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THE

HISTO

OF

CAROLIN A;

CONTAINING THE
ExaB Vefcription and Natural Hiflory

OB THAT

COUNTRY

Together with the Prefetit State thereof.

A J O U *R N A L

Of a Thoufand Miles, Travel'd thro' feveral

Nations of INDIANS.
Giving a particular Account of their Cifloms,

Manners, tec.

Bv 70 HN L A IV S 0 N, Gent. Surveyor-General
of NO RTH-C ARO LI NA.

LONDON:
Printed for W- Tayhr at the Ship, and f> Baker at the Black-
Boy, in PMer-Noft er~Rorv3 17 14.

cz>

vat/t,

*-(/

A

\ * ^

'-'.V-

*_

To His Excellency
William Lord Craven, Palatine ;
The moft Noble, Henry Duke of Beaufort ;
The Right Honble John Lord Carteret ;
The Honbk Maurice Ashley, EG};
Sir John Colleton, Baronet,
John Dan son, Efq;

And the reft of the Trueand Abfolute

LORDS-PROPRIETORS

OF THE

Province of Carolina in America,

My Lords,

AS Debts of Gratitude ought moft pun^
flually to be paid, ft), where the Deb-
tor is uncapable of Payment, Acknow-
ledgments ought, atleaftj to be made. I can-
not,in the leaft, pretend to retaliate TourLord^
Jbips Favours to me, but muft farther intrude
on that Goodnefsof which 1 have already had
fo good Experience,, by laying thefe Sheets at
four W/%Feet, where they beg Protect-
on, as having nothing to recommend them, but
Truth; a Gift which every Author may be
Mailer of, if he will.

A a *

_—*-p

DEDICATION.

I here prefent Tour Lord/hips with a De-
fcription of your own Country, for the mod
parkin her Natural Drefs,and therefore lefs vi-
tiated with Fraud and Luxury. A Country,
whofe Inhabitants may enjoy a Life of the
greateft Eafe and Satisfaction, and pafs away
^thek Hours in lolid Contentment.

Thole Charms of Liberty and Right,, the
Darlings of an Englifh Nature, which Tour
Lordjbips grant and maintain, make you
appear Noble Patrons in the Eyes of all Men
and we a happy People in a Foreign Country ;
which nothing lefs than Ingratitude and Bale-
nefs can make us difown.

As Heaven has been liberal in its Gifts, fo
are Tour Lord/hips favourable Promoters of
whatever may make us an eafy People ; which,
I hqpey Tour Lerd/hips will continue to us and
our Pofterity ; and that we and they may al-
ways acknowledge fuch Favours, by banilhing
from among us every Principle which ren-
tiers Men fa&ious and unjuft, which is the
hearty Prayer of,

My Lords,

Tour Lordfkips mofi obliged ,

mojl humble,

, v -v.; &nd mofl devoted Servant,

JOHN L'AWSON.

PREFACE.

V"i 1W * g*«i? Misfortune^ that mo fi of our Tra-
vellers, wh& go to this vaft Continent in Ame-
M rica, *re Perfons of the meaner Sort, and ge-
nerally of a very flender Education 5 who be-
ing hhrd by the Merchants, to trade amottgfl the Indians,
in which Voyages they often fiend fever al Tears, are yet9
at their Return, uncapable of giving any reafonable Ac-
count of what they met withal in thofe remote Parts ^
tho* the Country abounds with Curiofities worthy a nice
Obfervation. In this Point, I think, the French out-
firip us.

Firft, By their Numerous Clergy, their Mijjionaries
being obedient to their Superiors in the higheft Degree,
and that Obedience being one great Article of their Vow,
and ftri&ly obfervd amongft all their Orders.

Secondly , They always fend abroad fome of their
Gentlemen in Company of the Mijjionaries, who, upon
their Arrival, are order d out into the Wildemefs, to
make Difcoveries^ and to acquaint themfelves with the
Savages of America } and are obligd to keep a fhriB
journal of all the Pajfages they meet withal jn order topre-
fent the fame not only to their Govern 'prs and Fathers, but
likewife to their Friends and Relations in France ij
which is induftrioufly fpread about that Kingdom, to
their Advantage. For their Monarch being a very good
fudge of Mens Defer ts, does not often let Money or Inte-
vefl make Men of Parts give Place to others of lefs
W&rtL This breeds an Honourable Emulation amongft

them,

— —

C E.

them, to outdo one another , even in Fatigues, and Dan-
gcrs $ whereby they gain a good Correspondence with the
Indians, and acquaint themfelves with their Speech and
Cuftoms n andfo make confiderable* Difcoveries in a Jhort
time. Witnefs , their Journals from Canada, to the
Miffifipi, and its fiver al Branches, where they have effe-
cted great Matters, in a few Tears.

Having {pent mofl of my Time, during my eight Tears
Abode in Carolina, in travellings I not only fur veyd the
Sea-Coaft and thofe Parts which are already inhabited by
the Chriflians , but likewife viewd a fpatious Tra& of
Land, lying betwixt the Inhabitants and the Ledges of
Mountains, from whence our noblefl Rivers have their
Rife, running towards the Ocean, where they water as
pleafant a Country as any in Europe $ the Difcovery of
which being never yet made publick, I have, in the fol-
lowing Sheets, qiven you a faithful Account thereof
wherein I have laid down every thing with Impartiality,
and Truth, which is indeed, the Duty of every Author,
and preferable to a fmooth Stile, accompany d with Fal-
fities and Hyperboles.

Great V art of this pleafant and healthful Country is
inhabited by none but Savages, who covet a Chriftian.
Neighbourhood, for the Advantage of Trade, and enjoy
all the Comforts of Life, free from Care and Want.

But not to amufe my Readers any longer with the En-
comium of Carolina, J refer 'em to my Journal , and 0-
ther more particular Defcription of that Country and its
Inhabitants, which they will find after the Natural Hifto*
ry thereof in which I have been very exaB, and for Me*
thodys fake, ranged each Species under its diftinB and
proper Head.

INTRO-

flHi

( I )

INTRODUCTION.

N the Year 1700, when People fiock'd from
all Paris of the Chriftian World, to fee the
Solemnity of the Grand Jubilee at Rome, my
Intention, at that Time, being to travel, I ac-
cidentally met with a Gentle, man,who had been
Abroad, and was very well acquainted with the
Ways of Living inhoth Indies •, ofwhom,having made Enqui-
ry concerning them, he aflur'd me, that Carolina was the belt
Country I could go to •, and,that there then lay a Ship m the
21>«s,inwhichl might have my PafTage. I laid hold on this
Opportunity, and was not long on Board, before we fell down
theJliver and faiFd to Comes h where, having taken in fome
Paffengers, we proceeded on our Voyage 'till we fprung
a-leak and were forcM into the Iflands of Sally. Here we
fpent about 10 Days in refitting h in which Time we had a
great deal of Diverfion in Fifhing and Shooting on thole
rocky Iflands. The Inhabitants were very courteous and
civil, efpecially the Governor, to whofe good Company and
Farour, we were very much oblig'd. There is a Town on
one of thefe Iflands, where is good Entertainment for thofe
that happen to come in, though the Land is but mean, and
Flefh-meat not Plenty. They have good Store of Rabbits,
Quails, and Fifli % and you fee at the poor Peoples Doors
great Heaps of Perriwinkle-fhells, thofe Fifh being a great
Part of their Food. On the ift Day of May,, having a fair
Wind at Eafi, we put to Sea, and were on the Ocean (with-
out fpeaking to any Veffel, except a Ketch bound from Net?
England to Bar badoes, laden with Horfes, Fifh, and Provifions)
?tiil the latter End of July, when the Winds hung fo much
Southerly, that we could not get to our Port, but put into
Sandyhook-bay, and went up to Ne» Tori, after a pinching
Voyage, caus'd by our longPafTage. We found at the Wa-
ll tering-

1 --

CO

tering-Place, a French Man of War, who had on Board Men
and NecefTaries to make a Colony, and was intended for
the Mejiafippi River, thereto fettle. The Country of New-
fork is very pleafant in Summer, but in the Winter very
cold, as all the Northern Plantations are. Their chief Com-
modities are Provisions, Bread, Beer, Lumber, and Fifh in
abundance ♦, all which are very good, and fome Skins and
Furrs are hence exported. The City is govern'd by a May-
or, (as in England) is feated on an Ifland, and lies very con-
venient for Trade and Defence, having a regular Fort, and
well mounted with Guns. The Buildings are generally of a
fmaller Sort of FlemlJI) Brick, and of the Butch Fafhion, (ex-
cepting fome few Houfes : ) They are all very firm and good
Work, and conveniently plac'd, as is likewife the Town,
which gives a very pleafant Profpedt of the neighbouring
Iflands and Rivers. A good Part of the Inhabitants are
Dutch, in whofe Hands this Colony once was. After a Fort-
night's Stay here, we put out from Sandyhook, and in 14 Days
after, arriv'd at Charles-Town, the Metropolis of South Caro-
lina, which is Icituate in 32, 45 North Latitude, and admits
of large Ships to come over their Bar up to the Town, where
is a very commodious Harbour, about 5 Miles diftant from
the Inlet, and ftands on a Point very convenient for Trade*
being feated between two pleafant and navigable Rivers.
The Town has very regular and fair Streets, in which are
good Buildings of Brick and Wood, and fince my coming
thence, has had great Additions of beautiful, large Brick-
buildings, befides a ftrong Fort, and regular Fortifications
made to defend the Town. The Inhabitants, by their wife
Management and Induftry,have much improved the Country,
which is in as thriving Circumftances at this Time, as any
Colony on the Continent of Englifi America,andis of more Ad-
vantage to the Crown of Great Britain, than any of the other
more Northerly Plantations, (Virginia and Maryland excepted.)
This Colony was at firft planted by a genteel Sort of People,
that were well acquainted with Trade, and had either Mo-
ney or Parts, to make good Ufe of the Advantages that of-
fer'd, as moft of them have done, by raifing themfelves to
great Ettates, and confiderable Places of Truft, and Polls of

Honour,*

(3)

Honour, in this thriving Settlement. Since the firft Plan-
ters, abundance of French and others have gone over, and
rais'd themfelves to confiderable Fortunes. They are very
neat and exact in Packing and Shipping of their Commodi-
ties •, which Method has got them fo great a Character A-
broad, that they generally come to a good Market with
their Commodities •, when oftentimes the Product of other
Plantations, are forc'd to be fold at lower Prizes. They
have a considerable Trade both to Europe, and the Weft
Indies, whereby they become rich, and are fupply'd with all
Things neceflary for Trade, and genteel "Living, which
feveral other Places fall fhort of. Their co-habiting in a
Town, has drawn to them ingenious People of molt Sci-
ences, whereby they have Tutors amongft them that edu-
cate their Youth a-la-mode.

Their Roads, with great Induftry, are made very good
and pleafant. Near the Town is built a fair Parfonage-
houfe, with neceflary Offices, and the Minifter has a very
confiderable Allowance from his Pariih. There is likewife a
French Church in Town, of the Reform'd Religion; and fe-
veral Meeting-houfes for diflenting Congregations, who affl
enjoy at this Day an entire Liberty of their Worfhip ; the
Constitution of this Government, allowing all Parties of
Well-meaning Chriftians to enjoy a free Toleration, and pof-
fefs the fame Priviledges, fo long as they appear to behave
themfelves peaceably and well : It being the Lords Propri-
etors Intent, that the Inhabitants of Carolina ihould be as
free from OpprefTion, as any in the Univerfe •, which doubt-
lefs they will, if their own Differences amongft themfelves
do not occafion the contrary.^

They have a well-difciplin d Militia ; their Horfe are mo'ft
Gentlemen, and well mounted, and the belt in America, and
may equalize any in other Parts : Their Officers, both Infa
fantry and Cavalry, generally appear in fcarlet Mountings,
and as rich as in molt Regiments belonging to the Crown,
which (hews the Richnefs and Grandeur of this Colony.
They are a Fronteer, and prove fuch troublefome Neigh-
bours to the Spaniards, that they have once laid their Town
of St. Auguftim in Afhes5and drove away their Cattle ^belides

B 2 many

(4)

many Encounters and Engagements, in which they have de-
feated them, too tedious to relate here. What the French got
by their Attempt againit South Carolina, will hardly ever be
rank'd amongit their Victories ^ the-ir Admiral Mouvilk be-
ing giad to leave the Enterprize, and run away, after he
had iuffer'd all the Lofs and Difgrace he was capable of re-
ceiving. They are abfoiute Matters over the Indians, and
carry lbftricta Hand over ''fuch as are within the Circle of
their Trade, that none does the leaft Injury to any of the
EngliJI), but he is prefently fent for, and punifrVd with Death,
or otherwife, according to the Nature of the Fault. They*
have an entire Friendihip with the neighbouring Indians of
feveral Nations, which are a very warlike People, ever faithful
to the Evglifi, and have prov'd themfelves brave and true on all
Occafions h and are a great Help, and Strength to this Colo-
ny. The Chief of the favage Nationshave heretofore groan'd
under the Spanifi Yoke, and having experienc d their Cruel-
ty, are become fuch mortal Enemies to that People, that
they never give a Spaniard Quarter ^ but generally, when
they take any Prifoners, .(ifthe£"^fe^benot near to prevent
it> fculpthem, that is, to take their Hair and Skin of their
Heads, which they often flea away, wnilft the Wretch is a-
live. Notwithstanding the Englifi have us'd all their En-
deavours, yet they could never bring them to leave this Bar-
barity to the Spaniards & who, as they alledge, ufe to mur-
der them and their Relations, and make Slaves of them to
build their Forts and Towns.

This, Place is more plentiful in Money, than molt, or in-
deed any of the Plantations on the Continent ; befides, they
build a considerable Number of VefTels of Cedar, and other
Wood, with which they trade to Cuirajfau, and the Weft Indies 5
from one they bring Money, and from the other the Produce
of their Iflands,which yields a neceffary Supply of both to the
Colony. Their Stocks of Cattle are incredible, being from
one to two thoufand Head in one Man's Pofleffion : Thefe
feed in the Savannas? and other Grounds, and need no Fodder
" in the Winter. Their Mutton and Veal is good, and their
Pork is not inferior to any in America. As for Pitch and
Tar, none of the Plantations are comparable for affording

the

(__)

the vaft Quantities of Naval Stores, as this Place does. There
have been heretofore fome Difcoveries of rich Mines in the
mountanous Part of this Country \ but being remote from the
prefent Settlement, and the Inhabitants not well vers'd in
ordering Minerals, they have been laid afide 'till a more fit
Opportunity happens. There are feveral noble Rivers, and
fpacious Tracls of rich Land in their Lordfhips Dominions,
lying to the Southward, which are yet uninhabited, befides
Port Royal, a rare Harbour and Inlet, having many Inhabi-
tants thereon, which, their Lordihips have now made a Port
for Trade- This will be a moft advantageous Settlement, ly-
ing fo commodioufly for Ships coming from the Gulph, and
the Richnefs of the Land,which is reported to be there. Thefe
mote Southwly Parts will afford Oranges, Limons, Limes, and
many other Fruits, which the Northerly Plantations yield

not.

The Merchants of Carolina, are fair, frank Traders. The .
Gentlemen feated in the Country, are very courteous, live
very nobly in their Houfes, and give very genteel Entertain-
ment to all Strangers and others, that come to vilit them. And / * p +a/t£*\
lince the Produce of South and North Carolina is the fame, un- ^UA^A-/UAM/l^ ^1
lets Silk, which this Place produces great Quantities of, and
very good, North Carolina having never made any Tryal
thereof as yet, therefore I mall refer the natural Produce of
this Country, to that Part which treats of North Carolina,
whofe Productions are much the fame. The Chriftian In-
habitants of both Colonies pretty equal, but the Slaves of
South Carolina axe far more in Number than thofe in the North.
Ilhallnow proceed to relate my Journey thro5 the Country,
from this Settlement to the other, and then treat of the na-
tural Hiftory of Carolina, with other remarkable Circum-
ftances which I have met with, during my eight Years Abode,
in that Country.

Av

^^^■^^

( 6 )

^aiurday.

iN^Jidu

LWfl-tU

Y/U6Jh^

\n

JOURNAL

O F

JL thoufand Miles Travel among the
Indians, from South to North
Carolina.

N December the 28th, 1700, I began my Voy-
age (for North Carolina) from Charles-Town, be-
ing fix Englifi-men in Company, with three
Indian-men, and one Woman, Wife to our In'
dian-Gui&e, having five Miles from the Town
to the Breach we went down in a large Canoe,
that we had provided for our Yoyage thither, having the
Tide of Ebb along with us ^ which was fo far (pent by that
Time we got down, that we had not Water enough for our
Craft to go over, although we drew but two Foot, or there-
abouts. This Breach is a PafTage through a Marfh lying to
the Northward of Sullivans Ifland, the Pilot's having a Look
out thereon, lying very commodious for Mariners, (on that
Coaft) making a good Land-Mark in fo level a Country, this
Bar being difficult to hit, where an Obfervation hath been
wanting for a Day or two h North Eajl Winds bringing great
Fogs, Mills, and Rains h which, towards the cool Months
of Oftober^ November, and until the latter End of March,
often appear in thefe Parts. There are three Pilots to at-
tend, and conducl Ships over the Bar. The Harbour where
the VefTels generally ride, is againft the Town on Cooper's Ri-
ver, lying within a Point which parts that and JflAey-River,
they being Lanjfl-lock'd almoft on all Sides.

2MMM*

(7)

At 4111 the Afternoon, (at half Flood) we pafs'd with our
Canoe over the Breach, leaving Sullivans Ifland on our Star-
board. The flrft Place we defign'd for, was Santee River, on
which there is a Colony of French Proteftants,allow'd and en-
Courag'd by the Lords Proprietors. At Night we got to BeWs-
Ifland0 a poor Spot of Land, being about ten Miles round,
where livd (at that Time) aBermttdicm, being employ Jd herd
with a Boy, to look after a Stock of Cattle and Hogs, by the
Owner of this Ifland. One Side of the Roof of his Houfe was
thatch'd with Palmeto-leaves, the other open to the Hea-
vens, thoufands of Mufketoes, and other troublefome Infedts,
tormenting both Man and Beaft inhabiting thefe Iflands. The
Palmeto-trees, whofe Leaves growing only on the Top of Palmeto- , „

the Tree, in the Shape-of _a Fan, and in a Clufter, like a Cab- trees, -^j * fsgtf k^L^

bage ; this Tree in Carolina, when at its utmoft Growth, is
about forty or fifty Foot in Height, and two Foot through;
It's worth mentioning, that the Growth of the Tree is not
perceiveable in the Age of any Man, the Experiment having
been often try "d in Bermudas, and elfewhere, which mews the
flow Growth of this Vegitable, the Wood of it being porous
and ftringy, like fome Canes^ the Leaves thereof the Bermu-
dians make Womens Hats,Bokeets, Bafkets, and pretty Dref-
fing-boxes, a great deal being tranfported to Pertfilvania,
and other NorthernVarts of America, (where they do not grow)
for the fame Manufacture. The People of Carolina make of the
Fans of this Tree, Brooms very Serviceable, to fweep their Hou-
fes withal.

We took up our Lodging this Night with the Bermuiian ;
our Entertainment was very indifferent, there being no frefh
Water to be had on the Ifland.

The next Morning we fet away thro' I the Marfhes ^ about ^~v . g.
Noon we reached another Ifland, caii'd Dixs Ifland, much like J {/sLj fou.
to the former, tho' larger 5 there liv'd anhoneit Scot, who gave
usthebeft Reception his Dwelling afforded, being well provi-
ded of Oat-meal, and feveral other EfFedts he had found on
that Coaft ; which Goods belonged to that unfortunate YefTel,
the Rzjing Sun, a Scotch Man of War, lately arriv'd from the
Jfimus of Darien, and caft away near the Bar of Afiley River,the
September before, Capt, Gibfon of Glafco then commanding her,

wh© .

mm.

cs;

Septem.
J700.

who, with above an hundred Men then on Board her, were e-
very Soul drown'din that terrible Guft which then happen'd •

Tue f day.

j-noft -of the Corps being taken up, were carefully inteVrM by
Mr. Graham, their Lieutenant, Who happily was on Shore du-
ring the Tempeit.

After Dinner, we left our Scotch Landlord, and went that
Night to the North Eafi Point of the Ifland : It being dark
ere we got there, our Canoe Itruck on a Sand near the* Break-
ers, and were in great Danger of our Lives, but (by God's
Blemng) got- off fafe to the Shore, where we lay all Night.

In the Morning we kt forwards on our intended Voyage
About two a Clock we got to Bulk Ifland, which is about
thirty Miles long, and hath a great Number of both Cattel
and Hogs upon it • the Cattel being very wild, and the Hogs
very lean. Thefe two laft Iflands belong to one Colonel Ca-
ry, an Inhabitant of South Carolina. Although it were Win-
ter, yet we found fuch Sivarms of Mufketoes, and other tro-
blefome Infefts, that we got but little Reft that Night.

The next Day we intended for a fmall Ifland on the othfr
Side of iW-Bay, which joining to thefe Iflands, Shipping
might come to viclual or careen 5 but there being fuch a Bur-
den of thofe Flies, that fe%v or none cares to fettle there ; fo the
Stock thereon are run wild. We were gotten about half Way
to /focoow-Ifland, when there fprung up a tart Gale at N.W.
which put us in fome Danger of being caft away, the Bay
being rough, and there running great Seas between the two
Iflands, which are better than four Leagues afunder, a ftrong
Current of a Tide fetting in and out, which made . us turn
Tail to it, and got our Canoe right before the Wind, and
came fafe into a Creek that is joining to the North End of
Bulls Ifland. We fent our Indians to hunt, who brought us
two Deers, which were very poor, and their Maws full of
large Grubs.
Wrtnefday On the Morrow we went and vifited the Eajlermoft Side of
j (7, ' > this Ifland, it joining to the Ocean, having very fair fandy

Ufj UlLJ WUjtJ Beeches, pav'd with innumerable Sorts of curious pretty Shells,

&Mk*ry-^*'£*v*/™ ver7Pleaf,ant to the Eye. Amongft the relt, we found the'
m H , tu SpaniJ/j Oyfter-Shell, whence come the Pearls. They are very

KtMWAMM ■ large? and of a different Form from other 0yfters ; the/ .

/k^^fry 4*Un^~ Colour

ihdL^~%i*nr

(9)

Jrlau

qrti&zijy yg#-&-<rzjjL- 1

Colour much refembles the Tortoife-Shell, when it is drefstt

There was left by the Tide feveral ftrange Species of a mu»

ciligmous flimy Subftance, though living, and very aptly

mov^d at their firft Appearance 5 yet, being left on the dry

Sand, (by the Beams of the Sun) foon exhale and vamlh.
At our Return to our Quarters, the Indians had kili'd two

more Deer, two wild Hogs, and three Racoons, all very lean,

except the Racoons. We had great Store of Oyfters, Conks,

and Clanns, a large Sort of Cockles. Thefe Parts being very

well furnim'd with Shell-Fifh, Turtle of feveral Sorts; but few

or none of the green, with other Sorts of Salt-water Fiih, and

intheSeafon, good Plenty of Fowl, asCurleus, Gulls, Gan-

nets, andPellkans, befides Duck; and Mallard, Geefe, Swans,

Teal, Widgeon, &c. v ;- ' .. ;

On Thurfday Morning we left Bulls Ifland, and went thro thurfday,

the Creeks, which lie between the Bay and the main Land.

At Noon we went on Shore, and got our Dinner near a Planta-
tion^ a Creek having the full Profpeft of &j^-Bay : We fent

up to the Houfe, but found none at Home, but a Negro, of

whom our MeiTenger purchas'd fome fmall Quantity of To-
bacco and Rice. We came to a deferted Indian Refidence,

calPd Jvendaugh-bough, where we refted that Night. , r^\ y

The next Day we enter'd oW^-River's Mouth, where &&*&¥* fah<.iJAj?L/t
frelh Water,, occafion'd by the extraordinary Current that %i<o<n~-

comes down continually. With hard Rowing, we got two^
Leagues up the River, lying all Night in a fwampy Piece ot
Ground, the Weather being fo cold all that Time, we were ^tCnurfi Vtvvul
almoft frozen ere Morning, leaving the ImprefTions of our Bo-
dies on the wet Ground. We fet forward very early in the
Morning, to feek fome better Quarters.

As we row'd up the River, we found the Land towards the Saturday.
Mouth, and-for about fixteen Miles up it, fcarce any Thing Z3 >v

but Swamp and Percoarfon, affording va-ft Ciprus-Trees of t*^%r*T:
which the French make Canoes, that will carry fifty or fixty Jof fm ^.^eUd^i^f
Barrels. After the Tree is moulded and dug, they faw them Land, Ujtt^ a ksrrdU
in two Pieces, and fo put a Plank between, and a fmall Keel,
to prefervethem from the Oyfter-Banks, which are innume-
rable' in the Creeks and Bays betwixt the French Settlement
and CbarUs-Town. They carry two Mails, and Bermudas

C Saiis,-

H

ICL^

(y^^rirv^Ju

( io)

Sails, which makes them very handy and fit for their Pur-
pofe for although their River fetches its fir ft Rife from the
Mountains, and continues a Current fome hundreds of Miles
ere it difgorges it felf, having no found Bay or Sand-Banks
betwixt the Mouth thereof, and the Ocean. Notwithitand-
Insall this, with the vaft Stream it affords at all Seafons,
and the repeated Frefhes it fo often allarms the inhabitants
with by laying under Water great Part of their Country yet
the Mouth is barr'd, affording not above four or five Foot
'<* Water at the Entrance. As we went up the River, we heard

'fn^uukA i a great Noife, as if two Parties were engag'd agamit each o-

ll^^mffth^ feeming exaftlylike fmall Shot. When we approach d

fiewee

Hans.

■Wf"0

LAA<J

ll

'^J^uJhSi^d- —

r nearer the Place, we found it to be fome Sewee Indians firing
the Canes Swamps, which drives out the Game, then taking
their particular Standstill great Quantities of both Bear,Deer,
Turkies, and what wild Creatures the Parts afford,

Thefe Sevees have been formerly a large Nation, though
now very much decreased, fince the EttgUfi hath feated their
Land and all other Nations of Indians atQ obfervd to par-
take of the fame Fate, where the Europeans come the Indians
being a People very apt to catch any Diftemper they are afni-
&ed withal h the Small-Pox has deftroy'd many thoufands of
thefe Natives, who no fooner than they are attack'd with the
violent Fevers, and the Burning which attends that Diitem-
per fling themfelves over Head in the Water, in the very
Extremity of the Difeafej which fhuttin gup the Pores hin-
ders a kindly Evacuation of the peftilential Matter, and drives
it back; by which Means Death molt commonly enfues* not
-"Slit in other Diftempers which are epidemical, you may find a-
mong 'em Practitioners that have extraordinary -Skill and Suc-
cefs in removing thofe morbifick Qualities which afflict em,not
often going above i oo Yards from their Abode for their Reme-
dies fome of their chief eft Phyficians commonly carrying .their
Compliment of Drugs continually about them, which are
Roots, Barks, Berries, Huts, &c. that are ftrung upon a
Thread. So like a Pomander, the Phyfician wears them a-
bout his Neck. An Indian hath been often; found to heal an
Jingli(!)-man of a Malady, for the Value of a Match-Coat h
which the ableft of our Englifi Pretenders in America, after
^ repeated

il

___ oo _ .

repeated Applications, have deferted the Patient as incurable *,
God having fumiuYd every Country with fpecifick Remedies
for their peculiar Difeafes.

Rum, a Liquor now fo much in UCe with them, that they fiUm
will part with the deareft Thing they have, to purchafe it ^
and when they have got a little in their Heads, are the im-
patients Creatures living, 'till they have enough to make 'em
quite drunk $ and the moft miferable Spectacles when they are
fo, fome falling into the Fires, burn their Legs or Arms, y •-— \
contracting the Sinews,and become Cripples all ther Life-time ; / J

others from Precipices break their Bones and Joints, with a- $.* ~M.
bundance of Inftances, yet none are fo greatto deter them from ^^ Yj/ljm#&&btjfi
that accurs'd Practice of Drunkennefs, though fenfible how ' V </TY '
many of them (are by it) hurry 'd into the other World be- *"*" M** /*****-*
fore their Time, as themfelves oftentimes will confefs. The
Indians, I was now fpeaking of, were not content with the com-
mon Enemies that lefien and deftroy tfleir Country-men, but
invented an infallible Stratagem to purge their Tribe, and re-
duce their Multitude into far lefs Numbers. Their Contri-
vance was thus, as a Trader amongft them inform "d me.

They feeing feveral Ships coming in, to bring the Evglijh
Supplies from Old England, one chief Part of their Cargo ber
ing for aTrade-with the Indians, fome of the craftieft of them
had obferv'd, that the Ships came always in at one Place,
which made theirl very confident that Way was the exact Road vaJcJLs
to England ; and feeing fo many Ships come thence, they be- f\ / * /

liev'd it could not be far thither, efteeming the EngliJI) that ^¥z^Lf^^r
were among them, no better than Cheats, and thought, /

if they could carry the Skins and Furs they got, them-
felves to England, which were inhabited with a better Sort of
People than thofe fent amongft them, that then they mould
purchafe twenty times the Value for every Pelt they fold A-
broad, in Consideration of what Rates they fold for at Home.
The intended Barter was exceeding well approved of, and af-
ter a general Confutation of the ableft Heads amongft them,
it was, Nemhie Contmdkente, -agreed upon, immediately to make
an Addition of their Fleet, by building more Canoes, and
thofe to be of the beft Sort, and biggeft Size, as fit for their
intended Difcovery, Some Indians were employ 'd about ma*

C 2 king

F

??i$ more
of their

Fleet.

7*

( » )

king the Canoes, others to hunting, every one to thePoft he
was moft fit for, all Endeavours tending towards an able
Fleet and Cargo for Europe. The Affair was carry'd on with
a great deal of Secrecy and Expedition, fo as in a fmall Time
they had gotten a Navy, Loading, Proviiions, and Hands rea-
dy to fet Sail, leaving only the Old, Impotent, and Minors
at Home, 'till their fuccefsful Return. The Wind prefenting,,
They ne_ they fet up their Mat-Sails, and were fcarce out of Sight,
r bear- when there rofe a Tempeft, which it's fuppos'd carry 'd one
Part of thefe Indian Merchants, by Way of the other World,
whilft the others were taken up at Sea by an Englijb Ship,
and fold for Slaves to the Iflands. The Remainder are bet-
ter fatisfy'd with their Imbecilities in fuch an Undertakings
* nothing affronting them more, than to rehearfe their Voy-

age to England.

There being a ftrong Current in &zwta?-River, caus'd us to
i^lifLtAjLt/r make fmall. Way with our Oars. With hard Rowing, we got
that Night to Monf. Eugees Houfe, which ftands about fif-
teen Miles up the River, being the firft Chriftian dwelling
we met withal, in that Settlement, and were very courte-
©ufly receiv'd by him and his Wife.

Many of the French follow a Trade with the Indians, living
r-y .rr > very conveniently for that Intereft. There is about feventy
J'^mdhi^yf1^^ Families feated on this River, who live as decently and hap-
pily, as any Planters in thefe Southward Parts of Jmerka. The
French being a temperate induftrious People, fome of them
bringing very little of Effects, yet by their Endeavours and
mutual Amftanceamongft themfelves, (which is highly to be
commended) have out-ftript our Englifi, who brought with 'em-
larger Fortunes, though (as it feems) lefs endeavour to ma-
nage their Talent to the beft Advantage. 'Tis admirable to
fee what Time and Induftry will (with God's BleiTmg) effect.
Carolina affording many ftrange Revolutions in the Age of a
Man, daily Inftances prefenting themfelves to our View, of
fo many, from defpicable Beginnings, which in afhort Time
arrive to very fplended Conditions. Here Propriety hath a
large Scope, there being no ftri& Laws to bind our Privileges.
AQueft after Game, being as freely and peremptorily en-
joy'd by the meaneft Planter, as he that is the higheft in Dig-
nity,.

( *3 )

nitv or wealthier in the Province Deer, and other Game that
are naturally wild, being not immur'd or preferv d withm
Boundaries, to fatisfy the Apppetite of the Rich alone. A
poor Labourer, that is Matter ot his Gun, &c. hath as good a
Claim to have continu'd-Coarfes of Delicacies crouded upon
his Table, as he that is Matter of a greater Purfe.

We lay all that Night at Monf. hngee s,and the next Morn-
ing fet out farther, to go the Remainder of our Voyage by
land • At ten a Clock we pafs'd over a narrow, deep
Swamp, having left the three Indian Men and one Woman,
that had pilotted the Canoe from Jfily-River, having hir d
a Sewee-Indian, a tall, lufty Fellow, who carry da Pack of
our Cloaths, of great Weight -, notwithitanding his Burden,
we had much a-do to keep pace with him. At Noon we came
up with feveral French Plantations, . meeting with ieveral
Creeks by the Way, the French were very officious in af-
£fting with their fmall Dories to pafs over thefe Waters, j
(whom we met coming from their Church) being all of them i
very clean and decent in their Apparel h their Houfesand
Plantations fuitable in Neatnefs and Contrivance. They are
all of the fame Opinion with the Church of Geneva, there
being no Difference amongft them concerning the lunfoUos
of their Chriftian Faith -, which Union hath propagated a
happy and delightful Concord in all other Matters through-
out the whole Neighbourhood h living amongft themfelves as
oneTrible, or Kindred, every one making it his Buimeis to
be affiftant to the Wants of his Country-man, preferring his
Eftate and Reputation with the fame Exadnefs and Concern
as he does his own-, all feeming to (hare in the Misfortunes,
and reioyce at the Advance, and Rife, of their Brethren.

Towards the Afternoon, we came to Monf. VJandro, where
we got our Dinner h there coining fomeFrettcb Ladies whillt
we were there, who were lately come from England, and Muni.
U Grand,* worthy Norman, who hath been a great Sufrerer in
his Eftate, hy the Perfecution in France, agamltthole ot the
Proteftant Religion: This Gentleman very kindly invited us
to make our Stay with him all Night, but we being intended
farther that Day, took our Leaves, returning Acknowledg-
ments of their Favours*. About

U/^#rfy

^t^-c/-

W?A

(14)

I £$")*

About 4 in the Afternoon, wepafs'd over a large Ciprus run
in a fmall Canoe 5 the French Doclor fent his Negro to guide
us over the Head of a large Swamp ; fo we got that Night to
■Monf. Galli an 9s the elder, who lives in a very curious contriv'd
Houfe, built of Brieve and Stone, which is gotten near that
Place. Near here comes in the RoadfromCharUs-Tom, and
/ 0 the reft of the Evglijh Settlement, it being a very good Way

0»7frdLypthtftLS by Land, and not above 36 Miles, altho1 more than 100 by
" V^K Water \ and I think the moft difficult Way I ever faw, occa-
iion'd by Reafon of the multitude of Creeks lying alo'ng the
Main, keeping their Courfe thro5 the Marines, turning and
winding like a Labyrinth,having the Tide of Ebb and Flood
y^ twenty Times in lefs than three Leagues going.

■*$> 9 M™ty> The ne5t Morning very early, we ferry 'd over a Creek that
runs near the Houfe h and, after an Hour's Travel in the
Woods, we came to the River-fide,whei e we ftay'd for the In-
dian, who was our Guide, and was gone round by Water in a
fmall Canoe, to meet us at that Place werefted at. He came af-
ter a fmall Time,and ferry 'd Us in that little VefTel over Santee
River^Miles, and.84 Miles in the Woods, which the over-Sow-
ing of the Frefhes, which then came down, had made a perfect
Sea of, there running an incredible Current in the River
which had ca.ft our fmall Craft, and us, away, had we not
had this Sewee Indian with us j who are excellent Artifts in
managing thefe fmall Canoes.

Santee River, at this Time, (from the ufual Depth of Water)
was nfen perpendicular 36 Foot, always making a Breach
from her Banks, about this Seafon of the Year : The general
Opinion of the Caufe thereof, is fuppos'd to proceed from the
overflowing of frelh Water-Lakes that lie near the Head of
this River, and others, upon the fame Continent : But my
Opinion is, that thefe vaft Inundations proceed from the great
and repeated Quantities of Snow that tails upon the Moun-
tains, which lie at fo great a Diftance from the Sea, therefore
they have no Help of being diflolv'd by thofe faline, piercing
Particles, as other adjacent Parts near the Ocean receive-
and therefore lies and increafes to a vaft Bulk, until fome
mild Southerly Breezes coming on a fudden, continue to unlock
thefe frozen Bodies, congeal'd by the North-Weft Wind, diifipa-

ting

i

X

I

<J<nrk> wieJth

zz

■n

05_)

ting them in Liquids * and coming down with Impetuofity,
fills thofe Branches that feed thefe Rivers, and caufes this
ftrange Deluge, which oft-times lays under Water the adjacent
Parts on both Sides this Current, for feveral Milefrdiftant from ;
her Banks ^ tho^the Fremh and Indians affVnfdto me, they
never knew fuch an extraordinary Flood there before.

We all, by God's Bleffing, and the Endeavours of our In-
<fow-Pilot, pafs'd fafe over the River, but was loft in the
Woods, which feero'd like fome great Lake, except here and
there a Knowl of high Land, which appear'd above Water.

We intended for Mont! Galliar\jun\ but was loft,none of us. f/^1A iu
knowing the Way at that Time, altho'the Indian was born yWfrtUtsWji
in that Country, it having receiv'd fo ftrange a Met amorphofis. ^^4-M/s~^f
We were in feveral Opinions concerning the right Way, the
Indian and my felf,fuppos'd theHoufe to bear one Way,the reft
thought to the contrary •, we differing, it was agreed on
amongft us,that one half fhould go with the Indian to find the
Houfe, and the other part'ato ftay upon one of thefe dry Spots,,
until fbmeof them return'd to us,and inform'd us where it lay.

My felf and two more were left behind,by Reafonthe Ca-
noe would not carry us all ^ we had but one Gun amongft uss .
one Load of Ammunition, and no Provifion. Had our Men
in the Canoe mifcairy'd,. we mnft (in all Probability) there
have periiffd.

In about fix Hours Time, from our Mens Departure, the
Indian came back to us in the fame Canoe he went in, being '

half drunk, which affur'd us they had found fome Place of
Refreihment. He took us three into the Canoe, telling us all
was well : Padling our Veflel feveral Miles thro1 the Woods,
being often half full of Water ^ but at length we got fafe to the
Place we fought for, which prov'd to lie the fame Way the
Indian and I guefsYl it did.

When we got to theHoufe, we found our Comrades in the
fame Trim the Indian was in, and feveral of the French Inha-
bitants with them,whotreated us very courteoufly, wondering
at our undertaking fuch a Voyage, thro5 a Country inhabi-
ted by none but Savages, and them of fo different Nations ,
and Tongues.

After we had refrefh'd our felves? we parted from a very

kind y

:

?^^-

—5*

Jifit ;

Tuefday*

\

( 16 )

kind, loving, and affable People, who wilh'd us a fafe and
profperous Voyage.

Hearing of a Camp of Santee Indians not far of, we &t out
intending to take up. our Quarters with them that Night*
There being a deep Run of Water in the Way, oae of our Com- •
pany being top-heavy, and there being nothing but a fmali
Pole for a Bridge, over a Creek, fell into the Water up to the
Chin j my felt laughing at the Accident, and not taking

food Heed to my Steps, came to the fame Misfortune : All our
•edding was wet. The Wind being at N. W. it froze very hard,
which prepared fuch a. Night's Lodging forme, that I never
defire to have the like again -, the wet Bedding and freezing
Air had fo qualifyM our Bodies, that in the Morning when
we awak'd, we were nigh frozen to Death, until we had re-
cruited our felves before a large Fire of the Indians,

Tuefday Morning we fet towards the Congerees, leaving
the Indian Guide Scipio drunk amonglt the Santee- Indians We
went ten Miles out of our Way, to head a great Swamp, the
Frefhes having fill'd them all with fuch great Quantities of
r£-> riJ/tJuj Water, that the ufual Paths were render'd unpafTable. We
/%tfu^±>64ww .met in our Way with an Indian Hut,where we were entertain'd
with a fat, boil'd Goofe, Venifon, Racoon, and ground Nuts.
We made but little Stay -, about Noon, we pafs'd by feveral
large Savannah's, wherein is curious Ranges for Cattel, be-
ing green all the Year 5 they were plentifully ttor'd with
~ ,. Cranes, Gee£e,"Cc. and the adjacent Woods with great Flocks
C jup-^unjiuA of Turkies. This Day we travelled about 30 Miles, and lay
all Night at a Houfe which was built for the Indian Trade,
the Matter thereof we had parted with at the Trench Town,
who gave us Leave to make ufe of his Manfion. Such Houfes
are common in thefe Parts, and efpecially where there, is /«-
Man Towns, and Plantations near at hand, which this Place
is well furniflVd withal.

Thefe Santee-Indiam are a weli-humour'd and affable Peo-
ple ; and living near the EngliJI), are become very tradable.
They make themfelves Cribs after a very curious Manner,
wherein they fecure their Corn from Yermin h which are
more frequent in thefe warm Climates, than Countries more
4iftant from the Sun. Thefe pretty Fabricks are commonly

J 6jtttUK4Ujk.

dflSfifaZ-

C6M

W*yW<

<J77L-

faxflt

f'>

,iL&) W «^rfcy^-^

sit f^sUjfa

( 17 )

'TTMl&ruJ

fupported with eight Feet or Polls, about feven Foot high
from the Ground, well daub'd whhin and without upon Laths,
with Loom or Clay, which makes them tight, and fit to
keep out the fmalleft Infeft, there being a fmall Door at di-
sable End, which is made of the fame Compofition, and to
be remov'd at Pleafure, being no bigger, than that a (len-
der Man may creep in at, cementing the Door up with the
fame Earth, when they take Corn out of the Crib, and are
going from Home, always finding their Granaries in the fame
Pofture they left them* Theft to each other being altogether
unpraftis'd, never receiving Spoils but from Foreigners.

Hereabouts the Ground is fomething higher than about /. n
Cbarles-Town, there being found fome Quarries of brown tree JfarfiU4XA*<rroQ
Stone which I have feen made Ufe of for Building, and hath
prov'd very durable and sood. The Earth here is mi^d with ■>

white Gravel, which is rare, there being nothing like a Stone faj/mu4
to be found, of the natural Produce, near to JJhlyRiver.

The next Day about Noon we came to the Side of a great W/ednefdity
Swan ip where we were forc'd to ftrip our felves to get over it, Septem. ^
which, with much Difficulty, we effected. Hereabouts the 1700.
late Guft of Wind, which happen'd in September lalt, had torn
thehree Ciprus-Trees and Timbers up by the Roots, they
lying confufedly in their Branches, did block up the Way,
making the Paflage very difficult.

This Night we got to one Scipio's Hutt, a- famous Hunter : pQ^^J^J^
TherewasnoBody atHome^ but we having (in our Company;
one that had us d to trade amongft them, we made our felves
welcome to what his Cabin afforded, (which is a Thing com-
mon) the Indians allowing it prafticable to the Evglifi Tra-
ders to take out of their Houfes what they need in their Ab-
fenc'e in Lieu whereof they moft commonly leave fome fmall
Gratuity of Tobacco, Paint, Beads. &c. We found great hnrtAd<r?t^
Store of 'Indian Peas, (a very goodPulle) Beans Oyl Think- / ' t\ ,

apin Nuts Corn, barbacu'd Peaches, and Peach-Bread * which $<Ht^ (ftdtty
Peaches being made into a Qiiiddony, and fo made up into /7WUW}
Loves like Barley-Cakes, thefe cut into thm Slices, and dil-
folv'din Water, makes a very grateful Acid, and extraordi-
nary beneficial in Fevers, as hath often been try'd, and ap-
proved on by our EngiiJIi PraOitioners. The Wind, being a^

i-i

'/t//07l

^^^/iht^jS9t^^^

e/Ti.

( i8 )

N. W, with cold Weather, made us make a large Fire in the
Indians Cabin ; being very intent upon our Cookery, we fit
the Dwelling on Fire, and with much ado, put it out, tho*
with the Lofs of Part of the Roof.

The next Day we travelled on our Way, and about Noon
came up with a Settlement of Santee Indians y there being Plan-
tations lying flattering here and there, for a great many Miles.
They came out to meet us, being acquainted with one of our
.Company, and made us very welcome with fat barb acu'd
>/' ( Veniien, which the Woman of the Cabin took and tore in

/*rV a j J Pieces with her Teeth, fo put it into a Mortar, beating it to-
^TkcCLMW&M^L \ Rags, afterwards ftews.it with Water, and other Ingredients,
***/. <s j which makes a very fa voury Diih.

y* At thefe Cabins came to vifit us the King of the Santee Na-
tion. He brought with him their chief Dodor or Phy iician^.
who was warmly and neatly clad with a Match-Coat, made
of Turkies Feathers, which makes a pretty Shew, feeming as
if it was a Garment of the deepeft filk Shag. This Doctor
had the Misfortune to lofe his Nofe by the Pox, which Di~
feafe the Indians often get by the Englijf) Traders that ufe a-
mongft them j not but the Natives of America have for many
Ages (by their own Confeflion) been afflicted with a Di-
i/hL&tZ^bfo?^' ^-emPer much like the Lues Venerea , which hath all the
• Symptoms of the Pox, bekig different in this only; for

ctmu- I never could learn, that this Country-Diftemper, or Yawes,
is begun or continu'd with a Gonorrhoea-, yet is attended
with nocturnal Pains in the Limbs, and commonly makes
.fuch a Progrefs, as to vent Part of the Matter by Botches,
and feveral Ulcers in the Body, and other Paris ; oftentimes
Death enfuing. I have known mercurial Unguents and Re-
medies work a Cure, following the fame Methods as in the
Pox ^ feveral white People, but chiefly the Criolo\ loiing their
Palates and Nofes by this devouring Vulture.

It is epidemical, vifiting thefe Parts of America, which is
often occafion'd thro' the immoderate drinking of Ruin, by
thofe that commonly drink Water at other Times, cold Nights
Lodging, and bad open Houfes, and more chiefly by often wet-
ting the Feet, and eating fuch Quantities of Pork as they
$oy which is a grofs Food, and a great Propagator of fuch

Juices

< 19)

Juices as it often meets withal in human Bodies, once tainted
with this Malady * which may differently (in fome Refpe&s)
act its Tragedy 5 the Change being occafion'd by the Diffe-
rence of Climates and Bodies, as in Europe. We being well
enough aifur'd that the Pox had its firft Rife (known to us)
in this new World, it being caught of the Indian Women,
by the Spmnjb Soldiers that follow'd Columbus in one of his
Expeditions to America 5 who after their Arrival in Old Spain,
werehaften'd to the Relief of Naples, at that Time befieg'd
by the French. Provisions growing fcarce, the ufelefs Peo-
ple were turnd out of the City, to lefFen the Mouths 3 a-
mongftthefe, the Citrtefans were one Part, who had frequent-
ly embrac'd the Spaniards, being well fraught with Riches by
their new Difcovery. The Leager Ladies had no fooner loft
their Spanifi Dons, but found themfelves as well entertain'd
by the French, whofe Camp they traded in, giving theMoun-
fieurs as large a Share- of the pocky Spoils within their own
Lines, as the Spaniards had, who took the Pains to bring it in
their Breeches as far as from America ; the large Supplies of
Swines Flefh, which that Army was chiefly viduall'd withal,
made it rage. The Siege was raised •, the French and. Spani-
ards retreating to Flanders, which was s Parrade of all Nations*,
hy which Means, this filthy Diftemper crowded itfclf inta
moftNatious of the known Workh r

Now to return to our Doctor ,who in the Time of his Afflicti-
on withdrew himfelf (with one that labour'd under the fame
Diftemper) into the Woods. Thefe two perfected their Cures
by proper Vegetables, Vfc. of which they have Plenty, and
are well acquainted with their fpecifick Virtue.

I have feen fuch admirable Cures perform'd by thefe Sava-
ges, which would puzzle a great many graduate Practitioners
to trace their Steps in Healing, with the fame Expedition,
Eafe, andSuccefs 5 tiling no racking Instruments in their Chi-
rurgery, nor nice Rules of Diet and Phyiick, to verify the
Saying, qui Medice vivit, miferevivit. In Wounds which pe-
netrate deep, and feein morfeai, they order afpare Diet, with
drinking Fountain-water -, if they perceive a white Matter,or
Pus to arife, t hey let the Patient mor® at large, and prefently
cure him. A '

D 2 - Ate

■ St

C *o )

0

'frULMc

r

Y-

im

T^aldh

After thefe two had perform'd their Cures at noeafierRate
than the Expence of both their Nofes, coming again amongft
their old Acquaintance fo disfigur'd, the Indians admir'd to fee
them metamorphosd after that maimer h enquired of them
where they had been all that Time, and what were become
of their Nofes? They made Anfwer, That they had been
converting: with the white Man above, (meaning God Al-
mighty) how they were very kindly entertain'd by that Great
£emg | he being, much pleas'd with their Ways, and had
promis d to make their Capacities equal with the white People
in makmgGuns Ammunition, Kk in Retaliation of which
they nad given him their Nofes. The Verity of which they
yet hold, the Mians being an eafy, credulous People, and
moft notonoufly cheated by their Priefts and Conjurers,- both
Trade* meeting ever in one Perfon, and moft commonly a
Spice of Quackfhip added to the other two Ingredients which
renders that cunning Knave the Impoftor to be more rely'd
upon 5 thence a fitter Inftrument to cheat thefe ignorant Peo-
ple, the Prieftand Conjurers being never admitted to their
Practice, 'till Years and the Experience of repeated Services
hath wrought their Efteem amongft the Nations they Song

™Jihn ia7;teeKin^ ^'ho was ^Company with thisNo-
nos d Doftor , is the moft abfolute Indian Ruler in thefe
^ Parts, although he is Head- but of a fmall People in Re

ged to fame other Nations of Indians, that ^iTaVe feen
He can put any of his People to Death that hath committed
any Fault which he judges worthy of fo great a PunXrent
This Authority is rarely found among! thefe Savage for
they acl not- (commonly) by a determinative Voice fnthet
Laws, towards any one that hath committed Murder, or fuch
other great Crime, but take this Method, him to whom the
Injury was done, or if dead, the neareft of his Kindred
profecutes by Way-of an aflual Revenge, being himfelf if
Opportunity ferves his Intent, both Judge and Executioner
performmgfo much Mifchief on the Offender, orhf S
Relation, until fneh Time that he is fully fatisfy'd Yet

wfrhYWf* f° in™e> but " ™Y ^ bought 'off
with Beads, Tobacco, and fuch like Commodities that are

ufefui.

IL,

(J-

I ^&xJiJwt<4

( M ) __

ufeful amongft them, though it were the molt fable Villany-
"that could beaded by Mankind.

Some that attended the King, prefented me with an odorife-
ious,balfamick Root, of a fragrant Smell and Tafte,the Name
I know not 5 they chew it in the Mouth, and by that ilmple
Application, heal defperate Wounds, both green and old*
that fmall Quantity I had, was given inwardly to thofe
troubl'd with the -Belly-ach, which Remedy fail'd not to give
prefent Help, the Pain leaving the Patient foon after they
had taken the Root.

Near to thefe Cabins are feveral Tombs made after the
manner of thefe Indians •, the largeft and the chiefeft of
them was the Sepulchre of the late Indian King of the Santees^
a Man of great Power, not only amongft his own Subjects, but
dreaded by the neighbouring Nations for his great Valour and
Conducl, having as large a Prerogative in his Way of Ruling,
as the prefent King I now fpoke of.

The manner of their Interment, is thus :A Mole or Pyramid
of Earth is rais'd,the Mould thereof being work'd very fmooth
and even, fometimes higher or lower, according to the Digni-
ty of the Perfon whofe Monument it is. On the Top there-
of is an Umbrella, made Ridge-ways, like the Roof of an
Houfe 5 this is fupported by nine Stakes, or fmall Polls, the
Grave being about fix or eight Foot in Length, and four Foot
in Breadth-, about it is hung Gourds Feathers, and other fuch
like Trophies, placM there by the dead Man's Relations, in
Refpedt to him in the Grave. The other Part of the Funeral-
Rites are thus, As foon as the Party is dead, they lay the
Corps upon a Piece of Bark in the Sun, feafoningor embalm-
ing it with a fmall Root beaten to Powder,which looks as red as
Vermilion j the fame is mix'd with Bear's Oil, to beautify the
Hair, and preferve their Heads from being loufy, it growing
plentifully in thefe Parts of America* After the Carcafs has
laid a Day or two in the Sun, they remove and lay it upon
Crotches cut on purpofe for the Support thereof from theEarthj
then they anoint it all over with the fore-mention'd Ingredi-
ents of the Powder of this Root, and Bear's Oil. When-it is
{o done, they cover it very exaclly over with Bark of the
Pine or Cyprus Tree, to prevent any Rain to fall upon ir^

fvveepingj

^iZ^^iJ^^&???U^J^\

TTt^Ji^JLOT-GSiAJ- —

V-

(22 )

Of

U4>1

{Weeping the Ground very clean .all about: it. Some of his
neareit of Kin brings all the temporal Eftate he was pof»
fefsd of at his Death, as Guns, Bows, and Arrows, Beads,
Feathers, Match-coat,. ©c. This Relation is the chief Mourn-
er, being clad in Mofs, and a Stick in his Hand, keeping a
mournful Ditty for three or- four Days, his Face being black
with the "Smoak of Pitch, Pine, iiiingl'd with Bear's Oil. All
*he whilehe tells the dead Mans Relations, and the reft of the
Spectators, who that dead Perfqn was, and of the great Feats
perform'd in his Life-time i all what he fpeaks, tending to the
Praifeof the Demnd. As foon as the Fiefh grow^ mellow,
and will cleave from the Bone, they get it off, and burn it,
making all the Bones very clean, then anoint them with the
Ingredients aforefaid, wrapping up the Skull (very carefully)
in a Cloath artificially woven of Poffums Hair. (Thefe Indi-
ans make Girdles, Sallies, Garters, £?V. after the fame Manner.)
The Bones they carefully preferve in a wooden Box, every
Year oiling and cleanfmg them : By thefe Means preferve
them for many Ages, that you may fee an Indian m Poffeihon
of the Bones of his Grand-father, or Tome of his Relations of a
larger Antiquity. They have other Sorts of Tombs, as where
an Indian is flain, in that very Place they make a Heap of
Stones, (or Sticks, where Stones are not to be found ^) to this
Memorial, every Indian that pailes by, adds a Stone, to aug-
ment the Heap, in Refped to the deceased Hero.

We had a very large Swamp to pafs over near the Houfe,
and would have hir'd our Landlord to have been our Guide,
but he feenfd unwilling -, fo we prefs'd him no farther about
it. He was the talleft Indian I ever faw, being (even Foot high,
and a very ftrait compleat Perfon, efteenVd on by the King
for his great Art in Hunting, always carrying with him an
artificial Head to hunt withal : They are made of the Head
of a Buck, the back Part of the Horns being fcrapt and hol-
low, for Lightnefs of Carriage. The Skin is left to the fet-
ting on of the Shoulders, which is lin'd all round with final!
Hoops, and flat Sort of Laths, to hold it open for the Arm to
go in. They have a Way to preferve the Byes, as if living.
The Hunter puts on a Match-coat made of Deer's Skin, with
the Hair on, and a Piece of the white Part of a Deer's Skin,

that

-fcbljyr?u/-cJU4j

(»3)

■ ' i ■ ■ - ■ iii — — _ 1

that grows on the Breaft, which is faften'd to the Neck-End

of this (talking Head, fa hangs down. In thefe Habiliments- AnsLL <f^6 fl

an Indian will go as near a Deer as he pleafes, the exact Mo- ^fn^U-lt /ldU)t4o~\

tions and Behaviour of a Deer being fo well counterfeited by

'em.that feveral Times it hath been known for two Hunters to

come up with a ftalking Head together, and unknown to each

other, fo that they have kill'd an Indian inftead of a Deer,

which hath happen'd fometimes to be a Brother, or ibme

dear Friend $ for which Keafon they allow not of that Sort

of Practice, where the Nation is populous.

Within half a Mile of the Houfe, we pafs'd over a prodi-
gious wide and deep Swamp, being forc'd to ftr ip ftark-naked, v>
and much a-do to fave our felves from drowning in this Fa-
tiegue. We, with much a-do, got thro', going that Day about
five Miles farther, and came to three more Indian Cabins,
ealfd in the Indian Tongue, Hickerau, by the EngliJI) Traders,,
the black Houfe, being pleafantly feated on a high Bank, by a
Branch of Santee-River. One of our Company, that had
traded amongft thefe Indians, told us. That one of the Cabins n n * .
was his Father Vin-Law * he call'd him fo, by Reafon the old FWhc&ft t>tufL>
Man had g'ven him a young Indian Girl, that was his Daugh-
ter, to lie with him, make Bread, and to be neceffary in what
ihe was capable to alfift him in, during, his Abode amongft
them.

When we came thither firft, there was no Body at Home5
fo the Son made bold to fearch his Father's Granary for Corn,
and other Provifions. He brought us fome Indian Maiz and
Peas, which are of a reddifh Colour, and eat well, yet colour
the Liquor they are boiPd in, as if it were a Lixivium of red
Tartar. After we had been about an Hour in the Houfe,
where was Millions of Fleas, the Indian Cabins being often
fuller of fuch Vermin, than any Dog-Kennel, the old Man
came in to us, and feem'd very glad to. fee his Son-ii>Law.

This Indian is a great Conjurer, as appears by the Sequel.
The Seretee or Santee Indians were gone to War a gain ft the
Hooks and Backbooh Nations, living near the Mouth oE Witty--
an-River. Thofe that were left at Home, (which are com-
' monly old People and Children) had heard no News a long
Time of their Men at Arms. This Man, at the Entreaty of

^ka

L

cfrpjr?u

ouHtf-

T— ^—

( =4)

1

7

Friday.

■tiiefe People, (being held to be a great Sorcerer amongft 'em)
went to know what Pofture their fighting Men were in. His
Exorcifm was carry 'don thus: He drefsd himfelf in a clean
white drefs'd Deer- Skin ^ a great Fire being made in the Mid-
dle of the Plantation, the Indians fitting ail round it, the
Conjurer was blind-folded, then he furrounded the Fire fede-
ral Times, I think thrice \ leaving the Company, he went into
the Woods, where he ftay'd about half an Hour, returning to
them, furrounded the Fire as before 5 leaving them, went the
fecorid Time into the Woods; at which Time there came a
huge Swarm of Flies, very large, they flying about the Fire
feveral Times, at laft fell all into it, and were vifibly confum'd.
Immediately after the JwJww-Conjurer made a huge Lilleloo,
and howling very frightfully, prefently an Indian -went and
caught hold of him, leading him to the Fire. The old Wizard
was fo feeble and weak, being not able to Itand alone, and all
over in a Sweat, and as wet as if he had fallen into the River.
After fome Time he recover'd his Strength, afluring them,
that their Men were near a River, and cguM not pafs over it
'till fo many Days, but would, in fuch a Time, return all in
Safety, to their Nation. All which prov'd true at the Indians
Return, which was not long after. .This Story the Eqglijk*
man, his Son-in-Law, affirmed to me.

The old Man (lay d with us about two Hours, and told us
we were welcome to flay there all Night," and take what his
Cabin afforded; then leaving us, went into the Woods, to
fome Hunting-Quarter not far off.

The next Morning early we purfu'd our Voyage, finding
the Land to improve it felf in Pleafantnefs and Richnefs of
Soil. When we had gone about ten Miles, one of our Compa-
ny tir'd, being not able to travel any farther; fo we went for-
ward, leaving the poor d ejected Traveller with Tears in his
Eyes, to return to Charles-Town, and travel back again over
fo much bad Way, we having pafs'd thro'theworftof our Jour-
ney, the Land here being high and dry, very few Swamps,
andthofedry, and a little Way through. We travell'd about
twenty Miles, lying near a Savanna that was over-flown with
Water h where we were very fhort of Vi£tuals,but finding the
Woods newly burnt, and on fire in many Places, which gave
as great Hopes that Indians were not far of. Next

•,.■--

__ CaS )

Next Morning very early, we waded thro5 the Savanna, Saturday
the Path lying there • and about ten a Clock came to a hunt- *? *#«■•'
ing Quarter, of a great man]/" Santees$ they made us all wel-
come 5 mewing a great deal of Joy at our coming, giviug us
barbacu'd Turkeys, Bear's Oil, and Venifon.

Here we hir'd Satitee Jack (a good Hunter, and a well-hii*
mour'd Fellow) to be our Pilot to the Congeree Indians ; we
gave him a Stroud- water- Blew, to make his Wife an India*.
Petticoat, who Went with her Hufband. After two Hours Re-
freiliment, we went on, and got that Day about twenty Miles %
we lay by a (mail fwift Riiri of Water, which was pav'd at '
the Bottom with a Sort of Stone much like to Tripoli, and
fo light, that I fancy 'd it would precipitate in no Stream,
but where it naturally grew. The Weather was very cold,
the Winds holding Northerly. We made our felves as merry as
we could, having a good Supper with the Scraps of the Veni-
fonwehad given us by the Indians, having kilTd 3 Teal and a
Poffiim^ which Medly ail together made a curious Ragoo.

This Day all of us had a Mind to have refted, but the Indian Sunday 1$
was much againft it, alledging, That the Place we lay at, was Miles.
not good to hunt in <, telling us, if we would go on, by Noon,
he would bring us to a more convenient Place ^ fowe rnov'd
forwards, and about twelve a Clock came to the moft amazing
Profpec! Iliad feen iince I had been in Carolina •, we travell'd
by a Swamp-fide, which Swamp I believe to be no lefs than
twenty Miles over, the other Side being as far as I could well
difcern, there appearing great Ridges of Mountains, bearing
from us W. N. Jf. One Alp with a Top like a Sugar-loaf, ad-
vanced its Head above all the reft very conliderably j the Day
was very ferene, which gave us the Advantage of feeing along
Way •, thefe Mountains were cloth'd all over with Trees,which
feem'd to us to be very large Timbers.

At the Sight of this fair Profpedfc, we ftay'd all Night h our
Indian going about half an Hour before us5had provided three
fat Turkeys e'er we got up to him.

The Swamp I now fpoke of, is not a miry Bog, as others
generally are, but you go down to it thro1 a fteep Bank, atthe
Foot of which, begins this Valley, where you may go dry .
for perhaps 200 Yards, then you meet witn a fmall Broob

E or.

mi

Monday <

( »« ) -

or Run of Water, about 2 or 9 Foot deep, then dry Land for
fuch another Space, fo another Brook, thus continuing. The
Land in this Percoarfon, or Valley, being extraordinary richs
and the Runs of Water well Itor'd with Fowl. It is the Head
of one of the Branches of Sautee-River 5 but a farther Difcovery
Time would not permit * only one Thing is very remarka-
ble, there growing all over this Swamp, a tall, lofty Bay-
tree, but is not the fame as in England, thefe being in their
Verdure all the Winter long $ which appears here, when
you Hand on the Ridge, (where our Path lay) as if it were one
pleafant, green Field, and as even as a Bowling-green to the
Eye of the Beholder ^ being hemm'd in on one Side with thefe
Ledges of vail high Mountains.

Viewing the Land here, we found an extraordinary rich*
black Mould, and fome of a Copper-colour, both Sorts very
good •, the Land in fome Places is much burthen'd with Iron,
Stone, here being great Store of it, feemingly very good : The
cviling Springs, which are many in thefe Parts, ifluing out
of the Rocks, which Water we drank of, it colouring the Ex-
crements of Travellers (by its chalybid Quality) as black
as a Coal. When we were all afleep, in the Beginning of the
Night, we were awaken'd with the difmaU'ft and moft hideous
Noife that ever pierc'd my Ears : This fudden Surprizal inca-
pacitated us of guefling what this threatning Noife might pro*
ceed from ^ but our Indian Pilot (who knew thefe Parts very
well) acquainted us, that it was cuftomary to hear fuch Mu-
fick along that Swamp-fide, there being endlefs Numbers of
Panthers, Tygers, Wolves, and other Beaftsof Prey, which
take this Swamp for their Abode in the Day,coming in whole-
Droves to hunt the Deer in the Night, making this frightful.
Ditty 'till Day appears, then all is trill as in other Places.

The next Day it prov'd a fmall drifly Rain, which is rare,
there happening not the tenth Part of Foggy-falling Weather
towards thefe Mountains, as vifits thofe Parts. Near the
Sea-board,the fadicmkilld 1$ Turkeys this Day-, there com-
ing out of the Swamp, (about Sun-rifing) Flocks of thefe
Fowl, containing feveral hundreds in a Gang, who feed up-
on the Acrons, it being moft Oak that grow in thefe Woods.
There are but very few Pines iu thofe Quarters*

Early

( *7 )

Early the next Morning, we fet forward for the Congeree-In~
diam, parting with that delicious Profpedh By the Way,our
Guide kuTd more Turkeys, and two Polcats, which he eat,
efteeming them before fat Turkeys. Some of the Turkeys
which we eat, whilft we ftay'd there, I believe, weigh'd no
lefs than 40 Pounds.

The Land we pafs'd over this Day, was moft of it good,
and the worft paifable. At Night we kiird a PofTum, being
cloy'd with Turkeys,made a Diih of that, which tafted much
between young Pork and Veal* their Fat being as white as
any I ever faw.

Our Indian having this Day kill'd good Store of Provision
with his Gun, he always (hot with a fingle Ball , miffing
but two Shoots in above forty-, they being curious Artitts in
managing a Gun, to make it carry either Ball, or Shot, true.
When they have bought a Piece^nd find it to fhoot any Ways
crooked,they take the Barrel out of the Stock, cutting a Notch
in a Tree, wherein they fet it ltreight, fometimes ihooting a-
way above 100 Loads of Ammunition, before they bring the
Gun to (hoot according to their Mind. We took up our Quar-
ters by aFifh-pond-lide •, the Pits in the Woods that ftand full
of Water, naturally breed. Fifh in them, in great Quantities.
We cook'd our Supper, but having neither Bread,or Sak,our fat
Turkeys began to be loathfome to us, alino" we were never
wanting of a good Appetite, yet a Continuance of one Diet,
made us weary. . r,

The next Morning, Santee Jack told us, we mould reach the rcdnejaa?
Indian Settlement betimes that Day 5 about Noon, we pafs'd
by feveral fair Savanna's, very rich and dry ^ feeing great
Copfes of many Acres that bore nothing but Bufhes, about
the Bignefs of Box-trees ^ which (in the Seafon) afford great
Quantities of fmall Black-berries, very pleafmt Fruit, and
much like to our Blues, or Huckle-berries, that grow on
Heaths in England. Hard by the Savanna s we found the
Town, where we halted ; there was not above one Man left
with the Women, the rell being gone a Hunting for a Feait.
The Women were very bufily engaged in Gaming : The Name
or Grounds of it, I coold not learn, tho5 I look'd on above
two Hours. Their Arithmetick was kept with a Heap of Indian

E 2 Grain,

I

_*

.

( 28 )

Grain. When their Play was ended, the King, or Cafettas
Wife, invited us into her Cabin. The Indian Kings always en-
tertaining Travellers, either E-nglifi, or tedimv, Taking it as a
great Affront, if they pais by their Cabins, and take Sp their
Quarters at any other hdians Houfe. The Queen fet Victu-
als before us, which good Compliment they ufe generally as
foon as you come under their Roof.

The town confifts not of above a dozen Houfes, they having
other ftragling Plantations up .and down the Countrv, and
are feated upon a fmall Branch of 6W^-River. Their Place
hath curious dry Marines, and Savannas adjoining to it
mid would prove an exceeding thriving Range for Cattle, and
Hogs, provided the EngViJh were feated thereon. Befides the
Land is good for Plantations.

Thefe Indians are a fmall People, having loft much of their
former Numbers, by inteftme Broils • but moll by the
Small-pox, which hath often vifited them , fweepingaway
whole Towns h occaiion'd by the immoderate Government
of themfelvesin their Sicknefs ; as I have mention^ be$re
treating of the Sewees. Neither do I know any Savages that
have traded with the Englijb, but what have been great Lofers
by this Diflemper.

We found here good Store of Chinkapin-Nuts, which they
gather in Winter great Quantities of, drying them h fokeer>
thefe Nuts im great Baikets for their U&5 likewife Hickerie-
Nuts, which they beat betwixt two great Stones, then fift
them, fo thicken tlieir Venifon-Broath therewith ; the fmall
Shells precipitating to the Bottom of the Pot, whilft the Ker-
nel in Form of Flower, mixes it with the Liquor. Both thefe
Nuts made into Meal, makes a curious Soop, either with clear
Water, or in any Meat- Broth.

From the Nation of Indians, until fuch Time as you come
to the Turkeiritros -in North Carolina, you will fee no lone
Mofs upon the Trees ; which Space of Ground contains, above
five hundred Miles. Thisfeeming Miracle in Nature, is oc-
cafion'd by the Highnefs of the Land, it being dry and
healthful ; for tho' this molt bears, a Seed in a Sort of a fmall
€cd, jet it is generated in or near lowfwampy Grounds

The

u C 39 )

The Conferees are kind and affable to the £?#//#, the Queen
being very kind, giving us what Rarities her Cabin afforded,
as Loblolly made with Indian Corn* and dry'd Peaches. Thefe
. Covgerees have abundance of Storks and Cranes in their Sa-
vannas. They take them before they can fly, and breed 'em
as tame^and familiar as a Dung-hill Fowl. They had a tame
Crane at 6ne of thefe Cabins, that was fcarce Teis than fix
Foot in Height, his Head being round, with a Alining natu-
ral Crimfon Hue, which they all have- Thefe are a, very
comely Sort of Indians, there being a ftrange Difference in the
Proportion and Beauty of thefe Heathens. Altho' their Tribes
or Nations border one upon another, yet you may difcern as
great an Alteration in their Features and Difpofitions, as you
can in their Speech, which generally proves quite different
from each other, though their Nations be not above 10
or 20 Miles in Diftance. The Women here being as hand-
fome as moft I have met withal, being feveral fine-finger'd
Brounetto's amongft them. Thefe Laifes itick not upon Hand
long, for they marry when very young, as at 12 or 14 Years
of Age. The EtigUJb Traders are feidom without an Indian
Female for his Bed-fellow, alledging thefe Reafons as fuffici-
ent to allow of fuch a Familiarity. Firft, They being re-
mote from any white People, that it preferves their Friendfhip
with the Heathens, they eiteeming a white Man's Child much
above one of their getting, the Indian Miitrefs ever fecuring
her white Friend Provifions whilft he ftays amongft them.
And laftly, This Correfpondence makes them learn the Ins
dian Tongue much the fooner, they being of the French*-
man's -Opinion, 'how that an Engli \jh Wife teaches her Huf-
band more Englifo in one Night, than a School-mafter can in
a Week.

We faw at the Gajfettds Cabin the ftrangeft Spectacle of An-
tiquity I ever knew, it being an old Indian Squah, that, had
I been to have guefs'd at her Age by her Afpecf,old Parr's Head
(the Welch Methufalem) was a Face in Swadling-Clouts to hers.
Her Skin hung in Reaves like a Bag of Tripe. By a fair Com-
putation, one might have juftly thought it would have con-
tain'd three fuch CarcaiTes as hers then was. She had one of
her Hands contracted by fome Accident in the Fire,^ they

fleeping

( 3Q )

Sleeping always by it, and often fall into fad Difafters, efpeci-
ally in their drunken Moods. I made the ltri&eft Enquiry that
was pofiible, and by what I could gather, fhe was considerably
above 100 Years old, notwithftanding the fmoak'd Tobacco,
and eat her Victuals, to all Appearance, as heartily as one of
1 8. One of our Company fpoke forae of their Language, and
having not quite forgotten his former Intrigues with the Indi-
aw Lanes, would fain have been dealing with fome of the young
Female Fry ^ but theyrefus'd him, he having nothing that
thefe Girls efteem'd. At Night we were laid in the King's Ca-
bin, where the Queen and the old Squah pig'd in with us:
The former was very much disfigured with Tettars, and very
- referv'd, which disappointed our fellow Traveller in his In-
trigues.

The Women fmoak much Tobacco, {as moft Indians do.)
They have Pipes, whofe Heads are cut out of Stone, and will
hold an Ounce of Tobacco, and fome much lefs. They have ,
large wooden Spoons, as big as fmall Ladles, which they make
little LTe of, lading the Meat out of the Bowls with their Fin-
gers.
Ihurfday. In the Morning we rofe before D^v, having hir'd a Guide
over Night to conduct us on our U a •, but it was too foon
for him to ftir out, the Indians nevt fetting forward "till the
Sun is an Hour or two high, an< nath exhall'd the Dew
from the Earth. The Queen got us a good Breakfaft be-
fore we left her-, fhe had a young Child, which was much
afflicted with the Cholick ; for which Diftemper fhe in-
fus'd a Root in Water, which was held in a Goard-, this ihe
took into her Mouth, andfpurted it into the Lifrnt's, which
gave it eafe. After we had eaten, we ill out (with our new
Guide) for the Wateree Indians, We went over a great deal of
indifferent Land this Day. Here begins to appear very good
Marble, which continues more and lefs for the Space of $00
Miles. We lay all Night by a Run of Water, as we always
do, (if poffible) for the Convenience of it. The Weather
was very cold. We went this Day about 30 Miles from the
-Congerees
Friday. In the Morning we made no Stay to get our Breakfaft, but
halted on our Voyage, the Land increasing in Marble and

Richnefs

(sO

Richnefsof Soil. At Noon we halted, getting our Dinner
upon a Marble-Stone, that rofe it felf half a Foot above the
Surface of the Earth, and might contain the Compafs of a
Quarter of "an Acre of Land, being very even, there grow-'
ingupon it in fome Places a fmall red Berry, like a Salmon-
Spawn, there boiling out of the main Rock curious Springs
of as delicious Water, as ever I drank in any Parts I ever tia-

velFd in.

Thefe Parts likewife affords good free Stone, fit for Build-
ing, and of feveral Sorts. The Land here is pleafantly feat-
ed, with pretty little Hills and Valleys, the rifing Sun at once
fhewing his glorious receding Rays on a great many of thefe
little Mountains. We went this Day about 20 Miles, our
Guide walking like a Horfe, till we had fadl'd him with a
good heavy Pack of fome Part of our Cloaths and Bedding y
by which Means we kept Pace with him.

This Night we lay by a Run-fidey where I found a fine
yellow Earth, the fame with Bruxels-Sand, which Goldfmiths
ufe to call withal, giving a good Price in England, and other
Parts. Here is likewife the true Blood-Stone, and confi-
derable Quantities of Fullers-Earth, which I took a Proof
of, by fcouring great Spots out of Woollen, and it prov'd ve-
ry good.

As we were on our Road this Morning, our Indian fhot at a S&tttrday,
Tyger, that crofs'd the Way, he being a great Diftancefrom
us. I believe he did him no Harm, becaufe he fat on his
Breech afterwards^ and look'd upon us. I fuppofe he ex*
peeled to have had a Spaniel Bitch, that I had with me, for
his Breaftfaft, who run towards him, but in the Midway
ftopt her Career, and came fneaking back to us with her
Tail betwixt her Legs.

We faw in the Path a great many Trees blown up by the
Roots, at the Bottom whereof (tuck great Quantities of fine
red Bole-, I believe nothing inferior to that of Venice or Lem-
ma. We found fome Holes in the Earth, which were full of
a Water as black as Ink. I thought that Tincture might
. proceed from fome Mineral, but had not Time to make a
farther Difcovery,- About Noon we pafs'd over a pleafant

ftony

'■^

—

— :

[

( 32 ) .

itony Brook, whofe Water was of a bluifh Caft, as it is foe
feveral hundreds of Miles towards the Heads of the Rivers
-I fuppofe occafionfd hy the vM Quantities of Marble ly-
ing in the Bowels of the Earth. The Springs that feed thefe
-Rivulets, lick up fome Potions of the Stones in the Brooks -f
which Diilblution gives this Tin&ure, as appears in all, or
molt of the Rivers and Brooks of this Country, whofe' ra-
pid Streams are like thofe iri'Torkfiire, and other Northern
Counties of England. The Indians talk of many Sorts of
-Fifh which they afford, but we, had not Time to difcover
; their Species.

I faw here had been fome Indian Plantations formerly,
there being feveral pleafant Fields of cleared Ground and
excellent Soil, now well fpread with fine bladed Grafs,' and
Strawberry- Vines.

The Mould here is exceffive rich, and a Country very plea-
iingto the Eye, had it the Convenience of a navigable Ri-
ver, as all new Colonies (of Neceifity) require. It would make
a delightful Settlement.

We went eight Miles farther, and came to the JPderee
Chickanee Indians. The Land holds good, there being not
a Spot of bad Land to be feen in feveral Days going.

The People of this Nation are likely tall Perfons, and
great Pilferers, Healing from us any Thing they could lay
their Hands on, though very refpe&ful in giving us what
•Victuals we wanted. We lay in their C bins all Night, be-
ing dark fmoaky Holes, as ever I faw any Indians dwell
in. This Nation is much more populous than the Conge-
rees^ and their Neighbours, yzt underftand not one ano-
thers Speech. They are very poor in Englijl} EfTe&s, feve-
ral of them having no Guns, making Uk of Bows and Ar-
rows, being a lazy idle People, a Quality incident to moft
Indians^ but none to that Degree as thefe, as I ever met
withal.

Their Country is wholly free from Swamps and Quag-
mires, ^ being high dry Land, and confequently healthful,
producing large Corn-Stalks, and fair Grain,

Next

mi

C 33 )__ _

Next Morning, we took off our Beards with a Razor, the sandy]
Indians looking on with a great deal of Admiration They
told us, they had never feen the like before, and that our
Knives cut far better than thofe that came amongft the /«-
dims. They would tain have borrow'd our Razors, as they
bad our Knives, Sciflbrs, and Tobacco-Tongs, the day be-
fore, being as ingenious at picking of Pocket?, as any I be-
lieve, the World affords s for they will Ileal with their Feet. "
Yefterday, one of our Company, not walking fo fait as the
reft, was left behind. He being out of Sight before we r --&&
lum,and not coming up to us,tho' we ftaid'a confiderabk time
on the Road for han, we ituck up Sticks in the Ground,
and left other Tokens to direfrhun which way we were gone'
But he came not to us that Night, whic)rgave us Occafion to
fear fomeof the Heathens had kill'd hi*, for his Cloaths or
the favage Beafts had devour'd him in t,he Wildernefs ? he
having nothing about him to ftrike Fire withal. As we
were debating which way we mould fend to know what was
become of him, he overtook us, having a Waxfaw Indan for
his Guide. He told us, he had mfe'd the Path , and sot
to another Nation of Indians, but 3 Miles off, who at that
time held great Feafting. They had entertain'd him very
refpectruhy, and fent that Indian to invite us amongft them
wondriDg that we would not take up our Quarters with
them, but make our Abode with fuch a poor Sort of Indians
that were not capable of entertaining us according to our
Deferts: We receiv d the Meffenger with a great many Ce-
remonies, acceptable to thofe fort of Creatures. Bidding our
Waterree King adieu, we fet forth towards the Waxfaws
going along clear'd .Ground all the Way. Upon our Arrival'
we were led into a very large and lightfbmc Cabin, the like I
have not met withal. They laid Furs and Deer-Skins upon
Cane Benches for us to fit or lie upon, bringing (immediately)
ftewed Peaches and green Corn, that is prefer vM in their Ca-
bins before it is ripe, and fodden and boil'd when they ufe it
whiQh is a pretty fort of Food, and a great Increafer of the

Blood.

hJthfr £ Tk arC °! a?T €x,traord^ary Stature, and call'd
by their Neighbours fiat Heads, which feems a very fuitabie
Name for them. In their Infancy, their Nurfes lay the
Back-part of their Children's Heads on a Bag of Sand, (fuch

F as

( 34 )

as Engravers ufeto reft their Plates upon.; They ufe a Roll,
vhich is placed upon the Babe's Forehead, it being laid with
its Back on a fiat Board, and Twaddled hard down thereon,
from one End of this Engine, to the other This Method
makes the Child's Body and Limbs as ftraight as an Arrow.
There being fome young Indians that are perhaps crookedly
inclin'd, at their firft coming into the World , who are
made pertly ftraight by this Method. I never faw an Indian
of a mature Age,that was any ways crooked, except by Acci-
dent, and that way feldom , for they cure and prevent De-
formities of the Limbs, and Body, very exactly.. The In-
ftrument I fboke of before, being a fort of a Prefs^ that is let
out and in, more or lefs, according to the Discretion of the
NuiTe, in which they make the Child's Head flat, it makes
the Eyes ftand a prodigious Way afunder, and the Hair hang
over the Forehead like the Eves of a Houfe, which feems
very frightful : They being ask'd the Reafon why they pra-
ais'd this Method, reply'd, the Ws Sight j was much
lengthened and quicker, thereby, to difcem the Game in
bunting at larger Diftance, and fo never mifs'd of becoming
cxp tSHunte?s, the Perfedion of which they all aim at as
ue do to become experienced Soldiers, learned School-Men,
or Artifts in Mechanicks : He that is a good Hunter never
mifles of being a Favourite amongft the Women * the pret-
tieft Girls being always beftow'd upon the chieitt Sports-
Men, and thofe of a grofler Mould, upon theufelefs LMers.
Thns thev have a Graduation amongft them, as well as o-
ther Nations. As for the Solemnity of Marriages amongft
them kept witk fo much Ceremony as divers Authors af-
firm it never appear'd amongft thafe many Nations I have
Deen withal, any otherwife than in the Manner I have men-

^Th^Girlfat'i^ or 13 Years of Age, as foon asNature
prompts them, freely beftow their Maidenheads on fome
Youth about the fame Age, continuing her Favours on whom
ftemoft affeas, changing her Mate very often, few or none
nf thembein- conltanttoone, till a greater Number of
Years has made her capable of manadng domeftick Aifairs,
rid me ha h try'd the Vigour of molt of the Nation fhe
SA to, Multiplicity of Ga^ts g^yg-J

vancemen t*

a Female's Reputation, or the

( 3S )

vancemerit, but the more Wborijh^ the more Honourable, and
they of all molt coveted, by thofe of the firft Rank, to make a
Wife of. The Flos Firgnis, fo much coveted by the Europeans,
is never valued by thefe Savages. When a Man and Wo-
man have gone through their Degrees, (there being a certain
Graduation amongft them; and are allow'd to be Houfe-
Keepers, which is not till they arrive at fuch an Age, and
have paft the Ceremonies pracWd by their Nation, almoft
all Kingdoms differing in the Progrefs thereof, then it is that
the Man makes his Addreiles to fome one of thefe thorough-
paced Girls, or other, whom he likes belt. When fhe is won,
the Parents of both Parties, ( with Advice of the King) a-
gree about the Matter, making a Promife of their Daughter,
to the Man, that requires her, it often happening that they
converfe and travel together, for feveral Moons before the
Marriage is piibliflrd openly ; After this, at the leaft Diflike
the Man may turn her away, and take another \ or if fhe
difapproves of his Company, a Price is fet upon her, and if
the Man that fecks to get her, will pay the Fine to her
Husband, fhe becomes free from Him: Likewife fome of their
War Captains, and great Men, very often will retain 3 or 4
Girls at a time for their own Ufe, when at the fame time, he
is fo impotent and old, as to be incapable of making
Ufe of one of them *, fo that he feldom miffes of wearing
greater Horns than the Game he kills. The Husband is
never fo enrag'd as to put his Adulterefs to Death } if fhe is
caught in the Fad, the Rival becomes Debtor to thecornuted
Husband, in a certain Quantity of Trifles valuable amongft
them,which he pays as foon as difcharg'd,and then all Animofi-
ty is laid a fide bewixt theHusband,and hisWife'sGallant. The
Man proves often fo good humour'd as to pleafe hisNeighbour
and gratify h is Wife'sInclinations,fi>y letting her out for aNight
or two, to the Embraces of fome other, wjiiGh perhaps fhe
lias a greater Liking to, tho' this is not commonly pra&is'd.

They fet apart the youngeft and prettieft Faces for trading
Girls j thefe are remarkable by their Hair, having a particu-
lar Tonfure by which they are known, and diftinguifh'd from
thofe engag'd to Husbands. They are mercenary, and who-
ver makes Ufe of them, firft hires them, the greateft Share
<f the Gain going to the King's Purfe, who is the chief Bawd,
<erciftng his Perogative over all the Stews of his Nation,and

F 2 his

( gg) _

his own Cabin f very often) being the chiefeft Brothel-Houfe.
As they grow in Years, the hot Aflauits of Love grow cooler \
and then they commonly are fo fcaid, as to engage them-
feives with more Conftancy to each other. I have feen feve-
ral Couples amongft them, that have been fo refer v'd, as to
live together for many Years, faithful to each other, admit-
ting none to their Beds but fuch as they own'd for their
Wife or Husband : So continuing to their Life's end.

At our Waxfaw Landlord's Cabin, was a Woman employ'd
in no other Bufmefs than Cookery \ . it being a Houfe of
great Refer t. The Fire was furrounded with Roafl-meat, or
Barbakues, and the Pots continually -boilTng full of Meat, from
Morning till Night. This She-Cook was the cleanlieit I ever
faw amongft the Heathens of America, warning her Hands
before ihe undertook to do any Cookery, and repeated
this unufual Decency very often in a day. She made as as
White-Bread as any Englljh could have done, and was full as
neat, and expeditious, in her Affairs. It happened to be one
of their great Feafts, when we were there : The fkft da£
that we came amongft them, arriv'd an Ambaffador from the
King ofSapona, to treat with thefe Indians about fome impor-
tant Affairs. He was painted with Vermillion all over his
Face, having a very large Cutlafs ftuckin his Girdle, and a
Fufee in his Hand. At Night, the Revels began where this
Foreign Indian was admitted \ the King, and War Captain*
inviting us to fee their Mafquerade : This Feaft was held
in Commemoration of the plentiful Harveft of Corn they
had reap'dthe Summer before, with an united Supplication
for the like plentiful Produce the Year enfuing. Thefe Re-
vels are carried on in a Houfe made for that purpofe, it be-
ing done round with white Benches of fine Canes, joining
along the Wall \ and a place for the Door being left, which
is fo low, that a Man mult ftoop very much to enter therein-
This Edifice refembiesa large Hay- Rick \ its Top being Pyra-
midal, and much bigger than their other Dwellings,and at the
Building whereof, every one a (lifts till it is finilh'd. All their
Dwelling- Houfes are cover'd with Bark, but this differs very
much \ for, it is very artificially thatch'd with Sedge and
Rufties : As foon as finilh'd, they place fome one of their
chiefeft Men to dwell therein, charging him with the dili-
gent Prefervation thereof r as a Prince commits the Charge

sne

(37)

and Government of a Fort or Caftle, to foine Subject he
thinks worthy of that Truft. In thefe State-Houfes is tranf-
afted all Publick and Private Bufinefs, relating to the Af-
fairs of the Government, as the Audience of Foreign Ambaf-
fador's from other Indian Rulers, Confutation of waging and
making War, Propofals of their Trade with neighbouring
Indians, or the English who happen to come amonglt them.
In this Theater, the moft Aged and Wifeft meet, determi-
ning what to Act, and what may be molt convenient to Omit*
Old Age being held in as great Veneration amongft thefe
Heathens, as amongft any People you ihall meet withal ia
any Part of the World.

Whenfoever an Aged Man is {peaking, none ever inter-
rupts him, (the contrary Pra&ice the Englifa and other Eu-
ropeans^ too much ufej the Company yielding a great deal of
Attention to his Tale, with a continued Silence, and an ex*
aft Demeanour, during the Oration. Indeed, the Indians arc
a People that never interrupt one another in their Difcourfe \
no Man fo much as offering to open his Mouth, till the Speaks
er has utter'd his Intent : When an Engti(h-Man comes a-
mongftthem, perhaps every one is acquainted with him,
yet, firft, the King bids him Welcome, after him the War-
Captain, fo on gradually from High to Low \ not one of all
thefe fpeaking to the White Gueft, till his Superiour has
ended his Salutation. Amongft Women, it feems impoflible
to find a Scold *, if they are provok'd, or affronted, by their
Husbands, or fome other, they refent the Indignity offer'd ,
them in filent Tears, or by refufing their Meat. Would fome
of our European Daughters of Thunder fet thefe Indians for
a Pattern, there might be more quiet Families found amongft.,
them, cccafion'd by that unruly Member, the Tongue.

Fefiination proceeds from the Devil, (fays a LearnedDockov)
a Paffion the Indians feem wholly free from *, they determi-
ning no Bufinefs of Moment, without a great deal of Delibe-
ration and Warinefs. None of their Affairs appear to be at^
tended with Impetuofity, or Hafte, being more content with
the common Accidents incident to humane Nature, (as Lof-
fes, contrary Winds, bad Weather, and PovertyJ than thofe
of more civiliied Countries.

Now, to return to our State-Houfe,whither we were invi-
ted by the Grandees i As fooa as we came into it3 they fclac'd' -

V

>l

I

ffi

( g8 )

our Englijkmen near the King-, it being my Fortune to fie
next him, having his great General, or War-Captain, on my
other Hand. The Houfe is as dark as a Dungeon, and as
hot as one of the D«?^-Stoves in Holland, They had made
a circular Fire of fplit Canes in the middle of the Houfe. It
was one Man's Employment to add more fplit Reeds to
the one end as it confum'd at the other, there being a final!
Vacancy left to fupply it with Fewel. They brought in. great
ftore of Loblolly, and other Medleys, made of Indian Grain,
ftewed Peaches, Bear-Venifon, &c. every one bringing fom«
Offering to enlarge the Banquet, according to his Degree and
Quality. When all the Viands were brought in, the firft Fi-
gure began with kicking out the Dogs, which are feemingly
Wolves, made tame with ftarving and beating \ they being
the worft Dog- Matters in the World \ fo that it is an infalli-
ble Cure for Sore-Eyes, ever to fee an Indian^ Dog fat. They
are of a quite contrary Difpofition to Horfes \ fome of their
'Kings having gotten, by great chance, a Jade, ftolen by fome
neighbouring Indian, and tranfported farther into the Coun-
try, and fold \ or bought fometimes of a Chriftian, that trades
amongft them. Thefe Creatures they continually cram, and
feed with Maiz , and what the Horfe will eat, till he is as
fat as a Hog •, never making any farther ufe of him than to
fetch a Deer home, that is killed fomewhere near the Indians
Plantation.

After the Dogs had fled the Room, the Company was fum-
mon'd by Beat of Drum ; the Mufick being made of a drefs'd
Deer's Skin, tied hard upon an Earthen Porridge-Pot. Pre-
sently in came fine Men drefs'd up with Feathers, their Fa-
ces being covered with Vizards made of Gourds •, round
their Ancles and Knees, were hung Bells of feveral forts, ha-
ving Wooden Falchions in their Hands, (fuch as Stage-Fen-
cers commonly ufe^ j in this Drefs they danced about an
Hom% fhewing many ftrange Geftures, and brandiihing their
Wooden Weapons, as if they were going to fight each other;
oftentimes walking very nimbly round the Room, without
making the leafi: Noife with their Bells, (a thing I much ad-
mired at ; ) again, turning their Bodies, Arms and Legs, into
fuch frightful Poftures, that you would have guefs'd they had
been quite raving mad : At laft, they cut two or three high
Capers, and left the Room. In their ftead, came in a par-
cel

MMtftU

( 39 )

eel of Women and Girls, to the Number of Thirty odd ;
every one taking place according to her Degree of Stature,
the tallelt leading the Dance, and the leaft of all being plac'd
laft \ with the-fe they made a circular Dance, like a Ringr
reprefenttng the Shape of the Fire they danced about: Ma-
ny of thefe had great Horfe-Belis about their Legs, and fmall
Hawk's Bells about their Necks. They had Muficians, who
were two Old Men, one of whom beat a Drum, while theother
rattled with a Gourd, that had Corn in it, to make a Noifs
withal: To thefe Inftruments, they both fung a mournful
Ditty ; the Burthen of their Song was, in Remembrance of
their former Greatnefs, and Numbers of their Nation, the
famous Exploits of their Renowned Ancestors, and all Ani-
ons of Moment that had (in former Days) been perform'd
by their Forefathers. At thefe Feftivals it is , that they
give a Traditional Relation of what hath pafs'd amongft
them, to the younger Fry. Thefe verbal Deliveries being
always publifh'd in their molt Publick AfTemblies, ferve in-
ftead of our Traditional Notes, by the ufe of Letters. Some
Indians, that I have met withal, have given me a very curious
Defcription of the great Deluge, the Immortality of the
Soul, with a pithy Account of the Reward of good and wic-
ked Deeds in the Life to come ; having found, amongft fome
of them, great Obfervers of Moral Rules, and the Law of Na-
ture *, indeed, a worthy Foundation to build Chriftianity
opon, were a true Method found out, andpra&is'd, for the
Performance thereof.

Their way of Dancing, is nothing but a fort of ftamping
Motion , much like the treading upon Founders Bellows.
This Female-Gang held their Dance for above fix Hours, be-
ing all of them of a white Lather, like a Runnjnj J^iorfe that
has juft come in from his Race. My Landlady was the Ring-
leader of the Amazons, who, when in her own Houfe, be-
kavM herfelfvery difcreetly, and warily, in her Domeftick
Affairs *, yet, Cuftom had fo infatuated her, as to almoft break
her Heart with Dancing amongft fuch a confufed Rabble*
During this Dancing, the Spectators do not neglect their Bu-
llnefs, in working the Loblolly-Pots, and the other Meat:
that was brought thither ^ more or lefs of them being con-
tinually Eating, w hilft the others were Dancing. When the
Dancing was soiled r every Youth that was fo difpoted, catcM;

Jaoldi

V^d

t

1 1
>

(JO

hold of the Girl he liked belt, and took her that Night for
his Bed-Fellow, making as fhort Courtlhip and expeditious
Weddings, as the Foot-Guards us'd to do with the Trulls ia
Salisbury-Court.

Next we (hall treat of the Land hereabouts, which is a
Marl as red as Blood, and will lather like Soap. The Town
ftands on this Land, which holds confid'erably farther ia
the Country, and is in my Opinion, fo durable that no La-
bour of Man, in one or two Ages, could make it poor. I
have formerly feen the like in Leicefterjlnre, bordering upon
'Rutland. Here were Corn-Stalks in their Fields as thick as
the Small of a Man's Leg, and they are ordinarily to be feen.

We lay with thefe Indians one Night, there being by my
Bed-fide one of the largeft Iron Pots I had ever ^n in Ame*
rka, which I much wondred at, becaufe I thought there might
be no navigable Stream near that Place. I ask'd them, where
they got that Pot? They laugh'd at my Demand, and would
give me no Anfwer, which makes me guefs it came from fome
Wreck, and that we were nearer the Ocean, or fome great
River, than I thought. .

The next day abbutNoon,we accidentally met with a South-
ward Indian, amongftthofe that us'd to trade backwards and
forwards, and fpoke a little Englijh^hom we hir'd to go with
ustotheEfaw Indians, a very large Nation containing many
thoufand People. In the Afternoon we fet forward, taking
our Leaves of the Wifack Indians, and leaving them fome Tri-
fles. On our Way, we met with feveral Towns of Indians,
each Town having its Theater or State Houfe, fuch Houfes
being found all along theRoad,tiil you come toSapona^nd then :
nomoreofthofe Buildings, it being about 170 Miles. We
reach'd id Miles this day, lying at another Town of the m-
facks. TherWan of the Houfe ofFer'd us Skins to fell, but
they were to3 heavy Burdens for our long Voyage.

Next Morning we fet out early, breaking the Ice we met
withal, in the ftony Runs, which were many. We pafs'd by
feveral Cottages, and about 8 of the Clock came to a pret-
ty big Town, where we took up our Quarters, in one of
their State Houfes, the Men being all out, hunting in the
Woods, and none but Women at home. Our Fellow Tra-
veller of whom 1 fpoke before at the Conferees, having a great
Mind for an Mian Lafs, for his Bed-Fellow that Night,

fpoke

mm

(JO

fpoke to our Guide, who foon got a Couple, referving one
for himfelf. That which fell to our Companion's Share,
was a pretty young Girl. Tho' they could net underftand
one Word of what each other fpoke, yet the Female Lidian^
being no Novice at her Game, but underftanding what fhe
came thither for, a&ed her Part dexteroufly enough with her
Cully, to make him fenfible of what fhe wanted ^ which was
to pay the Hire, before he rode the Hackney. He fhew'd
her all the Treafure he was poflefs'd of, as Beads, Red Ca-
dis, &c. which fhe lik'd very well, and permitted him to put
them into his Pocket again, endearing him with all the
Charms, which one of a better Education than Dame Na-
ture had beftow'd upon her,could have made ufe of,to render
her Confort a furer Captive., After they had us'd this Sort
of Courtfhip a fmall time, the Match was coniirm'd by both
Parties, with the Approbation of as many Indian Women,
as came to the Houfe , to celebrate our Winchester- Wed-
ding. Every one of the Bride- Maids were as great Whores,
as Mrs. Bride, tho' not quite fo handfome. Our happy Cou-
ple went to Bed together before us alJ,and with as little Blufh-
ing, as if they had been Man and Wife for 7 Years. The
reft of the Company being weary with travelling, had
more Mind to take their Reft, than add "more Weddings to
that hopeful one already confummated/, fo that tho' the o-
ther Virgins ofFer'd their Service to us, we gave them their
Anfwer, and went to fleep. About an Hour before day, I
awak'd, and faw fomebody walking up and down the Room
in a feemingly deep Melancholy. 1 call'd out to know who it
was, and it prov'd to be Mr. Bridegroom, who in lefs than ri
Hours, was Batchelor, Husband, and Widdower, his dear
Spoufe having pick'd his Pocket of the Beads, Cadis, and
what elfe fhould have gratified the Indians fox the Victuals we
receiv'd of them. However.that did not ferve her turn,but fhe
had alfogot his Shooes away, which he had made the Night
before, of a dreft Buck-Skin. Thus dearly did our Spark al-
ready repent his new Bargain, walking bare-foot, in )jis Peni-
t en this, like fome poor Pilgrim to Loretto.

After the Indians had laugh'd their Sides fore at the Fi-
gure Mr. Bridegroom made, with much ado, we mufter'd up
another Pair of Shooes, or Moggifons, and fet forward on our
intended Voyage, the Company (all the way) lifting up their

G Pray-

-^ — ^~^_^

■ -— ■

Wetoef-
daj.

(42)

Prayers for the new married Couple, whofe Wedding had
made away with that, which mould havepurchas'd our Food.
Relying wholly on Providence, we march'd on, now and
then paying our Refpe&s to the new-married Man. The Land
held rich and good } in many Places there were great Quanti-
ties of Marble. The Water was ftill of a wheyifh Colour.
About 10 of the Clock, we waded thro' a River, f about the
Bignefs of Dement , in Torkjhire) which 1 take to be one of
the Branches of Winjaw River. Wefaw feveral Flocks of Pi-
geons, Field-Fares, and Thru flies, much like thofe of Eu-
rope, 'The Indians of thefe Parts ufe Sweating very much.
If any Pain feize their Limbs, or Body, immediately they
take Reeds, or final! Wands, and bend them Umbrella- Fa (hi-
on covering them with Skins and Matchcoa'ts ; They have a
large Fire not far off, wherein they heat Stones,or (where they
are wanting ) Bark, putting it into this Stove, which cafts an
extraordinary Heat : There is a Pot of Water in the Bagnio j&
which is put a Bunch of an Herb, bearing a Silver Taflel, not
much unlike the Aurea Virga. With this Vegetable they rub
the Head, Temples, and other Parts, which is reckon'd a
Preferver of the Sight and Strengthener of the Brain. We
went, this day, about 12 Miles, one of our Company being
lame of his Knee. Wepafs'd over an exceeding rich Trad
of Land, affording Plenty of great free Stones, and marble
Rocks, and abounding in many pleafant and deiightfomt
Rivulets. At Noon, we ftay'd and refrefti'd ourfelves at a
Cabin, where we met with one of their War-Captains, a
Man of great Efteem among them. At his Departure from
the Cabin, the Man of the Houfe fcratch'd this War-Cap-
tain on the Shoulder, which is look'd upon as a very great
Compliment among them. The Captain went two or three
Miles on our way, with us, to direct us in our Path. One
of our Company gave him a Belt, which he took very kindly,
bidding us call at his Houfe, (which was in our Road) and
itay till the lame Traveller was well, and fpeakingto the A-
~San, to order his Servant to make us welcome. Thus we
parted, he being on his Journey to the Congerees, and Savan-
nas, a famous , warlike, friendly Nation of Indians, living
to the South-End of Jfily River. He had a Man-Slave with
him, who was loaded with European Goods, his Wife and
Daughter being in Company. He told us, at his Departure,
that James had fent Knots to all the Indians thereabouts, for

J every

- "

(43 )

evervTown to fend in 10 Skins, meaning Captain Moor,
then Governor of Siuth-Cardlna. The Towns being very
thick hereabouts, at Night we took up our Quarters at one
of the chief Mens Houfes, which was one of the Theaters
I fpoke of before. There ran, hard-by this Town, a pleafant
•River, not very large, but, as the Indians told us, wellfor d
with Film We being now among the powerful Nation of
EUws, our Landlord entertain'd us very courteoufly, mew-
ing us, that Night, a pair of Leather-Gloves, which he had
made; and comparing them with ours, they prov d to be
very ingenioully done, confidering it was the firit Tryal.

In the Morning, he defired to fee the lame Man s affeded 7hurfd&
Part, totheendhemightdofomething, which (he behev'd)/^^^
would give him Eafe. After he had viewed it accordingly, fafa^J^
hepull'd out an Inftrument, fomewhat like a Comb, which f^m^^t
was made of a fplit Reed, with 1 5 Teeth of Rattle-Snakes
Tet at much the fame diftance, as in a large Horn-Comb :
With thefe he fcratclfd the place where the La menefs chief-
ly lay, till the Blood came, bathing it, both before and after
Incifion, with warm Water, fpurted out of his Mouth,
This done , he ran into his Plantation , and got fome
•Safafras Root, (which grows here in great plenty) dry d it
in the Embers, fcrap'd off the outward Rind, and having
beat it betwixt two Stones, apply'd it to the Part afflifted,
binding it up well. Thus, in a day or two, the Patient be-
came found. This day, we pafe'd through a great many
Towns, and Settlements, that belong to the Sugeree- Indians y
no barren Land being found amongft them, but great plen-
ty of Free-Stone, and good Timber. About three in the
Afternoon, we reach'd the Kadafau King's Houfe , where
we met with one John Stewart, a Scot, then an Inhabitant
of James-River m Virginia, who had traded there for many
Years Being alone, and hearing that the Sinnagers {Indians-
from Canada) were abroad in that Country, hedurft.not
venture homewards, till he faw us, having heard that we
were coming, above 20 days before. It is very odd, that
News mould fly fo fwiftly among thefe People. Mr. Stewart
had left V.rpnia ever fince the OBober before, and had loft a
day of the Week, of which we inform'd him. He Had
brought feven Horfes along with him, loaded with Enghjh
Goods fox the Indians \ and having fold moft or his Cargo

C 2 told

:

w

Friday.

Saturday

told us, if we would ftay two Nights, he would go along
with us. Company being very acceptable, we accepted the
Propofal. x

The next day, we were preparing for our Voyage and
baked fome Bread to take along with us. Our Landlord
was King of the Kadapau Indians, and always kept two or
three trading Girls in his Cabin. Offering one of thefe to
fome of our Company, who refus'd his Kindnefs, his Maieftv
flew into a violent Paffion, to be thus flighted, telling the
Englishmen, they were good for nothing. Our old Game-
Iter, particularly, hung his Ears at the Propofal, bavin?
too lately been a Lofer by that fort of Merchandize. It was
obfervable, that we, did not fee one Partridge from the Wa
terrees to this place, tho' my Spaniel-Bitch, which I had with
me in this Voyage, had put up a great many before.

On Saturday Morning, we all fet out for Sapona, killing, in
thefe Creeks, feveral Ducks of a ftrange Kind, having a red
Circle about their Eyes, like fome Pigeons that I have feen
a Top-knot reaching from the Crown of their Heads M
molt to the middle of their Backs, and abundance of Fet
thers of pretty Shades and Colours. They prov'd excellent
Meat. Likewife, here is good ftore of Woodcocks, not fo
brgasthofein England, the Feathers of the Breaft being of
a^Camation-Colpur, exceeding ours for Delicacy of Food.
The -Marble here 1S of different Colours, fome or other of
the Rocks reprefenting moft Mixtures, but chiefly the white
having black and blue Veins in it, and fome that are red
This day, we met with feven heaps of Stones, being the Mo-
numents of feven Indians, that were flain in that place bv the
S. nnagers, or Troquois. Our Indian Guide added a Stone to
each heap. We took up our Lodgings near a Brook-fide
where the Virginia Man's Horfes got away, and went back
to the Kadapau %.
Sunday. This day, one of our Company, with a Sapona Indian, who
, attended Stewart, went back for the Horfes. In the mean

^/£/4 f time, we went to moot Pigeons, which were fo numerous in
fa£i*«*J 'fwHWts; that you might fee many Millions in a Flock-
(/ / tiiey lometimes fplit off the Limbs of flout Oaks, and other

1 rees, upon which they rooft o' Nights. You may And fe-
veral Indian Towns, of not above 17 Houfes, that have more
thaa 100 Gallons of Pigeons Oil, or Fat ; they uficg it with

Pulfe,

Mi

( 45 )

Pulfe, or Bread, as we do Butter, and making the Ground
as white as a Sheet with their Pong. The Indians take a
light, and go among them in the Night, and bring away
fomc houfands, killing them with long Poles, as they rooft
in the Trees. At this time of the Year, the JfopM they
pafs by, in great meafure, obftrua the Light of the day. ,
P Oa Monday, we went about 25 Miles travelling , through ^
a pleafant, dry Country, and took up our Lodgings by a Hill-
tide, that was one entire Rock, out of which gum d out plea^
fant Fountains of well-tafted Water

The nextday, ftill paffmg along fuch Landas wehad done/^%,
for many days before, which was Hills and Varhes, about
10 a Clock we reach'd the Top of one of thefe Mountains,
which yielded us a fine Profped of a very level Country,
holding fo, on all fides, farther than we could difcern. When
we came to travel through it, we found it very ftiff and
rich, being a fort of Marl, This Valley afforded as large
Timber as any I ever met withal, efpecially of Cheniut-Oaks,
which render it an excellentCountry for railing great Herds-
of Swine. Indeed, were it cultivated, we might have good
hopes of as pleafant and fertile a Valley, as any our Enghfi
m America can afford. At Night, w* lay by a fwift Cur
rent, where we faw plenty of Turkies, but pearcbd upon
fuch lofty Oaks, that our Guns would not kill them, tho we
mot very often, and our Guns were very good. 'Some of our.
Company foot feveral times, at one Turkey, beforehe would
flyaway the Pieces being loaded with large Goofe-fhot

Next Mornine, we got our Breakfafts h roafted Acorns be- Wcdne\t
in, one of the Mies I The Indians beat them into Meal.and **
tWcken their Venifon-Broth with them y and -oftentimes,
make a palatable" Soop.. They are ufed initeadof Bread,
boiling them till the Oil fwims on the top of the Water,
which they preferve for ufe, eating the Acorns, with Flefh-
meat. We travelled, this day, about 25 Miles, over plea-
fint Savxnna Ground, high, and dry, having very few
Trees upon it, and tbofe -ftanding at a, great diihnce. The-
Land was very good, and free from .Grubs or,Unaerwood:
A Ma n near Safona may more eafily clear 1 o Acres of Ground
than in fome places he can one h there nemg much loofe S tone
upon the Land, lying very convenient for making^of dry
WaUs, or any other fort of durable Fence, This Country:

b

U«_)

abounds likewife with curious bold Creeks, (navigable for
Tmall Craft) difgorging themfclves into the main Rivers,
that vent themfelves into the Ocean. Thefe Creeks are well
flor'd with fundry forts of Fifh, and Fowl, and are very con-
venient for the Tranfportation of what Commodities this
Place may produce. This Night, we had a great deal of
Rain, with Thunder and Lightning.
$kurfday. Next Morning, it proving delicate Weather, three of us
Separated ourfelves from the Horfes, and the reft of the
Company, and went dire&ly for Sapona Town. That day,
we pafs'd through a delicious Country, (none that I ever
faw exceeds it.) We faw fine bladed Grafs, fix Foot high,
along the Banks of thefe pleafant Rivulets: We pafs'd by
j-the Sepulchres of feveral (lain Indians. Coming,that day^about
30 Miles, wereach'dthe fertile and pleafant Banks of Sapona,
River,whereon Hands the Indian Town and Fort. Nor could
all i^r^e afford a pleafanterStream,were it inhabited by Chri-
fiians^md cultivated by ingenious Hands. Thefe Indians live in
a clear Field,abOut a Mile fquare, which they would have fold
me-, becaufe I talked fometimes of coming into thofe Parts to
live. This moll pleafant River may be fomething broader
than the Thames at Kingfion, keeping a continual pleafant
warbling Noife, with its reverberating on the bright Mar-
ble Rocks. It is beautified with a numerous Train of Swans,
and other forts of Water-Fowl, not common, though extra-
ordinary pleafing to the Eye. The forward Spring welcom'd
us with her innumerable Train of fmall Chorifters, which
inhabit thofe fair Banks; the Hills redoubling, and adding
Sweetnefs to their melodious Tunes by their fhrill Echoes.
One fide of the River is hemm'd in with mountainy Ground,
the other fide proving as rich a Soil to the Eye of a knowing
Perfbn with us, as any this Weftern World can afford. We
took up our Quarters at the King's Cabin, who was a good
Friend to the Englifa, and had loft one of his Eyes in their
Vindication. Being upon his march towards the jlppallatche
Mountains, amongft a Nation of Indians in their Wa'y, there
happen'd a Difference, while they were meafuring 0f Gun-
powder ; and the Powder, by accident, taking fire, blew out
one of this Ring's Eyes, and did a great deal more raifchief,
upon the fpot : Yet this Snpona King flood firmly to the Eng-
iift Mans Inter eft, with Whom he was in Company, Hill

tiding

—

( 47 )

fiding with him againft the Indians. They were intended
for the South Sea, but were too much fatigued by the vaft
Ridge of Mountains, tho' they hit the right Paflage •? it being
no lefs than five days Journey through a Ledge of Rocky
Hills, and fandy Defarts. And which is yet worfe, there is
no Water, nor fcarce a Bird to be feen, during your Paftage.
over thefe barren Crags and Valleys. The Sapona River
proves to be the Weft Branch of Cape-Fair, or Clarendon Riveiy
whofe Inlet, with other Advantages, makes it appear as noble
a River to plant a Colony in, as any I have met withal.

The Sapoms had (about io days before wc came thither)^
taken Five Prifoners of the Simagers or Jemi&i a Sort of
People that range feveral thoufands of Miles, making all Prey
they lay their Hands on. Thefe are fear'd by all the fav.age
Nations 1 ever was among, the Weftward Indians dreading
their Approach. They are all forted in, and keep continual
Spies and Out-Guards for their better Security. Thofe Cap-
tives they did intend to burn, few Prifoners of War cfcaping
that Punifhment. The Fire of Pitch-Pine being got ready,
and a Feafl: appointed, which is iolemnly kept at the time of
their acting this Tragedy,^ Sufferer has his Body ftuck thick
with Light-Wood-Splinters, which are lighted like fo many
Candles, the tortur'd Perfon dancing round a great Fi&fo$&
his Strength fails,and difables him from making them any far-
ther Paftime. Moft commonly, thefe Wretches behave
themfelves (iti the Midft of their Tortures) with a great
deal of Bravery and Refolution, efteeming it Satisfaction
enough, to be affur'd^ that the fame Fate will befal fome of
their Tormentors, whenfoever they fall into the Hands of
their Nation. More of this you will have in the. other
Sheets.

The Toteros-,a neighbouring Nation, came down from- the
Weftward Mountains, to the Saponas, defiring them to give
them thofe Prifoners into their Hands, to the Intent they
might fend them back into their own Nation, being bound
in Gratitude to be ferviceable to the S'mnagers^ fince not long
ago, thofe Northern -7^/'^, had taken, fome of the Toteros,
Prifoners, and done them no Harm, bat treated them civilly
whilft among them, fending them, with Safety, back to their;
own People, and affirming, that it would be the belt Me-
thod to -preferve Peace on all Sides. At that, time; theft. .

r

43)

Toteros, Saponat-, and the ■■■Keyauwe.es i 3 fmall Nations, were
going to live together, by which they thought they mould
itrengthen thcmfelves, and become formidable to their Ene-
mies.0 The Reafons offer -d by the Toteros being heard, the
Sapona King, with the Gonfent of his Counfellors, deliver'd
the Sinnagers up to the Toteros , to conduct them home.

Friday Morning, the old King having fhew'd us 2 of his
Horfes, that were as fat,as if they had belongM to the Dutch
Troopers, left us, and went to look after his Bever-Traps,
there being abundance of thofe amphibious Animals in this
River, and the Creeks adjoining. Taken with the Pleafant-
nefs of the Place, we walk'd along the River-fide, where we
found a very delightful llland, made by the River, and a
Branch % there being feveral fuch Plots of Ground environ 'd
with this Silver Stream, which are fit Paftures for Sheep,
and free from any offenfive Vermin. Nor can any thing
be defired by a contented Mind, as to a pleafant Situation,
but what may here be found \ Every Step prefenting fome
new Objeft, which ftill adds Invitation to the Traveller in
thefe Parts. Our Indian King and his Wife entertained us
very refpe&fully. \

vncJtt Saturday^ the Indians brought in fome Swans, and
&&&, which we had our Share of. One of their Doctors
t'ofrk rne to his Cabin, and fhew'd me a great Quantity of
medicinal Drugs, the Produce of thofe Parts } Relating their
Qualities as totheEmun&ories they work'd by,and what great
Maladies he had heal'd by them. This Evening, came to us
the Horfes, with the Remainder of our Company, their In-
dian Guide (who was a Youth of this Nation) having kill'd,
in their Way, a very fat Doe, Part of which they brought
to us.

This day, the King fent out all his able Hunters, to kill
Game for a great Fealt, that was to be kept at their Depar-
ture, from the Town, which they ofFerd to fell me for a
fmall matter. That Piece of Ground, with a little Trouble,
would make an Englishman a moft curious Settlement, con-
taining above a Mile fquare of rich Land. This Evening,
came down fome Totems, tall, likely Men, having great
Plenty -of Buffelos, Elks, and Bears, with other fort of -Deer
amongft them, which ftrong Food makes large, robuft Bo-
dies. Enquiring of them, if they never got any of the Be-

zjoar

■Hi.

—

(49 )

tloat Stone, and giving them a Defbription how it was found,
the Indians told ine, they had great plenty of it :, and ask'd
me, What ufe I could make of it ? I anfwer'd them, That the
white Men us'd it in Phyfick, and that I would buy fome of
them, if they would get it againft I came that way again.
Thereupon, one of them pull'd out a Leather-Pouch, where-
in was fome of it in Powder; he was a notable Hunter, and
aflirm'd to me, That that Powder, blown into the Eyes,
ftrengthemd the Sight and Brain exceedingly, that being
the moft common Ufe they made of it. I bought, for 2 or
3 Flints, a large Peach-Loaf, made up with a pleafant fort
of Seed \ and this did us a lingular Kindnefs, in our Journey.
Near the Town, within their clear'd Land, are feveral Bag*
niosj or Sweating-Houfes, made of Stone, in Shape like a
large Oven. Thefe they make much Ufe of; efpecially, for
any Pains in the Joints, got by Cold, or Travelling. Ac
Night, as we lay in our Beds, there arofe the molt violent
N. W. Wind I ever knew. The firft Puff blew down all the
Valifadoes that fortify'd the Town-, and I thought it would
have blown us all into the River, together with the Houfes.
Our one-ey'd King, who pretends much to the Art of Con-
juration, ran out in the moft violent Hurry, and in the
Middle of the Town , fell to his Necromantick Practice \
tho' I thought he would have been blown away or kili'd, 'be-
fore the Devil and he could have exchang'd half a dozen
Words } but in two Minutes, the Wind was ceas'd, and it be-
came as great a Calm, as ever I knew in ray Life. As I much
admir'd at that Hidden Alteration, the old Man told me, the
Devil was very angry, and had done thus, becaufe they had
not put the Slnnagers to Death.

On Monday Morning, our whole Company, with the Hor-Mwi^.
fes, fee out from the Sapona-Indian Town, after having f^ea
fome of the Locuft, which is gotten thereabouts, the fame
Sort that bears Honey. Going over feveral Gteeks, very
convenient for Water-Mills, about 8 Miles from the Town,
we pafs'd over a very pretty River, call'd Rocky River, a
fit Name, having a Ridge of high Mountains running from
its Banks, to the Eaftwardj and difgorging itfelf into Sapo-
K^-River; fo that there is a moft pleafant and convenient
Neck of Land, betwixt both Rivers, lying upon a Point,
where many thQufand Acres may be fenced in, without

H ' much

V^i

I

!:,

! much Coft or Labour. You can fcarce go a Mile, without

meeting with one of thefe fmall fwift Currents, here being
no Swamps to be found, but pleafant, dry Roads ail over
the Country. The Way that we went this day, was as full
of Stones, as any -which Craven, in the Weft of TorkJl)irer
could afford, and having nothing but Moggifons on my Feet,
I was fo lam'd by this ftony Way, that I thought I mult have
taken up fome Stay in thofe Parts. We went, this day, not
above 1 5 or 20 Miles. After we had fupp'd, and all lay down
to deep, there came a Wolf clofe to the Fire-Tide, where we
lay. My Spaniel foon difcover'd him, at which, one of our
Company fir'd a Gun at the Beaft ^ but, I believe, there was
a Miftake in the loading of it, for it did him no Harm. The
Wolf ftay'd till he had almoft loaded again, but the Bitch
making a great Noife, at laft left us and went a fide. We
had no fooner laid down, but he approach'd us again, yet
was more fhy, fo that we could not get a Shot at him.

fa/day. -^ext day, we had 1 5 Miles farther to the Keyauwees. The
Land is more mountainous,but extremely pleafant, and an ex-
cellent Place for the breeding Sheep, Goats, and Horfes •, or
Mules, if the Englijh were once brought to the Experience of
the Ufefulnefs of thofe Creatures. The Valleys are here very
rich. At Noon, we pafs'd over fuch another ftony River,
as that eight Miles from Sapna. This is caH'd Heighwaree^
and affords as good blue Stone for Mill-Stones, as that from
Cohgn, good Rags, fome Hones, and large Pebbles, in great
abundance, befides Free-Stone of feveral Sorts, all very ufe-
fal. I knew one of thefe Hones made ufe of t)y an Acquain-
tance of mine, and it prov'd rather better than any from Old
Spain, or elfe where. The Veins of Marble are very large
and curious on this River, and the Banks thereof.

Five Miles from this River, to the N. W. Hands the Key-
auwees Town. They are fortify'd in, with wooden Punch-
a cons, like sipona, being a People much of the fame Number.
Nature hath fo fortify'd this Town, with Mountains, that
were it a Seat of War, it might eafily hf made impregnable >
having large Corn-Fields pining to their Cabins, and a Sa-
vanna near the Town, at the Foot of thefe Mountains, that
h capable of keeping fome hundred Heads of Cattle., And
all this environ'd round with very high Mountains, fo that no-
bard Wind ever troubles, thefe Inhabitants. Thofe high

Cms

NHtt

( 5i )

Cliftshave no Grafs growing on. them, and very few Trees,
which are very fhort, and ftand at a great Diltance one from
another. The Earth is of a red Colour, andfeems to rae to
be wholly defign'd by Mature for the Produdion of .Minerals,
being of too hot a Quality, to fuffer any Verdure upon its
Surface. Thefe Indians make nfe of Lead-Ore, to paint their
Faces withal, which they get in the neighbouring Mountains.
As for the refining of Metals, the Indians are whoUy igno-
rant of it, being content with the .Realgar. But if it be my
Chance, once more to vifit, thefe Hilly Parts, I toll make a
longer Stay amongft them : For were a good Vein of Lead
found out, and work'd by an ingenious Hand, it might be of
no fmall Advantage to the Undertaker, there being great
Convenieace for fmelting, either by Bellows or Reverberati-
on 5 and the Working of thefe Mines might difcover .fome.
that are much richer.

At the Top of one of thefe Mountains, is a Cave that 100
Men may fit very conveniently to dine in ; whether natural,
or artificial, Itould not learn. There is a fine Bole between
this Place, and the Saps. Thefe Valleys thus hemm'd in with
Mountains, would (doubtlefs) prove a good place for pro-
pagating fome fort of Fruits, that our Eaiterly Winds com-
monly blaft. The Vine could not mifs of thriving well here -7
but we of the Northern Climate are neither Artifls, nor curi-
ous, in propagating that pleafant and profitable Vegetable.,
Near the Town, is fuch another Current, as Heighvaree. We
being fix in Company, divided ourfelves into Two Parties §
and it was my Lot to be at the Houfe of Keyauwees Jaek, who
is King of that People. He is a Conger -ee- Indian, and ran a-
way when he was a Boy. He got this Government by Mar-
riage with the Queen ^ the Female IfTue carrying the Heri-
tage, for fear of Impoftors; the Savages well knowing, how
much Frailty poffeffes the Indian Women, betwixt the Gar-
ters and the Girdle.

The next day, having fome occafion to write, the Indian ivdr.ef-
King, who faw me, believ'd that he could write as we!U<*>
as I. Whereupon, I wrote a Word, and gave it him to copy,
which he did with more Exactnefs, than any European could
have done, that was illiterate. It was fo well, that he who
could read mine, might have done the fame by his. After-
wards, he took great Delight in making Filh-hooks of his

H 2 OWVk

•■' ■+

T-^

( 52 )

own Invention, which would have been a good Piece for an
Antiquary to have puzzled his Brains withal, in tracing out
the Chara&ers of all the Oriental Tongues. He fent for fe-
veral Indians to his Cabin, to look at his Handy-work, and
both he and they thought, 1 could read his Writing as well
as I could my own. 1 had a Manual in my Pocket, that had
King David's Piaure in it, in one of his private Retirements.
The Indian ask'd me, Who that Figure reprefen ted ? I told
him, It was the Pifture of a good King, that liv'd according
to the Rules of Morality, doing to alias he would be done
by, ordering all his Life to the Service of the Creator of all
things \ and being now above us all, in Heaven, with God
Almighty, who had rewarded him* with all the delightful
Pleafures imaginable in the other World, for his Obedience
to him in this \ I concluded, with telling them, that we re-
ceived nothing here below, as Food, Raiment, &e. but what
came from that Omnipotent Being. They liftned to my Dif-
courfe with a profound Silence-, alluring me, that they be-
liev'd what I faid to be true. No Man living will ever be
able to make thefe Heathens fenfible of the Happinefs of a
future State, except he now and then mentions fome lively
carnal Reprefentation, which may quicken their Apprehen-
iions, and make them thirfb after fueh a gainful Exchange j,
for, were the belt Lecture that ever was preach'd by Man,
given to an ignorant fort of People, in a more learned Style,
than their mean Capacities are able to underftand, the In-
tent would prove inefFeaual, and the Hearers would be left
in a greater Labyrinth than their Teacher found them in.
But difpenfe the Precepts of our Faith according to the Pu-
pil's Capacity, and there is nothing in our Religion, but
what an indifferent Reafon is, in fome meafure, able to com-
prehend ' tho' a New-England Minifter blames the French Je-
fuit« for this way of Proceeding, as being quite contrary to
a true Chriftian Praaice, and affirms it to be no ready, or
true Method , to eftablilh a lively Reprefentation oi our
Chriftian Belief amongft thefe Infidels. BVbriv

All the Indians hereabouts carefully preferve trie Bones of
the Flefh they eat, and burn them, as being of Opinion, that
if they omitted that Cuftom, the Game would leave their
Country, and they fhould not be able to maintain themfelvea
by their Hunting. Molt of th^ Indians wear Muftachoes,
or Whiskers, which is rare-, by. reafon the Mianszxt a Peo-
ple

aMM

< S3 )

pie that commonly pull the Hair of their Faces, and other
Parts, up by the Roots, and fuffer none to grow. Here is
plenty of Chefhuts, which are rarely found in Carolina, and
never near the Sea, or Salt-Water 5 tho' they are frequently .
in fuch Places in Virginia.

At the other Houfe, where our Fellow- Travellers lay,
they had provided a Dim, in great Fafhion amongft the /«-
Mans, which was Two young Fawns, taken out of the Doe's
Bellies, and boil'd in the fame flimy Bags Nature had plac'd
them in, and one of the Country-Hares, ftew'd with the
Guts in her Bellv, and her Skin with the Hair on. This
new-fafhion'd Cookery wrought Abftinence tn our Fellow-
Travellers, which I fomewhat wonder'd at, becaufe one of
them made nothing of eating Megaton, as heartily as if it
had been Pork and Turneps. The Indians drefs nioft things
after the Wood-cock Fafhion, never taking the Guts out.
At the Houfe we lay at, there was very good Entertainment
of Venifon, Turkies, and Bears-, and which is cuftomary ar-
mongft the Indians, the Queen had a Daughter by a former
Husband, who was the beau tifull eft Indian I ever faw, and
had an Air of Majefty with her, quite contrary to the gene-
ral Carriage of the Indians. She was very kind to the Ettgr
lift, during our Abode, as well as her Father and Mother.

This Morning, moll of our Company having fome Inclina- Thurfa^
tion to go ftraight away for Virginia, when they left this
Place -, I and one more took our leaves of them, refoiving
(with God's Leave) to fee North-Carolina, one of the Indians
fetting us in our way. The reft being indifferent which way
they went, defired us, by all means, to leave a- Letter for.
them, at the Achonechy-Tovm. The Indian that put us ia
our Path, had been a Prifoner amongft the Sinnagers ; but.
had out-run them, although they had cut his Toes, and half
his Feet away, which is a Practice common amongft them-
They firft raife the Skin, then cutaway half the Feet, and.
fo wrap the Skin over the Stumps, and make a prefent Cure,
-of the Wounds. This commonly difables them from making,
their Efcape, they being not fo good Travellers as before,
and' the Irapreffion of their Half-Feet making it.eafy to trace
them. However, this Fellow was got clear of. them, but
had little Heart to go far from home, and carry'd always a.
Cafe of Piftols in his Girdle, befides a Cutlafs, and a Fuze e.

Leaving

TeriJUy,

.Saturday.

=«-

( 54 )

Leaving the reft of cur Company at the Indian-Town, we
travell'd, that day, about 20 Miles, in very cold, frofty Wea-
ther; and pafs'd over two pretty Rivers, fomething bigger
thmHelghwaree, but not quite fo ftony. We took thefe two
Rivers to make one of the Northward Branches of Cape^Fair
River, but afterwards found our Miftake.

The next day, we travell'd over very good Land, but full
of Free-Stone, and Marble, which pinch'd our Feet fevere-
ly. We took up our Quarters in a fort of Savatma-G round,
that had very few Trees in it. The Land was good, and had
feveral Quarries of Stone, but not loofe, as the others us'd
to be.

Next Morning, we got our Breakfafts of Parch'd Corn,
having nothing but that to fubfift on for above 100 Miles.
All the Pine-Trees were vanifiYd, for we had feen none for
two days. We pafs'd through a delicate rich Soil this day ;
no great Hills, but pretty Riiings, and Levels, which made
a beautiful Country. We likewife pafs'd over three Rivers
this day , the firft about the bignefs of Rocky River, the o-
ther not much differing in Size. Then we made not the
leaft Queftion, but we had pafs'd over the North-Weft
Branch of Cafe-Fair, travelling that day above 30 Miles.
We were much taken with the Fertility and Pleafantnefs
of the Neck of Land between thefe two Branches, and no
lefs pleas'd, that we had pafs'd the River, which us'd to
frighten Paffengers from fording it. At laft, determining
to reft on the other fide of a Hill, which we faw before us ;
when we were on the Top thereof, there appear'd to us
fuch another delicious, rapid Stream, as that of Sapona, ha-
ving large Stores, about the bignefs of an ordinary Houfe,
lying up and down the River. As the Wind blew very cold
at N. W. and we were very weary, and hungry, the Swift-
.nefs of the Current gave us fome caufe to fear ', but, at laft,
we concluded to venture over that Night, Accordingly,
we ftripp'd, and with great Difficulty, (by God's Affiftance)
got fafe to the North-fide of the famous //*K*River, by
fome called jReatfon ; the Indians differing in the Names of
Places, according to their feveral Nations. It is call'd Hau-
River, from the Sijfipahau Indians, who dwell upon this
Stream, which is one of the main Branches of Cape-Fair,
-there being rich Land enough to contain fonie Thousands of

( 55 )

Families^ for which Reafon, I hope, in a mort time, it
will be planted. This River is much fuch another as Safona\
both Teeming to run a vail: way up the Country. Here.is
plenty of good Timber, and efpecially, of a Scaly-bark'd
Oak } And as there is Stone enough in both Rivers, and the
Land is extraordinary Rich, no Man that will be content
within the Bounds of Reafon, can have any grounds todif-
like it. And they that are other wife, are the beft Neigh-
bours, when farthefl of.

As foon as it was day, we fet out for the Achonechy- Sim&aj*
Town, it being, by Eltimation, 20 Miles off; which, I be-
lieve, is pretty exad. We were got about half way, (meet*
ing great Gangs of Turkies) when we faw, at a Diftance, 30
loaded Horfes, coming on the Road, with four or five Men,
on other Jades, driving them. We charg'd our Piece, and
went up to them: Enquiring, whence they came from?
They told us, from Virginia. The leading Man's Name was
Maffey, who was born about Leeds in Tork(hire. He ask'd*\
from whence we came ? We told him. Then be.ask'd again,
Whether we wanted any thing that he had ? telling us, we
ihould be welcome to it. We accepted of Two Wheaten
Biskets , and a little Ammunition. He advifed us, by all,
means, to ftrike down the Country for Ronoack, and not think
of Viraima, becaufe of the Sinnagers, of whom they were a-
fraid^tho' fo well arm'd, and numerous. They perfuaded
us aifo, to call upon one Enoe Will, as we went to Ad(hujheer>,
for that he would conduct us fafe among the Englijh, giving
him theChara&er of a very faithful IndianjNhich. we afterwards
found true by Experience. The P7rgima~Men asking our Opi-
nion of the Country we were then in ? we told them, it was a.
very pleafant one. They were all of the fame Opinion, and af-
iirm'd,That they had never feen 20 Miles of fuch extraordina-
ry rich Land, lying all together, like that betwixt Hau~R.iver
and the Achonechy Town. Having taken our Leaves of each o- -
ther,we fet forward •, and the Country, thro" which we pafs'd^,
was fo delightful, that it gave us a great deal of Satisfaction.
About Three a Clock, we reached the Town, and the Indi-
ans presently brought us good fat Bear, and Venifon, which
was very acceptable at that time- Their Cabins were
hang with a good fort of Tapeftry, as fat Bear, and bar-
fcakued or dried Venifon \ ao Indians having greater Plen-
ty.

( *o

ty of Provifions than thefe. The Savages do, indeed, ftill
poffefs the Flower of Carolina , the Englifi enjoying only
the Fag- end of that fine Country. We had not been in
the Town % Hours, when Ewe-Will came into the King's Ca-
bin , which was our Quarters. We ask'd him, if he would
conduct us to the Englifc, and what he would have for his
Pains \ he anfwer'd, he would go along with us, and for
what he was to have, he left that to our Difcretion.
mmUf. The next Morning, we fet out, with Enoe-Will, towards
Adfivfheeri leaving the Virginia Path, and ftriking more to
the Eaftward, for Ronoach Several Indians were in our Com-
pany belonging to Will's Nation, who are the Sboccories, mixt
with the Enoe-Indians, and thofe of the Nation of Adjhu-
jbeer. Enoe-Will is their chief Man, and rules as far as the
, Banks of ReatHn. It was a fad ftony Way to Adjhvjheer.
We went over a fmall River by Achonechy, and in this
1.4 Miles, through feveral other Streams, which empty
themfelves into the Branches of Cape-Fa'r. The ftony Way
made me quite lame ; fo that I was an Hour or two behind
the reft } but honeft Will would not leave me, but bid me
welcome when we came to his Houfe, feafting us with hot
Bread, and Bears-Oil-, which is wholfome Food for Travel-
lers. There runs a pretty Rivulet by this Town. Near
the Plantation, I faw a prodigious overgrown Pine-Tree,
having not feen any of that Sort of Timber for above 125
Miles : They brought us 2 Cocks, and pull'd their larger
Feathers off, never plucking the leffer, but fingeing them off.
I took one of thefe Fowls in my Hand, to make it cleaner
than the Indian had, pulling out his Guts and Liver, which
I laid in aBafon-, notwithftanding which, he kept fuch a
Struggling for a confiderable time,that I had much ado to hold
him in my Hands. The Indians laugh'd at me, and told me,
that Enoe-Will had taken a Cock of an Indian that was not
at home, and the Fowl was defign'd for another Ufe. I con-
reStur?d, that he was defign'd for an Offering to their God,
who,they fay, hurts them,(which is the Devil.; In this Strug-
gling, he bled afrefh, and there iffued out of his Body more
Blood than commonly fuch Creatures afford. Notwithitand-
ing all this, we cook'd him, and eat him \ and if he was de-
fign'd for him, cheated the Devil. The Indians keep many
Cocks, but feldom above one Hen, ufing very often fuch
wicked Sacrifices, as I miftrufted this Fowl was defign'd for.

Our

JjjJ

Our Guide and Landlord Erne-Witt was of the belt and molt
agreeable Temper that ever I met with in an Indian, being al-
ways ready to ferve the EngHJh, not out of Gain, but real
Affe&ion*, which makes him apprehenfive of being poifon'd by
fome wicked Indians, and was therefore very earneft with me,
to promife him to revenge his Death, if it mould ib happen.
He brought fome of his chief Men into his Cabin, and 2 of
them having a Drum, and a Rattle, fung by us, as we lay
in Bed, and ftruckup their Mufick toferenade and welcome
us to their Town. And tho'at laft, we fell afieep, yet they
continu'd their Confort till Morning. Thefe Indians are for-
tify'd in, as the former, and are much addi&ed to a Sport they
call Chenco, which iscarry'd on with -a Staff and a BOwl made
of Stone, which they trundle upon a fmooth Place, like a
Bowling-Green, made for that Purpofe, as I have mentioned
before,

,Next Morning, we (bt out, with our Guide, and Ccv eral fuefday,
other Indians, who intended to go to theEnglifo, and buy Rum.
We defign'd for ?a Nation about 40 Miles from Adjlwjhe'er^
call'd the Lower Quarter : The firft Night, we lay in a rich
Perhfon, or low Ground, that was hard-by a Creek, and
good dry Land.

The next day, we went over feveral Tra&s of rich Land,jr^e/«
but mix'd with Pines and other indifferent Soil. In our way, day.
there flood a great Stone about the Size of a large Oven, and
hollow *, this the Indians took great Notice of, putting
fome Tobacco into the Concavity, and fpitting after it. I
ask'd them the Reafon of their fo doing, but they made me
no Anfwer. In the Evening, we pafs'd over a pleafant Rivu-
let, with a fine gravelly Bottom, having come over fuch ano-
ther that Morning. On the other fide of this River, we found
the Indian Town, which was a Parcel of nafty fmoaky Holes,
much like the Waterrees , their Town having a great Swamp
running direcTly through the Middle thereof. The Land
here begins to abate of its Height, and has fome few Swamps-.
Moft of thefe Indians have but one Eye *, but what Mifchance
or Quarrel has bereav'd them of the other I could not learn.
They were not fo free to us, as moft of the other Indians
had been •, Victuals being fomewhat fcarce among them.
However, we got enough to fatisfy our Appetite?. I faw,
among thete Men, very long Arrows, headed with Pieces of

I Glafs,

TkurfdAf

Friday.

Saturday.

Sunday,

VtUric^iTtitfyjUlLf

mpndaj:

Glafs, which they had broken from Bottles. They had fhapd them
neatly, like the Head of a Dart ; but which way they did k,l cant'
tell. We had not been at this Town above an Hour, when two of our
Company, that had bought a Mare of John Stewart, came up to us,
having receiv'd a Letter by one of Will's Indians, who was very cautious,,
and asked a great many Queftions, to certifie him of the Peribn, e'er
he would deliver the Letter. They had left the Trader, and one that
came from South-Carolina with us, to go to Virginia ; thefe Two be-
ing refolved to go to Carolina with us.
This Day fell much Rain, fo we ftaid at the Indian Town.
This Morning, we fet out early, being four Englifh-Men, befides
feveral Indians. We went 10 Miles, and were then ftopp'd by the.
Frefhes of £#<?e-River, which had rais'd it fo high, that we could not
pafs over„ till it was fallen. I enquir'd of my Guide, Where this Ri-
ver difgorg'd it felf? He faid, It was .Ewer- River, and run into a
Place call'd Enoe-Bay, near his- Country, which he left when he was
a Boy • by which I perceiv'd,he was one of the Cores by Birth : This
being a Branch of Aw-River.

ThisDay, our Fellow-Traveller's Mare ran away from him; where-
fore, Will went back as far as the lower Quarter, and brought her
back.

The next Day, early, came two Tusker uro Indians to the' other fide
of the River, but could not get over. They talk'd much to us, but
we understood them not. In the Afternoon, Will came with the Mare,
and had fome Difcourfe with them; they told him, The Englifh, to
whom he was going, were very wicked People ; and, That they
threatned the Indians 'for Hunting near their Plantations. Thefe Two
Fellows were going among the Schoccores and Achonechy Indians, to
fell their Wooden Bowls and Ladles for Raw-Skins, which they make
great Advantage of, hating that any of thefe Weitward Indians fhould
have any Commerce with the Englifh, which would prove a Hinde-
rance to their Gains. Their Stories deterr'd an Old Indian and his Son,
from going any farther ; but Will told us, Nothing they had faid fhould
frighten him, he believing them to be a couple of Hog- Stealers ; and
that the Englifo only fought Restitution of their LolTes, by them ; and
that this was the only ground for their Report. Will had a Slave, a
Siffipahau- Indian by Nation, who killed us feveral Turkies, and other
Game, on which we feafted.

This River is near as large as Reatiin; the South-fide having curious
Tra&s of good Land, the Banks high, and Stone- Quarries. The Tuf-
Aeruros being come to us, we ventur'd over the River, which. we found
■to be a ftrong Current, and the Water about Breafi-high. However,
we all got fafe to the North-Shore, which is but poor, white, fandy
Land, and bears no Timber, but fmall Shrubby Oaks. We went about
ic Miles, and fat down at the Falls of a large Creek, where lay migh-
ty Rocks3the Water making a fkange Noife, as if a great many Wa-
- - ter_

mm\

i

( 59 )

ter-Mills were going at once. I take to to be the Falls of .
ito-Creek, called by the Indians , VP« ft* Whom.. We lay here (
all Ni°ht My Gaide Will defrfing to- fee the Book: that 1 had a-
bout me, I* lent it him ; and as he foon , found the Piauie of King,,
David he asked me feveral Queffions concerning the Book, and Fi-
gure which I refolv'd him, and invited him to become a Chriftian.
He made me a very lharp Reply, affuring me, That he lov'd the Eng-
Ufk extraordinary well, and did believe their Ways to be very good
for thofe that had already praais'd them, and had been brought up
therein • But as for himfelf, he was too much in- Years to think of
a Change, efteeming it not proper for Old People to admit offuch an- •
Alteration. However, he told me, If I would take his Son %acl, who
was then about 14 Years of Age, and teach him to talk in that Book,
and make Paper fpeafc, which they call our Way of Writing, he would*
wholly relign him to my Tuition • telling me, he was of Opinion,, I
was very well afte&ed to the Indians.

The next Morning, we fet out early, and. I perceivd that thefe In- Mefttif;
dims were in fome fear of Enemies ; for they had an Old Man with
them, who was very cunning and cirCumfpea, wherefoever lie faw
any Marks of Footing, or of any Fire that had been made \ going out;
of his Way, very often, to look for thefe Marks. We went, this day,
above -\o "Miles, over a very level Country, and moft Pine Land,.
yet intermix d with fome Quantities of Marble ; agood Range for
C tte], though very indifferent for Swine. We had now loft our ra-
pid Streams, and were come to flow, dead Waters, of a brown Co-
lour, proceeding from the Swamps-, much like the Sluices in Holland r
where the "Track- Scoots go along. In the Afternoon, we met two
Tmhmros, who told us, That there was a Company of Hunters not
far of, and if we walk'd ftoutly, we might reach them that Night.
But Will and He that own d the Mare, being gone before, and the
Old Indian tired, we refted, that Night, inthe Woods, making a.
good light Fire, Wood being very plentiful in thefe Parts.

Next Day, about re a Clock, we ftruck out of the Way, by the ^iwef?
Advice of our- Old Indian. We had not gone paft two Miles, e'er we^,.
met with about 500 Tmleruros in one Hunting- Quarter. They had
made themfelves Streets of Houfes, built with Pine-Bark, not with
round Tops, as they commonly ufe, but Ridge-Faihion, after the
manner of moft other Indians. We got nothing amongft them but
Corn, Fleih being not plentiful, by reafon of the great Number of.
their People. For tho' they are expert Hunters, yet they are too po-
pulous for one Range ; which makes Venifon very fcarce to what it.
is amongft other Indians, that are fewer j no Savages living fo well,
for Plenty, as thofe near the Sea. I faw, amongft thefe, a Hump-
back'd Indian, which was the only crooked one I ever met withal. .
About two a Clock, we reach'd one of their Towns, in which there
was no body left, but an Old Woman or two 5 the, reft being gone to -

their.

V: "'I

Monday.

-(go)

their Hunting- Quarters. We could find no Provision at that Place.
We had a Tuskertiro that came in company with us, from the lower
Quarter, who took us to his Cabin, and gave us what it afforded,
which was Corn-meat.

This Day, wepafs'd through feveral Swamps, and going not above
a -dozen Miles, came to a Cabin, the Matter, whereof us'd to trade a-
mongft the Englijh. He told us, If we would flay Two Nights, he
would conduft us fafe to them, himfelfdefigning, at that time, to go
and fetch fome Rum ; fo we refolvedto tarry for his Company. During
our Stay, there happen'd to he a Young Wdman troubled with Fits.
The Doftor who was fent for to affift her, laid her on her Belly, and
made afmal-1 Incifion withRattle-Snake-Teeth ; then laying his Mouth
to the Place, he fuck'd out near a Quart of black conglutinated Blood,
and Serum. Our Landlord gave us the Tail of a Bever, which was a
choice Food. There happen d alfo to be a Burial of one of their
Dead, which Ceremony is much the fame with that, of the Santees,

•who make a great Feaft at the Interment of their Corps. The final!
Runs of Water hereabout, afford great Plenty of Craw-Fifh, full as
large as thofe in England, and nothing inferior in Goodneft.

Saturday Morning, our Patron, with Enoe Will, and his Servant, fet
out with us, for the Englifh. \\\ the Afternoon, we ferried over a
River, (in a Canoe) called by the Indians^ Chattoolau, which is the
N. ' W. Branch of iV^j-River. We lay in the Swamp, where fome In-
dians invited us to go to their Quarters, which fome of our Company
accepted, but got nothing extraordinary, except a dozen Miles March
out Of their Way : The Country here is very thick of Indian Towns
and Plantations. -

We were forced to march, this day, for Want of Provifions. About
10 a Clock, we met an Indian that had got a parcel of Shad-Fiih rea-
dy bar baku'-d. We bought 24 of them, for a drefs'd Doe-Skm, and
fo went on, through many Swamps, finding, this day, the long ragged

t J4.ofs on the Trees, which we had not feen for above 600 Miles.

'in the Afternoon, we came upon the Banks of Pampticough, about 20
.Miles above the Ewdijh Plantations by Water, though not fo far by
Land. The Indian round a Gmocj which he had hidden, in which we
all got over, and went about fix Miles farther. We lay, that Night,
under two or three Pieces of Barkj at the Foot of a large Oak. There
fell abundance of Snow and Rain in the Night, with much Thunder
and Lightning. - *>* .:.

Next Day, it clear 'd up, and it being about 12 Miles to the Englijh,
about half-way we palled over a deep Lreek, and came fafe to Mr. 'Ri-
chard Smith's, of Pampticough-Rivcr, in North-Carolina ; where be-
ing well receiv'd by the Inhabitants, and pleas'd with the Goodnefs
©f the Country, we all refolv'd to continue.

.F I . N I S.

can receive Ships of Burden, as Ocacock7 Topfail-ln\et9 and
Cape-Fair ; as appears by my Chart.

K The

6i

DESCRIPTION

O F

North -CAROLINA.

H E Province of Carolina Is feparated Caro-
from Virginia by a due Weft- Line, tojjjj»»
which begins at Currituck-lnleU in 36
Degrees , 30 Minutes, of Northern-
Latitude, and extends indefinitely to
the Weftward , and thence to the
Southward , as far as 29 Degrees \
which is a vaft.Traft of Sea-Coaft.
But having already treated, as far as
is neceiTary, concerning South-Carolina, I fhall confine my-
felf, in the enfuing Sheets, to give my Reader a Defcription
of that Part of the Country only, which lies betwixt
Currituck and Cape-Fair, and is almoft 34 Deg. North. And
this is commonly calPd North Carolina.

This Part of Carolina is faced with a Chain of Sand-Banks,
which defends it from the Violence and Infults of the At Ian-
tick Ocean •, by which Barrier, a vaft Sound is hemm'd in ,
which fronts the Mouths of the'Navigable and Pleafant Ri-
vers of this Fertile Country, and into which they difgorge
themfelves. Thro' the fame are Inlets of feveral Depths oilnkts.
Water. Some of their Channels admit only of Sloops, Bri-
gantines, fmall Barks, and Ketches j and fuch are. Currituck^
Ronoak, and up the Sound above Hatteras : Whilft others
can receive Ships of Burden, as Ocacock7 Top/ail-lnlet, and
Cape-Fair *, as appears by my Chart.

K The

A D:E.S CRIPTION

Firfi Colo- The firft Difcovery and Settlement of this Country was
tiyoj Ca- 'Dy the procurement of Sir Walter Raleigh, in Conjunction
leiina* with Come pubiick-fpirited Gentlemen of that Age, under
the Protection of Queen Elizabeth } for which Reafon it was
then named Virginia, being begun on that Part called Ro~
»0*£-Ifland, where the Ruins of a Fort are to be feea
at this day, as well as fome. old Englijh Coins which
have been lately found -r and a Brafs-Gun, a Pbwder-Hqrn,
and one fmall Quarter deck-Gun, made of Iron Staves, and
hoop'd with the fame Metal \ which Method of making
Guns might very probably be made ufe of in thofe Days,
for the Convenience of Infant-Colonies.
/ A farther Confirmation of this we have from the Hat-
teras Indians, who either then lived on Ronoak-lftand, or
much frequented it. Thefe tell us, that feveral of their
Anceftors were white People, and could talk in a Book, as
we do •, the Truth of which is confirm'd by gray Eyes be-
ing found frequently amongft: thefe Indians^ and no others.
They value themfelves extremely for their Affinity to the
Englijl), and are ready to do them all friendly Offices. It
is probable, that this Settlement raifcarry'd for want of
timely Supplies from England -, or thro' the Treachery of
the Natives, for we may reafonably fuppofe that the Englijh
were forced to cohabit with them, for Relief and Converla-
tion*, and that in procefs of Time, they conform'd themfelves
to the Manners of their Indian Relations. And thus we fee,
how apt Humane Nature is to degenerate.

I cannot forbear inferring here, a pleafant Story that pa£-
fes for an uncontefted Truth ' amongft. the Inhabitants of
this Places which is, that the Ship which brought the firft
Colonies, does often appear amongft them, under Sail, in
a -gallant Pofture, which they call Sir Walter RaleigWs Ship ^
And" the truth of this has been affirm'd to me, by Men of
the belt Credit in the Country.

A fecond Settlement of this Country was made about
Settlement fifty Years ago, in that part we now call yilbemarl- County *
of North- anc} chief]y }n chuwon Precindt, by feveral fubftantial Plan-
Carolina. terS5 frcm yrijinia^ aBd other Plantations ; Who finding
mild Winters, and a fertile Soil, beyond Expectation, pro-
ducing every thing that was planted, to a prodigious In-
creafe \ their Cattle, Horfes, Sheep, and Swine, breeding;

CJ/ f nt*i «-iw-

Sir Wal-
ter Ra-
leigh's

Ship.

Second

of North-Carolina.

63

very fait, and pafling the Winter, without any Amftance
from the Planter^ fo that every thing feera'd. to come by
Nature, the Husbandman living almoft void of Care, and
free from thofe Fatigues which are abfolutely requisite in
Winter-Countries, for providing Fodder and other Neceffa-
ries •, thefe Encouragements induc'd them to ftand their
Ground, altho' but a handful of People, feated af great
Distances one from another, and amidft a vaft number of
Indians of different Nations, who were then in Carolina.
Neverthelefs, I fay, the Fame of this new-difcover'd Sum-
mer-Country fpread thro' the neighbouring Colonies, and,
in a few Years, drew a confiderable Number of Families
thereto, who all found Land enough to fettle themfelves in,
(had they been many Thoufands more) and that which was
very good and commodioufly feated, both for Profit and
Pieafure. And indeed, moft of the Plantations in Carolina Pieafam.
naturally enjoy a noble Profpect of large and fpacious Ki- nip of
vers, pleafant Savanna's, and fine Meadows, with their Carolina,
green Liveries, interwoven with beautiful Flowers, of moft
glorious Colours, which the feveral Seafons afford *, hedg'd
in with pleafant Groves of the ever-famous Tulip-tree, the
ftately Laurel, and Bays, equalizing the Oak in Bignefs and
Growth v Myrtles, Jeflamines, Wood-bines, Honyfuckles,
and feveral other fragrant Vines and Ever-greens, whofe
afpiring Branches lhadow and interweave themfelves with
the loftieft Timbers, yielding a pleafant Profped, Shade and
Smell, proper Habitations for the Sweet- finging Birds, that
melodiouily entertain fuch as travel thro'theWoods of Carolina.

The Planters pofiefling all thefe Bleflings, and the Pro-
duce of great Quantities of Wheat and Indian Corn, in
which this Country is very fruitful, as likewife in Beef,
fork, Tallow, Hides, Deer-Skins, and Furs ^ for thefe
Commodities the New-England-Men. and Bermudians viilted
■Carolina in their Barks and Sloops, and carry'd out what
they made, bringing them, in Exchange, Rum, Sugar, Salt,
MoloiTes, and fome wearing Apparel, tho' the laft at very
extravagant Prices.

As theXand is very fruitful, fo are the Planters kind
and hofpitable to all that come to viflt them \ there being
very few Houfekeepers, but what live very nobly, and
give away more Provisions to Coaflers and Guefts who

K 2 comt

I--— ■■!■■

mmm

A Description

come to fee them, than they expend amongft their own
Families.

Of the Mets and Havens of this Country.

The Bar of Currituck being the Northermofl of this
Country, prefents itfelf firft to be treated of. It lies in
3d deg. 30 min. and the Courfe over is S. W. by W. having
not above feven or eight Foot on the Bar, tho' a good
Harbour, when you are over, where you may ride fafe, and
deep enough \ but this Part of the Sound is fo full of Shoals
as not to fuffer any thing to trade thro3 it, that draws a-
bove three Foot Water, which renders it very incommodi-
ous. However, this affefts but fome part of the Country
and may be eafily remedied, by carrying their Produce i&
fmall Craft, down to the VelTels, which ride near the Inlet.

Ronoak Inlet has Ten Foot Water j the Courfe over the
Bar is almoft W. which leads you thro' the beft of the Chan-
nel. This Bar, as well as Curritwl, often ihifts by the Vio-
lence of the N. E. Storms, both lying expos'd to thofe
Winds. Notwithftanding which, a confiderable Trade
might be carry'd on, provided there was a Pilot to bring
them in ; for it lies convenient for a large Part of this Co-
lony, whofe Produd would very eafily allow of that Charge ;
Lat. 35 deg. 50 min.

The Inlet of Hatter as lies to the Weftward of the Cape,
round which is an excellent Harbour. When the Wind blows
hard at N. or N. E. if you keep a fmall League from the
Cape-Point, you will have 3, 4, and 5 Fathom, the outer-
moft Shoals lying about 7 or 8 Leagues from Shoar. As
you come into the Inlet, keep clofe to the South Breakers,
till you are over the Bar, where you will have two Fathom
at Low- Water. You may come to an Anchor in two Fa-
thom and a Half when you are over, then fleer over clofe
aboard the North Shoar, where is four Fathom, clofe to a
Point of Marlh \ then fteer up the Sound a long League,
till you bring the North Cape of the Inlet to bear S.S.R.
half E. then- freer W. N. W. the Eaft-point of Bluff-Land
at Hatteras bearing E. N. E. the Southerraofl large Ham-
mock towards Ocacoch^ bearing S. S. W. half S. then you are
in the Sound, over the Bar of Sand, whereoa is but 5 Foot

Water i

—

of North-Carolina,

65

Water • then your Courfe to Famptkough is alrooft Weft.
It flows on thefe three Bars $. E. by E.> E. about Eight of
the Clock, unlefs there is a hard Gale of Wind at N. E.
which will make it flow two hours longer •, but as foon as
the Wind is down, the Tides will have their natural Courfe :
A hard Gale at N. or N. W. will make the Water ebb
fometimes 24 hours, but ftill the Tide -will ebb and
flow, tho' not feen by the turning thereof, but may be
feen by the Riling of the Water, and Falling of the fame,
Lat. 3*0 20".

Ocacock is the belt Inlet and Harbour yet in this Country ; ocacocfc
and has 13 Foot at Low-water upon the Bar. There are j»fcr.
two Channels *, one is but narrow, and lies clofe aboard the
South Cape •, the other in the Middle, yk. between the Middle
Ground, and the South Shoar, and is above half a Mile
wide. The Bar itfelf is but half a Cable's Length over, and
then you are in 7 or 8 Fathom Water •, a good Harbour.
The Courfe into the Sound is N. K W. At High-water,
and Neap-tides, here is 18 Foot Water. It lies S. W. from
'Hatter* Inlet. Lat. 35° 8"- , „T *. * r

Topfail Inlet is above two Leagues to the Weftward of Top&iL
Cape Look-out. You have a fair Channel over the Bar, and /«*«.-
two Fathom thereon, and a good Harbour in five or fix Fa-
thom to come to an Anchor. Your Courfe over this Bar is
almoft N. W. Lat. 340 44".

As for the Inlet and River of Cafe Fair, I cannot give you Cape
abetter Information thereof, than has been already deli- Fair MU%
ver'd by the Gentlemen, who were fent on purpofe, from aid-Aher^
Barbados^o make a Difcovery of thatRiver,in the Year 16.6&
which is thus.

From Tuefday the 29th of September, to Friday the 2d of
Ottober, we rang'd along the Shoar from Lat. 32 deg. 20 min. j/
to Lat. 33 deg. n min. but could1 difcern no Entrance for
our Ship, after- we had pafs'd to the Northward of 32 deg.
40 min. On Saturday, OBob. 3. a violent Storm overtook
us, the Wind between North and Eaft -r which Eafterly.
Winds and Foul Weather continu'd till Monday the 12th £
by reafon of which Storms and Foul Weather, we were
forced to get off to Sea, to fecure Ourfelves and Ship, and'
were driven by the Rapidity of a ftrong Current to Cape
Batter as in Lat. 35 deg. 30 min. - On Monday the. 12th afore-
laid:

ton

IP : (dtih

A Description

'faid, we came to an Anchor in feven Fathom at Cape-Fair
Road, and took the Meridian Altitude of the Sun, and were
in Latitude 33 deg. 43 min. the Wind continuing ftill eafter-
ly, an"d foul Weather, till Thurfday the 15th 5 and on Friday
the itfth, the Wind being at N. W. we weigh'd and fail'd
up Cape-Fair-River, fome 4 or 5 Leagues, and came to an
Anchor in 6 or 7 Fathom , at which time feveral Indians came
on board, and brought us great Store of frelh Fifh, large
Mullets, young Bafs, Shads, and feveral other Sorts of very
good well-tafted Filh. On Saturday the 17th, we went down
to the Cape, to fee the Englijh Cattle, but could not find 'em,
tho' we rounded the Cape : And having an Indian Guide with
us, here we rode till Olb. 24. The Wind being againft us,
we could not go up the River with our Ship \ but went on
Ihoar, and view'd the Land of thofe Quarters. On Saturday \
we weigh'd, and fail'd up the River fome 4 Leagues, or
thereabouts. Sunday the 2<th, we weigh'd again, and row'd
up the River, it being calm, and got up fome 14 Leagues
from the Harbour's Mouth, where we mor'd our Ship. On
Monday OB. the 2<5th, we went down with the Yawl, to 2Ve~
coesy an Indian Plantation, and view'd the Land there. Oa
Tuefday the 27th, we row'd up the main River, with our
Long-Boat, and 12 Men, fome 10 Leagues, or thereabouts.
On Wednefday the 28th, we row'd up about 8 or 10 Leagues
more. Thurfday the 29th, was foul Weather, with much
Rain and Wind, which forc'd us to make Huts^and lie ftill.
Friday the 30th, we proceeded up the main River, 7 or 8
Leagues. Saturday the 3 1 ft, we got up 3 or 4 Leagues more,
and came to a Tree that lay crofs the River ^ but becaufe
our Provifions were almoft fpent, we proceeded no farther,
but return'd downward before Night, and on Monday the
2d of November ■, we came aboard our Ship. Tuefday the 3d,
we lay ftill, to refrefh ourfelves. On Wednefday the 4th, we
went 5 or 6 Leagues up the River, tofearcha Branch that
run out of the main River towards the N. W. In which
Branch we went up 5 or-6 Leagues ^ but not liking the Land,
Teturn'd on board that Night about Midnight, and call'd
that Place Swampy-Branch. Thurfday ', November the 5th, we
.ftay'd aboard. On Friday the 6th, we went up Greens-River^
the Mouth of it being againft the Place at which rode our
Ship. On Saturday the 7th, we proceeded up the faid River,

fome

of North-Carolina.

6?

r r7777777^eues7o~all, and found it ended in feveral
ftSl Blanche ^he Und, We moft part, being toto
and Swamps, wereturn'd towards our Ship, and got aboard
kin the SUt. sWayiSiW" the 8th, we lay toll, and
on Mmd% toe 9th, went again up the mam River, being well
ftock'd with Provifions, and all things neceflary, and pro-
ceeded upwards till Tburfd.y noon, the 12th ,, at which
time we came to a Place where were two Wands in the
M?ddlTof the River; and by reafon of the Crookednefs of
the River at that Place, feveral Trees lay crofs both Bran-
ches, which ftop'd the PaiTage of each Brancn fo tnat we
coud proceed' no farther with our &»»»• but went up-
the River fidebyLand, fome 3 or 4 Miles, and found the
River wider and* wider. So wereturn'd, leaving it, as far
as we could fee up a long Reach,, running N.E, we judging
ourTelvesnear fifty Leagues North from the River s Mouth.
I our Return, weWd the Land on both Sides the River,
and found as good Traas of dry, well-wooded, pleafant,
and delightful Ground, as we have feen any where » the
World, with abundance of long thick Grafs on it, the Land
being very level, with fteep Banks on both Sides the River,
and in fome Places very high, the Woods ftor'd every where,
with great Numbers of Deer and Turkic*, we never going.
Z Shoar, but wefawof each Sort; as afo great Store or
Partridges, Cra'nes, and Conies, in feveral Places •, we like-
wife heard feveral Wolves howling in the : Woods, and faw
where they had torn a Deer in Pieces. Alfo in the River we
faw great Store of Ducks, Teal, Widgeon; and in the
Wools, great Flocks of ParrakeeWs. The Timber that the
Woods afford, for the moft part, confifts of Oaks of four or
five Sorts, all differing in Leaves, but each bearing very good
Acorns. Wemeafur'd many of the Oaks in feveral Places,
which we found to be, in Bignefs, fome Two, fome Three,
and others almoft Four Fathom in Height, before you come to
Boughs or Limbs; forty, fifty, fixty Foot, and fome more :;
and thofe Oaks very common in the upper Parts ot both Ri-
vers- alfo a very tall large Tree of great Bignefs, which
fame call Cyprus, the right Name we know not, growing in
Swamps. Likewife Walnut, Birch, Beech, Maple, A-lh,
Bay, Willow, Alder, and Holly ; and in the lowermoft
Parts innumerable Paws, tall and good for Boards or Malts,

grow-

68

A Description

m

growing, for the moft part, in barren and fandy, but in fome
Places up the River, in good Ground, being mixt amonH>
Oaks and other Timbers." We faw Mulberrf^TreL, MuTtf-
S&5 of Grape-Vines, and fome Grapes which we eat of.
We found a very large and good Trad of Land,on the N. W
Side of the River, thin of Timber, except here and there a

M1T^MaL?ak' ,and full°f Grafs' C0~Jy as high « a
Man's Middle, and m many Places to his Shoulders, where we
faw many Deer, and Turkiesj one Deer having very large
Horns, and great Body, therefore call'd it Star-Part. It be-
ing a very pleafant and delightful Place, we traveled in it
ieveral Miles, but faw no End thereof. So we return'd to
\UrBi?,at' a^d Proceededd°wn the River, and came to ano-
ther Place, fome twenty five Leagues from the River's Mouth
on the fame Side, where we found a Place, no lefs delightful
than the former ; and as -far as we could judge, both Tra&s
came into one. This lower Place we call'd Rocky Point, be-
caufe we found many Rocks and Stones, of feveral Sizes up-
on the Land, which is not common. We fent our Boat down
the River before us-, ourfelves travelling by Land, many
Miles. Indeed we were fo much taken with the Pleafantnefs
of the Country, that we travell'd into the Woods too far to
recover bur Boat and Company that Night. The next day
being Sunday, we got to our Boat ; and on Monday the itfth
of November, proceeded down to a Place on* the Eaft-Side
of the River, fome 23 Leagues from the Harbour's Mouth,
which we call'd Turky -Quarters , becaufe we kill'd feveral
Turkies thereabouts ; we view'd the Land there, and found
fome Tracts of good Ground, and high, facing upon theRi-
ver about one Mile inward, but backwards fome two Miles
all Pine Land, but good Pafture Ground: We return'd to
our Boat, and proceeded down fome 2 or 3 Leagues, where
we had tormeiiy view'd, and found it a Trad of as good
Land, as any we have feen, and had as good Timber on it.
The Banks on the River being high, therefore we call'd it
High- Land-? elm. Having view'd that, w£ proceeded d©wn
the River, going on Shoar in feveral Places on both Sides, it
being generally large Marines, and many of them dry, that
they may more fitly be calld Meadows. The Wood-
Land againft them is, for the moft part, Pine, and in fome
Places as barren, as ever we faw Land, but in other Places

good

of North-Carolina.

69

good Pafture-Ground. On Tuefday, November the 17th, we
got aboard our Ship, riding againfl .the Mouth of Greens
River, where our Men were providing Wood, and fitting
the Ship for the Sea : In the interim, we took a View of
the Country on both fides of the River there, finding feme
good Land, but more bad, and the bell not comparable to
that above. .Friday the 20th was foul Weather ', yet in the
Afternoon we weigh'd, went down the River about two
Leagues, and came to an Anchor againfl the Mouth of ////-
ton's River, and' took a View of the Land there on both
fides, which appear'd to us much like that at Green's River.
Monday the 23d, we went, with our Long-Boat well vifru-
al?d and mann'd, up Hilton's River \ and when we came
three Leagues, or thereabouts, up the fame, we found
this and Green's River to come into one, and Co continued
for four or five Leagues, which makes a great Iiland betwixt
them. We proceeded ftill up the River, till they parted a-
gain, keeping up Hilton's River on the Larboard fide, and
followed the faid River five or fix Leagues farther, where we
found another large Branch of Greens River to come into
Hhon\ which makes another great Ifland. On the Star-
board fide going up, we proceeded ftill up the River fome
four Leagues, and return'd, taking a View of the Land on
both fides, and then judg'd ourfelves to be from our Ship
fome 18 Leagues W. and by N. One League below this
Place, came four Indians in a Canoe to us, and fold us Xeve-
ral Baskets of Acorns,which we faj^sfy'd them for,and fo left
them ; but one of them follow'd us on the Shoar fome two
or three Miles, till he came on the Top of a high Bank,
facing on the River -7 and as we row'd underneath it, the
Fellow (hot an Arrow at us, which very narrowly mifs'd
one of our Men, and ftuck in the upper edge of the Boat \
but broke in pieces, leaving the Head behind. Hereupon,
■we prefently made to the Shoar, and went all up the Bank
(except Four to guide the Boat) to look for the Indian^ but
tould not find him: At laft, we heard fome fing, farther
in the Woods, which we look'd upon as a Challenge to us,
to come and fight them. We went towards them with all
Speed \ but before we came in Sight of them, heard two
Guns go off from our Boat ^ whereupon we retreated, as
fall as we could, to fecure our Boat and Men. When we

L came

=

Descripti on

came to them, we found all well, and demanded the Rea-
fon of their firing the -Guns : They told us, that an Indian-
came creeping along the Bank, as. they fupposM, to fhoot
at them , and therefore they ihot at him at a great diftance,
with fmall Shot, but thought they did him no Hurt j for
they faw him run away. Prefently after our Return to the
Boat, and while we were thus talking, came two Indians to us,
with their Bows and Arrows, crying Bonny ^ Bonny. We
took their Bows and Arrows from them, and gave them
Beads, to their Content; then we led them, by the Hand,
to the Boat, and Ihew'd them the Arrow-head fticking in
her Side, and related to them the whole PalTage ; which
when they underftood, both of them fhew'd a great Con-
cern, and fignifyd to. us, by Signs, that they knew nothing
of it } fo we let them go, and mark'd a Tree on the Top
of the Bank, calling the Place Mount-Skerry. We Jook'd up
the River, as far as We could diicern, and faw that it
widen'd, and came running diredly down the Country ;
So we return'd, viewing the Land on both fides the River,
and finding the Banks fteep in fome places, but very high
in others. The Bank-fides are generally Clay, and as fome
of our Company did affirm, fome Marl. The Land and
Timber up this River is no way inferiour to the befb
in the other, which we call the main River. So far as
we could difcern, this feem'd as fair, if not fairer, than
the former, and we think runs farther into the Country,
becaufe a ftrong Current ^omes down, and a great deal
more Drift- Wood. But, to return to the Bufinefs of the
Land and Timber : We faw feveral Plots of Ground clear'd
by the Indians, after their weak manner, compafs'd round
with great Timber Trees, which they are no-wife able to
fell, and fo keep the Sun from Corn-Fields very much ,
yet neverthelefs, we faw as large Corn-ftalks, or larger,,
than we have ftcn any where elfe : So we proceeded down
the River, till we found the Canoe the Indian was in, who
fnot at us. In the Morning, we went on Shoar, and cut
the fame in pieces. The Indians perceiving us coming to-
wards them, ran away. Going to his Hutt, we pull'd it
down, broke his Pots, Platters, and Spoons, tore the Deer-
Skins and Matts in pieces, and took away a Basket of A-
eopns j and afterwards proceeded down the River 2 Leagues,

or

*c*

of North-Carolina.

7'

or thereabouts, and came to another Place of Indians , bought
Acorns and fome Corn of them, and went downwards 2
Leagues more. At laft, efpying an Indian peeping over a
high Bank, we held up a Gun at him ; and calling to him,
Sherry, prefently feveral Indians came in Sight of us, and
made great Signs of Friendfhip, faying Bonny, Bonny. Then
running before us, they endeavour'd to perfuade us to come
on fhoar •, but we anfwer'd them with ftern Countenances,
andcall'd out, Skerry, taking up our Guns, and threatning
to fhoot at them, but they ftill cry'd Bonny, Bonny. And
when they faw they could not prevail , nor perfuade
us to come on ihoar, two of them came off to us in a Canoe,
one paddling with a great Cane, the other with his Hand. As
foon as they overtook us, they laid hold of our Boat, fweat-
ing and blowing, and told us, it was Bonny on fhoar, and at laft
perfuaded us to go on Ihoar with them. As foon as we landed,
feveral Indians, to the Number of near 40 lufby Men, came to
us, all in a great Sweat, and told us Bonny : We fhew'd 'em the
Arrow-Head in the Boat-Sideband a Piece of the Canoe we had
cut in Pieces : Whereupon, the chief Man amongfl: them
made a long Speech, threw Beads into our Boat, which is a
Sign of great Love and Friendfhip, and gave us 'to under-
ftand, that when he heard of the Affront which we hadre-
ceiv'd, it caus'd him to cry, and that he and his Men were
come to make Peace with us, alluring us, by Signs, that they
would tye the Arms, and cut off the Head, of the Fellow
who had done us that Wrong •, And for a farther Teftimony
of their Love and Good- Will towards us, they prelented us
with two very handfome, proper, young Indian Women, the
talleft that ever we faw in this Country ; which we fup-
pos'd to be the King's Daughters, or Perfons of Diftinction
amongfl: them. Thofe young Women were fo ready to come
into our Boat , that one of them crowded in, and would
hardly be.perfuaded to go out again. We prefented the King
with a Hatchet and feveral Beads, and made Prefents of
Beads alfo to the young, Women, the chief Men, and the
reft of the Indians, as far as our Beads would go. They
promis'd us, in four Days, to come on board our Ship, and
fo departed from us. ^ When we left the Place, which was
foon after, we call'd it Mount-Bonny, becaufe we had there
concluded a firm Peace. Proceeding down the River 2 or 3
Leagues farther, we came to a Place where were 9 or 10 Ca-

L a noes

M

noes all together. We wentalhoar there, and found feveral
Indians \. hut molt of them were the fame which had made
Peace with us before. We ftaid very little at that Place, but
went directly down the River, and came to our Ship, before
day. Thurfday the 26th of November , the Wind being at '
South, we could not go down to the River's Mouth } but on
Friday the 27th, we weigh'd at the Mouth of Hilton's Ri-
ver, and got down a League towards the Harbour's Mouth.
On Sunday the 29th, we got down to Crane-IJlandy which is
4 Leagues or thereabouts, above the Entrance of the Har-
bour's Mouth. On Tuefday the ill of December, we made a
Purcbafeof the River and Land of Cape-Fair, of Wat-Coofa^
and f«ch other Indians, as appear'd to us to be the chief of
thofe Parts. They brought us Store of frefh Fifh aboard, as
Mullets, Shads, and other forts very good. * This River is all
frefii Water, fit to drink. Some 8 Leagues within the
Mouth, the Tide runs up about 35 Leagues, but (tops and
rifes a great deal farther up. It flows at the Harbour's Mouth,
S. E. and N. W. 6 Foot at Neap-Tides, and 3 Foot at Spring-
Tides. The Channel on the Eaft fide, by the C^-ShOar,
is the belt, and lies clofe aboard the C^pe-Land, being 3 Fa-
thoms at high Water, in the malloweft Place in the Channel,
juft at the Entrance *, But as foon as you are pall that Place,
half a Cables Length inward, you have 6 or 7 Fathoms, a
fair turning Channel into the River, and fo continuing 5 or S
Leagues upwards. Afterwards the Channel is more difficult,
in fome Places 6 ot 7 Fathoms, in others 4 or 5, and in others
but 9 or 10 Foot, efpccially where the River is broad. When
the River comes to part, and grows narrow, there it is all
Channel from fide to fide, in molt Places •, tho' in fome you
jhall have 5, 6", or 7 Fathoms, but generally 2 or 3, Sand
andOaze. We view'd the G^-La*nd,and judg'ditto belittle
worth, the Woods of it being fhrtfbby and low, and the Land
Tandy and barren j in fome Places Grafs and Ruihes, in
others nothing but clear Sand: A Place fitter to ftarve
Cattle, in our Judgment, than to keep 'em alive j yet the In-
dians, as we underitand, keep the Englijh Cattle down there,
and fuffer them not to go off of the faid Cape, fas we fuppofe)
becaufe the Country Indians fhall have no Part with them •
and therefore 'tis likely,they have fallen out about them,which
ihall- have the greatelt Share. They brought on board our

Ship.

4%

of North-Carolina.

Ship very good and fat Beef feveral times, which they fold us
at a very reafonable Price ; alfo fat and very large Swine,
good and cheap i but they may thank their Friends of Nem-
England, who brought their Hogs to fo fair a Market. Some
of the Indians brought very good Salt aboard us, and made
Signs, pointing to both fides of the River's Mouth, that there
was great Store thereabouts. We faw up the River, feveral
good Places for the fetting up of Corn or Saw-Mills. la
that time, as our Bufinefs call'd us up and down the River and
Branches, we kill'd of wild Fowl, 4 Swans, 10 Gc^Q, 29
Cranes, 10 Turkies, 40 Ducks and Mallards, 3, dozen of
Parrakeeto's, and 6 dozen of other, fmall Fowlsy as Curlues
and Plover, &c.

Whereas there was a Writing left in a Pott, at the Point
of Cape-Fair River, by thofe New- England-Men, that left.
Cattle with the Indians there, the Contents whereof tended:
not only to the Difparagement of the Land about the faid Ri-
ver, but alfo to the great Difcouragement of all fuch as fhould
hereafter come into thofe Parts to fettle : In anfwerto that
fcandalous Writing, We, whofe Names are underwritten,
do affirm, That we have- feen* facing both fides the River
and Branches of Cape-Fair aforefaid, as good Land, and as
well timber'd, as any we have feen in any other Part of the
World, fufficient to accommodate Thoufands of our En*
glijh Nation, and lying commodioufly by the faid River's
Side. „

On Friday the 4th of December, the Wind being fair, we.
put out to Sea, bound for Barbados j "and, on the tfth of
February, 1 66\, came to an Anchor in Carlijl*-Bay *, it ha-
ving pleas'd God, after feveral apparent Dangers both by-
Sea and Land, to bring us all in Safety to our long-wiftfd^'
for and much-denYd Port, to render an Account of our,
Bifcovery -/the Verity of which we do aiTert.

Anthony Long*
William Hilton,
Peter Fabian* ,

Thus you have an Account of the Latitude, Soil, and Ad= -
vantages of Cape-Fair, or Clarendon-Kvftv, which was fettled ',
In the Year 1661, or thereabouts \ and had it not been for
the irregular Pra&ices of Tome of that Colony againlt the 1

Indians?, ,

■■■wr

A Description

Indians, by Tending away fome of their Children, (as 1
have been told ) under Pretence of intruding 'em in Learn-
ing, and the Principles of the Chriftian Religion j which
fo difgufted the Indians., that tho' they had then no Guns,
yet they never gave over, till they had entirely rid them-
felves of the Englifb, by their Bows and Arrows \ with
which they did not only take off themfelves, but alio their
.Stocks of Cattle •, And this was fo much the more ruinous
. to them, in that they could have no Afliftance from South-
Carolina, which was not then planted } and the~other Plan-
tations were but in their Infancy. Were it not for fuch ill
Practices, I fay, it might, in all Probability, have been, at
this day, the belt Settlement in their Lord (hips great Pro-
vince of Carolina.
Albemarl The Sound of Albemarl, with the Rivers and Creeks of
f™Jsand that Country, afford a very rich and durable Soil. The
*jnrs. j^an(j5 |n m0£j. piaces^ iies indifferent low, (except in Chu-
won, and high up the Rivers) but bears an incredible Burden
of Timber } the Low-Grounds being cover'd with Beech ;
and the High- Land yielding lofty Oaks, Walnut-Trees, and
other ufeful Timber. The Country, in fome Plantations,
has yearly produc'd Indian Corn, or fome other Grain, ever
iince this Country was firft feated, without the Trouble of
Manuring or Drefling •, and yet (to all appearance^ it feems
not to be, in the leaft, impoverifti'd, neither do the Plan-
ters ever mifs of a good Crop, unlefs a very unnatural Sea-
fon vifits them, which feldom happens.

Of the Corn of Carolina.

THE Wheat of this Place is very good, feldom yielding le'fs
than thirty fold, provided the Land is good where it
is fown \ Not but that there has been Sixty- fix Increafe for
one meafure fown in Piny-Land, which we account the mean-
eft Sort. And I have been inform'd, by People of Credit,
that Wheat which was planted in a very rich Piece of Land,
brought a hundred and odd Pecks, for one. If our Planters,
when they found fuch great Increafe, would be fo curious as
to make nice Obfervations of the Soil, and other remarkable
Accidents, they would foon be acquainted with the Nature
•of the Earth and Climate, and be better qualified to ma-
nage

tmmmm rtinn I»»"«ii"" '■ ' ■"' ' ■ ■"

of North-Carolina,

75

nage their Agriculture to more Certainty, and -greater Ad-
vantage *, whereby they might arrive to the Crops and Har-
vefts of Babylon, and thofe other fruitful Countries fo much
talk'd of. For I muft confefs, 1 never faw one Acre of
Land manag'd as it ought to be in Carolina, fince I knew it ',
and were they as negligent in their Husbandry, in Europe, as
they are in Carolina, their Land would produce nothing but
Weeds and Straw.

They have try'd Rye, and it thrives very well ; but ha-^
vtng fuch Plenty of Mais, they do not regard it, becaufe
it makes black Bread, unlefs very curioully handled.

Barley has been fowed in -final! quantities, arid does better^r/^
than can be expeded ; becaufe that Grain requires the
Ground to be very well worked with repeated Ploughings,
which our general Way of breaking the Earth with Hoes,
can, by no means, perform, tho' in feveral Places we have a
light, rich, deep, black Mould, which is the particular Soil
in which Barley belt thrives.

The naked Oats thrive extraordinary- well y and the other om<
would prove a very bold Grain i but the Plenty of other
Grains makes them not much coveted.

The Indian Corn, or Maiz., proves the moft ufeful Gram in M%~
the World ; and had it not been for the Fruitfulnefs of this
Species, it would have proved very difficult to have fettled
fome^df the Plantations in America, It is very nourifhing,
whether in; Bread, fodde»r or other wife ; And thofe poor
Chriftian, Servants in Virginia, Maryland, and the other
northerly Plantations, that have been forced to live wholly
upon it, do manifeftly prove, that it is the moft nourifhing
Grain, for a Man to fubfift on, without any other Viduals.
And this Affertion is made good by the iVe^Slaves, who*
in many Places, eat nothing but this Indian Corn and Salt.
Pigs and Poultry fed with this Grain, eat the fweeteft of all:
others. It refufes no Grounds, unlefs the barren Sands,,
and when planted in good Ground, will repay the Planter
fe'ven or eight hundred fold y befides the Stalks bruis'd and
boil'd, make very pleafant Beer, being fweet like the Sugar-
Cane.

There are feveral forts of Rice, fome bearded, Qf|ej$#<*-
not, befides the red and white • But the white Rice is the
heft. Yet there is a fort of perfum'd Rice in the Eaft-

Buck-
wheat.

Guinea-

Wbeat.

Pulfe.

BuJhel-
. Bean.

£?JJes, which gives a curious Flavour, in the Dreflmg. And
with this fort America is#not yet acquainted \ neither can I
learn, that any of it has been brought over to Europe- the
Puce of Carolina being efteem'd the belt that comes to 'that
Quarter of the World. It is of great Increafe, yielding
from eight hundred to a thoufand-fold, and thrives bzfr in
wild Land, that has never been broken up before.

Buck- Wheat is of great Increafe in Carolina \ but we make
no other ufe of it, than inftead of Maiz, to feed Hogs and
Poultry : And'Guinea Corn, which thrives well here, fcrv.es'
for the fame ufe.

Of the Pulfe-kind, we have many forts. The firft is the
Buihel-Bean, which is a fpontaneous Product. They are fo
called, becaufe they bring a Bulhel of Beans for one that is
planted. They are fet in the Spring, round Arbours, or at
the Feet of Poles, up which they will climb, and cover the
Wattling, making a very pretty Shade to fit under. They
continue flowering, budding, and ripening all the Summer
long, till the Froft approaches, when they forbear their
Fruit, and die. The Stalks they grow on, come to the
Thicknefs of a Man's Thumb } and the Bean is white and
mottled, with a purple Figure on each fide it, like an Ear.
They are very flat, and are eaten as the Wind/or-Benn. is, be-
ing an extraordinary well-relifh'd Pulfe, either by themielves
or with Meat.

We have the Indian Bounceval, OX*Miraculous Peafe, fo call'd
from their long Pods, and great Increafe. Thefe are latter
Peafe, and require a pretty long Summer to ripen in. They
are very good ; and fo are the Bonavis, Calavancies, Nami-
cohs, and abundance of other Pulfe, too tedious here to
name, which we found the Indians -poflefs'd of, when firffc we
fettled in America *, fome of which forts afford us two Crops
in one Year 5 as the Bonavis and Cdavanc&s, befides feveral
others of that kind.

TStow I am launch'd into a Difcourfe of the Pulfe, I mufl
'■£ng.Ba«. acquaint you, that the European Bean planted here, will, in
time, degenerate into ad warfifh fort, if not prevented by a
yearly Supply of foreign Seed, and an extravagant rich Soil 5
yet thefe Pigmy-Beans are the fweeteft of that kind I ever
met withal.

vidian
.Rgunce-

3J0.U.

Teafe ml
Means*

As

Hi

*/ CAROLINA. 77

As for all the forts of Emlijh Peafe that we have yet made Feafe.
tryal of, they thrive very well in Carolina. Particularly,
the white and gray Rottncival, the common Fie Id- Peafe, and
Skkle-Peafe yield very well, and are of a good Relifh. As
for the other forts, I have not teen, any made tryal of as
yet , but queftion not their coming to great Perfedion
with us.

The Kidney-Beans were here before the EngUJh came,^«^-
being very plentiful in the Indian Corn-Fields. Beau.

The Garden-Roots that thrive well in Carolina, are^jw.
Carrots, Leeks, Parfnips, Turneps, Potatoes, of feveral de-
licate forts, Ground Artichokes, Radifhes, Horfe-Radifh,
Beet, both forts, Onions, Shallot, Garlick, Gives, and the
Wild-Onions.

The Sallads are the Lettice, Curl'd, Red, Cabbage, and Sa- safads.
poy. The Spinage round and prickly, Fennel, fweet and
the common Sort, Samphire in the Marines excellent, fo is
the Dock or Wild-Rhubarb, Rocket, Sorrel, French and
Englijb, CrefTes of feveral Sorts, Purflain wild, and that of m Ptfr-
a larger Size which grows in the Gardens \ for this Plant )$ fain in''
never met withal in the Indian Plantations, and is, therefore, Indian |

fuppos'd to proceed from Cow-Dung, which Beaft they keep fields.
not. Parfley two Sorts; Afparagus thrives to a Miracle,
Without hot Beds or dunging the Land, White-Cabbage from
European or New-England Seed, for the People are negligent
and unskilful , and don't take care to provide Seed of their
own. The Colly-Flower we have not yet had an Opportu-
nity to make Tryal of, nor has the Artichoke ever appeai'd
amongft us, that I can learn. Coleworts plain and curl'd,
Savoys \ befides the Water-Melons of feveral Sorts, very
good, which ihould have gone amongft the Fruits. Of Musk-
Melons we have very large and good, and feveral Sorts, as
the Golden, Green, Guinea, and Orange. Cucumbers long,
fhort, and prickly, all thefe from the Natural Ground, and
great Increafe, without any Helps of Dung or Refle&ion., . i

Pompions yellow and very large, Burmillions, Cafhaws, an
excellent Fruit boifd; £quaihes, Simnals, Horns, and
Gourds i belides many other Species, of lefs Value, too tedi-
ous to name.

Our Pot-herbs and others of ufe, which we already pofTefs, nuherhs
are Angelica wild and tame, Balm, Buglofs, Borage, Burnet, andotberl

M Gary,/*' flbflfr*.

R&rie-
Snskes.

^Town

Clary, Mangold, Pot-Marjoram, and other Marjorams, Sum-
mer and Winter Savory, Columbines, Tanfey, Wormwood,
Kep, Mallows feveral Sorts, Drage red and white, Lambs
Quarters, Thyme, Hyflbp of a very large Growth, fweet
Bazil, Rofemary, Lavender : The more Phylical, are Car-
duns Bemditlvs, the Scurvy-grafs of America, I never here
met any of -the European fort 5 Tobacco of .many forts, Dill,
Carawa, Cummin, Anife, Coriander, all forts of Plantain of
England, and two forts fpontaneous, good -Vulneraries ? E-
lecampane, Comfrey, Kettle, the Seed from England, none
Native j Monks Rhubarb, Burdock, Afarum wild in the
Woods, reckon'd one of the Snake-Roots ; Poppies in the
Garden, none wild yet difcover'd ^ Wormfeed, Feverfew,
Rue, Ground-Ivy fpontaneous, but very fmall and fcarce,
yliirea virga, four forts of Snake-Roots, befides the common
Species, which are great Antidotes againft that Serpent's
Bite, and are eafily rais'din the Garden-, Mint; James-Town-
Weed, fo called from Virginia, the Seed it bears is very like
eiy the that of an Onion ; it is excellent for curing Burns, and af-
Seeiuke fVVaging Inflammations, but taken inwardly brings on a fort
€MonS£ci.0f drunfcen Madnefs. One of our Marfli- Weeds, like a
Dock, has the fame Effeft, and pofTeffes the Party with Fear
and Watchings. The Red-Root whofe Leaf is like Spear-
Mint, is good for Thrumes and fore Mouths ^ Camomil,
but it muft be kept in the Shade, otherwife it will not thrive;
Houfleek firft from England; Vervin 5 Kight-Shade, feveral
kinds 5 Harts-Tongue^ Yarrow abundance, Mullein the
fame, both- of the Country -, Sarfaparilla, and abundance
more I could name, yet not the hundredth part of what re-
mains, a Catalogue of which is a Work of many Years, and
without any other Subject, would fwell to a large Volume,
and requires the Abilities of a skilful Botanift : Had not
the ingenious Mr. Banifier (the greateft Virtvofo we ever had
on the Continent) been unfortunately taken Out of this
World, he would have given the beft Account of the Plants
of America, of any that ever yet made fuch an Attempt in
thefe Parts. Not" but we are fatisfy'd, the Species of Vege-
tables m Carolina, are fo numerous, that it requires more than
one Man's Age to bring the chiefeft Part of them into regular
ClafTes ; the Country being fo different in its Situation and
Soil, that what one place plentifully affords, another is a b,-

foluteiy

*>/ CAROLINA.

79

folutely a ftrangerto; yet we generally obferve, that the
greateft Variety is found in the Low Grounds, and Savanna's.

The Flower-Garden in Carolina is as yet arriv'd but to a.Flon'ers'
very poor and jejune Perfection. We have only two forts of
Roles \ the Clove-July-Flowers, Violets, Princes Feather,
and Tres Colores. There has been nothing more cultivated
in the*FIower-Garden, which, at prefent, occurs to my Me-
mory ; but as for the wild fpontaneous Flowers of this Coun-
try, Nature has been fo liberal, that I cannot name one
tenth part of the valuable ones \ And fince, to give Speci-
mens, would only fwell the Volume, and give little Satisfa-
ction to the Reader, I (hall therefore proceed to the Prefent
State cf Carolina, and refer the Shrubsand other Vegetables of
larger Growth, till hereafter, and then mall deliver them and
the other Species in their Order.

The Prefent State of Carolina. j*f ~? $-$

WHen we confider the Latitude and convenient Situation
of Carolina-, had we no farther Confirmation thereof,
our Reafon would inform us, that fuch a Place lay fairly to be
a delicious Country, being placed in that Girdle of the World
which affords Wine, Oil, Fruit, Grain, and Silk, with o-
ther rich Commodities, befides a fweet Air, moderate Cli-
mate, and fertile Soil \ thefe are the Blefllngs (under Hea-
ven's Protection) that fpin out the Thread of Life to its ut-
mofl Extent, and crown our Days with the Sweets of Health
and Plenty, which, when join'd with Content, renders the
Pofleflbrs the happieft Race of Men upon Earth.

The Inhabitants of Carolina, thro' the Richnefs of the Soi\,7he Frefem
live an eafy and pleafant Life. The Land being of feveral^re °f
forts of Compoft, fomeftifF, others light, fome marl, others Carolina. *>_/;?**
rich black Mould ; here barren of Pine, but affording Pitch,
Tar, and Maris •, there vaftlyrich, efpecially on the Frefhes
of the Rivers, one part bearing great Timbers, others being
Savanna's or natural Meads, where no Trees grow for feveral
Miles, adorn'd by Nature with a pleafant Verdure, and beau-
tiful Flowers, frequent in no other Places, yielding abun-
dance of Herbage for Cattle, Sheep, and Horfe. The Coun-
try in general affords" pleafant Seats, the Land (except in
fome few Places) being dry and high Banks, parcelled out
into moft convenient Necks, (by the Creeks) eafy to be fen-^k of
ced in for fecuring their Stocks to more ftrid Boundaries, LmL

M 2 whereby,

—mm

8o

The Prefent State

whereby, with a fmall trouble of fencing, almoft every Man
may enjoy, to him fe If, an entire Plantation, or rather Park.
Thefe, with the other Benefits of Plenty of Fifh, Wild-Fowl,
Venifon, and the other Con leniencies which this Summer-
Country naturally furnifhes, has induc'd a great many Fami-
lies to leave the more Northerly Platations, and lit down un-
der one of the mildeft Governments in the World; in a
Country that, with moderate Iriduftry, will afford all the
NecefTaries of Life, We have yearly abundance of Strangers
come among us, who chiefly drive to go Southerly to fettle,
becaufe there is a vaft Trad of rich Land betwixt the Place
we are feated in, and Cape-Fair, and upon that River, and
more Southerly, which is inhabited by none but a few Indians^
who are at this time well affe&ed to the Englijh, and very de-
Turcbafs flrous of their coming to live among them. The more
$f Land. Southerly, the milder Winters, with the Advantages of pur-
chafing the Lords Land at the molt eafy and moderate Rate
of any Lands in America^ nay (allowing all Advantages there-
to annex'd) I may fay, the Univerfe does not afford fuch an-
other , Befides, Men have a great Advantage of chooftng
good and commodious Tracts of Land atthefirfl; Seating of
a Country or River, whereas the later Settlers are forced
to purchafe fmaller Dividends of the old Standers, and
Land in foretimes at very confiderable Rates , as now in Virginia
Virginia and Maryland^ where a thoufand Acres of good Land cannot
<wfif Mary-be bought under twenty Shillings an Acre, befides two Shil-

land

Stoch.
Imreafe.

Beef.

Heifers.

lings yearly Acknowledgment for every hundred Acres £
which Sum, be it more or lefs, will ferve to put the Mer-
chant or Planter here into a good pofture of 'Buildings*,
Slaves, and other Neceflaries, when the Purchafe of his
Land comes to him on fuch eafy Terms. And as our Grain and
Pulfe thrives with us to admiration, no lefs do our Stocks of
Cattle, Horfes, Sheep, and Swine multiply.

The Beef of Carolina equalizes the belt that our neighbour-
ing Colonies afford , the Oxen are of a great fize when they
are fuffer'd to live to a fit Age. I have feen fat and good
Beefatall times of the Year, but October and the cool Months
are the Seafons we kill our Beeves in, when we intend them
for Salting or Exportation , for then they are in their prime
ofFle(h,aH corning from Grafs,we never uling any ether Food
for our Cattle. The Heifers bring Calves at eighteen or

twenty

of CAROLINA.

8f

twenty Months old, which makes fuch a wonderful hicreafe,
that many of our Planters, from very mean Beginnings, have
rais'd themfelves, and are now Mailers of hundreds of fat
Beeves, and other Cattle.

The Veal is very good and white, fo is the Milk very plea- yedr
fant and rich, there being, at prefent, confiderable Quanti-
ties of Butter and Cheefe made, that is very good, not only
ferving our own Neceflities, but we fend out a great deal a-
mong our Neighbours.

The Sheep thrive very well at prefent, having molt com- sheep.
monly two Lambs at one yeaning : As the Country comes
to be open'd, they prove ftill better, Change of Pafture being
agreeable to that ufeful Creature. Mutton is (generally) ex-
ceeding Fat, and of a good Relifh 5 their Wool is very fine,
and proves a good Staple.

The Horfes are well-fhap'd and fwift ; the belt of them #0^
would fell for ten or twelve Pounds in England. They prove
excellent Drudges, and will travel incredible Journeys. They
are troubled with very few Diftempers, neither do the
cloudy-fae'd grey Horfes go blind here, as in Europe. As .
for Spavins, Splints, and Ring-Boms, they are here never met
withal, as lean learn. Were we to have our Stallions and
choice of Mares from England, or any other of a good Sort,
and careful to keep them on the Highlands, we could not
fail of a good Breeds but having been fupply'd with our
firft Horfes from the neighbouring Plantations, which were
but mean, they do not as yet come up to the Excellency of
the Englijh Horfes -, tho* we generally find, that the Colt
exceeds, in Beauty and Strength, its Sire and Dam.

The Pork exceeds any in Europe -, the great Diverfity and Jw**r«;
Goodnefs of the Acorns and Nuts which the Woods afford,
making that Flelh of an excellent Tafte, and produces great
Quantities-; fo that Carolina (if not the chief) is not inferior,
in this one Commodity,, to any Colony in the hands of the
Englijh.

As for Goats, they have been found to thrive and increafe Gmt*
well, but being mifchievous to Orchards and. other Trees^
jnakes People decline keeping them.

Our Produce for Exportation to Europe and the Ifknds in Troim..
America, are Beef, Pork, Tallo^f Aides, Deer-Skins, Firrs^
Pitch, Tar, Wheat, hdiw-Coxn, Peafe, Malts, Staves^

Heading^

The Prefenl State

Heading, . Boards, -and ail forts of Timber and Lumber for
Madera and the 'W "eft- Indies-, Rozin, Turpentine, and feve-
ral forts of Gums and Tears, with fome medicinal Drugs,
are here produc'd •, Beildes Rice, and feveral other foreign
Grains, which thrive very well. Good Bricks and Tiles are
made, and feveral forts of ufeful Earths, as Bole, Fullers-
Earth, Oaker, and Tobacco-pipe-Clay, in great plenty ;
-Earths for the Potters Trade, and fine Sand for the Glafs-
makers. In building with Bricks , we make our Lime of
Oyfter-Sheils, tho' we have great Store of Lime-flone, to-
wards the Heads of our Rivers, where are Stones of all
forts that are ufeful, befides vaft Quantities of excellent
Marble. Iron-Stone we have plenty of, both in the Low-
Grounds and on the Hills; Lead and Copper has been found,
fo has Antimony heretofore \ But no Endeavours have been
us'd to difcover thofe Subteraneous Species \ otherwife we
might, in all probability, find out the belt of Minerals,
which are not wanting in Carolina. Hot Baths we have an
account of from the Indians that frequent the Hill-Country,
- - where a great likelihood appears of making Salt-peter, be-
:®£it-ptter. caaj-e tjle £art]l5 jn raany places, is ftrongly mix'd with a
. ^y^^y^Tliiitrous Salt, which is much coveted by the Beafts^ who come
» . Tat fome Seafons in great Droves and Herds, and by their

■6tlL*/Trjp*4i4 J mUch licking of this Earth, make great Holes in thofe Banks,
/&^i&ri*^~~ — / which fometimes lie at the heads of. great Precipices, where
their Eagernefs after this Salt haftens their End, by falling
down the high Banks, fo that they are daftYd in Pieces.
It muft be confefs'd, that the moft noble andfweeteft Part
of this Country, is not inhabited by any but the Savages }
and a great deal of the richeft Part thereof, has no Inhabi-
tants but the Beafts of the Wildernefs : For, the Indians are
not inclinable to fettle in the richeft Land, becaufe the Tim-
bers are too large for them to cut down, and too much bur-
then'd with Wood for their Labourers to make Plantations
of-, befides, the Healthfulnefs of thofe Hills is apparent, by
the Gigantick Stature, and Gray-Heads, fo common amongft
the Savages that dwell near the Mountains. The great
-Creator of all things, having moft wifely difFus'd his Blef-
fkigs, by parcelling out the Vintages of the World, into fuch
Lots, as his wonderful Forefight faw moft proper, requifite,
and convenient for the Habitations of his Creatures. To-
wards

of C A R O L 1 N A.

*?

wards the Sea, we have the Qpnveniency ef Trade,Tranfpor-
tation, and other Helps the Water affords ^ but oftentimes,
thore Advantages are attended with indifferent Land, a thick
Air, and other Inconveniences , when backwards, near the
Mountains, you meet with the richeft Soil, a fweet, thin
Air, dry Roads, pleafant fmall murmuring Streams, and
feveral beneficial Produ&ions and Species, which are un-
known in the European World. One Part of this Country
affords what the other is wholly a Stranger to.
" We have Chalybeate Waters of feveral Taftes and different Chaly-
Qualities^ fome purge, others work by the other Emunfto- beate
ries. We have, amongft the Inhabitants, a Water, that is,^<^
inwardly, a great Aperfive, and, outwardly, cures Ulcers,
Tettars, and Sores, by warning therewith.

There has been a Coal-Mine lately found near the Manna- CoakMim
hn Town, above the Falls of 3^ej-River in Virginia, which '»V im-
proves very good, and is us'd by the Smiths, for their Forges ; ma-
and we need not doubt of the fame amongft us, towards the
Heads of our Rivers \ but the Plenty of Wood (which is
much the better Fuel) makes us not inquifitive after Coal-
Mines. Moft of the French, who lived at that Town on French
James-River? areremov'd to Tre^-River, in North-Carolina, Refugees
where the reft were expe&ed daily to come to them, when I
came away, which was in Auguft, 1708. They are much ta-
ken with the Pleafantnefs of that Country, and, indeed, are
a very induftrious People. At prefent, they make very good
Linnen-Cloath and Thread, and are very well vers'd in cul-
tivating Hemp and Flax, of both which they raife very con-
fiderable Quantities \ and defign to try an Effay of the Grape,
for making of Wine.

As for thofe of our own Country in Carolina, fbme of the TUmzn,
Men are very laborious, and make great Improvements in
their Way , but I dare hardly give 'em that Chara&er in ge-
neral. The eafy Way of living in that plentiful Country,
makes a great many Planters very negligent, which, were
they otherwife, that Colony might now have been in a far.
better Condition than it is, (as to Trade, and other Advan-
tages) which an univerfal Induftry would have led them in-

The.

mm

The Prefent State

Women The Women are the moil induftrious Sex in that Place,
good Houf- and, by their good Houfwifry, make a great d^alof Cloath
of their own Cotton, Wool and Flax •, fome of them keep-
ing their Families (though large) very decently apparePd,
^joth with Linnens and Woollens, fo that they have no oc«
cafion to run into the Merchant's Debt, or lay their Money
out on Stores for Cloathing.
waives- of The Chriftian Natives of Carolina are a ftraight,clean-limb'd
Carolina. People ^ the Children being feldom or never troubled with
Rickets, or thofe other Diftempers, that the Europeans are
vifited withal. 'Tis next to a Miracle, to fee one of them
deform'd in Body. The Vicinity of the Sun makes Impre£-
Hon on the Men, who labour out of doors, or ufe the Wa-
Tk'wifut. ter. As for thofe Women, that do not expofe themfelves
to the Weather, they are often very fair, and generally as
well featur d, as you mall fee any where, and have very brisk
charming Eyes, which fets them off to Advantage. They
marry very young *, fome at Thirteen or Fourteen *, and She
thatftays till Twenty, is reckon'd a Hale Maid} which is a
very indifferent Character in that warm Country. The Wo-
men are very fruitful *, moft Houfes being full of Little Ones;
It has been obferv'd, that Women long marry'd, and with-
out Children, in other Places, have remov'd to Carolina, and
become joyful Mothers. They have very eafy Travail in
their Child-bearing, in which they are fo happy, as feldom
to mifcarry. Both Sexes are generally fpare of Body, and
not Cholerick, nor eaiily cafb down at Difappointments and
Loffes, feldom immoderately grieving at Misfortunes* unlefs
for the Lofs of their neareft Relations and Friends, which
feems to make a more than ordinary Impreflion upon them.
Many of the Women are very handy in Canoes, and will ma-
nage them with great Dexterity and Skill, which they be-
come accuftomed to in this watry Country. They are ready
to help their Husbands in any fervile Work, as Planting,
when the Seafon of the Weather requires Expedition } Pride
feldom banifhing good Houfwifry. The Girls are not bred
up to the Wheel, and Sewing only \ but the Dairy and Af-
fairs of theHoufe they are very well acquainted withal \ €o
that you fhall fee them, whilft very young, manage their Bu-
linefs with a great deal of Conduft and Alacrity. The Chil-
*re docile, dren of both Sexes are very docile, and learn any thing with

a great

mt Paf-

fionats.

Good
Wives,

N.iuves

.*

of CAROLINA.

85

a great deal of Eafe and Method } and thofe that have the
Advantages of Education, write good Hands, and prove
good Accountants, which is raoft coveted, and indeed molt
neceflary in thefe Parts. The young Men are commonly of a
balhful, fober Behaviour; few proving Prodigals, to con- M Prodi*
fume what the Induftry of their Parents has left them, butS<*^
commonly improve it. The marrying fo young, carries a
double Advantage with it j and that is, that the Parents
fee their Children provided for in Marriage, and the young
married People are taught by their Parents, how to get their
Living ; for their Admonitions make great Impreffions on
their Children. I had heard ( before I knew this new World)
that the Natives of America were a fhort-liv'd People, which,
. by all theObfervations I could ever make, proves quite con-
trary •, for thofe who are born here, and in other Colonies,
live to as great A ges as any of the Europeans.tht Climate being Great A£s
tree from Confumptions, which Diftem per, fatal to Eng landjf Ame-
they are Strangers to. And as the Country becomes morericans*
clears of Wood, it itill becomes more healthful to the In-
habitants, and lefs addided to the Ague; which is incident
to molt new Comers into America, from Eu, ope, yet not mor-
tal. A gentle Emetickfeldom mines of driving it away, but
if it is not too troublefome, 'tis better to let the Seafoning-
have its own Courfe, in which cafe, the Party is commonly
tree from it ever after, and very healthful.

And now, as to the other Advantages the Country af-
fords, we cannot guefs at them at prefent, becaufe, asl faid
before, the belt Part of this Country is notinhabited by the
Englijh, from whence probably will hereafter fpring Produdi-
ons that this Age does not dream of, and of much more Ad-
vantage to the Inhabitants than any things we are yet ac-
quainted withal: And as for feveral Productions of other
Countries, much in the fame Latitude, wemayexped, with
good Management, they will become familiar to us, as Wine,
Oil, Fruit, Silk, and other profitable Commodities, fuch as
Drugs, Dyes, &c. And at prefent the Curious may have a
large Field to fatisfy and divert themfelves my as Collections^ „ ..
ofltrangeBeafts, Birds, Infects, Reptiles, Shells, FiiTies,4f
Minerals, Herbs, Flowers, Plants, Shrubs, intricate Roots
Gums, Tears, Rozins, Dyes, and Stones, with feveral other
that yield Satisfaction and Profit to thofe, whofe Inclinations

N tend

86

The Prefent State

very

cheap

m

,'! •'■',' i] ' ■'.

Indians
Hunters.

tend that Way. And as for what may be hop'd for, to-
wards a happy Life and Being, by fuchasdefign to remove
thither, I mail add this 5 That with prudent Management,
I can affirm, by Experience, not by Hear-fay, That any Per-
fon, with a fmall Beginning, may live very comfortably,
Trov'fions and not only provide for the Neceflaries of Life, but like-
wife for thofe that are to fucceed him •, Provifions being very'
plentiful, .and of good Variety, to accommodate genteel
Houfe-keeping ; and the neighbouring Indians are friendly,and
in many Cafes Serviceable to us, in making us Wares to catch
Filh in, for a fmall matter, which proves of great Advantage
to large Families, becaufe thofe Engines take great Quanti-
ties of many Sorts of Fim, that are very good and nourifh-
ing : Some of them hunt and fowl for us at reafbnable Rates, •
the Country being as plentifully provided with all Sorts of
Game, as any Part of America ^ the poorer Sort of Planters
often get them to plant for them, by hiring them for that
Seafon, or for fo much Work, which commonly comes Very
reafbnable. Moreover, it is remarkable, That no Place on
the Continent of America, has feated an Englijk Colony fo
free from Blood- (hed, as Carolina *, but all the others have
been more damag'd and difturb'd by the Indians, than they
have \ which is worthy Notice, when we confider how oddly ,
it was firft planted with Inhabitants.

TheFiming-Trade in Carolina might be carried on to great
Advantage, confidering how many Sorts of excellent Fifh
our Sound and Rivers afford, which cure very well with Salt,
as has been experienced by fome fmall Quantities, which have
been fent abroad, and yielded a good Price. As for the
Whale-fifhing,it is no other wife regarded than by a fewPeople
who live on the Sand-Banks \ and thofe only work on dead
Fim caft: on Ihoar, none being ftruck on our Coaft, as they are
to the Northward \ altho' we have Plenty of Whales there.
Great Plenty is generally the Ruin of Induftry. Thus our
Merchants are not many, nor have thofe few there be, apply 'd
themfelves to the Eurofean Trade. The Planter fits con-
tented at home, whilft his Oxen thrive and grow fat, and his
•Stocks daily increafe \ The fatted Porkets and Poultry are
eafily rais'd to his Table, and his Qrchard affords him Li-
quor, fo that he eats, and drinks away the Cares of the
World, and defires no greater Happinefs, than that which

he

Fijbing-
Trade.

Wbule-
fifaing*

of CAROLINA. 87

he daily enjoys. Whereas, not only the European,buta\fO/the
Indian-Trade? might be carried on to a great Profit, becaufe
we lie as fairly, for the Body of Indians, as any Settlement in
EngU ft- American And for the fmall Trade that has been car- Indian-
ried on in that Way, the Dealers therein have throve as faft7™^
as any Men, and thefoonefl rais'd themfelves of any People
I have known in Carolina.

Laftly, As to the Climate, it is very healthful; our Sum- climate.
mer is not fo hot as in other places to the Eaftward in the summer.
fame Latitude \ neither are we ever vifited by Earthquakes,^ Earth-*
as many places in Italy and other Summer-Countries are.^w.
Our Northerly Winds, in Summer, cool the Air, and free
us from peitilential Fevers, which Spain, Barbary, and the
neighbouring Countries in Europe, &c. are vifited withal.
Our Sky is generally ferene and clear, and the Air very Screne.
thin, ia comparifon of many Parts of Europe, where Con-
fumptions and Catarrhs reign amongft the Inhabitants. The
Winter has feveral Fittsoffharp Weather, efpecially when
the Wind is %t N W. which always clears the Sky, though
never fo thick before. However, fuch Weather is very a-
greeable to European Bodies, and makes them healthy. The
N. E. Winds blowing in Winter, bring with them thick
Weather, and, in the Springx fometimes,. blight the Fruits •,
but they very feldom endure lo'ng, being blown away by
Wefterly Winds, and then all becomes fair and clear again.
Our Spring, in Carolina, is very beautiful, and the molt plea- spring.
fant Weather a Country can enjoy. The Fall is accompa- iW/.
nied with cool Mornings, which come in towards the latter
end of Augvft, and fo continue (moft commonly) very mo-,
derate Weather ' till about Chriflmas ; then Winter comes
on apace. Tho' thefe Seafons are very piercing , yet the
Cold is of no continuance. Perhaps, you will have cold
Weather for three or four days at a time -, then pleafant
warm Weather follows, fuch as you have in England, about
the latter end of April or beginning of May. ° In the Year 1

1707. we had the fevereft Winter in Carolina, that ever was Hay Jozu^<^
known flnce the EngUJh came to fettle there ; for our Rivers, < U^^tJ-g^-
that were not above half a Mile wide, and frefh Water, were
frozen over \ and fome of them, in the North-part of this
Country, were paffable for People to walk over.

N 2 v » One

i.ti ;'l

88

The Prefent State

tier,

One great Advantage of North-Carolina is, That we are not
NoFron- a Frontier, and near the Enemy ; which proves very charge-
able and troublefome, in time of War, to thofe Colonies that
are fo feated. Another great Advantage comes from its be-
ite^Vir-iag near Virginia, where we come often to a good Market,
gmia. at the Return of the Guinea-Ships for Negro's, and the Rem-
nant of their Stores, which is very commodious for the In-
dian-Tvade ; befides, in War-time, we lie near at hand to
gounder their Convoy, and to fell our Provifions to the To-
Ivkri- bacco-fleets , for the Planting of Tobacco generally in thofe
land- Colonies, prevents their being fupplyed with Stores, fufli-

cient for victualling their Ships.
Necefaries As for the Commodities , which are necelTary to carry
for Caro- over to this Plantation, for Ufe and Merchandize, and are,
Una. therefore, requifite for thofe to have along with them, that
intend to tranfport themfelves thither \ they are Guns, Pow-
der and Shot, Flints, Linnensqf all forts, but chiefly ordi-
nary Blues, Ofnabrugs, Scotch and Irijh Linnen, and fome
fine: Mens and Womens Cloaths ready made up, fome
few Broad-Cloaths, Kerfeys and Druggets ; to which you
muft add Haberdajhers- Wares , Hats about Five or Six Shil-
lings apiece, and a few finer-, a few Wiggs, not long, and
pretty thin of Hair} thin Stuffs for Women ; Iron- Work,
as Nails, Spades, Axes, broad and narrow Hoes, Frows,
Wedges, and Saws of all forts, with other Tools for Carpen-
ters, Joiners, Coopers, Shoemakers, Shave-locks, &c all
which, and others which are necelTary for the Plantations,
you may be inform'd of, and buy at very reafonable Rates,
of Mr. James Gilbert, Ironmonger, in Mitre -Tavern-Tard^
near Aldgate. You may alfo be ufed very kindly, for your
Cuttlery-Ware, and other advantageous Merchandizes, and
your Cargo's well forted, by Capt. Sharp, at the Blue gate in
Cannon- ftreet^ and for Ear then- Ware, Window-Glafs, Grind-
Stones, Mill-Stones, Paper, Ink- Powder, ^Saddles, Bridles,
1 and what other things ycu are minded to take with you, for
Pleafure or Ornament.

And now, I fhall proceed to the reft of the Vegetables,
that are common in Carol na^ in reference to the Place where
I left ofE, which is the Natural Hiftary .of that Country.

Of-

of C A K O L I N A.

• Of the Vegetables of Carolina.

TH E fpontaneous Shrubs of this Country, are, the Lark-
heel-Tree •, three forts of Hony-Suckle-Tree, the firft
of which grows in Branches, as our Piemento-Tree does,
that is, always in low, moift Ground *, the other grows in
clear, dry Land, the Flower more cut and lacerated ; the
third, which is the moft beautiful, and, I think, the molt
charming Flower of its Colour, I ever faw, grows betwixt
two and three Foot high,, and for the moft part, by the fide
of a fwampy Wood, or en the Banks of our Rivers, but ne-
ver near the Salt-Water. All the Sorts are white \ the laft
grows in a great Bunch of thefe fmall Hony-Suekles fet up-
on one chief Stem,, and' is commonly the Bignefs of a large
Turnep, Nothing can appear more beautifuf than thefe
Bufhes, when in their Splendour, which is in April and May.
The next is the Honey-Suckle of the Foreft ; it grows about
a Foot high, bearing its Flowers on fmall Pedeftals, feveral
of them Handing on the main Stock, which is the Thicknefs
of a? Wheat-Straw. We have alfo the Wood-bind, much;
the fame as in England \ Princes-feather, very large and:
beautiful in the Garden *, Tres-Colores^ branch'd Sun-flowery
Double Poppies, Lupines, of feveral pretty forts, fpontane-
ous ; and the Senile Plant is faid to be near the Mountains,
which I have not yet feen. Saf-Flower; (and I believe,
the Saffron of England would thrive here, if planted) the
yellow JefTamin is wild in our Woods, of a pleafant Smell.
Ever-Greens are here plentifully found, of a very quick
Growth, and pleafant Shade \ Cyprefs, or white Cedar, the
Pitch Pine, the yellow Pine, the white Pine with long
Leaves ; and the fmaller Almond-Pine, which laft bears Ker-
nels in the Apple, tailing much like an Almond -r and in
fome years there falls fuch plenty, as to make theHogs fen.
Horn-Beam; Cedar, two forts-, Holly, two forts; Bay-
Tree, two forts; one the Dwarf- Bay, about twelve Foot
high ; the other the Bignefs of a middling Pine-Tree, a^
bout two Foot and half Diameter ; Laurel-Trees, in Height
equalizing the lofty Oaks ; the Berries and Leaves of this-
Tree dyes a Yellow ; the Bay-Berries yield a Wax, which,
befides its Ufe in Chirurgery, makes Candles that, in,burn-

89

9°

'

'faupon,

The Natural Hifiory

ing, give a fragrant Smell, The Cedar-Berries are infufed,
and made Beer of, by the Bermvdiam, they are Carminative,
and much of the Quality of Juniper-Berries \ Yew and Box I
never faw or heard of in this Country : There are two forts
of Myrtles, different hi Leaf and Berry, the Berry yields
Wax that makes Candles, the moft lafting, and of the fweet-
eft Smell imaginable. Some mix half Tallow with this Wax,
others ufe it without Mixture \ and thefe are fit for a Ladyvs
Chamber, and incomparable to pafs the Line withal, and
other hot Countries, becaufe they will ftand, when others
will melt, by the excefllve Heat, down in the Binacles. fi-
ver-green Oak, two forts-, Gall-Berry-Tree, bearing a black
Berry, with which the Women dye their Ctoaths and Yarn
black \ 'tis a pretty Ever-green, and very plentiful, grow-
ing always in low fwampy Grounds, and amongft Ponds.
We have a Prim or Privet, which grows on the dry, barren,
fandy Hills, by the Sound fide •, it bears a fmaller fort than
that in Ewland, and grows into a round Bufh, very beauti-
ful. Lafi^of Bufhes, (except Savine, which grows every
where wild) is the famous raupon, of which I find two forts,
if not three. I fhall fpeak firft of the Nature of this Plant,
and afterwards account for the different Sorts. This Yaw
pon, call'd by the South- Carolina. Indians, Catena, is a Bufh,
that grows chiefly on the Sand-Banks and Iflands, bordering
on the Sea of Carolina •, on this Coaft it is plentifully found,
and in no other Place that I know of. It grows the moft
like Box, of any Vegetable that I know, being very like it
in Leaf, only dented exactly like Tea, but the Leaf fome-
what fatter. I cannot fay, whether it bears any Flower,
but a Berry it does, about the Bignefs of a Grain of Pep-
per being; firft red, then brown when ripe, which is in
December-, Some of thefe Bufties grow to be twelve Foot
high, others are three or four. The Wood thereof is
brittle as Myrtle, and affords a light afo-colour'd Bark.
There is fometimes found of it in Swamps and rich low
^Grounds, which has the fame figured Leaf, onlyjt is larger,
-and of a deeper Green •, This may be occafion'd by the Rich-
-nefb that attends the low Grounds thus iltuated. The third
;Sort has the fame kind of Leaf, but never grows a Foot high,
and is found both in rich, low Land, and on theSand-Hiils.
1 don't know that ever I found any Seed, or Berries on the

\ dwarfifh

c/CAROL TWX.

9,«

. „„rfini oort vet i find no Difference in Tafre, when Infu-

year ™eJ. lDI™j"a9 ,.- nd aDDr0v'd by a the Savages on

£S and fold at'a confiderable ^j^f^Se***

cure after the fame way, as they do foi themselves , wh ch ^^

is thus : They take this Plant (not oijy he Leaves, bat the

fmaller Twigs along w th them) andbiuife it na Moitaiy

*!V, . . ° ui tin, i-h* leaf being wholly defaced:

t H it becomes blackifh, the Lear oeiiig w ) _.

i n o a Bowi, to which they put live Coals,a*d cover them h^jn~ft^
with the rZvon till they have done, fmoakmg, often turning ,, ^W*^
Them over derail, theyfpread it upon then- Mats, and ^;, , ^
dryTtTnthe Sun. to keep'for Ufe. The ■.SpamarM in Nej-? /

%l„ have this Plant verfplentifully on the jCoaft of Fl „^v
and hold it in great Efteem. Sometimes they cure it as the
Indians do ■, or elfe beat it to a Powder, fo ma it, «<»»*»;
vet before they drink it, they filter xhe fame. Th*ypretei.
Ft abov all Sids, to drink with Phyfick, to carry the fame
fa^randfpeSily thro' the Paflages for wh.ch « is ad^-.

affCheSil,«Wt-OakiSh WyVy Tree, clearof Boughs and ««**..
LiSbs for fifty or 60 Foot. They bear fometimes four or five a*.
Foot through all clear Timber ,, and are the largeft Oaks we
have yielding the faireft Plank. They .grow chiefly in tow-
t J »w if ftifF and rich I have feen of them fo high,

^wan-Shot They are call'd Chefnut, becaufe of the Large-

II I

Natural Hijiory

tficrbeyOah

Live Oak,

Oak. It is fo catt'd, .becaufe of a fcaly, broken, white Bark;
that covers this Tree, growing on dry Land*
r We have Red Oak, fometimes, in good Land, verykr^e
and lofty. Tis a porous Wood, and ufed to rive into Ralls
for Fences. 'Tis not very durable ; yet fome ufe this, as
well as the two former, for Pipe and Barrel-Staves. It makes
|;ood Clap- boards.

Spamjh Oak is free to rive, bears a whiti/h, fmooth Bark •
and rives very well into Clap-boards. It is accounted dura-
ble, therefore fome ufe to build VeiTels with it for the Sea •
it proving well and durable. Thefe all bear good Mali for
the Swine.

Baftard-S/ww/fc is an Oak betwixt the Spanifli and Red Oak *
thechief Ufe is for Fencing and Clap-boards. It bears good'
Acorns. °

, The next is Black Oak, which is efteemM a durable Wood,
under Water \ but fometimes it is ufed in Houfe-work. It
bears a good Maft for Hogs.

White Iron, or Ring-Oak, is fo call'd, from the Durabi-
lity and lafting Quality of this Wood. It chiefly grows on
dry, lean Land, and feldom fails of bearing a plentiful Crop
of Acorns. This Wood is found to be very durable, and is
efteem'd the belt Oak for Ship-work that we have in Caro-
lina •, for tho' Live Oak be more lafting, yet it feldom al-
lows Pl^iks of any confiderable Length.

Turkey- Oak is fo call'd from a fmall Acorn it bears,which
the wild Turkeys feed on.

Live-Oak chiefly grows on dry, fandy Knolls. This is
an Ever-green, and the moft durable Oak all America affords.
The -Shortnefss of this Wood's Bowl, or Trunk, makes it
unfit for Plank to build Ships withal. There are fome few
Trees, that would allow a Stock of twelve Foot, but the
Firmnefs and great Weight thereof, frightens our Sawyers
from the Fatigue that attends the cutting of this Timber.
A Nail once driven therein, 'tis next to an Impoffibility to
draw it out. The Limbs thereof are fo cur'd, that they
ferve for excellent Timbers, Knees, &c. for Veffels of any
fort. The Acorns thereof are as fweet as Chefnuts, and the
Indians draw an Oil from them, as fweet as that from the
Olive, tho* of an Amber-Colour. With thefe Nuts, or A-
corns, fome have counterfeited the Cocoa, whereof they

have

of C A R O L I N A.

93

have made Chocolate, not to be diftinguifh'd by a good Pa-
late. Window-Frames, Mallets, and Pins for Blocks,are made
thereof, to an excellent Purpofe. I knew two Trees of this
Wood among the Indians, which were planted from the A-
corn, and grew in the Frefhes, and never faw any thing more
beautiful of" tfcat kind. They are of an indifferent quick
Growth •, of which there are two forts. The Acorns make
very fine Pork.

Willow-Oak is a fort of Wrater-Oak. It grows in FondsWillowoak
and Branches, and is ufefulfor many things. It is focall'd,
from the Leaf, which very much refembles a Willow.

The Live Oak grows in the frefh Water Ponds and &efb-vo*-
Swamps, by the River fides, and in low Ground overflown*?*- Oak.
with Water *, and is a perennial Green.

Of Afh we have two forts, agreeing nearly with the En-Afb,
glijlj in the Grain. One of our forts is tough, like the En*
glijh, but differs fomething in the Leaf, and much more in
the Bark. Neither of them bears Keys. The Water-Am is
brittle. The Bark is Food for the Bevers.

There are two forts of Elm *, the firft grows on our High-s/^
Land, and approaches our Englijh. The Indians take the
Bark of its Root, and beat it, whilft green, to a Pulp *, and
then dry it in the Chimney, where it becomes of a reddifh
Colour. This they ufe as a Sovereign Remedy to heal a *

Cut of^green Wound, or any thing that is not corrupted.
It is of a very glutinous Quality. The other Elm grows in
low Ground, of whofe Bark the Englijh and Indians make
Ropes -, for as foon as the Sap rifes, it ftrips off, with the
greateft eafe imaginable. It runs in' March, or there-
abouts. *

The Tulip-Trees, which are, by the Planters, call'd 6or> tulip-Tree,
lars, as neareft approaching that Wood in Grain, grow
to a prodigious Bignefs, fome of them* having been found
One and twenty Foot in Circumference. I have been in-
form'd of a Tulip-Tree, that was ten Foot Diameter *, and
another, wherein a lufty Man had his Bed and Houfhold
Furniture* and liv'd in it, till his Labour got him a more
fafliionable Manflon. He afterwards became a noted Man,
in his Country, for Wealth and Condudt. One of thefe
forts bears a white Tulip*, the other a party-colour'd,mottled
one. The Wood makes very pretty Wainfcot, Shingles for

O Houfes,

94-

The Natural Hifkory

Beech

Horn-
Beam.
Sajfafras.

Houfes, and Planks for feveral Ufes. It is reckon'd very kit-
ing i especially, under Ground, for Mill- Work. The Buds,
made into an Ointment, cure Scalds, Inflammations, and
Burns. I faw feveral Buihels thereon. The Cattle are apt
to eat of thefe Buds, which give a very odd Tafte to the

Milk. t * jf _ . %

Beech is here frequent, and very large. The Gram feems
exactly the fame as that in Europe. We make little Ufe
thereof, fave for Fire- Wood. 'Tis not a durable Timber.
It affords a very fweet Nut, yet the Pork fed thereon (tho*
fweet) is very oily, and ought to be harden'd with Indian
, Corn, before it is. kill'd. Another fort call'd Buck-Beech is
Buck Beech , \ ,

here found. *.■

Horn-Beam grows, in fome Places, very plentifully ; yet
the Plenty of other Wood makes it unregarded.

The Vertues of SafTafras are well known in Europe. This
Wood fometimes grows to be above two Foot over, and
is ve*7 durable and lafting, ufed for Bowls, Timbers, Polls
for Houfes, and ..other Things that require ftanding in the

rt ^ Ui/ltu> Ground. 'Tis very light. It bears a %fetfe Flower^ which

(fi^*%ff**\ jS very cleanfing to the Blood, being eaten in the Spring,

JrnsMPr(^€/r witn other Sallating. The Berry, when ripe, is black; 'tis

verv oily, Carminative, and extremely prevalent in Clyfters

* for the Colick. The Bark of the Root is a Specifick to

thofe affiled with the Gripes. The fame in Powder, and a

Lotion made thereof, is much ufed by the Savages, to mun-

dify old Ulcers, and for feveral other Ufes; being highly

efteem'd among them. _ ' ': " .,^/;

Dog-mod. Do2-Wood is plentiful on our light Land, inclining to a

rich Soil. It flowers the firft in the Woods; its white Blof-

fom making the Foreft very beautiful. It has e fine Grain,

and ferves for feveral Ufer.within doors ; but is not durable.

The Bark of this Root infufed, is held an infallible Remedy

asainft the Worms. . _

Laurel, before- mention'd ; as to its Bignefs and Ufe, I
have {eGn Planks fawn of this Wood; but 'tis not found du-
rable in the Weather; yet pretty enough for many other

Ufes

Bay and Laurel generally delight in a low,(Wampy Ground.
I know no Ufe they make of them, but for Fire- Wood, ex-
cepting what I fpoke of before, amongft the Ever-Greens.

Laurel.

_

of CAROLINA.

95

A famous Ever-Green I muft now mention, which was^w-
forgotten amongft the -reft. It is in Leaf like a JefTamine,^**
but larger, and of a harder Nature. This grows up to a
large Vine, arid twills itfelf round the Trees it grows near,
making a very fine Shade. I never faw any thing of that
Nature outdo k^ and if it be cut away clofe to the Ground,
in will prefently fpring up again, it being impoffible to de-
ftroy it, when once it has got Root. 'Tis an ornamental
Plant, and worth the Transplanting. Its Seed is a black * !

Berry. < " #

The Scarlet Trumpet- Vine bears a glorious red Flower, Trumpet-0r/y$*/#47z^L^\
like a Bell, or Trumpet, and makes a Shade inferiour to none W«. ^

that I ever faw • yet it leaves us, when the Winter comes,
and remains naked till the next Spring. It bears a large Cod,
that holds its Seed.

The Maycock bears a glorious Flower, and Apple of an^jeociJ^uftSfaaer'
agreeable Sweet, mixt with an acid Tafte. This is alfo a

Summer- Vine. ' r r

The Indico grows plentifully in our Quarters. x £%"£

The Bay-Tulip-Tree is a fine Ever-green which grows Bay-iuUps.

frequently here.

The fweet Gum-Tree, fo call'd, becaufe of the fragrant sweet

Gum it yields in the Spring-time, upon Incifion ofthe Bark, (?»»*.*

or Wood. It cures the Herpes and Inflammations v being

apply'd to the Morphew and Tettars. 'Tis an extraordinary

Baifam, and of great Value to thofe who know how to ufe

it. No Wood has fcarce a better Grain ; whereof fine Ta-
bles, Drawers, and other Furniture might be made. Some

of it is curioully curl'd. It bears a round Bur, with a fort

of Prickle, which is the Seed, n 'huCrfh c^oU^a^n — —
Of the Black Gum there grows, with us, two forts , boths/**

fit for Cart-Naves, The one bears a black, well-tafled Gums.

"Berry, which the Indian's nik with their Pulfe and Soups, it

giving 'em a pretty Flavour, and fcarlet Colour. The Bears

crop thefe Trees for the Berries, which they mightily covet,

yet kill'd in that Seafon, they eat very unfavory -7 which

mult be occafion'd by this Fruit, becaufe, at other times,

when they feed on Malt, Bears-Flefh is a very well-tailed

Food. The other Gum bears a Berry in fhape like the other,

thos bitter and ill-tailed. This Tree (the Indians report)

0.2 is

The Natural Hifiory

is never wounded by Lightning. It has no certain Grain 5
and it is almoft impoflible to fplit or rive it.

The white Gum, bearing a fort of long bunch'd Flowers,
is the moft curled and knotted Wood I ever law, which
would make curious Furniture, in cafe it was handled by a
good Workman.

The red fort of Cedar is an Ever-green, of which Caro*>
Una affords Plenty. That on the Salts, grows generally on
the Sand-banks ; and that in the Frelhes is found in the
Swamps. Of this Wood, Tables, Wainfcot, and other Ke-
cefTaries, are made, and efteemed for its fweet Smell. It is
as durable a Wood as any we have, therefore much ufed in
Polls for Houfes and Sills \ likewife to build Sloops, Boats,
&c, by reafon the Worm will not touch it, for feveral Years.
The VefTels built thereof are very durable, and good Swim-
mers. Of this Cedar, Ship-loads may be exported. It has
been heretofore fo plentiful in this Settlement, that they
have fenced in Plantations with it, and the Coffins of the
Dead are generally made thereof.

White Cedar, fo call'd, becaufe it nearly approaches
the other Cedar, in Smell, Bark, and Leaf; only this grows
taller, being as flrait as an Arrow. It is extraordinary
light, and free to rive. 'Tis good for Yard, Top-Mafts,
Booms and Boltfprits, being very tough. The belt Shingles
for Houfes are made of this Wood, it being no Strain to
the Roof, and never rots. Good Pails and other VefTels,
free from Leakage, are likewife made thereof. The Bark
of this and the red Cedar, the Indians ufe to make their Ca-
bins of, which prove firm, and refill all Weathers.

Cyprefs is not an Ever-green with us, and is therefore
call'd the bald Cyprefs, becaufe the Leaves, during the Win-
ter-Seafon, turn red, not recovering their Verdure till the
Spring, Thefe Trees are the largeft for Height and Thick-
nefs, that we have in this Part of the World. * fome of them
holding thirty-fix Foot in Circumference. Upon Incifion,
they yield a fweet- fmelling G$am, tho' not in great Quan-
tities *, and the Kuts which thefe Trees bear plentifully,
yield a moll odoriferous Balfam, that infallibly cures all new
and green Wounds, which the Inhabitants are well acquain-
ted withal. Of thefe great Trees the Pereaugers and Ca-
&oes are fcoop'd and ma.de. , which fort of Velfels are chiefly
t to.-

ja

—

•

^/CAROLINA.

97

to pafs over the. Rivers, Creeks, and Bays ; and to tra\fport
Goods and Lumber from one River to another. Some are
fo large, as to carry thirty Barrels, tho' of one entire Piece
of Timber. Others, that are fplit down the Bottom, and
a piece added .thereto, will carry eighty, or an hundred.
Several have gone out of our Inlets on the Ocean to Vir-
glnia^ laden with Pork, and other Produce of the Country^
Of thefe Trees curious Boats for Pleafure may be made, and
other neceflary Crafc. Some Years ago, a foolifh Man in
Albemarl and his Son, had got one of thefe Canoes deck'd.
She held, as^jtake it, fixteen Barrels. Re brought her to
the Collectors, to be clear'd for Barbados v, but the Officer
took him for a Man that had loft his Seizes, and argu'd the
Danger and Impoflibility of performingitah i Voyage, in a
hollow Tree \ but the Fellow would hearA^x to no Advice
of that kind, till the Gentleman told him, if he did not
value his own Life, he valu'd his Reputation and Honefty^
and fo flatly refus'd clearing him -7 Upon.which, the Ca-
noe was fold, and, I think, remains in being ftill. This.
Wood is very lafting, and ft ee from the Rot. A Canoe of
it will outlaft fp'ur Boats, and feldom wants Repair. They
fay, that a Cheft made of this Wood, will fuller no Moth, .•
orVermine, to abide therein.

The Locuft, for its enduring Ihe Weather, is chofen for Two forts
all forts of Works that are expofed thereto. It bears a Leaf0/ £QCU$'
neareft the Liquorice-Plant. 5Tis a pretty tall Tree. Of I^*£
this the Indians make their choiceft Bows, it being very we ifvor*
tough and flexible. We have little or none of this Wood in wj&Vk
Pamptioough.

The Honey-Tree bears as great a Refemblance to; the Lo- mneyfrez
cult, as a Shallot does to an Onion. It is of that Species, a Loai.fi*.
but more prickly- They bear a Cod, one fide, whereof
contains the Seed,, the' other the Honey \ They will bear in
five Years, from the Kernel. They were firft brought (by
the Indian Traders) and propagated, by their Seed, at the
Apamaticksin Virginia. LaftYear, I planted the Seed, and
had them fprung up before I came from thence, which was
in Augufi. Of the Honey, very good Metheglin is made5
there being Orchards planted in Virginia for that in-
tent,

Tke

The Natural Biftory

or Sowr- Wood-Tree, is fo call'd, becaufe
the Leaves tafte like Sorrel. Some are about a Foot or tea
Inches Diameter. 1 am unacquainted with its Vertues at
prefent.

Of Pines, there are, m Carolina, at lea ft, four forts. The
Pitch-Pine, growing to a great Bignefs, moft commonly has
but a ihort Leaf. Its Wood (being replete. with abundance
of Bitumen) is fo durable, that it feems to fufFer no Decay,
tho' expqfed to all Weathers, for many Ages ; and is ufed
in feverai Domeftick and Plantation Ufes. This Tree affords
the four great NeceiTaries, Pitch, Tar, Rozin, and Turpen-
tine •, which two laft are extracted by tapping, and the Heat
of the Sun, the other two by the Heat of the Fire.

The white and yellow Pines are faw'd into Planks for feve-
ral Ufes. They make Malls, Yards, and a great many o-
ther Neceflaries therewith, the Pine being the molt ufeful
Tree in the Woods.

The Almond-Pine ferves for Mafts very well. As- for the
Dwarf-Pine, it is for Shew alone, being an Ever-green, as
they all are.

The Hiccory is of the Walnut-kind, and .bears a Nut as
they do, of which there are found three forts. The firft is
lire-mod, tjlat yyj-jjch we ca]] the common white Hiccory. It is not a
durable Wood \ for if cut down, and expofed to the Wea-
ther, it will be quite rotten, and fpoil'din three Years } as
will likewife the Beech of this Country. Hiccory Nuts have
very hard Shells, but excellent fweet Kernels, with which,
in a plentiful Year, the old Hogs,, that can crack them,
fatten themfelves, and make excellent Pork. Thefe Nuts
are gotten, in great Quantities, by the Savages, and laid
r up for Stores, of which they make feveral Dimes and Ban-

quets. One of thefe I cannot forbear mentioning ^ it is
this : They take thefe Nuts, and break them very fmall be-
twixt two Stones, till the Shells and Kernels are indifferent
finally And this Ponder you are prefented withal in their
Cabins, in little wo&den Dilhes *, the. Kernel difTclves in
your Mouth, and the Shell is fpit out. This taftes as well
as any Almond. Another Difh is the Soup which they
make of thefe Nuts, beaten, and put into Venifon-Broth,
which diffolves the Nut, and thickens, whilft the Shell pre-
cipitates, and remains at the bottom. This Broth taftes

very

of CAROL IN A.

99

very rich. There is another fort, which we all d Hicco ^ **
rv, the Heart thereof heing very red, firm a id datable , of J
which Walking-Sticks, Mortars, Peftils, and leveral other
fine Turnery-wares are made. The third is cal 'd the Bly-
[nP-SkM HiKory, from its brittle and fcaly Bark. It bears
a Nut with a bitter Kernel and a foft Shell, like a French
Wdnut Of this Wood, Coggs for Mills, are made, o-c.

Th4hLeWriSreeeyofXrL is callM Black Walnut. I r.,,.
fuppofe,\hat Name was, at firft, to diftingnilh it from the
Hkcories, it having a blacker Bark. This Tree grows, in
nrod Und to a prodigious Bignefs. The Wood is very
Irm and du'r ble?of which Tables and Chefts of Drawers
are made, and prove very well. Some of this is very knotty
which would make the belt Returns for EngUnA, tho the
Mailers of Vefiels reftfe it, not undemanding its Goodnefs.
•Ti a very good and durable Wood, to bottom Vefiels for
the Sea withal, and they fay, that it is never eaten by the
Worm. The Nuts have a large Kernel, which is very oily,
except lain by, a long time, to mellow. The Shell is very
Km all the native Nuts of America .ate. When it has
its yellow outward Coat on, it looks and fmells much like a

^TheMaple, of which we have two forts, isufed to makeM^.
Trenchers, Spinning-wheels, &c. withal.

CbinUpin is a fort of Chefnut, whole Nuts are moft com-Ch nka.
monly very plentiful ; infomnch that the Hogs get fat with 5'"
them. They are rounder and fmaller than a Chefnut, but
much fweeter. The Wood is much of the Nature of Chef-
nut, having a Leaf and Grain almoft like it. It is ufed to ■
timber Boats, Shallops, &c. and makes any thing that is to.
endure the Weather. This and the Hiccory are very tough
Rods ufed to whip Horfes withal; yet their Wood, in Sub-
ftance, is very brittle. This Tree the Vine much delights
to twift about. It's good Fire- Wood, but very fpaikling,.
as well as Safiafras. , . . ,.

The Birch grows all on the Banks of our Rivers, . very high **a>-
up I never faw a Tree on the Salts. It differs fomething,
in Bark, from the European Birch. Its Buds in April are eaten
by the Parrakeetos> which refort, from all Parts, at that
Seafon, to feed thereon. Where this Wood grows, we are

not:

lOO

The Natural Hifiory

not yet feated •, and as to the Wine, or other Profits it

IpLli

Willow.
Sycamore.

Afpin.
Holly. '

cr>~ £ei-Bud.

yrf\ <J/U- A^f uA iv>^

CbefnuU

Oak-Vine.

would yield, we are, at prefent, Strangers to.

The Willow, here, likewife differs both in Bark and Leaf.
It is frequently found on the Banks of frelh Water, as the
Birch is.

The Sycamore, in thefe Parts, grows in a- low, fwampy
Land, by River-fides. Its Bark is quite different from the
Mnglijh, and the moft beautiful I ever faw, being mottled
and elowded with feveral Colours, as white, blue, &c. It
bears no Keys but a Bur like the Tweet Gum. Its Ufes I am
ignorant of.

I never faw any Afpin, but in Rapahannock-River, from
whence I brought one, (that was prefented me there as a great
Prefent) but it died by the way.

Of Holly we have two forts -, one having a large Leaf, the
other a fmaller. They grow very thick in our low Woods.
Many of them are very ftrait, and two Foot Diameter.
They make good Trenchers, and other Turnery- Ware.

The Red-Bud-Tree bears a purple Lark-Heel, and is the
bell Sallad, of any Flower I ever faw. It is ripe in April and
May. They grow in Trees, generally fmall, but fome are a
Foot Diameter.

Pelletory grows on the Sand-Banks and Iflands. It is ufed
to cure the Tooth-ach, by putting a Piece of the Bark in the
Mouth, which being very hot, draws a Rhume from the
Mouth, and xaufes much Spittle. The Indians ufe it to
make their Compofition, which they give to their young Men
and Boys, when they are hufquenaw'd, of which you mall
hear farther, when I come to treat of the Guftoms, &c. of
that People.

Arrow- Wood, growing on the Banks, is ufed, by the fn-
titans, for Arrows and Gun-Sticks. It grows as ftrait, as if
plain'd, and is of all Sizes. 'Tis as tough and pliable, as the
fmalleft Canes.

The Chefnut-Tree of Carolina, grows up towards the hilly
Part thereof, is a very large and durable Wood, and fit for
Houfe-Frames, Pa lifado's,' Sills, and many other Ufes. The
Nut is fmaller than thofe from ?ortvgaly but fweeter.

This is no Tree, but call'd the Oak-Vine, by reafon it
bears a fort of Bur as the Oak does, "and generally runs up
thofe Trees. It's fo porous, that you fuck Liquors thro' a
Length of two Foot. Prickly-

*/ CAROLINA.

IOI

Prickly-Afh grows up like a Pole ; of which the Indians (r^OMjdu^
and Englijl) make Poles to fet their Canoes along in Shoal- JfouU**-
Water.*5 It's very light, and full of Thorns or Prickles, bear- ^
ing Berries in large Clutters, of a purple Colour, not much
unlike the Alder. The Root of this Tree is Cathartick
and Enetick, ufed in Cachexies.

The Poifon Vine is fo called, becaufe it colours the Hands £></**
of thofe who handle it. What theEffc&s of it may be, lvwe'
cannot relate ; neither do I believe, that any has made an
Experiment thereof. The Juice of this will ftain Llnnen^
never to wafh out. It marks a blackifli blue Colour, which is
done only by breaking a bit of the Vine off, and writing
what you pleafe therewith. I have thought, that the Eaft-
India Natives fet their Colours, by fome fuch Means, into
their fined Callicoes. It runs up any Tree it meets withal,
and clafps round about it. The Leaves are like Hemlock,
and fall off in Winter.

Of Canes and Reeds we have many forts. The hollow Reed, c<tm ml
or Cane, fuch as Angling-Rods are made of, and Weavers ^h.
ufe, we have great Plenty of, though none to the Northward
of James-River in Virginia. They always grow in Branches
and low Ground. Their Leaves endure the Winter, in
which Seafon our Cattle eat them greedily. We have them
(towards the Heads of our Rivers) fo large, that one Joint
will hold above a pint of Liquor.

The fmall Bamboo is next, which is a certain Vine, like Bamboo,
the reft ofthefe Species, growing in low Land. They fel-
dom, with us, grow thicker than a Man's little Finger,
and are very tough. Their Root is a round Ball, which
the Indians boil as we do Garden-Roots, and eat them. When
thefe Roots have been fome time out of the Ground, they
become hard, and make good Heads to the Canes, on which
feveral pretty Figures may^e cut. There are feveral o-
thers of this kind, not thoroughly difcover'd.

That Talmeto grows with us7 which we call thedwarfifhPalme**»
fort ; but the Palmeto-Tree I have not yet met withal in
North-Carolina^ of which you have a Defcription elfewhere,
We (hall next treat of the Spontaneous Fruits of this
Country •, and then proceed to thofe that have been tranf-
planted from Europe, and other Parts.

P Among

I05

The Natural Blfiory

Natural.
Vims.

Bumh-
Or apes.

Fox-

Perfim-
mons*

. Among the natural Fruits, the Vine firffc takes place,
of which I find fix forts, very well known. The firft is
the black Bunch-Grapes, which yield a Crimfon Juice. Thefe
grow common, and bear plentifully. They are of a good
Relifh, though not large, yet well knit in the Cluflers.
They have a thickifh Skfn, and large Stone, which makes
them not yield much Juice. There is another fort of Black-
Grapes like the former, in all refpe&s, fave that their Juice
is of a light Flefh-Colour, inclining to a White. I once
faw a Spontaneous white Bunch-Grape in Carolina; but
the Cattle browzing on the Sprouts thereof in the Spring,
it died. Of thofe which we call Fox-Grapes, we have four
forts *, two whereof are called Summer-Grapes, becaufe
ripe in Jvly •, the other two Winter-Fruit, becaufe not ripe
till September or OBober. The Summer Fox-Grapes grow
not in Cluflers, or great Bunches, but are about five or fix
in a Bunch, about the Bignefs of a Damfon, or larger.
The black fort are frequent, the white not fo common-
ly found. They always grow in Swamps, and low rnoift
Lands, running fometimes very high, and being fhady, and
therefore proper for Arbours. They afford the largeft Leaf
! ever faw, to my remembrance, the Back of which is of a
white Horfe-flefh Colour. This Fruit always ripens in the
Shade. I have tranfplanted them into my Orchard, and find
they thrive well, if manured : A Neighbour of mine has
done the fame •, mine were by Slips, his from the Roots,
which thrive to Admiration, and bear Fruit, tho' not fo
juicy as the European Grape, but of a glutinous Nature.
However, it is pleafant enough to eat.

The other Winter Fox-Grapes, are much of the fame Big-
nefs. Thefe refufeno Ground, fwampy or dry, but grow
plentifully on the Sand -Hills along the Sea-Coaft, and
dfewhere, and are great Bearers. I have feen near twelve.
Bufhels upon one Vine of the black fort. Some of thefe, when
thoroughly ripe, have a very pretty vinous Tafte, and eat
very well, yet are glutinous. The white fort are clear and
tranfparent, and indifferent fmaU Stones. Being removed by
the Slip or Root, they thrive well in our Gardens, and
make pleafan* Shades.

Terfimmon is a Tree, that agrees with all Lands and Soils,
Tlieir Fruit, when ripe, is neareft our Medlar j if eaten

before.

of CAROLINA.

i r ,, -■•■■

lOJ

before, draws your Mouth up like a Purfe, being the greater!
Aftringent I ever met withal, therefore very ufeful in fome
Cafes. The Fruit, if ripe, will prefently cleanfe a foul
Wound, but caufes Pain. The Fruit is rotten, when ripe,
and commonly contains four flat Kernels, callM Stories j
which is the Seed. 'Tis ftid, the Cortex PeHvianus comes from
a Perfimmon-Treey that grows in New-Spain. I have try'd
the Drying of this Bark, to imitate it, which it does tolerably
well, and agrees therewith. It is binding enough to work
the fame EiTecT:. The Tree, in extraordinary Land, comes
fometimes to two Foot Diameter, though not often. There
are two forts of this Fruit \ one ripe in Summer, the other
when the Froft vifitsus.

We have three forts of Mulberries, befides the different Mul&ry,
Bignefs of fome Trees Fruit. The firfl is the common red
Mulberry, whofe Fruit is the earlieft we have, (except the
Strawberries^ and very fweet. Thefe Trees make a very
fine Shade, to fit under in Summer-time. They are found
wild in great Quantities, wherever the Land is light and
rich} jet their Fruit is much better when they Hand open.
They 'are ufed inftead of Raiflns and Currants, and make
feveral pretty Kickfhaws. They yield a tranfparent Grim-
fon Liquor, which would make good Wine j but few Peo-
ples Inclinations in this Country tend that way. The
others are a fmooth-leav'd Mulberry, fit for the Silk- Worm.
One bears a white Fruit, which is common ; the other bears
a fmall black Berry, very fweet. They would perfuade
me there, that the black Mulberry with the Silk-Worm
fmooth Leaf, was a white Mulberry, and changed its Fruit.
The Wood hereof is very durable, and where the Indians
cannot get Locuft, they make ufe of this to make their Bows.
This Tree grows extraordinary round and pleafant to the
Eye.

The Hiccory, Walnut, Chinkapin and Chefnut, with their
Fruits, we have mention'd before.

The Hazle-Nut grows plentifully in fome "places of this #&*&•
Country * efpecially, towards the Mountains % but ours*^*
are not fo good as the EttgUjk Nuts, having a much thic-
ker Shell (like all the Fruits of America^ that I ever met
withal) which in Hardnefs exceeds thofe of Europe.

V 2 - The

■

W

mm—

The Natural Hifiory

The Cherries of the Woods grow to be very large Trees
One fort, which is rarely found, is red, and not much un-
like the Cornel-Berry. But the common Cherry grows high
arid m Bunches, like Englijh Currants, but much larger.'
They are of a bitterifh fweet Relifh, and are equally valua-
ble, witn our fmali Black-Cherries, for anlnfuilon inspi-
rits. They yield a crimfon Liquor, and are great Bearers
^staruh Oar Rasberries are of a purple Colour, and agreeable Re-
m\ almoft like the Englijh -, but I reckon them not quite
lo rich. When once planted, 'tis hard to root them out
They run wild all over the Country, and will bear the
fame Year you tranfplant them, as I have found by Ex-
perience.

The Hurts, Huckle-Berries, or Blues of this Country,
are four forts, which we are well acquainted withal ; but
more Species of this fort, and all others, Time and Enquiry
mull difcover. The firft fort is the fame Blue or Bilberry
that grows plentifully in the North of England, and in
other Places, commonly on your Heaths, Commons, and
Woods, where Brakes or Fern grows.

The fecond fort grows on a final! Bufh in our Savanna* and
Meads, and in the Woods. They are larger than the com-
mon Fruit, and have larger Seed.

The third grows on the fingle Stem of a Stick that grows
in low good Land, and on the Banks of Rivers. They grow
three or four Foot high, and are very pleafant like the nrffc
iort, but larger.

The fourth fort grows upon Trees, fome ten and twelve
Foot .high, and the Thicknefs of a Man's Arm j thefe are
found m the Runs and low Grounds, and are very plea-
fant, and bear wonderfully. The Englijh fometimes dry
them m the Sun, and keep them to ufe in the Winter, inftead
of Currants. The Indians get many Bufhels, and dry them
on Mats, whereof they make Plum-Bread, and many other
Eatables. They are good in Tarts, or infufedin Liquors.

In the fame Ground, commonly grows the Tkmsnto. or
All - Spice - Tree , whofe Berries differ in fhape from
thofe in the Weft-Tndies, being Taper or Conick, yet not
infenour to a-ny of that fort.' This Tree grows much like
the Hurts, and is of the fame Bignefs. I have known it
tranfplanted to high Land, where it thrives.

Oar

Piemen
to.

^CAROLINA,

105

Our Dew-Berries are very good. But the Black-Berries ^m.
are bitterifh, and not fo palatable, as in England. ties

The Sugar-Tree ought to have taken place before. It m^ ^rnCfc
found in no other parts of Carolina or America, that I ever
learnt,- but in Places that are near the Mountains. It's mofl
like one forr of Maple, of any Tree, and may be-rank'd
amongft that kind. This Tree, which, I am told, is of a
very tedious Growth, is found very plentifully towards the
Heads of fome of our Rivers. The Indians tap it, and
make Gourds to receive the Liquor, which Operation is done
at diftin&and proper times, when it belt yields its Juice, of
which, when the Indians have gotten enough, they carry it
home, and boil it to a juft Confidence of Suga/, which
grains of itfelf, and ferves for the fame Ufes, as other Su^
gar does. &■ '

The Patau is not a large Tree. I think, I never faw one apapaiu.
Foot through ^ but has the broadeffc Leaf of any Tree in,
the Woods, and bears an Apple about the Bignefs of a Hen's
Egg yellow, foft* and as fweet, as any thing can well be*
They make rare Puddings of {his Fruit. The. Apple con-
tains a large Stone. TVMV-

The wild Fig grows in Virginia, up in the Mountains, ziWiUitg*
I am inform'd by a Gentleman of my acquaintance, who
is a Perfon of Credit, and a great Traveller in America.
I fhall be glad to have an Opportunity to makeTryal what
Improvement might be made of this wild Fruit.

The wild Plums of America are of feveral forts. Thole Hum red.
which I can give an account of from my own Knowledge*
I will, and leave the others till a farther Difcovery. The.
mofr frequent is that which we call the common Indian*
Plum, of which there are two forts^ if not more. One of
ihefe is ripe much fooner than the other, and differs in
tbe Bark *, one of the Barks being very fcaly, like our
American Birch. Thefe Trees, when in Bloflbm, fmell as
fweet as any Jeflamine, and look as white as a Sheet, be-
ing fomething prickly. You may make it grow to what
Shape you pleafe •, they are very ornamental about a Houf§>
and make a wonderful fine Shew at a Diftance, in the Spring,,
becaufe of their white Livery. Their Fruit is red, and very
palatable to the fick. They are of a quick Growth, and
will bear from: the Stone in five Years, on their Stock. The

English

io6

The Natural Hiftory

of Ame-
=-rica«.

• Winter
Currant,

Bermu-
<das Cur-
rants.

April
-Currants.

■'Rd Haws

-Englifi large black Plum thrives well, as does the Cherry.*
being grafted thereon.

The American Danifons are both black and white, and a-
bout the Bignefs of an European Damfon. They grow any
where, if planted from the Stone or Slip } bear a white
Bloflbm, and are a good Fruit. They are found on the
Sand-Banks all along the Coaft of America. I have planted
feveral j,n my Orchard, that came from the Stone, which
thrive well amongft the reft of my Trees. But they never
grow to the Bignefs of the other Trees now fpoken of. Thefe
are plentiful Bearers,

There is a third fort of Plum about the Bignefs of the
Damfon. *The Tree is taller, feldom exceeding ten Inches
in Thicknefs. The Plum feems to tafte phyllcally, yet I
never found any Operation it had, except to make their
Lips fore, that eat them. The Wood is fomething porous,
but exceeds any Box, for a beautiful Yellow.

There is a very pretty, bufhy Tree, about (even or eight
Boot high, very fpreadiug, which bears a Winter-Fruit, that
is ripe in Ottober. They call 'em Currants, but they are
nearer a Hurt. I have eaten very pretty Tarts made.there-
of. They dry them infbead of Currants. This Bulh is very
beautiful.

The Bermudas Currants grow in the Woods on a Bufh,
much like the European Currant. Some People eat them very-
much *, but for my part, I can fee nothing inviting in them,
and reckon them a very indifferent Fruit.

We have another Currant, which grows on the Banks of
Rivers, or where only Clay hath been thrown up. This
Fruit is red, and gone almoft as foon as come. They
are a pretty Fruit whiift they lait, and the Tree (for
'tis not a Bufh) they grow upon, is a very pleafant Ve-
getable.

The Haw-thorn grows plentifully in fome parts of this
Country. The Haws are guite different from thofe in Eng-
land^ being four times as big, and of a very pleafant agree-
able Tafte. We make no ufe of this Plant, nor any other, for
Hedges, beeaufe Timber is fo plentiful at prefent. In my
Judgment, the H^oney-Locuft would be the fitteft for
Hedges *, beeaufe it is very apt to fhoot forth many Sprouts
and Succours from the Roots •, befides, it is of a quick Growth,
-and very prickly* The

—

of ca"¥oTTnX

107

~ Thp-Blick Haw arows cm a (lender Tree, about the Height^-
of JSce™ Ir Ibmething^ig^ and bears theHack^^
Haw/which People eat, and the Birds covet a fo. What.
Vertues the Bruit or Wood is of, I cannot refolve you, at

PrThus" have I given an Account of all the Spontaneous
Fruits of Carolina, that have come to my Knowledge, «*•
ceptine; Services, which 1 have feen in the Indians Hands, ^^
and eat of them but never faw, how nor where they grew.
There may very well be expe£ed a great many more Fruits,,
which are the .-natural' Product of this Country, when
we confider the Fruitfulnefs of the Soil and Climate, and
account for the vaft Tradof Land (great part of which is.
not yet found out) according to the Produd of that which is
already difcover'd, which (as I once hinted before) is not
as vet arriv'd to our Knowledge, we having very little or
noCorrefpondenceamonglt the mountainous Parts of this
Province, and towards the Country of Mejfiajipph all which,
we have Itrange Accounts of, and forne very large ones, with
refped to the different and noble Fruits, and feveral other
Ornaments and Bleffings of Nature which Meffiafippi pofleiTes ;.,
more to be coveted, than any of thofe we enjoy, to the
Eaftward of the Mountains: Yet when I came to difcourfe
fomeof the Idolizers of that Country, I found it to be rather
Hovelty than Truth and Reality, that induced thofe Per-
fons to allow it fuch Excellencies above others. It may be a
brave and fertile Country, as I believe it is ; but I cannot be
tverfuaded, that it can be near fo advantageous as ours,
which is much better fituated for Trade, being faced all
along with the Ocean, as the Englijh America is \ when the
other is only a dired River, in the midft of a wild unknown
Land, greateft part of whofe Product: muft be fetch'd, or
brought a great way, before it can come to a Market. More-
over fuch great Rivers commonly allow of more Princes Ter-
ritories than one^ and thus nothing but War and Contentioa-
aecompanies the Inhabitants thereof. ^

But not to trouble our Readers with any more of this, we
will proceed, in the next place, to fhew, what Exotich Fruits
we have, that thrive well in Carolina', and what others,
it may reafonably befuppos'd, would do there, were they
brought thither and planted. In purfaance of whidi, I will-

Natural Hifiory

'-J^plest]

fet down a Catalogue of what Fruits we have-, I mean Spe-
cies: For mould I pretend to give a regular Name to -every
one ; its neither pofllble for me to do it, nor for any ene
to underitand it, when done } if we confider, that thechiefeft
part of our Fruit came from the Kernel, and fome others
from the Succours, or Sprouts of the Tree. Firfr *we will
begin with Apples-} which are the

Golden Ruffet.

• I Summer.
Harvey- Apple, I cannot tell, whether the fame asin En?-

land. &

Winter Queenina-^
Leather Coat.
Junking*
' Codlin.
Redftreah
Long-ftalk.
Lady-Finger.

The Golden RulTet thrives well

The Pearmains, of both forts, are apt to fpeck, and rot
on the Trees i and the Trees are damaged and cut off by
the Worm, which breeds in the Forks, and other parts
thereof} and often makes a Gircumpofition, by deftroying
the Bark round the Branches, till it dies.

Harvey-Apple ; that which we call fo, is efteenfd very
good to make Cider of.

Winter Queening is a durable Apple, and makes good
Gider.

Leather-Coat ; both Apple and Tree ftand well.

The Juniting is early ripe, and foon gone, in thefe warm
Countries.

Codling no better, and fairer Fruit in the World} yet
the Tree fufFers the fame Diftemper, as the Pearmains, or
Tather worfe } the Trees always dying before they come to
their Growth.

The Redftreak thrives very well.

Long-ftalk is a large Apple, with a long Stalk, and makes
^ood Summer Cider.

We

-a

«/ CAROLINA.

109

We beat the firft. of our Codlin Cider, againft reaping our
Wheat, which is from the tenth of June, to the live and
twentieth.

Lady-Finger, the long Apple, the fame as in England, and
full as good. We have innumerable fortsy fome call'd Rope-
Apples which are fmall Apples, hanging like Ropes of Oni-
ons j Flattings, Grigfons, Cheefe- Apples, and a great num-
ber of Names, given according to every ones Difcretion.

The Warden-Pea^ here proves a good eating Pear*, and***^
Is not fb long ripening as in England*

Katharine excellent*

Sugar-pear*

And feveral others without Name , The Bergamot we
have not , nor either of the Bonne Chreftienn.es, though
I hear , they are all three in Virginia. Thofe forts of Pears
which we have, are as well relifht, as ever I eat any where -,
but that Fruit is of very fhort Continuance with us, for they
are gone almoft as foon as ripe.

lam not a judge of the different forts of Quinces, which ^^
they call Brunfwick, Portugal, and Barbary \ But as to the
Fruit , in general, I believe no Place has fairer and better
relifht. They are very pleafant eaten raw. Of this Fruit,
they make a Wine, or Liquor, which they call Quince-
Drink, and which I approve of beyond any Drink which that
Country affords , though a great deal of Cider and fome
Perry is there made. The Quince-Drink moft commonly
purges thore that firft drink it, and cleanfes the Body very
well. The Argument of the Phyficians, that they bind Peo-
ple, is hereby contradi&ed, unlefs we allow the Quinces to
differ in the two Countries. The leaft Slip of this Tree
ftuck in the Ground, comes to bear in three years.

All Peaches, with us, are ftanding*, neither have weanyPe^fe
Wall-Fruit in, Carolina -r for we have Heat enough, and there-
fore do not require it. We have a great many forts of this
Fruit, which all thrive to Admiration,. Peach-Trees coming
to Perfection (with us) as eafily as the Weeds. A Peach
falling on the Ground, brings a Peach-Tree that fhall bear in,
three years, or fometimes fooner. Eating Peaches in our
Orchards makes them come up fo thick from the Kernel, that
we are forced to take a great deal of Care to weed them out 5
otherwife they make our Land a Wildernefs of Peach-Trees,

Q, Theyt

■

d

The Natural Hifiory

(tome

They generally bear fo full, that they break great part of their
Limbs dawn. We have likewife very fair Nedarines, efpeciallv
the red, that clings to the Stone, the other yellow Bruit
that leaves the Stone \ of the lail, I have a Tree, that, molt
Years, brings me fifteen or twenty Bulheis. I fee no Fo-
reign Fruit like this, for thriving in all forts of Land, and
bearing its Fruit to Admiration. I want to be fatisfy'd a*
bout one fort of this Fruit, which the Indians claim as their
own, and affirm, they had it growing amongft them, be-
fore any Europeans came to. America. The Fruit I will de~
fcribe, as exa&ly as I can. The Tree grows very large
moil commonly as big as a bandfome Apple-tree; the Flowers
are of a reddifh, murrey Colour; t&e Fruit is rather more
downy, than the yellow Peach, and Commonly very large
and foft, being very full of Juice. They part freely from
the Stone, and the Stone is much thicker than all the other
Peach Stones we have, which feems to me, that it is a Spon-
taneous Fruit of America*, yet in thole Parts of America that
we inhabit, I never could hear that any Peach-Trees were
ever found growing in the Woods; neither have the foreign
Indians, that live remote from thzEnglifh, any other fort. And
thofe living amongft us have a hundred of this fort for one
other ; they are a hardy Fruit , and are feldom damaged
by the ' North-Eail Blaits, as others are. Of this fort we.
make Vinegar; wherefore we call them Vinegar- Peaches,
and fome times Indian-Feaches.

This Tree grows to a vaft Bignefs, exceeding molt Apple-
Trees. They bear well, tho' fometimes an early Spring
comes on in February, and perhaps, when the Tree is fully
Mown the Cloudy Nor th-Eaft- Winds which attend the end
of, that Month, or the beginning of March, deitroy moffc
of the Fruit. The biggelt Apricock-Tree I ever faw, as
they told me, was grafted on a Peach-Stock, in the Ground,
I know of no other fort with us, than the Common. We
generally raile this Fruit from the Stone, which never fails
to bring the fame Fruit. Likewife our Peach-Stones effect
the fame, without fo much as once miffing, to produce the
fame fort that the Stone came from.

Damfon, Damazeen, and a large round black Plum are all'
1 have met withal in Carolina* They thrive well enough •
" ' the.'

^/CAROLINA.

in

the lafr. to Admiration, and becomes a very large Tree, if

in ftiff Ground ; otherwife they will not do well.

Of Figs we have two forts ; One is the low Bum-Fig, %*«

which bears a large Fruit. If the Winter happens to have
much Froft, the tops thereof die; and in the Spring
iprout again, and bear two or three good Crops.

The Tree-Fig is a lefTer Fig, though very fweet. The
Tree grows to a large Body and Shade, and generally brings
a good Burden j efpecially, if in light Land. This Tree
thrives no where better, than on the Sand-Banks by the Sea.

We have the common red and black Cherry, which bear Cherries,
well. I never faw any grafted in this Country, the com-
mon excepted, which was grafted on an Indian Plum-ftoc|r?,
and bore well. This is a good way, becaufe our common
Cherry-Trees are very apt to put Scions all round the Tree
for a great Diftance, which muft needs be prejudicial to
the Tree and Fruit. Not only our Cherries are apt to do
lo, but our Apples and moft other Fruit-Trees, which may
chiefly be imputed to the Negligence and "Unskiifclnefs of
the Gardener. Our Cherries are ripe a Month foonerthaa
in Virginia,

Goosberries I have feen of the fmaller fort, but find the? Cmkny,
do not do fo well as in England, and to the Northward
Want of Drefling may be fome Reafon for this.

Currants, White, Red, and Black, thrive here, as well Currants,
as any where. ^

Rasberries, the red and white, I never faw any Trials-
made of. But there is no doubt of their thriving to Ad*
miration, fince thofe of the Country do fo well

The Mulberries are fpontaneous. We have no others, thanM«/W
what I have already mentioned in the Clafs of Natural Fruits
of Carolina:

Barberry red, with Stones, and without Stones, grow-*"*"?.

Strawberries, not Foreign, but thofe of the Country s»*dw*
Plenty. Lafl April I planted a Bed of r^

grow here in great.

two hunded Foot in Length, which bore the fame Year
Medlars we have none. ■ ,.

Q ^ No

The Natural Hiftory

No Filberts, but Hazle-Nuts -T the Filbert-Nut planted
becomes a good Hazle-Nut, and no better.

As for that noble Vegetable the Vine, without doubt, it
may fin this Country) be improved, and brought to the fame
Perfe&ion, as it is, at this Day, in the fame Latitude in
Europe, fince the chiefeft part of this Country is a deep,
rich, black Mould, which is up towards the Freflies and
Heads of our Rivers, being very rich -and mix'd with
Flint, Pebbles, and other Stones. And this fort of Soil is
approv'd of (by all knowing Gardeners and VigneroonsJ as
a proper Earth, in which the Grape chiefly delights j
and what feems to give a farther Confirmation hereof, is^
that the largeft Vines, that were ever diicover'd to grow
wild, are found in thofe Parts, oftentimes in fuch Plenty,,
and are fo interwoven with one another, that 'tis impoflible-
£0 pafs through them. Moreover, in thefe Freihes, to-
wards the Hills, the Vines are above five times bigger thaa
thofe generally with us, who are feated in the Front-parts;
ef this Country, adjoining to the Salts. Of the wild
Vines, which are moft of them great Bearers, fome Wine?
Bas been made, which I drank of. It was very ftrong and
well relifht ; but what detains them all from offering at
great quantities, they add, that this Grape has a large Stone*
and a thick Skin, and consequently yields but a imall Quan-
tity of Wine. Some EfTays of this Nature have been made
by that Honourable Knight, Sir Natkanael Johnfon, in South
Carolina, who, as I am inform'd, has reje&ed all Exotick
Vines, and makes his Wine from the natural black Grape
©f Carolina, by grafting it upon its own Stock. What Im-
provement this may arrive to, I cannot tell; but in other
Species, I own Grafting and Imbudding yields lpeedy Fruit,
aho' I never found that it made them better..

New planted Colonies are generally attended with a
force and Neceffity of Planting the known and approved
Staple and Produft of the Country, as well as all the Pro-
.dfions their Families fpend. Therefore we can entertain
buifmall hopes of the Improvement of the Vine, till Jbme
skilful in. dreffing Vines mall appear amongft us, and go
about it, with a Refolution, that Ordering the Vineyard
ihali be one half of their Employment; If this be begua.
md^&rried.on*, with that Aifiduity and Refolution which it

of CAROLINA

11

requires, then we may reafonably hope to fee this a Wine-
Country j for then, when it becomes a general Underta-
king every one will be capable to add fomething to the
common Stock, of that which he has gain'd by his own Ex-
perience. This way would foon make the Burden light, and
a great many fhorter and exader Curiofities, and rea^
Truths would be found out in a fliort time. The trim-
ming of Vines,, as they do in France, that is, to a Stump*
rnuft either here be not follow'd, or we are not fenfible pi
the exaft time, when they ought to be thus pruned ^ for
Experience has taught us, that the European Grape, iuffer d
to run and expand itfelf at large, has been found to bear
as well in America, as it does in Europe ; when, at the
fame time, the fame fort of Vine trimnfd to a Stump*,
as before fpoken of, has born a poor Crop for one Year
or two ; and by its fpMling, after cutting, emaciated, and
in three or four Years, died. This Experiment, I believe,
has never faiPd; for I have trimmU the natural Vine the
French way, which has been attended, at laft, with the
fame Fate. Wherefore, it feems moft expedient, to leave
the Vines more Branches here, than in Europe, or let them,
run up Trees, as fome do, in Lombardy, upon Elms. T$e
Mulberries and Chinkapin are tough, and trimnfd to what
youpleafe, therefore fit Supporters of the Vines. Gelding
and plucking away the Leaves, to haften the ripening of
this Fruit, may not be unnecefTary, yet we fee the natu-
ral wild Grape generally ripens in the Shade. Nature in
this, and many others, may prove a fure Guide. The
Twilling of the Stems to make the Grapes ripe together,,
lofes no Juice, and may be beneficial, if done in Seafon,
A very ingenious French Gentleman, and another from
Switzerland, with whom I frequently converfe,. exclaim
againft that ft-rift cutting of Vines, the generally appro-
ved Method of Frame and Germany, and fay, that they
were both out in their Judgment, till of late, Experience
has taught them otherwile. Moreover, the French m North
Carolina aflure me, that if we mould trim our Apple and o-
ther Fruit-Trees, as they do in Europe-, we mould fpoi!
them. As for Apples and Plums, I have found by Expe-
rience, what they affirm to be true. The French, from the
Mannakin Town on the Fre&es of James River In Wirgima,

- - ■- liadi

1 1

i

The Natural Hifiory

had, for themoft part, removed themfelves to Carolina to
live there, before I came away 5 and the, reft were follow
ing, as their ■ Minifter, (Monfieur Philip de RixhounA told
me, who was at ^-Town, when I was taking my leave
oi my Friends. He afTur'd me, that their Intent was to
propagate Vines, as far as their prefent Circumftances
would permit j provided they could get any Slips of Vines
that would do. At the fame time, I had gotten fome
Grape-Seed, which was of the Jefuits white Grape from
Madera. The Seed came up very plentifully, and, I hope
will not degenerate, which if it happens not to do, the
Seed may prove the beft way to raife a Vineyard, as cer-
tainly it is moft eafy for Tranfportation. Yet I reckon
we mould have our Seed from a Country, where the
Grape arrives to the utmofl Perfeftion of Ripenefs. Thefe
French Refugees have had fmall Encouragement in Virginia*
foecaufe, at their firft coming over, they took their Mea-
fures of Living, from Europe -, which was all wrong: for
the fmall Quantities of ten, fifteen, and twenty Acres to
a Family did not hold out according to their way of Reckon-
ing, by Reafon they made very little or no Fodder; and
the Winter there being much harder than with us, their
Cattle tail d •, chiefly, becaufe the English took up and fur-
vey d aH the Land round about them ; fo that they were
Jhemm'd in on all Hands from providing more Land for them-
felves or their Children, all which is highly prejudicial in
America, where the generality are bred up to Planting:
One of thefe French Men being a Fowling, fhot a Fowl in the
River, upon which his Dog went down the Bank to bring it
to his Mattery but the Bank was fo high and iteep, that he
could not get up again. Thereupon, the French Man went

down, to help his Dog up, and breaking the Mould away,
ly, with his Feet, he difcover'd a very rich Coal-

accidentally.,

Mine. This Adventure he gave an Accouut of amongft the
Neighbourhood, and prefentlyone of the Gentlemen of that
Part furvey'd the Land, and the poor French Man got no-
thing by his Difcovery. The French are good Neighbours
amongft us, and give Examples of Induitry, which is much
wanted m this Country. They make good Flax, Hemp,
Linnen-Cloth and Thread ; which they exchange amongft
the Neighbourhood for other Commodities, for which thev
li&ve occafion. " ~ " — - --• w^

of C A R O L 1 N A.

**5

We have hitherto made no Tryal of foreign Herbage j bat,
^nhHefs it would thrive well . •, efpecially, S4»/«», and
tttcrafeJ, Xt endure Heat, and dry Grounds. As for
our Low Lands, fuch as Marfhes, Savannas and Percoarron-
Ground! which lies low, all of them naturally afford good

LWef°wnfnSreat of the Beafts, .which you toll have
an Account of, as they have been difcover d.

The Beafts of Carolina are the

Water-Rat'

Rabbet, two fort r*

Elks.

Stags.

Fallow-Deer,

Squirrel^ four forts.

Fox.

JJon, and J-ackall on the Lake*

Rats, two forts.

Mice, two forts,

Moles.

Weafel, Dormoufe.

Bsarmoufi.. ■

Bvffelo, or Wild Beef

Bear.

T anther.

Cat-a-mount.

Wildcat,

Wolf.

Tyger.

Jolcat.

Otter.

Bever.

Musk-Rat*

Tojfum.

Raccoon.

Minx..

The Bvfelo is a wild Beaft of America, which has a Bunch
on his Back, as the Cattle of St. Laurence are faid to have
He feldom appears amongft the Englifi Inhabitants, his chief
Saunt bdng in the Land of Meffiafipp, which is, for he
molt part, a plain Country, yet 1 have known feme W
oTthe Hilly Part of Cape-Fair-River, they paffing the Ledge*
of vaft Mountains from the faid Mefrfippi, before they can TmM*
come near us. 1 have eaten of their Meat, but do not tmnk^".
Sd asourBeef; yet the ™ nger Xa vesare cry d up

na at

for excellent Food, as very likely they may be
etoed, that thefe Bniclos, mat iu Breed with our tamers
Cattle, would much better the Breed for Largenefs and 1 Milk,
wh ch Veems rery probable. Of the wild Bull's Skin Buff »
X The Iridik cut the Skins into Quarters for the Eaft

Appanu*

"TTTT-

"■^9-w

116

The Natural Hiftory

■Bear,

of their Tranfportation, and make Beds to lie on. They
fpin the Hair into Garters, Girdles, Safhes, and the like it
being long and curled, and often of a chefnut or red Colour.
Thele Moniters are found to weigh (as I am informed by
a Traveller of Credit) from 1600 to 2400 Weight.

The Bears here are very common, though not fo large as
in GroenUnd> and the more Northern Countries of Rvjfia,
The Flefh of this Beaft is very good, and nourifhing, and
not inferiour to the bell Pork in Tafle. It ftands betwixt
. Beef and Pork, and the young Cubs area Dim for the great-
V^UA/r^iYT^ Epcum living. I prefer their Flefh before any Beef,
a 1 y.y *j Veal, Pork, or Muttony and they look as well as they eat,
jpv*^tr^". their fat being as white as Snow, and the fweeteft of any
[<fll**^ $-%tw*^ Creature's in the World. If a Man drink a Quart thereof

Inn

/ I /tvor3*-^ melted, it never will rife in his Stomach.
W&WL i . bove all things, to fry Fifh and other things in.

We prefer it a
/ ' JT\T/ /^e J *"*v> au tluil63) tu ny jim auuutnci Lilians in. Thofe that
/IJXlJ [1^^ are Strangers to it, may judge otherwife ; But I who have
(Tdft^ltAd^ «atena great deal of Bears Flefh in my Life-time (fince my

*m

n

being an Inhabitant in America) do think it equalizes, if not
•excels, any Meat I ever eat in Europe. The Bacon made
thereof is extraordinary Meat ♦, but it muft be well faved,
otherwife it will rjift. This Creature feeds upon all forts of
wild Fruits. When Herrings run, which is in March, the
Flefh of fuch of thofe Bears as eat thereof, is nought, all
thatSeafon, and eats filthily. Neither is it good, when be
feeds on Gum-berries, as I intimated before. They are
great Devourejs of Acorns, and oftentimes meet the Swine
in the Woods, which they kill and eat, efpecially when they
are hungry, and can find no other Food. Now and then they
get into the Fields of Indian Corn, or Maiz.9 where they
make a fad Havock, fpoiling ten times as much as they eat.
The Potatos of this Country are fo agreeable to them, that
they never fail to fweep 'em all clean, if they chance to
come in their way. They are feemingly a very clumfy Crea-
ture, yet are very nimble in running up Trees, and
traverfing every Limb thereof. When they come down, they
run Tail foremoft. At catching of Herrings, they are molt
expert Fifhers. They fit by the Creek-fides, (which are
„very narrow) where the Fifh run in 9 and there they take
them up, as fait as it's poflible they can dip their Paws into
the Water. There is ^one thing more to be confider'd of

r3

'LJ

T*

of CAROLINA

i7

this Creature, which is, that no Man, either Chriftian or In-
dian, has ever kill'd a She-bear with Young.

It is fuppofed, that the She-Bears, after Conception, hide
themfelves in Tome fecret and undifcoverable Place, till
they bring forth their Young, which, in all Probability, can-
not be long v otherwife, the Indians, who hunt the Woods
like Dogs, would, at fome time or other, have found them
out. Bear-Hunting is a great Sport in America, both with
the Englijh and Indians, Some Years ago, there were kill'd
five hundred Bears, in two Counties of Virginia, in one
Winter \ and but two She-Bears amongft them all, which
were, not with Young, as I told you of the reft. The Eng-
lish have a breed of Dogs fit for this fport, about the iize
of Farmers Curs, and, by Pra&ice, come to know the Scent
of a Bear, which as foon as they have found, they run
him, by the Nofe, till they come up with him, and then
barkv and fnap at him, till he trees, when the Huntfman
fhoots him out of the Trees, there being, for the moil part,
two or three with Guns, left the firft fhould mHs, or not
quite kill him. Though they are not naturally voracious,
yet they are very fierce when wounded. The Dogs often
bring him to a Bay, when wounded, and then the Huntf-
men make other Shots, perhaps with the Piftols that are
ftuck in their Girdles. If a Dog is apt to fatten, and run
into a Bear, he is not good, for the belt Dog in Europe is
nothing in their Paws $ but if ever they get him in their
Clutches, they blow his Skin from his Flefh, like a Bladder,
and often kill him; or if he recovers it, he is never good
for any thing after. As the Paws of this Creature, are held
for the belt bit about him, fo is the Head efteem'd the
worft, and always thrown away, for what reafon I know
^iot. I believe, none ever made Trial thereof, to know how
it eats. The Oil of the Bear is very Sovereign for Strains,
Aches, and old Pains. The fine Fur at the bottom of the
Belly, is ufed for making Hats, in fome places. The Fur
itfelf is fit for feveral Ufes \ as for making Muffs, facing
Caps, &c. but the black Cub-skin is preferable to all forts
of that kind, for Muffs. Its Grain is like Hog-Skin. .

The Panther is of the Cat's kind ; about the height of a Pmker. ,ar\ -
very large Greyhound of a reddifh Colour, the fame as a (faffifgtq-
Lion. He climbs Trees with the greatelt Agility imaginable, //

L

■=

IK!

118

Cat-fc
Mount,

The Natural Hiftory^^

is very ftrong-limb'd, catching a piece or Meat from any
Creature he flrikes at. His Tail is exceeding lone A his
Eyes look very fierce and lively, are large, and of a grayifli
Colour } his Prey is, Swines-fleih, Deer, or any thing he can
take ; no Creature is fo nice and clean, as this, in his Food
When he has got his Prey, he fills his Belly with the
Slaughter, and carefully lays up the Remainder, covering it
very neatly with Leaves, which if any thing touches he
never eats any more of it. He purrs as Cats do ; if taken
when Young, is never to be reclaim'd from his wild Na-
ture. He hollows like a Man in the Woods, when kill'd
which is by making him take a Tree, as the leaftCur will
prefently do; then the Huntfmen fhoot him ; if they do not
kill him outright, he is a dangerous Enemy, when wounded
efpecially to the Dogs that approach him. This Beatf ft
the greataft Enemy to the Planter, of any Vermine in Carotin*
His Flefh looks as well as any Shambles-Meat whatsoever-
a great many People eat him, as choice Food ; but I never
tafted of a Panther, fo cannot commend the Meat, by my
own Experience. His Skin is a warm Covering for the In-
dians m Winter, though not efteem'd amongft the choice
Furs. This Skin drefs'd, makes fine Womens Shooes, or
Mens. Gloves.

The Mountain-Cat, fo call'd, becaufe he lives in the
Mountainous Parts of America. He is a Beaftof Prey as
the Panther is, and neareft to him in Bignefs and Nature '

This Cat is quite different from thoie in Europe ; being
more nimble and fierce, and larger \ his Tail does not exceed.
four Inches. He makes a very odd fort of Cry in the Woods
in the Night. He is fpotted as the Leopard is, tho' fome of
them are not, (which may happen, when their Furs are out
of Seafon) he climbs a Tree very dexteroufly, and preys as
the Panther does. He is a great Deftroyer of young Swine. I
inewan Ilknd, which was pofl'efs'd by thefe Vermine, un-
known to the Planter, who put thereon a considerable Stock
of §wine •, but never took one back ; for the wild Cats de-
ftroy'dthem all. He takes moll of his Prey by Surprize, get-
ting up the Trees, which they pafs by or under, and thence
leaping dirediy upon them. Thus he takes Deer (which he
cannot ca$ch by running) and fattens his Teeth into their
SfeouMers and &cks them. They run with him, till they

fell

-

A

XMM

*f CAROLINA.

fall down for want of ftrength, and become a Prey to the
Enemy. Hares, Birds, and all he meets, that he can con-
quer, he deftroys.. The Fur is approv'd to wear as a Sto-
macher, for weak and cold Stomachs. They are likewife
ufed to line Muffs, and Coats withal, in cold Climates.

The Wolf of Carolina, is the Dog of the Woods. The^/f.
Indians had no other Curs, before the Ghriftians came a±-
mongfb them. They are made domeftick, When wild,
they are neither fo large-, nor fierce, as the European Wolf.
They are not Man-flayers •, neither is any Creature in Caro-
Una, unlefs wounded. They go in great Droves in the Night,
to hunt Deer, which they do as well as the bell Pack of
Hounds. Nay, one of thefe will hunt down a Deer. Tiiey »
are often fo poor, that they can hardly run. ,When they
catch no Prey, they go to a Swamp, and fill their Belly full
of Mud j if afterwards they chance to get any thing of Flefli,
they will difgorge the Mud, and eat the other. When
they hunt in the Night, that there is a great many together,,
they make the moft hideous and frightful Noife, that ever
was heard. The Fur makes good Muffs. The Skin drefs'd
to a Parchment makes the belt Drum-Heads, and if tann'd
makes the beft fort of Shooes for the Summer-Countries. ■> . ,

Tygers are never met withal in the Settlement *, but are^r . ]ffLi4J[wnr'
more to the Weftward, and are not numerous on this Side
the Chain of fountains. I once faw one, that was larger
that a Panther, and feem'd to be a very bold Creature.
The Indians that hunt in thofe Quarters, fay , they are
feldom met withal. It feems to differ from theTygerof
Afia and Africa.

Polcats or Skunks in America^ are different from thofe in Pokt&/z>?
Europe. They are thicker, and of a great many Colours •,
not all alike, fyut each differing from another in the parti-
cular Colour, j They fmell like a Fox, but ten times ftronger.-
When a Dog^ncounters them, they pifs upon him, and he
will not be fweet again in a Fortnight or more. The In-
dians love to eat their Flefh, which has no manner of i\ , t
Smell, when the 'Bladder is out. I know no ufe their
Furs are put to. They are eafily brought up tame.

There have been feen forne Otters from the Weftward of^rj*

Carolina, which were of a white Colour, a little inclining to

a yellow. They live on the fame Prey here, as in Europe^

and are the fame in all other Relpedts \ fo I Jfcall iniift no

R 2 farther

' : ' —

Btvers,

The Natural Hiftory

farther on that Creature. Their Furs, if black, are valu-
able.

Bevers are very numerous in Carolina, their being abun-
dance of their Dams in all Parts of the Country, where I
have travel'd. They are the moft induftrious and greatefb
Artificers (in building their Dams andHoufes) of any four-
footed Creatures in the World. Their Food is chiefly the
Barks of Trees and Shrubs, viz. Safiafras,- Aih, Sweet-Gum
and feveral others. If you take them young, they become
very tame and domeftick, but are very mifchievous in fpoil-
ing Orchards, by breaking the Trees, and blocking up.
your Doors in the Night, with the Sticks and Wood they
bring thither. If they eat any thing that is fait, it kills
them. Their Flefh is a fweet Food \ efpecially, their Tail,
which is held very dainty. There Fore-Feet are open, like
a Dog's i their Hind-Feet webb'd like a Water-Fowl's. The
Skins are good Furs for feveral Uies, which every one knows,.
The Leather is very thiclV I have known Shooes made
L- thereof in Carolina., which lafted well It makes the belt

O^Jjpum ff/j Hedgers Mittens that can be ufed.

JmjUL Mtsk *?u Musk Rats fre^uent frefn Streams and no other ; as the
lLgm/,^-- Bever does. He has aXod of Musk, which is valuable,,
as islikewife his Fur.

The Pojfum is found no where but in America. He is the
Wonder of all the Land-Animals, being the fize of a Badger,,
and near that Colour. The Male's Pizzle is placed retro--
grade \ and in time of Coition, they differ from all other
Animals, turning Ta\i to Tail, as Dog and Bitch when ty'd..
The Female, doubtlefs, breeds her Young at her Teats \ for
I have feenthem ftick faft thereto, when they have been no
bigger than a fmall Ras berry, and feemingly inanimate. She.
has a Paunch, or falfe Belly, wherein fhe carries her Youngs
after they are from thofe Teats , till they can Ihift for
themfelves. Their Food is Roots, Poultry, or wild Fruits.
They have no Hair on their Tails, but a fort of a Scale, or
hard Cruir, as the Bevers have. If a Gat has nine Lives,,
this Creature furely has nineteen ; for if you break every Bone
in their Skin, and mam their Skull,, leaving them for Dead,
you may come an hour after, and they will he gone quite
away, or perhaps you meet them creeping away. They are
a very Jtupid Greature3 utterly negleding their Safety. They

are.

n

./CAROLINA.

in

*„ ™fl- like Rats of any thing. I have, for tfeceffity in
tne vvimciuci , me Qut ot Con„

Saltwater feed much on Oyfters which they love. They

Exists m$mmm

where Handing on the Land, he lets hi Tail bang in »g

Water This the Grab takes for a Bait, and taken:, ms

naws therein, which as foon as the Raccoon perceives, ne oi

riLnrnrinV, forward, a confiderable way, on the

Fiih finds himfelfont of his Element, he prefently lets go
hU hold and then the Raccoon encounters hum, by getting

fort of fmall Land-Crab, winch we call a Bddk, ^ruas.
into a Hole when any thing purfues him- .. Tms Crab t.ie
PL takes by putting his Fore-Foot ;« 'he Hoi,, and
culling him out. With a tame Raccoon, thi> Spo.t is vei/
diverting The Chief of his other Food is all forts or wild
Fruit Ireen Corn, and fuch as the Bear delights m. This
Sd he Pofum are much of a Bignefs. The Fur makes good-
Hats and Linings. The Skin drefs'd makes fine Women,

ShThe'^;»* is an Animal much like theJ^FiflimartMto.
or PolcaL He is long, ftender, and evers r way Jap . d like
Wm His Haurts are chiefly in the Marines, by the &.»-
Idtand Sak-W e , whereV lives on Filh Fowl, Mice
Sd iS They are bold Thieves, and w.ll fteal anything

Be

122

The Natural Hifiory

Water-
Hats.

Coneys,

Kabbet
Engliflii

from you in the Night, when afleep, as I can tell by Expe-
rience-for one Winter, by Misfortune, I ran my VefTel
a-ground, and went often to the Banks, to kill wild Fowl
which we did a great many. One Night, we had a mind to
fleep »on the Banks (the Weather being fair) and wrapt up
the Qeefe which we had kill'd, and not eaten, very care-
tolly, in the Sail of a Canoe, and folded itfeveral Doubles,
and for their better Security, laid 'em all Night under my
Head. In. the Morning when I wak'd, a Minx had eaten
thro every Fold of the Canoe's Sail, and thro' one of the
Oeele, moft part of which was gone. Thefe are likewife
tound high up in the Rivers, in whofe fides they live -, which
is known by the abundance of Frefh- Water Mufcle-Shells
(fuch as you have in England) that lie at the Mouth of
their Holes. This is an Enemy to the Tortois, whofe
Holes in the Sand, where they hide their Eggs, the Minx
finds out, and fcratches up and eats. The Raccoons and
Crows do the fame. The Minx may be made domeftick,
and were it not for his paying a Vifit now and then to the
Poultry, they are the greateft Deftroyers of Rats and Mice,
that are in the World. Their Skins, if good of that kind
are valuable, provided they are kill'd in Seafon

The Water-Rat is found here the fame as in Endand. The
Water-Snakes are often found to have of thefe Rats in
their Bellies.

That which the People of Carolina call a Hare, is nothing
but a Hedge-Coney. They never borough in the GroundY
but much frequent Marines and Meadow-Land. They hide
their Young in fome Place feeure from the Difcovery of the
Buck, as the European Rabbets do, and are of the fame Co*
lour j but if you ftart one of them, and purfue her, me
takes into a hollow Tree, and there runs up as far as me
can, in which Cafe the Hunter makes a Fire, and fmoaks
the Tree, which brings her down, and fmothers her. At
one time of the Year, great Bots or Maggots breed betwixt
the Skin and the Flefh of thefe Creatures. They eat juft as
the EngLjh ones do • but I never faw one of them fat. We
nre the Marine*, and then kill abundance.
. The Englijh, or European Coneys are here found, tho1 but
in one place that I ever knew of, which was in Trent-
River, where they borough'd among the Rocks. I cannot
i believe,

ofCAROLINA.

ia3

believe, thefeare Natives of the Country, any otherwife than
that they might come from aboard fome Wreck ^ the Sea not
being far off I was told of federal that were upon Bodies
Ifland by Ifowa*, which came from that Ship of Bodies \ but
I never faw any. However the Banks are no proper Abode
of Safety, becaufe of the many Minxes in thofe Quarters. I
carried over fome of the tame fort from England to South Caro-
ling which bred three times going over, we having a long
Pailage. I turn'd them loofe in a Plantation, and the young
ones, and fome of the old ones bred great Maggots in their
Teflicles. At laft, the great Guft in September, 1700. brought
a great deal of Rain, and drown'd them all in their Holes.
I intend to make a fecond Tryal of them in North 'Carolina*
and doubt Jiot but to fecure them.

The Elk is a Monfter of the Venifon fort. His Skin is
ufed almoft in the fame Nature as the Bxfelo's. Some take
him for the red Deer of America \ but he is not : For, if
brought and kept in Company with one of that fort, of the
contrary Sex, he will never couple. His Flefh is not fo fweet
as the lefTer Deers. His Horns exceed (in Weight) all Crea-
tures which the new World affords. They will often r^fort
and feed with the Bvffelo, delighting in the fame Range as
they do. a#<- Irutu) ^^|r^fef/^^_„.
The Stags of Carolina are lodg'd in the Mountains. Theyju
are not fo large as in Europe, but much larger than any Fal- '
low-Deer. They are always fat, I believe, with fome deli-
cate Herbage that grows on the Hills ; for we find all Crea-
tures that graze much fatter and better Meat on the Hills,
than thofe in the Valleys : I mean towards and near the
Sea. Some Deer.on thefe Mountains afford the occidental
Bezoar, not coming from a Goat, as fome report. What fort
of Beaft affords the oriental Be&sar, I know .not. The Tal-
low of the Harts make incomparable Candles. Their Horns
and Hides are of the fame Value, as others of their kind.

Fallow-Deer in Carolina, are taller and longer-legg'd, thanMiw-
in Europe \ but neither run fo faft, nor are fo well baunch'd. &*&»
Their Singles are much longer, and their Horns ftand for-
ward, as the others incline backward ^ neither do they beam,
or bear their Antlers, as the EngHJhDzev do. Towards the
Salts, they are not generally fo fat and good Meat, as on the
Hills, I have known fome kilFd on the Salts in January^

that

(fa*/*

— =

■■

1^4

The Natural Hiflory

%

that have had abundance of Bots in their Throat, which keep
them very poor. As the Summer approaches, thefe Bots
. come out, and turn into the fineft Butterfly imaginable, be-

V^Q^ing very large, and having black, white, and yellow Stripes,
Deer-Skins are one of the beft Commodities Carolina, affords,
to fhip off for 'England, provided they be large.
'^oxSanir* Of Squirrels we have four Sorts. The firft is the Fox-
rei. Squirrel, fo calfd, becaufe of his large Size, which is the

Bignefs of a Rabbet of two or three Months old. His Co-
lour is commonly gray; yet I have teen, feveral pied ones,
j / ~ and fome reddifh, andMack •, his chiefeft Haunts are in the
ilfoiffiMi/tMfPmy Land, where the :Almond-Pine grows. There he pro-
'4u Uhat0t£kwite* nis Winter-Store; they being a Nut that never fails
of bearing. He may be made tame, and is very good Meat,
when killed.
small gray The next fort of Squirrel is much of the Nature of the

Squirrel.

FJjMg'

Squirrel.

Grovcni
Squirrel*

S

Etiglifiij only differing in Colour. Their Food is Nuts (of
all forts the Country affords) and Acorns. They eat well;
and, like the Bear, are never found with young.

This Squirrel is gray, as well m the others. He is the
leaft of the Three. His Food is" much the fame with the
fmall gray Squirrels. He has not Wings, as Birds or Bats
have, there being a fine thin Skin cover'd with Hair, as the
reft of the parts are. This is from the Fore-Feet to the
Hinder-Feet, which is extended and holds fo much Air, as
buoys him up, from one Tree to another, that are greater
diffcances afunder, than other Squirrels can reach by jumping
or fpringing. He is made very tame, is an Enemy.to a Corn-
field, (as all Squirrels are) and eats only the germinating
Eye of that Grain, which is very fweet.

Ground Squirrels are fo calf d, becaufe they never delight
in running up Trees, and leaping from Tree to Tree. They
are the fmalleft of all Squirrels. Their Tail is neither fo
long not bufhy ; but flattifh. They are of a reddifh Co-
lour, and flriped down each Side with black Rows, which
make them very beautiful. They may be kept tame, in a
little Box with Cotton. They and the Flying-Squirrels
feldom Xtir out in, Cold Weather, being tender Animals.

The

gf CAROLINA. i3|__

The Fox of Carolina is gray, but fmells not as the Foxes mloxjhnifwult
Great-Britain, and elfewhere. They have reddiih Hair about
their Ears, and are generally very fat j yet I never faw any-
one eat them. When hinted, they make a forry Chace, be-
caufe they run up Trees* -when purfued. They are never to
be made familiar and tame, as the Raccoon is. Their Furs,
if in Seafon, are ufed for Muffs and other Ornaments. They
live chiefly on Birds and Fowls, and fuch fmall Prey, jh

I have been inform'd by the Indians, that on a Lake ofj^J^y
Water towards the Head of iJNeifs River, there haunts z^^miJiO^&Aa
Creature, which frightens them all from Hunting there- * ,'tt

abouts. They fay, he is the Colour of a Panther, but cannot fflUt44 <ulIj-/UL
run up Trees v and that there abides with him a Creature ffrffJiaJiAOr--0u
like an Englishman's Dog, which runs fatter than he can, and 97}/ fJ///l^A'
gets his Prey for him. They add, that there is no other ^/^ L
of that Kind that ever they met withal-, and that they have hidtfajfrwPT*
no other way to avoid him, but by running up a Tree. The
Certainty of this I cannot affirm by my own Knowledge,
yet they all agree in this Story. As for Lions, I never faw
any in America 5 neither can I imagine, how they mould
come there.

Of Rats we have two forts y the Houfe-Rat, as in Europe \tys.
and the Marfh-Rat, which differs very much from the other,
being more hairy, and has feveral other Diftin&ions, too long
here to name.

Mice are the fame here, as thofe in England, that belongs,
to the Houfe. There is one fort that poifons a Cat, as foon
as fhe eats of them, which has fometimes happen'd. Thefe
Mice refort not to Houfes.

TheDormoufe is the fame as in England', andfois the Dorwoufeo
Weafei, which is very fcarce.

The Bator Rearmoufe, the fame as in England. The »,MrMlflUA, n. '/r
Indian Children are much addided to eat Dirt, and fo are^ ; /JM
fome of the Chriftians. But roaft a Bat on a Skewer, then
pull the Skin off, and make the Child that eats Dirt, eat
the roafted Rearmoufe, and he will never eat Dirt again.
This is held as an infallible Remedy. I have put this a-
mongft the Beafts, as partaking of both Natures^ of the .
Bird, and Moufe-Kind.

Having mention'd all the forts of terreftrial or Land- Ani- 4
mabj which Carolina affords and are yet known to us, except

S the'

ia6

The Natural Hijiory

the Tame and Domeftick Creatures (of whichlfhall giveaa
Account hereafter, when I come to treat of the Ways and
Manners of Agriculture in that Province J I mail now pro-
ceed to the known Infetbs of that Place. Not that I pretend
to give an ample Account of the whole Tribe, which is too
numerous , and contains too great a Diveriity of Species,
many not yet difcovered, and others that have flipt my Me-
mory at prefenf, But thofe which Lean remember, I here.
prefent my Readers withal;

1

Str&gt ■
Gcniws,

Infeds of Carolina*

rji!legatorsl
RattleSnakes.
(Ground Rattle-Snakes*
Morn-Snakes.
Water-Snakes^ four fort-si
Swamp Snakes three forts.
Red-bellied Land-Snahs*
Red-backed Snake.
Mack Truncheon Snafai
Scorpion-Lizard,.
Green Lizard.
Mr ogs^ many forth

Long black SnakeL

King-Snake.

Green Snake*

Corn Snake.

Vipers black andgrayl

Tortois.

Xerebin Land and Water*,

Brimftone-Snake.

Mggy or Chicken-Snake. .

Eel-Snake^ or great Loachl

Brown Lizard.

Rotten-wood Worm^ &£.

The Allegator is the fame, as the Crocodile, and differs
only in Name. They frequent the fides of Rivers, in the.;
Banks of which they make their Dwellings a great way un-
der Ground ;: the Hole or Mouth of their Dens lying com-
monly two Foot under Water, after which it rifes till it be
confiderably above the Surface thereof. Here it is, that this-,
amphibious, Monfter dwells all the Winter, ileeping away
his time till the Spring appears, when he comes from his
Cave, and daily fwims up and down the Streams. He al-
ways breeds in fome frefn Stream, or clear Fountain of Wa-
ter, yet feeks his Prey in the broad Salt Waters, that are.
bracking not on. the Sea-fide, where I never met with any.
He never devours Men in Carolina^ butufes all ways to a*
void them, yet he kills Swine and Dogs^ the former as they
come to feed in the Marines, the others as they fwim over
the Greeks and Waters* They are very mifchievous to the

Wares

^CAROLINA.

*7

Wares made for taking Fifh, into which they come to prey
on the Fifh that are caught in the Ware, from whence they
cannot readily extricate themfelves,and fo break the Ware in
Pieces, being a very ftrong Creature. This Animal, m (UJuak^r-
thefe Parts, fometimes exceeds feventeen Foot long. It is ^jjmy
impoffibleto kill them with a Gun, unlefs you chance to hie 11 Mjlsm^
them about the Eyes, which is a much fofter Place, than the / VVtyfU
reft of their impenetrable Armour. They roar, and make L ^tHa^Cck^^
a hideous Noife againft bad Weather, and before they t^UJUApU^^
out of their Dens in the Spring. I was pretty much fright4 / T,7 <1
ned with one of thefe once; which happened thus: f^^ "*4#*-™-
built a Houfe about half a Mile from an Indian Town, ou/^^ a' ^^u-
the Fork of iV^-River, where I dwelt by my feif, ex-zW^fl^-^
ceptinga young Indian Fellow, and a Bull-Dog, that I had
along with me. I had not then been fo long a Sojourner in
America, as to be throughly acquainted with this Creature.
One of them had got his Neft dircftly under my Houfe,*
which flood on pretty high Land, and by a Creek-fide, ia
whofe Banks his Entring-place was, his Den reaching the
Ground directly on which my Houfe ftood. I was fitting a-
lone by the Fire-fide (about nine a Clock at Night, fome time
in March) the Indian Fellow being gone to the Town
to fee his Relations j fo that there was no body in. the Houfe
but my felf and my Dog ; when, all of a fudden, this ill-fa-
vour d Neighbour of mine, fet up fuch a Roaring, that he
made the Houfe make about my Ears, and fo continued, like
a Bittern, (but a hundred times louder, if poffible) for four
or five times. The Dog ftared, as if he was frightned out
ot his Senfes ; nor indeed, could I imagine what it was ha-
ying never heard one of them before. Immediately again £
had another Leflbn ; and fo a third. Being at that time a-
mongit none but Savages, I began to fufpecl:, they were
working fome Piece of Conjuration under my Houfe, to get
away my Goods i not but that, at another time, I have as
little Faith in their, or any others working Miracles, by dia-
bolical Means, as anyPerfon living. Atlaft, my Man came
m, to whom when I had told the Story, he laugh'd at me,
and presently undeceiv'd me, by telling me what it was that
made that Noife. Thefe Allegators lay Eggs, as the Ducks
do; only they are longer fhap'd, larger, and a thicker Shell,
than they have. How long they are in hatching, I cannot

S 2 tell;

m

The Natural ffiftory

>M:

J(attte-
v n&te.

tell-, but, as the Indians fay, it is molt part ef the Summer,
they always lay by a Spring-Side, the young living in and a-

cdliAchrr^ bout tne &me' as *°on as hatctl'd- Their ESSS are laid ia

/7 Kelts made in the Marines, and contain twenty or thirty

If nn ^gd Eggs. Some of thefe Creatures afford a great deal of Musk.

- Their Tail, when cut of, looks very fair and white, feemingly

like the belt of Veal. Some People have eaten thereof, and

fay, it is delicate Meat, when they happen not to be musky.

Their Fleih is accounted proper for fuch as are troubled with

the lame Diftemper, (a fort of Rhumatifm) fo is the Fat very.

prevailing to remove Aches and Pains, by Unclion. The.

Teeth, of this Creature, when dead, are taken out, to make

Chargers for Guns, being of feveral Sizes, fit for alL

Loads. They are white, and would make pretty Snuff, Boxes*

if wrought by an Artift. After the Tail of the Allegator is

Vfltotk 1m l - Separated from the Body, it will move very freely for fouO

The Rattlesnakes are found on. all the Main of America^
that I ever had any Account of \ being fo cal I'd from the
Rattle at the end of their Tails, which is a Connexion of
jointed Coverings, of an excrementitious Matter, betwixt
the Subftance of a Nail, and a Horn, though each Tegmen is*
yery thin. Nature feems to have defign'd thefe, on. pur-
pofe to give Warning of fuch an approaching Danger, as
the venomous Bite of thefe Snakes is. Some of them grow
to a very great Bignefs, as fix Foot in Length, their Middle
being the Thicknefs of the Small of a lufty Man's Leg. We.
have an Account of much larger Serpents of this Kind * but h
never met them yet, although I have fe^n. and kill'd abun-
dance in my time. They are of. an. Orange, tawny, and
Mackifh Colour, on the Back •, differing (as all Snakes do)
in Colour, on the Belly -% being.of an Afh-Colour, inclining:
to Lead. The Male is eafily diftinguilh'd from the Female^
By a black Velvet-Spot on his Head \ and beiides, his Head
is fmaller Ihaped,. and long. Their Bite is venomous, if not
fpeedrly remedied-, efpecially, if the Wound be in a Vein,
Nerve, Tendon, or Sinew, when it is very difficult to cure-
The Indians are the belt Phyficians for the Bite of thefe and.
all other venomous Creatures of this Country. There are:
four forts of Snake- Roots already difcovei'd, which Know-
ledge came from the M'^,who have performed feveral great

Cures.

11

^/CAROLINA.

129

Cures The Rattle-Snakes are accounted the peaceableft
in the World-, for they never attack any one, or injurs
thenv, unlefs they are. trod upon, or molefted. T^e molt
Danger of being bit by thefe Snakes, is for thofe that furvey
Land in Caroling yet I never heard of any Surveyor that
was kill'd, or hurt by them. I have myfelf gone over feve-
ial of this Sort,, and' others-, yet it pleafed God, I never
came to any harm. They have the Power or Art (I know
not which to call it) to charm Squirrels, Hares, Partridges,
or any fuch thing, in fuch a manner, that they run diredly
into their Mouths. This I havefeen by a Squirrel and one of
sfcefe Rattle-Snakes ; and other Snakes have, in feme mealing
the fame Power. The Rattle-Snakes have many final i Teeth,
of which I cannot fee they make any life-, for they fwallow
everything wholes but the Teeth which poifon, are only
four- two on each fide of their Upper-Jaws. Thefe are bent
iike a Sickle, and hang loofe as if by a Joint. Towards the
letting on of thefe,. there is, in each Tooth, a little Hole,
wherein you may juffc get in the Point of a fmall Needle-
And here it is, that the Poifon comes out, (which isas
green as Grafs) and follows the Wound, made by the Point
of their Teeth. They are much more venomous m the.
Months of June and July, than they are in March, April or.
September. The hotter the Weather, the more- poifonous.
Neither may we fuppofe, that they can renew their Ponoa
as oft as they, willj for we have had a Perfon bit by one oA
thefe, who never rightly recover'd it, and very hardly
efcaped with Life-, a fecond Perfon bit in the fame P ace
by the fame Snake, and receiv'd no more Harm, that 11 bit-
♦en with a Rat. They call their Skins-every Year, and corn-
monly abide near the Place where the old Skin lies. Thefe
call Skins are ufed in Phy.fick, and the Rattles are reckon^
^ood to expedite the Birth. The Gall is made up into Pills,
with -Clay, and kept for Ufe* being given in Peftilential \
Fevers and the Small-Pox. It is accounted a noble Remedy,
"known to few, and held as a great Arcanum. This Snake
has two Noftrils on each fide of his Nofe. Their Venom, I
have Reafon to believe, effete no Harm, any othervwfethaa.
when darted into the Wound by the Serpents Teeth, ^

The Ground Rattle-Snake, wrong namJd, becaufe IfcWgJjT
.nothing like Rattles. It refembtes the Rattle-Snake a little £mku
0 m

Ui£

The Natural Hiftory

Horn-

Snake.

Water-
Snakes.

'

Swamp'
Snakes.

in Colour, but is darker, and never grows to any confiderable
Bignefs , not exceeding a Foot, or fixteen Inches. He is
reckon'd amongft the worft of Snakes ; and flays out the
longeft of any Snake I know, before he returns (in the
Fall of the Leaf) to his Hole.

Of the Horn-Snakes I never faw but two, that I remember'
They are like the Rattle-Snake in Colour, but rather lighter
They hifs exactly likeaGoofe, when any thing approaches
them. They take at their Enemy with their Tail, and kill
whatfoever they wound with it, which is arm'd at the End
with a horny Subftance, like a Cock's Spur. This is their
Weapon. I have heard it credibly reported, by thofe who
laid they were Eye- Witness, that a fmall Locuft-Tree
about theThicknefs of a Man^s Arm, being ftruck by one of
thefe Snakes, at Ten a Clock in the Morning, then verdant
and flourifhing, at four in the Afternoon was dead, and the
Leaves red and wither'd. Doubtlefs, be it how it will thev
are very venomous. I think, the Indians do not pretend to
cure their Wound.

Of Water-Snakes there are four forts. The firft is of the
Horn-Snakes Colour, though lefs. The next is a very long
Snake, differing in Colour, and will make nothing to fwim
over a River a League wide. They hang upon Birches and
other Trees by the Water-Side. 1 had the Fortune once
to have one of them leap into my Boat, as I was going ud
a narrow River 5 the Boat was full of Mats, which I was elad
to take out, to get rid of him. They are reckon'd poifo-
nous. A third is much of an Englif* Adder's Colour, but
always frequents the Salts, and lies under the Drift Sea-
weed, where they are in abundance, and are accounted mif-
chievpus, when they bite. The laft is of a footy black Co-
lour, and frequents Ponds and Ditches. What his Qualities
are, I cannot tell.

Of the Swamp-Snakes there are three forts, which are
very near akin to the Water-Snakes, and may be rank'd
amongft them.

The Belly of the firft is of a Carnation or Pink Colour •
his Back a dirty brown \ they are large, but have not much
Venom in them, as ever I learnt. The next is a large Snake
of a brown Dirt Colour, and always abides in the Mar/hes. '

The

of CAROLINA.

3

The lafl is mottled, and very poifonous. They dwel] in
Swamps Sides, and Ponds, and have prodigious wide Mouths,
and (though not long) arrive to the Thicknefs of the Calf
of a Man's Leg.

Thefe frequent the Land altogether, and are fo call'd,^.^
feecaufe of their red Bellies, which incline to an Orange- Land-
Colour. Some have been bitten with thefe fort of Snakes/^*"*
and not hurt} when others have fuffer'd very much by them.
Whether there be two forts of thefe Snakes, which we
jnake no Difference of, I cannot at prefent determine.

I never law but one of thefe, which I ft'ept over, and %ed-Baeh
'did not fee him \ till he that brought the Chain after me,^«fefc
fpy'd him. He has a red Back, as the laft has a red Belly.
They are a long, (lender Snake, and very rare to be met
withal. I enquired of the Indian that was along with me,,
■whether they were very venomous , who made Anfwer,
that if he had bitten me, even the Indians could not have,
cured it.

This fort of Snake might very well have been rank'd with Bte¥
the Water-Snakes. They lie under Roots of Trees, and on T^nchom.
the Banks of Rivers. When any thing difturbs them* they *******
dart into the Water (which is Salt) like an Arrbw out of a
Bow. They are thick, and the fhortefl Snake I ever faw.
What Good, or Harm, there is in them, I know not. Some
of thefe Water-Snakes will fwallow a black Land-Snake, half;
as long again as themfelves.

The Scorpion. Lizard, is no more like a Scorpion, than aswpiw
Hedge-Hog-, but they very commonly call him a Scorpion. UwU*
He is of the Lizard Kind, but much bigger, his Back is of a
dark Copper-Colour } his Belly an Orange j he is very nimble
in running up Trees, or on the Land, and is accounted very,
poifonous. He has the moll Sets of Teeth in his Mouth and'
fThroat, that ever I faw.

Green Lizards are very harmlefs and beautiful, having a Green-
little Bladder under their Throat, which they fill- with Wind,i/^
and evacuate the fame at Pieafure. They are of a moll glo*
rious Green, and very tame. They refort to the Walls of
Houfes in the Summer Seafon, and Hand gazing on a Man,,
without any Concern or Fear. There are feveral other Co-
lours of thefe Lizards j but none fo beautiful as the. green*
©nes are.

m

n

The Natural Hiftory

VrOgs.

Of Frogs we have feveral forts } the mod; famous is the
Bull-Frog, fo call'd, becaufe he lows exactly like that Beaft,
which makes Strangers wonder (when by the fide of a Marfh)
what's the matter, for they hear the Frogs low, and can fee no
Cattle j he is very large. I believe, I have ktn one with
as much Meat on him, as a Pullet, if he had beendrefs'd.
The fmall green Frogs get upon Trees, and make a Noife.
There are feveral other colour'd fmall Frogs j but the Com-
mon Land-Frog is liked a Toad, only he leaps, and is not
poifonous. He is a great Devourer of Ants, and the Snakes
devour him. Thefe Frogs baked and beat to Powder, and
taken with Orrice-Root cures a Tympany.
long black The jong? black Snake frequents the Land altogether, and
Snaie»- is the nimbleft Creature living. His Bite has no more Ve-
nom, than a Prick with a Pin. He is the bell Moufer that
can be j for he leaves not one of that Vermine alive, where
he comes. He alfo kills the Rattle-Snake, wherefoever he
meets him, by twilling his Head about the Neck of the
Rattle-Snake, and whipping him to Death with his Tail.
This Whipfter haunts the Dairies of carelefs Houfewives, and
never miffes to skim the Milk clear of the Cream. He is an
excellent Egg-Merchant, for he does not fuck the Eggs, but
fwallows them whole (as all Snakes do.) He will often fwal-
low all the Eggs from under a FLen. that fits, and coil himfelf
under the Hen, in the Nell, where fometimes the Houfe-
. wife finds him. This Snake, for all his Agility, is fo brittle,.
that when he is purfued, and gets his Head into the Hole of
a Tree , if any body gets hold of the pother end, he wii!
twill, and break himfelf off in the middle. One of thefe
Snakes, whofe Neck is no thicker that a Woman's little
Finger, will fwallow a Squirrel ^ fo much does that part
flretch, in all thefe Creatures.

The King-Snake is thelongeft of all others, and not com-
mon} no Snake (they fay) will meddle with them. I think
they are not accounted very venomous. The Indians make
Girdles and Salhes of their Skins.

Green-Snakes are very fmall, tho' pretty (if any Beauty
be allow'd to Snakes.) Every one makes himfelf very fami-
liar with them, and puts them in their Bofom, becaufe there
is no maimer of Harm ia them.

" "" - The

Snake,

Green

Sntku

y CAROLINA.

The Corn-Snakes are but fmall ones } they are of a brown Com-
Colour, mixed with tawny. There is no "more hurt in this,^^-
than in the green Snake.

Of thofe we call Vipers, there are two forts. People call vipers.
thefe Vipers, becaufe they fpread a very fiat Head at any *
time when they are vex'd. One of thefe is a grayifh like the
Italian Viper, the other blade and fhort ; and is reckon'd a-
mongfb the worft of Snakes, for Venom,

Tqrtois, vulgarly calFd Turtle; I have .rank'd thefe a-fir-r
moiig the Infeds, becaufe they lay Eggs, and I did not know
well where to put them. Among us there are three forts.
The firft is the green Turtle, which is not common, bat is
fometimes found on our CoalL The next is the Hawks-biij,
which is common. Thefe two forts are extraordinary Meat.
The third is Logger-Head, which Kind fcarce any one covets,
except it be for the Eggs, which of this and all other Turtles,
are very good Food. None of thefe forts of Creatures Eggs
will ever admit the White to be harder than a Jelly ; yet the
Yolk, with boiling, becomes as hard as any other Egg.

Of Terebins there are divers forts, all which, to be brief, Terebin;
we will comprehend under the Diitindion of Land and Wa-
ter-Terebins.

The Land-Terebin is of fe vera! Sizes? but generally Round- Land-Terc*
Mouth'd, and not Hawks-Bilfd, as fome are. The Indians1*'1**
eat them. Moft of them are good Meat, except the very
large ones; and they are good Food too, provided they are
not Musky. They are an utter Enemy to the Rattle-Snake,
for when the Terebin meets him, he catches hold of him a
little below his Neck, and draws his Head into his Shell
which makes the Snake beat his Tail, and twift about with
all the Strength and Violence imaginable, to get away 5
but the Terebin foon difpatches him, and there leaves him
Thefe they call in Europe the Land Tortois; their Food is
Snails, Tad- pools, or young Frogs, Mumrooms, and the
Dew and Slime of the Earth and Ponds.

Water Terebins are fmall-, containing about as much Meat iKter-Tc-
as a Pullet1, and are extraordinary Food \ efpecially, i^ebin.
May and June. When they lay, their Eggs are very good ;
but they have fo many Enemies that find them out, that the
hundredth part never .comes to Perfection. The Sun and

X Sand

— —

if4

The Natural Hifiory

Chicken-
Snake.

m

Sand hatch them, which come out the Bignefs of a fmalj
Chefnut, and fsek their own Living.
Brimfione- We now come again to the Snakes. The Brimftone is fo
snake, call'd, I believe, becaufe it is almoft of a Brimftone Colour.
They might as well have call'd it a Glafs-Snake, for it is as
brittle as a Tobacco-Pipe, fo that if you give it the leaffc
Touch of a filial] Twigg, it immediately breaks into feveral
Pieces. Some affirm, that if you let it remain where you broke
it, it will come together again. What Harm there is in this
brittle Ware, I cannot tell ;.but I never knew any body hurt

by them. , ' , r . . _

The Egg or Chicken-Snake is fo call'd, becaufe it is fre-
quent about the Hen-Yard, and eats Eggs and Chickens,
tl-ey *re of a dusky Soot Colour, and will roll the mfelves
round^and Hick eighteen, or twenty Foot high, by the fide
of a fmooth-bark'd Pine, where there is no manner of Hold,
and there fun themfelves, and fleep all the Sunny Part of the
Day There is no great matter of Poifon in them.
mA The Wood-Worms are of a Copper, mining Colour, fcarce
Worm, fo thick as your little Finger ♦, are often fond in Rotten-
Trees. They are accounted ?eno:nous, in cafe they biter
though I never knew any thing hurt by them. They never
exceed four or five Jjiches in length.

The Reptiles, or fmaller I»Je£ts, are too numerous to re-
late here^ this Country affording innumerable Quantities
thereof', as the Flying-Stags with Horns, Beetles, Butter-
files, Graihoppers, Locuft, and feveral hundreds of uncouth
Shajes, which in the Summer-Seafon are difcovered here ia
Carolina, the Defcription of which requires a large Volume,
lllnt not my Intent at prefent. Befides, what the Moun-
tainous Part of this Land may hereafter lay open to our
View Time and Induftry will difcover, for we that have fet-
tled but a fmall Share of this large Province, cannot imagine,,
hut there will be a great number of Difcovenes made by
S5fe that M comeWter into the Back-part of this
Land, and make Enquiries therein, when, at leaft, we con-
fer that the Weft ward of Carolina h quite different in Soil,
Air Weather, Growth of Vegetables, and feveral Animals
too' S we at prefent are wholly Strangers to, and to
fiekfor. A?to a right Knowledge thereof, 1 fay, when an-
11 Age is come>e Ingenious then m being may ftand

V CAROLINA.

M5

upon the Shoulders of thofe that went before. them, adding
their own Experiments to what was delivered down to them
by their Predeceflbrs, and then there will be fomething to-
wards a complete Natural Hiftory, which (in thefe days)
would be no eaile Undertaking to any Author that writes
truly and compendioufly, as he ought to do. It is fufficient
at prefent, to write an hanefl and fair Account of any of
the Settlements, in this new World, without wandring out
of the Path of Truth, or befpattering any Man's Reputation
any wife concerned in the Government of the Colony: he
that mixes Inve&ives with Relations of this Nature ren-
dering himfelf fufpe&ed of Partiality in whatever he writes,.
For my part, I wifhall well, and he that has received any
fevere Dealings from the Magiflrate or his Superiours, had
pelt examine himfelf well, if he was not firft in the Fault ;
if fo, then he can juftly blame none but himfelf for what has
happen'd to him.

Having thus gone thro* the Infers, as in the Table, ex-
cept the Eel-Snake, (focall'd, though very improperly, be-
caufehe is nothing but a Loach, that fucks, and cannot
bite, as the Snakes do.) He is very large, commonly fixteen
inches, or a Foot and half long h having all the Properties
tnat other Loaches have, and dwells in Pools and Waters, as
they do. Notwithstanding, we have the fame Loach as you
nave, in Bignefs. J

r Ihh j r ] that at Prefent l M mention," touching, the /*-
Jetts, and fo go on to give an Account of the Fowls and Birds,
tnat are properly found in Carolina, which are thefe.

Birds of Carolina.

Eagle bald.

Eagle gray.

Fijhing Hawh

Turkey Buzzard, or Vulture,

Herring-tail7 d Hawh

GoJhawL

Falcon.

Merlin.

Sparrowhawfa

Bobby.

Ring-tail.

Haven.

Crow.

Black Birds, two forts.

Buntings two forts.

fheafant.

Woodcock.

Snipe.

Partridge,

Moorhen*

' T 2 ,

Birds in
America
more beaw
tiful than
in Eu-
rope.

Jay,

J*

1^6 The

Natural Hiftory

J4

Red Bird.

Green Plover.

Taft- India Bat.

T lover gray or whirling.

Martins, two forts.

Pigeon.

Diveling, or Swift.

"Turtle Dove,

Swallow ,

JParrakeeto.

Humming Bird.

.. Thrift.

The Tom-Tit, or Ox-Eys*.

Wood-Peelers, five forts*

Owls, two forts.

Mocking-birds, two forte*

Scritch Owl.

Cat-Bird,

Baltimore bird.

Cuckoo.

Throfile, no Singer...

Blue-Bird.

V/hippoo Will.

Bulfinch.

Reed Sparrow.

Nightingale.

Weet bird.

Hedge-Sparrow..

Rice bird.

Wren.

Cranes and Storks*,

Sparrows, wo forts.

Snow-birds. :

Lark.

Tellow-wings.

Warn Water Fowl are,

0mfy

' Swans, called Trompeters*.

Bucks, as in England.

Swans, called Hoopers,

Ducks blacky all Summer*.

Geefe, three forts.

Ducks pied, build on Trees.

Brant gray.

Ducks whiftlmg, at Sapona* :

9 Brant white.

Duchfcarlet-eye at'YLfkw.

-

Sea-pies or pied Curfuesl.

Blue-wings.

WillWillets.

Widgeon.

Great Gray Gulls.

Teal, two forts.

Old Wives.

Shovelers.

Sea Cock.

Whifflers.

Curlues, three forth*

Black Flufterers, or bald Cooh

Coots.

Turkeys Wild.

JCngs-fijher.

Fifiermen.

Loons, two forts,

Divers^

Bitterns, three forts.,

Raft Fowl.

Hern gray.

Bull-necks*

Hem white.

Redheads.

Water Fheafant.

Tropick'birds^

Little gray Gull.

JPellican:

Cojmwmti ^

™

of CAROLINA.

97

Gannet.
■She rr -water.
-Great bla.k pied Gull,
JMarJh-hens.
Blue Teters*
Sand-birds,
Runners.

Tutcocks.

Swaddle- bills.

Men.

Sheldrakes.

Bald Faces.

Water Witcfy, or Ware Coot*

As the Eagle is reekon'd the King o^ Birds I have begun BaU-E£
yvith him. Jhe firft I.fhall fpeak of, is the bald Eagle i, fogte.
eall'd, becaufe his Head, to the middle of his Neck, and his
Tail, is as white as Snow. Thefe Birds continually breed
the Tear round •, for when the young Eagles are juft down'd,
with a fort of white woolly Feathers, the Hen-Eagle lays
again, which Eggs are hatch'd by the Warmth of the young
ones in the Neft, fo that the Flight of one Brood makes
Room for the next, that are but juft hatch'd. They prey
on any living thing they can catch. They are heavy of Flight,
and cannot get their Food by Swiftnefs-, to help which there
is a Fifhawk that catches Fillies, and fufFers the Eagle to take
them from her, although me is long-wing'd and a fwift
Flyer, andean make far better way in her Flight than the
v Eagle can. The bald Eagle attends the Gunners in Winter,,
with all the Obfequioufaefs imaginable, and when he moots*
and kills any Fowl, the Eagle furely comes in for his Bird 5
and befides, thofe that are wounded, and efcape theFowlerj
fall to the Eagle's mare* He is an excellent Artift at Healing
young Pigs, which Prey he carries alive to his Neft, at which
time the poor Pig makes fuch a JSfoife over Head, that Stran-
gers that have heard them cry, and not feen the Bird and his
Prey, have thought there were Flying Sows and Pigs in that -
Country. The Eagle's Neft is made of Twigs, Sticks and
Rubbifh. It is big enough to fill a handfome Carts Body,,
and commonly fo full of nafty Bones and CarcafFes that it
ftinks raoft offenfively. This Eagle is not bald, till he is one .
or two years old.

The gray Eagle is altogether the fame fort of Bird , as the <&&&*>
Eagle in Europe; therefore, we Jhall treat no farther 00*-
Mm;

The Fifhing-Hawkisthe Eagle's Jackal, which moft coia*. *#'*£-■
monfy (though not always) takes his Prey for him,.- He is a*4***-

large.

The Natural Hifiory

turkey-
Biiftard.

Berrh
txiH

Uxvok.

Merlin,

Sparrow-
Hamk,

large Bird, being above two- thirds as big as the Eagle. He
builds his Neil as. the Eagles do; that is, in a dead Cyprefs-
Tree, either Handing in, or hard by, the Water. The Ea-
gle and this Bird feldora lit on a living Tree. He is of a gray-
pied Colour, and the vmoft. dexterous Fowl in Nature at
Catching of Fiih", which he wholly lives on, never eating
any Flelh.

The Turkey-Buzzard of. Carolina is a fmall Vulture, which
lives on any dead CarcaiTes. They are about the Bignefs of
theFifhing-Hawk, and have a nafty Smell with them. They
are of the Kites Colour, and are reported to be an Enemy to
Snakes, by. killing all they meet, withal of that Kind.

The Herring, or Swallow-tail'd Hawk, is about the Big-
nefs of a Falcon, but a much longer Bird. He is of a deli-
cate Aurora-Colour ; the Pinions of his Wings, and End of
his Tail are black. He is a very beautiful Fowl, and never
appears abroad but in the Summer. His Prey is chiefly on
Snakes, and will kill the biggefb we have, with a great deal
of Dexterity and Eafe. " .

Gofhawks are very plentiful in Carolina. They are not
feemingiy fo large as thofe from Mufcovy j but appear to be
a very brisk Bird.

The Falcon is much the fame as in. Europe, and promifes
•to be a brave Bird, tho' I never had any of them in my Hand;
neither did I ever fee any of them in any other Pofture jan
on the Wing, which always happen'd to be in an Evening,
and flying to the Weftward ; therefore, 1 believe, they have
their Abode and Nefr, among the Mountains, where we may
expe&to find them, and feveral other Species that we are at
prefent Strangers to.

The Merlin is a fmall Bird in Europe, but much fcaller
here; yet he very nimbly kills the fmaller forts ofBirds^ and
fometimes the Partridge \ if caught alive, he would be a great
Rarity, becaufe of his Beauty and Smalnefs.

The Sparrow-Hawk in Carolina is no bigger than a Field-
fare in England. He flies at the Buih and fometimes kills a
fmall Bird , but his chiefejf. Food is Reptiles, as Beetles,
Gramoppers, and fuch fmall things. He is exadiy cr the
fame Colour, as the Sparrow-Hawk in England, only has a
blackilh Hood by his Eyes.

.. : Hob-

of CAROLINA

39

Hobbies are the fame here as in England, and are not often Hobby,
met withal.

The Ring-tail is a fhort-wuig',d .Hawk, preying on Mice, ving-TaiL
d fuch Vermine in the 'Marines, as in England.

I have Havens.

and

Ravens, the lame as in England, though very few.
not feen above fix in. eight Years time.

Crows are here lefs than in England, i hey are as good Crows,- '
Meat as a Pigeon:, and never feed on any Carrion. They *
are great Enemies to the Corn-Fields*, and cry and build
almoft like Rooks.

Of thefe we have two forts, which are tbe'worft Vermine Bted~-
in America. They fly fometimes in fuch Flocks," that they ^M*.
deftroy every thing before them. They (both forts; build
in hollow Trees, as Starlings do. The firft fort is near as
big as a Dove, and is very white and delicate Food. The
other fort is very beautiful, and about the Bignefs of the
Owfel. Part of their Head, next to the Bill, and the Pini-
ons of their Wings, are of an Orange, and glorious Crimfon
Colour. They are as good Meat as the former, tho' very
few here (where large Fowl are fo plenty) ever trouble
themfelves to kill or drefs them.

Of the Bunting-Larks we have two forts, though the Heel^S^
of this Bird is not folong as in Europe. The firft of thefe
often accompany the Black-birds, and fing as the Bunting-
Larks in England do, differing' very little. The firft fort
has an Orange-Colour on the Tops of their Wings, and are '
as good Meat as thofe in Europe. The other fort is fomething
lefs, of a lighter Colour*, nothing differing therein from
thofe in England, as to Feathers, Bignefs, and Meat.

The Pheafant of Carolina differs fome fmall matter from Tk&fm°
the EngUJh Pheafant, being not fo big, and having fome dif-
ference in Feather *, yet he is not any wife inferiour in Deli-
cacy, but is as good Meat, or rather finer. He haunts the
back Woods, and is feldom found near the Inhabitants. /'""Vv/

The Woodcocks live ^nd breed here, though they are not WoodcecfyiJ/ffivwz/- I
in great plenty , as I have Ccqu. them in fome Parts of tfcfttj \

England, and other Places. They want one third of the '■

EngUJh Woodcock in Bignefs ; but differ not in Shape, or
Feather, fave that their Breaft is of a Carnation Colour; and
they make a Noife fwhen they are on the Wing J like the
Bells about a Hawk's Legs, They are certainly as dainty Meat,

as -

/

The Natural. Hifiory

. as any in the World. Their Abode is in all Parts of this
Country in low, boggy Ground , Springs, Swamps, and.
Percoarfons. ;

Snipe. The Snipes here frequent the fame Places, as they do m

England, and differ nothing from them. They are the only
wild Bird that is nothing different from the Species of Eu-
, rope, and keeps \*fth us all the Year. In fome Places, there
m are a great many of thefe Snipes.
vmrUge. Our Partridges in Carolina, very often take upon Trees
and have a fort of Whiftle and Gall, quite different from
thofe in England. They are a very beautiful Bird, and great
Deftroyers of the Peafein Plantations j wherefore, they £ti
Traps, and catch many of them. They have the fame Fea-
ther, as in Europe >, only the Cock wants the Horfe-Shooe,
in lieu of which he has a fair Half-Circle over each Eye.
Thefe fas well as the Woodcock; are lefs than the European
Bird, but far finer Meat They might be eafily tranfported
to any Place, becaufe they take to eating, after caught.
Moorhen. The Moorhens are of the black Game. I am in'form'd '
that the gray Game haunts the Hills. They never come into
the Settlement, but keep in the hilly Parts.
f& Jays are here common, and very mifchievous, in devour-

ing our Fruit, and fpoiling more than they eat. They are
abundantly more beautiful, and finer feather'd than thofe in.
Europe, and not above half fo big.

The Lap-wing or Green-Plover are here very common^
They cry pretty much, as the English Plovers do ; and dif-
fer not much in Feather, but want a third of their Big-
nefs.

The gray or whiffling Plover, are very fcarce amongft us.
I never faw any but three times, that fell and fettled on the
Ground. They differ very little from thofe in Europe, as far
as I could difcern. I have feen feveral great Flocks of them
flyover head; therefore, believe, they inhabit the Valleys
near the Mountains. <n~WWh ?i*itfu

Our wild Pigeons, are like the Wood-Queefe Or Stock-
Doves, only have a longer Tail. They leave us in the Sum-
mer. This fort of Pigeon (as I faid before) is the moll like
our Stock-Doves, or Wood-Pigeons that we have in Eng-
land; only thefe differ in their Tails, which are very long,
much like aParrakeeto's? Youmuft underhand, that thefe

Bird*

Green-
Tlover.

Gray- v
Plover.

Tlgeons.

^/CAROLINA.

141

17*7.

Birds do not breed amongit us, (who are fettled at, and near
the Mouths of the Rivers, as I have intimated to you before;
but come down (efpecially in hard Winters) amongft the In-
habitants, in great Flocks, as they were feen to do in the
Year 1707, which was the hardeft: Winter that ever was
known, fince Carolina has been feated by the Chriftians. And
if that Country had iuch hard Weather, "what muft be ex-
pe&ed of the fevere Winters in Penfyhania, New-Tori, and
New-England, where Winters are ten times (if poffible)
colder than with us. Although the Flocks are, in fuch Ex-
tremities, very numerous ; yet they are not to be mention'd in
Companion with the great and infinite Numbers of thefe
Fowl, that are met withal about a hundred, or a hundred
and fifty, Miles to the Weftward of the Places where we at
prefent live ^ and where thefe Pigeons comedown, in quell
of a fmall fort of Acorns, which in thofe Parts are plenti-
fully found. They are the fame we call Turky- Acorns, be-
caufe the wild Turkies feed very much thereon^ And for the
fame Reafon, thofe Trees that bear them, are call'd Turky-
Oaks. I faw fuch prodigious Flocks of thefe Pigeons, in
January or February, i70i-2,(which were in the hilly Country,
between the great Nation of tne E faw Indians, and theplea-
fant Stream of Sapona, which is the Weil-Branch of Clarendon^
or Cape-Fair River) that they had broke down the Limbs of j
a great many large Trees all over thofe Woods, whereoV
they chanced to lit and rooft} efpecially the great Pines,
which are a more brittle Wood, than our forts of Oak are,
Thefe Pigeons, about Sun-Rife, when we were preparing to hntt*i**4V*&l
march on our Journey, would fly by us in fuch vaft Flocks,7-. fe*s&j
that they would be near a Quarter of an Hour, before they v ' /
were all pafs'd by ; and as foon as that Flock was gone, a-
nother would come ; and fo fucceffively one after another,
for great part of the Morning. It is obfervable, that when-
ever thefe Fowl come in fuch Numbers, as I faw them then*
they clear all before them, fcarce leaving one Acorn upon
the Ground, which would, doubtlefs, be a great Prejudice to
the Planters that mould feat there, becaufe their Swine
would be thereby deprived of their Malt. When I faw fuch
Flocks of the Pigeons I now fpeak of, none of our Company
had any other fort of Shot, than that which is caft in Moulds,
and was fo very large, that we could not put above ten or a

V dozen

/ (n^^%inSuu

:i.:

The Natural Hiftory

Turtle

threes.

Wood-
.Peckers*

SsconAo

dozen of them into our largeft Pieces; Wherefore, we made
but an indifferent Hand of mooting them *, although we
commonly kilfd a Pigeon for every Shot, They were very
fat, and as good Pigeons, as ever I eat. I enquired of the
Indians th^t dwell'd in thofe Parts, where it was that thofe
l?igeons bred, and they pointed towards the vaft Ridge of
Mountains , and faid, they bred there. Now, whether
they make their Nefts in the Holes in the Rpcks of thofe
Mountains, or build in Trees, I could not learn j but they
feem to me to be a Wood-Pigeon, that build in Trees, be-
caufe of their frequent fitting thereon, and their Roofting
on Trees always at Night, under which their Dung com-
monly lies half a Foot thick, and kills every thing that
grows where it falls.

Turtle Doves are here very plentiful ; they devour the
Peafe; for which Reafon, People make Traps and catch
them.

The Parrakeetos are of a green Colour, and Orange-Co-
lour'd half way their Head. Of thefe and the Allegatorsr
there is none found to the Northward of this Province.
They vilit us firft, when Mulberries are ripe, which Fruit
they love extremely. They peck the Apples, to eat the
Kernels, fo that the Fruit rots and perilhes. They are mif-
chievous to Orchards. They are often taken alive, and will
become familiar and tame in two days. They have their
Nells in hollow Trees, in low, fwampy Ground. They der
vour the Birch-Buds in April, and lie hidden when the Wea-
ther is frofty and hard.

The Thrufhes in America, are the fame as in England, and
red under the Wings. They never appear amongft us but
in hard Weather, and prefently leave us again.

Of Wood-peckers, we have four forts. The firlt is as
"big as a Pigeon, being of a dark brown Colour, with a white
Crofs on his Back, his Eyes circled with white, and on his
Head ftands a Tuft of beautiful Scarlet Feathers. His Cry
is heard a long way \ and he flies from one rotten Tree to
another, to get Grubs, which is the Food he lives on.

The fecond fort are of an Olive-Colour , ftriped with
yellow. They eat Worms* as well as Grubs, and are about
the Bignefs of thofe ia Europe.

The

mm

of CAROLINA.

H?

The third is the fame Bignefs as the lafr. ; he is pied withal
black and white, has a Grimfon Head, without a Topping,
and is a Plague to the Corn and Fruit *, efpecially the Apples.
He opens the Covering of the young Corn, fo that the Rain .
gets in, and rots it.

The fourth fort of thefe Wood-peckers, is a black and Fourth.
white fpeckled, or mottled y the fineft I ever faw. The
Cock has a red Crown ; he is not near fo big as the others \ ,./ ,. ft t. ,
his Food is Grubs, Corn, and other creeping Infe&s. He is<*w lu toiWlk.
not very wild, but will let one come up to him, then ihifts '

on the other fide the Tree, from your fight 5 and fo dodges
you for a long time together. He is about the fixe of an Eng-
HJh Lark.

The Mocking-Bird is about as big as a Thro file in England, Mocking
but longer; they are of a white, and gray Colour, and art Birds.
held to be the Chorifters of America, as indeed they are.
They fmg with the greatelt Diverlity of Notes, that is poffi-
ble for a Bird to change to. They may be bred up, and will
fmg with us tame in Cages ; yet I never take any of their
Nefts, altho' they build yearly in my Fruit-Trees, becaufe
I have their Company, as much as if tame, as to the finging
Part. They often lit upon our Chimneys in Summer, there
being then no Fire in them, and ling the whole Evening and
molt part of the Night. They are always attending our
Dwellings; and feed upon Mulberries and other Berries and Qdnjiirrjji
Fruits*, efpecially the Mtcboacan-berry, which grows here /^T// r77Ji \^
very plentifully. (ftf' &**-?» j ^ * *■* *-

There is another fort call'd the Ground-Mocking-Bird.2i.70tf.
She is the fame bignefs, and of a Cinnamon Colour. This
Bird lings excellently well, but is not fo common amongft us
as the former.

The Cat-Bird, fo nam'd, becaufe it makes a Noife ex-c**'Bird.'
a&ly like young Cats. They have a blaekifh Head, and an
Afh-coloured Body, and have no other Note that I know of.
They are no bigger than a Lark, yet will light a Crow or any
other great Bird.

The Cuckoo of Carolina may not properly be fo calPd, be-cwta.
caufe (he never ufes that Cry ; yet ihe is of the fame Bignefs
and Feather, and fucks the Small-Birds Eggs, as the Englijh
Cuckoo does.

U i A

■

—

1

lU

The Natural Hifiory

Blue-Bird. A Blue-Bird is the exa& Bignefs of a Robin-red-breaft.
The Cock has the fame colour'd Breaft as the Robin has, and
his Back, and all the other Parts of him, are of as fine a Blue
as can poffibly be feen in any thing in the World. He has
a Cry, and a Whittle. They hide themfelves all the Win-
ter.

Bulfinches, in America , differ fomething from thofe in
Europe, in their Feathers, tho' not in. their Bignefs. I never
knew any one tame, therefore know not, what they might be
brought to.

The Nightingales are different in Plumes from thofe in
Europe. They always frequent the low Groves, where they
iing very prettily all Night.

Hedge-Sparrows are here, though few Hedges. They
differ fcarce any thing in Plume or Bignefs, only I never
heard this Whittle, as the EngUJh one does ; efpecially after
Rain.

Sulfincb.

Nightin-
gale.

Hedge-
Sparrow.

Wren*

Sparrow.

LarV.

^ed-Birds,

Eaft-In-
dia Bats.

Martins.

The Wren is the fame as in Europe, yet I never heard any
Note fhe has in Carolina.

Sparrows here differ in Feather from the EngUJh. We have
feveral Species of Birds call'd Sparrow s,. one of them much re-
fembling the Bird, call'd a Corinthian Sparrow.

The Lark with us ■ reforts to the Savannas, on natural
Meads, and green Marffies. He is colour'd and heefd as
the Lark is *, but his Breaft is of a glittering fair Lemoji-
Colour, and he is as big as a Fieldfare, and very fine Food.

The Red-Birds (who.fe.Cock is all over of a rich Scarlet
Feather, with a tufted Crown on his Head, of the fame Co-
lour) are the Bignefs of a Bunting-Lark, and very hardy^
having a ftrong thick Bill. They will ling very prettily,
when taken old, and put in a Cage. They are good Birds
to turn a Cage with Bells \ or if taught,, as the Bulfinch is, I.
believe, would prove very docible.

Eafl-India Bats or Mufqueto Hawks, are the. Bignefs of a
Cuckoo, and much of the fame Colour. They are fo call'd,
becaufe the fame fort is found in the Eaft-Jndies. They ap-
pear only in the Summer, and live onFlies, which they catch
in the Air, as Gnats, Mufquetos, &c.

Martins are here of two forts. The firft is the fame as in
England \ the other as big as a Black-Bird. They have white,
Throats aSid Breafts, with black Backs. The Planters put

Gourds

of CAROLINA.

4-5

Gourds on (landing Poles , on purpofe for thefe Fowl to
build in, becaufe they are a very Warlike Bird, and beat the
Crows from the Plantations.

The Swift, orDiveling, the fame as in England. Swifu-

Swallows, the fame as in England. Sv.alhw.

The Humming-Bird is the Miracle of all our wing'd Ani-f™^"
mals} He is feather'd as a Bird, and gets bis Living as the
Bees, by fucking the Honey from each Flower. In fome of
the larger fort of Flowers, he will bury himfelf, by diving
to fuck the bottom of it, fo that he is quite cover'd, and of-
tentimes Children catch them in thofe Flowers,- and keep
them alive for five or fix days. They are of different Colours,-
the Cock differing from the Hen. The Cock is of a green,-
red, Aurora, and other Colours mixt. He is much lefs than
a Wren, and very nimble. His Neft is one of the greater
.Pieces, of Workmanfhip the whole Tribe of wingM Animals
can (hew, it commonly hanging on a fingle Bryar, moft ar-
tificially woven, a fmall Hole being left to go in and out at.
The Eggs are the Bignefs of Peafe,

The Tom-Tit, or Ox- Eyes, as in England. 7'0Y!U Tiu

Of Owls we have two forts 5 the fmaller fort is like ours in 0wh.
England; the other fort is as big as a middling Goofe, and-
has a prodigious Head. They make a fearful Hollowing in
the Night-time, like a Man, whereby they often make Stran-
gers lofe their way in the Woods.

Scotch Owls, much the fame as in Europe. Scr'mh

The Baltimore- Bird , fo call'd from the Lord Baltimere,0wh.-
Proprietor of all Maryland, in which Province many of themff^'^
are found. They are the Bignefs of a Linnet, with yellow ' *
Wings, and beautiful in other Colours.

Throttle, the fame Size and Feather as in Europe, but ITbrofile.
never could hear any of them fing.

TheWeet, fo call'd becaufe he cries always before Rain \We& Bird.
he refembles neareft the Fire-tail

Cranes ufe the Savannas, low Ground, and Frogs ; they Crams and
are above five Foot-high, when extended} are of a Cream Storh'
Colour, and have a Crimfon Spot, on the Crown of their
Heads. Their Quills are excellent for Peas j their Flefh- makes.
the belt Broth, yet is very hard to digeit. Among them often
frequent Storks, which are here (ecu, and no where be-f/des
in America, that I have yet heard of. The Cranes are eafily,

bred,

The Natural Hijiory

m

Snow-

Birds.

fellow
Wings.

Whipped*

Will.

$ed Spar-
row,

Water
Fowl.

Swam,

Hooper,

mu

Geefe,

bred up tame, and are excellent in a Garden to deftroy Frogs,
Worms, and other Vermine.

The Snow-Birds are moft numerous in the North Parts of
America, where there are great Snows. They vifit us fome-
times in Carolina, when the Weather is harder than ordinary.
They are like the Stones Sniach, or Wheat-Ears, and are de-
licate Meat.

Thefe Yellow- Wings area very fmall Bird, of a Linnet's
Colour, but Wings as yellow as Gold. They frequent high
up in our Rivers, and Greeks, and keep themfelves in the
thick Bufhes, very difficult to be feen in the Spring. They
ling very prettily.

Whippoo-Will, lb nam'd, becaufe it makes thofe Words ex-
actly. They are the Bignefs of a Thrum, and call their Note
under a Bufh, on the Ground, hard to be feen, though you
hear them never fo plain. They are more plentiful in Virgi-
nia, than with us in Carolina', for I never heard but one
that was near the Settlement, and that was hard-by an /«-
dian Town.

This neareft refembles a Sparrow, and is the moft com-
mon Small-Bird we have, therefore we call them fo. They
are brown, and red, cinnamon Colour, Itriped.

Of the Swans we have two forts ; the one we call Trom*
peters; becaufe of a fort of trompeting Noife they make.

Thefe are the largeft fort we have, which come in great
Flocks in the Winter, and flay, commonly, in the frefh Ri-
vers till February, that the Spring comes on, when they go to
the Lakes to breed. A Cygnet, that is, a laffc Year's Swan,
is accounted a delicate Difh, as indeed it is. They are known
by their Head and Feathers, which are not fo white as Old
ones.

t The fort of Swans call'd Hoopers, are the leaft. They a-
bide more in the Salt- Water, and are equally valuable, for
Food, with the former. It is obfervable, that neither of
thefe have a black Piece of horny Flefh down the Head, and
Bill, as they have in England.

Of Geefe we have three forts, differing from each other
only in fize. Ours are not the common Geefe that are in the
Fens in England^ but the other forts, with black Heads and
Necks.

The

of C A R O L I N A.

147

The gray Brant, or Barnicle, is here very plentiM, as all^
other Water-Fowl are, ia the Winter-Seafon. They are8 «'
the fame which they call Barnicles ia Great-Bnum, and are
a very good Fowl, and eat well. . wu

There is alfo a white Brant, very plentiful »■«*
This Bird is all over as white as Snow, except the Tips ot
his Wings, and thofe are black. They eat the Roots of Sedge
and Graft in the Marines and Savannas, which they tear up
like Hogs The belt way to kill thefe Fowl is, to burn a
Piece of Mar(h,or Savanna, andasfoon as it is burnt, they,
will come in great Flocks to get the Roots, where :you kill
what you pleafe of them. They are as good Meat as the o-
ther, only their Feathers areftubbed, and good for little.

ThesJ-Pie, or gray Curiae, is about the Bignetsof a very^.o,
large Pigeon, but iSnger. He has a long Bill as other Cur- C»^-
luef have, which is the Colour of an Englf Owfel's, that
is, yellow-, as are his Legs. He frequents, the band-beache
on the Sea-fide, and. when kili'd, is mfenour to no fowl 1

eVWMwL is fo called from his Cry, -which he very ejactty Mum-
calls Will mm , as he flies. His Bill is like a Curiae s, or •
Woodcock's, and has much fuel} a Body as tne other, yet

Pullet. They lay large Eggs, which are found in very great
Quantities, on the Wands in oar Sound, in the Months ot.
June, and July. The young Squabs are very good Victuals,
and often prove a Relief to Travellers by Water, that have

* oVwte'sTi^black and white pied Gull wkh "extraor- ou Wiveh
dinary long Wings, and a golden colour'd BUI and Feet. He
makes a dlfmal Noifc, as he flies, and ever and anon dips
his Bill in the Salt- Water. I never knew him eaten.

The Sea-Cock is a Gull that crows at Break of Day and*«C«*-
in the Morning, exadly like a Dunghii Cock, whidrCry
Teems very plealnc in thofe uninhabited Places. He is never

€a0f'Curlues there are three forts, and vaft Numbers of^-
each. They have all long Bills , and differ neither in^^.
Colour, nor Shape, only in Size. The largeft is as big as ai„>(w

The Natural Hifiory

f:

good Hen, the fmaller the Bignefs of a Snipe, or fome thing
bigger.
Bitterns We have three forts of Bitterns in Carolina. The firft is
three forts, the iame as in England; the fecond of a deep brown, with a
great Topping, and yellowifh white Throat and Breafr, and
is lefTer than the former *, the laft is no bigger than a Wood-
cock, and near the Colour of the fecond.

We have the fame Herns, as in England.^

White Herns are here very plentiful. I have feen above
thirty fit on one Tree, at a time. They are as white as
Milk, and fly very flowly.

The Water-Pheafant ( very improperly calPd fo ) are a
Water-Fowl of the Duck-Kind, having a Topping, of pretty
Feathers, which fets them out. They are very good Meat.

The little Gray-Gull is of a curious gray Colour, and

Ji.OVS.

Vlnte-
Herns.

Water-
Pbeafam.

Link gray
Gull.

Dipper.

Duck and

Mallard.

Black
Duck.

Summer
Duck.

Whirling
Duck.

Scarlet

Efd

Duck.

Blue-
Wings.

abides near the Sea. He is about the Bignefs of a Whiftling-
Plover, and delicate Food.

We have the little Dipper or Fifher, that catches Fifh fo
dexteroufly, the fame as you have in the Wands of Stilly.

We have of the fame Ducks, and Mallards with green
Heads, in great Flocks. They are accounted the coarfeft fort
of our Water-Fowl.

The black Duck is full as large as the other, and good
Meat. She frays with us all the Summer, and breeds. Thefe
are made tame by fome, and prove good Domefticks.

We have another Duck that ftays with us all the Summer.
She has a great Topping, is pied, and very beautiful. She
builds her Neft in a Wood-pecker's Hole, very often fixty
or feventy Foot high.

Towards the Mountains in the hilly Country, on the
Weft>Branch of Caip-Fair Inlet, we law great Flocks of
pretty pied Ducks, that whittled as they flew, or as they
fed. I did not kill any of them.

We kill'd a curious fort of Ducks, in the Country of the
Efaw- Indians, which were of many beautiful Colours. Their
Eyes were red, having a red Circle of Fleih for their Eye-
lids \ and were very good to eat.

The Blue- Wings are lefs than a Duck, but fine Meat.
Thefe are the firfb Fowls that appear to us in the Fall of the
Leaf, coming then in great Flocks, as we fuppofe, from
Canada.^ and the Lakes that lie behind us.

Wid-

T—

of CAROLINA

149

Widgeons, the fame as in Europe, are here in great Plenty. Widgeon.

We have the fame Teal, as jn England, and another fort ^ mg
that frequents the Frem-Water, and are always noddingy-om.
their Heads. . They are fmaller than the common Teal, and
dainty Meat.

Shovellers (a fort of Duck) are gray, with a black Head, shovellers,
They are a very good Fowl.

Thefe are called Whiftlers, from the whiftling Noife they whiftkn.
make, as they fly.

Black Flufterers*, fome call thefe Old Wives. They %reBhch
as black as Ink. The Cocks have white Faces. They always Flufterers.
remain in the mid ft of Rivers , and feed upon drift Grafs, orBM-
Camels or Sea-Nettles. They are the fatteft Fowl I ever Cm*
law, and fometimes fo heavy with Flefh, that they cannot
rife out of the Water. They make an odd fort of Noife whea
they fly. What Meat they are, I could never learn. Some
call thefe the great bald Coot.

The wild Turkeys I fhould have fpoken of, when I treated Turkeys,
of the Land-Fowl. There are great Flocks of thefe in Caro-
lina. I have feen about five hundred in a Flock*, fome of f^#^L4,
them are very large. I never weighed "any myfelf, but have J
been inform'd of one that weighed near fixty Pound Weight.
-4- I have feta half a Turkey feed eight hungrf Men two Meals, -j- ^-nx^
Sometimes the wild breed with the tame ones, which, they ~f^~-

cAji

reckon, makes them very hardy, as 1 believe it mufr. I fee j.r- ^hz
no manner of Difference betwixt the wild Turkeys and the ^ . 0)
tame ones \ only the wild are ever of one Colour, ' (vizS) a W twwdiozuf,
dark gray, or brown, and are excellent Food. They feed
on Acorns, Huckle-Berries, and many* other forts of Berries
that Carolina affords. The Eggs taken from the Neft, and
hatclfd under a Hen, will yet retain a wild Nature, and
commonly leave you, and run wild atlaft, and will never be
got into a Houfe to rooft, but always peaich on fome high
Tree, hard-by the Houfe, and feparate themfelves from the
tame fort, although (at the fame time) they tread and breed
together. I have been inform'd,.' that if you take thefe wild
Eggs, when jufl on the point of being hatch'd, and dip
them (for fome fmall time) in a Bowl of Milk-warm Water,
it will take off their wild Nature, and make them as tame
and domeftick as the others. Some Indians haw brought
thefe wild Breed hatch'd at home, to be a Decoy to bring

X others

2i

MHM

The Natural Hifiory

others to rooft near their Cabins , which they have fhot.
But to return to the Water-Fowl.
Fijbermen. Fifhermen are like a Duck, but have a narrow Bill, with
Setts of Teeth. They live on very fmall Fifh, which they
catch as they fwinralong. • They tafte Fifliy. The belt way
to order them, is, upon cccaiion, to pull out the Oil-Box
from the Rump, and then bury them five or fix Hours under
Ground. Then they become tolerable.
Vivm. Of Divers there are two forts \ the one pied, the other

gray *, both good Meat.
Rdt'fovcl. Raft-Fowl includes all the forts of fmall Ducks and Teal,
"that go in Rafts along the Shoar, and are of feveral forts,
that we know no Name for.
Bull- Thefe are a whitim Fowl, about the Bignefs of a Brant*,

Nicks, tfey come to us after Chrlftmas^ in very great Flocks, in all
our Rivers. They are a very good Meat, but hard to kill,
becaufe hard to come near. They will dive and endure a
great deal of Shot.

Red-Heads, a leifer Fowl than BuH-Necks, are very fweet
Food, and plentiful in our Rivers and Creeks.

Tropick-Birds are a white Mew, with a forked Tail. They
are fo call'd, becaufe they are plentifully met withal under
the Tropicks, and thereabouts.

The Pellican of the Wildernefs cannot be the fame as
ours^ this beirtg a Water-Fowl, with a great natural Wen
or Pouch under his Throat, in which he keeps his Prey of
Fife, which is what he lives on. He is Web-footed, like a
Goofe, and fhap'd like a Duck, but is a very large Fowl, big-
ger than a Goofe. He is never eaten as Food -, They make
Tobacco-pouches of his Maw.
Cwmsrani Cormorants are very well known in fome Parts oiEngland'r
' we have great Flocks of them with us, efpecially againit- the
Herrings run , which is in March and April •, then they
fit upon Logs of dry Wood in the YVater, and catch the
Fifh.
Ganveu t The Gannet is a large white Fowl, having one Part of his
Wings black •, he lives on Fifli, as the Pellican. His Fat or
Greafe, is as yellow as Saffron, and the belt thing known, to
preferve Fire- Arms, from Rufh
shear- Shear- Waters are a longer Fowl than a Duck *, fome of

Water, them lie on the Coaft, whilit others range the Seas all over-
Some-

$ed-
B'eads, •

fropicl-
Birds.

Zdliczit*

*f CAROLINA.

isi

Sometimes they are met five hundred Leagues from Land,
They live without drinking any frefti Water.

We have a great pied Gull, black and white, which feems Fied-GuU.
to have a black Hood on his Head; thefe lay very fair Eggs
which are good-, as are the young ones in the Seafon.

Marfh-Hen, much the. fame as in Europe, only Hie makes Marjfc.
another fort of Noife, and much lhriller. Hm'

The fame as you call Water- Hens in England, are -here very Blue-Pe-
numerous, and not regarded for eating. k. terSm

The Sand-Birds are about the Bignefs of a Lark, and fcz-smd-
quent our Sand-Beaches ^ they area dainty Food> if you will Birds.
beftow Time and Ammunition to kill them.

Thefe are called Runners y becaufe if you run after them,*?wwr*
they will run along the Sands and not offer to get up , fo that
you may often drive them together to fhoot as you pleafe,
They are a pleafant fmall Bird.

A fort of Snipe, but fucks not his Food ; they are almofb Tuuoch,
the fame as in England.

Swaddle-Bills are a fort of an afh-coloufd Duck, which
have an extraordinary broad Bill, and are good Meat j they
are not common as the others are.

The fame Mew as in England, being a white, flender Bird, Mew.
with red Feet ska-

The fame as in England. Drakes.

The bald, or white Faces are a good Fowl. They cannot bm*
dive, and are eafily Jhot.ten. Faces'

Water-Witch, or Ware-Coots, are a Fowl with Dovimj?^-
and no Feathers ; they dive incomparably, fo that no-Fowler'™*'
can hit them. They can neither fly, nor go \ but get into
the Fifh-wares, and cannot fly over the Rods, and fo are
taken.

Thus have we given an Account of what Fowl has come to
our Knowledge, fince our Abode in Carolina-, except fome
that, perhaps, have fliptour Memory, and fo are left out of
our Catalogue. Proceed we now to treat of the Inhabitants
of the Watry Element, which tho' we can as yet do but
very imperfe&ly \ yet we are willing to oblige the Curiolzs
with the belt Account that is in our Power to prefent
them withal.

X2

The

The Natural Hifiory

The Fifh in the fait, and frelh Waters of Carolina, are,

Whales, fever al forts,

Thrajhers .

Divel-Fifh.

Sword-Fifli.

Crampois.

Bottle-Nofes.

Porpoifes*.

Sharks, wo forts.

Dog-Fijh.

SpaniSh'MartareL

Cavallies.

Boneto's.

Blue-Fifh.

Drum, red.

jyrum-Fif), black.

Angel- Fi-jh.

Bafs, or Rock-Fifh..

Sheeps-Heads.

Flaice.

Flounder.

Soles.

Afullets.

Shad.

Fat-Bach.

Gnard% white

Guards green.

Scat$ or Stingray*

Thornback.

Congar-Eels.

Lamprey-Eels.

Eels.

Sun- Fifh.

Toad-Fijh.

Sea-Tench.

Trouts of the Salt Warn*

Crocus.

Herring.

Smelts.

Shads.

Breams.

Taylors.

tfrefli-Water Fifh are3i

Sturgeon*

File.

Trouts.

Gudgeon.

fearch Englilh-

Fearch, white.

Fearch, brown, or Welch-men.

fearch, fiat, and mottled, or

irifhmen.
ft arch fmall and flat, with red

SpttSy call'd round Robins,

Carp.

Roach.

Dace.

Loaches.

Sucking-Fifi.

Cat Fijh.

Grindals.

Old»Wives.

Fount ain-Fifu

White-Fifa

Th

^/CAROL IN A.

«53

Flattings.

Tortois and Terebin, accounted

for among the Jnfefhs.
Finger-Fijh.
Shrimps,

Craw-Fifi
Mufdes..

Frefh Water,

The Shell-Fifh are.

Lane Crabs,caU>d Stone-Crabs. Runners.

Smaller flat Crabs'. Spanijh or Pearl-Oyfters

Oy ft ers great andfmalU

Cockles.

Clams.

MufcleS*

Conks.

Skellop.

Man ofNofes.

Periwinkles, or With*

Sea-Snail- Horns.

Fidlars.

Whales are very numerous, on the Coafi: .of North Caro- W
Una, from which they make Oil, Bone, &c. to the great Ad-
vantage of thofe inhabiting the Sand-Banks , along the
Ocean, where thefe Whales come afhore, none being (truck
or kiil'd with a Harpoon in this Place, as ^ey. are to the
Northward, and elfewhere ; all thofe Fifh beingfound dead on
theShoar, moll commonly • by thofe that inhabit the Banks,
and Sea-fide, where they dwell, for that Intent, and for
the Benefit of Wrecks, which fonjetimes fall m upon that

Of" thefe Monitors there are four forts y the firff, which
is moll choice and rich , is the Sperma Cm Whale, from
which the Sperma C«ti is taken. Thefe are rich- Prizes j but
I never heard but of one found on this Coaft, which was near
CurrituckAnlQt, m c .,„,-

The other forts are of a prodigious Bignefs. Oi tnele
the Bone and Oil is made-, the Oil being the Blubber, or
oilv Flefh, or Fat of that Fifti boil'd. Thefe differ not only
in Colour, fome being pied, others not, but very much m
ihape, one being call'd a Bottle- tfofed Whale, the other a
Shovel-Nofe, which is as different as a Salmon from &
SturE-on. Thefe Fifhfeldom ccme afhoar with their Tongues
in theV Heads, the Thraiher (which is the Whale's mortal
Enemy, wh#efoever he meets him) eating that out or his.
Head, a- faoa as he and the Sword-Fifn have juii d. him. F^r

ufa

5^

The Natural Hifiory

Divd-Fijb-

when the Whale-catchers (in other Parts) kill any of thefe
Filh, they eat the Tongue, and efteem it an excellent
Dim.

There is another fort of thefe Whales, or great Filh,
though not common. I never knew of above one of that
fort, found on the Coaft of North Carolina, and he was con-
trary, in Shape, to all others ever found before him , being
fixty Foot in Length, and not above three or four Foot
Diameter. Some Indians in America will go out to Sea, and
get upon a Whales Back, and peg or plug up his Spouts, and
fo kill him.
tkrajbers The Thrafliers are large Filh, and mortal Enemies to the
W7hale, as I faid before. They make good Oil •, but are fel-
dom found.

The Divel-Fifh lies at fome of our Inlets, and, as near as
I can defcribe him, is fhap'd like a Scate, or Stingray *, only he
has on his Head a Pair of very thick ftrong Horns, and is of
a monftrous Size, and Strength \ for this Filh has been known
to weigh a Sloop's Anchor, and run with the Veflel a League
or two, and bring her back, againft Tide, to almoft the fame
Place. Doubtlefs, they may afford good Oil ; but I have
no Experience of any Profits which arife from them.

The Sword-Fifh is the other of the Whale's Enemies, and
joins with the Thrafher to deftroy that Monfter. After
they have overcome him, they eat his Tongue, as I faid be-
fore, and the Whale drives alhoar.

Crampois is a large Filh, and by fome accounted a young
Whale j but it is not fo •, neither is it more than twenty five
or thirty Foot long. They fpout as the Whale does^ and
when taken yield good Oil.

Bottle-Nofes are between the Crampois and Porpois, and
lie near the Soundings. They are never feen to fwim leifure-
ly, as fometimes all other Filh do, but are continually run-
ning after their Prey in Great Shoafs, like wild Horfes,
leaping now and then above the Water. The French e-
fteem them good Food, and eat them both frefh and fait.

Porpoifes are frequent, all over the Ocean and Rivers that
are fait •, nay, we have a Frefh- Water Lake in the great
Sound of North Carolina that has Porpoifes in it. And fe-
veral forts of other unknown Fifh, as the Indians fay, that we
are wholly Strangers to. As to the Porpoifes, they make good

Oil;

Sword*
Fifb.

Crampois.

Bottle*

Nofes.

Torpoife.

of C A R O L I N A.

55

Oil ; they prey upon other Fifh as Drums, yet never are
known to take a Bait, fo as to be catch'd with a Hook.

Of thefe there are two forts*, one call'd Paracooda-lXofes ; sharks.
the other Shovel-Nofes y they cannot take their Prey before
they turn themfelves on their Backs •, wherefore fome Ne-
gro's, and others, that can fwim and dive well, go naked
into the Water, with a Knife in their Hand, and nght the
Shark, and very commonly kill him, or wound him fo, that
he turns Tail, and runs away. Their Livors make good Oil
todrefs Leather withal-, the Bones found in their Head are
faid to haften the Birth, and eafe the Stone, by bringing it
away. Their Meat is eaten in fcarce times •, but I never
could away with it, though a great Lover of Fifh. Their
Back-Bone is of one entire Thicknefs. Of the Bones, or
Joints, I have known Buttons made, which ferve well e-
nough in fcarce Times, and remote Places.

The Dog-Fifh are a fmall fort of the Shark Kind ; and ' are £>og-Fijk
caught with Hook and Line, fifhing for Drums. They fay,
they are good Meat; but we have fo many other forts of
delicate Fifh, that I mall hardly ever make Tryal what they
are.

Spanijh Mackarel- are, in Colour and Shape, like the com- Spanifli-
mon Mackarel, only much thicker. They are caught withM^rd,
Hook and Line at the Inlets, and fometimes out a little way
at Sea. They are a very fine hard Fifh, and of good Tafte.
They are about two Foot long, or better.

Cavallies are taken in the fame Places. They are <&i'&cwi8lkx
brownifh Colour, have exceeding fmall Scales, and a very
thick Skin ; they are as firm a Fifh as ever I faw ; therefore - ,-
will keep fweet (in the hot Weather) two days, when a*
thers will itink in half a day, unlefs falted. They ought to*
be fcaled as foon as taken y otherwife you mufc pull off the
Skin and Scales, when boiled-, the Skin being the choiceft
of the Fifh. The Meat, which is white and large, is drefs'cfc
with this Fifh.

Boneto's are a very palatable Fifh, and near a Yard long.JBwetfsi
They haunt the Inlets and Water near the Ocean; and are
killed with "the Harpoon, and Fifhgig.

The Blue Fifh is one of our belt Fifhes, and always very P^'^P
fat. They areas long as a Salmon, and indeed, I think, full-
as. good Meat- Thefe Fifh come (in fche Fall of the Year>

general! yv

i

The Natural Hiftory

Hed-
Drum

generally after there has been one black Froft, when there
appear great Shoals of them. The Hatter as Indians, and o-
thers, run into the Sands of the Sea, and ftrike them, though
fome of thefe Fiih have caufed Sicknefs and violent Burnings
after eating of them, which is found to proceed ;from the
Gall that is broken in fome of them, and is hurtful. Some-
times, many Cart-loads of thefe are thrown and left dry on
the Sea fide, which comes by their eager Purfuit of the fmall
Fifh, in which they run themfelves afhoar, and the Tide
leaving them, they cannot recover the Water again. They
are called Biue-Fifh, becaufe they are of that Colour, and
have a forked Tail, and are fhapedlike a Dolphin.

The Red Drum is a large Fiih much bigger than the Blue-
Fifh. The Body of this is good, firm Meat, but the Head is
beyond all the Fifh I ever met withal for an excellent Diih.
We have greater Numbers of thefe Fiih, than of any other
fort. People go down and catch as many Barrels full as they
pleafe, with Hook and Line, efpeciaily every young Flood,
when they bite. Thefe are falted up, and tranfported to
other Colonies, that are bare of Proviiions.

Black Drums are a thicker-made Fifn than the Red Drum,
being fhap'd like a fat Pig ; they are a very good Fiih, but
not fo common with us as to the Northward.
Angel-Fijl). The Angel-Fifh is fhaped like an Englijli Bream. He is
focall'd, from his golden Colour, which Urines all about his
Head and Belly. This is accounted a very good Fifh, as are
rnoft in thefe Parts. The Bermudians have the fame fort of
Fifh, and eiteem them very much.#

Bafs or Rock is both in Salt and Frefh- Water $ when
young, he much refembles a Grayling, but grows to the
flze of the large Cod-Fifh. They are a very good firm Fifh.
Their Heads are fouced, and make a noble Difti, if large.

Sheeps-Head has the general Vogue of being the choicefb
Fifh in this Place. Indeed, it is a very delicate Fifh, and well
relifh'd \ yet I think, there are feyeral others full as good
as the Sheeps-Head. He is much of the Bignefs of the An-
gel-Fifh, and fiat as he is \ they fometimes weigh two or three
Pound Weight. This Fiih hath Teeth like a Sheep, and is
therefore fo calfd.

Plaice are here very large, and plentiful, being the fame
2i% in England,

Flounders

Black-
Drum.

Eotfi-Fijh.

Steeps.
Beat.

Flake.

MtaM

of CAROLINA

. Flounders fhould have gone amongft the Frem-Water/^^.
FiFn, be.caufe they are caught there, in great Plenty.

Soles are aFilh we have but lately difcover'd 5 they are asSoIss'
good, as in any other Part.

. Mullets, the fame as in England, and great Plenty in allMM/kt?J
Places where the Water is fait or brackilh. ■ .

Shads are a fweet Filh, but very bony *, they are very plen- shads.
tiful at fome Seafbns.

Fat-Backs are a fmall Filh', like Mullets, but the fatteft^-^^
ever known. They put nothing into the Pan, to fry thefe.
They are excellent fweet Food.

The white Guard-Fifh is ihaped almoft like a Pike, but^bhe
flenderer *, his Mouth has a long fmall Bill kt with Teeth, in^r"
which he catches fmall Filh} his Scales are knit together
like Armour. When they..drefs him, they ftrip him, taking
off Scales and Skin together. His Meat is very white, and
rather looks like Flefh than Filh. The Englijh account thera
no good Filh*, but the Indians do. The Gall of this Fifli is
green, and a violent Cathartick, if taken inwardly.

The green Guard is fhaped, in all refpe&s/ like the other, ^^
fave that his Scales are very fmall and fine. He is indifferent
good Meat*, his Bones, when boil'd or fry'd, remain as green
as Grafs. The fame fort of Filh come before the Mackarel
in England.

Scate, or Stingray, the fame as in England, and very com- sate.'
mon*, but the great Plenty of other Filh makes thefe not re-
garded*, for few or none eat them in Carolina, though they
are almoft at every ones poor.

Thornbacks are the fame as in England: They are not fo7^™^*-
common as the Scate and Whip-Rays.

Congar-Eels always remain in the Salt- Water*, they axzCongv-
much more known in the Northward Parts of America, than£(?/y-
with us.

lampreys are not common ; I never faw but one, which La.-nprej.
was large, and caught by the Indians, in a Ware. They.
would not eat him, but gave him to me.

Eels are no where in the World better, or more plen tiful, Eeh.
than in Carolina.

Sun-Fifh are flat and rounder- than a. Bream, and aYQSm'Fif0'
reckon'd a fiae-talted Fifh,land not without Reafon. They
are much the jize of Angel-Fifh.

Y Toad-

■■i

158

The Natural Hifiory

;

Trouts.

Crocus*

Xemng.

Tcad-Fijh, Toad-Fifh are nothing but a Skin full of Prickles, and a
few Bones •, they are as ugly as a Toad, and preferv'd to look
upon, and good for nothing elfe.

Se+Tencb. They are taken by a g^ near fche j^ Qr QQt ^ ^ ^

little way. . They are blackifh, and exadly like a Tench, ex-
cept in the Back-fins, which have Prickles like a Pearch.
They are as good, if not betrtt- than any Tench.
ater Trouts of the Salt- Water are exadly fhaped like the
Trouts in 'Europe, having blackifh, not red Spots. They are
in the Salts, and are not red within, but white, yet a very
good Fifh. They are fo tender, that if they are in or near
frefh Water, and a fudden Froft come, they are benumm'd,
and float on the Surface of the Water, as if dead \ and then
they take up Canoe-Loads of them. If you put them into
warm Water, they prefently recover.

The Crocus is a Fifh, in Shape like a Pearch, and in Tafte
like a Whiting. They croke and make a Noife in your Hand,
when taken with Hook or Net. They are very good.

The Herrings in Carolina are not fo large as in Europe. They
fpawn there in March and April, running up the frefh Rivers
and fmall frelh Runs of Water in great Shoals, where they
are taken. They become red if falted \ and, dreft with Vine-
gar and Oil, referable an Anchovy very much \ for they are
far beyond an EngUJh Herring, when pickled.

The fame as in England-, they lie down a great way in the
Sound* towards the Ocean, where (at fome certain Seafons )
are a great many very fine ones.

The frelh Water affords no fuch Bream as in England, that
I have as yet difcover'd \ yet "Uiere is a Sea-Bream, which is
a flat and thin Fifh, as the Evr-opeyn Breams are.

The Taylor is a Fifh about the Bignefs of a Trout, but of
a bluifh and green Colour, with a forked Tail, as a Mackarel
has. They are a delicate Fifh, and plentiful in our Salt* Wa-
ters. Infinite numbers of other Species will be hereafter
difcover'd as yet unknown to us •, although I have {ctn and
eaten of feveral other forts of Fifh, which are not here men-
tion'd, becaufe, as yet, they have no certain Names affign'd
them. Therefore, I fhall treat no farther of our Salt- Water
Fifh, but proceed to the Frefh.

The firft of thefe is the Sturgeon, of which we have Plenty,
all the frefh Parts of our Rivers being wellftor'd therewith .

The

>mehi

$t earns >

Taylors.

Irejb Wa-
ter Stur-
geon.

of CAROL IN A.

'59

The Indians upon and towards the Heads and Falls of our
Rivers, ftrike a great many of thefe, and eat them ; yet the
Indians near the Salt- Waters will not eat them. I have fern
an Indian ftrike one of thefe Fifh, feven Foot long, and
leave him on the Sands to be eaten by the Gulls. In May,
they run up towards the Hefds of the Rivers, where you
fee feveral hundreds of them in one day. The Indians have
another way to take them, which is by Nets at the end of
a Pole. The Bones of thefe Fifh make good Nutmeg-Gra-
ters.

The Jack, Pike, or Pickerel, is exa&ly the fame, in Caro- Piks*
Una, as they are in England. Indeed, I never faw this Fifh fo
big and large in America, as I have in Europe, thefe with us
being feldom above two Foot long, as far as I have yet feen.
They are very plentiful with us in Carolina, all our Creeks
and Ponds being full of them. I once took out of a Ware,
above three hundred of thefe Fifh, at a time.

The fame in England as in Carolina \ but ours are a great trout*:
way up the Rivers and Brooks, that are frefh, having fwift
Currents, and ftony, and gravelly Bottoms.

The fame Gudgeons as in Europe are found in America. Gudie^'

The fame fort of Pearch as are in England, we have like-^w?
wife in Carolina , though, I think, ours never rife to be fopearcb
large as in England.

We have a* white Pearch, fo call'd, becaufe he is of a Silver 'seconi
Colour, other wife like the EngLiJh Pearch. Thefe we havePftWV*«
in great Plenty, and they are preferable to the red ones.

The brown Pearch, which * fome call Welch-men, are the71'"*
largeft fort of Pearches that, we have, and very firm, white Pw"*-
and fweet Fifh. Thefe grow to be larger than any Carp,
and are very frequent in every Creek and Pond.

The flat or mottled Pearch are fhaped almoft like a Bream. Fourth
They are called Irijh-men, being freckled or mottled withM
black, and blue Spots. They are never taken any where,
but in the frefh Water. They are good Fifh; but I do not
approve of them, no more than of the other forts of Pearch.

We have another fort of Pearch, which is the leaft fort of Fifth
all, but as good Meat as any. Thefe are diftinguiuYd from^H
the other forts, by the Name of Round- Robins-, being flat or^ouM
and very round- ftap'd j they are fpotted with red Spots very Robin'

Y 2 beau-

■■■

^

mm

The Natural Hifiory

Cat-Fifo-

Gnnd&ls.

U-Wivss

Foumin-

White-

Sarbouu
Millers
Ihumbs, .

beautiful, and are eafiiy caught with an Angle, as all the
other fort of Pearches are.

We have the fame Carp as you have in England.

And the fame Roach.) only fcarce fb largef

Dace are the fame as yours too ; but neither are thefe fo
large nor plentiful, as with you.

'The fame as in England.

Sucking-Fiih are the neareft in Tafte and Shape to a Barbel,
only they have no Barbs.

Cat Fifh are a round blackifh Fifh, with a great flat Head,
a wide Mouth, and no Scales \ they fomething refemble Eels
in Tafte. Both this fort, and another that frequents the Salt
Water, are very plentiful.

Grindals are a long fcaled Fifh with fmall Eyes *, and fre-
quent Ponds, Lakes, and flow-running Creeks and Swamps.
They are a foft forry Fifh, and good for nothing; though
Tome eat them for good Fifh.

, Thefe are. a bright fcaly Fifh, which frequent the Swamps,
and, frelhRuns ^ they feem to be between" an Englijb Roach
and a Bream, and eat muchTike the Tatter. T-h^Indiansktil
abundance of thefe, and barbakue them, till- they are crifp,
then tranfport therein wooden Hurdles, to their Towns
and Quarters.

TheFountain-Fifh area white fort which breecj in the clear
Running Springs and Fountains of Water, where the Clear-
nefs thereof makes them very difficult to be taken, I cannot
fay how good they are, becaufe 1 have not as yet tailed of
them.

The white Fifh are very large •, fome being two Foot and
a half long and more. They are found a great way up in
theFrefhes of the Rivers \ and are firm Meat, and an extra-
ordinary well-reliftfd Fifh.

Barbouts and Millers-Thumbs, are the very fame here, in.
all refpe&s, as they are in England. What more are in the
frefh Waters we have not difcover'd, but are fatisfied, that
we are not acquainted with one third part thereof ; for we
are told by the Indians, of a great many flrange and uncouth
lhapes and* forts of Fifh, which they have f6und in the Lakes'
laid down in my Chart. However as we can give no farther
Account of thefe than by Hear-fay j I proceed to treat of the

.Shell-

*/ CAROLINA

161

Shell-Fiih that are found in the Salt-Water, lb far as they
have already come to our Knowledge.

The large Crabs, which we call Stone-Crabs, are the -fame large*
fort as in England, having black Tips at the end of their Crabs
Claws. Thefe are plentifully met withal , down in Core
Sound, and the South Parts of North-Carolina.

The fmaller flat Crabs I look upon to be the fweetefc oXSrna]lflat
all the Species. They are the Breadth of a lufty Man's Hand, Crabs.
or rather larger. Thefe are innumerable, lying in moll pro-
digious quantities, all over the Salts of Carolina. They are
taken not only to eat, but are the beft Bait for all forts of
Fiih, that live in the Salt- Water. Thefe Fifh are imfcluevous
to Night-Hooks, becaufe they get away all the Bait from
the Hooks.

Oyfters, great and fm all, are found almoft in every Crecc^^
and Gut of Salt- Water, and are very good and well-rehflfd-.
The large Oyfters are excellent, pickled.

One Cockle in Carolina is as big as five or fix in England. Coctes.
They are often thrown upon the Sands on the Sound-Side,
where the Gulls are always ready to open and eat them. ; >:

Clams are a fort of Cockles, only differing in Shell, which cUmr
is thicker and not ftreak'd , or ribb'd. Thefe are tound
throughout all the Sound and Salt- Water-Ponds. The Meat
is the fame for Look and Tafte as the Cockle. Thefe make
an excellent ftrong Broth, and eat well, either- roafted or

P1The Mufcles in Carolina have a :very large Shell, ftriped^'«-
with Dents. They grow by the fide of Ponds and Creeks, m
Salt- Water, wherein you may get as many of them as you
pleafe. I do not like them fo well as the Entfijh Mufcle, which
is no good Shell-Fifh.

Some of the Shells of thefe are as large as a Man & Hand sCmh,..
but the leffer fort are the belt Meat, and thofe not extraor-
dinary. Theyare.fhap'd like the end of a Horfes Yard. OF
their Shells,- the Peak or IVampum is made, which is the
richeft Commodity amongfl: the Indians-. They breed like a
long Thing fhap'd like a Snake, but containing a fort 01
Joints, in the Hollow nefs whereof are thoufands of fmall
Coafcs, no bigger then fmall Grains of Pepper.

Tim

i6a

Shell ops.

Man of
Nofes,

With.

Snail-
flow,
iid'ar.

Runner.

Spanifh-
Oyfters.

Flattings

Finger-
Fijb.

Shrimp'

SmaU-l
Cockles,

Mufcks.

The Natural Hifiory

The Skellops, if well drefs'd, are a pretty Shell-Fifh • but
to eat them only roafted, without any other Addition, in
my Judgment, are too lufcious.

Man of Nofes are a Shell-Fifh commonly found amongft us
They are valued for increafing Vigour in Men, and making
barren Women fruitful; but I think they have no need of
that Fiflr, for the Women in Carolina are fruitful enough
without their Helps. . fa

,Wilks, or Periwinkles, are not fo large here, as in the
lilands of Stilly^ and in other Parts of Europe, though verv

ft\QCt. to /

The Sea- Snail-Horn is large, and very good Meat; they
are exa&ly Ihaped as other Snail-Horns are. ' . -

Fidlars are a fort of fmall Crabs, that lie in Holes in the
Marmes. The Raccoons eat them very much. I never knew
any one try, whether they were good Meat or no.

Runners live chiefly on the Sands, but fometimes run into
the Sea. They have Holes in the*Sand-Beaches and are a
whmfh fort of a Crab. Tho' fmall, they run as faft as a Man,
and are good for nothing but to look at.

Spanijh Oyfters have a very thin Shell,and rough on th#out~
flde. They are very good Shell-Fifh, and fo large, that half
a dozen are enow to fatisfy an hungry Stomach.

The Flattings are inclofed in a broad, thin Shell, the whole
Fifh being flat. They are inferiour to no Shell-Fifh this Coun-
try affords.

Finger-Filh are very plentiful in this Country, they are
of the Length of a Man's Finger, and lie in the Bottom of
the Water about one or two Foot deep. They are very
good. J

Shrimps are here very plentiful and good, and are* to "be
taken with a Small-Bow -Islet, in great Quantities.

The fmall Cockles are about the Bignefs of the largeil JEw-
HJh Cockles, and differ nothing from them, unlefs in the Shelts,
which are ftriped crofs-wife as well as long-wife.

The Frefh- Water Shell-Fifh are,

Mufcles, which are eaten by the Indians, after five or fix
hours Boiling, to make them tender, and thea are good for
nothing.

Craw-

^/CAROLINA.

Craw-Fifh, in the Brooks, and fmall Rivers of Water, a-
mongft the Tvshruro Indians , and up- higher, are found very
plentifully, and as good as any in the World.

And thus I have gone through the feveral Species of Fifh,
fo far as they have come to my Knowledge, in the eight Years
that I have lived in Carolina. I mould have made a larger Dif-
covery, when travelling fo far towards the Mountains, and
amongfl the Hills, had it not been7 in the Winter-SeafOn,
which was improper to make any Enquiry into any of the
Species before recited. Therefore, as my Intent was, I pro-
ceed to what remains of the Trefent State of Carolina, having
already accounted for the Animals, and Vegetables, as far as
this Volume wo*ld allow of \ whereby the Remainder, though
not exaclly known, may yet be guefs'd at, if we confide!
what Latitude Carolina lies in, which reaches from 29 to
36 deg. 30 min. Northern Latitude, as 1 have before ob»
ferv'd. Which Latitude is as fertile and pleafant, as any in
the World, as well for the Produce of Minerals, Fruit, Grain,
and Wine, as other rich Commodities. And indeed, all the
Experiments that have been made in Carolina, of the Fertility
and natural Advantages of the Country, have exceeded all Ex-
pectation, as affording fome Commodities, which other Places,
in the fame Latitude, do not. As for Minerals, as they are
fubterraneous Products, fb, in all new Countries, they are the
Species that are laft difcover'd-j and efpecially, in Carolina^
where ther Indians never look for a'ny thing lower than the
Superficies of the Earth, being a Race of Men the leaft ad-'
difted to delving of any People that inhabit fo fine a Country
as Carolina is. As good if not better Mines than thofe the
Spaniards poffefs in America, lie full Weil from us •, and lam.
certain,„we have as Mountainous Land, and as great Probabi-
lity of having rich Minerals in Carolina, as any of thofe Parts
that are already found to be fo rich therein. But, waving
this Subject, till fome other Opportunity, I mail now give
you fome Obfervations in general, concerning Carolina?
which are, firft, that it lies as convenient for Trade as any
of the Plantations in America', that we have Plenty of Pitch,
Tar, Skins of Deer, and Beeves, Furs, Rice, Wheat, Rie,
Indian Grain^ fundry forts of Pulfe, Turpentine, Rozin, Mails,
Yards, Planks and Boards, Staves and Lumber, Timber of
many common forts, fit for any Ufes ^ Hemp, Flax, Barley,

Oats3,

Craw-Fiji)

The Natural Hifiory

%,jA{WwkS) °ats> Buck-Wheat, Beef, Pork, Tallow, Hides,. Whale-
JhT J f 1 lyJ Bone aad 0il> Wax,Cheefe, Butter, &c. befides Drugs,
Mm»LWW>+] pyes, Fruit, Silk, Cotton, Indico, Oil, and Wine that we
v^^fr^'/^"^ need not doubt of, as fopn as we make a regular May, the
farti4tf**ttlut4 Country being adorn'd with pleafant Meadows , Rivers,
W0 JWiU*i\ Moufitains » Valleys, Hills, and rich Paftures, and blelTed
l> "'I a / Oi/ifWiph wholeforae Pure Air ? efpecially a little backwards from
CMwCA#Wy«Wt\&. Sea, where the wild Beafts inhabit, none of which are
^W^/^//^tr voraciouS'' The Mefl are aftive, the Women fruitful to Ad
JtQrtofflMfcto- miratioil> every Houfe bdn§ ful1 °f Children, and fevera

0

CL

0WM&

)7tS/j-

B'i

li-

"""•f,y^ v™7 **-«— "^*"& iu" ^i vjiuiuicu, -itnu feveral
Women that have come hither barren, having prefently
prov'd fruitful. There cannot be a richer Soil, no Place a-
bounding more in Flefh and Fowl, both wild and tame, be-
iides Fifh, Fruit, Grain, Cider, and many other pleafant
Liquors •, together with feveral other Neceffaries for Life
and Trade, that are daily found out, as new Difcoveries are
made. The Stone and Gout feldom trouble us j the Confump-
tion we are wholly Strangers to, no Place affording a better
Remedy for that Diftemper, than Carolina. For Trade, we
lie fo near to Virginia, that we have the Advantage of their
• Convoys^ as alfo Letters from thence, in two or three Days
at molt, in fome Places in as few Hours. Add to this, that
the great Number of Ships which come within thofe Capes,
for Firgima and Maryland, takeoff our Provifions, and give
us. Bills of Exchange for England* which is Sterling Money.
The Planters in Virginia and Maryland are forc'd to do the
fame, the great Quantities of Tobacco that are planted there,
making Provifions fcarce; and Tobacco is a Commodity
oftentimes fo low, as to bring nothing, whereas Provifions
and Naval Stores never fail of a Market. Befides, where
thefe are raifed, in fuch Plenty as in Carolina, there' always
appears good Houfekeeping, and Plenty of all manner of de-
licate Eatables. For Inftance, the Pork of Carolina is very
good, the younger Hogs fed on Peaches, Maiz, and fuch o-
ther natural Produce * being fome of the Aveeteft Meat that
the Wrorld affords, as is acknowledged by all Strangers that
have been there. And as for the Beef, in Pampticowh, and
the Southward Parts, it proves extraordinary. VVe have
not only Provifions plentiful, but Gloaths of our own Manu-
factures, which are made, and daily increafe; Cotton, Wool
Hemp,. and Flax, being of our own Growth -7 and the Wo'

«f CAROLINA.

.65

men to be highly commended for their Induftry in Spinning,
and ordering their Houfwifry to fo great Advantage as- they
generally do ^ which is much more eafy, by reafon this happy
Climate, vifited with fo mild Winters, is much warmer than
the Northern Plantations, which faves abundance of Cloaths^
fewer fervlng our Neceflities, and thofe of oui? Servants. But
this is not all •, for we can go out with our Commodities, to any
other Part of the Weft -In dies, orelfewhere, in the Depth of
Winter-, whereas, thofe in New- England, New-York, Penfj'l-
vania, and the Colonies to the Northward of us, cannot ftir
for Ice, but are faft lock'd into their Harbours. Befides, we
can trade with South-Carolina, and pay no Duties or Cuftoms,
no more than their own Veflels, both North and South be-
ing under the fame Lords-Proprietors. We have, as I obferv'd
before, another great Advantage, in not being a Frontier,
and fo continually alarm'd by the Enemy \ and what has been
accounted a Detriment to us, proves one of the greateft Ad-
vantages any People could wifh -, which is, our Country's be-
ing faced with a Sound near ten Leagues over in fome Places,
through which, although their be Water enough for as large
Ships to come in at, as in any part hitherto feated in both
Carolinas-, yet the Difficulty of that Sound to Strangers,
hinders them from attempting any Hoftilities againft us ;
and, at the fame time, ifweconfider the Advantages thereof,
nothing can appear to be a better Situation, than to be
fronted with fuch a Bulwark, which fecures us from our E-
nemies. Furthermore, our Diftance from the Sea rids us of
two Curfes, which attend moft other Parts of America^ viz.
Muskeetos, and the Worm-biting, which eats Ships Bottoms
out-, whereas at Bath-Town, there is no fuch thing known;
and as for Muskeetos, they hinder us of as little Reft, as
they do you in England. Add to this, the unaccountable
Quantities of Fifh this great Water, or Sound, fupplies us
withal, whenever we take the Pains to fifh for them •, Ad-
vantages I have no where met withal in America, except here.
As for the Climate, we enjoy a very wholfome and ferene
Sky, and a pure and thin Air, the Sun feldom miffing to give us
his daily Blefling, unlefs how and then on a Winters Day,
which is not often \ and when cloudy, the firQ; Appearance
of a North- Weft Wind clears the Horizon, and reftores the
Liaht of the Sun. The Weather, in Summer, is very plea-
5 2 fant;

66

The Natural Hifiory

;

«

fantr, the hotter Months being refrefh'd with continual
Breezesof cool reviving Air :, and the Spring beingas pleafant,
and beautiful, as in any Place I ever was in. The Winter, moft
commonly, is fo mild, that it looks like an Autumn, being
now and then attended with clear and thin North-Weft
Winds, that are (harp enough to regulate Engl fly Conftitu-
tions, and free them from a greatmany dangerous Diitem-
pers, that a continual Summer afflidis them withal, nothing
being wanting, as to the natural Ornaments and Bleflings
of a Country, that conduce to make reifonable Men happy.
And, for thofe that are otherwife, they are fo much their own
Enemies, where they are, that they will fcarce ever be any
ones Friends, or their own, when they are tranfplanted ^ fa,
it's much better for all fides, that they remain as they are.
INot but that there are feveral good People , that, upon juffc
Grounds, may be uneafy under their prefent Burdens \ and
fuch I would advife to remove to the Place I have been treat-
ing of, where they may enjoy their Liberty and Religion,
and peaceably eat the Fruits of their Labour, and drink the
Wine of their own Vineyards, without the Alarms of a
troublefome worldly Life. If a -Man be a Botamfi, here is a
plentiful Field of Plants to divert him in*, If he be a Gardner^
and delight in that pleafant and happy Life, he will meet
with a Climate and Soil, that will further and promote his
Defigns, in as great a Meafure, as any Man can wifh for •, and
as for the Conftitution of this Government, it is fo mild
and eafy , in refpeft to the Properties and Liberties of a
Subject, that without reheariing the Particulars, I fay once
for all, it is the mildeil and bell eftablihYd Government ia
the World, and the Place where any Man may peaceably en-
joy his own, without being invaded by another:, Rank and
Superiority ever giving Place to Juftice and Equity, which
is the Golden Rule that every Government ought to be built
upon, and regulated by. Betides, it is worthy our Notice,
that-ihis Province has been fettled, and continued the molt
free from the Infults and Barbarities of the Indians, of any
Colony that was ever yet feated in America \ which muft
beefteem'das a particular Providence of God handed down
from Heaven, to thefe People } elpecially, when weconilder*
liow irregularly they fettled North-Carolina and yet how un-
diiturb'd they have ever remain'd, free from any foreign Dan-
ger

of CAROLINA.

167

t r ^n tn this verv Bay. And what may well

fsfafasltvc beenable to&learn, ever fuffer'das Criminals
Sfthoneh it las been a Settlement nearfixty \ears; One of
-tomw« if** that committed Murder; the other, an

Stage, and afted many Years, before I knew ^PUce, but
as tor thelaft, I with it h,d been -undone to this day, al-
rhouph they rive a great many Arguments, to juftifie the
ffSftad rather they Ihould taveaitaM than
mvfelf- feeing I could never approve of taking late away
u^on fuch Tclnfations, the Juftice whereof I could never yet

UnButfttodreturn to the Subjecl in Hand 5 , we there .pake ex-
traordinary good Bricks throughout the Settlement. AH
fomofHLIicrafts, asC^rpw;, Jomen, Mafas, rl<u-

Scl WUnd bdng fo d at\ muVh cheaper Rate there, than in

Tre dl Cfover-grafs all forts, Woin, and Common Grafs,
orthatwhkhsSa Rarity in Euripe; efpecially, what has
Sprung aTdrofe firftfroma warm Ctoate andwdlendu e
the Sun without Hinching. Likew/e, if there be any ex
traordinary fort of Grain for Increafe or Hardinefs and fome
FruTt-TreeVofchoice Kinds, they will be both pronobleand

which fort your Inclination and Convemency lead you t*

The Natural Hijiory^ &c.

For, after having look'd over this Treatife, you muft needs
be acquainted with the Nature of the Country, and there-
fore cannot but be Judges, what it is that you will chiefly
want. As for Land, none need want it for taking up, even
in the Places there feated on the Navigable Creeks, Rivers,
and Harbours, without being driven into remoter Holes and
Corners of the Country, for Settlements, which all are forced
to do, who, at this day, fettle in moft or all of the other
Englijh Plantations in America; which are already become fb
populous, that a New-Comer, cannot get a beneficial and
commodious Seat, unlefs he purchafes, when, in moft Places
in Virginia and Maryland, a thoufand Acres of good Land,
feated on a Navigable Water, will coft a thoufand Pounds;
whereas, with us, it is at prefent obtain'd for the fiftieth
Part of the Money. Befides, our Land pays to the Lords,
but an eafy Quit-Rent, or yearly Acknowledgement j and
the other Settlements pay two Shillings per hundred. All
thefe things duly weighed, any rational Man that has a mind
to pu-rchafe Land in the Plantations for a Settlement of him-
felf and Family, will foon difcover the Advantages that
attend the Settlers and Purchafers of Land in Carolina,
above all other Colonies in the English Dominions in Ame-
rica. And as there is a free Exercifeof all Perfuafions amongft
Chriftians, the Lords- Proprietors, to encourage Minifters of the
Church of England, have given free Land towards theMain-
ttnance of a Church, and efpecially, for the Parifh of S. Thomas
in Pampticough, over-againft the Town, is already laid out
for a Glebe of two hundred and twenty three Acres ©f
rich well-fituated Land, that a Parfonage-Houfe may be built
upon. And now I ihall proceed to give an Account of the In-
dians, their Cuftoms and Ways of Living, with a fhort 0i°
ftionary of their Speech.

A N

169

A N

ACCOUNT

OF THE

INDIANS

O F

NORTH-CAROLINA.

THE Indians, which were the Inhabitants of. America r
when the Spaniards and other Europeans difcover'd
the feveral Parts of that Country., are the People
which we reckon the Natives thereof ; as indeed they were,
when we firft found out thofe Parts, and appear'd therein,
Yet this has not wrought in me a full Satisfaction, to allow
thefe People to have been the Ancient Dwellers of the New-
World, or Trad of Land we call America. The Reafons
that I have to think otherwife, are too many to fet down
iiere •, but I Ihall give the Reader a few, before I proceed ;
and fome others he will find fcatter'd in my Writings elfs- '
where. •

luCarolJrta (the Fart I now treat of) are the fairefl Marks
of a Deluge, (that at fome time has probably made flrange
Alterations, as to the Station that Country was then in)
that ever I faw, or, I think, read of, in anyHiftory, A-
monglt the other Subterraneous Matters , that have been
difcoverd, we found, in digging of a Well that was twenty
lixfootdeep, at the Bottom thereof,- many large Pieces of
the Tulip-Tree, and feveral other forts of Wood, fomerj, -
of which were cut and notch'd, and fome fquared, as theS
Joices of a^Houfe are, which appeared (in the Judgment Gnmk
Ql all that faw them; to be wrought with Iron Inltruments *,

it

.

170

An Account of the Indians

•/ /? *fL— it Teeming impoflible for any thing made of Stone, or what
$W ^o}t.</JtJ^-t\KY were found to make ufe of, to cut Wood in that manner.
^{j-zrtj A^(i It cannot be argu'd, that the Wood fo cut, might float from
rV-tf&iaL feme other Continent v becaufe Hiccoryand the Tulip-Tree
sfaKrf" ■r,smsjo,feafe fpontaneous in America, and in. no other Places, that I

i $ft4fa?^iris c6uid ever karn- it is to be ackaowieds'd' that tne 4***-

I _ ^ASanh thirds give us Relations of magnificent Buildings, which were
y//UiU^iLScii proba.VSiifed by the Indians of Mexico and other Parts, which they
ff/n)J&lV-' hly has difcover'd, and conquer'd , amongft whom no Iron Inftru-
/7) 7 t-mwn U!- ments were found : But 'tis a great Misfortune, that no Perfon

\[ftUU'l ■ '"J'gJ in that Expedition was fo curious, as to take an exafe Draught
JljldUfil^J "of the Fabricks of thofe People, which would have been a Dif-
/ ?J///$^~Meyi°K0 coverv of Sreat Value> and very accePtable t0 tne Ingenious '5

ItJjhJS

k*-4

for, astothePolitenefsof Stones, it may be effected by Col-

Jifion, and Grinding, which is of a contrary Nature, onfe-

T^l^H'l^ veral Accounts, and difproves not my Arguments, in the

^~-i Tnhli — "THenext is, the Earthen Pots that are often found under

1 7^2irS^vm iLkr Ground,- and at the Foot of .the Banks where the Water has

iw^ a,! Grouni. tfwafh'd them away. They are for the moil: part broken in

I m^yn ■HzAJ*-c1 pieces \ but we find them of a different fort, in Companion

j-pl^W —i»M Qf ^ofg xte Indians ufe at this day, who have had no other,

~&^^/W^ever fince the English difcover'd America. The Bowels of

the Earth cannot have alter'd them, fince they are thicker,

of another Shape, and Cpmpofition, and nearly approach

to the Urns of the Ancient Romans. v

A^ain, the Peaches,- which are the only tame Fruit, or

whafis Foreign, that thefe People enjoy, which is an Eaftern

Produd, and will keep and retain its vegetative and growing

Faculty, the longeft of any thing of that Nature , that I

the stone.know of. The Stone, as I elfewhere have remarked, is thicker

Water- tfoan any other fort of the Peaches in Europe, or of the £«-

Me'on and an fort? novv growing in America, and is obferved to

?ndifnfV°vv if planted, after it has been for feveral Years laid by -7

hmau and it feems very probable, that thefe People might come

w/shol. from fome Eaftern Country -, for when you ask them whence

their Fore-Fathers came, that firft inhabited the Country,

they will point to the Weft ward and fay, Where the Sun peps,

our Forefathers came thence, which, at that diftance, may be

Indian
Veache. *

A

// J/ *-*i-Srf jl/- reckon'd amongft the Eaftern Parts of the World. And to
/L#U5" vy^? this day? they are a ihiFting, wandring People \ for I know

tSsgi &l^/^yr?i^ -<7^>Jj '>^^^W^^^rtr^^5) t<^MjLy^//^^ ^ -fome

£&&sm

of North-Carolina.

i7j

fome Indian Nations, that have chang'd their Settlements,
many hundred Miles ; fometimes no lefs than a thoufand, as
is prov'd by the Savanna Indians^ who formerly lived on the
Banks of the Mejfiafippi, and remov'd thence to the Head
of one of the Rivers of South-Carolina; fince which, (for
fome DiflikeJ moft of them are removed to live in the Quar-
ters of the Iroquois or Sinnagars, which are on the Heads of
the Rivers that difgorge themfelves into the Bay oiChefapeah
I once met with a young Indian Woman, that had been
brought from beyond the Mountains, and was fold a Slave
into Virginia. She fpoke the fame Language, as the Coranim
Indians y that dwell near Cape- Look-out , allowing for fome
few Words, which were different, yet no otherwife, than
jthat they might underftand one another very well.

The Indians of Movth'Carolina are a weli-map'd clean-mao^e Indian
People, of different Statures, as the Europeans are, yet chiefly ™Ufhaf&
anclin'd to be tall. They are a very ftreight People, and ne-Ptf^
ver bend forwards, or floop in the Shoulders, unlefs much
overpowered by old Age. Their Limbs are exceeding . well-
ihap'd. As for their Legs and Feet, they are generally the
handfomeft in the World. Their Bodies are a little flat, which
isoccanonJd, by being laced hard down to a Board, in their
Infancy. This is all the Cradle they have, which I fhall de-
scribe at large elfewhere. Their £yes are black, or of $
dark Hazle j The White is marbled with red Streaks, which
is ever common to thefe People, unlefs when fprung from a
white Father or Mother.. Their Colour is of a tawny, which
would not be fo dark, did they not dawb themfelves with
Bears Oil, and a Colour like burnt Cork. This is begun in
their Infancy, and continued for a long time, which fills the
Pores, and enables them better to endure the Extremity of
the Weather. They are never bald on their Heads, although
>jaever fo old, which, I believe, proceeds from their Heads
:being always uncovered, and the grcaiing their Hair (foof-
-fcenas they doj with Bears Fat, which is a great Nourilher
of the Hair, and caufes it to grow very fall. Amonglt the
Bears Oil ('when they intend to be fine) they mix ascertain
red Powder, that comes from a Scarlet, Root which they get
in the hilly Country, near the Foot- of the great Ridge of
Mountains, and it is no where elfe to be found. They have
this Scarlet Root in great Blteem, and fell it for a very gresfc

Iric5

'£&#

&£

An Account of the Indians 'm

Price, one to another. The Reafon of its Value is, becaufe

they not only go a long way for it, but are in great Danger

of the Sinnaaars or Iroquois, who are mortal Enemies to all

our Indians *and very often take them.Captives, or kill them,

before they return from this Voyage. The Tmhrufos and

other Indian's have often brought this Seed with them from

the Mountains-, but it would never grow in our Land. With

this and Bears Greafe they anoint their Heads and Temples,

which is efleem'd as ornamental,as fweet Powder to our Hair.

Befides, this Root has the Virtue of killing Lice, and fufFers

< none to abide or breed in their Heads. For want of this

' A<iAa&mi/nL Root> theyfometimesufeP^^-Root,whichisofaCnmfoa

mJX Colour, but it is apt to die the Hair of an ugly Hue. <

Their Eyes are commonly full and manly, and their Gate
fedate and majeft ick. They never walk backward and for-
ward as we do, nor contemplate on the Affairs of Lofs and
Gain r> the things which daily perplex us. They are dexte-
rous and fteady both as to their Hands and Feet, to Admi-
ration. They will walk over deep Brooks, and Creeks, on
the fmalleft Poles, and that without any Fear or Concern.
May, an Indian will walk on the Ridge of aBarrror Houfe
and look down the Gable-end, and fpit upon the Ground,
as unconcern'd, as if he was walking on Terra firma. In Run-
ning, Leaping, or any fuch other Exercife, their Legs feldom
mifcarry, and give them a Fall ; and as for letting any thing
fall out of their Hands, I never yet knew one Example.
They are no Inventers of any Arts or Trades worthy men-
tion-, the Reafon of which I take to be, that they are not
poflefs'd with that Care and Though tfulnefs, how to provide
for the Necefiaries of Life, as the Europeans are-, yet they
will learn any thing very foon. 1 have known anJndian ftock
Guns better than moll; of our Joiners, although he never
faw one 'ftock'd before •, and befides, his Working-Tool was
only a forry Knife. I have alfo known feveral ot them that
were Slaves to the English, learn Handicraft-Trades very
toiw well and fpeedily. I never faw a Dwarf amOngft them, nor
*/ ''but one that was Hump-backed. Their Teeth are yellow
ffr^f^li^ with Smoaking Tobacco, which both Men and Women are
tfcl/Wf^^^Ucfi addided to. They tell us, that they had Tobacco a-
mongft them, before the Europeans made any Diicovery of
v_/ that

of North-Carolina.

73

+

that Continent. It differs in the Leaf from the fweet-fcented,
and Orowoko, which are the Plants we raife and cultivate in
America. Theirs differs likewife much in the Smell, when
green, from our. Tobacco, before cured. They do not ufe
the fame way to cure it as we do ; and therefore, the Dif-
ference mull be very confiderable in Tafte j for all Men (that
know Tobacco; muft allow, that it is the Ordering thereof radian
which gives a Hogoo to that Weed, rather than any Natural Maw.
Relifli it poffeffes, when green. Although they are great
Smokers, yet they never are Teen to take it in Snuff, or
chew it.

They have no Hairs on their Faces (except fame few) and yu> frsurx} trr^
thofe but little, nor is there often found any Hair under their tfauL.
Arm-Pits. They are continually plucking it away from their
Faces, by the Roots. As for their Privities, ftnce they wore
Tail-Clouts, to cover their Nakednefs, feveral of the Men
have a deal of Hair thereon. It is to be obferv'd , that the
Head of the Penis is cover'd f throughout all the Nations of
the Indians I everfaw) both in Old and Young. Although
we reckon thefe a very fmooth People, and free from Hair ^
yet I once fa w a middle-aged Man, that was hairy all "down
his Back } the Hairs being above an Inch long.

As there are found very few7 or fcarceany, Deformed, Few Crfc
or Cripples, amongft them, fo neither did I ever fee but onei^
blind Man j and then they would give me no Account howr
his Blindnefs came. They had a Ufe for him, which was, to
lead him with a Girl, Woman, or Boy, by a String ; fo they
put what Burdens they pleafed upon his Back, and made
him very ferviceable upon all fuch O'ccaflons. No People
have better Eyes, or fee better in the Night or Day, than Indians
the Indians. Some alledge, that the Smoke of the Pitch-Pine,£wd ejvs.
which they chiefly burn, does both preferve and ftrengthen /■ •. ;/~
the Eyes ; as, perhaps, it may do, becaufe that Smoak never- Jmj^^Lwdfc-.
offends the Eyes, though you hold your Face over a great tn
Fire thereof. This is occafion'd by the volatile* Part of the/^^**^
Turpentine, which rifes with the Smoke, and is of a friend^ t4£jLyAl
ly, balfamick Nature } for the Ames of the Pine-Tree af- /

ford no fix'd Salt in them.

Tfafey let their Nails grow very long, which, they reckon, a^;,.
is the Ufe Nails aredefign'd for, and laugh at the Europeans their

A a for -Nails,

^—

An Account of the Indians

Indians
mt robufi.

No liri

Workers.

Indians
Dance of
War.
On what
Account
tbey make
War,

Indian
Poet.

Dame of
Veace.

for pairing theirs, which, they fay, difarms them of that which
Mature deflgn'd them for.

They are not of fo robufr. and ftrong Bodies, as to lift
great Burdens, and endure Labour and flavifh Work, as the
Europeans "are ; yet fome that are Slaves, prove very good
and laborious : But, of themfelves, they never work as the
Englifh do, taking care for no farther than what is abfolute-
ly neceflary to fupport Life. In Travelling and Hunting, they
are, very indefatigable; becaufe that carries a Pleafure along
with the Profit. A have known fome- of them very ftrong 5
and as for Running" and Leaping, they are extraordinary
Fellows, and will dance for feveral Nights together, with
the greateft Brisknefs imaginable, their Wind never failing
them.

Their Dances are of different Natures ; and for every fort
of Dance, they have a Tune, which is allotted for that Dance;,
as, if it be a War-Dance, they have a warlike Song, wherein
they exprefs, with all the Paffion and Vehemence imaginable,
what they intend to do with their Enemies ; how they will
kill, roaft, fculp, beat, and make Captive, fuch and fuch
Numbers of them; and how many they have deftroy'd be-
fore. All thefe Songs are made new for every Feaft •, nor is
one and the fame Song fung at two feveral Feftivals. Some
one of the Nation (which has the beft Gift of expreffing
their Defigns)is appointed by their King, and War-Captains,
to make thefe Songs.

Others are made for Feafts of another Nature •, as, when:
feveral Towns, or fometimes, different Nations have made
Peace with one another ; then the Song fuits both Nations,
and relates, how the bad Spirit made them go to War, and
deftroy one another; but it (hall never be fo again; but
that their Sons and Daughters fhall marry together, and the
two Nations love one another, and become as one People.

Tfcey have a third fort of Feafts and Dances, which are
always whefl the Harveft of Corn is ended, and in the Spring.
The one, to return Thanks to the good Spirit, for the Fruits
of the Earth ; -the other, to beg the fame Bleftings for the
fucceeding Year. And, to encourage the young Men to
labour ftoutly, in planting their Maiz and Pulfe, they fet
a fort of an Idol in the Field, which is drefs'd up exactly
like an Indian^ having all the Indians Habit, befides abundance

of

*. «

of North-Carolina,

"7.5

of Wamfmn, and their Money, made of shells, Mat hkngs
about his Neck. The [mage none of the young Men dare
approach-, lor the old ones will not iufter them to com
near him, but tell them, that he is Tome famous hd.an War-How*,
dour. That died a great while ago, and now is come amongft/*/.
them tofteifthey work well, which it they do, he will go
to the rood Spirit, and fpeak to him to fend them Plenty
of Cornfandto make the young Men all expert Hunters
and mighty Warriours. All this while, the King and old
Menfitround the Image, and feem.ngly pay .a profound
Refnea to the fame. One great Help to theft /**««'.«
carrying on theft Cheats, and inducing Ttouth to do what
the/ pleaft, is, the uninterrupted Silence, which is ever
kept andobftrv-d, with all the Refpea and Veneration una-

81 At' theft Feafts, which are fet out with all_ the Magni-
ficence their Fare allows of, the Mafquerades begin at N'ght,^,
Sot before. There is commonly aFire made in the middle"*-
of the Houft, which isthelargeft in the Town, and is very
often the Dwelling of their King, or War-Captain; where
fit two Men on the Ground, upon a Mat ; one with a Rattle,
maoe of a Gourd, with fome Beans ihitj the other with a
Drum, madeofan earthen Pot, covefd with a drefs d-Deer-
Skin, and one Stick in his Hand to beat thereon ; and fo
rhev both be«in the Song appointed. At the fame time,
o'^drut.ant'tbe othergrat^es, which is altthe artificial Wg^
Mufick of their own making I ever faw amongft them. To
theft two Inftruments they fing, which carries no Air with
it, but is a fort of unfavoury Jargon; yet their Cadences
and Railing of their Voices are form'd with that Equality
and Exactnefs, that (to us Europeans) it ferns admirable,
how they fhould continue theft Songs, without once miffing
to agree, each with the others Note and Tune. .

As for their Dancing, were there. Matters of that .Pw-Damvg,
feflion amongft them, as there are with us, they would dearly
earn their Money i for theft Creatures take the moft Pains
at it, that Men are able to endure, I have teen thirty odd
together a dancing, and every one droop d down with Sweat,
as if Water had been poured down their Backs. They ufe
thole hard Labours, to make them able to .endure Fatigue,
M2 ana

ZTTf/m——

An Account of the Indians

Indians

long

mnlei.

Indian

Gamkg.

"Indian
Cards*

Jndian

fndiatt
Indian

and improve their Wind, which indeed is very long and du-
rable, it being a hard matter, in any Exercife, to difpoffcfs
them of it.

At thefe Feafts, they meet from all the Towns within fifty
or fixty Miles round, where they buy and fell feveral Com-
modities, as we do at Fairs and Markets. Beildes, they
game very much, and often (trip one another of all they have
in the World i and what is more, I have known feveral of
them play themfelves away, fo that they have remain'd the
Winners Servants, till their Relations or themfelves could
pay the Money to redeem them j and when this happens, the
Lofer is never dejected or melancholy at the Lofs, bdt laushs
and feems no lefs contented than if he had won. Theyne-
ver differ at Gaming, neither did I ever fee a Difpute, about
the Legality thereof, fo much as rife amongft them.

Their chiefeft Game is a fort of Arithmetkk, which is
managed by a Parcel of fmall fplit Reeds, the Thicknefs of
a fmall Bent* thefe are made very nicely, fo that they part
and are tradable in their Hands. They are fifty one in
Number, their Length about feven Inches; when they play
they throw part of them to their Antagoniil -7 the Art is to
difcover, upon fight, how many you have, and what you
throw to him that plays with you. Some are fo expert at
their Numbers,, that they will tell ten times together, what
they throw out of their Hands. Although the whole Play
is carried on with the quickeft Motion it's poffible to ufe, yet
fome are fo expert at this Game, as to win great Indian fi-
liates by this Play. A good Sett of thefe Reeds, fit to play
withal, are valued and fold for a drefs'd Doe-Skin.

They have feveral other Plays and Games \ as, with the
Kernels or Stones of Periimmons, which are la eifea the.
fame as our Dice , becaufe Winning or Loilng depend oa
which fide appear uppermoft, and how they happen to &11>
together.

Another Game is managed with a Batoon and a Ball, andf
refembles our Trap-ball-, befides, feveral Nations have fe-
'. yeral Games and Paitimes, which are not ufed by others.

Thefe Savages live in Wigwam^ or Cabins built of Bark
which are made round like an Oven, to prevent any Da-
mage by hard Gales of Wind. They make the Fire in the
middle of the HoUfe,. and have a Hole at the Top of the Roof

rights:

■

of North-Carolina.

177

right above the Fire, to let out the Smoke. Theft Dwel-
lings are. as hot as Stoves, where the ../ttdians fleep and
fweat all Night. The Floors thereof are never paved nor
fwept, fo that they have always a looft Earth on them. They .
are often troubled with a multitude of Fleas, efpecially near^
the Places where they drefs their Deer-Skins, becaufe that
Hair harbours them \ yet I never felt any ill, unfavory Smell
in their Cabins, whereas, mould we live in our Houfes, as
they do, we mould be poifon'd with our own Naltinefs }
which confirms theft Indians to be, as they really are, fome Indians
©f the fweeteft People in the World. « **•*

The Bark they make their Cabins withal, is generally Og-Pso^
prefs, or red or white Cedar j and fometimes, when they
{are a great way from any of theft Woods, they make uft of
Pine-Bark, which is the worferfort. In building thefe Fa-
bricks, they get very long Poles, of Pine, Cedar, Hiccory,
t>r any Wood that will bend j thefe are the Thicknefs of the
Small of a Man's Leg, at the thickeft end, which they ge-
nerally ftrip of the Bark, and warm them well in the Fire,
which makes them tough and fit to bend \ afterwards, they
ftick the thickeft ends of them in the Ground, about two
Yards afunder, in a Circular Form, the diftance they d'eiign
the Cabin to be, (which is not always round, but fometimes Making
oval) then they bend the Tops and bring them together, Cabinsi
and bind their ends with Bark of Trees,, that is proper for
that ufe, as Elm is, or fometimes the Mofs that grows on the
Trees, and is a Yard or two long, and never rots^ the a slash Mafs^
they brace them with other Poles, to make them ftrong j Indians '
afterwards, cover them all over with Bark, fo that they are Store-
very warm and tight, and will keep firm againft all the Wea-^'^
thers that blow. They have other forts of Cabins without. \
Windows, which are for their Granaries, Skins, and Mer-
chandizes j and others that are cover'd over head \ the reft -
left open for the Air. Thefe have Reed-Hurdles, like Ta- Indians
bles, to lie and fit on, in Summer, and ferve for pleafant&w^t- \
Bancpeting-Houfts in the hot Seafon of the Year. The Ca- ifi£
bins they dwell in have Benches all round, except where the^^ i
Doorftands*, on theft they lay Beafts-Skins, and Mars made
©f Riifhes', whereon they fteep and loll. In one of thefe, fe-
deral Families commonly live?J though ail related to one ano-
ther

Mb

—

An Account cf the Indians

Indian
food.

As to the Indians Food, it is of feveral forts, which are as
follows.

Venifon, and Fawns in the Bags, cut out of the Doe's
Belly ; Fifh of all forts, the Lamprey-Eel excepted, a ad the
Sturgeon our Salt- Water Indians will not touch ; Bear and
Bever; i Panther; Pole-cat; Wild-cat} Pcflum j Raccoon j ■
Hares, and Squirrels, roafted with their Guts in; Snakes,
z\X Indians will not eat them, tho* fome do •, All wild Fruits
that are palatable, fome of which they dry and keep againft
Winter, as all fort of Fruits, and Peaches, which they dry,
and make Quiddonies, and Cakes, that are very pleafant,
and a little tartifh j young Wafps, when they are white in
the Combs, before they can fly,, this is efteemed a Dainty-
All forts of To.rtoisand Terebins; Shell-Fim, and Stingray,
or Sca'te, dry'd; Gourds; Melons; Cucumbers; Squafiies ;
Pulfe of all forts ; \Rochahomine Meal, which is their Maiz,
parch'dand pounded into Powder; Fowl of all forts,that are
eatable ; Ground-Nuts, or wild Potato's ; Acorns and Acorn
Oil; Wild-Bulls, Beef, Mutton, Pork, &e. from the Englifa
Indian Corn, or Maiz, made into feveral forts of Bread ; Ears
of Corn roafted in the Summer, or preferv'd againft Winter.
The Vi&uais is common, throughout the whole Kindred
Relations, and often to the whole Town ; efpecially, when
they are in Hunting-Quarters, then they all fare alike,
whichsoever of them kills the Game. They are very kind,
and charitable to one another, but more efpecially to thofe
of their own Nation ; for if any one of them has fuJFer'd
any Lofs, by Fire or otherwife, they order the griev'd Per-
fon to make a Feaft, and invite them all thereto, which, on
the day appointed , they come to, and after every Man's
Mefs of Victuals is dealt to him, one of their Speakers, or
grave old Men, makes an Harangue, and acquaints the Con>
pany, That that Man's Houfe has been burnt, where-
in atrtuvGoods were deftroy'd; That he, and his Family,
difiem not very narrowly efcaped ;That he is every Man's Friend in that
between Company ; and, T hat it is all their Duties to help him, as
he would do to any of them, had the like Misfortune befallen
them. After this Oration is over, every Man, according to
his Quality, throws him down upon the Ground fome Pre-
fent, which is commonly Beads, Rcnoak^Ps^ Skins or Furs,
and which very often amounts to treble the Lofs he has fuf-

fer'd.

Feafls of
Charity.
Indians

fat and
lean Meat

m

of North-Carolina

fer'd. The fame Afliftance they give to any Man that wants
to build a Cabin, or make a Canoe. They fay, it is our Duty
thus to do j for there are feveral Works that one Man cannot
effect, therefore we muft give him our Help,, other wife out;
Society will fall, and we mall be depriv'd of thofe urgent Ne-
cefilties which Life requires. They have no Fence to part Indians
one anothersLots in their Corn-Fields; but every Man knows no Fences.
his own, and it fcarce ever happens, that they rob one ano-
ther of fo much as an Ear of Corn, which if any is found to
do, he is fntenced by the Elders to work and plant for him
that was robb'd, till he is recompenfed for all the Damage
he has fufFer'd in his Corn-Field •, and this is punctually per-
form'd, and the Thief held in Difgrace, thatfteals from any
of his Country-Folks. It often happens, that a Woman is
dcftituteof her Husband, and has a great many Children to Indians
maintain; fach a Perfon they always help, and make their ckmtyx%
young men. plant, reap, and do every thing that Hie is ixotWiA<>m\-
capable of doing herfelf; yet they do not allow any one
to be idle, but to employ themfelves in fome Work or other.

They never fight with one another, unlefs drunk, nor dolndian
you ever hear any Scolding amongft them. They fay, %]x^,Womenne
Europeans are always wangling and uneafy, and wonder they ScuUh
do not go out of this World, fince they are fo uneafy and
difcontented in it. All their Misfortunes and LofTes end in
Laughter; for if their Cabins take Fire, and all tlTeir Goods
are burnt therein, ( indeed, all will ftrive to prevent farther
Damage, whilft there is any Poflibility) yet fuch a Misfor-
tune ends in a hearty Fitt of Laughter, unlefs fome of their
Kinsfolks and Friends have loft their Lives \ but then the
Cafe is alter'd, and they become very penfive, and go into
deep Mourning, which is continued for a confiderable Time \
fometimes longer, or (horter, according to the Dignity of
the Perfon, and the Number of Relations he had near him.

The Burial of their Dead is perform'd with a great deal
of Ceremony, in which one Nation differs, in fome few Cir-
cumftances, from another, yet not fo much but we may, by
a general Relation, pretty nearly account for them all.

When an Indian is dead, the greater Perfon he was, theindian
more expenfive is his Funeral. The firft thing which is done,^?** of
is, to place the neareft Relations near the Corps, who mouvn^w &**&*
and weep very much, having their Hair hanging down their

Shoulders^

An Account of the Indians

Indian
Funeral
Sermon.

Shoulders, in a very forlorn manner. After the dead Per-
fon has lain a Day and a Night, in one of their Hardies of
Canes, commonly irifome Out-Houfe made for that purnofe
thole that officiate about the Funeral, go into the Town and'
the firfl young Men they meet withal, that have Blankets or
Match Coats on, whom they think fit for their Turn,- they
ilrip them from their Backs, who fuffer them fo to do, with-
out any Refinance. In thefe they wrap the dead Bodies, and
cover them with two .or three Mats, which the Indians make
of Rufnes or Cane ^ and laft of all, they have a long Web
of woven Reeds, or hollow Canes, which is the Coilm of
the Indians, and is brought round feveral times , and tied
fait at both ends, which indeed, looks very decent -and
well. Then the Corps- is brought out of the Houfe, into
the Orchard of Peach-Trees, where another Hurdle is made
to receive it, about which comes all the Relations and Na-
tion that the dead Perfon beiong'd to, befides feveral from
other Nations in Alliance with them ; all which fit down on
the Ground, upon Mats fpread there, for that purpofe-
■where the Doftor or Conjurer appears ; and, after fome
time, makes a Sort of O-yes, at which all are very filenf
then he begins to give an Account, who the dead Perfon
was, and how flout a Man heapprov'd himfelf; how many
Enemies and Captives he had kill'd and taken -7 how itrong
tall, and nimble he was •, that he was a great Hunter, a lover
of his Country, and poiTefs'd of a great many beautiful Wives
and Children, efteem'd thegreateft of Bleffings among thefe
Savages, in which they have a true Notion. Thus this Ora-
tor runs on, highly extolling the dead Man, for his Valour,
Conduct, Strength, Riches, and Good-Humour^ and enu-
merating his Guns, Slaves and almofl every thing he was pof-
fefs'dof, when living. After which, he addrefles himfelf to
the People of that Town or Nation, and bids them fupply
the dead Man's Place, by following his fteps, who, he allures
them, is gone into the Country of Seuls, ( which they
think lies'a great way off, in this World, which the Sun vi-
fits, in his ordinary Courfe) and that he will have the Enjoy-
ment of handfome young Women, great Store of Deer to
hunt, never meet with Hunger, Cold or Fatigue, but every
thing to anfwer his Expectation and Defire. This is the
Heaven they propofe to themfelves \ but, on the contrary,

for

of North-Carolina.

for thofe Indians that are lazy, thievifh amongft themfelves,
bad Hunters, and no Warriours, nor of much Ufe to the Na-
tion, to fuch they allot, in the next World, Hunger, Cold,
Troubles , old ugly Women for their Companions, with
Snakes, and all forts of nafty Vi&uals to feed on. Thus is
marked out their Heaven and Hell. After all this Harangue,
he diverts the People with fome of their Traditions, as when
there was a violent hot Summer, or very hard Winter ; when
any notable Diftempers rag'd amongft them \ when they
were at War with fuch and fuch Nations \ how vi&oriousInd.
they were} and what were the Names of their War-Cap- traditions-
tains. To prove the times more exa&ly, he produces the
Records of the Country, which are a Parcel of Reeds, of
different Lengths , with feveral diftinft Marks, known to
none but themfelves , by which they feem to guefs, very ex-
actly, at Accidents that happened many Years ago *, nay two
or three Ages or more. The Reafon I have to believe what
they tell me, on this Account, is, becaufel have been at the
Meetings of feveral Indian Nations \ and they agreed, in re-
lating the fame Circumftances, as to Time, very exa&ly *, as,
for Example, they fay, there was fo hard a Winter in Caro-
lina, 105 years ago, that the great Sound was frozen over,
and the Wild Geefe came into the Woods to eat Acorns, and 4 bari
that they were fo tame, (Ifuppofe, through Want) that they wimsr*
kill'd abundance in the Woods, by knocking them on the
Head with Sticks.

But, to return to the dead Man. When this long Tale is
ended, by him that fpoke firft •, perhaps, a fecond begins
another long Story , fo a third, and fourth, if there befo
many Doctors prefent •, which all tell one and the fame thing.
At laft, the Corps is brought away from that Hurdle to the
Grave, by four young Men, attended by the Relations, the
King, old Men, and all the Nation. When they come to
the Sepulcre, which is about fix Foot deep, and eight Foot
long, having at each end (that is, at the Head and Foot) a
Light-Wood, or Pitch- Pine Fork driven clofe down the
fides of the Grave, firmly into the Ground \ (thefe two imermm
Forks are to contain a Ridge-Pole, as you fhall underftand in the
prefently) before they lay the Corps into the Grave, they Grave.
cover the bottom two or three times over with Bark of Trees,
then they ktdowa the Corps (with two Belts, that the /«-

B b dians

m

An Account of the Indians

■dims carry their Burdens withal) very -leifurely , upon the
faid Barks y then they lay over a Pole of the fame Wood, in
the two Forks, and having a great many Pieces of Pitch- Pine
Logs, about two Foot and a half long, they flick them in the
fides of the Grave down each End, and near the Top thereof,
where the other Ends lie on the Ridge-Pole, fo that they are
declining like the Roof of a Houfe. Thefe being very thick-
piac'd, they cover them ( many times double) with Bark \
then they throw the Earth thereon, that came out of the
Grave, and beat it down very firm*, by this Means, the
dead Body lies in a Vault, nothing touching him , fo that
when 1 faw this way of Burial, I was mightily pleased with ir,
efleemingit very decent and pretty, as having feen a great
many Chriftians buried without the tenth Part of that Cere-
mony and "Decency. Now, when the Fleih is rotted and
mouldered from the Bone, they take up the Carcafs, and
clean the Bones, and joint them together; afterwards, they
drefs them up in pure white drefs'd Deer-Skins, and lay them
Qi-li07§°; amongft their Grandees and Kings in the Qniogo^on, which
zon wis. . their Royai jornb or Burial-Place of their Kings and War-
Captains. This is a very large magnificent Cabin, (according
to their Building) which is rais'd at the Publick Charge of the
Nation, and maintained in a great deal of Form and Neat-
nefs. About feven foot high, is a Floor or Loft made, on
which lie all their Princes, and Great Men, .that have died
for feveral hundred Years, all attir'd in the Drefs I before
told you of. No Perfon is to have his Bones lie here, and to
be thus drefs'd, unlefshe gives a round Sum of their Money to
the Rulers, for Admittance. If they remove never fo far, to
live in a Foreign Country, they never fail to take all thefe
dead Bones along with them , though the Tedioufnefs of
their fhort daily Marches keeps them never fo long on. their
tourney. They reverence and adore this Ouiogoaon, with all
the Veneration and Relped that is pofllble for fuch a People
to difcharge, and had rather lofe all, than have any Violence
or Injury offer'd thereto. Thefe Savages differ fome fmall
matter in their Burials \ fome burying right upwards, and
otherwife, as you are acquainted withal in my Journal from
South to North Carolina; Yet they all agree in their Mourn-
ing, which is, to appear every Night, at the Sepulcre, and
howl and weep in a very difmal manner, having their Faces

dawb'd

Idols at
the Beds.

ttoumng
for the

of 'North-Carolina,

dawb'd over with Light-wood Soot, (which is the fame as
Lamp-black) and Bears Oil. This renders them as black as
it is poflible to make themfelves, fo that theirs very much
refemble the Faces of Executed Men boil'd in Tar. If the
dead Perfon was a Grandee, to carry on the Funeral Cere-
monies, they hire People to cry and lament over the dead
Man. Of this fort there are feveral, that pradife it for a
Livelihood, and are very expert at Shedding abundance of
Tears, and howling like Wolves, and fo difcharging their Indians
Office with abundance of Hypocrify and Art. The Women hired *»
are never accompanied with thefe Ceremonies after Death \ mmm'
and to what World they allot that Sex, I never underftood,
unlefs, to wait on their dead Husbands \ but they have more
Wit, thanfomeof the Eaftern Nations, wJio facrifice them-
felves to accompany their Husbands into the next World.
It is the dead Man's Relations, by Bletfd, as his Uncles, Bro-
thers, Sifters, Coufins, Sons, and Daughters, that mourn in
good earneft, the Wives thinking their Duty is difcharg'd,
and that they are become free, when their Husband is dead \
fo, as fall as they can, look out for another, to fupplv his
Place. f&i

As for the Indian Women, which now happen in my Way ;
when young, and at Maturity, they are as fine-fhap'd Crea-
tures (take them generally) as any in the Univerfe. They are
of a tawny Complexion ; their Eyes very brisk and amorous ; Indian
their Smiles afford the fineft Compofure a Face can pofTefs ♦, TmJ?
their Hands are of the fineft Make, with fm'all long Fingers, ^
and as foft as their Cheeks ; and their whole Bodies of a
fmooth Nature, They are not fo uncouth or unlikely, as
we fuppofe them % nor are they Strangers or not Proficients
in the foft Pafiion. They are moil of them mercenary, ex-
cept the married Women, who fometimes bellow their Fa-
vours alfo to fome or other, in their Husbands Abfence.
For which they never ask any Reward. As for the Report,
that they are never found unconftant, like the Europeans, it is Mdrrki
wholly falfe 5 for were the old World and the new one put into mmm m~
-a Pair of Scales fin point of Conftancy) it would be a hard <<'onfianu
Matter to difcern which was the heavier. As for the Trading Tradin&
Girls, which are thofe defign'd to get Money by their Girh'
Natural Parts, thefe are difcernable, by the Cut of their
Hair j their Tonfure differing from all others, of that Nati-

B b z on.

* -

An Account of the Indians

Mi

on, who are not of their Profeffion ; which Method is in-
tended to prevent Miftakes *, for the Savages of America are
Iflefirous (if poflible) to keep their Wives to themfelves, as
well as thofe in other Parts of the World. When any Ad-
drefles are made to one of thefe Girls, {he immediately ac-
quaints her Parents therewith, and they tell the King of it,
(provided he that courts her be a Stranger) his Majefty com-
monly being the principal Bawd of the Nation he rules over,
and there feldom being any of thefe Winchefter- Weddings a-
greed on, without his Royal Confent. He like wife advifes
her what Bargain to make, and if it happens to be an Indian
Trader that wants a Bed-fellow, and has got Rum to fell, be
fure, the King muft have a large Dram for a Fee, to con-
firm the Match. Thefe Indians, that are of the elder fort,
when any fuch Queftion is put to them, will debate the Mat-
ter amongir. themfelves with all the Sobriety and Serioufnefs
imaginable, every one of the GirPs Relations arguing the
Advantage or Detriment that may enfue fuch a Night's En-
counter } all which is done with as much Steadinefs and Rea-
lity, as if it was the greateft Concern in the World, and not
fo much as one Perfon fhall be feen to fmile, fo long as the
Debate holds, making no Difference betwixt an Agreement
cf this Nature, and a Bargain of any other. If they com-
ply with the Men's Deiire, then a particular Bed is provided
for them, either in a Cabin by themfelves, or elfe all the
young people turn out, to another Lodging, that they may
not fpoil Sport ; and if the old People are in the fame Cabin
along with them all Night, they lie as unconcern'd, as if
they were fo many Logs of Wood. If it be an Indian of
their own Town or Neighbourhood, that wants a Miftrefs,
he comes to none but the Girl, who receives what fhe thinks
fit to ask him, and fo lies all Night with him, without the
Confent of her Parents.

The Indian Traders are thofe which travel and abide a-
mongft the Indians for a long fpace of time \ fometimes for a
Year, two, or three. Thefe Men have commonly their In-
dian Wives, whereby they foon learn the Indian Tongue, keep
a'Friendfhip with the Savages \ and, beildes the Satisfa&ion
of a She-Bed-Fellow, they find thefe Indian Girls very fer-
viceable to them, on Account of drefling their Vi&uals, and
iaftrufting 'em in the Affairs and Cuftoms of the Country.

More-

Indian

Traders
wbat»

Indian

Wives*

mm

of North-Carolina";

«8s

Moreover, fuch a Man gets a great Trade with the Savages ;
for when a Perfon that lives amongft them, is referv'd from
the Converfation of their Women, 'tis impoflible for him
ever to accomplifh his Defigns amongft that People.

But one great Misfortune which oftentimes attends thofe
that converfe with thefe Savage Women, is, that they gej:
Children by them, which are feldom educated any otherwiie
than in a State of Infidelity } for it is a certain Rule and Cu-
ftom, amongft all the Savages of America, that I was ever
acquainted withal, to let the Children always fall to the Wo-
man's Lot j for it often happens, that two Indium that have ^ire*
liv'd together, as Man and Wife, in which Time they have^ w/u
had feveral Children •, if they part, and another Man poffef- the Wq*.
fes her, all the Children go along with the Mother, and none «»«.
with the. Father. And therefore, on this Score, it ever feems
impoffible for the Chriftians to get their Children (which they
have by thefe Indian Women) away from them \ whereby
they might bring them up in the Knowledge of the Chri-
ftian Principles. Neverthelefs, we often find, that English
Men, and other Europeans that have been accuftonfd to the
Converfation of thefe favage Women, and their Way of
Living, have been foallur'd with that earelefs fort of Life,
as to be conftant to their Indian Wife, and her Relations, fa
long as they liv'd, without ever defiring to return again a-
mongft the Englifi, although they had very fair Opportuni-
ties of Advantages amongft their Countrymen \ of which fort
I have known feveral.

As for the Indian Marriages, I have read and heard of a
great deal of Form and Ceremony ufed, which I never faw,
nor yet could learn in the Time I have been amongft them, a-
ny otherwife than I fhall here give you an Account of-, which
is as follows.

When any young Indian has a Mind for fuch a Girl to his
Wife, be, orfome one for him, goes to the young Woman's
Parents , if living *, if not, to her neareft Relations -7 where
they make Offers of the Match betwixt the Couple. The
Relations reply, they will confider of it, which ferves for a
fufficient Anfwer, till there be a fecond Meeting about the
Marriage, which is generally brought into Debate before all
the Relations (that are old People) on both Sides ± and fome- J^iaa
times the King, with all his great Men, give their Opinions mmi*&*^

there-

An Account of the Indians

Indian
Men not
vigorous

::

••

therein. If it be agreed on, and the young Woman approve
thereof, ( for thefe Savages never give their Children in
Marriage ,, without their own Confent ) the Man pays fo
Indians much for his Wife} and the handfomer fhe is, the greater
buy their Price fhe bears. Now, it often happens, that the Man has
Wives, not fo much of their Money ready, as he is to pay for his
Wife -7 but if they know him to l>e a good Hunter, and that
lie can raife the Sum agreed for> in fome few Moons, or any
little time, they agree, me fhall go along with him, as be-
trbth'd, but he is not to have any Knowledge of her, till
the utmoft Payment is difcharg'd •, all which is punctually
obferv'd. Thus, they lie together under one Covering for
feveral Months, and the Woman remains the fame as fhe was
when fhe firft came to him. I doubt,^ our Europeans would be
apt to break this Cuftom, but the Indian Men are not fo vi-
gorous and impatient in their Love as we are. Yet the Wo-
men are quite contrary, and thofe Indian Girls that have con-
vers'd with the Englijli and other Europe am , never care for
the Converfation of their own Countrymen- afterwards.

They never marry fo near as a firft Coufin -0 and although
there is nothing more coveted amongft them, than to marry
a Woman of their own Nation, yet when the Nation confifts
of a very few People (as now adays it often happens) fo
that they are all of them related to one another, then they
look out for Husbands and Wives amongft Strangers. For
If an Indian lies with his Sifter, or any very near Relation, his
Body is burnt, and his Afhes thrown into the River, as un-
worthy to remain on .Earth} yet an Indian is allow'd to
marry two Sifters, or his Brothers Wife. Although thefe
People are call'd Savages, yet Sodomy is never heard of a-
mongftthem, and they are fo far from the Practice of that
beaftly and loathfome Sin, that they have no Name for it in
all their Language.

The Marriages of thefe Indians are no farther binding, than
the Man and Woman agree together. Either of them has
Liberty to leave the other, upon any frivolous Excufe they
can make} yet whofoever takes the Woman that was ano-
ther Man's before, and bought by him, as they all are, muft
certainly pay to her former Husband, whatfoever he gave for
her. Nay, if fhe be a Widow, and her Husband died in Debt,
whofoever takes her to Wife, pays all her Husband's Obliga- ■

dons, ^

of North-Carolina.

187

tions, though never fo many \. yet the Woman is not required
to pay any thing (unlefs (lie is willing) that was owing from
her Husband, fo long as fhe .keeps Single, But if a Man courts
her for a Nights Lodging, and obtains it, the Creditors will
make him pay her Husband's Debts, and he^ may, if he will,
take her for his Money, or fell her to another for his Wife.
I havefeen feveral of thefe Bargains driven in a 'day ; for you
may fee Men felling their Wives as-Men do Horfes in a Fair,M_
a Man being allow'd not only to change as often as he pleafes,^?.
but likewife to have as many Wives as he is able to maintain.
I have often feen, that very old Indian Men (that have been Indian
Grandees in their own Nation; have had three or fou? very m*»J &&"
likely young Indian Wives, which I have much wondered at,ve*
becaufe to me they feem'd incapacitated to make good Ufe of
one of them.

The young Men will go in .the Night from one Houfe to
another, to vifit the young Women, in which fort of Ram-
bles they will fpend the whole Night. In their Addrefles N;gt>t,
they find no Delays, for if fhe is willing to entertain the Kambku-
Man, fhe gives him Encouragement and grants him Admit-
tance; otherwife Ihe withdraws her Face from him , and
fays, I cannot fee you, either you or I muft leave this 'Cabin*,
and fleep fomewhere elfe this Night.

They are never to boaft of theirlntrigues with the Wo-
men. If they do, none of the Girls value them ever after,,
or admit of their Company in their Beds.. This proceeds
not on the fcoreof Reputation, for there is no fuch thing
Con that account; known amongft them; and although we.
may reckon them the greateft Libertines and moft extrava-
gant in their Embraces, yet they retain and pofTefs a Mo-
deity that requires thofe Paffions never to be divulged.

The Trading Girls , after they have led that Courfe of
Life, for feveral Years, in which time they fcarce ever have
a Child; (for they have an Art to deftroy the Conception,
and fhe that brings a Child in this Station, is accounted a Fool,
and her Reputation is leiTen'd thereby)at laft they grow weary
of fo many, and betake themfelves to a married State, or to7**^

the Company of one Man ; neither does their having been Gl
common to foirr~
augment them.

common to fo many any wife lefTen their Fortunes, butmher ?Ty *

The

1 88

An Account of the Indians

Womznmt The Woman is not punifh'd for Adultery, but 'tis the Man

for AM
terj.

'Never

that makes the injur d Perfon Satisfaction, which is the Law
of Nations pra&is'd amongft them all -0 and he that ftrives
to evade fuch Satisfaction as the Husband demands, lives
daily in Danger of his Life } yet when difcharg'd, all Ani-
moiity is laid aiide,and the Cuckold is very well pleafed with
his Bargain , whilft the Rival is laugh'd at by the whole
Nation, for carrying on his Intrigue with no better Condud,
than to be difcover'd and pay fo dear for his Pleafure.

The Indians fay, that the Woman is a weak Creature, and
eafily drawn away by the Man's Perfuafion } for which Rea-
fon, they lay no Blame upon her, but the Man (that ought
to be Matter of his Paffion) for perfuading her to it.
They are of a very hale Confutation \ their Breaths are as
£<?v<?-ww4.iweetasthe Air they breathe in, and the Woman feems to
be of that tender Compofition, as if they were defign'd rather
for the Bed then Bondage. Yet their Love is never of that
Force and Continuance, that any of them ever runs Mad, or
makes away with themfelves on that fcore. They never love
beyond Retrieving their firtf IndifFerency, and when flighted
are as ready to untie the Knot at one end, as you are at the
other.

Yet I knew an European Man that had a Child or two by
one of thefe Indian Women, and afterwards married a Chri-
itian, after which he came to pafs away a Night with his
Indian Miftrefs ; but Ihe made Anfwer that fhe then had for-
got fhe ever knew him, and that lhe never lay with another
Woman's Husband, fo fell a crying, and took up the Child
fhe had by him, and went out of the Cabin (away from him')
in great Diforder. J

Indian The Indian Womens Work is tacook the Vi&uals for the
ZZtbey ^^mily, andjo make Mats, Baskets, Girdles of Pof-
do. ftm-Hair, and fuch-like. They never plant the Corn a-

Iroquois mongft us, as they doamongftthe Iroquois, who are always
grutWar-at War and Hunting-, therefore, the Plantation Work is left
nours. for the Women and Slaves to perform, and look after i whilft
they are wandnng all over the Continent betwixt the two
Bays of Mexico and St. Laurence.
mmUvo The Mats the Indian Women make, are of Ruflies and a-
madc bout five Foot high, and two Fathom long, and few'd double
that is, two together^ whereby they become very commo-
dious

n i >n m

of North-Carolina,

dious to lay under our Beds, or to ileep on in the Summer
Seafon in the Day-time, and for our Slaves in the Night.

There are other Mats made of Flags, which the Tushrun
Indians make, and fell to the Inhabitants.

The Baskets our Neighbouring Indians make, are all made 5^^.
of a very fine fort of Bulruihes, and fometimes of Silk-grais,
which they work with Figures of Bealts, Birds, Filhes, &c.

A great way up in the Country, both Baskets and Mats
are made of the fplit Reeds, which are only the outward
ihining Part of the Cane. Of thefe 1 have feen Mats, Baskets*
and Dreffing-Boxes, very artificially done.

The Savage Women of America, have very eafy Travail
with their Children-, fometimes they bring Twins, and are
brought to bed by themfelves, when took at a Difad vantage ^
not but that they have Mid wives amongft them, as well as
Doctors, who make it their Profeffion (for Gain) to aifift and
deliver Women, and fome of thefe Mid wives are very know-
ing in feveral Medicines that Carolina affords, which certainly-
expedite , and make eafy Births. Betides, they are unac-
quainted with thofe fevere Pains which follow the Birth in
our European Women. Their Remedies area great Caufe of
this Eafinefs in that State h for the Indian Women will ruaMiatv
up and down the Plantation, the fame day, very briskly, and mves%
without any flgn of Pain or Sicknefs , yet they look very
meager and thin. Not but that we muft allow a great deal-
owing to the Climate, and the natural Conftitution of thefe
Women, whofe Courfe of Nature never vifits them in fuch
Quantities, as the European Women have. And tho' they
never want Plenty of Milk, yet I never faw an Indian Wo-
man with very large Breafts \ neither does the youngeft Wife
ever fail of proving fogood a Nurfe, as to bring her Child
up free from the Rickets and Difallers that proceed from the
Teeth, with many other Diftempers which attack our Infants •
in England, and other Parts of Europe. They let their Chil-
dren fuck till they are well grown, unlefs they prove big with
Child fooner. They always nurfe their own Children them-
felves, unlefs Sicknefs or Death prevents. I once faw ^Mldr^
Nurfe hired to give Suck to an Indian Woman's Child, which ^0Wa "
you have in my Journal. After Delivery, they abfent the
Company of a Man for forty days. As foon as the Child is
born, they wafh it in cold Water at the next Stream, and

Cc * then

Cradle,

Indian

Wemens
Sabiu

An Account of the Indians

then bedawb it, as I have mentiori'd before. After which,
the Husband takes care to provide a Cradle, which is foon
made, confifling of a Piece of fiat Wood, which they hew
with their Hatchets to the Likenefs of a Board-, it is about
two Foot long, and' a Foot broad \ to this they brace and
tie the Child down very clofe, having, near the middle, a
Stick faften'd about two Inches from the Board, which is for
the Child's Breech to reft on, under which they put a Wad
of Mofs , that receives the Child's Excrements, by which
means they can fliift the Mofs, and keep all clean and fweet.
Some Nations have very flat Heads, as you have heard in my
Journal, which is made whilft tied on this Cradle, as that
Relation informs you, Thefe Cradles are apt to make the
Body flat % yet they are the moft portable things that can be
invented; for there is a String which goes from one Corner
of the Board to the other, whereby the Mother flings her
Child on her Back}- fo the Infant's Back is towards hers, and
its Face looks up towards the Sky. If it rains, fhe throws
her Leather or Woollen Match-coat, over her Head, which
covers the Child all over, and fecures her and it from the
Injuries of rainy Weather.. The Savage Women quit all Com-
pany, and drefs not their own Viduals, during their Purga-
tions.

After they have had feveral Children, they grow ftrange-
]y out of Shape in their Bodies ; As for Barrennefs, I never
knew any of their Women , that have not Children when
marry'd.

The Womens Drefs is, in fevere Weather, a hairy Match-
coat in the Nature of a Plad, which keeps out the Cold, and
(as I faid before) defends their Children from the Prejudices
of the Weather. At other times, they have only a fort of
Flap or Apron containing two Yards in Length, and better
than half a Yard deep. Sometime*, it is a Deer-Skin drefs'd
white, and pointed or flit at the bottom, like Fringe. When
this is clean, it becomes them very well. Others wear blue
or red Flaps made of Bays and Plains, which they buy of the
Englijh, of both which they tuck in the Corners, to fallen
the Garment, and fometimes make it fall with a Belt. All
of them, when ripe, have a fmall String round the \yafte, to
which another is tied and comes between their Legs, where
always is a Wad of Mofs-againft the Os pubis,, but never any
t ~ Hair

of North-Carolina.

'9

Hair is there to be found': Sometimes, they wear Indian
Shooes, orMoggizons, which are made after the fame man-
ner, #s the Mens are.

The Hair of their Heads is made into a long Roll like a
Horfes Tail, and bound round with Ronoak or PorceUn, which
is a fort of Beads they make of the Conk-Shells. Others that
have not this, make a Leather-String ferve.

The hdlm Men have a Match-Coat of Hair, Furs, Fea-*"djaa
thers? or Cloth, as the Women have. Their Hair iscolPd ^
up, on each Ear, as the Womens, only much Ihorter, and
oftentimes a Roll on the Grown of the Heat!, or Temples,
which is juft as they fancy \ there being no Scri&nefs in their
Drefs. Betwixt their Legs comes a Piece of Cloth, that, is
tuck'dinby a Belt both before and: behind. This is to hide
their Nakednefs, of which Decency they are very ftricc Ob-
servers, although never pra&ifed before the Chriftiaas came
amongft them. They wear Shooes, of Bucks, and fbmetimes
Bears Skin , which they tan in an Hour or two \ with the
Bark of Trees boiPd, wherein they put the Leather whilfl
hot, and let it remain a little while, whereby it becomes fa
qualify'd , as to endure Water and Dirt, without growing
hard. Thefe have no Heels, and are made as fit for the
Feet, as a Glove is for the Hand, and are very eafie to travel
in, when one is a little us'd to them. When thefe Savages
live near the Water, they frequent the Rivers in Summer- Indians
time very much, where both Men and Women very often in majhing

a day go in naked to warn themfelves, though not both Sexes '* **e
together. ^vsr'

Their Feather Match-Coats are very pretty, efpecially
fome of them, which are made extraordinary charming, con-
taining feveral pretty Figures wrought in Feathers, making
them feem like a fine Flower Silk-Shag*, and when new and Match*
frefh, they become a Bed very well, inftead of a Qailt. SoniQCms bet*
of another fort are made of Hare, Raccoon, Bever, or Squir-^^*
rel-Skins, which are very warm. Others again are made of
the green Part of the Skin of a Mallard's Head, which they
few perfectly well together, their Thread being either the
Sinews of a Deer divided very fmall, or Silk-Grafs. WThen
thefe are finiih'd, they look very finely, though they mult
needs be very troublefome to make. Some of their great
Men, as Rulers and fuch, that have Plenty of Deer Skins
Cc 2 by

i9

An Account of the Indians

Chiliad
Indians.

by them, will often buy the Eng lift- made Coats, which they
wear on Feftivals and other Days of Viflting. Yet none ever
buy any Breeches, faying, that they are too much confin'd
in them, which prevents their Speed in running, &c.

We have fome Indians, that are more civilized than the reft,
Which wear Hats, Shooes, Stockings, and Breeches, with
very tolerable Linnen Shirts, which is not common amongifc
thefe Heathens. The Tafptank Indians ' did formerly keep
Cattle, and make Butter.

Thefe are them that wear the Englljh Drefs. Whether
they have Cattle now or no, I am not certain ; but I am of
the Opinion, that fuch Inclinations in the Savages fhould
meet with Encouragement, and every Englishman ought to do
Hatteras them Juftice> and not defraud them of their Land, which
Indians. ^as Deen allotted them formerly by the Government -, for if
we do not fhew them Examples of Juftice and Vertue, we
can never bring them to believe us to he a worthier Race of
Men than themfelves.

The DrefTes of thefe People are fo different, according to
the Nation that they belong to, that it is impoffible to re-
count all the whimllcal Figures that they fometimes make by
their Antick DrefTes. Befides, Carolina is a Warm Country,
and very mild in its Winters, to what Virginia, Maryland, Ten-
fylvam 'a,. New-York, the Jerfeys, and New- England are ;" where-
fore, our Indians Habit very much differs from the DrefTes
that -appear amongft the Savages who inhabit thofe cold
Countries ; in regard their chiefeft Cloathing for the Winter-
Seafon is made of the Furs of Bever, Raccoon, and other
Northern Furs, that our Climate is not acquainted withal,
they producing fome Furs, as the Monad, Moor, Marten,
Black Fox, and others to us unknown.

Thejr Drefs in Peace and War, is quite different. Befides,
when they go to War, their Hair is comb'd out by the Wo-
men, and done over veny much with Bears Greafe, and red
Root; with Feathers, Wings, Rings, Copper, and Teak, or
Wampum in their Ears. Moreover, they buy Vermillion of
the Indian Traders , wherewith they paint their Faces all
over red, and commonly make a Circle of Black about one
Eye, and another Circle of White about the other, whilft
©thers bedawb their Faces with Tobacco-Pipe Clay, Lamp-
Maekj black Leadt and divers other Colours* which they

make

ftitnmg
for War.

of North-Carolina,

make with the feveral forts of Minerals and Earths that
'they get in different Parts of the Country, where they hunt
and travel. When thefe Creatures are thus painted, they
make the molt frightful Figures that can, be imitated by Men,
and feem moreJike Devils than Humane Creatures. You may
before, that they are about fome Mifchief, when you fee them
thus painted } for in all the Hoftiiities which have ever been
a&ed againft the Englijh at any time, in feveral of the Planta-
tions of America^ the Savages always appeared in this Dif-
guize , whereby they might never after be difcover'd, or
known by any of the Chriftians that mould happen to fee
them after they had made their Efcape ^ for it is impoffible,
ever to know an Indian under thefe Colours, although he has
been at your Houfe a thoufand times, and you know him, at
other times, as well as you do any Perfon living. As for
their Women, they never ufe any Paint on their Faces ; nei-
ther do they ever carry them along with them into the Field,
when they intend any Expedition, leaving them at home with
the old Men and Children.

Some of the Indians wear great Bobs in their Ears, and Ear Boh,
fometimes in the Holes thereof they put Eagles and other
Birds, Feath«rs, for a Trophy. When they kill any Fowl,
they commonly pluck off the downy Feathers, and flick them
all over their Heads. Some (both Men and Women; wear
great Necklaces of their Money made of Shells. They of-
ten wear Bracelets made of Brafs, and fometimes of Iron-
Wire.

Their Money is of different forts, but all made of Shells, Indian
which are found on the Coaft of Caroling which are very#0«>-
large and hard, fo that they are very difficult to cut. Some
Englijh Smiths have try'd to drill this fort of Shell-Money,
and thereby thought to get an Advantage y but itprov'd fo
hard, that nothing could be gain'd. They often times make,
of this Shell, a fort of Gorge, which they wear about their
Keck in a firing •, fo it hangs on their Collar, whereon fome-
times is engraven a Crofs, or fome odd fort of Figure, which
comes next in their Fancy. There are other forts valued at
a Doe-Skin, yet the Gorges will fometimes fell for three or
four Ruck-Skins> ready dreft. There be others, that eight of
them go readily for a Doe Skin y hut the general and current
Species of all the Indians ia Carolina*) and, I believe, all over

fch&-

194

An Account of the Indians

the Continent, as far as the Bay of Mexico? is that which
we call Teak9 and Ronoak, but Peak more efpecially. Tins is
that which at New*Tork, they call Wampum, and have ufed it
as current Money amongft the Inhabitants for a great
many Years. This is what many Writers -call Porcelan, and
is made at New-Yorkm great Quantities, and with usinfome
meafure. Five Cubits of this purchafe a drefs'd Doe-Skin, and
feven or eight purchafe a drefs'd Buck-Skin. An EngUjh-
man could not afford to make fo much of this Wampum for
five or ten times the Value •, for it is made out of a vaft great
Shell, of which that Country affords Plenty \ where it is
ground fmaller than the fmall End of a Tobacco-Pipe, or a
large Wheat-Straw. Four or five of thefe make an Inland
every one is to be drill'd through, and made as.fmoothias
Glafs, andfo ftrung, as Beds are, and a Cubit of the Indian
Meafure contains as much in Length, as will reach from the
Elbow to the End of the little Finger. They never ftand to
queftion, whether it is a tall Man, or a fhortone, that mea-
lures it ; but if this Wampum Veal be black or purple, as fome
Part of that Shell is, then it is twice the Value. This the
Indians grind on Stones and other things, till they make it
current, but the Drilling is the molt difficult to the Englijh-
men, which the Indians manage with a Nail ftuck in a Cane
or Reed. Thus they roll it continually on their Thighs, with
their Right-hand, holding the Bit of Shell with their Left,
fo in time they drill a Hole quite through it, which is a very
tedious Work; but efpecially in making their Ronoak, four of
which Will fcarce make one Length of Wampum. The -Indi-
ans area People that never value their time, fothat they can
afford to make them, and never need to fear the Englifh will
take the Trade out of their Hands. This is the Money with
whic^i you may buy Skins, Furs , Slaves, or any thing the
Indians have; it being the Mammon (as our Money is to us)
that entices and perfuades them to do any thing, and part
with every thing they poffefs, except their Children for Slaves.
As for their Wives, they are often fold, and their Daughters
violated for it. With this they buy off Murders ; and what-
foever a Man can do that is ill, this Wampum will quit him
of, and make him, in their.Qpinion, good and vertuous,
though never fo black before.

All:

of North-Carolina.

m

All the Indians give a Name to their Children, which is Indians
not the fame as the Father or Mother, but what they fancy,. how
This Name they keep, (if Boys) till they arrive to the Age nmeiL
of a Warriour, which is fix teen or; feventeen Years , then
they take a Name to themfelves, fometimes, Eagle, Panther,
Alienator, or fome fuch wild Creature ; efteeming nothing on
Earth worthy to give them a Name, but thefe Wild-Fowl,
and Beafls. Some again take the Name of a Fifh, which they
keep as long as they live.

The King is the Ruler of the Nation, and has others under Indian
him, to affift him, as his War-Captains, and Counfellors,^/^
who are pick'd out and chofen from among the ancientefl Io°r^
Men of the Nation: he is King of. Thefe meet him in all
general Councils and Debates, concerning War •, Peace, Every
Trade, Hunting, and all the Adventures and Accidents of T°wn a
Humane Affairs, which appear within their Verge •*. where ^^er*
all AfFairs are. difcourfed of and argued pre and con, ¥evy'dz-alJihem»
Jiberately ( without making1 any manner of Parties or 'Pivifi-w».
onsj for the Good of the Publick j for, as they meet thereto
treat, they difcharge their Duty with all the Integrity imagi-
nable, never looking towards their Own Intereft, before the
Publick Good. After every Man has given his Opinion, that
which has moil Voices, or, in Summing up, ' is found the moffc
reafonable, that they make ufe of without any Jars and
Wrangling, and put it in Execution, the fir It Opportunity
that offers.

The Succeflion. falls' not to the King's Son, but to his succejjlm
Siller's Son, which is a- fire way to prevent impoftors in thekw. ,
Succeflion. Sometimes they poifon the Heir to make way for
another, which is not feldom done, when they do not ap-
prove of the Youth that is to fucceed them. The King him-
felf is commonly chief Doftor in that Cure.

They are fo well verfed in Poifon, that they are often
found to poifon whole Families ; nay, moft of a Town ; and
which is moll to be admired, they will poifon a running
Spring, or Fountain of Water, fo that whofoever drinks
thereof, mail infallible die. When the Offender is difcover'd,
his very Relations urge for Death, whom nothing will ap~ ,
peafe, but the molt cruel Torment imaginable, which is
executed in the moll publick Manner that it's pofTible to act
fuch a Tragedy in. For all the whole Nation* and all the

In*

196

An Account of the Indians

Indians within a hundred Mile (if it is poffible to fend for
them; are fummon'd to come and appear at fuch a Place and
Time, to fee and rejoyce at the Torments and Death of fucii
a Perfon, who is the common and profefs'd Enemy to all the
friendly Indians thereabouts, who now lies under the Con-
demnation of the whole Nation, and accordingly is to be
put to Death. Then all appear (young and old) from ail
the adjacent Parts, and meet, with all the Expreflions of Joy
to confummate this horrid and barbarous Feafl , which is
carried on after this difmal Manner. Firft, they bring the
Indian? Prifoner to the Preappointed for the Execution, where he
hom pti. is fet down on his Breech on the Ground. Then they all get
wjbei. about him, and you fhall not fee one forrowful or dejected
Countenance amongil them, but all very merrily difpos'd, as
if fome Comedy was to be acted, inftead of a Tragedy. He
that is appointed to be the chief Executioner, takes a Knife,
and bids him hold out his Hands, which he does, and then
cuts round theWrift through the Skin, which is drawn off
like a Glove, and flead quite off at the Fingers Ends ; then
they break his Joints and Bones, and buffet and torment him
after a very inhumane Manner, till fome violent Blow per-
haps ends his Days \ then they burn him to Ames, and
throw them down the River. Afterwards they eat, drink
and are merry, repeating all the Actions of the Tormentors
and the Prifoner, with a great deal of Mirth and Satif-
fadion. This Accufation is laid againft an Indian Heroe
fometimes wrongfully, or when they have a mind to get rid
of a Man that has more Courage and Conduct than his neigh-
bouring Kings or great Men ,- then they alledge the Pra&ice
ofpoifoning/^/^againft him, and make a Rehearfal of e-
very Indian that died for a year or two, and fay, that they
were poifon'd by fuch an Indian-, which Reports ftir up all
the Pvelations of the deceafed againft the faid Perfon, and by
fuch means make him away prefently. In fome Affairs, thefe
Savages are very referv'd and politick, and will attend a long
time with a great deal of Patience, to bring about their De-
figns-, they being never impatient or hafty in executing any
of their Deiigns of Revenge.

Now I am gone fo far in giving an Account of the Indians
Temper, I will proceed y and can give you no other Cbara-
der of them, but that they are a very wary People, and are

never

of North-Carolina.

197

never hafty or impatient. They will endure a great many
Misfortunes, LolTes, and Difapointrnents without mewing
themfelves, in the leaft, vex'd or uneafy. When they go by
Water, if there proves a Head-Wind, they never vex and
fret as the Europeans do, and let what Misfortune come to
them, as will or can happen, they never relent. Befides, there
is one Vice very common every where, which I never found
amongft them, which is Envying other Mens Happinefs, be-
caufe their Station is not equal to, or above, theirNeigh hours.
Of this Sin I cannot fay 1 ever faw an Example, though they
are a People that fet as great a Value upon themfelves, as
any fort of Men in the World , upon which Account they
find fomething Valuable in themfelves above Riches. Thus,
he that is a good Warriour, is the proudeft Creature living 5
and he that is an expert Hunter, is efteem'd by the People
and himfelf ; yet all thefe are natural Vertues and Gifts,
and not Riches, which are as often in the PoiTeffion of a Fool
as a Wife-man. Several of the Indians are poffefs'd of a great
many Skins, Wampum, Ammunition, and what other things
are efteem'd Riches amongft them} yet fuch an Indian is '

no more efteem'd amongft them, than any other ordinary
Fellow, provided he has no perfonal Endowments, which
are the Ornaments that muft gain him an Efteem among
them j for a great Dealer, amongft the Indians, is no other-
wife refpe&ed and efteemed, than as a Man that drains
his Wits, and fatigues himfelf, to furnifh others with Necef-
faries of Life, that live much eafier and enjoy more of the
World, than he himfelf does with all his Pelf, if they are
taken Captives, and exped a miferable Exit, they ling ; if Indians
Death approach them in Sicknefs, they are not afraid of if, not afraid
nor are ever heard to fay, Grant me fome time. They know *° dis*
by Inftind, and daily Example, that they muft die \ where-
fore, they have that great and noble Gift to fubmit to every
thing that happens, and value nothing that attacks them.

Their Cruelty to their Prifoners of War is what they ar6
feemingly guilty of an Error in, (I mean as to a natural Fail-
ing) becaufe they ftrive to invent the moft inhumane Butch-
eries for them, that the Devils themfelves could invent, or
hammer out of Hell *, they efteeming Death no Puniihment,
but rather an Advantage to him, that is exported out of this
into another World.

D d There-

198 An Account of the Indians

Therefore, they inflift on them Torments, wherein they
prolong Life in that miferable ftate as long as they can, and
never mifs Skulping of them, as they call it, which is, to cut
off the Skin from the Temples, and taking the whole Head
of Hair along with it, as if it was a Night-cap. Sometimes,
they take the Top of the Skull along with it y all which they
preferve, and carefully keep by them, for a Trophy of their
Conqueft over their Enemies. Others keep their Enemies
. Teeth , which are taken in War, whilft others fplit the
Pitch-Pine into Splinters, and ftick them into the Prifoners
Body yet alive. Thus they light them, which burn like fo
, Indians many Torches -7 and in this manner, they make him dance
. cruelty w round a great Fire, everyone buffeting and deriding him,
fripmers t\\\ he expires, when every one itrives to get a Bone or .fome
°] war* j^kk of this unfortunate 'Captive. One of the young Fel-
lows, that has been at the Wars, and has. had the Fortune
to take a Captive, returns the proudeft Creature on Earth,
and fets fuch a Value on himfelf, that he knows not how to
contain himfelf in his Senfes. The Iroquoisrox Sinnagars^ are
the. moft Warlike Indians that we know of, being always at
War, and not to be perfuaded from that Way of Livings by;
any Argument that "can be iifed. If you go to perfuade them
to live peaceably with theTusfomros, and let them be one
People, and in cafe thofe Indians defire it, and will fubrnit
to them, they will anfwer you, that they cannot live without
War, which they have ever been ufed .to \ and that if Peace
be made with the Indians they now war withal, they mult
find out fome others to wage War againft } for, for them to
live in Peace, is to live out of their Element, War, Con-
quell, and Murder, being what they delight in, and value
"ihemfelves for. When they take a Slave, and intend to keep
him to Work in their Fields, they flea the Skin from the
Setting on of his Toes to the middle of his Foot, fo cut off
one half of his Feet, wrapping the Skin over the Wounds,
Indians and healing them. By this cruel Method, the Indian Captive
pa and js hinder'd from making his Efcape, for he can neither run
'r'jjf'^fafl: or go any where,, but his Feet are more eafily traced
%^ and difcover'd. Yet I know one Man who made his Efcape
from them, tho' they had thus difabled him, as you may fee in
my Journal,.

The

of North-Carolina.

.The Indians ground their Wars on Enmity, not on Interefl,
as the Europeans generally do \ for the Lofs of the meaneft
Perfon in the Nation, they will go to War and lay all at
Stake, and profecute their Defign to theutmoft; till the
Nation they were injur'd by, be wholly deftroy'd, or make
them that Satisfaction which they demand. They are very
politick, in waging, and carrying on their War, firfl by ad-
viflng with all the ancient Men of Condud and Reafon, that
belong to their Nation } fuch as fuperannuated War-Cap-
tains, and thofe that have been Counfellors for many Years,
^nd whofe Advice has commonly fucceeded very well. They
have likewife their Field Counfellors, who are accuftomed
to A mbufcades, and Surprizes, which Methods are common-
ly ufed by the Savages ^ for. I fcarce ever heard of a Field-
Battle fought amongft them.

One of their Expeditions afforded an Inftance, worthy
mention, which was thus*, Two Nations of Indians here in
Carolina were at War together, and a Party of each were in
the* Foreft ranging to fee what Enemies they could take.
The lefler Number found they were difcover'd, and could not
•well get over a River ( that lay betwixt them and their
home) without engaging the other Party, whofe Numbers
were much the greater , fo they call'd a Council, which met,
and having weigh'd their prefent Circumftances with a great
deal of Argument and Debate, for a confiderable time, and
found their Enemies Advantage, and that they could exped
noSuccefs in Engaging fuch an unequal Number ; they, at
laft, concluded on this Stratagem, which, in my Opinion,
carried a great deal of Policy along with it. It was, That
the fame Night, they mould make a great Fire, which they
were certain would be difcover'd by the adverfe Party, and
there drefs up Logs of Wood in their Cloaths,*and make
them exactly feem like Indians^ that were afleep by the Fire-
fide^ (which is their Way, when in the Woods) ib^faidthey^
our Enemies will fire upon thefe Images, fuppofing them to
be us, who will lie in Ambufcade, and, after their Guns are
unloaded, fhall deal well enough with them. This Refult vqVixu
was immediately put in Execution, and the Fire was made
by the fide of a Valley, where they lay perdu very advanta-
geoufly. Thus, a little before Break of Day, (which com-
monly is the Hour they furprize their Enemies in) the/W/-

Dd z

Indian

am

200

An Account of the Indians

punga

Kmg

Cbarks.

ans came down to their Fire, and at once fired in upon thofe '
Logs in the Indians Cloaths, and run up to them, expecting
they. had kill'd every Man dead; but they found themfelves
miftaken, for then the other Indians, who had lain all the
Kight ftark-naked in the Bottom, attack'd them with their
loaded Pieces, which fo furprized them , that every Man
was taken Prifoner, and brought in bound to their Town;

Another Inftance was betwixt the Maehapunga Indians,
and the Coraninfs, on the Sand-Banks *, which was as follows.
The Machapungas were invited to a Feaft, by the Coranines\
(which two Nations had been a long time at War together,
Macha- and had lately concluded a Peace.) Thereupon, the Machn-
punga Indians took the Advantage of coming to the Cor mines
Feaft, which was to avoid all Sufpicion, and their King, who,
of a Savage, is a great Politician and very flout, order'd all
his Men to carry their Tawahauh along with them, hidden
under their Match-Coats, which they did; and being ac-
quainted when to fall on, by the Word given, they all (upon
this Defign) fe-t forward for the Feaft, and came to the Cora-
-mv.e Town, where they had gotten Vi&uals, Fruit, and fuch
things as make an Indian Entertainment,- -all ready to make
thefe new Friends welcome, which they did ; and, after Din-
ner, towards the Evening, .fas it is cuftomary amongft them)
they went to Dancing, all together \ fo when the Macha-
funga King faw the belt Opportunity offer, he gave the Word,
and his Men pull'd their Tamahavh or Hatchets from under
their Match-Coats, and kill'd feveral, and took the reft Pr i-
foners, except fome few that were notprefent, and about
four or five that efcap'd. The Prifoners they fold Slaves to
the Englijh. At the time this was done, thofe Indians had
nothing but Bows and Arrows, neither fide having Guns.

The Indians are very revengeful, and never forget an In-
jury done, till they have receiv'd Satisfaction. Yet they are
. thefreeft People from Heats and Pafiions (which pofTefs the
" Europeans) ' qf any I ever heard of. They never call any Man
to account for what he did, when he was drunk \ but fay, it
was the Drink that caufed his Misbehaviour, therefore he
ought to be forgiven : They never frequent a Chriftian's
Houfethat is given to Paffion, nor will they ever buy or fell
with him, if they can get the fame Commodities of any o-

ther

jDrunken-
■aefs in
Indians.

^■North-Carolina.

20 1

ther Perfon •, for they fay, fuch Men are mad Wolves, and

11 Thev know not what Jealoufy is, becaufe they never think Indians
their Wives are unconftant, unlefs they are Eye- witnefles »"?"-■
thereof They are generally very bafhful, efpecially the youngs-
Maids, 'who when they come into a ftrange Cabin, where
thev arenot acquainted, never ask for any thing, though ne-
ver fo hungry or thirfty, but fit down, without fpeaking a
Word (be it never fo long) till fome of the Houfe asks them
a Queftion, or falls into Difcourfe, with the Stranger. I
-.ever fa w a Scold amongft them, and to their Children they
are extraordinary tender and indulgent} neither did I ever
fee a Parent corred a Child, excepting one Woman, that
was'Yne King's Wife, and (he (indeed) did poifefs a Temper
that is not commonly found amongft them. They are tree
from all manner of Compliments, except Shaking of Handst-
and Scratching on the Shoulder, which two are the greateft
Marks of Sincerity and Friendfhip, that can be mewM one to
another. They cannot exprefs fare you well; but when they Indians
leave the Houfe, will fay, J gofiralghtway, which is to mti-^-
mate their Departure-, and if the Man of the Houfe has any mm '
MeflTage to fend by the going Man, lie may acquaint him
therewith. Their Tongue Allows not to fay, &>, 1 ajn your
Servants •, becaufe they have no different Titles for Man, only
Kin?, War-Captain, Old Man , or Young Man, which re=
fpeft the Stations and Circumftances Men are employ'd in,
and arriv'd to, and not Ceremony. As for Servant, they k
-have no fuch thing, except Slave, and their Dogs, Cats, tame
or domeftick Beafts, and Birds, are call'd by the fame Name s.
Tor the Indian Word for Slave includes them all. So when an
Indian tells you he has got a Slave for you, it may (in general
Terms, as they ufe) be a young Eagle, a Dog, Otter, or
any other thing of that Nature, which is obfequioufly to de-
pend on the Matter for its Suftenance.

They are never fearful in the Night, nor do-tne Thoughts
of Spirits ever trouble them •, fuch k the many Hobgoblins
and Bugbears that we fack in wpfc our Milk, and the
Foolery of our Nurfes and Servants fuggeft to us ; who by
their idle Tales of Fairies, -

and Witches, make fuch Im-

Indians
<rafi

not a

-preffions on our tender Years, trfat at Maturity, we carry ofsftriti
■Pigmies .Souls, in Giants Bodies and

ever after, are thereby

201

" '" '" ' ill I WlMlllll !■ Mi

An Account of the Indians

m much depriv'd of Reafon, and unman'd, as never to be
Matters of half the Bravery Nature deilgn'd for us.

Not but that the Indians have as many Lying Stories of
Spirits and Conjurers, as any People in the World : butthey
tell it with no Difad vantage, to themfelves; for the great E-
fteem which the Old Men bring themfelves to, is by making
the others believe their Familiarity with Devils and Spirits
and how great a Correfpondence they have therewith, which
ir it once gains Credit, they ever after are held in the great-
er Veneration imaginable, and whatever they after impofe
upon the People, is received as infallible. They are fo little
ftartled at the Thoughts of another World, that they not
feldom murder themfelves; as for Inftance, a i?^-River
Ind^ a very likely young Fellow, about twenty Years of
Age, whofe Mother was angry at his drinking of too much
Ruin, and chid him for it, thereupon reply'd, he would have
her fatisfied, and he would do the like no more ; upon which
hemade his Words good} for he went afide, and mot him-
felfdead. This was a Son of the politick King of the M*~
chajunga, I fpoke of before, and has the moil Cunning of any
Indmnl ever met withal. 5 *

Mofl of the Savages are much addifted to Drunkennefs a
Vice they never were acquainted with, till the Chriftians
came amongft them. Some of them refrain drinking {Irons
Liquors, but very few of that fort are found amongft them
Their chief Liquor is Rum, without any Mixture. This the
Engl.fi bring amongft them, and buy Skins, Furs, Slaves and
other of their Commodities therewith. They never are con-
tented with a little, but when once begun, they muft make
themfelves quite drunk \ otherwife they will never reft but
fell all they have in the World, rather than not have their
full Dofe. In thefe drunken Frolicks, (which are always car-
ried on in the Night) they fometimes murder one ano-
ther, tall into the Fire, fall down Precipices, and break their
Necks, with feveral other Misfortunes which this drinking of
Rum brings upon them ; and tho' they are fen fible of it yet
they have no Power to refrain this Enemy. About five years
ago, when Landgrave Daniel was Governour, he fummon'd
in ail the Indian Kings and Rulers to meet, and in a full
Meeting of the Government and Council, with thofe Indians, ,
they agreed .upon .a firm Peace, and l\\z Indian Rulers deilred

no

L_2M

of North- Carolina.

203

no Rum might be fold to them, which was granted, and a
Law made, that infli&ed a Penalty on thofe that fold Rum
to the Heathens \ but it was never ftridly obferv'd, and
befides, the young Indians were fo difgufted at that Article,
that they threatned to kill the Indians that made it, unlefs it. ,
was laid afide, and they might have Rum fold them, when
they went to the Englijhmens Houfes to buy it.

Some of the Heathens are fo very poor, that they have
no Manner of Cloaths, fave a Wad of Mofs to hide their t

Nakednefs. Thefe are either lufty and will not work -7 o-
therwife, they are given to Gaming or Drunkennefs; yet
thefe get Vi&uals as well as the reft, becaufethat is common
amongft them, If they are caught in theft they are Slaves till
they repay thePerfon,(as Imention'd before) but to ftealfrom
the Englijh they reckon no Harm. Not but that I have
knownfbme few Savages that have been as free from Theft as
any of the Chriftians.. When they have a Befign to lie with a
Woman, which they cannot obtain any otherwife than by a
larger Reward than they are able to give, they then ftrive to
make her drunk, which a great many of them will be •, then
they take the Advantage, to do with them what they pleafe, ,:
and fometimes in their Drunk ennefs, cut off their Hair and
fell it to the Englijh, which' is the greateft Affront can be •
offer'd them. T.hey never value Timey for if they be going,
out to hunt, fi(h, or any other indifferent Bufinefs, you.
may keep them in talk as long as you pleafe, fo you but keep
them in Difcourfe, and feem pleafed with their Company -T
yet none are more expeditious and fafer Meffengers than they,,
when any extraordinary Bulinefs that they are fent about re-
quires it.

When they are upon travelling the Woods, they keep a^0ip.tfs
conflant Pace, neither will they ftride over a Tree that liespxw a,
crofs the Path, but always go round it, which is quite con- lrcs°
trary to the Cuftom of the Englijh , ana cither Europeans.,
When they cut with a Knife, the Edge is towards them,^?^"*
whereas we always, cut and whittk from us. Nor did. I ^^
ever fee one of them left-handed. Before the Chriftians camev/£,</e-
amongft them, not knowing the .Ufe of Steel and Flin ts^they .of^ed.
got their Fire with Sticks, which by vehement Golliiion, &£ot}eP~
Rubbing together, take Fire. This Method they will. i^t^L

3,04.

An Account of the Indians

Indian
CompMy,

times pra&ife now, when it has happen'd thro' rainy Wea-
ther, or fome other Accident, that they have wet their
Get Fin- Spunk, which is a fort of foft corky Subftance, generally of
a Cinnamon Colour, and grows in the concave part of an
Oak, Hiccory, and feveral other Woods, being dug out with
an Ax, and always kept by the Indians, inftead of Tinder or
Touch- wood, both which it exceeds. You are to under-
Hand, that the two Sticks they ufe to ftrike Fire withal, are
never of one fort of Wood, but always differ from eacho-
ther.

They are expert Travellers , and though they have
not the Ufe of our artificial Compafs, yet they underftand
the North-point exa&ly, let them be in never fo great a
Wildernefs. One Guide is a fhort Mofs, that grows upon
fome Trees, exa&ly on the North-Side thereof.

Befides, they have Names for eight of the thirty two Points,
and call the Winds by their feveral Names, as we do j but
indeed more properly, for the North- Welt Wind is called
the cold Wind ; the North-Eafl the wet Wind j the South
the warm Wind ; and fo agreeably of the reft. Sometimes
it happens, that they have a large River or Lake to pafsover,
and the Weather is very foggy, as It often happens in the
Spring and Fall of the Leaf-, fo that they cannot fee which
Courfe to fleer : In fuch a Cafe, they being on one fide
of the River, or Lake, they know welL enough what Courfe
fuch a Place (which they intend for) bears from them. There-
fore, they get a great many Sticks and Chunks of Wood in
their Canoe, and then fet oiFdire&ly for their Port, and now
and then throw over a Piece of Wood, which dire&s them,
by feeiiig how the Stick bears from the Canoes Stern, which
they always obferve to keep right aft \ and this is the /#-
dian Compafs by which they will go over a broad Water of
ten or twenty Leagues wide- They will find the Head of any
River, though it is five fix or feven hundred miles off, and
they never were there, in their Lives before ^ as is often
prov'd, by their appointing to meet on the Head of fuch a
River, where perhaps, none of them ever was before, but
where they fhall rendezvous exactly at the prefixt time j and
P^bey meet with any Obftruction, they leave certain Marks
in t*e Way, where they that come after will underfland how
manyv^ye pafs'd by already, and which way they areeone

Be.'

of North-Carolina.

205

Befides, in their War Expeditions, they have very certain
Hieroglyphicks , whereby each Party informs the other of
the Succefs or LoiTes they have met withal ; all which is
fo exactly perform^ by their Sylvian Marks and Chara&ers,
that they are never at a Lofs to underftand one another. Yet
there was never found any Letters amongfl: the Savages of
Carolina; nor, I believe, among any other Natives in Ame-
rica, that were poiTefs'd with any manner of Writing or
Learning throughout all the Difcoveriesof the New- World.
They will draw Maps, very exactly, of all the Rivers, Towns,Indian3
Mountains, and Roads, or what you mall enquire of them,-
which you may draw by their Directions, and come to a fmall
matter of Latitude, reckoning by their Days Journeys. Thefe
Maps they will draw in the Ames of the Fire, and fometimes
upon a Mat or Piece of Bark. I have put a Pen and Ink into
a Savage's Hand, and he has drawn me the Rivers, Bays, and
other Parts of a Country, which afterwards I have found to
agree with a great deal of Nicety : But you mult be very
much in their Favour, otherwife they will never make thefe
Difcoveries to you \ efpecially, if it be in their own Quar-
ters. And as for Mines of Silver and other Metals, we areafo Dlfco-
fatisfied we have enow, and thofe very rich, in Carolina md^ery of
its adjacent Parts j fome of which the Indians are acquainted mm-
withal, although no Enquirers thereafter, but what came,
and were difcover'd, by Chance; yet they fay, it is this
Metal that the Englijh covet, as they do their Peak and Ronoaky
and that we have gaind Ground of them wherever we have
come. Now, fay they, if we mould difcover thefe Minerals
to the EngliSh, they would fettle at or near thefe Mountains,
and bereave us of the bell Hunting-Quarters we have, as
they have already done wherever they have inhabited ; fo by
that means, we mall be driven to fome unknown Country,
to live, hunt, and get our Bread in. Thefe are the Reafons
that the Savages give, for not making known what they are
acquainted withal, of that Nature. And indeed, all Men
that have ever gone upon thofe Difcoveries, allow them to be
good , more efpecially, my ingenious Friend Mr. Francis-
Louis Mitchell of Bern in Switzerland, who has been, forfe-Mr.
veral Years,7 very indefatigable and ftrid in his Difcoveries Mitchell
amongft thbfe vaft Ledges of Mountains, and fpacious Tra&s
of Land, lying towards the Heads of the great Bays and

E e Rivers

m^

ao6

An Account of the Indians

Switzers
Settlement
in Ame-
rica.

Hunting
cf the Sa

vages*

Rivers of Virginia, Maryland, and Benfylvania, where he has
difcover'd a fpacious Country inhabited by none but the Sa-
vages, and not many of them -? who, yet are of a very friendly
Mature to the Chriltians. This Gentleman has been employ'd
by the Canton of Bem.to find out a Trad of Land in the'Eng-
Ujh America, where that Republick might fettle fome of their
People ; which Propofal, 1 believe, is now in a fairway to-
wards a Conclufion.between her Majefty of Great-Britain and
that Canton. Which mufc needs be of great Advantage to
both •, and as for ourfelves, L4>elieve, no Man that is in his
Wits, and underftands the Situation and Affairs of America-,
but will allow, nothing can be of more Security and Advan-
tage to the Crown and Subje&s of Great-Britain, than to have
our Frontiers fecured by a warlike People, and our Friends,
as the Switzers are •, efpecially when we have more Indians
than we can civilize, and fo many Chriftiaa' Enemies lying
on the back of us, that we do not know how long or fhort
a time it may be, before they vifit us. Add to thefe, the
Effe&s and Product that may be expeded from thofe Moun-
tains-, which may hereafter prove of great Advantage to the
JBritijh Monarchy, and none more fit than an induftrious Peo-
ple, bred in a mountainous Country, and inur'd to all the
Fatigues of War and Travel, to improve a Country. Thus
we have no room to doubt, but as foon as any of thofe Parts
are feated by the Swtzjers, a great many Britaim will ftrive
to live amonglt them, for the Benefit of the fweet Air and
healthful Climate, which that Country affords, were it only
for the Cultivating of Hemp, Flax, Wine, and other valua-
ble Staples, which thofe People are fully acquainted withal:
Not to mention- the Advantages already difcover'd by that
worthy Gentleman I juft now fpoke of, who is highly de-
ferving of the Conduft and Management of fuch an Affair, as
that wife Canton has entyufted him withal.

When thefe Savages go a hunting, they commonly go out
in great Numbers, and oftentimes a great many Days Journey
'fromhome, beginning at the coming in of the Winter; that
is, when the Leaves are fallen from the Trees, and are be-
come dry. 'Tis then they burn the Woods, by fetting Fire
to the- Leaves, and wither'd Bent and Grafs, which they do
with a Match made of the black Mofs that hangs on the Trees
in Gw/*M,and is iometimes above fix Foot long. This, when

dead

of North-Carolina,

dead, becomes black,(tho5 of an A(h-Colour before) and will
then hold Fire as well astlie belt Match we have ^^oM
In Places , where this Mofs is not found, fas towards the™*'?*
Mountains) they make Lintels of the Bark of Cyprefs beaten,
which ferve as well. Thus they go and fire the Woods for.
many Miles, and drive the Deer and other Game into fmall
Necks of Land and Ifthmus's, where they kill and deftroy
what they pleafe. In thefe Hunting-Quarters, tney have
their Wives and Ladies of the Camp, where they eat all the
Fruits and Dainties of that Country, and live in all the Mirth
and' jollify, which it is poffible for fuch People to entertain
themfelves withal. Here it is, that they get their Comple-
ment of Deer-Skins and Furs to trade with the Englijh* (the
Deer-Skins being in Seafon in Winter, which is contrary to
EwUnd.y All fmall Game, as Turkeys, Ducks, and fmall
Vermine, they commonly kill with Bow and Arrow, think-
ing it not worth throwing Powder and Shot after them. Or
Turkeys they have abundance:, efpecially, in Oak-Land, as
moft of it is, that lies any diftance backwards. I have been
often in their Hunting-Quarters, . where a roafted or barba-
kued Turkey, eaten with Bears Fat, is held a good Dim;
and indeed, I approve of it very well • for the Bears Greafe
is the fweeteft and leaft offenfive to the Stomach (as I fard be-
fore) of any Fat of Animals I ever tafted. The Savage Men
never beat their Corn to make Bread -, but that is the Wo-
mens Work, efpecially the Girls, of whom you mall fee four
beating with long great PeRils in a narrow wooden Mortar } ^ . ej
and every one keeps her Stroke fo exactly, that 'tis worthy Corn,
of Admiration. Their Cookery continues from Morning till
Night. The Hunting makes them hungry } and the Indians
area People that always eat very often, not feldom getting
up at Midnight,, to eat. They plant a great many forts of
Pulfe, Part of which they eat green in the Summer, keeping
great Quantities for their Winter-Store, which they carry
along with them into the Hunting-Quarters, and eat them.

The fmall redPeafeis very common with them, and they eat
a greatdeal of that and other forts boil'd with their Meat, or
eaten withBearsFat, which Food makes them breakWind back-
wards, which the Men frequently do, and laugh heartily at it,it
being accounted no ill Manners amongft the Indian?: Yet the
Women are more modeft, than to follow that ill Cuftom. At

Ee 2 their

ao8

An Account of the Indians

Servile
Indians,

their fetting out, they have Indians to attend their Hunting-
Camp,thatarenotgood and expertHuntersj therefore are em-
ploy'd to carry Burdens, to get Bark for the Cabins,and other
Servile Work y alfo to go backward and forward, to their
Towns, to carry News to the old People, whom they leave
behmd them. The Women are forced to carry their Loads of
Gram and other Provifions, and get Fire- Wood ; for a good
Hunter, or Warriour in thefe Expeditions, 4s employ'd in no
other Bufinefs, than the Affairs of Game and Battle. The
wild Fruits which are dry'd in the Summer, over Fires, on
Hurdles and in the Sun, are now brought into the Field ■ as
are likewife the Cakes and Quiddonies of Peaches, and that
Fruit and Bilberries dry'd, of which they flew and make
Fruit-Bread and Cakes. In fome parts, where Pigeons are
plentiful, they get of their Fat enough to fupply their Win-
ter Stores.^ Thus they abide in thefe Quarters, all the Win-
ter long, till the Time approach for planting their Maiz and
other Fruits. In thefe quarters, at Spare-hours, the Women
make Baskets and Mats to lie upon, and thofe that are not
Bowls ^extraordinary Hunters, make Bowls, Dimes, and Spoons
tobacco- of Gum-wood, and the Tulip-Tree * others (where they
find a Vein of white Clay, fit for their purpofe,make Tobac-
co-pipes, all which are often tranfported to other Indians, that
perhaps have greater Plenty of Deer and other Game ; fo they
buy (with thefe Manufactures) their raw Skinsy with the
Hair on, which our neighbouring Indians bring to their
Towns , and , in the Summer-time, make the Slaves and
forry Hunters drefs them, the Winter-Sun being not ftrong
enough to dry them \ and thofe that are dry'd in the Cabin?
are black and nafty with the Lightwood Smoke, which they
commonly burn. Their Way of dreliing their Skins is by
ioaking them in Water, fo they get the Hair off, with an
IiiltrumentmadeoftheBoneofa Deer's Foot} yet fomeufe
a fort of Iron Drawing-Knife, which they purchafe of the
Engijjh, and after the Hair is off, they diffolve Deers Brains,
(which beforehand are made in a Cake and baked in the Em-
bers) in a Bowl of Water, fo foak the Skins therein, till the
Brains have fuck'd up the Water * then they dry it gently,
and keep working it with an Oylter-Shell, or fome focfa
thing, to fcrape withal, till k is dry* whereby it becomes
Mtaad pliable.. Yet thefe fo drefs'd will not endure wet,

but

Dryi

Fruits.

Pigeons

Fat.

Pipes- to

•make.
Drefs
Skins-

m

of North-Carolina,

but become hard thereby \ which to prevent, they either
cure them in the Smoke, or tan them with Bark, as before ob-
ferv'd *, not but that young Indian Corn, beaten to a Pulp,
will effed the fame as the Brains. They are not only good
Hunters of the wild Beafts and Game of the Foreft, but very
expert in taking the Fifh of the Rivers and Waters near
which they inhabit, and are acquainted withal. Thus they
that live a great way up the Rivers pra&ife Striking Sturgeon
and Rock- fifh, or Bafs,. when they come up the Rivers to
fpawn \ befides the vaft Shoals of Sturgeon which they kill
and take with Snares,as we do Pike in Europe. The Herrings in
March and April run a great way up the Rivers and frefh
Streams to fpawn, where the Savages make great Wares,
with Hedges that hinder their Paffage only in the Middle,
where an artificial Pound is made to take them in 7 fo that^ »
they cannot return. This Method is in ufe all over the fvefhftrike.
Streams, totatch Trout and the other Species of Fifh which
thofe Parts afford. Their taking of Craw-fifh is fo pleafant, Cran>-0)
that I cannot pafs it by without mention ; When they have a t0 uke*
mind to get thefe Shell-fifh, they take a Piece of Venifon, and
half-barbakue or roaft it ; then they cut it into thin Slices,
which Slices they flick through with Reeds about fix Inches a-
funder, betwixt Piece and Piece} then the Reeds are made fharp
at one end 7 and fo they flick a great many of them down in
the bottom of the Water (thus baited) in the fmall Brooks
and Runs, which the Craw-fifh frequent. Thus the Indians fit
by, and tend thofe baited Sticks, every now and then taking
them up, to iee how many are at the Bait \ where they ge-
nerally find abundance 7 fo take them ofr^ and put them in a
Basket for the purpofe, and ftick the Reeds down again. By
this Method, they will, in a little time, catch feveral Bufhelsr
which are as good, as any I ever eat. Thofe Indians that
frequent the Salt- Waters , take abundance of Fifh , fbrnc^tteEas
very large, and of feveral forts, which to preferve, they firft lndiails*
barbakue, thenjpiill the Fifh to Pieces, fo dry it in the Sun, •
whereby it --kfc'eps for-Tranfportation *, as for Scate, Oyfters,..
Cockles, and. feveral forts of Shell-fifh, they open and dry
them upon Hurdles, having a conftant Fire under them. The
Hurdles are made of Reeds or Canes in the fhape of a Gridi-
ron. Thnsthey dry feveral Buihels of thefe Fifh, and keep
them for their Necelfities.. At the time, when they are on tha:

Salts*.

o, ro

An Account of the Indians

Teeth.

Indians
not eat of

Salts, and Sea Coafts, they have another Fifhery, that is
BUchnoor for a little Sheil-'fifli, which thofe in England call Blackmoors
Teeth. Thefe they catch ~ by tying Bits of Oyfters to a
long String, which they lay in fach places,as4 they know,
thofe Shell-Flfh haunt": Thefe Fim get hold of the Oyfters,
and fuck them in, fo that they pull up thofe long Strings, and
take great Quantities of them, which they carry a great way
into the main Land, to trade with the remote Indians^ where
they are of great Value •, but never near the Sea, by reafon
they are common, therefore not efteem'd.- Befides , the
Youth and Indian Boys go in the Night, and one holding a
Lightwood Torch, the other has a Bow and Arrows, and the
Fire directing him' to fee the Fifh, he fhoots them with the
Arrows^ and thus they kill, a great many of the fmaller Fry,
and fometimes pretty large ones, ft is an eftablifh'd Cuftpm
amongft all thefe Natives, -that the young Hunter never
TheTrfihe^^ of that Buck, Bear, Fifh, or any other Game, which
bills. ' happens to be the firft they kill of that fort •, becaufe they
believe, if he mould eat thereof, he would never after be
fortunate in Hunting. The like fpoliih Ceremony they
hold, when they have made a Ware to take Fifh withal} if
a big-belly'd Woman eat of the firft Difh that is caught in it,
. they fay, that Ware will never take much Fifh; and as for

^mI? killing of Snakes, they avoid it, if they lie in their way, be-
mvercat caufe their Opinion is, that fome of the Serpents Kindred
of the firft would kill fonie of the Savages Relations, that mould deftroy
FijbcAugbt him: They have thoufands of thefe foolifh Ceremonies and
in a Ware Beliefs, which they are ftrid Obfervers of. Moreover, fe-
lm kiT veral Cufloms are found in fome Families, which others keep
snakes not *, as for Example, two Families of the Mdchafunga In-
why. dians, ufe the Jewijh Cuftom of Circumcifion, and the reft do
not j neither did I ever know any others amongft the Indians,
that pradis'dany fuch thing-, and perhaps, if you ask them,
what is theRealbn they do fo, they will make you no Man-
ner of Anfwen which is as much as to fay, I will not tell
you. Many other Cuftoms^ they have, for which they will
render no Reafon or Account } and to pretend to give a
true Defcription of their Religion, it is impoffible \ for there
are a great many of their Abfurdities, which, for fome Rea-
fon, they referve as a Secret amongft themfelves \ or other-
wife, they are jealous of their Weaknefs in the pradtifing

them j

Circumci

fion.

of North-Carolina,

a 1 1

them- fo that they never acquaint any Chriftian with the
Knowledge thereof, let Writers pretend what they will ;
for I have known them amongft their Idols and dead Kings
in -their Oworo&on for feveral Days, where I could never get
Admittance, to fee what they were doing, though I was at
great Friendship with the King and great Men \ but all my Indian
Perfuafions avail* me nothing. .Neither were any but "^
King, with the Conjurer, and fome few old Men, in that m-mum
Houfe ; as for the young Men, and chiefeft Numbers of the •>'
Indians, they were kept as ignorant of what the Elders were

°Thev allbeUeve, that this World is round, and that there the Worti
are two Spirits •, the one good, the other bad : The good one « rouvd,
they reckon to be the Author and Maker of every thing, and
fay, that it is he,' that gives them the Fruits of the Earth,
•and has taught them to hunt, fifth, and be wife enough to over-
power theBeaftsof the Wildernefs, and all other Creatures, Matte}
that they maybe affiftant, and beneficial to Man * to which b^™H
they add, that the Quera, or good Spirit, has been very kind 7Mr £
to the Mmlifi Men, to teach them to make Guns, and Am- ferj„g
munition,%efides a great many other decenaries, that arei^
helpful to Man, all which, they fay, will be delivered to
them, when that good Spirit fees fit.' They do not believe,
that God punifhes any Man either in this Life, or that to
corner but that he delights in doing good, and in giving the
Fruits of the Earth, and initruaing us in making feveral ufe-
ful and ornamental things. They fay, it is a !?ad Spirit (who ^3
lives feparate from the good one) that torments us with Sick- wkf#.
nefles, Difappointntents , Loffes, Hunger, Travel, and all
the Misfortunes, that Humane Life is incident to. How
they are treated in the next World, I have already mention'd,
and, as I faid before, they are .very refolute in dying, when
in the Hands of Savage Enemies •, yet I faw one of their
young Men, a very likely Perfon, condemned, on a Sunday, for Indlaft
titling a Negro, and burning the Houfe. I took good Notice cmdm?fd
of his Behaviour, when he was brought out of the Houfe to
die, which was the next Morning after Sentence, bat he
changed his Countenance with Trembling, and was in the
greateft Fear and Agony. I never faw any Perfon under his
Circumftances, which, perhaps, might be occafion'd by his
being delivered up by his own Nation (which was the Tush-
0 - - • turd's)

2l2

An Account of the Indians

■

nj!»0 and executed by us, that are not their common Ene-
mies, though he met with more Favour than he would have
receivM at the Hands of Savages; for lie.was only hang'd on
3 JT\ue" lh-e Placf where *«» Murder was committed"
and the three Kings, that but the day before fliew'd fuch a
Reluftancy to deliver Jum up, (but would have given another"
inhis_Room) when he was hang'd, pull'd him by the Hano
and faid, Thou ml, never play any more Rooues Tricks in this
World ; wh.ther art thou gone to Jhew thy Trich now ? Which

I2™,? ?eM,^V8gl* -° bewhat t^y «ally are, (™*) aPeo-
pie that will fave their own Men if they can, but if the Safetv
of all the People lies at Stake, they will deliver up the moft
innocent Perfon living, and be fo far from Concern, when
thejrhave made themfelves eafy thereby, that they will laugh
at tbe.r Misfortunes and never pity or think of them mofe.
Indian , n, n P"efts are the 'Conjurers and Doctors of the Nation.
£*£». fJW. menti°n fome of their Methods, and Practices ; and fo
' leave them to the Judgment of the Reader. As I told vou
, before, the Priefts make their Orations' at eveiv Feaft. or n
ther great Meeting of the Indians. I happen'd to be at one
of thefe great Meetings, which was at the Funeral of a Tul
Indian kerun Indian, that was flain with Lightninp at a Feaft tL
X^l ^fore where I was amongft t& reft* It was in '7^
tooka,** and a ™T fairly, where, in the Afternoon, about it or
I af„yf/i,rrevenaClock, as they were dealing out their Viduals, there
rebuilding appear'd a little black Cloud to the North Weft which fnrMrf
4Jg* * and brought with it Rain, Wind and Lightning; fo we went
tZ. °at fr°m fe K»?e where we were all at Viftuals, and went
down to the Cabins where I left the Indians, and went to lie
in my Canoe, which was convenient enough to keep me drv
The Lightning came fo terrible, and down in long Streams'
that I was afraid it would have taken hold of a Barrel of
Powder I had in my Veflel, and fo blown me up; but it
pleas d God, that it did me no Harm; yet the Violence of
the Wind had blown all the Water away? where I rid at An-
chor, fo that my Canoe lay dry, and fome Indian Women
came with Torches in their Hands to the fide of the Canoe
and told me an Indian was kill'd with Lightning. The next
day, (I think) he was buried, and Iftay'd to fee the Cere!
mony, and was very traftable to help the Indians to trim their
Reeds, and make the Coffin, which pleafed them very much,

being

of North-Carolina.

fcecaufe I had a mind to fee the Interment. Before he was In-
terr'd according to their Cuftom, they dealt every one fome
hot Vi&uals, which he took and did what he would with:
Then the Do&or began to talk, and told the People what
Lightning was, and that it kill'd every thing that dwelt upon
the Earth •, nay, the very Fifhes did not efcape \ for it often
reach'd the Porpoifes and other Fifh, and deftroy'd them ;
that every thing ftrove to Ihun it, except the Mice, who,
he faid, were the bufieft in eating their Corn in, the Fields,
when it lightned the moffc. He added, that no Wood or
Tree could withftand it, except the black Gum, and that it
would run round -that Tree a great many times, to enter
therein, but could not effect it. Sow you mult underftand,
that fort of Gum will not fplit or rive \ therefore, I fuppofe,
the Story might arife from thence. At laft, he'began to tell
the molt ridiculous abfurd Parcel of Lyes about Lightning,
that could be \ as that an Indian of that Nation had once
got Lightning in the Likenefs of a '. Partridge *, That no o-
ther Lightning could harm him, whilft he had that about
him \ and that after he had kept it for feveral Years, it got
away from him j fo that he then became as liable to be ftruok
with Lightning, as any other Perfon. There was prefent at
the fame time, an Indian that had liv'd from his Youth, chiefly
in an EngHJh Houfe -0 fo I call'd to him, and told him, what a,
Parcel of Lyes the Conjurer told, not doubting but he thought
fo, as well as I, but I found to the contrary -7 for he reply'd,
that I was much miftaken, for that old Man ('who, I believe
was upwards of an hundred Years old) did never tell Lyes 5
and as for what he faid, it was very true ^ for he knew it
himfelf to be fo. Thereupon, feeing the Fellow's Ignorance, ^"*
I talk'd no more about it. Then the Do&or proceeded to^J^^e
tell a long Tale of a great Rattle-Snake, whkh, a great Indians
while ago, liv'd by a Creek in that River (which was Neus) from their
and that it kill'd abundance of Indians *, but at laft, a bald Juperfli-
Eagle kill'd it, and they were rid of a Serpent, thatus'dto^^
devour whole Canoes full of Indians , at a time. I have been Make hit
fomething tedious upon this Subject, on purpofe to mew what Indians /»
ftrange ridiculous Stories thefe Wretches are inclinable toCams.
believe. I fuppofe, thefe Doctors underftand a little better f€/wilZr
themfelves, than to give Credit to any fuch Fooleries; for1**
I reckon them the cunningeft Knaves in all the Pack. I will

F f there-

a 1 4.

An Account of the Indians

ii

I

therefore begin with their Phyfick and Surgery, which is
next : You muft know, that the Doctors or Conjurers, to
Indian gain a greater Credit amongft thefe People, tell them, that
Tbyfick and all Diftempers are the EfFeds of evil Spirits, or the badSpi-
surgery. rit, .which has ftruck them with this or that Malady \ there-
for^ none of thefe Phyficians undertakes any Diftemper,
but that he comes to an Exorcifm, to effect the Cure, and
acquaints the lick Party's Friends, that he muft converge with
the good Spirit, to know whether the Patient will recover or
not •, if fo, then he will drive out the bad Spirit, and the
Patient will become well. Now, the general way of their
• Behaviour in curing the Sick, (a great deal of which I have
feen, and ihali give fome Account thereof, in as brief a man-
ner as poflible) is, when an Indian is fick, if they think there
is much Danger of Life, and that he is a great Man or hath.
good Frieds, the Dodor is fent for. As foOn as the Do&or
comes into the Cabin, the fick Perfon is fat on a Mat or Skin,^
ftark-naked, lying on his Back, and all uncovered, except fome
fmall Trifle that covers their Nakednefs when ripe, otherwife
in very young Children, there is nothing about them. In this
manner, the Patient lies, when the Conjurer appears.} and
the King of that Nation comes to attend him with a Rattle
made of a Gourd with Peafe in it. This the King delivers
into the Doctor's Hand, whilft another brings a Bowl of
Water, and fets it down: Then the Do&or begins, and ut-
ters fome few Words very foftly \ afterwards he fmells of the
Patient's Navel and Belly, and fometimes fcarihes him a lit-
tle with a Flint, or an Inftrument made of Rattle-Snakes
Teeth for that purpofe ; then he fucks the Patient, and gets
out a Mouthful of Blood and Serum, but Serum chiefly -7 which^
perhaps, may be abetter Method in many Cafes, than to take
away great Quantities of Blood, as is commonly pra&is'd 5
which he fpits in the Bowl of Water. Then he begins to mut-
ter, and talk apace and, atlaft, to cut Capers, and clap his
Hands on his Breech and Sides, till he gets into a Sweat, fo
that a Stranger would think he was running mad •, now and
then fucking the Patient, and fo, at times, keeps fucking,
till, he has got a great Quaatity of very ill-colgured Mat-
ter out of the Belly, Arms, Breaft, Forehead, Temples,
Neck, and molt Parts, ftill continuing his Grimaces, and
antick Poftures, which are not to be match'd in Bedlam : At
laft8 you will fee tfce Doctor all over of a dropping Sweat, and

fcarce

Conyxrmg
ever the
Sich.

of North-Carolina.

11

S

fcarce" able to utter one Word, having quite fpent himfelf ;
then he will ceafe for a while, and fo' begin again, till he
comes in the fame Pitch of .Raving and feeming Madnefs, as
before, '(aM this time the lick Body never fo much as .moves;
although, doubtlefs, the Lancing and Sucking mult be a
great Punifhment to them *, but they, certainly, are the pa-
tientelt and moft Heady People under any Burden, that I
ever fa w in my Life.) Atlaft, the Conjurer makes an end,
and tells the Patient's Friends, whether the Perfon will Whether
live or die^ and then one that waits at this Ceremony, takeslivsor<tie>
the Blood away, (which remains in a Lump, in the mid- -.
die of the Water) and buries it in the Ground, in a
Place unknown to any one, but he that inters it. Now, \ Buy the
believe a great deal of Impofture in thefe Fellows \ yet I ne- Serum»
ver knew their Judgment fail, though I have feen them give
their Opinion after this Manner, feveral times : Some affirm,
that there is a fmell of Brimftone in the Cabins, when they are
Conjuring, which I cannot contradift. Which way it may
come, I will not argue, but proceed to a Relation or two,
which I have from a great many Perfons, and fome of them
worthy of Credit.

The firft is, of a certain Indian? that one rainy Night, Indian -
undermin'd a Houfe made of Logs, (fuch as the Swedes mZgbbey*
America very often make, and are very ftrong) which be-
long'd to Seth Southwell? E% ^Governor of North-Carolina?
and one of the Proprietors. There was but one place
the Indian could get in at, which was very narrow \ the reft
was fecur'd, by having Barrels of Pork and other Provifions
fet againft the fide of the Houfeffothat if this Indian had not
exactly hit the very Place he underminM, it had been impofll-
ble for him to have got therein, becaufe of the full Barrels
that flood round the Houfe, and barricadoed it within. The
Indian ftole fixty or eighty drefs'd Deer-Skins, befides Blan-
kets, Powder, Shot and Rum, (this being the Indian Store-
Houfe, where the Trading Goods were kept.) Now, the /«-
dian had made his Efcape, but dropt fome of the Skins by
the way, and they track'd his Foot-fteps, and found him to
be an Indian? then they guefs'd who it was, becaufe none
but that Indian had lately been- near the Houfe: Thereupon,
the Governor fent to the Indian Town that he belong'd to,
which was the T%s for uro\ and acquainted them that if they
did not deliver up the Indian? who had committed the

Ff2 Rob-

3i6

An Account of the Indians

Robbery, he would take a Courfe with them, that would not
be very agreeable. Upon this, the Indians of the Town he
belong'd to, brought him in bound,. and deliver d him up to
the Governor, who laid him in Irons. At the fame time, it
liappen'd,thata Robbery was committed amongft therafelves,
at the Indian Town, and this Prifoner was one of their Con-

Ltcnjkritfg

forjhln.

Goods-

:

jurers \ fo the Indians came down to the Governor's Houfe,
and acquainted him with what had happen'd amongft them,
and that a great Quantity of Peak, was ftoln away out of one
of their Cabins, and no one could find out the Thief, unlefs
he would let the Prifoner conjure for it, who was the only
Man they had at making fuch Difcoveries. The Governor
was content he mould try his Skill for them, but not to have
sthe Prifoners Irons taken off^ which was very well approved
of. The Indian was brought out in his Fetters, where were
the Governor's Family, and feveral others of the Neigh-
bourhood, now living, to fee this Experiment j which he
perform'd thus :

The Conjurer order'd three Fires to be made in a trian-
gular Form, which was accordingly done ; then he was hood-
wink'd very fecurely, with a drefs'd Deer-Skin, two or
three doubles, over his Face. After he had made fome
Motions, as they always do, he went directly out of one of
the three Gaps, as exactly as if he had not been blindfolded*
and kept muttering to himfelf, having a Stick in his-Hand,
with which, after fome time, he ftruck two Strokes very hard-
apon the Ground, and made thereon a Crofs, after which he-
told the Indians Name that had ftoln the Goods, and faid*
that he would have a Crofs »n his Back \ which prov'xl true y
for when they took and fearch'd him, there appear'd two-
great Wheals on his Back, one crofs the other} for the-
Thief was at Governor Southwell's Houfe, and was under no
Apprehenllon of being difcover'd. The Indians proffer'd t&
fell him as a Slave to the Governor, hut he refufed to buy
Mm •, fo they took him bound away.

Another Inftance, of the like Nature, happen'd at the>
fame Houfe. One of the Tmhruro Kings had brought in a
Slave to the fame Governor, to whom he had fold him ; and
before he return'd, fell fick at the Governor's Houfe -7 upon
which, the Do&or that belong d to this King's Nation, was;
ient for, being a Man that was held to be the greatest Conju-
rer-

of North-Carolina.

*er amongft them. It was three Days, before he could ar-
rive, and he appear'd f when he came) to be a very little
Man and fo old, that his Hair was as white as ever was ken.
When he approached the fickKing, he order'd a Bowl of Wa-
ter to be brought him, and three Chunks of Wood, which
was immediately done. Then he took the Water, and fet it by
him, and fpurted a little on him, and with the three Pieces
of Wood, he made a Place to ftand on, whereby he was rais'd
higher \ (he being a very low ftatur'd Man) then he took
a String ofRmoak, which is the fame as a String of fmall Beads *,
this he held by one End, between his Fingers \ the other End
touch'd the King's Stomach, as he Hood on the Logs. Then
he began to talk, and at length, the By-ftanders thought
really, that they heard fomebody talk to him* but faw no more
than what firft came in. At laft, this String of Beads, which
hung thus perpendicular, turn'd up as an Eel would do, and
without any Motion of his, they came all up (in a lump) uib
der his Hand, and bung fo for aconfiderable time, he never
clofmg his Hand, and at length return'd to their priftine
Length and Shape, at which the Spe&ators were much f right-
Bed. Then he told the Company, that he would recover,
and that his Diltemper would remove into his Leg, all which .
happeivd to be exa&ly as the Indian Dodor had told. Thefe
are.Matters of Fa&, and I can, at this day, prove the Truth
thereof by feveraLfabftantial Evidences, that are Men of Re.
potation, there being more than a dozen People prefentj
when this was performed 3. molt of whom are now alive.
» There are a great many other Stories, of this Nature,
which are^ feemingly true, being told by Perfons that affirm
they were Eye-Witneifes thereof*," as,. that they have feen,
one Rencommocl (a Chumu Indian, anda great Conjurer) take
a Reed about two Foot long in his Mouth, and ftand by a Salmon
Creek-fide, where he call'd twice or thrice with, the Reed in Creek.,
his Mouth j.and, at laft, has open'd his Arms, and fled over
the Creek, which might be near a quarter of a Mile wide or
more • but I mall urge no Man's Belief, but tell my own j
which is, that I believe the two firft Accounts, which were
afted at Mr. Southwell's Plantation, as firmly as any .Man can
believe any thing of that which is told him by honeft -Men, and
he has not feen-, not at all doubting the. Credit.of.my.Au~-
thors. ^,,

IK

at 8

^4« Account of the Indians

Nbukera

ted

Wounds.

Pax to
cure.

The Cures I have feen performed by the Indians, are too
<■ ucr many to repeat here-, fo I mall only mention fome few, and
mud eadthriv Method. They cure Scald-heads infallibly, and never
mifs. Their chief Remedy asT have fQm them make ufe of,
is, the Oil of Acorns, but from which fort of Oak lam not
certain. They cure Burns beyond Credit. 1 have feen a Man
burnt in fuch a manner, (when drunk) by falling into a Fire,
that I did not think he could recover ; yet they cur'd him in
ten Days, fo that he wentabout. I knew another blown up
with Powder, that was cured to Admiration. I never faw an
* Indian have an Ulcer, or foul Wound in ray Life \ neither is
there any fuck thing to be found amongft them. They cure
the Pox, by a Berry that falivates, as Mercury does i yet
they ufe Sweating and Decoctions very much with it \ as they
do, almoft on every Occafion *, and when they are thoroughly
heated, they leap into the River. The Pox is frequent in
fome of thefe Nations ; amongft which I knew one Woman
die of it ; and they could not, or would not, cure her. Be-
fore fhedied, (he was worn away to a Skeleton, yet walk'd up
and down to the laft. We had a Planter in Carolina, who had
got an Ulcer in his Leg, which had troubled him a great
many Years ; at laft, he apply'd himfelf to one of. thefe In-
dian Conjurers, who was a Pamptkough Indian, and was not
to give the Value of fifteen Shillings for the Cure. Now,' I
am not pofitive, whether he wafh'd the Ulcer with any thing,
before he ufed what I am now going to fpeak of, which
was nothing but the rotten doated Grains of Indian Corn,
beaten to Powder, and the foft Down growing on a Turkey's
Rump. This dry'd the Ulcer up immediately, and no other
Fontanel was made to difcharge the Matter, he remaining a
healthful Man, till the time he had the Misfortune to be
drown'd, which was many Years after. Another Inftance
(not of my own Knowledge, but I had it confirm'd by feve-
ral Dwellers in Maryland, where it was done) was, of an honeft
Planter that had been pofTefs'd with a ftrange Lingring Di-
ftemper, not ufual amongft them, under which he emacia-
ted, and grew every Month worfe than another, it having
held him feveral Years, in which time he had made Tryal of
feveral Dodors, as they call them, which, Ifuppofe, were
Ship-Surgeons. In the beginning of this Diftemper, the
Patient was very well to pafs, and was pofTefs'd of feveral

Slaves,

Indian

Vlcsr,

Cure in
Mary-
land.

of North-Carolina.

Slaves , which the Doctors purged all away, and the poor
Man was fo far. from mending, that he grew worfe and worfe
every day. But it happen'd, that, one day, as his Wife and
he were commiferating his miferable Condition, and that he
could not expect to recover , but look'd for Death very
fpeedily, and condoling the Mifery he fhould leave his Wife
and Family in, fince all his Negro's were gone. At that
time , I fay, it happen'd, that an Indian was in the fame
Room, who had frequented the Houfe tfor many Years, and
fo was become as one of the Family, and would fometimes be
at this Planter's Houfe, and at other times amongft the /«-

dims.

This Savage, hearing what they talk'd of, and having a
great Love for the Sick Man, made this Reply to what he
had heard. Br other r you have been a long time Sick ; and, I know,
you have given away your Slaves to your Englifh Doffors : What
made you do fo, and now become poor ? They do not know how to
cure you ; for it is an Indian Diftemper, which your People know
not the Nature of. Jf it had been an Englifll Difeafe, probably
they could have cured you ; and had you come to me atfirfi, I would:
have cured you for a fmall matter, without taking away your Ser-
vants that made Corn for you and your Family to eat ; and yet, if
you will give me a Blanket to keep me warm, and fome Powder
and Shot to kill Deer withal, J will do my befi to make you wellftill*
The Man was low.in Courage and Pocket too, and made the
Indian this Reply. Jack, my Diftemper is pafi Cure, and if our
Tlnglifa DoBors cannot cure it, I am Jure, the Indians cannot-.
But his Wife accofted her Husband in very mild terms, and
told him, he did not know, but God might be pleafed to give
a Bleffing to that Indians Undertaking more than he had
done to the Englifh *, and farther added ; if you die, I cannot
be much more miferable, by giving this fmall matter to the Indian °9
fo I pray you, my Dear, take my Advice, and try him -, to which*,
by her Perfuafions, he confented. After the Bargain was con-
cluded, the Indian went into the Woods, and brought in both
Herbs and Roots, of which he made a Decoction, and gave
it the Man to drink, and bad him go to bed, faying, it mould
not be long, before he came again, which the Patient per-
form'd as he had ordered -, and the Potion he Ijad adminiftred
made him fweat after the molt violent manner that could
be, whereby he fmell'd very ofFenflvely both to himfelf, and

they

,

■

220

Jin Account' of the. Indians

they that were about him j but "in the Evening, towards
Night , Jack came, with a great Rattle-Snake in his Hand
alive, which frightned the People almoft out of their Senfes •
and he told his Patient, that he muft take that to Bed to
him *, at which the Man was in a great Confirmation, and
Cure by a told the Indian? he was refolv'd, to let no Snake come into
snake. ^|s g^ for ^ might as well die of the Diftemper he had,
as be kill'd with the Bite of that Serpent. To which the
VW/*« reply'd, he could not bite him now, nor do him any
Harm \ for he had taken out his Poifon-teeth, and lhew'd
him, that they were gone. At la ft, with much Perfuafion,
he admitted the Snake's Company, which the Indian put
about his Middle, and order'd nobody to take him away
upon any account, which was ftri&ly obferv'd , although
the Snake girded him as hard for a great while) as if he had
been drawn in by a Belt, which one pull'd at, with all his
itrength. At laft, the Snake's Twitches grew weaker and
weaker, till, by degrees, he felt him not \ and opening the
Bed, he was found dead, and the Man thought himfelf bet-
ter. The Indian came in the Morning, and feeing the Snake
dead, told the Man, that his Diftemper was dead along
with that Snake, which prov'd fo as he faid \ for the Man
ipeedily recover'd his Health, and became perfe&ly well.
They cure the Spleen (which they are much addicted toj
Spken how'^Y burning with a Reed. They lay the Patient on his Back,
cure, fo put a hollow Cane into the Fire, where they burn the
End thereof, till it is very hot, and on Fire at the end. Then
they lay a Piece of thin Leather on the Patient's Belly, be-
tween the Pit of the Stomach and the Navel, fo prefs the
hot Reed on the Leather, which burns the Patient fo that
you may ever after fee the ImpreiTion of the Reed where it
Colouring was laid on, which Mark never goes off fo long as he lives.
efths This is ufed for the Belly-Ach fometimes. They can colour
Hw> their Hair black, though fometimes it is reddifh, which they
do with the Seed of a Flower that grows commonly in their
Plantations. I believe this would change the reddeflHair
into perfed black. They make ufe of no Minerals in their
Not many pnvfick> and not mucn °f Animals' j but chiefly rely on Ve-
Tearsj getables. They have feveral Remedies for the Tooth-ach,
Hotftis. which often drive away the Pain \ but if they fail, they have
Recourfe to punching out the Tooth, with a fmall Cane fu

againfl

of Nortli-Carblina.

05 I

againft the fame, on a Bit of Leather. Then they ftrike the
Reed, and fo drive out the tooth • and ..howlhever it may
feemto the Europe ansy I prefe; it befoje^the/coni mon way of
drawing Teeth by thofe InKruments' than endanger the Jaw,
and a Flux of Blood often follows, which this Method of a
Punch never is attended withal •, neither is it half the Pain.
The Spontaneous Plants of ^America the Savages are well
acquainted withal j and a Flux of Blood never follows any of
their Operations, They are. wholly Strangers to Amputa-
tion, and for what natural IITues of Blood happen immode-
rately, they are not to feek for a certain and fpeedy Cure,
Tears, Rozins, and Gums, I have not difccvefd that they
make much ufe of •, Add as for Purging and Emeticks, fd
much in faihion with us, they never apply themfelves to, un-
lefs in drinking vail Quantities of their Taupon or Tea, and^»«
vomiting it up again, as clear as they drink it. This is a
Cuftom amongffc all thofe that can procure that Plant, in
which manner they take it every other Morning, or oftner \
by which Method they keep their Stomachs clean, without
pricking the Coats, and {training Nature, as every Purge is
an Enemy to. Befides, the great Diuretick Quality of their
Tea carries off a great deal, that perhaps might prejudice
their Health, by Agues, and Fevers, which all watry Coun-
tries are addi&ed to \ for which reafon, I believe, it is, that
the Indians are not fo much addi&ed to that Diftemper, as
we are, they preventing its feizing upon them, by this Plant
alone. Moreover, I have remarked, that it is only thofe
Places bordering on the Ocean and great Rivers, that this
Diftemper is frequent in, and only 'on and near the fame
Places this Evergreen is to be found; and none up towards
the Mountains, where thefe Agues, feldom or never'appear j
Nature having provided fuitable Remedies, in all Coun-
tries, proper for the Maladies that are common thereto.
The Savages of Carolina have this Tea in Veneration,' above
all the Plants they are acquainted withal, and tell you, the
Difcovery thereof was by^an infirm Indian, that labour'd un-
der the Burden of many^rugged Diltempers, and could not
be cured by all their Doctors -, fo, one day, he fell afleep.^
and dreamt, that if he took a Decoction of the Tree that
grew at his Head, he would certainly be cured \ upon whick
he awoke, and faw the Taupon or Capnk-Tft&l which: was nos

G g there

\'% a i

Ja Account of the Indians

there when he fellaileep. He follow'd the Direction of his
Dream, and became perfectly well in a fhort time. Now, I
fuppofe, no Man has fo little Senfe as to believe this Fable ^
yet it lets us fee what they intend thereby, and that it has,
doubtlefs, wbrk'd Feats enough, to gain it fuch an Efteem a-
mongfl: thefe Savages, who are too well verfed in Vegetables,
to be brought to a continual ufe of any one of them, upon a
meer Conceit or Fancy, without fome apparent Benefit they
found thereby \ efpecially, when we are fenfible, they drink
the Juices of Plants^ tq free 'Naturfe of her Burdens, and not
out of Foppery and Faihion, as otW Nations are oftentimes-
found to do. Amongfl all the Difcoveries of America, by
the Miffionaries of the French and Spaniards , I wonder none of
them was fo kind to the World, as to have kept. a Catalogue
of the Diftempers they found the Savages capable of curing,
and their Method of Cure *, which might have been of
fome Advantage to our Materia Medlca at home, when de-
liver'd by Men of Learning, and other Qualifications, asmoft
of them are. Authors generally tell us, 'that the Savages are •
well enough acquainted with thofe Plants which their Cli-
mate affords, and that fome of them effect great Cures, but
by what Means, and in what Form, we' are left in the dark".
The Bark of the Root of the SaflTafras-Tree, I have obferv'd,
is much ufed by them. They generally torrefy it in the Em-
bers, fo ftrip off the Bark from the Root, beating it to a
Confidence fit to fpread, fo lay it on the griev'd Part -r
which bothcleanfes a fowl Ulcer •, and after Scarrification,
being apply'd to a Contufioa, or Swelling, draws forth the
Pain, and reduces the Part to its priftine State of Health,,
as I have often feen effe&ed. Fats and Unguents never ap-
pear in their Chirurgery, when the Skin is once broke. The
Fats of Animals are ufed by them* to render their Limbs,
pliable, and when wearied, to relieve the Joints, and this
not often, becaufe they approve of the Sweating-Houfe (in
fuch cafes) above all things. The Salts they mix with their
Bread and Soupe, to give them a Reliih, are Alkalis, (viz.)
Afhes, and calcined Bones of Beer, and other Animals.
Sallads, they never eat any } as for Pepper and Muftard,
v*c,ff^c they reckon us little ,better than Madmen, to make ufe of
PemrVrit amongft our Viduals. They are never troubled with the
mflak Scuivy, Dropfy, nor Stone. The Phthifick, Affhfna, and

Diabetes,

if

Sajfafras,

Make

gread,

Alkali

Mti.

m

tarn mm mt • t '

of North-Carolina.

Diabetes, they are wholly Strangers to; neither do I remem-
ber I ever faw one Paralytick amongft them. The Gout, I
cannot be certain whether they know what it is, or not,
Indeed, I never faw any Noiles or Swellings, which attend
the Gout in Europe 5 yet they have a fort of Rhumatifm W »te.
Burning of the Limbs, which tortures them grievouily, atf/d. Pai?ts^
which time their Legs are To hot, that they employ the*
young People continually to pour Water down them, j I ne-
ver law but one or two thus afflicted. The Struma is
not uncommon amongft thefe Savages, and another Diftem-
per, which is, in fome refpe&s, like the Pox, but is attended
with no Gonorrhoea. This not feldom bereaves them of
their Kofe. I have feen three or four of them render'd molt
miferable Speaacles by this Diftemper. Yet, when they
have been fo negligent, as to let it run on fo far without
curbing of it; at laft, they make fhift to patch themfelves
up and live for many years after ; and fuch Men commonly
turn Doaors. I have known two or three of thef^no-nofe
Doaors in great Efteem amongft thefe Savages. The Juice
of the Tulip-Tree is ufed as a proper Remedy for this Di-
ftemper. What Knowledge they have in Anatomy, I cannot
tell, neither did I ever fee them employ themfelves therein,
unlefs, as I told you before, when they make the Skeletons of
their Kings and great Mens Bones. ; • * ■ '

The Indians are very carelefs and negligent of their Health; <'« A.**/. <w
as by Drunkennefs,. Wading in the Water, irregular Diet,'-^W U*.
and Lodging, and a thoufand other Diforders, (that would //2. ^^
kill an European) which they daily ufe, Th«y boil and roalfc /

their Meat extraordinary much, and eat abundance of Broth,
except the Savages whom we call the naked Indians, who/^ki
never eat any Soupe. They travel from the Banks of the Indians.
MefUafippi, to war againft the Sinnagars or Iroquois, and are
(if equal Numbers; commonly too hard for them. They
will lie and fleep in the Woods without Fire, being inur'd
thereto. They are the hardieil of all Indians y and run fo
fall: that they are never taken, neither do any Indians outrun
them, if ihey are purftfd. Their Savage Enemies fay, their
Nimblenefs and Wind proceeds .from their never' eating
any Broth. The Small-Pox has been fatal to them; they small-Pox.
do not often efcape, when they are feiz'd with that Diftem-
oer, which is a contrary Fever to what they ever knew.
r G g 2 Moft

An Account of the Indians

Moft certain, it had never yi Cited America, before the Difco-
very thereof by the Ghriftians, Their running into the Wa-
ter, in the Extremity of this Difeafe, ftrikesitin, and kills
all that ufe it. Now they are become a little wifer •, but for-
merly it deflroy'd whole Towns, without leaving one Indian
alive in the Village. The Plague was never known amongft
them, that I could learn by what Enquiry I have made :
Thefe Savages ufe Scarrification almoft in all Diflempers.
Their chief Inftruments for that Operation- is the Teeth of
Rattle-Snakes, which they poifon withal. They take them
out of the Snake's Head, and fuck out the Poifon with their
Mouths, (and fo keep them for ufe) and fpit out the Venom,
which is green, and are never damag'd thereby. The Small-
Pox and Rum have made fuch a Deftru&ion amongft them,
that, on good grounds, I, do believe, there is not the fixth
Savage living within two hundred Miles of all jour Settle-
ments, as there were fifty Years ago. Thefe poo^ Crea-
tures tare fo many Enemies to deftroy them, that it's a
wonder tfrte of them is left alive near us. The Small-pox I
have acquainted you withal above, and fo I have of Rum,
and 'flialf only add, that they have got a way to carry it back
to the Weitward Indians, who never knew what it was, till
within very few Years. Now they have it brought them by
the Tusker uro's, and other Neighbour- Indians, but the Tush-
ruro's chiefly, who carry it in Rundlets feveral hundred
Miles, amongft other Indians. Sometimes they cannot for-
bear breaking their Cargo, but fit down in the Woods, and
drink it all up, and then hollow and fhout like fo many Bed"
lamites. I accidentally once met with one of thefe drunken
Crews, andwasamaz'd to fee a Parcel of drunken Savages
fo far from any Englijhrnan's Houfe-, but the Indians 1 had in
Company informed me, that they were Merchants, and had
drunk all their Stock, as is very common for them to do-
But when they happen to carry it fafe, (which is feldom,
without drinking forne part of it, and filling it up with
Water) and come to an Indian Town, thofe that buy Rum
of them havefo man^Mouthfuls for a Buck-Skin, they never
ufingany other Meafurl"^ and for this purpofe, the Buyer al-
ways makes Choice of his Man, which is one that has the
greateft Mouth, whom he brings to the Market with a Bowl
to put it in. The Seller looks narrowly to the Alan's Mouth !

that

of North-Carolina.

m$

that meafures it, and if he happens to .(Wallow any down, ei-
ther through Wilful aefs or otherwife, the Merchant or fome
of his Party, does not fcruple to knock the Fellow down,
exclaiming againffc' him for falfe Meafure. Thereupon, the.
Buyer finds another Mouthpiece to meafure the Rum by \ fo
that this Trading is very agreeable to the Spectators, to fee
fuch a deal of Quarrelling and Controversy, as often hap-
pens, about it, and is very diverting.

Another Deftroyer of them, is, the Art they have, and of-To'tfoning
ten pra&ife, of pcifoning one another; which is done by a of.Tajlor,
large, white, fpungyRoot, that grows in the Frefh-Marfhes,
which is one of their Poifons, not but that they have many
other Drugs, which they poifon one another withal.

Laftly, the continual Wars thefe Savages maintain, one How the
Nation againft another, which fometimes hold for fome A- Indians
ges, killing and making Captives, till they become fo weak mu
thereby, that they are forced to make Peace for want of Re-
cruits, to fupply their Wars \ and the Difference of Lan-
guages, that is found amongft thefe Heathens, feems alto-
gether ftrange. For it often appears, that every dozen Miles,
you meet with an Indian Town, that is quite different from
the others you laft parted withal •, and what a little fupplies
this Defed is, that the moft powerful Nation of thefe Savages
{corns to treat or trade with any others (of fewer Num-
bers and lefs Power) in any other Tongue but their own,
which ferves for the Lingua, of the Country, with which we
travel and deal \ as for Example, we fee that the Tushrwros*
are moft- numerous in North-Carolina, therefore their Tongue
is underftood by fome in every Town of all the Indians near
us. And here I fhall infert a fmall Di&ionary of every
Tongue, though not Alphabetically digefted.

Woccon*
Tonne
Num-ferre
Nam-mee
Vumum»yunm
Webtaii

Nommis fan

PTnffim

EngUjh

Englfi*

TuskerurOi

Pampticough.

One

Vnche

Wcembot

Two

Nefte

Nefhinnauh

Three

Ohf-fah*

Nijh'Wonner

Four

Vntoc

Tau-Ooner

Five

Ouch'Tohe

Vmferren

Six

Houeyoc

Who-yeoc

Seven

Chaub-noc

Top-po-ofh

Eight

NeC'kara

Nau-haujh-jhoo

116

An Account

1 of the Indiai

IS

i Engl^jh.

Tuskeruro.

Pampticough

Woccon.

Kine

Wear ah

•$*tch*~ic-,conk

: We there

Jen

, Wartfauh

Cojh .

So one noponm

, Eleven

Vnche fcauwhau

1 .;

Tonne hauk pea
Soone nomme

Twelve

■Nettec fcauhhat

y

Twenty

Wanfau feauhai

i

Winnop

Thirty

OJfa te wartfau

,

Hundred

Touch fe

Thoufand Ki youfi

Rum

Oonaquod

Weefaccon I

Tvp-fe

Blankets

Oorewa

Mattofli

Roo-iune

White

Ware-occs g

Wbp-pofliaumojh

Waurraupa

»*i Re(i

Cotcoo-rea

Mijh-cosk

Tauta

Black or
Blue, idem

f Cdw*hunjhe

Mow-cottowoflj

Yah-teftea

Gunpow-
der

Vu-kn

Tungue

Rooeyam

Shot

Cauna

Ar~rowfer

Week

Atfe

Au-nuka

Tomma-bhk

Tau-unta winnik

Knife

Oo/bcke ttauh

Rig-cofq.

Wee

Tobacco

Char ha

Hooh-pau

Vu-coone

Shirt

Ough-tres

Tacca pitteneer

Shoes

Oo-rofs-foo

WeeAeffoo

Hat

Trojfa

JMottau-quahan

Intome-po/Jba

Fire

Vtchar

Tinda

Tail

Water

Awoo

Vmpe

Ejau

Coat

Oufivox
Kawhitchra

Taus-xoon

Rummljfau

Awl or

Needle

Oofe-waure

Moc'Cofe

Wonfi-fiee

A Hoe

Wauche-wocnoc

Rojh-jliocquon

Rooe-pau

Salt

Cheek- ha

. Paint

Quaunt

Chutpon'

Whoaxeonne

Ronoak

Nauh-houreot

Mif-kipfu

Rummaer

Peak

Chu-teche

Ronoak

Erroco

Gun

Auk-noc

Gau hooptop

Wit tape

Gun-Lock

Oo-tefte

Gun tock Seike

. Noonkojfo

Flints

Ou~negh-r<i

Hinds

Matt-teer

A Flap

Oukhaure

R/tppatoc

Rhooeyau

Belt

Qona-teftc

JWaachom

Wee-kau

Effglifl)

IBM

of North-Carolina.

227

Bnfflijh. '
ScilTorsand
Tobacco- Cheh-ra
Tongues
A Kettle
A Pot
Acorns
A Pine-
Tree

Englishman
Indians

EngHfi.
A Horfe
Swine
Mofs
Raw skin un

Tuskeruro.

GuVpaUna
Ocnock

Kooawa

Heirta
flickreruroh
Vnqua

Oonofja

To(hjhome

Nuppin

Buckskin -Brett Off*"

1 • /^u.^

Tuskeruro
A hots
Watfquerre
Auoona hau
Qotahawa

Fawn-skin
Bear-skin

Fox-skip?

Raccoon-skin

Squirrel-skin

Wildcat*skin

Panther- skia

Wolf

Min

Otter .

A Mat

Basket

Feathers

Dreft-skin

A Turkey

A Duck

A King

Fat

Soft

Hard or heavy

A. Rope

APofium

Day •

A Peftel

Ottea

Oachehara

Che-chou

Roo-fotto

Soft

Cauhauweana

Caunerex

Squarrena

Chac-lauene

Chaunoc

Ooyethne

Qoyaura

Oofnooqua

Cotcoo

Coona

Sooeau

Teethha

Ootfaure

Vtfauwmne

Waucots ne

Vtfera

Che-ra

Ootauh-ne

' Waccon.

Toc-hor

Toofeawau

Roofimm?

xHooheh
'Wiittjhfme
Taub'he
Woccoix*

fenwttoa

Nommewarraupaw

Itto

Sfeapt!

Roohau

Wifto

Ourka

Hannatochre

Auher

Xehau

Wattau

Tire kiro

Socton

Wcths

Seppepepor,

Rookeppa

Soppe

Rauhau

Taut*

Welha

Reamore

Tendare

Roofomms

Jtu teraugh

Xranhe

■Mym

ZngUfa

■

a?8

An Account of the Indians

Engliflx.

A 'Mortar

Stockings

A Creek

A River

A Man

Old Man

Young Man

Woman

Old Wo-ma-a-

Wife
A Child

A Boy
Infant

Ears

Fifhgig

A Comb

A Cake bak't

A Head

Hair

Brother

I

Thou

There

Homine

Bread

Broath

Corn

Peafe
A Bag
■Fifli
A Louk
A Flea
Potato's
A Stick
Wood
Houfe
A Cow

Turkeraro,

. Waccoa

Ootir caugh-we

?€°: h

Way baujke

Wachena
Ahvnt wackena
Entequos

■

Occooahawa

,

Qvottis

. ■, ■ ;q »

Con-noowa

Cufquerre

Ticau

i

Kateocca

Tecauau

Woccanoohtt

Wariaugh

Vtferofta

Ooethnat

1

'

Ovtojhe

Weetipfa

Qonaquitchra

Sacketoome pojjwa

Oaneck

Ootaure

Poppe

Oowaara

Tumme

Caunotkd

Tenrauhe

Ee

Eets

Xa

Cotquerre

Roocauwd

Qotocnare

Jkettau

Ook-heo

Oonaha

Cefe ■

Oonave

.

Oofare

Oojha

Saugh-be

Coofauk

ZJttdqua

Bkoacromon

Cunfre

Tacunne

Cheecq^

Eppefyau

Nauocq^

'-

Vntone

Wank

Chin qua

Ouyunhgue

Tanm

Giftoufe

Oufe

Ovs-farmt

Noppinjufe

Znglijh,

"

of North-Carolina.

22S

EngliJk«,:

Tuskeruro,;:

Wocco#.

A Snake

Vs-quauh-ffe

Tttu-hwk

A Rat

Rvfqniane

Wktau n

A Goofe

Au-hoohaha

Auhatrn

A Swan

Oorhafi

Atter

Allegator

Vtfererauh

Menwittetau

A Crab

Rouare cou

Wunmau

A Canoe

Oojkwmawa

Wan

A Box

Ooanoo

Topoonitfa

A Bowl

Ortfe

Cot/da

A Spoon

Oughquere

Cotfttu

A Path

Wauh-hauhni

Tauh

Sun or Moon

Heita

Wittapare

Wind

Hoonpch

Tunc or

A Star

Vttewiraratfe

Wattapi tmtakeep

Rain

Vntuch

Auhuntwood

Tawowa

Night

Oofottoo

Yantoha

A Rundlet

Oohtwawa

Ynpyupfeunne

An Eel

Cuha+na

A T—d

Viquera

Tulawa

A F— t

Vtteim

Pautymt

A Cable

Vtquichra

Small Ropes

*Vtfera utqukbra

A Button

Tic-hak

Rummijfauwoutw.

Breeches

Wahunfhe

Rooty auhitte

Stockings

Oowijfera

Rooefoo pojfot

1

Day

Wauwoc-hook

Waukhaway

Mad

Cojferunte

Rocfanmne

Angry

Cotcheroore

Rooeheha

. ■

Afraid

Werrioauna

Mehejkiwati

Smoak

Oo-teighne

Too-Jhe

AThieforRogi

XQKatiMei

A Dog

Cheeth

Tauh*he

A Reed

Cauna

Weekwonni

Lightwood

Kakoo

, m

To morrow

Jureha

Kittaps

Now

Today

A little while

Kahunk

Kawet
Kakoom

Tauka

Engiifii

ogo

An Account of the Indians

;!i

Englijh.
Yefterday
How many
How far
Will you go a-
longwithme
Go you
Give it me
That's all .
A Cubit length
Dead
A Gourd or

Bottle
A lazy Fellow
Englifhtean is

thirfty
I will fell you

Goods very

cheap
AH the Indians

are drunk
Have you got

any thing to

eat
I am fick
AFifh-Hook
Don't lofe it
A Tobacco-pipe
I remember it
Let it alone
Peaches
Walnuts
Hickery Nuts
A Jew s-Harp
I forget it
Horthweffc-
Wind

Tuskeruro. :

Ooufitto ' '■
Vi'tewots

Vntateawa
Vnta hah

Woccon-

Tottoha

Toniarinte
Quauhe

Its warko
Cotjliau
Vt chat
Kihoofocca

Whaharia
Vtchaawa

1 Tuppa me
Mothei
Cuttaune
Ijhewounaup
Caure
Wattape

t
Wattattoo watfi
OuhoockaninniwocK

Tontaimete

Waufthanocha

Nauhou hoove-em

Connaughjoft twane

Nonnupper

Vtta-Ana-wox

Noccoo Eraute

Connauwex

Qos*skinna

0 on eft nonne it quo ft

Oofquaana

Oonutfauka

Thotfaurauweefe

Roo-ooe

Waurepa

Intom

Aucummat®
Sauhau
%onne

Rootau-ooe
Rootau
Ooratfa
Jferrauka

Hothooika

lAcaunqms

Nimmia
Wcttij/AU

Wawsw*

To

wm

mm*

of North-Carolina.

n •

To repeat more of this Indian Jargon, would be to trou- Ifldiaii
ble the Reader j and as an Account how imperfetfr. they aresPeechm
in their Moods and Tenfes, has been given by feveral alrea-
dy, I (hall only add, that their Languages or Tongues arefo.
deficient, that you cannot fuppofe the Indians ever could ex-
prefs themfelves in fuch a Flight of Stile, as Authors would
have you believe. They are fo far from it, that they are but
juft able to make one another underftand readily what they
talk about. As for the two Confonants L and F, I never
knew them in any Indian Speech I have met withal *, yet I
muft tell you, that they have fuch a Way of abbreviating
their Speech, when in their great Councils and Debates, that
the young Men do not underftand what they treat about,
when they hear them argue. It is wonderful, what has oc-
cafion'd fo many different Speeches as the Savages have.
The three Nations I now mention'd, do not live above ten
Leagues diftant, and two of them, viz.. the Tuskeruro's and Tartan-
the Woccon, are not two Leagues afunder \ yet their Speech an Hwlu
differs in every Word thereof, except one, which is Tfaure,
Cockles, which is in both Tongues the fame, and nothing elfe.
Now this Difference of Speech caufes Jealoulies and Fears a~
mongft them, which bring Wars, wherein they deflroy one
another •, otherwife the Chriftians had not (in all Probabi-
lity) fettled America Co eafily, at they have done, had thefe
Tribes of Savages united themfelves into one People or ge-
neral Intereft, or were they fo but every hundred Miles. In
fhort, they are an odd fort of People under the Circum-
ftances they are at prefent, and have fome fuch uncouth
Ways in their Management and, Courfe of Living, that it
feems a Miracle to us, how they bring about their Defigns,
as they do, when their Ways are commonly quite contrary
to ours. I believe, they are (as to this Life) a very happy
People *, and were it not for the Feuds amongft themfelves,
they would enjoy the happieft State (in this World) of all
Mankind. They met with Enemies when we came amongft
them j for they are no nearer Chriftianity now, than they
were at the fTrft Difcovery, to all Appearance. They have
learnt feveral Vices of the Europeans, but not one Vertue, as Indians
I know of. Drunkennefs was a Stranger, when we found team of
them out, and Swearing their Speech cannot exprefs \ yet*^ Euro-
thofe that fpeak j^/fc, learn to (Wear the firft thing theyPeans<

H 2 talk

23a

An Account of the Indians

talk of. It's true, they have fome Vertues and fome Vices •
but how the Chriftians can bring thefe People into the Bo-
fo'm of the Church, is a Propofal that ought to be forra'd
and follow'd by the wifeft Heads and beft Chriftians. After
I have given one Remark or two farther, of fome of their
ftrange Pra&ices and Notions, I will give my Opinion, how
I think, in probability, it may be (ifpoffible; effe&ed, and fo
ihall conclude this Treatifeof Carolina.

They are a very craving People, and if a Man give them
any thing of a Prefent, they think it obliges him to give
them another ; and fo on, till he has given them all he has ;
for they have no Bounds of Satisfaction in that way } and if
they give you any thing, it is to receive twice the Value of it.
They have no Confideration that you will want what you
give them ; for their way of Living is fo contrary to ours,
that neither we nor they can fathom oae anothers Defigns
and Methods. They call Rum and Phyfick by one Name,
which implies that Rum make People lick, as when they have
taken any poifonous Plant , yet they cannot forbearRum. They
make Offerings of their Firft-Fruits,and the more ferious fort
of them throw into the Allies, near the Fire, the firft Bit
or Spoonful of every Meal they fit down to, which, they
fay, is the fame to them, as the pulling off our Hats, and
talking, when we go to Vi&uals, is to us. They name the
Months very agreeably, as one is the. Herring-Month, ano-
ther the Strawberry-Month, another the Mulberry-Month.
Others name them by the Trees that bloffam ; efpecially,"
the Dogwood-Tree j or they fay, we will return when Tur-
&,ey~Cocks gobble, that is in March and April. The Age of
the Moon they underftand, but know no different Name for
Sun and Moon. They can guefs well at the time of the
Day ? by the Sun's Height. Their Age they number by Win-
ters, and fay, fuch a Man or Woman is fo many Winters old
They have no. Sabbath, or Day of Reft. Their Slaves are
not over-burden'd with Work, and fo not driven by Severity
to feek for that Relief. Thofe that are acquainted with the
Englljh^ and fpeak the Tongue, know when Sunday comes j be-
sides, the Indians have a difliner Name for Chriftmas which
they call Winnich Kejhufe, or the Englijhmans Gods Moon,
There is one moll abominable Cuftom amongft them, which
they call Hus^umawmg their young Men j which I have not

made

of North-Carolina.

made any Mention of as yet, fo will give you an Account
of it here. You muft know, that moft commonly, once a
Year, or, at fartheft, once in twa Years, thefe People take
up fo many of their young Men, as they think are able to
undergo it, and hnfquenaugh them, which is to make them
obedient and refpeftive to their Superiors, and (as they fay)
is the fame to them, as it is to us to fend our Children to
School, to be taught good Breeding and Letters. This Houfe
of Corre&ion is a large ftrong Cabin, made on purpofe for
the Reception of the young Men and Boys, that have not
pafled this Graduation already •, and it is always at Chrifimas
that they hufquenaugh their Youth , which is by bringing
them into this Houfe, and keeping them dark all the time*
where they more than half-ftarve them. Befides, they give
them Pellitory-Bark, and feveral intoxicating Plants, that
make them go raving mad as ever were any People in the
World \ and you may hear them make the molt difmal and
Mlifh Cries, and Howlings, that ever humane Creatures ex-
prefs'd \ all which continues about five or fix Weeks, and
the little Meat they eat, is the naftielt, loathfome ItufF, and
mixt with all manner of Filth it's poffible to get. After the
Time is expired, they are brought out of the Cabin, which
never is in the Town, but always a diftance off, and guarded
by a Jaylor or two, who watch by Turns. Now, when they
firft come out, they are as poor as ever any Creatures were;
for you mult know feveral die under this diabolical Purga-
tion. Moreover, they either really are, or pretend to be
dumb, and do not fpeak for feveral Days % I think, twenty
or thirty } and look fo gaftly, and are fo chang'd, that it's
next to an Impoflibility to know them again, although you
was never fo well acquainted with them before. I would fain
have gone into the mad Houfe, and have feen them in their
time of Purgatory, but the King would notfufier it, becaufe,
he told me, they would do me, or any other white Man, an
Injury, that ventured in a mo ngft the,m ; fo I delifted. They
play this Prank with Girls as well as Boys, and I believe it
a miferable Life they endure,. becaufe I have known feveral
of them run away, at that time, to avoid it. Now, the
Savages fay, if it was not for this, they could never keep their
Youth in Subjedion, befid'es that it hardens them ever, after
to the Fatigues of War, Hunting, and all manner of Hard-

" , " Ihip r.

' I. I I ■»—— I — J^^ —————— — ^— — »

2g {j. ^« Account of the Indians

mip, which their way of living expofes them to. Befides, they
addjthat it carries offthofe infirm weakBodies, that would have
been only a Burden and Difgrace to their Nation, and faves
the Viduals and Cloathing for better People, that would
have been expended on fuch ufelefs Creatures, Thefe Sava-
ges are defcribed in their proper Colours, but by a very few
for thofe that generally Write Hiftories of this new World'
are fuch as Intereft, Preferment, and Merchandize, drew
thither , and know no mere of that People than I do of
the Laplanders, which is only by Hear-fay. And if we will
make juft Remarks, how near fuch Relations generally ap-
proach Truth and Nicety, we (hall find very few of them
worthy of Entertainment; and as for the other part of the
Volume, it is generally flufft with Invedtives againft the Go-
vernment they lived under, on which Stage is commonly
afted greater Barbarities, in Murdering worthy Mens Repu-
tations, than all the Savages in the new World are capable
of equalizing, or fo much as imitating.

And iince I hinted at a Regulation of the Savages, and to
propofe a way to convert them to Chrifrianity, I will firft
particularize the feveral Nations of Indians that are our
Neighbours, and then proceed to what I promised.

Tmkeruro Indians are fifteenTowns, viz,-Haruta,Waqui, Con-
tah-nah, Anna Ooka, Conauh-Kare Harooka^Vna Nauhan, Kent a-
nuska, Cbunaneets, Kent a, Eno?Naur-hegh-ne, Oonoffbora, Tofneoc,
Nonawharitfe, Nurfoorooka', Fighting Mem 200. Wacccn. Towns
2, Tupwauremau, Tooptatmeer, Fighting Men 1 20. Machapunga,
Town i, hlaramiskeet, Fighting Men 30. Bear River, Town
1, Raudauqua-quank, Fighting Men 50. Maherring Indians,
Town 1, Maherring River, Fighting Men 50. Chuwon Indians,
Town 1, Bennets Creek, Fighting Men 15. Pafpatank Indians,
Town 1 , Pafpatank River, Fighting Men 10. Poteskeit, Town
1, iV<?r^?. River, Fighting Men 30. Nottaway Indians, Town
1, Winoack Creek, Fighting Men 30. Hatter as Town i,Sand
Banks, Fighting Men i6\ Connamox Indians, Towns 2, Cora-
nine, Raruta, Fighting Men 25. Neus Indians, Towns 2, Chat-
tooka, Rouconk0 Fighting Men 15. Pampticough Indians, Town
i,IJland, Fighting Men 15. J aupim Indians^ 6 People. Thefe
five Nations of the Totero's, Saponas, Keiauwee's, Aconecbos
and Schoccories, are lately comeamongft us, and may contain*
in all, about 750 Men, Women and Children. Total 4780. '

Now

of North- Carolina.

?5

Now, there appears to be one thoufand fix hundred and
twelve Fighting Men, of our Neighbouring Indians; and pro-
bably, there are three Fifths of Women and Children, not in-
cluding Old Men, which amounts to four thoufand and thirty
Savages befides the five Nations lately come. Now, as
1 before' hinted, we will fee what grounds there are to make
thefe People ferviceable to us, and better themfelves there-
by

On a fair Scheme, we muft firft allow thefe Savages what

really belongs to them, that is, what good Qualities, and
natural Endowments, they pofTefs, whereby they being m
their proper Colours, the Event may be better guefs'd at, and
fathom'd.

Firft, they are as apt to learn any Handicraft, as any Peo-
ple that the World affords} I will except none •, as is feen
by their Canoes and Stauking Heads, which they make of
themfelves \ but to my purpofe, the Indian Slaves in South
Caroling and elfewhere, make my Argument good. . !

Secondly, we have no difciplin'd Men 1a Europe, but what
have, at one time or other, been branded with Mutining, and
Murmuring againft their Chiefs. Thefe Savages are never
found guilty of that great Crime in a Soldier} I challenge all
Mankind to tell meofonelnftance of it *, befides, they never
prove Traitor*" to their Native Country, but rather chufe
Death than partake and fide with the Enemy.

They naturally pofTefs the Righteous Mans Gift ; they are
Patient under all Amidions, and have a great many other
Natural Vertues, which I have flightly touch'd throughout
the Account of thefe Savages.

They are really better to us, than we are to them \ they
always give us Victuals at their Quarters, and take care we
are arnfd againft Hunger and Thirft : We do not fo by
them ( generally fpeaking ) but let them walk by our Doors
Hungry, and do not often relieve them. We look upon
them with Scorn and Difdain, and think them little better
than Beafts in Humane Shape, though if well examined, we
fhall find that7for all our Religion and Education, we pofTefs
more Moral Deformities, and Evils than thefe Savages do^
or are acquainted withal.

We reckon them Slaves in Comparifon to us, and Intru-
ders, as oft as they enter our Houfes, or hunt near our

ag-6

An Account of the Indians

Dwellings. Bat if we will admit Reafon to be our Guide, ffie
will inform us^ that thefe Indians are the freeft People in the
World, and to far from being Intruders upon us, that we
have abandon'd our own Native Soil, to drive them out, and
poffefs theirs ; neither have we any true Balance, in Judging
of thefe poor Heathens, becaufe we neither give Allowance
for their Natural Difpofition, nor the Sylvian Education, and
ftrange Cuftoms, (uncouth to us) they lie under and have
ever been train'd up to*, thefe are falfe Meafures for Chri-
ftians to take, and indeed no Man can be reckon'd a Mo-
. ralift only , who will not make choice and ufe , of bet-
ter Rules to walk and a& by : We trade with them, it's true,
but to what End? Not to fhew them the Steps of Vertue,and
the Golden Rule, to do as we would be done by. No, we
havefurnifhed them with the Vice of Drunkennefs, which is
the open Road to all others, and daily cheat them in every
thing we fell, and efteem it a Gift of Chriftianity, not to
fell to them fo cheap as we do to the Chriftians, as we call our
felves. Pray let me know where is there to be found one
Sacred Command or Precept of our Matter, that counfels us
to fuch Behaviour ? Befides, I believe it will not appear but
that all the Wars, which we have had with the Savages
were occafion'd by the unjuft Dealings of the Chriftians
towards them. I can name more than a few, which my own
Enquiry has given me a right Underftanding of, and I am
afraid the remainder (if they come to the tell) wHl prove
themfelves Birds of the fame Feather.
Indians As we are in Chriftian Duty bound, fo we muft a& and be-
Averfim have ourfelves to thefe Savages, if we either intend to be
%Im ferviceable in converting them to the Knowledge of the
4 '/• Gofpel, or difcharge the Duty which every Man, within the
Pale of the Chriftian Church, is bound to do. Upon this
Score, we ought to fhew a Tendernefs for thefe Heathens
under the weight of Infidelity; let us cherifh their good Deeds,
and, with Mildnefs and Clemency,make them fenfible and for-
warn them of their ill ones ; let our Dealing* be juft to them
in every Refped, and fhew no ill Example, whereby they
may think we advife them to pra&ife that wbich we will
not be conformable to ourfelves: Let them have cheap Pen-
niworths (without Guile in our Trading with them) and
learn them the Myfteries of our Handicrafts, as well as our

Re-

*—

of North-Carolina,

Religion, otherwife we deal unjuftly by them. But it is high-
ly neceflary to be brought in Pra&ice, which is, to give En-
couragement to the ordinary People, and thofe of a lower
Rank, that they might marry with thefe Indians^ and come
into Plantations, and Houfes, where fo many Acres of Land
and fome Gratuity of Money, (out of a publick Stock) are
given to the new-married Couple; and that the Indians might
have Encouragement to fend their Children Apprentices to
proper Matters, that would be kind to them, and make them
Mafters of a Trade, whereby they would be drawn to live a-
Eiongft us, and become Members of the fame EcclefiafHcal
and Civil Government we are under ; then we mould have
great Advantages to make daily Converfions amongft them,
when they faw that we were kind and juft to them in all out
Dealings. Moreover, by the Indians Marrying with the Chri-
stians, and coming into Plantations with their Englijh Huf-
bands, or Wives, they would become Chriftians, and their
Idolatry would be quite forgotten, and, in all probability, a
better Worfhip come in its Stead ; for were thtjews engrafted
thus, and alienated from the Worlhip and Converfation of
Jews, their Abominations would vanilh, and be no more.

Thus we mould be let into a better Undemanding of the
Indian Tongue, by our new Converts *, and the whole Body
of thefe People would arrive to the Knowledge of our Reli-
gion and Cufloms, and become as one People with us. By this
Method alfo, we mould have a true Knowledge of all thelndiatts
Skill in Medicine and Surgery, they would inform us of the
Situation of our Rivers, Lakes, and Tra&s of Land in the
Lords Dominions, where by their Affiftance, greater Difcove-
ries may be made than has been hitherto found out, and by
their Accompanying us in our Expeditions, we might civi-
lize a great many other Nations of the Savages, and daily
add to our Strength in Trade, and Intereft -, fo that we might
be fufficiently enabled to conquer, or maintain our Ground,
againft all the Enemies to the Crown of England in America^
both Chriftian and Savage.

What Children we have of theirs, to learn Trades, &c*
ought to be put into thofe Hands that are Men of the bell
Lives and Characters, and that are not only ftrid Obfervers
of their Religion, but alfo of a mild, winning and fweet Dif«
pofition, that thefe Indian Parents may often go and fee how

I i . well

37

a^8

An Account of the Indians, <&c.

well their Children are dealt with, which would much win
them to our Ways of Living, Mildnefs being a Vertue the
Indians are in love withal, for they do not praftife beating
and correding their Children, as we do. A general Com-
plaint is, that it feems impofllble to convert thefe People to
Chriftianity, as, at firft fight, it does ; and as for thofe in
New Spain, they have the Prayer of that Church in Latin by
Rote, and know the external Behaviour at Mafs and Ser-
mons *, yet fcarce any of them are Heady and abide with con-
ftancy in good Works, and the Duties of the Chriftian Church.
We find that the Fuentes and feveral other of the noted Indian
Families about Mexico^ and in other parts of New Spain, had
given feveral large Gifts to the Altar, and outwardly feem'd
fond of their new Religion •, yet thofe that were the greateft
Zealots outwards, on a ftria Enquiry, were found guilty of
Idolatry and Witchcraft -, and this feems to proceed from
their Cohabiting, which, as I have noted before, gives Oppor-
tunities of Cabals to recal their ancient priftine Infidelity
and Superftitions. They never argue againft our Religion,
but with all imaginable Indifference own, that it is moft pro-
per for us that have been brought up in it.

In my opinion, it's better for Chriftians of a mean Fortune
to marry with the Civiliz'd Indians, than to fuffer the Hard-
ihips of four or live years Servitude,, in. which they meet with
Sicknefs and Seafonings amidft a Crowd of other Affliaions,
which the Tyranny of a bad Mafter lays upon fuch poor Souls,
all which thofe acquainted with our Tobacco Plantations are
not Strangers to. ;

This feems to be a more reafonable Method of converting
the Indians, than to fet up our Chriftian Banner in a Field of
Blood, as the Spaniards have done in New Spain, and baptize
one hundred with the Sword for one at the Font. Whilftwe
make way for a Chriftian Colony through a Field of Blood
and defraud, and ma&e away with thofe that one day may be
wanted in this World, and in the next appear againft us, we
make way for a more potent Chriftian Enemy to invade us
hereafter, of which we may repent, when too late.

J HE

■

—

*39

THE SECOND

CHARTER

Granted by

King CHARLES II.

TO T.HE

PROPRIETORS

OF

CAROLINA-

CHARLES II. by the Grace of God, &c. Whereas by
Ohr Letters Patents, bearing Date the Four and
Twentieth Day of March, in the Fifteenth Year of
Our Reign, We were Gracioufly Pleas'd to Grant unto
Our right Trufty, and right Well-beloved Coufin andCoun-
fellor Edward Earl of Clarendon, our High Chancellor of Eng-
land, Our right Trufty, and right entirely Beloved Coufin
and Counfellor, George Duke of Albemarle , Matter of our
Horfe, Our right Trufty and Well Beloved William, now
Earl of Craven, our right Trufty and well-beloved Counfellor,
John Lord 'Berkeley , our right Trufty, and well-beloved
Gounfellor, Anthony Lord Afhley, Chancellor of our Exche-
quer , our right Trufty and Well-beloved Counfellor Sir
George Carteren Knight and Baronet, Vice-Chamberlain of
J li 3 out

24.0

The Second Charter

our Houfhold, Our right Truffy and well-beloved, Sir Jaht
Colleton Knight and Baronet, and Sir WtUiam Berh lev Knisitt
all that Province, Territory, or Tract of Ground, called
Carolina, fituate, lying and being within our Dominions of
America, Extending from the North End of the Ifland, called
Luke Ifland, which lyeth in the Southern FtroimaS&LS, and
within fix and thirty Degrees of the Northern Latitude; aBrf
to the Weft, as far as the South Seas; and fo refpeaivelv as
far as the River of Mathias, which bordereth upon the Coaft
of Florida, and within One and Thirty Degrees of the Mr.
them Latitude, and fo Weft in a dired Line, as far as the
Sovth Seas aforefaid.

: Now, know Ye, that We, at the Humble Recraeft of the
faid Grandees in the aforefaid Letters Patents named, and
as a farther Mark of Our-efnedal Favour towards them' We
are Gracioufly Pleafed to Enlarge Our faid Grant unto them
according to the Bounds and Limits hereafter Specifyed, and
sn Favour to the Pious and Noble Purpofe of the faid Edward
Earl of Clarendon, George Dake of Albemarle. William Earl of
Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Afhley, Sir Georre
Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir Wittiam Berkeley, their Heirs
and Affigns, all that Province, Territory, or Trad of Ground
fituate, lying, and being within Our Dominions of Ameri 7*
aforefaid, extending North and Weftward, as far as the North
find of Cardituke River, or Gulet, upon a ftreight Wefierh
Line, to Wyonoake Creek, which lies within, or about the ^De-
grees of Thirty Six, and Thirty Minutes Northern Latitude,
and fo Weft,m a dire£ Line, as far as the South 8tos; and
South and Weftward, as far as the Degrees of Twenty Nine In-
clude Northern Latitude, and fo Weft in a direft Line, as far
as the South Seas; together with all and lingular Ports,
Harbours, Bays, Rivers and Iflets, belonging unto the Pro'

5£E.° USJW afor5faid- A»* »«"«» all the Soil, Lands,
Be?ds, Woods, Mountains, Ferms. Lalies, Rivers, Bays and
Iflets, fituate, or being within the Bounds, or Limits, laffc
before mentioned ; with the Filhing of all forts of ¥\to,Whales
Stwrgfons, and all other Royal Fifhes in the Sea, Bays, Iflets
and Rivers, within thePremifes, and the Filh therein taken-
together with the Royalty of the Sea, upon the Coaffc with'
m the Lumts aforefaid. And moreover, all Veins, Mines

and

■

wm

of CAROLINA

341

and Quarries, as well difcoveredas not difcover d, of Gold,
Silver, Gems and Precious Stones, and all other whatfoever V
be it of Stones, Metal, or any other thing found, or to be
found within the Province, Territory, iQets and Limits

3 Tnd furthermore, the Patronage and Ad vow fons of all the
Churches and Chappels, which as the Chriftian Religion fhall
Safe within the Province, Territory, lues and Limits a-
forefaid, fcali happen hereafter to be erefted •, together witk
Ucence and Power to build and found Churches Chappels
and Oratories in convenient and fit places, within the faid
Bounds and Limits h and to caufe them to be Dedicated and
Confecrated, according to the Ecciefiaflicai Laws of Our King-
dom of Jfe£nf* together with all and fingular, the like, and
as ample Rights, jurifdiftions , . Ertvileges Prerogatives,
Realties, Liberties' Immunities and Franchifes , of what
Kmdfoever, within the Territory, .Ifles, Iflets and Limits a-
fbrefaid. To have, hold, ufe, exercifeand enjoy the fame, as
amply, fully, and in as ample Manners any Bifhop o iD urhm
in Our Kingdom of England, ever heretofore had, held, ufed,
or enjoyed, or of right ought, or could have, ufe, or enjoy g
and them the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of
Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, j^* Lord Berkeley, Anthony
Lord Afcley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir
miUam Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns •, We do by thefe
Prefents, for Us, Our Heirs and SuccefTors, make, create and
conftitute the true and abfolute Lords and Proprietors of the
faid Province, or Territory, and of all other the Premifes,
faving always the Faith, Allegiance and Sovereign Dominion
due to Us, our Heirs and SuccefTors, for the fame •, to
have, hold, pofTefs and enjoy the laid Province, Territory,
IQets, and all and Angular, other the Prernifes to them the
laid Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, Wtl-
lUm Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony -Lord Afi*
lev. Sir Geone Carterett, Sir John Colleton and Sir WilUam
Berkeley, thelf Heirs and Affigns, for Ever, to be holden of
Us Our Heirs and SuccefTors, as of Our Mannor of Eaft Green-
»ick in Kent, in free and common Soccagevand not m Caput*
or by Kmghts Service, yielding and paying yearly to Us, Oar
Heirs and SuccefTors, for the fame,the fourth Part of all Goods
and Silver Qar» which within the Limits hereby G^ted*

The Second Charter

fhall from Time to Time, happen to be found, over and be-
iides the Yearly Rent of Twenty Marks and the fourth part
of the Gold and Silver Oar, in and by the faid recited Let-
ters Patents referved and payable.

And that the Province, or Territory hereby granted and
defcribed, may be dignifyed with as large Titles and Privi-
leges, as any other Parts of our Dominions and Territories in
that Region ', Know ye, That We, of our farther Grace, cer-
tain Knowledge and meer Motion, have thought fit to annex
the fame Trad of Ground and Territory, unto the fame Pro-
vince of Carolina \ and out of the Fulnefs of our Royal Power
and Prerogative, We do for Us, our Heirs and SuccefTors,
annex and unite the fame to the faid Province of Carolina.
And forafmuch as We have made and ordained the aforefaid
Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William
Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord AJhley^
Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley?
their Heirs and Affigns, the true Lords and Proprietors of
all the Province or Territory aforefaid •, Know ye therefore
moreover, that We repofing" efpecial Trult and Confidence in
their Fidelity, Wifdom, Juftice and provident Circunifpedion
for Us, our Heirs and SuccefTors, do grant full and abfolute
Power, by virtue of thefe Prefents, to them the faid Edward
Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of
Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ajhley, Sir George
Caxerett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, and their
Heirsand Affigns, for the good and happy Government of
the faid whole Province or Territory, full Power and Autho-
rity to ered, conftitute, and make feyeral Counties, Baronies,
and Colonies, of and within the faid Provinces, Territories,
Lands and Hereditaments, in and by the faid recited Letters
Patents , and thefe Prefents, granted, or mentioned to be
granted, as aforefaid, with feveral and diftind Jurifdidions,
Powers , Liberties and Privileges. And alfo , to ordain,
make and enad, and under their Seals, to publilh any Laws
and Conftitutions whatfoever, either appertaining to the
publick State of the faid whole Province or Territory, .or of
any diftind or particular County, Barony or Colony, of or
within the fame, or to the private Utility of particular Per-
fons, according to their beft Difcretion, by and with the Ad-
vice, Aflent and Approbation of the Freemen of the faid Pro-
vince

■■

Y c a r o_l i mj-

— ■ ; ITTfthTFreemenof the County, Barony

vince or Territory, « ^f^fconftitation (hall be made,
or Colony,forwh=h JudiLaw or ^

or the greateft Part ?"nera, and as of

ties, whom for enading of the laid Law ,^^ £ad of

<M« toriBerhley,Jfhc^ora^^ Heirs or

■sir ?*(,« Ofe* and bir J«*|» * *^'mbk in fach Manner
Affigns, [hall from Txm to Tim. all ^ fi ^ ^ wj

and Form as to ^""f^^ the faid Province or Ter-
to execute upon al 1 Peopl e ' w'0"lo and the Limits thereof,
ritory. County, .Bna;onJhi0crhC^U be constituted under the
for the Time being, ™ ,'"a "or any 0fthem, either fad-
Power ^d Government oirtem or aey.w rf or

ing towards the fa.d Pwvwe . f 0UF}

returning from thence tow-i penalties, lmpri-

or foreign Dominions by ImpoUto f_t ^^^j.

fonment, or any^otherPuniimnem > > . by taking a-
foi, and the Qnd « j, . of h Off^r eq* &fc £>
way Member «^«^ W»E« «tf»f-

«. >b" L?t o /few and !»%«•» *"-W«y» an? 'heir
C4rtm«, S'r^™ th'eir Deputies, Lieutenants, Judges,
Heirs, or by them . or tfc ™£* &^ as weU withm
Juftices, Magnates, or Officers^ wn ^^ ^ ^

the faid Province^ at ISta, w ^ m rf ^ ^

the faid §*«f ^ i^fi Lord .llikky, ^m Lord
OTftm Earl of Crav«,J .te Lor 7 ^ ^ „ (

4%, Sir Gmw. Ojwj» fcr& f £»' ft c0'avenient: Alfo,
BirieUy, and their H em, .ftaU ieem m before j dg

to remit, releafe, pardon and aooi ^, ^^ agaln(t.
mentor after, all Grimes ana un^ evei:y other Thing and
the laid Lawn and to do-all and Ji[hmen£ of juftice, ,
Things, which «at0 *^°?£sof ludicature, and Manners
unto Courts, SeD"r^f ?°bdonk al ho' in thefe Prefents,
of proceedings *ere n' °°.fhS and by Judges, to him
exprefs Mention is not mad l* »«™ a pyleJafefand deter-
or them delegated to award, ***£» judicature, all A«-
minein all the Taid .Courts andP ««otju JW^ as

344

The Second Charter

foever: Which Laws fo as aforefaid, to be publifhed, Our
Pleafureis,and We do enjoyn, require and command, fhall
be absolutely firm and available in Law -9 and that all the
Leige People of Us, our Heirs and SuccefTors, within the
faid Province or Territory, do obferve and keep the fame
inviolably in thofe Parts, fofar as they concern them, under
the Pains and Penalties therein exprefTed ; or to be exprefTed •
provided neverthelefs, that the faid Laws be confonant to
Reafon, and as near as may be conveniently, agreeable to
the Laws and Cuftoms of this our Realm of England.

And becaufe fuch AfTemblies of Free-holders cannot be fo
fuddenly called, as there may be Occafion to require the fame -
We do therefore by thefe Prefents, give and grant unto the
laid Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle ^Wil-
liam Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ajh-
ley, Sir George Cartereit , Sir John Colleton, and Sir William
Berkeley, their Heirs and Afligns, by themfelves or their Ma-
giftrates m that Behalf, lawfully authorized, full Power and
Authority from Time to Time, to make and ordain fit and
wnolfome Orders and Ordinances, within the Province or
Territory aforefaid, or any County, Barony or Province of
or within the fame, to be kept and obferved, as well for'the
keeping of the Peace, as for the better Government of the
People there abiding, and to publifh the fame to all to whom
it may concern : Which Ordinances we do, by thefe Prefents
itreightly charge and command to be inviolably obferved
within the fame Province, Counties, Territories, Baronies
and Provinces, under the Penalties therein exprefTed ; fo as
fuch Ordinances be reafonable and not repugnant or contra-
ry, but as near as may be agreeable to the Laws and Statutes
ot this our Kingdom of England-, and fo as the fame Ordi-
nances do not extend to the binding, charging or taking a-
way of the Right or Intereft of any Perfon or Perfons, in their
freehold Goods, or Chattels, whatfoever.

And to the end the faid Province or Territory, may be the
more happily encreafed by the Multitude of People reforting
thither , and may likewife be the more ftrongly defended

i1lthleuIncurfi<)Ils of Sava&es and other Enemies, Pirates,
and Robbers. *

There-

■IMI

of CAROLINA.

HS

Therefore We for Us, Our Heirs and Succeflors, do give
and erant by thefe Prefents, Power, Licenfe and Liberty
unto ail the Leige People of Us, our Heirs and Succeflors m
our Kingdom of England, or elfewhere, within any other
our Dominions, lllands, Colonies or -Plantations 5 ^excepting
r.hofe who (hall be efpecially forbidden) to transport them-
feives and Families into the faid Province or Territory, with
convenient Shipping, and fitting Provifions \ and there to fet-
tie themfelves, dwell and inhabit', any Law, Aft, Statute, Or-
dinance, or other Thing to the contrary in any wife, not-

WaK will alfo, and of Our efpecial Grace, /or Us our
Heirs and Succeflors, do flreightly enjoyn, ordain, constitute
and demand, That the faid Province or Territory, fhall be
of our Allegiance h and that all and lingular, the Subject
and Leige People of Us, our Heirs and Succeflors, transpor-
ted, or to be tranfported into the faid Province , and the
Children of them, and fuch as (hall defcend from them, there
born, or hereafter to be born, be, and fhall be Denizens and
Lieges of Us, our Heirs and Succeflors of this our Kingdom
of England, and be in all Things, held, treated and reputed
as the Liege faithful People of Us, our Heirs and Succeflors,
born within this our faid Kingdom, or any other of our Do-
minions-, and may inherit, or otherwife purchafe and re-
ceive take, hold, buy and poflefs any Lands, Tenements or
Hereditaments, within the faid Places, and them .may occii-
dv and enjoy, fell, alien and bequeath; as likewife, all Li-
berties, Franchifes and Privileges of this our Kingdom, and
of other our Dominions aforefaid , may freely and quietly
have, poflefs and enjoy, as our Liege People born within the
fame without the Moleltation, Vexation, Trouble or Grie-
vance of Us, Our Heirs and Succeflors, any Ad, Statute,
Ordinance, or Provifion to the contrary, notwithftanding.

And furthermore, That Our Subjects of this Our faid King-
dom of England, and other our Dominions, may be the rather
encourage! to undertake this Expedition with ready and
chearful Minds-, Know Ye, That We, of Our efpecial Grace,
certain Knowledge and meer Moi:ion, do give and grant by
virtue of thefe Prefents, as well to M faid Edward Earl of
Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William^xX of : Craven „
7ofe*Lord Berkley, Anthony Lord jijhhy, Sir George Carter en,
J K k • W

1 4.6

The Second Charter

Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, and their Heirs as
unto all others as (hall, from time to time, repair unto the faid:
Province or Territory, with a Purpofe to inhabit there, or to
trade with the Natives thereof; Full Liberty and Licenfe to
lade and freight in every Port whatfoever, of Us, our Heirs
and SuccefTors -, and into the faid Province of Carol ,na}by them,
their Servants and Afligns, to tranfport all and lingular, their
Goods', Wares and Merchandizes; as likewife, all fort of
^Grain whatfoever, and any other Thing whatfoever, necef-
fary for their Food and Cloathing, not prohibited' by the
Laws and Statutes of our Kingdom and Dominions, to be car-
ried out of the fame, without any Lett or Moleftation of Us,
our Heirs and SuccefTors, or of any other our Officers or Mi-
nisters whatfoever; faving alfo to Us, our Heirs and Succef-
fors, the Cuftoms,and other Duties and Payments due for the
faid Wares and Merchandizes, according to the feveral Rates
of the Place from whence the fame fhall be tranfported.

We will alfo, and by thefe Pre fen ts, for Us, our Heirs and
SuccefTors, do give and grant Licenfe by this our Charter, un-
to the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albe-
marle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony
Lord Ajhley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir
William Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns, and to all the Inha-
bitants and Dwellers in the Province or Territory aforefaid,
both prefent and to come, full Power and Authority to im-
port or unlade by themfelves, or their Servants, Factors or
Affigns, all Merchandizes and Goods whatfoever, that fhall
arife of the Fruits and Commodities of the faid Province or
Territory, either by Land or Sea, into any the Ports of Us, our
Heirs and SuccefTors, in our Kingdom of Engl, Scot I. or Ireland,
or otherwife, to difpofe of the faid Goods, in the faid Ports.
And if need be, within one year next after the unlading, to
lade the faid Merchandizes and Goods again in the fame, or
other Ships ; and to export the fame into any other Coun-
tries, either of our Dominins or foreign, being in Amity
with Us , our Fleirs and Succeflbrs, fo as they pay fuch
Cufloms, Subfidiesand other Duties for the fame to Us, our
Heirs and SuccefTors, as the reft of our Subjeds of this our
Kingdom, for the Time being, fhall be bound to pay, Beyond
Which We will not that the Inhabitants of the faid Province
or Territory, fhall be any ways charged. Provided, never-
Yerthejefs, and our Will and Pleafure is, and we have fur-
ther,

■

—

7fCAR0Ll¥l

HI

C£rif fhTprelnts for U ourHei^s and Success, do
3?d ^ AoLrmZtteMA Edward Earl of Clarendon George

port and bung into any oui ^ f the feverai Goods and
Wines, Currants, R^fons, Cape rs ,w ax^ Hdrs and

lfllgiS§§iI

neccudiy iwi pr*mife<; anv thins before in theie rre-

ffiffij « 5 "S AcTstafte, >*»*£$
other Matter or Thing, heretofore had, made, enacted or
Sdet thereafter to be had, made, enaded or provided,

" ITfShSSSS** more ample and efpedal Grace,

certdnKnowledgeand meer Motion, We do for Us, our Heirs

i wrelTors Irant nnto the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon,

and Suceeffors grwr WMtmluA 0f Craven, JobnhorA

mmmmm

Privileges and Franchifes, untothemdPmiba^i^^
to them lhall feera molt expedient • And thlr f i i j 1 1 s' as
the Ships, BoatsandotherPVeMs; whthTl come If'
diandizes, and trade into the faid ProWace 0 wSft?&
lhall depart oat of the fame, (hal! be laden and unlS at
fuch Ports only as lhall be erefted and conftitued by the faid

*<*W2

Sari of Craves John Lord Jferle/^. ^fef^»v Lord" IfA/*

their Heirs and Affigns, and not elftwhere, anyUft Cu'
torn, or any tmng to the contrary in any wife ȣ$&uSb

And we do furthermore will, annointanH f«*ilaj„ j t:
thefe Prefents, for Us, our Heirs and SuccelTors do* hj
unto the faid Edward Earl of <£*** O £ ' £ I^E
-4»W., «Mi Earl of ol^Mfc'V
riwy Lord JlfiUt, &tCea„eCartemt lw%llr ,hh Mi
Sir WMam Berkeley, their Heirs and Affit.?* £1 * t"d
the faid ^WEarVof ateSf^&S&^S?* ^
«lta. Earl of M** 7„fe Lord ZtZ^f^U J?
-4%, Sir dteop C««ww, Sir John Colleton and Sr7
A'Wy. th«r Heirs and Affigns, may from Time to T^f^
ever have and enjoy the Cutoms and SublidieT in tl %$$

Harbours,CreekS and other Places, within the Province a%*'
faid , payable for the Goods, Merchandizes and Wares there"
laded, or to be laded or unladed, the faid Cuftoms to be reafo
nably aflefled upon any Occalion by themfelves and ill ! ?J
with theConfentof the free People, of the greater P^fof
&f* V™****? who<» We give PowerYy theft P«f
fents, for Us, ourHe.rsand Succeffbrs, upon tuft cSXWi
la a disproportion to afiefs and impofe the fame! CaUfeand
And Jarther, of our efpecial Grace , certain RnrtWftw*
and meer Motion, we have given, granted and S&$
and by thefe Prefents, for Ugs, ooVSI^l^Cdb
give, grant and confirm unto the faid Edward Kit} of nJ
don George Duke of Albemarle, WilUam Earf of <W ST

>fe Colleton and SirWMUm ifc^, their Heirs and Affigns
full and abfolute Power, Licenfe and" Authority that rW
the fiid £*** Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of J Ll/J
***** Earl of Cr^n, John Lord 1*^ $£$&

<f .CAROLINA.

H9

AMev Sir GeoroeCarterett, Six John Colleton, and. Sir Wd.am
itfev their ieirs and Affigns, from Time to Time, here-
ffter f^r ve ft his and their Will and Pleafure, may affign
1 en -rant, demife or enfeoff the Premifes or any Part or
Parcel fhereof to him or them, that toll be willing to pur-
^fiTthe fame ■ and to fuch Perfon and Perfons, as they mall
tWnk fit, to have a'nd to hold to them the faidPerfon or
Pe fons heir Heirs and Affigns,inFee fimple or m FeeTayle
or fo? the Tern of Life o? Lives, or Years to be held of
them, the faid JdwarJ Earl of Clarendon, Ge orge Duke of Al-
tTale,mnJ^l of Craven, ]f Lord *%ȣ*&
I ord AUey Sir Georoe Carter ett, Sir John Colieton, and bir
SSJ theifHeirs and Affigns, by fuch Rents Ser-
ies "nd Cuftoms, as lhall feem fit to them %#**%£

Earl of OW*», George ^^ f/11^^ It SkGelri*
Craven, lohn Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Afiley, Sil George
Carterettitx John Colleton, /and William Berkeley, their Heirs
a^Amyns,andnotof Us, our Heirs and Succeflors: And
to the fime Perfon and Perfons, and to all and every of them,
We dogTve andgraut bythefe Prefents, for Us, our Heirs
YnA wceObrs 1 icenfe, Authority and Power, that fuch Per-
fo o Perfons', may havVand take the Premifes, or any Par-
eel thdS of the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Dute
fArf, WilUam Earl of Craven, J^* £***
Anthony Lord Afiley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton,
«d Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns, and I the
fimetoholdtothemfelves, their Heirs or Affigns « what
Eftate of Inheritance foever, in Fee fimple, or in Fee Tayle,
or otherwife, as to them the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon,
L^Duke 5? ^emarle, WKm, Earl of Craven, John Lord
fJiley, Anthony Lord Afiley, ^ George Car, ere tt&X J ohj
cllktollni Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns, ihall
feen expedient •, The Statute in the Parharnentof EdvarA
Son of King i*W, heretofore Kmgoi England, ourPrede-
ceffor conWonly called, The Statute of Qui* EmporeyTerrar;
"r any oAer Statute, Aft, Ordinance, Ufe, Law Cuftom,
any other Matter, Gaufe or Thing heretofore publifeed or
provided to the contrary, in any »*B?t«*1^"^g1' faid
Andbecaufe many Perfons born and inhabiting m the faid
Province for their Deferts and Services may exped, and be
capable of Marks of Honour and Favour, which, in refpeft

-'

I

5°

The Second Charter

of the great Diftance cannot conveniently be conferred by
Us-, our Will and Pleafure therefore is, and We do by thefc
Prefents, give and grant unto the faid Edward Earl of CU-
rendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Lord Craven, John
Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Aft }dey, Sir Georre Carter ett, Sir
John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns,
full Power and Authority to give and confer unto, and upon
fuch of the Inhabitants of the faid Province, or Territory
as they ihall think, do, or fhall merit the fame, fuch Marks
of Favour, and Titles of Honour, as they lhall think fit, foas
their Titles of Honours be not the fame as are enjoyed by, or
conferred upon any of the Subjects of this Our Kingdom of
England.

And further alfo, We do by thefe Prefents, for Us, Our
Heirs and Succeflbrs, give and Grant, Licenfe to them the
Edward &zx\ of Clarendon, George T)uke of Albemarle, William
Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Afiley, Sir
George Carterett, Sir John Colleton and Sir William Berkeley,
their Heirs and Affigns, full Power, Liberty and Licenfe, to
Ereft, Raife and Build within the faid Province and Places
aforefaid, or any Part or Parts thereof, fuch and fo many
Forts, Fortreffes, Caftles, Cities, Boroughs, Towns, Villa-
ges and other Fortifications whatfoever •, and the fame or
any of them to Fortify and Furnifh with Ordnance, Powder,
Shot, Armour and all other Weapons, Ammunition an,d Ha-
biliments of War, both Defenfive and Offenfive, as (hall be
thought fit and convenient for the Safety and Welfare of the
faid Province, and Places, or any Part thereof -, and the fame
or any of them, from Time to Time, as Occafion fhall require'
to Difmantle , Disfurnifh , Demolifh and Pull down 5 And
alfo to Place, Conftitute and Appoint in, or over all, or any
of the faid Caftles, Forts, Fortifications, Cities, Towns and
Places aforefaid , Governours, Deputy Governours Magi-
ftrates, Sheriffs and other Officers, Civil and Military, as to
diem fhall feem meet; and to the faid Cities, Boroughs,
Towns, Villages, or any other Place or Places, within the
faid Province or Territory, to Grant Letters or Charters
or Incorporation, with all Liberties, Franchifes and Privi-
leges requifite, or ufual, to, or within this our Kingdom
of England granted, or belonging j And in the fame Ci-
ties, Boroughs, Towns and other" Places, to Conftitute
Erect and Appoint fuch, and fo many Markets, Marts and'

Fairs,

V CAROLINA.

Z~. n,,,, in that Behalf be thought fit and neceffary ;

Fairs as null in that Benau kei&theProvince orTer- ~
And father alfO' * *** aI KiMaK ffla ^^ wkh
ritoryaforefaid, °"n? Jart tne re ^ j convenient,

and in every of the lame Mannor a Court-Baron

Baron, with all Things whatioever, w

MSSlS 1 ?£ oJoftrSS- ofTne Peace, «M&
S, ^fc*T ^rd ^Jfc/9, Sir M* ^flfeafl beJappohir-

JtkJh, WiKm Earl of C^k, Jf^*^> ^
f^ K fr,r°ed "The Sore W eha e SwJ and for Us, Our

SK33 ^^S^ISuSS

J| a' CaptaJ General of an Army belongeth, or hrthgg

If

,52

The Second Charter

*omed to belong as folly and freely as any Captain Genera!
of an Army hath had the fame.

^Alfo, Our Will and Pleafure is, and by this Our Charter
We do give and grant unto the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon
Charge Duke of Albemarle, William Lord Craven, John Lord
Berkley, Anthony Lord AJhley, Sir CSmp ftftmf, Sir John
Colleton and Sir JF//W Berkeley, their Heirs and Affiens, full-
Power, Liberty and Authority, in Cafe of Rebellion, Tumult
or Sedition (if any fhould happen, which God forbid) either
upon the Land within the Province aforefaid, or upon the
main Sea, in making a Voyage thither, or returning from
thence, by him and themfelves, their Captains, Deputies or
Officers, to be authorized-wider liis or their Seals, for that
pnrpofe: To whom alfo for 0s, our Heirs and SuccefTors, We
do give and grant by thefe Prefents, full Power and Autho-
rity to exercife Martial Law againft mutinous and feditious
Perfonsof thofe Parts 5 fuch as fhall refufe to fubmit them-
ielves to their Government, or (hill refufe to ferve in the
Wars, or mall fly to the Enemy, or forfake their Colours or
Enngns, or be Loiterers or Stragglers, or otherwife howfo-
«ver offending againft Law, Cuftom, or Military Difcipline
as freely and in as ample Manner and Form as any Captain
General of an Army, by virtue of his Office, might, or hath
accuftomed to ufe the fame.

And Our further Pleafure is, and by thefe Prefents, for Us
^ur Heirs and SuccefTors, We do grant unto the faid Edward
harlot Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of
Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ajhley, Sir Georae
Carterett, Sir John Colletm, and Sir William Berkeley theit
Heirs and Affigns, and to the Tenants and Inhabitants of the
laid Province, or Territory, both prefent and to come, and
to every of them, that the faid Province, or Territorv
and the Tenants and Inhabitants thereof, fhall not from
Henceforth, be held or reputed any Member, or Part of
any Colony whatfoever , in America or elfewhere , now
transported or made, or hereafter to be tranfported or
^ade; nor mall be depending on, or fubjeft to their
government m any Thing, but be abfolutely feparated and
divided from the fame : And our Pleafure is, by thefe Pre-
heats, That they may be feparated, and that they befubjecl:

Ml-

M

0f "Carolina!

.^i

• : Lh-Wtoom Crown of England, as depending thereof

immediately to omura ,nhabitants of the faid Province or
forever. And that the ' I°h«™»n" / Time hereafter, be
Territory, or any of Aem, JM rt a By 11 m
compelled or compelhble or be any ways , ,
to appear or anfwer to any Matter Su.^ ^ ^
whatfoever, out of the P r°™« or ^minions in jlmmc*
S^^e;°S&f»S of i^and Do-

m And beSk may happen, That fome of the People and

to the LitufDy, V\\. iK<> the Oaths and Articles made and
l*flvl ^n°tLfS If And for Vat the fame, by reafoB

9£ffgBBS&

thony Lord ^fa», SirtS^^irT and AfliCas, fall and free

or Territory, Hereby "l u* *fm.pfairt oranv Part thereof,
ST?ffiM,SthV&«l Earl of CUnndon, Gnrp

54-

The Second Charter, Sec.

M» hm T 3>9K t0 Time, and at all Times, freely and
yiietl, -have and enjoy his and theirjudgment andConfcieW
in Ma ters °f Religion, throughout all the faid Province'
r °ny'.uthey behavinS themfelves peaceably, and not
unngtms Liberty to Licentioufnefs, nor to the C vil Injur v
or outward Difturbance of others. Any Law, Statute 2
Claufe contained, or to be contained, Ufage o ffi of

not^tndfn^ » *" ~* BK i Sffif

fl,nnMd • -rCafe i£ lh?1"1 haPpen' that any Doubts °r Queftions

tint tr?nr 7S thc TrUC SeDfe and Undemanding
or any Word, Claufe, or Sentence, contained in this Our
preftnt Charter, We Will, Ordain, and Command, tha^at
all Times, and mail Things, fuch Interpretations be made
thereof, and allow'din all and every of Our CoTts wh£fo
ever, as Lawfully may be Adjudged molt AdvantaLous and
Favourable to the faid E^Jj&l of cw£ tg &£
of Albemarle, W,llMm Earl of Crave*. John Lord BerkeU,

S^fe#S? lrs acd Aflisas' althou^

Wfcnefs our Self at ff^jfc,, the Thirtieth Day of
Mm the Seventeenth Year of our Reign.

Per Iffum Regem.

AN

■

'

A N

ABSTRACT

OF THE

CONSTITUTION

Of

CAROLINA.

A\ by 'their Deputies, ^™7v\aws for thebetter
X ■*• of the Inhabitants, t0.^K^t n0 Law can be
Government of thefaid ^SS'^ffiU or their Re-
made, or Money rawd, unle^ tne LaW whkh they have
prefentativesconfent thereto. Me wh ^ lS,

in South-CW<»"« deferves par" . . done by mating a
their Method of chafing J«"^*£ "°| wMch Ire written

L. 1 2

>

5*

An Abftra&vf the Cmfitution

North and South-Ctnlma Settlements are H.-n-n- e
one another fome hundreds of Miles £ t£ « f?m
compels each Colony to keep tt thlmfelves r„ -"^
Council and Afiembl/. The4WnrSen^?^,,™r'-
Palatine; the reft of the Counfellors are the 1 1! ^ °rd"
who of themfelves, make a Palatini CouttandaTourr'
of Chancery ; wherein they pafs federal Orders of r£„ ,
much of the Nature of the Prinr,>« iwi • Council>
continUes no longer in Foce, ttn th %gjB& W*
wife, they grant feveral forts of Comm flint & L'ke'
fc yet Military Commiffions lie who°l7if the' GoZT>
Power; but Making of War or Peace in ,11 „,%k °v/™or's

an admirable Conftitution of Government'^ forth TZT
Peace, Security, and Well-being of all I the Inhah hEF
The way of any ones tal-ino- „»T,:,i j • Jnrawtants.
to him either ^han^of'^^^' d"e
here in England, who keep their Board a?FJt FroK,etP"
JftjwMj W«, the fi'rft rL/^1n1v^2^ *
if purchas'd in CW<W, is after this manner -H^B a ,5 0r
out for a Place to his Mind, that is n™ al ^'df Lfifiufe
any other; then applies himfelf to the Governor^ it /
Proprietors Deputies, and lhews what RiX i, dl?rds
fuch a Traft ofPLa„d; either^k'chafe^the'S !°
f'M or ^ an Entry in the Surveyor-General n« °

in Onto, who thereupon ilme out their Warrant i3M
is due.to him. Who makine Certificate thJhll:^ad as
fared out & much Land and^nf Bo«nd£ a D ed istl"1^
of Courfe by the Secretary, which is fign'd by X AT^
and the Lords Proprietors Deputies, and the P™£rn°r

vfhich is a good Coveyacce.in Law of tlie S F^
mentioned, to the Part/ and his Hein for ever. d therein

Thus have I given you as large and exad air 4cco„n^f
Canl.na, as the Difcovery of fifftw Years 1^1 |lf '

and

^■OAROLIH-A

»*7

™*nld nertnit. Which flourilhing
a„d extenfnre Land) would I perm he.Namberof it8

Country w1U,doubtle6,mt me in« thoft Neceflkrie8

Productions, *ad,f0Jd^J*™StrLhts, Turky and o-
and rich ft^X&&l not feldom
ther Countnesfupply us w MB at pre ^ Merchandizes

in their °wn-fh,PP'n&vrt)^ae^ti'0" and brought us home
the Produce of an Zf/*™™l™f\hat Advantage fnch
by our own Hands and Bottoms, oi w Great.%itai„,

an Improvement would be to the Crow ^

and the People in f ne"\'n ^ fGod permit) by future
Experience to judge I do .ntend (it V ^

Voyages (after my -Arrival , Di(toveries and Obferva-

Body of the Continent, an *«*? ^ wiu becomniu-
tions 1 mall, «o«SS » bs P"1^' h-
gSS^B 'and other Necefia-
ries for fueh Voyages.

"- i&t the better Undemanding of this Country, I Imveal-
For tne uetrav o thereof, asfar as

fnf UcoveriesSbeelyermade, either by others or my
fif «d hw foared neither- Cofc- nor Pains, to procure
tf'moft cJrreaMapsand Journalsthereof, that are extant
?n PHnt or in Manufcript. This Map containing nine
in Print, ?£ "'. \ p \ni now fit for engraving, be-

of the S/^^ Rivet, with all the JMi* Natton* an*
VillaeesVand their Numbers, which of them are fubjeftto
S Ind trade with their People, what Places are
„t>nr fefories and Forts, to increafe and fecure our
Sonlhf ^S" and what Forts and FaSoriesthe
San UwJrl *have gain'd in thofe Latitudes, efpeci-
Sv on the great River and the Neighbouring Streams: aH
fhich thev illepally poffefs, fince the' very Mouth of the

Lords Proprietors of Cmlim, h faUing fomethmg to the

■*5:

M ABSTRACT^.

JJorthward of 29 Degr. North Lat. who¥ciah^dRi5fe
I quefhonnot, but a Peace willadjuft, and reftore, which eve-
ry Englishman is bound in Duty and Intereft, to wifli for • if
we confider how advantageoufly they havefeated themfelves
whereby to difturb the Peace and Intereft of all the Emlii
Plantations on the Continent of America. & " J

FIN I i

\

irim niiTimi lfff».«juf^a

MHHMBHHB

<r>

z djLfi

ffyL4**&7, *ffr~

2M

c^ugH^

Lately publifh'd, in the Colledions for December, Ja~
nuary, February^ and March,

THE Difboverv and Conquefh of the Moiucco and
Philippine Iflands 5 containing their Rifiory, An-
cient and Modem, Natural and Political l Their De-
scription, ProdvM, Religion, Government, Lam, Lan-
ewes, Cufioms, Manners, Habits, Shape, and Incltna-
turns of the Natives, With an Account of many other
adjacent Tfands, and fever at remarkable Voyages thrwgfe
the S 'freights 0/ Magellan, and in other Parts, Wnttm
in Spanifh by Bartholomew Leonardo Argenfoja, Chap-
lain to the Emprefs, and ReUor of ViHahermofa. Now
tranfkuA into Engliffa 5 and iSuflrated with a Map and
fever d Cuts* V ;