 8th July (2) EDLINGHAM : 22nd July (Plate 1): (3) CORSBIE anp LEGERWOOD: 18th August (Plate Il) . (4) DUNSTANBURGH : 9th September (Plate III) (5) OXNAM and THE ROMAN ROAD: 23rd September (Plates IV, V) . ; ‘ : : : (6) BERWICK : 13th October A Kirknewton Graveslab. By J. H. Craw, F.S.A.SCOT. . A Scottish Border Library. By J. Linpsay Hitson . A Link with the ’ Forty-five ‘ : : ; F . The Institution of Mr Andrew Stevenson. The Kirk of Dunbar, 1639. By Witt1am Doveas The Lairds of Cockpen. By Rev. JAmus FLEMING LEISHMAN, M.A. 9. The Monumental Effigies of Berwickshire. By J. H. Craw, 10. ll. F.S.A.ScoT. (Plates VI to IX) . The Mosses and Hepatics of Berwickshire and North Northumber- land. By J. B. Duncan In Memoriam. John Ferguson, F.S.A.Scot. ili PAGE 30 CONTENTS . Note of Members ‘ ; : : . Meteorological Observations in Berwickshire during 1926. By Rev. A. E. SWINTON, M.A., F.R.MET.SOC. . . Account of Rainfall in Berwickshire during 1926. By J. H. Craw, F.S.A.SCOT., F.R.MET.SOC. . Treasurer’s Financial Statement for Year ending 30th September 1926 PART II.—1927. . Annual Address by Captain Futtarton James, delivered 12th October 1927 Reports of Meetings for 1927. By J. H. Craw, F.s.a.scor. :— (1) ILDERTON anp THREESTONEBURN : 26th May (2) THE UPPER WHITADDER: 23rd June (3) BOTHAL, NEWMINSTER, anp MITFORD: 21st i (4) WARKWORTH: 17th August : : (5) HUME anp SMAILHOLM: 15th September . (6) BERWICK : 12th October (Plate X) : The Lepidoptera of Northumberland and the Eastern Borders. by GEORGE BoLAm Notes on the Insects of Berwickshire. II. Sawflies. Be JAMES CLARK, M.A., D.SC., A.R.C.S. On an Heraldic Panel at Roseden. By Jamies Hewat Craw, F.S.A.SCOT. The Mosses and Hepatics of Berwickshire and North Northumber- land. By J. B. Duncan . The Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Oxford, in 1926. By Grorgr GREY BUTLER, M.A. . Report of Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Leeds 1927. By Joun BisHop . Appointment of Secretary . Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club Library . A Phase of Border History. By J. Linpsay Hitson . John Crawford Hodgson, mM.a. By Epwarp THEW . Meteorological Observations in Berwickshire during 1927. By Rev. A. E. SWINTON, M.A., F.R.MET.SOC. . PAGE 93 94 95 96 © 97 111 114 118 121 124 128 135 228 244 246 248 256 265 265 266 271 282 14. Or 10. ll. CONTENTS Account of Rainfall in Berwickshire during 1927. By JAmEs HEwaArt CRAW, F.S.A.SCOT., F.R.MET.SOC. . . Treasurer’s Financial Statement for Year ending 30th September 1927 PART III.—1928. . Annual Address by Major CuHarLes H. Scott PLUMMER, delivered 3rd October 1928 . Reports of Meetings for 1928 :-— (1) THE FOUL FORDS: 30th May . (2) THE BASS ROCK: 28th June (3) LOCH SKENE: 25th July . (4) FORD AND ETAL: August (5) PRENDWICK: 12th September (6) BERWICK : 3rd October . The Story of the Foul Ford: A Lammermoor Tragedy. By THOMAS GIBSON, J.P. . An Australian Pioneer . The Lepidoptera of Northumberland and the Hastern Borders. By Grorce BoLtam . The Black Dykes of Berwickshire. By J. H. CRAw, F.S.4.SCoT. (Map of Berwickshire) . . The Halls of Haughead. By Rev. J. F. Lrisuman, m.a. (Plate XI) . Report on British Association Meeting at Glasgow. By JOHN BisHOP . Half a Century of Merse Weather. By J. H. Craw, F.S.A.SCOT., F.R.MET.SOC. (Rainfall and Temperature Charts) Two Hundred Years Ago Obituaries :— (1) George Muirhead. By Grorce BoLam (2) Henry Rutherfurd. By Sir Gzorcse Dovenas, Bart. (3) Rev. R. C. Inglis . “ ‘ (4) Howard Pease. By R. C. Bosanquet . Two Hundred Years Ago vl 13. CONTENTS Meteorological Observations in Berwickshire during 1928. By Rev. A. E. SWINTON, M.A., F.R.MET.SOC. . F.S.A.SCOT., F.R.MET.SOC. . Account of Rainfall in Berwickshire during 1928. By J. H. Craw. . Treasurer’s Statement for the Year ending 30th September 1928 . . Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club Rules and Regulations (Revised 1925) . . List of Members, 30th September 1928 INDEX . UL. III. IV. IX. ILLUSTRATIONS PART 1J.—1926. Graveslab in Stobo Church . Gravestone at Stobo Graveslabs, Edlingham Church . Edlingham Castle : A. From the south-east B. From the north-east Heraldic Panel, Edlingham Church Corsbie Tower : From the south-east From the west : ; The Saddle Rock, Dunstanburgh . Roman Fort, Cappuck Jougs, Oxnam Church Cross in Churchyard, Oxnam . page 99 9° to face page . page to face page Cross in Manse Garden and Mason’s Mark on Stone at Crag Tower . Roman Camp at Pennymuir . Effigy of Prioress, Abbey St Bathans 99 99 39 . Effigies at St Helens . Effigies of Patrick Home and his Wife, Edrom Effigies in Edrom Church Inscription on Sarcophagus . Effigies of Patrick Home and his Wife, Edrom The Swinton Effigy Effigy in Swinton Church vii to pes a Z page to face page i page to face oe . page Vili XI. ILLUSTRATIONS PART II.—1927. Stone Circle at Threestoneburn . Timbers of Old Wooden Bridge, Berwick Heraldic Panel at Roseden . PART III.—1928. Etal and Ford Castles, Plans and Drawing Ruins of Haughead House Weather Charts . . page to face page . page to face page 113 134 244 309 378 384 ISD oO Pp 10. ie HISTORY OF THE BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXVI.—PART I. 1926. . Annual Address by Rev. Henry Paron, m.a., delivered 13th October 1926 . Two Hundred Years Ago : 3 : : : . Reports of Meetings for 1926. By J. H. Craw, F.s.4.scorr..:— (1) STOBO anp DAWYCK : 16th June (14) CHEVIOT: 8th July (2) EDLINGHAM : 22nd July (Plate 1) (3) CORSBIE anp LEGERWOOD: 18th August (Plate Ih) . (4) DUNSTANBURGH : 9th September (Plate ITT) ( 5) OXNAM anpd THE ROMAN ROAD: 23rd September (Plates IV, V) . (6) BERWICK : 13th October . A Kirknewton Grave-Slab. By J. H. Craw, F.s.a.scor. . A Scottish Border Library. By J. Linpsay Hinson . A Link with the ’ Forty-five : : F : : . The Institution of Mr Andrew Sinneal: The Kirk of Dunbar, 1639. By Wixt1am Doveras . The Lairds of Cockpen. By Rev. James FLEmMinG LEISHMAN, M.A. . The Monumental Effigies of Berwickshire. By J. H. Craw, F.S.A.scort. (Plates VI to IX). The Mosses and Hepatics of Berwickshire and North N ee land. By J. B. Duncan In Memoriam. John Ferguson, F.S.A. oe CONTENTS. PAGE 12. Note of Members . : : : : : - 98 13. Meteorological Observations in Berwin ane 1926. By Rev. A. E. SWINTON, M.A., F.R.MET.SOC. . d 5 94. 14. Account of Rainfall in Berwickshire during 1926. By J. H. ‘uw, ESsA.SCOT., A 95 15. Treasurer’s Financial Stacment for ee ane 30th sonar 1926 . p , : zs 5 2 5 ; 96 We Zan" NUS Ht MAY 27 VA «: Mar HID PROCEEDINGS OF THE BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB ae « Address delivered to the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club at Berwick, 13th October 1926. By Rev. HENRY Paton, M.A., Peebles. My first duty is to return thanks for your kindness in electing me as your President for the past year. It has been a pleasant experience, and the courtesy and for- bearance extended to me in the discharge of the duties of the presidentship have lightened and cheered me in its labours. Labours! did I say? These all fall on the Shoulders of our worthy and energetic Secretary, Mr Craw, who never fails to see that everything is made plain and easy not only to the President, but to every member of the Club, and hence it is that our meetings always leave us with most pleasant memories. There is ever one shadow in the Presidential Address —the remembrance of those who have passed over from us during the year. They are Mr Richard A. J. Hewat of Netherbyres, Mr David W. B. Tait of Langrigg, Mr John Wylie, Duns, Dr James Drummond, Hawick, and Mr John Ferguson of Duns, in the last of whom we have lost not only an old member and ex-President, but a gentleman whose antiquarian researches and scientific attainments enabled him to enrich the Club’s History with many excellent contributions. He was indeed VOL. XXVI, PART I. l! 2 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS ‘¢ one of the ‘‘mighties” of our Club, and will be greatly missed. He was one of those who welcomed me when I first entered the Club, and of his hospitable kindness and urbanity I had unbroken experience. His keen interest and concern for the Club’s welfare was a stimulus to us all, and will, I trust, still be so to those who are following after. This year the annals of our Society are distinguished by our adoption of a Badge. It displays the leaf of the wood sorrel, which was a great favourite with the founder of the Club, Dr George Johnstone. Had there been room on the small token it might also have con- tained the initials of our Club, and even its motto—Mare et Tellus et quod tegit omnia Celum. This motto strikes me as one which is most comprehensive and ambitious. More we could not have, yet less would not suffice, for it is in every portion of this threefold realm that we find scope for our powers of observation and food for our wonder and delight. It is a motto which covers the orbit of the activities of naturalists universally, and affirms our own claim to share in all, even though we more specially limit our particular sphere of operations to Berwickshire and the neighbouring counties, and endeavour by their exploitation to add our quota to the universal store of knowledge. This very small portion of the vast area comprised in our motto has been assidu- ously cultivated by the Club for nearly one hundred years, and we may justly take credit for the greatly increased knowledge of the natural history of the district which now prevails through the valuable medium of its History, which we have reason to believe is as much prized by fellow-workers in other kindred societies as by ourselves. The motto suggested to me, as a subject for this Address, some remarks in the nature merely of a bird’s-eye view of our field of operations as naturalists in this tripartite division, and a corollary. Mare.—Bounded as our territory is on one side by ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 3 a portion of the North Sea (or, as it used to be known, the German Ocean, but which I have seen better named on one map as the British Sea), we have a share in its marine riches. How impressive the sea is in its im- mensity, especially when we realise that were all the mountains of the earth levelled and the sea’s depressions elevated to form a plain surface, an hydrosphere would be formed around the earth about two miles in depth. We, too, can know something of its overwhelming potency when it is enraged. But it is not with these aspects we are immediately concerned, nor yet with the sea as used for purposes of commerce. Rather are we interested in its composition, its curbing sands, its living denizens of all kinds. Thanks to the Challenger Expedi- tion of 1872-1876, our knowledge of its physics and chemistry, the nature of the sea-bottom with its terri- genous and pelagic deposits, its alge and botany, and its simple and complex zoology, need no longer be re- stricted; and it is the happy privilege of our Club to have in its Library, and accessible to all its members, the forty-four volumes which comprise the Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the Challenger. The zoology of the sea alone occupies thirty-five of these large tomes, and the beautiful illustrations present to the eye, as the descriptions do to the understanding, the infinite variety and rich profusion of those marvels. of Divine wisdom and power therein displayed. The sea- weed and other flora of the Berwickshire shore attracted the interest of one of our members, Mr Edward A. L. Batters, some years ago, and he contributed lists of them to the History of the Club; and in a paper by Mr George Bolam on the Fishes of Northumberland and the Eastern Borders descriptions will be found of many of those which frequent the coasts of Berwick and Northumberland. Naturally he has something to say of the salmon for which Berwick has been so long famous and of which in former days we used always to have a 4 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS sample on our Club dinner tables. Its disappearance, we hope, does not mean that Berwick’s fame in that respect has also departed. Tellus.—But the Club is chiefly devoted to the ex- ploitation of its terra firma—the Tellus of our motto. Here, indeed, wherever we turn we find an inexhaustible field for investigation and research. Beneath our feet nature’s carpet—on which for the most part we walk unheedingly—is alive with both botanical and zoological creations, all of which are perfect organisms, energising according to their own special object in life and the laws of that life bestowed on them by their Creator. Many of these are animalcular and almost invisible to the human eye. The moss on which we love to tread because of its softness is a living thing with roots, stem, leaves, and organs, male and female, for reproduction. There are said to be some three thousand species of moss, and of those indigenous to this locality Dr Hardy compiled a list in 1868, which in respect of Northumberland was added to in 1905 by Mr Dixon, and is now brought down to date by our Club Librarian, Mr J. B. Duncan. Akin to the mosses are the lichens which grow as parasites on trees, rocks and stones, and elsewhere, beautiful in their structure and colourings, and of which one dis- tinguished investigator says that they are not only plants but rather colonies of hundreds and thousands of indi- viduals among which one dominates while the rest in perpetual captivity prepare the nutriment for themselves and their master. This master is a fungus, a parasite which is accustomed to live upon others’ work; its slaves are green alge which it has sought out or got hold of and compelled into its service. It surrounds them as a spider does its prey with a fibrous net of many meshes which is gradually converted into an impenetrable covering; but while the spider sucks its prey and leaves it dead, the fungus incites the alge found in its net to more rapid activity and more vigorous increase. What ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 5 a number and variety also are there of grasses, of which if we include cereals and pasture forms there are known to be over three thousand kinds throughout the world. Then as we ascend, so to speak, in display, we come to the more gorgeous flowering plants, and so on to shrubs - and bushes and stately trees, of many of which, time and again, notice has been taken in our Club History and there is still room for more. One example is a paper on the Snowdrop given by Mr Boyd in his Presidential Address in 1905. Let this mere mention suffice for our tellurian flora; only would we remark in passing one feature in plant life which was brought to notice and demonstrated by an Indian scientist quite recently, viz. that the circulation of the sap through their veins is similar to that of the blood in our own, and that like ourselves they possess both sensory and motor nerves, the latter ten times more swift than the former, and functioning to a similar end. The animal life in our tellurian sphere, ranging from the animalcular to the gigantic, isa most attractive part of our study, and in its extent and variety is practically beyond computation. Taking entomology alone—beetles, moths, and butterflies—it is estimated that there may be close upon a million species. And just to single out the butterflies, think of their exquisite plumage and wonder- ful structure and evolution, and that their eye contains no fewer than five thousand lenses with fifty thousand attendant nerves. The eye of a glow-worm was used a short time ago instead of a lens, and with success, for the taking of a photograph. Was it not Pliny who remarked, while contemplating the wonders of insect life: “In those beings so minute and, as it were, such nonentities what wisdom is displayed, what power, what unfathom- able perfection!’ Our local Lepidoptera has frequently engaged the attention of the members of the Club, and lists of their varieties with other references to them are not wanting in our History. The bees, wasps, and ants 6 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS to be found in the neighbourhood were recently sketched out for us by Dr James Clark at the instigation, I believe, of Dr M‘Conachie; and many other forms of insect life with their peculiarities have been chronicled. So have those of our creeping and four-footed fauna, small and large, wild and tame, the fox, the hare, the rabbit, the badger, the otter, and other creatures which it would only be longsome and tedious to name. Then there are the birds which belong, one may say, alike to the marine, the tellurian, and the celestial spheres of our quest, and form a section so immense and so interesting in variousness and attractiveness that it can be no matter of wonder that they have commanded a large share of the Club’s attention. Its History is replete with the observations made of our feathered inhabitants, and in passing I should just like to recall the fine Presidential Address of Mr James Smail in 1899, the most interesting description of the ducks and waterfowl at Fallodon by Viscount Grey in 1921, and the instructive accounts of their experiences of bird life so frequently given to us by Mr George Bolam, Dr M‘Conachie, and others. There still remains what is perhaps the feature of the tellurian sphere which commands the largest share of the Club’s attention, at least when in its social capacity : Man and his works, the castles, towers, and houses he has built, the churches he has erected and adorned, the fights he has fought, the families he has reared, his old camps and tumuli, or, in a word, the history and antiquities of the shire. Hence it is that paleontology, folklore, and genealogy add increased stimuli to our expeditions and gatherings and well repay our enterprise. And has not our esteemed Secretary among all his other good works gone through our local graveyards, and with great labour and thoroughness placed within our ken all that can be gleaned of our local sepulchral lore and customs of a _ bygone day? And finally there is the terrene itself with ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 7 all its peculiar features, its place-names, its geology, geography, and topography, in all of which we continually find sources of pleasant and profitable investigation. Celum is the third sphere named in our motto, Quod tegit omnia Calum. ‘‘When I consider thy heavens, - the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars which thou hast ordained,” says the Psalmist. There belong to nature in this sphere, apart from its winged inhabi- tants, many things which ask for our consideration, such as the air we breathe and in which we live, the rain which refreshes the earth and makes it fertile, the sun whose light and genial heat are indispensable, light itself and the darkness, those glistering orbs which adorn heaven’s vast expanse, the snow, the hail, and the frost, the vaporous clouds which act so wonderful a part in the mighty distillation processes which supply fresh water to man and beast, and not only so, but which, although at times they are as a mourning shroud in the sky, are yet anon the means in the rising and setting rays of the sun of presenting to us the glories as of the realms beyond, and sometimes so overpowering in their beauty and splendour as to compel from even a Voltaire an adoring confession of the reality of God. Then there are the winds, sometimes a zephyr breath and at others a raging terrific tornado. So, too, the magnetic and electric elements in the heavens with their terrifying and destructive lightnings and their mighty thunderings which likewise often, though from a different emotion, remind us of that Power which controls and deals with all creatures not as they may desire, but as He alone wills. For all the celestial phenomena are entirely beyond the scope of human influence, impressing upon us that beyond physics there is the metaphysic, beyond the natural the supernatural. Could our physical or even mental faculties adequately pierce the Empyrean we might hope to unravel the mystery which envelops all nature, a mystery with 8 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS which we are continually obsessed, compelling us to question with ourselves and with each other as to the whence, the why, and the whither of things. Man has laboured throughout the ages to solve the problem of origins and destinies. Science, as represented by the magicians of Egypt, the wise men of Assyria, of Chaldea, of Greece and of Rome, has essayed it of old just as our learned associations of Britain, America, France, Ger- many, and other lands are still striving to do to-day. And is it not humiliating to human intelligence that it is yet as far, if not farther, from the solution than ever ? Just listen to what Sir Oliver Lodge had to say at the recent meeting of the British Association in Oxford. ‘“‘Science,” he said, ‘““gave answers to some questions, but the more they answered the more questions re- mained unanswered. The motto for a scientific body was a note of interrogation. We are wondering where we are, whither we are going, whence we came. We are up against mystery continually. The universe is still shrouded in mystery. We are probing the unknown and finding more and more of it. What-is infinity? It is space without limit. What else is possible? What is time? Was there a beginning? Will there be an end? Must it not be an eternity?’’ And Sir Oliver entertains no prospect that our men of science will do any better in the future than in the past. There have been two revolutions in science, he says, since 1894, and from what _ he sees he predicts a third to be approaching which will revolutionise our aspect of the universe once more and beyond all previous scope, so that we shall then be in the position of islanders or savages coming into contact for the first time with a higher race of white men, and learning that we were ignorant of the possibilities of humanity and are as yet as nothing in the hierarchy of existence. What a sad, yet true, picture of the achieve- ments of science in the mysterious field of origins and . destinies! ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 9 Huxley defined science as nothing but trained and organised common sense, and natural science as the result of observation and experiment, requiring firstly the ascertaining of facts; secondly, experiment ; and thirdly, conclusions from these supplemented by imag- ination—-and this is an excellent compound if care be exercised in the admixture of the last-named ingredient. Imagination is very helpful when used lawfully in the formation of hypotheses, along the lines of which we may experiment for the ascertainment of possible facts, but unless these facts clearly emerge, the experiment has so farfailed. Imagination is not science ; but the unfortun- ate thing is that in this particular quest imagination is palmed off upon the public as if it were science by many who ought to know better. Imagination run riot is a dangerous thing, and when in the early days of the world’s history it became so evil that it exerted itself to banish ‘God out of His universe, it brought down upon mankind the Divine vengeance in the Noachian flood. There is nothing wrong with the genuine scientific spirit, for it is honestly concerned to get at the truth and will be satis- fied with nothing else, and no one can deny the immense addition that such scientific research has made to human knowledge by its investigations, analyses, and classi- fications in every department of nature, nor can we ever be grateful enough for the benefits it has conferred ; but when we get too much of the ravings of mere imag- ination in our compound we must at once counteract it by the application of a stronger dose of common sense. In all its endeavours to solve the mysteries of whence, why, and whither science has proved a dismal failure. Its one and only solution has been, as it still is, a theory of spontaneous evolution, and for thousands of years with much sophistry and not a little imPudence it has striven to force this theory upon mankind. This theory of evolution is not a new discovery, as some of our twentieth-century professors of science would have us 10 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS believe. Neither it, nor the “origin of species,” nor the “‘survival of the fittest”’ originated with Darwin or those associated with him. To go no farther back, we find that the pre-Socratic Greeks when they discussed among themselves the question, What is the stuff of which everything around us is made? just gave the replies which obtain in our modern theories of biology. Thales gave it as his opinion that water is the stuff of which everything is made; and at Oxford a few weeks ago it was considered a very important proposition that, so far as living creatures are concerned, life is exhibited only in aqueous systems. Anaximander of Miletus fore- stalled Spencer when he taught that the primary stuff is a “boundless something” out of which the things we _ perceive by our senses come in a passing existence and return to this “boundless something” again, a “bound- less something”’ that is going on eternally. Compare this with the Spencerian theory, “‘a primitive homo- geneous mass passing in endless cycles from the imper- ceptible to the perceptible, back again from the per- ceptible to the imperceptible, and from indeterminate -uniformity to determinate multiformity.”’ Well, what will our common sense make of either of these? Then Anaximander also taught that man must have descended from beings of different physiological habits than they now possessed, but he suggested that it was from sharks (not monkeys). Empedocles had his own ideas on the subject, and gave out that mental forces such as love and hate or strife, or the forces of attraction and repulsion, were the influences in the formation of species, and in the evolution which he visaged the earliest organisms were ill-constructed composites, such as oxen with heads of men, the most of which early products perished for want of proper adaptation. The better adapted were able to survive and leave ofispring. The first vertebrate was. an animal which happened to break its back in trying -to turn round. And so Empedocles anticipated both ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 11 Darwin and Wallace and Lamarck. There is nothing new under the sun. Aristotle, however, would have none of their evolutionary theories because he could find no evidence for the mutability of organic types. Facts, he argued, were definitely against the view that species are other than fixed constants in nature, and to treat them as anything else would be to base the ex- planation of natural processes upon: unverifiable hypo- theses about a supposed prehistoric age in which natural conditions were of an unknown kind, and such mere appeals to the possibilities of the entirely unknown are in all ages rightly treated with suspicion by a science properly anxious to confine itself to regions where hypo- theses can be kept under the control of scientific fact. In thus reasoning Aristotle manifests strong common sense, and it is on the same grounds that Darwinism, which is the central fortress of the present biological ‘evolutionary scheme, has been rejected as utterly un- scientific by Virchow and all the most eminent German scientists except Haeckel, and by many others in our own and other countries whose names bear weight in the world of science. Darwin has still his followers, and there is also a neo-Darwinism, but so unstable has the platform of the origin of species become, that it has been found necessary to discuss again the old question of what is meant by a species. When they have ascer- tained this they may probably resume the argument, but it will require to be by proofs of a higher order than “‘ We may well suppose,” “It is highly probable,” or “‘ There can be no doubt”’ before they can expect to influence the common sense of mankind. Scientists themselves admit that if evolution cannot be proved there is no alternative other than “direct creation,’ but they refuse to accept this alternative because the knowledge of it comes to us through Divine revelation. It is unfortunate for science that it should be so prejudiced against the Bible as to reject or belittle 12 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS any of its statements on matters which it seems to think should be its own domain, and to consider the mentioning of the testimony of the Bible in questions of science a gross irrelevancy. But why should the testimony of this book in particular be taboo? The Bible is admittedly a good book, truly the most wonderful of all books, if it were only in respect of its persistence and circulation, in which it excels all other books in the world. Moreover, it is the oldest of all books and yet the youngest and freshest of all. Its words are living words and felt to be as full of power to-day as they were when first penned. And somehow, in spite of all attempts by its critics, Reverend and irreverent, to destroy its influence and authority, it is still the first and the last book for counsel and consolation with mankind wherever it comes, even with many of those who scientifically discountenance it. It carries within itself many evidences of its Divine origin. It forces no man’s will, but appeals to its readers to prove all things and to hold fast only that which is good and true and pure. It claims to be the Truth, and it has something to say about all the sciences known to men, and in nothing that it says has it ever been con- victed of being in error. Why, then, should such a re- liable witness be thrust aside and declared ineligible, especially seeing that its supernatural origin places it in a position to deal with supernatural mysteries? It is no wonder that the ancient philosophers who were not privileged with revelation wandered in darkness, but it is lamentable that when light is come into the world men should still love the darkness rather than the light, for they can have no excuse. Geologists indeed affirm that the Bible story of Creation is only a piece of dramatic fiction and not fact, and that independently and in spite of revelation they have discovered and set forth the method by which the earth and its contents must have been gradually evolved. But has geology ever satisfactorily established the imag- ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 13 inations on which it bases its theory of geological evolu- tion and the origin of dead matter any more than biology has been able to do with regard to living creatures ? It has never been wanting during the past two genera- tions in bold assertion and sophistry, and thereby has unfortunately captured the credulity of many who seem not to discern that geological proof is not always logical proof, much more being in their conclusions than is warranted by their premises. In fact, evolutionary geology is in no position to question the Divine record, for it still remains an unproved hypothesis, and it is not possible from the nature of things to see how it can ever be anything else. In no human experience has any evolutionary geology taken place save that of degrada- tion, and the cataclysmic forces which have been in operation in all ages and still operate from time to time, the past effects of which cannot be known or computed, -are sufficient to account for many of the phenomena which geologists imagine they can otherwise explain. On the other hand, the Bible statement of direct creation by the fiat of the Almighty God is clear, simple, and straightforward, in no way repugnant to our reason or common sense but eminently agreeable thereto. Indeed, in respect of all the phenomena of nature, whether ordinary or miraculous, the Bible is the most scientific book in the world. It never postulates an effect without putting behind it an efficient cause; and especially is this true with regard to origins, “In the beginning God”; “‘He spake and it was done, He com- manded and it stood fast.’”” What limit shall man put to omnipotence? Who will make God a liar when He Himself said from the Mount, “In six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day,” and say that He did not and could not do so? And is not God Omnipotent immanent still in His creative, preservative, and recrea- tive working ever and everywhere? Where, then, is the 14 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS mystery? And why should we be willing to live in uncertainty and ignorance and speak of unsolved and unsolvable mysteries when knowledge from a sure source is placed to our hand? If scientific minds like Sir Oliver Lodge can get no further than to exclaim in the words of Tennyson: “So runs my dream. But what am I ? An infant crying in the night, An infant crying for the light, And with no language but a cry,” need men with common sense remain in that condition ? Surely not. “Through faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the Word of God so that things which are seen were not made of things that do appear.” Is such a faith inadmissible in the field of nature? Then what remains but miserable credulity in the ever-shifting quicksands of human speculation ? We who are ministers of this Word find it the Text- book of our profession, giving us, as it does, our know- ledge of the sciences which it is our special duty to know and to teach—theology, anthropology, and soteriology, three of the most important of all the sciences for men to know, and ignorance of which is fatal. We are, there- fore, concerned that such baseless imaginations should not rob men of a living, loving God and a living faith. Evolution and the Christian faith are the direst enemies. You cannot maintain both. It is an added joy to lovers of nature to have it always in remembrance that the omnipotent, omnipresent, bountiful, and gracious Jehovah is ever in touch with all His creatures. 1 know and am glad that, as a Club, in all our social gatherings we do not forget it. So there is in the Book another “ology” largely set forth as the duty of all men, and it is doxology. The Giver of all the good things we have in the field of nature and otherwise claims our gratitude and our praise, and so when our ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 15 hearts are set aglow with delight and admiration at the wonders of His creative wisdom, goodness, and power, it is surely a comely thing to render thanks and to give unto the Lord the glory due unto His name. The pleasant duty remains to me of nominating my successor in this office of the Presidency of the Club, and when I name Captain Fullarton James of Stobhill, Morpeth, I know you will give him a hearty welcome. I am sure he will do honour to the Club, and I cordially wish him every success during his year of office. TWO HUNDRED YEARS AGO. . “ August 1726.—This moneth, we have the lamentable account of Sir Gilbert Eliot of Stobbs’ killing Colonell Steuart. It’s generally said Colonell Steuart gave very great provocation ; that he was a huffing, hectoring person. The debate fell in upon the Election for the Shire,* and gentlmen and soldiers seem to vindicat Sir Gilbert in point of honour, as they call it, and say Sir Gilbert should have been caned, if he had not resented his treatment. But I believe this passionat murder will lye very heavy on Sir Gilbert’s mind. I have conversed with him, and took him to be a really religious person, and I find he goes under that character, though pretty passionat and violent in his temper, which nou has broke out. It’s very sad that such things break out, especially in a person under the character of religion. He is since pardoned by the King, but they say is gone over to Holland, and is deeply weighted with what he is [has] done.’”’— Wodrow’s Analecta, vol. 11; p. 318. * Roxburghshire. 16 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 Reports of Meetings, 1926. 1. STOBO AND DAWYCK.* THE first meeting of 1926 was arranged to be held at Oxnam. Owing to the General Strike it was found necessary to cancel the fixture, which was eventually carried out in September. The meeting held at Stobo and Dawyck on Wednesday, 16th June, thus became the first meeting of the year, and proved to be one of the wettest it has been the misfortune of the Club to experience for some time. In spite of the rain, and of the absence of suitable trains, there was a satisfactory attendance of 60 members and friends. Present :—Rev. Henry Paton, M.A., President, and Mrs Paton ; Rev. J. J. M. L. Aiken, B.D., ex-President; Mr Craw, Secre- tary; Dr M‘Whir, Editing Secretary ; Mr Duncan, Librarian ; Mrs Aitchison, Lochton; Miss Boyd, Faldonside; Mr J. W. Cockburn, Chapelhill; Provost Curle, Melrose; Mr T. College Halliburton, Jedburgh; Dr Hay, Gifford; Miss Hayward, Galashiels; Mr J. Hood, Linhead; Mr J. R. Lake, EK. Ord; Mrs Lyal, Gordon West Mains; Mr J. C. Mather, Manderston ; Mr J. Meikle, Langrig; Mrs Temple Muir, Darnick; Rev. J. Ritchie, B.D., Gordon; Rev. Canon Roberson, Norham; Mrs Roberson; Rev. J. Robertson, M.A., Lauder; Mr D. Rodger of Muircleugh; Mr J. Sharp, Horsburgh Castle; Mr J. Spark, Melrose; Mr W. Spark, Harlston; Rev. A. EH. Swinton, M.A., Coldstream ; Mrs Swinton; Mr E. E. P. Taylor of Pawston ; Mr G. Taylor, Chapelhill; Mr J. Tweedie, Berwick; Mr J. Veitch of Inchbonny; Mr T. Wilson, Hawick; Mrs Wilson ; and Mr F. Wood, South Berrington. The party gathered at the London and North-Eastern Railway Station at Peebles at 10.45. A number of the members wore * See Hist. Ber. Nat. Club, vol. xi, p. 361 (1886) ; vol. xviii, p. 242 (1902) ; J. W. Buchan’s History of Peeblesshire; Macgibbon and Ross, Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland, vol. i, p. 329 (Stobo Church); Ditto, Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland, vol. i, p. 183 (Neidpath) ; The Scott Country, W. 8S. Crockett; The Scottish Field, May 1926 (Dawyck: by Miss E. Cameron). REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 17 the Club Badge, this being the first meeting to be held since its issue. On reaching Neidpath Castle the party ascended to the great hall on the first floor. Here Mr Paton introduced Mr J. W. Buchan, M.A., LL.B., the editor of the new History of Peeblesshire, who traced the history of the building and the ' fortunes of its owners from medieval times. The lands of Neidpath belonged in 1300 to Sir James Fraser. His son, bearing the same name, was executed in London with Sir William Wallace in 1307. The lands were inherited by his daughter Mary, who married Sir Gilbert de Haya, and the property continued in the possession of the Hay family for nearly four centuries. By the marriage of Sir Thomas Hay, great-grandson of Sir Gilbert, to Joanna, daughter of Hugh Gifford of Yester, in the latter half of the fourteenth century, the Yester property came into possession of the Hays. Yester displaced Locherworth as the territorial designation of the family, and a century later John Hay of Yester was raised to the peerage. * In August 1563 Mary, Queen of Scots, visited Neidpath as the guest of William, 5th Lord Hay of Yester. John, 8th Lord Hay, was created Ist Harl of Tweeddale in 1646. His son John, 2nd Earl, defended Neidpath against Cromwell’s troops under General Lambert in 1650, when the castle was surrendered. He was subsequently made Ist Marquis of Tweeddale in 1694, but had sold Neidpath and his land in Peeblesshire to the Ist Duke of Queensberry in 1686. On the death of William, 4th Duke of Queensberry, in 1810, the estates passed to the 6th Harl of Wemyss, who was a great- grandson of a daughter of the lst Duke. Neidpath is still the property of the family. The castle is let to the Town Council of Peebles. The older parts of the castle date from the fourteenth century. It was built on the L-plan, with entrance by a door at the re-entering angle above the steep slope to the river. On account of the nature of the site the walls do not form right angles ; the corners of the building are all rounded, and the walls are over 10 feet thick. Extensive alterations were made in the seventeenth century. The forecourt and its buildings date from this time, and a new doorway was made in the east front, a VOL. XXVI, PART I. 2 18 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 staircase being cut in the thickness of the wall. On the key- stone of the gateway of the forecourt, a goat’s head and coronet represent the crest of the Hay family. After the members had heartily responded to the President’s acknowledgment of Mr Buchan’s help, they ascended the newel stair to the parapet. Even the rain could not wholly obliterate the striking views both up and down the Tweed valley. Rejoining the cars and driving westwards, the party looked down on the house of Barns across the river, with the ridge of Cademuir in the distance crowned with its celebrated forts. About a mile farther on, the Sheriff Muir was passed with its standing stones, also Happrew, in the vicinity of which Wallace suffered defeat in 1304. At Stobo members were met by the Rev. J. R. Cruickshank, B.D., minister of the parish, and listened with great interest to his description of the ancient and picturesque church. Dating from the end of the twelfth century, the church of Stobo is the oldest church now in use in the country. Of the Norman church all that remains is the south doorway, a built- up doorway in the north wall of the nave, and two windows in the north wall of the chancel. Unfortunately the Norman chancel-arch was removed in 1868. On the north side of the church are the remains of a vaulted chapel,* with what appears to be a weathered piscina in the south-east corner. The church was much altered in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the porch and the window in the south wall of the chancel belonging to this period. Regarding the merits of the latter, opinions differ.f In the north wall of the chancel is a round-arched recess for a monument ; it contains an effaced coat of arms. On the south side of the chancel is an ambry. In the church is preserved an interesting graveslab (fig. 1) found in 1923 in the ruined chapel. On the border is the * The Wall-rue Spleenwort (Asplenium Ruta-muraria) was growing plentifully on the ruined walls of this chapel. + ‘The four-light window . . . . is quaint and pleasing, the small circle at the apex giving it quite a touch of originality.”” The Ecclesiastical Archi- tecture of Scotland, vol. i, p. 332 (Macgibbon and Ross). ‘* The tracery head of this window is worked out of one stone and would be pleasing if it were not for the ugly round light at the top.” History of Peeblesshire, vol. i, p. 224. REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 19 inscription: ‘“‘ +Hie : cacet - Magr- Robertus + Veitch - ola[m] - vicarie + de + Stobo - G[ut] - obut - x °die- Maiti - ano - dm + M°cccc® lex° wi.” The stone also bears the letters “I.H.8.” and the representation of a chalice similar in form to one shown on the sraveslab of a cellarer at Dundrennan Abbey bearing the date (1480. Another slab bears a cross-moline, and on a third is o] Pa iS i W/E. K Ww oS aSZ Sor [ SZ ny lh —— are rN : BETTY ATES BIT, vy a ea 943 “a a ee ANS ASE Cte ER AS 4 oe yy Fig. 1.—GRAVESLAB IN StosBo CHURCH. carved a chalice with wafer above. There is also a fragment of a coped grave-cover with scale ornamentation. At the side of the porch door hang the jougs—original except for one half of the collar, which has been restored. In the graveyard, close to the east side of the church door, is a gravestone bearing the figure of a man in eighteenth- century costume, holding a gun (fig. 2). On his head is what appears to be a crown, but the resemblance may be due to the weathering of the stone. He has been mistakenly supposed to be wearing a kilt, but the tradition that he was one who was concerned in the 1715 rebellion seems to have a sound basis, though elsewhere disputed.* The stone bears the inscription : * Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xlvii, p. 150, 1912-13. 20 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 “Here lyes the | body of John | Noble Tenet in | Broughtoun who | died Sep* 20th 1723 | aged 69 years also Will | iam Noble his son who | died Sept the 14 aged 28 years | Of Resurrection with the Just | In Hopes we rest and ly that | in His power we raisd shall be | To mmortality and in his presse | nee to remain his Glory to ador | our mouths with Allelwias fill | of praisse ever more.” The stone of Janet Deans, 1730, bears a female figure holding an hour-glass in her left hand, and in her right a ribbon which curves over her head and bears the inscription “‘ Sorrow not my glass was run, Nov. 19.” In the graveyard is buried Robert Hogg, a nephew of the Fic. 2.—GRAVESTONE AT STOBO. Ettrick Shepherd ; he acted as amanuensis to Sir Walter Scott, and also as secretary to Lockhart. He died in 1834, aged 32. In the manse of Stobo Robert Louis Stevenson stayed for a fortnight in 1882, although he intended to spend the summer there. Mr Paton thanked Mr Cruickshank for his help and guidance, drawing attention to the fact that this was the second occasion on which the Club had visited Stobo during his pastorate. At the entrance to the grounds of Stobo Castle, Mr Ainslie, the factor on the estate, guided the party up the drive. At the castle members were received by Mr and Mrs Murray-Philipson. Rain now fell more heavily, and members accepted with grati- tude the kind invitation to bring their lunch indoors. Here the members were indebted to their host and hostess for further hospitality, for which Mr Paton expressed the thanks of the Club. REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 21 Rested and refreshed, members were guided by Mr Murray- Philipson and Mr Ainslie to the grounds. Passing a fine old beech tree which had suffered from lightning, and traversing the terraces adorned with large and magnificent Japanese bronzes, members were led downwards to the water-gardens, which are the chief feature of the grounds. From the lower end of a fine artificial lake a high waterfall plunges from pro- jecting masses of rock into a deep pool. The waters are then led through the gardens over a series of small cascades, and are crossed by stepping-stones and bridges. The banks and islands are clothed with a large variety of plants and flowering shrubs, the rhododendrons and azaleas being at their best at the time of the Club’s visit. The slope of the embankment forms a large rock-garden, with winding paths and a varied collection of Alpine plants. The general effect is best seen from the bridge at the lower end of the gardens, or from the top of the waterfall. The splendour of the increased volume of water was some compensation for the discomfort caused by the rain. From Stobo the drive was by Altarstone, Dreva, and Broughton. At Altarstone the large flat-topped rock from which the name is derived was noticed close to the right side of the road. At Dreva the interesting fort * was pointed out on the left; the site, 898 feet above sea-level and 300 feet above the river, commands a fine view of the upper Tweed valley. __ After passing Broughton, the party drove through the grounds of Rachan, by the kind permission of Mr H. B. Marshall. Time, unfortunately, did not allow a stop to be made here, and passing Drummelzier the party continued its way to Dawyck. The Club was welcomed to Dawyck by Mrs Balfour, who expressed regret that Colonel Balfour was prevented by another engagement from being present. Mrs Balfour then led the party through the grounds and woods, pointing out the ancient larches and horse-chestnuts, and naming many fine and rare examples of forest trees. The Barony of Dawyck belonged in early times to the Veitches, between whom and the Tweedies of Drummelzier raged many a bloody fight. In the end of the seventeenth century the lands passed to the Naesmyths, who continued to hold them till, after * See Appendix. 22 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 the death of the fifth baronet, they were bought by the present owners in 1897. The estate has long been famous for its woods. The first horse-chestnuts planted in Scotland were those planted by Veitch at Dawyck about 1660: one of these now measures 16 feet in circumference at 6 feet above the ground. In 1725 Sir James Naesmyth, who was a pupil of Linneeus, planted the first larches in Scotland; five of these now remain, the girth of one of them is about 16} feet at the ground level.* Sir John Naesmyth, the fourth baronet, built the present mansion-house in 1830. He planted extensively, introducing many exotic trees, which are now noble monuments to his labour and foresight. A Caucasian silver fir (Abies Nordman- niana Spach.) is over 100 feet in height, being the tallest recorded for Great Britain. A Douglas fir measures 111] feet 2 inches and girths 134 feet. Hight large silver firs (Abies pectinata D. C.) remain of those planted about 1735, the two largest are over 120 feet in height and girth 15 feet 11 inches at breast height. The fastigiate beech (Fagus sylvatica Dawycki) at Dawyck is a remarkable tree, being the original tree of this variety; it is over 50 feet in height. Space does not admit of a fuller account of the large collection of conifers and other trees at Dawyck ; in the chapter on Botany in the new History of Peeblesshire + Colonel Balfour has treated the subject in greater detail. Rhododendrons, of which there is a large variety, flourish in the open spaces in the woods, and primulas brighten the banks of the Scrape burn. Before leaving the woods, members visited the disused parish church of Dawyck. It was converted into a mausoleum, but religious services are occasionally held in it. The old baptismal font is octagonal in form,t and resembles one from Dalgarnock, Dumfriesshire, figured in the Proceedings of the Society of Anti- quaries of Scotland.§ Before leaving Dawyck the President cordially thanked Mrs * The famous Dunkeld larches were planted in 1738; they now girth more than those at Dawyck. Larches at Kailzie are said to have been planted at the same time as the Dawyck larches. fT Vol. i, p. 418. t Measurements: diameter 26 inches, height 14 inches; diameter of bowl 19 inches, depth 9 inches. § Vol. xxi (1886-1887), pp. 386 and 389. REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 23 Balfour for her kind welcome to the Club, and for the assistance and guidance the Club had received. Peebles was reached rather later than was expected, and a party of 28 sat down to dinner at the Tontine Hotel.* The following were admitted members of the Club, bringing the membership again to its limit of 400: Mr James Patrick Fair Bell, F.R.S.E., Springbank Villa, Ayton; Lady Biddulph, The Pavilion, Melrose; Mr Joseph William Carr, Horncliffe, Berwick ; Mr William Donald Clark, West Ord, Berwick ; Miss Margaret Hogg, Castle Vale, Berwick; Mr William Hogg, Birkenside, Earlston; Mrs Ishbel Juliet Ritchie, The Holmes, St Boswells; The Hon. Walter T. Hepburne-Scott, Master of Polwarth, of Harden, Hawick; Rev. Archibald Shaw, M.A., B.D., Wellington Terrace, Berwick ; Miss Emily Jessie Stewart, Broadmeadows House, Berwick; Mr John William Stewart, ditto.; Miss Katherine Maud Swinton, Laws Farm House, Edrom; Miss Mary Edith Swinton, ditto.; Captain Colling- wood James Thompson, A.F.C., The Kennels, Longridge ; and Mrs Jane D. Turnbull, East End, Lauder. APPENDIX. Dreva Fort. This fort is placed on a rocky knoll 898 feet above sea-level. It is § mile south-west of Dreva. The knoll is on a projecting spur some 200 yards to the south of the road from Dreva to Broughton. The ruins of what has been a massive stone wall enclose a circular area some 50 yards in diameter on the top of the knoll; in the interior are the remains of at least six hut-circles from 18 to 20 feet in diameter. The entrance has been on the east side; towards it can be traced a track approach- ing the fort from the north-east. To the south of the fort, on a terrace at a slightly lower level, is an annex containing a hut-circle 20 feet in diameter. On more level ground below the annex, to the south, is an area covered with boulders set on end, evidently intended to check a rush across this ground. The same feature exists on the col to the north of the fort, though here fewer of the stones retain their upright position. On this col also lies a large circle 36 feet in diameter. The placing of stones to form a chevaux-de-frise has been observed also at West Cademuir fort, some six miles to the east.t * The Hotel was built in 1808 on the Tontine principle. The shareholders originally numbered 144; the last survivor was Sir Adam Hay, who sold the Hotel in 1888 for £2750. The original cost of the property was £4050. T See Christison’s Harly Fortifications in Scotland, p. 225. 24 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 la. CHEVIOT. A special botanical meeting was held on Thursday, 8th July, for the purpose of studying the botany of the ravines of Hen Hole and the Bizzle on Cheviot. The following 10 members were present: Mr Craw, Secretary, Mr Duncan, Librarian; Mr J. Bishop, Berwick; Mr A. Falconer, Duns; Major Logan-Home, Edrom House, Miss Logan-Home; Mr W. C. Millar, Berwick ; Mr A. M. Porteous, Coldstream; Miss Wilson Smith, Pouter- lynie ; and Mr G. Taylor, Chapelhill. The party met at Southernknowe, and starting at 11.30 a.m. followed the College Burn past Fleehope and Mounthooly to the mouth of the Hen Hole ravine, where a welcome pause was made for lunch. The day was fine and somewhat warm ; a haze shut out entirely the wide views to be had from the hill, but the recent rains made the cataracts a striking feature of the day’s walk. In Hen Hole a pair of ravens soared for a time overhead, and a peregrine was seen in the distance. A pair of peregrines were seen later.in the Bizzle; also a young one, which was watched for some time as it sat on a ledge of rock. Several ring-ouzels were also seen. The party slowly ascended by the burnside, gathering botanical specimens by the way. The ravine was left at a point due east of the Auchope Cairn, and the party crossed the mossy ground to the head of the Bizzle. Mr Duncan led the way to the outcrop where he had found Chandonanthus seti- formis var. alpinus, the only habitat of this hepatic in England. Here the party separated, some descended by the Bizzle—a steep and rocky route—and others followed a line by the Mid Hill - to visit the stations of the dwarf cornel found by Messrs Duncan and Millar last year. The parties rejoined at the foot of the ravine, and reached Southernknowe shortly before 7 o'clock. The following less common plants were observed :—Naked- stalked Teesdalia (teesdalea nudicaulis Br.), Blinks (Montia fontana L.), Cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus L.), Mossy Saxi- frage (Saxifraga hypnordes L.), Meadow Saxifrage (S. granulata L.), Starry Saxifrage (S. stellaris L.), Grass of Parnassus (Par- nassia palustris L.), Bog Sedum (Sedum villosum L.), Rose root (Sedum roseum Scop.), Common Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 25 L.), Mountain Willow-herb (E'pilobium alsinefolium Vill.), Marsh Pennywort (Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.), Hemlock Water Dropwort (Oenanthe crocata L.), Dwarf Cornel (Cornus suecica L.), Golden Rod (Solidago Virgaurea L.), Rayless Camomile (Matricarza suaveolens Buch.), Yellow Pimpernel (Lysimachia nemorum L.), Marsh Lousewort (Pedicularis palustris L.), Cow-wheat (Melampyrum pratense var. montanum Johnst.), Round-leaved Mint (Mentha rotundifolia Huds.), Bog Asphodel (Narthecvoum ossifragum Huds.), Parsley Fern (Cryptogramme crispa Br.), Hard Fern (Blechnum Spicant With.), Male Fern (Dryopteris Felixz-mas Schott.), Brittle Bladder Fern (Cystopteris fragilis Bernh.), Common Club-moss (Lycopodium clavatum L.), Fir Club-moss (L. Selago L.). Mosses: Polytrichum alpinum, P. strictum, Rhabdoweisia fugaz, Blindia acuta, Dicranum schisti, D. fuscescens, Splachnum sphaericum, Plagiobryum Zieru, Bryum filiforme, Hylocomium loreum. Hepatics: Gymnomitrium obtusum, Leptoscyphus Taylori, Chiloscyphus polyanthus var. fragilis, Chandonanthus setiformis var. alpinus, Scapania subalpina. Lepidoptera: Painted Lady butterfly (Pyrameis cardut) ; Chimney-sweeper moth (Odezia atrata), Red Carpet (Coremia munitata), Grey Mountain Carpet (Entephria caesiata). 2. EDLINGHAM.* The second meeting was held at Edlingham on Thursday, 22nd July, when 57 members and friends were present. These included Rev. Henry Paton, M.A., President, and Mrs Paton ; Colonel Leather, Middleton Hall; and Mr Howard Pease, M.A., F.S.A., Otterburn Tower, ex-Presidents; Mr Craw, Secretary ; .Dr M‘Whir, Editing Secretary; Mr Duncan, Librarian; Mr John Balmbra, Alnwick; Mr C. H. Hunter Blair, M.A., F.S.A., Newcastle; Miss Caverhill, Berwick; Mr J. H. Deans, Pitcox ; Mrs Biber Erskine, Dryburgh; Mrs Erskine, Melrose; Mr H. B. Herbert, Fallodon; Miss Herbert; Miss Milne Home, Paxton; Miss Sydney Milne Home; Mr R. Kyle, Alnwick ; * See Hist. Ber. Nat. Club., vol. xii, p. 167 (1888) ; vol. xxii, p. 17 (1912) ; History of Northumberland, vol. vii. ; Trans. of Durham and Northumberland Arch. and Arcl. Soc., vol. v, p. 37; Churches of Lindisfarne, p. 395. 26 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 Miss R. Leather, Rothbury; Mr J. Little, Galashiels; Mrs Little; Mr W. Wells Mabon, Jedburgh; Mr C. P. Martin, The Thirlings; Mrs Martin; Miss Martin, Ord Hill; Mr R. Middlemas, Alnwick; Mr W. C. Millar, Berwick; Mrs Oliver, Hdgerston ; Miss Stevenson, Tuggal Hall; Miss 8. Stevenson ; Mr J. W. Stewart, Broadmeadows; Miss Stewart; Mr KE. Thew, Gosforth; Mr F. W. Wood, South Berrington; and Mr H. M. Wood, B.A., Alnmouth. The members met at Alnwick Railway Station at 10.23 a.m. and drove by a hilly road to Hdlingham, a distance of six miles. Leaving the cars where the road to Edlingham joins the main road, the party walked over the heathery ridge to the Black Lough, a distance of about a mile and a half. The day was somewhat dull, and a cool breeze made the gradual ascent more easy. Though Cheviot was capped with cloud, the view became very fine as the higher ground was reached. The top of Simonside came into view to the south- west, and Ros Castle rose prominently to the north. Between these two points the eye wandered over a wide area of hill country rising, ridge behind ridge, and dominated by Cheviot in the background. In the valley below, the eye could follow the supposed line of the Roman Road passing northwards from the Edlingham Burn towards Hedgeley. A fine caterpillar of the Emperor moth was picked up on the heather during the ascent. Lunch was taken when the party reached the lough. Well named, it is a rather featureless sheet of water, lying in a peat- moss which is some 12 to 15 feet in depth. Many stems and roots of birch and other trees can still be seen along the margin of the lough. Little of botanical interest was found: the Common Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia L.) and Bog Asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum Huds.) were gathered near the lough, and Mr Duncan reported the following from the moor: mosses, Polytrichum aloides, Leptodontium flexifolium, Webera nutans var. longiseta, Hypnum exannulatum, Eucalypta vulgaris (on a wall at Edlingham) and Physcomitrella patens * (at the castle) ; hepatics: Odontoschisma denudatum, Leptoscyphus anomalus,* Calypogeia Trichomanis, Lepidozia setacea, Scapania undulata. A shower caused an earlier return to Edlingham than was * Additions for v.c. 68. REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 27 intended. On arriving at the church the company was received by the vicar, the Rev. Edward J. Tayleur, F.S.A., who described the building. At the close of his remarks Mr Hunter Blair gave an account of the Felton family, and of the shield of arms * of Sir William Felton in the south wall of the nave (1359-60)— gules two lions passant within the Scottish tressure. Mr Blair traced the family’s connection with the Scottish royal family from matter collected by him for the forthcoming volume of the History of Northumberland. Mr Paton, on behalf of the members, thanked the speakers for their interesting descriptions. The oldest part of the church is the west wall of the nave, part of which may be pre-Norman. The south and east walls of the nave and the porch are Norman, dating from the first half of the twelfth century. The chancel is rather later. The north arcade of the nave was introduced about 1190, and the north wall of this aisle was probably built much later, possibly late in the fourteenth century. The tower most likely dates from about 1300, and is strongly built for defensive purposes. The tracery in the windows is all modern. In the south side _ of the chancel is a piscina. The font is now placed at the west end of the church; it is much older than the date carved upon it, 1701. Part of the shaft of a pre-Norman cross, which is preserved in the church, is figured in the new History of Northum- berland ; the base of a cross lies in the churchyard. Four grave- slabs in the church are here reproduced (fig. 3); the slab bearing both a sword and shears forms the threshold of the door. There is also figured the heraldic panel of the Rev. Michael Mitford (fig. 4), a son of William Mitford, rector of Elsdon. It bears on a fess, between three moles, a fleur de lys for difference. Below the panel is the inscription “‘ Mabel, Daughter to the Rev | Mr Mitford Died june 23, 1745 | Elizabeth, Wife to the | Rev? Mr Mitford died | February the 10 1756 |The Rev Michael Mitford | Died August the 4'*, 1770.” In the garden of the vicarage is a sundial bearing the date 1726 and the letters M E. The initials are those of Michael and Elizabeth Mitford, and the date is that of Mr Mitford’s induction to the parish of Edlingham. From the church the party walked to the castle, which * See Northumbrian Monuments, p. 124 (fig. 254). 28 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 stands on lower ground some 200 yards to the east-north-east. Here Mr Tayleur pointed out the chief features of this finely-built but much ruined castle. Edlingham is first mentioned as Eadulfingham (the ham of Eadwulf) about the year 737, when it was given to the monks of Lindisfarne by King Ceolwulf. It was one of the early possessions of the house of Gospatric, and passed from that family in 1296 when Thomas de Edlingham sold it to William de Felton. In 1403 the lands passed to Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John de Felton Fic. 3.—GRAVESLABS, EDLINGHAM CHURCH. and wife of Edmund Hastings ; they continued in the possession of the Hastings family for over a century. In 1519 the manor and lands were bought by George Swinburne, to the courtesy of whose descendant, Sir Hubert Swinburne, the Club was indebted for permission to visit the castle and the Black Lough. Though small in size, the keep measuring only some 35 feet square, Edlingham Castle has always been designated a castle, notatower. The keep is built of good ashlar, and is three stories in height. The diagonal angle buttresses terminate in circular bartisans at the parapet level. The vault on the ground floor is now filled with debris. The first floor has formed a noble and ornate chamber with a groined roof; it contains the ruins of a fine fireplace with a lintel of joggled stones; this has been History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, vol. xvi. Pratt I. EDLINGHAM CASTLE. A. From the south-east. B. From the north-east. [To face p. 28 { 11 MAY 27 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 29 well illustrated in the new History of Northumberland and in Parker’s Glossary (1850), where the date is given as circa 1330. A newel stair, partly in the thickness of the west wall, leads to the upper storey. The outlines of the courtyard or barmkyn can be clearly traced to the west of the keep ; fragments of the curtain walls and of the gatehouse also remain. On the kind invitation of Mr and Mrs Tayleur, the members then went to the vicarage, where they were hospitably enter- i Zaih ) De See SS WC h Fig. 4.—Herraupic Panet, EpLINGHAM CHURCH. tained to tea, a welcome refreshment at the close of the day’s excursion. Mr Tayleur exhibited a graceful chalice with cover, bearing the date 1612,* and a fine copy of the first edition of White’s Natural History of Selburne. It was with reluctance that the members left the many treasures of the vicarage, which they would fain have examined further. Ere leaving, the President thanked both host and hostess for the kindness of their welcome. Alnwick was reached shortly after 4 o’clock, and 17 members sat down to dinner at the White Swan Hotel. * Belonging to the church at Edlingham are also a silver paten inscribed, “Thank offering of the Rev. James Manisty, B.D., vicar of Edlingham, 1808,” and a pewter flagon with “‘ Edlingham, 1738.” 30 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 The secretary read a letter from Mr J. C. Hodgson, thanking the Club for their message of sympathy. He also read a letter from the Rev. M. M. Piddocke, intimating the successful raising of the monolith at Yevering, for which the Club had subscribed the funds at their meeting there the previous August. 3. CORSBIE AND LEGERWOOD.* The third meeting was held at Corsbie and Legerwood on Wednesday, 18th August. About 90 members and friends were present, but the meeting was much marred by rain. Present: Mr G. G. Butler, M.A., and Rev. W. M‘Conachie, D.D., ex-Presidents ; Mr Craw, Secretary ; Dr M‘Whir, Editing Secretary ; Mrs Aitchison, Lochton; Mrs Anderson, Earlston ; Major Baird of Wedderlie; Miss Boyd, Faldonside; Mrs Brownlie, Haughead; Bailie Carter, Duns; Miss Caverhill, Berwick; Mrs Cowan, Yetholm; Rev. W. S. Crockett, Tweedsmuir; Mr Alex. Darling, Mayor of Berwick; Mrs Darling, Priestlaw ; Mr W.S. Douglas, Kelso; Mr 8. D. Elliot, S.S.C., Edinburgh ; Mrs Erskine, Melrose; Mr A. A. Falconer, Duns; Mr W. Fortune, Ayton; Miss Shirra Gibb, The Roan ; Mr G. J. Gibson, Gullane; Miss Grey, Berwick; Dr Hay, Gifford; Mr O. Hilson, Ancrum; Mr R. Hogg, Middlethird ; Miss Holmes, Berwick; Miss Milne Home, Paxton; Miss S. Milne Home; Mr A. R. Levett, Wooler; Miss Lewis, Ayton ; Rev. P. 8. Lockton, Melrose; Mrs Logan, Birkhill; Mrs Lyal, Gordon West Mains; Mrs M‘Conachie, Lauder; Captain M‘Dougal, Blythe; Mr J. G. Maddan, Stockport; Mr J. C. Mather, Manderston; Mr J. Millar, Duns; Miss C. C. Miller, Duns; Mr G. H. Mills, Greenrigs; Miss Newton, Earlston ; Mr C. 8S. Petrie, Duns; Mr N. Sanderson, Greenhead; Mr John Spark, Melrose; Mr W. Spark, Earlston; Mrs Spark ; Rev. A. E. Swinton, M:A., Coldstream; Mrs Swinton; Mr E. E. P. Taylor of Pawston; Mr G. Taylor, Chapelhill; Miss * See Hist. Ber. Nat. Club., vol. ix, p. 235 (1880) ; vol. xiii, p. 140 (1890); vol. xvi, p. 25 (1896) ; vol. xvii, p. 26 (1899) ; vol. xxi, p. 145(1910). Hcclesi- astical Arch. of Scot., vol. i, p. 320; Dom. and Cast. Arch. of Scot., vol. iii, p. 426. Hist. Mon. Com. Report, Berwickshire. The Border Magazine, March 1926 (Corsbie Tower, by A. F.), October 1926 (Legerwood Parish: Rev. J. A. Cameron’s Address to the Club). REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 3i G. Usher, Yetholm; Mrs Willits, Berwick; Miss Wilson, Wellnage ; Mr T. Wilson, Hawick, and Mrs Wilson. The Presi- dent wrote expressing his regret at being unable to attend the meeting. It had been intended to drive from Gordon railway station by Huntlywood, and to walk to the top of the Knock, visiting the - fort there and descending to Corsbie Tower. Heavy rain made it necessary to cancel this part of the programme, and the party drove direct to Legerwood church. The Rev. J. A. Cameron, M.A., B.D., minister of the parish, received the Club in the church, and gave an interesting account of the history of the parish and church, pointing out the features of the building and its monuments. In the absence of Mr Paton, Mr Butler thanked Mr Cameron on behalf of the Club. Mr Cameron’s address has been published in the November issue of the Border Magazine. The chief feature of interest in the church is the chancel arch of three semi-circular orders dating from the Norman period, the caps and abaci are enriched with geometrical sunk star ornamentation, which is continued along the east wall of the nave. There isa smal] ambry in the north wall of the chancel, in it may still be seen traces of coloured decoration. A fragment of what appears to have been the shaft of a pre-Norman cross is built into the south wall; it bears an interlaced design and has been figured in our History.* Inthe chancel is the monument of John Ker of Moristoun and Grissell Cochrane, his heroic wife. t On the south-west angle of the church is a sundial, the in- scription on which has been elsewhere misread. It bears the letters es with date 1689. Close examination shows that the date has been originally cut 1692, and subsequently altered. The letters represent Mr William Calderwood whose table gravestone is at the west end of the church. He was the outed minister of the parish, and was restored to his charge in 1689— the date on the dial. It is not improbable that the stone was cut and erected in 1692, and that the date was altered so that the year of triumph might appear on the stone—an interesting historical sidelight. * Vol. xvi, plate ITI, p. 25. T See Hist. Ber. Nat. Club, vol. xxv, Plate A, pp. 91 and 426. 32 REPORTS OF MERTINGS FOR 1926 The curious gravestone of William Montgomry of Makbehil, 1689, lies to the south of the church.* As the rain had now ceased, the party retraced its steps to Corsbie. A field of long wet grass prevented a close approach, and the secretary gave an account of the tower from a vantage point to the north. Corsbie is first mentioned in 1321 when Robert Bruce granted the lands to Walter Morthington, who was subsequently known as Walter de Crosby. In 1455 it is found in the hands of the Cranstons, the story of whose turbulent actions has been often told. In 1671 it was sold to the Duke of Lauderdale, whose family was related to the Cranstons. The girdle presented by the Duke to Midside Maggie, which is known to have been made in 1608-09, bears the initials B. C. for Barbara Cranston of Corsbie, who married Sir James Seton of Gordon in 1611. By the marriage of the Duke’s daughter to Hay of Yester, the tower and lands passed to the Tweeddale family, in whose posses- sion they still remain. The tower is of sixteenth century date. It measures 40 by 27 feet, the walls being 6 feet thick. Only the south-west and north-west walls remain, the rounded angles are of dressed ashlar and several small square-headed windows remain. At the south angle a newel stair has led from the first floor to at least two upper floors. Although we are told by Sir Walter Scott that the prototype of Avenel is Lochside Tower in Yetholm Loch, the tower of Corsbie would seem in many ways to answer the description. Being only seven miles from Melrose, it is nearer the Monastery country than Lochside; the character of the Cranstons was entirely similar to that of Julian Avenel; and the nature of the site is not unlike that described by Sir Walter. Moreover, the White Lady may still be seen at Corsbie, as a glance at Plate II will show! A local tradition records that the breach in the wall which has the form of a draped female figure was caused by the cannon of Colonel Fenwicke, to whom the position of the kitchen fireplace had been revealed by the cook from the tower. So far as is known the tradition is unsupported by any documentary evidence of a bombardment. From Corsbie the party drove to Earlston. At the Rhymer’s * See vol. xxv, pp. 83 and 425, Plate G, e. History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, vol. xxvi. Puate II. From the west. CORSBIE TOWER. From the south-east. [To face p. 32. 11 MAY 27 ene \: REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 33 Tower the Club was fortunate in having as guide the Rev. W.S. Crockett, who, though unexpectedly called upon, was able to give an interesting account of Thomas the Rhymer and his connection with Earlston. Dr M‘Conachie expressed the thanks of the Club to Mr Crockett. At the parish church the Club was again indebted to Mr Crockett for much information about both ‘ the church and the churchyard. In the Temperance Hotel 35 members sat down to tea. Miss Betty W. Hood, Linhead, Cockburnspath, was elected to fill a vacancy in the membership. Mr Crockett exhibited a lock of the hair of Sir Walter Scott. The Secretary brought a £5 note of the Tweed Bank, given to the Club by Colonel Menzies, also photographs of Corsbie Tower and a pedigree of the owners of the Estate of Morristoun. 4. DUNSTANBURGH.* The fourth meeting was held at Dunstanburgh on Thursday, 9th September. The attendance was the largest of the season, 108 members and friends being present. These included Rev. Henry Paton, M.A., President, and Mrs Paton ; The Right Hon. Viscount Grey of Fallodon (with Lady Grey); and Mr G. G. Butler, M.A., ex-Presidents ; Mr Craw, Secretary ; Dr M‘Whir, Editing Secretary ; Mr J. B. Duncan, Librarian ; Mr J. Balmbra, Alnwick; Mr J. Bishop, Berwick; Mrs Bishop; Captain L. Scott Briggs, Melkington ; Mrs Briggs ; Miss Brown, Chirnside ; - Mr J. Cairns, Alnwick; Provost Carmichael, Coldstream; Mr W. D. Clark, West Ord; Captain Davidson, Galagate; Mrs Erskine, Melrose ; Mr W. Fortune, Ayton; Mr T. Gibson, J.P., Edinburgh ; Mr T. H. Gladstone, Berwick ; Miss Gray, Berwick ; Mr John Grey, Broomhill, Morpeth ; Mr H. B. Herbert, Fallodon ; Miss Herbert ; Miss Milne Home, Paxton; Miss 8S. Milne Home ; Captain Fullarton James, Stobhill, Morpeth ; Mr R. 8S. Johnston, 0.B.E., Duns; Mrs Dixon-Johnson, Middle Ord; Mr J. R. Jones, Jedburgh; Mr R. Kyle, Alnwick; Mr J. R. Lake, East Ord; Mr A. R. Levett, Wooler; Mr W. Wells Mabon, Jed- burgh; Miss Martin, Ord Hill; Mr J. C. Mather, Manderston ; * See Hist. Ber. Nat. Club, vol. vi, pp. 45 and 85 (1869) ; vol. viii, p. 411 (1878); vol. xix, pp. 30 and 60 (1903); new ee of Northumberland, vol. ii; Churches of Lindisfarne, p. 134. VOL. XXVI, PART I. 3 34 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 Mr W. C. Millar, Berwick ; Miss Miller, Wellnage, Duns; Mrs Temple Muir, Darnick ; Mr L. Newbigin, Alnwick; Rev. M. M. Piddocke, Kirknewton ; Mr A. M. Porteous, jun., Coldstream ; Rev. Canon Roberson, Norham; Mrs Roberson; Mr J. C. L. Romanes, Duns; Mr T. B. Short, Waren Mills; Mr A. R. Simpson, Edinburgh ; Mrs Simpson; Mr H. R. Smail, Berwick ; Mrs Stevenson, Tuggal; Miss Stevenson; Miss 8. Stevenson ; Captain Tate, Brotherwick; Mr EH. HE. P. Taylor, Pawston ; Mr E. Thew, Gosforth ; Dr Waterson, Embleton; Mr C. W. Waterson; Miss Wilson, Wellnage; Mr F. W. Wood, South Berrington ; and Mr H. M. Wood, B.A., Alnmouth. After a dull morning with local showers, the weather became fine and added much to the pleasure of the excursion. The party met at Little Mill railway station at 10.30. Members coming by train from the north had arrived half an hour earlier and had time to pay a hurried visit to the limestone and whin- stone quarries near the station. The party then drove to the quaint fishing village of Craster, and proceeded on foot to Dunstanburgh. The castle, which appears to greatest advantage from this side, was in full view all the way. When the members had assembled in front of the great gate- way, Mr C. H. Hunter Blair, M.A., F.S.A., outlined the history of the castle, and then conducted the party from point to point, indicating the features specially worthy of notice, and referring the various portions to their respective dates. Viscount Grey expressed the thanks of the Club to Mr Blair, and mentioned that he paid the annual sum of 2s. 10d. to the owner of Dunstan- burgh, a payment which he understood to be for the privilege of driving the stock from the lands of Fallodon into the castle in the event of a Scottish raid. Covering an area of ten acres, the Castle of Dunstanburgh is the largest in Northumberland. Unlike other northern castles, it was not built as a defence against the Scots, but for purposes connected with the internal party warfare of England. In 1255 the barony of Embleton was acquired by Simon de Montford, Earl of Leicester ; after his death it came into the possession of Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, whose son Thomas succeeded to the Karldoms of Lancaster, Leicester, and Derby. In 1313, the year before Bannockburn, Earl Thomas began to REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 35 build the Castle of Dunstanburgh, but in 1322 he was seized by Edward II and executed at his castle of Pontefract. The castle was thereafter in the custody of constables appointed by the King ; the name of one of these, John de Lilburn (c. 1325) seems to have been preserved in the Lilburn Tower. Later in the fourteenth century the castle was the property of John of . Gaunt, who added considerably to the defences. On the accession of Henry IV in 1399, Dunstanburgh, as part of the Duchy of Lancaster, became practically vested in the Crown. Extensive repairs were carried out in the middle of the fifteenth century, and it became a place of much importance in the Wars of the Roses. In 1461 Queen Margaret obtained possession of Bamburgh, Alnwick, and Dunstanburgh, but Dunstanburgh capitulated to King Edward in the end of that year. Along with Bamburgh it was entrusted to the custody of Sir Ralph Percy, who a few months later delivered them again to the Lancastrian Party. In 1464 it was retaken by storm. In the sixteenth century Dunstanburgh, like many other castles, gradually fell into serious disrepair. In 1550 it was “in wonderfull great decaye,”’ and was considered to be too far from the Scottish border to be worth putting into repair. In 1604 it was sold by James I, and the following year was bought by Sir Ralph Grey, whose descendants held it till the Earl of Tankerville sold it in 1869 to the trustees of the late Mr Samuel Eyres of Leeds. In 1919 it was bought from the Eyres trustees by Mr (now Sir) Arthur Munro Sutherland. It is noteworthy that while the fine Gatehouse Tower and high curtain-wall of Earl Thomas have well survived the ravages of time, the later work of John of Gaunt and the Lancastrian kings has mostly disappeared. At a distance of 20 yards along the curtain to the west of the Gatehouse is the later gateway of the castle. As the curtain runs north along the top of a steep slope, there is passed, first, the foundation of a turret, and then the Lilburn Tower, beyond which the curtain runs to the edge of the Gull Crag. Near the east end of this cliff is the Rumble Churn, a natural chimney in the rock, through which a high column of spray is forced in stormy weather. This is the true “Rumble Churn, the name having been given in error to the rocky inlet to the south, known as the Egginclough. A much decayed curtain-wall follows the coast southwards to the Eggin- 36 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 clough, at the head of which is placed the Egginclough or Queen Margaret’s Tower. From this a fine stretch of curtain-wall runs to the Gatehouse Tower; on this curtain are placed the Constable’s Tower and another small tower. Before the party left the castle, Mr Butler gave a short account of the geology of the district, dealing specially with the Whin Sill, which forms the Gull Crag, and which can here be seen resting on the limestone rocks. The curiously folded Saddle Rock (Plate III), which is such a conspicuous feature on the shore to the north of the castle, was also pointed out. Cars were rejoined at Dunstan Stead and the party drove to Embleton, where it was received by the Rev. F. C. Paul, M.A., vicar of the parish. While the members were seated in the church, Mr Paul read an account of the Barony of Embleton, the church, and the more notable incumbents, and was cordially thanked by the President. The church of Embleton is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. Of the original Norman church there remain part of the walls of the nave and the lower part of the tower, in the latter can be traced two narrow, round-headed windows in the north and south walls, now built up. In the chancel-arch are two capitals of transitional character, most likely belonging to an earlier chancel-arch of that period. About the year 1200 the nave arcades were introduced, with enrichment in the Early English style. The aisles were rebuilt about 1330-1340, when they were extended to include the tower within the church. The upper stories of the tower, with the effective open parapet, also date from this time, as does the chapel at the east end of the north aisle. The chancel is modern, and the windows in the body of the church have been renewed. Two niches at the east end of the north aisle have apparently been connected with chantries formerly existing there; the niches have ogee heads cusped and moulded, and each has a piscina beneath. Another chantry existed at the east end of the south aisle, where an ambry remains. The pointed doorway of the porch has a hood-moulding terminating in angels with scrolls. Above this door is a richly- canopied niche having a demi-angel with spread wings beneath. The nave doorway is either modern or has been rechiselled. History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, vol. xxvi. . Puate III. THE SADDLE ROCK, DUNSTANBURGH. [To face p. 36. REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 37 In the porch are several graveslabs which have been illustrated in the new History of Northumberland. After the members had examined the various features of interest in the church, Mr Paul conducted them to the vicarage, kindly showing them over the old vicarage tower which dates _ from 1395 and is one of the few existing fortified vicarages. Dinner was served in the Dunstanburgh Castle Hotel, where 35 sat down together. The Secretary exhibited specimens of the so-called Dunstanburgh Diamonds, small crystals of quartz, gathered on the occasion of the Club’s visit in 1903 ; also a cocoon of the Emperor moth. After dinner some of the members had time to visit the whin- stone quarries in the village before leaving to catch the evening trains at Christon Bank Station. By the kind invitation of Viscount Grey, a small party who did not need to catch a train visited Fallodon in order to see the ducks which formed the subject of the interesting Presidential address of 1921. 5. OXNAM AND THE ROMAN ROAD.* The postponed May meeting to Oxnam for the purpose of visiting the Roman Road and the camps at Cappuck and Penny- muir was held on Thursday, 23rd September. The weather was all that could be desired, and a clear atmosphere enabled the members fully to enjoy the wide views from the elevated ridge traversed by the road. The meeting was attended by 92 members and friends, in- cluding Sir George Douglas, Bart.; Rev. J. F. Leishman, M.A. ; Mr H. Rutherfurd of Fairnington and Mr J. A. Somervail of Hoselaw, ex-Presidents; Mr Craw, Secretary; Mr Duncan, Librarian; Mrs Aitchison, Lochton; Mme. Bertalot, Ayton ; Lieut.-Col. Bishop, Kelso; Mrs Bishop; Mr J. W. Blackadder, Ninewells Mains; Miss Boyd, Faldonside; Mrs Scott Briggs, Melkington; Miss Brown, Chirnside; Bailie Carter, Duns ; * See Hist. Ber. Nat. Club, vol. xi, pp. 10, 93, 162 (1885); vol. xiv, p. 382 (1893) ; vol. xix, p. 337 (1905) ; vol. xxii, p. 47 (1912) ; Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxix, p. 317 (1894-1895) ; vol. xlvi, p. 446 (1911-1912) ; Roy’s Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain, plate xxii; Jeffrey’s History of Roxburghshire, vol. i, p. 221. 38 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 Miss Caverhill, Berwick ; Mr W. D. Clark, West Ord; Mr Alex. Darling, Mayor of Berwick ; County Alderman Thomas Darling of Marshall Meadows; Mr W. S. Douglas, Kelso; Mrs Biber Erskine, Dryburgh ; Mrs Erskine, Melrose; Mr A. A. Falconer, Duns; Miss Fleming, Kelso; Rev. D. D. Fraser, M.A., Sprous- ton; Mr A. M. Garden, Berwick; Miss M. Gray, Berwick ; Miss Greet, Norham ; Rev. P. B. Gunn, Oxnam; Mr P. B. Gunn, jun.; Col. Hope of Cowdenknowes; Miss Hope, Morebattle ; Miss Holmes, Berwick; Mr R. G. Johnston, O.B.E., Duns; Lieut.-Col. Scott-Ker, Brooklands; Mr J. R. Lake, East Ord ; Miss Lewis, Ayton; Rev. P. Lockton, Melrose; Mr W. Wells Mabon, Jedburgh; Mr W. C. Millar, Berwick; Mrs Temple Muir, Darnick; Mrs Oliver, Edgerston; Mr T. Purves, jun., Berwick ; Mr H. R. Smail, Berwick ; Mr T. C. Smith, Berwick ; Mr T. Stirling, St Boswells; Mr E. E. P. Taylor of Pawston ; Mrs Turnbull, Eastfield of Lempitlaw ; Mr J. Tweedie, Berwick ; Miss Usher, Yetholm; Mr J. Veitch of Inchbonny; Mr R. Waldie, Jedburgh ; Mr J. S. Watson of Easter Softlaw ; and Mr F.. W. Wood, South Berrington. Meeting at Kelso railway station at 9.33 the party drove to Cappuck, a distance of eight miles. Here the members visited the Roman fort, and the Rev. P. B. Gunn read an account of the excavation of the site. The Secretary exhibited a plan, and pointed out where the various buildings were situated. With the exception of the foundations of the granary, these are no longer traceable, having been covered again with earth. The Roman fort of Cappuck * lies close to the south side of * The Roman occupation of England began in a.p. 43 in the reign of Claudius, the earlier invasion by Julius Cesar in 55 B.c. having resulted in no permanent occupation. The final withdrawal of the legions by Honorius took place in 410. In Scotland, on the other hand, instead of a period of three and a half centuries, the occupation covered little over a century, and can be divided into two distinct periods of about twenty and forty-five years, separated by a period of withdrawal of some forty years. In A.D. 80, in the reign of Titus, Agricola invaded Scotland as far as Perthshire, fought the battle of Mons Graupius, and threw up a chain of forts between the Forth and the Clyde. This early occupation came to a close about the end of the first century. About A.D. 120, in the reign of Hadrian, the frontier wall from the Tyne to the Solway was built. The second period of occupa- tion began about A.D. 140, in the reign of Antoninus Pius, whose general, Lollius Urbicus, built the earthen wall from the Forth to the Clyde,strengthen- ing the line of forts constructed by Agricola. This occupation came to an f r = Pe 4 i ‘ ‘i ye Pe ee wy ‘pie votes bp yh ie , ’ Be" = “a ‘wMOOddvo ‘LYOA NVWOU History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, vol. xxvi. Puate IV. SOTO) Sn HUMINT ™ Dovser_e GitcH VRE) ‘ 5 7 ms aS ae 1 77 So" ROSA DSS OR /, 96% S TX LL \ \ ONY le \ ore GRAVELLED rub 0 SUC OTT a sanvneea ~PGO90: SSSHC PING TE CONT STS § UOVSGSS © oa fl i) 18) ol ° AV12 NI GNIAO S OC Ba LVDANU AAR beeches CO S1DNISC o: ° oo oO Q3iv3H oF P< aeeew ae oo eJe) OuIN198902 HONOY o 3 rT) tal > r r u o. 0 er} HILIA MAVWEURTRURU ORTON ON PNISHMENUMNTNNUS ROI) CORO nme! 4yVvdWwyy SONITQTING malo. o, LAD, dock a od ) eaHoie BIAO> y NCOP CHPOe TEE ESEEE pnts Di H PUTTAR) MoocvID auaq oo THEM, ; ity ’ Aon TT ; Liga ERAT TOO OirTcH pors ste GROUND Wd 0 ZiG) + 13341¢ MT 4°12 7$ a NOL DI§ [To face p. 39 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 39 the Roman Road, and on the right bank of the Oxnam Burn, the crossing of which it was designed to defend. The site was first excavated for the Marquis of Lothian by Mr Walter Laidlaw in 1886, as described in our History,* and a farther excavation was made in 1911-1912 by Messrs G. H. Stevenson, M.A., and S. N. Miller, M.A. An account of the latter is given in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: + the plan then made is here reproduced (Plate IV). The fort is small in size, measuring over all about 116 by 104 yards, and containing within the ramparts about 1} acres. At the east side, between the fort and the Roman Road, there have been three ditches outside the rampart ; on the other three sides there has been a double ditch which along most of the south side becomes single with a berm between it and the ram- part. The rampart had been of clay on a foundation of cobbles 8 feet wide. The defences at the north-east corner of the fort have been lost by the encroachment of the stream on the steep bank. There is only one entrance—an unusual feature in Roman forts—placed, facing the road, in the middle of the east side. From this gateway a gravelled street ran east and west across ‘the fort dividing it into two portions. In the south half were laid bare the foundations of two long buildings, the barracks of the garrison ; and in the south-west corner were the remains of ovens. In the north half the granary lies on the right as one enters by the gate. The foundations are noteworthy as being the only Roman stonework at present exposed to view in the south- east of Scotland. To the west of the granary were the adminis- trative buildings of the fort, the commandant’s house and the Principia having probably been combined for considerations of space; to the north of this were the baths with a hypocaust chamber. The western portion of the fort had been gravelled end in the reign of Commodus about A.p. 185. The later invasion by Severus in 208, reaching as far north as the Moray Firth, was not followed by the occupation of any part of Scotland. Itis noteworthy that while the remains of the two earlier invasions have been very evident at Newstead and Cappuck, no relics of the time of Severus have heen found. It may be that he did not advance across the Cheviot Hills, but came by sea to the Firth ot Forth. * Vol. xiv, p. 382 (1893). t Vol. xlvi, p. 446 (1911-1912). ft The small fort at Chew Green contains about ? acre. 40 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 and revealed no foundations of permanent buildings. As in the case of Newstead, clear indications of two periods of occupa- tion were revealed in excavation. The finds included a Legionary tablet of the twentieth legion (in 1886), Samian ware and other pottery, querns, spearheads, brooches, horse ornaments, armlets, beads, and thirteen coins of which six were minted before a.p. 84, the period covered by the coins extended from the reign of Vespasian (A.D. 69-79) to that of Faustina Senior (died a.p. 140). Proceeding to Oxnam, the party gathered in the church, where Mr Gunn gave an interesting account of the history of the parish and described its antiquities. He also exhibited a charter of James IV under the Great Seal, dated 30th April 1509, in favour of Robert Colvile of Hiltoun, of half the barony of Oxnam.* Sir George Douglas on behalf of the Club thanked Mr Gunn for his address and for the great trouble he had taken to ensure the success of the meeting. In the vestry were laid out a number of antiquities found in the locality, chiefly from the collection of Mr James Fairbairn, Shothead, who was present at the meeting. They included stone axes, hammer stones, whorls, arrow points, and other implements of flint. In the churchyard Mr Gunn pointed out the jougs (fig. 1), a slab bearing in relief a cross with cable-moulding above (fig. 2), the monument of the Rev. Alexander Colden, restored as sug- gested at the meeting of the Club at Oxnam in 1885, and the flat gravestone of James Davidson, one of the prototypes of Dandie Dinmont, with the inscription, “ . also James Davidson their son, the late tenant in Hindlee, who died at Bongate 2nd January 1820, aged 75 years.” At Shothead the party regained the Roman Road, along * “ Half the barony and lands of Oxnam, Heytoun, and Maxtoune, with the fishings of Maxtoune on the water of Tweda, with the mote and messuage of Oxnam, etc. . . . formerly belonging to Elizabeth Colvile, eldest daughter and one of the heirs of umqle William Colvile of Ochiltree, knight . . . with the consent of her spouse Robert Colvile, son and apparent heir of William Colvile of Ravenscraig.”’ Waitnesses.—‘* The Rev. father in Christ, James, Archbishop of Glasgow ; William, Bishop of Aberdeen, Keeper of the Secret Seal; Alexander, Earl of Huntlie; Archibald, Earl of Argyle; Matthew, Earl of Lennox ; Alexarder, Lord Hume ; Andrew, Lord Gray ; and Master Gavin Dunbar, Archdeacon of St Andrews.” REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 4] which the route lay to Shibden Hill and Whitton Edge. At the latter point members left the cars, which descended to Hounam and followed the Kale valley to await the walking party at Pennymuir. Shibden Hill marks the point where the Roman Road changes its character from a straight line to one accommodating itself to the nature of the Cheviot Hills. To this point from Newstead, some twelve miles to the north-west, the straightness of the line is very striking. From Whitton Kdge southwards the road Sia tA: rr} A dic | ‘ j af = wx.) SS at = Es —_ Fic. 1.—Joues, Oxnam Fic. 2.—Cross In -¥F 1G. 3.—Cross ry MANSE CHURCH. CHURCHYARD. GARDEN. TO RIGHT, Mason’s Mark on STONE AT CRAG TOWER. is only used as a drove road; it forms a ridgeway and may date from long before Roman times. Where best preserved it is about 14 feet in width with considerable camber, and with a ditch on either side some 2 feet in depth; the total width of road and ditches being some 60 feet. By the side of the road may be seen the pits from which material has been dug for repairing it.* About a mile and a half from Whitton Edge, and half-way to Pennymuir, is the Five Stones Circle. It lies 25 yards to the east of the road, on the south-south-east slope of a knoll, and * The top of Cunzierton Hill (pronounced Coon’-yer-ton), which stands out prominently about a third of a mile to the west of the road, is encircled by the rampart of a fort. This fort measures some 170 yards from north to southand 80 yards from east to west. The rampart of earth and stone, derived apparently from the interior, is about 2} feet high on the inner side. There are entrances on the north, south, and east sides ; the first of these is ap- proached by a track which curves up the hill from the north-east. The south entrance is defended in an unusual way by advanced horn-works. 42 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 some 30 feet from the top of the knoll. Five boulders form a small circle 16 feet in diameter, the largest stone being 2 feet 11 inches above the ground; some 50 feet to the east lie two more stones 10 feet apart. A second stone circle lies close to the west side of the road on the highest point reached by the road between Oxnam and Pennymuir, 1090 feet above sea-level. It measures 34 feet in diameter and consists of seventeen Jarge stones and a few smaller ; two stones lie near the centre of the circle. The highest stands 2 feet 9 inches above the ground, and a fallen stone at the north side measures 4 feet 3 inches by 3 feet 9 inches. The remains of a third circle he to the west of the road on the descent to Pennymuir, and about a third of a mile south of the second circle. It is some 47 yards in diameter; five large stones in the centre have probably formed a megalithic cist and are associated with the remains of a circular earthen mound ; one of these stones is 4 feet 8 inches in height, by 5 feet 6 inches, by 2 feet 9 inches. The circle itself is formed by one large boulder to the north, one to the west, two to the south, and one to the east, the last being beyond the road. A third of a mile to the south of this circle, at the junction of two boundary walls, lies a mound 25 feet in diameter and 24 feet in height, apparently a cairn of the Bronze Age. A short pause was made for lunch at the second circle, from which, as from the whole of this stretch of the road, a magnificent view is to be had of the Cheviot range and of the surrounding Border country. On reaching Pennymuir members walked over the large Roman Camp of 44 acres, which seems to have suffered little since it was surveyed for General Roy (Plate V). Unlike the fort at Cappuck, which was constructed for a small, permanent garrison, this camp was designed for the accommodation of an army on the march. The rampart has been partially levelled by cultivation towards the south and south-east. There have been six entrances, one each to north and south, and two each to east and west. These are some 60 feet in width and are each covered by a titulus of similar length, the distance from the top of the rampart to the top of the tetulus being about 48 feet. The south rampart seems to have run along the bottom of a slight natural hollow, the titulus being still distinct on the south History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, vol. xxvi. PiatE V. ROMAN CAMP AT PENNYMUIR. (From Roy’s Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain.) Seale : c. 750 feet to an inch. [To face p. 42. far. MOS 11 MAY 27 VAT NY REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 43 shoulder of the hollow. A smaller camp, some 11 acres in extent, occupies the south-east corner of the camp, one entrance remains to the north and two to the west; each of these is defended by a tctulus 30 feet long placed 40 feet outside the entrance. The defences of both the large and small camps measure about 25 feet across; those of the latter are in a rather _ better state of preservation, but in both of them the top of the rampart is about 44 feet above the trench, at the best-preserved parts. What appear to be stock-enclosures of a later date lie within the large camp, and outside it to the west. A black dyke runs across the camp from north to south in a line roughly parallel to the west rampart, it becomes lost before reaching the south end, but appears to have cut through the north rampart at a later date ; both works, however, are much obliterated at this point. To the north it can be traced for some distance running across the moor. The Roman Road runs past the camp on its east side, and the site of the Street House of Roy’s plan can still be seen close to the road. The ruin now known as Street House, however, can be seen in the distance, high on the shoulder of Woden Law, lying in a depression on the line of the road. On the summit of the Law are works of much interest, some suggesting a Roman, and some a native, origin. After having fully examined the camp at Pennymuir, members rejoined the cars, and Kelso was reached before four o’clock. Mc Henry Rutherfurd of Fairnington presided over a company of 19 in the Cross Keys Hotel. In a facetious speech the veteran ex-President referred to his having celebrated his ninety-fifth birthday eight months before, being eight months older than the Club. Mr A. Falconer sent for exhibition an ichneumon fly (Rhyssa persuasoria), caught at Foulden by Mr John Ovens. This fly lays its eggs in the burrows of the saw fly (Sirex), on the grubs of which its larve feed as external parasites.* The Secretary exhibited two church tokens of Oxnam Parish, and a portion of a blue melon-shaped bead of vitreous paste, found at West Foulden, and similar to beads found in the excavations at Cappuck and Newstead. * See The Scottish Naturalist, NovembermDecember 1922, 44 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 6. BERWICK. The annual business meeting was held at Berwick in fine weather on Wednesday, 13th October, when the attendance was 78. Present: Rev. Henry Paton, M.A., President, and Mrs Paton; Rev. J. J. M. L. Aiken, M.A., B.D.; Mr G. G. Butler, M.A.; Rev. J. F. Leishman, M.A. ; Rev. W. M‘Conachie, D.D., and Mr J. A. Somervail, ex-Presidents; Mr Craw, Secre- tary; Dr M‘Whir, Editing Secretary ; Mr Dodds, Treasurer ; Mr Duncan, Librarian; Mrs Aitchison, Lochton; Mr J. P. F. Bell, F.R.S.E., Ayton; Mr J. Bishop, Berwick; Mrs Bishop ; Mr J. W. Blackadder, Ninewells Mains; Miss Brown, Chirnside ; Mr J. Cairns, Alnwick ; Mr J. W. Carr, Horncliffe ; Miss Caverhill, Berwick ; Mr J. W. Cockburn, Chapelhill ; Mrs Darling, Priest- law; Lieut.-Col. J. Davidson, M.A., M.D., D.S.O., Lasswade ; Mrs Erskine, Dryburgh; Miss Fleming, Kelso; Mr T. H. Gladstone, Berwick; Miss Greet, Norham ; Miss Gray, Berwick ; Miss Grieve, Lauder; Mr P. M. Henderson, Berwick; Rev. P. 8. Hendry, M.A., Paxton; Mr H. B. Herbert, Fallodon ; Miss Holmes, Berwick; Miss Milne Home, Paxton; Miss 8S. Milne Home; Miss Hope, Morebattle; Captain Fullarton James, Stobhill; Mr R. G. Johnston, O.B.E., Duns; Mr R. Kyle, Alnwick; Mr A. R. Levett, Wooler; Miss Martin, Ord Hill; Mr J. C. Mather, Manderston ; Mr W. C. Millar, Berwick ; Mr G. H. Mills of Greenrigs ; Rev. Canon Roberson, Norham ; Mrs Roberson; Mr T. B. Short, Waren Mills; Mr J. D. Smith, Peelwalls; Mr T. C. Smith, Berwick; Mr A. C. A. Steven, Berwick; Mrs Stevenson, Tuggal Hall; Miss Stevenson; Miss S. Stevenson; Rev. A. E. Swinton, M.A., Coldstream; Mrs Swinton; Mr T. M. Tate, Berwick; Mr E. E. P. Taylor of Pawston; and Mr J. 8. Watson of Easter Softlaw. Apologies were intimated from Sir George Douglas, Bart.; Mr J. C. Hodgson, M.A.; Mr Howard Pease, M.A., F.S.A.; Rev. W. 8. Crockett ; Mr J. Deans; and Mr F. W. Wood. From the railway station, where members met at midday, the party walked to the new bridge being built across the Tweed. Every facility had been kindly granted by Messrs L. G. Mouchel & Partners, Ltd., the engineers, and Messrs Holloway Brothers, the contractors. At the offices at the Tweedmouth end of the bridge the party was met by Mr T. H. Bryce, M.Inst.C.E., District. REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 45 Engineer for Messrs Mouchel, and Mr J. H. Hannay-Thompson, B.Sc., Assistant Resident Engineer. Mr Bryce, with the aid of a large-scale drawing showing the elevation of the bridge, explained it in detail, and then described a number of exhibits, laid out in the office, illustrating the nature of the foundations, and the material used in the construc- tion of the bridge. There were also shown an iron cannon ball ‘ and the red deer antler exhibited to the Club at the business meeting of 1925. The party then divided into two sections and were conducted over the bridge. From 100 to 120 men were engaged on the work, many of whom were working at pier D, the fourth from the Tweedmouth side. The foundation of this pier had given considerable trouble, owing to the fact that the trial boring did not fairly represent the character of the whole area. A bed of peat was here found beneath the sand, also a large tree in sound condition. The excavations for piers A, B, and C had been chiefly through gravel, and at pier E (on the Berwick bank) sandstone and shale were met with. Members were much impressed by the light and graceful appearance of the bridge, the impression of lightness being increased by the knowledge that the great ribs are tubular. The composition of the mixture used was stated to be 1 of cement, 2 of sand, and 4 of whinstone chips and gravel in equal pro- portions ; this mixture of whin and gravel was found to give a stronger concrete than if either ingredient were used separately. The method of placing the ironwork in position was also explained. Some of the party climbed to the decking of the bridge, from which they could appreciate the superiority of the new crossing with its wide roadway and easy gradient.* Proceeding from the bridge to the Kings Arms Hotel, members to the number of 50 sat down tolunch. The President expressed to Messrs Bryce and Hannay-Thompson the thanks and gratitude of the Club for their guidance and help. In the small assembly room of the Hotel the customary business was then transacted. The President read the Address and nominated as his successor Captain Fullarton James. The new President, in accepting office, said that had he heard the * See vol. xxv, p. 372. 46 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 President’s Address four weeks before, and had known what was expected of him, he would not have been standing there that day; he confessed he was a complete fraud (laughter). Captain James thanked Mr Paton for his Address and referred to the valuable work he had done in adding to our knowledge of local history through the many volumes of which he had been Editor. The Secretary then read the Annual Report. REPORT. Not for several years have conditions been so adverse to the carrying out of the Club’s programme as in the summer of 1926. The first meeting had to be postponed on account of the General Strike, and rain fell on the occasion of the next three meetings, seriously marring the pleasure of two of them. At the two last meetings, however, the weather was all that could be desired, and the wide view of the Eastern Borders under an autumn sun will not soon be forgotten by those who followed the Roman Road from Whitton Edge to Pennymuir on 23rd September. The average attendance at the five meetings was 81. It has been found possible this year to arrange for only one special botanical meeting; this was held on Cheviot and was attended by 10 members. In accordance with the remit from the business meeting last year, the Club’s badge has been designed and issued. It has been supplied to about half of the members. During the year the Club has suffered loss by the death of the following members: Mr John Ferguson, Edinburgh, formerly of Duns, an ex-President whose guidance in the field will long be gratefully remembered, and whose contributions to our History are a monument to his memory and a model of accuracy, learning, and literary style; Mr David Wardlaw Brown Tait of Langrig ; Dr James Drummond, Hawick ; Mr Richard James Alexander Hewat of Netherbyres ; and Mr John Wylie, Duns. The following records have come to hand : Ornithology—Wittow WrReEN (Phylloscopus trochilus, L.).— An unusually late occurrence is reported by Mr J. M. Craster, a pair being seen on 24th October. GoupFincH (Carduelis elegans Steph.).—Several records to REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 47 hand show that this bird continues to increase in our district. Dr M‘Conachie reports that 20 to 25 were seen for a week in the end of March near Whitslaid, Lauder. Mr R. Craigs men- tions two pairs having nested at Old Melrose. Martin (Chelidon urbica, L.).—I am indebted to Mr A. M. Porteous, jun., for the following record. In the middle of December a martin was seen at Little Swinton. It was ‘noticed to descend frequently to a grating over a drain, where on examination its mate was found imprisoned. The bird had obviously fallen down a spout into the drain. Here it had been fed by its companion, which must have resisted the power of the migratory instinct rather than desert its mate. On the erating being raised, both birds flew off and were not again seen. StarLine (Sturnus vulgaris, L.).—In the beginning of January a starling found dead in a corn stack at Stuartslaw, Hdrom, was found to be marked with a ring bearing, “ Palam, Helsing- fors 840.” The flight from the Gulf of Finland represents a distance of 1000 miles, and is in accordance with the already- known line of migration of starlings. Jay (Garrulus glandarius, L.).—Seen at Hirsel in December. . Hen-Harrier (Crrcus cyaneus, L.).—A male was seen near Lauder in the autumn of 1925.* BitTeRN (Botawrus stellaris, L.).—The most interesting record of the year is that of a bittern which took up its abode at Charter Hall from 19th December till about 20th February. It was carefully guarded, but left about the latter date. This is probably the only record for over a century of a bittern having - made a lengthened stay in Berwickshire. SmEw (Mergus albellus, L.).—Shot on the River Eye near Kast Reston by Mr Allington on 15th December. TurtLe-Dove (Lurtur communis, Sel.).—Injured by telegraph wires, was picked up near Chapelhill, Cockburnspath, on 2nd June, and recorded by Mr George Taylor. PHeasant (Phasianus colchicus, L.).—At West Foulden a hen pheasant hatched out two hen’s eggs, and was seen for about a week followed by two white chickens. These soon dis- appeared, having doubtless fallen easy victims to some bird or beast of prey. RINGED PLOVER (Aigzalitis hiaticola, L.)—Mrs Smith, Whit- * Scot. Nat., 1926, p. 117. 48 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 chester, reports that Mr W. Bruce, gamekeeper, found a nest of the ringed plover with three eggs on gravel near the junction of the Dye and the Whitadder. Plentiful on the coast, this bird is not frequently seen inland; Mr Bolam, however, records having seen it in summer as far inland as the Lyne and Gala Water. CuRLEW SANDPIPER (T'ringa subarquata, Gild.).—Mr J. M. Craster reports one (of a party of five) shot between Craster and Embleton on 25th September 1925. SanpwicH TERN (Sterna cantiaca, Gmel.).—A tern, ringed on the Farne Islands on 8th July 1919, was found in 1925 at the mouth of the Berg River, 80 miles north of Cape Town, and over 6000 miles from the Northumbrian coast. Giaucus GuLL (Larus glaucus, Fab.).—On 22nd February I found a dead glaucus gull at Ross, Belford. The wing expanse measured 5 feet 3 inches, this being, next to the greater black- backed gull, the largest of our gulls. The legs were pale in colour, as in one found by Mr Bolam at Murton in 1895. Mr Dodds reports that 89 common cormorants, 1 shag, and 7 goosanders were killed on the Tweed and its tributaries during the year ending 30th June last. Piscatology.—A fine example of the Great Pipe Fish (Syng- nathus acus), 164 inches in length, was caught behind Berwick pier about 12th February. A yellow trout weighing 7 lb. 6 oz. was caught in Horncliffe backwater on 23rd September 1926. It had been left stranded after a flood. It measured 26? inches in length and 144 in girth. Entomology.—Three instances of the Convolvulus Hawk moth (Sphinx convolvuli), the largest of the British moths, occurring in the district in the autumn of 1925 are to hand: at Paxton on 18th September, at Whitchester, Duns, about the same time, and at Catcleugh reported by Mr R. Craigs. Publications.—The following recently published books deal with our district :— Berwickshire and Roxburghshire (Cambridge County Geo- graphies), by Rev. W. 8. Crockett, Tweedsmuir. Durham Monuments ; or The Shields of Arms, Effigies and Inscriptions in the Churches, Castles and Halls of the County of Durham, by C. H. Hunter Blair, M.A., F.S.A. The Geology of Berwick-on-Tweed, Norham and Scremerston REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 49 (Geological Survey of Great Britain), by A. Fowler, M.A., B.Sc. A copy of this publication, together with the New Series, Sheets 1 and 2, has been presented to the Club by the Survey. Walks from Wooler, by the late W. Ford Robertson, M.D., and Melrose, an official guide, form useful additions to our local guide-books. Mention should also be made of A Census Catalogue of British . Mosses, by our Librarian, Mr J. B. Duncan. The Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. lix (1924-1925), contains “ Notes on a Group of Chipped Stone Implements from Roxburghshire and Berwickshire,” by J. M. Corrie, F.S.A.Scot. ; “ Notes on Five Documents relating to the lands of Feoroule in Roxburghshire, dating from 1453 to 1542,” by William Douglas, F.S.A.Scot.; and ‘“‘ The Mutiny Stones, Berwickshire,” by J. H. Craw, F.S.A.Scot. I have to thank all who have assisted in the preparation of this Report. Records of interest throughout our district will be gratefully received from members and others. The following office-bearers were re-elected: Secretary, Mr J. H. Craw; Editing Secretary, Dr J. M‘Whir; Treasurer, Mr R. H. Dodds; Librarian, Mr J. B. Duncan. New members were elected as follows: Miss Jean Herriot, Silanchia, Norham; Mr James Scott Elliot Walker, Tweed- holme, Norham; Mr Andrew Pringle Oliver, Sheriff Clerk of Roxburghshire, Friars Vale, Jedburgh; Mrs Helen M. G. Holderness, Glen Aln, Alnwick ; Captain the Hon. H. B. Robson, Lesbury House, Lesbury. These additions brought the member- ship again to the limit of 400. The Treasurer’s Statement was then presented by Mr Dodds, showing a nett estimated credit balance of £90, 3s. 11d., the debit balance on the year’s working being £84, 15s. 1d. This loss was due to the high cost of printing the Club’s History. The members listened with great interest to Mr Butler’s report of his visit as their delegate to the Oxford meeting of the British Association. He was thanked by the President, and Mr Bishop was appointed delegate to the Leeds meeting in 1927. A list of places suggested for meetings in 1927 was read, when it was remitted to the new President and the Secretary to make the necessary arrangements. VOL. XXVI, PART I. 4 50 REPORTS OF MEETINGS FOR 1926 It was agreed to contribute £5 to the North of England Excavation Committee, which is doing useful work among the Roman remains in Northumberland. Mr Leishman exhibited and described a charter, dated 17th February 1648, relating to lands in Linton parish. It was witnessed by Mark Carse or Cass of Cockpen, the “‘ Laird ”’ of the well-known song. Mr Bishop brought a specimen of the fossil Saccammina Carterz from the Acre Limestone at Scremerston. There were also exhibited : the head of the 514 lb. salmon caught on Norham Boat-house water by Dr Fison in October 1922; male and female Convolvulus Hawk moths (Sphinx convolvuli) from Burma; and the recently issued local literature mentioned in the Secretary’s Report. A KIRKNEWTON GRAVESLAB. By James Hewat Craw, F.8.A.Scot. In the report of the Club’s meeting at Kirknewton in 1925,* there is a reference to the Burrell graveslab in the south “ porch ” of the church. Being recently in. the district, I took the opportunity of examining more carefully, with the aid of an electric torch, the faint inscription which runs round the border of the stone. Part of the inscription is covered by the cement of the floor, and some parts are entirely lost. The following, however, can be deciphered :— [+H]Ic IACENT ANDREAS BOWRELL 1[N HOWTEL ?|L ET MARIA CONSORS SUA [QUL* OBINEMANT : ac: Fietee: ANNO DOMINI M]cccc LVIII . QUORUM ANIMABUS PROPICIETUR DEUS AMEN. A photograph of the stone, with a description, has recently appeared in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-T yne.} * Hist. Ber. Nat. Club, vol. xxv, p. 356. 7) 4user.. vol. au, p. 13. A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY. By J. Linpsay HILSON yy, “In early youth I resided for a considerable time in the vicinity of the village of Kelso, where my life passed in a very solitary manner. I had few acquaintances, scarce any companions, and books, which were at the time almost essential to my happiness, were difficult to come by. It was then that I was particularly indebted to the liberality and friendship of an old lady of the Society of Friends, eminent for her benevolence and charity. Her deceased husband (? father) had been a medical man of eminence, and left her with her valuable property, a small and well-selected library. This, the kind old lady permitted me to rummage at pleasure, and carry home what volumes I chose, on condition that I should take, at the same time, some of the tracts printed for encouraging and extending the doctrines of her own sect. She did not even exact any assurance that I would read these performances, being too justly afraid of in- volving me in a breach of promise, but was merely desirous that I should have the chance of instruction within my reach, in case whim, curiosity, or accident might induce me to have ’ recourse to it.” Thus wrote Sir Walter Scott of the library which belonged to the Waldies. It was then located in the “‘ Mansion House,”’ Kelso, where the family resided when in the locality. When at their English property, “ Forth House,” Newcastle-on-Tyne, was their home. The nucleus of the library was formed by Charles Ormston, into whose family the Waldies married, and it was on its coming into the possession, about 1780, of Mrs Waldie, or as she was known from her acts of kindness “‘ Lady Waldie,” that considerable increase was made to the library. During the lifetime of her son, Mr George Waldie, the present residence of Hendersyde was built under the superintendence of his son Mr John Waldie, and it was to Hendersyde that the library ol 52 A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY was transferred. The property is now in the possession of Sir R. J. Waldie Griffith, Bart. The name of Waldie was of very considerable standing among the rentallers, feuars, and Jandholders of the town of Kelso, and it has been always understood that their first settlement in this country was occasioned by the religious persecution in the Pays de Vaud; but this may be only conjecture, for long before the Reformation the Walthos or Waldies were settled in Roxburghshire. From the year 1508 to 1535 Thomas Waltho or Waitto practised as a Papal notary in Kelso, and several of his notarial instruments are still in existence in the charter chests of the Border families. He was, of course, a Papist, and appears to have been the professional agent and notary of the Abbey for many years, for many of his deeds are dated ‘““Apud Monasterium de Kelso.” His connection with the Abbey may account for the various tenements and lands which were held by the family under the Abbots. George Waldie of Hendersyde was born 9th April 1755, and on being served heir to his father in 1781, greatly improved his estates in the parishes of Kelso and Ednam. As has been said, he erected the Mansion House of Hendersyde and ex- tended the woods and plantations, greatly adding to the amenity of the property. It was his son John, however, who collected the numerous paintings and articles of vertue, and greatly enriched the already valuable library by many fresh stores. The Mansion House was begun by George Waldie in 1803, and was then 73 feet long and 44 feet wide, but later additions have made it a much more imposing building. The two principal fronts faced south-east and north-west. Some of the sizes of the apartments will give an idea of the size of the building. ft ft. Entrance Hall . : : - S2VRATE Lower Ante-Room . : é . 18x12 Small Drawing-Room : ! . 26 x184 Large Drawing-Room : ; . 40 X27 Large Library . : : . 388 xX182 Dining-Room . : : 30 XBL Small Library : 19° x8e Lower Gallery . + 36 KE Great Staircase , : } : . BO aS A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY 53 fit itt Back Staircase , ‘ 2 20159 Upper Gallery . ; ; Bs VARY as. Upper Ante-Room . 19 x184 On 24th February 1835 Sir Thomas Brisbane of Makerstoun indicated the longitude, latitude, and altitude as follows : Longitude . : ic APO LY Latitude. : ; . 55° 36’ 43” Elevation above the sea. : 207 feet Elevation above the Tweed . : 114 .,, Surface of the Tweed at Henterste Park, lower than at Kelso Bridge ; ; : ee At a later date, 15th May 1835, Sir Thomas (on a fine dry day) made the height above sea-level 186 feet, and above Tweed level 119 feet. In the library there are about eighteen thousand volumes, and these are classified into books dealing with Topography and Travel, History, Biography, Fine Arts, Poetry, Dramatic Litera- ture, Science, Religion, Fiction, and General Literature. The library proper is a large room facing the south-west, and round its four sides are bookcases filled with selections from the above subjects. In the small library and in the other public rooms are to be found the surplus books, each bookcase, or section thereof, dealing only with a particular subject, so that with the catalogue in hand, identification is a compara- - tively easy matter. As can be supposed, the major portion of the volumes were published in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries, and among them are very many which could not be purchased at the present day. If an opinion were offered, it might be said that the sections dealing with Fine Arts and Dramatic Literature are the strongest. Most of the books are in the English language, but many are of French and Italian origin. Mr Waldie was a great continental traveller and was continually adding valuable acquisitions both in art and literature. He had many friends in the world of art, and was fortunate in receiving from them many tokens of their esteem. As can be supposed, many of the presentation copies are now of great interest and value, both on account of the works them- 54 A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY selves and the eminence of the persons by whom they were presented. The Reminiscences of Sir Thomas Brisbane was privately printed in Edinburgh, and presented to Mr Waldie by Lady Brisbane. Eduardo e Christiana was a gift from His Imperial and Royal Highness the Duke of Modena, while the History of Hawick was gifted by Lord Minto. The valuable Registrum Cartarum Abbacie Tironensis de Kelso was a presentation copy from the Duke of Roxburghe, and a book of a similar nature, Inber Sancte Maria de Mélros, came from the hands of the Duke of Buccleuch. Cardinal Acton presented two works, Storico Inturgica Opera and Descrizione delle Funzioni della Settuma Santa. The Natural History of Deeside and Braemar was presented to Mr R. Griffith by Prince Albert. The following contractions are used for the different rooms :— C.A. . Chart Apartment. S.C. . Staircase. C.R. . China Room. S.D.R. Small Drawing-Room. E.H. . Entrance Hall. S.L. . Small Library. L.A.R. Lower Ante-Room. U.G. . Upper Gallery. L.D.R. Large Drawing-Room. | U.S.C. Under Staircase. L.L. . Large Library. Y.R. . Yellow Room. O.8.C. Opposite Staircase. HENDERSYDE PARK. LIBRARY CATALOGUE. Index to Subject Portion. Amusements and Sports. Music. Biography. Poetry. Border Literature. Presentation Copies. Dramatic Literature. Reference. Dramatic Literature, Appendix. | Religion. Fiction. Science. Fine Arts. Topography and Travel. General Literature. Waldie Publications. History. A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY 55 At the beginning of each subject, particulars are noted of the rooms and bookcases in which books bearing upon that subject are located. The following contractions are used for subjects : Ae . Amusements. M. . Music. oR. . Biography. P. . Poetry. B.L. . Border Literature. R. . Religion. D.L. . Dramatic Literature. | Ref. . Reference. i. . Fiction. S. . Science. pee. Kine Arts. ie . Travel. G.L. . General Literature. W.P. . Waldie Publications. ile . History. The following abbreviations refer to the sizes of books : ins. ins. ins. ins. Dy.48mo . 33x24 | M. 8vo . 9X6 Pt. 32mo : . 4 x24 | R. 8vo : . 10¢x6¢ Sq. 16mo : . 41x34 | Imp. 8vo : sell cies igso2mMo . . sy 2D) X38 a, Sm. Sto; 2 nih 2X Ry. 24mo__. . 54x3z | Cr. 4to et dhe 8 16mo . . 64x4 | D. 4to . . “1x 8t 12mo . oe (eae a ACOe : . 124x10 Feap. 8vo_. . 7 X44! Super. Imp. 4to . 15$x18 Cr. 8vo . : ye te XA54 De Fol: - ; ag) L8.>¢.Uh . 8vo : : muh Oe cos) LR: Fol: , ft 19 oi2 Sm. 4to is a size that is used for the publications of some societies such as the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries. Cr. 4to is much in vogue for privately printed Family Histories, etc. Feap. 8vo is the full size of the famous Pickering’s Aldine Edition of the Poets. Sizes now are so very arbitrary owing to the development of paper-making machinery that it is almost impossible to give a correct description of the size of a book except in inches. Mr Waldie, as has been said, was a great traveller, and during his lifetime he kept a journal, which contains a great deal of 56 A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY interesting information. Italy, France, Germany, the Nether- lands, and other parts of the Continent were all visited, and, being a man of shrewd observation and well known to many persons of position in the countries through which he travelled, his reflections are those of the student at first hand. At the time of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, he had made plans for a visit to the Continent, when he was accompanied by his sisters. Leaving Ramsgate at 3 p.m. on Saturday the 10th of June, the party sailed for Ostend on board the Dover, an extra packet, rather small in size. The passage occupied thirty-two hours, and was the longest the master had ever made. As it turned out, the party of travellers was exceedingly fortunate as far as history was concerned, seeing that it was their good fortune to be in the neighbourhood of the Battle of Waterloo. The following extracts from Miss Jane Waldie’s Journal give some interesting particulars :— “It was then on Thursday evening the 15th June (1815) that we arrived at Brussels, the day on which hostilities had commenced, by Napoleon’s having attacked the Prussians. This alarming news, however, we did not know then, indeed no one did, but not long did we remain in this blissful ignorance, for, looking from our window a few minutes after our arrival, we caught the eye of Major Wylly who was standing in the Place Royale below, encircled by officers with whom he appeared to be in earnest con- versation. The moment he saw us he bowed, and breaking from the friends who surrounded him, flew up the hotel stairs and was in our room in an instant. Quite breathless, with haste he eagerly exclaimed, ‘ Well, you are inforit. You will get it all now,’ and on our anxious inquiries, he proceeded to inform us that the Prussians had that morning been attacked near Charleroi—that as yet all that was known gave reason to believe that it was only a slight affair, though admittedly the commencement of the campaign, and that most probably the British Army would march the next day. The news had been received by the Duke of Wellington not half an hour before, Marshal Blucher’s courier having arrived whilst the Duke was at dinner with a party of officers among whom was Major Wylly, but His Grace was inclined to believe this had been only a feigned attack, and expected to receive intelligence of something more serious in some other quarter. At all events, as the Prussian line had of necessity been very extended before the action, it could not be otherwise than very uncertain in its issue, and Lord Wellington, in spite of this intelligence, was preparing to go to the Duchess of Richmond’s ball, which was to take place that evening. ... While we were absent Sir Neil Campbell came and confirmed the account which Major Wylly had just given us. He also had been dining with the Duke and had only just left him, hearing we were in Brussels. . Never while I live shall I forget the scene that presented itself before our A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY 57 window. The Place Royale was literally filled with soldiers, troops forming and defiling, baggage carts, artillery waggons, military accoutrements, officers riding about at full speed, chargers neighing, horses trampling, drums beating—in short, a scene of which no description can convey an adequate idea, while in the midst of all, the poor soldiers were taking an affectionate leave of their wives and children, whom they might probably never again behold. We saw regiment after regiment form and march out. - The Highland regiments caught our eyes, for at this moment our hearts recognized them for our own countrymen, but so were all the British Army, and we felt it was impossible to be more anxious for one than another. . . Whether from a wish of not alarming the inhabitants, or some other cause, the Duke of Wellington not only went to the Duchess of Richmond’s ball himself, but told his officers they might go likewise, and when the second dispatches from Blucher, which found His Grace at the ball, arrived, all the officers were dancing. I fancy the scene would have been irresistibly ludicrous had the confusion which ensued been created by any other cause. As it was, the gentlemen without any ceremony abandoned their partners, and ran off to prepare for the orders which were instantly issued—an imme- diate muster in marching orders for the troops. I was told by a gentleman who was near the Duke when he received these latter dispatches, that nothing could be more interesting than the changes of his countenance during their perusal. He had been in remarkably good spirits and his countenance suddenly altered from liveliness to intense thought. It was nothing like despondency, or even apprehension—it was the total absorp- tion of mind—the utter forgetfulness of the place, the ball, the people, and everything around him, that were so striking. He read over several passages two or three times, and was heard occasionally to repeat to himself in broken sentences ‘Marshal Blucher thinks,’ ‘It is his opinion,’ etc., etc. He went off at eight next morning, attended by his generals and personal staff. I was told by Sir Neil Campbell that he never saw him in such high spirits. It seemed as if he had known the glory he was to acquire in this campaign. He left word he would return to dinner: to dinner, however, he did not return, nor all that day. The army was expected to halt at Waterloo, a village about ten miles from Brussels on the Namur road.” From the Journal it seems, as can be readily conceived, that all sorts of rumours were prevalent. The Prussians had been defeated, the French had been driven from Charleroi, and that the British Army were returning to Brussels. Another source of excitement was the statement made by Buonaparte that he would sleep the following night at Lachen, the palace of the King of Holland, a league beyond Brussels on the Antwerp road. As he never made such threats and failed to fulfil them, the chances were that on this occasion the words would be verified, as it was confidently stated his forces were double those 58 A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY of the Allies. Poor man! this was to be the exception which would prove the rule. To return to the Journal. “A letter from Lord Conyngham contained a report that the enemy had been beaten, that Wellington and Blucher had effected a junction, and that a general engagement would take place on the following day.” And then came news of the battle: ‘The victory was glorious but the carnage was dreadful, and everyone who had friends trembled for their safety amidst this terrible and promiscuous slaughter. Included in the list of killed and wounded general officers were the brave General Picton, known in the army by the name of the fighting general, and General Ponsonby killed, and to this were added an immense number of general officers wounded; and we also heard that of the Duke of Wellington’s personal staff scarcely one remained untouched. It was said to have been against the advice of all his generals that Lord Wellington hazarded a battle with such an appalling inferiority of force. About eight in the evening Mr Hay of Dunse Castle came to Antwerp. He came to break to Lady de Lancy the terrible intelli- gence of her husband’s death, but he was too late, she knew it already. He was half distracted ; his younger brother in a regiment of light dragoons was amissing, his horse had returned without him in a charge, and it was feared he was killed. Mr Hay had been in the battle the whole day, and all that morning had been employed in searching the field for his brother’s body, which had not yet been found, though they scarcely ventured to hope he was a prisoner. He described the carnage as dreadful beyond conception, never had there been so sanguinary an action. The field was literally covered five or six deep with killed and wounded. ‘Do not ask me,’ said he, ‘ who is killed or wounded ; ask me rather who is not wounded or dead.’ ... I believe I have a natural taste for everything connected with the art of war, independent of the peculiar situation in which we were then placed. For long before we went to Flanders and made what may be termed our first campaign I loved to hear of battles, and comprehended with the utmost facility those confused and difficult details of our victories in Spain, which the Duke of Wellington’s dispatches gave to the public, and which have puzzled the brains of many a grey-haired veteran.” The section dealing with History contains many useful volumes. Local histories are kept well in evidence, those bearing on Northumberland and the Borders being good books of, their kind. Note may be taken of the Border History of England and Scotland, Ridpath (1776), the author of which was parish minister of Stichill, near Kelso. Europe during the Middle Ages, Holland, 1819, and 8vo edition in three volumes and a ten-volume edition of Alison’s History of Europe (1842) deal _in a comprehensive manner with this subject, while France has its importance narrated in the Histoire de France, Anquetil A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY 59 (1818-9), 13 vols., 8vo; and in a work of a similar title by Velly (1709), 24 vols.,16mo. Bishop Burnet’s History of His Own Times (1818) refers to the period between the restoration of Charles II. and the Peace of Utrecht. De la Luttérateur du midi L’ Europe, Sismondi (1819), has interests of its own, while Précis de V Histoire Universelle, Anquetil (1811), 12 vols., 12mo, ‘deals with the vicissitudes of nations from the earliest times to the end of the eighteenth century. The history of the Jacobite rebellions in Scotland appeals very much to Scotsmen, and there is a copy of the History of the Rebellion of 1715, Rae (1746). Of this stirring time rather an interesting story may be told. It is narrated by one of the Ormston family in some MS. notes of their clan. “In the rebellion of ’*15 my aunt had a very narrow escape. The principal rebel chiefs took up their quarters at my father’s house, and held their council in one of his rooms, in which there was a concealed bed. She was then a young girl and was indisposed, and had lain down in that bed where she could hear all that passed though she had no such design. It can be imagined that if she had discovered herself by any noise they would either have taken her with them or killed her, as they were then debating on their line of march into England, and would not have had it known upon any account.” The *45 has also been recorded. There is one 4to volume, Home, 1802 ; Jacobite Memories of the Rebellion of 1745, Cham- bers (1834), and Memoirs of the Rebellion of 1745, Chevalier ’ Johnstone (1821). It is well known that in their southern march the Jacobite forces passed through Roxburghshire. Quoting again from the notes already referred to, we find it recorded: “ The inhabitants of Kelso, to shew their loyalty to the government, cut ditches in the north road, and planted chevaux de frise when they heard the rebels intended coming here, and after they had performed this foolish parade of opposition, the principal gentlemen of the country fled to England. The rebels, exasperated at this discovery of the principles of the inhabitants, threatened them with fire and sword. I have heard my father say that the Pretender sent for my grandfather to the Town’s House, hearing he was the only gentleman left in the place, and threatened him so dread- fully that, being then an old man, he never recovered the shock, 60 A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY but gradually declined from that time.”” From another source it is learned that the only plunder which the rebels procured from the estate was a few half-starved sheep, oats and oatmeal. “They shot the sheep, drank the warm blood, skinned and carted them off; the oatmeal they compelled the women of the farms to make into cakes, which they ate half-baked off the fires as made; and tradition states that some of the plunderers were lost in the Moss at Kelso Spittal, now a part of Ferney- hill Farm. The Tan-law, a part of the policy of Hendersyde and entirely covered by wood, was at that time a waste, and on it was established for some weeks one of Prince Charlie’s Highland pickets.” There are several works dealing with Roman History : Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Gibbon (1781), being represented by 12 vols.,8vo. Scottish History has an important place, there being such works as General History of Scotland, Guthrie (1767), 10 vols., 8vo; Hustory of Scotland, Buchanan (1752); Pinkerton (1797), 4to, 2 vols.; Tytler (1845), 8vo, 7 vols. ; and Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, Wyntown (1795), 4to, 2 vols. In Topography and Travel there are something like two thousand four hundred titles of the books dealing with this classification. It may be said that all the countries of the globe are brought under review in one book or another. Many deal with Africa, and among those is an interesting one, African Sketches, which derive perhaps as much of their attrac- tion from the fact of the author—Thomas Pringle—having been a native of the Border district, his birthplace being at Blakelaw, a short distance out of Kelso. A copy of a French book giving the author’s impressions of a journey through Great Britain is valuable as having at one time belonged to Mr Canning, while an Italian guide-book bears that “it was given to me by Mdme La Baronne de Recke, at Castellomare near Naples, August 21st, 1823.” A Voyage to the Sandwich Islands (1826) is compiled from the journals of the officers and other gentlemen who accompanied Lord Byron on his voyage. In these days when the preservation of ancient monu- ments is being considered, A Journey through Scotland and the — North of England (1726), containing many illustrations of old monuments, recalls the history of these old landmarks. Travels A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY 61 and Adventures, Singleton (1737), claims attention from the inscription ‘“‘ William Ormston’s Book: gifted by his grand- father on December 25th, 1738, No. 38.” In view of present interest in Arctic exploration, the Journals of Parry’s Two Voyages (1821-24) to the North-West Passage are a reminder _of the early explorers, while a Second Voyage round the World, Cook (1777), and Voyage round the World (1707), descriptive of Captain Dampier’s expedition to the South Seas, along with New Voyage round the World, Kotzbue (1830), are full of incidents of the explorers’ daring and quest after new worlds to conquer. A fine set (18 vols., 8vo) of Voyages and Travels, Hd. Kerr (1811-24), gives a general history, arranged in systematic order, of the origin and progress of navigation from the earliest ages to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Voyage towards the South Pole, Weddell (1825), shows that at that time the Antarctic regions were not neglected by explorers. There are also fine sets of Pennant’s Travels, Pinkerton’s, Hakluyt’s, and Churchill’s Collection of Travels, and works of French and Italian authors, many of them being beautifully illustrated, while in others the engravings, somewhat quaint in design, are not lacking in vivid representation. Literature dealing with the Drama is well represented in the library. Of that referring to Shakespeare there are some forty works by different authors. Boydell’s edition in 9 vols. (folio) is a very fine specimen, while attention may be drawn to the _ Lansdowne edition (1852) containing a portrait after Droeshout by Robinson ; the peculiarity of this edition is its being printed in red and black ink, the names of the characters being put at full length in the middle of the page. There is a 21-volume edition, 12mo (1803), containing the notes of Dr Johnson, and a history of the stage by Malone. A folio edition, published in 1807, is according to the true original printed by Isaac Jaggard and Edward Blount in 1623: it is a facsimile of the first folio edition. A book by James Boaden, 8vo (1824), is an inquiry into the authenticity of various portraits of Shakespeare ; it is illus- trated by five accurate and finished engravings from such originals as were of undisputed authority. An 18mo edition (1803), 9 vols., is printed from the text of the corrected copy left by George Steevens. Rather an interesting volume is Shakesperiana, 12mo (1827), which is a catalogue of all the books, pamphlets, etc., 62 A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY relating to Shakespeare, to which are subjoined a list of the early quarto editions, the prices at which many copies have been sold at public sales, along with a list of the leading editions of Shakespeare’s works. Among the translations of Shakespeare may be mentioned those of Leoni, 4 vols., 8vo (1815), and Guizot, 13 vols., 8vo (1821). The Rise, Progress, and Termination of the O.P. War (Tegg) consists of poetic epistles referring to the war for old prices at Covent Garden Theatre in 1809-10. A work of some interest and value is Complete History of the English Stage, by Charles Dibdin, 5 vols., 8vo (1800). It is introduced by a comparative review of the ancient and continental theatres, the work being the result of observations extending over a period of thirty-five years. hépertoire Général Thédtre Francois, 67 vols., 16mo (1818), contains French plays, while the Italian is represented by Nouveau Thédtre Italien, 10 vols., 12mo (1753). Apology for the Life of G. A. Bellamy, 3 vols., 12mo (1785), includes the original letter to John Calcraft advertised to be published in October 1763, but which was suppressed. The British Theatre, Inchbald, 25 vols., 12mo (1808), is a collection of the plays produced at the Theatre Royal, London: it is printed from the prompt books. Apology for the Life of Colley Crbber, 8vo (1822), forms a complete history of the stage for forty years. Profes- sional Life of Charles Dibdin, 2 vols., 8vo (1803), contains the words of 600 songs selected from his works. A volume with some interest is Letters respecting Edinburgh Theatre Royal, written by “‘ Plain Thomas ”’ to the Editor of the Scots Chronicle during the years 1797-1800; while another is to be found in the Edinburgh Theatrical and Musical Review, being the issues of that periodical from 15th July to 3lst December 1823. Under the class designated as General Literature are those books, the contents of which come under no specific subject with which they could be very well classified. Their range, therefore, embraces a very wide area, but among them are some which contain some exceedingly interesting information on the matters to which they severally relate. Aedes Althorpiana refers to an account of the mansion of the Spencer family at Althorp, and gives a detailed account of the books and pictures at that place: a supplement is entitled Bibliotheca Spenceriana, and it contains a descriptive catalogue A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY 63 of the books printed in the fifteenth century. The Compleat Angler, by Isaac Walton, although only a third edition, takes us back to 1775, the year of publication. In Antiquities Vulgares is to be found the antiquities of the common people with a narra- tive of different ceremonies as existing in 1725. The proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-on-Tyne, are published under the title Archeologia Aeliana, and contain much that is of interest on these lines. In the Bibliographical Decameron - will be found dissertations on illuminated MSS. and subjects connected with engraving, typography, and bibliography, while in the Letters of Earl Hertford will be found examples of the style of Horace Walpole. To anyone desirous of obtaining information regarding the public life of persons in the latter part of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries, a collection of essays under the title of The Sparit of the Public Journals will afford the information required. An interesting book published in 1784 gives The Concise History of Knighthood, and contains, among other things, information regarding the ceremonies used at duels, combats, jests, and tournaments. Isaac D’Israeli’s Curzosities of Interature, first and second series—the first, two volumes, the other three volumes— are found in this class, and also many other volumes, the contents of which take the form of essays or reprints of lectures. On examining the works relating to Poetry, we find Favorite Old Scottish Ballads (1790), 2 vols., 18mo, which includes “‘ Chevy Chace” ; and in a 4to volume, bound up with other pieces, is a copy (first edition, 1748) of the Castle of Indolence, by James Thomson, the Border poet, who was born at Ednam. _ There is a 4to edition of The Seasons, published in 1730, and a folio published in 1797. The latter contains engravings by Bartolozzi and Tomkins from original pictures painted for the work by W. Hamilton, R.A. Lord Buchan was a great admirer of Thomson. In the letter which follows, the Temple is one which was to be erected at Dryburgh, and by which the memory of Thomson was to be perpetuated. My dear Sir,—I wish to know whether the little model of Thomson the poet’s chair in which I sat at the commemoration in the year ’90 when we crowned the poet’s bust on Ednam Hill, be come to hand as Smith is about to begin his operations relating to the statue of Burns, who is to be repre- 64 A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY sented sitting in the chair in the Temple. (W. Elliot of Minto was so good as to say he would take charge of this business.) Lady Buchan and Miss Fraser join in kind compliments to Mrs Waldie and all the family at Hendersyde Park, and I am, with regards, Yours always, Bucwan. DryBurGcH ABBEY, June 24, 1812. Ancient and Moderne Emblems, Wither (1635), 4to, 1 vol., is inscribed as being a perfect copy, and it is noted that an imper- fect one brought £6, 6s. at a sale in London. Milton’s Poetical Works (1749) occupy 3 vols., la. 4to. They contain the notes of various commentators, as well as a life by Bishop Newton. The Works of the British Poets, edited by Anderson, 1794, 8vo, 13 vols., and Works of the English Poets from Chaucer to Cowper, edited by Chalmers (1810), 21 vols., 8vo, are very complete editions of the poets, the latter including translations, edited with Dr Johnson’s prefaces. Sharpe’s edition of the British Poets from Chaucer to Cowper must not be omitted. It was published at Chiswick, and comprises 100 vols., 12mo (1822). Burns is represented by Currie’s edition (1803), 5 vols., and Allan Ramsay’s Gentle Shepherd (1790) has a version attempted in English. Percy’s Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1794), 8vo, 3 vols., is the same edition as that which entranced. the boyhood of Sir Walter Scott, formerly in Kelso Library, which has lately been dispersed. The works of Italian poets are found in a very fine edition (1784-1802), 12mo, 56 vols., while those of Michael Bruce have 1796 as the year of publication. The poetical works of Sir Walter Scott (1821), 11 vols., 8vo, include the Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, which, as it will be remem- bered, was first printed and published by Ballantyne in Kelso. Barbour’s The Bruce appears in a 3-vol. edition, 8vo (1790), and contains notes and a glossary by Pinkerton. Sir William Wallace, by Blind Harry, is an edition in 24mo, 3 vols. (1790), and is noted as being translated from the MS. copy in the Advocates’ Library, under the eye of the Karl of Buchan, and now printed for the first time according to the ancient orthography. The volumes devoted to Fine Arts total something like twelve hundred, and are located chiefly in the large library, large drawing-room, and china room. The Portraits of A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY 65 Illustrious Personages in Britain, 4 vols. fol., are proof engrav- ings and very valuable. A unique volume is one which was bought at the Strawberry Hill sale, when the collection made by Horace Walpole was dispersed. It is a large folio, and consists of sketches by friends of Walpole, and among whom may be mentioned the Countess of Carlisle, Lady Louisa Greville, Lady Cunningham, Lady . Dorothy Saville, Viscount Mineham, Lady Elizabeth Montague (afterwards Duchess of Buccleuch), Lord Cardigan, Countess of Lincoln, Sir Wiliam Hamilton, Countess of Drogheda, Lord Grantham, Mr John Clark, Edinburgh (1758), Lady Annabel Polwarth, the Earl of Sunderland. The titles at the foot of the subjects were printed at the private press at Strawberry Hill. Altogether the collection is practically priceless, as it is impossible to have such another unique collection. The Gallery of Cosmo III., Duke of Florence, is described by Mr Henry G. Bohn as the first specimen of an illustrated gallery, and of which he had never seen but one copy, and he questions whether more than one copy exists in this country. Seven volumes by William Beattie, la. 4to (1838-44), illustrate the history of the Danube, Scotland, Switzerland, containing many engravings. Dr Burney’s General History of Music, 4 vols., 4to (1789), treats of the art from the earlier ages, and Winkelmann’s Histoire de I Art, 3 vols., 4to (1794), is a critical account of the remains of ancient art. The works of Piranesi are to be found in 23 vols., med. folio (1761-85), published in Rome; a complete set runs to some 29 volumes. Hogarth’s complete works are in a series of 150 steel engravings from the original pictures. Many valuable engravings are to be found in the portfolios, among which may be mentioned eight of a series of nine, by Walpole, after Raphael; pen and ink sketches -of the Field of Waterloo, by Miss Jane Waldie; full-length portrait of Mrs Siddons, after Lawrence (1810); four engravings by Fabri, after Raphael, in the Vatican; The Last Supper, after Da Vinci, by Rainaldo ; Aurora, after Guido, engraved by Rainaldo: a rare proof of this plate was sold for £110, 5s. Mention may also be made of the copies of the old German masters, Volpato’s Museo Pio Clemen- tino, and many other rare examples in the world of art. In the sections devoted to Dramatic Literature and Fine Arts there are many biographical notices among the books entered WOhe XXVi. PART I. 5 66 A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY under these classifications. Where-they are of notable interest they are included among Biography. The lives of Abelard and Héloise are written by the Rev. Joseph Berrington, and their letters are also given in a separate volume. Cardinal Alberoni and the Emperor Alexander I. of Russia each have their biographers. A quarto volume, pub- lished in 1805, gives the history of the College of Arms, and in so doing includes the lives of the kings, heralds, and pursui- vants from the reign of Richard III. to the end of the eighteenth century. The Baillie family are mentioned both in corre- spondence and in a memoir. There are several Biographical Dictionaries containing references of interest. Lord Byron’s life is fully dealt with, and the life-work of Canova is not lost sight of. In the life of Colley Cibber is to be found a complete: history of the stage for forty years. In a series of twenty volumes Mirabeau contributes memoirs of contemporary writers. The outstanding features of Cromwell's life are mentioned by two or three different biographers, while the wit and humour of John Philpot Curran forms the subject of a memoir by O’ Regan. French authors are numerous, and subjects undertaken by them are skilfully handled. Galt and Garrick are not neglected, and Goldsmith, Gray, and Handel have each their memorial. volume. The stirring times of the Jacobites are included in biographies of the period, and the life and genius of Dr Johnson are fully narrated. Collections of letters, generally with biographical notices, are not infrequent, and the different features of history as written in the lives of the Louis’ of France are fully described. Madame de Maintenon is not forgotten, and the stirring incidents in the career of the Marlborough family have been fully recorded. Poets, musicians, and dramatists at varying periods are referred to, and painters and their works are responsible for many volumes. Sir Walter Scott and Shakespeare have been fruitful subjects for biography. The Napoleonic history has been approached from many sides. The Life of Madame de Pompadour contains a précis of the remarkable events at the Court of France during the reign of Louis XV. In a set of seven quarto volumes containing An Historic Gallery of Portraits and Paint- ings, is to be found a brief account of celebrated men, 284 portraits, 182 pictures, 37 sculptures, and 7 cartoons of Raphael. A SCOTTISH BORDER LIBRARY 67 It is inscribed “‘ Large paper proofs, very fine copy, sub. £36, 15s. in boards.” In 1859 the following summary of books was noted :— Entrance Hall : , : 40 Large Library 3 : ; ' : . 7548 Large Drawing-Room . : : hag Lower Ante-Room ; J : . 562 Small Drawing-Room . i : : 8218 Small Library : . : . 2581 Upper Staircase. ; . 446 Lower Staircase . : : : ; Sahoo Upper Ante-Room : : ‘ . 246 Upper Gallery ’ ‘ : . ih nOZ Mr Waldie’s Bedroom . : ; $y 340 Lower Gallery Closet. ; : : 4 16 16,232 Since that date considerable extensions have been made, and before and during the compilation of the extended catalogue (1907 e¢ seg.) by the present writer, additions of modern litera- ture have been frequent. A LINK WITH THE ’FORTY-FIVE. Mr J. Lindsay Hilson’s grand-uncle, George Hilson, who died in 1884, left a memorandum in 1871, from which the following is extracted: “‘ James, my grandfather, born about 1732, died in 1810. He told me he was 13 years old when the Pretender with his troops entered Jedburgh in 1745. All the men, who were opposed to the rising, left the town to avoid being com- pelled to join the rebels, but, as he was a boy, he, with the curiosity of his age, made his way down to Bongate and walked alongside of the Prince and his troops as they came up, and entered the town by the Cannongate, that being the only bridge over the Jed.” THE INSTITUTION OF MR ANDREW STEVENSON. THE KIRK OF DUNBAR, 1639. By Wiuuiiam Dovuetas. In a vellum-bound volume, with an almost illegible inscription on its cover, which may be read as “ J. Dick aught this buik,”’ is a series of four documents. These refer to the appointment in 1639 of Mr Andrew Stevenson as minister to the parish kirk of Dunbar. The book contains some 350 closely written pages, in the small old handwriting of the early seventeenth century, and is an excellent example of the “ style-books”’ compiled by notaries and lawyers for their guidance in drafting charters, sasines, and other legal writings. Most of the specimens given are in blank form, with the names of people and places omitted, but there are some exceptions, and among these are the four which refer to Mr Stevenson’s appointment. The first records that on the 23rd November 1639 the Earl of Roxburghe presented the office of the ministry of the kirk of Dunbar to Mr Andrew Stevenson, a regent of the college of Edinburgh. We also learn from the tombstone erected to Mr Stevenson’s memory by his son that he had been for thirty years ‘‘ a famous professor of philology and philosophy in the college of Edinburgh,” and this too before he was appointed to Dunbar, where he subsequently served for twenty-five years. He was born in 1588 and died in 1664. His tombstone was placed in the wall, on the right of the door Jeading into a roofed aisle on the south-east side of the old collegiate church of Dunbar, and a translation of the Latin inscription is given in Miller’s History of Dunbar (1830), p. 203. The date of this presentation recalls a time of great unrest in the Church of Scotland. Charles I. was imposing his will on the clergy, and on the 23rd of July 1637, in St Giles’s Church, the stool of the traditional Jenny Geddes went flying 68 THE KIRK OF DUNBAR, 1639 69 at the head of the presiding Dean with the famous imprecation of “‘deil colic the wame of ye, ye false loon, wilt thou say mass at my lug.” The struggle between the National and the King’s Covenants was still in progress, and the vacancy which Mr Stevenson filled had arisen out of this disturbance. Mr William Maxwell, who had been presented by the Harl of Roxburghe _in 1635, was on 3rd January 1639 “ deprived by the Commission of Assembly for erroneous doctrine, meddling with the poor’s box, tyrannical behaviour to his parishioners, in urging their conformity to the Articles of Perth, declining both the Assembly and Presbytery, and appealing to His Majesty ”’ (Scott’s Fast). It is also interesting to note that the examination of the clergy’s qualifications at this time does not seem to have been very exacting. The scandalous abuse of conferring benefices in the pre-Reformation Church on men ignorant, illiterate, and of loose moral character, and on children yet incapable of reason- ing, which had been the chief cause of its downfall, had been borne in mind by the founders of the Reformed Church. It is stated in the First Book of Discipline that the dearth of “ godlie and learned men” could not justify the admission of incom- petent persons to the ministry. And in-March 1574/5 the General Assembly, considering that most of the learned com- mentaries on the Scriptures are in Latin, resolved that, hence- forth, only those should be admitted to the ministry who have “understanding in the Latine tongue and are able to interpret the comentares wrytin in the same language and speake con- gruous Latine.”’ The only exception to this rule was in favour _ of those who, by “thair singular graces and gifts of God,” were found on examination by the General Assembly to be able to exercise the office without a knowledge of ‘“‘ Latine’”’ (Dr Hay Fleming, The Reformation in Scotland, p. 522). All that was asked of the Presbytery of Dunbar, seeing that the patron of the living understood that Mr Stevenson was sufficiently qualified, was to try and examine the qualification, literature, and conversation of the said ‘‘Mr Andro Stevin- soune,’ and if he be found apt, able, and sufficiently qualified to use and exercise the office of ministry, to authorise their ordinary collation and testimonial of their admission, and to give him institution as well as to receive from him his oath acknowledging the King’s authority. 70 THE INSTITUTION OF MR ANDREW STEVENSON By this we see that while Mr Maxwell had lost the charge through conforming to the King’s commands in opposition to those of the Assembly, his successor’s appointment depended on taking the oath to acknowledge “his hines authority.” A truly anomalous state of affairs! It is not shown what pressure had been brought to bear on the Earl of Roxburghe to induce him to make this new presentation, but as he was a strong King’s man, we can easily imagine that it would be distasteful to him. He was one of those who had voted for the Articles of Perth in 1621, had been present when the riot took place in St Giles’s Church, and was with the King at Berwick when the ** Pacification ’’ was signed in 1639. The gleib land referred to in the Instrument of Sasine as “lyand at the bak of the kirk-yeard upoune the west syde therof’’ was. sold many years. ago to, among others, the North British Railway Co., and the present station is built upon its site. The sum realised, some £2500 I am told, was invested in heritable bonds and brings in annually a handsome sum to the present incumbent. The memorial stone erected to Mr Stevenson seems not to have been preserved when the old collegiate church was pulled down to make way for the present church of Dunbar now built on its site. The other three deeds relate to his institution on the 19th of December 1639. (1) The first deed is the one of presentation. It records that “Us, Robert erle of Roxbure lord Ker of Cessfurde and Cavertoune lord prive seill and undoutted patrone of the paroch kirk of Dumbar personage and viccarage therof,”’ understanding that ‘“‘Mr Andro Stevinsoune”’ is sufficiently qualified, present him to ‘“‘the kirk of Dumbar personag and viccarag therof and to the constant and locall steipand modifeit and assignit to the minister servinge the cure at the said kirk, and to the manse gleib and kirk lands of the said kirk of Dumbar, now vacand in our handis and at our gift and presentatioune be dispositioune and depravatioune off Mr Williame Maxweill lait persoune and vicar off the personag and vicarag or uther wayis whatsumevir. Requyring therfor the moderator and brethren off the presbytrie off Dumbar to try and examine the qualifica- tioune, literatur and conversatioune off the said Mr Andro THE KIRK OF DUNBAR, 1639 71 Stevinsoune, and if he be found apt abill and sufficiently qualifeit to use and exerceis the office of ministerie at the said kirk, to authorize him with thair ordinar collatioune and testi- moniell off thair admissioune to the said kirk personage and viccarag thairof and to give him institutioune off the samyne, and to receav his aith for acknowledging his hines authority.”’ And if it be found that he is sufficiently qualified to grant him a ‘testimonial to that effect and to give him institution. (2) The second deed is the Testinionial of admission granted by the Moderator and brethren of the Presbytery of Dunbar on the 12th December 1639, and it narrates that they “‘ have takine speciall tryall off the qualificatioune literatur and con- versatioune off the said Mr Andro Stevinsoune for the serving the eur at the said kirk and hes fund him apt abill and sufficiently qualifeit to use and exerce the offic off ministerie at the said kirk,” and have admitted him to the said kirk for all the days of his lifetime. They also “ Willis and desyns our weil belovit brother Mr John Daniell [Dalzell] minister at Prestounekirk to pas to the said parish kirk of Dumbar and there to give the said Maister Andro lawfull institutioune off the kirk off Dumbar é&e. and to put him in reall and full possessioune off the samyne and plac him in the pulpit off the said kirk and delyvering to him the buik off God callit the Byble with the keyis off the said kirk doris and with all utheris solemniteis useit in sick lyk caices.”’ (3) The third deed is Mr John Dalzell’s Testimonial upon the above, granted on the 19th December 1639, and narrating that he has given Mr Andrew Stevenson “ lawfull institutioune of _ the kirk of Dumbar, &c., and did put him in reall possessioune off the samen to be bruikit be him during all the dayis of his lyftyme, be placeing him in the pulpit off the said paroch- kirk and delyvering him the buik off God callit the Bybill with the keyis off the kirk door in his hand, and delyvering him earth and stoune off the grund off the gleibland thairof.”’ (4) The fourth deed is the Notarial Instrument of Sasine, and it runs as follows :— “ At the kirk of Dumbar the 19 day of December 1639 yeires. “The quhilk day in presence of me notar publict and wit- nesses underwritten. Compeirit personalie maister Johne Dal- 72 THE INSTITUTION OF MR ANDREW STEVENSON zell minister at Prestoune kirk moderator of the presbytrie of Dumbar. And past to the kirk of Dumbar and pulpet within the same, and thair after divyne service done be him within the said kirk, the said Mr Johne haveing in his handis ane presontatioune beiring that ane noble erle Rot erle of Roxbur® &c. be his lettres of presentatioune subscrivit with his hand of the date the 23 day of Not laist by past in this instant zeire 1639 hes presented Mr Androw Stevinsone ane of the regentis of the colledge of Edinburgh, to the kirk of Dum- bar parsonage and viccarege therof, and to the constant and locall stipend modefied and assignit to the ministers serveing the cure at the said kirk, and to the manse gleib and kirklands of the same, requyring the moderator and bretherene of the presbytrie of Dumbar, to try and examine the qualificatioune literatour and conversatioune of the said Mr Androw Stevinsone, and if he be fund apt able and sufficientlie qualified to use and exerce the office of ministrie at the said kirk, to authorize him with ther ordinar collatioune and testimoniell of thare admis- sioune to the said kirk parsonage and viccarege thareof and to give him institutioune of the same, and to receave his aithe for acknawledging his majesties authoritie, as the said presenta- tioune of the date foirsaid at mare lenth beires. As also have- ing in his handis ane edict granted and given out be the said moderator and remanent bretherene of the said presbitrie, beir- ing that thei haveing taiken suff! tryll of the said Mr Androw Stevinsone his qualificatioune, and that he is able and meit to use and exerce the office of ministrie within the said kirk of Dumbar. Desyreing thairfoir the haill noblemen gentelmen and proschiners, to cum to the kirk therof this present day being the 19th of this instant, and thair if any persone had any thing to object aganes the said Mr Androw hes lyfe conver- satioune or doctrine, that thei wald cum and doe the samine, uther wayes the said moderator and remanent bretherene wald proceid in his admissioune, as the said edict of the date the tuelff day of December, lawfulie execute and indorseit be Wm. Guild reider at the said kirk, at mair lenthe proportes. And als haveing in his handis ane lettre of admissioune and colla- tioune of the said Mr Androw whereby he wes fund apt able and suffitlie qualified to use and exerce the office of ministrie at the said kirk and is admitted therto, personage and viccarege THE KIRK OF DUNBAR, 1639 73 therof and locall stipend of the samine manse and gleib and kirklands therof during his lyftyme, conforme to the said pre- sentatioune, as the said lettres of admissioune and collatioune of the date the 19 day of December instant at lenth beires. Thairfoir upone the day and yeir of God foirsaid the said Mr Jon. Dalzell Requyrit furth of the said pulpet, that if thair wer any to object aganes the said Mr Androw Stevinsone ' wherefoir he aught not to be admitted to the ministrie at the said kirk of Dumbar, that thei wald either now speik or hald thame silent in tyme cuming. And finding na oppositioune in the contra, the said moderator and remanent bretherene and uther pastors,ebeing convenit ther for the tyme, and haveing laid ther hands upone the said Mr Androw Stevinsone and re- ceaved him as a brother in the Lord with thame, conforme to the usuall ordour prescryvit to thame be the discepline of the kirk of Scotland. Immediatlie therefter the said moderator conforme to the said lettre of presentatioune past to the pulpet agane and gave reall and full institutioune to the said Mr Androw Stevinsone of the same kirk of Dumbar parsonage and viccarege therof constant and locall stipend belanging therto, be delyverie to him furthe of his hand the byble and keyis of the kirk dore. And immediatlie thereftir the said Mr Jon. Dalzell moderator past to the gleib lyand at the bak of the kirk yeard upone the west syde therof and ther gave to the said Mr Androw Stevinsone minister actuall reall and full possessioune of the same gleib and kirklandis belanging to the said kirk, be delyverie to him in his handis earth and stane as use is. Upone the quhilk all and sundrie the premisses the said Mr Androw Stevin- sone asked and tuike instruments ane or mar in the handis of me notar publict under subscryveand Thir premisses were done betwixt ane and tua hours aftirnoone within the kirk and gleib rexive, foirsaid, day, zeir, month and places foirsaids. In presence of [names not given] witnesses speciallie requyrit and desyrit to the premisses.”’ THE LAIRDS OF COCKPEN. By Rev. James Firemine Leisuman, M.A. RECENTLY there came into our hands a Latin charter * of 1648 under which William, Earl of Lothian, grants to “ John David- sone in Hoislaw”’ and “ Andro,” alias “ Dand”’ Davidson, his son, apparently kindly tenants, along with the customary rights of hunting, hawking. fishing, and digging for minerals, “twa merkland and a half” of his lands, lying within the Barony of Linton and County of Roxburgh. The feu-duty attached is one penny Scots, payable annually at the Feast of Pentecost. These Davidsons were ancient indwellers. In May 1610 “George Davidson in Hoislaw”’ is haled before the Presbytery of Kelso for admonition and fine. as “‘ one of the chieff actors ” in a Pasche Play, the Abbot of Unreason, his part being Litel Jhone. Almost within living memory their thatched dwelling stood close to the roadway, alongside that of the Ker-Reads, and within a stonecast of the ruined Tower and Chapel of Hose- law, which crowned a neighbouring knoll, appanage of the Abbey of Kelso since 1421. Their tombstone, as portioners of Hoselaw, may still be seen built into the south wall of Linton Church. The Lothian charter possesses more than parochial interest in view of the fact that one of the two witnesses whose signa- tures are appended is Mark Carse of Cockpen, presumably Charles II.’s boon companion of that name, accredited hero of the well-known Scots ballad The Laird of Cockpen, so rich in humour and dramatic force. The charter is dated at Edinburgh, 9th February 1648, a little less than a year before the execution of Charles I. As a keen loyalist Cockpen fought at the battle of Worcester, 3rd September 1651, and afterwards accompanied Charles II. into Holland, where his skill in music, besides furnishing a means of livelihood, helped to beguile the tedium of banish- * For this Charter we are indebted to Colonel W. J. Oliver of Lochside, C.B.E., D.L., formerly proprietor of Hoselaw. 74 THE LAIRDS OF COCKPEN 75 ment. The monarch’s favourite tune was Brose and Butter, and with this Cockpen frequently lulled his royal master to sleep at the Hague. Returning to Scotland after the Restora- tion, Cockpen found his lands forfeited and all petitions for redress ignored, while on visiting London he was denied an audience. To gain the king’s ear tradition says he resorted to a ruse. Changing places with the organist at the Chapel ~ Royal, Cockpen played the proper music till the closing volun- tary, when he struck up Brose and Butter! The tune, as he had hoped, awakened dormant memories. After divine service the king made his way to the organ loft, where he warmly saluted Cockpen, declaring the “old music had made his heart dance.” Mine could “dance also,’ came the retort, “if only I had my lands back, your Majesty.” Shortly afterwards Cockpen was restored to his paternal estate. The Cockpen family pedigree is somewhat tangled and frag- mentary. The Edinburgh Register of Baptisms reveals a legal connection, recording the birth of two daughters—Margaret in October 1633 and Mary in September 1650—to Mark Carse (or Cas) of Cockpen, Writer, and Margaret Kirkwood. Sir Mark Cars of Cockpen and Isobel Nicolson his spouse married 17th August 1665, have issue Margaret in October 1667, Rachel in October 1679, and William in October 1682. One writer * finds the hero and heroine of the original ballad in Mark Carse, married July 1679, and his spouse Dame Marion Linton of Barrondale in Newbattle. In 1677, Mark Carse appears as an “elder”? at Cockpen. The Kirk on the Green was a pre-Reformation fabric, formerly attached to the Abbey of Newbattle, and disused since 1820. Another Mark is served heir to his father ‘‘ Sir Mark Carss of Cockpen”’ on 12th March 1693. This at least is certain, that the Carse family were lairds of Cockpen from 1633 till about 1720, when their lands passed into the hands of the Cockburns, forerunners of the Earls of Dalhousie. The Hoselaw Charter concludes : Coram his testibus Marco Cas de Cockpen et Jacobo broun in Nether Ancrum. Lothian. Mark Cars, Witness. James Broun, Witness. * Vide Scottish Antiquary, vol. xiv, p. 85; also article by John Romans, Cockpen Bazaar Book, 1897. THE MONUMENTAL EFFIGIES OF BERWICKSHIRE. By James Hewat Craw, F.S.A.Scot. THE earliest type of monumental effigy in Scotland appears to have shown the figure merely incised in outline on a stone slab. This method, while continuing in use in later times, developed normally into carving in low relief. Both in England and Scot- land sculpture in full relief became customary in the thirteenth century, though rare before the middle of the century; and the finest work, as in church architecture, dates from that and the following century. Where the effigy does not bear a date, this may sometimes be approximately fixed by the form of the letters in the in- scription, if any; by the character of the armour or dress; or by ornamental work, such as a canopy, introduced on the stone. In Berwickshire, effigies are both few in number and poor in execution. Of the destruction of such relics in the past it is naturally impossible to form an estimate. Invaders and raiders from south of the Border were probably more interested in other spoils than in the destruction of such things. It was not, however, invariably so, for Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus, swore a bloody revenge on the English who had defaced the tombs of his ancestors at Melrose. Not even the fragment of an effigy now remains either at Dryburgh or Coldingham, the chief ecclesiastical buildings in the county. Of the six surviving effigies only one, at Abbey St Bathans, has any claim to artistic merit. Though much inferior to some of the fine effigies to be found elsewhere in Scotland, the figure of the Abbess is simple and pleasing, and is of considerable interest. The two effigies at Edrom are poorer in execution, but exhibit interesting features in armour and dress. Two examples at St Helens are too much damaged to be of any importance. In one of these the outline of the figure is incised. 76 La Nil 11 MAY 27 Res Puate VI, - XXViI. History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, vol SNVHIVE LS AWddav ‘SSUUOINd AO ADIAAT [Z'o face p. 77. THE MONUMENTAL EFFIGIES OF BERWICKSHIRE 7 | The last of the effigies to be considered, that at Swinton, is exceedingly crude in execution ; the period to which it should be assigned is doubtful. So far as the description of these effigies goes, little can be added to what is contained in the Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of Berwick; three descriptions are chere quoted in full. As, however, the effigies are not figured in the Inventory, the main object of the present paper is to supply this want. Parish of Abbey St Bathans. Shortly before 1860 the effigy of a prioress of the Abbey of St Bothans was taken from the north wall of the parish church, into which it had been built. It now occupies a recess in the east wall of the church (Plate VI, and fig. 1). “The figure, which is 6 feet long, is dressed in a full tunic or kirtle falling in heavy folds over the feet, but with close sleeves. The hands, which are mutilated, are joined in prayer, and a plain narrow girdle is just visible between the wrists. The neck is covered by a barbe or wimple, the lower edge of which is straight, the upper parts showing folds following the line of the chin. A plain cope-like mantle covers the shoulders and sides of the figure, extending with long vertical folds to the feet; it is not joined or fastened at the neck. Two veils cover the head and fall in folds on the shoulders, and the under veil, presumably representing linen, shows a crimped edge alongside the plain edge of the outer veil. There are the remains of a crosier lying within the right arm, the head of the crosier being close to the head of the figure and the point resting on a small animal which lies outstretched across the ankles. The feet of the figure are hidden by the folds of the habit, and the head rests on two cushions with short tassels at the corners. The crosier is much broken, but there are indica- tions that the head was crocketed. The middle of the effigy has had a miniature supporting angel at each side ; of these the one on the right is almost entirely broken away, but enough remains of the other to show a girded alb, raised arms, and outstretched wings, indicating that the angels were represented as rising up from beneath the 78 THE MONUMENTAL EFFIGIES OF BERWICKSHIRE effigy and supporting it with their backs, wings, and arms. There are no traces of supporters at the head or feet. . . The date of the effigy is perhaps the last half of the Giteenth century or the beginning of the sixteenth.” Inventory, No. 1. The breadth of the effigy is 184 inches, and the thickness 114 inches, of which the figure is 9 inches and the attached slab 24 inches. The upper part of the face is damaged, and the effigy has been broken across at two places. A close examination shows that the edge of the outer veil has been crimped as well as that of the inner. The object at the feet has been too much damaged to be recognisable. In several respects the figure resembles an effigy at Tynninghame; the cushions, especially the treatment of the tassels, the hands, the folds of the vestments, and the position of the animal at the feet, are all more or less similar. The last feature has been better preserved at Tynning- hame and can be recognised as two quadrupeds. The association of a crosier with the effigy of a prioress is of special interest. In a charter dated 1478 James III conveyed to the prioress and the convent of St Bothans Fic. 1.—Erricy Certain annual rents from tenements in the Brig- in Awpey gate and Hide Hill and other properties in Ber- a ee wick-on-Tweed. In the words of the late Mr John Ferguson, “One would like to believe that it is the effigy of the unnamed prioress mentioned in the charter . . . the dilecta oratrix of King James III.” This effigy has already been figured by Messrs Macgibbon and Ross, Eccles. Arch. of Scot., vol. 11, pp. 410-411. See also Hist. Ber. Nat. Club, vol. iv, p. 167 (1860); vol. xin, p. 92 (1890) ; vol. xxiv, p. 292 (1921). Parish of Cockburnspath. In the disused graveyard, in which stands the ruined Norman church of St Helens, there lhe two effigies, much worn and weathered (Plate VII, A and B). History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, vol. xxvi. Puate VII, 5 2” 17 4” B. EFFIGIES AT ST HELENS. [To face p. 78. H MAY 27 RY, ae W\Sy EQ MGs j ll MAY 27 Niruss History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, vol. xxvi. Puate VIII. SIVAN Te ieee EFFIGIES OF PATRICK HOME AND HIS WIFE, EDROM. [Zo face p. 79. THE MONUMENTAL EFFIGIES OF BERWICKSHIRE 79 1. ‘‘ Some 10 feet south of the west end of the south wall lies a stone 4 feet 8 inches in length by 1 foot 7 inches in breadth, diminishing to 1 foot 2 inches at the foot, upon which is rudely incised the figure of a man with hand clasped across the breast and a sword or dagger at the side.” Inventory, No. 46 (3). - The figure is more probably that of a woman, the foot of the skirt being traceable. The small object at the figure’s left side is probably shears. It has at first sight the appearance of the hilt of a sword, but no trace of the blade can be seen. 2. To the south of the church lies an effigy, apparently that of a woman. It is almost unrecognisable and is broken into three pieces. It is of sandstone and measures 5 feet 2 inches by 1 foot 4 inches. The outlines of the face and head-dress, the neck, and the left shoulder and upper arm can be traced. The edge of the stone follows the outline of the figure. The lower portion is suggestive of a skirt, but the feet are broken off and lost. This stone has not before been recorded. Parish of Edrom. The two effigies in Edrom parish church (Plates VIII and IX, and fig. 2) lie in a burial vault in the Blackadder Aisle. Their position in the dark, low-roofed vault makes them difficult to examine, being placed on a high sarcophagus measuring 7 feet 1i inches long, 3 feet 6 inches broad, and 4 feet 24 inches above a base about 2 feet high. “Covering the top of the structure is a slab 5 inches deep, with a chamfered edge, whereon lie two detached recumbent effigies of a man and a woman; the man is in armour, with laminated rerebraces and taces, plain un- laminated cuisses, and fluted circular rondelles at the knees and on each side of the cuirass. The head is unhelmeted, the hands folded on the breast, and the feet encased in short pointed solerets resting on a pillow, on one end of which is carved an animal resembling an elephant. The extreme length of the figure is 6 feet 4 inches. The figure of the lady to the left, 5 feet 6 inches in length, is clad in a loose robe with puckered sleeves, tied with a cord round her waist, her hands folded on her breast. The features of 80 THE MONUMENTAL EFFIGIES OF BERWICKSHIRE both effigies are almost entirely obliterated, and appear to have been of rude workmanship. They are of different quality of stone from the slab on which they rest.” Inventory, No. 148. The head of the man rests on a tilting helmet; the hands are ungauntleted. At his right side is a dagger 20? inches in Jength, the blade measuring 14} inches; it is attached to a belt which is buckled in front. The feet are spurred. The animal on the end of the pillow on which the feet rest may to some be more like a horse than an elephant; it appears to be mounted. The face of the lady has suffered less damage than the other; it has been rudely carved. The head rests on a rectangular cushion with tas- sels at the corners. The de- tails of the dressing of the hair, which appears to have been confined in a fret, and the puckering and embroidery of the sleeves, are well pre- served. The feet rest on the figure of a dog. The weathered condition of both effigies suggests that they have not ara enjoyed the protection of a roof. The in- scription on the chamfered edge of the sarcophagus is difficult to decipher in parts. As it has been incorrectly copied else- where, it is here reproduced (fig. 3). It runs along the head and right side of the stone and reads as follows : Fic. 2.—Erricies In EpRom CHURCH. s “Heir lyis Ane nob[le] Squyar Patrik Howme of ye | Brwm Howe And his Spous dem Elener Uyrdrop of yaistir Heuttwn 1553.” The letters are in relief, but the date is incised. The latter has probably been added at a different time, the form of the figures suggesting a period later than the sixteenth century. THE MONUMENTAL EFFIGIES OF BERWICKSHIRE 81 On the south side of the sarcophagus are two panels. On one of these are two shields bearing, dexter, quarterly, 1st a lion rampant, 2nd and 3rd, three papingoes, 4th, a cross engrailed ; simster, an orle with three martlets in chief (for Rutherfurd). The other panel bears in raised letters “ P.H. 1668,” the initials are those of Patrick III of Broomhouse, great-grandson of Patrick whose effigy lies above. a fee A drawing of this monument has been reproduced in Through the Borders to the Heart of Scotland, by Gordon Home (1924), p- Ol. Living in a stirring period of Scottish history Patrick Home had an eventful career. He was one of the “Seven Spears of Wedderburn ” who fought at Flodden, and four years later took part in the historic slaughter of the Seigneur de la Bastie, which took place less than half a mile from his tower of Broom- house. In 1520 he was present at the ‘‘ Clear the Causeway ”’ skirmish in Edinburgh. He later played an important part in Border warfare, his tower being burnt by the English in 1544, when his wife Helen Rutherfurde and her children perished in the flames. This incident was much resented by the Scots, and suggested the war-cry, ‘‘ Remember Broomhouse,” at the VOL. XXVI, PART I. 6 82 THE MONUMENTAL EFFIGIES OF BERWICKSHIRE battle of Ancrum four months later, when a complete revenge was taken.* Klener Wardrop of Easter Hutton seems to have been his third wife. Parish of Longformacus. The site of a former burying-ground lies on the right bank of the Watch Water about a hundred yards above its confluence with the Corse Burn. A chapel is traditionally located here, and it is not improbable that the name of the burn is derived from a cross on the site. Mr John Ferguson states that “a grave slab, having carved upon it the figure of a knight in armour, with a dog at his feet and a sword by his side, was removed from this burying-ground about the beginning of the century, and taken to Lylestone, near Lauder, where it was converted into a hearth-stone for the farm house.’’f No trace of this stone can now be found at Lylestone. It was probably taken there by a tenant of Rawburn called Peter Purves, who ren.oved to Lylestone before the year 1805.7 Parish of Swinton. “Placed within a semicircular niche or recess at the side of the pulpit, near the middle of the south wall of the church, is a rudely executed full-length effigy. The work is extremely crude, and the figure holds between the hands resting on the breast what is clearly a book bound in boards. There is a slab at the back of the recess bearing a curious representation of the Swinton arms and the legend, HIC TACET ALANUS SVINTONVS MILES DE EODEM. This is believed to be the tomb of Sir Alan Swinton of that ilk, who died about the year 1200. The reference may be to Sir Alan Swinton, but “‘ Swintonus” is a false form, and certainly not contemporary with any Alan on record. * See “‘ Historical Notes on Broomhouse and the Home Family,” by Major Logan-Home, Hist. Ber. Nat. Club, vol. xxv, p. 381 (1925). + Hist. Ber. Nat. Club, ‘‘The Pre-Reformation Churches of Berwick- shire,” vol. xiii, p. 119. t Ibid., vol. xxiv, p. 433. ll MAY 27 SUN A THe | Poe Aye bos “4 7 lh i +: mn - 4, x: ©4 I wn - oe ioe ad History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, vol. xxvi. Puate IX. ee ee EFFIGIES OF PATRICK HOME AND HIS WIFE, EDROM. ‘THE SWINTON EFFIGY. [T'o face p. 83. THE MONUMENTAL EFFIGIES OF BERWICKSHIRE 83 The lettering also is late. Similarly, the effigy has no real connection with the person named in the inscription. The arms display the crest of the chained boar, but the crest is not known in Scotland before late in the last quarter of the fourteenth century, while the boar and the boars’ heads are all contowrné, that is, heraldically turned in the wrong direction. All the details suggest that this work as it stands is to be attributed to the same period as the other heraldic panels about the church—the end of the sixteenth or the first part of the seventeenth century.” Inventory, No. 279. Mr Brydall in his paper on “ The Monumental Effigies of Scotland,” * where this effigy is figured, is of the opinion that it “may very probably belong to the period to which it is assigned,’—the beginning of the thirteenth century. The treatment, however, both of the effigy and of the panel above is more suggestive of seventeenth-century work. The good state of preservation of the effigy also suggests a late date; the feet have been broken, but there is no sign of weathering. The figure has the ap- pearance of being nude; the only indications of armour are faint lines above and below the knees which may or may not represent knee- pieces. The effigy has been painted (Plate IX, _ and fig. 4) It is not impossible that it may have been made to take the place of an original effigy of Sir Alan. The omission of arms and armour and their substitution by a book held between the hands might suggest that the work was done by order Fie. 4.— of John Swinton of Swinton, who in 1657 eee came under the influence of George Fox. If so, the work must have been carried out before 1660, as political troubles after the Restoration separated the family from their estate for many years. * Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxix, p. 342 (1894-1895). The effigy has also been figured in The Swintons of that Ilk and their Cadets (1883), p. 5. tj ea ERS “aN, x x iy} z j \ TE QIN \| /! /! Win f 7 THE MOSSES AND HEPATICS OF BERWICK- SHIRE AND NORTH NORTHUMBERLAND. By J. B. Dunoan. . DurineG the year 1926 some further additions have been made to the bryophytic flora of these two vice-counties ; a list of these is now given. For Berwickshire there have now been recorded : Mosses—species and subspecies 265, varieties 46. Hepatics—species 74, varieties 11. and for North Northumberland : Mosses—species and subspecies 308, varieties 55. Hepatics—species 89, varieties 13. The area of North Northumberland exceeds that of Berwick- ' shire, but the disparity in the numbers of their bryophytes is due mainly to Northumberland possessing the higher mass of Cheviot and to its coast-line being much more varied in character. Such an area as Holy Island with Ross Links, providing a habitat for many rare plants, is not to be found in Berwick- shire. Another factor is the large tract of moorland between Kyloe and Alnwick, where outcrops of the Whin Sill and the Coal- measure sandstone rocks produce some plants not likely to be found in Berwickshire. For the future, it will be more and more difficult to make additions, but the more remote and outlying parts of our areas —the Lammermuirs and parts of the Cheviot mass—are still to some extent unexplored and may be expected to yield something. Among the more notable plants now recorded are the mosses —Dicranum strictum and Funaria Templetoni from Rothbury ; Grimmia Hartmani by the Whitadder at Elba; and Tortula princeps on rocks at Hume Castle. 84 THE MOSSES AND HEPATICS OF BERWICKSHIRE, ETC. 85 MOSSES. 68—=Northumberland (North). 81 = Berwickshire. Andreza petrophila var. acuminata B. & S.—81, rocks by the Whitadder at Elba; Black Hill, Earlston. A. Rothii Web. & Mohr.—68, sandstone rocks, Cragside, Rothbury. Pleuridium axillare Lindb.—68, fields near Ross; by the Till at Weet- * woodhall. Dicranella heteromalla var. interrupta B. & S.—81, Hume Craigs. D. crispa Schp.—68, Ross Links ; seabanks at Marshall Meadows. D. rufescens Schp.—81, by the Blackadder near Allanton; field near Press Castle. D. Schreberi var. clata Schp.—68, wet ground near Cartington, Rothbury. Campylopus brevipilus B. & S.—81, Coldingham Moor. Dicranum Bonjeani var. rugifolium Bosw.—81, Bunkle Wood. D. strictum Schleich.—68, sandstone rocks, Cragside, Rothbury. Fissidens exilis Hedw.—81, Green Wood, near Grantshouse, also in a plantation near Greenfield, Mordington. F. decipiens De Not.—68, dean at Warenford; Easington Crags.—81, North Wood, Ale Water ; Whitadder at Elba. Grimmia Stirtoni Schp.—68, Kyloe Crags and Kyloe Hills, near old quarry. G. Hartmani Schp.—81, rocks by the Whitadder at Elba. * Tortula princeps De Not.—81, rocks at Hume Castle. Orthotrichum affine var. rivale Wils.—68, trees by the Coquet, Roth- bury. O. Sprucei Mont,—68, trees by the Till at Weetwoodhall. O. tenellum Bruch—81, on an old Elder tree near Witches Knowe. Physcomitrella patens B. d& S.—68, Edlingham Castle. Funaria Templetoni Sm.—68, stream at Cragside, Rothbury. Philonotis caespitosa Wils.—68, damp rocks, Henhole, Cheviot. Webera nutans var. longiseta B. & S.—68, Shepherdskirk Hill, Kyloe ; moors near Edlingham. W. proligera Bryhn—81, rock crevices, railway cutting near Grants- house. Bryum capillare var. macrocarpum Huebn.—68, damp rocks on hillside near Kyloe. B. capillare var. flaccidum B. & S.—81, by a stream at Press Castle. B. erythrocarpum Schwaey.—68, wooded banks of the Till near Tiptoe. Heterocladium heteropterum B. & S.—81, Brockholes Wood. Eurhynchium crassinervium var. turgescens Mol.—68, rocks in the Coquet, Thrum Mill, Rothbury. EK. praelongum var. Stokesii Brid.—81, Blackadder near Allanton, E. rusciforme var. atlanticum Brid.—81, small stream falling over cliffs near Coldingham Loch. Plagiothecium latebricola B. & S.—81, on decayed stump, Brockholes Wood. Hardy records having picked some fragments of this moss amongst tufts 86 THE MOSSES AND HEPATICS OF BERWICKSHIRE, ETC. of Bryum pallens gathered near Buskin Burn on Coldingham Moor. The association suggests an error and his plant proves to be P. pulchellum. P. latebricola was, however, gathered by Anderson in Brockholes Wood, where I also succeeded in finding it this year. Amblystegium filicinum var. Whiteheadii Wheldon—68, Ross Links. Hypnum riparium L.—81, by a pool near Ayton. H. exannulatum Giimb.—68, moors near Edlingham. H. giganteum Schp.—68, bog near stream, Lucker Moor. HEPATICS, Metzgeria furcata var. truticulosa (Dicks.) Lindb.—81, trees Greenfield, Mordington; Blackadder, near Allanton ; Cowdenknowes, Earlston. Fossombronia Wondraczeki (Corda) Dum.—81, on stiff soil, North Wood, Ale Water; field near Press Castle. Haplozia crenulata var. gracillima (Sm.) Heeg—68, Kyloe Plantation. H. sphacrocarpa (Hook.) Dum.—68, wet rocks by the Warenford Burn. Lophozia bicrenata (Schmid.) Dum.—68, Cragside, Rothbury. L. excisa (Dicks.) Dum.—68, Craster ; seabanks at Marshall Meadows. L. Hatcheri (Hvans) Steph.—68, Kyloe Crags. Leptoscyphus anomalus (Hook.) Muitt.—68, wet moors at Edlingham and Detchant. Chiloscyphus polyanthus var. fragilis (Roth.) K. Mill.—68, Bizzle Burn, Cheviot. Cephalozia serriflora Lindb.—68, peat moor at Edlingham. Odontoschisma Sphagni (Dicks.) Dum.—68, wet moors at Detchant and Kyloe. O. denudatum (Nees) Dum.—68, Kyloe Hills. Bazzania trilobata (L.) Gray—68, base of rocks among heather, Shep- herdskirk Hill, Kyloe. Lepidozia reptans var. julacea Nees—-68, sandstone rocks Kyloe Hills and Dod Law. Ptilidium pulcherrimum (Web.) Hampe—68, on birch trunks by stream near Warenford; rocks at Cragside, Rothbury.—81, on birch at Green Wood, Grantshouse, and on roots of beech tree near Greenfield, Mordington. Scapania subalpina (Nees) Dum.—81, by the Whitadder at Elba. S. intermedia (Husnot) Pears.—68, dean at Warenford. S. umbrosa (Schrad.) Duwm.—68, rocks by stream, Lucker Moor; Crag- side, Rothbury ; Dod Law. Frullania fragilifolia Tayl.—81, rocks by Whitadder at Elba. Anthoceros punctatus 2,—68, banks of the Till at Weetwoodhall. IN MEMORIAM. JOHN FERGUSON, F.S.A.Scor. THE announcement last March of the death of John Ferguson must have aroused feelings of profound and widespread regret throughout the Borders, but surely nowhere is his loss more keenly felt or more deeply mourned than among his old friends of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club. He was one of its oldest surviving members, having been elected so long ago as 1876. His loyalty to the Club, his interest in every phase of its activi- ties, and the value of his contributions to the Proceedings, make it peculiarly fitting that we should dedicate these few pages to the memory of one so widely esteemed. _ Since his retirement from public life, about five years ago, Mr Ferguson had been in indifferent health, suffering from an affection of the heart. In the autumn of 1925 his condition became worse. Towards Christmas a severe attack of bronchitis intervened. This greatly reduced his strength, and after a long and painful illness he passed away at Oakbank, Forgandenny, Perthshire, the home of his younger son, on the 7th of March - 1926. Four days later he was laid to rest in the Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh, beside his wife who had predeceased him by two years. John Ferguson, the only child of William Lee Ferguson and Elizabeth Spence his wife, was born at Allanton in the Merse on the 22nd of January 1851. On his father’s side he was of Highland origin, his great-grandfather Daniel Ferguson having migrated to Berwickshire from Kilmadock, near Doune, Perth- shire, shortly after the suppression of the Jacobite rising of 1745. His mother was a cousin of the Rev. Adam Spence, minister of the Free Church at Houndwood. Both parents were God- fearing and devout, and their influence in the building-up and development of his character was deep and lasting. He received 87 88 IN MEMORIAM his education at the Boys’ School at Allanton under Mr Andrew Kelly, who fostered in him a taste for botany and natural history, a taste which he never lost. The banks of the Whitadder with their varied bird and plant life were to him a source of endless enjoyment and instruction. It was amid such surround- ings that he first opened his eyes to the ever-changing pageant of the seasons, and here he learned his first lessons from the Great Book of Nature. larly in life, and in a very real sense, he made the poet’s prayer his own— “Father of light and life, Thou good supreme, O teach me what is good, teach me Thyself.”’ With his awakening interest in natural science came that love of books which was so characteristic of him all through life. At the age of fifteen he was indentured as an apprentice to Mr James Curle Robson, solicitor and bank agent in Duns, who also held various public appointments, including that of Procurator-Fiscal of the county. Mr Ferguson having completed his apprenticeship became Mr Robson’s principal assistant, and, on the latter’s death in 1878, succeeded to the business in con- junction with Mr Charles Robson of Kelso. A few months later he was appointed factor on the estate of Duns Castle, a position which he held under four successive proprietors until his retirement from business in November 1922. A few years previously he had assumed as a partner Mr C. Strachan Petrie, solicitor, Edinburgh. He married in 1879 Catherine, daughter of Alexander Brown, The Hermitage, Duns, by whom he had a daughter and two sons. For forty-five years she was his loving helpmate and constant companion, sharing largely his tastes and interests. Her death, in Edinburgh on the last day of February 1924, was a blow from which he never recovered. A few details regarding Mr Ferguson’s public life, and his work for Duns and the county in general, may not be inappro- priate at this point. In addition to practising as a solicitor and estate agent, he was for many years Deputy Procurator- Fiscal of Berwickshire, and latterly an Honorary Sheriff- Substitute for the county. He was for twelve years a member of Duns School Board, acting as chairman during half that period. A member of the old Parochial Board, he also served IN MEMORIAM 89 on the Parish Council from the date of that body’s inception. During the War he worked strenuously as Honorary Secretary to the county branch of the Red Cross, and also acted on the Berwickshire Military Tribunal. In business, as in all other relationships of life, his rectitude ‘and high sense of duty earned for him the confidence and esteem of those with whom he came in contact. Mr Ferguson was for many years an elder and Session-Clerk of the South United Free Church, Duns. It is impossible within the limits of this short notice to do more than briefly indicate a few of the many branches of learning to which Mr Ferguson specially devoted his attention. As we have already said, his taste for botany and natural history dated from his boyhood, and was carefully and systemat- ically cultivated as the years advanced. To this must be added his fondness for archeology and architecture. For years he had been in the habit of spending his annual holiday among sites and buildings of historic interest. In this way he gradually acquired a very complete knowledge of the various styles of architecture which prevailed during the Middle Ages in our own and other countries, a knowledge which was to prove of supreme value to him when he commenced his survey of the ecclesiological remains of Berwickshire. Nor were these the only occupations of his leisure. His thirst for information and his naturally artistic and poetic temperament led him to read widely and deeply. He became an enthusiastic student of art and letters, making himself familiar with the classics of our own and other literatures, and his remarkable memory enabled him to quote with great readiness long passages from his favourite authors. In reading aloud he had a very special gift. An accomplished bibliographer, he specialised in that branch of the science relating to illuminated manuscripts and early printed books, of which he possessed a fine collection. A man of admirable taste in matters esthetic, he had little patience with the extravagances of certain schools of latter-day art. “Tt seems to me,” he would say with a touch of his quiet humour, “that is how not to do things.” The devotional feeling and fine colour of the early Italians, and the master- pieces of French medixval sculpture and stained glass, had for him a strong fascination. He loved the imaginative work of 90 IN MEMORIAM such artists as William Blake, whom, it is interesting to note in passing, he discovered for himself at a time when the poet- painter was but little known. In the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club Mr Ferguson found congenial fellowship, and was one of that enthusiastic group of botanists which included the late Dr Stuart of Chirnside, and Mr Boyd of Faldonside. In his garden at The Hermitage, Duns, his love of flowers found full scope, and he gathered to- gether a large and choice collection of Alpine and other plants. A beautiful saxifrage of his own rearing bears his name (Saa7- fraga Ferguson). His rockeries at The Hermitage afforded him endless pleasure, and this he was very ready to share with any visitor who took an interest in Alpines. But it is unquestionably by his contributions to the ecclesi- ology of the Scottish Border that he will be best remembered. He made this field of local research peculiarly his own, and so far at least as his native county is concerned, he must be regarded as a pioneer. It is not too much to say that his ‘*“ Notices of Remains of Pre-Reformation Churches, etc., in Berwickshire,” contributed to the Club’s Proceedings in 1890, was not only the first work of its kind to be undertaken for the county, but is still regarded as the authoritative work on that subject. Within its pages he has reverently gathered up the mutilated but still beautiful and precious fragments of our ancient ecclesiastical art, and has classified and described them with much care and accuracy. Called to the Presidential Chair of the Club in 1896, his address at Berwick on the ecclesiastical arrange- ments prevailing in Berwickshire from the twelfth century to the Reformation supplemented his ‘ Pre-Reformation Churches.” About this time Mr Ferguson discovered the two missing orders of the cloister doorway at Dryburgh, and through his instru- mentality these were restored to the Abbey, where they now complete that fine doorway. In addition to the work just referred to, he published in our Proceedings valuable papers on the four great Border Abbeys, which if taken together form an admirable guide to these historic structures. In this connec- tion we may mention that when the British Association visited Melrose Abbey, Mr Ferguson acted as guide. By his researches among Papal documents, he was enabled to solve the long-vexed problem as to the original plan of Kelso IN MEMORIAM 91 Abbey. This important discovery he embodied in his paper delivered to the Club at Kelso in 1921. He also edited for the Club the Historical and Descriptive Account of Bunkle and Preston, by Dr Hardy and Dr Henderson. But apart altogether from the scientific value of his contributions to Border archeology, - his writings have another merit, one by no means frequently met with in work of this class—we refer to the beauty of their literary form. The reader has only to turn for example to his papers on the Border Abbeys to be fully convinced of this. His ‘“‘In Memoriam” notice of the late Dr Hardy, besides containing much interesting biographical matter, is in itself a worthy tribute to the memory of that eminent scientist from one who was his intimate and life-long friend. A Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Mr Ferguson was also a member of the Scottish History and Scottish Text Societies. It was in September 1922, amid the hallowed ruins of Dry- burgh—a spot very dear to his heart—that he addressed the Club for the last time. On that occasion he spoke of some of the literary and historical associations of the place. To-day, though he has passed from our fellowship and beyond the sphere of our activities, the worth of his example remains to quicken and encourage, and his call to earnest and concerted effort is as clamant now as when it was first uttered. ‘“‘ We have,” he wrote in 1896, “ our work laid to our hand and our duty is plain. . . . Without such humble labours as ours, neither history nor - any philosophy of history could possibly be constructed. We cannot scan too carefully or minutely for ourselves the wonderful web of human experience, or strive too earnestly to read the design, at once the prophecy and unfolding of human destiny which is woven therein ; and each of us may do his part by catch- ing up threads here and there as he may, and by seizing such stray hints and glimpses of the Divine Plan as are ever and anon revealing themselves, to anticipate and hasten on the day of complete and final and glorious disclosure.” Brief and incomplete as this notice must necessarily be, it is impossible to close without emphasising the spiritual side of a personality so singularly attractive and many-sided. Mr Ferguson endeared himself to all who knew him, not merely by the quiet charm of his manner and the richness and variety of his intellectual gifts, but most of all by the strength 92 E IN MEMORIAM and beauty of his Christian character. As a man he was deeply religious, and in seeking to serve his Divine Master, he served his fellowmen with unwearying constancy and devotion. With all his scholarship and his remarkable fund of information—a fund always at the disposal of the earnest inquirer—he was ever the humblest, the kindliest, the most unselfish of men. If he loved the beautiful in nature and in human achievement, it was because he saw there a reflex of the Divine. Thus to him the noble architecture of our ancient churches was but the outward expression of that higher and spiritual Beauty towards which he himself was ever striving. With his passing he has left in the hearts of his many friends a fragrant and abiding memory, the memory of one with whom it had been good to sojourn. List or Mr FERGUSON’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE Proceedings OF THE BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Vol. vii, p. 120, On the Kingfisher and other Birds. (1873.) 5 5, p. 284, Zoological Notes. (1874.) *, ix, p. 136, On Winter, 1878/9. (1879.) 5 x, p. 359, Effects of Gales of October 1881 and February 1882, on Plantations on Duns Castle Estate, the Property of William James Hay, Esq. (1883.) » Xiii, p. 86, Notices of Remains of Pre-Reformation Churches, etc., in Berwickshire. (1890.) », Xiv, p. 50, Report of Meeting at Duns, Nisbet, and Fogo. (1892.) as » p. 156, Notes on the Injury done by Field Voles to Young Plan- tations on Duns Castle Estate. (1892.) Re »» p- 219, Report of Duns and Langton Meeting. (1893.) » xvi, p. 1, Address to Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club at Berwick, 14th October 1896. 5 »» p- 17, Additional Notices of Remains of Early Religious Archi- tecture in Berwickshire. (1896.) Be »» p-. 107, On a Seal of Coldingham Priory belonging to Mr H. H. Craw, West Foulden. (1896.) AS » p. 108, Addendum. (1896.) - » p- 167, Report of Meeting at Johnscleugh and the Source of the Whitadder. (1897.) 55 », p- 337, Note on Plate of Duns Castle. (1898.) = »» p- 341, In Memoriam, James Hardy, LL.D. (1898.) ~ » p- 381, The late Mr James Wood, Galashiels. (1898.) a »» p- 383, The late Rev. George Wilson, Glenluce. (1898.) ,, Xvii, p. 51, Report of the Meetings, Newtown St Boswells, Ringley Hall, The Law, Makerstoun, Littledean Tower, and Maxton. (1899.) IN MEMORIAM 93 Vol. xx, p. 162, Notes on Melrose Abbey. (1907.) », Xxiil, p. 50, Old Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs of the Inhabitants of the Southern Counties of Scotland. By T. Wilkie (edited by the late Dr Hardy. Foreword by J. Ferguson). (1916.) », XXiv, p. 217, Notes on Jedburgh Abbey. (1920.) + 9: p. 292, Notes on the Priory of Abbey St Bathans. (1921.) - 4; >» p. 296, Notes on Kelso Abbey. (1921.) + 5, p. 413, Notes on Dryburgh Abbey, and some of its Associations. (1922.) »» XXv, p. 155, Additional Notes on Kelso Abbey. (1923.) Edited for the Club, Historical and Descriptive Account of Bunkle and Preston. (1900.) NOTE OF MEMBERS. On Roll at 6th October 1925 : ee Add New Members 1926 2 , ; ail ,, 1 Member re-elected. : 3 j 494 Less—By death . : : 5 » resignation . ; 12 a Ae Total on Roll . 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XXVI. Parr II. EDINBURGH _ PRINTED FOR THE CLUB ia 1928 OFFICE-BEARERS —_~o——_ Secretary M. |. HOPE (Miss), Wide Open, Morebattle, Kelso. (Tel. Morebattle 24). Editing Secretary JAS. McWHIR, M.B., Ch.B., Norham-on-Tweed, S.O. (Tel. Norham 2.) Treasurer R. H. DODDS, M.C., Avenue House, Berwick-upon Tweed. (Tel. Berwick 50 or 79.) Librarian J. B. DUNCAN, 6 Summerhill Terrace, Berwick- upon-T weed. wr See SN i ee ee et ee ee ae pee 1. Wer 55 Bee - Beige HISTORY OF THE BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXVI.—PART II. 1927. SF PAGE 1. Annual Address by Captain Futtarron Jamrs, delivered 12th October 1927 97 2. Reports of Meetings for 1927. By J. H. Craw, F.s.a.scor. :— (1) ILDERTON anp THREESTONEBURN : 26th May 111 (2) THE UPPER WHITADDER: 23rd June . 114 (3) BOTHAL, NEWMINSTER, ann MITFORD: 2ist July . 118 (4) WARKWORTH : 17th August 121 (5) HUME ann SMAILHOLM : 15th September 124 (6) BERWICK : 12th October (Plate X) 128 3. The Lepidoptera of Northumberland and the Eastern Borders. By GEORGE BoLamM : ‘ ; 135 4. Notes on the Insects of Berwickshire. II. Sawflies. By Jamus CLARK, M.A., D.SC., A.R.C.S. 228 5. On an Heraldic Panel at Roseden. By James Hewat Craw, F.S.A,SCOT. . 244 6. The Mosses and Hepatics of Berwickshire and North Northumber- land. By J. B. Duncan : . : : 246 7. The Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Oxford, in 1926. By Grorgr GREY BUTLER, M.A. 248 8. Report of Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Leeds 1927. By JoHn BisHop 256 CONTENTS. Appointment of Secretary . Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club Library . A Phase of Border History. By J. Linpsay H1mLson John Crawtord Hodgson, M.A. By Epwarp THEW Meteorological Observations in Berwickshire during 1927. By Rev. A. E. SwWINTON, M.A., F.R.MET.SCOT. . Account of Rainfall in Berwickshire during 1927. By James Hewat CRAw, F.S.A.SCOT. . Treasurer's Financial Statement for Year ending 30th September 1927 PAGE 265 265 266 271 282 283 284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB —_@4— Address delivered to the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club at Berwick, 12th October 1927. By Captain FULLARTON JAMES. Last October you were kind enough to approve of my nomination to be your President, and I thank you sincerely for the honour. I hope you have enjoyed the experience as much as I have. I must add my very grateful thanks to those of pre- ceding Presidents, to our Secretary, Mr Craw, for all the help and advice he has given, and for making my duties so light. I think we are unusually fortunate in our office-bearers. Other Presidents have very fully explained how wide is the scope of the Club’s activities and interests, and I therefore make no apology for selecting as the subject of my address SOME NOTES ON JUSTICE ON THE BORDER, WITH SOME REFERENCE TO ITS EXEMPLIFICATION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. Unfortunately, it is a large subject, and I can therefore only touch upon its fringe. VOL. XXVI, PART II. 7 98 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS Justice is defined by Webster as “‘the maintenance or administration of that which is just; the rendering to every one his due or right; just treatment; requital of desert; also merited reward or punishment; that which is due to one’s conduct or motives. Justice when personified is usually represented as a goddess (the Roman Justitia) holding a sword or scales, often both. Her eyes are sometimes blindfolded or closed in token of impartiality. ‘This even-handed Justice,’ as Shakespeare said. Administration of law; the estab- lishment or determination of rights according to the rules of law or equity.” The late Mr Godley, in his Reliquice, published this year, says, however: “The unsuccessful litigant at Irish Petty Sessions was heard to complain that he had had enough of law yesterday, but he wants justice to-day.” Again—*‘ Justice in Ireland, quite frankly, is getteng what you want.” We shall see if this is a fair description of justice on the Borders. And here may I explain that, though my illustrations are necessarily mostly taken from the English side of the Border, we all know that it has a Scots side as well. In illustration, may I mention the fate of Robert Loraine, to whose memory a stone was set up at Kirkharle in Northumberland in 1728 to record his murder in 1483, bearing the following inscription: ‘““In memory of Robert Loraine, ancestor of Sir William Loraine bart., who was barbarously murdered in this place by the Scots in 1483 for his good service to his country against their thefts and robbery, as he was returning home from the church alone where he had been at his private devotions.” ‘“* His body was cut into small pieces to fulfil their menace of cutting him into pieces small as flesh for the pot. He, together with Fenwick of Walling- ton, Swinburn of Capheaton, Middleton of Belsay, and Shaftoe of Bavington, and other landed proprietors, banded themselves together against the aggressive Scot. Loraine became so zealous and successful that in course of time he gained a reputation akin to that of Scott of Branxholme, who - earned for himself the title of the ‘Scourge of God.’ ’’—(J. J. Vernon, Hawick Arch. Soc.) ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS uo Now, it is certain that Scots families can refer to the story of ancestors as “‘barbarously murdered” by the English for similar activities. Indeed the “ Ettrick Shepherd”’ says so in his “Raid of the Kers ”’: ** And never let’s spare a Southron’s life, For the Kers with them are lawfu’ game.” The Borders anciently were districts where hard knocks were to be got and given, and where the administration of law was a variable quantity, largely depending upon the “length of the Warden’s foot.” This applied as well to the Borders of Scotland and England and to those of Wales and England as to those of some county divisions. You will remember the story, in one of Crockett’s novels, of the Black Douglas: ‘In the old days of the Black Douglas, when he had the power of life and death (and frequently exercised it), he had once an unfortunate before him who was charged with (1) being on the king’s highway without due cause; (2) that he wandered in his discourse; (3) that he came from Carrick (in Ayrshire and next to Douglas’s command). The third count being proved, he was hanged forthwith.”’ It is only possible, very rapidly and sketchily, to refer to the scheme for the administration of law on the ‘Borders. This involved the appointment by the Kings of England and Scotland, from about the year 1300, of Wardens of the Three Marches (West, Middle, and East). Each Warden had his “deputy” and “keeper” or “captain” to help him, also various other officers, e.g. “land sergeants,’ “‘setters and searchers of the watches by the fords,” and “constables” to carry out the details of what was, from about 1551, a very efficient administration. This is all set out in precise and very delightful fashion by our member Mr Howard Pease in his book, The Lord Wardens of the Marches. Here we can see maps giving the boundaries of the countries on both sides of the Border, and also of the ‘‘ Debateable 100 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS Land” under this administration. I should like to express my obligation to Mr Pease for help from this source, and for his personal advice. In Bishop Nicholson’s Leges Marchiarum the arrange- ments for the watches are set out in great detail. In the Appendix are lists of those persons—inhabitants of each township—who constituted the “‘watch” of each post, in 1553, from the first night of October in each year till the sixteenth day of March following. It is interesting to know that a very similar plan is still pursued in Northumberland, and lists printed of the guard, but the posts chosen are now generally on the bridge over the river and not at the fords. There was also a plan to dam and stop the fords, where for certain reasons the inhabitants could not hold them. In those days there were few, if any, roads, and the ‘“‘passeges”’ across the Border were very numerous. In the Calendar of the Border Papers, 1597, are set out the ““passeges and byeways for the theefe,”’ for the Middle Marche alone, all along the Border of Scotland, num- bering forty-four. The watchers must have had a busy time.* We will now look at some of the many contemporary illustrations of our subject; these are largely taken from reports on various charter chests, etc., and are contained in the volumes of the Historical MSS. Commission.} Thus we read that ‘“‘ Henry Earl of Northumberland—then Lord Warden General—granted an annuity of 5 marks during life to Edward Charlton, in consideration of his capturing Archibald Dod, late of Tindale, an outlaw and a rebel against the King ; and for that he shall so continue his diligence for taking of outlaws, rebels, thieves, and felons, and following of tracks of true men’s cattle and goods which are stolen from time to time by thieves ”’ (1527). 6 * One well-known “ passege ” in Northumberland was called Busy Gap, near Sewingshiels, and the expression a “ busy gap rogue”’ was a common term of opprobrium. + The Border Papers are a mine of wealth on this subject, but I have purposely taken less well-known instances. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 101 Then the 1540 Scots ordinance, which contains “‘ regulations for the peace and good rule of the Borders,”’ deals “only with offences committed in Scotland. There is at this stage no reference to any crimes committed by the Borderers on English ground. Strong measures as in the case of the Armstrongs and others were only taken when they made themselves too obnoxious to their own countrymen. As regards England, they were looked upon in the light of a troublesome but useful means of retaliation -on that country, and their offences there condoned.”’ * Also after 1551 the Clan Johnstone bind themselves to act “‘as a local Police and to seize any offender, to deliver him to the Laird for punishment, and all to obey their Wardens.”’ Vol. IV., Reprints of Rare Tracts and Imprints of Antient Manuscripts. Printed by M. A. Richardson, 1849. Only 100 Copies printed. ‘‘The English Border in the Days of Henry the Eighth.” Informations given by Sir Robert Bowes, Kt., unto Henry, Marquiss Dorset, K.G., Lord Warden General of all the three Marches of England for enempst Scotland, etc. From a contemporaneous draught of the original in the manuscript library of Sir Cuthbert Sharp, collated with that in the British Museum. “NORTHUMBERLAND.—The whole Countrie of Northumbland is muche geven to riottes, speciallie the yonge gentlemen or headesmen, and divers of them also to thefts and other greater offences, wch as they may be knowen would be iustlie corrected, for example of other, for the whole countrie is muche given to wildness, albeit the copleyners (complainers) for the most pte will alledge more in the complaint then truthe, and seake muche to have ~eredence wthout hearing of the aunswere of thother ptie, wch is verie daungerous in the administracon of Justice emonge them, for either ptie dee muche covett to be hard alone, and when his adusarie is absent, will give many euill informacons of him, often tymes more then truthe, and be verie lothe to come face to face wth ther adversaries, And in absence of the ptie adverse they will be full of euill reportes, wch they covett to round or speake vnder silence rather than openlie, But yt ys pillous (it is perilous) to give credence therevnto, vntill the other ptie be hard, to aunswere for him selffe. ADVERTISEMENT. In the Tract entitled “‘The State of the Borders in the Days of Henry VIII” we had an exhibition of the laws and regulations adopted to curb and manage * About this time (1540) “the Informations” given by Sir Rober Bowes, Knt. to the Lord Warden-General [Henry, Marquis Dorset, K.G.] 0 all the three marches of England, and headed “ The English Border in the Days of Henry the Eighth,” was written. 102 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS the turbulent spirits of the period, and perhaps were thereby enabled to form some idea of the great reason there existed for the making of such stringent rules. For all this we may perhaps find a very good reason—the inhabitants of Northumberland then and now, exhibited and exhibit, the characteristics of their remote and peculiar descent—the antient Danes early colonized the county and their posterity to this day know and venerate their origin. We should be guilty of a great injustice, however, were we to confound these antient rievings and forrays with the idea of a common felony—they were undertaken by whole bodies of the inhabitants and were rather a series of retaliatory inroads originated by national animosities, fomented by personal loss, revenged with the utmost determination, and looked upon by both parties as a positive and public duty, rather than that they were incited by the mere desire of rapine and plunder. An inspection of the document we now print will shew that these inroads, or the most of them, whether under- taken by Scots or English, were in fact nothing more or less than miniature wars, or in other words, a perpetual running accompaniment (if we may be permitted on such a subject to use musical phrases) to the grand crashes every now and then perpetrated by armaments led by Kings, instead of clans led by chiefs—their object being the same—the resentment of injuries real or imaginary. We have, therefore, in our own mind, entirely relieved our ancestry from the imputation of a merely thievish disposition, and to rejoice that while an ever-to-be-blessed change has come over the manners of their descendants, it has not diminished one whit their wonted independence, openness of heart, high artistic and imaginative intellect, and unbounded hospitality. A List of Border Raids in April to August 1587 (Hist. MSS. Comm. 1914, Laing MSS.): “‘Tncursions and day Forraies done within the Middle Marches since the laste of Aprill 1587 by the opposite realme, in hostiall and warlick maner and cheefly within the Cookdale and Ridsdale Warde, without either redresse or requitall, so that a great parte of the said frontiers at this instant are laid waste more then in the time of open warre to the great decay of service and dishonour to the realme.”’ There follows thirty-seven notes fairly full of what the loss sustained by the Northumbrian was, and any, and what personal damage done. For geographical and other reasons the centre of these ‘““ineursiounnis”’” was Whittingham, which is some ten miles west of Alnwick. But they extended as far south as within two miles of Morpeth, when the men of ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 103 ? West Tevedale took four horses ‘‘in the daie time”’ and “cutt of 2 fingers from one of the poore men in charge 6 of them.’ Then Alnwick itself was visited, when ‘‘on 8 July 4 of East Tevedale took 4 horse from out of Almwick park within half a mile of Sir John Fosters (the Warden of the Middle Marches) house.”’ One place, Wooperton, six miles south-east of Wooler, was unfortunate enough to be visited three times in five weeks by “‘ Hast Tevedale, and horses, oxen, cows, sheep, were lifted and 6 men hurt in danger of his life in pursute ot it.”? Then, in 1595, we have the very interesting report by Lord Eure, at that time Lord Warden of the Middle Marches (Hist. MSS. Comm., Third Report): “1595-6, Jan. 29. Hexham. Ralph Lord Eure (1595, Lord Warden of the Middle Marches, and successor to Sir John Forster in that office) to Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland.—At my first entry on Tuesday before New Year’s Day, the Burnes, Younges, and Mowes, with 27 mounted Scots, came to your town of Rugley near Alnwick (3 miles south-west of Alnwick Castle) and despoiled your tenants of 40 cattle and 4 horses. They continued in the town 2 hours, and although the ‘fray came’ to Alnwick town and the Comon bell was rung, yet none rose to the aid of the poor tenants, though 30 horses were that night in the stable of Sir John Forster, as Mr Fenwick, your Lordship’s constable saith, besides 2 hands of foot from Berwick in the town. “Another of your tenants was saved from death and spoil by the Burnes, - whereupon the Younges quarrelled with the rest, yet in all that space no aid came. “The Saturday after New Year’s Day the Younges, not satisfied with their former feat, came again with 25 horse, and spoiled the whole town, save one Salkeld, a relative of Sir John Forster ; but though the country rose, the track could not be found this time, and so the cattle went their way. ‘““T beseech you acquaint the Lords herewith, and let it not be kept from the Queen, for if your Lordship seek not according to Her Majesty’s laws to get remedy, the country wil not rise, neither for your Lordship’s tenants nor for the Queen’s. Your Lordship may easily judge the cause of your tenants spoil, and I assure you Mr Fenwick tells me that among all your tenants he cannot show 12 able horses, so pitiful is their estate, and stand in need of your present help. “Lamenting the general misery Northumberland is fallen into, and is like to continue without Her Majesty’s aid and assistance.” This report, perhaps in more detail than any other, 104 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS gives the salient points of the administration of the prearranged plan of mutual defence.* For some time after the Union matters did not show any great improvement, and so we find in 1605 a resolu- tion of the Royal Commission for the settlement of the Borders, for the banishment—to serve in the garrisons of Flushing and Brill—of 150 of the Grahams from the ‘““Debateable land.’’ This banishment was not very effective, as by November only fourteen of that clan remained in Flushing, the rest having returned home (Hist. MSS. Comm., Lord Muncaster’s MSS. Report): “February 14, 1605. Whitehall. The Council to the Commissioners appointed for the government of the late borders. Instructions as to the execution of the commission.—Those malefactors of the surname of Graham who have been received to their submission are not to be meddled with for any offences committed before their submissions. Persons under bail to appear at the gaol delivery are to be left for trial there. All persons living within the bounds of the commission, or in certain other specified districts are to be forbidden the use of all manner of armour and weapons, and of horses ‘ savinge meane naggs for their tillage,’ excepting noble men and gentlemen and their household servants. The evidence of a Scotsman against an Englishman, and of an Englishman against a Scotsman is to be received. “f.3. N.D. The King to the Commissioners. Instructions as to the execution of the commission.—One of the English side is to be commander of the rest for the first three months, and then one of the Scottish side for three months, and so afterwards alternately. All deadly feuds are to be suppressed. Fugitives from one country to the other are to be delivered to the ordinary officer on demand. All idle vagabonds are to be expelled from the bounds of the commission. Allin whom there can be expected no hope of amendment may be removed to some other place, ‘where the change of aire will make in them an exchange of their manners.’ “f. 13. April 7, 1605. Carlisle. Sir W. Lawson to Viscount Cranborne.— Having heard that the prisoners condemned when the Earl of Cumberland was his Majesty’s Lieutenant here had broken the prison on Wednesday last at night, I have repaired to Carlisle, where I find that twenty-nine out of thirty-three have escaped. Enclosed is a list of their names. Hight are Scots, who have gone to Scotland; the rest are Englishmen, of whom nine or ten should have been met yesterday between Penrith and Appleby, travelling southwards. ‘** June 2, 1605. Berwick. * About this time (1603) we find the curious list of the “ names of those that standis in feade with otheris’ and is somewhat ominous for the peace of the country.—(MSS. of the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres at Dunecht.) ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS 105 “f. 15. Same day and place. The Commissioners to the Council.—We have taken order that Sir Henry Leigh and Sir William Cranston, with the horsemen in his Majesty’s pay under their charge, shall go to the west parts to search for the condemned prisoners who have escaped from Carlisle, and, if they have taken the woods, to demolish their houses and expel their families, and to apprehend their ‘ aiders and comforters.’ Forty horsemen have been enrolled for this service. “June 27, 1605. Edinburgh. Sir William Cranston to the English Commissioners.—I have burned all the houses on the Scottish side, at Staykhue. ** April 21, 1605. Carlisle. Sir W. Lawson to the Earl of Northumber- land.—On Monday last all the Commissioners, save Sir W. Selby and Sir Gideon Murray, rode from Carlisle to Dumfries, where upon the next day one Alexander Armstrong was tried and executed for the death of Sir John Carmichael, his Majesty’s late Warden. I cannot but commend the Scottish Commissioners for their care for his Majesty’s service. If a convenient number of men from both sides of the border, inured from their youth upwards to blood and theft, were picked out or otherwise sent away, the rest would be the sooner reclaimed. “January 25, 1606. Newcastle. The English Commissioners to the Council.—Five persons were executed at Carlisle, of whom two were Scots, and seventeen at Newcastle, of whom four were Scots. Few of the Grahams who returned from Flushing and Brill have been apprehended. They expect a general pardon at the end of this Parliament, and in the meanwhile shift from place to place. If the Grahams were not, the country would soon be freed from theft. We desire that Sir W. Lawson may be allowed to stay with us. “March 20, 1606. Hexham. The English Commissioners to the Earl of Salisbury.—Many of the Grahams returned from the cautionary towns, some fugitives of that name, and divers of those who broke out of Carlisle Castle, remained dispersed in Esk and in the adjoining countries of Scotland, with desire rather to hide themselves than to do much hurt. When Sir HH. Leigh and Sir W. Cranston, with thirty soldiers, came to garrison in Esk, they withdrew themselves among the Carlisles, the Johnstones, and other families related to them. After Sir W. Cranston’s retirement to his own house, many of them returned. Some thirteen have been apprehended, and the rest have been forced to leave Esk. The people of Cumberland abhor and fear the name of Graham. We have required Sir W. Cranston to return to his place of garrison, and given the like order to Mr Leigh in the place of his father. The state of Cumberland and Northumberland has grown better since the issue of the Commission. There is no stealing save of trifles, and this is as rare as in other shires in England. We have advised the Earl of Cumberland that his grounds should not be farmed to the wives and friends of the Grahams. We have committed to Carlisle Castle divers of the Grahams who have neither been offenders of late years, nor returned from the cautionary town. Their restraint will not a little bridle their friends who are out. We desire that felonies committed in the middle shires should be exempted from pardon by a special proviso. We enclose several lists.” 106 ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS Before the death of James I. this continued lawless- ness was taken in hand and the order had gone out for the demolition of the peel towers, and very many were razed to the ground. By 1636 a new spirit gradually emerged, and matters seem to have got into legal form, as “‘the Articles agreed upon by the Lordis Commisioneris of the Middle Shyreis of Greit Britane for the better pacificatione of the Borderis” show. Some of the provisions are: “‘ That no borderer under the degree of landit men shall go to Ireland without a licence. “No alehouse keeper shall have any mutton, beef, or lamb in the house without the distinctive marks of the same being shown to two or more of their honest neighbours, who shall bear witness that the flesh is lawfully becomit. “The wives or children of borderers executed for crime shall be removed from their dwellings by the landlords and not suffered to abide within the bounds of Commission ; a list of persons outlawed is given. Dumfries. TOct. 1636. ” A roll of the names of “‘sume Hielandmen quhaar notabill theiffis and limbaris.”