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BRITISH ZOOPHYTES.
VOL. II.
HISTORY
OF THE
BRITISH ZOOPHYTES.
BY
GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.D., LL.D.,
FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF EDINBURGH.
IN TWO VOLUMES.— VOL. II.
SECOND EDITION.
LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.
M.DCCC.XLVII.
)^7
PLATE I.
FIG.
1. Clava multicornis, p. SO, of the natural size.
2. Clava multicornis, magnified.
3. An outline of the upper part or head of the Clava mul-
ticornis, to show the oral aperture. From a drawing by Professor Edward Forbes.
4. Hydractinia echinata, p. 34, of the natural size.
5. Hydractinia echinata, magnified. — This, and the pre-
ceding figure, are from Professor Forbes1 drawings.
6. Synhydra parasites, Quatrefages, p. 33. — Copied from
Quatrefages1 figure in the Ann. des Sciences Nat. n. s. xx, pi. viii, fig. 1.
PLATE J.
CJ. ad nat del'
John Van Voorst, Fattrrws
PLATE II.
Coryne pusilla, p. 39, of the natural size, and magnified. The figures are taken from individuals in active life.
*m* The Figures of the Plates are all drawn from nature by Mrs. Johnston, except
when the contrary is stated.
PI ATE II.
C J ad not cUl1
■Johru Van Voorst, Paternoster Row.
PLATE III.
Fig.
1. Tubularia indivisa, p. 48, of the natural size.
2. A head of the Tubularia indivisa, somewhat magnified.
3. Tubularia larynx, p. 50. From a dried specimen re-
vived by immersion in water.
John Van Toots: -Row.
C. Johns'
PLATE IV.
PIG.
1. Coryne pusilla, p. 41, of the natural size.
2. A portion of the same magnified.
3. Tubularia gracilis, p. 52, of the natural size.
4. Tubularia gracilis, magnified.
5. Three of the reproductive bulbules of Tubularia gracilis,
separated and magnified.
PLATE IV.
■
John Van Voorst, Paxernwster Enw .
PLATE V.
FIG.
1. Eudexdrium rameum, p. 45, of the natural size. From
a living specimen.
2. A small portion of the Eudendrium rameum magnified,
shewing the Polypes.
3. Tubularia larynx, Var. ft. p. 50, of the natural size.
From a dead specimen found in Berwick Bay.
4. Tubularia larynx, Var. ft. a small portion of the pre-
ceding specimen magnified.
FLATK V.
i shed. ~by John Van Vcorjt, Faternc.it cr Few .
PLATE VI.
FIG.
1. Eudendrium ramosum, p. 46, of the natural size. From
a dried specimen.
2. A portion of the Eudendrium ramosum magnified.
S. The Polype of Eudendrium ramosum ; copied from Ellis' Corallines, pi. xvii. fig. a.
4. Coryne pusilla, var. muscoides, p. 42, of the natural size.
From a specimen in spirits, presented hy Mrs. Griffiths.
5. A portion of the preceding specimen magnified.
6. Coryne pusilla, var. muscoides, p. 42, of the natural size.
From a specimen given to me by Wm. Thompson, Esq.
7. A portion of the preceding magnified.
PLATE VI
■ ■
Aib'i
PLATE VII.
FIG.
1. Tubulakia Dumortierii, p. 50, of the natural size.
2. A portion of the same magnified. — This and the preceding
figure are copied from Van Benedens Recherches sur Fembryog&iie des Tubulaires, pi. ii. fig. 1, 2.
3. Corymorpha nutans, p. 54, of the natural size.
4. Corymorpha nutans in a different position.
5. A magnified view of the head of Corymorpha nutans,
shewing the arrangement of the tentacula, the form of the ovaries, and the internal structure of the stomach.
6. The portion of the deciduous tube which remains in the
adult Corymorpha.
%* For the whole of the Figures of Corymorpha nutans I am indebted to Professor
Edward Forbes.
PLATE VII.
fvilis-hed oy John Van Voorst, Paternoster Row.
PLATE VIII.
FIG.
1. Halkcium halecinum, p. 58, of the natural size.
2. A small and more delicate variety of the Halecium hale-
cinum.
3. A piece of the stalk magnified, to show its compound
nature.
4. A portion of a branch magnified, to show the polype-
cells and ovarian vesicles.
'
PLATE IX.
FIG.
1. Halecium Beanii, p. 59, of the natural size.
2. A portion of the same magnified.
3. Halecium muricatum, p. 60, of the natural size. The
figure is taken from a specimen presented by Mr. Bean.
4. A portion of the same magnified.
fl.1f£ IX
1 \
„ -V ,JY V*
^^W If
■
Published 2y JoTiri Van Vccrst Patzrrwxter Rdy/ .
PLATE X.
FIG.
1. Sertularia polyzonias, var. a, p. 61, of the natural size.
2. Sertularia polyzonias, var. |3, p. 61, of the natural size.
3. A portion of Sertularia polyzonias magnified.
4. Sertularia rugosa, p. 63, of the natural size.
5. Sertularia rugosa, considerably magnified, but without
vesicles.
6. A portion of the creeping variety of Sertularia rugosa
magnified, shewing both the cells and vesicles.
I . ■£ X
I by John Van Voorst, Fa:,
PLATE XI.
FIG.
1. Sertularia rosacea, p. 64, of the natural size, from a
beautiful, and unusually large, specimen in the col- lection of Dr. Coldstream of Leith.
2. A portion of Sertularia fallax, p. 73, magnified.
3. Sertularia pumila, p. 66, of the natural size.
4. A portion of the same magnified.
5. Sertularia fallax, p. 73, of the natural size.
6. A portion of the same magnified.
PLATE XI
CJohisi
Published, hi John Va
PLATE XII,
FIG.
1 . Sertularia nigra, p. 68, of the natural size. From a
specimen from Mr. R. Q. Couch.
2. A portion of the same magnified.
3. Sertularia pinnata, p. 69, of the natural size. From a
specimen given me hy Mrs. Griffiths.
4. A portion of the same magnified.
Tl, i
PuHislwL ~by John, Van Voorst, FaxernasterJLow.
PLATE XIII.
FIG.
1. Sertularia abietina, p. 75, of the natural size. — 1* A
portion of the same magnified.
2. Sertularia tamarisca, p. 74, of the natural size, from a
specimen presented by Mr. Bean.
3. A portion of the preceding specimen magnified.
4. The Vesicle of Sertularia tamarisca, copied from Ellis1
Corallines, pi. i. No. 1, A.
FLAT. Ml /
-Pm*' - t . Voorst, J,
PLATE XIV.
FIG.
1. Sertularia filicula, p. 76, of the natural size 1* A
portion of the same magnified. — 1* A cell and ovarian Vesicle, copied from Ellis' Zoophytes, tab. 6, fig. C.
2. Sertularia operculata, p. 77, of the natui-al size. — 2* A
piece of the same magnified. *>. A young and somewhat abnormous specimen of Sertula- ria argentea, p. 80. — 3* A portion of the same mag- nified.
PLATE XV.
FIG.
1. Sertularia argentea, p. 79, of the natural size.
2. Specimens of Sertularia argentea in their young or
simply pinnated condition, o Portions of Sertularia argentea magnified. — Obs. The portions belong to two specimens, selected to show the variation in the figure of the polype-cells.
PLAT.
PubHshecl fa/ Jc7in> VccruVborst, Paternoster Hx>
" dtl*
PLATE XVI.
FIG.
1. Sertularia cupressina, p. 80, of the natural size. The
specimen was given to me hy J. V. Thompson, Esq., the distinguished author of the "Zoological Researches.'1''
2, A portion of the specimen magnified.
■
.JwLTjy John -^Fatenwster Itow.
■
PLATE XVII.
FIG.
1. Thuiakia thuia, p. 83. Of the natural size.
2. A portion of the same magnified.
riATE JVU
■ m de$
:Jied ~by John Va?i Voorst Tate?-nostrr
PLATE XVIII.
FIG.
1. Thuiaria thuia, p. 84, in its young or pinnated condition.
2. The same magnified, shewing the Polypes alive.
3. Thuiaria articulata, p. 84. Of the natural size. For
the specimen I am indebted to W. Bean, Esq.
4. A portion of the preceding specimen magnified, shewing
the cells and vesicles.
/ , I / 1
'
PLATE XIX.
FIG.
1. Antennularia antennina, p. 86. Of the natural size.
2. Antennularia ramosa, p. 88. A fragment of a specimen
procured in Berwick Bay.
3. A portion of the Antennularia antennina magnified.
!
PLATE XX.
FIG.
1. Antennularia ramosa, p. 88. Of the natural size.
From a specimen selected from several others sent to me by Mrs. Griffiths.
2. A portion of the preceding specimen magnified.
.
8 tf
•
PLATE XXI.
FIG.
1. Plumularia falcata, p. 90, of the natural size.
2. A portion of the same magnified.
3. The ovarian vesicle and four of the polype-cells of Plu-
mularia falcata magnified.
4. Plumularia pinnata, p. 95, of the natural size.
5. A portion of the same magnified. The ovarian vesicles
have discharged their contents.
6. The vesicles of Plumularia pinnata, previous to the dis-
charge of their ova.
{•LATE XXI
CJohnst
, listed, ~b •st.FaxzrrwsterJiow.
FIG.
PLATE XXII.
1. Plumularia pennatula, p. 94, of the natural size. From
specimens presented to me by John Edward Gray, Esq.
2. A portion of the same magnified.
3. Plumularia setacea, p. 97, of the natural size.
4. Tall specimens of the same species, given to me by W.
Thompson, Esq.
5. A portion of Fig. 3, magnified, exhibiting the polype-
cells and vesicles.
PLATE XXII
.
'
PLATE XXIII.
FIG.
1. Plumularia cristata, p. 92, of the natural size.
2. A piece of the same magnified.
3. An ovarian vesicle of the same species magnified.
4. Plumularia myriophyllum, p. 99, from a Devonshire
specimen given to me by Dr. John Coldstream.
5. A portion of the same magnified.
/'/..///. .1.17//
.
PLATE XXIV.
FIG.
1. Plumularia cristata, p. 94, of the natural size, but re-
presenting a specimen of peculiar habit.
2. Plumularia frutescens, p. 100, of the natural size.
The specimen, which is a small one, was given to me by Mr. Bean.
3. A portion of the same magnified.
/■/..'. u: XXJT.
PiLbUshaL oy John VanVoorst, Faxznwstei
PLATE XXV.
FIG.
1. Laomedea geniculata, p. 103, of the natural size.
2. The same magnified.
3. Laomedea gelatinosa, p. 104, of the natural size.
4. The same magnified, shewing the Polypes alive.
# * u
*
I have been so unfortunate as never to obtain Laomedea gelatinosa with an even rim, though I have them from four fathoms Southwold, thirty-five fathoms off the Tees, thirty-five fathoms Copinstra, and four fathoms Kirkwall Bay, Orkneys. The cells of Campanularia volubilis, as drawn by Van Beneden, are exact representations of the crenatures. Before seeing his Memoir I had sketched the outline of these cells, which might now be taken for copies of his figures." — F. W. L. Thomas, Lieut. R.N. in Letter of 25 April, 1846.
It would appear, therefore, that two species are confounded under the name of Laomedea gelatinosa ; and, when their characters are defined, the name ought to be restricted to that with crenated cells. See page 106.
■ ■
Ltiars sc.
PLATE XXVI.
FIG.
1. Laomedea dichotoma, p. 102, of the natural size.
2. A portion of the same magnified.
3. Campanularia verticillata, p. 112, of the natural size.
From a specimen furnished by Wm. Bean, Esq.
4. A portion of the same magnified.
' A.WV.
■ •
PLATE XXVII.
FIG.
1 . Laomedea gelatinosa, p. 105, of the natural size. From a specimen in the collection of Dr. Coldstream of Leith.
2. Oampanularia dumosa, p. 1 ] 3. A common variety
creeping up the stem and branches of the Plumularia falcata.
3. A portion of the same magnified.
4. Campanulakia dumosa, p. 113, of the natural size.
5. A small portion of the same magnified.
Tub/. . .; '/i
PLATE XXVIII.
FIG.
1, 1. Laomedea obliqua, p. 106, of the natural size and
magnified. From specimens for which I am indebted to W. W. Saunders, Esq.
2, 2. Campanularia Integra, p. 109, of the natural size and
magnified.
3, Campanularia lacerata, p. 111. A portion of a speci-
men magnified.
! 17//
PLATE XXIX.
FIG.
1. Hydra attenuata, p. 123, of the natural size.
2. Hydra vulgaris, p. 122, of the natural size, and mag-
nified.
/'/. / r, ' • , \
P \
^_
TmbUshed, by John/ Van, Voorst FaternosterRow
PLATE XXX.
FIG.
1, 2, 3. Virgularia mirabilis, p. 161, of the natural size, from specimens sent to me by Dr. John Coldstream.
4. One of the polypiferous lobes magnified.
5. The polypiferous lobes of the living Virgularia.
6. A portion of the Virgularia mirabilis as seen when alive.
This and the preceding figure are copied from tab. xi. of the Zoologia Danica.
7- The polypes of Virgularia mirabilis, p. 163, from a drawing given to me by Mr. R. Patterson of Belfast.
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'V;
8
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I
1
1
I
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r .^'/t?,.
Fubhshu; r^osterRow
PLATE XXXI.
Pavonaria quadrangularis, p. 164.
FIG.
1 . A view of the entire animal considerably reduced.
2, 3, 4. Portions of the animal of the natural size.
5. A magnified view of a separate polype when in a state of
full expansion, see p. 165.
6. A side-view of the same, magnified to the same degree.
7. A portion of a tentaculnm. much magnified, to show the
structure.
^ '%* These figures are from the drawings of Professor Edward Forbes.
PLATE XXXI
II
iv%^2 £>' J2>A«. Kz/z- Voorst.Patemoster
PLATE XXXII
FIG.
1. Gorgonia verrucosa, p. 166, reduced one half.
2. Ctorgonia placomus, p. 168. Copied from Ellis" Coral-
lines, plate xxvii no. 1 .
3. Gorgonia anceps, p. 169. Copied from Ellis' Corallines,
plate xxvii. no. 2.
//.///: x.tnr
i ~cuv yborsUPaternosterHow-
PLATE XXXIII.
FIG.
1. Gorgonia pinnata, p. 168, of the natural size. Professor
Edw. Forbes gave me the specimen.
2. A portion of the same, with the Polypes extruded, mag-
nified.
3. A single Tentaculum of the Polype highly magnified, to
show the structure. — This figure, and the preceding one, are from the drawings of Professor Edw. Forbes.
4. Sarcodictyon catenata, p, 179, of the natural size.
5. Two of its Polypes; one contracted, and one in a state
of expansion.
6. A calcareous Spiculum of the Sarcodictyon.
7. A Tentaculum, highly magnified. — These figures of Sar-
codictyon are engraved from drawings made from the living animal by Professor E. Forbes.
8. Tubulipora truncata, p. 271, of the natural size. From
specimens of Professor E. Forbes.
9. The same magnified.
10. The apertures of the cells more highly magnified.
/•/.///; .uxm
10
TUblt
PLATE XXXIV.
Alyconium digitatum, p. 174. The figure is taken from a specimen (less divided or tabulated than usual) in active life, with the Polypes all extruded. It is very exact to nature.
FLA TE SJLUV
'en, del1
J'ublisheJ i
L tzars
PLATE XXXIV *
Alcyonium digitatum. See pages 145 — 147.
FIG.
1. The Polype as it appears when fully extruded and
viewed through a magnifier.
2. The Polype when about to develop itself, and about one-
third protruded.
3. A view of the oral disk after the animal has been killed
by immersion in fresh water, and the piece placed between two plates of glass.
4. A view of the upper part of the body compressed be-
tween plates of glass.
5. A view of a transverse section of the Polype-mass, highly
magnified, shewing the longitudinal canals cut across, and the ova in them.
6. A cell still more highly magnified to shew the develop-
ment of the ova.
7. The spicula.
7/ XXXTP*
Published by John Van Voorst, Paternoster Raw.
PLATE XXXV.
FIG.
1, 2. Turbinolia milletiana, p. 196, of the natural size.
3. Turbinolia milletiana, no. 2, magnified.
4. The coral of Caryophyllia Smithii, p. 198, of the natural
size. From a specimen dredged in Oban Bay, and given to me by Mr. Jos. Alder.
5. A magnified view of the animal of Caryophyllia Smithii.
6. The mouth more highly magnified. This, and the pre-
ceding figure are from drawings, of my friend Mr. Alder.
7. Caryophyllia Smithii, dredged in 80 fathoms, off" Foula.
From a drawing of Professor Edw. Forbes, who also furnished the following : viz.
8. A tentaculum of Caryophyllia Smithii.
9. Zoanthus Couchii, p. 202. Copied from Couch's Cornish
Fauna, pi. 1 5, fig. 3.
10. CoRYNACTIS VIRIDIS, p. 205.
11. A magnified view of the oral disk. These figures of the Corynactis are engraved from the drawings of Mr. Peach.
*** Mr. Mac Andrew and Professor Forbes have recently again dredged up the Turbinolia milletiana off the Cornish coast. " It lives stuck in sand at a depth of from 20 to 25 fathoms. We have taken many dead specimens, but only one alive. That, however, is in fine condition. The tentacula are in two rows, of about 24 in each circle, and have globular tips. The mouth is placed across the narrow diameter. Colours very pale." E. Forbes.
PLATE XXXV.
""^^jSzA Ooxk
(/,
Published; by John. Yon Voorst.Paternoster Row .
PLATE XXXVI.
FIG.
1, 2. Actinia mesembryanthemum, p. 210, of the natural size.
3. Actinia mesembryanthemum, natural size. A portrait
of the finest specimen that Mr. Cocks has ever met with.
4, 5, 6. Actinia chiococca, p. 214, of the natural size, and
in different states of contraction.
*V' The figures in this Plate are engraved from drawings sent me by
W. P. Cocks, Esq.
j-i..iri: xxxs l
'iwsterRow
PLATE XXXVII.
FIG.
1 — 3. Actinia chrysosplenium, p. 214. — 1, represents the animal expanded : 2, when contracted : and 3, is a separate tentacnlum. The drawings were taken by W. P. Cocks, from specimens captured March 12, 1846.
4. Actinia alba, p. 21 7, of the natural size.
5. The same in a state of expansion, magnified.
6. The same in a state of contraction.
7. A separate tentaculum. — The drawings of this species
were also furnished by W. P. Cocks, Esq.
8. 9. Actinia anguicoma, p. 218, of the natural size. From
the drawings of Mr. J. Price. *
10, 11, 12. Actinia chrysanthellum, p. 220, of the natural size.
13, 14. The same magnified, showing the tentacula marked with alternate brown and white bands ; and in fig. 14, are shown the light-coloured tubercles on the under part of the tentacula.
15. A portion of the skin highly magnified to show the stripes on the body. For these drawings of Actinia chrvsanthellum I am indebted to Mr. C. W. Peach.
PLATE XXXVIII.
FIG.
1. Actinia biserialis, p. 221, of the natural size.
2 — 4. Actinia vermicularis, p. 222, of the natural size, and
in different positions. 5. A diagram to show the mouth and arrangement of the
tentacula in Act. vermicularis. 6 — 8. Actinia gemmacea, p. 223, of the natural size, and in
different positions. 9. A separate tentaculum of Actinia gemmacea a little magnified.
* * #
* For the drawings of Actinia biserialis and A. vermicularis I am indebted to Professor Edward Forbes ; and for those of Actinia gemmacea to W. P. Cocks, Esq.
PLjITE
Tublished tySohn.Van.Vborst.Pat-e/riosterlUm'.
PLATE XXXIX.
FIG.
1, 2. Actinia coriacea, p. 224, of the natural size, when
closed and when expanded. 3. Actinia crassicornis, p. 226, variety. Of the natural
size.
3
R
IS
I
•s
V
PLATE XL.
Actinia crassicornis, p. 226, of the natural size. The drawing was made from two beautiful specimens which had selected the Modiola vulgaris for their site : one was of a uniform bright scarlet colour, and the other was cream-coloured and of unspotted purity. The contrast they formed with each other, and with the dark shell, was very striking.
PLATE XLI.
Actinia parasitica, p. 228, of the natural size. From the drawings of W. P. Cocks, Esq.
PLATE XLIT.
FIG.
h
2. Adamsia palliata, p. 207. Of the natural size.
From the drawings of Professor Forbes. Actinia rellis, p. 228. For the beautiful drawing from
which this figure was engraved, I am indebted to
A. H. Hassall, Esq.
PL -TT./7
2JubUshecL byJ<-- ■ rncsterlicnw
PLATE XLIII.
Actinia dianthus, p. 232, of the natural size, and in a state of full expansion.
I
H
a
«* &
§
•S &
a
PLATE XLIV.
Anthea cereus, p. 240. The figures are of the natural size. Fig. 1 is engraved from a beautiful drawing for which I am indebted to the liberality of A. H. Hassall, Esq. Figs. 2 and 3 are from drawings of W. P. Cocks, Esq., and represent one of the varieties of the species.
*** When speaking of the urticating property of the Helianthoida, p. 188, I accidentally omitted the observations of Professor Allman on the Anthea cereus. He writes me — " If one of these animals, when recently taken out of the water, be placed witli the tentacula in contact with the human skin, and allowed to remain there for a few seconds, a smarting pain will be immediately experienced, and the surface of the skin which had been touched by the zoophyte will exhibit an inflammatory blush, which will be speedily followed by a most powerful urticaria-like eruption with a sense of burning and tingling, which will sometimes last for more than an hour. The symptoms are far more severe than anything 1 have experienced from the stinging powers of the Acalepha. I have frequently tested this curious property of Anthea, not only on myself but on others, and with animals taken from different localities."
/'/. ///;■ YUV.
' hy Jokn,VarLVccrst. Paternoster Row.
PLATE XLV.
FIG.
1, 2. Iluanthos scoticus, p. 243, of the natural size.
3 — 5. Lucernaria fascicularis, p. 244, of the natural size,
and in various attitudes. 6. A tentaculum of Lucernaria fascicularis magnified.
%* For the drawings from which this Plate is engraved I am indebted to Professor Edward Forbes.
PLATE XLV.
PubtisTi&d'iy JohnyTcavVborst. Paternoster Raw.
PLATE XLVI.
FIG.
1. TunuLiPORA phalangea, p. 273, of the natural size.
2. The same magnified.
3. 4. A variety of Tubulipora phalangea, p. 274.
5, 6. Tubulipora flabellaris, p. 274. Of the natural size and magnified.
PLATE .YLI7
^-o
"
■
* ©
Tublished fyJbfin^VafuVodrst.TcUirnosterRff»'.
PLATE XLVII.
FIG.
I , 2. Tubulipora patina, p. 266, of the natural size and
magnified.
3. A portion of the Tubulipora patina more highly mag-
nified.
4, 5. Tubulipora serpens, p. 275, of the natural size.
6. A portion of the same magnified.
7. Diastopora obelia, p. 276, of the natural size, on the
shell of the Modiola vulgaris.
8. A portion of the same magnified.
9. 10. Tubulipora hlspida, p. 268, of the natural size.
II. A portion of the same magnified.
12. Gemellaria loriculata, p. 293, of the natural size. 1 3C A portion of the same magnified.
! .52777
*hns'ori delc
JPitbUshed. dyJo7in/Vcui,Td0rst.faterri0sterJlirn>.
PLATE XLVIII.
Fig.
1, 2. Tubulipora penicillata, p. 270. Of the natural size and magnified. From specimens furnished by Mr. R. Q. Couch.
3, 3. Idmonea atlantica, p. 278. Of the natural size and
magnified. From specimens furnished by Professor Edward Forbes.
4, 4. Pustulipora proboscidea, p. 278. Of the natural size
and magnified. From specimens forwarded by Pro- fessor E. Forbes.
5, 5. Pustulipora deflexa, p. 279. Of the natural size and
magnified. From specimens presented by Mr. R. Q. Couch.
PLATE X1.V1I1 .
TttbUsTiecLlry JoTuisVaJi Voorst. Paterncsterllew.
PLATE XLIX.
FIG.
1, 2. Alecto granulata, p. 280. Of the natural size and magnified.
3, 4. Alecto major, p. 281. Of the natural size and mag- nified.
5, 6. Alecto dilatans, p. 282. Of the natural size and magnified. For the loan of the specimen figured I am indebted to Mr. W. King of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
7, 8. A variety of Alecto dilatans. Of the natural size and magnified.
//./// I//1
fudUched, by JohnsransTfrorsb.Tater);
PLATE L.
FIG.
1. Orisidia cornuta, j>. 287. Of the natural size.
2. A portion of the same magnified.
3. 4. Crisia eburnea, p. 283. Of the natural size and mag-
nified.
5, 6. Crisia denticulata, p. 284, Of the natural size and magnified.
7. Anguinaria spatulata, p. 290. Of the natural size,
parasitical on a confervoid alga.
8. A portion of the same magnified.
.9, 10. Hippothea catenularia, p. 291. Of the natural size and magnified.
vi. in \mi
■■t.PaCemosterEow.
PLATE LT.
FIG.
1 . Notamia nuRSARiA, Flem. p. 394 : ShepherdVpurse Co-
ralline, Ellis. Of the natural size.
2. A portion of the same magnified. — This beautiful and
graceful zoophyte has been recently found at Walton- on-the-Naze by Dr. W. B. Clarke. " It was found growing in small quantities upon Chondrus crispus thrown upon the shore of this part of Essex in August 1846." W. B. Clarke.
5. A pair of cells more highly magnified.
6. A front view of the cells magnified.
7. A back view of the cells magnified. For the drawings
of Figs. 6 and 7 I am indebted to Dr. Clarke.
3. 4. Hippothoa divaricata, p. 291. Of the natural size
and magnified. From a fine specimen presented by Lieut. Thomas, R.N.
BLAZE 1.1
PLATE LII.
Fiu.
1, 2. Cellepora pumicosa, p. 295. Of the natural size.
3. A small specimen of 0. pumicosa magnified.
4. Cellepora ramulosa, p. 296. Of the natural size.
5. A section of a branch, magnified.
6. Cellepora Skenei, p. 297. Of the natural size.
7. A portion of the same magnified.
8. A transverse section of the same magnified.
1'l.ATF. Lli.
1-iJblislwcL by John Van Voorst, JPaternostzr How.
PLATE LIII.
Cellepora cervicornis, p. 298.
FIG.
1 . The Ooral of the natural size. Drawn from a Devonshire
specimen.
2. A magnified view of the old or mature cells.
3. A view of the cells from near the edge of the divisions.
4. 5. Transverse sections of the branches.
PLATE 1,111-
m °
% \ !
' .
i ^ i ' i
^ v -rtyi
0
'3
Published by JchnVan Voorst, Paternoster
PLATE LIV.
FIG.
J. Lepralia hyalina, p. 301.
2. Lepralia tenuis, p. 303.
3. Lepralia Hassallii, p. 304.
4. Lepralia simplex, p. 305.
5. Lepralia ventricosa, p. 305.
6. Lepralia Hyndmanni, p. 306.
7. Lepralia granifera, p. 309.
8. Lepralia auriculata, p. 33 0.
9. Lepralia Lanclsborovii, p. 310.
10. Lepralia pertusa, p. 311.
11. Lepralia linearis, p. 308.
12. Lepralia ansata, p. 307.
,* The figures represent a few of the cells of each species considerably magnified.
PLATE LIT
-Published Try Jckn Van Voorst. Paternoster Bjctv.
PLATE LV.
FIG.
1. Lepralia punctata, p. 312.
2, 3. Lepralia annulata, p. 31 2.
4. Lepralia biforis, p. 314.
5, 6. Lepralia Peachii, p. 315.
7. Lepralia pediostoma, p. 315.
8, 9. Lepralia variolosa, p. 317.
1 0. Lepralia reticulata, p. 31 7.
11. Lepralia nitida, p. 319.
12. Lepralia innominata, p. 319.
%* The figures represent a few cells of each species considerably magnified.
PLATE LV
•«r.i^s^e
S<vi^
■
."mr".
- - *? rJc:
10
ished by John. Tan Vccrst, Patemostv* Rcw.
PLATE LVI.
FIG.
X- Lepralia ovalis, p. 307.
2. Lepralia figularis, p. 314.
3. Lepralia verrucosa, p. 316.
4. Lepralia semilunaris, p. 320.
5. Lepralia Ballii, p. 321 .
6. Membranipora pilosa, p. 327. — 6. The stellate variety of
the natural size. 6.* A few of the cells magnified. 6.*^ Two cells of M. pilosa, from a sketch drawn with the camera lucida by Professor Reid of St. Andrews.
7. Membranipora membranacea, p. 328. — A magnified view
of some cells from the margin of a living specimen.
8. Flustra coriacea, p. 349.
PLATE LVI.
6 **
Published, ly Jck I Mzmcstzr Row :
FIG.
PLATE LVII.
1. Lepralia unicornis, p. 321.
2. Lepralia coccinea, p. 322.
3. Lepralia coccinea, j8, p. 322.
4. Lepralia ciliata, p. 323.
5. Lepralia ciliata, |3, p. 323.
6. Lepralia spinifera, p. 324.
7. Lepralia trispinosa, p. 324.
8. Lepralia immersa, p. 325.
9. Lepralia violacea, p. 325.
1 0. Lepralia bispinosa, p. 326.
11, 12. These figures represent states probably of Mernbrani-
pora membranacea, p. 328. They were taken from dif- ferent portions of the same specimen
i
PLATS I, I'll
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.•.:.:.".;^>:v;/ ••*-v;."-v'"
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ill
$4
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72
I In/ John. Van. Voorst Faterrwste>~ Bxm.
PLATE LVIII.
FIG.
1 . Cellularia ciliata, p. 335. Of the natural size.
2. A portion of the same magnified. The birdVfaead pro-
cesses are very imperfectly represented.
3. Cellularia reptans, p. 337. Of the natural size.
4. A portion of the same magnified.
5. Cellularia scruposa, p. 336. Of the natural size.
6. A portion of the same magnified.
PLATE J, Till.
C Johns &m del*
'nUrncswRor/.
PLATE LIX.
KIG.
1. Oellularia ternata, p. 335. Of the natural size. From
a specimen sent to me by W. Bean, Esq.
2. A portion of the same magnified.
PLATE LIX .
C. Joh/iston dtl*
.
PLATE LX.
FIG.
1. Cellularia Hookeri, p. 338.
2. A portion of the same magnified.
3. Cellularia neritina, p. 340. From a specimen pre-
sented by W. Bean, Esq.
4. A portion of the same magnified.
5. Flustra chartagea, p. 343. From a specimen for which
I am indebted to Miss Howard.
6. Some cells of the same magnified.
7. Eschara cribaria, p. 352. Of the natural size.
8. A few of the immature cells magnified.
9. A magnified view of what seem to be mature cells.
PLATE IX.
Published ty John. Van Vocrst, Paternosta •
PLATE LXI.
Cellularia plumosa, p. 341.
FIG.
1. A recent specimen, of the natural size.
2, 3. Old specimens, in which the character of the cells has
become obscured.
4. A portion of the first specimen magnified.
5. A portion of the fibrous base magnified.
PLATE LIT.
I
.
PLATE LXII.
FIG.
1. Flustra foliacea, p. 342. Of the natural size.
2. Some cells magnified.
3. Flustra truncata, p. 344. Of the natural size.
4. A few cells magnified.
PLATE l.XIl
LA
'
IvMisJtcd ty JcJuz ',
PLATE LXIII.
FIG.
1. Flustra carbasea, p. 345. Of the natural size.
2. A few of its cells magnified.
3. Flustra avicularis, p. 346. Of the natural size.
4. A small portion of the same magnified.
5. Flustra murrayana p. 347. Of the natural size. The
specimen I owe to the lilarality of Mr. Bean.
6. A portion of the same magnified.
6* A few cells more highly magnified, showing the bird's- head appendages, of which there is usually one to each cell.
7. Cellularia avicularia, p. 338. Of the natural size.
8. A small portion of the same magnified.
* * There is no Plate LXIV. nor LXV., an omission arising from an error in the
enumeration of the plates.
p / / /■: i. \ in
'Johnston* del^
1 Try MxnTan Toorst. FazwsaT I
PLATE LXVI.
PIG.
1. Flustra membranacea, p. 348. Of the natural size.
2. Some of its cells magnified.
3. Another magnified view, to show the hollow processes
which proceed from some of the cells.
4. Flustra lineata, p. 349. The figure represents a few
of the cells magnified, but it is far from good.
5. Flustra hispida, p. 363, as seen through a common
magnifier.
6. Salicornaria farciminoides, p. 355. Of the natural size.
7. A portion of the same magnified.
8. Some cells of Salicornaria sinuosa, p. 356, magnified.
LXV1
CiJoTinston- deZ*-
•2m.
PLATE LXVIL
EsCHARA FOLIACEA, p. 350.
FIG.
1, represents Eschara foliacea reduced one-half. Drawn
from a Devonshire specimen.
2, 3, 4, are views of the cells magnified, from different por-
tions of the same polypidom. 5. A transverse section of the polypidom.
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IvZlished. ty JoM Jan Voorst, Totem <sl
PLATE LXVIII.
FIG.
], 2. Alcyonidium gelatinosum, p. 358. Of the natural size, representing two specimens, one of them nearly simple, and the other very much lobulated. Two spe- cimens cannot be found alike.
3. A magnified view of the detached polype. The figure
was made in the year 1833, and more correct ones have been since published.
4. Alcyonidium parasiticum, p. 363. Of the natural size,
on Plumularia falcata.
5. Appearance of its surface under the magnifier.
PLATE l.\ l til
. John. Tan Vccrst. Paternoster Row.
PLATE LXTX.
FKi.
1 . Alcyonidium hirsutum, p. 360. Of the natural size.
2. A portion of the surface magnified.
3. The dried crust of Hydractinia echinata, p. 34, invest-
ing a shell of Buccinum un datum.
4. A small piece of this crust magnified.
5. Oliona celata of Grant, with (6) its siliceous spicula.
See my History of British Sponges and Lithophytes, p. 125.
FLATS LX IX
FuNishcd m/ John Tan. Voorst, Paternoster Raw.
PLATE LXX.
FIG.
1. Cycloum papillosum, p. 364, magnified.
2. Circle of its Ova magnified.
3. Ovarium (?) greatly magnified.
4. Polypidom of the natural appearance and size.
5. A magnified view of Pedicellina echinata, p. 382.
%* For the beautiful drawings from which this Plate was engraved I am indebted
to Arthur H. Hassall, Esq.
PLATE LJX.
PutluheiL TyJdhn Van Voorst Fatmwstn -low.
PLATE LXXI.
FIG.
1. Sarcochitum polyoum, p. 365, magnified.
2. The Ovum highly magnified.
3. Ovarium (?) highly magnified.
4. Polypidom. Of the natural appearance and size.
V* For the drawings of this Plate I am also indebted to Arthur H. Hassall, Esq.
vi. vi '■/■: /. i i /
FublL' ^c erst, Fmernoster Row.
PLATE LXXII.
FIG.
1. Vesicularia spinosa, p. 370. A small but perfect speci-
men.
2. Specimens of the same as they are found when cast on
the shore. 3 A portion of the same magnified : the cells have fallen off.
4. A portion with the cells remaining : copied from J. V.
Thompson's Zoological Researches, pi. 3, fig. 5.
5. Bowerbankia imbricata, p. 377. Of the natural size.
6. A portion of the same magnified.
7. Valkeria pustulosa, p. 376. Of the natural size and
appearance.
8. The same as it appears when denuded of its cells.
9. A small piece of V. pustulosa magnified.
I'LATE LXX.ll.
■ ifm. Van Voorst, Paternoster Row.
PLATE LXXIII.
Oristatella mucedo, p. 387.
(Copied from Turpin in Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Seconde Serie., Tome vii. pi. 2 and 3.)
FIG.
1 . The polype at the period of its birth, magnified.
2. The same when fully developed.
3. The tentacular filaments very highly magnified to show
their cilia.
/v. 1/ ■/:■ Lxxin.
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FvblisheA, bu Jofuil/aji Vccrst.Facemostei
PLATE LXXIV.
FIG.
1. Alcyonella stagnorum, p. 391. Of the natural size and
appearance.
2. A longitudinal section of the polypidom.
3. A portion of the surface magnified.
4. A transverse section.
5. A front view of the Polype.
6. A back view of the Polype. — Figs. 5 and 6 are copied
from Raspail.
PLATE LU.IV
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