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UNIVERSITY OF ILIINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

O-1096

A HISTORY OF

ENGLISH GARDENING,

CHRONOLOGICAL, BIOGRAPHICAL, LITERARY,

AND CRITICAL.

TRACING THE PROGRESS OF THE ART IN THIS COUNTRY

FROM THE INVASION OF THE ROMANS TO THE

PRESENT TIME.

BY

GEORGE W. JOHNSON.

«« Increscunt quotannis Scientiae, emendantur quotidie, et ad fastigium

suum optatum sensim sensimque, plurium virorum opera et studio junctis,

feliciter properant."

Thvnberg.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY BALDWIN & CRADOCK, AND LONGMAN «&
Co. PATERNOSTER ROW; H. & W. WRIGHT, 61, HAY-
MARKET; J. RIDGWAY, PICCADILLY; AND
H. WICKS, 41, NEAV BRIDGE STREET,
BLACKFRIARS.

1829.

TO

THOMAS ANDREW KNIGHT, Esq.

PRESIDENT OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

&c. &c.

AS A

DE3I0NSTRATI0N OF RESPECT AND ESTEEM

FOR HIS TALENTS AND KINDNESS,

THIS WORK

IS DEDICATED,
BY,

THE A UTHOR.

25G521

PREFACE.

It is usual for an author, in his prefatory remarks,
to dwell upon the importance of the subject of
his work, but the Art of which the following
pages contain a portion of the History is too
highly and generally appreciated to render such
remarks necessary.

To the general reader this work offers enter-
tainment from its historical details ; to the man
of literature it affords notices of the authors on
Gardening with statements of their various works
and their editions ; to the Gardener all of its
contents possess some degree of interest for be-

II

sides being a record of his Art in every age of
u'liich we have any history, it may serve as a
'^Tiide to such authors as contain information on
subjects relating to it of which he may be in search.

The chief qualifications required of the author
Avere diligence and care, and on these points he
can assure his readers that he sought his re-
ferences in the original authorities but in such in-
stances as he has otherwise specified, and where
he has relied upon others, it has been on such as
are known to be trustworthy.

xA^mong his guides to such authorities he has
particularly to acknowledge his obligations to
Weston s Tract's, Professor Martyn's edition of
Miller s Gardener s Dictionary, Watts's Biblio-
theca Britannica, and to Loudon s Encyclopcedia
of Gardening.

The author's reasons for fixing upon the reigns
of Edward the 111, Elizabeth, and George the
I, as eras in the History of our national Gar-
dening are founded upon an attentive examina-
tion of our annals, and most of them will be
developed in the body of the work whilst con-
sidering the literature of Gardening.

Of any critical remarks that occur in the course

HI

of the subsequent pages, tlie author has to observe
that they are always the result of consideration,
and if upon literary subjects were not formed
until after a careful perusal of the works upon
which the criticisms are made. In none of such
remarks has he given vent to any personal feel-
ings of jealousy or pique, for the l)est of all rea-
sons, viz. that not a shadow of such feelings exist.
He has only expressed his opinions, and those
who differ with him in these, will do him but jus-
tice by considering him, if really wrong, as guilty
of no greater crime in such instances than an
error of judgment.

The author has the ungrateful task of confessing
his knowledge that his work is very far from per-
fect. Owing to the very numerous authorities
he has had to consult, and in the extracts made,
errors it is feared may have arisen ; but there are
none that diligence could prevent. In confessing
such imperfection he follows the example of a
labourer in the same field with himself, "■ 1 see
daily, says Professor Martyn, Complete Systems,
and Complete Dictionaries ; but 1 cannot disco-
ver this perfection in any of my performances,
which after all my labour and pains, most pro-
vokingly still continue incomplete and erroneous."'
This confession is no affectation of linmility, the
author of the following pages em[)loyc(] his best

IV

efforts, endeavoured to be correct and perfect,
and confesses that in many instances he has failed
that at the same time he may express how open
he is to correction ; for any such whether in the
form of additions or errata, he will always be
grateful.

Great Tothani,

Essex.

INTRODUCTION.

THERE is not in the whole of the Arts and Sciences,
one link of their Circle so suitable for the occupation of man
in a state of innocency, as that which embraces the cultivation
of Plants ; and it is an instance of the beneficent providence
of the Deity, that He assigned a Garden as the dwelling of
our first-created Parents. It is no consequence of the fall of
Adam, that Plants require cultivation, he was placed in Para-
dise to till and to keep it. Then, the weed had not sprung up
to render the tillage toilsome. Fruit Trees which God had
** planted" were the chief objects of care, and it was an em-
ployment without labour ; combining the preservation of health
with amusement ; pure without insipidity ; constant without
sameness. From that period Gardens have never ceased
to engage the attention of man, and even now that their la-
bours are manifold, they still aft'ord " the purest of Human
pleasures."

Whether as a private individual man regulates his Garden ;
-—or with more extended benefit cultivates his Farm, still he
participates in pleasure combined with utility ; whilst his
time is agreeably employed, he is benefitting mankind ;
" Nihil melius, nihil uberius, nihil libero homine dignius."
When Alexander of Macedon enquired of Abdaloninius, a
Sidonian Prince, who had been reduced to support himself

B

from the produce of a Garden cultivated with his own
hands, how he had endured his poverty, Abdaloniraus ans-
wered, " May Heaven assist me in bearing my prosperity as
well ! I then had no cares, and my own hands supplied all
my wants."*

For many ages after the Creation, the Arts and Sciences
were chiefly confined to the Eastern Nations. In tracing the
progress of the Agricolan Arts, in those early periods we
must gather into one general outline the scanty information
afforded by our oldest records of those times and countries.

Of the disposition of the Garden of Eden, we know no-
thing ; to Poetic fiction it has been a fertile subject, but the
Historian has no facts to relate. Horticulture being the al-
most sole occupation of our first Parents and their immediate
descendants, and their attention being directed to those few
Trees which afforded them sustenance, and perhaps the still
fewer herbs that served them as medicaments, it is reasonable
to conclude that in the course even of an ordinary life, one
person might obtain considerable skill in their cultivation,
but the practice of an existence protracted to a period em-
bracing eight or nine centuries, and the experience of it par-
ticipated in by descendants long arrived at maturity before
its extinction, must of necessity have carried forward the im-
provement of the Art, as much nearly as now would occur in
an equal number of generations. Experience soon would
teach mankind those vegetables which were salutary, and the
same unerring guide would speedily disclose the situations
and circumstances in which those were in the greatest per-
fection. The Vine would be observed most vigorous in those
warm climates, by the side of the stream, and thence Man would
learn to carry Water to those at a distance from its banks. He
would see those of its clusters first ripening which were open
to the sun, and he would learn to expose them to its influence;
* Ju'it. ii. c. 10. Q. Cuitius 4. c. 1. Diodorus 17.

lie would observe the rankness of vegetation where animal
exuviae were deposited, and thence would be taught the use of
Manures. Thus as necessity prompted an attention to Plants,
so experience would give birth to their culture. These sup-
positions are supported as probable by the knowledge we
j)ossess of the various nations of the World, and their various
grades of improvement; they are supported by every day's
experience, for this deHionstrates that every Art is comprised
of the results of experiments, and that is the most perfect, in
illustration of which the most have been obtained. Imme-
diately after the flood Noah planted a Vineyard, and became
intoxicated with the produce of its fruit. This slender in-
formation substantiates the supposition of their rapid im-
provement in the Arts, for Wine though discovered by chance,
would require lengthened attention and practice to manufac-
ture, yet Noah was only the tenth descendant from Adam.

That their attention was chiefly confined to fruits is evi-
dent. In Jacob's time the Vine, the Fig and the Almond, are
frequently but exclusively, mentioned as products of the Gar-
den. As might be anticipated, considering the warmth of
their climate, a Cistern or Well of W\ater, a Fig Tree, and a
Vine appear to have accompanied every habitation. Nuts and
Almonds were also reckoned among the most choice produc-
tions of the country ; they are specified as" being of the best
fruits of the land," in the present which Israel sent to the
governor of Egypt.* By this time Man had become habitu-
ated to a stationary life ; property in land became appreci-
able ; their cultivated lands were enclosed and Trees were
grown in their hedge-rows. f The laws issued on Mount Sinai
extended to the protection of their Vineyards. Olives, Leeks,
Onions, Garlic, Cucumbers and Melons, were among the in-
habitants of their Gardens. J; Their Vineyards were so exten-
sive that Solomon had one which let for one thousand jiieces
of silver per annum. ||

* Gencshxliii. 11. + Ibul. xxiii. 9. $ Numl), xi. 5. || Canlirl.^s viii. 12.

B 2

Of the 8tyl« of laying out their moBt splendid Gardens, w«
have but two authentic accounts, which describe that of Solo-
mon, and those of Babylon.

Solomon flourished about 1014 years B. C. In his time
luxury and refinement had extended to their Horticultural
establishments. Sculptured ornaments were introduced among
the flowers ; fountains adorned as well as refreshed the Gar-
den ; Fruit bearing and aromatic plants ; the Camphor, Cin-
namon, Frankincense and chief Spice Trees ; the Pomegra-
nate, Cedar, Pine, Sweet Flag, Aloe, Lily, Vine, Nut Tree,
Saffron, Fig, Apple, &c. were among its products. The Area
appears to have been square and surrounded by a wall;
Aviaries and other buildings adorned it.* In another place
Solomon tells us he made Gardens, Orchards and Vineyards ;
planted them with Trees of every kind, and introduced water
for their nourishment.!

•' The Hanging Garden of Babylon was not built by Semi-
ramis, who founded the city, but by a later prince, called Cyrus,
for the sake of a Courtezan, who being a Persian, as they say,
by birth, and coveting meadows on mountain tops, desired the
king, by an artificial plantation, to imitate the land in Persia,
This Garden was four hundred feet square, and the ascent up
to it was as to the top of a mountain, and had buildings and
apartments out of one into another, like a theatre. Under
the steps to the ascent, were built arches one above another,
rising gently by degrees, which supported the whole planta-
tion. The highest arch upon which the platform of the gar-
den was laid, was fifty cubits high, and the garden itself was
surrounded with battlements and bulwarks. The walls were
made very strong, built al no small charge and expence, be-
ing twenty-two feet thick, and every sally port ten feet wide.
Over the several stories of this fabric were laid beams, and

* Solomoa'i Song ptBiim. t Eecles. ii. 4.

summerB of large massy stones, each sixteen feet long and
four broad. The roof over all these was first covered with
reeds, daubed with abundance of brimstone, (or bitumen,) then
upon tliem, was laid double tiles, joined with a hard and
durable mortar, and over them all, was a covering, with sheets
of lead, that the wet which drained through the earth might
not rot the foundation. Upon all these, was laid earth of a
convenient depth, sufficient for the growth of the greatest
trees. When the soil was laid even and smooth it was planted
with all sorts of trees, which both for beauty and sixe might
delight the spectators. The arches, which stood one above
another, had in them many stately rooms of all kinds, and for
all purposes. There was one that had in it certain en-
gines, whereby it drew plenty of water out of the river Eu-
phrates, through certain conduits hid from the spectators,
which supplied it to the platform of the Garden.*

It is not improbable, says Major Rennel, that the trees
were of a species different from those which are natives of the
soil about Babylon. Curtius says, that some of them were
eight cubits in girth, and Strabo states that there was a con-
trivance to prevent the large roots destroying the superstruc-
ture, by building vast hollow piers, which were filled with
earth to receive them.

In ascertaining the state of the Horticultural practice of
these early Nations we have little to guide us. Of Fruit
Trees they appear to have taken the most care, and of these
the Vine was preferred. They considered that it flourished
best upon a hill.f Stones were removed from the soil.J The
margin of some water was preferred. They appear to have
raised varieties from seed, " I had planted thee a noble Vine,
wholly a right seed, how then art thou turned into the dege-
nerate plant of a strange Vine unto me ?"1| A reproach to the

. * Diodorut Siculus, b. ii. c. 1. Curtius. — Strabo, &c. + Ps. Ixii. 10.
Isa. V. I. t Ibid, fl Jerem. ii. 21.

6

Jews which would have been uaintelligible to them, if they
were not aware of the practice of raising the Vine from seed.
That they were aware of the effects of one flower being im-
piet^nated by the pollen of another appears in the following
verse. ** Thou shalt not sow thy Vineyard with divers seeds,
lest the fruit of thy seed which thou hast sown, and the fruit
of thy Vineyard be defiled."* We may likewise conclude
that they were aware, that Plants grow chiefly during the
night, from the distinction which Moses made between the
" fruits brought forth by the Sun," and those " put forth (or,
as it may be translated, thrust forth) by the Moon."t

This early period was not without its literature relative to
plants, Solomon wrote of them, " from the lofty Cedars of
Lebanon, down to the humble Hyssop of the Wall."t It is to
a still earlier period that many historians refer Zoroaster, even
identifying him with Ham, Chuz, or Mizraim of the Holy
writings ; others place him at a much later period ; a third
set consider that there were several of the same name. One
of these two last opinions is probably correct, since Pliny re-
lates that Zoroaster left a Treatise upon Gardening ; a work
scarcely credible as existing in so early an age of the World. I|

About a Century posterior to Solomon flourished Homer.
If we are to judge of the state of Gardening among the
Greeks at that period, from his writings, we may decide that
their Gardens were not very extensive. As with the brilliant
fancy of a Poet he has given to the Garden of Alcinous an
eternal Summer, and to his Palace Silver Pillars, we may rea-
sonably conclude with Walpole, that the size of the Garden
was proportionably exaggerated. This he states as being
four Acres, an enclosure therefore though comprehending the
Orchard and Kitchen Garden which the Grecians probably
never witnessed. The Apple, Fig, Pomegranate, Pear, Olives

♦ Dent, xxii.9. f Deut. xxxiii. 14. J 1 Kings iv. 22.
H Plln. h. vii. c. 10. b. XXX. c. 1.

and various herbs were its products. The Vine was there in
re"-ular rows ; the whole watered by two fountains, and sur-
rounded by a hedge.

That vegetables and their cultivation were highly esteemed
amono- the Grecians in their earliest days is evident from their
Mythology. Minerva, their personification of Divine Wisdom,
gave as the greatest blessing to mankind, the Olive Tree, and
this fable is as old as the foundation of Athens, or about
1550 years B. C. ; whilst Ceres, the sister of their King of
Heaven, was invoked as the presiding Deity of Agriculture,
and the original imparter of the Art to mankind. It may
serve as an illustration of the same remark, to observe that
almost every Deity had some plant held as sacred to him or
her. The Oak was sacred to Jupiter : The Cypress, Narcis-
sus, and the Maidenhair to Pluto; The Dittany, the Poppy
and the Lilly to Juno : The Poppy to Ceres : The Olive to
Minerva : Dog's Grass to Minerva : The Myrtle, Rose and
Apple to Venus, &c. It is worthy of notice that the most
admired human favourites of the God's were changed after
death, or to avoid calamities, into Trees, or Flowers. Many
other fables of their Mythology are poetical and beautiful.
Flowers in general, they declared, sprang from the tears of
Aurora. The tremblings of every leaf, the graceful waving of
the grass, was attributed to the passing breath of Zcphyrus ;
as the curl of the Waters was said to arise from the sports of
theNaiads. I pass without description the Gardens of the
Hesperides,* and of Adonis,t for poetical fiction must give
place to more sober facts.

We are without very clear information of the skill of the
Greeks in cultivating their Gardens, or of their taste in
disposing them, even during the splendour of their Republics.

The Academus at Athens, which was laid out by Cimon the

* Virgils ^neid. iv. 484- Serv.ad. /Eneid. Eccl. vi. CI. Pliny 1. v. c. 5.
+ Virg. Gcorg. ii. 87. Ovid. Amor. i. 10. 56. Slat. Sylv. i. 3. 81.

8

AtheniaQ General, about four hundred aud thirty years, before
the Chriatian era, as well as other Gardens of which we hate
record, consisted of walks shaded by Plane Trees, watered by
Streams, and enclosed by Walls.* The warlike manners of
the people made them delight in the addition of the Gym-
nasium, where their exercises were performed. Fruit Trees
were planted in them, not caring for the produce of which,
we read that Cimon threw open his Gardens to the public.f
Epicurus, the philosopher of the Garden, as he has been
called, died at the age of seventy-two, B. C. 270. His Gar-
dens were celebrated as much for their beauty as for the Lec-
tures he delivered in them. The scite of the one he possessed
at Athens cost him eighty Mince, or about two hundred and
sixty pounds, no inconsiderable sum in that age. He had it
laid out around his house, being the first of the kind intro-
duced into the city.^ Of their Horticultural skill the Geo-
ponick writers, give us a favourable idea, for however empiri-
cal and accompanied by gross superstitions, they were aware of
practices at present adopted and recommended. Thus Anato-
lius says, that if you wish an Apple Tree to bear much fruit, a
piece of pipe should be bound tight round the stem. Sotian
recommends the same, and to sever some of the largest roots
when the tree is over luxuriant. They were aware of the ne-
cessity of Caprification, and bringwildFigs upon the branches
of the cultivated Trees to prevent them casting their fruit,
•* wherefore, says Democritus, some insert a shoot on each
Tree that they may not be obliged to do that every year."
The knowledge of grafting which this and other passages
intimate, was the acquirement of a period coeval with the
earliest age of which we have any informaton. Of manures
they had a correct knowledge, and when this was deficient,
they turned in green vegetable matters, and even sowed
Beans, for the purpose of ploughing them in, when grown up.])
They were very fond of flowers, which were used as ornaments

• PanftOdttfe b. i. S9. f Corn. Nepoginvi<A, Cimoa. J Pliny b, xix>
«. 4. I T%*opliraitQi viii. 9.

upon all occasions ; they cultivated Violets, Roses, the Nar-
cissus, Iris, &c.* which were extensively sold at Athens, in a
Market Place appropriated to their disposal.!

Hesiod is the most ancient author on the cultivation of the
earth, whose work has descended to us. His History is ob-
scure and uncertain. The most probable incidents of his life
appear as follows. He was born at A sera, in Boeotia, and
flourished about the same time with Homer. He is said to
have carried off a prize in a contest of Poetry with that writer.
Being murdered and his body thrown into the Sea by his
slayers, it was thrown ashore, and his fate being thus revealed,
the murderers were detected by the Poet's dcgs.

Hesiod is to be admired both as a Poet and Philosopher,
we have here however only to consider him as an Agricultural
writer. His Poem entitled *' the Works and Days" Pliny con-
sidered as the first positively known work that contained di-
rections for cultivating the ground, Tzctzes, who lived in the
twelfth Century, in his Scholia on Hesiod, mentions two
Poems by Orpheus, entitled " Works" and " Diaries," the
latter of which from its title would promise to be of more
utility than Hesiod's superstitious Calendar. It admits of
considerable doubt whether Orpheus ever existed, if he did,
he lived about the time of the Argonautic expedition, 1263,
B. C. At all events, Hesiod's work is the earliest on Agricul-
ture that has descended to us. He wrote a Treatise on herbs
now lost, and there is strong reason to believe, "The Works,"
is mutilated and imperfect, for Pliny (b. 15.) adverts to Hesiod's
opinion of the unprofitableness of the Olive ; and Manlius in
his Astronomicon refers to his Treatise on Grafting, and on
the situations suited to Corn and Vines, none of which pas-
sages occur in any of our copies. From what remains, we
can glean but small information as to the Agricultural practices

Theophrastus vi, c 5. + Aristophau. Acham. v. 212.

10

of the Age, the moral reflections and instructions being jby
much the most lengthy. Of any of the practices of Horti-
culture he is still more meagre. Timber was felled in Au-
tumn. They ceased digging in the Vineyard, when from the
heat of the weather, about the season of the Pleiades, the
snails left the ground for shelter upon the Plants. The vintage
was in the course of November. In common with all other
Heathens he had a superstitious regard to lucky and unlucky
days ; the thirteenth day of the Moon, he considered favour-
able to planting, but not to sowing ; the sixteenth and ninth
were also propitious to planting.

That the work as known to us is not perfect, I think is
further proved by no mention being made of the Olive, or
of manures, nor even of the burning of stubble, which is
perhaps the most ancient mode of ameliorating the soil.

I have not followed historically the divisions of the Eastern
nations. The Egyptians, the Chaldeans, the Medes, the
Persians, the Macedonians, the Greeks, &c. as they succes-
sively rose into separate powers, were only off- sets of the
same, or contiguous people, and practised the same Arts,
and were of manners and habits modified perhaps by a slight
difference of climate, but otherwise without change. Espe-
cially were there no alterations in the practices of the Arts
of cultivating the soil, for these of primary importance to
mankind were not subject to fickleness of taste, and were
pursued in an almost unaltered climate and soil. The scat-
tered fragments of information that have escaped to us con-
cerning such practices have been therefore arrranged in one
chronological series. From them we cannot but conclude
that even in those early ages, some of the most recondite
practices of the Gardener were known and followed. We
need not be surprised that their Gardens were not more
extensive, inasmuch that the number of plants known to

11

theui as worthy of cultivation, was a very suflicient reason
for the contrary being the case. When Architecture had
done ita best to cause a variety of positions ; shade and
coolness had been procured by Avenues and Fountains, and
Fragrance obtained by beds of Roses, &c. ; their object was
obtained, for amid such they delighted to repose ; and as
they required in consequence of their heated climate, no
extent of surface to wander over, these were secured in a
very small space, and a still less sufficed to contain the
few herbs they cultivated for use, though the V^ineyard and
other enclosures of Fruit Trees were necessarily much more
extensive.

The continent of Asia we have seen rapidly became peo-
pled and divided into various empires, and these again as
the population increased, prompted by various motives, sent
forth colonies into neighbouring districts. The Greeks hav-
ing peopled the whole of Asia Minor, passed thence into
the neighbouring country of Italy, and from thence descended
tlie Romans, the state and progress of whose Gardening we
shall now proceed to consider.

First of their Kitchen Gardens.

We are not speaking without consideration, or with too
great positiveness when we declare that we know of no reason
for concluding that an establishment for the cultivation of
culinary plants ever existed within the walls of Rome, either
separate or combined with the pleasure Garden. In an ad-
vanced period of the empire, and perhaps much earlier than
we have records, there was in the city a Fora JlolUorum,
or Market Place for the sale of Garden produce, to supply
the inhabitants generally. I am inclined to think that it
was supplied from the Farms of the chief men of the City,
and not by any persons who subsisted by such trafick

12

It is certain from the writings of Cato and others, that the
principle inhabitants had their Horti, or country Farms,
which grew all kinds of Vegetables, in some luxuriant part
of the country near the City, and from them obtained
their supply. Hence, in the first years of Rome, we read
but of one Garden withia its precincts, that of Tarquin,
which w'as evidently one devoted to flowers and ornament ;
and even when the walls of the City formed a circuit of
fifty miles under the Emperor Valerian,* it appears solely
to have been distended by buildings and pleasure grounds.
In the first ages after the foundation of the City, the Farms,
which resembled our Market Gardens, were cultivated by
the chief men with their own hands, as must occur in every
new colony, and hence the Piso, the Fabii, the Cicero, the
Lentuli, and other celebrated families derived their patro-
nymics from ancestors distinguished for the successful cul-
tivation of the culinary vegetables intimated by their re-
spective names. Even their Dictators were summoned from
the Field, and dropped the Plough Staff for a more ex-
tended and arduous governorship.

Of the Kitchen Garden as might be expected, we have less
information in the writings that have survived to us than of
any of the other Horticultural departments. Literature was
confined to the higher classes, these would not condescend to
record the rules for planting Cabbages, and there were none
more practical, and therefore more useful authors in those days
when writing materials were costly and printing unknown.
Cato has glanced over the subject, and Varro, Columella,
and Palladius have done no more. From the little informa-
tion they do afford us, and from casual lights that break in
upon us from the writings of other authors, we learn enough
to assure us that their Culinary Vegetables were excellently,
and than their fruits perhaps better cultivated.

• Vopiscus in Aureliano.

13

Abo\it six Centuries after the foundation of Rome, or 150 years
B. C. lived Cato. From his writings we learn that it was consi-
dered a Garden should have a southern aspect, and be well
supplied with Water. Palladius makes a similar statement, a
Garden, says this author, should be a level, gently sloping piece
of ground, divided by a small current of Water.* Turnips,
Coleworts, Radishes, Basil, Beans, ^Cabbages, Garlic, and As-
paragus are mentioned by Cato. Endive, Parsley, Cucumbers,
Lettuces, Beets, Peas, Kidney Beans, Carrots, Parsnips, Mallows,
Onions, Mustard, Fennell and Mushrooms are mentioned by
the later Writers, Columella, Varro, Pliny, Virgil, and
Martial.

Asparagus is one of the very few plants, of which we have
the full detail of the mode of culture pursued by the Romans ;
and if we are justified in considering it a fair standard by
which we may estimate their proficiency in the art, we cannot
but conclude that it was decidedly excellent. The directions
which are given by Cato, are an Epitome of those which occur
in Abercrombie, Miller or any other standard work on Horti-
culture : they are as follows, ** You must well work a spot,
says Cato, that is moist, or which has richness and depth of
soil. Make the beds so that you may be able to clean and
weed them on each side ; let there be a distance of half a foot
between the plants. Set in the seed, two or three in a place,
in a strait line ; cover with mould ; then scatter some com-
post over the beds. At the Vernal Equinox, when the plants
come up, weed often, and take care that the Asparagus is not
plucked up with the weeds. The year you plant them, cover
them with straw during tte Winter, that they may not be killed.
In the beginning of the sriing after, dress and weed them.—
The third year after you have sown them burn the haulm in
the beginning of the Spring, Do not weed them before the
Plants come up, that you may not hurt the stools. The third

* Dc Re Ru-tica, b. i. 33.

14

or fourth year, you may pluck them close by the Root ; if you
break them off they yield side shoots, and some will die. You
may take them until they run to seed. The seed is ripe in
Autumn. When you have gathered the seed, burn the haulm,
and when the plants begin to shoot, weed and manure. After
eight or nine years when the beds are old, lay out a sjiot, work
and manure it well, then make drills where you may plant
some roots ; set them well apart that you may dig between
them. Take care that they may not be injured. Carry as
much sheep's dung as you can on the beds, it is best for this
purpose ; other manures produce weeds,"*

It is certain they took great delight in cultivating their grounds,
and not only improved under the best of masters — Practice, but
consulted the ancient writers then extant upon the subject. When
as the result of such attention and study the grounds of C. Fu-
rius Cresinus produced larger crops than even the more extensive
ones of his less assiduous neighbours, he was publicly accused of
making use of msgical arts, Cresinus presented his tools before
the Senate, " These, Quirites, he exclaimed, are my magic im-
plements ; but I cannot exhibit in this Forum the cares, tho toils,
the anxious thoughts, that employ me during the day, and ever
my lamp^t

It still further appears that in the time of the later Empe-
rors, the Romans had become acquainted with the most diffi-
cult branch of Kitchen Garden practice, Forcing. A still fur-
ther evidence of their Horticultural skill. Cucumbers were
the principal subjects of forcing. The Emperor Tiberius was
exceedingly fond of them, and by artificial means had them in
perfection throughout the year. They were grown in large
baskets of dung covered with Earth, and were sholtered dur-
ing cold days by means of thin plates of Lapis Specularia,

y
♦ Offen-> Translat. of Cato's do Re Rustica, p. 14S. s. 1(51,
t Pliny, xviii. c. tf.

10

which admit the passage of light nearly as well as Glass, and
were transported at night to the shelter of some house.*
Whether they ever employed the more transparent medium of
Glass as a shelter, we are unable to determine. It is cer-
tain that in the reign of Aurelian, A. D. 273. the luxury of
Glass windows was enjoyed.

It is pretty certain that in the earlier ages of the City, the
Kitchen and Fruit Gardens were in one common enclosure, nor
have we any direct testimony that they were divided into se-
parate departments, until the time of the younger Pliny, who
mentions in a letter to his friend Gallus, the Kitchen Gardea
as being separate from the Orchard and Pleasure grounds.

In those early days when'the departments were amalgamated,
and when from the pot-herbs and fruits produced by their
joint growth, the poorer Romans and the slaves of proprie-
tors derived their chief sustenanee, it was usually under the
care of the housekeeper or Steward's wife, who was lightly
estimated, if it was not productive and capable of sustaining
the household. f The husbandman used to deride its culture,
and designate it " a second dessert " and '* a Jiltch of bacons"
always ready for. cutting. :J:

Of the Fruit Gardens of the Romans,

In accordance with the observation which we made at the
commencement of this Chapter, that the cultivation of Fruit
appears always to engage, the first Horticultural notice of
every nation, we find that the Romans were much more atten-
tive to their Orchards than their Kitchen Gardens, as is ma-
nifested by the greater number of species and varieties of their
inhabitants. Cato, our earliest informant, mentions scvea
varieties of the Olive ; six good ones of the Vine, more than

* Columella b. xi. c 3. Pliny b. xix. c. 23. f Pliny xix. -t. s. 19.
X Cicero de Sou. 16.

16

four of the Apple, five of Pears, Pomegranetes, Services, six
varieties of Fig, three of Nuts, Quinces and Plumbs. It is
not alone, the number of varieties of Fruit, that demonstrates
their attention to Fructiculture, the details of their practice in
cultivating them, speaks as decidedly in support of that opi-
nion. In speaking of moving the Olive among other direc-
tions, he says, *' the earth that was upon the surface should
be put next the roots ;" now although they knew nothing of
the surface soil being most abounding in Oxygene Gas,
and for that reason to be of benefit when applied to the
roots of plants, it demonstrates the care and attention be-
stowed upon the culture of Fruits, for the benefit had been
noticed. In his directions for Grafting, I find none that are
omitted by modern writers ; though terse he is sufficiently ex-
plicit. If it is true, as Cato, Varro, Palladius, Virgil, Colu-
mella, Pliny, and a host of other writers, even more ancient
as well as contemporary agree, that they had the Art of
grafting one kind of Tree, upon others of entirely different
Genera, as Apples upon Plane Trees, the Vine on the Cherry,
&c. &c. they certainly excelled the Gardeners of the present
age, for this branch of the Art is lost to us. They held it as
a maxim generally to be relied upon, that any tree might be
grafted upon another which had a bark similar in appearance ;
if the Fruit also had a resemblance there was not a doubt of
the success.* It must not however be forgotten that the
same author in his Treatise *' On Trees," has a chapter in
support of this promiscuous grafting, in opposition to some
ancient Authors, who denied the practicability of the Art, so
that even in those days there were doubts, which needed no
refutation but a practical exhibition of success. Pliny and
Columella give the necessary directions for Inoculating.
Cato dwells upon the importance of frequently stirring the
earth about the Roots of Trees ; the various modes of raising
layers, as by passing up a shoot through a hole made in the

* Columella V. 2.

17

bottom of a pot filled with oarth. lie is most explicit upon
the Vine. From his writings, and those of succeeding Au-
thors, Pliny, Virgil, &c.as full directions for its culture might
be selected as any modern Gardener would require.

The assiduity of the Romans in collecting new species and
varieties of Fruit may be gathered from the writings of the elder
Pliny who lived A. D. 28 — 79. There were then cultivated in
the vicinity of Rome, nearly all the Fruits with which we were
acquainted at the commencement of the present Century, the chief
exceptions being the Orange, and Pine Apple, the first of which
however they became possesed of in the 4th Century. Very few
of their cultivated Fruits were indigenous, but were introduced
at the expcnce of no little money and trouble from distant and
different climes. Tlie Fig and Almond were brought from Syria ;
the Citron from Media ; the Apricot from Epirus or Armenia ;
the Pomegranate from Africa ; Apples, Pears and Pliunbs from
Armenia, INumidia, Greece, &c. ; the Peach from Persia ; and
Cherries from Cerasus in Pontns by LucuUus about 73 years
B.C.* Strawberries, Raspberries and others mentioned before by
Cato, appear to have been natural products.f The G ooseberry
and Currant are found wild in the hills of Northern Italy. As
the species were increased in number, so were the varieties. Pliny
mentions 22 Apples, one without kernels ; 8 Cherries ; C Ches-
nuts ; Figs, many black and white, large and small ; Medlars
large and small ; Large and small Black Mulberries ; Filberts
and Hazel-nuts ; 30 Pears ; Plumbs " ingens turba," black, white
and parti-coloured ; 3 Quinces ; 3 Services ; Grapes numerous ;
2 Walnuts ; Almonds, bitter and sweet, J

• Mr. Vernon found on the borders of the Black Sea, abundance of

Wild Cherries, near Cheresium, from whence the name probably arose,

and is identical with the Cerasus of LucuUus. Bradleys Gen. Treatise on

Husb. V. ii. p. 130. t PHny. xv. 25. xvi. 14. Mercellin xxii. 13.

t J Trans, of the London Ilort. Soot v. i. p. 152.

18

There is no doubt, supporteil as the opinioH is by Martial, Pliny
and Columella, that the Romans of their ag-e forced Fruit in a
kind of Hot Housp, protecto<l from the exterior cold, and heated
artificially.* The Epigrams of Martial quoted in support of the
above opinion arc the following.

Pallida no Cilicum timeant pomaria brumam,
Mordeat et tenerum fortior aura nemus

Hibernis objecta notis specularia puros

Admittunt soles, et sine faece diem. Ep. xiv..

Qui Coreyraei vidit pomaria regis,

Rus, Eatelle, tuoe proeferat ille domus.
Invida purpnreos urat no bruma racemos,

Et gelidum Bacchi munera frigus e<lat ;
Condita perspicua vivit vindemia gemma

Et tegitur felix nee tamen uvalatet
Faemineum linet sic bombycina corpus :

Calculus in nitido sic numeratur aqua.

Quid non ingenia voluit natura licere ?
Autumnum sterilis ferre jubetur hiems.

Ep. Ixviii.

The first, as was conjectured by Sir Joseph Banks, probably
related to a Peach House, and the latter to a Vinery. Of the
form or arrangement of these structures we have no information,
but we have seen they were in possession of a transparent sub-
stance that would act in the place of glass , and they were well
acquainted with the mode of heating apartments with flues ;
they positively practised the forcing of less bulky vegetables ;
they were better acquainted with the habits and training of
Fruit Trees, especially Vines, than they were of any other
department of Gardening ; and we know they had ingenuity
enough to compass such a desideratum of luxury as the ripening

• Martial's Epi^. viii. Ep. 14 and 68. Pliny xix. 23. Columella si. 3.

19

of Fniit in unusual seasons. As at prosent the Romans train-
ed Trees against their houses*

Of the Pleasure Gardens of the Romans.

Although we have a fuller accoxmt of the Roman Pleasure
Gardens than of the other departments of their grounds, yet even
of them it is a matter of considerable difficulty to f(trin a correct
idea from the descriptions which we possess, so much so, that if
ten persons were to delineate their conceptions of the ground plot,
scarcely two of them would produce plans Ix-aring much resem-
blance to each other. The following is ^11 that I have been able
to collect upon the subject.

The Garden of Tarquin the Proud, within two centuries after
the building of the City, is the first of which we have mention.
It was within the Walls of the City, and was occupied by be<ls
ofRoses, Poppies, Lilies, odorous herbs, a stream of Water, &c.f
It is certain that these were arranged in mathematical order, and
without any attempt at foreign ornaments. In the time of Cato
the country Villas of the Ilomans were accompanied by grounds
compounded of fields and garden, cultivated for alimentary
purposes, whose surplus produce, after the family of the Pro-
prietor were supplied, was probably sold in the Fora Holi-
torum of the City. Aa the people became more refined, the Villa,
or Country Residence of the Proprietor, was built entirely
separate from his farming establishment ; and often was con-
structed in a different part of the country. From habitations
barely affording the conveniences of life, they became replete
with luxuries. The beds of herbs and roots were exchanged
in the neighbourhood of the Villa, for statuarized Walks and
beds of flowers, and every device that pleasure could desire,
fashioned according to the reigning taste. Thus in the infant
days of Rome, Varro defines a Villa, as being a farm house and

• lloraco, Ep. i.lO. 32. Tibulhie. iii.3. 35. f Livy. i. 54. Ovid. Fii-.t.
ii. 70-1. anil Diony in. Halirarnas u .

» 2

20

its appurteiiaaces, with acconunodatioiis for the mere husband-
man* ; but Cicero, in the period of the Ejnpires most flourish-
ing state, implies bj- the same title, all that is magnificent and
luxurious for the lodging of an opulent Roman family. It was
here they were seen in all their splendour.f Pliny is still more
particular, describing the dwelling of the Proprietor as the Villa
lirbana ; that of the mere farming establishment as Villa ru«tica.

This magnificence was soon displayed, being introduced by
L, L, LucuUus, a contemporary of Cato. Paterculus laments
so expensive and luxurious a style of living, as tending to vitiate
the manners, and enervate the character of his countrymen.
The example of LucuUus was soon followed by others perhaps
less capable of bearing the expense, for in excuse for his pro-
fuseness he pleaded that a Roman Knight, and even a Free-man
who were his country neighbours had magnificent Villas ;
but retorts the Historian "Non videbat ab ipso natum esse, ut
illi talia cuperent — Primus auctor fuit."+

The Pleasure grounds of LucuUus are immortalized by Plu-
tarch. They were situated near Neapolis, on the lofty promon-
tory of Misenum, commanding the most extensive views both
inland and maritime. Phoedrus says of thera,

— — monte suramo posita Luculli manu

Prospectat Siculum et prospicit Tuscum raare-H

From Plutarch we learn that they were formed at an unbound-
ed expense. They contained artificial elevations of ground of
great height, buildings projecting into the Sea, and vast pieces
of Water formed upon land. Passages were dug under the hills
of the Campanian shore, and by their means the Sea Water
conducted round his house and grounds. From the style

• Van-o De. Re Rus. i. 2. 14. + Cioero de Leg. iR. 13. ^ Pater-
culus b. ii. c. 33. II Phoeclius ii. 5.

21

manifested iu the above details, it is very probable liK\t
copied models which he had seen in Asia, where a great part
of his life had been passed in a situation affording every
opportunity for inspecting the most splendid constructions of
the kind.* The ground originally belonged to Marius, who
purchased it for about two thousand five hundred pounds
sterling, but it acquired a higher value during the few years
he held it, for when^he fell, Lucullus paid near eighty thousand
pounds to acquire its proprietorship.! Lucullus had many
other Villas, and so variously situated for the securing an
agreeable climate at each season of the year &c. that he was
accustomed to boast that " he changed his climate with the
Storks and Cranes."J

Descending in the order of time, we come next, as oflbrding
information on our subject, to the age of Cicero, who died
B. C. 43. — Of the Villas of that Orator we have no particular
description ; but in a brief notice of the grounds surrounding
his Villa of Arpinum, there is sufficient to acquaint us that the
natural beauties so associated with his dwelling were not con-
sidered as misplaced. He evidently admired this Villa for its
romantic Scenery ; dwells with delight upon Groves which he
had formed ; on streams that rushed by it from tlie wild and
craggy hills around, nnshackled l)y Art or disfigured by false
Taste.lj

Of the Gardens of Sallust, the contemporary and rival
of Cicero, we have rather more precise information. That
Historian returning from the government of Numidia, laden, it
is to be feared, with extorted riches, built a magnificent palace
and laidout very extensive Gardens on the QurinalHill, either
of which have never been mentioned by Historians but with
admiration as being the ornament and pride of Rome. M. de

* Tacitus Ann. xiv. 8. xv, 44. + Plutarch in vit. Mari and L-iculI.
: Ibid. Lucull. II Cicer D-> L'-'j;. i'.

22

Brosses a celebrated French writer surveyed them, and re-
ports that within their vast circuit they must have contained
the present scites of the Churches of Madonna della Vittoria
— St. Suzanna and St. Nicholas — the street of Bolaria — the
ruins of the Erucinian Venus, the whole of the present Negro-
ni, the greatest part of the Ludovisii, and the bottom of the
Barberini Gardens, besides a considerable, now uncultivated
space. So beautiful were they that when Rome fell beneath
the sway of her Emperors, they were selected for the imperial
residence. Art and nature indeed seem to have been combin-
ed to render them delightfiil. The beautiftil prospects seduced
the eye to wander, whilst umbrageous walks, open parterres
and cool porticoes, interspersed with flowers and streams, and
master pieces of Sculpture, invited it when weary to the
most luxurious repose* Joining in the tide of fashion we
may presume that the foliage of his trees, were cut into
regular figures, since it was just previous to his time that
Matius, the friend of Julius Ca;sar, and particular favourite of
Augustus, first taught his countrymen this method of distorting
nature. t A practice which even the refined Pliny admired,
and which continued to be practised in England until the close
of the last Century. Seats were formed amid the branches of
any monarch Trees that grew within their grounds. Such a
seat in a Plane Tree near the imperial Villa at Velitrce, was
called by the Emperor Caligula, his Nest.J

About the period of the Christian Era, the love of Horticul- J
tural luxuries so far prevailed that every person of any consi-
deration possessed a Country Villa. The neighbourhood of
Tibur appears to have been the favourite spot for their erec-
tion. The magnificence of the attendant Architecture was
not now the chief point attended to for the decoration of their
Gardens, although they had not yet learnt that Nature could
be improved by Art, without being completely subjugated.

* Tacit. Ann. iii. 30. xiii. 47.— Hist. iii. 82.— Stewarts life of Sallust.
t Colnn-oll- 3.1'.- iA. ■ % PUny- Xnt. Hi't. rii, 'J. 1 '>.

23

Pliny tho younger was born, A. D. G2. From his writings
we acquire the most complete description of the Roman Gar-
dens as regards tlieir disposition, that is extant. His Lauren-
tine Villa was one in which he spent some of the colder months
of the year, when his professional duties allowed his absence
from the City. It is therefore not surprising that the Garden
does not occupy any considerable part of the narration in
which he describes this estate. He merely, in an Epistle to his
friend Gallus, states that the Gestatio, or place for exercise,
surrounded his Garden, — " this he continues, is encompassed
with a Box-tree hedge, and where that is decayed with Rose-
mary; between the Garden and this Gestatio, runs a shady
walk of Vines, which is so soft that you may walk upon it
barefoot without injury. The Garden is chiefly planted with
Fig and Mulberry Trees, to which the soil is as favourable as it
is averse to all others."

His description of the Gardens attached to his Tuscan Villa,
is more diffuse, yet particular. It is contained in a letter
to his friend Apollinaris (Ep. v. 6. — thus elegantly translated
by Melmoth) " In the front of the Pojtico is a sort of Terrace,
embellished with various figures, and boxmded with a Box Hedge,
from which you descend by an easy slope, adorned with the re-
presentation of divers animals in Box, answering alternately to
each other : this is surrounded by a walk enclosed with tonsile
evergreens, shaped into a variety of forms. Behind it is the
Gestatio, laid out in the form of a Circus, ornamented in the
middle with Box, cut into numberless different figures, together
with a plantation of shrubs prevented by the shears from run-
ning up too high : the whole is fenced in by a Wall, covered
with Box rising in different ranges to the top. — " After describ-
ing several Summer Houses, &c. he proceeds." — In the front of
these agreeable buildings is a very spacious Hippodrome, en-
compassed on every side by Plane Trees covered with Ivy.
Beneath each Plane are planted Box Trees, and, behind these.

24

Bays which blend their shade with that of the Plane Trcos.
Tills plantation forming a straight boundary on each side of the
Hippodrome, bends at the further end into a semi-circle which
being set round with Cypress Trees, varies the prospect and
and casts a deeper and more gloomy shade; while the inward
circular walks enjoying an open exposure, are perfumed with
Roses, and correct by a very pleasing contrast, the coolness of
the shade with the warmth of the Sun. Having passed through
these winding allies, you enter a straight walk, which breaks
out info a variety of others divided off by box hedges. In one
place you have a little meadow ; in another the Box is cut into
a thousand different forms ; sometimes into letters expressing
the name of the master ; sometimes that of the artificer; whilst
here and there little Obelisks rise intermixed alternately with
fruit Trees ; when on a sudden you are surprised with an imi-
tation of the negligent beauties of rural Nature, in the centre of
which lies a spot surrounded with a knot of dwarf Plane Trees,
Beyond these is a walk interspersed with the smooth and
twining Acanthus, where Trees also are cut into a \'ariety of
names and shapes. At the upper end is an Alcove of white
marble shaded with Vines, supported by four small Pillars of
Corystian Marble. From this bench the Water gushing
through several small Pipes, falls into a stone Cistern beneath,
from whence it is received into a fine polished Marble Bason,
so artfully contrived, that it is always full without ever over-
flowing. When I sup here this Bason serves for a Table, the
larger Dishes being placed round its margin, while the smaller
ones float in the form of little Vessels and Water fowl. Cor-
responding to this is a fountain, which is incessantly emptying
and filling ; for the Water, which it throws up to a great height,
falling back again into it, is, by means of two openings, return-
ed as fast as it is received. Fronting the Alcove stands a Sum-
mer House of exquisite Marble whose doors project into a green
enclosure; as from its upper and lower windows the eye i»
presented with » variety of difltrent Verdurest Next to this is

25

a little private closet, \vhich though it seems distinct may be
laid into the same room furnished with a Couch, and notwith-
standing it has windows on every side, yet it enjoys a very
agreeable gloominess by means of a spreading Vine which
climbs to the tup and entirely ovorshades it. In this place a
fountain also rises aud instantly disappears; in diflbreDt quar-
ters are disposed several marble seats, which serve, as well as
the Summer House, as so many reliefs when one is wearied by
walking. Near each seat is a little fountain ; and throughout
the whole Hippodrome several small Rills run murmering along,
•wheresoever the hand of Art thought proper to conduct them,
watering here and there spots of verdure, and in their progress
refreshing the whole."

From several remarks in the preceeding Epistle the most
careless peruser must notice a dawning of that taste for the
beauties of Nature unaltered by Art, which were only for a
short time perfected about the same time under the care of
the Emperor Nero, but soon enveloped and overlooked amid
distorted Vegetables and mathematical walks. This transi-
tory idea of Pliny's appears to have been the decided taste of
that Tyrant who fell A. D. 68. From the writings of Tacitus
wc learn that aided by two Architects of the Imperial City-
he brought his plans to perfection. Of his Palace it would be
misplaced to speak in detail ; it is sufficient to state that it
encircled the City ; that its Galleries were a mile in length,
and that the whole was adorned with Gold and precious Stones.
Within the Area were spacious Fields, artificial Lakes, Gar-
dens, Orchards and Groves. " Nero, says the Historian,
availed himself of the ruins of his country, and built a house
in which gems and gold, formerly of usual and common lux-
urv, were not so much to be admired as fields and lakes ;
and as in uncultivated places, here were woods ; — there open
spaces and prospects. The masters and designers beiHg

£

26

Severus and Celer ; men possessed of genius and courage, to
attempt by Art, even what Nature had denied."*

The citizen's Gardens of the age we are considering, ^^ere
similar to those which now exist in the suburbs of all our great
towns. The paintings lately exhumed from the ruins of Her-
culaneum, which was overwhelmed, A. D. 79. represent the
Gardens before the townsmen's houses, as small square en-
closures, girded by Trellis work and Espaliers ; and orna-
mented with Urns, Fountains and Careatides. As now they had
pots and boxes of Plants in their Windows.f To demonstrate
that the splendid style of Gardening adopted by Nero, was
neither singular or evanescent, I shall quote the examples of
three of the later Emperors. In the reign of Hadrian, who
died A. D. 138. a palace was built at Tivoli. Its grounds
were of a very large extent, and included within their bounds
some of the most picturesque and romantic scenery that
abounds in the broken and irregular ground of that vicinity.
We have records of its containing, " a Vale of Tempe," —
" the Elysian fields,"—" the Regions of Tartarus, &c." ; which
epithets however hyperbolical, aftord decisive proof of the
beauty and wildness which had been secured in its prospects,
as well as of the feelings with which they were viewed.

The Imperial Brothers, Caracalla and Geta, A. D.210. had
Palaces and Gardens which equalled in extent the remainder
of Rome. J This is easy of belief, when we recollect with
Mr. Gibbon, that the opulent inhabitants of Rome had almost
surrounded the City with their Villas, which these Emperors
had by degrees confiscated for the most part to their own use.
If Geta resided in the Gardens, which bore his name in the
Janiculum, and Caracalla those of Moecenas on the Esquiline,
they were separated by a space of several miles, yet that space
was occupied by Gardens which had once belonged to Sallust,

• Tacitus Ami. xv. 42. f riiny xix. 4. 19. J Herodian, b. iv. p. 139.

27

LucuUus, Agrippa, Domilian, Caius, &c. now thrown perhaps
into one, and united with the Imperial Palaces by bridges
over the Tibur.

At the time Alaric invaded Rome, A. D. 408. Rome
contained 1780 residences of wealthy and honourable citizens,*
the precincts of each palace contained not only Aviaries, Por-
ticoes and Baths, but Groves, Fountains, Hippodromes Tem-
ples, and even markets. f A moderate palace would have co-
vered the whole four-Acre farm of Cincinnatus + So little
space was left for the houses of the Plebians that they built
them many stories high, each inhabited by more than an equal
number of families. Wealth and consequently landed properly
gradually accumulated in the hands of the comparatively
few noble families. The Estates of the same owner stretched
over a large space in Italy, as well as distant provinces.
Faustinus a Roman, as Gale conjectures, possessed an Estate
near the modern Bury in Suffolk, and a second in the vicinity
of Naples. II

We have thus followed the progress of Gardening among
the Romans from their first existence as a colony, through
their rise as a people to the pinnacle of power, and thence
through their decay in effeminacy and debauchery. Nor is there
anything singular in their rise and fall, any more than in their
accompanying progress in our Art. As their Arms were at
first restrained to their own establishment as a people ; and
the Arts of cultivation to the obtaining subsistence : so as their
conquests and wealth extended, to a want of the necessaries of
life, they added the desire of its comforts, and when their vic-
tories carried them to those very Eastern countries from
which they themselves proceeded, and who lost in luxury and
effeminacy, soon fell beneath the swords of their less degenerate

* Nardini. Roma Autica. p. 89. 4. 8. 500- + Claudiaii. Rutil. Muma-
tian. Itiaerar. v. iii, JVal. Max, iv. 1. |1 Antoniiiut. Itinerary iu IJritain,
p. 92.

28

offspring, these last speedily «aught the infection, and becom-
ina: as decidedly enervated, were punished, as it were, for their
filial ingratitude, by becoming in turn the easy prey of Na-
tions less debased by the vices of civilization.

The Roman practice of the Artvi'e have seen in its various
departments was correct, and is evidence of the most powerful
encouragement. We cannot be charged with exageration if we
say that in its pursuit they were little inferior to us in our
present practice. We have traced the gradual advances by
■which they attained to such proficiency, and in the highest
department, that of Garden Designing, it is apparent that if
the name of George the first was inserted in the place of that
of Nero, and those of Bridgeman and Kent, instead ofSeverus
and Celer, we cannot but consent to think that the description
of Nero's Garden by Tacitus, would answer for one in the
reign of the English monarch.

That their progress in the Art was peculiarly rapid is cer-
tain. A Century does not intervene between the simple cioun-
try Villa described by Cato ; and the existence of the elaborate
Gardens of LucuUus, and this, notwithstanding that the civil
strife between the parties of Sylla and Marius intervened.
From LucuUus to the time of the first Pliny, another Century
elapsed, and when we compare the list of Fruits, Szc. given by
the latter, with that in the work of Cato, we receive another
evidence of the rapid prosperity of the Art. From thence through
the age of the second Pliny, Nero, and other Emperors, Garden-
ing continued to advance, and we cannot be much in error if we
place the summit of its rise in the reign of Tiberius. Under
the subsequent Emperors, 'such as Galba, Otho, Vitellius,
&c. when the monarchs were made and unmade as the brutal
passions of the soldiers dictated, and when each differed from
the other, only in the varied excess and enormity of his de-
baucheries and cruelties, the meanest Arts must hare stagnated.

29

Blwch more must Horticulture have been interrupted, since its
chief patrons, the patricians of the state, were scarcely for
an hour secure in the possession of their properties and lives.
The morals, the virtues of the people gradually forsook them —
Law neglected — -Philosophy perverted — the language be-
coming barbarous-— literature nearly abandoned — foreign
" mercenaries admitted among the troops, and even to the civil
dignities. — By such means the bonds of union; the respecta-
bility of the Empire's institutions, and the nationality of its
manners were destroyed. It became a matter of indifference
to the people who were their rulers-«>patriotism was ex-
tinct; and after a feeble opposition the Empire was overrun
by the Barbarians of Northern Europe.

Alaric, general of the Goths, A. D. 410, and Gesnoric,
king of the Vandals, in 455, successively pillaged the City,
and finally Italy was parcelled out into petty States.

However we may laqient the ruin of so great a natiun, with
whose name is associated the excellence of all that is great ia
the Arts, and all that renders man ambitious ; — however we
may regret the ignorance that succeeded during the Middle
Ages, yet it is certain that by the dispersion of the Roman
people, and the increased intercourse which less enlightened
nations had with them by this means, that the seeds of improve-
ment were dispersed over Europe, and by degrees gave rise to
improvements which otherwise could only have been stumbled
upon by.chance during the slow progress of Ages. But above
all, the destruction of the Roman Empire, speajts trumpot-
tongued this lesson to mankind, that wealth the most unbound-
ed, and learning the most refined, and general, if unaccom-
panied by a fixed and moral Code, form but a hot bed in which
the seeds of civil incapacity and disSentiou rapidly germinate.
A fixed moral Code can alone check the rankness of such
growth, and a modern example has taught us that such a Code
is beyond the power of the human mind to invent.

ON THE STATE OF

GARDENING JN ENGLAND,

From the Invasion of the Romans, nntil the accession of
Edward the Third.

B. a 55. A. n. i;327.

"^'HEN the conquering arms of Rome reached this almost
Ultima Tl.'iilc of their Geosraphy, they found the barbarous
inhabitants existing chiefly upon the produce of their herds,
and of the chase, although not totally inattentive to the culti-
vation of the Soil. The irdand inhabitants, descended from
the Cimbri, lived in straw thatched Cottages, and a fixed habi-
tation is an earnest of the existence of the Agricolan Arts
among the settlers. That they were practiced in Britain at
this early period is certain, for altho'jgh Tacitus affirms that
the inhabitants were without Corn, notwithstanding the soil
was favourable to its growth,* yet lh:s could only have been
pnrtially the case. The farms of some of (heir neighbours
and progenitors, the Gallic husbandmen, were large, f and as
wost of the manners and habitij of the Britons were in accord-
ance with theirs, we are justified in "nrlu'lir > this among

♦ Vitta Agricola, 12 t I'l I'T l:.*t. yv ■;. . . o J "JS.

32

the number of their coincidences, more especially as in some
of the details of Agriculture they were even superior to the
Gallic cultivators. No one can read Pliny wi'hout being struck
with the minute discriminations, the evident results of long,
attentive practice, which were displayed by those our fore-
fathers in the application of Marie to particular Soils ; * dis-
criminations which every Kentish Farmer at present, with
very little variation, confesses to be correct by his own prac-
tice. In the practices of threshing, mowing, &c. they were
confessedly superior to the Romans. Their implements were
different, as were the varieties of grain cultivated by the two
nations. f

Now although these demonstrations of the Britons, being
attentive cultivators of the soil, do not immediately aTord
any illustration of the state of Horticulture among them, it
certainly is an earnest that it must have partaken of the general
care shewn to nutritious plants, for an attention to Plants how-
ever limited their number, as in the then infant state of Agri-
culture was the case; or whether directed by superstition for
magical purposes ; by a desire to obtain mendicaments for the
removal of diseases; or by a liberal desire to ascertain
their habits and relations ; always tends to one effect, — the
improvement of the Art of cultivating, the most useful. The
Horticulture of every country will be found to date an era of
permament improvement from the foundation of its Physic and
Botanic Gardens. Hence we may conclude that the attention
which the Druids are known to have paid to Plants was
propitious to the advancement of the art of cultivating those
deserving the care, although their researches were professedly
confined to the ascertaining their medicinal qualities. That
they noticed other Plants than those so gifted is demonstrated
by the numerous names appropriated to insignificant Plants,

* Pliny b. xvii. c S, 7, 8, f Ibid, b, xviii. & xsxvi

33

which are enumerated by Gerarde as being common among the
Welch, and by Threkeld as in use by the Irish.

That the southern Britons actually had Gardens disposed
around their houses is stated by Strabo.* These of course
were chiefly a compound of our Kitchen and Orchard depart-
ments. There are many tacts on record besides those already
mentioned, which justify an inference that Gardening was pur-
sued by the Britons with attention. The Carrot grows wild
in Briton as it does in France, from the latter it was imported
into Italy, being only improved by cultivation. f Unless it had
been employed by the natives, we can scarcely conceive so
useless a weed as it is in a wild state, would have gained the
attention of the Roman legionaries. Turnips were particularly
abundant in Gaul, so extensively indeed were they culti-
vated as to be given to Cattle. J The idea of a Park, and
the accumulation of Game, has been fancifully traced by a
learned antiquary, to the ancient Britons, who particularly
delighting in the breeding of Hares, as Caesar informs us,
usually kept many of those animals about the courts of their
chiefs. II

That the Apple was known and cultivated by the Britons
before the arrival of the Romans, we are warranted in believing
by the etymology of the name. In the Welch, Cornish, Ar-
morican and Irish languages or dialects, it is denominated the
Avail or Aball. The Iloedui, who dwelt in the modern Somer-
setshire, appear particularly to have cultivated this fruit, and
their town which stood upon the scite of the present Glaston-
bury, was known when the Romans first visited it, by the name
of Avallonia (Apple Orchard.^g

* Strabo's Geography p. 306. f Plin. xix, c. 5. % Columella De Re

Rujtica. b. ii. c. 10. U Whittaker's Hist, of Manchester, p. 235.

h Richards, Chrou. p. 19.

F

34

Another Avellana afterwards came into notice in the north
of England. Other fruits as the Pear, Damson, &c. being
known by names evidently derived from the Roman appella-
tions, we, on the other hand, are induced to consider as being
introduced to the Britons from Italy. The same observation
may apply to the Rose, Violet and other inhabitants of the
flower garden, of which there is little doubt the Britons wer»
ignorant before their introduction by the Romans. Th»
Kitchen Garden is similarly indebted for most, though not all,
of its inhabitants. The Cabbage or Kale tribe is an example
of the exceptions.

Of the Roman Pleasure Grounds, during the decline of the
Empire we have the most ample accoimts. Highly polished as
were the citizens of the then Mistress of the World, it was in
this department of Horticulture their luxury and taste was
displayed, and the most poetical subject here proffered itself to
the pen of the Historian and man of Letters. To the Briton,
just emerging from his barbarism, that which was most useful
seemed most worthy of attention, hence the Fruit Garden
became his first particular care, and it is of this, in the earliest
periods of which records exists, that we have the most parti-
cular, though at the same time scanty notice.

Tacitus informs us that all Fruit Trees succeeded in Britain,
but the Olive and Vine, and such others as require a warmer
climate, for although Vegetables were quick in shooting up,
yet the moisture of the Atmosphere rendered them slow in
arriving at maturity.* It is evident from this cursory remark
that the Romans began immediately their endeavours to improve
the place of their settlement even before they had penetrated
into the southern and more mild districts of the Island; or
before its climate could be ameliorated by the removal of exu-
berant forests, and accompanying marshes, the never failing

* Vit4 Agric. c, xiv.

35

(It'teriorators of ihe climate of the countryia wliicli thoy abound.
That they did so is further proved by the testimony of Pliny,
who informs us that they introduced Cherries into our Island
B. C. 42.

But although Britain was first visited by the Ronrans 55
years before the Christian Era, and although it is thus evident
how much they were alive to the improvement of this, in com-
mon with all other nations, over which they had spread their
conquering arms, yet it was not until the time of Agricola,
A. D. 78. that the devastations and turmoils attendant upon
a war of subjugation, had ceased so far as to enable them to
win the attention of the natives with success, to the arts of
Peace. By the strenuous endeavours of that distinguished
general, the natives were inspired with a lovo of the Roman
language and acquirements, and when the Legions were tinally
withdrawn from the Island, A. D. 426, the Britons were left
comparatively a polished, but enervated people.

The art of cultivating the ground was a principal object of
improvement, and that they extended the practice of that pur-
suit is certain, since during their possession of the Island, large
quantities of Corn were annually exported from it. About
A. D. 278, the Roman settlers finding that some parts of the
Island were not unfit for Vineyards, obtained permission of the
Emperor Probus, to plant Vines and make Wine of tlicir pro-
duce, a liberty which had been refused to them by the
narrower-minded policy of his predecessor Domilian.* Some
varieties of the Apple, Pears, Figs, Mulberries, and Almonds
were also introduced. Before the third Century, the Apple,
had become pretty generally an object of cultivation, for at
that period large plantations of that Fruit had been made as
far north as the Shetland Islands.f

* Vospi»cu5. f Sjliuus. c. xxii.

36

From the remains of Roman Villas, and other records of the
state to which they had brought the arts of civilization in ihis
Island, we have every reason to believe, although particular cvi-
denco is wanting, that Gardening was likewise improved by
them so as to be m every respect similar to its practice in their
mother country. The Britons amalgamated with the Roman
settlers, who were very numerous. The veterans even, whether
they received reward of their services in land or money, usually
settled with their families in the country were they had spent
their youth, and in Britain far removed from the influence of
the tyranny, and convulsions which shook the City, and their
native land generally, there were many extra temptations to
adopt this as their home.

The seeds of Improvement having thus strongly germinated,
no untoward circumstances were afterwards capable of entirely
preventing their further growth, for though continually checked
yet on a review of ages, the superior civilization of any one
over its immediate predecessor is always apparent.

Immediately after the departure of the Romans, namely
ahout A. D. 450, the Saxons formed a settlement in our Island,
and a series of civil wars succeeded until the inhabitants pretty
generally hailed Egbert, about A. D. 726, sole sovereign of
the realm. During this stormy period, in A. D. 507, Christi-
anity was introduced among the inhabitants, and may be
reckoned as an Epoch in the Hortulan Annals of this Country,
Independant of the tendancy which Christianity had to soften the
manners of the people, and thus by rendering them moredomes-
tic, in an equal ratio encouraging the progress of the useful Arts,
to its Ministers, in those days especially. Gardening was an
Art most congenial ; it helped innocently to beguile otherwise
unoccupied hours, and was the means of affording luxuries to
the palate, which were by no means held in contempt by the
Monks and other ReUgicux of those times. They were persons

37

of ediicalion when compared with ihe laity ; and Lad ati iiitor-
course with foreign countries, through their hreth'.eii, whi<h
facilitated the comniunication of improvements ; even their
fasting from animal food, was of benefit to Horticulture, for it
rendered them more desirous of superior vegetables, and condi-
ments arising from their tribes. Thus Italy, Spain, Germany',
France, countries always abounding in the ministers of religion,
became distinguished for their culinary vegetables and fruits. It
may be added as another truly valuable advantage to Horticulture,
secured to it by Religious establishments, that whilst the country
at large was devastated in AVar, their property was usually
held sacred, and consequently many varieties of vegetables
were preserved, which otherwise would soon have become ex-
tinct if cultivated only in less hallowed ground.

From the example of the Ecclesiastics, the higher orders of
the laity acquired a similarity of taste, and from these again the
fondness for the products of the Garden, and its improvements
extended in wider circles.

Gardens and Orchards are mentioned as being in the posses-
sion of the Inhabitants of Monasteries and other Religious
establishments in the oldest Chartularios. Of Orchards many
^traces still remain. One in Icolmnkiln, or Cohimbkill, one of
the Hebrides, is described by Dr. Walker,* as having existed
there probably from the 6th Century.f Canulen, and Leland
also mention various other instances in England. The Vine we
have seen was introduced by the Romans and was particularly
admired, and attended to by the carousing population of that
age, if for no other of its qualities than the liipior yielded by its
Fruit. Guin-uydden, Guin-bren, Guin-ien, or Fion-ras, its
names in the Welch, Cornish, Armorican, and Irish dialects, is
literally, the Wine Tree. Vineyards were flourishing here at

* E-sayn, v. ii. p. 5. f The Monastery of SI. Columba, was foun.kJ
there, A. D 566, Gibbon^, Hint, of Koiiic. c xxwii.

38

the comencoment of the eighth Century, as is testified by
Bede.*

Daring these periods, marked by a continued series of intes-
tine broils, the continued invasions of the Danes, who finally
established their power in the island, A. D. 1017, and who in
their turn were succeeded by another conquering dynasty in
10G6, in the person of William the Isti, Horticulture continued
unimpaired and silently to advance. Nor is this a matter of
surprise, for the Saxons and Danes when they won a better
tome, than they had left in their native land, came as students
in thf^ arts of civilization, which their successive sovereigns,
(Alfred and Canute need alone be instanced,) used every means
in their power to foster and improve. They came not, as did the
Caliph Omar to Alexandria, to destroy those acquirements as
useless which he did not already possess. That the conquest
of a polished nation, by others more barbarous than themselves,
is not productive of that lamentable decay of civilization that at
first sight might be apprehended, is further instanced by the
result of the conquest of the Roman state by the Goths. The
estimable arts of civilization were prized and studied by the
brave and manly nations of the North, whilst the meretricious
ornaments spread over them by the effeminate Romans were
despised and swept away. It is only a savage, or a bigot that
conquers to destroy ; the Saxons, the Danes, and the Goths con-
quered to improve their own comfort and condition, which alone
could be effected by sustaining the superior arts pursued by
thenations they overcame.

When success in Arms has established an empire as well as
extended it, the reputation of superior valour and power pro-
cures to the conquerors the security that always attends a com-
plete ascendancy ; such security leaves the mind at ease and
affords leisiu'e to cultivate the arts and sciences. Such conse-

* Eccles. Hist, b. i. c. 1.

39

. I iicnces resulted to the Athenians after their triumph over the
Persians ; to the Romans after Carthago had fallen beneath their
arms ; and such also resulted to tlie Saxons and Danes in their
successive conquests of Britain. The Normans were about our
equals in civilization, when William acquired the throne of our
Island.

At the time of the arrival of the Normans, Gardens were jre-
nerally in the possession of the laity, as well as of the ecclesi-
astics. Even Gardens for the growth of Vegetables to supply
the public demand were then in existence. Eight Cotarii and
their Gardens are enumerated in the Manor of Fulham, in Mid-
dlesex, a village it is worthy of remark still celebrated for its
Market Gardens. Private houses with their Gardens are in
like manner recorded.* In fact there is no reason to doubt
that at this period every house from the palace to the cottage,
was possessed of a Garden of some size.

From the writings of William of Malmsbury, who died in
1143, we learn that Vineyards and Orchards were possessed
by the Barons as well as the Monks. He remarks that the
Grapes of the vale of Gloucester furnished the best Wine.
Next in superiority were those in the isle of Ely. Robert of
Gloucester also informs us that Worcester was celebrated for
its fruit, probably Apples.

Brithnod, the first Abbot of Ely, A. D. 1107. was cele-
brated for his skill in Horticulture. " He performed another
great and useful work, says the Historian of the Monastery,
being skilful in the art of planting and gardening, he laid out
very extensive Gardens and Orchards, which he tilled with a
great variety of herbs, shrubs, and fruit trees. In a few years
these appeared at a distance like a wood, loaded with the most
excellent fruits in great abundance, adding much to the commo-

* Domesday Book. p. I'iT.

40

tlior.sncss ami beauty of the place."* At Edmonsbury, the
modern Cury, in Suffolk, the Monks of the Monastery then
flourishing there, planted a vineyard for their own use, in 1140.
The products of the Garden at this period wore by no means so
restricted as some authors have estimated. Matthew Paris, in
recording the ungenial seasons of L257, says, " Apples were
sraroo. Pears still scarcer ; but Cherries, Plumbs, Figs, and all
kinds of fruits included in shells (Filberts, Walnuts, &c.) were
almost quite destroyed."t So numerous were the various
j)lants which engaged their Horticultural skill, that the differ-
ent departments occupied separate enclosures. We have seen
that the Vineyard was independent of the Orchard, the latter
was separated from the Kitchen Garden, and the Ilerbary
again was a distinct enclosure. The Monks of Dunstable it is
recorded, were at much expence in 1294, in repairing the
Walls of their Gardens, and of their Ilerbary. As early as the
eighth Century, the list of cultivated Herbs was very numerous,
as we learn from the ** Capilarium de Villis et Curtis" in
which Charlemagne details to his gardeners, such herbs as he
requires them to cultivate.

As an Art of design and taste Gardening can scarcely be
considered to have existed. The Gardens belonging to the
castellated dwelHngs of the gentry were confined within the
narrow space included by the Glacis, required for defence
in those times of feudal broils. In the Orchards without
the moats of their Castles, they however ihdulged their
taste for ornamental Gardening, which consisted, as it con-
tinued to a much later age, in having plants cut into monstrous
figures, labyrinths. Sec. Henry the first, formed at Woodstock,
A. D. 1123, the first Park of which we have any record. Spel-
Kian says he borrowed the idea from the Easterns. It was pro-
bably chiefly designed as a preserve for Game (habitationem

* Gale's Hist, of Ely, v. ii. c ii. + Henry's Hist, of England, b. iv.
c. 5i s. i.

41

ferarum.*) It contained however a laybrinth, which appears
to have chiefly constituted the Bower, so inamortalized by the
fate of the unfortunate mistress of this monarch, Rosamond.
Labyrinths were so much in unison with the taste of the ago that
there is scarcely a design for a garden given by De Cerceau in
his " Architecture," about A. D. 1250, in which there is not a
Tonnd and a square one. A Century before this last mentioned
date, namely in the reign of Henry the 2nd, (1154 — 1189.)
Fitzstevens describes the gardens around the villas of the
London citizens as ** large, beautiful, and planted with Treea.''

We have thv.s traced with as much clearness as we have been
enabled by the scanty materials the Chroniclers of these times
afford, the progress of Horticulture in this country down to the
close of the 13th Century, and from the whole itis app arent that
the Art had gradually, aud slowly continued, to improve, and
that a love of the pursuit had become pretty generally diffused.
The period was now approaching when its operations of every
kind were more rapidly and eminently to be improved, for
though of its own importance and merits it had continued to
preserve attention and esteem, yet it is certain the manners of
the period over which we have followed, it were decidedly
opposed to the advance of this one of the peaceful Arts. Tlie
latter part of the Time we have been considering, embraces that
period known in history as "the Middle or Dark Ages," com-
prising the five centuries which elapsed between ihe overthrow
of the Western Roman Empire, about A. D. 500, to the extin-
tion of that of the East, about A. D. 1000. Horticulture can
never flourish in any country where the pleasures of life are not
sought for at home ; in these ages however, War and Huntin"'
were the pursuits of ihe Ecclesiastics, as well as of the Laity,
and even Woman, whilst in person she lear»t to ride with the
•foremost in the Cliace, was taught to love no Knight who
besides being a good Lance in the Tilt Yard, had not proved

• lleury of Huntingdon's Hist. b. 7.

42

himself ''without reproach and without fear" in some strife
more deadly than that or a Tournament.

Even as late as 1321, an Archbishop of York is described,
without remark of its being unusual, as making his visitations
with a train of two himdred attendants, and a pack of hounds,
with which he hunted from parish to parish.* Even as late
as the reign of Elizabeth females sought amusement in the
Chase, in Bear Baitings and Tournaments.

These habits nurtured the odious system of the Forest-Laws,
which were a distinguishing mark of the Norman dynasty ;
and fettered the improvement of the twin, but less polished
sister of our Art, Agriculture. Laws oppressive and destruc-
tive of Agriculture would only remotely be accessary to the
retardation of Gardening, but the warlike propensities, and
excessive passion for field sports which are features of that
period, by fostering a laborious idleness, and weakening the
love of home, had a proportionate tendency to discourage our
Art.

Down to the conclusion of the 13th Century, England had
been a strictly Agricultural country, and even the produce of
her soil had been so limited, that she had little surplus to en-
able her inhabitants to become important as merchants, for
we were also without manufactures. Now, whatever may be
the cause it is not for us here to enquire, but, it is certain, that
as in the abstract, in commercial, and more especially manu-
facturing districts, the mental powers of the people are more
strong and cultivated, a greater desire and research after im-
provements are elicited, and that from them by far the greater
number of men distinguished either in the Arts or Sciences
arise • so in the aggregate it is certain that a coimtry enriched

» W'hittaker's Hist, of Craren. p. 342.

43

by its manufactures and commerce is always more enlightened,
and more favourable to the advance of the superior arts of life,
than one that is supported simply by the produce of its own
soil. England did not become a manufacturing and commer-
cial country until the reign of Edward the thirl.^

• Hallams Hist, of the Middle Asfes. v. 3. p. 3

ON THE STATE OF

GARDENING IN ENGLAND,

5'rom the accession of Edward the Third, to the accession
of Queen Elizabeth.

A. D. 1327. A. D. 1558.

During the reign of the heroic and patriotic Edward the III
-he commerce and manufactures of our country obtained, next
,to the liberty of the subject, the chief care of the parliamoul.
Their increase was rapid and the accumulation of wealth pro-
portionate, and no country so enriched, has yet existed without
)roportionably encouraging the arts of refinement.

■ So general had become a taste for Gardening tliat Men of

literature directed their attention to the subject, collected in-

"ormation, and in their writings gave the results of their

inquiries for the benefit of others. This is a decisive proof of

,he interest taken in the art, for no one would have written a

;)ook for which he did not expect there would be readers, and

t is as certain, those only would be readers who tuok a delight

!n its subject; an author could reckon only for readers among

hose who desired information, no one would read a work ou

he cultivation of plants for the sake of amusement

46

In the reign of Edward the III. the first work written in this
country on the cultivation of the soil is supposed to have been
composed. The author was Walterdellenly ; it is entitled, "De
Yconomia, sive Housbrandia". Bishop Tanner says the sub-
ject is treated of well, according to the usage of the time.*
Nicholas Bollar, an Oxonian of skill in Natural Philosophy,
wrote three books " De Arborum plantatione ;" and another
work in two books " Do generationo Arborum et modo gene-
randi et plantandi" and some other tracts still in M. S.-j-

A fondness for Plants as an object of study, was now
awakened, and is an earnest that the attention to their cultiva-
tion proportionably increased, for although Plants were sought
after cheifly with a view to ascertain their medicinal qualities,
yet the spirit of true Botanical Science was awakening, many
MSS. existing that were written at this period, devoted entirely
to a tracing of the characteristics of Plants, their Synonyms
&c. The first Royal Professor of Botany may be said to have
been appointed in this age, in the person of John Bray, by
Richard the 11,(1377 — 1399J who allowed him an annual pen-
sion for his knowledge and skill in Botany and Physic.+

The following authors also flourished during the period of
which we are treating.

HENRY CALCOENSIS, a prior of the Benedictine Order.
His love of Science and Literature induced him to travel into
France, Germany and Italy, solely to enjoy an intercourse
with thelearned. He wrote in one book a "Synopsis Herbaria,"
and translated Palladius "De Re Rustica" into the Gaelic,
about A. D. 1493.

WILLIAM KORMAN, a native of Salisbury, was educated

* PuUney's Sketches of Botany, v. i. p. 23. + Ibid. p. 24.
; Ibid. p. 22.

47

at Winchester School, and proceeding thence to New College,
Oxford, became there a perpetual fellow in 1477. la 1405
he was elected Schoolmaster and Fellow of Eton, and finally
became its Vioc-Provost. After several years of rotircmont,
he died in 1535, and was buried in the College Chapel. He
was a man of extensive and various erudition. Among his
numerous works are "Ilerbarum Synonyma", and Indexes to
Cato, Varro, Columella, and Palladius "De Re Rustica."*

1500. A BoKE of Husbandry. London, 4to. This little
work, is very rare, being one of the productions from
the press of Wynkin de Worde. It consists of but
twelve leaves, and is without date, but certainly was
not of a later year than 1500. The following ex-
tracts explain its nature. " Here begyneth a Trea-
ty se of Husbandry which MaysterGroshede somtyrae
Bysshop of Lyncoln made and translated it out of
Frensshe into Englyshe, whichc tcclieth all maner of
men to gouerno theyr Londcs Tenementes, and
Demenes ordinately."

**Here endeth the Boke of Husbandry, and of Plantynge,
and GrafFynge of Trees and Vynes."

1521. Arnoldb's Chronicli. The Customs of London.
Folio.

This curious book contains a chapter on " The Crafte of
graflfynge and plantynge and alterynge of Frutys. as well in
colours as in taste" and another how to raise a sallad in an
hour; ("Percely to grow in an our space.")

1523. Here Begynneth a new trade or treatyse most profyt-
able for all Husbandcmcu : and very frulcfuli for all

♦ Pultney's sketches of Botany, v. i. 24 >i 25.

48

other persons to rede. Imprinted by Rycharde
Pynson, &c. 4to. (1523)

1323. Here Begynnetb a right frutefiill mater, and hath U
name The Boke of Surveying and Improvements.rJ
Imprinted by Rycharde Pynson. The yere of oui
lorde god. MDXXIII. the XV day of July. 4to.

Although the last of these works bears the name of Pynsoaj
as Printer, there is little doubt that he was employed by Ber-J
thek't another Printer to execute the work for him, for Ber-
thelet was in the habit of employing the Presses of others even]
at Paris (Johnson's Typographia p. 504.), and to this work is\
attached an address from *' Thomas Berthelet to the reders of
this lytell boke." These two works are very rare; I have!
never seen either of them. I am inclined to consider them as
the first editions of Fitzherbert's Book of Husbandry, though
there is some reason for doubting this,

SIR ANTHONY FITZHERBERT, was born at Norbury,
in Derbyshire. — After studying at Oxford, he removed thence
to one of the Inns of Court, and was called to be a Serjeant-at-
Law in 1511. He was created a Knight in 1516, and seven
years subsequently he was raised to the dignity of a Justice of
the Court of Common Pleas. He followed Husbandry as a
recreation for forty years. He was a great opponent to the
influence of Cardinal Wolsey, and lived to see the disgrace of
that ambitious Churchman, not dieing- until 1538. He was
buried at Norbury. His Law Works are numerous, of which
his "Grand Abridgement" is the most noted.* The works
for which he deserves notice here, are

1, The book of Husbandry, very profitable and necessary
* Biogiapliia Brilannica»

49

for all persons, London 1532. 8vo. Editions of it also appear-'
ed in 1534, 1546, 1548, (by Thomas Marsh,) 1550 (by John
Awdeley,) and 15G-2,aHin Bvo. IMany oHhm- editions appeared
■wiliiout dates. There was a reprint of this and the following
in 1707, in 8vo. with a Treatise of Xenophon's.

2. Surveying; and book of niisl)andry. London. 1547-
Bvo. Again in 15G2, 8vo. and in 1598, 4to.

For the above dates of Editions, I am chiefly indebted to
Dr. Watts's Bibliotheca Britannira. Tiiero are some difi'or-^
erences of opinion respecting the tirst appearaiire of the works
but after a careful survey oilhe various authorities I think the
above will be found correct. Johnson's Typographia has
been of much use to me on this subject.

THOMAS TUSSER, was a writer of Poetry on Agricultu-
ral affairs. He was born at Rivenhall, a village on the high
road between the towns of Withani and Kelvedon, in Essex,
about the year 1515, of a family afterwards allied by marriage
to the higher ranks of Society. He was, against his inclination,
educated for a chorister, and became one at a very early age,
at the Collegiate Chapel of Wallingford. His voice was fine
and he was pressed, as the despotic custom then permitted,
for the choir of St, Paul's Calliedial. From thence he pro-
ceeded to Eton and became a student there under Udall, about
1534, whose severity of discipline he has recorded. He then
proceeded to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, but leaving it on a-
counl of ill-heaUh, was dissuaded from returning by William
Lord Paget, who kept him about the Court, jjrobably as a ciio-
rister, as one ol his retainers for ten years, but which he then
left without any iniproveinenl in his fortune. He retired to
Katwade, (Catiwade) in Suffolk, and commenced farmer. It
was here he composed his work on Husbandry. The ill-state
of his AVife's health induced him after some years to leave his
farm and live at Ipswich where she died. He then married a
second time to a Miss Moon, and settled at East Dereham,
but the temper of his youthful wife, and the harsiiness of his
Landlord, again induced him to move to Norwich, where under
the patronage of Dean Salisbury he appears once more to have
become a chorister. Ill- health induced him a^ain to re-
move, and he took a farm, the Glebe land, at F.iirstead, in
Essex, near his native village. Fearing the death of the Cler-
gyman he moved to London, but liast(Mied tluiice in 1574 to
Trinity College, Cambrid;;e, that he might bo beyi'iul liie iii-
fluince of the plague. He however returned to ihc Mi^lropo-

50

lis and died there about 1580,* certainly before 1585, as is
demuiistrated by the Title Page of the edition of his work pub-
lished that year. •

He was buried in the Church of St. Mildred, in the Poultry,
according to Stowe, with this Epitaph.

Here Thomas Tusser clad in earth, doth lie,

That sometime made the pointes of Husbandrie :

By him then learn ihou maist ; here learn we must.
When all is done, we sleepe, and turn to dust:

And yet (hrougli Christ, to heaven, we hope to goe ;
Who reades his bookes, shall iiud his faith was so.

This is an outline of nearly all that is known of this extraor-
dinary man. In M'hatever capacity he at various times lived
he acted with ability, yet never so as to benefit his fortune.
Tiiat he excelled as a Singer is certain, for none but those of
more than ordinary powers were admitted into the Ro\al Choir.
As a courtier he was unfrowned upon until tlie disgrace of his
patron. As a farmer it is evident he had correct knowledge
from his work upon the subject. As an author and poet the
same testifies he was far above mediocrity. Morant, cpioting
from Fuller, Stowe, and Stripe, says, that Tusser at one time
was a Schoolmaster. The true reason of his ill-success in life
is to be found perhaps in the verses of a Poet, almost his con-
temporary. Peacham in his *' Minerva. '' a book of Emblems,
published in 1G12, has a device of a Whetstone and Scythe,
with this beneath.

They tell me, Tusser, when thou wert alive.

And hadst for profit turned every stone.
Where'er thou camest, thou couldst never thrive,
Though hereto, best could'st council every one.
As it may in thy Husbandry appear.
Wherein afresh thou liv'st among us here.
So, like thyself, a number more are wont.
To sharpen others with advice of wit.
When they themselves are like the Whetstone blunt.

His work appeared first in 1557, entitled,'

1. " A hundrelh good pointes of Husbandry

Maintaineth good household, with huswifery.
Housekeeping and husbandry, if it be good :
Must love one another like cousinnes in blood.

♦ Phillips'* Thaatrum Poetarunil

- 51

The wife to, must husband as well as the man.
Or farewell thy husbandry do what thou can."

Editions of this appeared in 15G1, 15G2 and another "newly
corrected and amplitii d" 1570 — 1571 (WattsJ To these suc-
ceeded an enlarged edition bearing; the following title, " Five
hundreth pointes of good husbandry united to as many of good
huswifiTv, tiist devised and now lately augmented, with diverse
approved lessons, concerning hopps and gardening and other
needful matters, together with an abstract before every moneth
&c." 1573. Jleprints appeared successively in 1577, 1580
Ohe lirst complete edition,) 1585, 1586, 1590, 1593, 1597,

1599, IGOO, fWattsj 1G04, IGIO, 1614. 1620, 1630, (^ Watts,)
1638, 1672, 1692, all in 4to, and black letter, except that of

1600, which is stated to be in folio, Martyn mentions another
edition in 1651. One, entitled " Tusser redivivus" was edited
by a Mr. Hilman in 1710, 8vo, and with further notes in 1744.
An edition was edited by l>r. W. iMavor in 1812, 4to. and8vo.
with many notes and additions. To this 1 am indebted for
nearly the whole of the preceding imformation concerning the
editions of Tusser.

The above work is written in Stanzas of four versos each,
and is a series of a kind of proverbs relating to Agricultural
afiairs. Weston says, the following work is often joined to it.
** The Bouke of Regarde ; ct)ntaiiiing the castle of delight, the
garden of unthriftiuesse, the arbuur of virtue, and the orchard
of repentance".

2. Tractatus de Agrirultura, versibus Anglicis. London.
1638 and 1672. This work is ascribed by lialler to the pcu
of Tusser.* These works are extremely rare.

These are the chief of the authors from whom we are enabled
to learn the actual state of Horticulture at tiiis period. In con-
temj)orarv Historians and Chroniclers, of course there are
nian>- incidental notices. Among these is Dr. Bulleyn, who
deserves the veneration of every lover of Gardening, for his
strenuous advocating its cause, at a time when it had become
a fc>shion to depreciate the products of our Euglisii Gardens.

WILLIAM BULLEYN, Avas born in the Isle of Ely, early
in the reign of Henry Vlil.f He studied tirst at Candjridue,
and subsequently at Oxlbrd. He travelled in Germany, Scot-

♦ WattA Bibliotheca Biitann'c:'. + WaKs in his Bibliotlieca liritaiinicr,
i-ays lit; was born in ISOl!.

62

land, and hiis na(ire country, studying their natural productions
with a zeal and success, that marks him very prominently as a
man of Science in that age, so benighted as it was in every
thing that appertains to Natural History. In early life he was
much in the neighbuurhoou of Norwich. It was in the East
of England it Mould appear tliat his relatives resided. His
nearest conneclions had their abode at Blaxhall, in Suffolk, to
the Rectory of which place he was appointed, in June, 1550.
It is not improbable, that he united the practice of a Physician
with that of a Divine, a union of professions which was not
thought incompatible even as late as the commencement of the
present Century.* It is certain, that being opposed to the
doctrine of Transubstantiation, he resigned his Church prefer-
ment the year after Mary succeeded to the throne in 1553.
When he took his degree in Physic is not known. Soon after
his resignation of the living of Blaxhall, he settled in practice
as a Ph>sician, in the City of Durham, and became a proprie-
tor with Sir Thomas Hilton, in the Salt Works near Tinmouth
Castle. On the death of Sir T. Hilton, Dr. Bulleyn removed
to London, and became known as a skilful Physician, and a
man of learning. He was elected a member of the College of
Physicians about the year 1500. A series of misfortunes now
pursued him, but were met by him with that fiiuiness which
was to be expected from a man of his strength of mind, and
true piety. lie lost a great part of his library, with his MS;
Avork on " Healthful Medicines," by shipwrec k ; and he was
malevolently, and unjustly accused by a brother of Sir T.
Hilton, with having murdered that gentleman, though, as was
fully proved, he had died of a malignant fever. His en«niiy
however would not be foiled completely, but succeeded in
throwing him into prison for debt. Whilst in goal he wrote a
great part of his medical works. His death occurred Jan. 7th
1576.t

The following portraits of him exist.

William Bulleyn, Physician; a wood print; profile; witi.

Dr. Gower of Chelmsford practiied as a Physician, and performed the.
Clerical duties of Chignall near that town as late as 17c0. I

t Biog-raphiii Dritaniiica,

>

53

long board. Prefixed to his '• Government of Hcaltli," 1048;
Qvo. with his initials.

William BuUeyn; a copy by W. Richardson.

There is a whole length of him cut in wood, with four verses
in English. It belongs to his works in Folio.

Wilhelmus BuUeyn; M. D. &c. F. Wil. Stukely. 1722.
floruit 1570 ; small.* This engraving was executed at the ex-
pense of Dr. Stukely, who was one of his descendants.

His works were published collectively and are entitled, *' A
Bulwarkeofdefence^against all Sicknes, Sorenes, and Wounds,
that doe daily assaulte mankind ; which Bulwarko is kept with
Hillarius the Gardener ; Health the Physician, with their Chi-
rurgiou, to help the wounded Soldiers, &c. with his Boke of
Simples. London. 15G2. folio: Another edition bears date,
1579. Folio.

REMBERT DODOENS or DODONCEUS,— although a
foreign Botanist, deserves mention, if it was only on account
of his works being the foundation, upon which our own Bola^
nist and Gardener, Gerarde, founded his " Herbal," as Lyte
had done his before ; but besides this he was an encourager of
Horticulture himself. This Physician and Botanist was born
near Mechlin iu Flanders in 1517. He studied at Louvaine:
became conspicuous for his learning whilst young ; travelli^d
into Italy ; and on his return was appointed Physician to the
Emperor Maximilian the II. — as he was afterwards to Rodolph
the II. — ^The importunity of his friends procured his dismission
from the Emperor's service. He then practised at Antwerp ;
and was afterwards appointed profi'ssor of Physic at Loydcn,
where he died in 1585— G. He wrote on subjects connected

* Giainger.

54

with Astronomy, Gooj^raphy and Physic, but is chiefly noted
for his productions on Botany. lie commenced publishing in
1552. He wrote " Frugura Historia," 8vo. — " Herbarium
Belgicum, 8vo. — But his chief work appeared in 1583 in which
he included all his other Botanical writings under the title of
•• Sterpium Historioe Peraptades," in folio — ^Each Pemptade
is divided into five books. The first Pemptade, contains nu-
mei-ous dissimilar plants in alphabetical order ; the second.
Florist's Flowers and the umbeUiferous.Tlants ; the third. Me-
dicinal Roots — Purgative Plants — Climbing and Poisonous
Plants — with most of the cry ptogami he was aware of; — the
fourth, Grain ; Pulses ; Grasses ; Water, and marsh Plants ;
the fifth, edible Plants — Gourds — esculent Roots — oleraceous
and spinous Plants ; — and the sixth. Shrubs and Trees — The
appendix is compiled chiefly from Dioscorides, Cato and Pliny,
relating to the progress of Botany and Agriculture, aritong the
Romans : as well as being in commendation, of Gardens, with
rules for laying them out, and advantageously managing
them.*

We have seen in the preceding chapter that the Gardens of
the age were extensive, and from the slight mention we have of
some of their inhabitants, it is pretty certain they were well
stocked. We however have no particular list of them until the
timeofTusser. That his Catalogue would be a correct one of
our horticultural products at a much earlier period, is certain.
In the reign of Edward the HI, Cucumbers were cultivated ,
it is a mistake however to consider that Melons were likewise,
for the Melons of those, and of later writers, were the Pompions
of our times. f It is certain however from concurrent testimo-
nies that the cultivation of edible vegetables and fruits was
exceedingly neglected. A bushel of Onions in the reign of
Richard the H, usually cost about twelve shillings, estimating

* Pultuey's Sketches of Botany — Hallcr's Bibliolheca Botanica,"
t See this in Lytcs Herbal, A. D. 1619.

55

the charge according to the value of our present currency. In
the reign of Henry the VII, (1405 — 1509,) it appears in
a MS. signed by the Monarch himself, preserved in the Re-
membrance Office, that Apples wore from one to two shillings
each, a redone fetching the highest price.* Yet it was not be-
cause tho varieties of our Garden products were few. Tusscr
enumerates of " Soedcs and herbes for the kychiMi, horbes and
rootes for sallets and sawse, herbes and rootos to boylo or to
butter, strewing herbes of all sortes, herbes, branches, and
flowers for windowes and pots, herbes to still in summer, nc-
cessarie herbes to grow in the garden for physik, not rehcrst
before," above one hundred and tifty species. Of fruits, he
mentions many kinds of Apples; Apricoches ; Bar-bcrrics ;
Bollcse, black and white ; Cherries, red and black ; Chesnuts;
Cornet-Plums, (Cornelian Cherry?); Damisens, white and
black; Filberts, red and white; Gooseberries; Grapes, white
and red ; Grene or Grass Plums ; Hurtil-berries, (V^accinium
vitis-idffia;) Medlers or Merles ; Mulberries; Peaches, white
red and yellow fleshed ; Peres of many kinds ; Peer Plums,
black and yellow; Quinces; Raspes; Reisoiis (Currants?);
Hazel-Nuts; Strawberries, red and white; Services; Wardens
white and red ; Walnuts ; and Wheat Phuns.

The Almond was introduced in this reign. Some Authors
also affirm that the Cherry having been lost during the turmoils
of the Saxon dynasty, was introduced again during this reign
by Rich. Haines, the Kings Fruiterer; but this is an error, for
Warton gives a quotation from Lidgate, a Poet who lived about
1415, which proves that Cherries were then so common as to
be hawked about the streets. Although the Lemon was not
cultivated in this country until the reign of James I., it is upon
record that the Leatherseller's Company gave six silver pennies
for one. which was served up at a Civic feast given to Henry

• Pcannain Apples are as old a? the Jays of Kinij John, (1199 — 1216 )
Rot. Fin, 6. John. m. 13, Blount's Ant. Tenures, p. 69.

b6

VIII., and Anne Bulleyn, in honour of the coronation of the
latter. Thus, as Apicius, the Roman epicure and glutton, first
taught his countrymen the use of this fruit, so Henry, his peer
in sensuality, first partook of it in this country.

To these may be added the Fig, which we have seen was
cultivated here as early as 278 (p. 35.) and makes up a list of
Fruits as complete as that which comprises those now culti-
vated by us. without the aid of Glass and artificial Heat. Yet
notwithstanding this, culinary vegetables were as scarce in
the concluding years, of the reign of Henry VIII. (1509 —
1546) as good Apples were in that of his father. Sugar was
the sauce usually eaten with every kind of flesh meat. Neither
was it because vegetables were little estimated, for Cathe-
rine, his last Queen, was accustomed to send a messenger
to Holland, or Flanders, v,hen she required a Sallad ;* and
the Cherries of an Orcl'ard in Kent, sold in 1540, for one
thousand pounds. f To what is that deficiency in the produce
of our Gardens then to be attribrled ? There seems to be but
one ansv.er; the unskilfulnc«;s of our Gardeners. The want of
encouragement which they met with was the just result of their
own want of desert. Dr. Bulleyn says we had excellent Ap-
ples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, &c. of our own growth before
those Garden products were imporledfrom Holland and France,
and the only rational conclusion is, that the similar growth of
our country would not bear comparison with them. The fruits
and culinary vegetables of our neighbours, were thei'efore lux-
uries ; wealth knew no obstacle in the way of indulging in
them ; it became a fashion to have them upon Table ; and the
spirit of commerce was now too much alive to allow the fashion
to fade away from a want of the means of indulgence. The
Gardeners of London and Kent, were regular importers of
these edibles. In excuse for this inferiority of our Garden

• Humes Hist, of England, anno 1547. t Philip's Hist, of Fi;mts, p. 79.

57

produce, it was a conclusive assumption to assert, that our
climate and soil were unfiivourable to their growth. Ao-ainst
this unfounded opinion, Dr. BuUeyn stood forward, the pa-
triotic, and we may add the successful opponent : for although
the error would naturally liave a tendency to correct itself, it is
too much to consider that the opinion of a man of his estima-
tion would be delivered without effect. From this period our
practical Horticulture was more attended to, and with its im-
: provement the embassies to Holland for a SuUad ceased.

The evil would have a tendency to correct itself. When
the Market Gardeners witnessed the high prices which were so
extensively paid for the objects properly of their own cultivation,
they would be tempted to raise them themselves of equal
goodness, that their profit might be the greater. Gentlemen
would excite their private Gardeners to similar efforts, that
I they might enjoy such luxuries without such a consequent ex-
pense. Henry VIII., sent his Gardener, who was a French
Priest, named Woolf, to travel on the continent, for the express
purpose of acquiring a better knowledge of his Art. He is
said to have introduced various Sallad and Pot-herbs, varieties
of the Apricot, Musk Melons, the Kentish Cherry, &c. to that
Monarch's Garden at the palace of Nonsuch, in Surrey, about
the year 1524.* The learned Linacre, who died in 1524, first
introduced the Damask Rose from Italy ; Thomas, Lord
Cromwell, about the same period, or rather, at the close of the
reign of Henry V^II., added three Plums to our list of Fruits,
among them the Perdrigon from Italy, and Bishop Grindal,
one of the earliest encouragers of Botany, first introduced the
Tamarisk from Switzerland, and during his residence brought
the Gardens at Fulham palace, into great repute. They were
celebrated for their Grapes, which he brought to great per-
fection.

* Coughs British. Topog. v. i. p. 1S3.

58

It was not until the close of the period which we are con-
sidering, that we find either the size of the pleasure Garden,
or the style of laying it out jit all improved. The effects ot
the Feudal System were not yet sufficiently passed away to
allow of any general alteration, or even improvement in the
style of ArcTiitecture. Our nobility still dwelt in Castles, and
these retained the usual defences of Moats, Drawbridges, kc.
This was especially the case, the nearer they approached
to the Scotch or Welch borders; in the vicinity of Lon-
don, Villas and Palaces had long since sprung up. Those
which retained all the customary fortifications, had Gardens
within the moat, as well as without, for the Orchard mentioned
by Leland in 1540, as existing at Wreshill Castle near How-
den in Yorkshire, evidently partook of the nature of pleasure
grounds. *' The Gardens within the mote, and the Orchards
without, were exceeding fair. And yn the Orchardes, were,
mountes, opere topiorio, writhen about with degrees like the
turnings in cokil shelles, to come to the top without payn."».
King James I. of Scotland, who was confined for some years'
as prisoner in Windsor Castle, early in the 15th Century, gives
us in a poetical effusion a description of its Garden, which
similarly intimates to us that it was of contracted space and
formal adornments.

Now was there maide fast by the touris wall
A Garden faire, and in the corneris set

An herbere grene, with wandis long and small
Railit about, and so with treeis set
Was all the place, and hawthorn hedges knet.

That lyfe was now, walkyng there for bye

That myght within scarce any wight espye.
So thick the bewis and the leves grene
Beschudit all, the alleyes all that there were,

.♦

* Leiands Itinerniy. p. 60,

r>9

And m^'ddis every herberc might be «cne
The scliar])e green swete jenepere.
Growing so fair with bralVches here and there.
That as it semyt to a lyfe without.
The bowis spred the herberc all about."*

Tho contracted size of our pleasure grounds by deorees
ceased to be their reproach, although their style retained the
formaVfeatures which continued characteristics of them until
late in the 18th century. In the the eighteenth year of the
reign of Henry the VIII. (1609 — 154G,) (he gardens of his palace
of Nonsuch, were formed. This palace and its grounds were
one of the prides of our country in that age, or as Leland says,

Unrivall'd in design the Briton's tell
The won'drous praises of this aonparcil.
This which no equal has in art or fame,
Britons deservedly do Nonsuch name.

"The palace, says Hentznfir in 1500, is encompassed with
I parks full of deer, delicious gardens, groves ornamented with
I trellis work, cabinets of verdure, ( Summer houses or seats cut
\ ill yinv ?) and walks so embowered by trees, that it seonis to be
a place pitched upon by pleasure herself to dwell in along with
1 health. In the pleasure and artificial Gardens are many
IcoUimns and pyramids of marble: two fountains that spout
water, one round the other like a pyramid, upon which are
pi rched small birds, that stream water out of their bills. In
(Ih> grove of Diana, is a very agreeable fountain, with Acteeon
turned into a stag, as ho was sprinkled by the goddess and her
nymphs, with inscriptions. Here is, besides, another pyra-
mid of marble full of concealed pipes, which spirt upon all
^^ll() come within their reach. "f From an account taken of
this Garden during the usurpation, in 16.3p, it appears lo have

• The Quair by James I,, Edited by Lord Woodhousete<>. + Trovels
> England durin- the reigu of fiuecn Llizabeth. ri>. 38—59. Ed. IT)?.

60

been cut and divided into several alleys and compartments set
round with thorn hedges. On the North side was a Kitchen
Garden very commodious, containing 72 Fruit Trees, and
encompassed by a wall fourteen feet high. On the West was
a'^wilderness covering ten acres, severed from the little Park
by a hedge. In the privy Gardens were pyramids, fountains,
and basins of marble, one of which is *' set round with six
Lilac Trees ; which Trees bear no fruit, but only a very
pleasant smell ;" also 144 Fruit Trees, two Yews, and one
Juniper. Before the Palace was a bowling Green, surrounded
by a balustrade of Freestone. The whole was surrounded by
two Parks, which were also enclosed by Henry VIII., the one
containing 911 Acres, the other 671 Acres.

In the Gardens of Lord Burleigh at Theobald's, which were
. encompassed by a broad ditch of Water, were a great profusion
of Trees and Plants, Obelisks, Pyramids, a Jet D'eau, Laby-
rinths, circular Porticoes, a summer House, Baths of lead, full
offish, &c. These Gardens were large. The chief Garden
covered a space of seven acres ; besides which were the plea-
sure Gardens, privy Gardens, and laundry Garden. In the
first were nine knots artificially and " exquisitely" made, one
of which was set forth in likeness of the King's arms. " One
might walk twoemylein the walks before he came to the end.*"

At Hampton Court, which was laid out about the middle of
this reign by Cardinal Wolsey, there was a labyrinth, which
still exists, covering only, the quarter of an Acre of ground,
yet its walks extending by their volutions over nearly half a
mile. The walls also were covered with Rosemary, a fashion
then very generally adopted.f It was also long •elebrated for
its trees cut into grotesque forms, which Dr. Plot admired
and dignified with the name of Topiary Worhs.^

* Lyson's Environs of London. Hentzner's Travel's p. 38. Peck's
Desiderata Curioaa. f Ibid. p. 58. J History of Oifordshirc, p. 380.

61

Wc have thus traced the progress of Gardenint^ iu ils several
departments in this country from the accession of our third
Edward, to the conclusion of the reio^n of Henry the VIII., a
period of more than two Centuries, the first one hundred and
fifty years of which, were characterized by a still lingerina;
taste for hunting, chivalry, and War ; by Crusades to the Holy
Land, and as wild expeditions to the continent; and above all
by the civil horrors induced by the contest between the houses
of York and Lancaster. Notwithstanding these circumstances
so hostile to domestic improvement, and the cultivation of the
social Arts, we have seen that the art of Gardening iu its
various departments had continued to advance, and in the
concluding years of the period had improved most disting-uish-
ably. So true is the observation that good is often the offspring
of evil ; for our foreign wars introduced us to the Horticulture
of France, who excelled us in the practical parts of the Art ; to
the disposition of the Pleasure Grounds of the Easterns, which
were magnificent ; and to numerous new plants of which pre-
viously we had been ignorant. Our navigation was improved
by <he voyages made on these expeditions, and thus led to other
and more distant climes, which in their turn afibrded to us
their vegetable riches. To these favourable circumstances
may be added the increase of our commerce, and the invenlion
of Printing, which above all others tended to foster the progress
of every Art and Science, by enlarging the sphere of inter-
course, and rendering the experience and knowledge of cxcyy
man of learning, the property of his age.

ON THE STATE OF

GARDENING IN ENGLAND,

From the accession of Queen Elizabeth, to the accession
of George the First.

A, D. 1558. A, D, 1714.

Previous to the reign of Elizabeth, ( 1 658 — 1002.) Horticulture
was considered, as little more than a mechanical Art ; but bright-
er days were now arrived to it. Botany, previous to this period,
was almost unknown as a Science, audit must be acknowledged
that Botany, is a chief part of the only foundation, upon which
an enlightened practice of Horticulture can be raised. In this
reign, England was enriched with the first regular establish-
ment for the scientific cultivation of Plants in the Physic Gar-
den of Gerardo, (\bQl.) It was not however in England alone,
that the study and cultivation of plants became more popular,
there were many tributary streams to this branch of the river of
Science ; our ancestors were only followers of an example that
was set by many continental powers, and which seems to have
risen from a desire for the improvement of a knowledge
of Plants, and their culture, which pervaded Europe simul-
taneously at this period. Padua took the lead by estab-
lishing a public Botanic Garden, whilst under the Venetians,

63

in 1533. Lucas Ghinus at Bologna, who was the first public
professor of Botany in Europe, was a strenuous advocate of
such Institutions, By his influence a similar Garden was es-
tablished at Bologna in 1647, where Dr. Turner, whom wo
shall presently notice, first imbibed much of that knowledge,
which rendered him eminent in this country. Among the ear-
liest private Gardens of the same kind was that of Enricus
Cordus, at Bremen, who died in 1538 ; and of INIordecius at
CasseI,^who flourished about the same time. Gesner con-
structed the first Botanic Garden in Switzerland at Zurich, in
1560 ; one was established at Paris, in 1570 ; at Leyden, in
1577 ; Leipsic, 1580 ; Montpelier, 1^98 ; Jena, 1628 ; Oxford,
1632. This last owes its fuundation to the munificence of
Henry Dauvers, Earl of Danby, who for the purpose gave five
Acres of ground on the banks of the Charwel, to the South of
St. Mary MagdaUnies. lie built Greenhouses and Stoves, en-
closed it with Stone Walls fourteen feet high, eroded a house
for the Gardener, and endowed the establishment. Sir Jacob
and Sir Andrew Balfour endowed one at Edinburgh, in 1680 ;
and the Apothecaries company founded that at Chelsea, iu
1673. This last named expensive establislmient was com-
menced at a time when the Company was without any disposa-
ble funds ; and w hen to enter upon the undertaking, as well as
to ve-erect their Hall, burnt down in the Great Fire, they were
obliged to have recourse to the private resources of the mem-
bers.— Conduct which redounds to their honour, for tlie outlay
was without any prospect of pecuniary advantage, but merely
from a desire to promote the objects of Science.

The advantage to Horticulture, by this establishment of
Botanic Gardens was of the first importance. No Plant can
be cultivated with success, unless its native climate, soil, and
habits are attended to. This and still more is acquired in a
Botanic Garden, where Plants and their congeners are associ-
ated in cultivaliou. National establishments of this kind have

64

the power both by a command of foreign intercoure, and liberal
funds to collect specimens of new Plants from other countries.
Here the man of Science can pursue his studies under favour-
able circumstance! otherwise unattainable in ascertaining
the relationship of individuals, comparing dubious species,
witnessing their state at different periods of growth, the soils
they most delight in, &c. Facts which however more belonging
to the research of the Botanist, throw most beneficiallight upon
Horticulture. Dr. Turner, who died in 1568, was undoubtedly
the earliest in this country that discovered any considerable
knowledge of Plants; contemporary with him was Dr. Bulleyn,
already mentioned; and the same age gave birth to Penny,
Lobel, and Gerardf, men devoted to the cultivation and col-
lection of Plants. Their writings and example were most
favourably met and followed by persons of fortune. Private
Gardens performed no trivial part in encouraging the spirit of
discovering new Plants, and improving their culture. Dr.
Turner whilst at Cologn had a Garden for "rare plants." In
England, the Duke of Somerset had one at Sion House, and at
a later period. Dr. Turner had two, one at Wells, and another
at Kew.* Mrs. Gape at Westminster had a small one, which
furnished the first specimens for the Chelsea Garden. We shall
have occasion to mention many others in the course of this
chapter. It must not be supposed that Botany, as a systema-
tic Science yet existed. Generic and Specific characters were
little regarded.— Systematic arrangement beyond that of the
Alphabet was scarcely thought of. Every Herbalist was a
Florist, and in both capacities the chief object with them seem-
ed to be, to discover new Plants, for they did not then distin-
guish between a species and a variety. Parkinson, Clusius,
Gerarde, &:c. were all raisers of Florists flowers. They ap-
peared to strive to increase their acquaintance with individuals,
and thus left a mass of detached subjects, which the genius of

* Pultnoy's Sketches, v, i. p. 03.

65

Ray, Tournefort, Linnoeus, &c. afterwards arranged and illus-
trated by their systems.

It was not in Botany alone, that the knowledge of the age
was rapidly improving, but in the whole circle of the Arts and
Sciences. The Reformation was not confined to religion. By
delivering the human miiul from servile thraldom, and teaching
Man instead of bowing blindly to custom, merely on account
of its antiquity, to have a self-dependence ; to search all
things, and retain only that which is good ; it gave an impetus
to improvement, which no tyrant opposition could check.
Such men as Bacon, Peiresc, and Evelyn arose, and whilst the
first traced the path which Men of Science should tread, the two
latter lenV^hoir talents and wealth to sustain them whilst pur-
suing it.' Bacon, it has been well observed, was the first who
taught that Man was but the servant and interpreter of nature ;
capable of discovering truth in no other way than by observing
I and imitating her operations ; that facts were to be collected,
and not speculations formed ; and that the materials for the
foundations of true systems of knowledge, were to be discover-
not in the books of the ancients, not in metaphysical theories,
not in the fancies of men, but by experiment and observation
in the external world. Peiresc was a munificent Man of Letters,
his house, his advice, his purse were opened to the votaries of
every Art and every Science. His library was stored with the
literature of every age and nation ; his Garden was stored with
the most rare exotics, and thence he delighted to spread them
over Europe. Evelyn trod in the same steps. When we cast
our eyes over a list of the men of science and literature of all
denominations that adorned this age, especially in Botany and
Chemistry, the two Sciences of all others the most important
to Horticulture, we shall not be surprized to find how rapidly
it was rising from being a mere art of Empiricism. And when
we note how the thirst for foreign researches was prevalent,
we shall easily percieve by what means new plants were gained

GG

to every department of our Art. CaveHilish, but especially
Raleigh, by their visits for profit as well as fame, to the Spanish
Settlements of America in 1580 — 88, led the way, and Avere
followed by Raymond and Lancaster in 1591, who laid the
foundation of that anomalous co-partnership of commercial
monarchs, the East India Company. Annual Fleets now
returned from the East, laden with curiosities of both the
Animal and Vegetable kingdoms. Though the views of men
were not yet liberal enough to prompt them to voyages of
discovery, with an unmixed desire of extending the field of
Science, or an enlarged wish of benefit to mankind, yet new
Plants in common with other hitherto strange natural products
attracted attention, and being imported as novelties, became by
degrees to be desired, and sought for as necessaries and luxu-
ries. The Potatoe, Tobacco, and Tea need alone be instanced.

The following list of Authors, and of their works are the
sources from which I have been chiefly enabled to extract in-
formation on the state of Gardening, during the period we are
considering.

DIDYMUS MOUNTAIN.

1. The Gardener's Labyrinth, containing a discourse of the
Gardener's life, in the yearly travails to be bestowed on his
plot of earth for thfeuse of a Gai'den ; with instructions for the
choice of seeds, apt times for sowing, setting, planting,
and watering; and the vessels, and instruments serving to that
use and purpose ; wherein are set forth divers herbes, knottes,
and mazes, cunningly handled for the beautifying of Gardens;
also the physike of eche herbe, &c. Gathered out of the best
approved writers of Gardening, liusbandrie, Tiud Physike, &c,
1571, 4to. Black Letter.

2. The second part of the Gardener's Labyrinth ; uttering
suche skilful experiences and worthy secretes, about the parti-

67

cular sowing and removing of the moslc Kilchca lier bcs; with
the witlie ordering of other daiiitie herbcs, delcctubU; Fiourcs,
pleasant Fruitcs, and fine Rootes, as tho like hath not hereto-
fore been uttered of any ; beside the Physickc benefits of each
Herbe annexed, with (he conimoditie of WatepSsdistilled out of
them, right necessary to be knoweii, 1577. 4to. Again, 1573.
Again, in 1008, 4to. and in 1652, foUo.

1676, A Perfitc Plateformo of a Hoppe-Garden, and neccs-
sarie Instructions fur the making and mayiitenance
thereof, &c. By REYNOLDE SCOT, Loudon, 4to.
lilack Letter, with wood cuts. A previous edition
bears the date of 1574, and a subsequent one that of
1578. Wood in his Atheuuj Oxonicnsis, says, that
Mr. Scot, WPS the younger son of Sir John Scot, of
Scots' Hall, near Smeeth in Kent. He was educated
at Oxford, and was known for his knowledge of the
works of obscure author?. He was very fond of Hus-
bandry and Gardening, and his work is more original
than his contemporaries usually produced.

1600. A Posic of Gillie Flowers. By Humphry Glfford.
London. 4to. Of this work I know nothing but the
name. It is probably only a collection of Poetry.

150G. Gardener's Labyrinthe. By H. Dethycke. 4to.
Black Letter. Again in 1594. These arc oidy edi-
tions of Didymus Mountain's work above menlioncd.
Mountain it appears was just dead, and Dethycke,
who was his friend had promised him to edit the work.
**Its instructions and rare secrets," we are told in
the dedication are partly translated from the Greek
and Latin writers of antiquity ; and partly vvero
afforded by living practitioners, Tlie cutulu^ue of
•• tender herbcs and pleasant flowers," contains Mai-

jorum. Savoury, Herb FiuelUn, Bugloss, Blessed
Thistle, Angelica, Valerian, Balrae, Annis, Dill, Fen-
nel!, Organy, Miates, Rue or Herb Graco, Sperage,
Arache, Spinache, Beetes, Endive, Borage, Rochet,
Taragon, Parsley, Sorrell, Strawberry, Lettuce, Arti-
choke, Marigold, Rose Campions. Flower Armoure,
Flower Petilius, Columbines, Sweet Johns, Pinks,
Heart's Ease, Pionie, Red Lilie, Herb Sticas, or La-
vender-Gentle, Batchelor's Button, Gilliflowers, and
Carnations.

1588. The Good Housewife's Hande-mayde. Anon. 8vo.

THOMAS HILL, Hyll or Hyle, appears to have been a
hacknied compiler of books. It appears he resided in London
and published numerous works on Dreams, Physiognomy, Mys-
teries, Astronomy, Arithmetic, an Almanac, &c. He died early
in the seventeenth Century. He wrote also. The profitable
Arte of Gardening ; to which is added much necessarie matter,
and a number of secrets, with the Physicke helps belonging
to each hearbe, and that easily prepared. To this is annexed
two proper treatises, the one entituled the marvailous govern-
ment, propertie, and benefit of Bees, with the rare secretes of
the Honnie and Waxe. And the other, the yerely conjectures
mete for Husbandmen. To these is likewise added a Treatise
of the Arte of Graffing and planting of Trees. Gathered by
Thomas Hyll, citizen of London — London, 15G3, IGmo. The
same, London, 1568, 12mo. 1574 and 1579, 4to. Again, in
1586 without the author's name, again in 1693, All in Black
Letter. Again in 1608, 4to. 1594, 16mo.

1591. Short Instructions for Gardening and Grafting, with
diverse Plotts and Kuotts fof Gardeners. London.
4to. Auoa.

69

LEONARD MASCIIAL, was a gentlemao residing at
Piunistead, in Sussex.

1. On the Government of Cattle. 4to., with his Portrait,

1596.

2. A Book of the Art and manner how to grafF and Plant

all sortes of Trees, how to set Stones and sow Pepins, to
make wild Trees to graffe on, as also remedies and mcde-
cines, with other new practices, by one of the Abbey of the
St. Vincent, in France, with the addition of certain Dutch
practices : set forth and Englished by L. M. London,
1572, 4to. and 12mo. 1578, 4to. 1580. Black Letter.
1680, 1582, 1590, 1592, 1G52, 1656, all in 4to.

3. The Countryman's Jewel, in three books, 1G80, 8vo.

SIR HUGH PLATT or Platte, Knt. is stated by Mr. Weston
in his Catalogue of English Authors, to have been " the most
ingenious husbandman of the age he lived in." From the same
author, and from Sir Hugh's own works we learn, that he spent
part of his time at Copt Hall, in Essex, then possessed by Sir
Thomas Henneage, near which he had a country seat. In 1594,
he lived at Bishop's Hall, in Middlesex, and had an estate
near St. Albans. In the title page of his works he is stilcd " of
Lincoln's Inn, gentleman," and therefore, although he does not
inform us of what profession he was, further than that it was
widely differing from cultivating the earth, wc are j ustified in
concluding that he was in the law. lie had a very extensivii
correspondence with the lovers of Gardening, &C. He proba-
bably lived in St. Martins Lane, whore he had a garden. Ho
was living in IGOG. The following are his works.

1. Dyvcrs Soyles for manuring pasture and arable laud,
1594, Ito.

, 70

3, The Jewel House of Art and Nature, containing divers
rare and profitable inventions, together with sundry new
experiments in the Art of Husbandry, Distillation and
Moulding. Faithfully and familiarly set down according
to the author's own experience. 4to. 1504. Again in 1G53,
edited by Dr. Beati.

3. The Paradise of Flora, 1000.

4. The Garden of Eden, or an accurate description of all

Flowers and Fruits now growing in England, with particu-
lar rules how to advance their nature and growth, as well
in seeds and hearbes, as the secret ordering of Trees aftd
Plants, small 8vo. 16C0, 5th Edit. — A posthumous pub-
lication.

5. The second part of the Garden of Eden, &c. Never before

printed, IGGO.

" The Garden of Eden," is the same as " the Paradise of
Flora," with the mere alteration of the title, by a Mr. Charles
Bcllingham, a kinsman of Sir Hugh's. The second part of the
" Garden of Eden," is entirely an original composition of Bel-
lingham's.

1592. A short Instruction very profitable and necessary, for
all those that delight in Gardening, to know the time
and season when it is good to sow and replant all
manner of seeds. Whereunto is annexed, divers plots
both for planting and graffmg for the better case of
the Gardener. Translated from the French. London,
;Jilack Letter 4to, with wood cuts,

CONRAD HERESBACH was born in 1508. He became
counsellcr to tlie Duke of Clcve, and flied in 1576. He wrote

71

several theological works as well as " Rci Rusticoi libri qua-
tuor," which was published in 1570, aud " Leji;iim rufctioanuu
ot operarum per singiilos menses digesta," in 1595. lie would
not command our attention in this work if his " Rei Rusticoe/'
had not been translated by Barnaby Googe. Googc was a
Poet, born in Lincolnshire, educated at Christ's College, Cam-
bridge, studied at Staples Inn, London, and through the in-
fluence of his relative Sir William Cecil, became Gentlemen
pensioner to the Queen, In 15G3, appeared his "Eglogs,
Epitaphs, and Sonnets," which is a very rare book. In 1565,
he translated and published "the Zodiake of Life," from the
Italian, by Palingenius. His translation of Ileresbach was
printed in 1678, though the preface is dated 1557, it is enti-
tled " Foure Bookes of Husbandrie, containing:; tr.e whole art
and trade of Husbandrie, Gardenings Graffeing aud Pluntin-;
with the antiquitie and commendation thercoj." It was re-
printed in 1C14, by Gervjtse Markham, with additions.

The work is in dialogue — The first book relates to husbandry
or farming, and gives a lively sketch of the buildings, practice,
and manners of the country gentlemen of the age ; and that it
applied to those of this country appears evident from the fcvr
interpolations which may be detected as inserted by Googe.
Book the second, is a dialogue between Thrasybulus and Ma-
rius, of Gardens, Orchards and Woods, opening' with a decla-
ration of the antiquity of Horticulture — proceeds with a very
jiist description of the best situationof a Garden, the neces-
sity for a good supply of Water, and the time for applying it,
of enclosing a Garden by Walls, &c. but with especial directions
how to form a quickset hedge. — He then insists upon always
diggiiig the grou.:d some months before inserting the crops,
" thrt which you mean to sow in the end of Summer, may be
digged in the spring, &c" — " t^e beds are to be made 12 feet
long, and 6 broad, that they may be easier weeded." — Of dungs
he prefers that of the Ass. He then gives a list, of gardca

72

herbs with their times of sowing. Coleworts, Raddlsh, (one
sort) Rap'^, Fennel, Annise.Oarden Poppy, and Turnip, Beets,
(red and whi^e) Lettuce, Sorrel, Mustard, Coriander, Horse
Radish, Mallows, Bugloss, Dill, Garden Cress, Saff-'on, Sage,
Mint, Pvinpcruel, Nigella, Orace^ Cucumbers, Gourds, Hyssop,
Spinach, Basil, Pnrslane; Savory, Chervill, Rue, Mrrjorum,
Onions, (2 sorts) Garlick, Hops, Lupines, Peas, Leeks, (2 sorts)
Pennyroyal, Rockef, Naven (Cole?) Parsley, Smailage, Endive,
Carrots, Parsnips, Asparagus. The observations abo'it the
age of various seeds, and the time which elapses before the
seedlings appear, after the seed is sown, are just and demonstrate
an attention to facts not usual to the age. Then follow directions
about the most favourable age of the moon, during which to
sow. The best as all -suppose is ** the moon being aloft and
not set" — Of Asparagus he gives directions to cuUivate judicious
and nea-ly as followed at present, with directions to cook
them, " as my friend William Pratt very skillful in these matters
telleth me." "If you breake to powder the home of a Ram
and sowe it watrying it well, it is thought it will come to be
good Spcrage,' (Asparagus.) — The absurdities about Rue are
curious *• being stolen itpiospereth the better ; it is soAved with
cursing as Cummin, &c. and cannot abide the presence of an
imcloan woman." — Lettuces 3 sorts — the modes of blanching are
curious — tl^e absurdity of impari'ng various tarts to it and
other herbs, is choracteristick of the age. — Endive was
bleached in various ways. " That by " tieing the leaves to-
gether and covering them with some little earthen vessel" seems
to have anticipated our mode of blanching Sea Kale, &c,
Cole.vorts and Cabbages C — Strawberries he only mentions as
brought from the woods and grown in the Gardens— Rasp-
berries, Liquorice, Gooseberries (one sort) little attended to.
Gourds, Pompions and Cucumbers, he appears well aware of,
but there is much confusion of names, it is evident that his
Melons were only some variety of Pompions. The Arlichoke
he says, is so called from the French Artichault, which is a cor-

73

ruption of Alticocalum compounded of the Arabick article, Al,
and Cocalos, a Pine apple. Saffron was grown in largo breadths
— Rosemary was very much cullivated in the pleasure Garden,
being " sette by women for their ploasure, to grow in sundry
proportions as in the fashion of a Cart, a Peacock or such
like things as they fancie".

The edifices Hercsbach alludes to when he mentions " hottc
houses," were nothing like our present structures fitted up with
glass. They were sheds to which occasional warmth was im-
parted by Stoves, &c.

Basil "used to bee set in the middest of knottes and in win-
dowes, for the excellent savour that it hath" — the same remark
is made of Marjoram. Having thus gone through ihe inhabi-
tants of the Kitchen Garden, he commences treating of such
plants as are gx*own for pleasure, with Lavender, Flowergentle,
otherwise Amaranthus, Lavender Cotton, Gillyflowers three
sorts. Of Roses he mentions several sorts ; his directions for
making them grow double, varying tli(^ colour Sec. are a tissue
of errors — That the soil, or manure in which flowers are grown
has influence on the colour of Plants is certain. A very remark-
able fact is afforded me by a friend, that he has repeatedly
bloomed the common Primrose of a red colour by -growing it
in soot, — Lillies — Violets several sorts. — He then proceeds to
the Physic Garden. Hellebore or Bear's-foot — Angelica — Ele-
campane (Helecompany^ Wormwood, and Savine, form the
whole list — He then proceeds to direct how vermin may be
destroyed — Of planting an Orchard he treats slightly yet ju-
diciously— the ground to be dug extensively round the place
where each tree is to be placed, &c. — Upon the association of
plants he also insists. " Because there is a natural friendship and
love between certain trees, you must set them the nearer toge-
ther, as the Vine and the Olive, the Pomegranate and tlie
Myrtle" — some have a natural hatred " as the Vine with the
Filbert and the Bay" 5cc. The Advocate of Vegetable sensation

74

will accouHt for tbese plieuoiuena on principles, which are
assigned for the congregation, and association of Zoophytes ;
the Chemist will point out the exhalation of certain gasses, the
secretion of certain constituents and aromas which are mutually
salutary, ^c. The fact is incontestable that Plants do affect
certain associations. The Corn Flower (Cyanus) is found only
in fields where grain is grown, &cc. — Of grafting he is pleased to
give what is now considered a tissue of fables— as that the
Medlar may be grafted upon the Pine — the Pomegranate upon
the Ash — tho Damson on the Apple — the Cherry upon the
Fir, &e. The directions for grafting and inoculating are slight
but for the most part correct.

He then proceeds to the nursery, in which there are very few
directions given, but among them the very erroneous one of
planting deep.

Hercsbach then proceeds to dwell upon the cultivation of
the Vine, which he docs in a manner so full and satisfactory as
would not discredit a writer of the present day. — ^Thenofthe
Olive, and then of the Apple, of which there were many, but the
" cheefe in price" were the Pippin, the Romet, the Pomeroyal,
and the Marligold. — On its cultivation he is very meagre — on
the keeping of the Fruit he is more full and correct. — The Pear
he says, he has himself grafted with success when in bloom. —
They had evidently no keeping varieties — though of Apples he
had seen some that had been preserved three years. — Quinces,
Medlars 2. — Service — Pomegranate — Orange and Lemon —
showing how to shelter them with Straw, &c. in winter. —
Mulberry -Cornel— Ziziphus.— Pistachio Nuts— Bay— Al-
monds, bitter and sweet — Walnut — Hasel and Filbert — Ches-
"ut — Cherry — Plumbs seven kinds "whereof the Damson is
the principal," vsiiich demonstrates that of this fruit, they
were very deficient. — Peach, of this they must have had but
'^oor varietiea, since he says, the Apricot was much preferred.

75

being " used as a great dainty among noblemen." Some
short, general, and for the most part judicious observations on
the shelter, pruning, &:c. of Trees and the cultivation of Tim-
ber conclude the book. — Book the third is " Of feedin"-,
breeding, and curing Cattle" — the fourth "Of Poultry, Fowl,
Fish and Bees" — Upon the whole, the work is certainly, as he
makes one of the characters say in the dialogue, on a subject
"not thoroughly entreated of by others" — and therefore by
implication more perfectly by himself — It is a book repleat
with just observations, and though short and imperfect still
superior to any work that had preceded it, and in fact is
superior in the details of cultivation to Parkinson's Paradisus,
that appeared more than half a Century subsequently. Too
much however is taken from Greek and Latin Authors, rather
than from contemporary practitioners. Theophrastus, Calo,
Columella, Pliny, &ic. are continually quoted as authorities,
and, in unison with them, absurd practices, and superstition*
the most gross, are given with all the earnestness of truth.

JOHN GERARDE, was born at Nantwich in Cheshire,

1545; was educated a Surgeon, and practised in London,

where he attained considerable eminence in his profession.

He was favoured by the College of Physicians, highly e.vtoIli;d by

Lobel, by Drs. Bullcyn and Browne, and chosen master of the

company of Surgeons. He was patronized by the great Lord

Burleigh, who was a great admirer of Plants, having a better

collection at the lime than any nobleman in the kiiigd^>m.

Gerarde was superintendant of his Lordship's Garden, for

twenty years He lived in Holborn, where he had a Physic

Garden of his own, probably exceeding, in the number and

varieties of ils products, any then in England. He seems to

have travelltnl wlien young, up the Baltic. His Garden con -

t..iiied nearly eleven hundred sorts of Plants, exotic und iiiil-

geuous. In his Catalogue he descri!)es 103;J species. Tliit

( atalojjuc was hi5 lirst publication, and appoured in \'}9G, «■•»»_

76

titled, ** Catalogiis Aiborum, Fruticum, ac Plautarum, Sec. iu
horto Johannis Gerardi,"4to. Another edition was published
in 1599. In 1597, was published his " Herbal, or General His-
tory of Plants," fol. and another edition seems to have appeared
in 1599. This was founded on the works of Dodoens, though
even the originality of translation is denied hini, and given to
Dr. Priest and Lobel. Gerarde, divides the work into three
books, — 1st. Grasses, Grain, Rushes, Reeds, Flags, and bul-
bous rooted. Plants. — 2nd. Herbs used for food, medicine, or
ornament. 3rd. Trees, Shrubs, Fruit bearing Plants, Rosins,
Gums, Roses, Heaths, Mosses, Mushrooms, and sea Plants. —
The whole divided into 800 chapters. In each chapter the
several species are described, then follow the habitat, time of
flowering, names and qualities. From various causes, but
especially from being in English, and obtaining so learned an
editor, in 1636, as Johnson, it remained the standard Botan-
nical work, for more than a Century. Gerarde, was certainly
as good a practical Botanist as the age afforded. Gerarde
died in 1607. Of his " Catalogue" scarcely a copy re-
mains, except one in the British Museum, and another in the
Bodleian Library.

The portraits of Gerarde, mentioned by Grainger, are, John
Gerarde ; engraved by William Rogers, for the first edition of
Lis " Herbal."

John Gerarde ; engraved by Payne, for Johnson's edition of
the same work.

WILLIAM LAWSON, an author who professed to write
entirely from experience, published the following works,

1; A new Orchard and Garden ; or the best way for planting,
graffing, and to make any ground good for a rich Or-
chard : particularly in the North, and generally for the

77

whole commonwealth ; with the country Housewife's Gar-
den, for herbs of common use ; their Virtues, Seasons,
Profits, Ornaments : variety of knotts, models for Trees,
and plots for the best ordering of grounds and walks. As
also the husbandry of Bees, with their several uses and
annoyances : all being the experience of forty and eight
years labour, and now the third time, corrected and much
enlarged. Whereunto is newly added the art of propagat-
ing Plants, with the true ordering of all manner of Fruits,
in their gathering, carrying home, and preservation. —
Followed by a most profitable new treatise from approved
experience of the Art of propagating plants. By Simon
Harwood — London 4to. 1597 — 1615—18—23 — 26— 4a
—49. Again much enlarged in 1G65 and 76. It was
printed along with Markham's Way to get Wealth, 164S
and 1660.

2» Tractatus de Agricultura — London 4to. 1666 and 1637.

1599. Gardener's Kitchen Garden. This Work is mentioned
in Piatt's Garden of Eden.

A new book of Good Husbandry. By G. CHURCHY,
of Lyons Inn. A translation of Dubravius on Fish,
&c. is added.

1600. In this year was published. Approved experiments
touching Fish and Fruit to be regarded by the lovers
of Angling. By JOHNTAVERNEK. 4to.*

1604. The Fruiterer's Secrets, 4to. Black Letter. Without
the author's name. It contains some curious direc-
tions for preserving Fruits, &c.f

• Hawkin't Life of Isaac WaHon. + Loudon's EncycloptEJia of Garden-
ing, p. 1099. Edit. 5th.

78
1(500. Flora'* Paradise beaHtified. Anonymous.

1609. A Treatise on Mulberries, by W. S.

1612. An old thrift newly revived. Of planting and prescrviiij

of Timber and Fuel, by R. C. In four parts, 4to.

1613. New directions of experience authorized by the King's

most excellent Majesty, as may appear, for the plant-
ing of Timber and Fire wood, &c. And how wood
may be raised from hedges, as may plentifully main-
tain the kingdom for all purposes without loss of
ground : so as within thirty years all spring woods
may be converted to tillage and pasture. By AR-
THUR STANDISH, London, 4to. Again in 1614.
Btandish, two years previously, had written, " The
Commons Complaint of the waste of Wood, and dearth
of victuals, &c." and this appears as an answer to it.

1615. Draughts for Gardeners, Glaziers, and Plaisterers,
By WALTER GIDDE or Gedde, London.

1622. In ** a Treatise on the Art of making silk," by JOHN
BONFEIL, 4to. there is a chapter containing, " In-
structions how to plant and dress Vines, and to make
Wine, and how to dry Raisins, Lemons, Pomegran-
ates, Almonds, and many other Fruits," pp. 36
—88.

GERVASE (Gervas, or Jarvise) MARKHAM, was bcrn at
Gotham in Nottiughamshire, the youngor and portionless son
of Robert Markhara Esq. about the middle of the 16th Cen-
tury, as we are assured by the circumstance of his being Avhcn
in the prime of life, champion and gallant of the Countess of
Shrewsbury, in 1591, and in whose cause he was dangerously

79

wounded in a duel by Sir John Holies.* He served as a Cap-
tain in the Royal Army during the Civil Wars. The period of
his death is uncertain. He was a very voluminous writer,
and appears to have been the first Englishman who, de-
pending upon the produce of his Pen for subsistence, became
a hackney author. f His works which deserve notice here are
contained in the following list, besides which he wrote many
on horsemanship, the diseases of cattle, &:c. '

1. The English Husbandman. 2 parts, London, 1613, 4to.

The same enlarged, 1633.

2. Maison Rustique, or the country Farmer, translated from
the French ; and the Husbandrie of France, Italic, and
Spaine, reconciled and made to agree with ours here iu
England, London 1616, folio.

3. Farewell to Husbandry ; or the enrichment of all sorts of bar-
ren grounds. London. 1620 — 2L — 25 — 31 — 4U. all in 4;o.

4. Enrichment of the Weold of Kent ; or a direction to the
husbandman, for the true ordering, manuring, and enrich-
ing of all the grounds within the Weolds of Kent and
Sussex ; and may generally serve for all the grounds in
England of that nature. London. 1631 — 1649, 1675— 4to.

5. The Country Housewife's Garden. 1623 — 1648. 4to.

«. The Way to get Wealth, in six parts. 1648 — Editions in
1660, and 64. are said in the Title pages to bf? the tenth
and eleventh.

There are two portraits of him extant.

• Collins' I Historical collections of the families of Cavenilii>h, IIoIIo^, Ac.
+ Harta'* Etsnyi on Husbandry, v. ii. p. 32.

80

1. Mr. Gerrasp Markham. A small oral, in the title of his
*' Perfect Horseman." 8vo,

2, Mr. Gervase Markham. Enlarged from the above. B.

Reading. So. 8vo. T. Rodd. exc.

163S. In 'this year, Dr. Thomas Johnson, edited a new edition
of Gerarde's Herbal, Folio, of which edition Haller, says,
*' Dignum opus, et totius rei herbarice eo aevo notos, com-
pendium."

Sir HENRY WOTTON, was born at Bocton Hall, Kent, in
15G8. — Fiom a Tutor at home he was sent early to Winchester
School. At a fit age he became a Commoner of New College,
Oxford, where he continued until his eighteenth year, and was
then transplanted to Queen's College, and the same year wrote
his Tragedy of Tancred. At twenty he proceeded. M. A — at
which time he gained much distinction for his three Latin Lec-
tures de Oculo. At the age of twenty four he commenced his
travels, which he continued nearly nine years, in France, Ger-
many, and Italy. — He returned to England when about thirty —
was in exile as a parti zan of the Earl of Essex— returned in
the reign of James the I. and was three times Ambassador at
the Court of Venice, — and several times to various of the
German Princes. In 1624 he was appointed Provost of Eton
College, of which office he died in the possession, December,
1639.—

He chiefly deserves notice here on account of his casual
remarks upon Gardening, in his Essay on the Elements of
Architecture. He is most unaccountably superficial and slight-
ing in his animadversions upon a proper scite for building a
house upon — for after giving the warning opinions of several
predecessors he adds " But such Notes as these wheresoever
we find them in grave or slight authors, are to my conceit

81

rather wishes than precepts, and in that quality I will pass
them over. Yet I must withal say that in the seating of our-
selves (whirh is a kind of marriage to a place) builders
should be as circunispcct as wooers, lest when all is done, that
doom bofal us, which our master (Vitruvius) doth lay upon
Myteline " a Town in truth, saith he, finely built, but foolishly
planted,"*

Of the style to be admired in Gardening he is as concise;
the little ho says however is just, and evinces that correct taste
which dictates, that though the grounds at l:uge, byjdegrecs as
we proceed from the mansion, should become irregular and imi-
tations of picturesque nature, yet in the immediate neighbour-
hood of the house. Art should bo more manifest. " I must note
a certain contrariety between building and gardening, for as
fabricks should bo regular, gardens should be irregular, or at
least cast into a very wild regularity. To exemplify my con-
ceit, I have seen a Garden, for the manner perchance incom-
parable, into which the first access was a high walk like a
Terrace, from whence might be taken a general view of the
whole Plot below, but rather in delightful confusion, than
with any plain distinction of the species. From this the
beholder descending many steps was afterwards conveyed
again by several mountings and valings, to various entertain-
ments of his scent and sight, which I shall not need to describe
for that were poetical, let me only note this, that every one of
these diversities, was as if he had been magically transported
into a new garden. But though other countrys have more
benefit of Sun than we, and thereby more proi)erly tied to
contemplate this delight, yet have I seen in our own, a dehcato
and diligent curiosity, surely without parellel among foreign
nations, namely, in the Garden of Sir Henry Fenshaw, at his
seat in Ware Park, where I well remember, he did so precisely
examine the tinctures and seasons of his flowers, that in their

• Reliquioe Wottoniaaae, edited by Ijaac Walton. 3rd Edit. p. 9.

82

settinj^s, the inwardest of which that were to come up at the
same time, should be always a little darker than the outmost,
and to serve them for a kind of gentle shadow, like apiece, not
of Nature, but of Art. Of figured fountains I will describe a
matchless pattern done by the hand of Michael Angelo de
Buonaroti, in the figure of a sturdy woman washing and wind-
ing of linen clothes, in which act, she wrings out the water that
made the fountain ; which was a graceful and natural conceit —
the Artificer, implying this rule ; that all designs of this kind
should be proper.*'*

JOHN PARKINSON, was born in 15G7. according to the
date on his portrait prefixed to his ** Paradisus." — He was by
profession an Apothecary, and so eminent as to act in that
capacity to James the I. — He was also a distinguished Horti-
culturist and Botanist, his "Theatre of Plants" obtaining for
him, from Charles the I. the title of " Botanicus Regius Pri-
marius." — He spent nearly forty years in travelling. (Paradisus
p. 63) He was proprietor of a garden well stocked with scarce
plants. The time of his death is not ascertained, but it occured
between 1G40, and 1656. His first publication was " Paradisi
in sole Paradisus terrestris, or a garden of all sorts of pleasant
flowers which our English ayre will permitt to be noursed up,
with a kitchen garden of all manner of herbes, rootes, and
fruites for meate or sause, used with us, and an orchard of all
sorte of fruit bearing trees and shrubbes fit for our land;
together with the right orderinge, planting, and preserving of
them, and their uses and vertucs. 1629." folio, with an engraved
title page representing the garden of Eden,a portrait of the
author, and 109 wood cuts of fruits and flowers. The dedica-
tion to the Queen. A second edition appeared corrected and
enlarged, after his death, in 1656. In 1640 appeared his
" Theatrum Botannicum or Theatre of Plants, or an Herbal
of large extent, &c." — The most extensive Botannical work
then extant.

• Reliquiae Wottonianoc. p. €4 — 5.

83

His " Paradisus," wc Icani from the dedication, [was written
long before it was published. — " Some through an evil dispo-
sition" charged him as having obtained the work from sonui
other person — a charge we may believe to' be without founda-
tion, as we have no mention of it but in his own preface.

In the first Chapter he considers, " The situation of a Gar-.
den of pleasure, (i. e. a Flower Garden,) with the nature of
soyles, and how to mend the defects, &c." Sheltered from the
North ; and not on the East, or ou the West side of the house,
not on moorish ground, or near any manufactory, that may
taint the air with smoko, " especially of Sea Coals which of
all others is the worst, as our City of London can give proof
sutticieut, wherein neither herb nor tree will long prosper, nor
hath done ever since the use of Sea Coals began to be frequent
therein." — Black mould the best soil, stiff clay the worst.— In
the directions for manuring and mixing soils, he is concise and
judicious. — Chap. 2. " The frame or forme of a Garden of
delight or pleasure." — The plans he gives are the very quint-
essence of regularity and formality. — One remark is Judicious,
and is confirmed by modern approbation, " the fairer and
larger your aUics and walks be, the more grace your Garden
shall have" — his plans however are in strange opposition to
this rule for to have as many as are represented in them, they
must be gmall and mean. — Chap. 3. Of the Herbes, &c, of
which the borders of the beds may be formed. — Germander
used before his time to be used for this purpose, as Thrift was
chic/ly then. Germander was still more in use, because " tiie
cuttings are much used as a strawing herb;! for houses."
— Hyssop, Marjory, Savory, and Tliyme, were emyloyed for
the purpose, but Lavender Cotton was in greater request "of
late dales" being rare, novel, and for the most part but in the
gardens of great persons'' — Juniper and Yew were also used,
but he recommends above all the Box, thougli it was " only
received into the Gardens of the curious." — Of dead materials

84

for edgings, sheet lead, oak boards, shank bones of sheep,
tiles, round whitish pebbles, are severally admired, but espe-
cially the last " for durability, beauty of the sight, handsome-
ness in the work, and ease in the working: and charge," — but
Jaw Bones " used in the Low Countries, are loo gross and
base," — For the Hedge ; Privet, Sweet Briar, White Thorn, and
Roses, alone or mingled, were employed. Lavender, Rosemary,
Sage, Southernwood, Lavender Cotton, the Cornell Tree, and
and Pyracantha were used by some persons. — Chap. 4. Of the
nature and names of divers out-landish flowers, &c. In which
he mentions of Daffodils " almost an hundred sorts," including
our Narcissus, Jonquil, &c.of Fritillaria, "half a score." — Hy-
acinths above 60 — of the Crocus 20, Spring and Autumn
flowering, &c. Meadow Saffron many varieties. Lillies 20,
including Crown Imperials, and Martagons. Of Tulips " which
are the pride of delight almost infinite," he had IGO in his
own possession, yet he doubted not there were ten limes as
many. So generally was this flower admired, that he says
scarce any Lady of worth but was a delighter in them. Ane-
monies (Lobel, gives a list of 38 varieties,) Bear's Ears or French
Cowslips, Flower-de-luces, Hepaticas, Cyclamen, Leucoium,
Musk Grape flower. Star flowers, Spiderwort, Wolf's Bane,
Christmas flower^ Bell flower. Yellow Lark spur. Flower-gentle,
Flower of the Sun, Marvel of Peru, Double Marsh, and
French Marigold, double Red Ranunculus, Jasmines, double
Honeysuckles, Ladies Bower, Roses, Ray Cherry, Oleander,
Syringas, Pyracantha, Lacerustinus, and Mezereon, conclude
his list of flowers. Sec. " to be planted in Gardens of pleasure
for delight.''— Chap. 6. Of such flowers as being cultivated in
this country for a great length of period were considered as
English flowers.' These consists of Primroses and Cowslips,
yellow and green, both double and single — Single Rose Cam-
pions, white, red, and blush — double red Rose Campion — Non-
such white, blush orange, and double orange — Batchelor's
Buttons, white and red — Wall flowers double and single — Stock

85

GilUfloxvers— the single " in every woman's Giir(len*'~tlu' tlun-
ble posscsed by few. — Queen or Winter Cillillowers — Violets
— Snapdragon — Columbines many varieties single anil dovible
— " Larkes heclcs, or spurros, or toes" — many single and
double, "the double rare" — Pansics — Double Poppies —
Double Daisies, many varieties — Double and French Marigolds.
— Carnations and Gillyflowers many, they being " the queoii of
delights and of flowers" — Pinks — Sweet Williams — Sweet Johns
many — Paionies, single and double — Hollihocks many, single
and double — Roses many "the white, the red and the damaske
are the most ancient standards in England" — Chap, G. Tho
order and manner to plant and replant out-landish flowers, &c.
— of which " our English Gardeners are all or the most part of
them utterly ignorant'' — " all bulbous roots should be planted
in July, August or September ; and not in the Spring" — a form
of practice which shews Parkinson to have been as ignorant of
this branch of Floriculture as needs be — His directions for
planting such flowers as bloom nearly at the same time togotlier
are judicious and demonstrations of correct taste, as, arc his
arrangements in knots, the creeping flowers near the edge, and
the highest in the middle. His directions about planting bulbs
deep are egregiously wrong, and indeed the only reason he
assigns, is because they arc thence protected from hard frosts,
which they could only be injured by if planted as he directs in
Autumn. Ilis directions about arranging fibrous roots when
planting might be attended to with advantage by modern Hor-
ticulturists. The Sun-flower, &:c. he says required to be raised
early in a hot-bed, or they never perfected their seed but in
very hot Summers — Either these plants have changed their habit,
or our climate is much ameliorated.— His observation upon
giving little water to bulbs, and not employing any Water that
is just drawn from a well or pump, are confirmed as true by
modern practice. Cliap. 7. The months of the year in which
the scarcer flowers bloom— not differing from the periods n:)W.
— Chap, 8. Informs us " that because Carnations and Gilly-

86

flowers be the chiefest flowers of account in all our English
Gardens" be treats more largely here of the •* true manner and
order to increase and preserve them." — Propagating thera by
layers he says is "of later invention" — To protect the Carna-
tions from Earwigs some persons placed them in cups with a
rim full of Water round — a totally inefficient remedy as these
vermin are gifted with wings.— The whole chapter contains as
judicious directions for the culture of this flower as any that
modern times have produced — the only point on which he does
not afl'ord instruction being the nature of the Soil best suited
to them. Modern ingenuity has improved the arrangement,
and conveniences of shelter for them — but Parkinson's mode of
culture is little altered to this day— His statement that Snow is
injurious to them is erroneous. — Chap. 9. "That there is not
any art whereby any flower may be made to grow double, that
was naturally single, nor of any other scent or colour than it
first had by nature ; nor that the sowing or planting of herbes
one deeper than other, will cause them to be in flower one after
another, every moneth in theyeare." Against these opinions he
argues acutely and philosophically much above his age,
though he does " thinke some constellations, and peradventure
changes of the moone, &c. were appointed by the God of
nature, as conducing and helping to the making of those flow-
ers double, that nature had so produced."

Then commences his description of individual species— Crowa
Imperial & Frittilaries, thirteen varieties. Persian Lily— Marta-
gonl8 — Lilies 8 — Tulips various, early and late flowerhig, 137.
and refers to many others which he does not describe. He
talks of sowing a pock of Tulip seed, an evidence how largely
they were cultivated. — Of the cultivation of this flower he is
tolerably copious and correct, addressing his remarks here as
upon other occasions to "Gentlewomen for their delights," flo-
riculture thon,as now,finding its best patrons among the fair sex.
Narcissus, and Daflodils 06 — Bulbous rooted Violet 5^Hya-

87

ciiiths 50 — Star of Bethlehem 11 — Moly Iff— Asphodels 8—
Spiderwort 5 — Meadow Saffron 19 — Crocus 31 — Irises 73—
Gladiolus C — Orchises 6, and says there were many more.
Dog's Tooth Violet 3 — Cycloiuens 10. — Of Anemones 67 are
specified, but there were innumerable others to distinguish which
•'"would gravell the best experienced this day in Europe."
Yet the art of raising varieties from seed was not familiarly
known here in his time, he says, but practised extensively ia
the Low Countries, some of their varieties bearing such a high
price that no Englishman would buy them. — His directions for
cultivation are slight but in conformity with modern practice —
Aconites 4 — Ranunculuses 23 — Marsh Marigold — Hepaticas
10— Cranes Bill 9 — Sanicle 3 — Navelwort 4 — Moonwort — Au-
riculas 22, and notes that there are many others. Primroses
and Cowslips 21 — Lungwort 3 — Borage 3 — Bugloss 3 —
Lychnis 11 — Wallflowers 7 — Stock Gillyflowers 10 — Honesty,
or Satin flower 2 — Linaria 6 — Antirrhinum 4 — "Willow flower- -
Columbines 5 — ^Thalictrum 2 — Hollow Root 3, Lark Spurs a,
and some varieties — Balsam Apple — Nasturtium, it was not
then a kitchen herb — Violets 5 including Pansie?; — Barrenwort
— Poppies 4, and some others not specified — Nigella 3 — Pel-
litory 2 — Featherfew — Chamomile 2 — Adonis — Oxe Eye,
3 — Sun flowers — Marigolds 2— Star wort 2— Golden Mouse
car. — Scorzonera 2 — Goat's Beard 2 — French Marigold 8.
Carnations and Gilliflowers 62, and some varieties besides.
Pinks, 20 — Sweet Johns and Williams 8 — Daisy 8 — Scabians
3. Blue Bottles 3 — Spanish Knapweed — Bastard Saifron—
Acanthus 2 — Thistles 6 — Fraxinella 4 — Lupines 4 — Everlast-
ing Sweet Peas &c. 4 — Medica 5 — Caterpillars 2 — Red Satin
Flower — Peony 6 — Black Hellebore 2 — White Hellebore 2 —
Ladies Slipper 3— Lily of the Valley 2 — Gentian G — Rose Plan-
tain— Campanidas 9 — Convolvolus 5 — Stramonium 4 — To-
bacco 2 — Marvel of Peru G— IloUihocks 8 — Amaranthus 5
Goldilocks 3 — LoveEvcrlasting 3 — India Reed — Mandi akos. —
Love Apples 3— Foxglove?— Mullein 10— Valerian 3— Cuckoo

88

Flowers 2— Candy Tuft 3 — Periwinkle 3— Clematis 6 — Passion
ri(wcr, then called Moracoc or Virginia Creeper — Spurge
Qlive 3 — Laurustinus — Oleander — Portugal Laurel — Double
blossomed Clieny— Double blossomed Apple — Double blos-
somed Pcacb— Honey-suckles 3 — Jasmine 3— Lilacs 5 —
G elder Rose — Roses 24, and others not specified. Cistas

7 Rosemary 4 — Myrtle 3 — Pomegranate 3 — Winter Cherry

^India Fig— Arbor Vitoe— Judas Tree — Laburnum Tree
—Trefoil 2— Bastard Senna 3— Spanish Broom — Virgi-
nian Silk — Privet — Variegated Sage — Marjoram 3— Lavender
3— Lavender Cotton — Basil 3— Thyme 4^-Hyssop 5— Varie-
gated Grass 3.

At page 4G1 commences "The Ordering of the Kitchen
Garden" — In the first Chap. *• on the situation" there is little
else in addition to that given in the chapter on a similar sub-
ject for the Pleasure Garden, and of that little the chief pari
is erroneus. — Chap. 2. On the form of the Garden, contains
nothing relating to that subject, but serves to demonstrate that
the practice of this department, was not so much attended to, by
stating that Radishes, Lettuces, Onions, Parsnips and Carrots
may be sown promiscuously together, and drawn from each other
as wanted, and that Cabbages were usually planted round the
beds containing other crops. — Chap. 3. is chiefly on the
growing of Seeds, of which he says "our chiefest and greatest
Gardeners" provided themselves every year of many kinds, but
not all from their own ground. English seed of the following
kinds Was esteemed more than any that was imported, viz.
Radish, Lettuce, Carrots, Parsnips, Turnips, Cabbages, and
Leeks, yet to raise Cabbage seed was very difficult in our
climate, the stocks being spoiled by the severe winters, to ob-
viate which " they bring them into the house, and there wrap
them either in cloths, or other things to defend them from the
cold, and hang them up in a dry place until the beginning of
the March following, &c."— But little Ouiou seed was grown by

89

Oai'Jeners here, and that "for their own, or their private friends
?|)Ciicliiig." — Chap. 4. "How to order Artichokes, Melons,
Cucumbers, anil Pompions" but it is chiolly occupied witli the
second — It demonstrates the ignorance which existed as to
forcing; for though he directs the seed to be sown in a hot
bed, it was not to bo done until April, and the plants were to
be moved out into very rich soil without bottom heat, and to
" cover them with straw, (some do use grfat hollow glasses
like unto bell heads) or some such other things to defend them
from cold evenings or days, and the heat of the sun while they
are young and new planted" — The Melon he says was eaten
with Pepper, Salt and Wine./ — Chap. 5. " The ordering of
divers sorts of herhes, &c." enumerates Rosemary, Thyme,
Savoury, (Winter and Summer) Mints 3, Clary, Nop, Cost-
mary. Pot Marjoram, Pennyroyal, Aliisander, Parsley. Penncl,
Borage, (red, white, green and yellow) Bugloss, Marigolds,
Langedebeefe? — Orach, Beets, Elites, Bloodwort, Patience,
French Mallows, Olives and Garlic. — Chap. G. Of SalletHeibs.
Commences with Asparagus "a principal and delectable Sallet
lierbe'' which was boiled and eaten with Butter and Vinegar —
Of its cultivation he is cursory and nothing near so correct as
Cato in his " De Re Rustica" — Lettuces, (eleven sorts) Cab-
bage and " open Lettuces" that were to be tied together that
the inner leaves may become whitish." — Lamb's Lettuce, Purs-
lane, Spinach " a Sallet that hath little or no taste, and tiiere-
fore Cooks know how to make many a good dish of meat with it,
by putting Sugar and Spice thereto," Cabbages and Coleworts
11, almost continetl to the poorer sort of people, yet some
miglit be dressed so as " to delight a curious palate." The
mid-ribs of the leaves were boiled and eaten cold with vinegar
and oil. CauliHowers " are to be had in this country but very
seldom, for that it is hard to meet with good seed." Endive
plain, and curled. His mode of bleaching in sand, is the best
that ran be practised. Succory, Red Beet, " seed obtained
from abroad," Sorrel. Chervill, Sweet Chervil, or Cis, Raiu-

90

])iou—Cicss— Rocket— Tarragon— Mustard— Horse Radish —
" the root thereof ground like mustard," and eaten generally
with tish. Tanscy— Burnet— Skirrets— Clove— Gillyflowers,
mixed with Sugar and Vinegar " make a sallet uow-a-days in
the highest esteem with Gentles and Ladies of the greatest
note."— Goat's Beard. Chap. 7. Of divers Physical herbs.
Angelica " so good a herb that there is no part thereof but is
of much use"— Rue — Dragons — Valerian — Asarabacca — Mas-
torwort — Balm— Chamomile — Featherfew — Costmary — Maud-
lin—Cassidonie—Smallage— Blessed Thistle— Winter Cherry,
Celandine— Tobacco — Spurge — Bear'sfoot — Soloman's Seal —
Liquorice. At page 474, he commences a more distinct account
of Herbs &c. accompanied by cuts. Of those not mentioned
before are Sage, large and small leaved; Rhubarb (Rhearapon-
ticum) which was introduced by Parkinson, being sent to him
"from beyond Sea" by '"Mr. Dr. Matth. Lister," Dill-
Parsnips 2— Carrots 4 — Turnips 5 — Radishes 4 — Onions 5 —
Leeks 5--Scallions — Garlick — Caraway — Spanish Potatoes —
Virginia Potatoes, our common Canada Potatoes (Jerusalem
Artichokej Artichokes 8 — but of these "our English red Arti-
choke is in our country the most delicate meat of any of the
other, therefore divers thinking it to be a several kind, have
sent them into Italy, France, and the Low Countries" where
they always degenerated in two years. The Chardon "we
cannot find the true manner of dressing, that our country may
take a delight therein,"— Beans 2, much grow^n; Kidney
Beans "almost infinite sorts and colours'' "more oftentimes at
rich meu's tables than at the poore." Pea%e 9— Cucumbers 6
— Melons 3. The best seed from Spain, formerly "only eaten
by great personages," " but now divers others that have skill
and convenience of ground for them, do plant them and make
them more common". Pompions and Gourds; Strawberries
were evidently of inferior sorts, and not properly cultivated ;
he mentions 7 kinds —

01

At page 535 commences "The ordering of tlic Onliaid,"
Chap. 1. treats of the situation and soil of the Orchard con-
cisely, but judiciously. His reprobation'of the practice of dig-
ging and manuring a hole merely, where each Tree is to be
placed, instead of trenching and ameliorating the ^vhole scit:-,
might be repeated with justice to many planters of the present
day. Chap. 2. Of the form of an Orchard, contains this
judicious direction, that the tallest standards, as Pears, Cher-
ries, should be placed to the north, and so gradually those of
the smaller altitude, that the most shelter may be attbrded, and
tho least sun prevented to them. Quinces were grown against
the North and West Walls. Chap. 3. Of Grafting, is generally
correct and in accordance with our present practice. He
especially insists upon budding, in preference to grafting for all
Stone fruit : That the White Thorn is the best stock fur tho
Medlar to be grafted upon; a fact which Botany justifies.
Smith having demonstrated them to be of the same Genus. —
Upon raising varieties from seed, he observes, that instead of
waiting twelve or more years, to ascertain if they are worth pre-
serving, the fact may be ascertained in a fourth the time by graft-
ing from them, a judicious practice which has been lately brought
forward to the Horticultural World, and the additional intcrestof
novelty claimed for it. Chap. 4. Is dir£ctions for the various
modes of grafting. Of budding he says, " though sufficiently
known in many places of this land, yet as I understand, good
Gardeners in the North parts, and likewise in some other
places, can scarce tell what it meaneth." Chap. 5. Is of propa-
gating Roses by budding and by seed. Chap. 6. Is some general
directions about grafting and movingtrecs. Chap. 7. Of pruning
is very superficial and general. Chai?. 8. Of the enemies
and diseases of Fruit, he is in general correct, often judicious.
lie recommends Vinegar to be applied to the canker of Trees,
a practice Chemistry supports, since Vauquelin has demon-
strated the disease arjscs from the alkalescent state of tiie S.tp.
—His plan of preventing Ants ascending Trees by tarring (he

92

stems, and of jircventing- the attacks of Hares and Rabbits by
snieaiing^ the trunks wilh a mixture of Cow dung, and Urine,
rvre practices still in uso. Chap. 9. Is of the transplanting of
Evergreens. Chnp. 10. Is of the ordering of Vines, a Fruit
Tree he says formerly grown in abundance in Vineyards, espe-
cially by the Monks, the Wine of which supplied them year by
year; "but they have long since been destroyed, and the
knowledge how to order a Vineyard is also utterly perished
with them," lie mentions many gentlemen having tried to
liave them, bringing Frenchmen over to attend them, but the
produce was uniformly " small and heartless;" and the Vine
in his time was scarcely attended to, even when grown against
a Wall. Chap. 11. Is of preserving Grapes through the Win-
ter in sand, kc. At page, 657, commences his list and de-
scriptions of the Fruits " proper for our climate." Raspberry
r^d, white, and thornless — Currants red 2, white and black. —
Goosberries or Fleaberries6. — Barberry — Filberts 3 — Grapes
23 — Figs 3 — Service 2 — Medlars 3 — Lote 3 — Cornell 2 — Cher-
ries 36 — Plumbs Gl — Apricots 6 — Peaches 21, and others with-
out names. Nectarines (" have been with us not many years") 6.
— Almonds, bitter, and sweet — Oranges, which he says were
grown in large boxes, to be pulled into the house, or under a wall
covered with a sear cloth, and " some comfort in the colder
times" was given them by a stove. This is the first rude attempt
that we have notice of by an English writer, approaching to the
idea of a hot-house, or conservatory, but with the notice we have
before of Bell-glasses, was evidently leading to their construction ;
no tent or mean provision, he continues, will preserve them.
Apples 78. and many others, or perhaps merely names for others
already specified. Quinces 6 — Pears 64 — many others, and the
varieties increasing yearly. Walnut — Sweet Chesnut, just come
from Turkey, and but little known — he confounds it with the
Horse Chesnut — Mulberries 3. His Corollary to the Orchard,
commences at page 598, and contains the Bay, Pine, Fir, Ever-
green Oak, Cypress, Arbutus, Evergreen Privet, Pyracantha,

93

Yew, Box 3, Savine, Christ's Thorn, Larch, Lime (properly
Line or Linden Tree) Tamarisk 2, Sycamore — Bladder Nuf,
— Sumach 2, and Virginia Vine or Ivy,

Thus conchides this work, •\»hich though containing not so
much on the cultivation of the plants, as we deem necessary in a
work of general Horticulture, may bo the more excused, as
that what he wrote was original, the result of his own prac-
tice and enquiries.

There are three portraits of Parkinson known.

1. Johannis Parkinsoni, pharmacopcei Londinensis effigies.
LXIL ostatis annum agentis, a nato Christo, 162J). Before
bis Paradisus Terrestris. Wood Cut by Christopher
Switzer.

2. John Parkinson. A small oval, in the title of his " Thea-
tre of Plants." By W. Marshall.

3. John Parkinson. An Oval by W. Richardson.

1G31. Observations on Sir Francis Bacon's Natural History,
so far as it concerns Fruit Trees. By FIIANCLS
AUSTEN. 4to. Again in 1G57.

GABRIEL PLATTES was of humble origin, but of his
lineage, place of nativity &c, I have discovered nothing. His
works however demonstrate that he was a i)ractical man of
clear intellect, and o])serving mind. Being a needy m;in, he at
times was dependant upon the bounty of others for subsistence,
amongst those who chiefly administered to his relief WcS
S. Hartlib, to whom he bequeathed his papers, few of which
were published. He died miserably in the streets, almost in a
slate of nudity. That he was justly estimated by his coulou-

94

poraries is eTideot. Harte says of him, that " he had a bokl
adventurous cast of mind" — Weston in his Catalogue of
English Authors says, he was an original genius in '.husbandry
and an ingenious writer. Another author stiles him " a sin-
gular honest man,''— a fourth says "he had as excellent a genius
in a'Ticulture as any man that ever lived in this nation before
him." — Yet this man was permitted to live in poverty, and to
die ultimately of want, affording another testimony that those
who benefit by the efforts of another's genius, but seldom feel
grateful for, or appreciate the benefits they receive, but whilst
they are enjoying them, as Frederick of Prussia said in dis-
carding Voltaire " Having extracted all the juice, I merely
neglect the rind." He was the author of,

1. A Treatise of Husbandry. 4to. 1638. and 1674.

2. Practical Husbandry improved, a discourse of infinite trea-
sure, hidden since the World's beginning, in the way of
husbandry. 4to. 1639— 1G53— 1656.

3. Recreatio Agricoloe. London. 1640. 4to.

4. The Profitable InteUigencer. London. 1§44. 4to.

5. Observations and Improvements in Husbandry, with twenty
experiments. London. 1653. 4to. He also wrote, " Art's
Mistress," containing his own experiments for fifty years,
which however was not published, (Weston's Catalogue,
p. 15.)

1640. The Countryman's Recreation, or the Art of Planting,
Graffeing, and Gardening, In three Books. With a
perfect platforme of a Hop Garden, Without the
author's name. 4to. Loudon,

95

The Exi>ert Gardener, collected out of Dutch
and French Author's, ^\ithout an author's name.
Another Edition with plates appeared in 1G54. Dr,
Watts in hisBibliotheca Britanuica, mentions as bear-
ing the date 1640, " The Expert Gardener, or a
Treatise concerning Gardening and Grafting. Lon-
don. 4to. By C. DE SERCY. Whether these are the
same works I cannot determine.,

SIR RICHARD WESTON of Sutton in Surrey, was am-
bassador from the court of James the I. in 1619 to Frederick
V. Elector Palatine, and King of Bohemia. He deserves a
record here from his having written a work on the Agriculture
of Flanders, which, as it has been remarked (Pliilosopliic
Transactions^ has profited England to the amount of many
millions by rendering us acquainted with the practice of tliat
countsy. It is entitled,

1. A discourse of husbandrie used in Brabant and Flanders,
"shewing the wonderful improvement of land there: and
serving as a pattern for our practice in this commonwealth
4to. 1645. The second edition enlarged, was edited by
Hartlib in 1652.

2. Brief discoveries of ways and means for manuring and im-
proving land, 1646.

3. He was present at the battle of Prague, of which he has
left a curious account still preserved in MS.

The *' Discourse of Husbandrie" was dedicated to Samuel
Hartlib, who published it without knowing at the time who was
the author. In another edition (Weston thinks in 1655) Ilarl-
lib annexed Dr. Beati's annotations to it. It has always
been estimated as an excellent work.

96

1G45. An essay on Timber Trees. By JOSEPH IIALL, of

Shediey in Yorkshire.

WALTER BLYTIIE, was an officer in the army of Oliver
Cromwoll. Dr. Bcale calls him, ** Honest Captain Blythe."
He was instrumental in introducing many improvements into
Ireland and Scotland. He wrote,

1. The English Improver improved ; or the survey of Hus-
bandry surveyed, discovering the improvableness of all
lands. 4to. with plates. 1G49. 3rd edit. 1653. Profes-
sor Martyn in Miller's Dictionary, terms it " an original,
and incomparable work for the time.".

2. Survey of Husbandry, discovering the best molhods of im-

proving all sorts of lauds. 1G49. folio.

SAMUEL HARTLIB, came to Ei^gland about 1630, though
Warton places Lis arrival ten years later, which is certainly an
error, as he is known to liave been intimate with Archbishop
Usher and Joseph Mede, long previous to that year. He was
the Son of a Poland Merchant, settled at Elbing in Prussia.
• — He carried on an extensive agency business, was an ac-
tive supporter of Drury's scheme of uniting the Protestant
churches ; and assisted in establishing the embryo of the Roy-
al Society. He wrote several Theological Tracts ; was inti-
mate with Milton, who dedicated to him his"*' Tractate on Edu-
cation," on which topic likewise Sir William Pettj' correspond-
ed with him. Towards the close of his days he became poor,
and applied to the parliament for relief. Cromwell allowed him
an annuity of one hundred pounds. The time of his death is
not recorded. He was the esteemed associate of the talented
men of his time. He deserves our attention from being a great
promoter of the Art of cultivating the earth. He wrote.

07

1. A legacy, or an enlargement of the Discourse of Husban-
dry'used in Brabant'and Flanders, 1650. — lG51,and 1655
4to, He also editod a work, the MS. of which was given
to him by the Hon. Colonel John Barkstead, Lieutenant
of the Tower, the author of which was an old clergyman,
at Loving-land, near Yarmouth ; it is entitled,

2. A designe for Plentie, by an universall planting of Fruit
Trees; tendered by some wcl-wishers to the Public, 4to.
no date.

3. Concerning" the defects and remedies of English Husban-
dry, in a letter to Di-. Boati. London. 1651. 4to. An
Edition in 1659, is entitled " The compleat Husbandman,
or a discourse of the whole Art of Husbandry, "&c.

*' The famous work, says Weston, attributed to Hartlib,"
and called " the Legacy," was only drawn up at his request,
being corrected and revised by him. It consists of one general
answer to the query. — What are the actual defects and omis-
sions, as also the possible improvements in English Husban-
dry ?" — The real author was R. Child ; and it contains the
contributions of most of the persons eminent for agricultural
skill at that period.*

1651. The Reformed Husbandman, By ADAM SPEED, Gent.
4to. He also wrote, " Adam out of Eden." 165U.
12mo.

1653. A Treatise of Fruit Trees. Showing the manner of
Grafting, Setting, Pruning, and ordering of them in
all respects, according to divers new and easy rules
of experience, gathered in the space of twenty years.
Whereby the value of lands may be much improved

* Weston's Catalogue of English Author's. \u 27.)

O

98

in a short time, by small cost and little labour. Also
discovering some dangerous errors both in the
Theory and Practice of the Art of planting Fruit
Trees. With the alimental and physical use of
Fruits. Together with the spiritual use of an Or-
chard. Held forth in divers similitudes between na-
tural and spiritual Fruit Trees, according to Scrip-
ture and experience. By RALPH AUSTEN, Prac-
tiser in the Art of Planting. Oxford, 4to. Again in
1662, and 1667.

1654. The Blood of the Grapes. By— WHITAKER. 8vo:

The Countryman's Recreation, or the Art of Plant-,
ing, Graffeing and Gardening. In three books. Lon-
don. 8vo.

JOHN TRADESCANT, was bom in Holland. Parkinson
mentions his having travelled several years into various parts
of Europe. He was in Russia, and accompanied the fleet sent
against the Algerines in 1620, and collected on that occasion
plants in Rarbary, and the isles in the Mediterranean. His
name is frequently mentioned by Johnson and Parkinson,
Pultney conjectures that he was unknown to Gerarde, or was
not in England at that time. He was Gardener in succession
toRdbert, Earl of Salisbury (Lord Treasurer of England,) Lord
Wotton, at Canterbury, and the Duke of Buckingham.* He
was also Gardener to Queen Elizabeth, as his father was be-
fore him.f He settled in England, and founded his Garden at
Lambeth. About 1629, he was appointed Gardener to Charles
the L — He died about 1652, — His son John, who followed the
same trade as his father, made a voyage in pursuit of Plants to
Virginia, and brought many new ones back with him. He

f Parkinson's Paradisi in Sole, pf 152. f "Walton's complete Angler
by Hawkins. 5th Edit. p. 24.

99

died in 1662. They introduced many new species into England,
and among Gardeners, " Tradescant's Spiderwort," "Trades-
cant's Aster," &c, are still recognized. They were the first
who made any considerable collection of natural curiosities
in this country, which their delight in the pursuit enabled them
to do, aided as they were by the liberality of contemporary men
of wealth. Their Museum, called " Tradescant's Ark," was an
object of general curiosity, and was the constant resort of the
great and learned. A description of it was published in
1656, entitled " Museum Tradescantianum, or a collection of
varieties preserved at South Lambeth near London. By John
Tradescant," 12mo. After a list of natural and artificial curi-
osities, follows one in English and Latin, of the Plants in his
Garden, and another of his benefactors and contributors,
among- which are the names of the King, Queen, and many of
the highest nobility. Prefixed is a print of both the Trade-
scants, engraved by Hollar, whose engravings being in request
among collectors, most copies of the book which are to be found
are deprived of this. The work is arranged under the following
heads. 1. Birds with their Eggs. 2, Four-footed Beasts.
3. Fish. 4. Shells. 5. Insects. 6. Minerals, 7. Fruits,
Drugs, &c. 8. Artificial Curiosities. 9. Miscellaneous Curi-
osities. 10. Warlike Instruments. 11. Habits. 12. Uten-
sils and Household Stuflf. 13. Coins. 14. Medals.

The Son bequeathed the Museum by a deed of gift to Mr.
Ashmole, who lodged with his wife, in his house for a summer,
and the name of Tradescant, as Pultney observes, " was unjustly,
sunk in that of Ashmole," It being now known as the Ashmo-
lean Museum. Ashmole left it to the university of Oxford.
The wreck of their Garden, as it existed in 1749, is described
by Sir W. Watson in the 46th volume of the Philosophical
Transactions. — Hawkins says, that Ashmole agreed to pur-
chase Tradescant's collection, and that Tradescant and his
wife made a conveyance of it to him, which upon Tradescant'*

100

death soon afterwards, he was obliged to enforce by a suit in
Chancery, upon his succeeding in which, Mrs. Tradescant
drowned herself. A monument to the three Naturalists is in Lam-
beth Church Yard. It was repaired in 1773, and the following
epitaph engraved upon it, as had been intended at its erection.

Know, stranger, e'er thou pass, beneath this stone

Lie John Tradescant, grandsire, father, son.

The last died in his Spring ; the other two

Liv'd, till they had travelled art and nature thro*.

As by their choice collections may appear,

Of what is rare in land, in seas, in air :

Whilst they (as Homer's Iliad in a nut)

A world of wonders in one closet shut.

These famous Antiquarians that had been

Both gardeners to the rose and lily Queen,

Transplanted now themselves, sleep here ; and when

Angels shall with their trumpets waken men.

And fire shall purge the world, these hence shall rise

And change their gardens for a Paradise.*

Grainger mentions the following portraits of the Tradescants.

Johannes Tradescantus, pater, rerum select arum insignem
supellectilem, in reconditorio Lambethiano prope Londinum,
etiamnum visendam, primus institutit ac locupletavit. Hollar
fecit. 12mo.

John Tradescant, with his Son, and their monument. J. T,
Smith, 1793.

Johannes Tradescantus, filius, genii ingeniique paterni verus
hreres, relictum sibi rerum undique congestarum Thesaurum,

* Wallsn'i complete Angler by Havrkin's. Edit. 5th, p. 25.

101

ipse pliiriraum atlauxit, et in musso Lanibelhiano, amicis
visendum exhibet. Hollar fecit. l*2nio. — Tiie original p lin-
tings of the above are in the Ashmolean Museum.

DR, JOHN BEALE, was a most ardent promoter of Horti-
culture, especially of Orcharding'. He was a native of Here-
fordshire, which country he greatly benefited, as Gough in his
Topography records. His family, which had long flourished in
Herefordshire, seemed to inherit a zeal for the plantation of
Orchards, and the individual of whom Aveare now sketching the
biography, was fully gifted with the family liereditanK^nt. He
so raised and extended the reputation of the Orchards of his
County, and their produce, that in a few years it gained some
hundred thousands of pounds by the increased reputation.*
His enthusiastic love of the agricolan arts is manifested in
every one of his writings. He was a man of talent, and
the companion of the men of genius contemporary with Jiim.
Many of his letters are preserved in Boyle's works. That phi-
losopher thus speaks of him, "There is not in life, a man in
this whole island, nor on the continents beyond the seas, that
could be made more universally useful to do good to all.'' He
w as in the church. He was born in 1603 —and died in 1003.
He wrote,

1. A Treatise on Fruit Trees, shewing their manner of grafting,

pruning, and ordering: Of Cyder and Perry: Of Vineyards
in England, &c. Oxford. 1G53 and 1657. 4to and 1665.
12mo.

2. The Hereford Orchards ; a pattern for the whole of En-

gland. By J. B. London. 1657. 12mo. and 1724. 8vu.

This is dedicated to Samuel Harllib, and is the most cele-
* GougU's Antifiuiticr-, p. 193.

102

brated of his works, as it deserves to be, being a most excel-
lent little work whether viewed as a practical directory, or
as a literary production,

3. Observations on some parts of Bacon's Natural History,
as it concerns Fruit Trees, Fruits and Flowers. Oxford,
1658. 4to. — Printed again with his Treatise on Fruit Trees
in 1665. 12mo.

4. General Advertisement concerning Cider, appears in Eve-
lyn's Svlva.

5. Letters about the Improvement of Nurseries, Orchards

&c' London 1C77. 4to.

6. Experiments and Observations on Vegetation and the
running of the Sap.

7. The connection of certain parts of the Tree with those of

the Fruit. These two last appeared in the Philosophical
Transactions for 1669.

8. Remarks on the VinetumBritannicum, &c. Several Papers
by him on the Mineral Springs of Somersetshire, Worces-
tershire, &c. were inserted in the Philosophical Transac-
tions. Some writers have made two persons authors of
the above works. From 6 downwards, being by Dr. John
Beale, and those preceding by Mr. John Beale.

1658. The Gardens of Cyrus, or the Quincunxial Lozenge, or
net work plantations of the ancients, artificially, na-
turally and mystically considered. This was pub-
lished at the end of a work upon some Urns discover-
ed in Norfolk, entitled " Hydriotaphia." London.
8vo.

103

Certaia Miscellany Tracts in Scripture, of Gardens. This
was a posthumous publication, forming part of the author's
" Miscellany Tracts" edited by Dr. Tcnison. London. 8vo,
1684.

The above were tho works of Sir THOMAS BROWNE, the
celebrated Physician and Antiquary; born in London 1605,
and died at Norwich 1602. He is best known as an author by
his "Religio Medici" and "Enquiries into vulgar and commoa
Errors.*'

1659. Proceedings concerning the improvement of all man-

ner of land, &c. By THOMAS DUCKETT.

1660. Tho right manner of ordering Fruit Trees, By—'

GENDRE. 8vo.

1 S64. ENGLAND'S happiness increased, or a remedy against
all succeeding dear years, by a plantation of Pota-
toes. 4to. Without the author's name.

JOHN EVELYN, "like another Virgil, says Switzer, was
appointed for the retrieving the calamities of England, and
re-animating the spirit of bis countrymen for their planting and
sowing of Woods, — to him it is owing that Gardening can
speak proper English." This distinguished individual was
born at Wotton in Surry, the mansion of Richard Evelyn Esq.
his father, on the 31st of October, 1620. He commenced his
education at Lewes, in Sussex, and completed it at Baliol Col-
lege, Oxford. In 1640 he entered as a student of the middle
Temple, but proceeded in 1644 on the grand four of Europe, to
Italy. In 1647 he was imited to the daughter of Sir Richard
Browne, and thence became possessed of Saye's court in
Kent. Having exerted himself in promoting the restoration of
Charles thelL he was appointed a commissioner for the sirk
and wounded during the Dutch War. He was one of the first

104

Fellows, and of the Coutk^ of the Royal Society on its estab-
lishment in 1G(32. It was by his persuasion that Lord Henry
Howard in 1G67. presented the Arundolian Marbles to the uni-
versity of Oxford, for which ho received its thanks, and the
degree of Doctor of Laws. lie was also appointed one of the
Coniniissioncrs for rebuilding St. Paul's Cathedral ; had a place
at the Board of Trade ; and was one of the Council for the
management of the Plantations. After the accession of James
the ir. he became one of the Commissioners for executing the
ofiiceof Lord Privy Seal, and in 1G95 Treasurer of Greenwich
Hospital, by his many preferments forming an exception to the
oTiservation, which too often is correct, that the Stuarts usualfy
neglected' or descried their friends.

When Peter the Great of Russia, was in England, he resided
at Saye's Court, whore he was long remembered for the great
damage committed by himself and attendants, especially in the
Gardens, where he repaid his landlord's kindness, by being
frequently wheeled through the ornamental hedges, and over
the borders in a Wheclban-ow.

Evelyn died at Wotton, February 27th 1705— -G, and was in-
terred in the family vault there, after a life of unweared utility,
sincerely regretted by every man of Science, and every patriot.
His writings and examples were of the greatest service in pro-
moting the Arts of cultivation.*

His family delighted in the same pursuits as he did himself.
There is, says D'Israeli, what may be termed a. family genius,
in the home of a man of genius he diffuses an Electrical atmos-
phere, his own preeminence strikes out talents in all. Evelyn
in his beautiful retreat at Saye's Court, had inspired his family
with that variety of tastes which he himself was spreading
throughout the nation. His son translated " Rapin's Gardens,'*

* Diary and Coirespondence of J, Evelyn.

105

uhich poem the father proudly preserved in his *'Sylva;*'
his lady ever busied iu his study, excelled in the arts her
husband loved, and designed the frontispiece to his " Lucretius ;''
she was also the cultivator of their celebrated garden, whicU
served as an example of his great work on " Forest Trees."*

It was in consequence of a recommendation of Evelyn's in
his Furaifugiuui, that fragrant plants should be grown in nur-
series, &c. in the low grounds near London, that the Lime Tree*
were planted in St. James's Park.

His Horticultural and other Literary Works are as follows,

1. The French Gardener; instructing how to cultivate all

sorts of Fruit Trees and Herbs for the Garden; together
with directions to dry and conserve them in their natural
state. By Philocepos. London. 1658, 1672, 1675, and
1691. 12mo. — This translation has passed through many
editions, to most of which are appended " the English
Vineyard" by John Rose. The third edition, which bears
date 1672, is the only one I have seen, it is illustrated by
several plates.

2. An Essay on the first book of Lucretius, in English verse.

8vo.

3. Fuinifugiura, on the inconveniences of the air and smoke of

London dissipated. London, 1661. 4to.

4. Sculpture, or the History and Art of Chalcography, and

engraving on copper. 8vo.

6. Sylva, or a discourse of Forest Trees, and the propagation
of Timber in his Majesty's dominions. To which is

♦ D'lraeli's Literary character illustrated, p. 232.

106

annexed Pomona, or an appendix concerning Fruit
Trees. In relation to Cider, the making and several way*
of ordering it. London. 1664, 1669, 1679; with great
additions and improvements in 1705 ; and 1729 all in
folio. Dr. Hunter of York, edited an elegant edition with
copious notes, and beautiful engravings in 1776. 2 vols.
4to. a second edition, to which the " Terra" is added,
appeared in 1786. It has passed through two other edi-
tions. The one of 1812, in 2 vols. 4to. received Dr. Hun-
ter's last corrections. Evelyn published his Sylva and Po-
mona at the request of the Royal Society.

C. A parallel of the Ancient Architecture with the modern,
folio.

7. Kalendarium Hortense, or the Gardener's Almanack, direct-
ing what he is to do monthly throughout the year, and
what Fruits and Flowers are in their prime. London,
1664, 8vo. This work was afterwards printed in folio
with his " Sylva" and Pomona ; and the same including
his "Terra." London. 1676 and 1691, both in 8vo. It
was published with the addition of his discourse on Sal-
lads, in 1706, 8vo. previous to which there had been nine
editions.

8. Public Employment, and an active Life preferred to Solitude.

8vo.

9. An idea of the perfection of Painting. 8vo.

10. A discourse on the History of Trade and Navigation.

11. Terra, a philosophical discourse of Earth, relating to the
culture and improvement of it for vegetation and the pro-
pagation of Plants, as it was presented to the Royal So-

107

«ict7, Apnl the 29th, 1675— Loudon, 1C76. folio. The
same including his " Pomoaa" and " Acetaria" Londoa.
167C, and 1G78. 12mo, and 1706, folio. Dr. Hunter, as
before slated, published it with notes and illustrations with
the " Sylva," in 178G, previous to which he had published
it seperately in 1778. Bvo. as he did in 1786. 4to.

12. Pomona kc, was published seperately. Londoa 1679.
folio.

IS. Numismata, or a discourse of Medals, folio,

14. M. de la Quintinye's Treatise of Oranje Trees, with the
raising of Melons, omitted in the French editions, made
into English by J. E. London. 1G93.' folio. With Eu-jra-
vings.

15. Acetaria, or a discourse of Sallets. Loudon 1693,
12mo.

16. Letter concerning the damage done to his Gardens in tha
preceding Winter. This is in the Philosophical Transac-
tions, ifi, p. 28. 1604.

In IGGO appeared "The right manner of ordering Fruit
Trees, &c, translated from the French of Le Gendre. Lon-
don". 8vo. This translation has been ascribed to Evelyn. It
there is so.ne doubt of this, there is still more respecting the
real Author. Le Gendre being only an assumed name. The
most probable opinion seems to be that it was written by
Piobert Arnaud d'Aiidilly, a clergyman born at Pdiis in 1589,
and who died in 1674. The original was published at Pari*
in 1652 entitled " De la maniere de culiivcr les Arbre-*
Fruitiers". Evelyn contributed largely to Mr. I]ouj;litou'«
"Husbandry and Trade improved," he also wrota ihc plan of

103

a Royal Garden, and an illustration of the Horticulture of the
Gorgics, never published.

1670. England's improvement, revived in a Treatise of Hus-
bandry and Trade. By JOHN SMITH. London.
4to. Again in 1673.

JOHN DE LA QUINTINIE, was born at Poictiers in

1626 under the Jesuits of that City he finished his course of

Philosophy, and commenced the'study of the Law, proceeding
then to Paris to be called to the bar as an Advocate, but the
cultivation of Plants being his favorite study, M. Tambonneau
prevailed upon him to accompany his son into Italy, and thus
to render himself acquainted with the best modern practice of
the Art, as he already was with that of the ancient — Upon his
return M. Tambonneau gave to him the sole planning and
direction of his Gardens — Having now the opportunity, he
instituted numerous experiments, and refuted many of the old
tenets of Botanists and Gardeners — amongst others he de-
monstrated, that the Sap of Plants does not retire and accumu-
late in the roots during Winter — and that transplanted Vegeta-
bles do not acquire nourishment from the soil by means of the
old fibrous rcots, nor at all until fresh fibres are produced. —
He published the results of his practice and study in his
*'Compleat Gardener," which was translated entire by Mr.
Evelvn, and in an abridged form by Messrs. London and Wise,
the best part of this work is on the management of fruit trees —
the whole however is disfigured by repletion of language and
of style — Lewis the XIV. the great Conde, and other men
of genius, were fond of conversing with him on the various
pursuits of his Art. Charles the H. of England made him
an offer of a considerable Pension if he would engage in his
service — He visited England twice during that monarch's reign
and received many marks of his favour, as also from the
nobility, with some of Avhom he corresponded until the time of

109

his death — His letters, according- to Perrault, were published ia
London, which Switzer observes he never saw. Evelyn during
Quintinie's stay with him, prevailed on him to impart his mode
of cultivating Melons, for which he was distinguished.- -Louis
made him Director General of his Fruit and Kitchen Gardens,
and by his directions those of Versailles were much enlarged,
and their produce improved — He formed there the Potagery
" which, says Switzer, appears so very surprising to all Stran-
gers"— "he was, continues the same Author, the person that
refined the business, and pleasure of Kitchen, and Fruit Gardens
to a pitch beyond what was ever until that time seen, and more
than was ever thought possible for one man to be able ever to
do; and (till the succession of two eminent persons (London
and Wise) in these kingdoms, who have very much outstript
him) has not had his fellow in any Century that Kistoj-y gives
us account of." He died about the year 1700, lamented
by the lovers of the Arts, and Louis expressed his own sorrow
to Madame Quintinie by saying, "I am as great a sufferer by
his loss as you, and I despair of ever repairing the loss of
him by any other person."*

The following is a list of his works, the first of which only
is known to have been printed during his life

1. Traite des Jardins Fruitiers et Potagers. Amsterdam.
1690. With plates. 4to.

2. Instructions sur les Jardins Fruitiers et Potagers, avnc un

Traite des Grangers, et des Reflexions sur TAgriciillurc.
4to.

The above have passed through many editions in France.
The English Translations have before been mentioned.

• Perrault'j Hist, of illustrious Menof the Age of Louis I4tli. Switzer't
Icnographia Rastica, y. 1. p. 43, &c. and Nouvoau Diet. ni?toriqu?.

110

EOBERT SHARROCK, was born at Adstock in Bueklng-
liamshire. He commenced his education at Winchester School,
and seems to have gained the presentation to New College,
Oxford, where he took his degree of Doctor of Laws. He
became prebend, and archdeacon of Winchester, and Rector
of Bishop's Waltham and of Harewood in Hants. He died in
1G84.* He wrote,

1. The history of the propagation and improvement of Vege-

tables by the concurrence of Art and Nature. Written
according- to the observations made from experience and
practice. Oxford, 16G0, without his name. 8vo. Again,
Oxford. 16G6, and 1672. 8vo. with the author's name.

2. Improvements to the Art of Gardening ; or an exact Trea-
tise of Plants. London, 1694. folio.

3. De Officiis secundum Humanoe Rationis dictates, &c.

4. Judicia de variis Incontinentioe Speciebus.

6. De finibus virtutis Christianoe.

1G64. The complete Gardener's Practice. By STEPHEN
BLAKE, London. 4to

1670. The complete Vineyard, or an excellent way for the
planting of Vines, and ordering of Wines and W^ine
Presses, according to the German and French man-
ner. London. 8vo.

The American Physician, or a Treatise of the Roots,
Trees, &c. growing in the English Plantations.
With a discourse of the Cocoa Tree, and the ways of
making Chocolate. London. 12ma. 1672.

• "^Veod's Athena Oxonien«is.

Ill

The Flower Garden, or how most flowers are ordered,
increased, &c. London. 1G72, and 1734. 12dio.
United with "The complete Vineyard" it was pub-
lished in 1683, l2rao.

The above three works were from the pen of a WILLIAM
HUGHES.

1665, Flora, Ceres and Pomona, or a complete Florilego fur-
nished with all requisites belonging to a Florist. By
JOHN RE A. London. Folio. With Engravings.
Again in 1676.

From this work we learn that the Author was a professional
Gardener, and at the time he wrote, far advanced in years
and retired from business. He was patronised by Lord and
Lady Gerarde, to whom he dedicates his work. He lived at
Kinlet, near Bewdley in Worcestershire. His works contain
ample Catalogues of Flowers, Shrubs, &c. amongst them may
be noticed 300 Tulips, (184 in the first Edition ;) 300 good
Carnations ; Fruits proportionably numerous ; and yet the size
of his gardens is ludicrously small " Fourscore yards square
for the Fruit, and thirty for the flower Garden, will be enougli
for a nobleman." He mentions the Horse Chesnut as rarely
producing Fruit here ; and of the Larch being seldom seen.

Although he is designated " gent," yet from the style of hi*
dedications I should consider him to have been none of the
higher class. He evidently was skilled in Gardening, having
given designs, lists of Plants, &c. for Lord Gerard's Garden,
in Stafi"ordshire. I am inclined to think he was a nurseryman,
for he says he had been forty years a Planter, and which had'
occupied more time, than could have been spared for " diver-
sion." He had a very extensive collection of Plants. He wai
evidently a RoyaHst.

113

JOHN ROSE, was considered the best Gardener of his time,
he acted in that capacity successively to the Earl of Essex, at
Essex House, in th« Strand, (whore he was in 1665,) to the
Duchess of Cleveland, to the Duchess of Somerset, and Charfes
thell, at St- James's. He appears to have beena man of general
t air lit being- admitted to the society of the virtuosi of the age.
Mr, London, was a favourite pupil of his. Rose wentto study the
sivle (if the G aniens of Versailles, at the expense of the Earl of
Essex. There is a portrait of Rose in oils, at Kensington
Paiace, representing him giving the first Pine-apple cultivated in
England to Cl'.arles the H. whilst that monarch was on a visit
to Rose's mistress, the Duchess of Cleveland, at Downey
Court, Buckinghamshire.* He was dead at the time Switzer
wrote his Icnographia in 1718.f He wrote,

1. The English Vineyard vindicated, and the way of making

Wine in France. 1675— 1G70— and 1690. 8vo. This fir!>t
appeared at the end of Evelyn»s French Gardener in 1672*
12mo.

2. A Treatise upon Fruit Trees. This is mentioned by
Switzer, but is a work I have never seen.

The English Vineyard is dedicated to the King, to whom he
was then (1672) Gardener. The preface is by Mr- Evelyn and
informs us of the origin of the work. Talking with Rose about
Vines "he reasoned so pertinently upon that subject, as indeed
he does upon all things which concern his hortulan profession'
that ho persuaded the latter to allow him to give his opinions a
literary dress. Chap. 1- Is of the Vines best suited to the cli-
mate of England, and consist of. The Black Cluster. White
Muscadine. Parsley leaved Grape. White Muscadella. White
and Red Frontiniac, and a White Grape not named but with

• There is a copy of this in Water Colour?, in the Library of the London
Horticultural Society, i Switzer's Icnographia Rustica, v. 1. p. 68, &c.

113

red wood, and a dark Green leaf. Chap. 2. Of the Soil for a
Vineyard. Chap- 3. How to prepare the ground fot planting.
Chap. 4. IIow to plant. Chap. 5. How to dress, prime, <fec.
Chap" G- How to cultivate after the first four years, until it
noe<ls renewing. Chap. 7. On manuring the Vineyard. It
concludes with the Art of making Wine by Mr. Evelyn,

I have never seen an Essay. *' On the admirable virtues
of Coral," said to be by this author.

JOHNWORLIDGE, (sometimes even in his own title pages,
spelt Woolridge.) Of this author I have been able to gather
no further information than is afforded by his works, namely,
that he was a gentleman, and a great lover of Gardening and
Rural Affairs. He was author of the following Works.

1. Systema AgriculturtE ; the mystery of Husbandry dis-

covered. By| J. W. f gent. London. 1GG9— 1G77—
1681 and 1687, folio. 1697— 1716. 8vo.

There is a good deal concerning Gardening in this work.

2. Treatise of Husbandry. London. 1075. folio

3. Systema Horticulturae, or the Art of Gardening, &c.

Plates. By J.W. gent. London. 1077. The third Edition
1688. 1700. 2 vols. Ovo.

4. Vinetum Britannicum. London. 1678. 1691. 8vo.

6. The most easy way of making Cyder. London. 1678 —
1691. 8vo, and in 1687. 4to.

9. Apiarium. London. 1691. 12mo.

The third in the above list most deserves our notice n'> most

Q

114

relating to the art whose History we arc tracing. It is entitled
*'Systcnia Horticulturee, or the Art of Gardening. In three
Books. The I. trcateth of the excellency, situation, soil, form,
walks, arbours, springs, fountains, water-works, grottos,
statues, and other magnificent ornaments of Gardens, with
many necessary rules, precepts and directions concerning the
same. The 11. treateth of all sorts of trees planted for orna-
ment or shade, winter-greens, flower-trees, and flowers, that
are usually propagated or preserved in the gardens of the best
Florists, and the best ways and methods of raising, planting,
and improving them. The III. treateth of the Kitchen Gar-
den, and of the great variety of Plants propagated for food or
for any cuhnary uses : together with many general and parti-
cular rules, precepts, observations, and instructions for making
hot-beds, altering and enriching any sort of garden ground,
watering, cleansing, and adopting all sorts of earth to the va-
rious plants that are usually planted therein; to the great
improvement of every sort of land, as well for use and profit as
for ornament and delight. Illustrated with Sculptures, repre-
senting the form of Gardens according to the newest models."

The title page as above, promises by far too much, for the
work is slight and superficial. By endeavouring to say some-
thing upon every subject relating to the art, he has not been
able to treat sufhciently in detail of any one. He has divided
the work into forty seven sections, of which the 45th. en
Watering, and the 47th. containing Miscellaneous Experiments
and Observations, are the best. The last, which is by much
the longest in the book contains many excellent recommenda-
tions and notices,

1669. De cultu Hortorum, Carmen. By RICHARD RICH-
ARDSON. London. 4to.

—' Observations and Advice ceconomical. 12iuo. Anony-
mous.

115

, The epitome of Husbandry. By S. B. 12nu). Tliis

is a complete plagiary, the first 181 pages being-
copied from Fitzherbert and the remainder from
IMascall, Blythe, kc. The plagiarist was Samuel
Blagrave, or, as some say Billingsly.*

1C70. The Coiuplcat Vineyard. By — ILIFFE. 12mo.

1G72. A short and sure guide in the practice of raising and
ordering of Fruit Trees, Oxford, 12mo. dedicated
to Lord Windham.

This is a posthumous pubiication of FRANCIS DROPE,
D. D. being edited by his brother, a Physician at Cumner, in
Berkshire, where our Author was born, and of which place his
father was vicar. Wood informs us that Francis was very
fond of Gardeaiug. IJe died at Oxford.

CHARLES COTTON, though well known as the editor of
Walton's Angler, and as a Poet, is only one of the Scriptores
niinores of HorticiUture. He was born at Bercsford in Hert-
fordshire, the seat of his father, on the 28th of April, 1630. —
He finished his education at Cambridge ; Travelled for some
years, and then married in KJft'l. He commenced publishing
in 1663, and twelve years afterwards appeared the only work
of his requiring notice here, viz. " The Planter's Manual,
being instructions for Raising, Planting, and Cultivating all
sorts of Fruit Trees." 12mo. 1675. He was fond of Literary
pursuits, and his chief amusement otherwise was Anghng. He
died, under considerable pecuniary embarrassment, in the Par-
ish of St. James's Westminster, September, 1687. f

MOSES COOKE, was the son of a farmer on the sea coast

«

* Wcstou's Catalogue of Englisli Authors. 41. + Waltoa'ii complete
Angler, edited by Sir J. llawkius. edit, 5,

116

of Lincolnshire, and brought up to the trade of a Gardener,
of which we have his own authority that he was very careful to
improve. " I always took notes of what I did set or sow, the
time, and on what ground, &c, and when it proved well, I
noted it so ; but when ill, I did endeavour as much as I could
to know the reason, which when once found I noted it well : I
also always was very wary of taking things upon trust" — By
such attention he became a proficient. Evelyn in his Diary
mentions him as skilful in the mechanical parts of Gardening,
not ignorant of mathemactics, and somewhat of an adept in
Astrology. He was gardener to the Earl of Essex, at Cashio-
bury, from about 1660 to 1601, in which last named year, in
conjunction with Messrs. Lucre, London and Field, he founded
the Brompton Park Nursery. The time of his death, like that
of his birth, is unascertained. He was probably dead in 1694,
at which period none of the original firm remained in the
Brompton Nursery, but Mr. London. He wrote,

1. The manner of raising, ordering and improving Forest and
Fruit Trees; also how to plant, make and keep Woods,
Walks, Avenues, Lawns, H<rdges, &c. with several figures
in Copper plates proper for the same. With Arithmetical
and Geometrical tables, for measuring and dividing Land,
Timber, &c. To which is now added, A discovery of
subterranean Treasure or how to discover and prepare
various minerals by Mr. GABRIEL PLATTES. Lon-
don. 1679. 4to. Plates. In 1700. 8vo. Again in 1717
and 1724.

2. The art of making Cider. This was published in Evelyn's
Works.

The first mentioned work, after due allowance for quaintncss,
is demonstrative of a thinking mind, and is upon most Points
a work of authority.

117

1077. — Nurseries, Orchards, Profitable Gardens, and Vine-
yards encouraged. By ANTHONY LAWRANCE.
London. 1677. 4to.

1679 — The complete Gardener. Anonymous. 4to.

1000.1. The Practical Planter of Fruit Trees. London. Ovo.
A second edition, revised and enlarged in many plases ;
together with an addition of two entire Chapters of
Greens, and Greenhouses. London* IGOO. — 1C83,
1605, and 1696. 8vo. Plates. .

2. SystemtB Agriculturae, being the mystery of Hus-
bandry discovered' London. 1G81. folio.

3. Plain and full instructions to raise all sorts of Fruit
Trees that prosper in England, with directions for
making liquors of several sorts of Fruit' London.
1(581—1600 — IC96— 1699* all in 8vo.*^

These three works arc by T. LANGFORD-

Of the last mentioned, Evelyn says " As I know nothing;-
extant that exceeds it, so nor do I of any thing which needs be
added to it."

A collection of Husbandry' By— HOUGHTON-
3 vols. 4to. 1681. In folio 1697. These appeared
periodically but were revised and published col-
lectively by Bradley in four volumes, ^vo. m 1727.
Evelyn was one of the contributors to this work.

1683. 1- The English Gardener, or a sure guide to youn-

* Watt'f. Bibliothcca Biitaiiuica.

118

Planters and Gardeners. With engravings. LondOh
1G83, 1G88 and 1699, 4to.

2. The new art of Gardening:, with the Gardener's Almanack,
containing the true art of Gardening, in all its particulars-
1. Sito of a proper plat of Ground, for planting Fruit
Trees; with the manner of planting, grafting, irabuding,
inoculating, and ordering all sorts of Fruit Trees, and
fruits in all seasons. The art of making Cyder, Perry,
and Wines of divers sorts of Fruits- 2- Of the Kitchen
Garden, and, what things are proper to be done in it, as
to herbs, j)lants, roots, berries. Fruits, &e. 3- Of the
flower garden, how to order it, and rear choice flowers,
slips, layers, sow seeds, make off-sets, and plant them in
tiieir proper earths, seasons, and due waterings, with the
names and descriptions of the most material ones. 4. Of
greens, how to order and preserve them with rules for the
conservatory, and green house — To each head is added
an Almanack, showing what is to be done every month in
the year, London — No date, (1713,) l2mo — It originally
a])peared in 1UD7' Uvo.

This little work of IGO pp is evidently as stated in the preface,
the result of " long experience." — The author's directions
for avoiding the injuries of frosts and manuring trees are
good, bis descriptions of the various fruits slight. He
classes the Apricot as a Peach. His general directions are
usually correct, those forindividuals are generally wanting.
In his Gardener's Almanack or Kalender, he gives correct
directions and a list of such Apples, and Pears, <kc. as are
in season each month — In the Kitchen Garden he is still
more scanty, giving but few general directions, and a list of
Kitchen Garden Plants- His idea of a Hot bed, extends
tu l.ttle more than a sheltered, thickly manur(>d border,
and whcu he docs dwell upon additional heat, he recom-

Til)

mends riug-fc-n-uiig to be employed; and straw \t1i ■lined
over, supported from the plants by forked sticks. He is
judicious on the subject of walering-. He recommends
jiigeons', sheep's dung:, &c. to be infused in the water, —
Ofths flower Garden he says little, but in the Almanack
he gives gm)d lists of flmvers blooming in the several
montijs- Flowers that will bear es.treme cold, those that
are loss hardy, and those most tender.— Of llie Plants for
the Green House or Conservatory, and work to be done,
he says but little. In dcscriWinj; the house however, lie
has some judicious remarks, such as the benefit of having
double doors, that in entering or coming out, one may be
shut before the other is opened — Throughout he recom-
mends an attention to astrology, as sowing when the moon
is in Taurus, and pruning when it is in Cancer, iVc. — He
mentions, having himself grafted the Pear when in full
blossom; and supports the idea of grafting uj)on stocks
of a dUferent genus. He terms Cyder, " a curious
drink."

'3. The IVIystery of Husbandry London. 1697 or lG9i>,
12mo-

These three works were writtoii by LEONARD MEAGER.

1083- The Florist's Vadc-Mecum. London. 12mo.

The Gardener's Almanack. London. 12nio.

The author of these little works was SAMUEL GILBERT,
All that I have learnt of him is that he married a daughter of
John Rea, whom we have just mentioned; and that he was
author of "Fons sanitatis, or the healing Spring at Willow-
bridge AVells, in Somersetshire-" His portrait engraved by
R. White, appears in his " \ ade-Mecum-' It is entitled

120

*• Samuel Gilbert, Florist." A third edition of this work,
Grainjjer states was printed in the reign of Queen Anne (1702
— 1714;) Weston gives the date, 1702. In his Gardener's
Almanack is a very accurate and full description of the varie-
ties of Roses cultivated in our gardens at the time it was writ-
ten.* He stiles himself in the Title Page of his ** Vade-M e-
cum" — Philerimus.

168S'— The Scot's Gardener, whereunto is annexed the Garde-
ner's Kalendar. Edinburgh. 4to,

TheAuthor of this book was JOHN REID, Gardener to
Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh in Aberdeenshire* He
was one of the earliest Scotch writers on Horticulture.

1683.- On the management of Orange Trees 12mo. Anony-
mous. From the Dutch by Commelyn.

SIR WILLIAM TEMPLE, was the son of Sir John Temple,
and born in 1628, at London, or according to Switzer at Sheen.
He commenced his education under his maternal Uncle the
learned Dr. Hammond, continued his studies at Bishop Stort-
ford School, and concluded them under Dr. Cudworth at
Emmanuel College, Cambridge — From the University he
proceeded abroad, and at the Restoration was chosen a mem-
ber of the Irish Parliament. In 1665 he went on a secret mis-
sion to Munster — was employed afterwards in forming the
triple alliance between Sweden, Holland, and this country, and
became resident minister at the Hague, in which capacity ho
promoted the union between the Prince of Orange and Princess
Mary. In 1679 he became Secretary of State, but in the fol-
lowing year retired from office to his country seat. Sheen in
Surrey, where he was repeatedly visited by his Sovereigns,
Charles the II. James the II. and William the III. He died

• Loudon's Encyclop. Gardening, p. IIOI,

131

in 1700. His works have been published in 2 Vols, folio, and
4 vols. 8vo. In the first volume of them is contained his Essay
entitled " the Garden of Epicurus; or of Gardening in the year
1G85," which entitles him to notice in this place. — This Essay
is devoted chiefly to inculcate that taste for formal design in
Gardening, which was the prevailing one of his time. When we
compare it with the plan given by Lord Bacon, in a preceding
age, for a similar construction, we find but this difference, that
if both plans were reduced to practise Sir William's would be
rather the most mathematical and undeviatingly formal. —
Moor Park was his model of perfection. ^Vhen he descends
to more practical speculations he is seldom in error, among
which we may specify his observations upon planting Peaches
in the north of Britain, which experience has demonstrated to
be correct; although Switzer seems to doubt the possibility
above 100 miles from London. Sir William acquired his
taste and knowledge of Gardening during his stay at the Hague.
He introduced several new fruits, especially of Grapes. His
name still attaches to a variety of the Nectarine. He had a
garden at his seat at Sheen in Surrey, to the good cultivation of
which Evelyn bears testimony. Nothing can demonstrate more
fully the delight he took in Gardening than the direction left in
his will, that his heart should be buried beneath the Sun Dial of
his Garden, at Moor Park, near Farnham, in Surrey. In accor-
dance with which it was deposited there in a Silver Box. Af-
fording another instance of the ruling passion uuweakened even
in death. Nor was this an unphilosophical clinging to that
which it was impossible to retain; but rather that grateful
feeling common to our nature, of desiring finally to repose where
in life we have been happy. In his Garden Sir William Tem-
ple had spent the calmest hours of a well spent life, and where
his heart had been most peaceful he wished its dust to mingle,
and thus at the same time offering his last testimony to the
sentiment, that in a Garden,

Hie secura quies, et nescia fallere vita.

122

1685. The complete Planter and Ciderist 8vo. Without the
author's name.

1688. Essays on Husbandry. By — COWLEY, folio.

1691. In the Archeologia Britannica (v. xii. p. 181.) is an
account by J. GIBSON of several Gardens near Lon-
don, existing at this period.

1694. A new invented Stove, for preserving Plants in the
Green House in Winter. By SIR DUDLEY CUL-
LUM. In the Philosophical Transactions for 1694.
In the Abridgement of them, v. iii. p. 659.

1697. Husbandry anatomized. By— DONALDSON

NICHOLAS FACIO DUILHIER, was bom in Switzerland
in 1664. He studied at Geneva, and particularly devoted
himself to Mathematics. He settled at Utrecht as a Tutor,
but being suspected of Spinosism, he came over to England in
1687. He here taught Mathematics, obtained a patent for
Jewel Watches, was elected Fellow of the Royal Society, and
was appointed Tutor to the Marquis of Tavistock. When the
French Prophets appeared, he joined in all their absurdities,
and as a punishment was subjected to the Pillory in 1707.
His death occurred at Worcester in 1753. Some of his MS.
are preserved in the British Museum. He deserves notice here
for his work entitled,

Fruit Walls improved, by inclining them to the Horizon ; or
a way to build walls for Fruit Trees whereby they may receive
more sunshine and heat than ordinary. By N. F. D. a Fellow
of the Royal Society. Plates by Gribelin. London. 1699.
4to.

To the writing of this work he was led by his mathematical

123

■»

studies, for upon uack principles and the laws of Optics, be
demonstrates the advantage of receiving rays of Heat and
Light at a right angle.

GEORGE LONDON died about Christmas 1717. Switzer
glosses over his birth and education — Tliat industry and strong
talent which afterwards obtained for him the patronage of the
nobility, and others in after life, were early discerned by his
master Mr. Rose, who took particular pains in instructing him
and bringing him into notice. After being with Mr. Rose four
or live years, Switzer was informed, that, that gentleman sent
him into France fur improvement. Soon after his return he
entered the service of Bishop Compton — A few years after-
wards he entered into the speculation of Brompton Park
Nursery, before mentioned. — This was in 1681, and his part-
ners were IVZessrs. Cook, Lucre, and Field. In 1694, the two
last named partners having died, and the first retired, Mr.
London remained sole proprietor. lie took Mr. Henry Wise,
into the concern. At that time the Garden covered mure than
one hundred Acres of ground. Rowack, who wrote an ac-
count of Kensington in 1705, says that some affirmed that if
the Stock of these grounds was valued at one penny pec
plant, the amount would exceed j^40,000.* London at the
time of entering into this speculation was gardener to Bishop
Compton, as Mr. Cook was to the Earl of Essex ; Mr. Lucre
held a similar situation under the Queen Dowager at Somerset
House ; and Mr. Field held a hke situation at Bedford House
in the Strand, belonging to the Duke of Bedford. Brompton
Nursery, says Evelyn, " was the greatest work of the kind ever
seen, or heard of, either in Books or Travels." Switzer agrees
in considering the stuck of the grounds as worth nearly
j£'40,000.t After the Revolution London was made superiii-
tendant of all the Royal G ardens, w ith a Salary of d^200, per

• Loudon'* Encjclop. Gardening, p. 10o3. f Iccografthii, Rmticn,
i. p. 7S.

124

annum, and a Page of the Back Stairs to Queen Mary. He
had the care of conveying Princess Anne, to Nottingham from
the fury of the Papists previous to the Revolution being com-
pleted— He was in conjunction with Mr. Wise, Director of
nearly all the Gardens and Parks of note in the Kingdom.
Soon after the Peace of Ryswick. he accompanied the Earl of
Portland, Ambassador Extraordinary to King William, into
France — At this time (April 1698) he made the Observations
on the Fruit Gardens of Versailles, which are in the Preface to
the Abridgement of M. Quintinie's Work, which he, in con-
junction with Mr. Wise, translated. On the death of King
William, Mr. Wise being appointed to the care of the Royal
Gardens by Queen Anne, Mr. London chiefly devoted himself,
to his country business, visiting once or twice a year most of the
considerable Gardens in England — He was accustomed to ride
50 er 60 miles a day — His northern circuit he performed in
five or six Weeks — his western iu about the same period — in
the Southern and Eastern districts he was occupied but three
or four days. Switzer intimates that his knowledge of Botany
was shght, his industry great, but the cultivation of Fruit his
peculiar excellence, though in that of all kind of Flowers and
Shrubs he was as skilful as any man in his time. Switzer is
not much of authority when speaking of his excellence in design-
ing, which he considers to have been not great.* The Gardens
of Wanstead House were began by him for Sir Richard
Child, in 1706, and were nearly his last undertaking ; he died
before completing the Gardens of the Earl of Caenarvon, at
Edger in Hertsf . — His activity and continued exertion on
horseback brought on a fever which caused his death after an
illness of a fortnight's duration.

MR. HENRY WISE was, like London, a pupil of Mr. Rose.
But little is known of him more than I have already mentioned,

• Icoegraph. Rust. r. i. p. 79— S2. t Ibid. p. 84.

125

He survived Mr. Loudon,* He was the designer of the grounds
at Blenheim. They published iti conjuuctiun the two following
translations.

1. The complete Gardener: or directions for cultivating and

right ordering of Fruit Gardens and Kitchen Gardens.
With the Gardener's Kalender, directing what is to be
done every month in the year. By Monsieur de la Quin-
tiney. Now compendiously abridged and made of more
use, with very considerable improvements. By George
London and Henry Wise. London 8to. 1st Edit. 1G99,
170G, 1710; 1717, 6th edition; 7th edition, 1719.
Plates.

2. The Retir'd Gardener. Being a translation from the Sieur

Louis Liger. The whole revised with several alterations
and additions which render it proper for our English cul-
ture. By George London, and Henry Wise, 2 Vols. 1706,
8vo.

Volume the first contains the ordering, and improving a
fiuit and Kitchen Garden, with one part of the Flower
department. The second volume contains the manner of
planting and cultivating all sorts of Flowers, Plants,
Shrubs, and under Shrubs, necessary for the adorning of
Gardens, &c. A second edition revised by Mr. Joseph
Carpenter, appeared in one volume, in 1717, 8vo.

To give a regular analysis of these works is impossible, the
heads of chapters are so numerous. '• The complete Gardener,"
commences with an original and very excellent dissertation on
the benefit of sheltering plantations In the neighbourhood of
FruitTrees. The succeeding forty seven pages are occupied bv
various remarks upon the situation, soil, manures, ^c. most be-

• Lawreoce's CIergymau*» Recreitiou — Pierace.

126

neficial fur Gardens, the whole of which is meagre, and ihruwu
together without the least order. Then follows a list of 73
Pears, and 35 Peaches, 63 Plumbs. Of Cherries and Apricots
little is said. Only B Apples, 8 Grapes, and 11 Figs. — The
<lescriptions of the Pears and Peaches are full and satisfactory.
At page 96 commences the most judicious portion of the work
iij)on planting and pruning, and perhaps no publication could
be mentioned, which contains more full and general information
upon the training of Trees than this. At page 158, begins the
directions for gathering and preserving fruit, w hich are tolera-
bly full and j iidicious. The KitchenGarden begins to be treated
of at p. 189. as slight and unsatisfactory as can be imagined
to he contracted within less than 60 pages. To this succeeds
a Kitchen Gardener's Kaleuder ; with a detail of such products
as each month should afford; and rules for judging whether
there is any deficiency. The last chapter of the work is a very
useful one, containing an enumeration of the time the various
Kitchen Ciarden crops continue in perfection.

" The Retir'd Gardener" is a more comprehensive, and
excellent work. It is much more full upon Floriculture
than the other departments of Gardening. The plan of the
work is to enumerate each species that is an object of cul-
ture, to describe its cultivation, the form, Sec. and then its
History, this last might have been omitted without any loss, be-
ing a mere tissue of mythological absurdities. — The directions
for the course of cultivation are in general very excellent ; and
it would perhaps be difficult to find much better in more mo-
dern works, than those for the Orange, (vol. 2. p. 652. — 78.)
The work concludes with a description and plan of M. Tal-
lard's Garden ; besides which are given many plans of Trelliage,
Arbours, Parterres, Bowling Greens, &-c. all perfectly formal.
A Gardener's Kalender is given in the first volume, descrip-
tions, and figures of tools, &c. As a whole we cannot but
agree with the Translators in considering the work, as " per-

127

haps better than any tiling: of <l»'s nature that lias erer vet
appeared (170G) in Public, in one entire treatise."

1700. Nourse's Discourse on the benefit and improvements of

Husbandry.

1704. — The Husbandman's Magazine. By — SMITH. 12mo.

A Dictionary of all sorts of Country Atfairs, Trading,
Ac. Loudon. 8vo. Anonymous.

Dirtionarum Rusticum ; or a Dictionary of Husbandry,
Gardening, Trade, and Commerce. With plates. 2
vols. 8vo. Without the Author's name. Again in 1726
and 1728.

1706. The Solitary or Carthusian Gardener, being Dialooups
between a GiMitleman and a Gardener. London.
8vo. Andoymous. I presume (Ids is (he same as
•'the Gentle Gardener" mentioned by Weston.

WILLL\M FLEETWOOD v.as born in ihc Tuwer of Lon.
don, where his father had his residence, in IGoG. He com-
menced his education at Eton, was eleeled thence to King's Col-
lege at Cambridge: became successively Chaplain to their
majesties William and Mary, Vice-Provost of Eton, Fellow of
King's College, Canon residentiary of St. Paul's, and Rector
of St. Austen's, London. Just previous to the King's demise,
he was presented to a canonry of Windsor, when he resigned
his London living to reside near Eton. In 170(), he was created
Bishop of St. Asaph, and eight years afterwards was translat' d
to Ely, of which he died the diocesan in 1723, and was buried in
the cathedral. He was universally considered the best preacher
of his time; and his theological writings were STPnerally read
and admired, their influence beiiii: •■onlirmed 1»v the l)eneM>I 'nt

128

heart and mind which produced them, and the exemplary life
by which he illustrated them. Some of his writings were not
the less perused from having been burnt publicly, by order of
the ministry in 1712. These were the preface to his Sermons
on the Deaths of Mary, of the Duke of Gloucester, of William,
and on the accession of Queen Anne. This mode of censuring
an author is, perhaps, of all others the most ill-advised, for as
Dr. Johnson has well expressed it " fire is a conclusive but
not convincing argument ; it will certainly destroy any book,
but it refutes none" ; and if it is intended by the conflagration
to warn persons from perusing it, Goethe gives his testimony of
the contrary tendency. Having seen a book publicly commit-
ted to the flames, he says *' We never rested until we had pro-
cured a copy of it, and we were not the only persons who
longed for the forbidden fruit. Had the author tried to disco-
ver a good method of promoting the circulation of his work, he
could not have lit upon a better expedient."* Fleetwood
requires our notice from being the author of.

Curiosities of Nature and Art in Husbandry and Gardening.
London. 1707. 8vo.

His works were published in a collected form in one volume,
folio. 1737.—

His Sermons on the Relative Duties were published in 1716.
With his Portrait. 8vo.

JOHN MORTIMER, was a Merchant on Tower Hill,
London, in 1693. He was fond of Agricultural pursuits, and in
that year became possessed of an Estate in Essex, Filiols, or, as
it is now called, Toppingo Hall, He was descended from a
branch, settled in Somersetshire, of the ancient family of Mor-
timer. He had three wives, and his second Son, Cromwell

• Memoir?, v. i. p. 99.

129

by his third wife, was a Physician, and Secretary to the Royal
Society. Mr. Mortimer was an ingenious man. He much
improved Topingho Hall ; the beautiful Cedars still flourish-
ing there were planted by him. He was a Fellow of the Royal
Society. He wrote several pamphlets on religious education.
He is mentioned here on account of his having written.

The whole art of Husbandry, or the way of managing and
improving of land, being a full collection of what hath been
writ either by ancient or modern authors ; with many additions
of new experiments and improvements not treated of by others ;
as also an account of the particular sorts of husbandry used in
several counties, with proposals for its further improvement.
To which is added. The Countryman's Kalendar. 2 vola.
1707. 8vo. Again in 1709, 1712 and 1714. The fifth edition
is dated 1721. The last Edition with improvements was in
1761.

This work was approved of in the age inj which it appeared,
and was even translated into the Swedish language and pub-
lished at Stockholm in 1727. The first volume is devoted
entirely to Agriculture, and of its merits I shall not hazard an
opinion. The second volume is devoted to Planting, Arbori-
culture, and Gardening. It is terse and superficial through-
out; tinctured with vulgar prejudices. He gives no lists of
varieties of any of the Kitchen Garden plants. Of Apples he
enumerates about 110 — Pears 138 — C^'ierries 32 — Plumbs 71
■ — Apicots 5 — Peaches 47— Nectarines 16 — of others few or
none, and the directions for cultivation are slight and imperfect.
His descriptions of Green Houses arc grossly deficient, and
would convey the information that Glass was not employed in
their construction even at the time of publishing the fifth edi-
tion; and even advocates the warming them by open fires in
holes sunk in various parts of the floor. He dismissos the
cultivation of the Potatoe in ten lines, more than four of which

130

arc occupied by the follov*ing obseryations. " The root is very
near the nature of the Jerusalem Artichoke, but not so good or
wholesome. These are planted either of roots or seeds, and
may probably be propagated in great quantities, and prove
good food for swine."

1711. The English Herbal or History of Plants, containing

1. Their names Greek, Latin, and English. 2. Spe-
cies, or various kinds. 3. Descriptions. 4. Places
of growth. 5. Times of flowering and seeding. 6.
Qualities or properties. 7. Their specifications. 8.
Preparations Galenic and Chymic. 9. Virtues and
uses. 10. A complete florilegium of all the choice
* flowers cultivated by our florists interspersed through
the work, in their proper places, where you have their
culture, choice, increase, and way of management, as
well for profit as delectation, adorned with exquisite
icons or figures of the most considerable species.
By WILLIAM SALMON, M. D. fol. 2 vols. 1711.
This compilation is chiefly on the medical qualities of
Plants.

VanOosten's Dutch Gardener, or the complete Florist.
London. 8vo. Weston mentions an edition dated 1703.

1712. The Theory and Practice of Gardening, and all that

relates to fine Gardens : from the French of M* Le
Blond. By— JAMES. London. 4to. With cuts. Mr.
James made another translation from the same au-
thor in 1728. See that year.

From the very full extracts which I have given from Heres-
bach, Parkinson, &c. it will be seen that in the Kitchen
Garden and Orchard, there are few Plants, now cultivated by
us in those departments, which they did not contain in the pe-

131

riod of ourHlstorr now before us ; we have it U true many iu-
perior varieties, and in tho Flower and ornamental Shrub de-
partment we much excel them. The Art of Forcing and Pre-
serving Plants in Hot Houses was the offspring of the next age.

An estimate of the greater attention now paid to Gardening
for the public supply, may be formed from a knowledge of the
cheapness of some articles. Early in Autumn (1594) half a
peck of Filberts were to be had for sixpence. In September,
(IG19) 30 Lettuces were to be bought for fourpence ; 10 Arti-
chokes for three shillings and fourpence, but 2 Cauliflowers
cost one and sixpence each. In the reign of James the I.
(1G0!>— 1625.) superior varieties of the Melon, a large pale
Gooseberry, the Lemon Tree, several varieties of Sallad Herbs
and Cabbages were introduced. Melons appear to have been
especial favourites of this monarch. " I have sent, says Sir
Henry Wotton, writing from Venice, in 1622, the choicest
Melon seeds of all kinds, which his Majesty doth expect, as I
had order both from my Lord Holderness and from Mr. Secre-
tary Calvert." And Sir Henry " sent withall a very particular
instruction in the culture of that plant" He sent also to the
Earl of Holderness "a double yellow Rose of no ordinary
nature, for it flowereth every month (unless change of clime do
change the property) from May till almost Christmas." He
also introduced one of our Amaranths in 1613.*

The Tradescants were ornaments of the reign of Charles the
I. (1625—1648; The chief decorations of our Parterres, and
many of our finest varieties of Fruits were obtained to us by
their researches and Travels. It will bo observed however
from Parkinson that intertropical Plants had been very si)a-
ringly introduced. Real Stove Plants are rarely mentioned.
American Plants were more abundant, as might be expected
from our freer intercourse with their native country, ospecialljr

♦ ReliquicB WoUoniania by J. Walton, Edit. 3rd. pp. 3lft— 424.

132

with Vir^nnia. By far the greater number of Garden plants
nicn)ion»Kl by tho above named Aulhor are European and Gre-
cian Exotica, some Asiatic and a few of Northern Africa.

The taste for flowers, we have seen in a previous section,
was prevalent in this country at a very early period ; a great
increase of information as to iheir cxdtivation, as well as new
varieties, were introduced by the Flemish Worstead Manufac-
turers, who were driven over to Norwich during the persecutions
in their country, by Philip the II. and by the Duke of Alva in
15(>7. They brought over with them Gilliflowers. Provence
Roses, and Carnations. This was in the reign of Elizabeth
(1558 — 1G02.) who was herself very fond of flowers. Tulips,
and the Damask, and Musk Roses, appear to have been intro-
duced early in her reign. Gerarde says, in 1506, that a prin-
cipal collector and propagator of Tulips, had been so for
twenty years, and had an immense variety. There is mention
of a Florists' Feast at Norwich so early as 1637, at which a
play, or pageant, termed " Rhodon and Iris," was per-
formed.*

In 1671, Evelyn mentions. Sir T. Brown's Garden there as
being a ''paradise of rarities,'' and that the parterres of all
the inhabitants were rich in excellent flowers. In short Gerarde
and others mention cultivators of flowers almost in every county
of the kingdom. The taste pervaded every rank. The Duke
of Somerset, the Duchess of Beaufort, Dr. Turner, Mr. Lete, a
London Merchant, the Artisans of each manufacturing town,
are mentioned as delighting in flowers and flowering shrubs.

This fondness for flowers first manifested itself in Holland,
and in that country arose to an extraordinary height, continuing
until the middle of the last century, at which time two hundred

* Linnean Trnnsac. i!. 996, Roys Catalojfus Cantnbriguun.

133

pounds were given for one Hyacinth Root ; and more than six
hundred pounds for the Semper Augustus Tulip. f

Queon Elizabeth we have seen was a great deli;^ht*ir in flow-
ers. Nor were many of her subjects less so; Johnson in his
" Mercurius Botanicus," (IC34J gives a list of 117 Exotics
cultivated by Mr. Gibbs, of Bath, many of which he had
brought himself from Virginia.

Among other eminent patrons of Horticulture and Botany,
were Sir Walter Ilaleigh, Lord Zouch, and Lord Ilunsden,
who all, during their travels acquired and introduced to this
country many new plants. Sir Nicholas Bacon, the Lord
Keeper, was a distinguished patron of Gardening in this reign.
It was upon the Gardens of his beautiful mansion of Gorman-
bury, that his chief care and cost were bestowed. Several Ap-
ples were introduced in this reign by Mascal. Peas, Fuller states,
were chiefly imported from Holland, as " dainties for ladies,"

James the I. was an eminent patron of Horticulture. He is
especially to be distinguished in the annals of the Art, for
having in the third year of his reign formed the Garden'.-rs of
London, and those within a circuit of six miles around it, into a
corporate body, consisting of a Master, Wardens, Assistants
and Commonality. No one was to practice as a Gardener
unless approved of by this Company, within the above limi<^.
They were empowered to examine all, and seize such seeds
or other Horticultuial products, as they might esteem defective;
also to impose fines, and the offenders by the magistrates to be
committed to prison until they were paid. This Charter, as
stated in its preamble, was granted on account of the great dis-
appointment caused to persons having defective samples suj)pli,d
to them. It was confirmed in the 14th year of the same reign.

• B«ckinann's History of Invention;.

134

Tins manifestg how widely and generally Gardening nas
pursued, and that a disappointment in its products was
esteemed by the monarcli, worthy of the exercise of his prero-
gative to prevent. I by no means approve of the spirit of
monopoly by \vhich it supports, and am as hostile to any thing
in the form of legal regulations, for the conducting of private
business. If left to themselves, the most honest tradesman,
and the best goods will soon find the greatest encouragement,
penal enactments generally retard improvement, and if they do
otherwise than effect that which it is evident will be brought to
pass speedily by public exi)erience, it is worse^than useless.

An institution arose in the same reign that requires no such
restricted approbation. An academy was formed in Scotland
for the improvement of Gardening, which it would appear, was
in existence as late as 1724. — It had professors who delivered
Lectures.* The same monarch appointed a Royal Botanist in
the person of Matthias de Lobel, the first of whom we have
mention since the time of Richard the II. (see p. 46.) Lobel
was under the patronage of Lord Zouc"h, and cultivated a gar-
den at Hackney of which his lordship bore the expense.
Lobel had a considerable correspondence with Foreign Bota-
nists and by that means was enabled to introduce many new
Exotics into England. f He died about 1610, aged 78.

The succeeding Monarch, Charles the I, was particularly
fond of Gardening, as we shall see when considering the art of
design as practised in his reign. Gardening continued greatly
to improve and met with general patronage.

Some persons state that in this reign a proclamation was
issued directing all magistrates to assist the company of Gar-
deners instituted by James, in the execution oft heir authority.

* Bradley's General Treat, on Hudbandry nud Gardening, v. i. p. 134.
+ Pultney'i Sketchei of Botany, v. i. p 98.

135

It is certain a very favourable ono was raade.* This monareli
created the place of Royal Herbalist, and conferred it on
Parkinson. Orangeries were now much in request, the Queen
had 42 Trees in hers, at Wimbledon, which were valued at
,£•10 each.

During the Commonwealth, as it is very erroneously termed,
(1648 — 1660^ Cromwell was a great improver of Agriculture
and the useful branches of Gardening. We have seen that he
allowed Hartlib an annuity of one hundred pounds.

Charles the II. (1660 — 1605) was a great patron of our Art
in general. Regular glazed edifices for the preservation of
tender plants, appear to have been first erected in this reign.
Evelyn mentions Loader's Orangery in 1662, and those of the
Duke of Lauderdale and Sir Henry Capel. The last mentioned
also had a Myrtilleum. - The Green-house and Hot-house in
the Chelsea Garden are mentioned by the same author, as well
as by Ray in 1685. "What was very ingenious, says Evelyn,
was the subterraneous heat conveyed by means of a stove under
the conservatory, all vaulted with brick, so that Watts the
Gardener, has the doors and windows open in the hardest frosts,
excluding only the snow."f In the hot-house Ray mentions
that there was a Tea Shrub.

Dwarf Fruit Trees were brought to great perfection by this
monarch's Gardener, Rose, at Hampton Court, Carlton and
Marlborough House Gardens, so much so, that London, in the
preface to his " Retir'd Gardener," in 1667. challenges all
Europe to equal them. M. Quiutinnie could not accept the
challenge. J

• Bradley's General Treat, on Husbandry and Gardening, v. i. p, 137-
t Bray's Memoirs of Evelyn, v. i.5p. 606. J Switzer'a Icnogrnpliin Ru'tica,
T. i. p. 53.

136

For the encouragement of his Gardeners, and to insure their
utmost exertions, as not being liable to capricious removal, this
monarch gave them Patents of their places.*

The statement of Sir W. Temple-would argue for the belief
that the varieties of Peaches, Grapes, &c. now in cultivation,
are hardier, or that our climate has much changed since the
period we are considering, for he says that they cannot be
looked for as good to the northward of Northamptonshire ;
and even as late as the early part of the last Century, those
Fruits were not considered as capable of being grown in the
north of England, "I own it is with pleasure, says Mr. Law-
rence, that I expect to hear of good Grapes at York and Dur-
ham."f Evelyn in his translation of Arna\idd'Andiily's "Essay
on Fruit Trees," perhaps the best practical work of its age, is
the first to censure the vicious though then prevalent taste, of
clipping them into regular forms.

Arthur Capel, Earl of Essex, was a great patron of Garde-
ning in this reign. He introduced many varieties of Fruit from
France. The Gardens at Cashiobury near Watford, Herts,
were chiefly founded by him under the care of Moses Cook,
"one of the first places, says Switzev, were the ingenious spirit
of Gardening made the greatest figure. "J In this opinion he
is supported by Daines Barrington and Evelyn.

Evelyn in his Diary affords much information on the history
of Horticulture. He says he saw the first Pine Apple presen-
ted to the King in the Banqueting house in 1G61, and tasted of
it. He speaks most highly of Sir William Temple's Gardens
at East Sheen. Sir William inti'oduced some of our best
peaches, cherries, grapes, and apricots from Holland. ||

* Cook upon Forest and Fruit Trees, p. 62. + Fruit Gardener's
Kalender. p. 19. % Icnogrnpliia Rustica, v. i. p. 62. || Ibid, and hi»
own works.

437

In the reign of James the II. (1383 — 1680) Bishop Compton
had enriched the Gardens and Grpenhouses of Fidham Palace
to such an extent, tliat they were considered as containing a
greater variety of plants than any other in England. This he
was enabled to do by the happy coincidences of the increasing
commerce of the nation, the more frequent intercourse with
Holland, where vast Botanical collections from her colonies
had been made, and by a protracted residence of thirty eight
years at his See. To his taste for Gardening was united a
knowledge of Botany, a scientific attainment, observes Dr.
Pultney, not usual among the great of those days. He was a
great cncourager of Mr. London ; was one of the first to en-
courage the importation and raising of ornamental exoticks,
was very curious in collecting them, as well as in cultivating
Kitchen Garden Plants, especially Kidney Beans.* In his
Stoves and Gardens, he had above 1000 species of Exotic
Plants, a greater number than had been seen in any private
English collection. In his Gardens he cultivated a great many
plants that had been previously esteemed too tender to be
exposed unprotected to our climate. Every thing was done
under his own superintendance.f

The above prelate, was one of the few men, arising generally
at wide intervals, who seem perfect characters. Whatever part
he had to perform, he always acted correctly; always was firm
in the performance of his duty uninfluenced by fear, unwarpt by
interest. Whoever scrutinizes the character of Bishop Henry
Corapton, cannot but come to the conclusion that he was one of
the best characters that History records. He was born in 1G32
and died in 1713. It was in company of this Prelate that Mr.
London, as previously mentioned, (p. 124.) attended Princess
Anne from London to Nottingham, to prevent her being carried
off to France by the Papists.

• Switzar's Practical Kitchen Gardner, p. 237. f Swilzcr's Icno-
graphia Rustica,v. i. p. 70.

T

138

Horticulture was now borne vigorously forward in this country ;
nor was it here alone that it was fostered, and gathered strength.
We had previously received an impulse in this Art from Hol-
land ; we had surpassed our teacher, and we now strove for the
pre-eminence with France, who certainly had been also in a great
measure our Tutor. Louis the XIV. at this'time domineered
over France. His vanity and ambition however conferred this
benefit upon his coimtry, and thence to such nations as had
intercourse with it, that in ministering to the gratification of
those passions, he became a munificent patron of the Arts and
Sciences. Horticulture participated in the general encourage-
ment. His father had commenced on a diminutive plan, the
Trianon, but Louis the XIV. ordered the creation of the stu-
pendous and splendid Gardens of Versailles, Marli, and Fon-
tainbleau. Partaking of the spirit of the monarch, 'the nobles
and wealthy members of the community aimed at distinction
by the display of Horticultural taste. Among these, the Gar-
dens of St. Cloud, belonging to the Duke of Orleans, were par-
ticularly to be distinguished. The best scholars of the country
united in lauding the prevailing taste, and the praises of
Horticulture resound in the verses of Rapin and Boileati.
Quintinie was the prince of French Horticulturists; as Le
Notre was of their Garden Designers.

William the HI. (1G89 — 1702; we shall see introduced the
Dutch style of laying out Gardens. He delighted in blanched
Vegetables, and it was by his instrumentality that forcing Aspa-
ragus was introduced here, being previously unknown.* Mary
his Queen delighted in the practice of Gardening more than he
did. She superintended in person all improvements made dur-
ing her life. She was particularly fond ofExoticks, and allowed
Dr. Plukenet two hundred pounds annually for assisting her in
collecting and cultivating them. Her fondness for Gardening
is mentioned by Dr. Tillotson in her funeral sermon. f

• Switzer's Piactical Kitchen Gardener, p. 173. t Icnograpliia Ru»-
tica, V. i. p. 77.

]39

Duriiig the reign of Anae, (170'i — 1714,) the progress of
Horticulture was of uninterrupted success, and is memorable
iu our Hortulan Annals, as being the Era in which a genuino
taste for design in Gardening arose.

It cannot fail of being remarked, by those who are acrj mint-
ed with the Horticultural writers of the period, we have been
passing over, that the knowledge they betray of the Art of cul-
tivating Plauts, is nothing near coniinensurate to the pains
which were taken to collect them. It is only to be accounted
for by the plea, that the Gardeners of the age could not at once
become acquainted with the habits of the new plants crowding
upon them, and it was the results of their experience, which were
to act as beacons to those who succeeded. There is no doubt
however that they were grossly ignorant, and that this very great
obstacle to the improvement of their Art, was not removed till
the 18th Century was somewhat advanced. " The want of
some moderate degree of learning, says their contemporary
Horticulturist, Switzer, and the unwillingness that naturally is in
majiy (iardeners to look back on authors and books, that relate
to their profession, cannot be enough lamented. Books and
Herbals that have given an account of the names, properties
and virtues of plants, would improve their minds, and implant
a much greater love and affection to their employs, than gene-
rally is found among them. In short it would not only improve
their minds, but their dispositions, 1 had almost said manners too,
and reduce them into such an economy, as would make them lit
company for men of sense and learning. On the contrary, !:o\v
often do we see them, in good places too, that never open a book ;
nor can they either read, spell, or pronounce rightly the very
plants and herbs, they every moment have in view; and then no
wonder if many useful kinds of plants are totally neglected and
forgotten by them. The Spi ROEA FRUTKX is by some called the

FIERY FROSTIVE, and the CUCEROPHYLLUM — CaRTFOYLF.."*

This ignorance passed away a'; the succeedingCentury advanced,
* Preface to Practical Kitchen Gardener, p. xvi.

140

We may now proceed to consider the style in v/liich the
pleasure Gardens and Grounds of the period we are tracing
were disposed. It only differed from the formal taste of pre-
ceding periods, in being on a more extensive and expensive
scale. The defprmities were only enlarged and rendered more
splendid. The beau ideal of such structures in that age, is to
be found in the writings of Lord Bacon, and Sir W. Temple.
Those Gardens which are indeed prince-like, says the former,*
should not be less than thirty Acres. This space to be divided
into three parts. The first part, consisting of four Acres,
should be a lawn without any plot or parterre. It was a custom
which he has the good taste to ridicule, to have many little
knots, or beds of different coloured earth near the house.
Then was to come the main body of the Garden, a square, di-
vided into regular figures : A main walk extending the whole
length, garnished with rows of orbicular-headed Laurels, and
terminated by a Summer House. The parterres on each side
to be exactly like each other, in the forms of ovals, quincunxes,
triangles. &c. Trees or Shrubs were to be planted in similar
forms, and similar corresponding monotony ;

each alley has its brother.

And one half of the Garden justs reflects the other.

These were to be accompanied by arched walks hung with
Bird Cages, and little mirrors " for the sun to play upon;''
evergreens cut into Pyramids and Columns ; fountains ; pigmy
streams ; and mythological Statues. Such were commonly
adopted, and such even this sagacious Philosopher admired ;
he reprobates however something scarsely of worse taste,
namely Canals, Aviaries, and Evergreens cut into the forms of
Animals, yet these were pretty generally adopted likewise. He
recommends the Garden to conclude with a Heath or Desert,
which in some degree resembles the natural style now pursued,

* Lord Bacon Essay's on Gardens.

141

but this was not adopted in his time. Such is a general out-
line of the ornamental style ot Gardening; of that age, aiul we
shall proceed to exemplify it by descriptions and illustrations
of one or more of the chief Gardens formed in each reign.

In the reign of Elizabeth, arose Hatfield House, in Hertford-
shire, the seat of the Lord Treasurer Burleigh. Heiitzner de-
scribes the gardens, "as surrounded by a piece of water, with
boats rowing through alleys of well-cut trees, and labyrinths
made with great labour. There are jets d'eau, and a summer
House, with many pleasant and fair tish ponds, and abundant
statues," which he enumerates. Knottes and Mazes, and
divers herbes, *' cunningly handled for the beautifying of Gar-
dens," are given in Mountains " Gardener's Labyrinth," part
the first (157 1.) There wcx-e two Parks at Hatfield House, one
respectively for Red, and for Fallow Deer. Also a Vineyard
which was in existence when Charles the L was detained pri-
soner there. Cashiobury, Knowle Park, and Holland House,
were also laid out in this reign.

James the L either formed, or planted and greatly improved
the Gardens of the palaces at Theobald's ami Greenwich. The
former arc thus described by Mandelso, who visited this
coiuitry in 1G40. " The Garden is a largL> square, having all
its walls covered with trellis work, and a beautiful jet d'eau in
the centre. The parterre hath many pleasant walks, part of
which are planted on the sides with espaliers, and others arched
over. Some of the trees are Limes and Elms, and at t!ie end is
a small mount, named the mount of Venus, placed iu the middle
of a labyrinth. It is one of the most bcautifid spots in the
world.* From Bacon's own writing we may imagine what his
Garden was, which Sir Henry Wotton says " was one of the
best he had ever seen at home or abroad."

* Vuyages do MaudeUo, i. 599.

142

During the reign of Charles the I, and the Protectorship.
I am not aware any particular Gardens \^ere laid out, but it is
certain there was no alteration of taste. The domestic wars of
the period at all events would check its improvement. Come-
nius in his " JanuaTrilinguis" published at Oxford durinjr that
period, describes a pleasure Garden as containing a green
grass platt set about with choice and rare flowers and plants ;
pleasant walks and bowers bounded by pleached, i. e. topiary,
work J trickling fountains and jets d'eau.

During the residence of Charles the II. at the court of France,
he became enamoured of the French style of ornamental Gar-
dening, introduced at that period by Le Notre. I know of no
prominent features of this style different from that of previous
years, or that are not to be found for the most part in the Gar-
dens of declining Rome, except unlimited expense. The alleys
were increased in length — the jets d'eau made of greater power
— the most expensive and grateful plants profusely employed —
the parterre enlarged — the statues made of costly materials,
by the best Sculptors. But still alleys, jets d'eau, mazes, par-
terres, and statues, dipt trees, and mathematical formed bor-
ders are there as in previous ages. Versailles was formed by
Le Notre at an expense of 200,000,000 francs. The water
works, which are not played off more than eight or ten times a
year, cost, it has been calculated, about ^^200 per hour.*

Charles the II. sent for M. M. Perrault and Le Notre. The
latter came and superintended the planting of Greenwich and
St. James's Parks; but the other declined the monarch's invi-
tation. Charles had formed a grand design for the grounds at
Hampton Court, of which the Semicircle was the commence-
ment, but it was not completed. The Canal in St. James's
Park was dug by the orders of the same Monarch. The cen-
tral walk of the same Park he had paved with Cockle shells, and

* Keil's Horticultural Tour, p 409.

143

instituted the ofBce of Cockle Strewer. Waller the pnet terms
it "the polished Mall." Moncony in 1G63, desrribes Sprinjj
Gardens or Vauxhall as being " much resorted to ; having
walks both of Grass and Sand; dividing the ground into
squares of twenty or thirty yards, which were enclosed with
hedges of Gooseberries, whilst within were Raspberries, Roses,
Beans, and Asparagus."*

Chatsworth in Derbyshire, belonging to the Duke of Devon-
shire, and the most magnificent residence in England, was laid
out in this reign. It is believed from a design by Le N(»tre.
Banquetting rooms, and similar expensive Garden buililings,
are conjectured by Daines Harrington to have been first erec-
ted in this country during the reign of Charles, by laigo Jones,
at Beckett near Farringdon. At Beaconsfield, the Puet Waller
about the same period formed his residence. The ground
being very irregular he was at great expense to have it reduced
to regular slopes and levels. He seems to have had a dawn-
ing taste for landscape Gardening, since in the remoter parts
of the grounds, which were not extensive, he did not introduce
any appearance of Art.

Of Cashiobury, before mentioned, Evelyn remarks, '• No
man has been more industrious than its noble owner, (Earl of
Essex,) in planting aboutJ.iis seat, adorned with walks, ponds,
and other rural elegancies. The gardens are very rare.
There is an excellent collection of the choicest fruit. My
lord is not illiterate bei/ond the rate of most noblemen of his
age." Of Hampton Court the same author remarks. " It was
formerly a flat, naked piece of ground, but now planted with
sweet rows of Lime Trees, and the Canal now near perfected ;
as also the Ilare-Park. In the garden is a rich and nol)le
fountain, with Syrens, and other statues cast in copper by
Fanelli, but there is no plenty of water. The cradle walk of

• Eallhaiar Moncony's Travel^.

144

horiiboam in the garden is, for the perplexed tvrining of the
trees, very observable. There is a parterre which thoy call
Paradise, in which is a pretty banqiietting room, set over a
cellar." Of Ham House in Middlesex, the seat of the Duke
of Lauderdale, he observes, " the parterres, flower gardens,
orangeries, groves, avenues, courts, statues, perspectives,
fountains, aviaries, and all this on the bank of the sweetest
river in the world, must needs be admirable." He also des-
cribes many other seats all laid out m the same style.*

Thus the style of Gardening continued to the reign of Wil-
liam and Mary (1G89 — 1702) when this mathematical order of
laying out grounds was in its zenith. It was now rendered
still more opposed to nature by the heavy additions of crowded
hedges of Box, Yew, &c. which however by rendering the
style still more ridiculous perhaps hastened the introduction of
the more natural taste which burst forth a few years after.
William, Daines Barrington informs us, brought a taste for
clipt Yews, and splended gates and jails of Iron into fashion.
Such were common in Holland and France. These latter fen-
ces were a great improvement, supplanting the stone Walls,
previously used as boundaries, and thus allowing a more unin-
terrupted view, received the name of Clair-voytfs They were
very much employed about Hampton Court, and the next in
extent were formed by Switzer at Leeswold in Flintshire, laid
out by that Gardener in Bridgeman's first style, a mixture of
the natural and formal, William and his royal Consort made
Hampton Court, their cheif residence. It was under their
direction that the Great Garden, the Privy Garden, the
Wilderness, and the Kitchen Garden were rapidly constructed.
An Alcove, and arched trellis were formed at the end of one of
the Alleys, and four urns placed before the principal parts of
the house, which are supposed by Daines Barrington to be the

* Bray's Memoirs of Evelyn, v. i. p. 432, &c. Gibson's notes on Gar-
dens in the Archocologia, v. xii.

145

first so employed in England. For soniotime after llie death'
of the Queen, William nef;!ected this paltice, but he at length
returned to it, and amongst other improvements added to the
grounds the Great Terrace next to the Thames, " the noblest
work, says Switzer, of that kind in Europe.''* Kensington
Gardens were commcnred by this monarch. Tiiey were small
but neatly kept. Tlie approach was under a double row of
Elms, from the town of Kensington, through an enclosed field,
rendered still more unsightly by a gravel Pit. To remove this
disfigurement London and Wise were afterwards employed, to
effect which they introduced a mimic fortification, the bastions
counterscarps, &c. of which were of clipped Yew and variegated
Holly, which was long an object of wunder and admiration, under
the name of the " siege of Troy." Such vegetable sculptures,
and embroidered parterres, were now in the highest vogue.
Sir William Temple's, beau ideal of a Ciarden, given in his " Es-
say on the Gardens of Epicurus," is that of a Hat, or gently
sloping plotof an oblong shape, stretching away from the front
of the house, the descent from which to it was from a terrace
running the whole length of the house, by means of a flight of
steps. Such a Garden he says, existed at RloorPark, in Her'-
fordsliire, formed by the celebrated Lucy, Countess of Bedford,
one of the cliief wits of her time. It was on the slope of a Hill,
with two Terraces, rising one over the other, and united by a
magnificent flight of steps. A parterre, wilderness, higldy or-
namented Fountains, Statues, Alcoves, and Cloisters, were its
prominent parts and ornamcots.

Queen Anne, was a patroness of Gardening, and manifested
at least an acquiescence to a better taste. She allowed the Box
to be removed from the Gardens at Kensington, had them re-
modelled, and added another, says Switzer, " behind the G r en-
house, which is esteemed amongst the most valuable pieces cf
work, that has been done any where." Several other imjrovo-

■* Icnographia Rustica, v, i. p. 76.

146

luents in these Gardens, were made at Mr. Wise's recommen-
dation. Tlie old Gardens were finished. The gravel pits
turned into a shrubbery, through which were winding walks, so
much admifed by Addison, that he compares Mr. Wise, to an
Epic Poet, and this improvement to an episode in the general
effect of the Garden. During this reign the parterre before the
Great Terrace at Windsor, was covered with turf. The Box
Work at Hampton Court was removed, and the Gardens fresh
laid out. London and Wise, were the Garden designers of this
age. Wise was occupied three years in completing the grounds
of Blenheim. Exton Hall, Edger, Wanstead, and in short most
of the seats, in the old style, were laid out by these designers.
Switzer enumerates many of them, concluding with Castle
Howard, the seat of Earl Carlisle, *• 'Tis there, he exclaims, that
Nature is truly imitated, if not excelled, and from which the
ingenious may draw the best of their schemes, in natural and rural
Gardening. 'Tis there she is taught even to excel herself in the
Natura linear, and much more natural and promiscuous dispo-
sition of all her beauties."* In making nature more natural
our author could go no higher 1 The alteration and improve-
ment of design in Gardening, was now apparently a national
object, and the shades of Charles, William and Mary, might
have viewed with regret, if permitted, the devastations which
were spreading among all the formalities, and ton sile labours of
iheir days. The rise and progress of Landscape Gardening,
however, belongs to the next Chapter.

* Icnographia Rurtica, vi i. pp. 83, et infra.

ON THE

PROGRESS OF GARDENING

In England during the IBth Century,

That improvement which so gradually dawned upon Garden-
ing during the period of which wo have just concluded, the
consideration, burst forth in full splendour during the 18th.
Century. Never did circumstances more successfully combine
for the improvement of any art, than they did for the promotion
of Horticulture in all its branches during the hundred years I
am now entering upon.

To bo an efficient cultivator of Plants, a knowledge of Botany
wo have already observed is req^uisite. Whilst that Science
remained the chaos of unarranged facts, and ill-classified
individuals, which it was until the master mind of Linnaias re-
duced its confusion and discord to harmony in 1737, it requir-
ed for its acquisition the devotion of a life. Such acquisition
the new system of classification rendered comparatively easy
in a few months. That Gardeners availed themselves of the
advantage needs no further instance than Phillip Miller, in
whom the perfect Botanist and Horticulturist were combined,
,and wjio was a correspondent of the chief men of Science then
living;.

14B

For the working with full effect of the spirit of the immortal
Swede, our own Ray had prepared the arena. Indi-fagitable,
enthusiastick in his pursuits, of clear and comprehensive mind,
he gave an impetus to Botany and its corrcllative Arts, more
effectual to their advancement than they had recieved during
ages of years preceeding. For fifty years he most successfully
laboured to clear the path of the Science and to increase her
stores. Nor does he enjoy his fame only among his country-
men, it is afforded to him by all Europe. Haller says, he was
the improver and elevator of Botany into a Science, and dates
fro;n his life a new era in its History. In little more than
twenty years, Ray recorded an increase in the English Flora of
550 Species. His " Catalogus Plantarum Anglice" in 1G70
contains 1050 Species: His Synopsis in 1606 describes more
than 1600 Species. A Phalanx of Botanists were then con-
temporaries which previous ages never equalled, nor succeeding
ones surpassed. Ray, Tournefort, Plumier, Plukenet, Com-
melin, Rivinus, Bobart, Petivir, Sherard, BoCcone, Linna?us,
luay be said to have lived in the same age.

I will not pass unnoticed, as being of this period, Abra-
ham Cowley, the well known Poet, Physician, and Au-
thor of "The four Books of Plauts. "Considering, says his
Biographer and Critic, Botany as necessary to a Physician,
lie retired into Kent to gather plants, and as the predomi-
nance of a favourite study effects all subordinate operations
of the intellect. Botany in the mind of Cowley turned into
Poetry."* Although he deserves little praise as a Bota-
nist, or as a Gardenei*, he merits notice as assisting in their
advancement by winning to them and encouraging the attention
of the literary. Of the influence which Botanists possess over
the forwarding the interests of Horticulture, I shall quote but
one more instance. Sir Arthur Rawdon was so gratified with
the magnificent collection of West Indian Plants possessed by

* Johnson'* live's of the Poets.— Cowley,

149

Sir Hans Sloanc. that he dispatched a skilful gardener, James
Harlow, to Jatnacia : who brou<;ht thence a Vessel nijarly
freighted with vegetatins: and dried Plants, the first of which
Sir Arthur Rawdon ndtivated in his own garden at INIoira in
Iroland, or distribuled amongst his friends, and some of the
continental Gardens. His taste for Exotick plants was pro-
bably much encouraged by his intimacy wilh Dr. William
Sherard, who being one of the most munilicont patrons and
cultivators of Exotick Botany during that " golden age" of the
Science, appeared, as Hasselquist observed, " thor.^gont ofthe
Botanic Garden" at his house at Sedekio near Smyrna, where
he was British Consul, for here he cultivated a very rich gar-
don, and collected the most extensive Herbarium that was ever
formed by the exertions of an individual. It contained 12,000
species. His younger brother, Dr. James Sherard, cultivated
at Eltham in Kent one of the richest Gardens England ever
possessed.*

But it was not only in the collecting and arranging of Plants
that Botany was adding fresh stores and zrst to Gardening;
Previous to this period little was known of the structure of
Plants and the uses of their several parts. Grew, Malpighi,
Linnaeus, Hales, Bonnet, Du Harael, Hedwig, Spallanzani,
Sec. cleared away in a great measure the ignorance which en-
veloped Vegetable Physiology. Previous to their days the
male bearing plants of Dioecious Plants, as Spinach, and
the male flowers of Cucumbers, <^'C. were recommended to be
removed as useless ; they taught the importaiicc of checking
the return of the sap ; the mode of raising varieties; in short
ail the phenomena of vegetable life which throw so much li^'ht
upon the practise of the Gardener, were iirst noted and ex-
plained by the labours of those Philosophers. Another class
of Philosophers who contributed a gigantic aid to the advance
of Horticulture, where those Ciiemists who especially devoted

• Pultncy't sketdies of Botany, v. ii, p. 130.

150

themselves to the Vegetable World. Such men were Ingen-
houz. Van Helmont, Priestley, Sennebier, Schraedcr, Saussure,
&c. To them we are indebted for the most luminous researches
into the food of plants, the influence of air, of heat, of light
and of soils. Previous to their researches the immense impor-
tance of the leaves of Plants was unknown. Cultivators were
unaware that by removing one of them they were proportionably
removing the means of breathing and of nourishment from the
parent plant; and mankind in general were ignorant that it is
by the Gas which Plants throw oflf, that the animal Creation is
alone enabled to breathe.

The scientific institutions of previous years, which had merely
existed, now were in a state of vigorous exertion. The Botanic
Garden of Chelsea, was especially distinguished under its Cura-
tor Philip Miller. This Garden, as previously stated, was founded
in 1673, though the inscription over the gateway is dated 1686,
until which year it was not effectually arranged. It was
strengthened and rendered permanent by Sir Hans Sloane, in
1721. He having purchased the manor, gave the scite, which
is a freehold of four Acres, to the Company on the conditions
that they should pay £5 per annum for it, and that the de-
monstrator of the Company, in their name, should deliver an-
nually fifty new species of Plants to the Royal Society, until
the number amounted to 2,000. This presentation of Plants
commenced in 1722, and continued until 1773, at which time
they had presented, 2550 species.

If old Botanical institutions improved, so also new ones
were formed. The Kew Gardens, were commenced in 1760,
by the Princess dowager of Wales, mother of George the HI.
The exotick department was established chiefly through the
influence of the Marquis of Bute, a great patron of Gardening.
It was placed under the care of Mr. W. Aiton, and it has since
become one of the most celebrated Botanical Institutions in
the world.

151

The Cambridgo Botanical Garden was also founded in 176;),
by Dr. Walker, vice-master of Trinity College. He gave the
scite comprising nearly five Acres, in trust to the Chancellor,
Masters, and scholars of the University, for the purpose of
establishing the Garden. Thomas Martyn, tho titular Pro-
fessor of Botany, was appointed reader on Plants, and Charles,
son of the celebrated Philip Miller (who had aided Dr. Walker
in selecting the ground,) was made first Curator.*

Previous to this period, the number of Esoticks cultivated in
this country probably did not exceed 1,000 species ; during this
Century above 5,000 new ones were introduced. Some (ole-
rably correct idea may be formed of the improvement arising
to Horticulture, from this spirit of research after plants, by a
knowledge that [in the first edition of Miller's Dictionary, in
1724, but 12 evergreens are mentioned. The Christmas flower,
and Aconite were rare, and only to be purchased at Mr. Fair-
child's nursery at Hoxton. Only seven species of Geranium
were then known. In the preface to the eighth edition of the
Dictionary, in 17G8, the number of plants cultivated in this
country, are stated to be more than double those which were
known in 1731. The publication of the seventh edition of that
work in 1759, was of the greatest benefit to Horticulture. In it
was adopted the classical system of Linnoeus. It gave a final
blow to the invidious line of distinction which had existed be-
tween the Gardener and the Botanist, and completed the erec-
tion of the Art of the former into a Science, which it had been
long customary to esteem as little more than a superior pur-
suit for a rustic. From being merely practised by servants, it
became more extensively the study and the delight of many of
the most scientific and noble individuals of this country. Mil-
ler improved the cultivation of the Vine and the Fig, and was
otherwise distinguished for his improvement ofthe practice as he
had been of the Science of Gardening. Having thus decisively

• Loudon'* Encyclopcadia of Gardening, pp. 86, & 1071. edit. 5.

152

crained the alfention of men of science, the rapid progress of
Horticuhure from this era is no longer astonishing. The Bo-
tanist applied his researches to the increase of the inhabi-
tants of the Garden ; and the better explanation of their habits.
The V(^getal)l(^ Physiologist adapted his discoveries to prac-
tical purposes by pointing out the organs and functions which
are of primary importance ; and the Chemist by his analysis
(liscoxered tlieir constituents, and was consequently enabled
to point out improvements which Practice could only have
stumbled on by chance and perhaps during a lapse of ages.

Tho general introduction of forcing houses likewise gave to
our Science a new feature. Green-houses we have seen were
in use in the 17th Century, but no regular structures roofed
with Glass, and artificially heated, existed until the early part
of the one succeeding. Though a pine apple had been present-
ed by his Gardener to Charles the II. (p. 112.) it is certain that
they only were successfully cultivated here about 1723, by Mr.
Henry Talende, Gardener to Sir Matthew Decker at Richmond ;
Mr. Loudon gives the date as 1719. Mr. Bradley says that Mr.
Talende having at length succeeded in ripening them, and
rendered their culture "easy and intelligible,'' he hopes Ana-
nas may tlourish for the future in many of our English Gardens. "f
That forcing was rare, and but of late introduction is further
proved by Mr. Lawrence, who in 1718 observes that he had
heard that the Duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle in Lincoln-
shire, hastened his Grapes by having fires burning from Lady-
day to Michaelmas behind his sloped Walls, a report to which
he evidently does not give implicit credence, but which" it is
easy to concieve."f That such however, was the fact, is con-
firmed by Switzer, who further adds in 1724, that they were
covered with Glass. The walls were erected, he say s, at the sug-
gestion of Mr. Facio whom we have before mentioned, (p. 122.)

* Bradley's general Treatise on Husbandry and Gardening,
t Lawrences Fruit, Gardener's Kalender. p. 22.

1 68

The Walls failing in their anticipated cfTect were covered
\rith Glass, and thus led to the first erection of a regular
forcing structure of wliicli we have an Account.* Lady
Wortloy Montague in 1710, mentions having partaken of Pino
Apples at the Table of the Elector of Hanover ; and speaks of
them as being a thing she had never seen before, which, as her
Ladyship moved in the highest English Circles, she must, had
they been introduced to Table here.

Mr. Fowlor, Gardener to Sir N. Gould, at Stoke Newington,
was the first to raise Cucumbers in Autumn, for fruiting about
Clnistmas. He presented the King, George th' I. wilh a
brace of full grown-ones on New Year's Day 172 1. f

Even as late as the commencement of the century we arc
tracing, every garden vegetable in a greater or less dt^grec, was
obtained from Holland. The supplyors of the Royal Family sent
thither for Fruits and Pot Herbs; and the seedsmen obtained
from thence all their seeds. But in 1727, Switzer boasts of the
improvements made in his Art. Cucumbers that twenty five
years before were never seen at table until the close of May,
were then always ready in the first days of March, or earlier if
tried for. Melons were improved both in quality and eavliness.
"The first owing to the correspondence that our nobility and
gentry have abroad, now equalling if not excelling the French
and Dutch in their curious collections of seed, but the second
is owing to the industry and skill of our Kitchen Gardeners-."
Melons were now cut at the end of April, which before were
rare in the middle of June. The season of the Cauliflower be-
ing in perfection was prolonged from three or four, to six or
seven months. Kidney Beans were now forced. The season
of Pease and Bjans was extended to a period from April until

• Switzer's Practical Fruit Gai\lon, p. SIS. + Bradley's General
Tie.itise on IIu>bamlry aii«l Gaiileniriij, v. 2. p. Gl.

154

December, which previously only lasted two or three
months, Ac*

The early part of this Century witnessed the labours of
Professor Bradley, who was one of the first to treat of Gar-
dening and agriculture as Sciences. Although deficient in
discoveries, his works are not destitute of information derived
from contemporary Gardeners and other writers. He wrote
luminously on the buds of trees; on bulbs; and especially on
the mode of obtaining variegated plants and double flowers.
He must be looked upon as a benefactor of Horticulture, for he
at least made himself acquainted with the discoveries of others,
and recording them in his widely circulated works, hediftused
such increased Knowledge, and he diffused over the whole such
philosophical views as the Science of the age afforded, and
that such views were needed requires but one proof, namely,
that the celebrated Evelyn directs that attention should be paid
to the Moon in some of the operations of Gardening. Speak-
ing of Grafting he says " The new Moon, and old Wood is
best.''

The patrons of Horticulture were now numerous and munifi-
cent. The Duke of Chandos; Compton, Speaker of the House
of Commons ; Compton, Bishop of London ; Dubois of
Mitcham ; Dr. Uvedale of Enfield ; Dr. Lloyd of Sheen; Dr.
James Sherard, already mentioned; CoUison at Mill Hill;
the Duke of Argyle; Sir John Hill, then only Dr. Hill; Drs.
Pitcairn and Fothergill ; Duke of Marlborough ; Mr. Salis-
bury ; Duke of Northumberland ; le Comte de Vande, &c. had
all fine Gardens and collections of Exoticks.

Some of our most celebrated Nurserymen flourished during
this Century. Fairchild ; Gordon ; Lee ; and Gray introduced
many plants during its first half. Hibbert of Chalfont and

* Preface to Switrer'i Practical Fruit Gardener.

155

Thorntoa of Clapham deserves particular mentiun for their en-
couragement of Exotick Botany. The Garden and Hot Housei
of the latter were amoag the best stocked about London.

A great stimulus to the culture of ornamental plants was given
by the publication of the Botanical Magazine, which commen-
ced in 1787; the works of Lee, Lodig;es, &c. and this taste
was further revived by the publication of JMaddocks's Florist's
Directory in 1792.* The various works which appeared, and
the influence which they had in promoting' the interests of our
Art may be judged from the biographical and critical sketcheis
which follow.

JOHN LAWRENCE or LAURENCE was admitted B. A.
of CJare Hall, Cambridge, in 1680. He was presented to the
Rectory of Yelvertoft, in Northamptonshire, in 1703, previous
to which he had become M. A. To the cultivation of the Gar-
don of the Rectory House die assiduously applied, and though
its soil was shallow, and on the worst description of subsoil,
viz. a white clay, in three years he grew in it some of the
choicest fruit. In 1721, he moved to the Rectory of Bishop's
Wearmouth, in the County of Durham. In 1723, he was a
prebendary of Salisbury. He died at his rectory, in 1732.
He was a naturalist and very fond of Horticulture, especially
that part of it which includes the culture of fruits, priding him-
self upon the richness of his deserts. Working in his Garden,
he tells us was " the best and almost only physick" he took.
He is represented as hospitable and generous, but we cannot
entertain a very high opinion of his honour, if Lintot the Book-
seller adhered to the truth in complaining that in his " New
System of Gardening," in different words he had republished
what he had previously sold to him (Lintot) in the form of
" The Clergyman's and Gentleman's Recreation." He wrote,

• Loudon'i Encyclopoidia of GaidaQing, 86. •dit. S.

15G

1. Till! Clergyman's Recreation shewing the i)k'asiire and profit

of (he art of Gardening, London, 8vo. 1714, 1716, 1717.
The sixth edition appeared in 1726.

2. The Lady's Recreation in the Art of Gardening, London,

1717, 1718, 8vo. This work I find, has a mere assump-
tion of Mr. Lawrence's name, fur he states in one of his
succeeding publications that he never saw it until after it
was printed.

3. The Gentletuan's Recreation ; or the second part of the art

of Gardening improved, containing several new experi-
ments and various observations relating to fruit trees,
particularly a new method of building Walls with horizon-
tal shelters. With an appendix to fix a meridian line by
the brother of the Author, Edward Laurence. London,
8vo. 1714; 171G. The third edition is dated 1723.

4. The Fruit Garden Kalendar ; or a summary of the Art of
managing the Fruit Garden, teaching in order of time what
is to be done therein every month in the year, containing
several new and plain directions more particularly relating
to the Vine. With an appendix of the usefulness of the
Barometer. London. 8vo. 1718.

5. A new system of Agriculture, being a complete body of

Husbandry and Gardening. In five books, 1726, folio.

6. Paradise regained, or the art of Gardening, a Poem, Lon-

don. 1728. 8vo.

"The Clergyman's Recreation" is concise, but perhaps there
is no work that has less of error in its directions. In his di-
rections for pruning, training ; and the preparation of an infusion

157

of Wall-Nuts leaves to destroy worms, Sec. he has recorded liis
practical knowledge of various directions which have heoii in
late years recommended as improvements. It is chielly con-
fined to the cultivation of Wall Fruit. He mentions nothing
about Apples; and is much too pragmatical upon the diseases
to which Trees are subject.

" The Gentleman's Recreation" as he states in his introduc-
tion, is '* an Appendix to the former" or Clergyman's Recre-
ation. It is a miscellaneous collection of notes for the most
part relating to the cause of barrenness in Fruit Trees ; and the
superiority or fresh earth to some j)Iants rather than dungs. —
The most original observations are upon the benefits of hori-
zontal shelter in preventing the blasting of Wall Fruit. The
observation upon permanent nails to which to tie the branches
of Wall Trees are equally worthy of the claim of novelty.

** The Fruit Gardener's Kalender" is composed of many ex-
cellent observations and directions. He mentions as a common
practice ringing the branches of fruit trees to make them bear,
which he calls " circumcising" them.

Upon a review of the whole, Mr. Lawrence must be ranked
among the great benefactors of Horticulture, and as one of the
most excellent of writers upon the Art, inasmuch as that the
contents of his works are evidently the results of his own ob-
servations, made during the experience of many years prac-
tice of this his favourite recreation,

1715. In this year «ommenccd the publication of " Vilruvii.s
Britannicus, or British Architect, containing ^)lai).s,
&c. of buildings and Gardens, pnblic and private, in
Great Britain; 200 Copper plates. London, largo
folio, o vols. A volume appeared respective! v in

158

1715, 17, 25. 67, and 71. It was (he united pro-
duction of C. J. WOLFE, and JAMES GANDON.

The Landed Man's assistant. By G, Clarke, 12nio.

Art's Improvements: or experiments in Building,
Agriculture, Gardening, &c. London. 8vo. By T.
SNOW, author of Apopiroscopy.

STEPHEN SWITZER, was a general Gardener and Seeds-
man of the reigns of Anne and George the I. He was a native
of Hampshire. He acquired his knowledge of the Art under
the great masters of the day, London and Wise, having been,
as he states in the Title page of his "Icnographia Rustica,"
for several years their servant. He completed his apprenticeship
at the close of the 17th. Century. In 170G, he was employed
under London inlaying out the grounds of Blenheim. When
Mr. Lowdor was superintendant of the Royal Gardens at St.
James's, Switzer was employed in them in the capacity of Kit-
chen Gardener. In 1724, he was Gardener to the Earl of Orrery,
as appears from the Dedication of his Practical Fruit Gardener.
The same Dedication is retained in the edition of 1T51. He
appears at one time to have been in the same capacity servant
to Lord Brooke, to Lord Bathurst and also to Lord W. Russel,
who suffered in 1G83. Gardeners in his time were accustom-
ed to ply about Westminster Hall and the Royal Exchange
oifering Trees, Seeds, &c. for sale. In the first named place
having commenced business as a Nurseryman and Seedsman,
he kept a stand for the sale of his productions, bearing the
sign of the Flower Pot, and close by the entrance to the Court
of Common Pleas. His Garden was at Milbank. Where he
resided I have been unable to determine, he dates Ins "Diser-
tation on the true Cytisus of the ancients" in 1731, from New
Palace Yard, Westminster. Mr. Loudon says he died in 1745,
at which time he must have been eighty year* of age.

159

For the foregoing very imperfect sketch of his life I ara
indebted solely to accidental notices contained in his own
works. It is an instance of the partiality of fame, that of this
Horticulturist no contemporary authors make mention, whilst
of Bradley and others, infinitely his inferiors in every point
we have full particulars. This neglect, and even persecutioa
attended him through life. It appears from his own
account in 1731, that some "great man some years deceased,
charged him with not finishing his work, and embezzling seve-
ral hundred pounds, the falsity of which is visible and speaks
for itself." His brother seedsmen also opposed him with
considerable acrimony because he was not bred to that trade,
but as a Gardener. Neglect has pursued him beyond the
grave, for his works are seldom mentioned or quoted as author-
ities of the ago he lived in. To me he appears to be the best
author of his time, and if I was called upon to point out the
Classic Authors of Gardening, Switzer should be one of the
first on whom I woidd lay my finger. His works evidence him
at once to have been a sound practical Horticulturist, a man
well versed in the Botanical Science of the day, in its most en-
larged sense ; of considerable classical and literary attainments,
and above all a religious character; they completely warrant
us in receiving as correct the modest notice he takes of himself
in the preface to the first volume of his " IcnographiaRustica."
" I hope, he says, I shall not be altogether unlit for this work,
by the happiness I have had in an education none of the mean-
est for one of my profession, and of having a considerable share
in all parts of the greatest works of tl.is kingdoni, and under
the greatest masters ; and even that which some may probably
reckon otherwise, I mean some small revolutions and meaness
of Fortune, as it has sometimes thrown me upon the greatest
slavery, so it has at other times amongst the best men and
books ; by which means, and I hope an allowable industry and
ambition and an eager desire of being acquainted with all
part* of this nation, as well as the usefulparts of Garde;:ing, I

160

have tasted both rough and smooth, as we plainly call it, from
the host business and books, to the meanest laboms of the
ScytheySpade, and Wheelbarrow." That by misfortunes he
had been reduced to a hnmhle station in Gardening-, he often
glances at. From the above Preface, we also learn, that he
had travelled on the continent, especially in France, paying par-
ticular attention to the style of design in Ornamental Garden-
ing. This preface is throughout well worthy of perusal ; in-
dependent of an eloquent, though in places far too florid style,
it breathes an appropriate feeling of love for his art, a spirit of
candour in warning Gentlemen of those errors both of expense
and penury which were alike sure to defeat their object, in the
ornamental disposition of their Parks, or " Extensive Garden-
ing'' as he appropriately terms it, " a kind, he observes,, not
yet much used with us. It is curious among other warnings
to find him telhng the landed Proprietor, to beware of the
Scotch Gardeners, who even in his day appear tx) have been
objects of jealousy, and caused him to forget his accustomed
suavity. "These Northern Lads, which whether they have
served any time in this Art or not, very few of us know any
thing of, yet by the help of a little learning, and a great deal of
impudence, they invade these southern provinces, and the na-
tural benignity of this warmer climate has such a wonderful in-
fluence on them, that one of them knows, or at least pretends to
know, more in one twelvemonth than a laborious, honest south
countryman does in seven years." " The tliree exports of
Scotand — Gardeners, Black Cattle, and Doctors," is a toast
now often given. The following is a list and analysis of his
published works.

1- Icnographia Rustiea, or the nobleman, gentleman, and
Gardener's Recreation, containing directions forlhe general
distribution of a country seat, into rural and extensive
Gardens, Parks, Paddocks, c^c. and a general system
of Agriculture, illustrated with great variety of copper-

IGI

plates done by tlio best haiiii.s from tlie author's drawings,
London, 1718, 3 voli>. 8v-o.

All edition of (he first volume of this work appeared in 1715,
8vo. enti'.led " TJie Nobleman, Geutleman and Gardener's Re-
creation, or an Introduction to Gardening, Planting, Agricul-
ture, and tho other business and pleasures of a country life."
JNIr. Felton informs nio that this, with the exception of about a
pag:e and a half of new matter added to the History of Garden-
ing-, is verbatim the same as the lirst volume of the •' Tcnogra-
phia."

The first Chapter is an entertaining though superficial His-
tory of Gardening. I'or that part which treats of the Art du-
ring the'age in which Switzer lived, 1 am indebted however for
many notices. Of the style in which he details the facts, or
the eloquence he displays in praising his favourite Art, I need
not dwelL It is much too pompous in many parts. Like the
Poets of his age he often bestows a labour upon trifles, which
even when moulded to his wish, do not compensate for the ex-
ertion. One example shall be sutliciont. In proving that
Gardening was as old as the Creation, he observes. ''It is
evident from the latter end of the afore-mentioned Chapter
(Genesis ii.) where that operation is recorded of taking the rib
from Adam, wherewith tho woman was raade ; yet tho' from
this Chirurgery may plead high, yet the very current of tha
Scriptures determines in favour of Gardening!"

In the 2nd Chap, the soil most suited for Gardens, especially
where treesare to be planted, is very slightly considered, but ha
dwells much upon fresh Earth, compounded of Clay, &c. for
light Soils, and of Sand, &c. for tenacious ones, being of more
importance than Dungs, which he considers chiefly as "a good
ingredient to mix withearth, and other compost." These com-
p osts, their turning, and other directions, are much the same ai

IG2

those we find in later authors. Chap. 3. is devoted to the
consideration of the use Water is to Plants, and of that which
is best for them. He is decidedly opposed to those who con-
sider water the sole food of plants. Rain water he considers
best for them. The plan of watering Trees, &c. with water
impregnated, with dungs, lately so ably advocated bjr Mr.
Knight, Switzer gives directions for performing without at all
considering it a new plan. We have observed it in much
older authors. Pigeon, sheep, and horse dungs, he considers
best for the purpose. Chap. 4. is consumed in considering the
influence of the Sun upon the earth, and relates to any thing
but Gardening." Chap. 5. is upon the influence air has over
Vegetation. He here seems to have again anticipated Mr.
Knight who in the Horticultural Transactions, has some ex-
perlmcnls to prove that the motion which the winds impart to
Plants assists their growth. Switzer speaking of the benefits
of the breezes, enumerates their " blowing open and extending
natures oflspring." He dwells much upon the dry air of March,
bcin injurious to new Plantations, and strictly enjoins water-
ing the roots, " more plantations miscarry on account of thig
neglect than by any cause whatever." Chap. 6. is devoted to
the processes of Vegetation, in the course of this he makes an
observation, little attended to now, but to which 1 bear de-
cisive testimony, that standards generally bear sooner and bet-
ter than dwarfs. — Of different plants regaining different soils,
manures, Szc. and hence deducting that water, Is not their
chief nourishment, he argues earnestly, and in a manner rarely
found in writers of his age, and on such subjects. Chap. 7.
is occupied by a consideration of Forest Trees, their culture
^c. Its Section 1. contains the opinions of the ancient and,
more modern Poets, concerning the beauties of Groves and Um-
brageous situations ; if Switzer is not so melodious in his sen-
tences, they serve as vehicles for Rhapsodies, perhaps as full
of inspiration, and certainly as fervent as the warmest admirer
of Woodland scenes can compel his imagination to soar with;

103

"I caim't, he excl;iinis, but think 1 may, with the miivorsal
consent of Mankind, suppose that nothing; on this side Ileav'n
is comparable to it" — What impelling' Passion could say move?
— Wh'n le^s rapturous he is more ekxpient ; Jeremy Taylor,
would not have blotted such a Passage as this — " Every gen-
tle breeze of air, a virtuous man will roadily esteem the imme-
diate breathing of his Maker; and every awful bend of a Tree,
the premonitions of his approaching end ; every green walk
will remind him of the very steps ho is taking towards hapi)i-
ness, the whole design of no loss than Heaven itself."

After recommending to the Gentlemen of his time the intro-
duction of more Forest Trees into their grounds rather than
Evergreens, he proceeds to consider of the ])ropagation of them
in imitation of Virgil, into those that are produced spontane-
ously, those which are raised from seed, those from suckers,
those from cuttings, and those from grafts, &c.

It is needless to refute here the opinion to which he accedes,
that some plants are produced innnediately from the com|)o-
nents of the soil, and not from seed previous received, or as
Virgil expresses it, " sponte sua veniunt,'' — Equivocal gene-
rations is one of the errors which the monarch of Botanical
knowledge has completely demonstrated. — In the section on
raising Forest Trees from seed he is more happy ; I have com-
pared his course of cultivation with that giveji in the best
works of the presentday, and I have not ascertained any point
demonstrative of improvement in the lime, (hat Las SMp( r-
vened since he wrote— he advocates a moderately fertile seed
bed, for he concludes "if they will d(? well ia an irulilTereul
Soil, they will do better in good" — his directions for sowing-
are ample and correct, his mode of sheltering the beds judi-
cious ; — he recommends with convincing observations that
Autumn is the best seed time — lie particularly dwells also uj)on
the iraportaucc of stirring the ground among the Trees, a r^-

164

commendation \vhich in 1828 the Society of Arts gave one of
their Medals to Mr. Withers of Holt, for advocating. — Sec. 4th.
on raising Trees from Suckers, contains little else but an
anecdote in support of Salmasius's declaration that the Elm
can be raised from Chips of its own trunk — Sec. 5. of raising
Sallows, Scc. by slips or Truncheons is equally unimportant —
Sec. 6. of Layers — contains directions for the common method
of pegging down shoots that proceed from stubs or stools. —
Sect, 7. On Cuttings, grafts, kc. is insignificant, and con-
taining little to the purpose — Sec. 8. is a bare recapitulation —
Sec. 9. comprises the treatment necessary in the Nursery to
which the plants are conveyed from the seed beds. — He here
insists upon the benefit of removing them with speed from the
one to the other, carefully shading their roots ; even recom-
mending a kind of close barrow for moving them in — so im-
portant he was aware it was to prevent their fibres becoming
dry — Yet this practice we have lately seen treated of, as if it
was a new illumination. — Sec. 10. Treats of pruning and
dressing the Trees in the Nursery. — In this section he is uni-
formly judicious-^he directs an annual autumn pruning of the
side shoots to keep the tree streight and handsome, specifying
that they should be " close cut off" a particularity of direction
■which might be attended to with no inconsiderable advantage
by most timber growers of our time?. — If ever Timber Trees are
pruned al all it is usually by some ruthless Hedger with his
Bill, needless wounds are inflicted which check the growth,
and stumps of branches are left, which decaying, gradually
carry infection into the heart of the Tree. — He directs manur-
ing and stirring the surface with restrictions accurate and me-
thodical— though one of his axioms that Timber trees cannot
shoot too fast (p. 236) if durability is to be considered, may be
successfully disputed. — As also the practice of cutting their
roots round to keep them together conveniently for moving,
which is very erroneous — as indeed is the practice of shifting, &c.
which he pursued, it is better to sow where the tree is to re-

165

main, or at most to more but once. In Sect. 11. He comes to
consider their final removal, and in this he is more at varianca
with our present practice than in any of his others, inasmuch as
that for some varieties he recommends a pruning of the Roots
and all to be planted deep " at least two feet". Although
he justly argues against the idea of always planting any side of
the tree to the same point of the compass yet still he does not
seem to be altogether faithless in Pliny's notions regarding the
"Winds which should prevail, and the age of the moon, at
the time of planting (p. 248.^ He expresses himself more re-
gardless of them afterwards (p. 2GI.J Sect. 12 — is on the se-
veral sorts of Soil on which Trees thrive best — fur poor,
gravelly, dry ground he recommends the Abealand Witch Elm
— for dry, sandy, deep soils, the Beech, Hornbeam, &c. —
Here it may be remarked that the great benefit of raising tha
plants from seed on the spot where they are to continue is for
such soils most strenuously supported by him ; a j)ractice
which cannot be too generally adopted for however at first
there may appear a gain by planting three or more years old
Trees, yet in the course of a few years the seedlings will generally
surpass their competitors. For moorish, boggy land ho re-
commends Alders^, Willows, &c. and a Tree wliich in Lincoln-
shire they call " EUer" (p. 253) In springy wet gravels — Aboals,
Poplars, Alders, and Elm — on stiff, rank, cold Clay — by be-
ing trenched, &c. Oak, Ash, <?i:c. may be grown, without any
such care, the Abeal, Poplar and all *• the Vimineous kinds"—
On moderately fertile soil, as pasture land any tree willflourish
—and the Ash but more especially the Abeal will grow in any
ground (p. 203 — 4) Sect. 13. — contains a compilation frum
Evelyn's Sylva and other works shewing the opinions of their
authors upon the above subject — i. e. the soils best suited to
the various kinds of Trees — Sect. 14. contains a summing up
from the preceding, or 11 Aphorisms deduced from the prece-
ding dissertations — Chap. 8. Is directions for raising Coppices
— he directs the stirring of the ground, insist* upon its being

♦ iciuhcd ; aiul very jusily leprobiitos the raising of Cum, &o.
atiiong- the young' phmlations — For sowing he merely directs
Acorns, Beoch Mast, SiC. •' to bo sown proniisruoualy, at atlis-
cretionary thickness, not too thicit or thin" — the Drill and
Dibble forluuatcly are now so "generally adopted in this practice,
that wo need not reprobate this absurd mode of broadcast sow-
iiii;-. — When the seed is covered in ho reconinionds on light soils
a thin covering of woll rotted compost — and on heavy soils a
top dressing of slacked Lime — lie here also mentions as the
j)roper mode of planting that which, in very late days has been
considered an ingenious and certainly rational discovery " the
sots should have bills about them like Hop hills that tho Roots
may be well covered without planting too deep" — his direc-
tions about hoeing, &c. are too cursory. — The Addenda which
concludes his consideration of Woods and Coppices, commences
with an eulugium upon them as superior to trees planted in
!( ws, tortured into Espaliers, c*v;c. — lie tlien proceeds to re-
commond in the making of Hedges White Thorn, Holly, &;c. to
be eniployod when grown to tho height, even of 5 or G feet in
preference to planting small seedlings- It is certain such
practice is most desirable and may, where there is opportunity
to employ proper care, ho successfully fuUowed — but Nursery
-men wili not allow plantations of Quick to attain such growth
that consequently requires so much room in their spaces, and
unless the Plants bo had from such situations, where the Roots
by frequent transplantings have been kept together, the trouble
and consequent expcnce is great and the success uncertain.
He cont hides by an appeal to country gentlemen in favour of
planting, shewing by conclusive arguments the pleasure and
prolit it affords to themselves and Llieir pi;sterity ; — as well as
its importance to the country ; pleas which must influence all
iiiankiiul as incliuling the seliish, the parents of families, and
tho patriot — Chap. 9 Contains a consideration of Springs,
and Water Works, commencing with a consideration of the
origin of Springs, crude and unphilosophical, and the rest

167

consumed in dirpctions for condurtinG^ Water and forming re-
servoirs in wliich tlicre iflnolhinp;\vorihy of notice, — Chap. 10.
" Of Statues." Of those inronf::rn()nf^ ITorticulttiral introductions
he appears to have been a j;roat admirer, and is almost pa-
tlietic in lamenting' that the Roman and French Gardens
" abound so much in them, that in that point tliey are still
likely to out-doe us." — He then jM-oreeds to point the appro-
priate situations for Jupiter, Mars, Neptune, &:c ; to recom-
mend an Academy of Statuary muler F\oyal patronafi;e for tlie
instruction of young men, who when sutliciently a(le[)ts miglit
be taken into the service of noblemen nr.(\ gentlemen who al-
lowing them wages, &c. would soon ** furnit^h t'lemsclves with
Statues" — In continuation and equal bad taste, he recommends
" all Lodges, Granges, and other buildings that Gentlemen arc
obliged to build for conveniency, in the form of some antiqua-
ted Place !" — although in the next and almost concluding sen-
tence he confesses that our building exceed tiiose of all other
nations in " plainness, strength and good architecture." — Chap.
11. Ot Grass and Gravel " natural oruamcnts of our c )untrv
seats by which we much excel all other na'ions" — In lieiiig
Turf he justly reprobates doing so on rich land it Itciug on
that account more subject to Worm-casts and over luxuriance.
He proceeds to give directions for making a proper soil in case
it is too rich. For he remarks it is well known as finest from
Commons andslieep walks, tliough that from the coarsest pas-
lures by continued rolling, Sec. may be brought to be equall}- fine,
and not so apt to become mossy and weedy ; thi'^ last assertion
is certainly apocrv})hal if not posilixely wrong. For cutting the
turfs, he describes the mode of marking it out intt) panello-
grams, 1 foot wide, an inch thick, and 3 feet long, A\hicli are
the most convenient size for moving about. lb; concludes
by stating the mode of raising a Turf from seeds, and
diisuading from the practice. lie gives dii( ctions for miking,
if necessary, a binding gravel for Walks, ti.e do|ith w'.irh
it ought to be laid, frcni 0 to 12 inches, n:.t skrccm d but

166

merely the largest stones raked out, and not laid too rounding
it making them seem narrow, and being inconvenient. A \valk
20 feet wide, should be 4 inches higher in the middle, than at
the sides (p. 334.) In his Conclusion to the volume, he
gives some additional directions about forest Trees, and here
most erroneously recommends Oaks planted from the seed Bed,
being first cut close down, to within a bud or two of
the ground, and this for poor soils even to be repeated,
" twice or thrice after the first years planting'' — Oaks and
Beech should always be grown in Coppices, and never singly,
otherwise they become crooked and have wide spreading heads
— The Elm is " one of the most hospitable Plants of all, since
whatever grows under it will prosper, which Ash, Yew, and
several other Trees will not suffer" — He justly reprobates the
practice too common even now, of planting Ash in the Hedge
Rows, it causes them to become " thin and there is nothing
but gaps." As for planting out of the Hedge Rows about the
fields, it is a practice which needs no comment, since no Agri-
culturist ever did, or will follow it. — His other observations upon
Trees, Planting, and Designing, are a mere summary of what
he had stated before, and the ending like the commencement
of the volume, is in the strains of various Poets laudatory of the
pleasures of the country.

Vol. 2. The first one hundred and thirty four pages are oc-
cupied with geometrical definitions, and arithmetical rules ne-
cessary to be known by Surveyors and Designers of Grounds.
To this is appended numerous figures, some of which are very
curious as representations of the extremes to which the topia-
ry art was pursued. To this follows, on the formation of
Court Yards; and of Terrace Walks. These last he directs
to be very large and the surface in chequer work of Gravel,
Grass, Pavement, and Cockle Shells! — Chap. 6. is of the Par-
terre.— Chap. 7. of Woods and Groves. — Chap. 8. of Espaliers
and Hedges. — Chap. 9. of Fruit Gardens, Planting, Pruning,
&c.— Chap. 10. Of Orchard! and Vineyards.

169

Vol. 3. commencos with an Introduction to Rutal and
extensive Gardening, beginning with a praise of its object,
the mode of weaving the " utile harmoniously with the dulce'*
and the metliod by whicli it may be rendered profitable instead
of expensive. In doing this he objects to needless expense in
extensive walls ; espaliers of Forest Trees ; variety of exotics ;
levelling and incxperiencing of designers. — To the justness of
the second, fourth and fifth objections all must subscribe, but
unless our grounds are to become mere Kitchen grounds ; and
be deficient in the majority of our vegetable beauties, who
will retrench his Walls, or thin the ranks of his exotics ? — But
here we must not mistake the object of our author, he was en-
deavouring most correctly to shew that many delightersin Hor-
ticulture, might do so, might improve nature in her arrange-
ments even to profit ; and that many who aimed at profit need
not lose sight of beauty in their compositions. — Chap. 1.
Sect. 1. Is on "design in general, and the necessary qualifica-
tions of a good designer." — Design is to befonnded on variety,
a principal most correct, but which he illustrates by a quotation
from the Spectator, the charms of variety are in this well in-
sisted on, but the illustration of Jets d'eau, in which is a
formality of motion, is at once incongruous and unvarying--" A
little regulai'ity is allow'd near the main building" to the just-
ness of which I think no person of true taste can object. Sud-
den transitions surprise, a gradual procession from finished
Art to wild Nature is pleasing and soothing—the mind expands
by degrees without exertion. — Nothing to mo appears more
destitute of taste than a mansion rising as it were out of the
sward of a Park which touches its very V/alls — I would almost
rather have it surrounded by monsters in evergreens. There
certainly should be a girding of parterres, expanding through
Lawns, and Plantations, into the Park and its Wooded scites.
— A Designer he contends must be a student of Nature — ac-
quainted with the Poets, a tolerable Mathematician, Historian,
and Architect; active, vigorous, and ready — qualifications

170

irWthifnol allBecMMry will ever be found useful. — Sect. 2.
" On the choice of situations." — He very justly prefers a low
situation, that is not feny, to one that is high, if not well
wooded and a good soil; for in the first " though the owner
may want prospect, he can want nothing else, that the nature
of his happy situation can furnish him with," (p. 13.) — but the
circumstances which are essential, and must determine every
scite are the concurrence of wood, water, and proper soil. —
Chap. 3. Sect. 3. Is " Of the proper choice of soils, &c. for a
country seat." — It is a chapter which contains as much as is
Beccssary to say upon a subject of so much importance, and
yet to which so few general rules will apply. — The sum of the
whole is that the best soil for general purposes is either
a sandy loom, or a black pasture mould, one or two feet deep,
on a substratum of gravel, chalk, or shelly rock.— He describes
symptoms, the growth of various weeds, &c. by which the rich-
ness of soils may be estimated, but before any situation is re-
jected, otherwise desirable, on account of the superficial soil,
he recommends a hole to be dug to ascertain the substrata, for
a poor sand may have a boggy marie within its bosom which
mixed with it would render it fertile, and he observes, " I dare
affirm that there is no superficies of earth, how poor soever it
may be, but has in its own bowels something or other for its
own improvement." A maxim, which however indisputable
in a literal sense, yet too general to be true in a practical view,
for the remedy in many lies too deep to be available, but still
it is so far founded upon fact, as to deserve the attention of
every cultivator. He enters very minutely into particulars,
wilhout however being tedious, and the whole chapter may be
advantageously perused for instruction.

Chap. 4. Sect. 4. Is devoted to an amplification of his ideas
on " Rural and extensive Gardening," as briefly alluded to in
the previous ones, or his mode of combining profit with plea-
iur«. He then proceeds to give directions for staking out the

m

^ound, lef elling, 8tc. laying turf, and makiug walki. — To enter
into particulars is needless, the prominent feature of his designs
is the introduction of an immensity of woods, and even to tha
very walls of the house he approximates Trees to the exclu-
tiion of the Flowers and Shrubs; he deprecates all borders, and
makes Turf usurp their place. — The Elm and the Grasses ara
all in all. So far he aimed at a beneficial revolution of taste,
his mode radically removes dipt evergreens, and flower bor-
ders worked in patterns, but though " in medio tutissimus,"
how seldom does any one avoid extremes, Switzer certainly
does not. Let any one examine his plan which faces p. 44,
and he will find it nearly one mass of Trees, had it been en-
tirely so it would have been better, for the little enclosures
epriakled through it, if producing moderate pasturage, would
certainly be very unproductive under tillage. With regard to tha
form and disposition of his plots, there is little to admire, they
are a mere trifle better than in the most formal style of Garden-
ing which he deprecates, he still conducts us to the mansion
over three terraces in regular succession ; every pond, every
plantation, is in a regular geometrical figure; the walks aro
broken lines, or formal curves, ships are floating upon pigmy
pools of Water ; Statues of Heathen deities are scattered about
which as they can be little attractive for their execution, are
ridiculous as being misplaced. The description of these and
observations on the engraved plans, accompanying them, oc-
cupy the 6lh, Gtli,and 7th chapters ; the 8th contains a parti-
cular description of "Mr. Blathwayt's Gardens at Durham,
near the Bath in Gloucestershire," which is only a varied ar-
rangement of the formalities above described. At p. 129 com-
mences his " management and improvement, of land," in treat-
ing of which he purposes not merely to state what practices
are proper, but by plain arguments, " to demonstrate why it
is so." — Sect. 2. commences " of Summer Fallowing, &c.'*
his theory of benefit by which, being a mere chaos of viordi
nccdi no comment ; he ingists upon its bcinj advantageous, and

m

in conclusion very convincingly recommends dung- only to be
carried on just immediately before it is turned in with the
plough, though we may observe now as he did then, " farmers
in many countries spread it, or at least lay it in small
heaps on their fields, perhaps five or ten weeks before they
plough it in." — Sect. 3. is " of Winter Fallowing'' which he
observes kills weeds and reduces the soil into mould. The
earth should be turned as often as you can, &c. but as for his
theoretical reasons of benefit, he certainly could not have
understood them himself.

In Section 4. he treats of " Earths and their improvements,"
dwelling first upon the qualities of soils as indicated by their
colours, then of the smell which they emit as being similarly
indicative, next of their feel to the touch or handling. The
sum of which is that the best soils, are of a lively chesnut or
hazel colour, cut like butter, stick not obstinately, but are
short, tolerably light, breaking into small clods, sweet, will
be tempered without crusting, or chapping in dry weather, or
turning to mortar in wet. In the conclusion of these obser-
vations among some remarks upon the nutritive parts of soils,
which he justly considers to be those which are soluble, he
lays too much stress upon its saline particles, which however
valuable they certainly are, must only be considered as secon-
dary to their soluble vegetable, and animal constituents.' — He
next insists upon the great influence the substratum has upon
a soil, upon the cropping and management of various soils,
fallowing, &c.' — He justly reprobates burning land, for how-
ever quickly it will bring a Clay Soil into Tillage, yet " by ho-
nest, painful husbandmen, and those who have a regard to pos-
terity, or the real benefit of their landlords, is not reckoned a
good way, neither will it hold so long, or carry so many crops,
it enervates and destroys very much of those juices which are
the proper aliment and spirit of vegetation."^-- He then pro-
ceeds to consider Chalking as highly beneficial, especially to

173

" all sour, surly lands." — Chemistry rationally explains, the
time and mode of applying it. — He next dwells upon t!ic plough-
ing' in green Crops for manure, the best of which he says are
Buck Wheat and Tares, in which our present Agriculturists
agree.

Sect. 5. Is dedicated to manures, and first of horse or stable
manure, which he considers as best for cold, clayey soils, as
that of horned Cattle is for hot ground— he recommends small
quantities to be applied at a time and often repeated, in
compost rather than simply varying them with the soil.

Section. 6. On Sheep and Hog's dung, and Night soil, is
short and superficial, though he strongly recommends them,
yet he does not seem to dwell enough on what arc certainly the
richest of all manures. — Sect. 7 and 15 are on the dungs of
Pigeons and Poultry, in which there is nothing worth notice,
than the error that they ought to be left exposed to the air
some time before being used, which he recommends.

Sect. 8. Is chiefly devoted to Marie, the discrimination of
the varieties of which are as vague as usual, where chemical
characters are unknown or unnoticed. He classes them ac-
cording to their colour ; his practical observations are good,
except in the proportions he mentions as being applied, varying
from GO to 400 loads per Acre, the smaller number being in
most cases too large.

Chap. 3. Sect 1. is on " the superficial dressings of land,
after they are sown" which he mentions as a practice, " with-
in these few years discovered." Among these he reckons
folding sheep upon wheat during the winter months. Sect. 2.
Is on the dressingMand with coal ashes, — 3. with wood ashes,
— 4. with kiln ashes. — 5. with saw dust. — G. with turf ashes,
7. with lime,— 8. with malt dust, — 0. with sea sand, in the

174

eourse of v\l»ich there is an observation worthy of the attcutioa
of all tJiose employing saline manures, and all manures are more
or less composed of salts, viz. that being soluble, they are all
apt to sink deep, and out of the reach of the crops growing on
the lands treated with them, consequently it is better to apply
small quantities often on the surface ; than a larger quantity, or
to plough it in. — Sect. 10. is on the superficial application of
pulverized earths,~ll. of turf ashes, —12. of burning vegetable
refuse, — 13. of soap ashes, soot, &c. — 14. of animal exuvioe,
&c. — 15. of pigeon's dung, &c. — 16. of sea shells, — 17. of paring
and burning, which he terms burn-bating and devonshir.ng, as
being first practised in the county of Devon. It should only
be adopted he observes on land, " of inconsiderable value,"
inasmuch as that it gives heavy crops for a few years, and then
it is worse than before. It is the most false of all possible
Husbandry, never to be practised but uj)on heavy clays, that
the ashes which result when incorporated, may render them
more open and pulverulent. It is by much the most reasona-
ble plan to pare off the surface, and lay it in a heap with a
mixture of Chalk and salt, which being frequently turned and
incorporated, will bring the stubborn Vegetable matters into a
decomj)osing state, in not so short a time but much more oeco-
uomicaliy ; more than one half the carbonaceous matter is dis-
pelled by burning ; nearly the whole is retained, and taken ad-
vantage of by the other slow process of decomposition.
Sect. 18. On burning grasslands, — 19 — on burning heath and
fen, — 20, on claying land, afford little, but a repetition of
what might be gathered from preceding ones.

Sect. 21. Is of Enclosures, Fences, &c. one of the best
written in the work — replete with truth and information. We
•shall only dwell upon one statement, — " a country enclosed
maintains at least triple the number of inhabitants as a cham-
pion country, so great are the profits attending this husbandry.
It is ahva\« found that a farm divided into manv enclosure*

175

vieUls a greater rent than If the same were in but few." These
are facts which experience confirms and whic!i admit of easy
explication ; they are facts, which every farmer, every land-
lord, should be convinced of, and nowhere do they stand more
in need of the conviction than in many parts of Suffolk and
Norfolk. Chap. 4. — Sect. 1. is occupied with a description of
the various parls of a plough, the different species of this im-
plement, |the qualifications necessary for a good plouglmian,
and the times and modes of ploughing suited to different soils.
Sect. 2. Of sowing contains plain directions for the practice
as performed in Agriculture, which I shall not stop to no-
tice.— His admonition frequently to obtain seed from another
soil, if possible from rfnc poorer, and of a more northern lati-
tude, is now a trite recommendation, — that it is beneficial it
is certain, and the explication easy. The greatest suscepti-
bility of germination is of course desirable ; the quicker a
seed vegetates, the sooner it is out of the reach of accidental
injury or destruction ; and it may be taken as an axiom in the
general accurate, that under natural circumstances, the plant
from the latest vegetating seed of a given species is the weak-
est;— now seed raised in a cold climate germinates mu<h more
rapidly in. a warmer one, than when again sown in a soil of thii
same latitude ; Adanson states that seed raised at Paris, has
its period of germination accelerated from one to three days
in different individuals (Families des Plantes, v. i. p. 84.)
Again plants growing in a poor medium, acquire a habit of en-
larging their roots for tlie sake of increasing their surfaces of
introsusception ; plants from seed raised from plants growing on
a poor soil, I have observed to possess much more abun-
dant roots, than similar ones from seed raised in richer
soils. From these causes arise the benefit of obtaining seed
from a northern poor soil — and we would make one observa-
tion, which has often arisen to us when reflecting on the apti-
tude which plants have of acquiring habits, that it is an argu-
ment for their being endowed with sensation, which we could

176

never find satisfactorily answered. — A habit, an aptitude to re-
peat certain acts acquired by a frequent repetition of them,
could never occur to any arrangement of parts destitute of sen-
sation, much less could such an insentient form impart such
aptitude to its prog^eny, yet Plants do both.

Chap. 5. Is a very superficial sketch of draining Fony
Lands. — Chap. 6. concluding the work, is on the culture of
Hops, correct in its statements, but meagre in its details.

2. The Practical Kitchen Gardener, or a new and entire sys-
tem of directions for his employment in the Melonry, Kitchen
Garden, and Potagery in the several seasons of the year. Being
chiefly the observations of a Person train'd up in the Neat
Houses or Kitchen Gardens about London. Illustrated with
Plans and Descriptions proper for the situation and disposition
of these Gardens — And in a supplement the method of raising
Cucumbers, and Melons, Mushrooms, Borcole, Brocoli, Pota-
toes, and other curious and useful Plants, as practised in
France, Italy, Holland, and Ireland. — And also an account of
the labour and profits of a Kitchen Garden, and what every
Gentleman may reasonably expect therefrom in every month of
the year. The whole Methodized and improved by Stephen
Switzer.— 1727. 8vo.

The dedication is to Lord Bathurst — The preface is chiefly
of the qualification of a Gardener, and the plan of the work of
which we are about to give the anatomy* Chap. 2. — Is of the
general choice of a situation and soil proper for a Kitchen
Garden. Chap. 3. Of the soil particular to all kinds of kit-
chen vegetables, its improvements Sec. Chap. 4. Of the
different culture proper for kitchen herbs and plants. Chap.
5. Of Water, its uses in a Garden — Chap. 6. Of Melons,
Cucumbers, Pumpkins, Gourds, &c. — Chap. 7. Of the situa-
tion proper for a Melonry, of the hot-beds, glasses, &c. The

\

177

Tarieties of this fruit it appears were innumerable " beins:
almost in any Garden of account now in England — the fruit
being so Aery common" — Chap. 8. Melon seed, its age
manner of sowing, 6cc. lie reproves De la Quintynie for de-
pending for his supply of seed on such Melons as are cut for
table — one or two of those which are first ripened otight to be
allowed to grow until thoroughly decaying from over ripeness.
—Chap. 9. Of the time and method of sowing Melon seeds,
after culture, &c. — He justly opposes Bradley's recommenda-
tion of sowing in October — those sown in February or March
coming just as early. — Chap. 10. Of the culture in the
Nursery Bed — He is the first who insists upon the necessity of
transplanting into a second Hot Bed, previous to planting out
finally, which he says is better for their fruiting by the check
it gives them, than growing and moving them without dis-
turbance in Pots. — Chap. 11. Of cultivation in the Fruiting
Bed, — Chap. 12. Of the properties of good Melons, &c. — As
a whole I do not hesitate to declare that these directions
are as copious and correct as any that are afforded by moderu
writers — The only improvements that Science has since affor-
ded in this difficult branch of cultivation, is more certainty as to
temperature by introducing Thermometers in place of trying-
Sticks, and more to insist upon the importance of impreg-
nating the fertile blossom. To which may be added a better
discrimination and estimate of varieties. They were as early
in obtaining fruit as now. — Chap. 13. Of Cucumbers. He
says there were formerly only three varieties, but in his time
eight. — Chap. 14. Of making hot-beds, in which nothing is
added to what he details on the same subject for Melons. — •
Chap. 15. Of Cucumber seed, &c. He is friendly to steep-
ing seed in Water wherein Saltpetre, &:c. has been dissolved.
— Chap. 16. Of the time of sowing. — Chap. 17. Of ridging
out Cucumbers — The same remarks apply to the Cucumber
which I have made, as to the Melon culture — the slight supe-
riority we now possess is owing to the same causes.

2 A

178

The uaeertainty whieh preyalled as to the sexuality of Planty
is thus manifested in Switzer " 1 do not find by any observation
I have ever made that the leaving on of false blossoms be for
the a Ivantage or disadvantage of tl>e Vines, and setting of the-
fruit, or whether they are the male kind so necessary as it is
supposed for the impregnation and forwarding the fruit in
the others"— Chap. 18, 19, 20. Of the Gourds, Pompious,
&c.— Chap. 21. Introductory.— Chap. 22. Of the Cauli-
flower, Cabbage, Borecole, Brocoli, &c. " our English Her-
bals" Switzer says heretofore mention but 6 kinds as culti-
vated in gardens Avhich were the Common Colewort, White
Loaf Cabbage — Red Cabbage — Cauliflower — Savoy — and
Parsley Colewort — but lately were introduced the Sugar loaf,
Rattersea, and Paissia, Borecole (3 kinds) and Brocoli "the seed
for which we have transported to us every year from Naples
or Venice"— Chap. 23. OfCabbages.— Chap. 24. Of Savoys.
Chap. 25. Of Borecole, Brocoh, 3 kinds. Chap. 26. Of the
Beet (4 kinds) — 27. Spinach round and prickly seeded — 28.
Garden Mallows — 29. Garden Sorrel — 30. Artichoke 3 kinds
the large red English cr Roman, the Crown, and the large
Green. " the last but in few hands as yet'' — 31. Spanish Char-
don— 82. Asparagus, several varieties as Battersea, Gravesend,
Canterbury, &c. — 33. Of forcing Asparagus — 34. Of bulbous
and other Roots— 3 J. Of the Parsnip, Carrot, &c. Of the
first only one variety, and of the latter but two— 30. Of the
Radish. 2 kinds with fusiform roots, 2turnip-rooted. Thelatter
" not very plentiful in England'' — According with an old erro-
neous Practice he treats of Horse Radish conjointly with the
Raphanus— 37. Of Scorzoneraand Salsafy — 38. Of the turnip
4 varieties — 39. Of the Onion and other Alliums — 40. Of the
Skirret — 41. Of the Potatoe — 42. Of Legumes, Peas, Beans,
Szc. — 43. The Bean, many kinds as the Hotspur, Gosport or
Spanish, Sandwich, Broad Windsor, &C.-44. Of Garden Pca»
19 varieties-45. Of the Kidney Bean "there are more diversity-
of species than of any other Garden Plant we have from foreign
p^rte"— The white were preferred as in the time of Parkinson.

ITI)

It would Becm that Switzer first introduced tlie Scarlet Runrrcr
from Holland from the mention he makes of it (p. 2il) 46 and
j47 are of Sallot herbs that are eaton imdresscd containing — «
Cellery, Alisandors, Fennel, Succory, Endive, L^^tfuces, Mint,
Tarragon, Sage, Chives, Onions, Cibouls, Burnet, Rocket,
Sorrel, Cresses, Rampion, Corn Sallet, Turnip, Hartshorn, Mus-
tard, Chervil, Spinach, Lap-Lettuce, Purslane, Nasturtium, and
Cucumbers— 48. Of Sallot Herbs that are blanched but chiefly
of Celery, which was but lately introduced from Italy where it
was not long known. It is not mentioned in Parkinson's Par-
adisus — 49. Succory, Endiv(% broad leaved and curled — 50.
Lettuces 16 kinds — 51. Of Miut and pcrenial Sallet Herbs —
62. Of small Salleting-53. Of the season fur different Sallets,
quantity to be used, &:c. — u4. Of g'athcring and preparing Sal-
lets — 55. Of Sweet Herbs for the kilcLcn or dis'-illing — 50.
Pot herbs, Thyrae 8 kinds — Marjoram 7 varieties — Parsley 3
varieties— Savory 2 varieties — Hyssop. 7 varieties — Marigold
4 varieties- 57. Sorrel, Beet, Boragf, 4 varieties, Bugloss 3 —
Orach, Blite, Herb Mastick, Sage 8 varieties — Mint 0 varieties
besides Pepper Mint which was then rare and lately intro-
duced (p. 304)— Basil 2 — Tansey 4 — Coastmary — 58 Cardi-ns
Benedictns, dire — Angelica— Balm 3 — Fenugreek, Dili, Pop-
pv. Caraway, Anise, Coriander, Wormwood 3 — Elecnm-
pane, lUiubarb, Lavender, Stcec'as, Scurvey grass, lUic 2
—Chamomile 3--59. Of the INIushroom— 60. Ofthc method of
raising Mushrooms — 01. Of the Truffle, then little known — (','2
A catalogue of all the Plants mentioned in the foregoirg
Chapters — 03, Of Kitchen Garden seeds — 64 to 76 inclusive,
mostly directions of work to be done in the Kitchen Garden —
,77. — Describes an annexed plan for a gardcr. — 78. On raising
early Melons, Cucunibcr5, Mushrooms, t\;c. as practised in
France and other countries — T.). Of several incidental works
being an Appendix to tlie Kalender given in the )>recceding
chapter — The BOth. or last Chapter contains an account of
what produce may le crpected from the kitchen garden m
<»a,ch month.

3. The Practical Fruit Gardener, being the newest and best
method of raising, planting, and pruning all sorts of Fruit
Trees agreeably to the experience and practice of the most
eminent -Gardeners and nurserymen, revised and recom-
mended by the Rev. Mr. Lawrence, and Mr. Bradley. 2nd
Edition with three new plans, and other large additions,
1731. 8vo. The first edition appeared in 1724.

It is dedicated to the Earl of Orrery. Chap. 1. Of the
excellency of Fruit. 2. Of planting Fruit Trees. 3. Of the
situation for a Kitchen and Fruit Garden. This union of the
two for consideration is most proper, for both esculents and
Fruit Trees must be kept in view in a walled enclosure neces-
sarily containing both. 4. Of Draining. 5. Plan of a Fruit
Garden. 6. Raising Fruit Trees and proper Stocks. 7. Man-
agement of Fruit Stocks in the nursery. Times of budding,
&c. 8. Reasons and manner of inoculating, grafting, &c.
He decidedly declares that the stock influences the flavour of
the grafted Fruit. 9. Methods of Grafting. He here parti-
cularizes as being a continental custom to propagate apples,
pears, &c. by passing a branch through the hole of a flower
pot, filled with earth and cut it off" as soon as rooted. 10.
Choosing Fruit Trees and pruning them for planting. 11. Pro-
per season for planting. He controverts the reasons of those
who advocate planting in spring, and agrees with the old En-
glish proverb, quoted by Dr. Beal. " Plant at All-Hallows,
tide and command them to prosper. Plant after Candlemas
and entreat them to grow." — He mentions the successful prac-
tice of planting large trees in summer as a new improvement.
12. Of pruning the Hoots. 13. Of Peaches and Nectarines.
14. Of Peaches. 15. List of Peaches and Nectarines, — about
20 of the first and 7 of the latter. 16. Of the Apricot 2 or 3.
17. Of Plumbs 34 kinds. 18. Of Pears 70 kinds, and alludes
to others. 19. Of Apples 26. 20. Of Cherries 6. 21. Of
Vines. 22. Against planting in too rich a soil. 23. Of Vines

181

proper for the climate of Great Britain 10 — 24. Of Fig Trees, 4
kinds. 25. Of pruning Vines, &c. 26. Of the best methods
of perfecting Fruits in England, by improving the soil. 27.
Of Ticketing Fruit Trees. 28. Of the Quince 4 kinds, Med-
lars 3, Service aud Mulberry 3 sorts, 29. Of the Walnut,
Filbert, Hazelnut, &c. 30. Of Gooseberries 6, Currants 4,
Raspberries 3,Berberries 3 & Strawberries 4. 31. On Dressing,
Borders of Fruit Trees. 32. A Proemial discourse on pruning
33. Of Winter Pruning. 34. 35. 30. Of Pruning Peach,
Apricot and Plum Trees. 37. Of strengthening weak Trees
and correcting over-luxuriance. 38. Of guarding against
Blights. In this (p. 287.) he anticipates Mr. Harrison, Gar-
dener to Lord Wharncliffe's remedy for blossoms exposed to
frost, viz. sprinkling them with water before sun-rise. 39 Of
ripening Fruit against Paling, Reed Hedges, &c. 40. Of ga-
thering and preserving Fruit. 41. Of the positions or
aspects of Walls, in which he prefers a south-east exposure
and opposes the use of sloping Walls. 42. References to a
plan showing the best disposition of Walls. 43 of Forcing
Grapes, &c. In which occurs the first mention of an approach
to a glazed Hot-house, and which was erected at Belvoir Cas-
tle, belonging to the Duke of Rutland. 44, and 45. a plan for
expeditiously watering Gardens. 46. On the disposition of
Walls and distance between trees. 47. Of an early fruit Gar-
den. 48. Of ordering or managing furcing Walls, annexed to
which are some plans including Hot-houses, kc As a whole
the work is superior to the age in which it appeared and well
supports Switzer in the claim I have always been ready to
allow, that of being the best Horticulturist of his time.

4. Ccinpendious method of raising Italian Brocoli, Spanish
Cardoon, Celeriac, Finochi, and other foreign Kitchen Ve-
getables. As also an account of the La Lucerne, St.
Foyne, Clover, and other Grass seeds. With the method
of burning Clav for the improvement of land, httely com-

182

municated to the Author by a person of worth and honour
of North Britain. London. 1728. The fifth edition is
dated 1731.

Besides the vegetables mentioned in the Title page, he treats
in this work of the Mushroom, Chervil, AHsander, Borecole,
Murcian Kale, Peas, Beans, Cabbage, Lettuces, Radishes and
Trefoyle.

6. An introduction to a general system of Hydrostatics and
Hydraulics. London. 1729. 2 vols. 4to.

-6. A disertation on the true Cytisus of the Ancients. Lon-
don. 1731. 8vo.

To this dissertation are appended some further improvements
of Lucerne, burning of Clay, an account of seeds with the con-
sequences which attend the good or bad management of them,
and a Catalogue of Seeds, Trees, Flowers, &;c. which he sold.

7. Universal System of Water and Water-Works, Philoso-
phical, and Practical, with plates. • London. 1730. 2 vols*
4to. The third edition made very complete, especially
that part which relates to the burning of Clay,

This last mentioned work, I have never seen, from their
similarity of subject, size, &c« it would appear to be only an
edition of No- 5.

8. Country Gentleman's Companion, or ancient Husbandry

restored, and modern Husbandry improved- 1732 8vo.

RICHARD BRADLEY, deserves a pre-eminent notice
here, as being one of the first writers on Horticulture, who con-
centrated in any considerable degree, the light of other sciences

183

tvf ItB improvement. His first writings were in the Pliilosophi-
cal Transactions for 1713, " On the motion of the Sap in ve-
g«tabk^3 and microscopical observations on vegetation and
on the quick growth of mouldinoss on Melons," (vol. xxix.
p. 48G. and p. 490.) He was elected F. R. S. and afterwards
Nov. 10th, 1724, Professor of Botany at Cambridge. This last
honour lie obtained in a clandestine and dishonourable manner,
besides which he neglected to perform the duties of his pro-
fessorship. The University, perhaps too leniently, allowed hiiu
to remain nominally their professor, but Dr. Martyn was ap-
pointed to deliver the lectures as Reader on Plants. At the
close of his life, his conduct was so dissipated, that it was in
contemplation to deprive him of his honorary title, and steps
were taken to carry this into execution, when death in 1732,
snatched him from the disgrace which his talents, and his un-
wearied applications had long sheltered him from. The means
which he used to obtain the Professorship was a false recom-
mendation from Dr. Sherard to Dr^ Bentley ; and boasted as-
surances that by his own interest and pecuniary resources he
could obtain a Botanic Garden for the University. It was
soon discovered these promises were baseless, and that he was
ill-qualilied for hisappoi;itment, by being totally ignorant of the
learned languages. This is true, although his name is ap-
pended as tiie translator of Xenophon's QiLconomicks, he being
paid by the publisher to allow the authority of his name.*

The following is a list of his works,

1, Kistoria Plantarum Succulentarum, complectens hasce in-
sequentes Plantas, Aloen scilicet, Ficoiden, Cereos, Melo-
cardium, aliasque ejus generis quoe in Horto sicco coli non
possunt, secundum Prototypum puta naturam in tabeliis
ceeneisinsculptas, carumdemdescriptiones hncaccedunt et

* Preface to Dr. Martyn's dissertation on Ihd .Eiiels. Plunkut'i
Sketches of Botany, Ac.

184

cultura" 4to. This commenced publishing in 1716, in
Decades, of which five only appeared. The second De-
cade appeared in 1717, the third in 1725, and the two
last in 1727. They were re-published with a new title
in 1734.

This is a work of merit, and is still valued on account of the
plates, as being referred to by Linnoeus, and as containing
Plants which are not figured elsewhere*

2. New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, both Phi-
losophical and Practical, London, 1717. 8vo. This
passed through several editions, viz. 1718, 1719, 1724,
and the 6th in 1731, all in 8vo-

3. A new Improvement of Planting and Gardening, both

Philosophical and Practical, explaining the motion of the
Sap and generation of Plants ; with other discoveries ne-
ver before made public, for the improvement of Forest
Trees, Flower Gardens, or Parterres ; with a new inven-
tion whereby more designs of Garden Plats may be made
in one hour, than can be found in all the books now extant.
Likewise several rare secrets for the improvement of Fruit
Trees, Kitchen Gardens and Green House Plants. To
Avhich is now added the Gentleman's and Gardeners'
Calendar. The whole illustrated with Copper-plates, —
1720. 8vo.

The new Invention here mentioned for designing Garden
Plats was the Kaleidscope revived by Dr. Brewster a few years
since.

4. A Philosophical account of the works of Nature, endea-

vouring to set forth the several gradations remarkable in
the mineral, vegetable and animal parts of the creation.

185

tending to the composition of a scale of life. To which is
added an account of the state of Gardening, as it is now
in Great Britain and other parts of Europe, together with
several new experiments relating to the improvement of
barren ground, and the propagating of Fruit Trees, Tim-
ber Trees, <?i:c. With many curious cuts — 17'2L 4to. A
second Edition was published in 8vo, as appears frura an
Advertisement in Ellis's Farmer's> Instructor.

5. A Treatise on Husbandry and Gardening. 1721 8\'o.

6. The Monthly Register of new experiments and observa-
tions in Husbandry and Gardening; made for the months
of April and May, 1722; wherein is explained 1. The
method of bringing Herbs, Flov/ers, and Fruits to perfec-
tion in the winter; with an account of a new-invented
Wall to forward the ripening of Fruit, kc. 2. An Account
of transplanting Fo/est Trees and Fruit Trees of any big-
ness in the Summer season ; so that gentlemen may make
complete Plantations in a few days as effectually as if
they had been growing for many years. Also a new
method for the improvement of Tulips- To which is ad-
ded, 3. An answer to some objections lately made against
the circulation of the Sap, mentioned in the chapter of tha
improvement of Tulips — 2nd. Edition. 1723. 8vo.

7. A general Treatise of Husbandry and Gardening, contain-
ing such observations and experiments as are new and
useful for the improvement of land ; with an account of
such extraordinary inventions and natural productions n?
may help the ingenious in their studies, and promote
universal learning. With a variety of curious cuts. 1T23.
8vo.

8. A philosophical Treatise of Agriculture ; or a new method

2 B

186

of cultivating and increasing all sorts of Trees, Shrubs,
and Flowers ; being a very curious work, enriched with
useful secrets in Nature for helping the vegetation of all
sorts of Trees and Plants ; and for fertilizing the most
stubborn soils. By G. A. Agricola. M. D. and Dr. of
Philosophy at Ratisborne. Translated from the German
•with remarks. Adorned with cuts. The whole revised
and compared with the original ; together with a Preface
confirming this new method. 1723.

9. Family Dictionary, containing the most approved methods
for improving estates and gardens, 1726 — 2 vols, folio.

10. Practical Discourses concerning the four Elements as
they relate to the growth of Plants, viz. 1, Of the im-
provement of land in general. 2. Of the principles of
water, and the necessity of it for vegetation. 3. Various
methods relating to the draining of lands. 4* Of the se-
veral Parts of Plants and their respective offices. 5. Of
the anatomy and motion of juices in Plants. 6- Of the
different ways of propagating plants. 7. How to make
plantations either for pleasure or profit. 8- Rules for
pruning, &c. 9. Of a Kitchen Garden and the particular
management of Vines and Figs. 10. Of a Flower Gar-
den ; with some new observations relating to flowers and
exotick plants. With a collection of new discoveries for
the improvement of land either in the farm or garden.
2nd edition. 1733. 8to. The first edition appeared in
1727. 8vo.

11. Dictionarium Botanicum, or a Botanical Dictionary for
the use of the curious in Husbandry and Gardening. 1728.
2 vols. 8vo. Plunket considers this the first Botanical
Dictionary that appeared in England.

187

12, The Vineyard, being a treatise shevNing, 1. The natur«
and method of planting, manuring, cultivating, and di-
recting of Vines ; 2. Proper directions for drawing, press-
ing, making, keeping, fining and curing all defects in the
AVine; 3. An easy and familiar method of planting and
raising Vines to the greatest perfection ; illustrated with
several useful examples. 1728. 8vo.

13. The Gentleman and Gardener's Kalendar directing what
is necessary to be done in every month in the year in the
Kitchen Garden, Fruit Garden, and Nursery ; Manage-
ment of Forest Trees, Green Houses, and Flower Garden,
with directions for the making and ordering Hop grounds.
London. 1718. The 3rd. edition 1720. 8vo. This was
an enlarged reprint of the fourth book of his " New Im-
provement of Planting, &c.

14. A general treatise of Husbandry and Gardening; con-
taining a new system of vegetation; illustrated with many
observations and experiments, formerly published monthly
and now methodized and digested under proper heads with
additions and alterations. In four parts. London. 1726.
2 vols. Bvo. — A compressed edition of this appeared with
Notes in 1757. 1 vol. Bvo.

16. Calendarium Universale. London. 1718, and 1720.
12mc*

IG. A Catalogue of the Seed Plants mentioned InTownsend's
Tract, and to be found in a ^Seedsman's Shop. Loudon.
1720.

17. The Country Gentleman, and Farmer's Monihly Director
London. 1721, 1727, 1729 and 1732. 8vo.

188

18, Now Experiments relative to the generation of Planti.
London. 1724, 1734. 8vo.

19, Treatise on Fallowing Ground, raising Grass, Seeds, Sec.
London. 1724. 4to.

20, A Survey of ancient Husbandry and Gardening collected
from the Greeks k Romans. 4 plates. London- 1725. 8vo.

21- Experimental Husbandman and Gardener. London'
1726. folio.

22 Discourses concerning the growth of Plants. Westminster-
1727- 8vo.

23- A complete body of Husbandry. London. 1727- 8vo.

24- The Weekly Miscellany for the improvement of Hus-.
bandry. Arts and Sciences. Twenty-one Numbers 1727-
«vo.

25. The Science of good Husbandry ; or the ^conomicks of
Xenophon, translated from the Greek. London. 1727-
8vo- It is merely an old translation modernized in
language, &:c-

£G- An account of Mr- Cowell's Aloe in blossom. London-
1729- 8va.

27. Proposals for the improvement of waste Lands. Svo* 1723'

28. British Housewife and Gardener's Companion- 1726- 2
vols. 8vo- With engravings.-

29. The Riches of a Hop Garden explained- 1729-

189

To analize the above numerous works which bear the name
of Bradley, would be a useless task, since if we except
soiiie experiments which he instituted to prove the circulation
of the Sap, and the sexuality of Plants, they contain nothing
which is not contained in previous or contemporary authors.
His works however may be read with pleasure as aboundiiig
in information collected from books, and men of learning-, with
whom he maintained a very enlarged correspondence- Little
as he was of an original author he must be regarded as one of
the best friends of Horticulture ; the theoretical and scientific
views that he had of Vegetation and the several practices of
Gardening, which he laboured to illustrate with experiments
and practical knowledge procured from others, contributed
greatly to direct the attention of amateurs as well as practitio-
ners into the true mode of acquiring a correct knowledge of
the Art'

His works had a very wide circidation, being upheld by the
appended Title of his professorship, and by coinciding most
opportunely with the increasing love of Gardening, and con-
sequently rapidly increasing introduction of exotics which was
one of the characteristics of his age. Bradley laboured indo-
fatigably and successfully to promote the improvement of
Horticulture, and however we may despise the man, we should
respect the benefactor. It must be remarked that, the " Gene-
ral Treatise of Husbandry and Gardening" (14) was intended
by him as a summary of what he had previously written on the
subject. In his " New Improvement of Planti-ig and (Jar-
dening," he has introduced the whole of Dr. Beales's scarce
and valuable Tract on the "Herefordshire Orchards".

1716' The Young Gardener's Director. London. 12mo.
With a plate representing knots of Flowers ; and a
frontispiece being a view of an old Garden.

190

The Gentleman Gardener instructed- London. 12ino.
The 8th. edition is dated 1769-

The two above mentioned works were by the Rev- HeMry
STEVENSON, of East Retford, Nottinghamshire-

1717' Paradise Retreived ; demonstrating the most beneficial
method of managing Fruit Trees, with a Treatise on
Melons and Cucumbers* London- Bvo- By SAM-
UEL COLLINS, Esqr. of Archerton in Northamp-
tonshire-

-The Lady's Recreation ; or the third and last part of
the Art of Gardening improved. London. 8vo. By
CHARLES EVELYN, Esqr- son of the author of

«* Sylva" &c.

-The Retir'd Gardener- By— CARPENTER. 8vo.
with engravings.

-^The Country Gentleman's Vade-Mecum- By — ^JA-
COB. 12mo

1718. Rapin of Gardens. A Latin Poem in four books.
Englished by Mr. Gardiner- London- 8vo. The
third Edition is dated 1728.

JAMES GARDINER, author of the above work, was born in
1670. His father was the Bishop of Lincoln. Our author
was a Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge. He was M- A- in
1704, and at the time he died, March 24th. 1732, was Sub-
Dean of Lincoln. He wrote several fugitive pieces of Poetry,
but I am not aware of any other scperate publication by him
than the above.

191

His portrait by Vertuo after J. Verelst, is prefixed to his
translation of Rapin.

- THOMAS FAIRCHILD, was one of the few Gardeners of
his time who united a love of Science with the practice of his
art. He is mentioned thronghout Bradley's works as a man of
general information and fond of scientific research, and in
thera arc given many of his experiments to demonstrate tiie sex-
uality of plants and their possesion of a circulatory system.
He was a commercial Gardener at Hoxton, carrying on one of
the largest trades as a nuseryman and florist that were then
established- He was one of the latent English cultivators of a
Vineyard of which he had one at Hoxton as late as 17*22. He
died in 1729, leaving funds for insuring the delivery of a ser-
mon annually in the Church of St- Leonard's, Shoreditch, on
Whit-Tuesday, "On the wonderful works of God in the Cre-
ation ; or On the certainty of the resurrection of the dead, pro-
ved by the certain changes of the animal and vegetable parts
of the creation.''

Besides several letters published in Bradley's Works and a
paper "On the different and sometimes contrary motion of the
sap in plants'' in the Philosophical Transactions tor 1724
(xxxiii. p. 127) he published, ''

The City Gardener ; containing the most exj)eiieiioed me-
thod of cultivating and (srdering such Evergreens, Fruit Trees,
Flowering shrubs, Flowers, Exotick Plants, ice. as will be or-
namental, and thrive best in the London CJardens. London.
1722. A small octavo pamphlet.

172 1. A Treatise on the manner of Fallowing ground, raising
of grass, seeds, and training Lint and Hem]).
Anonymous- It mo.

192

PHILLIP MILLER, was born in 1691- His father as
is stated by Professor Martyn, Dr. Plunket, &c- was Gar-
dener to the Apothecaries' Company at their Garden at Chel-
sea, and the subject of this notice succeeded him in that em-
ployment in 1722- IVIillerwas precisely the man of which Horti-
culture at the period in which he lived was in need. Exotics
were pourino,- in from every clime under the patronage of a
general taste for their acquisition, and the scientific researches
and directions of Sloane, Sherard, Catesby, &c ; Hot-Houses
and Conservatories were multiplying, and their inhabitants
accumulating- to a hitherto unheard of extent, and to manage
these constructions, and their sensitive inhabitants, required
judgment and science which but few Gardeners then possesed.
Practical skill and Botanical science were united in Miller, and
some of his contemporaries, as Fairchild, Gordon, Knowlton,
and others, but as he exceeded them in knowledge, so did he
in the benefit he conferred upon Gardening by the suffusion
of his acquirements through the Horticultural community in
his publications. Mr Louden, on the authority of Watts, a
nurseryman at Acton, who worked under Miller, asserts that
his father was a Market Gardener near Deptford or Greenwich,
and that Miller himself,had a small Florist's Garden somewhere
about the spot covered by the King's Bench Prison, South-
wark- Being considered an ingenious Florist, when Sir H.
Sloane gave the scite of their Garden to the Apothecaries'
Company, they appointed him Gardener. It would seem there
is no evidence but the assertion of Professor Martyn, to sup-
port the statement that Miller's father was his predecessor in
the office*

Miller was attached by long habit to the Botanic arrange-
ments of Ray and Tournfort, and it was not until the seventh
edition of his Dictionary appeared, that, overcome by the ar-

* Field's Hist, of Chelsea Gardens, — Encyclopedia of Gardening, p. JlOS.

193

ffumeiits of Sir W. Watsuii iiiul Mr. Hudson, he adopted the
Liunaean System. liis works reuderi'd h'nn tlio world's ac-
quaiatanco — By foreigners he was termed emphatically
"Hortulanorum princeps". He was elected member of the
Botanical Academy of Florence and of the Royal Society of
London, to whose council he was likewise occasionally chosen.
—He was much con: ul'ed on the subject of laying; out grounds
&c. especially by the Dukes of Bedford, Northumberland and
Richmond. lie had many pupils, among other distinguished
ones tlie late Mr. Forsyth and Mr. W. Alton. As old age
crept on, it would seem the self sufficiency and querulousnesso^
an Octageuarian caused a disagreement with his employers,
which induced him to resign his office in 17G9. The Company
accepted his resignation but they continued to him his Salary
He was succeeded by the late Mr. W. Forsyth. He fixed his
residence adjoining that part of Chelsea Church Yard where he
lies interred. He died Deer. 18th, 1771. The Horticullurdl
Society erected an obelisk over his grave in 1810.

Switzer and other contemporaries give evidence of his opea,
generous character ; and Professor Martyn observes, " He was
of a disposition too generous, and careless of money, to be-
come rich, and in all his transactions observed more attention
to integrity, and honest fame than to any pecuniary advantages."
There is a portrait of Miller, engraved by Maillet, prefixed to
a French translation of his Dictionary, published at Paris in
178.5.

The following is a list of his writings,

1. The Gardener's and Florist's Dictionary, or a conipKte
system of Horticulture. 1724. 2 vols. 8vo.

This appears to have been the production of a Sdcief y of
Gardeners of which Miller was the Secretary ; this work

2 c

194

lioweyer he greatly improved and enlarged, and in 1731 ap-
peared what is always considered the first edition of "The
Gardener's Dictionary containing the methods of cultivating
and improving the Kitchen, Fruit and Flower Gardens. As
also the Physic Garden, Wilderness, Conservatory, and Vine-
yard according to the practice of the most experienced Gar-
deners of the present age. Interspersed with the History of
the Plants, the character of each genus, and the names of all
the particular species in Latin and English, and an explanation
of all the terms used in Botany and Gardening. Together
with accounts of the nature and use of Barometers, Thermo-
meters, and Hygrometers proper for Gardeners ; and of the ori-
gin, causes and nature of the Meteors, and the particular in-
fluence of Air,Earth,Fire and Water upon Vegetation, according
to the best natural Philosophers. Adorned with Copper Plates."
1 vol. folio. The 2nd, Edition. 1733. 1 vol. fol. 3rd, 1737
— 4th. 1743— 5th. 1748— 6th. 1752— The seventh edition dis-
tinguished as embracing the Linnsean arrangement appeared in
1759. It is entitled " The Gardener's Dictionary ; containing
the best and newest methods of cultivating and improving, the
Kitchen, Fruit, Flower Garden and Nursery. As also for
performing the practical part of Agriculture; including the
management of Vineyards, with the methods of making and
preserving the Wine, according to the present practice of the
most skilfulVignerons in the several Wine countries of Europe.
Together with directions for propagating and improving, from
real practice and experience, all sorts of Timber Trees. — The
8th edition was published in 1768. In 1792 appeared the
ninth edition, edited by Professor Martyn of Cambridge— In
this the lists of species are completed in every genus with
which Botanists v/ere then acquainted, with the exception of
the minuter Cryptogamic plants of which only the generic cha-
racters are noted, and such species as are employed for food,
or in the arts — The Botanical and Historical parts respecting
each species is given first, and lastly the necessary cultivation

195

of the genus with any difference that may be required for some
of the species. This prevents much of the confusion and tauto-
logy which occurred in the previous editions.

Miller published an abridgement of his Dictionary in 1735,
2 vols, 8vo, A second edition in 3 vols, 1741. A third in
1748. A fourth in 1754. A fifth Edition in 1 vol. 4to, in
1763, and a sixth of similar size in 1770. It was published in
Dutch in 1746, and in German in 1750. In French in 1705.

Thus has this gi'eat record of our Art progressively improved,
and will ever remain a monument of its author's acquirements,
and a standard fur refereuce^ The practical contents are am-
ple and correct ; and for forming an opinion of the scientific
part we need only quote the observation of Linnaeus, who said
of it "Non est Lexicon Hortulanorum sed Botanicorum."

2. A method of raising some Exotic seeds which have been
judged almost impossible to be raised in England — This
appeared in the Philosophical Transactions vol. xxxv. p.
485. No. 403.— By germinating them in a bark bed, and
transplanting them into earth. — 1728.

3* An Account of Bulbous Roots flowering in bottles filled
with Water, vol. xxxvii. p. 81. No. 418. This practice
was then lately discovered.

4. A Catalogue of Trees, Shrubs and Flowers, which are
hardy enough to bear the cold of our climate and the open
air and are propagated in the gardens near London.
1730. fol. — Plates coloured. Arrangement Alphabetical.
Without his name.

6. Catalogus Plantarum Officinalium qua: in Ilorto Bohuiii o
Chelseiano aliuntur — 1730. 8vo.

196

a. The GardeiiiM's Kaiendar. — Ovo. 1731. — This has been
a popular work and passed through many cJiiJoiis. To
an edition in 1761, was prefixed a "short introduction to
the knowledge of the Science of Botany," which v.'as af-
terwards prinfed as a separate work. The fourteenth
edition is daled, 1765.

7. Figures of Plants to illustrate his Dictionary. These
commenced in folio numbers in 1755, and wi re completed
in 300 Tables, forming 2 vuls. in 17G0.

8. The method of cultivating Madder, as it is practised by

the Dutch in Zealand. 1758. 4to.

9. A Letter (o Mr. Watson relating to a mistake of Professor
Gmelin, concernir.g the Spondylium vulgare hirsutum,
in the Philosophical Transactions, vol xlviii. p. 153.

10. Elements of Agriculture, from the French of Duhamel.
1764. 2 vols. 8vo.

11. A Letter to the Rev. Thoma^ Birch, D. D. Secretary to
the Royal Society. Phil. Transact, vol xlix. p. 161.

J2. Remarks upon the Letter of Mr. John Ellis, F. R S. to
P. C. Webb, Esq. Ditto vol. 1. p. 430.

These relate to some disputed point respecting the staining
qualities of some American Sumachs.

1726. The Gentleman Farmer, or certain observations on the
Husbandry of Flanders, compared with that of En-
gland. Anon. 12mo.

— The Gardener's Universal Calendar. London. 8vo.
bv BENEDICT WHITMILL.

197

1727. The Vineyaril: a Treatise shewing the nature and

method of planting, manuring-, cultivatiiig, and
dressing Vines in foreign parts, 2. Proper direc-
tions for drawing, pressing, making, keepii.g, fin-
ing, and curing all defects in the Wine. 3. An easy
and familiar method of planting and raising Vines
in England, to the greatest perfection ; illiistratod by
several useful examples. 4. New experiments in
grafting, budding, or inoculating, whereby all sorts
of fruit may be much more iujproved than at present;
particularly the Peach, Apricot, Nectarine, Phunb,
Sec. 5. The best manner of raising several sorts of
compound fruit, which have not yet been altempted
in England. Being observations made by a Gentle-
man, (S. J.) in his travels. London. 1727. 8vo.
A second edition appeared in 1732.

From the Title Page it would appear to ba the same work as
that mentioned in the list of Bradley's wovks (12.) "The Vine-
yard" of that author I have never seen, bavins: inserted it amouir
the number of his publications on the authority of Mr. Loudon.*

1728. The Villas of the ancients. Illustrated with pla'e^.

London, fol. By ROBERT CASTEL, a Lu:u1,;.t
Architect and Antiquarian.

-Le Blond's Theory and Practice of Gardening; and
of Orange Trees. 4to. Plates. It is the same as
James's work bearing the same name and date.

BATTY LANGLEY, was an Arcliitect and Garden designer.
He was born in 1G9G at Twickenham, where he continued to
reside.

He published the following works.

* EncyclopseJia of Garde nine;, ji. 1102. Ed. b.

198

1. Practical Geometry, applied to the arts of Building, Sur-
veying, Gardening and Mensuration. London. 1720.

2. The sure method of improving an Estate by Plantations of
Oak, Elm, Ash, Birch, and other Timber Trees. London
1728. 4to. 1 Plate.

3. Pomona, or the Fruit Garden illustrated: being the sure

method of preserving the best kinds of Fruit, with di-
rections for Pruning, Nailing, &c. With 79 plates. Lon-
don. 1729. fol.

4. New principles of Gardening ; or the laying out of Pas-
tures, Groves, Wildernesses, Labyrinths, Avenues, Parks,
&c. 4to. 1728. With engravings.

JOHN COW ELL, was a Nursery man at Hoxton of whom
frequent mention is made in the works of Bradley and other
Horticultural writers of the same period. He appears to have
died about 1730, for Switzer speaks of him as *' late of Hox-
ton" in the following year.

Cowell was author of the following works,

1. Account of the Aloe in Blossom, Torch Thistle, and

Glastonbury Thorn. London. 1729. 8vo.

2. The Curious and Profitable Gardener, containing the new-

est method for improving Land by Grain or Seed, also a
description of the Great Aloe, and other Exotics, with the
manner of preserving them in Winter. London. 8vo.
1730. The edition of 1732 is the same as this with a new
Title.

1729 A Dissertation on Cyder and Cyder Fruit. By H. S.
Esq. of Pyncs in Devonshire. The author of this

199

was Mr. Hugh Stafford. Again in 1753 much en-
larged.

1730 Observations on Agriculture. By G. RYE. Dublin
8vo.

1730 Catalogus Arborum, Fruticumque, turn Exoticarum turn
Domesticarum, &c. or, The Gardener's Catalogue
of Trees and Shrubs, both Exotic and Doraestick
which are hardy enough to endure the cold of our
climate in the open Air, ranged in an alphabetical or-
der according to their most approved Latin Names ;
with an Index of the English Names referring to the
Latin. To \vhich is added the character of each ge-
nus in English, and a short account of the growths of
each tree or shrub, illustrated with 21 Copperplates,
in which there are above 50 beautiful Plants which
were designed by Ihe famous Mynheer Van Huysum,
and are represented in their proper colours. Done
by a Society of Gardeners, folio. London.

This work was the joint production of a Society of some of
the most eminent Florists and Nurserymen of that period as
Fairchild, Furber, Smith, Driver, James, Low, the Grays,
"NVhitmill, and Hunt. Miller was their Secretary; and this
work it is conjectured both by Weston and Martyn, gave rise
to the folio edition of his Dictionary, which appeared in the
following year. This Society are also said by Weston to have
assisted Miller in the writing of his Dictionary in octavo which
appeared in 1724. Only one part of this "Catalogue" was
published. In the preface it is stated, that the trade finding
great inconvenience from the vague nomenclature of Plants
which then existed, resolved upon this work for the publick
benefit. They probably found a more difficult task than they
at first imagined.*

• Weston'* Tracts on practical Asrriculturo and nardeniiifj. Mrulyn'j pra-
farp to Mill.u's Diitioijary

200

1732. An Essay concerning the best methods of pniniag'
Fruit Trees, also the method of pruning Timber Trees,
and also a discourse concerning' the improvement of
the Fotatoe. London. 8vo. Anonymous.

-The iialure and method of planting, manuring, and
dieting a Vineyard. Anonymous. 8vo.

Tiie great Improvement of Commons that are enclosed

for the advantage of Lords of the Manor, the Poor,^
and the Public, Avitli methods of enriching all Soils
and raising Timber. To ripen fruit at all times of the
year ; an improvement in raising Mushrooms, Cu-
cumbers, S:c. Anonymous.

ROBERT FURBER, was the founder of the Kensington
Nursery, now held by Messrs. Malcom. He was distinguish-
ed as a Nurseryman, especially iu the raising of Fruit Trees»
He published the following vi-orks,

1. Fruits for every month in the year. 12 Plates fol. 1732.
These are prints of the best kind of fruits grown in this
country.

2. An Litroduction to Gardening, or a guide to Gentlemen
and Ladies in furnishing their Gardens, being several
useful Catalogues of Fruits and Flowers. London. 1733.
8vo.

1732 1. A Flower Garden for Gentlemen and Ladies, or the
Art of raising Flowers to blow in the depth of Win-
ter ; also the method of raising Salleting, Cucumbers,
&c. at any time of the year- London, 8vo. by SIR.
THOMAS MOORE.

The same Gentleman also wrote,

201

2. The Flower Garden displayed, containing above four
hundred representations of the most beautiful Floweri
coloured to the life, with the art of raising Flowers in
the depth of Winter. With 12 engravings of the
seasons. 1732 4to. Again in 1734, with the ad-
dition of the " Flower Garden for Gentlemen, &c."

-The nature and method of planting, manuring, and
dieting a Vineyard. 1732. 8vo. By SIR ALEX-
ANDER MURRAY, of Stanhope, Author of some

Scotch political works.

1735. Merlin: a Poem; humbly inscribed to her Majesty.
To which is ddded the Royal Hermitage. With se-
veral curious representations both of the Cave and
Hermitage. By a Lady. London. 8vo.

-The Rarities of Richmond; being exact descriptions
of the Hermitage and Merlin's Cave in the Gardens
there. London. 1735, 8vo. Anonymous. Again

in 1736 wilh Merlin's hfe and prophecies.

WILLIAM ELLIS, a farmer of Little Gaddesden near
Kernel Hempstead in Hertfordshire. He evidently was a man
of intelligcnceg He had travelled much, both in this country
and on the continent. He wrote the following works.

1. The Timber Tree improved; or the best practical
methods of improving different lands with proper Timber.
London. 1738. 8vo.

2. Complete Modern Husbandry, containing the practice of

Farming ; Chiltern and Vale Farming : Improvements on
Fruit and Timber Trees, &:c. 1744. 8 vols. 8vo. Again
in 1760 and 1762,

3 D

202

Tic also edited "The Farmer's Instructor, or the Husband-
man's and Gardener's useful and necessary Companion" which
WAS originally written by Samuel Trowel], Gent. This was
published in 1747. 8vo. He also mentions another work he
was about publishing- entitled " Ellis's Country Housewife."

Mr. Trowell, Ellis sajs, was a very ingenious gentleman, and
celebrated Garden Artist, and mentions his "writings on Gar-
dening" which I have never seen. He was Steward of the Es-
tates belonging to the Benchers of the Inner Temple. He was
dead in 1747. He published a new Treatise of Husbandry and
Gardening. London. 8vo. 1739. which was translated into
German in 1750.

1738. — The complete Seedsman's Monthly Calendar, shewing
the most easy method of raising and cultivating every
sort of Seed belonging to a Kitchen and Flower
Garden : with necessary Instructions for sowing of
Berries, Mast, and Seeds, of Evergreens, Forest
Trees, and such as are proper for the improving of
lancL Written at the command of a person of honour.
London. 8vo, Anonymous.

5 739. An Essay upon Harmony, as it relates chiefly to situa-
tion and building. London. 8vo. Anonymous.

1740. A Catalogue of Trees and Shrubs which are prepared
for sale. By CHRISTOPHER GRAY, Nursery-
man of Fulham.

Gray was the founder of the Fulham Nursery, now held by
Messrs. Whitley and Co. It had many rare plants contributed
to it by Catesby, CoUison, Miller, Dr. Gordon, and others,
The greater part of Bishop Compton's collection was added to
it by purchase of his successor. The first Magnolia grandiflora
introduced to this country, was planted in Gray's Garden.

203

174-t. Adam's Luxury and Eve's Cookcrv, or tlie Kite Inn
Garden displayed. London. Uvo. x\iitn\inous

Curious Expcrimenls in Gardciiing ; modes uf pro-
pagation, &c. Illustrated with Wood Cuts. 17^0.
12rao.

1744. A Treatise concerniMg the Husbandry and Natural His-

tory of England. 8vo. This purports to be a produc-
tion of Sir Richard Weston (seep. 05.) but is only a
bad abridgement of Ilartlib's Legacy.

1745. A plan of Mr. Pope's Garden and Grotto, with a cha-

racter of his writingst

SIR WILLIAM AV'ATSON, deserves our notice more as
the friend of Horticulture, than as ranking lunongthe Authors
of Avorks on that Art. He was the son of a respectable
Tradesman, in St- John's Street, Smitiilield, and born in i7lo.
He was educated at Merchant Tailor's School ; and from
thence removed to be apprenticed to an Aputhccarv. He was
early distinguished for his love of Botany. In 1738 he mar-
ried and commenced business for himself. In 1741 the Royal
Society elected him a member. To its "Transactions" he
contributed many papers in almost every branch of Natiind
History. Sir Hans Sloane the founder of the British Museum
nominated him one of its Trustees. He w;is an early and very
assiduous experimenter in Electricity, for his discoveries in
which he received in 174-3, the Copley Medal from the Royal
Society. He took the degree of M. D. in 1737, previous to
which he had been elected a Member of the Ro3'al Academy of
Madrid ; and Doctor of Physic by the Uuiver-^ities ol'Halle and
Wittembergh. He became a Licentiate of the College of Phy-
sicians in 1759; one of the Physicians of the Foundling Hoiii

204

pital in 1762; one ofthe Vice-Presidents of the Royal Society ;
Fellow of the College of Physicians, and one of the Elects in
1784. He was knighted in 1786. In the course of that year
he began to decline in health and his death occurred May
10th, 1787.

There is an engraving of him an oval, by Ryder, 1791,
after a painting by L. Abbot.

His chief writings relating to Horticulture are,

1. Critical Remarks on the Rev. Mr. Pickering's Paper con-
cerning the Seeds of Mushrooms. This appeared in the
Philosophical Transactions, v. xlii.p. 599. and v.xliiip. 61.

2- Account of thc»-remains of the Garden formerly belonging
to the Tradescants at Lambeth. Phil- Trans' xlri 160.

3. Account of the Garden at Fulham formerly belonging to
Dr. Henry Compton, Bishop of London, Phil Trans,
xlvii. 241-

1746- The Gentleman's Gardener's Director of Plants, Flow-
ers, and Trees; with a gai'den Kalenderj London,
8vo. The fifth Edition is an enlarged one bearing
date 17G5. By DAVID STEPHENSON, M. A-
author of " a new Mechanical Practice of Physic".

Miller and Weston mention " the Gentleman Gardener
instructed" 12mo. by this Author, 1746' 8th. Edition,
1769' Are these different works?

1747' The Complete Florist. London 8vO' Anonymous.
It consis's of 100 engravings of Flowers, coloured
and plaiu'

205

1748. A Dialogue upon the Gardftis of Lord Viscount Cob-

ham at Stowe in Bucks- London. 8vo. AnonjiTnous.

1749. Catologue of Hot-House, Green-House, Hardy, aud

Herbaceous Plants, Flowering^ and Evergreen Shrubs
Fruit and Fruit Trees. Edinburgh. 8vo. By
DICKSON, JAMES, and Co. Nurserymen aud
Seedsmen, Edinburgh. An enlarged edition appeared
in 1796, enumerating alphabetically all the plants
described in the Hortus Kewensis.

■■ ■ —Directions for cultivating Vines in America. By

AARON HILL.

1750. The Beauties of Stowe, with engravings. Ovo. By
GEORGE CICKMAN.

1752. An Account of the Emperor of China's Gardens at

Pekin. London. 8vo. Anonymous.

1753. The Kitchen, and Flower Gardens compleat, iu four

sheets.

A Catalogue of Seeds and Roots under their proper

heads. By W. WEBB. Seedsm-.n.

FRANCIS COVENTRY, was a native of Ca iibridgeshiro,
lie took his degree of Master of Arts, at Magdalen Coilcfve
Cambridge, in 1752, and entered into Orders, but died prema-
turely in 1759 immediately after being presented to the dona-
tive of Edgeware. He is well known as the Author of the
satirical Novel " Ponipey the little." He wrote " Penshurst"
a Poem in Dodley's Collection ; and " a Poetical Epislle to tha
Hon. Wilmot ^'aughan ;" but deserves particular notice lu've

206

from being the Author of an admirable Essay in '• The World"
Nu. XV. Apl. 12. 1753, entitled "Strictures on the absurd
nuvelties introduced in Gardening, and a humorous description
of Squire Mushroom's Villa."

1753. A Treatise on the Hyacinth ; containing the manner of
cultivating- that flower, on the experience lately made
by the most eminent Florists in Holland. Translated
from the Dutch by BARTHOLEMEW ROCQUE.
London. 8vo.

Rocque was a florist at Walham Green. He wrote several
Agricultural Works, as on Lucerne, &c. He was a great cul-
tivator of Grasses.

JAMES JUSTICE, was one of the principal Clerks of Ses-
sion in Scotland, and a Fellow of the Royal Society. His father
was a Merchant, who importing bulbous roots from Holland, is
said first to have given the son a taste for their culture which
increased to a passion for Gardening in general that was un-
controulable. He ,had a Villa and Garden at Crichton near
Dalkeith, upon which he expended his fortune, and was ulti-
mately obliged to sell it, after devoting himself in its retire-
ment, to the practice, of Gardening for thirty years- To acquire
information on the culture of bulbous rooted flowers, he twice
visited Holland and travelled once into Italy for further im-
provement in his skill and taste He was imsparing of expense
in procuring Exotics and new varieties- He was the first to
introduce the Pine Apple into Scotland, and had as he states
the largest collection of Auriculae in Europe. He died in 1702
or 3. He was the Author of the following work.

The Scot's Gardener's Director, Edinburgh, 1754, 8vo. —
Another Edition appeared in 1764, after his decease, entitled
"The British Gardener's Director, chiefly adapted to the dim

207

wate of the Northern Counties, directing the ncressary work
in the Kitchen, Fruit, and Pleasure Gardens, and in the Nur-
sery, Green-House and Stove. " pjdinhurgh 8vo. Another
edition dated the same year, arranged as a monthly Kalondar
is very different from the others. There was another Edition
in 1767. Professor Martyn says " It is an original and truly
valuable work, founded upon reflection and experience".

SIR JOHN HILL, was the son of a clergyman, and horn
about 1716. He was apprenticed to an Apothecary at West-
minster, and there being led to the study of Botany, obtained
from his proficiency in that Science the patronage of the Duke
of Richmond and Lord Petre, who employed him in their Gar-
dens. He became a writer almost upon the whole cycle of the
Sciences, and by the labour of his pen, for it mattered to him
but little what his subject was, he often acquired fifteen hun-
dred pounds per annum. So that emolument was to be gained
he apparently was not very scrupulous in what schemes he en-
gaged. That he was a man of talents cannot be denied to him
but that he prostituted them is demonstrated by the contempt
in which he was generally held. In 1746 he tran^lated Tlieo-
phrastus " On Gems.'' "A general Natural History" in 3 vols.
folio; "a supplement to Chambers' Cyclopaedia" and a periodical
named "the Inspector" rapidly followed each other. He ob-
tained a Doctor's Degree at St. Andrews, and then(>udeavoured
in vain to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He vent-
ed his disappointment in a Pamphlet and a quarto volume,
which in however bad spirit they were dictated are acutely
written. He profited much by being a proprietor of quack
Medeciues. Having obtained the patronage of the Earl of
Bute, he published under his auspices " a System of Botany'' in
26 volumes folio; for which pompous work he was created a
knight of the Order of Vasa, by the King of Sweden- He
wrote several novels and farces. He died Nov. 22nd. 1775. Ho
had a dispute with Garrick, having published a pamjihlct in

208

1759 entitled "To David Garrick Esq. the Petition of I, in
behalf of herself and sister," in which he charged that actor
with pronouncing many words spelt with I as if the vowel U
was made use of. The pamphlet is sunk into oblivion, but the
Epigram with which Garrick replied to him is one of the best
in the English language.

If 'tis true, as you say, that I've injured a letter,
I'll change my notes soon, and 1 hope for the better;
May the just rights of letters, as well as of men,
Hereafter be fixed by the tongue and the pen !
Most devoutly I wish that they both have their due.
And that I may never be mistaken for U.

Hill also became embroiled in a contest with Woodward
the Comedian, who answered him in a pamphlet with this motto.

** I do remember an Apothecary, cuUing of simples, "
alluding to a story that Hill was forbidden the entrance to
some nobleman's gardens, for having purloined several valua-
ble plants.

There is a portrait of him after a painting by F. Cotes, 1757,
engraved by R. Houston. An oval, with a solitaire.

The following are his chief works relating to Gardening.

1. A method of raising Trees from the leaves. Under the
assumed name of Thomas Barnes, London. 1758, 8vo.

2. Eden; or a complete body of Gardening, 60 coloured
plates, London I folio.

3. Complete body of Husbandry, with plate*, folio.

^09
4. The Gardener's new Kalendcr, with plates, London.

6. An idea of a Botanical Garden in England, 1758-

6- Account of a stone which upon being watered produces
mushrooms, plates 2, London, 1758, 8vo.

7. Method of producing double flowers from single by a re-
gular course of culture, illustrated with 7 plates, London
1768.

8. The origin and production of proliferous flowers, with the
culture at large for raising double from single, and proli-
ferous from double, 7 plates, London, 1759, Bvo.

9. The practice of Gardening by T. Perfect, a pupil of Dr.

Hill, London, 1759. 8vo.

10. Botanical Tracts, London, 1762. A collection of pre-
viously published Pamphlets.

11. The construction of Timber explained by means of the
Microscope. London, 1770. 8vo.

12. The Vegetable System, or Experiments on the structure
and life of Plants, 1759.

1754. The Gardener's Pocket Book, or Country Gentleman's
Recreation; being the Kitchen, Fruit, and Flower
Garden displayed in alphabetical order, by R. S.
Gent.

THOMAS HITT, appearfc to have been a native ofAboi-
deenshire. He served his apprenticeship under the gardener of
John, the 3rd. Duke of Rutland, at Belvoir Castle, in Liu-

2 E

210

colnshire, who wft« like his father a great delighter in Garden-
ing, especially the culture of Fruit Trees. Hitt lived sixteen
3-ears with Lord Robert Sutton at Kelham House, in Notting-
hamshire. During almost all the period he was a serving Gar-
dener, he lived with one branch or other of the Rutland Family.
In 1755, he lived with Lord Robert Manners at Bloxholm
in Lincolnshire. He eventually became a nurseryman, a de-
signer of Gardens &c. in Kent. He died about 1710. He
wrote upon Husbandry in general, and upon the improvement
of waste land in Aberdeenshire, but his chief work is

1. A Treatise of Fruit Trees, London, 1755. A second edi-
tion appeared in 1757. Third Edition, Dublin, 1758.
Miller mentions a third Edition 1768, London :

It is the result of long experience, and is decidedly one of
our best practical works upon the art of training trees. The
characteristic of his plan is to check the rise of the sap by
making the stem take a tortuous course.

At his death his MSS came into the possession of James
Meader, then gardener to the Duke of Northumberland, from
which he published " The Modern Gardener. "

2. A Treatise of Husbandry, London, 8vo. 1760.

1756, On the Heat and Cold of Hot houses, London, Bvo.
anonymous.

Observations on Husbandry, published from the ori-
ginal MSS of the late Edward Lisle, Esq., of
Crux-Easton, Hants, with Notes and observations by
his son T. Lisle. D. D. 4to.

Mr. E. Lisle settled at Crux-Easton in 1793—4, being then
about 27 years of age. He died in 1722. His son resided at

211

Beauclere in Hants. There was another edition of his works
in 2 vols. 8vo. There is an engraved portrait of Mr. E. Lisle,
by S. F. Ravenet prefixed to his "Observations.''

SIR WILLIAM CHAMBERS, of Scottish parentage, was
born in Sweden in 172G, but came to England when only two
years old, and was placed at Ripon School. On arriving at
manhood he became Supercargo of a Swedish East India ship,
and made one voyage in that capacity to China. On his re-
turn he commenced the study of Architecture, under the pa-
tronage of Lord Bute, by whose interest he was appointed
Drawing Master to the Prince of Wales, afterwards George the
HI. — His first architectural 'erection was a villa for the Earl of
Besborough at Roehampton. He was afterwards employed in
laying out the Royal Gardens at Kew, where he introduced the
Chinese ornaments. In 1771 he was invested with the Swe-
dish Ordorofthe Polar Star. He became aFellowof the Royal
and Antiquarian Societies. In 1775 he was appointed to con-
duct the erection of Somerset House, being Architect to the
King, Surveyor General to the Board of Works, and Treasurer
of the Royal Academy. In 1758 his style of design, &c. was
severely attacked in two satires termed "An heroic Epistle"
and "An heroic Postscript to Sir W. Chambers'' which came
from the pen of Mason the Poet. Sir W. Chambers died in
1796.

There are two engravings of him after a portrait by Sir J.
Reynolds, one by J. Collyer, 1785, the other by V. Green
1780. 3. An engraving by Houston, 1772, after a painting
by F. Cotes. 4. A profile by D. Pariset, after a drawing by
P. Falconet.

The following are his published works.

1. Designs for Chinese Buildings, Furniture, Dresses, Ma-

212

chiaes, and U tonsils, engraved from the originals drawn in
China ; to which is annexed a description of their Temples,
Houses, Gardens, &c. London. 1757. Large fcl.

2. A treatise on Civil Architecture. London, folio. This
reached a third Edition

3. Plans, Elevations, Sections, and perspective views of the
Gardens and Buildings at Kcw. London. 1763, and 1765.
Folio,

4. Dissertations on Oriental Gardening. London. 1744. 4to.

As an Architect Sir William Chambers stands high ; the
portico of Lord Besborough's Villa is particularly correct and
elegant ; the Grecian Mansion of the Marquis of Abercorn at
Duddingtone near Edinburgh ; and the Gothic oqe of Milton
Abbey in Dorsetshire, are monuments of his taste. Somerset
House was a failure. His Chinese Gardening was puerile in
the extreem.

JOSEPH SPENCE, D. D. was born in 1698. He was edu-
cated at Winchester School, and proceeded thence to New
College, Oxford, of which he became a Fellow. He acquired
the friendship of Pope from an " Essay" published in 1727, on
that poet's Odyssey, on the following year he was elected Pro-
fessor of Poetry at Oxford and held that appointment until
1738. In 1731 he published an Account of the Stephen Duck,
and procured for him the living of Byfleet. About the same
period he travelled with the Earl of Lincoln, and on his return
was presented with the lixing of Great Horvvood in Bucking-,
hamshire ; and soon afterwards was appointed Professor of
Modern History. In 1747 he published " Polymetis, or En-
quiry into the agreement between the works of the Roman
Poets, and the remains of ancient Artists." In 1764 he received

21S

a prebondal Stall in Durham Cathedral. In that year he directed
the public attention to Blacklock, the blind Poet ; as he after
wards did to Robert Hill the learned Taylor. His last publica-
tion was "Remarks and Dissertations on Virgil, with some other
Classical observations, by the late Mr. Houldsworth. Pub-
lished with Notes and additional Remarks by Mr. Spence."
Several minor pieces of our authors are in Dodslev's and other
collections. He was accidentally drowned in a canal of his
own Garden at Byfleet in Surrey, August 20th. 1768. There is
a portrait of him in Nichols's " Poets", T. Cook, sc. Another
prefixed to his " Polyraetis'* by G. Virtue, after the orijjinal by
Isaac Whood, Since his death have been published " Spence's.
Anecdotes concerning eminent Literary Characters," He was
Si friend of Lord Walpole who esteemed him a man of taste and
judgment in Gardening. The work which entitles him to our
notice is.

Some account of the Emperor of China's Gardens, &c. &c.
By Sir Harry Beaumont. London 1757 8vo.

1757. The practical Husbandman. By R. MAXWELL,
Esq. of Arkland.

1^ The distinguishing properties of a lino Auricula.
Newcastle 8vo.

2. The Dutch Florist. Newcastle 12mo. 17o8.

These two works were by JAMES THOMPSON, a florist
at Newcastle.

1757. — An heroic Epistle to Sir W. Chambers — London 4lo.

1768 — An heroic Postscript. London. 4to.

These severe and spirited Satires, have been erroneously

214

attiibuleil to John Baylies by Nichols in his "Literary Anec-
dotes." They are now known to have proceeded from Mason
the Poet, of whom we shall have occasion to make further
mention, at least when charged with being their author he did
not deny that he was so. Warton thought they were the joint
offspring of Walpole and Mason, or as he expressed it " They
may have been written by Walpole, and buckram'd by
Mason»"

REV. WILLIAM HANBURY, rector of Church Langton
Leicestershire, He died in 1778. He was exceedingly fond
of Planting. He planted fifty Acres of Nursery Ground, the
produce of which he dedicated to the improvement of the
Church and Parish. It was instituted however in the first in-
stance for the encouragement and improvement of the Art of
Planting. There is a portrait of him, a private plate, engraved
by R. Earlom, 1775, after the original by W. Penny. He was
author of the three following works,

1. An Essay on Planting and a scheme to make it conducive

to the glory of God, and the advantage of Society. Lon-
don. 1758. An 8vo. pamphlet.

2. The Gardener's new Calender. London, 1758^ 8vo.

3. A complete body of planting and gardening, containing
the Natural history, Cuhurc, and Management of decidu-
ous and evergreen Forest Trees, with practical directions
for raising and improving Woods. As well as a general
system of the present practice of the flower, fruit, and
kitchen Gardens.

This work commenced publishing in December 1769, and
was completed in 150 sixpenny weekly numbers, in 1773,
forming two volumes, folio.

215

The five following papers by ROBERT MARSHAM, Esq-
of Stratton in Norfolk appeared in the Philosophical Traos-
actioDS.

1. Observations on the growth of Trees. (Phil. Trans. Abrev,

xi. 320. In the year 1768.)

3. On the usefulness of washing and rubbing the stems of
Trees to promote their annual increase, (xiv. 124. 177G —
XV, 138—1781)

3. Indications of Spring (xvi. 561 — 1789)

4. On the measures of Trees, (xviii. 100. — 1797)

175D. — A Treatise on Grasses, and the Norfolk Willow. Lon-
don. 8vo.

The Gardener's Catalogue of Hardy Trees, Shrubs,
Flowers, Seeds, &c. London. 8vo.

The above are by — NORTH, a Nurseryman, who formerly
occupied the Gardens at Lambeth, now held by John Hay.

JOHN MILLS, Esq. F. R. S, was author of the following
works, not one of which are worthy of more particular notice.

!• Practical Treatise on Husbandry, from the French of Du-
hameb 1759' 4t0' With additions. Plates, c*v;c-

2. A new and complete System of Practical Husbandry

1762' 5 vols- 8v0' This was published in weekly numbers
and compleated in 17G3' It was twice translated iuto
German in 1764-

216

3. The natural and chemical Elements of Agriculture fron*
the German of Gyllcnborg. 12mo. 1770.

4. Essays on Agriculture^ 8vo. 1772*

1760. The London Gardener* London. 8vo. Anonymous*

THOMAS HAMILTON, EARL of HADDINGTON was
born in 1734, and died May lOth* 1794. This nobleman was
a great encourager of improvements in the arts of cultivation.
The fine plantations which are about the family mansion at
Tynningham uear Dunbar, are monuments of his fondness for
arboriculture. He was the author of

V

A Treatise on Forest Trees. Edinburgh. 17G0. 8vo«

JAMES LEE, a native of Scotland, was one of the best
Gardeners of his time- He was for some time under Philip
Miller at the Chelsea Garden ; and afterwards Gardener to the
Duke of Argyle at Whitton, Middlesex, who was a great im-
porter of Exotick Trees, and for that reason only, inviduously
nick-named by Walpole "A Tree-Monger". In conjunction
with Kennedy, then Gardener to Lord Bolton at Chiswick, Lee
commenced the business of a Nurseryman, at the Vineyard
Hammersmith. He was patronized by a great many of theno-
bility and gentry, to whom he became known by his extensive
knowledge of Natural History; and his Garden became particu-
lai'ly rich in plants from the extensive correspondence he kept
up with Linnaius and other contemporary Botanists. — He died
in 1797. He was author of,

1. An Introduction to Botany ; containing an explanation of

the Theory of the Science, and an interpretation of its

technical terms, extracted from the works of Linnaeus, &c«

■ 12 Plates. 1700. Bvo- A work wliich Pultney speaks f%-

217

Yourablj' of, as having tended to a general diffusion of a
knowledge of the Linniean System.

2, Catalogue of Plants and Seeds sold by Kennedy and Lee.

1760. Observations towards a method of preserving the seeds
of Plants in a state of Vegetation during long voyages
London. 8vo. By SAMUEL PULLEIN, M. A.
This Gentleman was also author of several publica-
tions upon the Mulberry, Cotton Plant, and Silkworm.

1760. Adam armed ; or an Essay endeavouring to prove the
advantages and improvements the Kingdom may re-
ceive, and the inconveniences and impediments it may
avoid and remedy by the means of a well ordered and
duly rectified Charter for incorporating and regulating
the Professorof the Art of Gardening; humbly offered
and presented by the Master and Company of the
same. London, fol. No author's name, or date, but
published about this year.

1763. The Botanist's and Gardener's new Dictionary ; con-
taining the Names, Classes, Orders, Generic Cha-
racters, and Specific distinctions of the several Plants
cultivated in England, according to the System of
Linnaeus. To which is prefixed an Introduction to
the Linnaean System of Botany. London. 8vo. By
JAMES WHEELER, nurseryman at Gloucester.

———An Essay on the Theory of Agriculture, intended as
an introduction to a Rational System of the Art —
Anon. 12mo.

1764. The Dutch Florist, or a true method of managing all

sorts of Flowers with bulbous roots. Translated from

the Dutch of Van Campen. 4to.

2 F

218

17(J4. Museum Rusticum et Commerciale : or select Papers,
on Agriculture, Commerce, Arts, and Manufactures.
Drawn from experience, and communicated by
gentlemen engaged in these pursuits. Revised and
digested by several Members of the Society for the
encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce.
6 vols. London. 8vo.

This was succeeded by a similar work entitled "De Re Rus-
tica" which commenced in 1768 and was completed, two vols,
8vo, in 1770.

The complete Farmer, or Dictionary of Husbandry.

4to. Anonymous. 2nd. Edition, 1768.

WALTER HARTE, was born at Kentbury in Buckingham-
shire about 1697. He was educated at Malborough School
and at St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, where, in 1720, he took his
Master's degree, he became Vice-principal of the Hall, and a
Canon of Windsor through the interest of Lord Chesterfield.
He was also Vicar of St. Austle and St. Blaze, Cornwall. At
one period of his life he was tutor in the family of Earl Peter-
borough. He died in 1768. He pubhshed " A history of Gus-
tavus Adolphus," seveial Poems, &c. but is recorded here as
being Author of.

Essays on Husbandry, and a Treatise on Lucerne. By W.
H. Canon of Windsor. Plates. 1764. and 1770.

Every reader must agree with Dr. Johnson (what species of
literature has this giant of learning not criticized!) in consiuor-
ing these Essays " good". It would appear that Dr. Harte was
a very vain man. On the day his " Gustavus Adolphus" was
published he left London to avoid the influx of praise he was
sure would attend it ; and was ashamed to return as it was a
complete failure.

219

WILLIAM SHENSTONE, was born in November 1714,
at his paternal seat, the Leasowes in Hales-Owen- After
passing v.ith applause through two Schools he proceeded in
1732 to Pembroke College, Oxford- He here published a
small volume of Poems in 1737. In 1742 he produced his
"Schoolmistress'' having two years previously published "The
Judgment of Hercules. In 1745 he took the Estate of the
Leasowes, much against his will, under his own management,
and during the remainder of his life made it his study to orna-
ment and improve the beauty of his ground. It is certain he
was the envy of wealthier and less tasteful neighbours. Their
envy, and the praise which fed his vanity, rendered him ever
desirous of excelling, and he squandered on the decorations of
his grounds, sums that should have obtained him necessaries
and comfort. Though his grounds were beautiful, his house
was mean and delapidated ; he was annoyed by creditors, or as
his biographer Dr. Johnson expresses it " his groves were
haunted by beings very different from fauns and fairies." He
died of a putrid fever, Feb. 1 1th. 1763. With his Poems we
have here no concern, but we shall have occasion to sj)eak of
the Leasowes hereafter, and must now record that in his works
collected after his death, and published in 3 vols. 8vo. in 1764,
are " Unconnected Thoughts on Landscape Gardening."

There are three engraved portraits of him. 1. By Prancker,
prefixed to his " Works," 1764, 8vo. 2. By Hall in 1780,
after the original by T. Ross, painted in 1738. 8vo. 3, By T.
Cook in Bell's edition of the " Poets."

JOHN ABERCROMBIE, was born at Edinburgh lu i *„.,
near which City his father conducted a considerable IVLirket
Garden. From his infancy he was employed to assist in this
undertaking which was one particularly suited to his taste, and
to improve and simplify his Art through after life, engrossed
his attention — At fourteen he became an apprentice of bis

220

father. Hi* education was plain and superficial, but possessing
sound sense, and a habit of reasoning upon just principles, he
was an agreeable Companion — He was thoroughly grounded in
his profession, the practice of years being retained and concen-
trated by a habit of committing to paper all the observations
he made in its pursuit from a very early age — Soon after his
appenticeship expired, being about eighteen, upon some domes-
tic misunderstanding, he came to London, where he obtained
employment in some of the Royal Gardens at Kew and at
Leicester House. Afterwards he became Gardener to Dr.
Munro and other gentle- men. He was present at the Battle
of Preston Pans, which was fought under his father's Garden
AVall. He was a loyalist, or as he termed himself" a king's
man." About 1751 — 2 he became Gardener to Sir James
Douglas, during his continuance in whose service he married.
Fearing his family might become troublesome he left his situa-
tion in 1759, and returned to Scotland with the intention of
becoming Kitchen and Market Gardener, but came again to
England after an absence of only ten months. He was en-
gaged in the service of several noblemen and gentlemen until
1770, when he engaged a Kitchen Garden and small Nursery
Ground between Mile End Road and Hackney, attending
Spitaifields Market with the products until 1771 — 2 — at this
period he became a publican in Dog-Row, Mile End, his house
was afterwards converted into the Artichoke Tea Gardens.
By the importunity of his wife he left this, and entered into
the Seed and Nursery business at Newington and Tottenham
Court, carrying on at the same time an extensive trade as a
K^itchen Gardener and Florist. About 1778 he prepared his
" Every Man his own Gardener," which has passed through
many Editions. He actually paid Mr. Thomas Mawe, Gardener
to the Duke of Leeds, twenty pounds to allow his name to be
attached to this work by whose name it of course has been
generally known. Afterwards becoming more confident he
published his " Gardener's Pocket Journal, or Daily Assis-
tant", which obtained a very extensive sale and has since

221

passed through an edition of 2000 Copies annually — Besides
these he compiled The Universal Dictionary of Gardening
and Botany,4to. — The Gardener's Dictionary — The Gardener's
Vade-Mecum — The Kitchen Gardener and Hot-bed Forcer —
The Hot-house Gardener— The Wall Tree Pruner— The Gar-
dener's best Companion &:c. — He died from an accident on the
2nd. of May, 1806— He at one period after the publication of his
*' Every man his own Gardener," had actually embarked to
superintend the Gardens of the Empress of Russia, but the
sight of the Ocean inspired him with terrors which he could
not overcome.* Abercrorabie was induced to become author
by a visit which he received in 1770 from Mr. Davis, a London
Bookseller, and the celebrated Dr. Goldsmith, who made
overtures to him for an original work, the latter promising to
revise the language, which he afterward.-? neglected to do.

After the publication of the second Edition of his " Every
Man his own Gardener" he accepted an invitation from Mr.
Mawe Avhose name he had borrowed fur the Title page; but
when introduced to him having never before seen him he v.as
so powdered and dressed that Abercrombie mistook him
for his master the Duke of Leeds. They were however
mutuallv pleased with each other, and subsequently continued
to correspond.

From 1796 to the time of his decease he continued to reside
in Charlton St, Somers Town, excepting when visiting or pro-
fessionally employed. He was occasionally employed to plan
Gardens and Pleasure Grounds for which he was sometimes
handsomely remunerated. When unemployed he was a con-
stant pursuer of knowledge and information at the various
Nursery Grounds and Gardens near the Metropolis, f

• Memoir prefixed to liii Gardener's Pocket Jourml— Gentleman's Maj.
tnd Monthly Mag, '"er 1806. + Loudon's Encyclopiedi* of Gardening
p. 1106. Ed. 6.

222

The following is a list of his Horticultural works in the order
in •which they were published,

1. Every Man his own Gardener, being a new Gardener's
Calendar, with complete lists of Forest Trees, Flowering
Shrubs, Fruit Trees, Evergreens, annual, biennial,
and j-^rennial Flov/ers; Ilot-house, Green-house, and
Kitchen Garden Plants, with the varieties of each sort
cultivated in the Enghsh Gardens. London. 1774 —

This work has passed through upwards of twenty Editions,
and is now one of our standard works. In later editions
Abercrombie's own name has appeared in the title page together
with (hat of Thomas Mawe which it originally bore alone,
though he had nothing to do with its composition.

2. The Universal Gardener and Botanist ; or a general Dic-

onary of Gardening and Bolany, exhibiting in Botanical
arrangement, according to the Linn?ean System, every Tree,
Shrub, and Herbaceous Plant that merits culture, Lon-
don; 1778. 4to, Mr. Weston says the first Edition
appeared in 1770.

3. The Garden Mushroom, its nature and cultivation, ex-
hibiting full r.nd plain directions for producing this desira-
ble plant in perfection and plenty. London. 1779. 8vo.

4. The British FruitGarden, and Art of Pruning; comprising

the most approved method of planting and raising every
useful Fruit tree, and Fruit bearing shrub. London^ 1779
8vo.

5. Tlie Garden Mushroom its nature and culti\ation. Lon-

don. 1779. 8vo. — 1802. 12mo.

«. The complete forcing Gardener, for the thorough practi-

223

cal management of the Kitchen Garden, raising all early
crops in hot-beds, forcing early fruit, &c. London. 1781.
12mo.

7. The complete Wall Tree pruner,&c. London. 1783. 12mo.

8. The propagation and botanical arrangement of Plants and

Trees useful and ornamental. London, 1785.2 vols. 12rao.

9. The Gardener's Pocket Dictionary, or a systematical ar-
rangement of Trees, Herbs, Flowers and Fruit, agreeable
to the Linn'dean method, with their Latin and English names
their uses, propagation, culture, kc. London. 1786. 3
vols. i2mo.

10. The Daily Assistant in the modern practice of English
Gardening for every month in the year, on an entire new
plan. London. 1789. 12mo.

IL The Universal Gardener's Kalendar, and system of prac-
tical Gardening. Loudon 1789. 12mo. — 1808, 8vo,

1J2. The complete Kitchen Gardener, and Hot bed forcer,
with the thorough practical management of Hot-houses,
Fire Walls, &c. London 1789. 12mo. •

13. The Gardener's Vadc-Mecum, or companion of general Gar-
dening; a descriptive display of the Plants, Flowers, Shrubs,
Trees, Fruits, and general culture. London. 1780. 8vo.

14. The Hot-house Gardener, or the general culture of tlie
Pine Apple, and the methods of forcing early Grapes,
Peaches, Nectariaes and other ciioice Fruits in Hot-houses,
Vineries, Fruit houses, and Hot-Walls, with direction*
for raising Melons and earlj' Strabwerries, &.c. Plates,
London. 1789. 8vo.

224

15. The Gardener's Pocket Journal and annual Register, in a
concise monthly display of" all practical works of general
Gardening throughout the year. London. 1791. 12mo.

Of these works there needs little comment. They are the
sound results of lengthened experience. " Every Man his own
Gardener" was re-edited in 1816 by Mr. Mean. But the edi-
tions and numbers that have been sold, have never been equal-
led by any other Horticultural Work, except Abercrombie's
own *' Pocket Journar', of which cheap, and useful work,
about two thousand are annually sold. The fourteenth edition
is dated 1815, and I know not how many have appeared since,
but there is usually a fresh one every year.

For the last twenty years of his life he lived in a great degree
upon Tea, taking it three times a day, seldom or never eating
meat. He frequently declared that Tea and Tobacco were the
great promoters of his health. His pipe was his first companion
in the morning and the last at night. He often smoked for six
hours without interruption. He never remembered taking
Physic until after the occurrence of the accident which caused
his death ; nor of having a day's illness before his last, but one
about twenty three years previously.

The best portrait of Abercrorabie is prefixed to Debrett's
edition, 2 vols. Bvo. He is also represented at full length when
seventy-two in the 16th Edition printed in 1800.*

1766. The Gentleman and Farmer's Architecture, being plans
for Parsonage and Farm Houses, with Pineries, Green-*
houses, &c. on 25 plates, folio. By J. LIGHTOLEIl,
a London Architect.

JOHN LOCKE, one of the greatest of Philosophers, belongs
* FaUoh, Ok th« portrait* of Enslish Authori of Gardanin^. p. 96.

225

to the list of English Authors on Horticulture. He was born
at Wrington in Somersetshire, where his father was an attor-
ney, Au^. 29th, 1G32. He commenced his education at West-
minster School, and concluded it at Christ-church, Oxford, (oa
studentship of which College, he was elected in 1G52. He
obtained his degree of M. A. in 1G58. He then applied to
the study of Physic, and graduated in 1674. He did not
practice regularly as a Physician, but was much consulted,
especially by the Earl of Shaftsbury, to whose son he became
tutor. In 1675 he visited France, and during his stay at
Montpelier paid much attention to the cultivation of the Vine,
and the rearing of Silk Worms. When Lord Shaftesbury
became an exile in Holland, Mr. Locke followed him, for which
he lost his studentship by order of the King. He returned to
Englaad in the same fleet with King William. He then went to
reside at Oates in Essex, the seat of Sir Francis IMashani,
whose Lady, a daughter of Dr. Cudworth, was his great friend.
About 1696 he was appointed one of the Commissioners of
Trade and the plantations, which place he resigned in 1700.
He died at Oates, Oct. 28th, 1704. Of his numerous Philo-
sophical works we shall make no detail. His dissertation on
*' The human mind" and " On Education" will render him fa-
mous throughout Time. The publication for which he here
requires notice is entitled,

Observations upon the growth and culture of Vines and
Olives, the production of Silk, uud the preservation of Fruits;
printed from the original I\2S in the possession of the Earl of
Shaftesbury. London. 1766. 8vo.

This posthumous publication was written at the suggestion
of the Earl of Shaftesbury and is dedicated to him.

Of engraved Portraits of this Philosopher, Bromley enume-
rates flfteeu.

2 G

226

1. Prefixed to his " Human Understanding," by Vander Banc,
after S. Brownover. Folio. 2. By La Cave after G. Kneller.
Folio. 3. Prefixed to his " Letters on Toleration," 1765, by
Cipriani. 4. A bust by J. Faber. 6. In "Hist des Philos.
Mod," 1762. by J. C. Francois. 6. After a painting by
Greenhill ; Printseller, Gunst. Folio. 7. In Birch's " Lives"
by J. Houbraken. 8. By J. Nutting, after Brownover. 8vo.
9. By B. Picart after Kneller. 12mo. 10. By J. Smith. 11.
By P. Tanje. These two are after Kneller's picture in 1704.
12. By G. Virtue, 1713, after Kneller's picture in 1697. 13.
By G. Virtue in 1738, after the same. He is also in a plate
with Bishop Burnet, Prideaux, and Clarke; and in another
with Sir I. Newton, &c.

1767 — The rise and progress of the present Taste in planting^
Parks, Pleasure Grounds, Gardens, &c. from the time
of Henry the VIII. to King George the III. In a
poetic Epistle to the Right Honourable Charles, Lord
Viscount Irvin. London. 4to. Anonymous.

Of this work Mr., Loudon observes, that it is very scarce.
He never observed but one copy and that in Mr^ Forsyth's Li-
brary.* Martyn mentions it in 8vo.

JOHN GILES, b(M-ninl725. Hewas at one time Gardener
to Lady Boyd at Lewisham in Kent. In 1777, he was foreman
to Messrs. Russell at their Nursery in that village. He died
in 1797. He wrote,

-Ananas : or a Treatise on the Pine Apple, in which the
whole culture, management, and perfecting this most
excellent plant is laid down in a clear and explicit
manner To which is added the true method of raising
the finest Melons with the greatest success, <S:c.
London. 1767. 1 Plate, 8vo.

♦Encyclopasdia of Gardening. 1107, Ed. 5.

227

Weston mentions another work on the Pine Apple, publish-
ed this year, anonymously.

1707. Modern Eden ; or the Gardener's universal Guide, con-
taining plain instructions for performing every branch
of Gardening- whether of ornament or utility; in
■which are laid down the best methods for raising- all
the products of the kitchen and Flower Gardens, and
the training, pruning, and entire management of
Fruit Trees, &c. By JAMES RUTTER, (Gardener
at Wandsworth,) and DANIELCARTER, (Gardener
at Battei'sea,) London, 8vo.

The Practical Farmer, or Herefordshire Husband-
man. Anon. 12mo.

17G8. The Fruit Gardener, containing the method of raising
Stocks for multiplying Fruit Trees, with directions for
laying out and managing Fruit Gardens. By JOHN
GIBSON, M. D. 8vo.

Gibson had been a navy Surgeon, and afterwards graduated.
He was author of several medical works. The preface to the
above publication contains an account of the Fruit Gardens of
the Ancients.

i7(38 — An Essay on Design in Gardening. Anonymous. 8vo-
By a Mr. Mason.

WILLIAM GILPIN, one of the Reformers of the old
style of ornamental Gardening, was a native of Carlisle.
He pursued his University studies at Queen's College, Oxford,
where he took his degree of Master of iVrts in 1748. Ho was
for many years a Schoolmaster at Cheam in Surrey. Subse-
(lucnllyhe obtained the vicarage of Boldre in Hampshire, and

228

a prebendary of Salisbury. He died in 1804 at the advanced
age of eighty. He bequeated the profits of his numerous pub-
lications for the endowment of a School at Boldre. His
religious works are many, and that on the Church Catechism
particularly excellent, but we shall here confine our attention
to those relating to the Art of Garden Designing. The scope
of his observations will be given in another part of this work.

1. Observations on the River Wye, and several parts of South
Wales, &c. relative chiefly to Picturesque Beauty, made
in the Summer of 1770. London. 1783, 8vo.

2. Observations relative chiefly to Picturesque Beauty, made
in the year 1772 on several parts of England ; particularly
the mountains and lakes of Cumberland and Westmorland.
London. 1787. 2 vols. 8vo.

3. Observations chiefly relative to Picturesque Beauty, made
in the year 1776 in several parts of great Britain, particu-
larly the Highlands of Scotland. London. 1788. 2 vols.
8vo.

4. Remarks on Forest Scenery, and other Woodland views,
relative chiefly to Picturesque Beauty. Illustrated by
Scenes in the New Forest, Hants, In 3 books. London.
1791. 2 vols, 8vo.

5. Three Essays. On Picturesque Beauty. On Picturesque
Travel. On Sketching Landscape. To which is added a
Poem on Landscape Painting. London. 1792. 8vo.

6. Observations on the Western Parts of England relative
cheifly to Picturesque Beauty. To which are added a few
remarks on the Picturesque Beauties of the Isle of Wight,
18 Plates. London. 1798. 8vo.

229

7. Observations on the coasts of Hampshire, Sussex, and
Kent, relative chiefly to Picturesque Beauty, made in the
Siunmer of 1774. London. 1804, 8vo.

8. Observations on several parts ofthe Counties of Cambridge,

Norfolk, Sussex and Essex; also several parts of North
Wales relative chiefly to Picturesque Beauty. Made in
two Tours, the former in the year 1769, and the latter in
1773. London. 1809, 8vo.

It may bo observed here that his powers of describing- Scen-
ery were most peculiar and efl'ective; or as DaUaway expresses
it "he had the happy faculty to paint with words." No one
though reading for mere amusement can fail of being- delighted
with his elegant descriptions, and tasteful observations.

GEORGE MASON, was a classical Scholar and Critic
of eminence, though somewhat dogmatical. He was a Ba-
chelor, and being connected with the Sun Fire OfTice, resided
generally in London. I know nothing more of his private his-
tory. His only publication connected with our Art is.

An Essay on Design in Gardening. London. 8vo. 1708.

This was greatly enlarged and re-publishcd in 1795. Two
Appendixes to it were published in 1798. This is chielly an
historical and critical work.

17G8. A Treatise on the culture of Peach Trees, to which is
added a Treatise on the management of Bees. By
— WILDMAN. Dublin, 12mo.

1709. A new Gardener's Dictionary, or the whole Art of
Gardening fully and accurately displayed ; containing
the most approved metiiods of cultivating all kinds of
Trees, Plants, and Flowers. London, folio.

230

This cornn»enced publishing in 1769, and was completetl in
60 numbers in 1771. It was by JOHN DICKS, Gardener to
the Duke of Kingston at Kuighlsbridge.

1769. The Practical Gardener and Gentleman's Directory for
every month in the year; with proper directions for
raising Mushrooms. To which is prefixed an Essay-
on vegetation, soil, manure, and the nature and form of
Stoves, Hot-beds, &c. With a Copperplate exhibiting
at one view the several aspects for planting a fruit
Garden; By JAMES GA.RTON, London, 12mo.

The Royal Gardener; or complete Calendar of Gar-
dening for every month in the year, digested in regu-
lar ortler, and so contrived as to exhibit in a clear and
comprehensive manner the business to be done in the
Flower, Fruit and Kitchen Garden at all Seasons.
Likewise directions, founded on experience, for sow-
ing, planting, pruning, transplanting, engrafting, and
every other particular necessary to be known by
such as desire to aim at a perfect knowledge of this
most ancient, healthy, and agreeable Science- By
ANTHONY POWELL, Gardener to George the IL
This gentleman also translated from the French "The
Garden or the Art of laying out Grounds. By James
De Lille-" London. 1789- 12mo. The original
appeared in Paris, m 1782, 12;uo.

1769. A Treatise ou the Anana; or Pine- Apple containing
plain and easy directions for raising this most excel-
lent Fruit without Fire, and in much higher perfection
than from the Stove. To which are added full
directions for raising Melons. By ADAM TAYLOR,
Devizes, 8vo« A plate.

231

Taylor was Gardener to J. Sutton, Esq. New York, near
Devizes.

1770. The Rational Farmer, or a Treatise on Agriculture and
Tillage. By M. P. (Matthew Peters; Member of tlie
Dublin Society. 8vo.

I do not know whether this gentleman resided in the Isle of
Wight' If he did there is a portrait of hira engraved by J.
Murphy, 1773, after a painting by — Peters'

RICHARD WESTON was a man of literature of whom
Agriculture and Gardening, " had been the principal study
and amusement for many years". He resided at Kensing-
ton-Gore near London. I know nothing further of his
history, but that he was author of the following works,

!• Tracts on practical Agriculture and Gardening, in which
the advantage of imitating the Garden culture in the field
is fully proved by a seven years course of experiments.
To which is added a complete Chronological Catalogue of
English Authors on Agriculture, Gardening, &c. Lon-
dou' 17G9- 8vo. Anonymous. An enlarged edition appear-
ed in 1773 with the author's name.

2' The Universal Botanist and Nurseryman, containing des-
criptions of the species and varieties of all the Trees,
Shrubs, Herbs, Flowers, and Fruits, Natives and Exotics,
at present cultivated in the European Nurseries, Green-
houses, and Stoves, as described by modern Botanists ;
arranged according to the Linna^au System, and their
names in English. To which are added a copious Botani-
cal Glossary, several useful Catalogues aiul Indexes'
Plates- London. 1770,-74- 4 vols. Bvo.

3. The Gardener and Planter's Calendar; containing the

233

method of raising Timber Trees, Fi-uit Trees, and Quick
for hedges ; with directions for forming and managing a
Garden every montli in the year- Also many new im-
provements in the Art of Gardening. Loadon- 1773, 8vo.

4. A Catalogue of Greeu-house and Stove plants oa 5 sheets,
1775.

6. Tracts on Alabaster or Gypsum, describing its powerful
effects as a very cheap manure, &c. London, 1791, 8vo.

6. A Catalogue of Trees, Shrubs, Plants and Fruits. 1775,
and a supplement, in 1780, 8vo.

COLIN MILNE, L. L. D. was born at Aberdeen, and
educated at Marischal College in that town under Dr. Campbell
his uncle. He removed to Edinburgh, but on becoming tutor
to Lord Algernon Percy, he took orders in the Chvrch of Eng-
land. He became the Rector of North Chapel, Essex, and
Lecturer at Deptford. He received his Doctor's degree at
Aberdeen. He died in 1815. He was a good naturalist and
published several Botanical works of which we shall only
notice his " Botanical Dictionary" 1770, 8vo. Again in 1778,
and 1806. It contains many discussions interesting to Gar-
deners.

1770. Martyn gives a list in this year of the following Anony-
mous works, all in 12mo.

The Gardener and Planter's Calendar.

Gardener's Pocket Calendar.

Gardener's Alphabetical Calendar.

Pocket Kitchen Gardener.

Pocket Flower Gardener.

233

THOMAS WHATELY (some write it Wheatloy) Esq. of
Nonsuch Park near Epsom in Surrey, was I presume (he son
of the Rev. Joseph Whately, who became possessed of that
residence by the will of his Uncle, Joseph Thompson Esq. who
thougli a Dissenter left it to him on condition that he should
take Priest's Orders, which he did and resided there until he
died. In 1770 — 1, he published his work on Gardening, but
soon after becoming secretary to the Earl of Suffolk, a member
of Parliament, and Secretary of the Treasury, he had little
lime unemployed for literary pursuits. He had two brothers
one of them a Clergyman. He died in 1772.' I have seen
him mentioned as Sir Thomas Whately. After his death ap-
peared some remarks upon Shakespeare, which are only part
of a larger work which he had in contemplation. The work
which deserves our particular notice is entitled.

Observations on Modern Gardening illustrated by descrip-
tions. London. 8vo. 1770. Martyn says an Edition in his pos^
session is the 3rd, dated the next year. Another Edition in
4to. appeared in 1798, with Walpole's History of Gardening
inserted in the form of Notes ; and an Appendix containing an
Essay on the ditt'erent natural situations of Gardens which had
some years previously been published without an author's name,
byDodsley (See 1775.) It was translated very speedily info
French byLatapie and afterwards by Masson de Blamont; and
was praised though not above its merits by all the continental
Reviews. Ensor pronounced its style inimitable. Loudon
pronounces it " the grand fundamental, and standard work
on English Gardening.'' Of the principles of Taste which it
advocates I shall not mention anything here. It treats first of the
materials the Landscape Gardener has to work with; secondly
of the scenes producible with them ; and lastly the subjects
of Gardening. He illustrates his principles by descriptions
of Blenheim, Claremont, Esher, Hagley, Ham, Leasowea,
Painshill, Peirsfield, and Stowe.

* Preface to the 2nd Ed, of his Remarks on Shakespeare,

2 H

234

JAMES MEADER, Gardener to the Duke of Nortlmmber-
iand at Sion House, and afterwards to the Empress Catherine
at PeterhofF, near Petersburgh. He was a writer of satirical
verses.* He published the following works,

1. The modern Gardenei', or Universal Calendar, containing
monthly directions for all the operations of Gardening, to
be done either in the Kitchen, Fruit, Flower or Pleasure
Gardens, as likewise in the Green-house aud Stove ; with
the method of per forming the different works, according to
the best practice of the most eminent Gardeners* Also an
Appendix giving- full instructions, for forcing Vines, Peach,
Nectarine Trees &c. in a new manner : never before pub-
lished : selected from the diary MSS, of the late Mr. Hitt,
Revised, corrected, and improved by J. M. London.
1771. 12mo.

2. The Planter's Guide, or Pleasure Gardener's Companion ;
giving plain directions, with observations for the proper
disposition and management of the various Trees and
Shrubs, for a Pleasure Garden Plantation. To wbich is
added a list of hardy Trees and Shrubs for ornamenting
such Gardens. Embellished with Copperplates. London,
1779. royal 8vo.

1772. A Treatise on Forest Trees ; containing not only the
best methods of their culture hitherto practiced, but
a variety of new and useful discoveries, the result of
many repeated Experiments. To which are added
directions for the disposition, planting, and culture of
hedges. By WILLIAM BOUTCHER a nurseryman
at Comely Garden, near Edinburgh. London. 4to —
Again in 1775' Edinburgh? —

WILLIAM MASON, was born on the 23rd of February,
1725, at Hull, where his father resided as Vicar of one

* Encyclop. of Gardening, p. 1108, 5, Ed:

235

of its Churches, St. Trinity, In 1742 he was admitted of St.
John's College, Cambridge, between which year and 1745, when
ho became B. A. he wrote several minor poems. He after-
wards removed to Pembroke Hall of which he was unexpect-
edly nominated Fellow in 1747. He continued writing poetry
and in 1751 published his Tragedy of "Elfrida" after the model
of the old Greek writers. In 1754 he entered the church, be-
coming Rector of Aston in Yorkshire, and one of the king's
chaplains, for both of which appointments he was indebted to
Lord Holderness. In 1759 he published another Tragedy
"Caractacus" on the same plan as his first, but both are more
fitted for the Library than for the stage. He continued to
Avrite Poetry, and occasionally to preach before the King, but
both his Verses and Sermons had too much of Whiggism in
them. In 17C5 he married Mary, daughter of W. Sherman
Esq. of Kingston upon Hull, but she died in two years after
their union. He continued to write until within a very short
period of his death, which was occasioned by a hurt on his
shin, which rapidly mortified and caused his dissolution on the
7th of April, 1797, at Aston.

There are two portraits of him. One, an etching by C.
Carter, after a painting in 1771 by L: Vaslet, 4to. The other
a half length by W. Doughty, 1779, after a painting by Sir J.
Reynold's.

In 1772 appeared the first Book of his " English Garden,"
and the other three followed seperately in 1777, 1779, and
1782. London. 4to, Another edition was published in
1785. London. 8vo. with Notes and a Commentary by W.
Burgh, L. L. D.

The blank verse of this poem we need not here particularly
criticize, it is harmonious, but its delicacy vt^rges often to weak-
ness." The three first books were received with great applause

236

for they certainly convey much instruction in an elegant
form. The fourth book which contains the pisode of Nerina
is misplaced because too long, it is rather a poem of itself,
neither are its merits sufficiently manifest to make us nut feel the
intrusion.

177ij.,«_The Art of planting and cultivating the Vine, &c. ac-
cording to the most approved methods in France,
By LOUIS de St. PIERRE, a Planter and native of
South Carolina. London. 12mo.

1775. An Essay on the different natural Situations of Gardens.

London. 4to. This date is on the authority of Dr.
Watt, &c. Mr. Loudon states 1774. I have never
seen the work.

1776. The Gardener's Pocket Calendar. By THOMAS

ELLIS, Gardener to the Bishop of Lincoln. London,
12mo.

1776 — A Treatise on Planting and Gardening. By — KEN-
NEDY. York. 8vo.

JAMES ANDERSON, was born at Herdmanston, or Her-
miston, near Edinburgh in 1739, on a farm long in the possesion
of his ancestors. His education was the fruit of his own ex-
ertions. At fifteen the care of the farm devolved upon him by
the death of his parents, and it could not have fallen into abler
hands, as was demonstrated by his skilful management. He
studied Chemistry under Dr. CuUen, and thus improved and
guided his experience by the lights of Science. He soon left
Herdmanston and took an uncultivated farm of 1300 acres in
Aberdeenshire, which he managed most beneficially for twenty
years, and then let, enjoying an annuity from it during the re-
mainder of his life. He wrote, " Thoughts on Planting" in the
Edinburgh Weekly Magazine, subscribing himself Agricola-

2S7

these wore revised and published at Edinburgh in a soperate
form in 1777. 8vo. This acquired him much reputation and
the University of Aberdeen conferred on him the degree of
Doctor of Laws in 1780. In 178:1 he gave up his farm and re-
moved to Edinburgh where he projected the Nortli British
fisheries, and was employed by government to survey the coast
of Scotland. He then commenced a periodical termed "the
Bee," which was ably supported, but the Doctor suffered from
some political papers appearing in it, of which he was entirely
ignorant. About 1797 he removed to the neighbourhood of
London, fixing his abode at Isleworth where he wrote "Recre-
ations i;) Agriculture" &c. lie continued to lead a very do-
mestic, happy life, being excessively fond of the cultivation of
his Garden, mitil 1808, in which year he died leaving a widow
and six surviving ciiildren of a family of thirteen. lie wrote
many works, reviews, essays, &c. we shall only mention as
relating to our Art, besides that already noticed.

A description of a Patent Hot-house, which operates chieflv
by the heat of the Sun, and other subjects ; without the aid of
Flues, Tan-Bark, or Steam for the purpose of heatiii"-
it, &cc. London. 1804. 12nio.

1777 — 1. Letters on the Beauties of Hngley, Envil, and the
Leasowes ; with critical observations on the modern
Taste of Gardening. London. 2 vols. 12nio.

■ 2, Description of Ilagley Park. London, 8vo.

These two works were written by JOSEPH HEELEY, ESQ.

1777 — A Treatise on the forcing of early Fruits, and the man-
agement of Hot-Walls. By WILLIAM WILSON.
Loudon. 12mo.

Wilson, was a Scotchman ; he worked for some time under

238

Milli r, who recommended him to Sir James Cockburn, Bart,
at Petersham, He was afterwards with the Earl of Glasgow,
near Paisley.

1778 — The Practical Gardener, directing in the most plain and
easy manner, what is necessary to be done in the
Kitchen, Fruit, and Flower Garden, the Green-house
and Wilderness. London. 8vo. No author's name.

-The Beauties of Flora displayed, or Gentleman and
Lady's Pocket Companion to the Flower and Kitchen
Garden. London 8vo. By N. SWINDEN, Gar-
dener and Seedsman at Brendford End, Middlesex.

1779. A Catalogue of the Plants in the Garden of John
Blackbourne, Esq. alphabetically arranged according
to the Linnajan System, London. 8vo. By ADAM
NEALE, gardener to the above gentleman near
Warrington, Lancashire.

WILLIAM SPEECHLEY, was the son of a respectable
farmer, and was born at a village, near Peterburgh, in North-
amptonshire. A strong genius, and great industry, which dis-
played itself very early in his sketchesof fruit, flowers, designs,
&c. and engraving them on Copper Plates, was assisted by a
good education. He began his noviciate as a Gardener at
Milton Abbey, now Earl Fitzwilliam's ; from thence he pro-
ceeded to Earl Carlisle's at Castle Howard. He became head
Gardener to Sir W. St. Quintin, and in 1767 removed to the
same situation at the Duke of Portland's at Welbeck in Not-
tinghamshire. The Duke sent -him in 1771 on a tour to the
chief Gardens of Holland. Soon after the Stoves at Welbeck,
which became so j ustly celebrated, were erected from Speechley's
designs and under his inspection. About 1790 he was engaged
by Sir John Sinclair to write some papers on Domestic CEcuo-

239

my which however never were published in the Tranactions of
the Board of Agriculture, [or which they were designed. lie
then began writing- " A General Treatise on Gardening", but
the death of a younger Son who was established in an extensive
farm at Woodborough Hall, induced Mr. Speechley to leave
Welbcck and settle at that farm, where he continued some years.
He tried a course of Agricultural Experiments, and wrote
Essays for which he received the Honorary Medal of the Board
of Agriculture. After this he left his farm anc^ retired to King's
Newton Hall, near which the only surviving branch of his family
lived, and wliose removal into Oxfordshire caused Mr. Speecli-
ley to remove into that Country, where he died, at Gi. Milton,
on the 1st of October, 1819, in the 8Gth year of his age, having
stirvived his wife two years.*

Speechley was not at all a man of Science, but being a man
of acute observation and long experience, he perhaps siirpassed
every practical Gardener of his age. It is certain that he
contributed more than any one to improve the cultiva-tiou of
the Pine Apple and Vine, before the appearance of his two
works there being little on recoi'd that alibrded any material
information to their cultivators. He was author of the follow-
ing works.

1. A Treatise or. the cultivation of the Pine-Apple, and the
management of the Hot-house; together witii a descrip-
tion of every species of Insect that ini'erts Hot-Ilousos
with effectna! methods of destroying them. York. IIVJ-
8vo. 2nd Edition. 1796.

2. A Treatise on the culture .of the Vine, exhibiting new and
advantageous methods of propagating, cultivating, and
training that plant, so as to render it abundantly fruitful.
With new hints on the forniati(;n of Vincyiirds in England.
York. 4to. 1790. Afterwards in 8vo.

* Gardener's Magazine, v. 3. p. 38 i.

240

3. Practical hints on domestic and rural OEconoray relating
partly to the utility, formation and management of Fruit,
Kitchen, and Cottage Gardens and Orchards, &c. Lon-
don, 1820, 8vo.

HORACE WALPOLE, EARL of ORFORD, the youngest
son of Sir Robert Walpole, Prime Minister of George the 1st,
was born in 1718. He was educated at Eton, and King's
College, Cambridge. In 1738 lie entered upon public life as
Inspector General of Exports and Imports, which office he ex-
changed for Usher of the Exchequer. He was also appointed
Comptroller of the Pipe, and Clerk of the Extracts. In 1739
he travelled into France and Italy with Mr. Gray, the Poet,
who had been his fellow Student at Eton, but at Florence they
quarrelled and parted ; they were however reconciled a few
years afterwards. In 1741 he was the representative in Parli-
ament of Callington in Cornwall ; in 1747 he was elected for
Castle Rising, and in the two succeeding Parliaments for Lynn.
In 17G8, he retired from pubUc business to his seat at Straw-
berry Hill, near Twickenham. In 1791, he became Earl of
Orford, on the death of his nephew, but never appeared in his
seat as a Peer of Parliament. He died March the 2nd, 1797.

The following portraits have been engraved of him. 1. A
three-quarter length, when a Commoner, by M'Ardell, 1757,
after Sir J. Reynold's. 2. By Pariset after Falconet, 3. By
B. Reading after Reynolds'

ThattheEarlof Orford was a man of taste, and an encoiirager
of the men of genius of his age is the best light in which as a
public character we can look upon him ; that he was gifted
with a strong genius though often asserted is very doubtful
that his researches were frequently superficial his writings
testify, and this is further supported by the fact that he was
a Sceptic. He very powerfully contributed to abolish the
mathematical style of Gardening, being one of the most stre-

241

nuons advocates of Landscape Gardening, as is manifested in his
only literary production that we shall mention, being an Essay
*' On Modern Gardening," written in 1770, forming the con-
cluding Chapter of his "Anecdotes of Painting in England"
which though printed in 1771, did not appear to the public
until 1780.

In this Essay, being determined to demonstrate that rural
Gardening was the true and new taste, to establish the opinion,
Historians both sacred and profane which appeared to militate
against his doctrines, are passed over with indifference and
contempt. To his sketch of the improvements introduced by
Bridgemanand Kent, and thoseGarden Artists their immediate
successors, we may afford the best praise, he appears to be a
faithful, and is an eloquent annalist.

ERASMUS DARWIN, was born at Elston, near Newark in
Nottinghamshire, on the 12th of December, 1731. He was
educated at Chesterfield Grammar School, and St. John's
College, Cambridge- Ho proceeded Bachelor of Medicine at
the latter place, and then proceeded to Edinburgh, which he
left as soon as he had acquired the degree of M. D. He com-
menced practicing at Nottingham, but removed soon after, in
1756, to Litchfield. In the following year he married, but he
lost his wife in 1770. In 1781 he married a second wife, and
by her persuasion removed to Derby- In 1781 appeared the
first part of his" Botanic Garden or Loves of the Plants" ; the
second part appeared in 1789. In 1703 he published Zoono-
mia, and demonstrated himself in this instance to be either a fool
or a hypocrite, openly avowing himself an Atheist. He died
very suddenly, April 18th 1802, previous to which had appeared
the only other of his works which it is necessary for me to mention .

Phytologia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture andGard. ning
with the Theory of Draining Morasses, and with an improved
construction of the Drill Plough. London. 1800. 4to.

2 1

242

1781. The Tonnj Gardener's best Companion for the Kit-
chen and Fruit Garden, London. 12mo. By
SAMUEL FULMER.

JOHN COAKLEY LETTSOM,was bornin 1744,ofIr:sh,

Quaker parents, en the little Island ofVandvke, near Toitolai
where his father V as a planter. Being sent to England, and
placed under the care of Samuel Foiheig-ill, a celebrated
preacher of the Society of Friends, he ^vas sent by this gentle-
man to a Schocl at Warrington. He ther.ce j>assed toan appren_
{icrship with an Apothecary ai Settle in Yorkshire; at:d tinish-
ed his Surgical studies at St. Thomas's Ilospi'al. The death
cf his elder brother templed him to visit his property at the
West Indies, Avhich fiuding chiefly comprised of Slaves, he
emancipated, and se- tied himself at Tortola. He soon returned to
Euro])e, and graduated at I.eyden. He finally settled in London,
and there by the friendly interest of Dr. Fothergill, so(,n ac-
quired a most extensive jirartice. He was a zealous Ph lant-
rcph st ; member of mo&t of the European and American lite-
rary and scientific institutions ; and is well known as an aullior.
He died Nov. the 1st. 1815, many years previous to which, he
liad ceased to be a member of the Society of Friends.

There is an engraved portrait of him by T. Ilolloway, ad
vivtini.

The works for which he deserves our notice are,

1. Jlortus Uptonensis; or a catalogue of Stove and Green-
house Plants in Dr. Fothergill's Garden, at his death *
London. 1781- 8vo,

2. Grovehill ; a rural and horticultural sketch. London;
1804. -Itc.

243

8. On the Beta Cicla, (Mangolt Wiirtzel) or Root of Scarcity
In the Caledonian Horticultural Trans, i. 420.

1783. Some Thoughts on building and planting, addressed
to Sir Jiimca Lowther. Bart. This, which is anony-
mous, appeared in Dodsle^'s collection of Puems fur
this year.

— An Essay on Landscape. From the French of Et-

niononville, 12mo. Anonymous, but known to be by
Mr. Malthus.

1. Flora Dioetetica, or the history of esculent Plants
both domestic and foreign, in which they are accu-
rately described and reduced to their Linntean,
generic, and specific names, with their English names
annexed. London. 1783. 8vo.

2. A Dictionary of tho ornamental Trees, Shrubs,
and Plants, most, commonly cultivated in the Planta-
tions, Gardens, and Stoves of Gt. Britain ; arranged
according to their Linnsean generic names, and con-
taining full and accurate descriptions of tlie genera
and species, with tbeir names properly accented.
Norwich. 1790. 8vo.

These two works were by CHARLES BRYANT of Norwich.

1733. On Gardening. Translated from the French of i'Abbe
de Lisle. 4to.

WILLIAM FALCONER, M. D. F. P.. S. and physicisa
to tiie Bath General Hospital. There is a portrait of him en-
graved by J. Fittler, after a painting by Daniel of Bath, 1791,
prefixed to his " Influence of the Passions upon Disordars".
Us was author of the three followiu^ works relating to our Art.

244

1. An historical view of the taste for Gardening and laying
out Grounds among the nations of Antiquity. 1783, 8vo.

This appeared, for the most part, originally in the Literary
and Philosophical Memoirs of the Manchester Society.

2. An Essay on the preservation of the health of persons em-
ployed in Agriculture ; and on the cure of diseases inci-
dent to that way of life. London, 1789. 8vo,

3. Miscellaneous Tracts and Collections relating to Natural
History ; selected from the principal writers of Antiquity
on that subject. London. 1793, 4to.

1784. Elements of Modern Gardening ; or the Art of laying
out Pleasure Grounds, ornamenting Farms, and
embelHshing the views about our Houses. London.
8vo.

WILLIAM CURTIS, F. L. S. was born at Alton in
Hampshire, in 1746. He was apprenticed to his grandfather,
then an Apothecary in his native town, and whilst in his novi-
ciate distinguished himself for his eager pursuit of Botany. At
the age of twenty he entered the service of Mr. Talwin in Grace-
church St. London, and who he eventually succeeded in busi-
ness. His love of Botany was however predominant, and dis-
posing of his trade he commenced Lecturerand Demonstrator in
his favourite Science. He first had a Garden at Bermondsey,
then a larger one at Lambeth, which he left for a third a t Bromp-
ton. In 1771 he published "Instructions for collecting and
preservingTnsects"and in the following year a translation of the
Fundamenta Entomologiee of Linnaeus with the title of" An
Introduction to the knowledge of Insects" — In 1773 he was
appointed Lecturer of the Chelsea Garden. He died in 177D

245

and was buried at Battersea. The following are brief notices
of his writings which claim our particular notice.

1. Flora Londinensis. London. 1777 — 1798 2 vols, folio.

Containing six fasciculi of seventy-two plates each.

2. Botanical Magazine. 1787. London. In monthly numbers-

8vo. Still continued, and will be noticed in tha next
section.

3. Practical Observations on the British Grasses. London.

1782. 8vo. 2nd Edition 1790.

4. A history of the Brown-tailed Moth. 1782. London. 8vo.

5. A Catalogue of British Medical, Culinary, and Agricultural

Plants, cultivated in the London Botanical Garden. Lon-
don. 1784. l,2mo.

6. Directions for the culture of the Crarabe Maritima or Sea
Kale, for the use of the Table. 8vo. with a Plate.
There is a new Edition with late improvements.

Besides the above he wrote several Papers in the Transac-
tions of the Liunaean Society ; on Aphides, <S:c. Ifis botani-
cal Lectures were published after his death, with coloured
Plates.

1785. 1. Miscellanies on Ancient and Modern Gardening,
and on the scenery of Nature. London. 8vo. With-
out the Author's name- By S. FELTON.

He has since published with his name

*

2. On the Portraits of English Authors on Garden-
ing. London. 1828. 8vo.

246

8. Gleanings on Gardens, chiefly respecting those
of the Ancient bt^le in En<;laDd. LodcIod. 1829.
€vo-

With lie author of these works I have not the pleasure of a
personal acquaintance, but whoever reads the above woiks, and
his " Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds," will agree with Mr. Lou-
don in arkno\vle(it;int^, that he has "a mind richly stored with
almost every description of literary knowledg'e," It is a me-
lancholy prospect of human nature taken by some persons, that
the Uiind becomes contracted as age advances, and that espe-
cially the literary soxag-enarian becomes soured in temper and
circumscribed in his views. Many are proofs in support of a
contrary opinion, and as living examples I will quote the Presi-
dent of the Horticultural Society aud Mr. Felton.

1785. Planting and Gardening, a practical Treatise, iivo.

A Treatise on the management of Peach and Necta-
rine Trees, either in forcing houses, or on hot and
common Walls — Edinburgh — 8vo, By THOxMAS
KYLE. Gardener to the Hon. Baron Steward of
Moredun, near Edinburgh, Kyle was one of the best
Gardeners in Scotland of his time.* The second
Edition of the above, Edinburgh. 1787.

WILLIAM MARSHALL, Esq. was a native of Yorkshire
He began life as a coramercialist, and was a Planter for some
years in the West Indies, but returned to England ab( ut 1775
and took a farm in Surrey. In 1780 he resided at Gunlon in
Norfolk as Agent of the Estates of Sir Harbord Ilarbord,
which situation he resigned in 1784, and settled at Stratfold,
where he remained two years, occcpied in printing some of his
wntings, and in collecting materials for his " CEconomical Sur-

• Encyclopiedia of Gardening, p. 1109' Ed. d»

247

vcys," which he pursued williout deviation until his death,
having formed a plan to collect the Agricultural practices of
each Eng-Jish County, for the composition of two great works
"On Landed Property'' and "A System of Agriculture." the
first of which he published but the latter he tlid not live to
complete. From 1730 to about 1808 he resided at Clement'3
Inn, London, during the winters, but wastravelling in various
parts of the country during the sumniers. lie finally purchased
a large estate in t'.ie Vale of Cleveland of his native County, in
IHOH, in whicii retirement he lived eleven years, dicing at a
very advar.ced age in 1811).

INIr. Marshall without the benefit of an en1arg-ed educatiot1>
became known as an acute observer, and writer of auihority.
He was often consulted and in many instances planned the dis»
])osition of estates, not only as regarded their economical ar*
rangement luit tlieir ornamental ]iarts« He was also the pro-
jector of a Rural Institute which, in another form, arose as the
P.oan:! of Agriculture. He was author in addition to tlie works
I have mentioned, and many County Surveys, of the follow*

1, On Planting and Rural ornament. London, l^So. 8vdi
A second Edition in 2 vols, in 179(>. without his name.

2. A review of " The liandsape,'' a didactic poem; also art
Essay on the Picturesotie ; together with ]>ractical re-
marks on Rural Ornament. London. 1703. 8vo.

•1786. 1. A descriplion of certain methods of Planting, train-
ing, and managing all kinds of Fruit Trees, Vines,
&c. London. 8vo.

2 A sketch of a pliu for making the Trart of land
ealled the New Forest, a real Forest, and for rariouj

248

other purposes of the first national importance.
1793. 8vo.

The above two works were written by the REV. PHILIP
le BROCQ, M. A. and Chaplain to the Duke of Gloucester.
At the time he published his work on training Fruit Trees he
took out a Patent for this improved method of so managing
them which he states was first suggested by Lord Bacon, and
practiced by Francis X. Vispre, at Wimbledon and Chelsea,
who is noticed in the next chronological notice.

1786. A Dissertation on the growth of Wine in England.'
Bath. 8vo. By FRANCIS XAVIER VISPRE.

■ A method to preserve Peach and Nectarine Trees

from the effect of Mildew, and for the destroying the
Red Spider in Melon frames, and other insects which
infests plants in Stoves and Trees, Shrubs, &:c. in
the open Garden. London. 12mo. By ROBERT
BROWNE, Gardener to Sir PL Harbord at Gunton
in Norfolk.

178ft. The culture of Forests ; with an Appendix in which the
state of the Royal Forests is considered and a system
proposed for their improvement. London. 8vo. By
Lieutenant Col. A. EMMERICH, deputy Surveyor
of the Woods and Forests.

JOHN GRiEFFER, anative of Germany, came to this coun-
try in the middle of the last Century, and being for some time,
a pupil of Philip Miller, became the Gardener of James Vere,
Esq. of Kensington-Gore.

He afterwards established a Nursery at Mile End, in partner-
ship with Thompson and Gordon. Soon after the death of
Gordon, Graeffer recieved the appointment of Gardener to the

249

King of Naples at Caserta, through the interest of Sir J. Banks.
At that place he laid out and well stocked a Garden after the
English mode. Lord Nelson appointed him to superintend his
e^late at Bronte, and many noblemen employed him as a Gar-
den Designer. He continued Gardener at Caserta during the
usurpation of Murat, but was murdered near his own house in
18 IG-* He publisljod

A Descriptive Catalogue of upwards of 1100 species and
varieties of Herbaceous or Perennial Plants, divided into six
columns, exhibiting at one view, theirnames, magnitude, height,
and situation ; time of flowering, colour of their flowers, and
the native country of each species. With a list of hardy Ferns
for the decoration of the Northern Borders,and the most orna-
mental Annuals. London, 1789. 8vo.

JAMES SOWERBY, F. L. S. &c. was by profession a
portrait painter ; but will be ever distinguished as a Botanicaj
Draftsman and Engraver. He was first brought into notice by
having made some sketches of Plants from Nature to introduce
in the foregrounds of some Landscapes, which being shown to
some Botanical friend, they suggested the publication of the
"English Botany" which with the powerful assistance of the
late Sir J- E- Smith was completed ; the onl}- descriptions that
were not written by the latter where from the pen of the late
Dr. Shaw. Sowcrby brought up a numerous family, all of whom
share in their fath-M's talent. He was an indefatigable collector
of Botanical and Mineralogical specimens, of which he formed
an extensive Museum. He died in 1822. He wrote in some of
the Scientific Periodicals, and the produce of his pencil are to
be seen in most of the illustrations of our later Botanical works
&:c. He deserves our notice here from being the author of the
following works.

• Eneyclop. of Gardcnin|r. p. 1110. 6. Ed:

i K

250

1. The Florist's Delight, containing six coloured figures, with

Botanical Descriptions. London. 1791. Folio.

2. Figures of English Fungi, or Mushrooms. This appeared
in parts from 1797 to 1803, when it was completed, form-
ing 3 vols, folio*

•
1790' Hints for the management of Kot-beds, and directions
for the culture of early Cucumbers and Melons. To
which are added brief instructions for pruning Wall
and Espalier Trees. Balh 8vo. By— BRULLES.

WILLIAM FORSYTH, F. A. S, &c. was born at Old
Meldrum, Aberdeenshire, in 1737. He came to England in
17G3 and was for some time a pupil of Philip Miller at Chel-
sea Garden. He became Gardener to the Duke of Northum-
berland at Sion House, but gave up that situation on being ap-
pointed in 17G9 to succeed his old master as Curator of the
Botanic Garden at Chelsea. Forsyth retained this situation
until 1784 when he was ajipointed Royal Gardener at Ken-
sington and St. James's in the place of T, Robinson Esq. just
deceased. For his improvements in the cultivation of Fruit
Trees, for his mode of renovating those which are decayed, and
for the composition he applied to their wounds, he received a
pecuniary grant from Parliament, who considered it a national
improvement. That such grant was judicious 1 am not inclined
to deny, it encouraged an attention to Horticulture, but it does
not require much research to discover that Forsyth's modes of
treatment were known and published by antecedent practitio-
ners. He died in 1804. His published writings are,

1. Observations on the Diseases, Defects, and Injuries in all
kinds of Fruit and Forest Trees ; with an account of a
particular method of cure invented and practiced by the
Author. London. 1791. 8vo.

251

2- A Treatise on the culture and management of Fruit Trees
in which a new method of training and pruning is fully
described. Plates London. 1802, 4to. The fourth Edi-
tion is dated 1806. 8vo- The 7th, in 8vo. 182 1.

1791. The Linnaean Transactions were first published in this

year.

1792. The Florist's Directory, and complete Treatise on tho

culture and management of Flowers with a supple-
» mentary Essay on Soils, Manures, &:c. Plates.
London. 8vo. By J.\MES MADDOCK, florist at
Walworth.

Maddock died about 180G. He was a Quaker, and came
orig-inally from Warrington in Lancashire. A new Edition of
his Directory with improvements was edited by Mr. S. Curtis
in 1822. London. 8vo.

1793. An Essay on Gardening; containing a Catalogue of

Exotic Plants, for Stoves and Grocnhousos of British
Gardens ; the best method of planting the Hot-house
Vine, &c. with the history of Gardening, and a con-
trast of the ancient with the modern taste. Cuts.
York. 4to. By RICHARD STEELE, gardcMier,
Thirsk, Yorkshire.

JOHN TRUSLER, L. L. D. was born in London in
1735, He was apprenticed to a petty Apothecary, but con-
trived to desert the Pestle for tho Pulpit, and officiated for
some time as a Curate. Li 1771 he began to publish compila-
tions which, however contemptible, answered their authsir's
object by obtaining for him, in conjunction with the busines-j
of a Bookseller which he established, a large fottune. He

252

purchased an Estate at Englefield Green, where ho died in 1820.
Anion^ his other compilations are

1, The Art of Gardening. London. 1793. 8vo.

2. The Lady's Gardener's Companion. London. 1816. 18mo.

1794. Observations on the Genus Mesembryan them urn ; in
two parts; containing scientific descriptions of above
130 species, about 50 of which are new: directions
for their management, new arrangement of the spe-
cies, reference to authors, and a great variety of
critical, philosophical, and explanatory remarks.
London. 8vo. By ADRIAN HARDY IIAWORTH,
Esq. of Cottenhara, near Beverly, in Yorkshire.

Mr. Haworth who is an Amateur Naturalist of no mean acquire-
ments, is author of several papers in the Transactions of
the Linnsean and Horticultural Societies, of both which
Societies he is a Fellow. He has written upon Entomology, as
also the following work.

Synopsis Plantarum Succulentarnm, cum dcscrip^
tionibus , Synonymis, Locis, Observationibus, Angli-
canis Culturaque. London. 1812. 8vo.

1794. A practical Treatise on planting. Dublin. 8vo. By
SAMUEL HAYES, Esq. M. R, L. A. &c. It had
only the author's initials^

— Plans, elevations, sections, observations, and expla-
nations of Forcing houses in Gardening. By JAMES
SHAW. Whitby, folio.

1795. The Landscape, a didactic Poem. Two plates. Lon-
don. 4to. By RICHARD PAYNE KNIGHT, Esq.

253

This Gentleiian was brother to the President of the London
Horticultural Society. lie built Dowuton Hall, near Ludlow,
from his own designs, but after residing- there some years, he
resigned possesion of it to his brother, and dwelt during the rest
of his life chiefly in London.

]\Tr. Knight was born at Wormsley Grange, in Herefordshire,
in 1750 and died in 1824.

Whoever has seen the Estate of DowntonHall and read " The
Landscape" will need no criticism of mine to point out the
taste of their author. Of the latter I shall have occasion
presently to speak more fully.

JAMES IM'PHAIL, Gardener for more than twenty years
to the last Earl of Liverpool, at Addiscoinbe Place near Croy-
don. He is author of some Essays on Agriculture and the
Poor Laws. Mr, Loudon says he is a skilful cultivator of
Pines and Melons. He is Author of the two following Horti-
cultural publications,

1. A Treatise on the culture of the Cucumber; showing: a
new and advantageous method of cultivating tliat Plant,
with full directions for the management thereof, and the
degree of Heat it requires on every day of the year, Arc.
To which are added Hints and Observations on the im-
provement of Agriculture. London. 1791. 8vo.

He raised Cucumbers throughout the year from the same
plants.

3. The Gardener's Remembrancer throughout the year, ex-
hibiting the surest and most approved methods of
manuring, digging, sowing, See. The nature of Earth, Water,
Heat, Air, and Climate, best adapted for the culture of

254

Plants and the production of Fruits, Flowers, and esculent
Vegetables, in the forcing way; the causes and symptoms
of disease and barrenness in Trees of every kind, with
Bieans of prevention and cure. To which is Prefixed a
a view of Mr. Forsyth's Treatise on Trees. London. 8vo.

SIR UVEDALE PRICE, of Foxley, near Hereford, is the
classical author of the following publications.

1.. An Essay on the Picturesque, as compared with the sub-
lime and the beautiful, and on the use of studying Pictures
for the purpose of improving Real Landscape. London.
1794. 8vo. Again in 179S. In 2 vols, with additions
1797—8.

2. A Letter to H. Rcpton, Esq. on the application of the
practice, as well as the principles of Landscape Painting,
to Landscape Gardening, intended as a supplement to the
Essay on the Picturesque; to which is prefixed Mr. Rep-
ton's Letter to IMr. Price. London. 1795. 8vo.

3. Two Appendixes to an Essay on Design in Gardcmng by

G. Mason. London. 1798, 8vo.

4. A Dialogue on the distinct Characters of the Picturesque
and the Beautiful, in answer to the objections of Mr.
Knight. London. 1801. 8vo.

HUMPHRY REPTON \vas born at Bury St. Edmund's
in Suffolk in 1752. He went to Ireland with Mr, Wyndham
in 1783, and held a lucrative office in the Castle at Dublin
until his friend's return in 1788, when Mr. Repton also resigned
his situation. He then directed his attention to drawing and
architecture but especially ornamental Gardening, in which
employ until about fifteen years since, when the taste for the Art

255

seemed to decline, he had an extensive praclice. He was a
beautiful drafisnian, and gave, \vhen consulted upon the laying
cut of grounds, besides plans and views, his written opinion,
combining the whole in a manuscript volume, which he termed
the Red Book of the Place.* He never undertook the carrying
his own plans into effect- He died at ilare Street near
Ilomford, Essex, in 1818, leaving several sons, one ofwhou*
married a daughter of the Earl of Eldou' He published the
following works.

1. A Letter to Uvedale Price, Esq, on Landscape Gardening,
London. 1794. 4to.

2. Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening; collected
from designs and observations now in the possession of
the different noblemen and gentlemen for whose use thry
were originally made ; the whole tending to establish fixed
principles in the Art of laying out grounds. lo coloured
plates. London- 179.3- folio.

3. Observations on the Theory and Praclice of Landscape
Gardening, including some remarks on Grecian and Gothic
Architecture, collected from various INISS. in the possession
of different noblemen and gentlemen; the whole tending
to establish fixed principles in the respective Arts. Man/
Plates. London. 1803. 4to.

4. Observations on the changes in Landscape Gardening,
1800. 8vo.

5. On the introduction of Indian Architecture and GarJ>ca-
ing. 1808. folio.

• Encyclopojil. of Garden. |). S0> EI. 5,

256

0. On the supposed effects of Ivy on Trees. In the eleventh
volume of the Trans, of the Linn. Society, p. 27 — 1810 —

7- Fragments on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gar-
dening. London. 1817- Folio — In this work his son as-
sisted him.

179a. A Siietcii from " The Landscape" a Poem by R. P.
Knight. Esq. London. 4to. Without the Author's
name but it is believed to have been written by W.
Mason the author of " The English Garden."

The plan of an Orchard, exhibiting at one view a select
quantity of Trees, sufficient for planting an acre and
a half of land, properly arranged according to their
usual size of growth, and hardiness of bearing, &c.
London. A folio sheet. By GEORGE LINDLEY,
nurseryman at Catton, near Norwich. He has written
some papers in the London Horticultural Society's
Transactions.

An Introduction to the knowledge and practice of
Gai'dcning; with hints on Fish ponds. London
12mo. Again in 1793, 1802 and 1805. By the
REV. CHARLES MARSHALL vicar of Brixton,
Northamptonshire,

An account of the Culture of Potatoes in Ireland. 8vo.

1 707. 1- A few minutes advice to gentlemen oflanded Property
and the admirers of Forest Scenery ; with directions
for sowing, raising, planting, and the management of
Forest Trees, To which is added a catalogue of
Forest Trees, Fruit Trees, and Flowering Shrubs,

257

with their usual prices, as sold by the Nurserymen
and Seedsmen. Chester, 12rao.

2- Hints to Planters, collected from various Author*
of esteemed authority, Manchester, 1007, 8vo.

The above are by FRANCIS DUCKENFIELD ASTLEY,
Esq. of Duckenfield Hall, near Aston, in Lancashire;

1797, The Orchardist, or a system of close pruning and medi-
cation for establishing the Science of Orcharding, &cc.
Extracted from the 11, 12, 13 and 14tli vols, of the
Society's Transactions for the encouragement of Aria,
&c. with additions. London^ 8vo. "By THOA^AS
SKIP DYOT BUCKNAL, Esq.

■i^ The Gardens, a Poem from the French of I'Abbe de

Lisle. By Mrs. Montolieu. 4to.

1798. Miscellaneous Observations on the effect of Oxygon on
the Animal and Vegetable Systems ; and an attempt to
prove why some Plants are Evergreens and others
Deciduous. Part I. Bath. Bvo. By CLEMENT
ARCHER, Esq. M. R. I. A.

•

Forms of Stoves for Forcing Houses. London.

Royal 8vo. By- ROBINSON, a London Architect.

This Century was the era of a total change in the style of
ornamental Gardening, The cause of this revulsion has been
the cause of much learned contention, and each writer on the
subject seems to have created a Theory of his own. To me it
appears to have been the natural result, arising from a general
advance of every Science, an improvement of taste but coni-
meusurate with that which had occured in every olhcr quality
of the Human mind. 2 t.

258

When mankind began to domicile, and left the Caves and
Bowers which Nature unassisted afforded, for dwellings con-
structed with Art, and of materials too ponderous for transporta-
tion. Gardening must have attended this commencement of
property. The value of various herbs being known, each family
thus settled, must soon have learned the convenience of having
them vegetating ncai' their dwelling rather than to have to seek
them, chance directed, as necessity rendered them requisite.
Herbs and Fruits would thus be gradually collected round each
dwelling and fix its inhabitants more firmly to the spot as
abounding more with such necessaries than any other they could
hope to discover. To mark individual property, and to exclude
Cattle, a fence would naturally be constructed. As the family
of the Tenant, and as the number of naturalized plants increased,
so in proportion would the inclosure extend. As wealth accu-
mulated, as the Hut rose into the Palace, as comforts were re-
quired as well as necessaries, and luxuries were not denied where
there was power to acquire thorn. Walls supplied the place of
hedges, and mai'ked the superiority of that Land-owner, whose
dwelling was of Stone and not of Mud-plastered wicker-work.
Within such enclosure, pomp and the desire of pleasui-e com-
bined to require something that might enliven its insipidity.
Earths of various colours were arranged in beds of mathemati-
cal forms, thrown into Terraces, divided by Balustrades, and
mounted by flights of stone steps. Water was collected in
marble Basins, confined h\ parallel sided straight Canals, poured
over stone steps, or tossed into the air. Plants were ar-
ranged in geometrical order; and their foliage dipt into
shapes equally regular, or formed into figures monstrous and
grotesque. Such novelties where pleasing, and man could
do no more in this style, when he increased the size of his
Gardens, than vary the arrangement of the repetition; he might
turn the kaleidescopeat will ; but the same materials, the same
ideas appeared only in a different succession. Invention was
at a stand still, confined to a square plot of wall-girted ground

259

she could do no more. The Trees and Flowers employed were
of the rarest kinds; the Basins and Temples of the costliest
materials; Vases and Statues of the finest workmanship were
scattered through thegrouud; and thiMi what remained ? Nothing"
but to demolish the Walls, and let in the view of the surround-
ing- country, to teach mankind the beauties of which, under
certain combinations, they required no masters. To admire
Natural Scenery composed of well blended Woods, Water, and
Ground of varied surface, is an innate gift of the human mind ;
no savage is there so brutal who would not say he had more
pleasure in seeing such, rather than a bare, monotonous plain,
the writings of no describer of Scenery has escaped to us that
does not dwell upon such as being beautiful. Tiiis has been
demonstrated in each precceding Chapter of this work, it wanted
only some bold innovator to set the example and the natural
taste of man would vindicate and adopt the fashion. Who was
the first innovator I shall now proceed to enquire.

Tasso and Milton have been considered as the Heralds of this
improvement ; in the Garden of Armida of the one, and in the
Paradise of the other, some of the beautiful combinations of
Nature are described ; but it really appears to me extravagant
to imagine that either of them had an idea that he was giving
a design for Garden Designers to copy ; and if not they only
admired what others had admired before Ihem; they only des-
cribed what others had previously described. Witness Cicero's
description of liis Villa at Arpinum ; or that of (lie Villa of
LucuUus on the height of Miseimm. Witness the grounds which
Nero laid out, and Tacitus describes. These in some degree
anticipated Addison, Pope, Bridgeman and Kent, who we con-
sider the originators of Landscape Gardening in modern Eui-ope,
inasmuch as that they not only admired and described Pictu-
resque Scenery, but they imitated it.

Thare seems to have been almost a spontaneous efTort of

260

reformation in the style of Gardening in France and England.
If to either, the palm for priority, I am constrained to think,
must be yielded to the former. Dufresnoy succeeded to Le
Notre in 1700, as director of the French Monarch's Gardens.
He constructed several Gardens in which natural beauties were
imitated, but his example was only admired by his countrymen
and not followed. Dufresnoy was a man of Taste and a Poet
of merit, and that his designs, or similar ones, were executed
before such constructions appeared in England, I am more inclin-
ed to believe, because Addison, in one of his excellent papers on
Imagination in the Spectator, (No 414) says, " English Gardens
are not so entertaining to the Fancy as those in France and
Italy, where we see a large extent of ground covered over with
an agreeable mixture of Garden and Forest, which represent
every where an artificial rudeness, much more charming than
that neatness and elegancy which we meet with in those of
our own country." Now Addison in the same Essay was
advocating Landscape Gardening and attempted to exemplify
it at his seat, Bilton near Rugby. He had travelled in France
but a few years previously; he was a contemporary of Dufres-
noy; and therefore is one of the best of authorities.

The Essay of Addison above quoted, is dated June, 1712,
and is the first that ever appeared in which an imitation of
Nature is advocated as the basis of ornamental Gardening.
This was followed by another in the same work (No 477) To
this succeeded an Essay by Pope, dated September 1713, in
the Guardian (No 173) in which he most successfully ridicules
the practice of cutting Shrubs into monstrous forms. In two
years after he purchased his villa at Twickenham, and laid out
the garden in the style which he admired. la 1732 he pub-
lished his " Epistle to Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington",
the first work in which any precise rules for Landscape
Gardening are laid down, though it is probable he learnt them
ftom. Bridgeman, the Garden Designer, and the nobleman to

261

whom the epistle is addressed, he being distinguished for ex-
cellence in the art of Design, The rules, from the shortness of
the composition, are of course compendious, but tIio\ contain
the fundamental principles of the Art. Four and twenty lines
include the whole. ^

To build, to plant, whatever you intend,
To rear the column, or the arch to bend.
To swell the terrace, or to sink the grot;
In all, let nature never be forgot.
But treat the Goddess like a modest fair.
Nor over-dress, nor leave her wholly bare;
Let not each beauty ev'ry where be spy'd.
Where half the skill is decently to hide.
He gains all points, who pleasingly confounds.
Surprises, varies, and conceals the bounds.

Consult the genius of the place in all ;

That tells the waters or to rise, or fall ;

Or helps th' ambitious hill the heav'ns to scale.

Or scoops in circling theatres the vale ;

Calls in the country, catches op'ning glades.

Joins willing woods, and varies shades from shades ;

Now breaks, or now directs th' intending lines ;

Paints as you plant, and, as you work, designs.

Still follow Sense, of ev'ry art the soul,
Parts answ'ring parts shall slide into a whole.
Spontaneous beauties all around advance,
Start ev'n from difficulty, strike from chance ;
Nature shall join you ; time shall make it grow,
A work to wonder at — perhaps a STOW.

BRIDGEMAN came into notice about 172i'), ai a Gardrn
Pcsijjner. Of his History nothing remains ; the periods of hi»

262

birth and death are alike unknown. Walpole is the chief of his
remembrancers. After London and Wise, he observes,
*' Bridg-eman was the next fashionable designer of Gardens
and was for more chaste, he banished verdant sculpture, and
did not even revert to the square precision of the foregoing age.
lie enlarged his plans, disdained to make every division tally
to its oj)posi(e, and though he still adhered much to strait
walks with high dipt hedges, they were only his great lines ;
the rest he diversified by wilderness, and with loose groves of
oak, though still within surrounding hedges. I have observed
in the Gardens at Gubbins in Hertfordshire, the seat of the late
Sir Jeremy Sambrooke, many detached thoughts, that strongly
indicate the dawn of modern taste. As his reformation gained
footing, he ventured farther, and in the Royal Garden at Rich-
mond, dared to introduce cultivated fields, and even morsels of
a forest ai)pearance. But this was not till other innovators had
broke loose too from rigid symmetry." But above all the sunk
fence was now introduced as a boundary instead of Walls and
other opaque partitions, this ¥/alpole also attributes to Bridge-
man, and was as he justly observes the leading step to still
wifler extending improvements, for the contiguous ground with-
out the fence, must be made to harmonize with the garden it
was made to extend from. One of the first gardens laid out in
this style was that of the father of Mr. Walpole, at Houghton.
It contained three-and-tweuty acres and was from the designs
of a Mr. Eyre, an imitator of Bridgeman. To these succeeded
Kent, who painter enough to appreciate the charms of Land-
scape, bold and opinionative enough to dare and to dictate, had
genius sufficient to strike out a great system from the twilight
of imperfect essays. Mahomet imagined an Elisium, but Kent
created many.*

WILLIAM KENT was born in Yorkshire in 1685. He
was apprenticed to a Coach Paiuter, but aspiring to a higher

• Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, &c.

2G3

path he repaired to London, and thence, aided hy some gentle-
men of his own country, proceeded vitli Mr. Talwin to Rome
•where he studied under the Chevalier Luti, and gained the sc^
cond prize of the second class in the Academy. His first re-
sources failing, he found a patron in Sir W. Wentworth; and
finally in Lord Burlington, wilh this nobleman he returned to
England in 1719, and resided at his house. As a painter,
however, notwithstanding the influence of his patron, the esti-
malion in which he was held soon sunk to below mediocrity.
As an architect and designer of furniture he succeeded better
and was much employed. He designed the Temple of Venus
in Stowc Gardens. By the patronage of the Queen, and through
the interest of many noblemen lie was appointed INLaster Car-
penter, Architect, Keeper of the Pictures, and finally chief
Painter to the Crown, the emoluments of which produced about
^600 per annum. From 1743 to 1748 he was troubled wit !i
various inflammatory attacks which terminated his life on the
12lh of April in the last named year. He was buried at the
Earl of Burlington's vault at Chiswick. It is said that Kent
frequently declared that he caught his taste in Gardening front
the perusal of Spencer's picturesque descriptions. Walpolc*
Mason the Poet, and G.Mason higldy panegyrize him, and
indeed by general consent he is estimated as the first general
practiser of Landscape Gardening. For the following outline
of his style of design I am entirely indebted to Mr. Walpole,
his contemporary. " Thegj'caJ^pnnci^les on which ho worked
were perspective, and light and shade. Groupes of trees broke
too uniform or too extensive a lawn; evergreens and woods
were opposed to the glare of the chanipain, and where the view
was less fortunate, or so much exposed as to be beheld at once,
he blotted out some parts by thick shades, to divide it into va-
riety, or to make the richest scene more enchanting by reserving
it to a farther advance of the spectator. Where ol)jects were
wanting he introduced temples, &c. but he especially excelled
in the management of Water. The gentle stream was tauilaft

264

to serpentine seemingly at its pleasure, and where discontinued
by different levels, its course appeared to be concealed by
thickets properly interspersed, and glittered again at a distance
where it might be supposed naturally to arrive. Its sides were
smoothed, but preserved their meanderings. A few trees scat-
tered here and there on its hedges, and when it disappeared
among the hills, shades descending from the heights leaned
towards its vanishing point. He followed nature even in her
faults. In Kensington Gardens he planted dead trees, but was
soon laughed out of the excess. His ruling principle was that
Nature abhors a strait line."

The principal grounds in which the above principles were
carried into effect were Stow near Buckingham, then the resi-
dence of Lord Cobham. His Lordship was an amateur de-
signer, but employed Bridgeman to assist him. Bridgeman's
plans are still in existance. These improvements began in
1714, and were continued with intermissions until about 1755,
when Kent was employed to complete and alter the designs.
Lord Cobham appears to have been considered by his friends
the first demonstrator of Landscape Gardening in this country
from the concluding line of an epitaph which is placed to his
memory in the garden.

" Elegantiori Hortorura cultu his primura in agris illustrato
Patriaui ornavit, 1747."

For a full description of this magnificent domain I must refer
my readers to an anonymous publication in 1769, entitled
*' Stowe ; a description of the magnificent House and Gardens,
&c," 8vo. with plates — "The Beauties of Stowe," by G. Bick-
nian, 1750 — Whately's Observations on Modern Gardening —
and a later description of Stowe, by Mr. Seely — Hagley, near
Bronisgrove, in Worcestershire, still remains in some parts, as
it was first laid out by Lord Lyttleton. It is described by

264

Wliitely, and in several Poems. Pain's Hill near Cobharti in
Surrey exists as it was formed by INIr. Hamilton, ninth son of
the sixth Earl of Abercorn, Esher and Clermont were both
created by K(Mit, the latter is still kept up in tolerable style, but
the iirst is extinct. ^Vobunl Farm ncarChetsey in Surrey, also
arose at the period we are consiriering, being formed by P.
Southcote Esq, as a specimen of the Fernie ornee, which he ia-
ventod. It is described by Whately and G, Mason, but no
longer exists.

Sir W. Chamber's Dissertations on Oriental Gardening ap-
peared in 1774; the English Garden by Mason ia 1772; Shen-
stone's Unconnected thoughts on Landscape Gardening in 17Glr;
G. Mason's Essay on Design in Gardening in 17GB ; Walpole'a
Dissertation on modern Gardening in 1770 ; and the same year
gave birth to Whately's Observations on IModern Gardening

These publications, which all advocate the imitation of the
scenes of Nature which delight the spectator by their grandeur
or their beauty, contributed much to strengthen and extend the
new taste for design. Whately's is decidedly the best, and is
the tirst Prose work which lays down rules and directions for
Landscape Gardening ; Pope had led the way in Poetry ; and
Mason in blank verse.

The chief Garden Designers who flourished about the period
in which these pubUcatious appeared were Wright, Brown,
Holland and Eames.

Of Wright I know nothing more than is slated of him by G.
Mason,wliich is, that his birth and education were above plebeian
that he was a good draftsman ; and never contracted to execute
his designs. He planned Lord Harrington's seat at Becket
near Farringdon ; Stoke near Bristol ; the Terrace and River at
Oatlaads, &c

!2 U

265

LANCELOT BROWN was born at Kirkharle in Northum-
berland in 1715. His first employment was as kitchen Gar-
dener, to a gentleman near Woodstock, and though he moved
afterwards to Stowe, and continued there until 1750, Lord
Cobham confined his exertions to that department. That no-
bleman however recommended him to the Duke of Grafton -who
appointed him his chief Gardener, at Wakefield Lodge, North-
amptonshire, where his judicious formation of a Lake first
brought him into notice as a designer. Lord Cobham still con-
tinued his patron and obtained for him the Royal Gardenership
at Hampton Court and Windsor. He was now consulted by all
the nobility and gentry, amongst other places he was employed
at Blenheim, whereby his easy completion in a week of one of
the finest artificial lakes in the world, and other improvements,
he rose to the acme of popularity, and the fashion of employing
him continued until the period of his death which occurred in
1783. He had filled the office of High Sheriff for the counties
of Huntingdon and Cambridge in 1770, having amassed a very
large fortune, and become a leading man in his county. He
never went out of England, neither did he ever contract to exe-
cute his plans. He employed assistants to draw his desio-ns,
which were applied for not only in this country but in Scotland,
Ireland and even Russia. Repton has given a list of his prin-
cipal creations, of which Croome Court, in Worcestershire, and
Fisherwick in Warwickshire, now destroyed, were the largest.
The places he only altered it is impossible to ascertain. Im-
provement, says Loudon, was the passion of the day; and
there was scarcely a country gentleman who did not on some
occasion consult him.*

The leading outlines of his plans were easily copied, and imi-
tators innumerable arose to supply the demand for designs; the
spade and axe were at Avork in every estate, and so rapidly did
the face of the country alter that in 1772 Sir W. Chambers de-

* Eiicyclopccd. of Gardening, p. 76. Ed. 5.

266

claredthat if the mania was not checked, in a few years more,
three trees Avouhl not be found in a strait line from the Land's-
end to the Tweed.* Whenever consulted upon the alterations
to be made in grounds, he so invariably observed that there
were great *' capabilities" about it, that he was generally knowo
by the nick-name of " Capability Brown".

That Brown possessed taste to comprehend that which is
ploasing, and genius sufhcient to obtain such effect in some of
his designs, it is impossible for an unbiassed Critic to tlony;
but on the other hand his greatest admirers cannot pretend
that he even approached in any of the branches of design to his
predecessor Kent. By his opponents however he has been too
much decried, as by his followers he has been too lavishly ex-
tolled. His management of the Water at Blenheim can never
be excelled ; in this material of Landscape it was that he was
most excellent. In the management of the ground and the
woodland he was less happy, inasmuch as that he seldom varied
in his plan. His decliviliis were all softened into gentle slopes ;
riantations belted the Estate ; while clumps and single trees
were sprinkled over its area. That these were planted without
any consideration or object, which taste pointed out as desira-
ble, it is unjust to assort, in many instances still extant a hap-
piness of effect is produced which he must indeed have been a
fortunate man to have obtained by chance. The view which he
procured of Cheney Church to Latimers, a seat of Lord Caven-
dish demonstrates that he could create b3auties, and renders
any contrary supposition gratuitous. That he was not always
successful, is most certain, and may be allowed cf any nian
without compromising his claims to the possession of a genius ;
but of Brown it must also be allowed that he undertook more
than he could perform, for one mind, however fertile its inventive
powers, could never have furnished fresh designs for the thou-
sands of places which he wasrequired to lay out. Unfortimatcly

♦ Ibid. 77.

267

his numerous imitatorswere without even a particle of his menial
endowments ; the art became most monotonous, and, as Mr.
Loudon says, the professor required no farther examination of
the ground than to take the levels for forming- a piece of watei',
which water uniformly assumed one shape and character, and
diiFerod no more in different situations, than did the Belt and
the Clump.

Shenstone and Mason at the above period demonstrated that
they could succeed in the practice as well as in writing of Or-
namental Gardening. The Leasowes when it came into the
hands of the former was merely a grazing farm, but he left it a
perfect fairy-land. Every thing that a classical taste could
point out as decorative; or picturesque in scenery, were
secured to it. It was a Bijou, and when Repton blamed him
for not being more extensive in his lawn, &c. ho neither com-
prehended the design of Shenstone, or the genius of the place.
Whately and Gilpin have both described it very fully. Mason
left monuments of his powers at his Rectory at Aston, and in
Lord Ilarcourt's flower Garden atNuneham in Oxfordshire.
Unfortunately there were no professors of talent sufficient to
profit by theirexample, and the more easy mode which Brown
and his corrupt imitators adopted was so palpably and ignorantly
unvarying that it soon roused the satire of better judges and
insured its own reformation.

Brown was evidently aimed at under the name of Layout, in
a novel entitled "Village Memoirs," published in 177-3, in
which he is represented as a general undertaker of Gardens,
Avho introduces the same objects at the same distances in all.
The excellent translation in 1783 of Girardin's " De la compo-
sition dcs Paysages," and the admirable preface attached to it
written by Daniel Mallhus Esq. likewise pointed out>listinctly
the correct, and true taste in designing. The PicturesTque Tours
of ]\Zr. Gilpin published between the years 1783 and 1809; the

268

Essays on the Picturesque by Mr. Price in 1791, and " The
Landscape" by Mr, Payne Knight, in the same year, completed
tl.e expulsion of the Brunonian system of design.

Gilpin's Tours are full of excellent and many original obser-
vations ; he has little of hypothesis or theory, he was a judici-
ous observer of Picturesque beauties, and selecting in his des-
criptions such as are successful in pleasing, whether natural or
acquired, he very rationally draws the conclusion that such are
the best (o imitate. To do this, Taste in the imitator is (he
chief requisite, for he ver}' justly remarks that the comparative
virtue of taste and expense is remarkable ; the former with very
little of the latter will always produce something pleasing, wliile
the utmost efforts of the latter unaided by the former are
ineflcctiial. All his observations are illustrated by examples,
and iiulependant of the native English scenery which he draws
from for the purpose, he describes the following demesnes for a
similar purpose, Blenheim, Burleigh, Castlehill, Enville, Fonthill,
Ilafod, Hagle}', ilam, Kiddleston, Leasowes, ^'ount Edgecumbe
Nuiicham, Isorbury, Persfield, Roch Abbey, Shuckborow,
Strawberry Hill, Studley, Trentham, Twickenham, and Wilton.
IJis writings are in a most agreeable style and were generally
read. If it is too much to say that they formed the national
taste, they served most eftectually to correct it.

The Essays of Price, advocate the study of the principles of
Painting by those who wish to excel in Landsf-ape Gardening
"not to the exclusion of Nature, but as an assistant in (he stu-
dy ofher works." What (hose principles are as relates to the
creation of a beautiful Landscape he then proceeds to consider,
and which he concludes may be effected in two modes, (he
characteristics of one are boldness, abruptness, depth and sud-
den contrasts of shade, &c. such as Salvator Rosa might delight
to represent ; the other by gentle undulations, with soft blend-
ingsof light and shade such as Claudo usually represend in
his Landscapes.

269

Knight in his Landscape advocates the same cause ; and both
in a most masterly manner enforce their principles. These
principles were attacked by Repton, Wyndham, Marshall, kc.
and defended by Loudon and others.

After studying the writings of the several partizans I have
been able to draw but one conclusion, which is, that the princi-
ples of Knight and Price are correct if impartially considered,
and have been acted vipon by the general consent of modern
designers ; nor can there be a greater proof of this position
than that in his maturer practice, Repton acted upon them him-
self. They differed in no one point of importance, that I have
been able to discover, as to what constitutes beautiful points in
a Landscape : of course they agreed that such should be imi-
tated ; and I have read not one passage in any of their writings
which will warrant the conclusion that if assembled together,
there would have been a dissentient voice to the observation of
Price, that regular Beauty and Utility must not be neglected in
the pursuit of the picturesque, for that would be opposed to the
dictates of common sense. It could not fail but that the
Avritings of men gifted with so much taste ; and the examples
which they gave of their respective opinions, for Repton was,
and Loudon is a professional designer, should secure the adop-
tion of a chastened style ; such was actually the case, and we
are now profiting by their labours.

ON

ENGLISH GARDENING

From the close of the 18th Century to the present time.

We have seen imder what fiivourable auspices and •with
what great improvements Gardening was on the advance at the
close of the 18th Century; but the present Century was usher-
ed in with even greater promise of success, for the light of
Science was still more powerfully concentrated upon its prac-
tices for their benefit, and the illumination whicli from the same
source had first been aflfordod to it towards the close of the
previous Century, began now to bo felt and appreciated. This
especially applies to the labours of the Chemist and Physiolo-
gist, Such coml)inalion of Horticultural Art and Science was
especially promoted by the institution of the Horticultural So-
cieties of London and Edinburgh. The fii'st of these societies
began to be formed in 1804, the latter in 1809. Nothing." can
more conspicuously dis])lay the high estimation in which Gar-
dening is held; nothing can afford a greater guarrautee for its
improvement, than the lists of the Fellows of the above socie-
ties. In them are enrolled the names of the most talented, the
most noble, and the most wealthy individuals of the United
Kingdom.

I shall first proceed to trace the Horticultural literature of
the period we are now considering, leaving the survey of Gar-
dening in its various branches as now existing to form my con-
cluding remarks.

271

THOMAS ANDREW KNIGHT, President of the
Horticultural Society of London, F. R. S. &c. &c. If the
questions were put to me who is the most scientific Horticul-
turist now living ? — Who unites to a knowledge of the Practices
of Gardening-, tlie most perfect knowledge of the sciences that
assist it? Which of living Horticulturists has conferred the
greatest benefits upon our art? I should quote Mr. K-iightin
reply to them all. Whether we follow him in his researches as
a Physiologist, in his luminous observations and discoveries
respecting (he Sap of Plants; as a general Cultivator in the nu-
merous Papers on every branch of Horliculture in the Trans-
actions of the Society of which he is President; and especially
in the raising of improved varieties of Fruits and Culinary es-
culents, we find in all the most ample justification of our opinion
that he is the first Horticulturist of our times. Nor is he emi-
nent only in the higher walks of Horticulture, for at Down ton
Hall he demonstrates that he is capable of securing the correct
performance of every detail of Gardening.

Mr Knight was born at W^ormeley Grange in Herefordshire,
in 17-35). "My father, says Mr. Knigbt in a late communica-
tion to me, was a man of much learning and acquirements.
Having great power of mind, and living in an extremely quiet
and sequestered spot, he was supposed by his ignorant neigh-
bours, in their language, "to know every thing.'' He died at an
advanced age when Mr. Knightwas an infant, and as evidence
of the respect his knowledge obtained him, whenever in child-
hood his son sought for informatio~n upon any unusual subject,
he was told " that his father would have answered him, but that
nobody now could." Being born in the midst of Orchards "I
was early led, continues this distinguished Physiologist, to ask
whence the varieties of fruit I saw came, and how they were
produced ; I could obtain no satisfactory answer, and was
thence first led to commence experiments, in which through a
long life of scarcely interrupted health, I have persevered and
probably shall persevere as long as I possess the power."

27.3

Mr. Knight is author of the following \voiks, besides the
numerous papers in the Ilorticullural Transactions which will
be mentioned in their appropriate places.

1. A Treatise on the culture of (he Apple antl Pear, and on
the manufacture of Cyder and Perry. London. 1797.
12mo. The 3rd edition in 1808.

2. Some doubts relative to the efficacy of Mr. Forsyth's
Plaister, in renovating Trees. London. 1802. 4to.

3. Report of a Commiltoc of the Horticultural Society of Lon-

don. London. 180.5. 4to.

4. Pomona Ilerofordiensis, or a descriptive account of the

old Cyder and Perry Fruits of Herefordshire. London.
1809. 4to. •

6. A Letter on the origin of Blight, and on Raising late Crops
of Peas. This js appended to Sir J. Banks's Essay on
the Mildew. London. 180G. 8vo. 2nd edition.

His discoveries in vegetable Physiology are recorded in se-
veral papers in the Philosophical Transactions.

WILLIAM SALISBURY, of the Botanic Garden, Bromp-
ton, is author of the following publications.

1. Ilortus Paddingtononsis, or a Catalogue of Plants cultiva-
ted in the (t:irden of J. Symmunds Esq. Paddiugton
House, London. 1797- 8\o.

2. The Botanist's Companion, or an Introduction to tho
knowledge of Practical Botany, and the uses of Plants,
either growing wild in Gt. Britain, or cultivated for the

2 N

274

purposes of Agriculture, Mediclae, Rural Economy, or
the Arts* London. 1816. 2 vols. 12mo.

3. Hints to the Proprietors of Orchards. 1817. 12mo.

4. The Cottager's Companion, or a complete system of Cot-
tage Gardening, intended to instruct the industrious Poor
of the United Kingdom. To which is added a descriptive
list of Plants growing wild, which are useful for culinary
purposes. 1818, 12mo.

He also wrote an Essay on packing Plants for exportation
in Nicholson's Journal, vol. xxx. 339.

HENRY ANDREWS, a Botanical Painter and Engraver
residing in London^ is author or editor of the following works.

1; Engravings of Ericas or Heaths, with Botanical descrip-
tions. London. 1796. Folio.

2. The Botanist's Repository, with coloured figures of such
Plants as have not appeared in any similar publication.
Published in numbers between 1797 and 1799, forming 2
vols. 4to. London.

3. A Review of Plants hitherto figured in the Botanist's Re-
pository. London. 180 U 4to.

4. The Heathery, or Monograph of the Genus Erica, pub-
lished in monthly numbers. In 6 vols, between 1804 and
1814.

WALTER NICOL,wastheson of the Gardener who planned
and executed the grounds of Raith, nearKircaldy in Fifeshire,
and the Kitchen Garden of Werayss Castle in the same County,

S75

both of which are excellent performances. Walter began the
study of his art at Raith, but removed to England, and obtained
the place of head Gardener to the Marquis ofTownseud atRain-
hara Hall, in .Suffolk, the Gardens of which however are no
records of his skill. He returned to Scotland and he obtained
a similar situation at Wemyss Castle. He finally settled at
Edinburgh about 1797 as a Horticultural Designer and Author.
in 1810 he undertook an extensive tour through England, for
the purpose of visiting our principal seats and plantations, to
obtain materials for his " Planters Calendar"- This work was
scarcely commenced when he died suddenly in March, 1011.

His works are of first authority, and rank as the equals of
those of Abercrombie, being the result of long practice during
an enlightened era of our Art. He was author of the following
works,

1 The Scotch Forcing Gardener; together with instructions
on the management of the Green-house, Hot-walls, &c.
Illustrated with plates. Edinburgh. 1798. 8vo.

2. The Practical Planter ; or a Treatise on Forest Planting:
comprehending the culture and management of planted and
natural Timber ; also the management of Hedges, Fences,
and the construction of Stone Walls, &c. Edinburgh
1799. 8vo.

/ 3. The Villa Garden Directory: or monthly Index of Work
to be done in the Town and Villa Gardens, Shrubberies,
Parterres, &c. Edinburgh. 1809. 8vo.

^ 4. Tlie Gardener's Kalendar; or monthly directory of opera-
tions in every branch of Horticulture. Edinburgh. 1810.
8vo.

S^ 5. The Planter's Kalendar ; or the Nurseryman and Foresler'i

276

Guide in the operations of ths Nursery, the Forest, and
the Grove. Edinburgh. 1812. 8vo.

This posthumous publication was completed by Mr. Sang,

WILLIAM PONTEY, ornamental Gardener, residing at
Huddersfield. He is planter and forest pruncr to the Duke
of Bedford.

1. The profitable Planter; a treatise on the cultivation of the

Larch and the Scotch Fir Timber, shewing that their ex-
cellent quality, especially that of the former, will render
them so essentially useful, as greatly to promote the Interest
of the Country. Huddersfield. 1800. 8vo. 4lh Edition.
London. 1814.

2. The Forest Pruner, or Timber owners assistant ; being a
treatise on the training or management of British Timber
Trees, whether intended fur use, ornament, or shelter;
including an explanation of the causes of their general
diseases and defects, with means of prevention, and renif-
dies where practicable. Also on examination of the
properties of English Fir Timber, with remarks on the de-
fects of the old, and the outlines of a new system for the
management of Oak Woods. With eight explanatory
plates. London. 1805. 8vo. 3rd Edition London. 1810

3. The Rural Improver. Huddersfield. 1823. 4to.

1802. Rural Recreation, or the Gardener's Instructor; ex-
hibiting in a clear and perspicuous manner all the
operations necessary in the Kitchen, Flower, and Fruit
Gardens, &:c, for every month in the year. With a
Treatise on the management of Eees ; Catalogue of
Plants, Sic, By a Society of Practical Gardeners,
London. 8vo.

277

THOMAS MARTYN, F. R. S, S:c. was elected Profossor
of Botany at Cambridge, as his father's successor, in 17(Jl.
He took his degree of Batchelor of Arts, while of Enimaniicl
College in 175G. He afterwards was elected a Fellow of Sid-
ney Sussex College, subsequent to which he took his degree of
Master of Arts in 17o9 ; and that of Batchelor of Divinity i:i
17G(>. He (lied the 3rd of June, 1825 in the 90th year of his
age.

There is a portrait of him in Thornton's Botany.

The following are a portion of his literary works.

1. An edition of Philip Miller's Gardener's Dictionary, cor-
rected and newly arranged. This appeared between the
years 1803 — 7 in four vohinies. folio.

The preface vhich gives a history of Milloi's work ; tlie life
of iMiller ; and the list of Authors, and slight notices of their
works, are all valuable ; but the body of the work ilsrlf, is a
code of valuable practical information as regards the cultivation
ol the Earth, as well as being replete with information for Il:e
Botanist. It needs no comment. It is a standard practical
Avork, never to be superseded.

2. Flora Rustica ; a description of Plants in common cultiva-
tion, pointing out such as are useful or injurious in II u--
bandry. Sec. With coloured plates, from drawings by
Nodder. London. 8vo. In 4 vols, commenced publishing
in 1792, comi)lf>ted in 1794.

JOHN CLAUDIUS LOUDON, Landscape Gardener.
Born in Lanarkshire in 1782; began to practico in 1803; to
farm extensively in Oxfordshire in 1809, an! iu Midilelsex ia

278

1810. Travelling on the continent in 1813 — 14 — 15 ; again in
1819; and again in 1828—29. Now residing at Brajswater*

He is author of the following works.

*V !• Observations on laying out the Public Squares of London.
(Literary Journal. 1803.)

^ 2. Observations on the formation and management of useful
and ornamental Plantations ; on the Theory and Practice
of Landscape Gardening; and on gaining and on banking
land from Rivers or the Sea. Edinburgh. 1804. 8vo.

3. A short Treatise on some improvements lately made in
Hot-hoiiscSj Edinburgh. 1805 • 8vo.

^^ _ 4. A Treatise on forming, improving, and managing Country
Residences, and on the choice of situations appropriate to
every class of Purchasers. With an Appendix, containing
an enquiry into the utility and merits of Mr. Repton's
mode of shewing effects by slides and sketches; and stric-
tures on his opinions and practice in Landscape Garden-
ing. Illustrated by descriptions of Scenery and Buildings
by references to Country Seats, and Passages of Country
in most parts of Great Britain, and by 32 engravings.
London, 180G. 2 vols. 4to.

i

5. Hints on the formation of Gardens and Pleasure Grounds,
&c. 1812. Plates. 4to.

G. Remarks on the construction of Hot-houses; pointing out
the most advantageous forms, materials, and contrivances
to be used in their construction; with a Review of the va-
rious methods of building them in foreign countries, as
well as in England ; with 10 plates, from etchings on Stone
1817. 4to,

279

7* Sketches of Curvilinear Hot-houses ; with a description of
various purposes in Horticultural and general Architec-
ture to Avhich a solid Iron Sash Bar, lately invented is
applicable, 1818.

8. A comparative view of the Curvilinear and common mode
of Roofing Hot-houses. London. 1818. folio.

9. The Encyclopaedia of Gardening. London. 1813. 8vo.
The fifth edition is dated 1827.

10. The different modes of cultivating the Pine Apple from
its first introduction to Europe to the improvements of T,
A. Knight Esq. in 1823. London. 8vo. 182 1.*

He is also Editor of the Magazines of Gardening and Natu-
ral Historj:, of the first of which we shall speak hereafter.

Whoever wishes for a complete view of English Gardening
as at present practiced, will find no works, belter calculated
for his satisfaction than those of Mr. Loudon. Mr. Loudoa
being a Landscape Gardener by profession, might be excused
if in his publications on that branch of our Art, the abilities of
a master were chiefly a])parenl ; that in sue!) he is correct, that
he possesses taste to discriminate the beauties, and io repro-
bate the incongruities of his predecessors; tluU lie ha^ taste
to select, and ability to execute ; is saying A] lliai, Ciui be said
of any Landscape Gardener who may succeed to Kent, Mason,
Whately, Knight, Price and Repton- It may be said without
any reservation of Mr. Loudon.

Of his works on the more general branches of Horticulture I
shall confine my remarks to his Eacyclopoedia of Gardening,

• Encyclop. ofGardening. p. 1113.

280

When this work first met my notice I objected to the title
as conveying- an absurditj-, for I conceived that a Mcrk con-
fined to Gardening coidd not be an Encyclopaedia, which by its
very name professes to embrace the whole circle of the Arts,
but when 1 came to peruse the work, 1 was ir.cliied to ex-
cuse this application of the term, because I found that with
the exception of Chemistry, every art and science at a!I illus-
trative of Gardening, are made to contribute their assistance.

The introduction contains a History of Ancient and Modern
Gardening ; and to that part of it which relates to the Horti-
culture of Greeco, Home, and England I am much indebted.
In the Second Part is contained a luminous detail of the facts
of Vegetable Physiology, or as Mr- Loudon terms it "Orga-
nology," a word compounded of Latin and Greek which I
cannot but object to. This is chiefly compiled from Mr,
Keith's valuable work on Physiological Botany; and the chief
objection which I always had to the original is continued to
this, viz. its system is unnecessarily intricate.

The sole use of arrangement is to assist the memory by a
connection of facts, and thus at the same time to facilitate refe-
rence. We conceive that if the facts of Keith's LSystcm hud
been arranged under the heads of 1. root, 2. stems, 3. branches
4. haves, 5. flowers, G. seeds with theappendages andanomalies
of each, and a second part couiaining the anatomy of Plants and
the phenomena of Vegetable life as regularly and connectedly
developed, it would be a much more complete System ; there
would be a much greater unity and regular subordination of
parts than is at present obtained by Divisions and Subdivisions
for the Conservative Organs, and Reproductive Organs, Con-
servative Appendages and Reproductive Appendages ; Decom-
posite Organs, Composite Organs, and Elementary Organs.

On the nomenclature, description and classification of Plants

E81

Btcconling to the Linncean and tho Ju«sieuaean Systems; Vege-
table Geography; On Earths, Soils, the influence of Iiea'', and
other contingpncios, on vegetation follow, and witliont having
much rlaim to originality are rei)iete wirh inforniaiinn ; though I
cannot hilt regret that more stress i;.:r:t laid upon tlie assistance
which Mr. Loudon admits is tv be -r'.vcd by Horticidlure from
the researches of Chemists. Bo:tc C'. is dev ted to the imple-
ments and edificps usually fc.nd in G ".rdcns ; and here
again I have to regret that the immense variety of infor-
m;ition give:i is so u inecessarily split into sub-sections.
Book the 4'.h is on the operations of Gardening, \vh ch
completes the second part. Part t ^ third which contains th9
detail of culture necessary for each Garden Plant, Landscape
Gardening, Arc. and Part the fourth on the present state of
Ganlening in Gt. Britain are as satisfactory, as replete with
information, and as well arranged as can be. A most useful
Kali^ndarial Index ; and a copious alphabetical one complete
the work.

Taken as a whole it is the most complete book of Gardening
ever published, for errors in dates are more casualities and
I should have no fault to find if the deficiency of Horticultural
Chemistry was less, and if the arrangement was more simple;
the first fault is comparatively trifling ; but the latter is of much
greater importance, and I should like in a future edition to
find it more luminous from a simplification ol its arrangement.

1803. Viridarium ; or Green-house Plants, containing fifty
plates drawn and coloured from nature. By HKX-
RIETTA, M. ]\IOKIARTY, London 8vo. Mrs M.
has written several novels.

1805. Minutes on Agriculture and Planting, &c. London.
4to. By WILLIAM AMOS. Farmer at Brothertoft
is LiQCola»hire,

9 o

282

He had been Gardener and Bailiff to some Peer. He also
was author of some works on the Drill Husbandry.

^ 1805. A Complete Dictionary of Practical Gardening, Lon-
don. 2 vols, 4to. by ALEXANDER MACDON-
ALD, an assumed name by Dr. R. W. DICKSON,
ofHindon in Middlesex, author of several Agricul-
tural works.

V

Architectural Sketches. London, fol. No. 1. by G. J.

PARKYNS, author of " Monastic Remains," and

reputed author of the six designs for laying out

grounds, published, 1793, with Sonne's Designs for

Villas.

1806. The Florist's Manual. London. 12mo. by a Lady,
author of" Conversations on Botany.'' &:c.

* 1807. The Practical Gardener. London. 8vo. by WILLL'\M
SHAW.

1808. A Treatise on the Culture of the Pine Apple. Newark.

8vo. by WILUAM GRIFFIN, formerly Gardener
to James Manners Sutton, Esq. at Kelliam Hall, near
Nottingham, and now to Samuel Smith, Esq. Wood
Hall, Herts.*

1809. An Essay on the cultivation of the Plants belonging to

the Order of Proteae. London. 4to. by J. KNIGHT.
F. H. S.

This work has been attributed to Mr. Salisbury, but is the
production of Mr. Knight, who was Gardener to — Hibbert,

« Loudon's Encyclop. of Gardeningt p. 1 113.

283

Esq. of Clapton, whose collection of Plants he now possesses,

and carries on the business of a Nurseryman,

181 1. On the IMode of forcing the Vine in Denmark. London.
8vo. by PETER LINDEGAARD, Gardener to the
King of Denmark, at Rosenburgh.

This work was published in the Danish language at Copen-
hagen. Mr. Lindegaard is a Corresponding Member of the
London Horticultural Society, and is decidedly tlie first Horti-
culturist in Denmark ; some of his writings will be found in the
table of contents of the Horticultural Transactions.

THOMAS HAYNES, nurseryman at Arundel in North anip-
tonshire, is author of the following works,

^ 1. Improved System of Nursery Gardening. London. 181 1 ,
^ 8vo.

2. Interesting Discoveries in Horticulture: being an easy,

rational, and efficacious System of propagating all hardy
American, and Bog Soil Plants, with Ornamental Trees
and Shrubs of general description. Green-house Plants,
including Botany Bay and Cape Plants; Herbaceous
Plants, affording favourable shoots and Fruit Trees iu
every variety, by planting Cuttings chiefly in the warm
months, without artificial Heat. London. 1811. 8vo.

3. A Treatise on the improved culture of the Strawberry,
Raspberry, and Gooseberry. London. 1812. 8vo.

4. On collecting Soils and Composts and preparing theirr for
use, &c. London. 1821. 12mo.

WILLIAM JACKSON HOQKER, L. L, D. F R. %,

284

A L. R. *c. This excellent Botanist and Botanical Draftsman
» the editor of the following works.

1. Pomona Lon'linensis ; containing rcprespntafions of the
best Fruits cultivated in British Gardens; with descriptions.
1813 — 15. 4to. In parts.

2. Exotic Flora, containing figures and descriptions of new,

rare, or otherwise interestirg exotic Plants, especia!l\ of
such as are dcservirg of being cultivated in our Gardens,
kc. In parts 8vo. 1823—26.

3. The Botanical IMiscellany — In Quarterly numbers. 182D.

Dr. Hooker in conjunction with Mr. Curtis, Horticulturist of
Glazen Wood, Essex, is editor of the Botanical Magazine;
which office he commenced in January 1827.

^ 1812. The Exotic Gardener, tic. London. 8vo. SrdEdition
182G. ByJ.Cl]SHlNG.

Mr. dishing, was a native of Ireland. Tie was for many
years foreman of the Forcing Department, in the Garden of
Mpssrs. Lee and Kennedy at Hammersmith. He died in 1819
or 1820.

V 1812. Tranactsions of the HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
of LONDON, vol. 1.

Part I.
1809. 1. Introductory Pcmarks relative to the objects
which the Horticultural Soriel}' have in view, by T.
A. KNIGHT, Esq. 2. An attempt to asceita-n the
time when the Potatoe was lirst introduced into the
United Kingdom, with some account of the Hill

2S5

Wheat of India. hySir- J. BANKS, Bart* 3. On
the cullivation cf the Sea Kale, by Mr- J .MAHEU.

4, Some hints respecting the proper mode of iruiring
tender plants to our climate- by Sir J.BANKS, Bart.

5. On a variety of the Brassica Napus, or Rape,
which has lonj been cultivated on tiio Continent. Mr.
JAMES DICKSON. V. l\ II. S f G. Ohservafions
on (he method of pradncing" now and early Fruits.
by T. A. KNIGHT. Esq. 7. On the cultivation of
the Polianthis Tubero^a, or Tuber(>se, with its Bo-
tanical description and fii;iuri'. by R- \- SALISBURY,
Esq. 8. On the reNival of an obsulele mode of

• It wouUl approach to i;iTrntitalc not to take more particular notice of
thi? iiniver-nl pitron ofthe Art-; an 1 Sciences. Sill JOSKPH BA\F<S,
was born at llevesby Abbay, tha seat of his fathsr ia Li^cohl^h;re, in 1713.
llewas oJucatid at EtonanJ Oxford, wliicli University he left in 1T(JI, on
thedeith of his father, lie thus inherited an ample fortunp, yet the active
pursuit of Scientific Di-coveries w is more t:) his ta'.te thui lit 'ra y ease. In
1163 he ma le a voya^fe to Labrador nn I Ne.vfoun llan 1. In ITfiS he went
rouul tha world witli Cook, an 1 in 1*72 he made a voya:je to Iceland and
the Western Islas ofScotluil. Nituril History wi^ the fjvourite of his
Sjientific Studies, and every department of if wis enriched by his researche-.
In 1771 he was elected L.L. D. at Oxford. In 1776 he was create 1 a
Kn'ght of the Bath, an I chosen t) the Presidency ofthe lloyal Society, and
thr.>e years aftersvards he wis mide a IJaronet. He at first ■jive much dis-
safisfiction to some of the Members of the lloyal Society, so as nearly to
cause it t > di\ i 1 >, but it i-r idually passed awiy, an I frjm th it time until his
dnth, MnyQth l^.-O, he was universally hailed as a munificent friend of
Science and Literature.

+ MR. JAMES DICKSON, F. L- S. was born at Kirk House, Pee-
ble^hlre, in 173i. He was first instructed in Gardening, in tlie darJen of
the Karl of Tra ruhair ; he afterwards wus employed in the Bronipton Nur-
sery then kept by Mr JefTery. He acted as head Gardener in several f imi-
lies until 17^2, when he founded the herb and seed shop in Covent Girdeu so
well known under the name of Dickson and Ander.-on. He was one of th«
ftr^t Mamb*rs both ofths Linn»anand HorticuUural Societic.. Of iha lai-

286

iDanaging Strawberries, by Sir J. BANKS, Bart.
9. On raising- new and early varieties of the
Potatoe, by T. A. KNIGHT, Esq, 10, On the
advantage of grafling- \V"alnut, Mulberry, and
Chesnut Trees, by T- A- KNIGHT, Esq. 11. An
account of some new Apples, by Mr- A. BIGGS.

Part H.
1809> 12. On the cultivation of Common Flax, as an orna-
mental plant- By Mr- JOHN DUNBAR, Gardener
to T. Fairfax Esq. 13- An account of the method
of cultivating the American Cranberry at Spring
Grove. By SIR J BANKS, BART. 14. On a
new method of training Fruit Trees. By T. A.
KNIGHT, Esq. 15. Observations on the different
species of Dahlia, and the best mode of cultivating
them in Gt- Britain, By .R. A- SALISBURY, Esq.

16. A Description of a forcing House for Grapes
with observations on the best method of constructing
them for other fruits. By T- A- KNIGHT, Esq.

17. A short Account of Nectarines and Peaches,
naturally produced on the same Branch, by R. A
SALISBURY, Esq. 18. An Accouutof a method of
hastening the maturation of Grapes,by J. WIL-
LIAMS, Esq.

ter he was one of the Vice-Presidents. He t/as a good Botanist, an.l more
particularly devotad his attention to the Mosses. He died at Croydon,
Au^, 14ih, l«g2 (Trans, Hort. Soc. of London, v. Append, i.)

His first publication commenced in 1785, being a Fasciculus of his '* Plan-
•tarum Cryptogamicarum Brilanniae" which was completed in 1801 . In 1793
he began publishing his " Ilortus Siccus Britannicus" which was finished in
1802. He was a frequer-t guest at the table of Sir J. Banks and was very
generally admired for his talents, and general integrity. He was twica
married. Hi» second wife, a sister of the celebrated Mungo Park, survive*
him.

^87

Part III.

1809. 19. Observations on the culture of Dahlias in the
nortii of Great Britain, by J. WEDGEWOOD, Esq.
20- Hints relative to the culture of Early Cape Bro-
coli. by Mr. J. JOHN MAKER. 21. An Account
of the Burr-knot Apple, by the Rev. JOHN SIMP-
SON. 22. On the species of the Crocus and their
cultivation, by A. K- HAWOIITH, Esq. 23- On
the Horticultural Management of the Sweet or Spanish
Chesnut Tree, by Sir. J. BANKS, Bart. 24. On
the construction of Hot-bed Frames, by T. A.
KNIGHT, E'^q- 25- A short account of a new
Apple, called the Downton Pippin, by T. A,
KNIGHT, Esq. 26. On the Forcing Houses of the
Eomans, and thoir Fruits now in our Gardens, by Sir
J. BANKS, Bart. 27. On the management of the
Onion, by T- A- KNIGHT, Esq. 28. An improved
method of cultivating the Alpine Strawberry, by T.
A- KNIGHT, Esq. 29. Observations on the form
of Hot-houses, by the Rev. T. WILKINSON, 30.
On some new varieties of the Peach, by T, A,
KNIGHT, Esq,

Part IV.

laiO- 31. On a mode of training Vines. By Mr. JOSEPH
HAYWARD. 32. On some Exotics which endure
the open air in Devonsl)ire. By A. HAWKINS. Esq,
33. On a new variety of Pear, By T. A. KNIGHT
Esq- 34. Some Account of the Ipomcea Tuberosa.
By Mr. JOHN TURNER. 35. On Potatoes. By
T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 3G. Anew and expeditious
modeofhudding. T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 37- On
the Spring Grove Codling. By Sir J. BANKS,
Bart. 38. On the best mode of constructing a
Peach-house. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq,

283

Part t.

1811. 39- On ihe cultivation of Horse-radish. Bj Mr.
JOSEPH KMGHT.* 40. On the cvlture of the
Potatoe iii Hot-beds. By T. A. KNIGHT Esq.
41- On Van present mode of !)uddirig and Grafting."
By iMr. J- Vv'lLMOT- 42- A concise view of the
theory --expecting Vegetation- By T. A- KNIGHT,
Esq- 43- On raising young Potatoes in the Winter
months. By A- SMEIlliROOK, Esq. 44. Account
of some Apples and Poars, of which Grafts have been
distributtd- By T- A. KNIGHT, Esq. 45. Some
Account of llie red Doyenne Pear. By II. A.
SALISBURY, Esq. 46. On tlie utility of Oxygen
Gas in promoting Vegetation. By D. HILL, Esq.
47. On pruning and (raining standard Apple and
PearTiees. By xMr. J. MAHEll.

appendix;

I. Some objects for which the Society intends to present
Premiums and Medals.

ii. Selecticns from French norticultural Authors. By Sir
J. BANKS, Bart.

iii. On the cultivation of tlieJamrosade. Translated from the
French of M. Thouin. By R. A. SALISBURY. Esq.

iv. On the Vegetation of high Mountains, translated from tha
French of M. Ramond, by R. A. SALISBURY, Esq.

▼. On a Bank for Alpine Plants, from the French of M.
Thouio, by R, A. SALISBURY, Esq.

* L«ttdon't Encyclop. of Cardesicif. p. 1118>

2S9

1812. A conci.-e and practical Treatise on the growth and
culture of the Carnation, Pink, Auricula, Polyanthus,
Ranunculus, Tuli)), &:c. Loudon. 12nio. A plate,
B> THOMAS HOGG.

Mr. Hogg, was master of an Academy at Paddington, TMiddle-
sex, he is now a florist at (he same place, where he has a collection
of Carnations and Piccoteos, perhaps the rtiiost in the world.
He is celebrated for his surressful culture of them. He has
more than seven hundred varieties of all prices from two to
sixty shillings.

1812. Plans, Elevations, and Sections of Hot-houses, and

Green-houses, an Aquarium, Conservatories, cVc. re-
cently built in different parts of England for various
noblemen and gentlemen, &c. London, folio. By
GEORGE TODD, Surveyor and Hot-house builder,

1813. 1. Observations on the barrenness of Fruit Trees;

the means of prevention and euro. Edinburgli. 8vo.
By PETER. LYON, an Apothecary and Physic
Gardener at Comely Garden, near Edinburgh. He
also wrote,

2. A Treatise on the Physiology and Pathology of
Trees, with observations on the barrenness aud canker
of Fruit Trees ; the means of prevention and cure.
Edinburgh- 181G. 8vo. 2ud Ed.

1813. 1. Account of some experiments to promote the im-
provement of Fruit Trees, by peeling the Bark.
London. 8vo, By SIR JOHN SINCLAIR, Bart,
The experiments were made by the Mr. Lyon just
mentioned.

2 P

t90

2. General Report of the Agricultural state, and
Political circumstances of Scotland. Drawn up under
the direction of Sir J, Sinclair, Bart. Edinburgh.
1814. 2 vols.

1814. LEONARD PHILLIPS, jun. Fruit Tree Nurseryman
Lambeth, wrote the following.

1. A Catalogue of Fruit Trees for sale. London,
folio.

2. Transactions in the Fruit Tree Nursery, Vauxhall.
London. 1816. folio.

-The Forcer's Assistant; or a treatise with useful hints
on forcing, by a new device for the application of
Frames to the culture of Melons, Pines, and other
choice Fruit, from Dwarf Plants; and of the early
Esculents usually in demand for the first Tables ; in-
cluding a few plain directions for forcing the Grape,
Cherry, and Peach in houses: with an appendix des-
cribing the Patent forcing frame, and exhibiting some
of its advantages ; to which is prefixed an introduction
connecting the principal parts of the Theory of Vege-
tation, with the practice of Horticulture. Chipping
Norton, 8vo. By E, WEEKS, formerly Gardener to
liord Kirkwall, now of the Horticultural Repository,
London.

%if

^^^1814. Memoirs of the CALEDONIAN HORTICULTURAL
^^'^ SOCIETY, vol. 1. 8vo.

1. On the Curl in Potatoes. MR. T. DICKSON.

2. On the same. By J- SHERIFF, Esq. 3. On
employing Earthen-ware Tubes for flues in Hot-houses.

291

ByC.LORIMER Esq. 4. On planting A«:paragu«
By Mr. J. SMITH. 5. On cultivating French
Pears in Scotland. By Mr. J. SMITH. G. Oa
Gooseberry Caterpillars and Onion Maggot. Mr. J,
MACKMURRAY 7. On the same. By Mr. J.
GIBB. 8. On the Wall Trees at Loanwells, near
Kirkaldy. By Mr« E. Sang, 9. On the culture of
Onions, By Mr, J. MACDONALD. 10. On
covering the soil of Hot-beds, &c. By Mr. HEN-
DERSON. 11. On the Scotch Fir. By Mr. G.
DON 12. On Carrot Worms and preserving
Cauliflowers. Mr. SMITH' 13. On removing in-
sects. Mildew, &c.,in Fruit Trees. Mr. D. WEIGH-
TON 14- On Hot-house flues. By R. STEVEN-
SON, Esq. 15. On hastening the bearing of Fruit
Trees, &c- By Mr. R. INGRAM. IG. On medi-
cines from the Lettuce. By Dr. DUNCAN, Sen.
17. On the state of some Fruits in Scotland, by
A. G. HUNTER, Esq. 18. On destroying the
blue Insect in Wall Trees, By Mr. P. BARNET.
19. On transj-.Iantiiig old Fruit Trees. By Mr. T,'
THOMSON. 20. On destroying Caterpillars, Sec.
By Mr. J. KYLE. 21. On destroying Wasps.
By Mr. J. MITCHELL. 22. On destroying tha
Green fly; and bringing Pear Trees to bear. By
Mr. W. BEATTIE. 33. On Maggots that infest
Shallots. By Mr. W. HENDERSON. 24. Oa
moving large Fruit Trees. By Mr. J. STEWART
25. On preserving Apples and Pears. By Mr. J
STEWART. 2G. On the Pine Bug. By Mr. A.
MIURHEAD. 27. Receipts for making Currant
Wine. 28. On the Currant Tree while ripening its
fruit. By Mr. J. MACDONALD. 29. On the
Canker. By Mr. J. SMITH. 30. Oa propagatiii.r
by cuttiujs the Burr-Knot Apple. By Dr. DUNCAN

21)2

Sen. 31. On lurniDcr the branches of Fruit Trees
over the Wall. By Sir J. BANKS, Bart. 32. On
Clay Paint for Fruit Trees. By Mr. J. SCOUGAL.
33. On the Turnip fly. By Mr. A. GORRIE. 34.
On pruning- Fruit Trees. By the Hon. BARON
HEPBURN. 35. On a medicine from the Lettuce-
By Mr. J. HENDERSON. 30- On slorin- Vege-
tables for Summer use. By Mr. J- HENDERSON
37- On destroying Caterpillars. ByMr- R- ELLfOT
38, On planting Peach Trees on a north border.
By Mr. MACRAY- 30- On the Gooseberry Cater-
pillar, and on the Onion and Carrot Worms. By
Mr- J. MACKRAY 40- On retarding Fruit blos-
soms, by Mr. A. GORRIE. 41. On some tender
plants cultivated in the open air at Guernsey. By
Dr, MACCULLOCH. 42. On a rotation of crops;
By Mr, T. KELLY. 43. On a small orchard in
East Lothian. By Mr. J. SMITH. 44. On com-
posts. By Mr. D. WEIGHTON. 45. On des-
troying a Gooseberry Caterpillar. By Mr. J. TWEE^
D IE. , 46. On Sea Kale. By Sir G. S. MACKEN-
ZIE. On the Carse of Gowrie Orchards. By Messrs.
MACRAY and GORRIE. 48- On the canker. By
Mr.J.SMITH. 49. Onthe same. By Mr. E. SANG.
50, On preserving the blossom of Fruit Trees. By
IMr. J. LAIRD. 51. On a new ground onion. By
Dr. R. GUMMING. 52. On the Lactucarium. By
Mr. A- GORRIE. 53. On the Tree onion. By
Mr. G. NICOL. 54. On Can flues in Hot-houses.
By Dr. DUNCAN, sen. 55. On excluding Wasps from
Hot-houses. By Mr. J. DICK. 56. On preserving
Trees from Hares. By Mr, J. SMEALL. 57. On
preventing Mildew in Peach Trees. By Mr. J. KIRK
68. On British opium. By J. HOWISON, Esq.
59. On the Carlisle and Keswick Codlins. By Sir

293

J. SINCLAIR, Bart. GO. On jinming old Apple
and Pear Trees. By Mr. J. YOUNG. Gl. An ad-
dress from the Riibiis Chaniaeinorns. By Air. GOR-
RIE. G'2. OnforcingSea Kale. By iMr.W. GIBBS.
63. On renovating old Peach trees in Hot-houses-
By Mr. A. HAY. G4. On the Carnation. By Mrs.
J. MITCHELL. Go. On the same. By Mr, \V.
CRAWFORD. 66. On the Guernsey cultivation
of the Parsnip, by Dr. MACCULLOCH, G7. On
the Mangold Wurtzel. By Dr. J, C. LETTS03I.
G8. On preserving Potatoes. By the Rev. A. DOW,
D. D. G9. On cherry trees. By Mr. W- UNDER-
WOOD. 70. On a new pruning ic^trument. By Mr.
W. MENZIES- 71. On Cast Iron Espalier rails.
By Mr. J. MI^DLETON 72. Oa the Potatoe.
By Mr. D. CRIGHTON. 73. On an increase of
3Ianure. By Mr. T. BISHOP- 74. O.i prevent-
ing the Blight in Fruit Trees. Mr. G. SINCLAIR.
75. On pruning and training Pear Trees. By A.
STEWART.

181G- A plain and practical treatise on the culture and ma-
nagement of the Auricula, &c. London. r2mo. By
ISAAC EMMERTON.

Mr Eramerton was an enthusiastic admirer of the Auricula.
He was a nurseryman and florist at Barnet.

1816. A Treatise upon Bulbous Roots, Green-house Plants,

Flower Gardens, Fruit Trees, the culture of the Sea

Kale, Destruction of Insects, &c. — Bath. T2mo. By

J.SALTER, Nurseryman, &c. Wells-Road Nursery,

Bath.

Mr. JAMES MEAN, head Gardener to Sir Abraham Hume
Bart, edited in 1816, the two following works of Abercrorabic

294

1. The Practical Gardener, revised with considerable addi-
tions. London 12mo. The 3rd Edition 1829.

^ 2. The practical Gardener's Companion, or Horticultural
Kalendar, containing the latest improvements in Horti-
cultural practice. To which is annexed, on a plan never
before exhibited, the Garden, Seed and Plant estimate;
edited from an original MS- of J. Abercrombie. London.
18mo.

""'^ 1. Hortus Gramineus Woburnensis, or an account of the
Results of Experiments on the produce, &c. of Grasses
and other plants. Instituted by John, Duke of Bedford.
Folio. 2nd edition 8vo. 1825.

'■J 2. An Essay on the Weeds of Agriculture. London. 1825,
8vo.

"^ 3. Hortus Ericaeus Woburnensis. London 1825. 4to.*

These works are by Mr. GEORGE SINCLAIR, F. L. S.

&c- who for many years was Gardener to the Duke of Bedford,
and is now of the firm of Cormack and Sinclair, Nurserymen,
Newcross, near London. The above are excellent works, but
the first contains the result of one of the greatest efforts to
place the cultivation of plants upon an enlightened basis that
has ever been written. It is the detail of patient, experienced
practice, guided by Science— No educated cultivator of the
soil should be without it.

1817. GEORGE BROOKSHAW, a teacher of flower paint-
ing, published the following works.

* This, for private distribution, was printed at the expenc© of the Dukt
of Bedford.

295

1. Pomona Britannira ; or a collection of the most established

Fruits at present cultivated in Gt. Britain ; selected from
the Rojal Gardens at Hampton Court, and from the
most celebrated Gardens round London, accurately drawu
and coloured from nature, London- 2 vols. 4to.

2. The Horticultural Repository, containing delineations of
the best varieties of the different species of English Fruits
to which are added the blossoms and leaves, in those in-
stances in which they are considered necessary, accom-
panied with full descriptions of their various properties,
times of ripening-, and directions for planting them, so as
to insure a longer succession of fruit ; such being pointed
out as are particidarly calculated for forcing. Part I. 8vo.
1021.

1817. Transactions of the HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
of London. Vol. 2.

Preliminary Observations, by A. CARLISLE, Esq.

1. Account of the Elton Pear. By t. A. KNIGHT,
Esq. 2- Account of a Walnut-Trce. By A. CAR-
LISLE, Esq- 3. On the transplantation of Blossom
Buds. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 4. On an early
variety of Grapes from Amiens. By T. A. KNIGHT,
Esq. 5, On raising Lemons and Oranges from
Cuttings. By A. HAWKINS, Esq. G- On the
good effects of watering the frozen branches of Peach
and Nectarine Trees very early in the morning. By
G. II- NOEHDEN, L. L. D. 7. On the proper
stock for the Moor-park Apricot« By T. A.
KNIGHT, Esq. 8, Or. destroying Slugs. By Mr.
J. WILMOT, 9- On an insect occasionally very
injurious to Fruit Trees. By W. SPENCE, Esq.
10. On inarching leafless branches of Peach Trees.

296

By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 11. On the cultivation
of the Monopsis Conspicua and another species . By
R. A. SALISBURY, Esq. 12. An account
drawn up 100 years ago of several Pears then culti-
vated at Little Chelsea. By Mr. LUTTRELL. 13.
Report of the Fruit Committee. By A. AVILBRA-
HAM, Esq- 14. On the prevention of the Curl in
the Potatoe. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 15. On
the culture of the Mulberry. By T. A- KNIGHT,
Esq. IG. On the early puberty of the Peach Tree*
By T. A. KNIGHT Esq. 17- On two Apples
cultivated in Cornwall. By Sir C HAWKINS
Bart. 18. A plan of a Fruit Room. By Mr- JOHN
MAKER. 19. On the culture ofthe Pear tree. By
T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 20, On the prevention of
the Mildew. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 21. On
the culture of the Mulberry, and on forced Straw-
berries bearing a second crop. By J- WILLIAMS,
Esq, 22. Some account of the Snowberry. By
the Secretary. 23. On the culture ofthe Shallot, &c.
By T. A, KNIGHT, Esq. 24. Account of a new
Strawberry. By Mr. M. KEENS. 25. A list of
Apples and Pears exhibited to the Society with re-
marks. By Mr. J. MAHER. 26. Remarks on the
Verdelho Grape of Madeira. By J. WILLIAMS,
Esq. 27. On forcing Vines and Peaches. By J.
WILLIAMS, Esq. 28. On propagating the Mul-
berry by Cuttings. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 29.
On a successful method of raising Onions. By Mr.
FULLER. 30. On making Wine from the leaves of
the Claret Grape. By H. S, MATTHEWS, Esq.
31. On the benefit of planting late ripened potatoes.
By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq, 32. On liquid manure.
By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 3.3. On the ill effects of
excessive heat in forcing-houses during the night.

297

By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 34. On two varieties
of Cherry raised at Dowtiton. By T. A. KNIGHT,
Esq. 35. On a new Peach. By T- A. KNIGHT,
Esq. 30. A method of growing early forced Po-
tatoes. By Mr. T. HOGG. 37. Remarks on pru-
ning Gooseberry Trees. By Mr. J. MAHEll. 38.
On some vulgar errors respecting Insects being de-
stroyed by cold. By W. SPENCE, Esq- 39. On
the cultivation of Lobelia fulgens in Belgium. By J.
B. VAN MONS. M. D. 40- Account of the Melli-
dora Pellucida. By the Secretary. 41' On the
want of permanent character in varieties of Fruit,
■when propagated by Grafts and Buds. By T. A.
KNIGHT, Esq. 42. On the first appearance of the
Aphis Lanigera in this country. By Sir J. BANKS,
Bart' 43. On the form which the glass of a For-
cing-House ought to have. By Sir G. S. MACKEN-
ZIE, Bart. 44, On the propagation of the Lyco-
perdon cancillatum. By T. A- KNIGHT, Esq. 45.
On the connection between the leaves and Fruit of
Vegetables, Sec. By A. CARLISLE, Esq. 40. On
Fresh Vegetable Manure. By the Rev. J. VENA-
BLES. 47. On the preservation of Fruits during
the Winter and Spring, by T. A, KNIGHT, Esq.
48. On a remarkable property of the Iloya Carnosa
By Mr. J. MAIIER. 49. On the eftects of different
Stocks in grafting. By T- A. KNIGHT, Esq. 50.
Account of a new North American Peach. By J.
BRADDICK, Esq. 51. On three new Cherries,
Elton, Black Eagle and Waterloo, By T. A.
KNIGHT, Esq. 52. Of growing Mushrooms un-
der Glass. By Mr. S. JEEVES. 53. On three new
Peaches. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 54- Obser-
vations on the above- By J. SABINE, Esq. V^. I*.
56. On the culture of Peaches and Apricots as Es-

2 Q

298 I

paliera. 60. On some iraprorements in Gardening,
Bj Sir B. BOOTHBY, Bart. 57. On ventilating j
Forcing Houses. By T, A. KNIGHT, Esq. 58. On >
the preservation of Fig Trees in Winter- By Mr.
JAMES MEAN. 59. On (he Florence Cherry, By
J. SABINE, Esq, 60. On the cultivation of the
True Samphire. ^By J. BRADDICK, Esq. 61. On
the cultivation of Asparagus. By Mr. D. JUDD. 62
On the treatment, and ripening the fruit in the open
air, of the Cactus Opuntia, By J. BRADDICK, Esq.*
63. On the original Moss Rose de ?.Ieaux. By T.
HARE, Esq. 64. On a new method of forcing
Vines and Nectarines. By G. ANDERSON, Esq.
65. On Wilniot's Bon Chretien Pear. By W,
HOOKER, Esq. 66. On propagating from the
roots of old ungrafted Trees. By T. A. KNIGHT,
Esq. 67. On the vegetable Marrow Gourd, By
J. SABINE, Esq, 68. On blanching Gourd Rhu-
barb. By T. HARE, Esq. 69. On a new variety
of Azalia Indica. By Mr. W. ANDERSON- 70. On
improving the productiveness of Fruit Trees, By
G. H. NOEHDEN, L. L. D, 71. On watering
Fruit Trees early in Spring. By J. SOWER BY,
Esq, 72. On seven double Pceonies. By J. SABINE,
Esq, 73, On the cultivation of the Cucumber du-
ring the Autumn and Winter. By W. T. AITON, Esq.f

• Mr. Braddick died at his seat near Maidstone, April 14th, 1828
ag«d 63.

+ ROBERT TOWNSEND AITON, is Gardener at the Royal Gardens
of Kew and Kensington. To the first situation he was appointed in 1793
on the death of his father; to the latter in 1804, after the decease of Mr.
Forsyth. 'Williani Aiton, the father of the above was born in 1731, near
Hamilton in Lanarkshire. In 1754 he visited London in pursuit of employ-
ment aa a Gardener, to which profession he had been brought up. Philip

25)9

74. On the Ord's Apple. By R. A. SALISBURY,
Esq. 75. On giving Horticulture a scientific and
systematic form. By G. H. NOEHDEN, L. L. D.
70. On the management of the Orange, Lemon and
Citron Trees. By Mr. J. MEAN. 77. On some
Apples imported by the Society from Rouen. By W«
HOOKER, Esq. 78. Further particulars of the
subject of No. 51. By J. SABINE. Esq. 71). On
preserving Brocoli in Winter. By T. A. KNIGHT,
Esq. 80. On different Plants grown as Winter Greens
By Mr. W. MORGAN. 81. On the benefit of for-
cing by Steam. By Mr. J. BROWN. 82. Obser-
vations otj the preceding. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq.
83. On the Verdelho Grape. By T. A. KNIGHT»
Esq. 84 On a method of ripening Grapes in a
Common Hot-bed frame by means of Dung heat. By
G. ANDERSON, Esq. 85. On promoting the ear-
ly puberty of seedling Apples and Pears. By J.
WILLIAMS, Esq. 86. On growing Mushrooms in
houses. By Mr. J. OLDAKER. 87. On Tallies for
Plants. ByA. SETON,Esq. 88. On Sir G.Mackenzie's
plan for Forcing-Houses. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq.
89. On the most eligible Fences for Gardens, &c.
By J. WILLIAMS, Esq. 90. On the tubers and
cultivation of the Lathyrus Tuberosus, By Mr. J.

Miller discerued his abilities, and obtained for him a situation in the Royal
Gardens, and in 1759, he was appointed Botanical Superintendant at Ke\r«
In i7?3 he obtained the charge of the Royal Kitchen and Pleasure Gardens.
Six years afterwards he publi>hed a Catalogue of the plants, under the title
of "Hortus Kewensis" 3 vols. 8vo. He died in 1793. W. T. Aiton has
published an enlarged edition of the " Hortus Kewensis." London.
1810 — 13, in 5 vols 8vo. and an epitome iu 1814, to which is added a selec-
tion of the esculent Vegetables and Fruits cultivated in the Uoyal Garden.
It ne<«ds scarcely be remarlsed that the "Hortus Kewtntii" if ft work of fint
■ athority ai rogardi BotaDical noRMBclalTirt, A«.

300

DICKSON- 91. On a Method of forcing Aspara-
gus. By Mr. W. ROSS. 92. On pruning the Peach
Tree in cold situations. By ^T. A. KNIGHT, Esq.
93. On the management of Fruit Trees to be forced
very early in the ensuing Season. By T. A. KNIGHT,
Esq. 94. On raising Mignonette in Pots through-
out the year. By Mr. G. RISHON. 95. On Straw-
berries in Forcing Houses during the Winter and
Spring. ByMr. W. MORGAN. 96. Account of the
Roseberry Strawberry. By J. SABINE, Esq. 97.
On ringing Fruit Trees. By G. H. NOEHDEN, L.
L. D. 98. An improvement of the Stove for Plants
By W. KENT, Esq. 99- On cultivating Straw-
berries in the open ground. By Mr.M. KEENS. 100.
On a new method of cultivating Lobelia Fulgens* By
Mr. W. HEDGES. 101- Condensed notices of
communications.

APPENDIX.

i. An easy and infallible mode of forcing Trees to bear
Fruit, Translated from the German of the Rev. Q. C,
L. Hempel, By G. H. NOEHDEN, L. L. D.

ii- On a .stove for Tropical Plants. By J. SABINE, Esq.

iii. On the works of the Rev. J. V. Sickler, By G- H.
NOEHDEN, L. L. D,

iv. On M. Noisette's mode of training Fruit Trees. By
G, H. NOEHDEN, L. L. D,

1818. Short practical directions for the culture of the Ananas
or Pine Apple. Warwick. 8vo. By THOMAS
BALDWIN, Gardener to the Marquis of Hertford,
at Ragley, Warwickshire.

301

1818. The Shrubbery Ahnanack — A single sheet.

A Treatise on Hedge Row Timber and Hedges.

London. l2mo. By FR^\NCIS BLAIKIE, Steward
to T. W. Coke Esq. of Holkham, Norfolk.

^ —————The science of horticulture. London: 8vo. Plates.
By JOSEPH HAYWARD.

Mr« Hayward was originally a clothier in Yorkshire, but is
now residing at Plunistead, in Kent, and pursues Horticulture
as his amusement- In 1825 he published " the Science of
Agriculture." London. Svo*

1818. Page's Prodromus ; or a general nomenclature of all
the plants, indigenous and exotic, cultivated in the
Southampton Botanic Gardens; arranged alphabeti-
cally as they are considered hardy or tender to the
climate of Britain, under their different characters of
Trees and Shrubs, Herbaceous, &:c. The generic
and specific names after the Linna^an system, with
the English names, propagation, soil, height, time of
flowering, native country, &c. also occasional hints
for their cultivation. An Appendix containing se-
lected lists of annuals ; all the choicest fruits now in
cultivation, with their characters, &c- and a short
tract on the sexual system, from the Philosophica
Botannica of Linnajus. London. 8vo. By W. B.
PAGE, nurseryman, Southampton. His father-in-law,
Mr. Kennedy of the Hammersmith Nursery, is con-
sidered to be the author of the above.

1818. MEMOIRS of the CALEDONIAN HORTICULTU-
RAL SOCIETY. Vol. 2. 8vo.

302

1- On an economical Hot-house. By Sir J< S,
MACKENZIE, Bart. 2. On the Guernsey mode
of cullivatinif the Guernsey Lily. By Dr. MAC-
CULLOCII. 3- On Wire Grates for excluding
Wasps. By Mr. J. MACKRAY. 4. On Figs in
Scotland. By Mr. J. SMITH. 5. On the blotches
on the shoots of Peach Trees. By Mr. J.KINMENT
6- On the Orchards of Newburgh. By Mr- D.
BOOTH. 7- On the insects on Peach, Nectarine
and Cherry Trees, and on treating Gooseberry Bush-
es- ByMr. J.NAISMITII. 8. On straw Ropes
for sheltering Blossoms. By Mr. J. LAIRD. 9.
O.I a new Apple. By Sir J. S. MACKENZIE, Bart.
10. On Sea Kale- By Mr, T. BORTON. 11.
On French Pears, By COLONEL SPENS. 12.
On Hot-walls. By Mr. D. TROTTER. 13. On
protecting Trees from Hares. By Mr. R. ELLIOT
14. On Bees. By Dr. J. HOWISON. 15. On
Wine Making. By Dr. MACCULLOCH. On a
Melon Pit. By Mr. W. SANDERSON. 17. On
cultivating Fruit Trees. By Mr. J. SMITH. 18,
On applying Lime to the stems of Fruit Trees, By
Mr. T. BISHOP. 19. On propagating the double
Rocket by cuttings. By Mr. D. ROBERTSON. 20.
On the French cultivation of Asparagus. By Dr.
MACCULLOCH. 21 Horticultural Gleanings.
By Sir G. S. MACKENZIE, Bart. 22. On Broccli.
By Mr. W. WOOD. 23, On promoting fruitfuU
ness in Fruit Trees. Mr. W. BEATTIE. 24.
On forcing houses. By Sir G. S. MACKENZIE,
Bart. 25. On Manure. By Mr- A. GORRIE. 26.
On Celery. By Mr. J- WALKER. 27. On Hot-
beds of Flax refuse. By Mr. P. BARNET. 28.
On the scale in Fruit Trees. By Mn T- THOMSON .
29. On the eve Apple. By Mr. A SMITH, 30-

303

On the Brown Apple of BiirnlislanJ. By Dr. DUN-
CAN, sen. 31. On Lactucariutn. By Dr^ DUN-
CAN, sen. 32' 0;i applying oil to the stems of
Trees, &c. By Sir G. S. MACKENZIE. Bart. 33.
Report on the natiiralizalion of Plants. By J- YULE,
M, D. 34, On raisinjf IMushroonis. By Mr. W.
WOOD. It con( liuli'fl with 3 Discourses by Dr.
Duncan sen. on the 13 Doc. 1814. on the 4th Dec,
1815, and on the 3rtl Dec. 1816.

ROBERT SWEET, F. L, S, &c. is author of the following
works.

1. Hortus Suburbanus Londinensis; or a catalogue of Plants
cultivated in the neighbourhood of London, arranged ac-
cording to the Linna2an System ; with the addition of the
Natural Orders to which they belong, reference to books
where they are described, their native places of growth,
when introduced, time of flowering, and reference to figures.
London. 1818. 8vo.

2. The Hot-house, and Green-house Manual, or Botanical
Cultivator, giving full instructions for the management and
best method of cultivating and propagating all the plants
cultivated in the Hot-houses, Green-houses and Borders
in the Gardens of Great Britain- London. 1820- Bvo.
The second edition 1825.

3. Hortus Britannicus ; or a catalogue of all Plants cultivated
in the Gardens of Gt. Britain whether exotic or indigenous
arranged according to the Natural Orders to which they
belong, with references to the Linniean Classes and Orders,
&c. London. 182G. 8vo.

He is also editor of several periodicals we shall have occasion
to mention.

304

ROBERT MONTEATH, Designer and Valuer of Woods,
Plantations, &c. residing at Stirling, is author of the two fol-
lowing publications.

1, The Forester's Guide and Pi-ofitable Planter, &c. Stirling,
1819, 8vo. 12nio. Plates.

2. Miscellaneous Reports on Woods and Plantations, show-
ing a method to plant, rear, and recover all Woods, Plan-
tations, &c; Edinburgh, 1827. 8vo. Plates.

1820. Memoirs, Historical and Illustrative of the Botanic
Garden at Chelsea, belonging to the Society of Apo-
thecaries of London. London. 8vo. by HENRY
FIELD, Apothecary.

-An Historical description of White Knights, a seat
of the Duke of Marlborough. London, folio. Plates.
By Mrs. HOFLAND.

Mrs. Hofland is the wife of the Landscape Painter, so well
known. She is the author of several tales, Sec. The engravings
in the above work are by her husband. — To it is prefixed an
Essay on Gardening from the classical pen of 3Ir. Hope, of
Deepdene, near Godstone, so favourably known as the author
of " Anastasius." He also published a magnificent work, on
Household Furniture,

HENRY PHILIPS, F. H, S. was formerly a Schoolmaster
at Bayswater, near London He is publicly known as the au-
thor of the following works.

1. Poraarium Britannicum; or an Historical and Botanical
Account of Fruits known in Gt. Britain. London, 1820.
«vo.

305

2. The history of cultivated Vegetables. LoDdon. 1822. 2
vols 8vo,

3. Sylva Florifera, the Slirubbcry ; containing an historical
and botanical account of the flowering- Shrubs and Trees
which now ornament the Shrubbery, &c. 1823' London.
2 vols. 8vo.

4. Flora Domestica, or Portable F lower- Gai'den^ London.

1823 and 1827. 8vo.

5. Flora Historica — London. 1824. 2 vols. 8vo.

1820. A short, plain Treatise on Carnations and Pinks, 8vo,
By RICHARD PIGOTT, Florist at Sherdington,
near Cheltenham.

-1. An Essay on the uses of Salt for agricultural
purposes, and in horticulture. By CUTIIBERT
WILLIAM JOHNSON. London. 8vo. The second
edition in 1821. The third in 1829.

2. Observations on the employment of Salt in Agri-
culture and Horticulture. By the same Author.
London. 1825. It is now in its ninth edition.

I cannot trust myself, as the near relative of the author of
the above, to give an opinion on their merits, but I must gra-
tify myself by quoting the opinion of a far abler judge ; "I have
perused the essay, says Mr. G, Sinclair, the scientific and ex-
perienced author of the HortusGramineus Woburnensis, in a let-
ter now before me, with very greatpleasure, and I am sure there
can be but one opinion of its great merit, as it imquestionably
is superior to any publication that has yet appeared on the
subject. Such a body of evidence, so ably arranged, and

2 K

306

eonnected by such forcible reasoning, I have seldom had (he
fortune to peruse,''

1820. Transactions of the HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
of LONDON. Vol.3.

1. On a Peach Tree from the seed of an Almond.
By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 2. On cultivating
Mushrooms in exhausted Hot-beds. By the Rev.
W. WILLIAMSON. 3. Of a method of training
'Vines under Glass. By A. SETON, Esq. 4. A
method of conveying Water to Plants in houses. By
Mr. G. LODDIGES. 5. On a Peach Tree at
Cockfield Hall in Suffolk. By LORD ROUS. G.
On the cultivation of Rampion. By Mr. J. DICK-
SON. 7, On cultivating the Gloriosasuperba. By
Mr. J. SWEET. 8. Descriptions of several Aqua-
tics, and their general management. By W. KENT,
Esq. 9. On a mode of treating Fruit Trees. By
Mr. C. HARRISON. 10. On the cultivation of
Celery. By Mr. D. JUDD. 11. On growing
young potatoes through the year. By G. H.
NOEHDEN. L. L. D. 12. Onthe AphisLanigera,
and its destruction— By Sir 0. MOSLEY, Bart.
13. Notes on the above. By A. SETON, Esq. 14.
On pruning and training- the Mulberry against a wall
in a cold climate. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 15.
On the cultivation and varieties of the Portugal Onion.
By J. WAR RE, Esq. 16. On Celeriac. By J.
SABINE, E>q. 17. On cultivating Fig Trees in
the open air. By the Right Hon. Sir. J. BANKS,
Bart. 18, Upon the variations of the Red Currant
raised from Seed, By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 19.
A method of producing Dwarf fruit bearing trees of
Oranges and Lemons by grafting. By 3Ir. J.

307

KAIRN. 20. On the Esperione Grape. By J.
T- AITON, Esq. 21. On retarding the ripening of
Grapes in Ilouhouscs. By R. ARKWRIGIIT,
Esq. 22. On the j)iirple fruited, edible, and other
Passion flowers. By J. SABINE, Esq. 23.
Condensed notices of Conimanications to the Society.
24. On the comparative produce of the Red Apple
Potatoe grown in single or double drills or in beds.
By Mr. J. DRUxMMOxND. 25. On the cullivatioa
of the Balsam. By the Rev W. WILLIAMSON.

26. On a new Hot-bed frame- By Mr. J. NAIRN

27. On propagating the Walnut by budding. By
T. A. KNIGllT, Esq. 28. On cultivating Succory
By Mc. J. OLDAKER. 29. On the original Ribs-
tcu Pippin Tree. By Sir H; GOODRICKE, Bart.
CO. On a method of forcing Rhubarb. By Mr. D.
JUDD. 31. On a method of growing Cucumbers.
By iMr. G. MILLS. 32. On the treatment of
Pear Trees. By Mr. C. HARRISON. 33. On
forcing Rhubarb in Pots. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq.
34. Oa pruning and management of transplanted
Standard Trees- By T. A. KNIGIIT, Esq. 35. On
the varieties of Brocoli and their cultivation. By Mr.
II. RONALDS. 3G. On the mealy Insect which
infests the Larch. By Sir O. MOSELY, Bart.
37. Experiments on the cultivation, and on the pro-
duction of Blue instead of Red flowers, on the, Hy-
drangea Hortensis. By Mr. \V, HEDGES. 38. On
the cultivation of the Tree Mignonette. By J. SA-
BINE, L'sq. 39. On ripening seeds in a wet sea-
son. By J. LIVINGSTONE, Esq. 40. On the
treatment of Amaryllis longifolia, and on hydrids,
kc. By the Hon. and Rev. W. HERBERT. 41.
Substance of a Memoir on Brussels Sprouts- By J.
B. VAN MONS, M- D- 42. On the varieties of

308

Magnolia glauca. By J. SABINE, Esq, 43, On
the variations of the Scarlet Strawberry when raised
from the seed. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq, 44. Of a
new early Black Cherry. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq.
45. On a new seedling Plum. By T. A. KNIGHT,
Esq. 46. On the Species and varieties of Dahlia,
and their culture. By J. SABINE, Esq. 47 On
glazing Hot-houses, &c. By J, R. GOWEN, Esq.
48. On the Pitttianston White Cluster Seedling Grape
By J. AVILLIAMS, Esq. 50. On the Seckle Pear.
Mr. D. HOSACK, M. D. 51. On preserving Fruit
from Wasps. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 62, On
a select collection of apple trees, and on four new
desert Apples. By .1. SARTNE, Esq. 53. On
the species and varieties of Beets. By Mr. W.
MORGAN. 54, Further account of a stove for
Tropical Plants. By W. KENT, Esq. 55. On
the causes of decay in Fruit Trees. By the Rev. W.
WILLIAMSON. 56. On coverings for cucumber
Frames. By A. SETON, Esq. 57. On the Loquat
By LORD BAGOT 58. On the cultivation of
the Under-ground Onion. By Mr. J. MA HER.
59. On training the Fig-tree. By T. A. KNIGHT
Esq. 60. On Apples exhibited to the Society. By
Mr. J. TURNER. 61. On blackening Garden
Walls. By Mr- H. DAWES. 62. On a species
of Casuarina. By the GRAND DUKE of SAXE
WEIMAR. 63. On the Vines at Valentines House
in Essex. By Mr. G. LOWE. 64. Directions for
raising Ferns from Seed. By Sir J. E. SMITH. P.
L. S. 65. On the Tomato. By J. SABINE, Esq.
66. On a moveable Frame for training Vines in a
House. By J. ELLIOT, Esq. 67. Condensed
communications to the Society. 68. On the varie-
ties of the Onion. By Mr. C. STRACHN. 69,

30d

On the classification of Poaches and Neclarincs, on
their diseases, &c. By Mr. J, ROBERTSON. 70.
On the snperiority of scions taken from the (riniks of
Apple Trees, By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 71. On
the best form of Garden Pots. By T. A. KNIGHT,
Esq. 72. On Wilmot's new early Orlean's Phnn.
By W. HOOKER, Esq. 73- On two Mulberry
Trees growing at Kolkham Hall. By R. WILBRA-
HAINI, Esq. 74- On the Downton Strawberry. By
J.SABINE, Esq. 75. On the culture of the Guern-
sey Lily. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 70. On the
Culture of Onions, By J. WEDGEVVOOD, Esq. 77
On the culture of the Impatiens Balsamia. By Mr,
J. FAIRWEATHER. 78- On the culture of Figs
on the back Walls of Vineries. By J. SABINE, Esq.
79. On raising varieties of the Iris Xiphioides. By
Mr. W. MASTERS, Jun. 80. Description of the
supposed true Welsh Onion. By Mr. T. MILNE. 81.
On the difficulties of transpoiiing Plants from China
to England. By J. LIVINGSTONE, Esq. 82. Ac-
count of Count Zubow's Steam Pits at St. Peters-
burgh. By Mr. F. E. L. FISCHER. 83. Account
of a Fig Tree planted in IG4B, and growing at Ox-
ford. By Mr. AV. BAXTER. 84. On the varieties
of Spring Radish. By Mr. C. STRACHN. 8-3, On
the cull ure of the Guernsey Lily. By the Rev. W.
WILLIAMSON. 86. On the best Irish Apples.
By Mr. J. ROBERTSON. 87. On Martin's Non-
pareil Apple. By J. WILLIAMS, Esq. 88. Effects
of very high temperatures on some plants. By T. A.
KNIGHT, Esq.

APPENDIX.

i. On the Genus Citrus, varieties, <li:c. cultivated in Italy.
By G. H. NOEliDE-N, L. L. D.

310

ii. Oi; tlic use of the scoria of tiie Forge in Horticulture.
IVom the French of 31. Tliouin. By Mr. J. TURNER.

iii. On llift native country of tlie Apricot. From the
Freuch of M. Re-nier. By R. A. SALISBURY, Esq.

WILLIAM COBBETT, the well known, inconsistent,
political writer, is the son of a faraier who resided near Farn-
hani. Cobbett was born there in 1776; he obtained em[^!oy-
inent in 1783 in a London Attorney's Office; but the following
year enl'sted, and went with his resimeat to America, and was
ultimately made a Serjeant In 1792 he went to France, but
proceeded tlience, in the same year, back to America, where
Le continued employing- himself in writing until 1801 when he
came home to England. He ag-ain returned to America in
18 IG, but came back to his native country in 1820, and resides
at Kewsinglon, where he cultivates a lai-ge Garden, and stre-
nuously vecomniends the growth of the American Locust Tree,
Indian Corn, Olc. Of his chameleon political works we have
nothing to remark, but he requires to be noticed as the au-
tiior of

1. The American Gardener; or a treatise on the situation,
soil, fencing-, and laying -odt of Gardens, on the making
and managing of Hot-beds, and Green-houses, and on
the propagation and cultivation of the several sorts of ve-
getables, herbs. Fruits and Flowers. London. 1821. 12mo.

2. The Woodlands, or a Treatise on Planting. In 8vo parts,
began 1820.

PATRICK NEILL. M. A. F. L. S. Secretary to the Natu-
ral History and Caledonian Horticultural Societies of Edin-
burgh. This scientific and excellent Gentleman is author of
the followins:

. ^ "I'l I" ' ' ■ F^*JM »»»tJllllAJI JMlllli

311

>f Journal of a Horticultural Tour, tlirough some parts of
Flamlers, Hollaml, and the North of Franre, in the Au-
tumn of 1817, by a deputation of the Calcdonia-i Ilorti-
cultiual Suciety, Edinburgh. 10*23. 8vo.

Besides the above he has written several Essays Avhich have
appeared in t!ie Edinburj^h Encyclopoedia, Encyclopedia Bri-
tannica, the General Report of Scotland, Sec.

1021. Appendix to the Botanical ^lagazine and Botanical
Re-is(er. By the Hon. and Rev. WILLIA3I HER-
BERT, F. H. S. London. 8vo.

•Outline of a General History of Gardening-, London.
8vo.

132-2. Transactions of the HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
of LONDON. Vol. 4.

I. On the moans of giving- strength to the stems of
Plants growing under glass. By T. A. KNIGHT,
Esq. 2. An iiuproved method of planting Vines for
forcing. By Mr. D. JUDD. 3. On the Alexan-
drian Ciolat Grape. By J. WH.LIAMS,' Esq. 4.
On the varieties of Autumn and \Viii(or Ridishes.
By Mr. W. CHRISTIE. 5. On the produrtion of
Ihbrids. By the Hon. and Rev. W. HERBERT, fi.
Condensed communications to the Society. 7. On
the cultivation of the Granidilla. By IMr. R,
CHAPMAN; 8. Plan for forcing Sea Kale By
Mr. T. BALDWIN. 0. On the best varieties of
Apples cultivated in Norfolk. By Mr. G. LINDLEY.
10. Upon the cultivation of the Pine Apple witlioiit
Bark ; or other Hot-bed. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq.

II. On the produce of peaches at Wor'.ley lla.il

sBBm^^^mm^mmaBommmmammmmmmmmmtm

312

since 1808- By Mr- G. HARRISON. 12. On the
glazing of Hot-houses. By J. SABINE, Esq. 13.
On a screen for protecting Wall Trees- By R.
HOLDEX, Esq. 13. On the advantages which
trained Peach Tiees derive from their roots pene-
trating the border on the north side of the Wall- By
Mr. J. ROBERTSON. 15. On the management
of Grapes iu Vineries- By Mr. W. GRIFFIN.* 16.
On destroying Wasps, By Sir. T. FRANKLAND,
Bart. 17. On obtaining a succession of Neapoli-
tan Voilets through the Winter. By INIr. I. OLDA-
KER. 18. On forcing Cherries. By Mr. T.
TORBRON. 19. Experiments Sec. in ringing the
Bark of Trees and other plants. By J- SABINE,
Esq. 20. Condensed communications to the So-
ciety. 21. On the cultivation of the Filbert. By
the Rev, W. WILLIAMSON. 22. On the culti-
valion of the African Gladioli and other Cape Bulbs
in open borders. By the Hon. and Rev. W. HER-
BERT. 23. On the most economical mode of heat-
ing the flues of forcing houses, as regards Fuel.
By T- A. KNIGHT, Esq. 24. Physiological
observations on Ringing Fruit Trees. By T. A,
KNIGHT, Esq. 25. On the culture of Hyacinths. By
the Hon. and Rev. W. HERBERT. 26. Account of
the Rosa Banksiee- By J. SABINE, Esq, and on
its culture by xMr. T. OLDAKER. 27. On the
Guernsey Lily, and other bulbs of the Genera, Nerine,
Cuburgia and Brunsvigia. By the Hon. and Rev.
W.HERBERT. 28. On the Standard Fig Trees
at Arundel Castle. By Mr. J. MAHER. 29, On
the culture of early Melons. By Mr. P. FLANA-
GAN, 30. Ou a new mode of training Goose-

• See p. 982.

.•515

berry Buslies. ?.;. Mr. S. JEEVES. 81. Further
arcount of the Downton Strawberry. By T. A.
KNIGHT, Esq. 32. On the culture of Figs in the
Stove, ByT. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 33. 'On fruits
ripened in 1819, and cxhiljiled to the Society. 3i.
On an improved forcing pit. By Mr* J. WEST.
35. On the Chinese mode of Dwarfing Trees, and
Shrubs. By J. LIVINGSTONE, Esq. 3G. Oa
tlie Pitraanston Orange Nectarine. By J. WIL-
LIAMS Esq. 37. On making the Rosoberry
Strawberry produce frut late in the year. 38. On
Mr. Walker's improved construction of Hot-house
flues. By A. SETON Esq. 39. On the manage-
ment of Parasitical Plants. By the Hon. and Rev.
W. HERBERT. 40. On a hollow wall erected
at the Earl of Arrans, Bognor, Sussex, 41. A
method of managing Vines in a common Grapery.
By Mr. J. MEARNS. 42. Oa a new h\brid
Passiflora. By J. SABINE, E^q. 43. On the
construction of the Piers and Copings of Garden
Walls. By the Rev. T. G. CULLUM. 44- On
some Flanders Apples and Pears exhibited to the
Society. By Mr. J. TUIINER. 45. On the
Double Scotch Roses cultivated in England. By
J. SABINE, Esq. 4G. On the nianageniont of
the Genus Citrus in the Garden at Shipley Hall,
Derbyshire. By Mr- R- AYRES. 47. On a
new Psidium. By W. CATTLEY, Esq. 43. On
a new Melon. By Mr. D. ANDERSON. 49.
On the cultivation of the Cock's Comb. By T. A.
KNIGHT, Esq. 50. On the classification of
Plumbs. By Mr. J. ROBERTSON. 51. On
the Chinese Chrysanthemum? cultivated in England
at present, &c. By J. SABINE, Esq. 52. On
th« cultivation of Pine* in the Garden of the Port-

i ■

314

»ftn Nursery, New Road. By W. HOOKER, Esq,
63. On Hybrids. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 54.
On the Ranunculus and Anemone. By the Rev' W.
WILLIAMSON. 55. On the varieties of the Gar-
den Carrot. By Mr. W. CHRISTIE. 56. On
the flowering of the Agave Americana in the open
air, in the garden of J. Yates Esq. near Salcombe,
Devonshire. By a'. HAWKINS, Esq. 57. On
making Pines fruit within the year. By P,
MARSHLAND, Esq- o8. On the mode of culti-
vating Aquatic and Bog Plants, in the Botanic
Garden at Munich. By CHEVALI ER F. de PAULA
SCHRANK. 59- On transporting Buds of Fruit
Trees to considerable distances. By T. A. KNIGHT
Esq. 60. On a Russian mode of training A])ple,
Cherry, and Plumb Trees, By Mr. J. BUSCH.

61. Condensed communications to the Society.

62. On the Crinun Amabile, its management, &c.
By Mr. J. VERREL. 63. On training and pru-
ning Plum Trees . By T. A, KNIGHT, Esq. 64.
On managing the Fig in the open air. By the Rev.
G. SWAYNE. 66. On a steam Apparatus. By
Mr. J. HAYWARD. 66. On managing Fruit
Trees in Pots. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq- 67. On
some North American esculents. By R, A- SALIS-
BURY, Esq. 68. On an improved meihod of
raising Early Potatoes in the open ground. By T.
A. KNIGHT, E^q. 69. On the cultivation of
Pinks. By Mr- T. HOGG. 70. On raising early
Cucumbers. By R. VACHELL, Esq. 71. On
the Ayrshire Rose. By J. SABINE, E>q, 72.
On the Steam Pits in the Imperial Gardens of Tau-
rida at St. Peterburgh. By Mr. M M. CALL.
73. On the cultivation of Mushrooms. By Mr. T RO-
GERS. 74. On grafting the shoots of choice Dahliaa

315

on the tubers of common ones. By Mr. T. BLAKE

75. On the cuUivation of Strawberries, By the
Rev. T. GARNILR. 76. On cultivating the
Aniericu,n Cranberry in dry beds. By R. HALLE IT,
Esq. 77. On the New Zealand Spinach. By Mr*
J.ANDERSON. 78, On graftins,Mhe Vine. By
T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 79. On a hybrid Amaryllis.
By J. R .GOWEN,Esq. 80. On some standard Figs
at Sompling, near Worthing, Sussex. By J. SABINE
Esq. 81. On fruits exhibited to the Society as
ripened in 1820. 82. On forcing Plums. By J.
T. AITON, Esq. 83. On a pit for fruiting Pines and
Milons, with observations on the production of Seeds
of Pine Apples. By Mr. W. BUCK. 84. On the
cultivation of the Water Cress. By Mr. W.
BRADBERRY. 85. On the Pine apple By T-
A. KNIGHT, Esq. 86. On flowering the Liliura
Japonicum. By Mr. S. BROOKS. 87. Condensed
notices of communications to the Society. 88, On the
cultivation of Chinese Chrysanthemums. By Mr. J.
WELLS,

— Hortus Anglicanus, or modern English GardcQ.
London 12mo. 2 vols.

A treatise on the culture and management of Fruit
Trees. Sheffield. 8vo. By CHARLES HARRI-
SON, F. H. S. Gardener to Lord W harncliffc, at
Wortly Hall, Yorkshire, without Walls or Ghiss.

-Plan for cultivating Grapes in the field. Liver])ool.
8vo.

1824. The art of promoting the growth of the Cucumber and
Melon in a series of directions for th« best Hicanu t»

b» adopted in bringing' them to a complete state of
perfection. Loudon. lc',i!4. 15y THOMAS WAT-
KINS.

Mr. Watkins is Gardener to W. Knight, Esq. of Highbury
Park ; he was for niany years previously foreman to Mr.
Grange, Nurseryman, Hackney.

1824. A practical treatise on the growth and culture of the
Goosberry, including a catalogue of the most
esteemed varieties. London. 12mo' By F. D.
LEVINGSTON.

-The Fruit Grower's instructor, or a Practical Treatise
on Fruit Trees, from the Nursery to Maturity, and
a description of all the best Fruits now in cultivation
&c- London. 8vo. By G. BLISS— One of the
most extensive Orchardist's in the kingdom*

1G24. Transactions cf the HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
of LONDON. Vols.

1. On the different species and varieties of Brassica.
By M. A. P. de CANDOLLE. 2. On horizontal
Espalier Training. By Mr. J. IVl EARNS. 3.
On the Chinese Horticulture and Agriculture. By
J. LIVINGSTONE, Esq. 4- On the House
management of Peaches and Nectarines. By Mr. P.
FLANNAGAN. 5. On the accidental intermixture
of character in certain Fruits. By Mr. J. TURNER
6- On new Hybrid Passifloras. By J. SABINE,
Esq. 7j On the destruction of Catt'r|>illars on
Fruit Trees. By Mr. J- SWEET. 8. On tropical
Fruits likely to be worth cultivating in England.
By Mr. J. LINDLEY. 9- On some Pears received

317

from the Luxemburgh Garden. By 3Ir. J. TURNEH.
10. On the cultivation of the Pine Apple, By T.
A. KNIGHT, Esq. 11. On a new variety of Ulmus
Suberosa, and on a method of grafting slender
scions. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 12. On some
Chinese Chrysanthemums. By J. SABINE, Esq,
13. On the Fruit of Fig Trees, By Sir C. M. L.
MONCK, Bart. 14, Effects of ringing Fig Trees.
By Sir C. MONCK, Bart. 15. On some diseases
of Fruit Trees. By Mr. J. ROBERTSON. 16.
A method of training Standard Apple Trees. By J.
SABINE, Esq. 17. On the construction of Straw-
berry Beds. By W. ATKINSON. Esq. 10. On
packing living plants in foreign countries. By Mr.
J. LINDLEY. 19. On grafting Vines. By J.
BRADDICK, Esq. 20- On the Providence Pine
Apples grown at Rigley. By J. SABINE, Esq.
21. On fertilizing the blossoms of Pear Trees. By
the Rev. G, SWAYNR. 22. On Hot-house flues.
By Sir G. S. MACKENZIE, Bart. 23. A method
of Forcing Peaches and Nectarines chiefly by Dung-
heat. By Mr. J. BUEESE. 24. A Pine Pit. By
Mr. T. SCOTT. 2-3. A M«lon and Pine Pit. By
T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 26. On curvilinear Iron
Roofs to Hothouses. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq.
27. On the variation in the colour of Peas, occa-
sioned by the cross Impregnation. By Mr. J.
GOSS. 28. An improved mode of cultivating the
Melon. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 29. Culture
of the Alpine Strawberry. By J. WILLIAMS, Esq.
30. On the native country of the Wild Potatoe, and
its cultivation in the Chiswick Garden. By J. SA-
BINE, Esq. 31. Notices of Fruit. 32. On the
Flat Peach of China. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq.
J3. Culture of Mesembrvanthemumi. Bv Mr. W.

318

MOWBRAY. 34. Culture of the Ejigiish Cran-
beny in dry beds. By Mr- T. MILNE. 35. To
obtain ^ood Cauliflowers in Winter. By Mr. G.
COCKBURN. 3G. Culture of Tetragonia expansa
By the Rev. J. BRANSBY. 37. Method of
securing- the scion when fitted to the stock- By D.
POWELL, Esq, 38. Injurious influence of the
Plumb-stock upon the Moorpark Apricot. By T.
A. KNIGHT, Esq. 39. On some Mule Plants.
By T. KNIGHT, Esq. 40. On the Woburn
Perennial Kale. By Mr. G, SINCLAIR. 41.
On the culture of Horse Radish. By Mr. D. JUDD
42. INIeUiod of cultivating- Mushrooms. By Mr.
W. HOGAN- 43. On the fertilization of the female
blossoms of Filberts. By the Rev. G. SWAYNE.
44. A Wash for fruit Trees. By J. BRADDICK,
Esq. 45. Methods of forcing- Peaches in Denmark
and Holland. By Mr. P. LINDEGAARD. 46.
Culture of Asparagus in Austria, By Mr. J. BAU-
MAN. 47. Notice of Seedling Amaryllis's presented
by the Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert. By Mr. J.
LINDLEY. 48. Improved method of obtaining
Early Crops of Peas, after severe Winters, By T,
A. KNIGHT, Esq, 49. Management of Fig Trees
in the open Air. By Mr, S. SAWYER. 50.
Culture of Melons in the open air. By J. WILLIAMS
Esq. 51. Improved Steam Pit for Cucumbers, See.
By the Rev. W. PHELPS. 52. Description of
of the Amaryllis Psittacina- Johnsoni, By J. R.
GOWEN, Esq, 53. Method of protecting Cauli-
flowers, &c. through the Winter. By Mr. J. DRUM-
MOND. 54. Culture of the Yellow Rose, and ten-
der Chinese Roses. By J. WILLL\MS, Esq. 55.
Culture of Arachis hypogoea. By Mr. J. NEWMAN.
66. Culture of the Banyan Tree. By CAPT. P.

319

RAINIER, R. N. 57. ' Further Notes on Graftin-
Wax. (37) By D. POWELL, Esq. 57. On the
supposed influence of the Pollen, in cross breeding
upon the colour of the Seed Coats, &c. By T. A,
KMGHT, Es-q. 59* On a new Plum (Downtoa
Imperatrice) By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. GO. On
tl:e effects of age on Fruit Trees. By T. A. KNIGHT,
Esq. 61. On a Hybrid Amaryllis. By J, R.
GO\VEN, Esq. 62. Culture of the Pine Apple.
By Mr. A. STEWART. GO. Reverse grafting of a
Pear Tree. By Mr. W, BALFOUR. 64, Notices
of Fruits exhibited to the Society. 65. On some
new Pears, By Mr. J. TURNER. 66. On five
new Chinese Chrysanthemums, and on the culture,
<fcc. By J. SABINE, Esq. 67. On the Pears
called Silvanges. By M. C. F. PIERARD, 68,
Preparation of Strawberry Plants for forcing. By
T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 69. On transplanting Peas
for early Crops. By Mr. D. JUDD. 70. On the
edible Fruits of Sierra Leone. By J. SABINE, Esq,
from the communications of Mr. G. DON. 71-
The management of Hot-house fire-places. By W,
ATKINSON, Esq, 72. Forcing grapes in Den-
mark. By Mr. P. LINDEGAARD. 73. Fig
Trees in a house. By J. SABINE, Esq. 74. Con-
densed Communications. 75. Description of a
Vinery and a mode of training in it. By Mr. W.
BEATFIE. 76. A Pine House and Pits. By C,
HOLFORD, Esq. 77. Apparatus for ventilating
Hot-houses. By Mr. G. MUGLISTON. 78. Oa
the protection of the blossoms of Wall-fruit, By T,
A. KNIGHT, Esq. 79. Culture of Asparagus
during the Winter. By Mr. P. LINDEGAARD,
80. Method of raising the seed of the Carrot,
Turnip, and Radish in the East Indies. By W,

S20

INGLEDON, Esq. 81. On an Elruge Nectarine.
By Mr. J. BOWERS. 82. Classification of Peaches
and Nectarines. By Mr. G. LINDLEY.

APPENDIX.

i. Memoir of Mr« Dickson.

ii. List of Pears cultivated in France and the Netherlands.
By LE CHEVALIER J, PARMENTIER.

1824 — Cottage Economy and Mansion Economy. Shrewsbury.
12mo.

1825, 1. Essays on Landscape Gardening, and on uniting Pic-
turesque effect with rural Scenery, &c. London. 4to.
Plates. By RICHARD MORRIS F. L.S.&c. Land-
scape Gardener.

s 2. Flora Conspicwa; a selection of the most orna-

mental flowering, hardy exotic and indigenous Plants,
4to. Plates.

This elegant little work appeared in numbers which com-
menced in 1825, and ceased in September, 1826, when only
fifteen numbers had appeared.

JOHN LINDLEY, F. L. S. Assistant Secretary to the Lon-
don Horticultural Society, &c. Besides several papers which
have appeared in the Transactions of the Society has published
the following,

1, Report upon the new and rare Plants which have flowered
at the Garden of the Horticultural Society. London. 4to.

3. Instructions for Packing Seeds and Plants for tendvof
koine from foreign countries. London. 8f0.

A scries of Facts, Hints, Observations, and Experi-
ments on the different modes adopted for raising
Plantations of Oak. London. 8vo. By WILLIAM
BILLINGTON, M. C. H. S, and late Gardener to
Lords Yarborough and Haddington.

—Transactions of the HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
of LONDON. Vol. G.

1. On climate considered with regard to Horticul-
ture. By J. F. DANIELL, Esq. F. R. S, &c.

2. On the use of cliarcoal dust for Onions, and
preventing clubbing in Cabbages, &c. By Mr. T.
SMITH, Gardener to M. Bell, Esq. Woolsington,
Northumberland, 3. On the plants growing near
Constantinople. By the Rev. R. WALSH, L. L. D.
4. On the cultivation of the Madeira Vaccinium in
the open air. By Mr. W. FOULK. 5. Plants
flowered in the Chiswick Garden. By Mr. J. LIND-
LEY. 6. On the cultivation of Strawberries. By
T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 7. Management of Tigridia
Pavonia during Winter. By Mr. J. D. PARKS.
8. Condensed notices of communications to the
Society. 9. On a new seedling Grape (Tottenham
Park Muscat) By Mr. H. BURN- 10. On a
Lime Duster for Fruit Trees. By Mr. S. CURTIS.

11. On forcing Cucumbers. By Mr. T. ALLEN.

12. On the varieties of Endive. By Mr. A. MAT-
THEWS. 13. An instrument for fumigating with
Tobacco. ByMr. J. READ. 14. On a self acting
Ventilator for Hot-houses. By J- WILLIAMS, Esq.

6. On the varieties of Strawberry. By Mr. J.
BARNET- IG. Green-house at Sir R Preston's,
Bart, Vallejfieldin Perlhbhire. By INIr- A- STEW-
ART. L7> Beaefitt of protecting the sterna of

3 T

n2

Frmt Tre«« from frost in early Spring. By T. A.
KNIGHT, Esqi 18, Method of obtaining early
crops of the Fig- and Grape. By T. A. KT4IGHT,
Esq. 19. Culture of the Pine Apple- By Mr. W.
GREENSHIELDS. 20- On the Calville Rouge de
Micoud, a new variety of Apple. By M. ANDRE
THOUIN. 21. On Hot-house flues. By the Rev.
G. SVVAYNE. 22. Culture of Strawberries. By
T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. 23. Culture of the Guern-
sey Lily. By T. A. KNIGHT, Esq- 24. Plants
which have flowered in the Chiswick Garden. 25.
On a disease to which Grapes are liable. By Mr. D-
JUDD. 26- On the varieties of parsnip. By Mr.
A. MATTHEWS. 27. Culture of Ginger in a
glazed Pit. By Mr. C. DUFF, 28. On the
Laws which govern the production of double flowers.
By Mr. J. LINDLEY. 29. On grafting, budding,
and cultivating Roses- By J. B- VAN MONS, M. D.
30. On some new chrysanthemums. By J* SA-
BINE, Esq. 31. On the culture of Chinese chry-
Bantheraums- By Mr. D. MUNRO. 32. On the
forcing of Figs at Harewood House, Yorkshire- By
J. SABINE, Esq. 33. On a late and earl^ variety
of Pear. By Mr. D- MONTGOMERRY. 34. On
transplanting spindle-rooted Plants. By T. A,
KNIGHT, Esq. 35 Experiments carried on in the
Chiswick Garden. 36- Culture of the Passiflora
Quadrangularis By Mr. W, MITCHESON. 37.
On growing Asparagus in single rows. By Mr. A.
DICKSON- 38. Of fruits ripened in 1823 and
1824. 39. Meteorological Observations in the
Chiswick Garden during 1825. 40- Culture of
hardy Orchideous Plants' By Mr. S. MURRAY.
41, On obtaining a second crop of Melons, By
Mr. C. HARRISON. 42. American Fruit Treei

S2S

■ent to the society. By Mr. M, FLOY. 48. Cul-
ture of Celeriac. By 3Ir. J- P. PETERSON. 44.
Culture of Neliunbium speciosum- By I\Ir. A.
STEWART. 45. A Pit for Winter and early Spring
Forcing- By Mr. A- STEWART. 46. Growth
of some Cedars of Lebanon at Hopetoun House. Bjr
Mr. J. SMITH. 47. Effects a combination of
Heat and Moisture has on Vegetation. By Mr. A,
GORRIE. 48. Culture of plants in Moss. 49.
A Pit and Stoves heated by Fire and Steam jointly.
By Mr. W. MAC MURTRIE. —New Seedling
Pears. By T, A. KNIGHT, Esq. 50. Culture
of Hedychium. By Mr. J. COOPER, 51. Oa
Blackening Walls. By Mr. C. HARRISON. 62.
Forcing Vines in borders under Glass. By the Rer,
B. COOPER, A. M. 53. On Glycine sinensis,
now Wisteria Consequana. By J. SABINE, Esq.
54. On the Pceonia Moutan, (Tree Poiony) By J.
SABINE, Esq, 55. On the effect of the frost of
Apl. 29th 182G, on certain plants in the Chiswick
Garden. By Mr. J. LINDLEY. 5G. Propagaiion
of Zamias. By Mr. F. FALDERMAUN. 57.
Stoves for Melons and Cucumbers. By Mr. J.
HAYTHORN. 58. Strawberries cultivated for
Market in Scotland. By Mr. J. SMITH. 69.
Culture of Fuchsias. By 3Ir. J. SMITH. GO.
Vineries with arched, hanging Trellises. By Mr.
W. S3IITH. GI. On the qualities of newly raised
Fruits exemplified in Plums. By T. A. KNIGHT,
Esq. G2. On Tobacco Water for destroying insects.
By Mr. J. HARRISON. G3. Culture of Nelum-
biums. By J. CLARE, Esq. 64. Condensed
communications to the Society. 65. The Siberian
Bittersweet, a new and valuable cider apple. By
T. A. KNIGHT, Esq. €Q' On two varieties of

324

Mango. By J. SABINE, Esq. 67. On ten Tarie-
ties of Persian Melon, By Mr. J. LINDLEY. 68.

On some new esculent Vegetables in the Chiswick
Garden in 1825—6.

1825. MEMOIRS of the CALEDONIAN HORTICULTU-
RAL SOCIETY. Vol. 3. 8vo.

1. On the employment of Salt in Horticulture. By

5. PARKES, Esq. 2. On some Russian Culinary
Vegetables. By W. HOWISON, M. D. 3. On the
management of Fruit Trees. By J. CARR, Esq. 4.
On Steam for heating Hot-Houses. By Mr. J. HAY.

6. On Russian Chicory. By W. HOWISON, M. D.
6. On shallow Planting. By Mr. E. SANG. 7. On
Medicines from the Lettuce. By J. YOUNG,
Esq. 8. On the Soil for Peaches. By Mr. J.
KIRK. 9. On grafting the Ribston Pippin. By
Mr; J. DECK. 10. On forcing Sea Kale and As-
paragus in a vinerj^ Mr, A. MELROS. 11, On
regulating the Conservatory, Sec. By Mr. J. MUR-
RAY. 12. Horticultural Notices. By Mr- MUR-
RAY. 13. Horticultural communications. By A.
KEITH, Esq. 14. On preserving Trees from Hares;
and Cauliflowers in winter. By Mr. W. BULL. 15.
Horticultural Gleanings, By Sir J. S. MACKEN-
ZIE. IG- On the Ionian and Egyptian 3Ielons. By
J. HOWISON, Esq. 17. On the Potatoe Onion.

- By the Rev. J. M. ROBINSON. 18- On Mr.
Knight's Doctrines regarding Fruit Trees. By Mr.
NEILL. 19. On the Auricula and Polyanhus. By
Mr. W. HENDERSON. 20. Hints for preserving
foreign Plants, &c. during transmission. By J.
HOWISON, E^q. 21, List of the Irises in the Gar-
den of D. FALCONER, Esq. ti Carlowrie. By A.

325

FORRESTER. 23. Remains of Ancient Orchards
at Jedburgh. By T, SHORTREED, Esq. 23. On
raising varieiios of (he Pink. By Mr. J. NICOL. 24.
Horticultural communications from Mr. G, YOUNG.
25. On the Citrus tribe, the Camellia Japonica, Tliea,
and the Ericce. By Mr. W. HENDERSON. 2G. On
Destroying Moths. By Mr- P. MUSGRAVE. 27.
On a Pine Apple Pit at Edmonstore, By Mr. J,
MAGNA UGHTON. 28. On preparing Lactuca-
rium, or Lettuce Opium. By E.G. PROBART, Esq.
29. Observations on Lactucarium, By A. DUNCAN
Sen. M. D. 30. On a V^inery with three rows of
parallel Trellises. By Xhe Rev. H. WASTELL. 31.
Oil varieties of Lolium jiercnnc; and on transplanting
Turf. By G. WHITVVORTH, Esq. 32. On Exotic3
naturalising in East Lothian. By Mr. J, STREET.
33. Horticultural Gleanings (on the Alpine Straw-
berry and Asparagus and F'rench Beans) 34. On
Gooseberry and Currant Trees. By Mr A. RISSET.
35. On Potatoes, and a new variety, the Kilspindie
Bloom. By the Rev. Dr. A. DOW. 3(5. On the
Potatoe. By Sir G. S. MACKENZH-:. Bart. 73.
On forcing Rhubarb. By Mr. J, SMITH. 38. Re-
port of tlie Society's Wine Committee. 39. On a
new Vinery, and training the Vino. By Mr. A.
REID.

1826. Camellia Britanica. London. 4to, 8 Plates. By CHAN-
DLER and BUCKINGHAM, Nurserymen, Vaux-
hall.

-Catalogue of Plants in the collection of C. LOD-
DIGES and SONS, Hackney. London. 12mo.

Soch a collection of Plants as is in the possession of Messrs.

320

Loddiges, does not exist elsewhei-e iu the world. The slock
if sold at the retail prices is worth ^200,000. A statement
of it will afford a better criterion to judge of the statr of our
Horticulture, and the efforts made to increase the number of our
Garden Plants than any other I can make. Altogether there
are in their Gardens and Houses 8000 Species, exclusive of
2000 Varieties. To be more particular, of tender Exotics
they have the following number of species, of the chief Genera
Palmce, 120. Acacia, 73. Bignonia, 25" Gardenia, 17.
Passiflora, 33. Diosma, 38. Erica, 309, Ixia, 25. Eu-
calyptus, 31. Aloe, C8. Pelargonium, 136, Of Hardy
Trees and Shrubs they have 2,G64 Species part of which are as
follows, Acer, 27, Andromeda, 16, Azalea, 19. Rerberis,
10. Betula- 23. Clematis, 11. Crateegus, 47. Cytisus, 15.
Fraxinus, 32. Ilex. 8. Juglans, 14. Juniperus, 21. Pinus,
40. Prunus, 39. Quercus, 40, Rhododendron, 14. Rosa,
•with its varieties 1459. Salix, 192, Vaccinium,33. Ulmus,20.*

1826. A Practical Essay on the culture of the Vine, and a

treatise on the Melon. By an experienced Gardener,
Royston. 8vo.

1827. Account of the different Gooseberry Shows in England

during 1826, Manchester. 12mo.

Account of the different flower shows in England du-
ring 1826. Ashton-under-Lyne. 12mo.

"- 1. A Memoir on the Planting and Rearing of Forest

Trees. By W, WITHERS Jun. Esq, Solicitor, Holt,
Norfolk. Holt. 8vo.

2. A Letter to Sir Walter Scott, Eart. exposing cer-

• Gardener's Magazine, t. i, p. 318,

327

tain fiind amen tal errors in his late Essay on the Plant-
ing of Waste Land, kc. By the same Gentleman.
Holt. 1828. 8vo:

-Catalogue of Fruits cultivated in the Garden of the
Horticultural Society of London, at Chiswick. Lon-
don. 8vo.

The number of varieties enumerated in this work amount to
3825, and then nearly 1000 more doubtful ones in the Garden.
There are 1205 varieties of Apple. 246 of Cherry. 73 of
Melons, &c. but I shall have occasion to give a fuller list,at
the conclusion of this chapter,

1027. Ten minutes advice to my neij^hbours on the use and
abuse of Salt as a manure. By W. COLLYNS, Esq.
Surgeon of Kenton, near Exeter. This has passed
through four Editions.

1828. 1. Half a dozen Hints on Picturesque, Domestic
Architecture. London, 4to. 2nd Edition. Plates.

2. Designs for Parsonage Houses, &c. London.

4to. Plates.

These two works are by T. F. HUNT, Architect, St. James's
Palace, London.

1828, The Art of promoting the growth of the Cucumber and
Melon. By T. WATKINS, Gardener to W. Knight.
Esq. Highbury Park, and many years foreman to Mr.
Grange of Hackney. Loudon. 8vo.

Dendrologia; or a treatise of Forest Trees, , with

Evelyn's Sylva revised, &c. Loudon. Bvo. By J.
MITCHELL, Stanstead, Sussex.

330

THE BOTANICAL REGISTER, en a similar plan as the
preceding, for giving figures of Exotic Plants cultivated in this
country, was commenced in 1815 and has reached the four-
teenth volume. It was edited by J. B. Ker, Esq. who for some
time assisted the Botanical Magazine by his scientific attain-
ments. The plates by Mr. Sydenham Edwards. It is now
conducted by John Lindley, Esq.

THE BOTANICAL CABINET, on a similar plan was es-
tabhshed in 1817 by Messrs. Loddigesand Sons, Nurserymen,
of Hackney. It has reached the twelfth volume.

THE BOTANIC GARDEN, is edited by Mr. B. Maund, a
very intelligent man, residing as a bookseller, at Bromsgrove.
It is beautifully executed as regards the drawings ; and the
literary part is correct, and contains much informal ion. It
has attained to its third volume.

THE GERANIACiE, or drawings of the natural Order of
Geraniums, commenced in 1820 ; THE BRITISH FLOWER
GARDEN. 1822 ; THE CISTINECE, or Natural Order of
Cistus, in 1825; THE FLORA AUSTRALASICA, or plants
of New Holland and the South Sea Islands, in 1827; The
FLORIST'S GUIDE and CULTIVATOR'S DIRECTORY,
or drawings of the choicest Florist's flowers, 1827. Are all
edited by Mr. Robert Sweet, (see p, 303.)

THE GARDENER'S MAGAZINE, commenced in 1826,
and is now in its fifth volume. It has changed its periods of
publication several times, but has settled into a bimensial
periodical, appearing in months alternating with the Magazine
of Natural History. They are both edited by Mr. Loudon.
It is a very cheap publication, and collects into its pages from
every source whatever appears that is interesting to the
Gardener. It is rather prejudiced and visionary in, some of
its antipathies and the schemes which it advocates.

331

THE POMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, oi- figures and des-
criptions of the best varieties of Fruit, commenced at tl.e close
of 1027^ It is edited by " Two gentlemen intimately connected
Avith the Horticultural Society of London."

Of the transactions of the London and Edinburgh Horticul-
tural Societies, I have given the contents in the order in which
each volume appeared. I shall now proceed to sketch the
rise of their parent Societies.

The Horticultural Society of London, had its origin in 1804
from a few individuals of wealth and talent who associated for
the improvement of the Art in which they delighted. Their
views soon enlarged, and on the 17th of April, 1809, they were
incorporated into the above named Society: The Charter
states the Society to hp for the improvement of Horticulture in
all its branches, ornamental as well as useful, though the
President, Mr, Knight, declares their attention to be chiefly
confined to the latter. This exclusion of all writings that
relate to Landscape Gardening from their Transactions has
been blamed by some persons, I think inconsiderately, for
nothing new can be stated upon its general Principles; and
particular details can be of comparatively little service ; for
the genius of every place, and the taste of every proprietor
differs.

The original corporation of the Society consisted of George,
Earl of Dartmouth ; Edward, Earl Powis ; IJrownlow, Bishop
of Winchester ; John, Lord Selsey ; Charles Greville, Esq. ;
Sir Joseph Banks, Bart ; W. T. Aiton ; John Elliot ; T. A .
Knight; C. INIiller; R. A. Salisbury; J. Trevelyan, Esqrs,
and J. Dickson; T. Hoy; and W. Smith, Gardeners*

The Society has power to purchase lands, &c. and is
liable to be sued, and able to sue ; to have a common Seal ; an

332

indefinite iiuniber of Fello^>s, the power of naming which was
to be in any five of the above-named original members before
the first of May 1809, but afterwards to be in the power of
any seven or more Fellows. The Society is to have a Council
of fifteen Fellows, a Prosidont, Treasurer, and Secretary. The
first President to be the Earl of Dartmouth ; Charles Greville,
first Treasurer; R. A- Salisbury, first Secretary. New ones
to be elected annually. The president is every year to appoint
four Vice-Presidents from among the Members ; three of the
council to go out annually, and three other Fellows elected to
their places. Vacancies in the council, &c. are to be filled up
within two monlhs, "When Bye Laws are made or altered,
-which must be at a General Meeting, a majority at least of
two-thirds of the Fellows present is required, and those present
must amount to seveni

At the first establishment of the Society, and for a few
years afterwards the number of its Fellows amounted to not
more than three or four hundred; but in 1822 they had
increased to 1520, in the two preceding years 660 fellows
having been elected. In 1824 the fellows amounted to 2197.
In 1826 the number tvas 1984; In 1827, it was 2044.

In 1821 they founded a garden at Chiswick, covering thirty-
three Acres, which they have on a lease renewable for ever, of
the Duke of Devonshire. To the formation of this Garden,
which is confessedly one of the most extensive in the World,
the King, and the greater part of the Fellows, contributed
and none but Subscribers participate in its benefits. Some
object to subscribe on the plea that the original members ought
not to be called upon for fresh subscriptions having originally
subscribed with the impression that they should be benefitted
by every after proceeding of the Society. That this plea is
fallacious is demonstrated by the simple fact that without
farther Subscriptions the funds of the Society were not «uffi-

333

cicnt to found a Garden; and surely those who do suhscvihe
additionally ought to have some additional priviliges, provided
they do not infringe upon the rights of original Fellows.

Of the arrangement, richness of contenls, and mainigeiiicnt
of the Garden I can speak most favourably. I might have
arranged some of the departments differently, had I been con-
cerned ; but persons would be found to say the like of the
most perfect Garden that could be devised. Taste and Judge-
ment differ in every one. The most censorious must agree
that the stock of Plants in the Cliiswick Garden is splendid,
and that their management is an illustratiun of the best Horti-
culture of our day. To enrich their Garden no pains have been
spared, the whole pecuniary power of the Society, and the
personal interest of the Fellows has been employed to render
it as perfect as possible. In 1821 the Society sent out to
Bengal and China Mr« John Potts, and to the latter country
Mr. J. D. Parks in 1823. Mr. John Forbes in the last named
year was sent to the eastern shore of Africa; Mr. D.. Douglas
to the United States, and in 1824, the same Gardener proceeded
to Colombia, as did Mr. J. M'Rac to the Sandwich Islands,
all for the purpose of collecting new plants. The result of
their researches has been most gratifying. Besides these es-
pecial collectors the Society has numerous Correspouding
jMembers in every quarter of the globe, who from time to time
iiave much forwarded the views of the Society.

Of the President of the Society I have already spoken, and
concurrent praise is due to its Secretary, Mr. Sabine, than
whom no man has laboured more assiduously or more efl'ectu-
ally to promote the interests of the Society. Of (he benelits he
has conferred upon Horticulture his papers in the Transactions
of the Society are ample testimonies. Being only in his
sixtieth year, the Society and our Countiy may hope to profit
for raai\y years yet by his labours.

334

Having no immediate interest in the Society, much less being
its deputed advocate, it does not come within the intention of
this work to defend it under the complaints that have occa-
sionally been brought against it. I must however say that
those 1 have read of, or listened to, have been founded upon false
reasoning, upon personal pique for some fancied wrong, or the
parties have been the first aggressor. To say the Society never
took[an injudicious step, would be to say that it is perfect be-
yond all Human Institutions; but to say that it has hitherto
been conducted upon liberal principles, and that it has fulfilled
the intention for which all such Institutions are founded, the
general benefit of its particidar Art, by the agency of its mem-
bers, for these naturally deserve to be first served, is certainly
saying of it no more than it merits.

One fundamental objection however I must pause to refute;
it is that which urges that Scientific Societies of this kind, if
not injurious to the Art they profess to improve, are at least
useless ; for all the grand discoveries of Science, have arisen
from the labours of isolated individuals.

It is true that the genius of Bacon, Galileo, Newton, Hervey
and many others, carried those giants of intellect and research
through every opposition whether arising from neglect, from
poverty, or from persecution. They arose unassisted by any
Institutions, and stand like the Eastern Pyramids, monuments
of greatness, amid plains barren and pathless. But what of
this? have not Lavoisier, Linnasus, Banks, Knight, Davy and
many others, been nurtured amid Institutes of modern days ?
Let it be marked that those who consider a Society is to be
valued only as extraordinary, and science-convulsing discove-
ries emanate from it, by no means have a just idea of the
sphere of utility of such Institutions. Societies are useful as
being centres towards which minor discoveries and improve-

335

mcuts naturally flow and are concentrated, to be again commu-
nicated more at large by (heir members, their publications, and
their lectures. Discoveries naturally thus flow to them be-
cause thoy hold out rewards and distinctions to which every
generous mind aspires. Added to this there is a great benefit
in the association of individuals of kindred minds, for it is cer-
tain that to every person who follows a liberal Art or Science
professionally, there are a hundred who delight in it purely for
amusement. This is especially the case among those of here-
ditary distinction and wealth, persons who thence have a power
to forward every pursuit they may be attaclied to. Their ex-
ample and opinions, are dictatorial in the habits and tastes of a
nation ; and it is only by bringing- them in contact, by means of
Public Institutions, with their equals in Society and in their
Pursuits, that they can be enlisted in the cause of science.
The discoveries of every Member of the Royal and of the Hor-
ticultural Societies would have been beneficial in their individual
capacities, but they could never have been so generally difftised
as they have been by means of the Meetings and Transactions
of those Societies ; Mr. Knight might have been the same excel-
lent Horticulturist as now ; and Sir H. Davy as admirable a
Chemist ; but would their example, their writings, have been
so widely beneficial if not diffused by the means of the various
societies to which they belong.

Again Societies have a command of interest and money that
enables them to follow plans wliich would be ruinous to or un-
attainable by individuals. Where is the individual could have
introduced the hundreds of new plants which the Horticultural
Society has?

No individual ever had such a Laboratory as the splendid
one of the Royal Institution ; and this was the nursery of
Daw's discoveries which constitute a new era in Chemistry.

330

His career of research began in the Scientific Institute at
Bristol; it was perfected in those of London.*

* Whilst writing the above I see by the Public Papers that this distin-
guished man is dead. The benefits he has conferred upon the Arts of cul-
tivating the Soil by his " Elements of Agricultural Chemistry," entitle him
to more than the above brief notice.

SIR HUMPHREY DAVY, was born Dec. 17th, 1779, at Penzance in
Cornwall of an ancient family but of the middle class— His education
commenced at the Grammar Schools of Penzance and Truro. At the former
place he resided at the House of Mr. John Tomkin, Surgeon. He was
always a distinguished boy^.wrote poems at the age of nine, and continued to
court the Muses until 15 when lie became a pupil of Mr. (since Dr.) Borlase
of Penzance, intending to graduate as M. D. at Edinburgh — At eighteen
by his own application he had acquired the rudiments of Botany, Anatomy,
Physiology, the simpler Mathematics and Metaphysics, but Chemistry-
soon obtained his sole attention — His first experiments were upon
the air disengaged by Sea Weeds from the Water of the Ocean — The
communication of them induced a correspondence with Dr. Beddoes, who
persuaded the embryo Philosopher of 19 to give up his views of going to
Edinburgh for the uncontrolled superintendance of a series of experiments
on factitious Airs at Bristol — Residing with Dr* Beddoes and constantly
employed in Chemical pursuits, at the age of 21 he gave their results to
the Public in '* Researches Chemical and Philosophical" — a work so well
received by the scientific World as to lead to his being appointed Professor
of Chemistry in the Royal Institution. His first experiments were directed
to the improvement of the process of Tanning, the results of which obtained
from him the candid avowal that practice had done so much for the Art as to
leave little expectation of improvement from any known Theory — GaWanism
was at the same period an object of his experiments — In 1802 he commenced
his Lectures before the Board of Agriculture which he continued for 10
years. The course is before the Public in his "Elements of Agricultural
Chemistry" — lu 1803 he was elected F. R. S. — in 1805 Member of the
Royal Iri^h Academy. By his talents and urbanity he bad acquired the
friendship of most of the Litterati and Philosophers of the Metropolis. Sir
J.Banks— Cavendish — Hatchett — Wollaston — Babington — Children — Ten-
naut, &c. and corresponding with the principal Chemists of Europe. — In
In 1806 he deli\ ere:l the Bikerian Lecture of the R. S. — taking for his subject
fomj new electrical discoveries of his own. Soou afterwards he stamped an

337

For the purpose of forming a Horticultural Society at Edin-
burgh, a meetins^ of several gentleman was held at the house of
Mr. T. Dickson near that city, on thc2oth of Novcnil)er, 1809,
and a stillmore numerous meeting occurtd on the 5th of Decem-
ber, when the Society was formed ; the Earl of Dalkeith beiug
chosen President; Sir J, Hall, Dr. Rutherford, Dr. Coventry
and Mr. Hanter, Vice-Presidents, and Mr. W. Nicol and Mr.
P. Neil, Secretaries. A general Quarterly Meeting was then
determined on the Gth of March, IBIO, on which day the Laws
and Regulations of the Society, which had been previously
drawn up by a committee, were revised and adopted. Those

Epoch in Chemistry by the decomposition of the fixed Alkalies Potass and
Soda. About the same time he became Secretary to the R. S.^In ISOShe
received a prize from the French Institute, an honourable token of merit,
bestowed by minds superior to national prejudice; — From this time until the
greater part of 1810 was elapsed he was employed in experiments on Oxymu-
riatic Acid, the simple nature of which he discovered — At the close of this
year he delivered a course of Lectures before the Dublin Society— and in
its last month received the honorary degree of L. L. D. from Trinity Col-
lege of that City. In 1812 he was united to Mrs. Apreece, widow of S. A.
Apreece, Esq. — a lady of talent, amiability, and fortune. A few days pre-
viously he was knighted by his present Majesty in his capacity of Regent — In
1815 he gave safety to Miners in the Lamp which bears his na'.i.o, his
attention being fir'st drawn to the subject by Dr. Gray, a member of a Com-
mittee at Sunderland which had been forned for the purpose of enquiring
into the causes of the frequent explosions and the means of prevention —
The Coal Owners of Tyneand "Wear presented him with a service of Plate
worth jp2000 as a token of gratitude and sense of the benefit, lu 1813 he
was elected Corresponding Member of the French Institute— rin 1817 one
of the eight associates of the Royal Academy — In 1818 he was created a
Baronet and during the succeeding years his name has been added to the list
of members of mot of the learned bodies of Europe. His travels for the
advancement of Science have been to uifierent parts of Europe — to inveftigate
the causes of Volcanic Phenomena — to instruct Minef.* in the use of the
Safety Lamp — to examine the remains of the Chemical Arts of the Ancients,
especially their preparation of colours — and to attempt the unfolding of the
llerculanoan MSS. He was employed npon these last at the close of J818
and the commencement of 1819. On his return to England in 1820, Sir J.
Banks died, and Davy was elected P. K. S. in his place— His friend Dr.

2 X

338

rcgalations declare that the Society shall be called THE CA-
LEDONIAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY; to be consti-
tuted of Ordinary, Honorary, and Corresponding Members.
To have a President, four Vice-Presidents, two Secretaries, a
Treasurer, twelve Counsellors, an Experimenter, and Painter.
One Vice-president and two Counsellors to be changed annually
and the President to be elected every two years. Twelve
members to focm a quorum of the Society, and three a quorum
of the Council. The Secretaries prepare the Transactions, of
•which every member must purchase a copy. Every new re-
gulation or alteration of any previous one to be made at a Quar-
terly Meeting. The objects of the society are the promoting-
and improving the cultivation of Fruits, Flowers, and Culinary
Vegetables.

In January 1812 the total number of Members were 179.

Wollaston, who was considered worthy of contesting- with him for the highest
seat in the English Court of Science, declining to be a candidate after
his friend had been nominated. — A slight opposition was made by some
unknown persons who proposed Lord Colchester, but, Sir Humphrey was
hailed as President by a majority of nearly 200 to J3. Ill-health obliged
him to resign the Presidency and he died whilst tryin|f the influence of a
milder climate, at Geneva, on the 29th of May, 1829.

In private this illustrious individual was esteemed for his virtues, his
amiability, his warmth of friendship and his sincerity In tracing his pub-
lic progress, the truth, which cannot be too strongly maintained, is evi-
denced, that he who advances with steady pace along the path of Analysis,
aiming at the demonstration of facts, rather than the illustration of previ-
ously formed Theories must always be a permanent Benefactor of Mankind
whatever may be his pursuit — Such was Cavendish, such was Davy — With
an equal love of Science, with patience equally exhaustless, and with per-
severance equally unsubduable — their text and illustrations were furnished
by the Laboratory — The few theoretical Inductions they have given us are
the results from facts they had previously discovered — as such they are among
the few immutables of Science — like all Truth, they will descend unimpaired
amid the discoveries of ages — and if Chemistry ever becomes a perfect
Science will take their places in the structure incapable cf illustration, or
improvement by the master hand that guides the arrangement.

339

In 1815 they were 418. In this year it was proposc^d to raise
subscriptions of an extra guinea from the Members, for the
purpose of sending a deputation on a Horticultural Tour in
Flanders and Holland whicli was carried into execution and the
results of the observations tlien made Mere published by Mr
Neil in 1823. In 181G a plan for a Garden was submitted to
the Society by IMr. Hay, and adopted, but from want of means
it was not commenced until 1821, It is now compleled and is
excellently conducted. In 1819 the members amounted to G37
The Duke of Buccleugh and the Earl of Roseberry have been
their Presidents,

I shall now proceed to enumerate the various Plants at pre-
sent cultivated in our Gardens, accompanying the chief of them
with slight historical notices. 1 shall commence with the fruit

AMELANCHIER. 3 Varieties.

Introduced during the last Century from America. They
are allied to the Medlar,

ALMOND. 10 Varieties.

We know from the Scriptures that the Almund is a native
of Syria, and it has been observed wild by most modern Travel-
lers in Eastern countries. It was cultivated by the Greeks,
and from ihence was made known to the Romans, who how-
ever had it not in their Gardens in the time of Cato. It is said
to have been first planted in England iu 1548.

CUSTARD APPLE. 2 kinds.

These arc natives of Tropical Climates. One was cultivated
here by Tradescant in 1G56. The other by Miller in 1730.

ARCT0STAPHYLOS^2 kinds. APRICOT. 54 varietie..

340

Pliny is the first writer to mention this fruit by name.
Whether it is the Armenian Phim of Columella admits of doubt.
Theophrastus had only heard of it. It is a native of China, &c.
Tt is an unwarranted assumption of M. Regneir that it cannot
be a native of so mountainous a country as Armenia, since Mr.
Buckingham says they abound in that country. It is said
to have been first introduced into this country in 1524.

BERBERRY. 10 Varieties

A native of this country.

PINE APPLE. 95 varieties.

A native of the torrid zone in South America. It was first
made known in England from China in 1657. (Evelyn's Diary)
but was not fruited here until the reign of Charles the 2nd.
(videp.112 and 136.)

PRICKLY PEAR. 1.

CHESNUT. 32 varieties:

The Chesnut is said to have been brought to Europe by the
Greeks from Asia Minor ; and that the Romans obtained it
from Castanea, a Greek Town of Thessaly. Some writers have
considered it as a native of this Island. But I am much rather
inclined to think it was introduced by the Romans for its pre-
sent name is a corruption of the Roman name, and there is no
synonyme for it in the language of the ancient Britons.

CHERRY. 246 varieties. ^

The Cherry is a native of Pontus, in Asia, whence it was in-
troduced to the Romans by Lucullus C8 years before the birth

34J

of our Saviour: In less than 26 years says Pliny, tlicy were
grown in Britain.

BIRD CHERRY. 2 kinds.

CAROB. 1 kind.

CITRUS family, including Lemons, Oranges, and Limes, 24
-varieties, though foreign authors mention 1G9.

The above are all natives of Asia. The Lemon was well
known to the Romans, but Pliny says they could not succeed
in cultivating them. They were grown here in the reign of
James the 1st: The Orange was like the Lemon known to the
Romans but they failed in cultivating it. It was first grown in
modern Europe at Lisbon in io48, bein^ brought thither by
Juan de Castro. Evelyn in his Diary informs us that they
were first cultivated in England about 1580.' The Citron was
introduced into Italy by Palladius in the second Century.
When it was first cultivated in England is unknown.

CORNELION CHERRY. 2.

NUT AND FILBERT. 32.

The Hazel Nut is a native of this country. The Cob Nut
was introduced into Europe by David, Baron of Zorneck from
Constantinople in 1583. John Rea first cultivated tliem in
England in 1GG5. Filberts were obtained by the Romans from
Pontus and were known at first as Pontic Nuts, but being
chiefly cultivated at Avella, thoy were afterwards called Avel-
lan Nuts. They probably introduced them to this country.

CRATCEGUS, including the Medlar, Hawthorn, &c. 08.

342

The Medlar was known both to the Greeks and Romans, be-
ing mentioned by Theophrastus and Pliny. If not a native of
of this country it was known as early to its inhabitants as the
time of the Romans.

MELON. 73.

This fruit was introduced to the Romans from Armenia,
where it is a native, by Lucullus. It was first grown in this
country in 1520; Gough was decidedly wrong in stating they
•were common here in the time of Edward the 3rd, the melons
of those days are synonymous with our pompions

QUINCE. 8.

The Quince grows wild in Germany, but was introduced to
Rome from the I&lu of Crete. When it was first cultivated
here is imkuown but probably at a very early period.

DATE. 2.

This was a native of S3 ria, as wc learn from the Sacred
Writings. It was known to the Romansi

OLEASTER. 1.

CROWBERRY. 4.

ERIOBOTRYA. 3.

ROSE APPLE. 8.

EUPHORIA. 3

FIG. 75.

343

The Fig has always been highly estoeiucd among" the Eastern
Nations, We learn it was amongst the chief food of the Isreal-
ites, from the Holy Scriptures, The Athenians were so choice
of theirs that Ihey would not permit them to be exported, and
Saturn one of the Roman Deities, was represented as crowned
with new Figs. So much attention did they pay to it that in the
time of Pliny they had twenty-nine varieties. The Fig was
introduced to this country by the Romans. We have seen
that it was cultivated here in 1257. The Marseilles variety
may have been first introduced by Cardinal Pole in the reign of
Henry 8th, but other varieties were known much earlier

STRAWBERRY. 121— 22 worthy of cultivation.

The strawberry is a native of most temperate climates. It
is scarcely noticed by arifcient writers. The Red wood Straw-
berry and the Hautboy are both natives of this country; as the
Scarlet is of Virginia and was introduced to England about
1G25. The Chili was brought from America by M, Frazeir
into France, and into England by Miller in 1727. The Alpine
is a native of Germany and was first grown here ia 17G8.

GAULTIIERIA. 1.

GLYCOSMIS. 1

WALNUT. 11.

The Walnut is a native of the northern parts of China, and
Persia, from whence it was obtained by the Greeks, and from
the Greeks it was brought to the Romans by Vitoliius just
previous to the death of the Emperor Tiberius. They are sup-
posed to have been introduced here from France, and that our
common name is a corruption of the original Gaul-nut. It is
certain they were here before Tusser wrote in iJj7.

344

MACLURA. 1.

MANGO. 3.

MULBERRY. 6.

The Mulberry Tree is a native of Asia: It is mentioned in
the Scriptures. It was introduced to Greece and Rome from
Persia, It is said to have been first planted in England at
Sion House in 1548.

OLIVE. 1. CRANBERRY. 3. GRANADILLA. 4.
PEACH. 224.

The Peach is a native of Persia, They were not common
in Greece, when Pliny lived, just previous to whose time they
had been introduced to the Romans but did not succeed well.
They were introduced to this country in the early part of the
reign of Henry the 8th,

NECTARINE. 72

This native of Persia was introduced into England about the
year 1524. It is not certain whether the Romans were ac-
quainted with it. If they were they considered it merely as a
variety of the Peach.

PINUS. 1

PISTACHIA. 3.

PLUM. 298.

It is impossible to state with any thing like precision when
the several Plums we now possess were first introduced or by

345

whom. They are natives of every quarter of the globe, and
varieties have been raised in every Country. Pliny, Columella,
&c. mention that an immense number were known to the Romans.

The Damascene or Damson is a native of Damascus and was
imported to Rome about 114. B. C. The Orleans Plum was
first raised near the town of that name in France. The Green
Gage, is properly the Reine Claude, being raised in France,
during the reign of Francis the first, and so named in honour of
his queen Claude. It was called the Green Gage, by the
Gardener of the Gage family at Hengrave Hali, the tree coming
to him from France without any title affixed. The Perdrigoa
was brought to England from Italy by Lord C.'omwell in the
reign of Henry the seventh.

GUAVA. 4;

POMEGRANATE. 1.

This fruit is a native of Africa and Asia. It is mentioned in
Scripture as being one of the pr<iducts of Canaan, The Greeks
cultivated it much. The Romans first obtained it about a
century before the Christian JEra. from Carlhage,

CRAB. 30.

APPLE. 1205.

The Apple has been a favourite fruit through all ages and in
every climate where it will grow. It is mentioned as one of
the choicest by Solomon. The Greeks had many varieties of
it, and the Romans still more. It was probably known to the
Britons even before the invasion of the Romans (vide p. 33.)
Pippins were introduced into England in the IGth year of the
reign of Henry the 8th. The Golden Pippin is said to be a
native of Parham Park, in Sussex, It is universally allowed

2 Y

344

MACLURA. I.

MANGO. 3.

MULBERRY. 6.

The Mulberry Tree is a native of Asia. It is mentioned in
the Scriptures. It was introduced to Greece and Rome from
Persia, It is said to have been first planted in England at
Sion House in 1548.

OLIVE. 1. CRANBERRY. 3. GRANADILLA. 4.
PEACH. 224.

The Peach is a native of Persia, They were not common
in Greece, when Pliny lived, just previous to whose time they
had been introduced to the Romans but did not succeed well.
They were introduced to this country in the early part of the
reign of Henry the 8th.

NECTARINE. 72

This native of Persia was introduced into England about the
year 1524. It is not certain whether the Romans were ac-
quainted with it. If they were they considered it merely as a
variety of the Peach.

PINUS. 1

PISTACHIA. 3.

PLUM. 298.

It is impossible to state with any thing like precision when
the several Plums we now possess were first introduced or by

345

whom. They are natives of every quarter of the globe, and
varieties have been raised in every Country. Pliny, Columella,
&c. mention that an immense number were known to the Romans.

The Damascene or Damson is a native of Damascus and was
imported to Rome about 114. B. C. The Orleans Plum was
first raised near the town of that name in France. The Green
Gag-e, is properly the Reine Claude, being raised in France,
during the reign of Francis the first, and so named in honour of
his queen Claude. It was called the Green Gage, by the
Gardener of the Gage family at Hengrave Hali, the tree coming
to him from France without any title affixed. The Perdrigon
was brought to England from Italy by Lord C:-omwell in the
reign of Henry the seventh.

GUAVA. 4;

POMEGRANATE. 1.

Tliis fruit is a native of Africa and Asia. It is mentioned in
Scripture as being one of the products of Canaan, The Greeks
cultivated it much. The Romans first obtained it about a
century before the Christian JEra, from Carthage,

CRAB. 30.

APPLE. 1205,

The Apple has been a favourite fruit through all ages and in
every climate where it will grow. It is mentioned as one of
the choicest by Solomon. The Greeks had many varieties of
it, and the Romans still more. It was probably known to the
Britons even before the invasion of the Romans (vide p. 33.)
Pippins were introduced into England in the IGth year of the
reign of Henry the 8th. The Golden Pippin is said to be a
native of Parham Park, in Sussex. It is universally allowed

2 Y

348

This Vegetable, at least some of its varieties, have been
known from the earliest ages. The best varieties of our Gar-
den Pea originated in France and were introduced in the middle
of the 16th Century, to this country from thence. The Roun-
cival appears to be our oldest variety,

BEAN. 15.

This was a chief article of food among the Greeks and Ro-
mans. It has been long known in this country being mentioned
by some of our oldest Authors. Many varieties of course have
been introduced within the last two Centuries. We had the
Mazagan, from a Portugese settlement of that name on the
coast of Morocco.

KIDNEY BEAN. 18.

This is believed to have been a native of Turkey and other
parts of Eastern Europe. It is menlioned by Pliny. When
first introduced here I find no mention, but Henry Compton
Bishop of London, first made us accjuainted with several varie-
ties in the latter part of the 17th Century.

POTATOES. 27.

This most valuable of Roots was introduced from the colony
settled in America by Sir Walter Raleigh about the year 1586.
It is a native of the continent of South America. It was first
cultivated on Raleigh's Estate in Ireland ; but never came into
general use until the commencement of the present Century.
It was considered as a delicacy in the time of James the 1st,
for in 1619 a small quantity is mentioned as bought for the
Queen's use at one shilling per pound, They were recom-
mended in 1662 by the Royal Society to be more extensively

349

planted; but even in 1718 Bradley mentions them as a root
of" little note-" This late period of their coming into gene-
ral use has been used as an argument against Ihe belief that Sir
W. Raleigh introduced them, the futility of this is demon-
strated by the fact that they are only just becoming abundant
at Bengal. *' At first, says Bishop Heber they were unpopu-
lar as elsewhere, now (1826^ they are much Uked"*

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE. 1.

This is a native of Brazil, but introducedby the French from
Canada, and into this country in 1G17. It soon became very
common.

TURNIP. 13.

This is believed to be an indigenous plant improved by cul-
ture, but It is not confined to this country it having been
grown by the earliest Romans j as well as by the Greeks before
them.

CARROTS. 9.

Carrots are mentioned by Pliny and long before him by
Theophrastus, both of them agreeing that the best were grown
in Greece and its Islands. The Garden Carrot is probably a
variety of the Wild Carrot, which is a native of several parts
of Europe.

PARSNIP. 4.

This is a native of our country improved by cultivation. —
The Greeks as well as the Romans cultivated it. The finest

• Narrativ of a Journey in the Upper rrovicceaof India, v, i. p. 13

550

ill the time of the lattei* Emperors were grown in Germany,
Avhither, PHny tells us, Tiberius was accustomed to send for them,

BEETS. 11.

The Greeks and Romans estimated this root very highly. —
It was introduced into this country in 1548. The white variety
from Portugal in 1570.

SKIRPtETS. 1. SCORZONEEA 1. SALSIFY. 1.

RADISHES. 15.

The Radish is said to be a native of China ; if so it was im-
ported into the East of Europe very early, for the Greeks ad-
mired and cultivated it in their earliest ages. In their oblations
to Apollo at Delphos they offered the Radish made of Gold*
whilst the Beet was formed of Silver, and Tuvn'tps only iii Lead
Tliey were much admired by the Romans, and were a very
general accompaniment of their meals. There were four kinds
cultivated here by Gerarde in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.

SPINACH. 3.

This was unknown to the ancients. It is believed to be a
native of Spain. It was not cultivated here much before 1568,
for Turner in that year mentions it as lately introduced

ORACH. 6. Introduced before 1548.

NEW ZEALAND SPINACH. 1. Introduced by Sir
Joseph Banks.

SORREL. 2.

These are both natives of Europe. The Romans were very

351

fond of llieni with their other meats, as the French are at pre-
sent. The}- are little noticed now in Eng:land though in the
time of Henry the 8th they were in almost every garden.

ONIONS, 18.

Onions have been admired from the earliest ages. The Israel-
ites miirniered for them in the wilderness. Theophrastus
among the Greeks wrote a treatise upon them. Tlie Egyptians
worshipped them. The Romans cultivated them extensively.
They have been cultivated here immemorially. The Welsh
Onion was brought here from Siberia in IG29-

LEEKS. 3.

The Leek is said to be a native of Switzerland which is very
doubtful. The Romans had the best from Egypt; they were
first brought into esteem among them by the Emperor Nero,
They have been known in this country from a very early age.
They were conimon in the days of St. David who died about
A. D. 544.

CHIVES. 1. ROCHAMBOLE. 1.

GARLIC.

This was detested by the politer Greeks and Romans. It
was cultivated here at the time of Henry the 8th.

SIIALOT.

This is a native of Palestine; it was introduced to Rome
from Ascalon in Syria, of which the present name is a corrup-
tion. It was first cultivated in England in 1048.

ASPARAGUS. 2.

352

This is a native of England as well as of Eastern Europe
and Asia. U was in great esteem among the Romans. It was
cultivated here in the time of Queen Elizabeth , but how defective
the cultivation was is demonstrated by Gerarde who says it
was of" the size of a Swan's quill."

SEA KALE.

This is a native of England, and has been sought after,
by those living near the Sea Coasts where it is foimd, immemo-
rially, but its culture was not attempted until the close of the
last Century.

ARTICHOKE. 3.

The Artichoke appears to be a native of northern Africa.
The Greeks and Romans obtained it from thence. The latter
esteemed it more than any other culinary plant, perhaps on
account of the expense attending its importation, for as it does
not succeed in the climate of Italy, they were dependant upon
Sicily and other moist climates for their supply. They paid
annually about 6,000 000 sesterces for them. It was brought
into this country, about 1548, and grows finer in our cUmate
than in any other part of Europe.

CARDON. 4.

Was first cultivated here in 1683 by Mr. John Suther-
land. Parkinson mentions them in 1629, as not being known
how to be managed in this country.

RAMPION.

ALISANDER.

HOP.

BLADDER CAMPION.

353
LADY THISTLE. COTTON THISTLE.

LETTUCES. 19.

The Lettuce is a native of many parts of Europe. It ^tas
eaten as a sallad herb both by the Greeks, and Romans. So
fond were the later Romans of them that Pliny says they de-
vised means of having them throughout the year. Their cul-
tivation is first noticed in this country iu 15G2.

ENDIVE. 12,

ifndive was a sallad herb of the Romans. It appears (o have
been introduced into England about lo48. They preserved it
through the Winter in earth. Queen Elizabeth in her last ill-
ness eat little but Succory Pottage.

DANDELION.

CELERY, 5.

Celery is a native of this country, but its cidtivalion was
taught us by the Italians, not more than half a Century since.

MUSTARD. 2.

The Romans used mustard seed in Medicine, and the young
plants stewed. The seeds were first made known for using
when in powder with other meat, in the reign of Elizabeth.
Tusser mentions it as a sallad herb,

RAPE. LAMBS LETTUCE. GARDEN and AMERI-
CAN CRESS. 4. WATER CRESS. 3. BROOKLIME.
GARDEN ROCKET. SCURVY GRASS. BURNET. WOOD
SORREL.

PARSLEY. 3. 2 Y

352

This is a native of England as well as of Eastern Europe
and Asia. Tt was in great esteem among the Romans. It was
cultivated here in the time of Queen Elizabeth , but how defective
the cultivation was is demonstrated by Gerarde who says it
was of" the size of a Swan's quill."

SEA KALE.

This is a native of England, and has been sought after,
by those living near the Sea Coasts where it is found, immenio-
rially, but its culture was not attempted until the close of the
last Century.

ARTICHOKE. 3.

The Artichoke appears to be a native of northern Africa.
The Greeks and Romans obtained it from thence. The latter
esteemed it more than any other culinary plant, perhaps on
account of the expense attending its importation, for as it does
not succeed in the climate of Italy, they were dependant upon
Sicily and other moist climates for their supply. They paid
annnally about 6,000 000 sesterces for them. It was brought
into this country, about 1548, and grows finer in our climate
than in any other part of Europe.

CARDON. 4.

Was first cultivated here in 1683 by Mr. John Suther-
land. Parkinson mentions them in 1629, as not being known
how to be managed in this country.

RAMPION.

ALISANDER.

HOP.

BLADDER CAMPION.

a53

LADY THISTLE. COTTON THISTLE.

LETTUCES. 19.

The Lettuce is a native of many parts of Europe. It was
eaten as a sallad herb both by the Greeks, and Romans. So
fond were the later Romans of them that Pliny says they de-
vised means of having them throughout the year. Their cul-
tivation is first noticed in this country in 1562.

ENDIVE. 12.

ifndive was a sallad herb of the Romans. It appears to have
been introduced into England about lo48. They preserved it
through the Winter in earth. Queen Elizabeth in her last ill-
ness eat little but Succory Pottage.

DANDELION.

CELERY, 5.

Celery is a native of this country, but its cultivation was
taught us by the Italians, not more than half a Century since.

MUSTARD. 2.

The Romans used mustard seed in Medicine, and the yoimg
plants stewed. The seeds were first made known for using
when in powder with other meat, in the reign of Elizabeth.
Tusser mentions it as a sallad herb.

RAPE. LAMBS LETTUCE. GARDEN and AMERI-
CAN CRESS. 4. WATER CRESS. 3. BROOKLIME.
GARDEN ROCKET. SCURVY GRASS. BURNET. WOOD
SORREL.

PARSLEY. 3. 2 Y

364

The Romans always added it to their pottages. It was
cultivated here in 1648.

PURSLANE. 2. TARRAGON.

FENNEL AND DILL. 4. Fennel was much used by the
Romans as a seasoning' to their dishes. It is a native of this
country, and has been employed in cookery immemorially.

CHERVIL.

This is a native of England and other parts of Europe. It
was cultivated by the Greeks and Romans as it was in this
country as early as the time of Gerarde.

HORSE-RADISH.

This native of England was used in Gerarde's time as it is now
with meat. It does not appear to have been known to the an-
cients.

NASTURTIUM. 3.

The minor variety of this native of Peru was brought to Eu-
rope by the Spaniards in 1580 ; and Gerarde mentions culti-
vating it a few years after. The major variety was not known
in Europe until 1684.

MARIGOLD. 4.

This native of southern Europe was known to the Romans
being mentioned by Columella, but I think not us an object of
culture. It was cultivated in this country previous to the pub-
lication of Dodoen's Herbal in 1573.

THYME. 2.

855

Thyme was cultivated by the Romans for medecine and tlie
use of their Bees, It has been used iinmeraorially here as a
seasoning.

SAGE. 4. CLARY. 1.

Garden Sage appears to have been first cultivated here
about 1573, and Clary about ten years previously.

MINTS. 3.

Pliny says every meat of the Roman husbandmen was sea-
soned with Mint. It has been in use with us as far back as
our records reach.

MARJORAM. 4.

Marjoram is a native of southern Europe. The Caiulia
Marjoram was brought to us in 1551. The Sweet from Porlu-
gal in 1573, and the Pot Marjoram from Greece in 1759. It
was used by the Romans in medicine.

SAVORY. 2.

Savory which is a native of southern Europe, was used by
the Romans as a condiment. They probably introduced it to
this country. It is mentioned as a standard garden product in
our oldest Herbals.

BASIL. 2.

Southern Europe is the native habitat of this plant. Tlie
Romans had many prejudices against it, yet ruhivatcd it, and
usedi t. They believed the more it was cursed the better it

356

thrived. It Was cultivated hftre in 1548. but has been chiefly
valued as a medicinal plant. In the days of Mary and Eliza-
beth it was cultivated in pots as a fragrant herb for ladies.

ROSEMARY- 3.

Rosemary, is a native of many parts of Europe. It was
employed by the Roman Physicians. It was cultivated in this
country in 1648.

LAVENDER. 2.

Lavender is a native of many parts of Europe. It has been
cultivated in the earliest ages for its fragrance. Spikenard
(Essential oil of Lavender) is mentioned in Scripture. The
Greeks and Romans cultivated it, and it was in our Gardens
early in the reigii of Henry the 8th.

TANSY. 3. COSTMARY.

RHUBARB. 3.

This native of Asia was known as a Medical Plant to Dios-
corides, who lived about the time of the Christian Era. Its leaves
were boiled as a sauce for meat here in the timeof Gerarde. It is
not mentioned as being so employed however by Switzer or
any of his contemporaries; and the use of its stalks for Tarts,
Sec. appears to be aft introduction of the present Century.

POMPIONS.— GOURDS— 6.

These are natives of southern climates inevery quarter of the
globe. They were boiled and eaten by the Romans as now by
us, and were probably brought to this Island by them. They
were common when our oldest Herbals were written.

357

The Vegetable Marrow Gourd was introduced iti 1819
from the East Indies,

ANGELICA. ANISE. CORIANDER.

CARRAWAY.

Though now found wild in this country, Carraway was
doubtless imported to us by the Romans, who obtained it from
Caria. The early Greeks as well as Romans employed it as a
condiment, See.

RUE.

This plant is a native of England and many other parts of
Europe. It was much employed as a seasoning- and mendica-
ment by the Greeks and Romans. The former made of it as
well as of Parsley borderings for the compartments of their
Gardens. It has been in esteem here as far back as our re-
cords go.

HYSSOP.

This has been used as a medicinal Herb ever since the days
of Moses. It was cultivated here in 1548. The Greeks and
Romans employed it in medicine,

CHAMOMILE; 2.

This has been used as a stomachic, as far back as the time
of the early Romans.

ELECAMPANE,
LIQUORICE.
WORMWOOD, 4.

358

Was known as a medicinal herb to the early Greeks and
Romans. It was cultivated in our Gardens in Tusser's time.

BALM.

This was a mendicament of the Greeks and Romans ; it was
** much sowen in Gardens'' in Gerarde's time,

TOMATOS. 7

EGG PLANT. 3.

This is much cidtivated on the continent as an esculent. It
is a native of Africa, and was introduced before Gerarde wrote
in 1596.

CAPSICUMS. 12 at least.

This native of South America was introduced to Europe by
the Spaniards. They were cultivated here in the reign of
Henry the 8th,

SAMPHIRES. 3.

Samphire was used as a culinary Plant by the Romans,
though we do not know that they ever attempted to cultivate
it. It was similarly employed by us in Gerarde's time, but was
never cultivated in our Gardens until the commencement of the
present century.

MUSHROOM. I am not aware that the Greeks ate of this
vegetable. The later Romans were very fond of it.

The increase of the inhabitants of our Pleasure grounds
within the last few years, places the taste and patronage

359

Avhich are bestowed on Gardening in a very conspicuons
point of view. Of Stove Plants we now cultivate about 1800
species and varieties. Of Green-House Plants nearly 3000.
Of hardy Trees and Shrubs nearly 4000. Of hardy Perennial
Flowers nearly 3000. Of Biennial aud Annual Flowi rs together
about 800. To particularize the diflerent genera of these
would exceed the limits I have prescribed to this work. I have
not included the varieties of Florist's flowers in the above
general list. They are more than proportionably nuniorous.
Of Hyacinths we have about 300 varities, whereas in 1G29,
Parkinson mentions but 50. The passion for tliis flower how-
ever has much abated, for Miller in the early part of the last
Century says the Dutch gardeners had 2000 sorts. Of tulips
we have nearly 700 varieties. The cultivation of this flower
has declined of late years. It was at its height both in this
country and in Holland towards the middle of the 17ih Century.
In Holland nearly 5^600 was agreed to be given for a single
root. Of the Ranunculus we have nearly 500 varieties. Of
the Anemone about 200. Of Dahlias (now Geoi'ginas) between
200 and 300. Narcissi 200. Auriculas more than 400. Pinks
300. Carnations about 350. Of Roses included in the list we
have given of hardy Trees and Shrubs there are more than
1450. Another instance of the progress made in increasing the
number of our cultivated plants is furnished by the genera
Erica. But five kinds of Heath were described by Miller as
known in England about GO years siuce ; we now cultivate
nearly 350,

Mr. Loudon makes the number of plants cultivated by Gar-
deners at present amount to 13,1 10, Of these 1100 are na-
tives of Gt, Britain ; 4'/ were Exotics introduced previous to,
and during the reign of Henry the 8th — Seven during that of
Edward the 6th. 533 duiing that of Elizabeth. In that of James
the 1st. twenty. Charles the 1st, 331, Ninety-five during
the Usurpation. Charles the 2nd, 152. James the 2iid, 44.

360

William and Mary, 298. Anne, 230. George the 1st, 182.
George the 2nd, 1770. George the 3rd, 6756. During the
first sixteen years of this century on an average 156 plants
were annually introduced. The ardour of research is not the
least abated now.

'-\ If we consider the present state of our Horticulture as re-

gards its practical details, there is every reason to be satisfied
with its improved state over that of any other period of our
History. The progress has not been, perhaps cannot be, marked
by any extraordinary discovery, but the improvement has beea
gradual, and though few new practices have been introduced,
old ones have been improved, and are now certainly better un-
derstood, and more correctly performed. This is owing to the
more general diffusion of Scientific information among our
Gardeners. As a demonstration of this Mr. Loudon's Ency-
clopaedia of Gardening may be compared with any standard
Work on the same Art, of previous Centuries. The constitu-
tion of Soils; the mode of operation of different manures, and
their economical management; the operation of the Air upon the
roots as well as other parts of plants, and the consequent ne-
cessity for not sowing or planting at an indiscriminate depth ;
the importance of pulverizing the Soil ; rotation of Crops ;
rendering the natural heat afforded by the Sun of the greatest
possible benefit by darkening the colour of enclosures, &c. the
very great variety of Tools and engines the gardener has offered
to him, are all evidences of improvement. The art of
Training and Pruning so as to check over vigorous Trees,
'' and promote the strength of the more weak are equally
improved. Tiiough grafting and budding have been improved ;
it is yet to be regretted that the question whether grafts
may be inserted successfully upon stocks of a contrary
species, has not been set at rest by a course of extensive expe-
riments. It justifies those who maintain an affirmative opinion
'upon this point, that such men as Pliny and Lord Bacon, de-
clare they have seen Nuts, Grapes, Figs, Apples, &c. growing

361

on one stem, and an Apple on a Cole wort stock. In the high-
est department of onr Art improvcmant continual and continu.
ing is not wanting, p'orcing which we have seen arose under
the Emperors of Rome, and was revived in England about tiie
time Parkinson lived, has ever since gradually advanced towards
perfection ; for perfection in forcing is obtaining the fruits of
warm climates in as great a state of excellence in those which
are colder as when cultivated in their native soils. Though on
common Ilot-beds Bell Glasses were sometimes used in Park-
inson's time, yet the usual protection for plants forced upon
them was simply straw, or mats supported from them by sticks.
Evelyn more than fifty years after mentions no other protection
than Bell Glasses. In the sixth edition of the Complete Gar-
dener in 1717, London and Wise mentions no other more
extensive protection ; but IMr. Lawrence in 1723, in the third
edition of his Gentleman's Recreation, makes mention of
Frames, for the purpose of recording an improvement, without
alluding to them as a late invention. The improvement he
mentions, is having a fixed wire bottom to the frame, which being
filled with the earth may be moved to a fresh hot-bed when the
heat declines in the first, or whilst any necessary stirring, &c.
of the Dung is being performed. Pits of various forms have
been invented since. Another improvement for the constant
supply of fresh Air to plants in Frames, was by the celebrated
Dr. Hales in 1741, on the principal that warm air ascends. A
pipe bent in the form of the letter L. is buried in the dung of
the bed, with one orifice communicating with the exterior air,
the other open in the frame, at the top of the frame a hole is
bored with an Augur, the impure heated air is constantly flow-
ing from this, and fresh warmed air is constantly rising through
the pipe to supply its place. The next improvement worthy of
notice was proposed by Mr. Knight, P. H. S. in 1B09. It
consists of having the sides of the frame of an equal height all
round, and building the bed with the requisite slop;), thus pre-
senting every part of the contaioed plants at an equal distance
to the glass. U A

362

Of Forcing Hoases, Cooservalories and other structiiics of
tliekind, we have seen that they were known to the Romans,
and in this country in the seventeeth, if not at the close of the
sixteenth Century. At first they were merely heated sheds,
without windows for the admission of light. In the French
Trar^/ener Evelyn mentions their being constructed with windows.
These structures were rudely heated by burning charcoal in
holes made in the floor of the house. This continued as late
as the middle of the seventeenth Century. In the first years of
the 18th Century regular structures with glass roofs were
introduced. Between the middle and close of that century
Speechley erected the magnificent Pineries at Welbeck ; Aiton
and Sir W. Chambers raised the plant stoves at Kew ; and
Abercrombie, Nicol, Kyle, &c. proportionably contributed to
the improvement of such structures. They continued however
chance- directed edifices until the commencement of the present
century. In 1809 Dr. Anderson and the President of the Lon-
don Horticultural Society in 180G, roused the attention of Gar-
deners to the subject; the first by his philosophical reasoning;
the latter by the same united to the voice of experience. Mr-
Knight directed his remarks chiefly to demonstrate the proper
angle for glass roofs of Hot-houses ; they gave rise to the pa-
tent structures of Stewart, Jordan and others ; and these
were still farther improved on the firm basis of mathematical
demonstration in 1815 by Sir G. Mackenzie, who shewed what
is now confirmed by practice, that an hemispherical glass roof
admits the most rays of light. This was further advocated by
Mr. Loudon in 1817.

Another improvement, also a birth of the present Century, is
forming the frames of the houses of Cast Iron instead of Wood.
The plan of heating Hot-houses by flues is owing to the Duke
of Rutland about 1717. Steam was first employed for the
same purpose by Mr. Wakefield of Liverpool in 1788 ; and
more effectually by Mr. Butler, Gardener to the Earl of Derby

303

at KhontIc near Lirerpool, in 1792, It did not bc^in to be
generally adopted until about 1816; and this nj)pear3 to be
likely to be superceded by employing hot Water, which was
first strenuously advocated in 1828, though first proposed and
adopted by A. Bacon Esq. of Elcot in Berkshire, in 1821.

The style in which our grounds are usually laid out may be
characterized in one sentence. Convenience is endeavoured to
be rendered as attractive as possible, by combining it with the
beautiful, and appropriate. The convenience of the inmates
of the mansion is studied by having the kitchen and fruit Gar-
dens near the house, fully extensive enough to supply all their
wants, and kept in the appropriate beauty of order and neat-
ness; without any extravagant attempt at ornament by the
mingling of useless trees, or planting its Cabbages, &c. in wa-
ving lines. In the Flower Garden which immediately adjoins
the house — dry walks, shady ones for Summer, and sheltered,
sun-gladdened ones for the more intemperate seasons, are con-
veniently constructed. Their accompanying borders and j)ar-
tcrres, arc in forms, such as are most graceful, whilst their in -
habitants distinguished for their fragrance are distributed iu
grateful abundance; and those noted for their elegant form;*
and beautiful tints, are grouped and blended as the taste of thu
Painter and the harmony of colours dictate. The Lawn from
these glides insensibly into the more distant ground occupied
by the Shrubberies, and the Park. Here the genius of the
place dictates the arrangement of the levels and of the masses
of Trees and Water. Common sense is followed in planting
such trees only as are suiled to the soil. A knowledge of tho
Tints of their foliage, guides the Landscape Gardener in asso-
ciating them, and aids the laws of Perspective in lengthening
his distant sweeps. If genlle undulations mark the surface, he
leads water among their subdued diversities and blends his
trees in softened groups, so as to form light glades to haiino-
iiizc with the other parts. If high, and brokci ground ha* t«

364

be adorned ; the designer mingles Water falls with broader
masses of darker foliaged trees, and acquires the beauty pecu-
liar to the abrupt and the grand, as in the former he aimed at
that which is secured by softer featores.

To enter into minute details does not come within the scope
of the present work, and therefore for more particulars I must
refer to the works of Wheatly, Knight, Repton, Loudon, and
others, before mentioned,

From the preceding tables and statements but one inference
can be drawn, if we consider them as data whereby to judge
of the future piospects of our Art, It is that as far as the
strictly practical parts of Gardening are concerned, no mere
empirical experience can much improve them. There is no
Fruit, no Culinary Vegetable, no Flower or Ornamental Plant,
whether exotic or indigenous that cannot be obtained in its
most desired state, at any period of the year. I of course do not
mean to say that in any Horticultural establishment such per-
fection is positively and regularly obtained, but that any flow-
er may be obtained in sucession through the year, any fruit or
culinary Vegetable in a state of perfection similarly continuously
if it is required of a first rate Gardener of the present day ; he
has the knowledge which would enable him to effect it.* The
Gardeners of the present day then have to look for improve-
ment in those Sciences which may guide to a more judicious
conducting of their present practices, and to the discovery of
Dew modes of treatment. Of those Sciences Botany in its most
comprehensive form, and Chemistry are the chief. Of the im-
portance of Botanical knowledge to the Horticulturist no one
can rationally doubt. It is to the researches of Botanists that

* This opinion is also that of the President of the Horticultural Society.
In a letter now before me he says " Physiological knowledge can alone how
divert the Qardener to improvenieut I for he possesses all that mere practice
in likely to give."

365

wc owe the chief or rather nearly the whole of iho Flowers
which adoru our Gardens; it is to information first drawn
from their discoveries that we are indebted for our nuincrous
varieties (Jf Fruits and Culinary Vegetables; their science is
the best system of Mnemonics for retaining the names of the
numerous cultivated objects of the Gardener's care; their Sci-
ence aids him to an enlightened practice, and to an iiitelli;,'^ible
language. The same observations apply to Chemis.try ; the
nature of Soils, of Manures, of the food and functions of Plants
would all be unknown but from the analyses which Chemists
have made for the benefit of the Cultivators of the Soil. With-
out a knowledge of it, many of the gardener's simplest
operations must be unintelligible to himself, and consequently
be casually performed ; for they are learnt by rote or stumbled
upon by chance. We know that every plant has a particular
temperature in which it thrives best ; a particular modification
of food ; a particular degree of moisture; a particular intensi-
ty of light ; and those particularities vary at different periods
of their growth. It is certain that Plants are subject like all
organized bodies to various influences. Acids are injurious to
some; alkalies to others ; the excess of some of their constitu-
ents, and the deficiency of others insure disease to the Plants
to which such irregularities occur. Disease is acc(.>m])anied by
decay more or less extensiye and rapid; and if these cannot be
checked by salutary applications and treatment, death ulti-
mately ensues.

Now if it was possible for any Science or Sciences to teach
the cultivator of Plants, how to provide for them all the fa-
vourable contingencies, all the appropriate necesaries above
alluded to, and to protect them from all those which are noxi-
ous to them, the art of cultivation would be far advanced to
peifection — Now such Sciences are Botany and Clicmistry, 1
do not mean to assert that these Sciences, as at present known

arc capable of supplying all the desiderata I have alluded to,
but they can many of them. Besides, these Sciences have not
reached their present state in a day. They are the structures
of ages and daily improving-. Neither have they been the cre-
ations of single minds, but have been gradually raised by many
intellectual labourers, from the the time of the Greek Philoso-
phers and Arab Alchemists until now. Let it not be argued
that the cultivator of the Soil should wait for others to make
discoveries, and that he need only take advantage of them.
Who is so well calculated for making discoveries in a a Art, as
he who is constantly practising it? Should the Physician be
ignorant of Pharmacy, and confining himself merely to detect
diseases, leave to the Pharmaceutist to prescribe appropriate
remedies? As absurd is it to assert that, though Botany and
Chemistry are the best aids of Horticulture, the Gardener
should leave their application to others.

If it was true, which the preceding parts of this work will
demonstrate it is not, that the cultivation of the Soil has not
improved during the last two-thousand years, such an argument
ex ignoraiitia would avail nothing against the possibiHty of im-
provement.

No one can argue that Botany has done nothing for the Gar-
dener; the immense and continual increase of the species of
Plants cultivated by him — the improved varieties of Mr. Knight
and others alone may prevent such an assertion. I am per-
fectly willing to grant, and lament that facts justify the ad-
mission, that Chemistry has not been brought to the illustration
and improvement of the agricultural arts so successfully as to
the Arts of manufacture. This is chiefly owing to the insensi-
bility of Cultivators, but not entirely so. It partly arises from the
great difficulty and intricacy of Vegetable Chemistry. " If the
exact connection of effects with their causes, says Kirvvan, has
not been so fully and extensively traced in tkis as in other sub-

367

jocts, we must attribute it to the peculiar difticulfy of the inves-
tigation. In other subjects, exposed to the joint operation of
many causes, the effect of each, singly and exclusively taken,
may be particularly examined, and the experimenter mav work
in Ills laboratory, with the object always in his view; but the
secret processes of vegetation take place in the dark, ex|)osed
to the various and undeterminable influences of the Atmosphere,
and require, at least, half a year for their completion." Such
difficulties are only so many powerful reasons for increasing the
number of labourers in this field of Science ; and when these have
gone on collecting observations and facts, some master mind will
arise, in an age perhaps not very distant, and render the whole
more luminous,by arranging them in the magic order of System,
Science can never supersede the necessity of a practical educa-
tion for the cultivator ; can never supersede the use of the
Dunghill, the Plough, the Spade, and the Hoe; but it can be
one of their best guides; can be a pilot even to the most ex-
perienced.

As proof of what can be eflected by a combination of scien-
tific and practical knowledge in the cultivation of the Soil, the
example of Lavoisier may be quoted. He was one of the most
illustrious Chemists of his day. He cultivated two hundred
and forty Acres in La Vendee, for the purpose of demon?trating
to his countrymen the importance of sustaining the art of cul-
tivation on scientific principles. In nine years his produce
was doubled. His crops afforded one third mure than those of
ordinary cultivators.

These observations will bo rendered daily more and more
needless; for the rising generation of (iardeners are really
men of Science. The necessity for this was seen during the
closing of the last century, and sucli conviction has ellected the
reformation. Some persons are still bigots enough to oppose
such an improved education for Gardeners, but the intollcrant

368

worshippers of Antiquity are gradually becoming silent, if
they Avill not confess to conviction of error. We ought to re-
joice to observe the gradual suffusion of education and the
mole hills of prejudice, and the multitude of the exclusionists
and of the self-sufficient, diminishing in the same ratio. Our
Gardens are no longer under the direction of men who retain
their profession as unaltered as the New Zealand savages do
the religion of their forefathers ; with as much bigotry, and as
unenlightened.

Our Gardeners are now men of Science, and friends of im-
provement; the present state of our Horticulture affords us
overwhelming testimony of the benefits gained by this revolu-
tion. Such a diffusion of Scientific information must become
still more general, and every friend of his country will endeavour
to promote it. It is the readiest, the most unfailing mentor
that can accompany practice ; and without it the Cultivators of
the Soil will never attain their object — which is the obtaining
the best crops of certain plants, at certain times, and at the
least possible expense,*

Of the encouragement by public patronage which Gardening
receives, and which is necessary to the progress of every Art ;
Gardening has no reason to complain. The Horticultural So-
cieties of London and Edinburgh, contain among their members
a large proportion of the Talent of both countries ; but it is not
alone among the sons of Genius that the Art finds friends ;
for the wealth and the aristocracy of the country afford their
equally powerful aid for its encouragement. Garden produce
is now part of the necessaries of life ; consequently a garden,
is one of the first required appendages to the Cottage, as well
as to the Palace. Less than two centuries ago neither vegeta-

* In the above I have paraphrased and quoted from some of my writings
in the Gardener s Magazine, v. iii. 130. v, v. 130. &c.

369

is now part of Uie necessaries of life ; consequently a Garden,
is one of tlie Hist required appendages to the Cottage as well
as to the Palace. Less than two Centuries ago neitlior Vege-
tables or Fruits were much sought after. Gross aiiiiual food
was the sustenance of ihe lower Classes, and choicer kinds of
it formed the repasts of the l.iglier members of the community.
In the old Household iJouks of groat families, Fruiis arc rarely
mentioned. Culinary Vegetables still more seldom ; but now
Bread and Vegetables furm a chief part of a poor man's diet;
as the latter are among the choicest dishes at the tables of the
wealthy, and in tlie desserts which close their feasts they arc
emulous to excel. Flowers are equally highly prized and sought
after, among the most generous of their fosterers stand pre-emi-
nent our fair countrywomen.

Such are the encouraging auspices under which Gardening
is now flourishing', and such are the equally bright promises of
its future prog-ress. Some persons, without suflicient consider-
ation, have expressed their opinion that it is now as perfect as
any Art can be, and therefore like all otlier human institutions it
must now decline, since in them decay commences as soon as
improvement ceases. That the History of the Arts and Sciences
warrants the conclusion that Ihey never stand still, butaiee\er
on the advance or decline, I cannot deny, but I do deny that
Gardening- is capable of no further iniprovement. This I have
already pointed out, and until the Vegetable Tribes of other
climes are no longer capable of furnishing any thing new, and
until the researches of the Chenustand Phisiologist are perfect.
Horticulture has yet better things to hope for, and aim at. A
second class of despondents are those who in the general (fu-
sion of knowledge and liberal principles, see notliing but
threatened convulsions and revolutions, ihe ruin of the y\rts,
the destruction of social order, if not the conclusion of Time.
Such persons are opposed to education being imparted to Gar-
deners,

3 D

no

I have already expressed niy opinion upon the benefits likely
to accrue from our GardcueVs being men of scientific acquire-
ments, and see no necessity to revert to particulars, 1 would
however observe a;enerally that as human knowledge on which
our institutions are founded must continue to improve, or must
deteriorate, few persons will bs found to argue that the latter
is desirable — Let us imj)rove as long as "we can. Those who
in a diffusion of knowledge see our social order endangered ar-
gue perversely. Whilst education is partial, those blessed with
it may be proud of their distinction, and obtain undue notions
and power by their superiority, but when education becomes
general such distinction must cease.

He is no philosopher who neglects a certain present good,
for fear that in some future period it may be abused ; but in
the encouragement of Gardening whilst an immediate good is
obtained, there is no fear of its perversion in after days. Its
diffusion among' the poorer classes is an earnest, or means of
more important benefits, even than the present increase of their
comfort. The labourer who possesses and delights in the garden
appended to his Cottage is generally among the most decent of
his class; he is seldom a frequenter of the ale-house; and
there are few among them so senseless as not readily to engage
in its cultivation when convinced of the comforts and gain
derivable from it. When the lower order of a state are con-
tented, the abettors of anarchy cabal for the destruction of its
civil tranquility in vain, for they have to efface the strongest of
all earthly associations, home and its hallowed accompaniments,
from the attachment of the labourer, before he will assist in
tearing them from others, in the struggle to effect which, he
has nothing definite to gain, and all those flowers of life to lose.

The same reasoning applies with undiminished force to the
higher classes. — Everything that tends to endear to a man his
home, attaches him with proportionate force to his country
that contains it.

371

Gardening is a pursuit adapted alike to the g;ay and flic rc-
chiso, the man of pleasure, and the lover of science. To both
it offers employment such as may suit their taste, all that can
please by fragrance, by flavour, or by beauty; all that Science
may illustrate ; employment for the Chemist, the Botanist, the
Physiologist, and the Meteorologist. There is no taste so
perverse as that from it the Garden can win no attention, or to
which it can afford no pleasure. He who greatly benefitted or
promoted the happiness of mankind in the days of Pagan-
ism was invoked after .death and worshipped as a deity; in
these days we should be as grateful as they were without being
as extravagant in its demonstration ; and if so we should in-
deed highly estimate those who have been the improvers of
our Horticulture, for as Socrates says "it is the source of
health, strength, plenty, riches, and of a thousand sober de-
lights, and honest pleasures" " It is the purest of human plea-
sures" says our own Verulam. It is amid its scenes and pursuits
that "life flows pure, the heart more calmly beats."

THE END.

■White, Printer, Eye.

INDEX.

Abdalonimus.

PAGE

1

Abercroinbie (J.)

219

Acanthus

87

Acacia

326

Academy of Gardeners

134

Academus

7

Acer

326

«« Acetaria"

107

"Account of some experiments on the Barking

of Fruit

Trees"

289

*« Account of the Gooseberry shews"

326

*' Account of the Emperor of China's Gardens'* 205

Account of Mr. Cowell's Aloe

188, 198

Aconite

87, 151

*' Account of a Stone producing Mushrooms'*

209

*' Adam armed"

207

"Adam's Luxury and Eve's Cookery"

203

Addison, (J)

2G0

Adonis

7, 87

African Bulbous Plants

312

Agave Americana

314

374

PAGE

Aged Fruit Trees

319

Agricola

35

Agriculture-

«1

Aiton, R, T.

298

, 307, 315

Aiton, W. T.

298

Alcinous

6

Alexandrian Ciotat Grape

311

Allen, (T.)

321

Almond 3,

17, 55

, 92, 339

Alisander

«8,

182, 352

Aloe

4,

188, 326

Alpine Strawberry-

287,

317, 325

Alpine Plants

288

Amaryllis Psittacin^ Johnsoni

318

Amaryllis

315,

318, 319

Amaryllis Longifolia

307

Amaranthus

87, 131

Amelanshier

339

America

60

American Fruits

322

American Plants

131

American Cranbury

286, 315

''American Gardener"

310

"American Physician"

110

Amos, W.

28

Anatolius

8

" Ananas, or a Treatise on the Pine Apple"

226

*« Anastatius"

304

Anderson, D.

313

Anderson, W.

298

Anderson, G.

298, 299

Andilly, R. A. d'

107

Andromeda

326

375

PAGB

Anenioiiies 84, 87, 314, 359
Ang:clica 68, 90, 179, 357
Anne, Qiieon, 139, 145, 360

Annise 6S, 72, 179, 357

** Anecdotes of Painting in England" 241

Aphis Lanigera ■■ 297, 306

Apiariinn 113

** Apopiroscopy'' 158

Apple, 4, 6, 7, 16, 17, 33, 35, 40, 55, 92, 74, 126, 129

133, 180, 273, 286, 287, 288, 293, 296, 299, 302

303, 308, 309, 311, 313, 314, 317, 322. 323, 324
327, 345,
** Appendix to the Botanical Magazine and Reg-ister" 311

"Approved Epcri ments touching Fish and Fruit" 77

Apples, to preserve 291

Apricot, 17, 55, 57, 92, 129, 136, 180, 295, 297, 310

318, 339

Aquatics 306, 314

Arachis Hypogea, 318

Arboriculture 164

"Arborum Plantatione" 46

Arbutus 92

Archer, C. 257

"Architectural Sketches" 282

Arctostophylos 339

Argyle, Duke of 16
Aviaries

Ark Wright, R. 307

"Arnold's Chronicle" 47

Arpinum 21

" Art and manner how to Graft and Plant** 69

" Art of Planting the Vine'* 236

"Art of Gardening;'* 2-V2

376

PAGE

«' Art of promoting the growth of the Cucumber and

Melon" 315, 327

"Art of Making- Cider" 1 i 6

*' Art's Improvements" 158

*' Art's Mistress" 94

Artichoke 68, 72, 89, 90, 131, 352

Asarabacca 90

Ashmole, Elias 99
Asparagus 13, 68, 72, 89, 138, 291, 297, 300, 302, 318

319, 322, 324, 825, 351.

Asphodel 87

Association of Plants 74

Astley, F. D- 257

Atkinson, Wm. 317, 319

Auricula 87, 213, 289, 293, 324, 359

Aurora 7

Austen, Francis 93

Austen, Ralph 98

Avallonia 33

Ayres, R. 313

Ayrshire Rose 314

Azalea 326

Azalea indica. 298

Babylon, Hanging Gardens of, 4

Bacon, Lord 65, 140

Bagot, Lord 308

Baldwin, T. 301, 311

Balfour, W. 219

Balsam 307

Balsam Apple 87

377

PAGE

Balm (58,90,179,333

Bank for Alpine Plants 28Q
Banks, Sir J. 285, 286, 287, 288, 292, 297, 30a

BanqueHiiig Rooms 1 t'J

Banyan Tree 3ift

Barberry 55, 92, 181, 340, 32(J

Barnet, J. 321

Barnet, P. 291, 302

Barren Wort 87

Barton, T. 302
Basil |13, 72, 89, 178, 179. 308, 350

Batchelor's Buttons C8, 84

Bauman, J. 414

Baxter, W. 309

Bay 92

Bay Cherry, Laurel " 84

Beacon's Field 143

Bear's foot 90

Bear Ears 84

Beale, Dr. John 101
Beans 8, 13, 90,";i53, 182, 348

Beatlie, W. 291, 302

" Beauties of Flora displayed" 323

*' Beauties of Stowe" 205

Becket House 143

Bedford, Lucy Countess of 145

Bee 302

*' Bee, The" 237
Beets 13, 68, 72, 89, 178, 179, 308, 350

Bclvoir Castle l'J2

Bell tlowor . « i

Bell Glasses 09,301

Bellingham, C. 70

378

PAGE

Betula 326

Bickman, G^ 205

Biggs, A. ^ 286

Biguomia / 326

Billingsly, S. 115

Billington, W. 321

Bird Cherry 341

Bishop, T. 293, 302

Bisset, A. 325

Black Eagle Cherry 297

Blackening Walls 323

Bladder Campion 352

Bladder Nut 93

Blagrave, Samuel. 115

Blaikie, F 301

Blake, Stephen, 110

Blake, T. 314

Blenheim 125, 146, 233, 265, 268

Blessed Thistle 68, 92

Blight 181, 273, 293, 297

Bliss, G. 316

Elite 89, 179

«' Blood of the Grapes' ' 98

Blood wort > 89

Blossom Buds, transplanting 295

Blue Insect 291

Blue Bottle 87

"Boke of Husbandry" 47

** Boke of Surveying, 4*c.'* 48

*' BookeofRegarde" 61

Balfours 63

Bollar, Nicholas. 46

Bonfeil, J, T^

379

Boothby, Sir B.

Borage

Borderings

Borecole

Botany its benefit to Gardening

Botanic Gardens

" Botanic Garden "

Botanists at the Close of the 17th Century

" Botanical Tracts"

"Botanists and Gardeners new Dictionary

" Botanical Dictionary"

" Botanical Magazine" lo5,

" Botanical Cabinet''

" Botanist's Companion''

"Botanist's Repository"

" Botanical Miscellany''

" Botanical Register''

Boutcher, W.

Bowers, J.

Box

Braddick, J.

Bradberry, W.

Bradlev, Richard

Bramble

Brausby, J,

Brassica

Bray, John.

Breese, J.

Bridgeman, .

*' Brief Discoveries," &c.

Brithnod

" British Flower Garden''

"British Fruit Garden"

PAGE
298

«8, 37, 89, 179

83

178, 182

02, 147, 3G4

G2, C3

241, 330

148

200

217

232

245, 284, 311, 329

330

273

274

284

330

234

320

23, 83, 93

298, 317, 318

315

154, 182

347

318

178, 31G, 347

•1(>

317

2G1

05

39

330

222

\

380

PAGE

"British Housewife and Gardener's Companion" 188

" British Gardener's Director" 20G
Brocoh 178, 181, 287, 299, 302, 307

Broniptoii Nursery 11<>, 123

Brooks, S. 315

Brpokshaw, G. 294

Brooklirae 353

Broom ' 88

Browne, R. 248

Brown, L. 265

Brown, J. 299

Brown, Sir T. 103, 132

Brown Apple of Burntisland 303

BruUes, — , 250

Brunsvigia 312

Brussel's Sprouts 307

Bryant, C, 243

Buck, W. 315

Bucknall, T. D. 257
Budding- (see Inoculation)

Bugloss 68, 72, 87, 89, 179

*' Bulbous Roots floAvering in water bottles" 195

Bulbous-rooted Violet ^ 86

Bull,W. 324

Bullace Y" 55

BuJleyn, William, 61, 56

*' Bulwarke of Defence,'' 53

Burch, J. * 314

Burleigh, Lord, 141

Burleigh House 268

Burn, H. 32 L

Burnet 90, 353

Burr-knot Apple 287, 291

381
c

pA(;r.
Cabbages, 13, 72, 88, 89, 131, 182, 178, 321

Cactus Opuntia 298

Call, M. 314

" Calendarum universale," 187

Caledonian Horticultural Society, 337

Calcoensis, Henry 46

Caligula's Nest 22

Camellia Japonicj^, 325

" Camellia Britannica," 325

Camphor, 4

Campions, 68

Cambridge Botanic Garden, 151

Camjianula, °'

Canada Potatoes, ^

CandoUe, A. P. de. 316

Candy tuft, 88

Canker, 291, 192

"Capilarium de villis," 40

Caprification, 40

Campsicum, 358

Carduus benedictus, 179

Carlisle, A. 295, 297

Carlisle Codlin, 292

Carse of Cowrie Orchards, 292

Carr, J. 324
Carrots, 13, 33, 72, 88, 90, 314, 317, 349

Carrot-Worms, 291

Carob, 341

Caracalla's Garden, 26
Carnations, 68, 85, 86, 111, 132, 289, 293, 305, 359

Carpenter, — . 190

Carter, D. 227

" Caractacus," 235
Carraway, 90, 179, 357
Cashiobury, 136, 141, 14:3

3 D

38«

PAGE.

Castle Howard, 146

Castel, Robert 195

Castle-hill, 268

Casuarina, 308

Cassidony, 90

«' Catalogue of Trees, &CC." 195

«. Seeds, &c." • 187

« Trees and Shrubs," 202

« Hot-house and other Plants," 205

«« Seeds and Roots," 205

" Plants, &c." 217

« Green-house Plants, &c." 232

« . Trees, Shrubs, &c." 232

« Plants in the Garden of J. Black-
bourne, esq." 238

<«, Fruit Trees," - 290

« Lodiges and Son's Plants," 235

«. Fruits in the Chiswick Garden," 327, 332

JJritish Medical and other Plants," 245

"Catalogus Plantarum Anglioe," 148

« Plantarum ofRcinalium in Chelseiano," 195

" Arborum Fructicumque," 199

" Arborum, &c." 76

Caterpillars, 87

Cato, 13

Cattley, Wm. 313

Cauliflower, 89, 131, 153, 291, 318, 324

Can-flues, 292

Caville rouge de micoud Apple, 322

Cedar, 4, 323

Celer, 26

Celery, 302, 306, 353

Celeriac, ' 181, 306, 323

Celandine, 90
*' Certain Miscellany Tracts in Scripture of Gardens," 103

Ceres, 7

383

Chamber, Sir W.

211

Chamomile,

87, 90,

179,

357

Chandler & Buckingham,

325

Change of Seed,

175

Chardon,

90,

181,

352

Charles 1st.

134,

142,

359

Charles 2nd. 108, 112,

120, 135,

142,

359

Charter of the Gardener's Company

133

Chapman, R.

*

311

Chatsworth,

143

Chelsea Garden,

C3, 04,

150,

304

Cherries, 17, 35, 40, 55, 50, 57,

92, 129,

136,

180,

293, 297, 298, 299, 302, 308,

312, 314,

327,

340

Chesnuts, 17, 55, 74, 92,

111, 286,

287,

340

Chervill,

72, 89,

182,

384

Chemistry applied to Horticulture,

150,

365

Chicory,

324

Child, R.

97

Chinese Horticulture,

313,

316

Chinese Roses

318

Chiswick Garden,

321,

322,

327

Chivalry,

41

Chives,

351

Christianity, its Introduction,

36

Christie, W.

311,

314

Christmas Flower,

84,

151

Christ's Thorn,

93

Chrysanthemum, 313, 314,

115, 317,

319,

322

Churchy, G.

77

Chuz,

6

Cicero,

21

Cinnamon

4

Cis Chervill,

89

Cistus,

88

"Cistinae,"

330

384

PAGE.

Citizen's Gardens, 26, 41

Citron, 17, 299
Citrus genus, 309, 3 1 3, 325

"City Gardener," 191

Clare, J. 323

Clair Voye'es 144

Claret Grape, Wine from its leaves, 296

Clarke, G. 158

Clary, 89, 355

Clady Paint, 291

"Clergyman's Recreation," 156

Clematis, 88, 326

Climate, as influencing Horticulture, 321

Cobbet, W. 310

Cobham, Lord 264

Coburgia, 312

Cockburn, G. 318

Cock's Comb, 313

Cockle Strewer, 143

Cole, 72

Cole-wort, 13, 72, 89

Columella, -■ 13

Columbkill, 37

Columbine, 68, 84, 87

Collins Samuel 190

CoUyns, W. 327

"Collection of Husbandry," &c. 117

Commerce, 43, 66

"Complete Husbandry, &c." 97

«_ Gardener's Practice," 110

« Vineyard," 110, 115

"-^ Gardener," 117, 125

«_ Planter and Ciderdist," 122

«; Body of Husbandry," 188, 208

" Modern Husbandry,'" 201

385

PAGE.

"Complete Seedsman's Monthly Calendar," , 202

'« Florist," 204

" Body of Planting and Gardening," 214

" Farmer," ' 218

" Forcing Gardener," 222

" Wall-tree Primer," 223

" Kitchen Gardener," 223

" Dictionary of Practical Gardening," 282

Compton, Bishop Henry 137, 202, 204, 348

"Compendious method of raising Italian Brocoli, &c." 181
"Composition des Paysages," 207

" Comparative view of Curvilinear & other Hot houses," 279
Composts, 283, 292, 293

" Concerning the effects of English Husbandry," 97

"Concise and Practical Treastise on the Culture of the

Carnation, Sec." 289

"Connection between the leaves and fruit," 297

" of certain parts of a Tree with the Fruit," 102

"Construction of Timber, &c." 209

Conservatory, , 324

Constantinople Plants, 321

Convolvolus, 87

Cooke, Moses 115, 130

Cooper, J. 323

Cooper, B. 323

Cornet plums^ 55

Cornell, ^, i>2, 341

Coriander, 72, 179, 357

Costmary, 89, 90, 179, 35C

" Cottager's Companion, 274

*• Cottage Economy and Mansion Economy," 320

Cotton, Charles 55

Cotton Thistle, 353

« Country Housewife," 205

" Gentleman's Companion," 182

386

" Country Gentleman's and Farmer's Director,'*

PAGE.

187

*' vade mecum

',"

190

"Countryman's Jewel,"
"Country Housewife's Garden,"
"Countryman's Recreation,"
Coventry, Francis
Coverings for frames,
Cowell, John

69

79

94, 98

205

308

198

Cowley, Abm.
Cowley, — .
Cowslip,
Crab,

«

148

122

84, 87

345

Cranes Bill,

87

Cratoegus,
Cranbury,
Crawford, W.

315,

326

318, 344

293

Cress,

72,

, 90, 353

Cresinus, C. F.

14

Crighlon, D.
Crinum Amabille,
Crocus,

293
314

84, 87

Crowberry,
Crown Imperial,
Cromwell, Thomas, Lord
Cromwell, Oliver

135,

342

84, 86

57

142, 359

Cucumber, 3, 13, 14, 54,

72,

89, 90,

153, 177,

200, 253, 298, 307,

314,

315, 321, 323

Cuckow-flower,

88

Culinary Vegetables,
"Cultu Hortorum Carmen,"

13

, 56, 88,

, 90, 347
114

" Culture of Forests,"

248

Cullum, T. G.

313

CuUum, SirD.

122

Cummingham, Dr, R. '
Cummin,

292

72

Curtis, W.

244, 329

387

Curtis, S. 321, 329

Curl, 290, 29G

"Curious and Profitable Gardener," 198

" experiments in Gardening'," 203

" Curiosities of Art and Nature, &c." 128

Currants, 17, 56, 92, 181, 291, 306, 325, 346

Currant Wine, 291

Cushing, J. 284

Custard Apple, 339

Cyclamen, 84, 87

Cypress, 7, 92

Cyrus, 4
^ D

Daffodils, ^, 86

Dahlia, 286, 287, 308, 314, 359

Daisies, 85, 87

" Daily Assistant in English Gardening," 223

Damascene or Damson, 55, 345

Damask Rose, 57

Danes, 38

Danby, Earl of 63

Dandelion, 353

Daniel, J. F. 321

Dawes, H. 308

Darwin, E. 241

Date, 342

Davy, Sir H. 336

De Lille, J. 230

Deck, J. 324

Denjocritus, 8

" Dendrologia, a Treatise on forest Trees," 327

" Description of a Patent Hot-house," 237

" certain methods of Planting, &c. 247

«< eleven thousand Plants," 249

"Designs for Parsonage Houses," 327

" for Chinese Buildings, &c." 211

" Design for Plenty," ^

Destruction of Rome, ^

888

PAGE.

Dethycke, H. (J7

Devonshire, Exotics in 287
"Dialogue on the distinct Characters of the Picturesque,

&c. 254

" upon the Gardens of Lord Cobham,' ' 205

Dick, J. 302

Dicks, J. 320

Dickson, A. 322

Dickson, J. 285, 290, 299, 30G, 320, 337

Dickson, R. B. 282

Dickson and Co, 205

" Dictionarutn Botanicum," ISO

" Rusticum," 127

"■Dictionary of all sorts of Country Affairs, &c." 127

'< of the Ornamental Trees, &c. in Gt. Britain," 243

Dill, 68, 72, 90, 179, 354

" Different modes of cultivating the Pine Apple," 279

Diosma, 326

" Directions of certain methods of Planting, Sec." 247

" for the culture of Crambe Maritima," 245

" . for cultivating Vines in America," 205

"Discourse of Husbandry used in Brabant, &c." 95

" Discourses concerning the growth of Plants," 188
" Discourse on the History of Trade and Navigation," 106

" Dissertation on the true Cytisus, &c." 182

«< _ on Cyder, &;c." 198

a on the growth of Wine in England," 248

" on Oriental Gardening," 212

" Distinguishing properties of a fine Auricula," 213

Deseases of Trees, &c. 91, 302, 308, 317, 321, 322

Dittany, ''

Dodocns Rembert, 53

Dog's Grass, 7

Tooth Voilet, 87

"Domestic Gardener's Manual," 328

389

Donaldson, — .

PAGE.

122

Dan, G.

291,

319

Double Flowers,

86, 200,

322

• Blossomed Cherry,

88
88

■ Appl*?>

Peach,

88

Dow, Rev. A.

290,

325

Downton Hall,

253,

271

^ Iinperatrico Plum,

319

313,

319

287

Doyenne Pear,

288

Dragons,

90

"Draughts for Gardeners,"

78

Drope, Francis

115

Druids,

32

Drummond, J.

307,

^18

Ducket, Thos.

103

Dufresnoy,

260

Duff, C.

322

Duhilhier, N. F.

122,

152

Dunbar, J.

206

Duncan, Dr. senr.

291, 292, 312,

325

Dung-heat,

299

Dunstable Monastery Gardens,

40

"Dutch Garden,"

130

" Horticulture,"

132

" Florist,"

213,

217

Dwarf Fruit Trees,

135

Dy vers Soyls for Manuring,

E

Earthenware Flues,

290

East Indies,

66

East Lothian, Exotics in,

325

3 E

390

East Lothian Orchards,

PAGE.

292

Eastern Nations,

10

" Eden, or a Complete body of Gardening,' '

208

Edger Hall,

124,

14G

Edgings,

83

Edinburgh Botanic Garden,

63

Edward the 3rd.

45

tVir fitVi

359
309

Effects of high Temperatures,

Egg Plant,

358

Egyptian Melon,

324

Eighteenth Century,

147

Elder,

357

Elecampane,

179,

357

" Elements of Agricultural Chemistry,"

330

196
244

" Modern Gardening,"

"Elfrida,"

235

Elizabeth, Queen 132,

133,

141

Elliot, R.

292,

302

Ellis, Wm.

201

,T.

236

Elruge Mectarine,

320

Elton Pear,

295

Cherry,

297

Ely, its Wine,

39

Emmerton, I.

293

Emmerich, A,

248

*' Encyclopsedia of Gardening,"

279

Endine, 13, 68, 72, 89,

321,

353

Eucalyptus,

326

"England's happiness increased,"

113

" Improvement,"

108

" English Improver improved,"

96

" Vineyard,"

105,

112

391

PAG E.

English Seed of some Plants, best," 88

Herbal, &c." 130

Botany," 249

Garden," 235

Gardener," 117

Gardening, passim," 31

Flora, 148

*' Husbandman," 79

** Engravings of Heath's," . 274

" Enrichments of the Weald of Kent," 79
Envil, ^ 237, 268

Epicurus, 8

Epigram, 208

" Epistle to Richard Boyle," 260

" Epitome of Husbandry,' ' 1 15
Ericce, 325, 32G, 359

Eriobotrya, 342

Ermenonville, 243
Esculents, • 324, 347
Esher, 233, 264

Espalier, 26

Rails, 293

Esperione Grape, 307

Essay on the Elements of Architecture," 80

on Timber Trees, 96

on the 1st Book of Lucretius," 105

concerning the best methods of Pruning," 200

on Planting," 214

on the theory of Agriculture," 217

on the natural situations of Gardens," 236

on design in Gardening," 229

on Landscapes," 243

• on Gardening," 251

on the Picturesque," 254

ou Imagination," 260

392

"Essay on Packing Plants,"

PAGE.

274

" • on the culture of the Protece,"

282

" on the weeds of Agriculture,"

294

" on the uses of Salt as a Manure,"

305

" on Coral,"

113

" on Harmony,"

202

''Essays on Landscape Gardening,"

320

iC ^in XJrTol-irt»-»*1«xT t?

117

216

" Essay on the preservation of the health of Agriculturists,

&c."

244

Euphoria,

342

Eve Apple,

302

Evelyn, Charles

190

, John 65, 103, 112,

136,

154

" Every Man his ovi^n Gardener,"

222

Exotics in Devonshire,

287

lO-l -|r»o

151,

359

, loi, loo.

"Exotic Flora,"

284

" Gardener,"

284

"Expert Gardener,"

95

"Experiments and Observations on Vegetation, &c

»>

102

" Experimental Husbandman and Gardener,"

188

Exton Hall,

146

Eyre, — .

262

F

Fairchild, Thos.

191,

199

Fairweather, J.

300

Falconer, W.

243

Fallowing, •

188,

191

" Family Dictionary,"

186

Family Genius,

104

" Farmer's Instructor,"

202

393

PAGE.

'•' Farewell to Husbandry," 79

Faiilderman, F. 323

Featherfew, 87, 90

Felton, S. 245

Fennel, 13, C8, 78, 89

Fennugreek, 179

Fern, 308

Fernie ornee, 264

" Few minutes advice to Gentlemen of landed Property," 256

Feudal System, 58

Field, H. 304

Fig, 3, 4, 6, 16, 17, 40, 50, 92, 126, 181, 298,

302, 306, 308, 309, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317,
318, 319, 322, 342

" Figures of Plants," 196

t« English Fungi," 250

Filberts, 17, 55, 92, 131, 181, 312, 318, 341

Finochio, 181

" Finibus Virtutis Christiance," 110

First Suggester of Landscape Gardening, 259

Fischer, F. E. L. 309

Fitzherbert, Sir A. 48

" Five hundred points of good Husbandry," 50, 55

Flanagan, P. 312, 316

Flat Peach of China, 317

Flax, 287, 361

Flea-berries, 92

Fleetwood, Wni. 127

Flemish Worsted Manufacturers, 132

" Flora, Ceres, and Pomona," " HI

" Flora Conspicua," 320

" Australasica," 330

" Domestica," . 305

" Historica," 305

394

PAGE.

" Flora Londinensis," 245

«* Dioetetica," • 243

«* Rustica," 277

" Flora's Paradise beautified," 75

"Florists' Manual," 282

«. Directory," 251

« Delight," 250

« Feast," 132

**_ Vade mecum," 119

« Guide and Cultivator's Directory," 330

Florence Cherry, ' 298
Floriculture, 85, 132, 359

Floy, M. 323
" Flower Garden," 83, 111

« displayed," 201

« for Ladies' and Gentlemen," 200

Flower amoure, 68

« Petilius, 68

" Gentle, 84

Flowers, 359

Fonthill, 268
Forcing, 14, 18, 119, 152, 257, 286, 287, 288, 296,

299, 300, 311, 313, 323, 361

" Forcer's Assistant," 290
"Forester's Guide," ' 304

Forester, A. 324

Forest Laws, 42

" Pruner," 276

Forsythe, W. 250 273

Fora Holitorum, 11

Forms of Stoves for Forcing Houses, 257

*' Foure Bookes of Husbandrie," 71

" Four Books of Plants,' ' 148

Foulk, W. 321

395

PAGE.

Fountains, 4, 24, 82, 1C6

Fowler, — . 153

Fox Glove, 87

Frames, 287, 307, 361

Frankincense, 4

Frankland, Sir T. 312
" Fragments on the theory and practice of Landscape

Gardening," 256

Fraxinus, 326

" French Gardener," 105

Gardening, 138

Horticultural Writers, 288

Fresh Vegetable Manure, 297

Frost, its effects, 323

Injury to Blossom prevented, 181

" Fruit Gardener," 227

Fruit Garden, 15, 92, 74, 111, 180

Fruit Trees, in Pots '314

" Grower's Instructor," 3l6

" Walls Improved," 122

" Garden Kalander," 156

Fruit Room, 296

Fruits' in Jacob's time, 3

" of the Romans," 17

" for every Month," 200

— — New and Early to produce, 285

" Fruiterers' Secrets," 77
Fructiculture, 16, 75, 91, 180, 302, 306, 314, 315,

316, 318, 321, 222, 323, 324

"Frugum Historia," 54

Fulham Palace, 57

Nursery, 202

Gardens, 137, 204

FuUer, — . 290

39G

PAGE.

Fulmer, S. ' 242

" Fumifugium," 105

Fumigating-, 321

Furber, Robert 199, 200

Fuschia, 323

Future Progress of Gardening, 364

Gandon, James 158

" Gardens, The," 257

of Cyrus 102

of the Greeks and their Gardening, 6, 7, 8

" Garden, or art of laying out Grounds," 230

" Mushroom, its culture," 222

Geta's, 26

Pots, 309

" of Epicurus," 121

" of Eden," 70

s Architecture, 24, 167

Statuary, 24, 167

Designers, 24, 146

Buildings, Ornamental, 143

Produce, now in request, 368

Gardenia, 326

Gardiner, James • 190

Gamier, T. 315
Garlic, 3, 17, 72, 89, 90, 351

Garrick, David 208

Garlon, J. 230

Gardeners at the present time, 368

" and Planters Kalendar," 231, 232

" Magazine," 330

" Pocket Kalendar," 232, 236, 396

" Alphabetical Kalendar," • 232

" Kitchen Garden," 77

397

PAGE

*' Gardenei's Remembrancer" 253

" Pocket Dictionary" 223

" • V;\(le INIccum" 223

'•' Pocket Jour.ia!'' 224

" — Catalogue ol" Hardy Ti'ccs, &c." 215

" Pocket Book" 209

'•' New Kale.it'ar" 209,214

" Universal Kalcndar" 196

" Kalendar" 19G, 275

" and Florist's Dictionary'' 15 J, 193, 194, 196

" Almanack" 1 19

" Labyrinth" CO, 67

Comixiuy 133, 134, 217

GauUhcria 343

"Gentle Gardener'' 127

Gcldei- Rose 88

*•■ General Report, &c. of Scotland," 290

•< Treatise on Gardening" 239

<c Adverlisemont concerning Cider" 102

" Generatione Arborum, &c." 46

Gentian 87

" Gentleman Gardener's director'' 204

" Farmer" 196

«' Gardener Instructed 190

" and Gardener's Kalendar 187

" Recreation" 156

" and Farmer's Architect'' 224

" General Treatise of Husbandry" 185, 187

" . Natural History" 207

Gondre, 103

George the First 360

Second 3G0

Third 360

Gerarde, John 62,75

Germander 83

398

PAGE

" Geraniaceae'* 330

Gibson, J. 122

Gibb, J. 291

Gibbs, W. 293

Gidde, W. 78

GifFord, Humphrey 67

Gilbert, Samuel 119

Giles, J. 226

Gilliflower 68, 84, 86, 87, 90, 132

Gilpio, W. 227, 268

Ginger 322

Girardin 267

Gladiolus 87

Glass 15, 89

Glastonbury Thorn 198

*' Gleanings on Gardens" ' 246

Gloriosa superba 306

Glycosmis 343

Glycine Sinensis 323

Goat's Beard 87, 90

Goldilocks 87

Golden Pippin 345

Goodricke, Sir H. 307

Gooseberry 17, 55, 72, 92, 131, 181, 283, 291, 297, 302, 313,

310, 325, 346, 326

Gooseberry Caterpillar 291, 292

Googe, Barnaby 71

" Good Housewife's Hand-mayde" 68

Gorhambury 133

Gorrie, A. 293, 302, 323

Goss, J. 317

*' Government of Cattle" 69
Gower, J. R. 308, 315, 318, 319

Grafting 8, 16, 74, 91, 119, 180, 288, 317, 318, 319, 360

Granadilla 311, 344

399

PAGE

Grapes 55, 57, 92, 126, 136, 286, 295, 296, 299, 306, 311

312,315,319,321,322,347

Gray, Christopher 202

"Great Improvements of Commons, &c." 200

Green Fly 152, 321

Gage 346

-- Houses 291

Greenwich Palace l4l, 142

Grindal, Bishop of London 57

Griffin, W. 2B2, 312

Groetfor, J. 248

Groshede, Bishop of Lincoln 47

Ground Onion 292

"Grove Hill" 242

Guava 346

Gubbins, 262

Guernsey, Plants at 292

Gyllcnborg 218

Gypsum 232

H

Haddington, Earl of

»

216

Hadrian's Garden

26

Hafod

268

Hagley

233>

_237,

266,

2G8

Haines, R.

55

Hall, J.

95

Hallet, R.

351

Hales, Dr.

361

" Half-a-dozen Hints

on Picturesque

Architecture''

327

Ham

6

House

144

Hampton Court

142,

143,

144,

116,

293

Hanbury, W.

21

400

PAGE

Hand-g-lasses

89, 3G1

Harrison, C.

306, 812, 315, 322, 323

Hare. T.

298

Harte, W.

218

Hartlib, Samuel

93, 95, 96

Hardy Plants

359

Hastening Fruitfulness

291

Hatfield House

141

Hawkins, A.

287, 295, 314

Hawkins, Sir C.

296

Hawarth, A. H.

252, 287

Hawthorn

84, 91, 341

Hay, A.

293

Hay, J.

324

Haynes, T.

283

Haythorn, J.

323

Hay ward, J.

287,301,314

Heart's Ease

68

Heaths

274

*' Heathery, or Monograph of the Genus Erica" 274

*'Heat and Cold of Hot-houses''

210

Hedges, W.

300, 307

Hedge-row Trees

3, 84, 174

Hedychium

323

Heeley, J.

23X

Hellebore

87

Henipel, G. C. L.

300

Henderson, J.

292

Henderson, W.

291, 324, 325

Henry the Eighth

55, 57, 359

Hentzner

59

Hepburn, Baron

292

Hepatica

84, 87

" Herbarium Synonyma''

47

*' Herbarium Belgicum"

64

401

PAGE

Herb Fluellin 08

Grace G8

Mastick 179

Sticas 68, 179

Herbert, W. 307, Sll, 312, 313, 318

*' Hereford Orchards'* 101, 189

Ileresbacb, Conrad 70

" Heroic Epistle to Sir W. Chambers'' 213

" Heroic Postscript" 2i3

Hesiod 9

Hesperides . 7

Hill, or Hyll. T, G8

, Aaron 205

. Sir J. 207

, D. 288

" Hints to Planters'' 2>7

*' Hin'is for the Management of Hot-beds'* 2-30

" — ■ — to the Proprietors of Orchards" 27 i

" — '■ — on the Funnatioii of Gaa^ens" 278

" [listory of Cultivated Vegetables" 305

" ofGuslavus Adolphiis" 218

*' of Gardening" Itil

*' of tlic propagation and Improvemciito'" Vegetables 1 10

"Historical DcscripCion of Wii'.e Knig!)ls" 304

" View of the Taste for Gardening" 2U

** Hisioria Plantarum Succulentarum 183

Hitt, T. 209
Hogg, T. 2«9,297, 314

Hogan, W. 318

Holland 132, 130

Holland House 141

its Gardening 5G, 153

. , Mrs. 304

Holford, C. 319

Hollow Root 87

403

PAGE

Holllhock 85, 87

Holden, R. ^ 312

Homer 6

Honesty 87

Honeysuckles 84, 88

Hooker, W. J. * 283, 298, 299, 309, 329

Hope, 304

Hops [67, 72, 188, 352

Horse-radish 72, 90, 287, 318, 354

Horniai), William 46

Horticulture its Origin and Progress 2, 258, 359

Horticultural Society of London 193, 270, 273, 320, 331

Edinburgh 270

Science and System 299

" Repository" 295

Tour 57

*' Hortus Siccus Britannicus" 286

** Anglicanus" 3 1 5

«* Britannicus" 303

-Gramineus Woburnensis'* 294

-Uptonensis" 242

-Encaeus Woburnensis 294
-Suburbanus Londiaensis'* ' 303

-Kewensis" 299

Hosack, D. 308

" Hot-house and Green-house Manual" 313

" Gardener'' 223

. . Flues 291

Hot-houses 18, 73, 92, 119, 122, 129, 135, 137, 153,

181, 237, 289, 290, 292, 297, 298, 302, 308, 312,

313, 317, 319, 321, 322, 323, 362.
Hot Walls 152 181, 237, 302

Beds 14, 89, 119, 291, 302. 361

Water for heating forcing houses 363

Houghton, • . 107, 117

403

PAGE

Houghton

2G2

Howison, J. 292,

302, 324

W.

324

Hova Carnosa

297

Hughes, Wm.

111

Hunt, T. F.

327

Hunter, A. G.

291

Hunting

42

Hurtil Berries

55

•' Husbandry anatomized"

122

"Husbandry and Trade improved"

107

''Husbandman's Magazine"

127

Hyacinths 84, 87, 133, 20G,

212, 359

Hybrids 307, 314, 315, 316, 317,

318, 319

Hydrangea hortensis

307

" Hydriotaphia''

102

Hyssop 72, 83, 88,

179, 357

•' Icnographia Rustica'' 160

" Idea of a Botanical Garden'' 209

" of the perfection of Painting'' 106

Ignorance of Gardeners 56, 139

Ham 233, 208

Ilex ' 328

Iliffe, . 115

111 effects of excessive heat in forcing-houses at night 296

Improvement of Gardening 57, 61, 65, 131, 146, 151, 298,359
Improvement of the productiveness of Fruit Trees 208

*' to the Art of Gardening" 110

V Improved System of Nursery Gardening" 2P.3

Importation of Garden Produce 56, 153

Impatiens Balsamea 309

*' Inaugural Address to the Glamorganshire Hor-
ticultural Sociely" 329

4(H

PAGE

Iiiclian Fig- 88

Reed 87

Influence of (he Stock 297

'• Influence of t'ae Passions on Disorders" ' 243

Ingledon, W, 320

Ingram, R, ' 291

Inocidalin^ IG, 91, 287, 288

InsectsHo destroy, &c, 291. 292, 293, 295, 297, 302,

307, 31G, 32), 323, 325, 329

"Inspector" 207

"Inslriic.ion very profitable for Gardening S:c." 70

" Inslruciions si'.r Ics Jaidins Fniiliei-s" 109

«' for packing Seeds, &c. " 320

*' for colieciing Insects'* 244

" how to plant and dress Vines, Sec.*' 78

** Introduction to Gardening" 200

«« to a general system of Hydrostatics, &c. 182

« lo Bulany" 2lG

" to ihe knowledge and practice of Gardening" 25fJ

"Interesting discoveries in Horticulture" 283

Invasion, effects of 38

Ionian Melon 324

Tpomce tuberosa 287

Iris 9, 84, 87, 324

Iris Xiphioides 309

Iron Scoria 310

Israel, Gardening in his time 3
Ivy 93, 256

Ixa 826

J

Jacob, 190

James the First of Scotland SB

James the First 131, 133, 141, 359

Second 120, 137. 35^

James, 130

Jararosade 288

405

Jasmine,

PACK.

84, 88

Jedburgh Orchards,

325

Jeeves, S.

297, 313

Jerusalem Artichokes,

90, 349

"Jewel House of art and Nature

1 >>

70

Johnson, C. W.

305

Jonquil,

84

" Journal of a Horticultural Tour,"

311

Judas Tree,

88

"Judgment of Hercules,"

219

" Judica de varis Incontinentia;,

&c."

110

Judd, D. 298, 30G,

307,

311, 318,

319, 322

Juglans,

326

Justice, J.

206

Juno,

7

Juniper,

83, 326

Jupiter,

7

K

Knapweed,

87

Kalendarium Horteuse,

106

Kaleidscope,

184

Keen's Seedling Strawberry,

296

Keen, M.

29C, 300

Keith, A.

324

Kelly, T.

292

Kennedy, — .

236, 301

Kent, W.

2G2, 300,

306, 308

Kensington Gardens,

145, 264

Keswick Codlin,

292

Kew Gardens,

150,

211, 212

Kiddleston,

268

Kidney Beans, 13,

90,

153, 178,

325, 348

Kilspindie Bloom Potatoe,

326

Kinment, J.

302

Kirk, J.

292, 324

Kitchen Garden,

11, 15

, 88, 126

3g

406

PAGE.

" Kitcheu Garden Directory," 328

" Kitchen and Flower Garden complete," 205

Knight, T. A. 271, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 295, 296,

297, 298, 299, 300, 306, 207, 308, 309, 311,

312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 321, 322,

323, 361

Knight, J.

282, 288

Knight, R. P.

252, 269

Knowle Park,

141

Kyle, J.

291

T.

246

L

Laburnum,

88

Labyrinths,

41

Lactucarium,

292,

303, 325

Lady Thistle,

353

Ladies Slipper,

87

" Lady's Recreation,"

156, 190

" Gardener's Companion,"

252

Bower,

84

Laird, J.

292, 302

" Landscape,"

252

Gardening, 139,

254, 259,

265, 363

" Landed Man's Assistant,"

158

Langley Batty,

197

Langford, T.

117

Lange de beefe. Ox tongue,

89

Larkspurs,

84, 85, 87

Larch,

93, 111

Laurentine Villa,

23

Lauristinus,

84, 88

Lavender,

84, 88,

179, 356

Gentle,

68, 83, 84, 88

Lawrance, Anthony

117

Lawrence, John

155

Lawson, W.

76

Layers,

16

407

PACK.

Leasowes, 219, 233, 237, 267, 2G8

Lectures, Fairchild's 191

Le Blond, 130, 197

' • ' s Theory and practice of Garden ing, " 1 07

Le Notre, 138

Lee, J. 216

Leeks, 3, 72, 88, 9(), 351

Leeswold 144
" Legacy, or an enlargement of the discourse of Brabant

Husbandry," 97

*' Legum Rusticarum," 71

Lemon, 55, 78, 131, 295, 299, 306, 341

Lettuces, 13, C8, 72, 88, 89, 131, 179, 182, 353

Lettuce Medicines 291, 292, 303, 324

« Letter to U. Price, Esqr." 255

" H. Repton, Esqr." 254

" Sir W. Scott, Bart, on Planting," 326

" Letter on the Blight and on raising late crops of Peas," 273

" Letters on the beauties of Hagley, &c." 237

**■ about the improvement of Nurseries, &c." 102

Lettsom, J. C. 242, 293

Leucoium, 84

Levingston, F. D. 316

Lewis the fourteenth, 108, 109, 138

" Life of Sir J. Reynold's,' ' 246

Lightoler, J. 224
Lilacs, 00, 88
Lily, 4, 7, 08, 84, 86

of the Valley 87

Lilium Japonicum, 315
Lime, 93, 34 i
to fruit Trees, MH

408

Lime duster, 321
Lindley,J. 256, 311, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321,

322, 323, 324, 330

Lindegaard, P. 283, 318, 319

Linnaeus, j47

"Linnaean Transactions," 251

Linaria, gy

Linacre, gy

Liquid Manure, 296

Liquorice, 72, 90, 357

Lister, Dr. M. gO

Lisle, I'abbe de 243 257

Lisle, E. and T. 210

Literature of Gardening 45
Livingstone, J. 307, 309, 313, 316

Loanwells, 291

Loble, Matthew, I34

Lobelia, Fulgens, 297, 300

Locke, J. 224

Lodiges, G. 306, 326, 330

Lolium Perenne, 325

" London Gardener," 216

" ~ Garden's in 1691," 122

, George 123, 137, 145

Loquat, 303

Lorimer, C. 291

Lote.

92

Loudon, J. C. 277
Love Apple, 87, 308, 358

• ■ everlasting, 87

Lavoisier, 357

Lowe, G. 308

LucuUus 20

Lungwort, 87

Lupines 72 87

409

PAGE.

Luttrell, — . 296

Lychnis, 87

Lycoperdon cancillatum, 297

M

Macnaughton, J. 325

Macdonald, J. 291

, A. 282

3Iaclura, 344
Macculloch, Dr. 292, 293, 300

Mackmurray, J. 291

Mackray, J. 292, 302
Mackenzie, Sir G. S. 292, 297, 302, 303, 317, 324, 325

M'Phail, J. 253

Mac Murtrie, W. 323

Macray and Gorrie, 292

Macintosh, C. 328

Maddock, J. 251

Magnolia glauca, 308

grandiflora, 202

Mahcr, J. 285, 287, 288, 29G, 297, 308, 312

Maidenhair, 7

" Maison Rustique," 79

Major, J. 329

Mahhus, — . 243

Mall in St. James's Park, 143

Mallows, 13, 72, 89

Mandrakes, 87

Mango, 324, 344

Mangolt Wurtzel, 243, 293
Manures, 8, 173, 297, 302, 305

Manufactures, 42, 132

410

"Management of Orange

Trees

i,"

PAGE.

120

" Manner of raising,

&c. ;

Forest and Fruit Trees,"

116

Marigold,

68,

84,

85,

87,

89,

179, 354

Mai'jorum,

68,

72,

83,

88,

89,

179, 355

Market Gardens,

38

Marie,

32

Martial,

13, 18

Martagon,

84

iflartyn. Professor

194, 277

Martin, T.

277

Mary, Queen

138,

144, 360

Marsham, R.

215

Marshall, W.

246

,c.

256

Markham, G,

78

Marshland, P.

314

Martin's Non Pareil

App

le.

309

Marvel of Peru,

84, 87

Masters, W. junr.

309

Masterwort,

90

Maschal, Leonard

69

Mason, G.

209

,w.

214,

^4,

256, 257

Matthews, H. S.

296

,A.

321, 322

Martius,

22

Maund, B.

330

Maudlin,

90

Mawe, T.

220

Maxwell, R.

213

Rlazagan, Bean,

348

Meader, J.

234

Meadow Saffron,

84, 87

Meager, Leonard

117

m

411

Mean, J,

Mealy Insect,

Mearns, J.

Medlars,

Medica,

Melros, A.

Mellidora, Pellucida,

PASS.

224, 293, 297, 299

307

313 316

17, 55, 91, 92, 181, 341

87

324

297

Melons, 3, 54, 57, 89, 90, 131, 153, 17G, 302, 312,
313, 315, 317, 318, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 342
" Memoirs, Illustrative and Historical of the Botaaic

Garden, at Chelsea, " 304

" of the Caladonian Horticultural Society," 290

301, 324

" on the planting of Forest Trees," 326

Menzies, \V. 293

"Merlin," 201

Mesembryanthemum, 317

Meteorological Observations, 322

*' Method to preserve Peach and Nectarine Trees, Sec." 248

of raising some Exotic Seeds"
of producing double Flowers,"
of raising Trees from Leaves,"
of cultivating Madder,"

Middleton, J.
Middle Ages,
Mignonette,
Milton,
Mills, G.
Milne, T.

C.

Mills, J.
Miller, Philip

his Dictionary,

Mildew in Trees

195

209

208

196

293

41

300

259

307

309, 318

232

215

147, 150, 192, 199

151, 193, 277

291, 292, 296

412

PAGE.

" Minutes on Agriculture, " ■ 281

Minerva, 7

Mint, C8, 72, 89, 179, 355

Mineral Springs 102

Miscellaneous Reports on Woods," 304

Observations on the effects of Oxygen," 257

' Tracts, &c. relating to Natural History," 244

' Miscellanies on Ancient and Modern Gardening," 245

' Miscellany Tracts," 103

Mitshel,J. 291, 293, 327

Mitcheson, W. 322

Mizraim, 6

" Mode of forcing the Vine in Denmark," 283

"Modern Gardener," 210, 234

« Eden," 227

" Gardening," 241

Moggridge, H. 329

Moly, 87

Monastic Remains, 37, 282

Montolieu, Mrs. 257

Monopsis conspicua, 290

Monteath, R. 304

Monch, Sir C. M. L. 317

Monopoly, 134

Montgomery, D. 322
*• Monthly Register of new Experiments in Husbandry," 185

Moore, Sir Thos. 200

Moor Park, 121, 145

Apricot, 318

Morris, R. 320

Morgan, W. 299, 300, 308

Moriarty, H. M. 281

Moracoc, 88

413

PAGE

Mortimer, John 138

, Cromwell 129

Mosley, Sir O, 30G, 307

" Most Easy way of making Cyder" 113

Moss, Plants in 323

Rose de Meaux 298

Moths 325

Mountains, Vegetation of 288

Mount Edgecumbe 203

Mountain, Didymus GG, 07

Mouse Ear 87

Mowbray, W. 318

ftluglester, G. 319

Muirhead, A. 291
Mulberries 17, 55, 74, 78, 92, 181, 217, 280, 296, 306

307, 344

Mullein 87

Munro, D. 322

Munay, S. 322

J. 324

Sir Alex. 201

Murcian Kale 182
Mustard I3, 72, 90, 353
Mushrooms 13, 179, 182, 200, 204. 209, 222, 297,

303, 306, 314. 318, 358

Musk Grape Flower 84

** Museum Tradescantianum" 99

*' Rusticum et comraerciale'' 218

Musgrave, P. 325
Myrtle 7, 18, 135

*' Mystery of Husbandry" 119

Mythology 7

M

Naiads 7

Nairn, J. 307

3 H

4U

PAGE

Naisraitb, J, 302

Narcissus 7, 9, 84, 86, 359

Nasturtium 87, 354

•' Nature, &c. of planting a Vinerard" 200, 201

"Naturalization of Plants 303

"Natural and Chemical Elements of Agriculture" 216

"Navelwort &7

Naven 72

Neat Houses (Cotarii) ' 39

Neale, A. 238

Neapolis 20

Neapolitan Violets 312

Nectarine 92, 129, 180, 246, 240, 286, 295, 298

302, 309, 316, 317, 320, 344

Neglect of Gardening 66

Neil, P. 310, 324

Nelson, Lord 249

Nelumbium ' 323

' speciosum 322

Nep 89
Nerine 3l2
Nero's Garden 25
New, Art of Gardening" 1|8
invented Stove" 122

Systena of Agriculture'' 15(j

Improvements of Planting, &c. 184

— Piinciples of Gardening" 198

Experiments, relative to the generation of Plants" 183

Treatise of Husbandry, Sec. 202

Gardener's Dictionary" 229

Orcliard and Garden" 76

Book of good Husbandry" 77

Directions for planting, kc. Timber" 78

and Complete system of practical Husbandry" 215

' Zealand Spinach 315, 318, 350

415

PAGE

Newburg- Orchard* 2Q2

Newman, J. «!«

Nicol, G. . 292

^^' 274

J. 325

Nigolla .;2^ 37

Nineteenth Century 270 3G0

Noah 3

*' Noblemen, Gentlemen and Gardener's Recreation" IGl

Noehdeii. G. II. 293, 298, 299, 300, 30G, 309

Noisette, W. 300

Nonsuch Palace 57 59

Flower 84

Norbury, 268

North, . 215

North of England Gardening; 136

American Esculents 814

Norman's Jfft

Norwich Floriculture 132
*' Nourse's discourses of the new improvement of

' Husbandry" 127

" Numismata" 107

Nuneliam 2G7, 2G«

"Nurseries, Orchards, d:c. encouraged" 117

Nurseryman 154, 199

Nuts 3, 4, IG, 5-3, 181, 3U

o

Oak 7, 02, 326

Oallands 2o4

"Observations, &c. Qilcononiicar' 111

" on Agriculture" 1!)9

*' and Improvements" 94

" on Husbandry" 210

" on the River Wye" 228

" — OB the Western Parti, *c." 228

416

PAGE

Observations on the Coasts, &c. 229

"^ on several parts, &c. 229

«' on Modern Gardening" 203

«« en tbe diseases kc. of Trees" 250

*< towards a melhod of preserving Seeds

during Voyages" 217

« relative to Picturesque Beauty" 228

*', . on the barrenness of Fruit Trees" 289

" on the formation, &c. of Ornamental

Plantations" 278

« on the employment of Salt" 305

*e on the growth of the Vine and Olive" 225

-on the Changes in Landscape

Gardening" 255

*e^ On the Theory and Practice of

Landscape Gardening" 255

€t — . on the Genus Meserabryanthemum" 252

*(. on the laying out the Pubhc Squares" 278

** (Economical Surveys" 246

** Q^conomicks of Xenophon" 183, 188

*' Officiis secundum Humanoe" 110

Oil to Trees 303

01daker,J. 307, 312

*' Old thrift newly revived" 78

Oleander 84, 88

Oleaster 342

Olives 3, 6, 7, 15, 19, 225, 344

"On Gardening" 243

*'— Landed Property" 247

•* — collecting Soils and Composts" 283

** — the supposed effects of Ivy on Trees" 256

** — the Introduction of Indian Architecture'' 2-35

"_Sir F. Bacon's Natural History" 93, 102
Onions 3, 13, 54, 72, 88, 90, 287, 291, 292, 296,
306, 308, 309, 321, 324, 351

417

PACK

Onion Maggot -91-

Opium British 292

Orach 68, 72, 89, 179, IV,0
Orange 17, 74, 92, 126, 135, 197, 29-3, 21)9

Orchard 15, 74, 91, 101, 274, 302, 325

*'Orchardist, the" 257

Orchis 87

Orchideoe 322

Ord's Apple 299

Orgaiiy 68

Origin of Gardening 2

and production of proliferous Flowers 209

Orleans Plum 345

Ornamental Gardening 19, 58. 81, 121, 1G9, I'iG,

138, 140, 257

Orpheus * 9

" Outline of a general History of Gardening" 3ll

Oxe-eye 87

Oxford Botanic Garden 63

Oxygen Gas to Vegetation 288

P

Page, W. B. 301

" Page's Prodromos" 301

Pageant 132

PainshiU 233, 2G4

Palms 32(J

Pansy 85, 87

*' Paradise of Flora" 70

" si in sole, &cc. 82, 93

" Regained 15S

*' Retrieved 190

" Parallel of Ancient and Modern Architecture" 106

Parasitical Plants 313

Parsley 13, 68, 72, 89, 179. 353

Parsnips 13, 72, 88, 90, 293, 322, 349

418

PAGE

Parks 33^ 40

Parks, J. D. 321, 333

Parkes, S. 324

Parkyns, G. J. 282

Parkinson, John. 83, 93, 135

Parnientier, J. 320

Parliamentary Grant 2>0

Passion Flower 88, 307, 313, 316, 324, 326

Passiflora quadrangularis 322

Patience 89

Patents of Royal Gardeners 136

Patrons of Gardening l32, 133, 136, 154, 368

Pear 6. 16, 17, 40, 55, 74, 92, 126, 129, 180, 273

287, 2l58, 290, 293, 295, 296, 298, 299, 302, 307
308, 313, 316, 317, 319, 320, 322, 323, 346

Pears (to preserve) 2D1

Pear Trees to make bear 291
Peas 13, 72, 90, 133, 153, 182, 273, 317, 318, 319, 347

Peach 17, 55, 92, 126, 129, 136, 246, 248, 286
287, 292, 293, 235, 296, 297, 300, 302, 300, 309
311, 312, 316, 317, 318, 319, 324, 344

Peiresc 65

Pelargonium 326

Pellifory 87

Pennyroyal 72, 89

*' Penshurst'' 205
Peony 68, 85, 87, 298

Peppermint 179

Perfect, T. 209

Permanent character of budded grafted fruit 297

Persian Melon 324

Perewink le 88

Perdrigon 57, 135

**Perfite platforme of a Hoppe Gardaa 67

Peter the great of Russia 1<^^

419

PAGE

Peters, IM. 231

Peterson, J: P. 32»

Phelps, W. 318

Philips, H. 304

L. 290

** Philosophical account of the works of Nature" 184

" treatise of Agriculture" 105

Physic herbs 90

Physical Botany 149

Phytologia 241

Piccotes 289

Piercefield 233, 2<J8

Pierre. L. de St, ' 23G

Pierard, C. F. 319

Pigot, R. 305

Pimpernal 72

Pine Tree 4, 92

Bug 291

Apple 112, 136, 1. "12, 153, 20G, 22G, 230, 239

279, 282, 300, 311, 313, 314, 315, 317, 319
322, 325, 840

Pinus 325, 344
Pink G8, 85, 87, 289, 305, 314, 3-25, 359

Pistachia 344

Pitmaiistone Orange Nectarine 3l3

Grape 308

"Plan for cultivating Grapes in the field" 313

" Plan of iVIr. Pope's Garden, Sec. 203

•• an Orchard" 250

"Plans, &c. of Kcw" 212

" &c. of FurcingHouses" 252, 289

" Planter's Kalendar" 275

" Manual 115

" Guide 2-U 323

Planting 180, 2il

420

PAGE

•'Planting and Gardening'* 346

«* and rural Ornament" 247

*• Plantarum Cryptogamicarum Britannice" 286

Plants grow by Night 6

Plane Tree 8

Piatt, Sir Hugh. 69

Plattes, Gabriel. 93, 116

" Plain and full Instructions to raise Fruit Trees'' 117

•' Plain and practical Treatise on the Auricula" &c. 293

Pleasure Grounds 19, 55, 81, 121, 140, 363

Pliny, the Elder 13

the younger 23

Plums 16, 17, 40, 55, 57, 92, 126, 129, 180, 308
309, 313, 314, 315, 323, 326, 344

Plunket, Dr.

138

Pluto

7

•' Pocket Kitchen Gardener"

282

*' ^^ Flower Garden"

232

"Poetical Epistle"

205

Polyanthus

289, 324

«' Polymetus, &c,'»

212

•'Pomona"

106, 107

*' Britannica"

295

" Londinensis"

284

*' Herefordiensis"

273

* Pomarium Britannicum"

304

*' Pomological Magazine'*

331

"Pomona, or Fruit Garden

illustrated"

198

Pomegranates

4, 6,

16,

17,

78.

88, 345

Pomp ions

54,

72,

89,

. 90, 356

"Pompeythe little"

205

Pontey, W.

276

Pope

261

Poppy

7,

72,

85,

87, 179

421

PAGE
Portraits 69, 70, 00, 90. 100, 112, 119, 191, 193, 204

20», 210, 211, 2i:), 214, 219, 224, 22G,

231, 235, 240, 242, 277

•♦ of English Aiitluirs on Gardening" 328

<* . . " 245

Portugal Laurel 88.

" Posie of Gillie Flowers " 67

Potatoes 90, 103, 129, 200, 234, 2iU;, 2B7, 208, 290

293, 290, 297, 300, 307, 314, 317, 325

328, 348
Potatoe Onion . 324

Powell, A. 230

D 318, 319

*' Practical Husbandry improved" 94

«« Discourses concerning the four Elements" 180

*' . — Geometry"

<«_ Observations on the British Grasses"

«< Farmer or Herefordshire Husbandman" 227

<' Gardener and Modern Horticulturist" 323

« Gardener" 238, 282, 294

« Treatise on Planting" 252

«« Husbandman'' 213

« Treatise on Husbandry'' 216

" Gardener's Companion'' 294

" Planter'' 275

'< Kitchen Gardener" 176

" Planter of Fruit Trees" 117

• < Fruit Gardener" 180

" Essay on the Vine" 326

" Hints on domestic and rural Economy'' 240

<« Gardener and Gentleman's Dictionary'' 230

«« Treatise on the culture of the Gooseberry" 310

«' Instructions for the culture of the Tree Rose 328

" Practice of Gardening" 209

422

PAGE

Prague, Battle of 95

Present state of Gardening .160

Preservation of Fruit, &c. 297, 319
Preserving Blossom 292, 302, 312

Premiums of the London Horticultural Society 288

Prickly Pear 340

Price, Sir U, 254, 268

Primrose 84, 87

Privet 84, 88, 92

ProbartF. G. 326

" Profitable Planter" . 276

** ■ Intelligencer" 94

*• Arte of Gardening" 68

Professor of Botany 46, 82, 134

Propagation of Trees 164

" ^ and Botanical arrangement of Plants" 223

Propagating from old roots 298

Promoting the early puberty of Seedlings 299

Proposals for the improvement of Waste Lands 188
" Proceedings concerning the improvement of

all-manner of Lands, &c. 103

Providence Pine Apple 317

Protection from Hares 302, 324
Pruning 292, 293, 307

— Instrument 293

Psidium 314

" Public employment and ao active life preferred" 106

Pullein S. 217

Purslain 72, 89, 354

Pyracantha 84, 92

Q
Q"i"ces iG, 17, 55, 92, 181, 342

*' Quintinie's Treatise of Orange Trees" 107

Quintinie, J. de la XOS

4*23

PAOB

Radishes 18, 72, 80, 90, 182,

309,

311,

319,

350

Raineir, Capt. P.

319

Raisins

78

Ramond, W.

288

Ratupion

8, 9,

30G,

352

Ranunculus

84,

, 87,

289,

314,

359

Rape

72,

285,

353

"Rapin of GartJens"

190

" Raiiities of Richmond"

20 i

Raspberries 17, 65,

72,

92,

181,

283,

34G

" Rational Farmer"

231

Rawdon, Sir Artliur

143

Ray, John.

148

Rea, John.

111

,119

Read, J.

821

" Recreatio Agricoloe"

94

" Recreations in Agriculture"

237

Red Spider

218

Apple Potatoe

307

Reformation in Gardening

200

" Reformed Husbandman"

97

Rt'gncir, W.

310

Reid, A.

325

, J.

120

"Remarks, &c, on Virgil"

213

278

'»

228

*' on the Vinetum Britannicum

1, &c.

>>

102

*' Report of a Committee of the Horticultural

Society of London" 273

** of a Fruit Committee of the London

Horticultural Society" 29$

424

PAGE

''Report of new and rare plants flowered in the London

Horticultural Society's Garden" 320
"ReRustica" 46,47,71,218

Retarding Blossoms 292

" Retired Gardener" 125, 190

Reverse Grafting- 319

" Review of Plants in the Botanist's Repository" 274

" of the Landscape" • ' 237

Rhododendron 326

Rhodon and Iris 132

Rhubarb 90, 179, 298. 307, 325, 356

Ribston Pippin

307, 324, 346

"Riches of a Hop Garden"

»

188

Richmond Garden

262

Richardson, Richard

114

"Right manner of ordering

Fruit T

rees, &c." 103, 107

Ringing Fruit Trees

300, 312, 317

'• Rise and Progress of the

present

taste in

planting, &c."

226

Ripening Seeds

307

0/-k

Robertson, D.

39
302

,J.

309, 312, 313, 317

Robinson, J. M.

324

■ > •

257

Roch Abbey

268

Rochambole

351

Rocket

68, 72, 90, 302, 357

Rocque, B.

206

Rogers, T,

314

Roman Gardening

11, 27, 29

12

Estates in every province

21, 27

Settlers

36

425

PACK

Ronalds, H. 201

Rosa Banksia 3j2

Rose 7, 9, 57, 84, 85, 88, 91, 120, 131, 132, 208, 312
313, 314, 322, 32G, 328, 34G, 359

i^anipions

04

Plautaiu

87

Apple

842

, John

112, 135

Rosemary 60, 84, 88

, 80, 33G

Roseberry Strawberry

300, 313

Ross, W.

300

Rotation of Crops

292

Rouncival Peas

348

Rous, Lord

306

Royal Herbalist

134

Gardener

230

■ Patents

136

Rubus Charaoemorus

293

Rue 68, 72, 90,

170, 357

Rules for Landscape Gardening

2G1

"Rural Improver"

276

" Recreation'*

276

Russian Esculents

124

R utter, J,

227

Rye, G.

s

199

Sabine, J. 296, 297, 298, 209, 300, 30G, 307,

310, 312

314, 316, 317, 319, 322, 323,

324, 333

Saffron

4, 72, 87

Sage 72, 84, 88, 00,

179, 355

Salt 303,

324, 327

Salter, J.

2:)3

Salmon, Wm.

30

426

PAGE

Sailads

66,

89,

131, 200

Sallust

21

Salsafy

350

Salisbury, W.

273, 282

R A »^fl5 '^Pfi *»ftP ""^

299,

310, 314
326

Salix

jf iia\jf

Samphire

298, 358

Sanderson, W.

302

Sanicle

87

Sang, E.

291,

292, 324

Satin Flower

87

Saunders, J.

328

Savine

93

Savory G8,

T2, 83,

89,

179, 355

Sawyer, S.

1

318

Saxe- Weimar, (Grand Duke of)

308

Saxons

30

Sayes Court

104

St James's Park

105, 142

Scabious

87

Scale in Fruit Trees

302

Scallions

90

Scarlet Strawberry

308

" Schoolmistress"

219

Schrank, F. de P.

314

Scite of a Garden

13

, 80,

)61, 180

Scions

•

309, 318

Science promoted by Commerce, &c.

42

" of Agriculture"

301

" nf Hnrtifiilf urn"

301

" ol Good Husbaadry, &c, *

fJ\J J.

188

Seougal, J.

292

Scott, Reynold,

67

" Scot's Gardener"

120

" — 's Director

30(S

427

PAGE

Scott, T. ' 317

•* Scotch forcing Gardener" 275

Fruits, state of 291

Fir 291

Roses 313

Gardeners 15t*

Scorzonera 87, 330
Scurvcy Grass 179, 353
Sculptura 105
Sea Kale 245, 285, 292, 293, 302, 31 1, 324, 352
Seckle Pear 308
Senna 83
*' Series of facts upon planting the Oak" 321
Services 16, 55, 92, 161, 18(5
Sercy, C. de 95
"Sermons on relative Duties'* I2tt
Seton, A. 306, 308, 313
Sevorus ' 26
Shaw, J. 252
, W. 287

Shallots 290, 291, 351

Shallot Maggots 291

Sharroack, Rt. 110

Sherbook, A. 288

Shcrard (Drs. J. and W.) 149

Sheriff, J. 290

Shenstone, W. 219, 267

"Short, plain Treatise on Carnations and Pinks" 305

*• Practical Directions for the culture of the

Anana" 300

" and sure guide, &c, for ordering Fruit Trees" 115

" Instructions for Gardening and Grafting"' 08

" Treatise on improved Hot-Houses'' 278

" Shubbery Almanack" 301

Shuckborough 2G^

Siberian Bittersweet Apple 32^8

428

PAGE

Siberian Crab

34G

Siciiler,J. V.

300

Siege of Troy in Kensington Gardens

145

Silvange Pear

319

Simpson, Rev. J. 289,

292, 328

Sinclair, G. 293,

294, 318

, Sir J. 289,

292, 328

"Sketch of a plan for making the new Forest a real

Forest"

247

" Sketch from *' the Landscape'' "

256

" Sketches of curviliuear Hot-Houses"

279

255

■ uiiu xiiui;^ \ju j-ciiiuscdpe v:^druening

Skirrets

90, 350

Sloann, Sir Hans

153

Sloping Walls

152, 181

Smallage

72, 90

Smeall, J.

292

Smith, Sir J. E.

308

T.

321

. A.

302

■ , J. 291, 292, 302,

323, 325

Tnlin

108

— , •

127

,w.

323

Smoke injurious to Plants

83

Snow, T.

158

Snowberry

296

Society of Gardeners

199

Soils

283

Solomon

3, 4, 6

Gardening in his time

4

'• Solitary or Carthusian Gardener" l^T^
" Some doubts relative to the efficacy of Mr. Forsyth's

Plaistcr" 73

** thoughts on Building, d:c." a43

42P

PAGE

" Some account of the Emperor of China's Gardens" 213

Sorrel

m, T2, m, 179, 350, 353

Sotian

8

Southernwood

84

Southcoto, P.

2G4

Sowerby, J.

2 19, 29tt

Spanish Potatoes

DO

Spence, W.

205, 297

. J.

212

Spens, Col.

302

Sperage, Asparagus

08, 89

Speed, Adam

97

Speechley, W.

238

Spinach

08, 72, 89, 850

Spiderwort

84, 87

Spring Gardens

143

Grove Codlin

287

Spurge,

90

Spurge Olive

88

Star Flowers

84

. of Bethlehem

87

Starwort

87

Statuary

24. 1G7

Stafford, Hugh,

199

Standish, A.

78

Steiim for Forcing

299, 309, 314, 318, 323, 324, 3G2

Steele, R.

251

Stephenson, David,

204

Stevenson, R.

291

, Henry,

190

Stewart, Sir H.

328

\

t 293, 319, 321, 323
291

,J.

Stirring the Soil

la

*' Stirpium Historioe P(

jmptades" 54

420

PAGE

Stocks M

Storing Vegetables 202

Stove 300, 308

Plants 131, 137, 359

Stowe 205, 233, 263, 264

Strachn, C. 308, 300

Straw Ropes for sheltering Blossom 302

Strawberries, 17, 55, 68, 72, 90, 181, 283, 286, 287

296, 300, 307, 309, 315, 317, 319, 321

322, 323, 325, 343

Stvawing Floors

83

Strawberry Hill

268

Stramonium

87

Street, J.

325

" Strictures on the absurd Novelties introduced in

Gardening"

206

Studley

268

Style of Gardening 19, 40, 58,

140, 146

Succory

89, 307

Sugar

56

Sumach

03

Sun-flower 84, 85, 87

Sunk Fences introduced ^

262

Superstitions 10, 14, 72,

119, 154

" Supplement to Chamber's Cyclopcedia''

207

"Survey of Ancient Husbandry and Gardening*'

188

96

"Surveying and Book of Husbandry"

49

*'Surc Method of improving an Estate by planting

198

Swayne, G; 314,

317, 322

Sweet Briar

84

, Flag

4

, John 68, 85, 87

1 , Peas

87

, WilUam

85, 87

431

PAGE

Sweet, R. 303, 330

^ — , J. 30C, 316

Swinden, N. 238

Switzer, Stephen, 158

Sycamore 93

"Sylva" 105

*• Florifera, the Shrubbery" 305

'*Sjnopsis Herbaria" 46

" methodica Stirpium Britannicarum" 148

" Plantarum Succulentarum" 252

Syringa - 84

" Systema Agriculturoe" 1 13, 117

« Horticulturoe" 113

'« System of Botany" 207

" of Agriculture" 247

T

Talende, Henry 152

Tamarisk 57, 02

Tansy 00, 179, 35«

"Tancred" 00

Tapiary work 22, 24, GO, 13G. 140, 145

Tarragon 08, 90, 354

Tarquin 12, 19

Tasso 259

Taverner, J. 77

Taylor, A. 230

Tea Tree 135

Temple, Sir Wm. 120, 13G, 145

•• Ten minutes advice on Salt as a Manure" 327

" Terra" lOG

Tetragonia expansa 318

Thalictrum 87

Thea 325

"Theatrum Botanicum" 82

'♦Thcophraslus on Gems" 207

432

PAGE

"Theory and Practice of Gardening ' 130

Theobalds 60, 141

Thistle 87, iK)
Thouin, M. 288,. 310, 322

Thomson, I. 291, 302

Thompson, J. 213

"Thoughts on Planting" 236

" Three Essays on the picturesque, &c.** 228

Thrift 83
Thyme 83, 88, 89, 179, 354

Tibur 22

Tigridia Pavonia 321

"Timber Tree improved" 201

Tobacco 87, 90

Water 323

Todd, G, 289

Tomato ^ 87, 308, 358

Toppinghoe Hall . 129

Torch Thistle ]98

Torbron, T. 312

Tottenham Park Muscat Grape 321

Tradescant, John 98, 131, 204

*' Tractatus de Agricultura" 51, 77

Transplanting 92, 319, 322

"Traite cles Jardins Fruitiers" 109

'* Tracts on Alabaster or Gypsum" 232

" on practical Agricultnre and Gardening" 231

« Transactions of the London Horticultural Society" 284
295, 306, 311, 316, 321

*' ■ ■ in the Fruit Tree Nursery'' 290

" — — . of the Botanical and Horticjiltural

Society of Durham" 328

Transplanting old Trees 291

Transporting plants, &c. 309, 314, 317, 320, 324

Training ' 286, 288, 292, 300, 306, 308, 314, 316

317, 319

433

Trausplanting Turf

••Traotc profytable for Husbandmen"

Trees, to preserve from Hares

Trees

Tree Rose

Mignonette

Onion

Trefoil

•• Treatise on Husbanilry"

'« on Fruit Trees"

« on Orange Trees"

«« on Husbandry and Gardening"

'« on Fallowing, &c."

« concerning the Husbandry and Natural

History of England"

•« — on the Hyacinth"

t* on Civil Architecturo"

«« on Grapes and the Norfolk Willow"

" on Forest Treea"

«' on the culture of Peach Trees"

PAGE
325
47
202
315
3-2B
307
202

04, 113, 210
97, 101, 112, 210

107

Ui5
18B, 101

203
20«
212
215

210, 231
220
230
236
237

230, 28-2
23J

*' on the Auana"

« on planting and Gardening"

" on forcing early Fruits, &c."

<' on the cultivation of the Pine Apple .

«' on the culture of the Vine"

<< management of Peach and Nectarine

Trees"

<« Culture, &c. of Fruit Trees" 231,

«« oi the Cucumber''

*' Treatise on Mulberries"

«« on the Culture of the Apple and Pear"

" on forming, &c. Country Residences"

<« on the improved culture of the Strawberry

Raspberry, and Gooseberry"
" on Physiology and Pathology"

24a

3i;>

233

78

273.

27a

203
280

434

PAGE
*' Treatise upon Dulboas Roots, Green-House

Plants, &c," 293

" on Hedge Row Timber" 301

«« — on Insects most prevalent on Fruit Trees" 329

Trentham

268

Triphasia

347

Tropical Fruits

316,

319

Trotter, D.

302

Trowell, Samuel

202

Truffles

179

Trussler, J,

261

Tube-Rose

286

Turf

167

Tulip

84, 80. Ill, 132, 133,

289,

359

Turnips

13, 33, 72, 68, 00,

319,

349

Turnip-fly

292

Turner, J.

287, 308, 310, 313, 3lG,

317,

, 319

, Dr.

63, 64

Tusser, Thomas

49, 64

Tuscan Villa

23

Tweedie, J.

292

Twickenham

268

"Two Appendixes to ar

I Essay on Design in

Gardenin;

V

264

Ulmus

326

suberosa

317

*' Unconnected thoughts

on Landscape Gardening*'

219

Underdown, W,

293

Underground Onion

308

" Universal system of Water and Water works, &c"

182

«' Gardener and Botanist"

222

" Gardener's

Kalendar"

223

NiivBPTvmnn"

231

Vaccinium 321, 326

436

PAGE

x ivrhcl, R. 314

Valerian C58, 07. 90

Van Cami>cn 217

Van Mons, J. U. 297, 307, 322

Oosten 130

Varro 13

Varronia a47

Variegated Grass 88

Varieties from Seed 6, G

Vauxhall 143

Vegetable Chemistry 140

Marrow Gourd 298, 356

Phisiology 149

— ' System, &c. 209

Vegetation, Theory of 288, 323, 324

Venables, Rev. J. 297

Ventilation 319

Venus 7

Verdelho Grape 290, 299

Verrel, J. 814

Versailles 142

Villas 19

•* of the Ancients'* 197

*• Villa Garden Directory'' 275

" Village Memoirs" 2G7
Vine 3, 4, 5, G, 15, 17, 35, 37, 7B, 92, 112, 180, 225
239, 283, 287, 29G, 298, 30G, 300, 311, 313
315, 317, 319, 323, 825, 32G, 347

Vineyard 3, 02, 200

*' The" 187, 197

"Vinetum Britannicum" 113

Violets 9, 84, 07

Virginian Creeper 86

Silk 88

Vine 93

436

PAGE

" Virldariuin or Greon house Plants" 281

*'Vitruvius Britannicus" 157

Vispre, F. X. 248

w
Walnuts 17, 55, 74, 02, 181, 286, 205, »07, 343

Walter de Henly 46

Wall-aowers 84, 87

Waller, Edmund, 143
Walls 4, 8, 181, 308, 313

Walks 167

Walker, Dr. 151

, J. 302

Walpole, (H. Earl of Oxford,) 240

Walsh, R, 821

Wanstead House 124, 146

Wardens 65

Ware Park 81

Warre, J. 306
Wasps 201, 292, 302, 308, 812

Wastell, H. 325

Watering Fruit Trees 208

Plants 162. 306

Watson, Sir Win. 203

Watkins, T. 316, 327

Water Caltrops 347

— Cress ■ 315, 353

*' Way to get Wealth" ^ 79

Webb, W. 205

Wedgewocd, J. 287, 309

Weeks, E. 290
" Weekly Miscellany for the improvement of

Husbandry &c." 188

Weighton, D. 201, 292

Welsh Onion 309

Wells, J. 315

437

PAGE

West, J. 313

Westminster Hall, Gardener's Stalls in 158

Weston, Sir R. 05

, R. 231

Whateley, T. 233

Wheeler, J, 217

Wbitvvorth, G, 325

White Knights 304

Whitaker, . 08

Whitmill, Benedict. 19(J

'* Whole Art of Husbandry" 129

Whortleberry 347

Wilbraham, R. 309

, A. 29G

William the Third 120, 138, 144, 3G0

of Malmsbury 39

AVilliams, J. 286, 290, 299,308, 309, 311, 317, 318, 321
Williamson. W. 806, 307, 308, 309, 312. 314

Willow flower 87

Wilson, W. 237

Wilton 268

Wilkinson, T. 287

Wilmot. J, 288, 295

Wilmot's Orlean's Plum 309

Bon Chretien Pear 298

Wildman, — 229

Wine, its discovery 8

making 302, 325

Windsor Castle 58, 146
Winter-Cherry 88, 90
Greens 299

Wise, Henry, 124, 145, 146

Wisteria Consequana 323

Withers, W. 326

3 L

438

PAGB

Woburn Farm

264

— — — — Perennial Kale

3ia

Wolf's Bane

84

Wolfe, C.J.

158

Woolf

67

Wood, W.

302, 303

Woodward, Henry,

208

Woodstock

40

'* Woodlands, or a Treatise on Planting*'

310

«' Works and Days"

9

Worlidge, John,

113

Wormwood

179, 357

Wotton, Sir H.

80, 131

WreshiU-Castle

58

Wright, —,

264

" Xenophon's Treatise'*

49

Yellow Rose

318

" Yconomia, sive Housbrandria'*

46

Yew

83, 93

•• Young Gardener's Director"

189

«« .,. best Companion

242

Young, J.

293, 324, 325

Yule, J,

2

Zamia

303

323

Zephyrus

7

Zizyphus

347

Zoroaster

6

Zubow's Steam Pits

309

ADDITIONS.

THOMAS HILL, (see p. 68.) His portrait, inscribed T. H.
JEt. 42, is prefixed to his work on " Physiognonie.''
1571. It is an oval wood cut. Without engraver's
name. 12mo.

SJR HENRY WOTTON. ( p. GO. ,) There are two engraved
Portraits of him one by W. Dolle, preflixed to his
"Life" by Walton. 1670. Ovo. The olher by P.
Lombart, in Walton's " Reliquioe Wottonianoe, 1654.
l2mo.

WALTER BLYTHE. rp. 96.) His portrait, a small figure,
is in his " English Improver Improved.'*

SIR T. BROWNE, (p. 103.) There arc four engraved Por-
traits of him. One, in livo, Printseller's name Banc.
Another prefixed tu his *' Vulgar Errors," Print-
seller's name Hove, 1672. 4U>. A third by R. White,
prefixed to his "Works" folio, 1686; and a fourth
prefixed to his " Religio Medici." 1663, folio.

JOHN EVELYN, (p. 103.J There are the following portraits
of him. 1. Prclixcd to hii " Sciilplura," by J.

440

Worlidge, 1755, 8vo. 2. Prefixed to his translation
of " Lucretius/' drawn from life R. Gaywood, fc.
1654, 8vo. 3. Prefixed to his *' Sylva,'' 16G4, R.
Nanteuil, del et sc. folio. 4. In Walpole's "Anec-
dotes of Painting-," by A. Bannerman. 6. Prefixed
to Hunter's 4to. Edition of the «' Sylva," 177G.

J. DE LA QUINTINIE. (p. 108.) There are two Portraits
engraved of him. One by W, Elder, and the other,
prefixed to his " Traite des Jardins," by Picart.

CHARLES COTTON, (p. 115.) His Portrait by P. Leiy,
engraved by Ryland, is prefixed to his "Life,"
1770, 8vo.

SIR W. TEMPLE (p. 120.) Lely painted his Portrait inlG79,
the four first of the following were engraved from it.
1. A folio plate, Printseller, Banc. 2. In Birch's
** Lives," folio, by Houbrahen. 3. Prefixed to his
" Works" in 1720, folio, G. Vertue, sc. 4, Prefixed
to his "Letters," 1700, 8vo. R, White, sc. 5.
Prefixed to his " Life," by Boyer, 1714.

BISHOP FLEETWOOD (p. 1270 There is a Portrait of
him prefixed to his " Sermons," 1717, 8vo. by V.
Gucht. Another by Simon, from a painting by J
Richardson in 1702. There is a third mentioned by
Bromby, by R, White, when Fleetwood was J\J. A.

ANDRE LE NOTRE, or NOSTRE. (p, 138.; This cele-
brated man in our Hortulan Annals seems to deserve
a more particular notice. He was born in 1G13 and
being educated an Architect it was not until his
fortieth year, and then accidentally that his tase for
the magnificent in Garden designing became known

441

He first displayed it in the Garden of Vaux le Vi-
compte, now Vaux Praslin. Louis the 14th striirk
with its style, reckless of expence, iramediately made
him Comptroller General of Buildings and Director
of Gardens; created him a Knight of St. Michael,
gave him a patent of Nobility, and wealth to support
it. In 1G7B he went to Italy and to Enjjland about
1082, but his presence was not required to infect the
geutry of his age with a mania for his stvle. All
Europe adopted it in different degrees. Its effect in
tins Country has been detailed pp. 140 — 140. He
died in 1700. There are two engraved Portraits of
him. One by J. Smith, 1009; Ihe other by A.
Masson^ both after a painting by C. Marat.

LEONARD MASCTf AL. (p. 00.) He was farrier to James
ihe first. There is another Edition of his •' Govern-
ment of Cattle," dated 1002, if Bromby is a good
authority.

GERVASE MARKHAM. (p. 79.; Bromley says he died in
1030.

RICHARD BRADLEY, (p. 108.; The work numbered 28
was published under the name of "iMartha Biadley,
JateofBath,"

P. 141. Insert after line 4 from the top. Lord Bacon in
3012, gives the following list of Trees, Flowers, &c. which de-
serve a place in the Pleasure Garden ; distinguishing the months
in which they are in their greatest beauty. In January and
Feburary, INIezereon ; Crocus, yellow and grey ; Primrose;
Anemonies; Early Tulip; Oriental Hyacinth; Charaairis ;
Frltdluria. In March, Voilcts; Daffodil; Daisy; Almond;
Peach; Cornelian; Sweet Briar. In A])ril, Doul>le white

442

Voilft. ; Wiill-Fl()\ver; Stock Gillynower ; Cowslij) ; Iii»;
Lilies; Rosemary; Tulip; Peony; Pale Daft'odil ; Fn rich
Honeysuckle; Cherry; Pliinis ; White Thorn; Lilac. In
May and June, Pinks; Roses; Honeysuckles; Strawberries;
Bugloss ; Columbine ; French Marigold ; Flos Africanus ;
Currants; Fig; Raspberry; Vine; Lavender; White sweet
Satyrion; Herba Muscaria; Lily of the Valley; Apple, in
July, Gillyflowers; Musk Rose; the Lime or Linden; Jen-
netin and Codlin Apples. In August, Pears; Apricots; Bar-
berries ; Filberts ; Musk Melons ; Monks-hoods. In September,
Grapes; Apples; Poppies; Peaches; Melo-cotones ; Necta-
rines ; Cornelians ; Wardens ; Quinces. In October and Novem-
ber, Services; Medlars ; Bullaces; Holyoaks. December and
January, Holly ; Ivy ; Bay; Juniper ; Cypress ; Yew ; Pines and
Firs; Rosemary; Lavender; Perewinkles (white, purple and
blue;) Germander; Flags; Orange and Lemon Trees," if
stoved" and Sweet Marjoram.

p. 52. insert before line ten from the bottom. The following
Fruits, Culinary Vegetables, &c. are mentioned by Tusser.
Peas, Hastings for early Crops, Grey and Rouncivals. Gar-
lick. Beans. Rosemary. Apples. Nuts. Apricots. Bar-
berries. BuUace, black and white. Cherries, red and black.
Chesnuls. Cornet Plums. Damsons, white and black. Fil-
berts, red and white. Gooseberries. Grapes, white and red.
Green or Grass, Pear, and Wheat Plums. Hurtle Berries.
Medlars, or RZarles. Mulberry. Peaches, white and red.
Pears of all sorts. Quinces. Respis, or Raspberries. Rai-
sins. (Curiaiits.J Services. Strawberries, red and white.
Walnuts. Wardens, white and red. Box. Bay. Hawthorn,
Prim, Roses, Leeks. Avens. Betony. Beets, Bctony.
Bloodwort. Bjgloss. Burnet. Borage. Cabbage. Cole-
worts. Clar}'. Cress. Endive. Fennel. French Mallows.
Fix'uch Saffron. Lang de beefe fox tongue.^ Lettuce. Luug-

443

wort. Liverwort. Marigolds. Mercury. Mints. Nep,
Onions, Orachc, or Arache, red and white. Patience.
Parsley. Pennyroyal. Primrose. Poret. Sage, red -.uni
white. Eng-lisli Saffron. Summer Savory. Sorrell. Spina<?c.
Sticcorj-. Seithes. Tansy, Thyme. Voilcts of all sorts.
Alexanders. Artichokes. Blessed Thistle, CucKinbers.
Mustard, Musk Million, (Melon.) Purslane. Radishes.
Rampion, Rocket. Sea-holy. Sperage. Skirrets. Tarra-
gon. Carrots. Citrons, Pompions and Gourds. Navew.
Parsnips. Rape. Turnip. Basil. Balm. Chamomile.
Costmary. Cowslips and Paggles. Daisies. Sweet Fennel.
Germander. Hyssop. Lavender. Lavender Spike. Laven-
der Cotton. Marjoram. Maudeline. Pennyroyal. Winter
Savory. Batchellor's Buttons. Bottles, blue, red and tawney.
Columbines. Campions. Daffodils, or Daffodondillies. Eg-
lantine or Sweet Briar. Featherfew. Flower Armoure,
Flower de Luce. Flower gentle, white and red. Flowernice.
Carnations. Holyoaks, red and white. Indian Eye. Lark's
foot. Laus Tibi, Lilium convallium. Lilies, red and white.
Marigold double. Nigella Romana. Ponsies, or Heart's ease.
Paggles, green and yellow. Pinks of all sorts. Queen's Gil-
liflowers. Rosemary. Boxes of all sorts. Snapdragon. Sops-
in-wine. Sweet Williams. Sweet Johns. Star of Bethlein.
Star of Jerusalem. Stock Gilliflowers of all sorts. TuftGil-
liflowers. Velvet flowers, or French Marigold. Violets, yel-
low and white. Wall Gilliflowers of all sorts. Eyebright.
Famitory. Saxifrage. Woodroffe. Anise. Archangel,
Chervil, Cinquefoil. Cummin. Dragons. Dittany, or
Garden Ginger. Gromwell, Hartstongue. Horehound.
Loveage, Mandrake. Liquorice. Mugwort- Peony. Poppy.
Rue. Rhubarb. Smallage. Savin. Stitchwort. VakTiaii.
Woodbine. The above list he gives in alphabetical sections
" Fruit" — "Seeds and Herbs for the Kitchen." '* Herbs and
Roots for Sallads and Sauce," " Herbs and Roots to boil, or
to butter." *' Strewing herbs of all sorts." " Herbs, Branches

414

and Flowers for windows and pots." *• Herbs to still in
Summer" and " Herbs for Physic."

From the same author we learn many of the Garden practices
of the age in which he lived. The above list of plants, drawn
up as appropriate for any country garden, demonstrates suffi-
ciently how extended was the practice of Gardening* As at
Rome the Garden was under the care of the housewife. He
recommends it to lie open to the south and west. Arbours
made of Hawthorn were formed in it ; the walks made with
Saw Dust, Brick Dust, or Ashes. He mentions Capers,
Lemons, Olives, Oranges, and Rice as things to be boi'ght as
sauce for meat.

p. 70. line 7 from the top. FLORAES PARADISE,
beautified and adorned with sundry sorts of delicate fruites
and flowers. By the industrious labour of H. P. Knight.
With a remedy for fever, &c. IGOO. London, l2mo. Another
edition 1608, which is the only one I have seen.

The introductory pages of this work are mystical in the ex-
treme ; but the remainder of the work is replete with excellent
directions, demonstrating by their variety, and the numerous
gentlemen who communicated them, how extensively the taste
for Gardening was spread among the higher classes of Society.

It contains many anticipations of what was advocated in
subsequent years. As budding Double Roses upon Briars,
Sloping Walls, Grafting Wax, Moving Trees when full
grown, &c.

445

CORRECTIONS.

rAGW. LINE.

8 11 from the bottom, for bring read hi:h^

29 5 erase llie word and

41 13 place the comma after tlie wonl i7 uuJ not

before

42 2 from the top read of instead of ur

65 19 read dincovertd

72 12 from tlie l)ottom read laste$ instead of lartt

83 9 erase to be used

84 9 ^—^—^— read LaurusUitun

87 4 from the top, road Cydamem

89 17 erase the note of interrojntioa

88 9 erase the hyphen betvyeeu Trta and TrrJ'oit

90 3 do the same between Clove and Gill^Jluiatr

93 7 erase the word tiuit

94 11 for as read thus

97 2 for l(i51 read 1652

105 4 from the bottom for Sculpture read Scul[jtura

134 5 from the top erase th.- word by

169 7 —^——— read inexperience

215 1 foryire read /our

222 2 (& 3 from the bolloiii is merely a repetition cu the work

numbered 3 in the list

227 7&8 from the bottom will be found iiieulioued uuder Mr.

George Mason's name

236 2 from the top read F.pisode

244 1 from tlie bottom for 1779 read 1799

264 6 from the top read edges

2"4 3 road 181(5

281 3 for or read of

307 4 from the bottom read hybrids

S2S Lrase the two works of Mr. Felton they are mer* rppetitions

of what has been previously stated
352 8 from the bottom read Chardon

1 IMS.

White, Printer,
£yat